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BRITISH REGISTER:

INCLUDING

TOPIC OF THE MONTH.

MISCELLANEOUS COMMUNICATIONS FROM
CORRESPONDENTS ON ALL SUBJECTS
OF LITERATURE AND SCIENCE.

PHILOSOPHY OF CONTEMPORARY CRITI-
CISM.

“COLLECTIONS FROM FOREIGN LITERA-

TURE.
POETRY.
ACCOUNT OF NEW PATENTS. ;
PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES.
REVIEW OF THE NEW MUSIC.
LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL INTEL-
LIGENCE.

VOL. LVUL SENTEL

LIST OF NEW BOOKS, WITH A CRITICAL
PROEMIUM.

REGISTER OF THE PROGRESS OF BRITISH
LEGISLATION.

REPORT OF DISEASES IN LONDON.

REPORT OF THE STATE OF COMMERCE.

LIST OF BANKRUPTCIES AND DIVIDENDS-

REPORT OF THE WEATHER:

REPORT OF AGRICULTURE, &c.

RETROSPECT OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS.

MARRIAGES, DEATHS, &c.

BIOGRAPHIANA.

DOMESTIC OCCURRENCES, CLASSED AND
ARRANGED IN THE GEOGRAPHICAL OR-
DER OF THE COUNTIES,

PART II. ror 1824.

* LONDON:
PUBLISHED BY GEO. B. WHITTAKER, 13, AVE-MARIA LANE.

1824.

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MONTHLY

THE ;

MAGAZINE.

No. 399.]

AUGUST 1, 1824.

[1 of Vol. 58.

‘ RESIDENCE OF SiR ‘THOMAS BOLEYN,

Sim THomas Boveyn, father of Queen Anne Boleyn, and grandfather of Queen
Elizabeth, was a merchant of London, and resided in the house here represented in
Great St. Helen’s, where his beautiful daughter was born and educated. He had also
a country-house at Battersea ; and, at York-hobse,.in that parish, the tyrant Henry first
saw her in a party at Cardinal Wolsey’s. Lord Boleynbroke afterwards lived in ber
father’s mansion at Battersea; and it is still standing, as well as York-house. The dis-
grace of the cardinal led to the fall of the lady and her family ; but the Boleynbroke's
have recorded, in pompous monumeuts in Battersea-church, their affinity to Queen
Elizabeth. Poor Anne tasted the cup of sorrow in the Towe1, where her name, cut by
herself in the stones, attests the dungeon which she occupied before her barbarous
murder; the story being made complete by the monster, her husband, standing on a
mount in Richmond-park, to receive the gratification of a telegraphic signal that she

was no more!

For the Monthly Magazine.
JOURNAL of an OFFICER in the IRISH
LEGION, lately serving in COLUMBIA.

N the 26th of March, 1820, we
landed at Rio dela Hacha, in the
province of New Granada, which we
found a new town,’ rather irregularly
built, gloomy.in appearance, but con-
veniently situated for trade, having a
good auchorage and ‘safe harbour.
From its central situation on the main,
and its proximity to our West India
islands, (heing only two or three days
sail from the island of Jamaica,) it is
better suited to our trade than most of
Monruty Mac, No. 399.

the other towns on terra firma; and
also being the export town of the in-
terior of that large province, and its
towns of the interior, viz. Moreno, Ba-
ranca Victoria, Fontseca, St. John,
Manno, Beddelia, and, lastly, the city
of Alvalea, bordering on the river
Magdalena, as well as many others, too
numerous to mention.

We entered this town with very lit-
tle opposition, although there were a
fourteen-gun battery, a nine-gun bat-
tery, and the strong fortress of Camena
Salada. In this place we found valua-
ble stores of sugar, rum, molasses, oil,

B naval

moe Journal of an Officer serving in Columbia.

naval stores of all kinds, preserves,
gold and silver lace, (a cargo having
arrived for the use of the clergy in the
interior,) jewellery and trinkets, pienty
of provisions, turtle in great abun-
dance; as for turtle, eighty pounds
weight may be had for a dollar. Here
we could trace, in every blood-stained
wall, the tragical vestiges of the Poyais
or Bucecaneer’s campaign, and the man-
gled bones of his betrayed com-
panions.

The town of Riodela Hachais how
mostly rebuilt. In the midst is a very
fine square, where two regiments may
be manceuvred; also a modern-built
and commodious church and steeple.
The natives are principally people of
col ur; lazy, indolent, superstitious,
and cruel, as appears from the manner
of putting M‘Gregor’s people to death,
after surrendering themselves pri-
soners.—Here is an excellent mart for
light, clothing, calicoes, hats, shoes,
small cheese, machinery, cutlery, grist-
mills, old muskets, ammunition, pow-
der; shot, culinary utensils, planters
and artizans tools, and filtering stones,
—as the water here is so brackish and
unwholesome, thatit must be filtered.

Every thing in Spanish America
was arranged for the comfort and ac-
commodation of the rich and powerful,
namely, the Spanish grandees, the
clergy, &c. and no regard was paid to
the comfort, or even the life, of slaves
or citizens of inferior stations. A
grandee at his pleasure might deprive
any of the latter of property, liberty,
and even life, with impunity; and a
clergyman might do the same: but
the day of oppression is gone by, and
slavery atan end. A man of colour
may look at his whiter lord without
certain punishment: liberty has levelled
all distinctions, unless what superior
endowments and intellect bestow.
Considering the natural gloominess
and formal stateliness of the Spaniards
and their offspring, I have been often
surprised at their fondness for festivity
and dancing, and glow- worm spright-
liness,—as the night seems to illume
them like the fire-fly or glow-worm,
and makes them forget their crusty
and formal stateliness.in their lewd
fandangoes, midnight revels, and inde-
cent boleros. You are surprised to
see the gloomy fanatic, offering up his
idolatrous orisons at the shrine of his
wooden Madona, or other saint, in the
course of the day, with seeming fer-
vency and devotion, his thoughts bent

[Aug. 1,
on futurity, as soon as night approaches
mingling in the lewd. revel, gayest of
the_gay, obscenest of the obscene.

Leaving Rio dela Hacha, we march-
ed for Moreno, a small town in the in-
terior, about twenty miles from the
sea-coast, through parched plains. of
an immense space and distance; ll
the herbage is burnt up by the heat of
the sun, presenting to the eye, as far
as it can see, a dreary desert of most
unfavourable aspect, without tree,
rock, or animal, to arrest the view,
unless the ant-bear, who sometimes
comes to storm the castles or garrisons
of these industrious insects. Here you
may trace a path or road four inches
wide, and sometimes three miles in
length, cleared by those indefatigable
insects, without a single particle to
obstruct their marching or counter-
marching to the guavoes and tamarind
trees, on the blossoms and fruit of
which they subsist, in lieu of corn, and
are constantly passing and re-passing,
even by night,—a good lesson to the
indolent natives: they are as large as
beetles in this country, and are very
troublesome. to soldiers who are
obliged to bivouac on the ground, as
their bite is very pungent and sore;
ticks also are more troublesome than
the English bug, and will cling to

ou.

? We now arrived at El Cruz, an
Indian village or little settlement,
consisting of a few huts, built of the
sedgy leaves of the cocoa-nut tree: as
to the few inbabitants that remained,
we could easily judge of their absolute
poverty, by their nakedness and want
of domestic comforts, having but an
earthen jar to keep water, a few cala-
bashes, and one or two logs of wood to
sit on; no hammock or bed to lie on,
but a little thin mat, without any
covering: this mat they weave from
the bark of the saugra tree, on which
the stinging wasp builds her nest;
three arrows, lances, bows, and cow-
skin nooses, to catch all kinds of cat-
tle ; also three bridles, which they take
great pains to decorate.

Leaving these abodes of wretched-
ness and poverty, but seeming con-
tent, we pursued our march along
roads, through a thick forest, kuee-deep
in quick-sand, and half famished for
want of water, not being able to pro-
cure any for fifteen miles. We had to
march under a tropical sun, almost
smothered from the intolerable effluvia
emitted by the stinkards, or opossums,
over

1824.]

over whose burrows we had to’ pass,
and who took good care to give their
visitors a very unwelcome reception:
the emission of this scent is exceeding
unpleasant to an European, being
worse than the escape of gas from the
pipes. Even the cattle seemed to go
near their burrows with evident re-
luctance.

We arrived at Moreno exhausted
from fatigue, where we halted a day
ortwo. It being the Sabbath, I had
the curiosity to go and see their mode
of worship, in a handsome chapel,
hung all round with images of saints,
decorated with plumes of feathers of
various colours very fancifully. Here
was a clumsy Virgin, made of wood,
and of the rudest workmanship, with
astout infant in her arms ina Scottish
highlander’s uniform, and a plume of
ostrich feathers in his bonnet; I was
much surprised at this, where I sup-
posed the face of a Scot had never
been seen, but was reminded, by an
intelligent young Creole boy, that that
costume once belonged to M‘Gregor,
and was made an offering to the offend-
ed Madona, for the use of her Son, in

gratitude for inspiring this heretic to
get his men intoxicated, and then
abandon them to their enemies. The
priest stood at the entrance to give his
benediction to all those that left either
Tipe plantains, sugar, rum, grapes, or
fowl; on the forehead of each he sig-
nificantly signed the cross, while a
lusty negro lashed them about the
head with a huge white horse-tail, dip-
ped in water. All ranks now kneeled
down, and the priest continued to say
mass in broken Latin, pronounced
after Spanish, neither one or the other
quite intelligible to all present, nor to
himself, [ believe, either. This cere-
mony being over, we retired to our
quarters, recommending Capt. Smyth,
a Scotchman, to dress in the Highland
costume, and pay the young Sawney
Messiah a visit; but, this being too
_hard a joke for him to bear, he con-
sulted some of his countrymen then in
the legion, who went at night, and un-
robed the Messiah, and dressed him as
an Indian. This had like to have
caused much mischief among the su-
perstitious Creoles, even the other
Catholics did not like it. The people
live in affluence and plenty; but are
ignorant, superstitious, and false,—
instruments of the priests perfidy, for
whose treachery and defection they
had their town burnt and demolished,

Journal of an Officer serving in Columbia. 3

We left Baranca Victoria in April,
and marched through a narrow road,
cut by the natives, in order to catch
hogs and cattle; two horses.could not
pass abreast, but at several places
interstices are scooped out large
enough to admit two men, or even.a
horse, where the natives hide them-
selves, and can attack the hogs with
success, and even the tiger, as the road
is so narrow as to prevent his turning
about, while the man can annoy him
with ease from astage, erected inside
the height. We have been assured that
Indians sometimes destroy as many as
ten tigers, whom they decoy by roast-
ing horse-flesh, and carrying into those
narrow roads by night.

On the third day we arrived at a
plain at the foot of a large mountain,
where we encamped for the night, on
the bank of the finest waterfall I ever
beheld, on the brink of which were
the largest trees I ever met with ; they
are mahogany, and two of them, whose
branches intersected one another, af-
forded shelter to eight hundred of our
men at one time. As the foliage pre-
vented the rays of the sun from reach-
ing us, our request to sleep, and spend
another day here, was complied with,
and we were very happy. Indeed we
had the advantage of bathing, and the
men had time to wash their linen, of
which they stood in need. But night
changed the scene; the trees were
visited by groupes of green monkeys,
who kept up such horrid chattering
during the night, as prevented our en-
joying a single moment’s rest until
day, when we were beset by immense
flocks of parrots, paroquets, and ma-
caws, more noisy than our nocturnal
visitors. I had an opportunity of wit-
nessing the ingenuity and cunning of
the Indian guides, one of whom pro-
posed to rid us of the monkeys, pro-
vided he got a handsome pen-knife as
areward. He went outside the trees
with a bottle, in which he put some
pease; putting down his fingers now
and then, he took out some, which he
eat with seeming satisfaction ; leaving
a few strewed around, he retired ; and
the monkeys, who are very minute in
their observance of man’s actions, de-
scended very cautiously, and having
found some of the pease, a quarrel en-
sued; but one, more crafty than the
rest, peeped into the bottle, and, de-
termining to secure a good handful,
thrust down his hand, and filling it, he
sect up a titter, as he found he ¢ould

not

4 Journal of an Officer serving in Columbia.

not withdraw his hand, The Indian now
ran and secured him, and all the tribe
fled from branch to branch in evident
avitation. Part of an old red jacket
being procured, all hands went to
work to make him a new suit of
clothes, and, after being dressed, he
was let loose in the branches among
his astonished companions, who col-
lected round him, and, gazing on him
with curiosity for about five minutes, a
busy scene ensued ; the other monkeys
plucking branches, and flogging the
soldier monkey, who jumped from
brauch to branch, pursued by the
whole commonwealth of monkeys, un-
til they were out of sight. Thus the
Indian ridded us of those pests. We
daily’ saw different tribes, perhaps
three tribes of different colours in one
day; some were very mischievous,
throwing pistachios, limes, and other
fruits, at us.

Our women rode on donkeys, one of
which getting tired, and as beating
would not make him go, he was aban-
doned: the monkeys, as usual, were
attentive spectators, and seeing the
donkey left, they descended to have a
ride; three or four dozen mounted to-
gether, on his ears, neck, and every
other part, and even two clung to his
tail, while the others whipped and
scratched bim. ‘The donkey, fright-
ened by his novel treatment, acquired
new speed, and began cantering, while
his pursuers as nimbly plied him, until
he came up to our rear braying. The
monkeys now abandoned him, so
dreadfully scratched and tor, that he
never attempted to stop afterwards.

We passed a large plain, and ar-
rived at Baranca, the inhabitants of
which received us kindly, owing per-
haps to the commandant’s being blind,
and unable to leave the town, which is
a very pretty little place, but of a
gloomy appearance, owing to the walls
of the houses being built of the red
elay, and covered with tiles of the
same: in the midst of the square is a
handsome church. In this town is
every convenience to make life com-
fortable: a fine river-fish in abundance,
but the natives do not understand
taking it, nor do they value it; some of
the most delicious trout I ever tasted
is found here, and other fish for which
I know no name. Hereare also plenty
of sugar-cane plantations, fruit in
abundance, numerous herds of cattle
on the plain, and immense herds of

goats. ;

{Aug. 1,
_ Leaving this. town, we marched for
Fontseca, and on our way fell in with
some planters corteges. Some Ger-
mans, loitering behind us, met a tragi-
cal death; being misled into the
enemy’s camp. We now arrived at
the river under the town, the pass to
which the Spaniards thought to-dis-
pute, as well they might, had not
cowardice prevailed there; it being
commanded by an eminence and
breastwork, so that twenty men might
keep it against a host; the rapidity of
the river was also in their favour,which
carried several of our men away, but
they were always preserved by the In-
dians, whose dexterity on horseback
was as surprising in water as on shore.
We entered this little Paradise on the
19th of April: in this beautiful place is
the town residence of the governor,
with large stores belonging to the
king, and several buildings. This was
the only town in which I saw no chapel
during my stay. This fortress was
built on an elevated situation, com-
manding an extensive prospect to the
west, of wild scenery and picturesque
novelty. Here are savannahs and fer-
tile plantations as far as the eye can
reach; and on one side, along’a deep
and rapid river on the east, are im-
mense plains, thinly wooded, on
which the evening sun sets with a
brilliancy and sombre glare unknown
to the natives of happier climes, seem-
ing one vast expanse of vivid fire or
undulating waves of deep crimson,—
a sea of blood, awfully grand, but dif-
ficult to describe: here is a sizht for
the poet, the painter, and philosopher,
but too grand a subject, as colours
and description must be feeble in
attempting to do any kind of justice to
this sublime scene. This place is
healthy, owing perhaps to its elevated
situation, and cleanliness of the houses;
which are all tiled, even the square
A Creole drummer was commandant
here; what rank his suite was of, I
never could learn. ‘

From Fontseca we marched to St.
John’s, another pretty town, about
eighteen miles from the former, which
appears to be the usual distance from
one town to another. In this place
we were opposed by the Spaniards,
who had been joined by those who had
abandoned their houses; but their op-
position lasted only a short time, and
they abandoned their houses and fled.
In this town are some elegant-built
houses, and barracks to contain 2000
men,

1$24.J

men, witha gymnasium, for protecting
them while at drill from the sun: This
town is also onan elevated) situation,
but does not command so sublime a
prospect as Fontseca.

' Hearing the Spaniards were assem-
bled at the little town of Marino, we
countermarched by night through deep
and heavy roads, nearly up to our hips
in sludge and wet sand, along the
plains: on those immense plains I saw
the largest flocks of sheep, I suppose,
in the world, as in one enclosure I
equid count over 30,000, all one man’s
property; they are very small, as four
men -had always.a sheep for their
rations,

We arrived at Marino at day-break,
just as the Spaniards were quitting it,
some of whom we took prisoners, and
others lost their lives in escaping.
We found here every thing in abun-
dance. ‘The town is mean, and badly
built ; but the people are very rich and
comfortable.’ There were immense
plantations of sugar, Indian corn,
plantains, cocoa-nut trees, papaws,
mammy-apples, melon-beds of various
kinds, sweet and sour sops, pine-ap-
ples, mangoes, and many other fruits
too numerous to mention. I also re-
marked that Chili pepper grew here
in greater perfection than hitherto ob-
served on the main. We left this place
with great reluctance, as we lived like
fighting cocks; even brandy, rum, and
immense quantities of tobacco, were
stored there, which was destroyed for
want of means to carry it away.

We left Marino at sunset, and
arrived at the little town of Beddelia
in two days after. In passing one of
those plains, our Creoles got orders to
secure a drove of cattle; from the wild
and untractable ferocity of them, I
thought this impossible, but here I was
undeceived, by the dexterity and ad-
dress of our Indian guides in throwing
the noose or sling. _ Every man
mounted, with one of those nooses,
made of cow-skin thongs, about thirty
or forty yards in length, galloped on,
and headed the beast pointed out to
him, which he bad no sooner done
than his companion, who remained
ready to noose him, stood in his stir-
rups, and threw the noose, fifteen or
twenty yards, over the beast’s horns,
with such unerring aim/and incredible
dexterity as seldom to miss their ob-
ject. In this manner were sixty head
of cattle noosed, until a leather
thong, about three feet in length, with

; 2

Journal of an Officer serving in Columbia. 5

a log affixed, was tied to each beast’s
nose, by boring two holes through their
nostrils; and this log threw them down
when they attempted to run away.
The greatest feat of activity 1 saw
performed, was by our principal wahira,
or Indian guide: a huge untractable
bull, having broke loose from the
Creoles, bounded along the plain with
great speed; Rincoon mounted his
grey horse, and pursued him: on
coming up with him he jumped on the
ground, seized the beast by the tail,
and, when he had got sufficient hold,
watching an opportunity, he bounded
from the earth with such velocity as to
whirl the bull round; on the second
motion, with a swing, he took the
beast from his footing, and landed him
on his’ back, to the astonishment of
every person who saw him perform
this act of dexterity and strength; as
the cattle in this country are much
larger than in England, and a lean
beast will weigh upwards of 1000 lbs.
This account of the Indian’s strength
is almost incredible, but is equally
true; and I am sure there exists not
an European who could do the same
thing. Beddelia now appeared, and
the inhabitants did not seem disposed
to side with either party. The town is
small: the people seemed happy, and
lived easy, but indolent.

Next day we proceeded on our route
to Alvalca, where we expected to be
joined by General Bolivar ; and on the
following evening we arrived at Wa-
hira settlement, at the end of the plain.
All those Indians, being friendly
tribes, came out to meet us, and lead
us to their community. Here I had
a good opportunity of seeing the cus-
toms, manners, and mode of living,
amongst those people. Their settle-
ment was on the bank of a river, their
huts being built in front of the enclo-
sures made for the protection of their
goats, sheep, and fowls, enclosed by
the tall prickly pear, which grows from
seed; the only trouble being to mark
out the place in the rainy season, and
in the course of a few months the
fence is impenetrable, and grown
above the height of aman. ‘They take
very little pains to cultivate any thing,
as they live chiefly by hunting, fishing,
and what they can plunder. These
people are good-natured, but easily ir-
irtated, and vindictive; they are fleshy,
the men have large breasts like the
women, about the feet they are better
made, are very soft-featured, anal

rom

Journal of an Officer serving in Columbia.

from the whining manner they speak,
you would be led. to suppose them
always crying or moaning. They lie
together in groupes, and show no
symptoms of modesty or forbearance
before strangers; nor will the men
seruple to oblige a stranger with a
bedfellow, provided the reward. be
tantamount to the favour ; but, as nei-
ther our men or the Creoles seemed to
prize the Wahira ladies, they were left
to their more easy lords. This tribe
came from Peru about three years be-
fore, for no other reason than one of
them having been tarred and feathered
hy a boat’s crew, for thieving a hat-
buckle. They amounted to about 200
in all, and were very useful and trust-
worthy, and could be depended on to
carry despatches to any distance.
They could hardly fix their abode on
a spot more favoured by nature than
this, yet they were preparing to depart.
Here we got abundance of ¢asso, or
beef dried in the sun, and cured with
lime-juice; also eggs, fowls, plenty of
doves, silyer pheasants, (with which
this country abounds, and, being ex-
cellent marksmen with their arrows,
they seldom miss them,) and guanas,
to which, from their likeness to the
lizard, | felt a degree of antipathy, but,
conquering it, I found them eat more
tender even than chicken; the Indians
prefer the macaw to those other birds.
Here we found the small peacock and
white heron domesticated. From the
manner they supplied us the two even-
ings we stopt, (sending out fifteen or
sixteen men to kill fowl, and forage
for other things,) I suppose they can
live comfortably without any industry
but hunting. Next morning I accom-
panied these people to chase the
mountain- goat and mountain - deer.
Six or seven place themselves in am-
bush on the rocky tracts where those
creatures resort ; others hunt the plains
with dogs trained for the purpose ; and
some mount the highest trees, to
watch their motions, and direct. the
hunters to the path they are taking on
the rocks, who always form a barrier,
to prevent their proceeding. In. this
manner they take and destroy innu-
merable herds of goats and deer: the
deer of this province are beautifully
dappled on a dun skin, and very saga-
cious in their own preservation.

_On our return we found our men
had marched, having received orders
during our absence; we waited to re-
fresh ourselves, and were just -pre-

[Aug. 1,

paring to follow the route, when a
scout arrived, and had conference with
the chief of his tribe, who ran in con-
fusion and told us, that the Spaniards
had notice of our being left behind,
and would soon pay us a visit, but he
would outwit them ; so saying, he took
out three jackets, and clothed as many
Indians in them, with some chacoe
caps belonging to men who had died.
We proceeded about eight miles, until
we came to a wood, when another In-
dian joined us, and held conference
with our guide, who informed us that
the Spaniards were in ambush about
half a league a-head, and that we must
quit our horses, which he led into the
thicket, and soon returned to us; he
then scooped a hollow place large
enough to contain each of us, which hie.
covered with sand and leaves; he also
wanted our fowling-pieces, but we
would not give them up, as we appre-
hended some treachery. Henow gave
his orders to the Indians who were. to
personate us, and couched himself
alongside us in the same manner, de-
siring us to be still and breathe softly,
and we should see a good chase; which
we soon did, as we distinctly heard the
shouts of Spaniards pursuing the fu-
gitive Indians, who soon passed us full
gallop, with their pursuers about half
a mile in their rear. The Indian
raised himself a little, and counted the
horsemen as they passed on. After
some time he softly said, ‘‘ There are
two yet missing, but we must not re-
main here: out of forty there passed
but thirty-eight;” counting the num-
bers on his fingers, he held up two, and
then bounded away from us, but soon
appeared again with the horses, which
we mounted, and followed him in full
gallop: he now desired us not to at-
tempt firing, unless we perceived they
had firelocks. We soon came in sight
of the two Spaniards, one of whom
mounted, and rode away; the other’s
horse being lame, and not able to pro-
ceed, he took tohisheels. The Indian
made signs that we should pursue the
man on foot, while he pursued the
horseman; we soon overtook the
former, and, looking round, we per-
ceived the Indian galloping back,
dragging the strangled Spaniard after
him, whom he had noosed with the cat-
tle-leash, and pulled from his horse:
he wanted to lance the other, but we
would not suffer him. We made.the
Spaniard mount the horse of his com-
rade, and told him, that if he attempted

to

1824.]

to play any pranks, we would noose
him too. We now pursued our jour-
ney as fast as possible, the Indian still
dragging the corpse of the Spaniard,
until he came to a river, when, ap-
proaching the middle of the stream, he
cut the noose, and let go the body.
We now pursued our route at a slower

' pace, and were overtaken by the other

indians, who were quite metamor-
phosed, as they had resumed their
own dresses, and hid their disguise.
They rode back, through the midst of
the Spaniards, without suspicion: two
of them proceeded with us, and the
rest returned with our best wishes.

We now came to the most rapid
river we had hitherto seen, our men
being halted until Rincoon would
arrive. The Indians joined their cow-
leashes together, and, swimming
across, made them fast to the trees on
both sides, and thus formed a double
cordon: they now fixed a cane basket,
into which they put a soldier, and in
this manner five at a time were trans-
ported over, an Indian swimming
alongside, and keeping the thongs wet,
as the rapid motion of the baskets
would set fire tothem. In this manner
they transported 900 men and women
before night, without much fatigue.
To get the cattle over was the next
difficulty, as they could not be forced
into the river, but this also was. easy
to the Indian; getting a cow-skin, he
plunged into the river, leaving the
horns above the water, and he was in-
stantly followed by every head of
cattle.

On the following evening we arrived
at the city of Alvalca, after a march of
difficulty and fatigue almost unprece-
dented, but presenting to Europeans
more sublime prospects than any other
part of the globe. We now had aview
of the Andes in all their glory, wild-
ness, and sublimity. Alvalca isa very
large and populous city; the inhabi-
tants seemed comfortable and rich,
and in their manners are refined and
easy. Here is a large distillery for
rum, and spacious warehouses for In-
dian goods, macaroni, and even broad
French cloths, We found several
men here who had deserted from the
7st, 89th, and many other regiments
of Whitelocke’s brigade, from Buenos
Ayres, Monte Video, &c. who had
married and settled in the country,
and had their families in this delightful
spot. We might have remained, if the
demon of war and slaughter would

Cump of Paulus démylius near London.

‘south, 205.

7

allow us. The fevers, agues, and other
diseases in the lower district, are
wholly unknown here; and the pros-
pects are perhaps bolder than the
Alps, Appennines, or Pyrennees, can
present.
—=a
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
SIR,
i seggmcslee the medium of your
respectable publication, I hope
you will permit me to record where the
site of an interesting object of un-
doubted Roman original, was lately
discovered; at one period of great
import to the destiny of this country,
as will presently appear, but which is
now completely metamorphosed into a
vile brick-field.

About four or five furlongs to the
north-west by north of White Conduit-
house, in the path or track leading to
Copenhagen-house, on the left hand or
west side, and directly opposite to a
line of genteel detached white cottages,
which run from east to west across
Barnsbury-park, and where the most
western garden-wall terminates the
line, is situated a plot of ground, dis-
tinguished lately by a high bank and a
ditch on each side, describing nearly
a square, of the following dimensions
measured on the inside. The east, 106
paces ; north, 195; west, 179; and the
Nearly central rose a
circular mound of earth several feet
above the general level of the sur-
rounding soil. This mound or eleva-
tion was occupied by the general’s
tent, as the commander of the army,
and as the court or preiorium for the
administration of civil justice within
his camp for the period: by the deno-
mination of pretorium, such eminences
within camps were called, and are
now commonly so _ distinguished.
Within the boundary-line of this camp
arose two fine springs of pure watcr,
which, before their leaving it, were
joined in one stream, aud were then
permitted to discharge themselves
through a fissure at the south west
angle.

This camp is understood to have.
been formed and occupied by the ac-
complished general Paulus Aimylius
in the reign of Nero, at the time when
he obtained a decided victory over the
united forces of the Iceni and Trino-
bantes, under Boadicea, and her bro-
ther-in-law, the wise and just husband
of her amiable sister Venusia, by some
named Dunnorix.

For

3 Camp of Paulus Emylius near London.

For in the reign of Nero, the tribute
demanded as due from Britain to
Rome; and which, by-the-bye, had
never been regularly paid since the
time of Claudius; the imperial col-
lectors could not recover or receive,
but their authority and force had met
with contempt from the islanders.
The Roman treasury formed the de-
sign, in conjunction with the senate,
effectually to subjugate the Britains,
by rooting out from among them the
only stimulus to public and native
liberty remaining. Their vengeance
was directed against religion, and its
professors, the Druids, who, in their
admonitions to the people, kept the
sacred flame alive in them, and in their
princes. The execution of this bloody
mandate was confided to Paulus Aimy-
lius; who, after its execution, and the
destruction of their sacred groves in
Mona, that is, Anglesey in Wales,
hastened to the vicinity of the flourish-
ing colony of Londinium, to iis re-
lief; but, before his arrival, the infu-
riated Boadicea had put all the inhabi-
tants, as well Romans as Britons,
and many strangers who had settled
there for the benefit of its commerce
and the Roman protection, to the
amount, as we are told, of 75,000, to
the most cruel, unheard-of, and igno-
minious, deaths; and she had consumed
the colony, their residence, which
Paulus Aimylius saw smoking in ruins,
on his arrival to relieve it, which
place he had been very anxious to pre-
serve, hastening by forced marches
from Caernarvonshire. Boadicea and
her forces had gone to Verulamium,
to perform the same indiscriminate
slaughter in that municipium. In the
mean time Aimylius made good his
station in the camp above described;
whilst Boadicea, and her ally, hastened
hack after the destruction of Verula-
mium, where she had exhausted the
remaining portion of the vial of deadly
wrath, whose effervescence London
had first experienced.

She with her ally, and their troops,
to an immense amount, hastened back
to Middlesex; their forces overspread
all the intermediate space between
Highgate, Hampstead, and the neigh-
bouring heights, and London, Aimy-
lius was stationed in his camp in an
advantageous position, which forms the
subject of this paper. It need not be
said that the Britons had brought to
the field of action their children and
their wives. in wains, &e. to behold

[Aug. 1,

their anticipated victory ; so sanguine
were their minds in the superiority of
number in their forces, which, with the
spectators they had brought into the
field, are said to have amounted to no
less than 800,000. With their fate,
and that of their commander, history
informs us. But it may behove the
writer to observe, that he has under-
stood the sharpest contest occurred on
the acclivity of that rising ground now
occupied by Pentonville, contending
for the adjacent heights, which the
military judgment of Aumylius had se-
cured. And that the ford of the river
Fleet was a scite of the severest action,
the fleet being then overflowed with the
purple flood of life, from richest British
veins; the dead bodies of the numerous
slain then serving as a bridge to either
party, to cross the track of the stream ;
whence, it is probable, it obtained its
present name from traditional re-
lations ; that is, Battle-bridge.

The writer of the above is indebted
for its chief incidents to his worthy and
good friend Dr. W. O. Pughe, the
celebrated Cambrian scholar; to a
book, comparatively lately brought to
light, said to have been written by
Nennius, discovered in the Papal
library in the Vatican; and to the cele-
brated tragedy of Boadicea.

He has one more motive beyond
those already declared, why he is
anxious the circumstances above -re-
lated should have publicity, which is
for the purpose of affording light to
the ingenious writers of topograpbical
and local histories, who have fre-
quently fell into errors respecting those
circumstances, they having occurred
in so dark a period of our history:
and those descriptions that could be
understood, were worded in such ge-
neral terms, and the scite described
found to be answerable to numerous
situations, that no local place could be
fixed upon. Mr. Clutterbuck, in his
very luminous History of Herts; fell
into this error, at the time he ingenn-
ously confessed the dilemma above no-
ticed, in which writers were placed.
That gentleman imagining, that, as he
knew of the contest between Emylius
and Boadicea took place at about the
period of her destruction of Verula-
mium, he conceived it might probably
have occurred in his district of histori-
cal recognition; and he was, indeed,
rather justified in presuming it might
have occurred in the vicinity of St.
Alban’s, had not Dr. Pugle, from his

superior

1824.] Plan to restore the London Workhouse to its Original Purposes. 9

superior ancient British information,
ascertained the precise local scite,

which is above given by

F. L. WILLIAMS.
—_

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
SIR

REGRET that a variety of engage-

meénts has prevented me from
sending earlier in the present month
a communication, invited by one of
your respectable correspondents, which

is now at your service.

For the satisfaction of your friendly
correspondent Investigator, I now
transcribe a copy of ‘the Beggar’s
Petition,” as it was originally written
by the Rev. Thomas Moss, from Shaw’s
“History of Staffordshire,’ vol. ii. p.
238: a neatly executed engraving, of
a decrepit old man leaning upon
erttches, is prefixed.

THE BEGGAR.
jnopemque paterni
Et laris, et fundi. He

Pity the sorrows of a poor old man, ,
Whose trembling limbs have borne him to your

oor,
Whose days are dwindled to the sho:test span,
Oh! give relief, and heaven will bless your store-

These tatter’d clothes my poverty bespeak,
These hoary locks proclaim my lengthen’d years,
And many a furrow in my grief-worn cheek
Has been the channel to a stream of tears.

Yon house, erected on the rising ground,

With hen! pting aspect, drew me from my road;
For plenty there a residence has found,

And grandeur a magnificent abode.

Hard is the fare of the infirm and poor!
Here craving for a morsel of their bread,
A pamper d menial forc’d me from the door,

‘o seek a shelter in an humbler shed.

Oh take me to your hospitable dome,

Keen blows the wind, and piercing is the cold!
Short is my passage to the friendly tomb,

For lam poor, and miserably old.

Should I reveal the source of every grief,
If soft humanity e’er touch’d your breast,
Your hands would not withhold the kind relief,
And tears of pity could not be represt.

Heaven sends misfortune,—why should we repine?
*Tis heaven has brought me to the state you see ;
And your condition may be soon like mine, —
The child of sorrow and of misery.

A little farm was my paternal lot, _

Then like the lark I sprightly hail’d the morn;
But, ah! oppression fore’d me from my cot,

My cattle died, and blighted was my corn.

mrp cieusiiter! once the comfort of my age!
ur’d by a villain from her native home,
{s cast abandon’d on the world’s wide stige,

And doom’d in scanty poverty to roam.
My tender wife! sweet soother of my care!

Sruck with sad anguish at the stern decree,
Petl,—lingering fell,—a victim to despair,

And left the world to wretchedness and me.
Pity.the sorrows of a poor old man,’ .

hose trembling limbs have borne him to your

fe dwindled to the shortest span,
Ohi! give relief, und heaven will bless your store.
Iam not able to communicate any
additional infurmation concerning the
time when this poem was written. It
Montury Maa, No. 399.

deserves consideration, however, that
the friend of Mr. Moss, whose letter
has been quoted in the first page of
this volume, and who declared in
the Gentleman’s Magazine, vol. Ixx.
p. 41, “that he had authority to state,
that he wrote it about the age of
twenty-three,” referred the readers of
that article to Mr. Moss himself, who
was at that time “ Minister of Tren-
tham,” for the truth and confirmation
of bis statement. I judge from per-
sonal recollection of him, that he was
about seventy years of age at the time
of his decease; and have ascertained,
by a certificate copied from the register
of burials, that the Rev. T. Moss was
interred in the cemetery adjoining to
the parish church of King’s Swinford,
in the county of Stafford, on the 11th
of December, 1808. It is to be lament-
ed that no memorial distinguishes the
spot where he reposes, as he was not
only admired as a poet, but also de-
servedly esteemed as a man of exem-
plary character, and as an acceptable
preacher. James Scort,

Cradby, near Stourbridge ;

June 24, 1824.

—_——
For the Monthly Magazine.

PLAN for RESTORING the LONDON WORK-

HOUSE to its ORIGINAL VALUABLE

PURPOSES.

Gut WILLIAM Hick, esq. chair-

man of the Special Committee
appointed to consider the petitions of
the several parishes of this city rela-
tive to the London Workhouse, in re-
spect of forming an institution for the
reception of houseless poor, and the ap-
plicability of the said workhouse to that
purpose, made the following commu-
nication to the Committee on the 24th
day of April, 1824.

Many excellent institutions in this
metropolis have from time to time
been founded and endowed with am-
ple means to relieve the necessities of
the poor and destitute, which reflect
the highest honour on their projectors
as benefactors of mankind. But,
although much good has doubtless re-
sulted from these institutions, a varicty
of causes have combined to render it
expedient that an asylum should be
established for the immediate relief of
houseless.and exhausted sufferers; and
the expediency of such an undertaking
has been lately demonstrated by the
beneficial consequences which re-
sulted from the places of refuge for the
houseless poor, erected under the pa-

C tronage

10 Plan to restore the London Workhouse to its Original Purposes. [ Aug. 1,

tronage of many public-spirited and
benevolent persons. Iam the more en-
couraged to urge the adoption of a
permanent establishment, and espe-
cially as various circumstances occur-
red to prevent those asylums from
affording permanent relief; and seeing
that an institution established on sim1-
lar principles of philanthropy, in order
to administer instant protection to
houseless and unemployed vagrants at
all times till they can be removed to
their parishes, or be placed in a condi-
tion to exert their industry, would re-
move a nuisance from our public
streets, and be the means of preventing
the commission of crimes.

To accomplish this desirable object
it has occurred to my mind that the
present London Workhouse affords faci-
lities not inconsistent with the design
of its original establishment, which, so
long since as the year 1702, was repre-
sented to be ‘‘to receive such as were
accustomed at nights to lie under bulks
and stalls in the streets, or where else
they could find shelter, to the no small
hazard of their limbs and lives.”

In the execution of our laws re-
lating to the poor, it is to be regretted
that, in many instances, the persons
who by those laws are appointed to
relieve the indigent, being controlled
by a committee or vestry, frequently
use every means of getting rid of im-
portunities for relief, and particularly
the applications of those who are
termed casual poor; and it frequently
happens that the objects legitimately
entitled to parochial relief render
themselves by their conduct totally
unworthy of receiving it: the parish-
officers are often induced to regard
with suspicion every applicant, and
sometimes repulse those as impostors
who are actually objects of commise-
ration. Many parishes having astated
day to receive and pay the poor, it hap-
pens that, when application to the
officer for relief is made during the
interval of time immediately previous
to the meeting, the pauper commonly
meets with a rebuke, and receives a
shilling, or at most two shillings, to
maintain a wife and family until the
day of appearance before the Board,
whence they are frequently dismissed
with little or no assistance. Other
distressed objects assemble in some
wretched receptacle, where no discri-
mination is observed between vice and
poverty, and where the price of the
lodging is from two-pence to. six-

pence per night; and, if they have not
money, their apparel is taken from
them in lieu ; and, after they are thus
plundered by the keepers of these
receptacles, who are in general devoid
of all sympathy, and callous to every
humane feeling, they are turned out
almost naked into the streets ; if, there-
fore, a gratuitous shelter were afforded
to these wretched houseless, it is evi-
dent that good must be the ultimate
result.

It would be an endless task to enu-
merate all the circumstances which
may place persons in such a condition
as might render them fit objects for
reception into the proposed institution ;
but it may be necessary to advert
particularly to such persons as are
discharged from hospitals and prisons.
Amongst the former there are many
cases which call imperatively for re-
lief: I allude to those persons who, for
the want of relations or friends, are
discharged, and find themselves in the
midst of the world destitute of money,
friends, or home of any kind, at the
same time exposed to the strongest
temptations in order to find the means
of procuring a lodging and subsistence
till they are able to obtain some situa-
tion, which, from their former good
character, they are naturally led to
expect. And with regard to females
thus circumstanced, many are the
artifices and temptations of the profli-
gate to seduce them from the paths of
virtue, and to plunge them into crime
and guilt, which, under their existing
destitution, they find themselves una-
ble to resist. The first steps to vice
are seldom voluntary; the destitute
female does not become abandoned
from choice; she contemplates the
prospect before her with dismay and
horror, and would gladly shun the
hopeless misery which presents itself
to her view; and therefore the feelings
of humanity, as well as the laws of
civilization, and the dictates of Chris-
tianity, demand that the friendless
female should not be suffered to rush
into the courses of vice from necessity,
to languish in misery, or expire in
despair, for want of the kind hand of
benevolence to uphold her.

Hence, if a temporary asylum only
were afforded to these objects for a
few days, or weeks if necessary, they
would be sheltered from danger and
seduction, and be enabled to look for-
ward with confidence to brighter
prospects and more auspicious periods:

their

1824.] Plan to restore the London Workhouse to its Original Purposes. i

their spirits, which before were languid
and depressed, would be revived, and
their best energies would be exerted in
endeavouring to procure their liveli-
hood in an. honest and respectable
manner.

There are also many unfortunate
persons acquitted at the sessions, or
dismissed after examinations before
the magistrates, who are turned adrift
without shelter or resources. The
innocent and the guilty are alike aban-
doned to the world, and of necessity
become vagrants and thieves. One
object, therefore, of the proposed insti-
titution, would be to find active em-
ployment for persons of this class, or
to see that they were conducted to
their respective parishes.

It may not be unnecessary to ob-
serve, that the proposed institution
might be the means of receiving,
clothing, educating, and otherwise
employing, vagrant and other children,
who have no home or legal settle-
ment.

In taking a review of the situation
of the London Workhouse and premises
as affording accommodation for the
reception of the houseless poor, it ap-
pears to me that there is sufficient
room to make (ata trifling expense)
suitable classifications for every de-
scription of persons proposed to be
received therein:

4. Those who are in immediate want.

2. Those sent from the hospitals, or
discharged from service without notice.

3. Those sent from the prisons.

4. Those that may be sent by magis-
trates as undeserving punishment by con-
finement in Bridewell or the House of
Correction.

‘5. Vagrant, ‘deserted, and houseless,
children.

In order to carry into effect the ob-
ject I have suggested, and to alter the
present system and government of the
London Workhouse, it may be requi-
site to apply.to the legislature for re-
pealing the Act of the 13th and 14th of
Charles the Second, chapter 12th, so
far as regards the workhouse in Lon-
don, and to grant other and more
extensive powers; and in that case I
would recommend particularly, in
order to counteract the local prejudice
and apprebension of injury that might
-be excited in the parish where the
institution might be established, that
‘the same, together with such other
places of a similar description as it
might be found necessary to appoint in
other parts of the metropolis, should

be made extra-parochial; and, as I do
not propose that such institutions
should be held out. as a permanent
abode likely to induce objects to seek
for reception therein with that view;
but, on the contrary, as an asylum for
a time only, until other employment
can be found for the parties, or they
can be removed to their respective
parishes ; I think it would not be diffi-
cult under the circumstances to procure
from the legislature a power for the
governors or managers to administer
an oath to the paupers and indigent
with regard to their places of settle-
ment, which oath should be conclusive
as relating to the institution; and. the
governors or managers should be em-
powered to remove the pauper to his
parish at the expense of the institution
in the first instance, but to be after-
wards repaid by the parish to which the
pauper may properly belong; and, in
order to prevent as much as possible
any vagrant or pauper becoming a
second time troublesome to the institu-
tion, or obnoxious to the public, a
register should be kept, in which should
be entered the name and description °
of every person received into the insti-
tution, and any particular cireum-
stance relating to them respectively,
and the manner in which they have
been disposed of, and describing the
parish to which they have been re-
moved. By this means the governors
Or managers would be enabled to as-
certain whether the cause of the pau-
per’s subsequent reception into the
institution has arisen from the officers
of the parish to which the vagrant or
pauper may have been removed, not
having properly carried into effect the
Poor Laws of the country.

With regard to the government.of
this institution, I would earnestly re-
commend, that the same should be
thrown open to the public ; and that,
in addition to the Lord Mayor, the
aldermen, or any given number of
them, and any portion of the members
of the Common Council as may be
thought fit, any person contributing to
a certain amount should be admitted a
governor in the same manner as in the
Royal Hospitals; and, as it is not my
intention in suggesting this establish-
ment in the least to interfere with any
other charitable institution, or to throw
any impediment in the way of the
promoters and supporters of those in-
stitutions, or to which their exertions,
although they may come within the

scope

12

acope of what I am anxious to em-
brace, but rather to aid and assist those
exertions, and to extend the means of
accomplishing the object they are so
desirous of effecting.

With respect to the necessary funds,
lam confident that the object of the
institution need only be made known
to excite such a feeling of benevolence
in the public mind, as, in addition to
the present London workhouse and its
permanent revenues, sanctioned and
supported by that wonted liberality on
the part of the public which has ever
been conspicuous in works of this na-
ture, will fully answer every desired
end, and can give no better proof than
referring to the result of a recent occa-
sion before alluded to in this address,
when a call was made upon them for
atemporary shelter only during an in-
clement season for the destitute and
houseless ; and I cannot, I think, con-
clude my address to you upon this sub-
ject, better than by quoting the ex-
pressions used by the goveruors of the

. London Workhouse in the account
published by them in the year 1702:
‘If the relieving and protecting the
virtuous, and preventing habits of idle-
ness, theft, debauchery, profaneness,

Re cet

Birmingham Musical Festivai.

fAug. 1,
and other immoralities, and sowing the
seeds of industry, honesty, sobriety,
piety, and virtue, in others, and the
finding employment and preventing
begging in the streets, be works ae-
ceptable to God and man, and tend to
the reformation, happiness, and wel-
fare, of succeeding generations, it is
hoped so great, so good, and excellent,
undertakings, will receive suitable en-
couragement, aid, and assistance.”

—=__——

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR,

HE following document is official,

and therefore needs no farther
voucher; the only alteration I have
made is the addition of the third
column to assist in the comparative
amounts; and I request its insertion as
deserving, in my opinion, a more per-
manent record, and more extensive
circulation, than the temporary papers
of the day can bestow. It was written
at the time the circumstances took
place; but, as the Committee have
only within these few days published
their statement of the last receipts and
payments, the account would have
been incomplete without it.

SS EO LT

BIRMINGHAM MUSICAL FESTIVAL.

Yeur. Gross Receipts.
ME eo
1778 800 0 0
Part paid to St. Paul’s
Chapel,
1784 aco no. 0
1787 1,980 0 O
1790 1,965 0 O
1793 Racine temas by fire
1796 9,044 0 0
1799 9,544.0 0
1802 3,820 17 0
1805 ao22. GY 4
1808 5,511 12 22
1811 6,680 2 9
1814 7,124 12 O
1817 8,746 6 9
1820 9,483 4 7
1825 At,15ty, 9479

It thus is manifest, that to raise the
amount of 5,806/. for the use of the
hospital, an expense is incurred of no
less than 5,308/.; and the sum pro-
duced from the thirteen festivals since
their commencement, is—Receipts,
66,562/. lis. 44d.—Expenses, 31,8821.
2s, 43d.—Profit, 34,680/. 9s. leaving
barely 1,400/. excess beyond one half

Paid

Expenses. to the Hospital.
oS de & a. dd.

eee 170 0 @
622 0 0 7038 0 O
1,016 0 0 964 0 0
1,006 5 4 958 14. 8
1,147 0 0 897 0 0
1,074 0 0 1,470 0 0
1,439 19 8 2,380 17 4
2,019 8 5 2,202 17 11
2,253 12 » 6% 3,257 19 8
5,050 12 9 3,629 10 0
4,012 16 10 3,111 15 2
4,449 15 11 4,296 10 10
4,481 13 8 5,001 10 11
5,308 17 3 5,806 12 6

of the total receipts. And, if to these
we add the incidental and contingent
expenses, I have no doubt that nearly,
if not altogether, 40,0001. is expended,
to produce the 5,806/. for the charity.
These are the expenses of preparation
and travelling, of board and lodgings,
of new and elegant attire for the ladies,
besides the purchases made for a

sents

1824.)

sents or otherwise, in consequence of
the opportunities afforded, and the
hilarity excited, by such a general
display of magnificence and joy. Orif
we take the amount at 30,000/. I
speak with confidence of being then
within compass; and thus, for every
pound in charity, we spend five in
extravagant profusion, and “lay the
flattering unction to our souls,” that,
together with national splendour and
opulence, we are equally improving in
national sympathy and benevolence.
To the eye of the calm observer, it pre-
sents, however, a different aspect; and,
cynical as it may appear, I shall ven-
ture to expose myself to the imputation
by a few remarks of a contrary ten-
dency.

‘Where then is this delirium to stop?
The efforts of the managing committee,
and other friends to the cause, have
been gratuitous, long continued, and
indefatigable; what has met the pub-
lic eye is sufficient to prove their
great and praiseworthy exertions;
besides the labours of which the pub-
lic must, from necessity, be unac-
quainted. From the commencement
of the plan, the trouble, the expenses,
and the charge for admission, have
been steadily on the increase ; and the
feverish excitement has, at each suc-
ceeding period, appeared to be wound
up to its utmost capabilities. All
other public and patriotic claims must,
for the time, give place to this para-
mount duty; and the infatuation bears
down, in too many instances, every
principle of individual prudence, ho-
nour, and integrity. It is now disco-
vered, that no advance in the price of
admission can prevent such an influx
of applications, that our churches and
theatres are deficient in the requisite
size; and, before the next triennial
meeting, it is in contemplation to en-
large one of the present churches, or
to erect a new one for the purpose,
—thus anticipating an expense from
5,000 to 20,000/. as the case may be,

If this be not an unnatural and per-
nicious state of public feeling, baneful
in a high degree to the general happi-
ness of the community, then the best
maxims of morality, philosophy, and
Yeligion, are all a mere farce; then
luxury, and all its inseparable vices,
should be rapturously welcomed; and
then all the wholesome restraints of
prudence, economy, virtue, and patri-
otism, should be banished from our
erceds, and from our bosoms. The

1

Birmingham Musical Festival.

13
tinsel pageantry of fashionable life,
always encroaching on the public
mind, is making the same rapid ad-
vances throughout the whole mass of
Society as our musical festivals exhibit
wherever they are undertaken All
ranks and conditions emulating their
more wealthy competitors; their sole
ambition and delight consisting in the
display of a gorgeous and dazzling ap-
pearance, to hide the deformity of their
venality or insignificance. Witness
the increasing splendour of all our wa-
tering places,—the incalculable num-
ber of public and private carriages,—
the prodigality of our public feasts,—
the din of music issuing from almost
every house one passes,—with the
swarm of dandies, each mounted on
his ‘‘ bit of blood,” and capering to
the annoyance of the humble pedestri-
ans. Time has been when the old
scale of morals had some influence on
society. Iremember being told in my
youth, from the lips of parental tender-
ness, and even sometimes from the
pulpit, that the only way to ensure
happiness was to reduce our wants,
and to cultivate that equanimity of
mind that should prefer the substantial
enjoyments of domestic retirement to
the gorgeous trappings of ambition and
folly. That the satisfactions of con-
scious integrity were infinitely superior
to the empty applause and admiration
of a giddy and deluded multitude ;
and that the maxims which were best
for an individual to pursue, were
equally applicable to society at large
in all its possible combinations and
numbers. But see now the artificial
and excessive stimulants employed to
pervert this sober order of things
through every stage of society as con-
nected with private life, to the sacri-
fice of every generous and noble prin-
ciple and feeling of the heart.

Nor is it possible to avoid noticing
the contrast exhibited on the grand
political drama of our public affairs.
By a return made from the Insolvent
Debtor’s Court to a select committee of
the House of Commons, May, 1822, it
appeared that the whole number of
persons discharged under the Act, was
15,249,--the gross amount of their
debts was 10,979,9431. 2s. 9id.—the
gross amount of their property got in
by tke assignees, 60,084/. ls. 2Qhd.
making not five farthings in the pound,
The Act was passed in the Ist year of
George IV.1820. ‘The only inferences
which can be drawn from this glaring
fact,

14

fact, are, either that the means of sub-
sistence in the mercantile and manu-
facturing parts of the population are
very difficult to procure, or that dissi-
pation has attained. a demoralizing
and fatal ascendaney which cannot be
too strongly reprobated and exposed,
or that they-are both united to pro-
duce one general scene of national
degradation and misery. The fluctua-
tions in the distresses and comforts of
the poor are now, and have for some
time been, considerably in their fa-
vour ; but look to Ireland for that per-
manent misery that must inevitably
follow our artificial and preposterous
arrangements. From the report of the
select committee, ordered July 16,
1823, we learn, that the districts in
which the distress was found most
urgent, were equal in extent to half
the superficial extent of all Ireland,
and that considerably more than one
half of the entire population of these
districts depended upon charity for
their support. Among other curious
and extraordinary discoveries by the
commissioners, they found that the
population could be made to subsist
upon “something less than one penny
per head per day ;” and that even this
inhuman allowance could not be pro-
eured by the sufferers themselves, but
must be supplied by English bounty!
though potatoes were then selling, in
the county of Cork, on the testimony of
Sir James Anderson, at the rate of
seven pounds for one halfpenny- In
many districts labour was eagerly
offered for two-pence a-day from a
population well worthy of a better
fate. Ardent, submissive, and grate-
ful for the smallest attentions of their
benefactors, but driven to desperation
from the absolute want of the neces-
saries of life. All the evidence bear-
ing ample and willing testimony to the
good disposition of the people, all pre-
ferring the wages of labour to chari-
table dependance.

How is it possible the public should
remain satisfied, and express no de-
testation of the unfeeling monopoly of
the bounties of nature, that first creates
the distress, and then insults the help-
less sufferers? With by far the rich-
est church-establishment in the world,
the most inflexible and unaccommo-
dating in. its demands, and the most
unjust because of its partialities; this
is ‘contrasted with by far the greatest
portion of public misery that despotism
and cruelty can any where else exhi-

Birmingham Musical Festival.

[Aug. 1,

bit.. And yet ours is a land of eiviliza-
tion and christianity,—of compliment-
ary adulation,—of enlightened days
and happy prospects,—of missionary
zeal and heart-throbbing anxiety for
the everlasting welfare of the untu-
tored pagans. Millions of Bibles are
scattered in every portion of the habi-
table globe, which, if read at home,
would teach some precepts which have
never flashed upon the conviction of
their ardent circulators, who continue
to revel in all the luxurious refine-
ments of modern haughtiness and in-
sensibility.—“ Sell all that thou hast,
and give to the poor;” ‘*‘ Whatsoever
ye would that men should do unto
you, do ye even so unto them;”
** How hardly shall a rich man enter
into the kingdom of heaven.” These
commands or admonitions, however
incredible it may appear, are really to
be found in that book, which, though it .
may be thrust upon the consciences of
the poor, has so little influence upon
those who are so much its pretended
advocates and admirers.

Will it.be said that these things are
entirely out of our reach, and that no
personal sacrifices we, as individuals,
could make, could be rendered availa-
ble towards removing the cause of the
distress; and that, therefore, it is
visionary and absurd to expect from
human nature, what humanity itself
will not call upon us to perform? But
is no distress or folly to rouse our
feelings but what comes immediately
home to ourselves? Is no considera-
tion to be given when tke gangrene
has already fixed itself in one of our
own extremities; or shall the individual
continue his fantastic vagaries because
a mortification has only threatened to
seize upon his frame? Is it possible
we can ayoid the contagion,—or is no
sympathy due to our political kindred?
If, indeed, all our time and all our
efforts are to be spent in frivolous or
unproductive. amusements, then, cer-
tainly, we can have none to spare for
duty ; and, after witnessing with indif-
ference the attacks of calamity and
oppression upon our distant brethren,
we must eventually submit to the same
inflictions ourselves.

As one lamentable proof of the inor-
dinate and selfish encroachments of
wealth and authority over the comforts
of the great mass of the community,
may be adduced the glaring fact, that,
while dissipation and extravagance in
the higher classes are sporting their

mad

1824.)

mad career with unbounded indul-
gence; every means that can be de-
vised are employed to curtail the few
remaining enjoyments of the poor.
An imaginary superiority in some of
our theatrical performers, shall en-
sure them public favour and princely
-emolument; while others, equally de-
serving in what may be thought an in-
ferior accomplishment, shall be dis-

untenanced, or even punished, for
their efforts. About the same time
that Madame Catalani was making her
Birmingham engagement for (I know
not what) perhaps 300/. to 600/. for
her week’s performance, the London
papers inform us that some of the
rope-dancing or horsemanship per-
formers at Stepney-fair were com-
mitted to the labour of the tread-mill
as vagrants and sturdy beggars! Can
any abuse of justice or common-sense
go beyond this? As if the gratification
of the eye was not as intellectual as
that of the ear,—or, as if the only mea-
sure of enjoyment should consist in the
price at which a bloated and unfeeling
aristocracy should rate it.

Several attempts were made about
the same time, or previously, in the
town and neighbourhood, to interest
the inhabitants in behalf of ill-fated
Spain; but they all proved abortive.
‘It was admitted, that the almost una-
nimous sympathy of Englishmen was
on the constitutional side,—but all
would not do, Fashion had not given
her bewitching sanction to the mea-
sure; and freedom was suffered to lan-
guish and expire, while the hollow
crocodile neutrality of our administra-
tion had lulled the people into a state
of perfect apathy or delusion. Never,
in the history of the world, has a case
more strikingly exemplified the accu-
racy of the old adage,—'‘ He who is
not for us is against us.” A provin-
cial town, or neighbourhood, shall raise
30,000/, in oue week for amusement,
and the United Kingdom but 20,0002.
for a cause in which the interest of
the whole human race is involved,
past the reach of the most penetrating
conception. I repeat ‘for, amuse-
ment,” for, if charity had been the
motive, why not canvass the neigh-
bourhood for donations; and, after
raising the 5,806/. for the hospital, a
handsome overplus might have becn
applied for the encouragement of Spa-
nish patriotism, and the neighbourhood
would then have been exonerated from
the merited reproach— ;

Birmingham Musical Festival,

15

‘¢ And the devil was pleas’d, for his darling
vice

Is the pride that apes humility.”

I have no wish to cramp the innocent
or rational enjoyments of life. Good-
ness knows what a load of. evils,
chiefly of our own infliction, we have
perpetually to contend with; but let us
not reproach a bountiful Pruvidence
with having fixed us in a ‘ howling
wilderness,” when it depends so much
upon ourselves to render it a “ bloom-
ing paradise.”

But I must ever contend, that the
best gratifications of the heart are
those which flow from the sources of
sympathy and benevolence; and that,
if public amusements, instead of being
so shamefully monopolized as they now
are by the opulent, were more gene-
rally encouraged, and diffused through
the various grades of society, we need
not be brooding in discontent over the
forms of our national government;
but a source of. felicity would be ob-
tained, of which we at present have no
adequate conception. ‘ Let me write
all the ballads, and I care not who
makes the laws,” is an expression
often quoted, though not sufficiently
valued, and came from one who was
well acquainted with human nature.
The French, with ail their fooleriesand
want of principle, have ‘preceded us in
this grand and effective spring to pub-
lic conduct and to public harmony.
Their government, despotic and imbe-
cile as it is, has still penetration
enough to perceive, that public opinion
is more easily. ensured by the appear-
ance of kindness than by coercion.
Theirreligious processions and payean-
tries are enjoyed equally by all ranks ;
and their national museums, galleries,
gardens, &c. are open to the free ad-
mission of every individual without
distinction. What a contrast do we
present, withall our boasted superiority,
—and is it not high time the reproach
was cancelled?

As a suitable close to our week’s
carnival, Mr. Sadler ascended with his
balloon, in company with Mr. James
Busby, a young and respectable trades-
man of the town; and surely, in the
judgment and feeling of philanthropy,
the scene then exhibited infinitely
surpassed all the bustle, ‘“‘the pomp
and. circumstance,” of the preceding
display. One hundred thousand hu-
man beings, so placed by the charac-
ter of the spot as that the greater part
might be ineluded in one extensiv.

gaze .

16

gaze; every countenance beaming
with joy,—every heart cherishing the
most fervent wishes for the safety of
the adventurers,—all party-feeling for-
got,—all private grievances suspended,
—and a temporary glow of intense de-
light equally shared by high and low,
master and servant, old and young,
uneducated and refined, without any
mixture of alloy or unworthy senti-
ment.—These are svenes of which the
lover of his species would gladly anti-
cipate the repetition. ‘The best bles-
sings of life are distributed by a boun-
tiful Providence with no sparing hand;
the cheap and simple comforts ought to
be accessible to all, and so they would
be, were the affluent alive to their own
best feelings and interest. Instead of
keeping the apple of discord always
displayed to invite contention, how
easily might a grateful multitude be
brought to idolize the friendly hand
that should be raised for their protec-
fion and happiness! Supposing our
musical treat to have cost each indivi-
dual two pounds on the average ; in
the other case, the contribution of a
single halfpenny from every spectator
would have amply remunerated the
aeronaut for his expenses and _ his
risk.

This brings me to one of the prin-
cipal objects I have in view in pre-
senting this address to the public. We
all recollect the unbounded munifi-
cence of some of our countrymen ; our
Webbs, our Reynolds, and many
others; and we are called upon, by
every newspaper which falls into our
hands, to admire (or shall I say to
pity?) the profusion displayed in the
more than Asiatic splendor of Carlton
House and Fonthill Abbey. While
hundreds of thousands are squandered
in a way at least problematical, as re-
gards the public welfare, I wish to beg
a single hundred, or even fifty, for a
great, and I think indisputable, na-
tional good; and, whimsical or pre-
sumptuous as the request may appear,
I do not despair of being gratified by
the success of the application.

Taking, then, the whole mass of so-
ciety, without a wish to change any
of its present institutions, and consi-
dering every individual as naturally
entitled to a certain portion of enjoy-
ment and relaxation suitable to his
station, I want an offer to be made by
some gencroys soul of a premium to
that wri'er who shall prepare the best
practical essay on Publie Amusements,

Promenade near Guisborough.

[Aug. 1,
which, without entering into wild and
visionary speculations, may have some
influence on the afiluent to devote a
part of the means which society has
placed at their disposal, in endeavour-
ing to diffuse a more general feeling of
content and happiness through those
ranks which are not so far favoured.
While, on the other hand, the latter,
always proud of the notice of their
superiors, may at once be encouraged
to habits of prudence and economy,
under the direction of their friends,
and indulge those sentiments of grate-
ful respect which are the strongest
links of subordination; and thus mu-
tual goodwill and harmony be esta-
blished through every rank and station
of human life. I need say no more:
the hint may not be lost, though com-
plete success may not follow.

June 28. J. Luckcovk.

—_—-
For the Monthly Magazine.

ACCOUNT of a@ PROMENADE near GUIS-

BOROUGH, in the NORTU RIDING of

YORKSHIRE.

Marke Gisborough’s gay scite, where Nature seems
So nice,

Asin the same shee makes a second Paradise,

Whose soyl imbroydered is with so rare sundry
owers,

Her large okes so long greene as summer there her
jowers

Had set up all the yeare, her ayre for heath refin’d,

Her earth with allome veines most richly intermin’d.

Poly-Olbion, part2. p. 146,

UCH is the description of Guisbo-

b rough given by Drayton, in his
“Catalogue of the Wonders of the
North Riding.” I arose about six in
the morning of one of the finest daysin
June, in order to take a stroll before
breakfast amongst the woods, hills, and
valleys, of this most delightful country.
The first object that attracted my
attention, after passing through the
church-yard at the east end of the
town, was the ruins of the once mag-
nificent Priory of Guisborough, which
is one of the finest specimens of mo-
nastic remains in England. The Priory
was founded by Robert de Bries, who
came over with the Conqueror; and
some idea may be formed of its extent,
from a manuscript in the Cottonian
Library, wherein it is said, “that the
prior kept a most sumptuous house,
insomuch that the town, consisting of
500 householders, had no lands, but
lived on the abbey.” The east end is
all that remains, consisting principally
of cue large arch, which served as a
window.
After contemplating this majestic
ruin for some time, I proeccded on my
route,

1824.]
route, by the common foot-path, across
a grass-field, on one side of which is a
large sheet of water; after passing
through a plantation of larches, oaks,
&ec. I again entered the fields. The
view on both sides was for some time
rather circumscribed, butvery pleasing.
On one side it is bounded by a high
ridge of hills, bordered nearly to the
summit by plantations of forest-trees ;
and on the otheris a hall and pleasure-
grounds, belonging to Robert Chaloner,
esq. M.p. After walking about half a
mile this way, I came again to the high
road, from whence a coach-road Jeads
to a mineral spring, which has lately
been discovered.

By this road I proceeded through a
wood, which, for its romantic and
picturesque scenery, is not surpassed
by any in England: for some distance
the road winds along the side of a hill,
that on one side is nearly perpendi-
cular; near its foot is heard the mur-
muring of a rivulet, which at intervals
is seen glittering through the trees.
The road is composed of alum-shell,
that, in the process of extracting the
alum, is changed from a dull black to
a light red; the walks in gardens and
pleasure-grounds in this neighbour-
hood are in general made of it, and,

contrasted with the surrounding turf,

it has a very pretty effect.
In a short time the view on this road

became inexpressibly beautiful : before
me was a plantation of young larches;
dhe hills majestically rising on the

right, covered with lofty oaks, syca-
mores, ash, &c.; and at a distance is
seen enormous mountains of red shale,

lifting their heads above the trees;
whilst, more to the left, the towering

alum rocks, rising still higher, gave to
the whole scene a grandeur and subli-
mity inexpressible. After admiring
this beautiful scene, I proceeded along
the road, which leads in a serpentiue
direction amongst the trees, sometimes
quite shaded, at others open and airy.
In many places on both sides of the
road honeysuckles, now in flower,
are seen climbing up the hazel-bushes.
In several parts of the wood, and hy
the sides of the rivulet, are great num-
bers of breams, now in flower, which
have a very pleasing appearance.

The Spa is situated in a solitary
part of the wood, close by the side of
the rivulet, which runs between two
alum-rocks; at the foot of one of these
rocks the spring issues out: large trees
hang from the top of the rocks, which

‘MontuLy Mac. No, 399,

Promenade near Guisborough. 17

give the place a very sombre appear-
ance. An analysis has been made of
the water of this spring by Mr. Farra-
day, of London, and likewise by a
scientific gentleman in the neighbour
hood; the results of both of which were
nearly the same. ‘The experiment of
the latter gentleman, in one gallon of
water, gave the following contents :—

Sulphate of Soda---------. 0°84 grains.
Muriate of Soda s+ceesse-- 5°50
Carbonate of Soda - °° 9-80
Silictascee.saceee- eecncsee 0°25
Carbonate of Lime -+------ 5°30
—————-- Maynesia> «++-1°04.

toot DEON: “aes cases 0°32

Aluminass.ereeeeeeseeseee 0-20

2325 grains.
I have been credibly informed, that
many remarkable cures have been
performed in the neighbourhood by
drinking this water, particularly im
gravel, rheumatic, or bilious com-
plaints. ‘The taste of the water resem-
bles that at Harrogate, and the smell
is. like that of a dirty gun-barrel.
After 1 had drank two or three glasses,
I crossed the rivulet, and ascended
one of the high bills of shale, along the
sides of which a road has been cut, 2
or 300 yards in length ; in some parts
of which it is like walking on the brink
of a precipice, as two persons cannot
walk abreast ; and, if any one shoald
unfortunately fall over, he would ime-
vilably be dashed to atoms; immedi-
ately below is the rivulet, and on the
other side is another shale-hill, higher
and more steep than that on which the
road is cut: it has altogether an aw-
fully romantic effeci. When I had got
near to the end of this road, I, de-
scended in a place where it was not So
steep, crossed the rivulet, ascended the
hills on the other side, and made the
best of my way over mountains of
shale, rubbish, &e. till E reached the
top of another alum-rock, from
whence I had a noble view of the sur-
rounding country for several miles.
On one side I could see the ocean;
likewise the River Tces, which about
seven miles from here flows. into the
sea. Every way the prospect was de-
lightful: scarcely in any part of Eng-
land is there a greater variety of bill
and dale, woods, rocks, and valleys,
than in this neighbourhood. Camden,
speaking of Guisborough, says, ‘‘it is
really a beautiful place, and resembles
Puteoli, in Italy, but exceeds it in
healthiness.”
D * It

18

It was in Guisborough that alum
was first manufactured in England ;
and the following is a correct account
of its introduction into this coun-
try. Sir Thomas Chaloner, ia his tra-
vels on the continent, visited the
Pope’s alum-works in Italy, and, hav-
ing ascertained that alum might be
obtained on his own estate at Guisbo-
rough, he engaged some of the Pope’s
workmen to accompany him to Eng-
land, and for that purpose he conveyed
them on-board a vessel in large casks.
With the assistance of these workmen,
he began an alum-work in Belman-
bank, near Guisborough, which was
the first in Great Britain. The manu-
facture at Belman-bank began about
1595, or soon after, and was carried
on there for about fifteen years, and
then removed to another rock at some
distance, which afterwards was also
abandoned. ‘The works were begun
in another place in 1766, and finally
laid down about nineteen years ago.

——

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR,

OUR correspondent, Dr. Forster,

has noticed in the Meteorological
Report, (in your Magazine for June
last, page 459,) that ‘‘ the primroses
and polyanthuses are numerously de-
stroyed by some hitherto undiscovered
animal, which bites them clean off, just
below the calyx.” This circumstance
having attracted my notice for the first
time this season, I was induced to pay
attention to the subject, and discovered
the sparrows in the act of destroying
the flowers of the polyanthus as above
described. Finding the mutilated
flowers in many instances torn from
the calyx, I was led to suppose that the
germen at the base of the petal was
sought for by the sparrows as food;
but, as some of the flowers were unin-
jured, perhaps the supposition was
incorrect.

I have only to remark, that the
sparrows have been mure mischievous
this season in the gardens in my
neighbourhood than on former occa-
sions. May not this be attributed to a
scarcity of some peculiar food on
which they subsist? J.H.E.

Portsea; June 18.

—Z
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
SIR,
HE readiness with which you
é admit any communication rela-
tive to the useful arts, encourages me

Polyanthuses destroyed by Swallows.—Improved Bridge. [Aug.1,

to submit to the public, through the
medium of your valuable miscellany,
the following mode of constructing
bridges. The plan, although not in
every particular different from those
existing, may be deemed sufficiently
so to justify insertion.

Supposing abutments to be placed
100 or 120 feet asunder, let A repre-
sent massive chains, properly secured
on each, and rendered as tight as ma-
chinery and the material will admit of;
over these are placed cross irons of the
necessary form to sustain the road. As
it is probable the chains may in some
measure belly, let B represent side-
pieces connected, for the purpose of
enclosing sufficient earth, rubbish, &e.
to render the roadway horizontal,
which, with the balustrade, will com-
plete the structure. A thin iron facing,
in the form of an arch, will consider-
ably improve the general appearance,
and render it similar to that of a light
and elegant stone bridge.

When compared with the suspen-
sion bridges erecting, the principal
advantages appear to consist in an
abridgment of the quantity of material,
(there being no necessity to raise the
abutments higher than the roadway,
and perpendicular suspending chains
being dispensed with,) and a decided
superiority of appearance, besides —
consequent saving in labour.

The contraction and expansion of
the iron will cause little or no inconve-
nicnce; the only alteration in either
case will be a trifling disarrangement
of the road, (even this is improbable,)
which, by being M‘Adamised, compe be
scarcely perceptible.

The idea suggested itself priae to
the knowledge of the existence of sus-
pension-bridges, an inspection of which
induced me to abandon for the time
the intention of troubling you with the
present communication, on the ground
of its similarity. On a

the

1824]
the subject, however, I am inclined to
think the points of difference may in
some situations be advantageously
adopted: its admission will, therefore,
greatly oblige, W. HANWELL.
Wooltwich ; Jan. 26, 1824.
—_—<—
For the Monthly Magazine.
DANISH TRADITIONS and SUPERSTITIONS.

Balder’s Hill.

: OT far from the village of Tune,

in the district of Roskilde, is the
mountain in which Balder is reported
to have been buried. Saxo asserts,
that once when several countrymen,
under the guidance of a professor of
the black art, went to this hill for the
purpose of digging up a treasure, it
seemed to them, when most busied at
the work, that a foaming flood, with
much noise, was_ precipitating itself
down from the top of the hill; where-
upon, in the greatest terror, they cast
away their spades, and each sought
for safety in flight.

Hanebierg.

In the parish of East Lygum, in
Slesvig, is a height called Hancbierg,
and not far from it is a fairy-moss, A
young peasant once lay down upon
this moss, and slept so long, that he
awoke very late at night, when he
heard around him the most enchanting
music, and, looking up, he perceived
two fairy maidens, who skipped and
danced about, and asked him, in the
mean time, several questions, in order
to make him speak ; but he knew well
that there would be danger in doing
so, and was silent. Then, suddenly
changing their manner, they sung in
menacing tones :—

This instant rise, and speak to us,

Thou young and handsome swain,
_ Or we with knives thy breast will rip,
And cut thy heart in twain.

He was much terrified when he heard
this, and was just going to speak ; but
a cock at that moment crowed from
the top of the neighbouring hill, and
the fairies immediately vanished; from
which circumstance the hill is called
Hanebierg (Cock’s hill),

The Seals.

It is a common belief in Ferroe,
that the seal every ninth night casts off
its skin, assumes a human shape, and
dances and amuses itself after the hu-
man fashion, until it resumes its skin,
and becomes asealagain. It chanced
once that a man passed by while this
was taking place, and when he saw

Danish Traditions and Superstitions.

19
the skin, he took it up, and hid it.
When the seal, who was a female,
could not find her skin to creep into,
she was obliged to continue in her
human shape; and, as she was comely
to look at, the same man made her his
wife, bad several children by her, and
lived with her very comfortably. But,
after the lapse of a long time, the wo-
man found her concedled skin,. and
could do then nothing less than creep
into it, and become a seal again.
Holy cross Church.

Directly over against the pulpit of
Onsbergh Church, in Samsoe,.is a. ta-
ble, on which is fastened. a crucifix,
with the following inscription :—*‘ This
gilded crncifix was found tied round
the neck of a drowned man, who came
floating to the shore near Isle Mode,
in the parish of Tranbiorn. When the
people wished to convey the body to
the church-yard, four horses could not
stir the cart in which it was placed,
nor could they draw the same body to
Kolbye Church. But, when they turn-
ed towards Onsbergh Church, two
horses easily dragged it there. It was
buried on the eastern side of this
chureh, which takes its name from the
said gilded cross, being called at this
time Hellig-kors Kirke (Holy-cross
Church), 1596.”

The Shophecper of Aalborg.

Once when a raging fire broke out in
the town of Aalborg, and the flames
had just seized the warehouse of a
shopkeeper,.so that his whole property
was on the point of being consumed,
he snatched his weights and measures
from the counter, and, with these in
his hand, he hurried into the middle of
the street, crying, “In case, O God!
I have ever with weight and measure
robbed and cheated any one, then let
the fire consume my house; but, if I
have always acted with probity and
integrity, preserve then my goods and
dwelling.” And no sooner had he said
this than the fire died away, and his
house escaped. He caused this inscrip-
tion to be placed over his door, “I was
on the brink of a precipice, but I did not
fall down. Anno 1663, d.11 Augusti.”

Tordenskiold’s Grave.

In that part of the church-wall of
Holm which looks towards the sea,
close by. the grave of 'Tordenskiold, is
a stone that will not keep fast in the
wall, but is every now and then falling
out. ‘That is Tordenskiold,” says
the peasant; “ who is coming again to
thresh the Swedes.”

Norvig

20 Danish Traditions and Superstitions.

Norvig Church.

A boor of Norvig, in Oddsherred,
had a great desire to see what was
passing in the church at midnight. He
therefore crept slyly in, and seated
himself in one of the pews. He re-
mained there till it was deep night,
when the church was suddenly illuni-
nated; he then heard the doors open,
and, immediately after, he saw four
tall steel-clad men walk in, bearing on
their shoulders a coffin. ‘They halted
in the middle of the aisle, raised the
flag-stones, and deposited the coffin
beneath. After all this was done, they
went away.

There is no doubt that the famous
Mark Stig was secretly buried by his
followers somewhere in North Zea-
land; and Pantoppidan remarks, in
his ‘“‘Marmora Danica,” that many
think he was buried in this church.

The Dragon of Aalborg.

Two miles from Aalborg lie several
hillocks, which are called Ostbierg
Bakker. Among these, very many
years ago, a dragon had his nest, and
by his rapacity caused a great dearth
in the neighbourhood. Thither came
a man who knew how to deal with such
reptiles, and he promised to destroy
the dragon. He first caused a great
wood pile to be raised, and, when this
was set fire to, he mounted a powerful
horse, and rode. past the dragon’s nest.
The dragon followed him wherever he
went, and they came in this manner at
length to the blazing pile. The man
immediately leapt his horse over the
pile, and the dragon crept after him
completely through the flames. He
made the leap a second time; and a
second time the dragon crawled after
him: and when he had rode seven
times, unscorched and unhurt, over
the pile, the dragon, in attempting to
creep through it the seventh time, was
entirely consumed.

The Mountain Emps.

Tn Kund-hill, near the plain of Thyr-
sting, lives an elf, who has several
children. ‘When the sun is gone down,
they are frequently seen, with much
noise and laughter, to creep up to the
summit, and then let themselves roll
down one after another. They conti-
nue their sport till late at night.

King Waldemar’s Chase.

King Waldemar loved Tovelill, a
lady of Ryggen; and he was sostrongly
afflicted when she died, that he would
not forsake her body, but caused it to
be carried along with him wherever

[Aug. 1,
he went. This became very disagree-
able to all those who were about the
king, aul on that account a courtier,
profiting by. a favourable opportunity,
examined the body, in order to disco-
ver what it was that bound the king to
it with so powerful an attachment. He
at last perceived on her finger a magic
ring, which her mother had given her
in order to secure the king’s love. The
courtier took the ring, and imme-
diately the king’s infatuation towards
the body disappeared, and he allowed
it to be interred. But mark the con-
sequence: all the king’s love was
transferred to the courtier, who was
now in possession of the ring; so that
he granted bim every thing he asked
for, and would scarcely trust him from
his sight; which constraint at last be-
came irksome to the youth, and, as he
knew what was the cause of it, he
dropped the ring into a pond, as he one
day rode through the grove of Gurra,
From that moment the king began to
find himself better in this particular
grove than in any other place; he
caused the Castle of Gurra to be built,
and hunted night and day in the wood.
He was frequently heard to say, that
God might keep heaven to himself, if
he were only permitted to hunt in
Gurra; and, after his death, God pu-
nished him by fulfilling his wish.

He now rides every night from
Burra to Gurra, and is through the
whole district known by the name of
the Flying Huntsman, When he ap-
proaches, one hears, first a horrid
howling, bellowing,and whip-cracking,
in the air, and then every person ought
to turn out of the path, and conceal
himself behind the trees. Then comes
the whole route. Foremost of all run
the coal-black dogs, snuffing the
ground, and with long glowing tongues
lolling from their throats. ‘Then ap-
pears ‘‘Wolmar,” seated upon his
white~ horse, and generally carrying
his head under his left arm. When he
meets any body, especially if it hap-
pens to be an old man, he commands
him to hold his dogs, and sometimes
leaves him standing with the hounds
for many hours, or, at other times, he
will presently afterwards fire a shot,
and, when the hounds hear that, they
burst their bands, and scamper off.
When he goes away in this manner,
the gates are heard slamming-too after
him; and in many places, where there:
is a straight passage through a house,
he gallops in at the one and out of the
other

#824.}
other door, and.no bolts are so heavy
that they do not spring back at his ap-
proach. He frequently rides through
iIbsgaard, in Oddsherred ;.and there is
in Roskilde a house where the doors
are now always left standing open
during the night; for, previously to
that, he frequently broke the locks. to
pieces. In certain places, it frequently
happens that he takes his course over
the house, and in the neighbourhood
of Herlufsholm there is a cottage
whose roof is in the middle consider-
ably sunk, because he has passed over
it. In North Zealand he has another
Gurra, in which stand some . ruins,
which are called Waldemar’s Castle.
it is bere customary for tbe old women,
on the eve of St. John’s day, to station
themselves in the paths, and to open
the gates for him. Half a mile from
Gurra lies Wolmar’s height, surround-
ed by water. According to tradition,
six black monks, mumbling psalms,
pass Slowly every midnight across the
island. Between Soellerood and Noe-
rum, he hunts with bis hounds and
horses along a road which takes its
name from him.

When he has thus made a circuit,
he reposes himself. by tarns in all the
princely residences scattered through
the country. He takes particular
pleasure in stopping at Vailoe-bargh,
where there is achamber appropriated
to lim, in which stand two beds; in
the same apartment are likewise two
strong chests, which, being once open-
ed, were found to be filled with small
round pieces of leather, “for better
money there was not in King Walde-
mar’s days.” A subterranean passage
connects Valloe-burgh with Tallose-
gaard, in the bailiwick of Holbeck:
here he likewise has asleeping-room,
and maideus and people, dressed in
the fashion of the times when he lived,
are frequently seen making the beds.
A countryman, who would not believe
that the king came by night to this
place, had the audacity to keep watch
there; but, about midnight, the spec-
tre-monarch entered, saluted him in a
friendly manner, and said, ‘I will re-
ward you for this kind visit,’ and at
the, same time chucked him a gold
cvin; but, when the fellow caught at
it, it burnt a round hole through his
hand, and fell, to, the ground a fiery
coal. We may easily judge what he
suffered from, this fiendish gift. But
it frequently, happens, that when old
men ov women have for many hours

Danish Traditions and Superstitions.

21
held the phantom’s hounds, he casts
something to them, which looks like
a coal, and is therefore generally
disregarded; but, if it be picked up
and examined, it is found to consist
of the purest gold.
The following is one of this remark-
able personages adventures :—
Late at eve they were toiling on Harribee
bank,
For in harvest men ne’er should be idle,
Towards them rode Waldemar, meagre
and Jank,
And he linger’d, and drew up his bridle,
‘+ Success to your labour, and have ye to-
night
Seen any thing pass ye while reaping ?”

“ Yes, yes,” said a peasant, “1 saw some -—
? p ’

thing white
Just pow through the
creeping.”
“ Which way did it go?”—* Why, me;
thought to the beach.”
Then off went Waldemar bounding ;
A few moments after they heard a faint
screech,
And the horn of the hunter resounding.

corn-stubble

Then back came he, laughing in horrible
ione,
And the blood in their veins ran the
colder,
When they saw that a fresh-slaaghter’d
mermaid was thrown
Athwart his proud
shoulder.

Said he, “TI have chas’d her for seven-
score years,
As she landed to drink at the fountains.”
No more did he deign to their terrified
ears,
But gallop’d away to the mountains.

The Sunken Castle.

In the neighbourhood of Lunden-
borg is a lake, the bottom of which
no one living has ever yet been able to
find, and concerning this same lake
goes a very strange story. Many cen-
turies ago there stood, in the same
place where the lake now is, a large
old castle. There is no other trace re-
maining of it now than a carriage-
way, which formerly led to the castle-
gate, but which loses itself now beneath
the waters of the lake. This is the
story :—It happened one Sunday even-
ing, when the master was from home,
that the servants of the castle were
drinking and amusing themselves; and
they carried their pastime so far, that
they took a swine from the sty, dex-
terously dressed it up, put a hat upon
its head, and laid it in their master’s
bed. When this was done, they dis-

patched

barb’s dappled

22 - Society for Mutual Improvement.

patched a hasty messenger to the
nearest priest, entreating him to come
and give the sacrament to their mas-
ter, who, they said, was lying at his
last gasp. The priest came imme-
diately to the castle, and, as he dreamt
of no trick, he read prayers over the
swine ; and as he presented the sacra-
ment all present began to laugh, and
the swine snapped it out of his hands,
Whereupon he, in the utmost horror,
hurried away, but forgot to take his
book along with him; and, as he rush-
ed out of the last gate, the castle-clock
struck. twelve, and immediately the
building shook and trembled in all its
gables, and when he turned round it
was already sunk, and the lake came
foaming and bellowing up from the
abyss. Stupified with fear and won-
der, he could not stir from the spot;
and, as he stood gazing, a little stool
came floating to the top of the water,
and upon it lay the book which he had
forgot io bring out of the castle.
The Man and his Shadow.

One evening, when the moon shone
bright in the heavens, a man went out
into the fields; and, as he. walked
along, his eyes fell by chance on the
long handsome shadow which he cast
behind him in the moonshine; and, as
he plumed himself upon it, a little
dwarfish man advanced to him, and
said, ‘That is.a noble shadow of
yours; will you sell it tome.” There-
upon the man burst into a loud laugh;
but when the dwarf repeated his re-
quest, and showed him several lovely
white ducats, he began to think him in
earnest, and the bargain was soon
struck. Then the little man took the
shadow, rolled it carefully up, put it
in his pocket, and went his way. The
man went likewise home, and was at
first rather melancholy at his loss; but
the lovely white ducats soon consoled
him. A short time after this, he went
outwith his wife into the fields, and saw
how finely the corn looked waving. in
the clear moonshine ; and, as they now
walked along the fields, the wife sud-
denly exclaimed, ‘See what a shadow
I have, — observe its length and
breadih; but you, man, have no sha-
dow: what is the reason of that?” The
man endeavoured to evade this ques-
tion, but the wife was continually
harping upon it. Time after time, the
neighbours and the children came to
see whether he had any shadow, and
then they all avoided him; so that, un-
able at last to bear the universal scorn

[Aug. Ty
and contempt, he made away with
himself.

Mermen.

In the year 1619, King Christian the
Fourth, sent two state-counsellors (Sir
Oluf Rosenspar and Sir Niels Holk,)
to Norway, for the purpose of holding
a court-day ; and it chanced, on their
return, that the crew of the vessel
caught, and drew on-board, a mer-
man, in shape and features just like
any other man; he staggered about
for a long time upon the deck, but
at last he lay down as if he had
been dead; and when one of the
by-standers exclaimed, ‘“ What a
wonderful God that must be who has
human creatures even in the water ;”
the merman answered, ‘* Yes; and if
you knew all I do, you would say so
indeed; but, if you do not let me this
moment return to the water, neither
ye nor your ship shall ever reach the
land.” Thereupon he would not
speak another word; but was placed
in the boat, out of which he sprang
himself.

"The year after, when the state coun-
sellor, Christopher Ulfeld, was sent
with a ship to Gulland, a merman,
having black hair and a long beard,
approached them on their way; he
seemed to have great curiosity, and
observed the ship and those that were
in it very closely; but when one of the
sailors flung him outa shirt in sport, he
ducked under, and was no more seen.

———
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
SIR, ;
HE desire which your interesting
Z and valuable periodical publica-
tion at all times evinces for the diffu-
sion of knowledge, induces me to send
you the following outline of an institu-
tion, which I was permitted to visit by
a member’s ticket ; and, so well pleased
was I with the discussion, that I pre-
vailed on the member above alluded to,
to furnish me with the following parti-
culars, which I transmit you for the
information of your readers.

This society, which is known by the
humble appellation of the Society for
Mutual Improvement, has now been
established fifteen years, and is an ex-
cellent model for imitation, as it com-
bines the advantages of a Book So-
ciety, with social intercourse and ra-
tional debates.

The society devote every Tuesday
evening throughout the year to the
discussion of questions similar to the
subjoined

1824.) -

subjoined list (at present under consi-
deration); and, what renders this so-
ciety peculiarly deserving commenda-
tion, is, that the questions debated,
and the manner in which they are dis-
cussed, admit at all times the presence
of ladies, many of whom constantly
attend the interesting and instructive
interchange of sentiment with which
the various subjects brought under
discussion are illustrated; it thus
affords an easy method of accus-
toming the mind to the exercise of the
reasoning faculties, of calling into ac-
tion the powers of judging and deter-
mining on the questions discussed,
and of acquiring the information fur-
nished by those gentlemen who address
the chairman; and who, from their
connection with literature, the arts
and sciences, and their having devoted
some portion of their time to the consi-
deration of the various subjects sub-
mitted for discussion, are often enabled
‘to afford the most valuable informa-
tion; by such means, that all desirable
principal truth is the more likely to be
attained; as, should anything be too
highly coloured, or incorrectly stated,
it is open to the animadversion and
‘correction of those espousing the op-
posite side of the question. ‘

The society is patronized by, and
ranks among its members, ' many
eminent literary characters; who have
enriched the socicty’s collection of
books, by the presentation of their own
works. é

The members have the use of the
library, the privilege of attending, and
introducing their friends, to the discus-
sions at the society’s rooms, No. 52,
-Great Marlborough-street, which com-
mence every Tuesday evening at half-
past eight o’clock, and the reply is
called for at half-past ten, unless an
adjournment be proposed and carried,
when the diseussion is resumed on the
succeeding Tuesday, until finished.

This society, therefore, appears to
combine useful information with
agreeable recreation, and for the
trifling annual subscription of one
guinea.

The society, apparently keeping in
view the designation by which they
are known, admit visitors in the most
liberal manner, as tickets are furnished
to respectable applications by letier to
the Secretary, at the society’s rooms.

The questions now in progress of
discussion are,—

1. Were the conquests of the Romans

Analysis of Fat Animal Substances. 23

beneficial or injurious to the nations they
conquered ?

2, Are the exertions of the African asso-
ciation towards emancipating the slaves,
eutitled to censure, or approbation?

5. Does the character of James I. de-
serve the commendation or disap probation
Of posterity ?

4, Is the administration of criminal law
in France, or in England, the more
adapted to promote the ends of justice?

5. Which is more injurious to children,
excessive indulgence, or excessive se-
verity ?

6. Ought the British nation to Mend
assistance to the Greeks, in their struggle
against the Turks?

7. Did William III. of England, or
Henry IV. of France, confer greater be-
nefits on their respective countries ?

8. Ought the destruction of animals for
sport be condemned as cruel and sangui-
nary; or considered as a justifiable
amusement ? |

9, Ought the publication in’ news-
papers, or otherwise, of evidence for, or
against, persons under legal accusation of
crime, to be censured or approved ?

10. Are the ancient Romans, or ancient
Greeks, the more deserving of admiration?

A Constant READER.

John-street, Pentonville, May 4.

==

For the Monthly Magazine.
ANALYSIS of FAT ANIMAL SUBSTANCES,

with PRACTICAL OBSERVATIONS.
CHEVREUL, in his ‘‘ Chemical
« Researches relative to Fat
Substances of Animal Origin,” enu-
merates the following as what have
been submitted to his experiments.
The natural fat of sheep, oxen, hogs,
men, goats, cetine, or the white of the
whale, the oil of fishes, disengaged from
all foreign matter, cholesterine, or the
fat extracted from biliary calculi, or
the stone in the bladder, and adipocire,
or the fat of dead bodies. He first
combined them with an alkali; this he
terms saponifying; and, from analyz-
ing these combinations, through each
of their succeeding consequences, by
methods strictly regular, bis plan em-
braces the most important questions of
chemistry. Except cetine, and of this
the author does not speak, positively,
none of the above substances consist
of one sole immediate principle; all
are mingled in proportions, varying
more or less, and exhibit no character
of acidity. For instance, if saponified
with potash, and this substatice be
afterwards removed by tartaric acid,
they become changed into’ real fat
acids, and into a particular substance |
no

24 Analysis of Fat Animal Substances.

not faity, whereon acids have no
power, and to which M. C., gives the
name of glicerine.

It should be observed, that, in these
different changes, there is no absorp-
tion of oxygen; and that, as to what
enters into the constitution of these
acids, compared with the hydrogen,
that also enters them ; it is in propor-
tions smaller than those which consti-
tute the elements of water. This cir-
cumstance is at total variance with
the notions hitherto established re-
specting organic acids.

Cetine exhibits the same pheno-
mena, though it appears to be an im-
niediate specific principle; it gives,
with its acids, a substance that will not
unite with alkalies, but which is fatty,
and here designated by the name of
ethal, These acids, and these. sub-
stances, formed in mixtures of different
immediate principles, constitute, of
themselves, mixtures more or less
complex. By marking the difference
of solubility of their salts in certain
dissolvents, and by decomposing those
salts, they may be pretty nearly se-
parated from each other without
transforming their nature. The neu-
tral dissolvents in use by this author, as
his agents, are water, alcohol, ether,
cold, heat, acids, or very copious alka-
lies of water.

The acids which are thus obtained
from the saponifiable fatty substances
already mentioned, are stearic, mar-
garic, oleic, phocenic, butiric, caproic,
capric, and hiriec. The three. first
which are fixed, compared with the
others, are procured from all the fat
substances; the fourth is taken from
dolphins and cachalots, the three next
from butter, and the last from the fat of
goats and sheep. Glicerine is ex-
tracted from all the fat. substances,
cetine excepted. Cholesterine appears
to be a sort of immediate principle ; it
yields no acid, and acts with alkalies,
like glicerine and ethal. Adipocire
gives soapy substances, like those
produced from the saponification of
human fat; that is, margaraies,
oleates, and glicerine.

These singular and unexpected re-
sults naturally lead to enquiries, whe-
ther the different acids, produced by
one and the same natural fat, were not
in a state neutral to those substances,
and whether they did not enter, as
immediate principles, into their com-
position; or, whether they had for
origin, bodies of a different nature, and

7

fAug. 15
whether the clements of those bedies,
combined in a new manner by the in-
fluence of alkalies, were not their con-
stituent parts.

The application of neutral dis-
solvents to these fat substances, did,
in fact, isolate some fat non-acid
substances, that had particular pro-
perties, and all the characters of im-
mediate principles. But these new
substances, designated by the names
of stearine, margarine, of oleine,
phocerine, butirine, and bireine, when
exposed to the action of alkalies, like
the natural fatty parts from which
they proceed, yield acids pretty nearly
of the same. nature as those. But
each substance produces much more
of that species of acid which bears a
name analogous to its own, than of
any other, and glicerine ever acts in
concert with them.

The problem then remains as yet
without solution; for, it may be con-
ceived, that, in the saponification of
stearine, oleine, &c. some neutralized
acids, by glicerine, or ethal, may
separate, like acids, by alcohol im
ethers. It may also be admitted, that
the action of alkalies on these sub-
stances, changes the combinations of
their elements ; and, in some measure,
forms these acids. In facet, their ana-
lysis shows that the same elements
ever recur, that the natural fat sub-
stances, when prepared, the acids and
other substances which they yield, the
fat non-acid bodies drawn from them,
and whatever is obtainable from the
last, that all these are constitnted of
elements of the same nature, and in the
same quantity, so that their arrange-
ment alone. might make all the differ-
ences of these various bodies. ~

M. GC. presents these two hypothe-
ses, with the reasons adducible on both
sides, not pronouncing, decisively, for
either. The merit of his work is. en-
haneed by the mayner which he has
adopted, so that science will derive
scarcely less advantage from the rami-
fications of his plan, than: from tbe
discoveries he has made.

The application of the scienccs to

‘the different wants of society, is, in a

sense, but a secondary object. > 'Pheir
points of view are essentially distinct.
Nevertheless, the uses to which scien-
tific discoveries may lead, as applied to
the arts and industry, may appear inet-
dentally, and such indications are
faithfully noticed in this work. a
The soap-manulacturer will derive
his

1824,

his advantages from the constancy
with which M.C. has laboured at. this
novel mass of chemical studies. He
will thereby previously note the sub-
stances that give distinct qualities to
the different sorts of soap, also the na-
ture of those substances, the action
which they excite and exercise on one
another, and the extraordinary effects
that may make their appearance. He
will not be at a loss to account for the
physical causes of these, and will act
with certainty and science, no longer
guided by. the false and erring rays of
speculation.

The naturally fat substances that
had always been considered as pecu-
liar species, as immediate principles,
are now found to be only mixtures of
Several principles, on the quantity of
which depend all the qualities that
distinguish them. In fatty matter,
the most firm and solid, stearine or
margarine, predominate; in what is
more liquid, oleine, and their scent or
odour is chiefly owing to fat volatile
acids. The art of the candle-maker
will, also, gradually gain strength, as
it will draw forth and be accompanied
with a management that will proceed
throughout with confidence and suc-
cess. It will find itself able to call in
means more direct and simple, to trace
the cause of the numerous diversities
observable in the consistence, colour,
and taste, of the tallow; diversities
which, no doubt, depend on the keep
or food of the animal. He will better
judge of places, times, and other cir-
cumstances, that have influence in its
production.

M. C.’s discoveries will furnish the
means of making more accurate en-
quiries in animal physiology. Life
forms the object of this science, and to
its immediate principles only must be
referred the mysteries of that general
power which produces, immediately,
such objects as form the basis of all
physics and organic chemistry. It
has been supposed, and not unreason-
ably, that later observations on the
facts relating to these adipose bodies,
will display a measure of increasing
light upon every part of comparative
anatomy. This regards the structure,
but the others enter into the intimate
composition of the organs and: their
functions, the dedalean process of the
secretions. Many points of this sci-
ence, are, at present, hypothetical and
arbitrary, obscure and superficial,

It should be observed, that, in che-
Montary Mac. No. 399.

Analysis of Fat Animal Substances.

25

mistry, an immediate principle denotes
an organic compound, the different
sorts of matter of which cannot be
separated without evidently changing

their nature. :
There have not been wanting cele-
brated observers that have submitted
to a more accurate examination, some
immediate productions of organization.
These productions were few in num-
ber, the facts were isolated, and called
for no calculations that could throw
light on the vast apparatus of the
others. To these succeeded Messrs.
Gay Lussac and Thenard, who made
public their processes, by which they
ascertained the proportions of consti-
tuent elements in organic substances.
By these, the entire class of living bo-
dies was truly subjected to the opera=
tions of chemistry. But the pursuit
of these studies, though the principal
objects were copious and interesting,
could never lead the mind’ to make:an
undiverted and steady survey of the
products of life. It tended to cont
found those between which nature had
formed differences, a sort of inexplica+
ble chasm not to be filled up. For
instance, sugar, gum, and starch, ap-
pear to be compounded, in proportions
nearly similar, of hydrogen, carbon,
and oxygen. To distinguish these
products, we must study them, with-
out attempting to transform and repro-
duce the fundamental articles indis-
pensably requisite to constitute and
compose their character. Their na-
ture must not be changed; and, after
the different disguises and modifica:
tions which may have been given them,
we should ever find them uniformly
on the side of that particular influence
to which they owe ‘their existence.
But these products of life, these imme:
diate principles, are intermixed in all
directions, so as to be separated with
difficulty, and no ordinary means will
operate their disunion. The elements,
however, of which they consist, are not
so strongly contbined; though in defi-
nite proportions, but that, when sub-
stracted from the vital influence, they
tend to a separation, and to form other
combinations conformable to the new
forces that are acting on them. In
this case, the slightest foreign action
will favour such tendency. And,
moreover, their physical qualities will
not suffice to distinguish between
them; their real characters are only
found in their chemical action, and are
only manifested by their affinities,
The

26

The danger of re-naturalizing, soas not
to know them again, increasesin propor-
tion to the fresh knowledge and inves-
tigations that their own proper forces
will call for.

Chemistry may be considered as
the science of fire, and its objects are
directed to the phenomena of combus-
tion. The reciprocal affinity between
comburants, or bodies burning, and
combustibles, predominates over all
other affiaities under the most common
influences, such as those of the forces
that may be called simple, in opposition
to those of life. It is this which gives
rise, to the combinations which the
chemist decomposes and reproduces
while acting under those influences,
so as to modify them, in a manner,
according to his will. It is thus that
all the phenomena of combustion, the
analysis of the bodies which it pro-
duces, the alliances, for the most part
binary, which those bodies and their
elements contract; these have, hither-
to, interested the numerous labours
of modern chemistry, and to them it
almost owes, exclusively, the many
zealous cares and attentions that are
now paid to it.

But that affinity, that occult power,
which inclines the elements of bodies
to approach and unite, is not only
subject to the forces here noted, but
we see it, in living bodies, obedient to
particular laws, comply with fresh con-
ditions, and give rise to complex phe-
nomena, which are not immediatcly
derivable from simple forces. It is,
doubtless, owing to this, that organic
chemistry has been so long in taking
its rise, and so slow in its progress.
Even now, it is in want of those pro-
lific principles which create regular
effects, and make them concur to a
commonend. In the classification of
organic substances, we see how little
has been collected of all that is re-
guired, and this may be a criterion to
show how imperfect are our ideas as
to their nature and-relations. M.
Chevreul touches on ‘the principles
conformably to which these relations
ought to be established; and as to
what, in chemistry, should constitute
genus and species. ‘the study of
these he promises to promote and sim-
plify in any other work.

—=b—
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
SIR,
N intelligent friend from Van
Diemen’s Land, a settler of some
years’ standing, and now on his passage

On Colonization and the Australian Colonies.

homewards, lately spent along evening
with me, with the kind intention of
imparting the various information he
had acquired by a long residence in
those interesting colonies, New South
Wales and Van Diemen’s island. A
part of this [ noted down at the time,
for the substance of which, together
with a few reflections on the general
principles of colonization, as one of
your oldest correspondents, 1 request
a place in the Monthly Magazine,
which, I understand, is generally read
in the Australian, as well as in all
other British settlements.

No plan of public policy is more ap-
propriate, more advantageous, or more
honourable, to a great and opulent
commercial nation, than the export of
its surplus of personel, (to affect a
fashionable term,) in order to colonize
unpeopled countries, which, it shall
have been previously ascertained, are
worthy: of the outlay, and calculated
to support an industrious and im-
proving population. The grand na-
tional motives for this adventure are
twofold ; specifically, the fairly, and
beneficially to all parties, ridding of
that surplus which cannot fail to super-
vene, in an ancient and thriving state,
and to become alternately burdensome
and dangerous, from the impossibility
of procuring employment for the
whole, at adequate wages of labour,—
and, the rational view of providing
colonies forthe extension of commerce
and manufactures in the mother coun-
try, and for securing of faithful allies
of the same blood and national habits.
The honour of spreading over the face
of the earth the national language and
fame, with the inestimable benefits of
civilization, is no mean or trifling
incentive.

But the system of modern coloniza-
tion has been hitherto vicious in prin-
ciple, and invariably productive, in the
ultimate, of dissention and blood be-
tween the parent’state and its colonies.
It has been the policy of nations to de-
prive their colonists of the general na-
tional rights, as though they had been
forfeited by a change of country ; to
restrict them in their commerce with
other nations, to interfere in their
internal jurisdiction,: and, finally, to
claim an endless dominion over them.
Such was the conduct of the govern-
ment of this country towards our Ame-
rican colonies, which naturally pro-
duced, in stateS ripe for the event, a
success{y] revolution. A similar policy
has ever prevailed in Spain and Por-

4
9
i

tugal; |

1824.)'>

iugal; and the event, beyond all ques-
tion, will shortly prove the liberation
and independence of their splendid
and extensive American possessions.
The ancient erroneous ideas on this
subject, are obviously prevalent among
our ruling politicians at this moment.
These principles have formed the real
giound of our tardy and reluctant re-
cognition of South American rights;
and to the increased and formidable
national light and just apprehension of
national interest, it is doubtless to be
attributed that, our legitimates, who
countenanced France in her Spanish
crusade, did not likewise aid and abet
the despots of the continent, in their
support of the old colonial system.

_ My juvenile pen, then in leading-
strings, was drawn in favour of admi-
nistration, in the American revolu-
tionary war. I have been again to
school since, and I beg Jeave to sub-
mit to impartial judges, to what
degree I have improved in so long a
course. In as few words as I can
comprehend my matured opinions, the
rationale and justice of colonization
will appear in the following proposi-
tion. Colonists, in their relation to
the mother-country, to employ no very
elevated, but perhaps an apt, compa-
rison, are placed in the predicament of
an apprentice to his master.. The ap-
prentice naturally and _ necessarily
obeys his superior through the limited
period, until he shall have acquired
the due nurture and instruction, and
feels that he is in a capacity to support
himself.. He then becomes major and
independent. Perhaps a simile from
the parental and filial state of man-
kind will be still more appropriate.
Thus, as it appears to me, the case
ought to stand between the parent
state and the colony which has issued
from it. Nor ought the mother coun-
try, in justice or liberality, to seek
remuneration for that expense and
risk which have been incurred for the
mutual benefit of both, in those com-
mercial restraints from which her own
population are free, and which abridge
the just liberties, and postpone, to a
too Jate date, the advancement and
prosperity of the colonists. The re-
payment of such obligation, or debt,
should rather be provided for, in a
colonial tax appropriated to such pur-
pose, and imposed by the colony on
itself, in satisfaction of the just de-
mand of the maternal government.

Colonists should forfeit no right, natus,

On Colonization and the Australian Colonies:

27
ral-or civil, by emigration. - Whilst
under the regime of the mother coun-
try, they are fully entitled, as fellow-
citizens, to an equal extent of privi-
lege, but no greater, in commercial
dealings with all other countries, and
to the right of laying out. their own
money in whatever part of the world
it may be done to most advantage;
and of exporting their products, or
their manufactures, to the best mar-
kets which the wide world can pro-
duce. Colonies ought not to be com-
pelled to any mode of commerce for
the mere benefit of the mother coun-
try, on fiscal considerations, or to
fayour a commercial — aristocracy,
which has an interest distinct from,
indeed inimical to, that of the commu-
nity. Let us never forget the infamous
Assiento contracts, when negroes were
absolutely forced upon our West
India islands; and when a religious
high-church government gave full
sanction to the accursed slave-trade,
that most deadly and hellish of all hu-
man crimes, the flagitious hypocrisy
excepted of the palliation and pro-
longation of slavery. Arbitrary regime
in the colony of a free country, on no
specious pretence, can be either law-
ful or expedient. Nor does it consist
with political justice or equity that
governors or officers should be thrust
upon them, at exorbitant salaries, to
their impoverishment and degradation,
from obviously corrupt motives in the
government. On the other hand, alle-
glance and protection being recipro-
cal, so long as. protection shall be
needed, true allegiance and faithful
obedience to the sovereignty of the
mother-country must be co-existent.
Protection being no longer needed, the
confident and unhesitating demand of
independence may justly follow, and
the new independent nation is then at
full liberty to choose whatever form of
government it may deem most suita-
ble to its own local and peculiar in-
terests. Thenceforward, a strict alli-
ance may take place between the two
independent nations, with respect to
their political and commercial inter-
ests, very different from the hollow
friendships and smothered hostility:
which has been used to prevail in
these cases. The arrogated right of
the old governments has been hitherto
analogous to that of conquest, which:
stands on no juster ground than the
right of the, sword; a right, no other.,
wise: to. be estimated and determined,
than

28

than by the longest sword. In fine, it
would be most advantageous to every
great and populous country to insti-
tute a permanent and constantly-
operative plan of colonization, suffi-
cient funds being regularly dedicated
to the purpose, as a part of the neces-
sary expenses of thestate. This would
both immediately and ultimately turn
to a better and more national account,
and would require an infinitely smaller
outlay of money than the enormousand
lavish expenditure absorbed in the
wages of corruption, in pandering to
the contemptible and tinsel luxury of a
court, or in missions for the dissemina-
tion of unintelligible, useless, and bale-
fal, nonsense throughout the world.

Colonization, compared with war
and conquest, possesses a similar in-
trinsic character of superiority with
good over evil. Every part of the
common earth, whether desolate, or
occupied by savage and insufficiently-
numerous tribes, is the fair and lawlul
object of colonization. It is irrational
and incongruous to suppose, that a
handful of men, in a state of nature,
can possess the exclusive right to an
extensive country capable of the sup-
port, and susceptible of the improve-
ments, to be made by millions. All
that justice requires, that justice, how-
ever, thathas slept during somany ages,
is the assurance of their full rights as
fellow-men to the aboriginal natives.
Van Diemen’s Land, New Holland,
now New South Wales, the most dis-
tant colonies of Britain, now running
rapidly the career of improvement and
civilization; and forming, probably,
the embryo of great and mighty inde-
pendent states, were, scarcely more
than a century since, noted on the
charts of our navigators, as spots of
earth upon the globe, of which geogra-
phy knew nothing, and to which they
could not positively assign either a
continental or insular character. Little
more than the quarter of a century
under the fostering vare of Britain, the
modern emporium of civilization, has
worked this miracle. The climate of
New South Wales; as of the island of
Van Diemen, a short voyage from
the former, is mild, free from excess of
heat in the summer, and having
nothing of the rigours of winter, and
may be compared, with perhaps
something in its favour, with that of
Cornwall and the more southern parts
of Devonshire. The land, with those
exceptions which every land. presents,

On Colonization and the Australian Colonies.

(Aug. 1,

is generally fertile, much of it a fine’
black mould, very deep and produc-
tive, yielding great crops of wheat of a
fine quality, and potatoes, barley,
oats, and pulse, in abundance. There
are lawns and meadows of immense
extent, covered with the most beauti-
ful and verdant herbage ; the quality of
which is also excellent. These are
relieved by vast forests, affording
various species of excellent timber.
There are mountainous tracks. The
country is well calculated for English
cultivation, and the climate so favour-
able to the European constitution,
that women breed at threescore, and |
even the prostitutes imported, are said
to recover their native fertility! A:
peculiarity séems to inhere in the soil,
which produces in abundance the
superior European fruits, peaches,
nectarines, and apricots, but rejects
the ordinary gooseberries and currants.
The country is well watered. Atmo-
spheric excesses are: seldom experi-
enced; but, in January 1814, a tremen-
dous hail-storm occurred, which broke
the windows, and did great mischiefin
the town of Sidney, and throughout
the country, where cattle and birds
were struck dead, and many perished
for want of water. All the domestic
animals of Europe find the climate
perfectly congenial, more especially
the Merino sheep, the fine wool of
which, equal in quality to the native
Spanish, has become an Australian
staple. English horses and cattle are
imported at a great price, from one to
five hundred guineas for a horse, and
sixty to eighty foracow. The stock of
cattle, however, in such a country,
must soon be abundant. ‘There seem
to be no venomous reptiles, but‘a small
number of tygers, or native wild dogs,
of considerable size, of a rufous brown,
or fox-colour, which will be eradicated
as population advances. The peculiar
Australian animal, the kangaroo, is
familiar among us, but it is not so
generally known that the animal’s
flesh affords both rump-steaks and
venison. They have four usual kinds
of fish in moderate plenty. There is
no annoyance from insects, either
without or-within doors; and our bed-
fellow in Europe, the fragrant scented
house-bug, is not yet an Australian
denizen. I should have observed be-
fore, that the locust, or acacia tree,
has not proved useful in that country,
more than in this. My friend had
already a moderate estate in Van
Diemen,

1824.]

Diemen, and has lately obtained an
additional grant of five hundred acres.
There are some great and extensive
proprietors, who are securing a splen-
did inheritance for their successors ;
among whom I may reckon my coun-
tryman and former acquaintance, Mr.
Blaxland, of New South Wales, who
earried a considerable property from
the county of Essex to his adopted
country; also Nicholas Bailey, esq.
of Van Diemen’s Land, formerly in
the military service, who has a fine
mansion and park at South Creek,
thirty-three miles from Hobart’s
Town. He has twenty English cows
and two bulls. Both those gentle-
men, [ take it for granted, are ex-
tensive Merino breeders. Several
moneyed and very opulent individuals
were named to me; one lady said to be
worth upwards of one hundred thou-
sand pounds. ‘The natives, who are
‘in no part numerous, and very few on
Wan Diemen’s Isle, are, in colour, of
the deepest copper brown, bordering
on black; of finely formed, large,
athletic, persons, long black hair,
and pleasing countenance. They are
the most harmless of savages, and, so
far from the common inclination to
thieving, will guard a settler’s house,
and protect his property in his ab-
sence. They appear to entertain not
the least antipathy to the English, or
objection to the settling and improving
their country. They yet entertain
their native prejudice in favour of a
roving and hunting life; and there
seems to be no instance thus far, of the
desire of civilization amongst them.
An annual feast is provided for them
by the authorities, at Christmas time,
at which one thousand have attended.
One Englishman, it appears, has made
the experiment of taking a native
wife, and I have no authority to record
his repentance.

Van Diemen’s Isle is about five
hundred miles in circuit, and one hun-
dred and eighty across. To speak of
both countries, the attributes of which
are nearly similar, their coasts afford
good harbours, navigable rivers ; and,
in some of their sea-ports, the largest
ships are moored to the quays. Their
commerce is confined to the mother
country, but they have an increasing

' whale-fishery, in which the island em-
ploys at present about half-a-dozen
ships. The two capitals are consi-
derable for ‘extent and population.
There ‘are many other populous towns,

On Colonization and the Australian Colonies.

‘denominations ;

29
of which George Town, New South
Wales, one hundred and forty miles
from the capital, is two and half miles
long, a mile in breadth, and contains
four thousand five hundred inhabi-
tants. The state of society in the
towns is good, and the ranks distinet;
that of the government officers, and
the chief merchants, in course classing
first. Among these, carriages of all
kinds are kept, the governor driving
four horses and living in considerable
state. The hotels, coffee-houses, and
inns, having a similar distinction.
The social enjoyments are ample, in-
cluding races, music-meetings, balls,
and the usual English diversions.
They have, I believe, a theatre on the
continent, but none, at present, at Van
Diemen’s; that essential article of
luxury ‘is, however, in contemplation.
Free servants are in moderate plenty,
their wages fifty pounds per year;
finding themselves, one hundred. For
a convict servant, ten pounds per year,
with board and clothing. There is no
slavery. Now, as tothe advantages of
transportation, convicts possessed of
money or interest, get immediately en-
franchised ; for, as our poet doth
sweetly sing,—

‘Gold from law can take out the sting.’
A good mechanic transported for life,
should the voyage steady him, is trans-
lated into the regions of independence
and happiness, and is ever a welcome
guest. Free as the air, these happy
Australians know nothing yet of the
Egyptian plagues of tythes and taxes,
saving a tax on imported rum; but they
are beginning to distil for themselves.
The rate of interest is eight pér
centum. They have a chartered bank
at Sidney and Hobart’s Town, and a
reasonable quantity of metallic circu-
lation. Their remittances to this
country are made in bills on the trea-
sury. Their system of legal justice
seems, hitherto, to have been of the
summary kind, with respect to debt;
but an improvement, it seems, is ex-
pected, in the new batch of lawyers,
barristers, and attorneys, which already
has, or is expected to arrive. The
immense expense of the judges, who
arrive once a-year from Sidney, is
much complained of at Van Diemen’s.

That grand necessary of both lives,
religion, seems to be provided in the
most ample measure in Australia,
They have churches and chapels of all
Anglican Catholic,
Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Inde-
pendent,

no Philosophy of Contemporary Criticism, No. XXXVII. [Avg. 1,

pendent, Methodist, Baptist, Trinita-
rian, Unitarian, in short, all the arians
and tarians. A fine arena, in truth,
seems to be opening in these new
countries, in which the bonour and
advantage may be contended for, of
making plain the path of salvation.
These colonies manufacture soap and
candles, coarse cloth and blankets
from their native wool, and are im-
proving generally in manufacturing for
themselves. There is one manufac-
ture, however, infinitely the most im-
portant of all others, in which they are
considerably deficient, their territorial
extent considered. It will be readily
conceived I allude to that “ of making
feet for children’s stockings.” The
scarcity of wives is still a standing
complaint in Australia; but surely it
is an unreasonable one, since old
Fngland, a commercial country, is
always ready, on fair terms, to export
her commodities; and, it is well known,
that of virginity is sufficiently abun-
dant in this country to sustain a
considerable export trade. A mutually
good plan only is wanted.

To conclude, never did our govern-
ment make a happier choice of a land
to colonize, than this ultima Thule of
the globe, congenial as its climate
seems to be, with the constitutions of
Englishmen, and fitted as the land
proves, for their habits and their views ;
and, though 1 shall not, my children
may, live to see Australia independent,
perhaps the Australian Republic.

JoHN LAWRENCE.
—
For the Monthly Magazine.
THE PHILOSOPHY OF CONTEM-
PORARY CRITICISM.
NO. XXXVII.
The Quarterly Review, No. 59,

HE last Quarterly Review is one
of the dullest that has yet appear-
ed from the offictnum of the ‘‘ Emperor
of the West.” But its dullness is that
of tranquillity and peace. Surveying
its various pages, one would infer that
the literary republic never enjoyed a
period of such profound repose. Be-
tween its members, all appears to be
reciprocal service, condescension,
friendship, and politeness; the banners
_of hostility are furled, and the temple

of Janus is shut.

The first article is Travels in New
England and New York, by Dr. Timo-
thy Dwight. It is a dull review of a
dull book; the meagre outline of the
half-conceived opinions of the critic

overgrown.

is filled up with interjections of won-
derment at the vivacity of vegetable
seeds and insects, J)r. Southey should
really avoid the subjects of entomo-
logy, physiology, and natural philo-
sophy, as rocks on which he is sure to
split. They are favourite subjects
with him, we presume, because he
seems to misunderstand them entirely ;
but nothing can be more infantinely
simple and wearisomely moral than his
remarks on the ‘display of the wisdom
of Divine Providence, in the decay
of foliage;” in saving us all from
starvation, by the suspended propaga-
tion of insects. There is the usual
contrast between ‘‘our happy consti-
tution in church and state, as by law
established,” and the republican institu-
tions of America. The aristocratical
system of primogeniture is warmly re-
commended to our transatlantic bre-
thren, as the only chance of counter-
acting the growth of the evils of demo-
cracy. The morals of the population
of America are stated to be corrupted
by that inherent vice of commerce,
“the desire of making a good bargain.”
Without fear of “Wat Tyler” before
his eyes, Dr. Southey then proceeds to
touch the dangerous ground of the
origin of society and the social con-
tract. Thisis, however, not very new;
and we are therefore happy to find the
laureate doctor concluding with well-
wishes to America, though qualified
by the following jesuitical passage :—
“Time will show whether a people
can become powerful without an effi-
cient government; whether they can
be prosperous without a liberal public
expenditure; whether they can advance
in arts and literature without a grada-
tion of ranks, and the influence and
permanence of hereditary wealth; and
whether they can be virtuous and
happy without a religious establish-
ment.” ‘
The next article is a friendly (under
the Rose?) criticism on one of the
Quarterly Review contributors,—Mr.
W. Stuart Rose. It begins with the
striking and new axiom, that. there is
nothing new under the sun; and, in
order to exemplify it, rambles into one
of those prosy nil ad rem ramifications
from the main branch of enquiry, with
which the fields of modern criticism,
to the infinite joy of the amateurs of
siestas and day-dreams, have been
exquisitely entangled. and prolifically
For this. purpose illus-
trations of romance drawn from. Pe-
gasus,

1824.]

easus, Perseus, Bellerophon, &c. and,
as old as the Ark, according to Bryant,
areresorted to by way of novelty ; and
the crambe decies recocta of Charle-
magne, Bbradamante, Amadis de Gaul,
King Arthur, &c. is hashed up for
the loathing palate of the public. The
scribe of this article, whoever he may
be, tells us such truths as that “ false
rhymes are a blemish.” He might
himself take a respectable canon of
criticism from the medical proverb of
** Physician cure yourself.”

The fourth article is a flaming high-
church fulmination, breathing fire and
faggots against the heterodoxy of Mr.
Belsham, and the heresy of the Unita-
rian theory of man’s justification. ‘This
ponderous article may suit the taste of
some half-dozen shovel-hats; but the
public, who care little for any ‘“‘justifi-
cation” but that of getting money’s
worth for their 6s. and who like
printed “‘ good works” better than-bad,
will gape over the first two pages.
Such things will, if persisted in, be a
millstone round the neck of the Quar-
terly Review, and revenge Mr.Belsbam
by sinking it irretrievably. Mr. Bel-
sham excites great gall in the re-
viewer, because he employs reason-

ing on the writings of St. Paul
according to the logical character

they profess; they are reasonings, and
therefore not inspirations. Implicit
faith and reasoning have no relative
connection. A definition of words is
necessary before we engage in contro-
versy. ‘‘We may pity the critic’s
weakness,” to quote himself, ‘‘ but we
need not waste our readers’ time nor
our own, by any further examination”
of his criticisms.” Laus Deo!

The fifth article is a shallow review
of the shallow researches of A. De
fapell Brook, m.a. As the critical
judge upon the bench candidly pleads
guilty to partiality, namely, ‘ the
friendly feeling we entertain towards
our young traveller,” and as_ he is
warned for the future not to take for
fact what has altogether the appear-
ance of fable, we suppose ‘‘ the pro-
lixity and somewhat too credulous
Jeaning of our young traveller to sto-
ries about krakens, sea-serpents, and
@utediluvian whales,” (Lord have mercy
upon us!) need not go to a jury of the
public. The parties may compro-
mise out of court, and get the merman
and mermaid for arbitrators.

The Mal Aria, treated of in the sixth
article, isan unpleasant subject for hig zh-

Ria

The Quarterly Review.

31

flying Tories and high churchmen to
meddle with; but the newly con-
verted radical reviewer of Albemarle-
street girds up his loins to the task, and
recommends a thorough reform in this
“erying evil” to his holiness of
Rome. Rome cannot do better than
take our back-bone reformer’s advice;
and, instead of being at length blotted
out from her place among the nations
by the miasmata of cowls and scarlet
stockings, “ we shall find her rising in
salubrity and political importance.”
Cras eredemus, hodie nihi!.

We hold ourselves excused from
saying much about the seventh article,
which is christened with the attractive
name of Mexico. The very name sug-
gests silver ingots, and associates itself
with rich mines of adventurous re-
search ; but, as the article is evidently
an off-shoot from a forthcoming history
of the laureate doctor, we would ra-
ther plunge in medias res of the main
vein; or, in other words, see the work
in its complete state, with all its due
appurienances of context, corol-
lary, index, and annotation. It is
heavy, but tolerably liberal; the capa-
bilities of Mexico, as to population,
productions, and mines, are fairly
stated. Too gratuitous a credit is given
to the intentions of Iturbide; but a
creditable hope is expressed that such
a substantial government may be
established in that interesting country
as may be at once beneficial to the
inhabitants and to the whole civilized
world.

The eighth article is a review of the
Private Correspondence of Cowper, which
is certainly as excellent as it is stated
to be by the critic, and deserves all the
commendation he bestows upon it.
The writer's remarks on the stimulus
necessary to keep up the spiritual
revelry of ‘comfortable experiences,”
and his assignment of Cowper’s reli-
gious madness to the exhaustion of
mind which follows the overjading of
the imagination, are correct and saga-
cious; such fanatical experimentalists

make the favor of heaven depend upon
a weak stomach or a diseased liver.
Abernethy’s pills would do them more
good than the conventicle.

Next we arrive at the ninth article,
which is a thoroughgoing, plodding,
good-intentioned, puff of Mr. Morier’s
work. The tradc-wind is employed
gloriously to impel the popularis aura.
The narrative of Hajji Baba is
thrown into a neat frame of ‘ perfect

accordance”

9

32 Philosophy of Contemporary Criticism, No. XXVII,

accordance” with, and yet (O won-
derful!) ‘‘totally distinct” from, Mr.
Hope’s ‘ Anastasius,” for reasons
which the book-selling world will rea-
dily comprehend. Both these works,
though they possess considerable tact
and talent, and the local advantage of
diligent observation of oriental man-
ners, are still dull, awkward, impro-
bable, and prolix, for the greater part.
Hajji Baba evidently drags ; and Ana-
stasius owed much of its success to the
artificial impulse of being for some time
supposed to be Lord Byron’s. Time
and chance happen to works as well as
men.

Next comes the tenth article, an
attack on Mr. Hume, by Mr. Croker,
under cover of the fungi of the Dry-rot.
There’s a proverbial sympathy in
mushrooms. ‘The article betrays a
little rottenness ; we wish we could find
a little dryness, and a little humour.
How could the author venture to shake
the dilapidated structure of the ‘‘ Forty
Thieves?” page 224. We are happy,
however, to hear him say, though we
must be excused from believing it
either in a physical or moral sense,
that, for the first time these 150 years,
we have completely got the better of
the dry-rot. But report says otherwise.
The ship-carpenters and dock-yard
engineers by no means want to get rid
of the dry-rot.

As to Capt. Parry and the North-
west Passage, which constitutes the
subject-matter of the eleventh article,
we are bound to differ from popular
prejudice on the subject. We trusted
that the last disappointment would
have settled the chimera, and that the
great men of the Admiralty would have
been quite satisfied with the glory of
giving names to Melville Island,
Croker Point, Barrow Bay, &c. This
Admiralty hoax will, we trust, be soon
brought to a conclusion. We mean
not the most distant imputation on the
brave captain and his crew, who de-
serve all the praise their countrymen
can bestow on them. But what is the
whole affair, but a tub thrown to the
whale? Whether there be, or whether
there be not, an Arctic basin, we should
be glad to bear from Mr. Croker or
Mr. Barrow of what earthly use it
would be? No man has ever been so
moonstruck as to assert that any prac-
tical navigation could be effected by
means of it? ‘The whole thing, there-
fore, consists in sending a company of
brave men to pass two winters in

[ Aug. 1,

playing cards by candle-light, kick-
ing their frost-bitten heels, studying
A B C, acting farces within a farce,
growing salad in boxes, and. pur-
chasing Esquimaux squaws with a nail,

We differ from the Honourable
Secretary, as to the purport of his
third and last review, in the twelfth
article, on the Practice and De-
lays of the Court of Chancery. The
whole sum of his reasoning amounts
to this—that there is precedent for the
grievance. But is there any villainy
under the sun which precedent does
not vindicate and attempt to sanction?
The Admiralty Secretary crows with
his loudest note in referring to a pam-
phlet published in 1641,—‘‘in the pure
and regenerate age of the Common-
wealth,”—in which the great delay of
the Court of Chancery, and the enor-
mous profits of the six clerks, are bit-
terly complained of. But what of
that? We might refer him to Colonel
Pride’s threat of making a military
banner of the last gown of the
last lawyer in Westminster-hall; we
might refer him to a resolution of
Cromwell’s packed Parliament (see
Somers’s Tracts, December 12, 1653,)
for ‘‘rooting up the Common Law
of England, destroying the Court
of Chancery, and reducing the whole
judicial system to the Mosaic stand-
ard ;” or, again, we might refer bim to
a pamphlet, called “ihe Final De-
mands” of the agitators, which are,
“that all Inns of Court and Chancery,
all Courts of Justice, all Corporations,
all titles and degrees elevating one free
subject above another, may be totally
abolished.” But what have the chi-
merical ravings of millenarian enthu-
Siasts near 200 years ago to do with a
modern, universally felt, and univer-
sally admitted grievance? Such argu-
ments are mere childishness.

In concluding the present article,
we may observe that the spirit of lite-
rary enterprise has created new mate-
rials with which to enrich future
Numbers. The present year has pro-
duced no Jess than four -reviews,
which compete in spirit with those
that bitherto have afforded subject-
matter for our animadversions. Thus,
Ist. The Westminster Review is write
ten with great ability ; and in politics
less equivocal than the Edinburgh.

2d. The Universal Review is not de-\

void of good writing, while its plan is
different from the others, in appearing
every other month. Again,3. A more

active

a

!

1824,

azetive and vivacious candidate has
peared monthly, under the title of
the ‘Critical Gazette ;” the object of
which is to notice every book publish-
ed, without those sinister selections
which,under plausible pretences, abuse
the public confidence, and destroy the
very purpose of a Review. The two
first numbers are very ably executed,
and the independence of the work of
all bookselling influence has created a
feeling which public spirit ought to
resist; fon public convenience is evi-
dentiy consulted in the plan of sucha
perfect mirror of cotemporaneous li-
terature. 4th. We have lastly the
gigantic project of a five-shilling
monthly production, under the title of
the European Review, a work which
appears to be most respectably con-
ducted, and likely to prove a great
acquisition to the literary world.
—Notices of the progress of these
will be given, from time to time, under
the head of the present article.
—=_——
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
SER,
HE recent rejection of the Unita-
,/ rian Marriage Bill, by the House
of Lords, is perhaps the only result
which could be expected from. the
present state of, parties, and the ex-
treme jealousy with which every inno-
vation, either in’ temporalities or doc-
trine, is regarded by the. Established
Church. Our ‘‘ Lords spiritual and
temporal”’ have read us another lesson,
borrowed from the barbarous policy of
past ages, of which this is. the tenor,—
that,when voluntary submission cannot
be obtained to the religious forms of
existing establishments, coercion is
better than toleration.. The “ dignity
of the! church,” which has been so
much insisted on, it would seem is. in-
compatible with that spirit of liberality
and reform its friends have been called.
upon to practise. I trust, however,
that the growing influence of public
opinion, aided by the enlightened and
praiseworthy exertions of those who
supported the principle of the Bill,

will ultimately effect that relief which, |

in this instance, Unitarian dissenters,
have prayed for in vain.

In this country, every triumph over,
thé many antiquated abuses which
exist, must be preceded by asense of
iis importance. Aslong as ignorance,
apathy, or indifference, prevails, the
work of reformation will make butsmall
progress. It is with this conviction I

Montury Mac. No, 399.

On the Celebration of Marriage.

33

am induced to address you. My ob-
ject is to offer a few considerations on
the general bearings of this question,
with the view of exciting towards it,
through the medium of your pages,
that degree of public interest which it
justly merits, but has yet only partially
received.

It is not my purpose to defend solely
the provisions of the Bill introduced by
the Marquis of Lansdowne. They
embraced but a part of the evil, and
that only which ailected the peculiar
tenets of one class of | dissenters.
There are other points in which it bears
as heavily on every part of the com-
munity. I propose a total revision of
the present practice: it is antiquated,
and unworthy of the present age. It
was adopted in times when a spirit of
enquiry had but just struggled into
being, and is helow the standard of the
nineteenth century.

According to the present usage,
marriage is rendered. a religious cere-
mony, and included in the ritual of the
church. This forms my first objection,
Marriage is essentially a civil act: it is
a contract between two individuals for
their mutual happiness, and is usually,
on their part, wholly independent of
every religious consideration. There
are two things in which the laws of the
country are interested in this act; the
one is to bind the contract, the other to
guard against its violation. I can see
no reason why a minister of religion
should supersede the magistrate; or
why this act should be solemnized ina
church instead of registered in a pub-
lic office. Perhaps at no period of life
are individuals less susceptible of de-
votional feelings, or less likely to re-
ceive spiritual edification; supposing,
sir, such might. be obtained from the
present service. Neither is it fitting
that religion should be made subser-
yient to the furtherance of this object;
the handmaid to the wishes of all par-
ties, and every. description of charac-
ter. I like not to see the careless and
indifferent, the profligate, the sceptic,
and the sincere believer, compelled to
pass through the same solemnity; or
to hear the blessing of God invoked,
indiscriminately, on all who enter jnto
this engagement,—whether rashly or
pradentl ,—whether from the most
mercenary and interested views, or
from the purest motives of affection. ~

In the commencement of this ser-
vice, we are told that ‘‘ the holy estate
of matrimony” was instituted of God

y in

‘34 On the Celebration of Marriage.

inthe time of man’s innocency, signi-
fying unto us the mystical union which
is between Christ and his church. It
does not however appear that the
church of England professes to derive
its authority in this matter from the
Scriptures; for, in the 25th article of
faith, it has these words: ‘* Confirma-
tion, orders, matrimony, &c. are not to
be counted for sacraments of the Gos-
pel; being such as have grown partly
out of the corrupt following of the
Apostles, partly are states. of life
allowed by the Scriptures, but yet have
not like nature of sacraments with
Baptism and the Lord’s Supper; for
that they have no visible sign or cere-
mony ordained of God.”

Now, sir, if marriage has no visible
sign or ceremony ordained of God,
who has ordained the religious forms
with which it is now celebrated? and
why is it not put on the same footing
with every other regulation “necessary
for the well-being of society ?

By rendering marriage a civil act,
no violence would be done to the scru-
ples of any, ‘Those who might think it
incomplete without the sanction of a
religious ceremony, might obtain it
from their own minister, according to

heir own forms and tenets.

Weare in the habit of contrasting the
blessings of the Protestant religion with
Catholicism,—English freedom with
the effects of the Bourbon dynasty,— and
yet, sir,what is the fact? In France,with
more superstition and less political
liberty, they have (on this subject, at
Jeast,) more liberality and tolerance.
The contract of marriage is there rati-
fied before a civil officer ; and this is all
the law requires. Afterwards, those
who wish to confirm it by a religious
ceremony, may obtain the sanction of
the priest ; but, in a legal sense, it is
not necessary. Surely, sir, this is the
broad basis of justice on which it ought
to be placed.

’ My next objection to the present
form of marriage regards the character
and composition of the church service.
It might have been expected that, on a
subject of such grave importance to
the parties interested, some useful
hints would be given; some principles
Jaid down for the preservation of their
mutual happiness; some cautions
against the rocks on which the peace
of families is often wrecked ; some sa-
lutary advice on the duties of domestic
life: for all which (as a religious cere-
mony,) a wide field is open, and a

'[Aug.1,

striking opportunity afforded. | But»
with the exception of some few quota-
tions from the New Testament, all this
is omitted. Nay, the language ‘em-
ployed in its place is indecent and
puerile. The sentiments which are
unnecessarily introduced on the uses
of marriage, and the allusions and ex-
pressions in other parts, are grossly
indelicate. They must ever give pain
to the ear of modesty ; and the situation
of well-educated females, compelled to
listen to them during the ceremony,
is highly distressing. It is idle to say
this language was inoffensive when
originally framed: the refinement of
present manners has discarded’ that
customary plain-speaking which made
it innocent. The example of. the
church should further, and not retard,
this improvement. Purity of word
and thought should not be violated,
but inculcated. Propriety of lan-
guage, and delicacy of behaviour,
should be taught, as forming the best
security of conjugal felicity.

On this ground alone, therefore, in
my judgment, the present ceremony
should be wholly revised. But the
general character of the service is at
variance, either with that rational and
instructive matter it should possess as
a religious rite, or with that business-
like form required as a civil act.

The language put in the mouth of
the bride and bridegroom, after they
have both replied in the affirmative, is
unnecessary: ‘To have, and to hold,
for better, for worse; for richer, for
poorer; to love, and to cherish,” par-
take of the absurd prolixity of an Act
of Parliament, and border not a little
on the ridiculous. Why, also, are we
obliged to repeat the obsolete and
unmeaning phrase, ‘“‘ With my body I
thee worship?” Why, sir, amidst the
general improvements of the age,—
amidst the rapidincrease of knowledge
on all subjects, and throughout all
classes,—are. we to retain the man-
ners, customs, and language, of anti-
quity, in entering uponone of the most
gprs engagements of life?

- These, sir, are objections in which
every branch of the community is alike
interested; there are others which
relate only to dissenters.

It is not a small grievance that the
conscientious individual, who differs
from the creeds and forms of the
church of England, should on_ this
occasion be compelled to give it his
attendance, contribute to its support

by

1824.

by the payment of fees, listen to
prayers and a liturgy to which his heart
is indifferent, and be united to the
object of his affection by one whose
authority as a Christian minister he
disputes. We thank heaven we live
not in the times when Christians were
forcibly compelled to enter the temples
they abhorred; but why do we retain
any traces of the same spirit? I meddle
not with the question, whether the
establishment or dissenters are right in
doctrinal sentiments; but surely, in
this respect, the church does not prac-
tise the moral precept of Christianity,
“Do unto others as you would they
should do unto you.”

Regarding Unitarian dissenters, the
ease is one of still greater hardship.
The dignitaries of the church will not
deny, that a virtuous and pious man
May sincerely disbelieve the doctrine
of the Trinity ; and yet do they persist
to wound his feelings, by compelling
him to take part in an act in which
this doctrine is plainly recognized. In
the marriage ceremony it forms a
leading feature: the bridegroom places
the ring on his bride’s finger, repeating
the words, “In the name of the Fa-
iher, and of the Son, and of the Holy
Ghost.” A form of expression which
occurs but.once in the New Testa-
ment, and, if not an interpolation, has
heen considered one by many. Those
Unitarians who practise baptism hold
it genuine, but do not consider it
implies the Trinitarian hypothesis.
The Church of England however does;
it propounds it in that sense. It is
therefore only by a kind of mental
reservation that Unitarians can avoid
the guilt of hypocrisy. In the form of
benediction, the Trinity is still more
clearly set forth: the Unitarian has
not indeed to pronounce the words
“God the Father, God the Son, and
God the Holy Ghost;” but, if we give
him credit for consistency of sentiment,
what can be more offensive to his ears?
Supposing, sir, his views to be incor-
rect, and inimical to the Christian
faith: is this course calculated to excite
conviction, or to place the opposite
opinions in a more attractive light?
or, allowing the correctness of the doc-
trines of the church, is a greater impor-
iance to be attached to a belief in the
Trinity than to the practice of that be-
nevolent and tolerant spirit which is
breathed in every part of Christianity ?

How long shall difference of opinion.

in the religious world be the fruitful

On Mental Alienation.

35°

source of hatred and persecution?
How long shall the Priest and the
Levite despise the heretical Samaritan,
see him in distress without affording
him relief, and preserve the dignity of
their office, by ‘passing by on the
other side?” How long shall the
bigoted attachment to creeds and
articles of faith swallow up brotherly
kindness and liberality of sentiment,
and wholly supersede that all-impor-
tant principle, on which, we are told,
hang the law and the prophets: “‘ Love
thy neighbour as thyself?”

I trust that the duration of these
things will not be long; and that com-
mensurate with the diffusion of know-
ledge will be the improvement in the
policy of both church and state. In
short, sir, I hope that another session
of Parliament will not elapse without
the removal, either wholly or in part,
of that grievance on which I have thus
briefly laid my sentiments before you.

June 14, THETA.

—= a

For the Monthly Magazine.
OBSERVATIONS 02 MENTAL ALIENATION.

EW objects take a stronger hold

of the imagination, or strike with
deeper and more awful impressions,
than that which is exhibited in the
view of mental alienation. In this
case the patient may be considered as
no longer alive to what passes around
him. Every pursuit and example of
mental ability, the strength of concep-
tions, the refinements of intellectual
power, the dexterous achievements of
taste and mechanical skill, with the
extraordinary operations of genius, of
whatever rank, is high in the great
scale of human ingenuity,—all these
undergo a kind of death in the mourn-
ful history of the exalted human cha-
racter thus faded and abased.

Retired misery of this kind is often
hid and thrown into shadow; and many
will not give themselves the trouble of
going from the high-way, and observing
it, in its bye-places, forthe purpose of
relieving it. It is a cause, however,
which a thousand generous hearts
should advocate, so that one suffering
under such embarrassments may never’
want that assistance which his wretch-
ed fate most obviously and importu-'
nately calls for.

M. de Ladebat, a gentleman of
talents, experience, and public spirit,’
has devoted much time to the interést.’
ing and extensive labour of collecting’
materials relative to the treatment of!

mental

36 On Mental Alienaiion.

mental alienation in France; enume-
rating, with boldness and incontrover-
tible evidence, the serious evils that
have unhappily accrued from = such
treatinent. Pointing out prominent
defects and palpable abuses, whatever
fast hold they may have taken by long
continuance, is the first advance to-
wards effecting any sort of reformation.

According to this reporter, not only
in France, but in most other countries,
the general welfare of the insane was
for ages neglected ; and that part of
human nature, secluded from the
world, was reduced to a degree of
distress and misery which cannot be
viewed without detestation. This cha-
racter, and these most shocking out-
rages, the author finds and follows up
to the end of the eighteenth century.
The sufferers by such failure of the
constitution, and imbecility of intellect,
were often stowed in prisons with
criminals, with no favourable mark of
distinction and appropriation placed
upon them in their peculiar situation.
In hospitals, the captives were confined
in narrow, infectious quarters, and
yery often in common dungeons, load-
ed with irons; if their distemper exhi-
bited symptoms of violence, they were
exposed to popular derision. This was
only exasperating their complaint, and
rendering it incurable.

Agreeably to the temper and dispo-
sition of modern times, men of feeling
have espoused the cause of these un-
fortaunates; and the scientific classes,
and men of medical learning, have
nade it their business, by a fortunate
concurrence of improvement and re-
gulations, to suppress and reform all
such rigorous interference as they
deemed unnecessary. From their
weil-directed efforts, many circum-
stances of an evil, injurious, and
immoral, teudency, are expunged, and
the afflicted experience a more _noble,
generous, and dignified, sympathy, in
proportion to that general attention
which their case excites and deserves.
Numbers have been hereby restored
to society, and the condition of the
incurabies amended in every point of
view.

The author, referring to the present
mode of treatment in France, observes,
that for those of the higher classes
Houses of Health are established,
where every duty of meritorious ser-
vice is ably executed, and which are
therefore entitled to every praise; and
that, generally speaking, means are

pAug. ly
employed to much advantage torender
the poorer part of that community no
longer subjects of real regret, from the
sentiments and practices formerly in
vogue respecting them. Rigorous
methods are in disuse; and, in most of
the establishments set apart for them,
the whole process, as it appears in the
several characters of diet, regimen,
and general accommodation, is more
laboured and complete.

In all the Paris hospitals, especially,
the exertions of the managers are pecu-
liarly calculated to facilitate ameliora-
tions; of these, the author draws such
a picture as the spirit of benevolence
cannot fail to be gratified with. Into
these have been admitted many insane
from the other provinces; so that in
1816, of 1800 insane patients, 545
were not of the department of the
Seine. Their numbers have been gra-
dually augmented in these hospitals.
On the Ist of January, 1801, they
amounted to 1070; of whom 40 were
in Les Petites Maisons, 84 at the Hotel
Dieu, 337 at Bicetre, and 609 at La
Saltpetriére.

Prior to 1805, these patients were
formed into two divisions; the men at
Bicetre, and the women at La Salt-
petriére. On the 31st of December,
their total number Was 2240; of whom
764 were in the former, and 1476 in
the latter, establishment. Hence, in
the space of twenty years, the number
had more than doubled.

The physicians of Bicetre and Salt-
petriére, when consulted as to the
causes of this augmentation, varied in
judging of the principles upon which
this malady had acquired so many
subjects. M. Pariset ascribes it to
the great political events of thirty
years, the reverses of fortune, the
exaltation of some successful fishers
in troubled waters, and the increase of
population.

According to M. Esquirol, a great
number of the insane, prior to the re-
volution, had been placed in convents,
or were kept and attended to in their
families. It was only \maniaes that
were transferred tu the hospitals. The
great alterations, so very different in
character and design from any which
had appeared at former times, in the
hospitals, created an interest in their
favour; and families found no diffi-
culty, in coincidence with public
opinion ‘so changed on the subject,
uniformly to adopt those asylums.

Formerly, such subjects as were not
incurable

1824.]

incurable were placed in the Hotel
Dieu; and, on the first returns of
reason, were remitted to their friends.
They are now under the same roof with
the incurables, and under the same
physician. Should there appear any
symptoms of recovery, the physicians
prolong the term of convalescence till
the cure appears completed. The
incurables remain in the hospitals,
though their cases should not be dan-
gerous, and they might be sent back
to their friends.

In 1800, the insane were lodged in
the Hotel Dieu, indiscriminately, with
other patients. In the hospitals of
Petites Maisons, Bicetre, and Salt-
petriére, they were laid up in cells,
where now any animal of the com-
monest kind would not be confined in
the Jardin du Roi. Many of them
were also loaded with heavy chains.

About that time, on the establish-
ment of the Council General of Hospi-
tals, and due enquiries taking place,
as if the sacred flame of sympathy had
suddenly kindled, chains, iron collars,
irons at the feet and hands, were laid
aside, the cells or boxes aired and
well seasoned, and the most auspicious
consequences ensued. Successive al-
terations have been made in the
Bicetre and Saltpetriére, by enlarging
the old, and adding new, buildings;
extensive gardens and places for pro-
menading have been annexed; and
the cells under-ground, which at La
Saltpetriére were real dungeons, are
generally in disuse. Most of the
insane are in dormitories ; and expe-
rience has shown, that cells or private
boxes are only for such as, in their
violent paroxysms, would injure them-
selves or others.

Accommodations for 1500 new pa-
tients have been thus provided, each
individual sleeps alone, and there are
covered reservoirs to wash and bathe
in. The articles of food are much
superior, both for quantity and quality.
At each hospital, the pharmacy or
stock of drugs, is abundantly supplied,
and various kinds of pumps are putin
use at the baths. Clinical lectures are
delivered at the Bicetre by M. Esqui-
rol, and pupils thereby formed ; whose
agency must be beneficial and neces.
sary to the cure of this deplorable
infirmity.

Every kind of liberty which can be
judged compatible with safety, or
capable of calling forth and exercising
the faculties, is allowed. Labour is

On the Ascension of Our Saviour.

37

one of the means resorted to; and
under its influence the passions and
affections have been controled, and
improvement found to depend on it.
At the Saltpetriére are working cham-
bers, where the women are employed
in sewing linen. Visits to individuals
are only admitted by leave of the
physicians.

The number of maniacs does not
rise to a twentieth part of the other
patients; but such as have only slighter
paroxysms are not reckoned. In the
period of age, itis from thirty to forty,
from forty to fifty, and from fifty to
sixty, that the numbers are most
considerable. The instances wherein
alienation is assignable to moral
causes, in proportion to physical, is in
men from two to five, and in women
from two to three. A proportion of
one-tenthis attributed to hard drinking.

——

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR,

S itis reasonable to suppose that

there are among your correspon-
dents persons of all professions and
pursuits, I presume there is scarcely
any science, or subject of discussion,
in which enquiry, through your me-
dium, will not be acceptable.

After the candid acknowledgment
of a right reverend prelate of our
church, (in the system of theology
which he published a few years since,
much to his own honour, as well as to
the edification of the rising generation,)
that there are some difficulties in the
sacred _ books which require much
thought, and some learning, to dissi-
pate,—no apology can be necessary,
nor, I hope, any sinister design be
imputable, for the mention of one
particular difficulty which has always
occurred to my mind, and to that of
others with whom I haye discussed the
subject, relative to our Saviour’s
ascension. St. Luke’s account is the
most full and satisfactory of all the
evangelists respecting this particular
event, as well at the conclusion of his
Gospel as at the beginning of the Acts
of the Apostles, which latter work is
universally attributed to his pen. The
substance of the account given in both
these places, with the purport of
which, as far as they relate of the
subject, the other sacred writers agree,
is that, after his resurrection, Christ
remained on earth forty days, con-
versing continually with his disciples,
respecting their conduct, the aire

°

38 On the Ascension of Our Saviour.

of the ancient prophecies in his pas-
sion and resurrection, and the future
circumstances of the Christian church.
The mention of his first appearance
among them is in these words, in the
last chapter of St. Luke’s Gospel :—
‘And as they thus spake, Jesus stood
in the midst of them, and saith unto
them, ‘ Peace be unto you.’ But they
were terrified and affrighted, and sup.
posed that they had seen a spirit. And
he saith unto them, ‘ Why are ye trou-
bled, and why do thoughts arise in
your hearts? Behold my hands and my
feet, that it is I myself: handle me,
and see, for a spirit hath not flesh and
bones, as ye see me have.’ And, when
he had thus spoken, he showed them
his hands and his feet ; and while they
yet believed not for joy, and wonder-
ed, he said unto them, ‘ Have ye here
any meat?’ And they gave him apiece
of a broiled fish and of an honey-comb;
and he did eat before them.” The con-
cluding account given in this place is
that, “‘while he blessed ihem, he was
parted from them, and taken up into
heaven.”

In St. John’s account of the same
transactions there is no variation, ex-
cept what is occasioned by the intro-
duction of Thomas’s incredulity, which
is removed by the evidence of his sense
of feeling ; and, in the first chapter of
the Acts of the Apostles, these events
are recorded in the words following :—
“He showed himself alive after his
passion by many infallible proofs, be-
ing seen of them forty days, and speak-
ing of the things pertaining to the
kingdom of God. And when he had
spoken these things, while they beheld,
he was taken up, and a cloud received him
out of their sight. And while they
looked stedfastly toward heaven, as he
went up, behold two men stood by
them in white apparel, which also: said,
“Ye men of Galilee, why stand ye
gazing up into heaven? This same Je-
sus, which is taken up from you into
heaven, shall so come in like manner as
ye have seen him go into heaven.’”

Now the incontrovertible result from
these and the other apostolical autho-
rities on the subject of our Saviour’s
ascension, must be, that it was Christ
in the flesh, Christ in his human form
and with his human appendages, in his
own words, “ with his flesh and bones,”
that appeared to his disciples after his
crucifixion and resurrection ; and was
from the midst of them, in the act of
conversing with them and. convincing

2

[Aug. I,
them of his identity, taken up inte
heaven ; and further, that in the same
form and substance he shall, at the last
day, return from heaven, and come to
judge the earth, in like manner as the
disciples saw him gointo heaven. Now,
not to insist on the numerous authori-
ties for the universal belief, that the
inhabitants of heaven are spiritual
beings, and not, like ourselves, crea-
tures consisting of corrupt flesh, and
blood, and bones,—let us only advert
to that of St. Paul, in that beautifal
portion of his Epistle to the Corin-
thians, which has been adopted by the
Christian church, as a part of the ser-
vice dedicated to the last rites of mor-
tality, those of sepulture. ‘‘'There are
celestial bodies, and bodies terrestrial ;
but the glory of the celestial is one,
and the glory of the terrestrial is ano-
ther. One star differeth from another
star in glory. So also is the resurrec-
lion of the dead. It is sown in corrup-
tion, it is raised in incorruption. It is
sown a natural body, it is raised a
Spiritual body. There is a natural
body, and there is a spiritual body.—
Now this I say, brethren, that flesh and
blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God ;
neither doth corruption inherit incor-
ruption.”

Now, sir, to explain this apparent
contradiction between the history of
our Saviour’s ascension, as related by
the Evangelists, and this positive de-
claration of St. Paul; or rather to
reconcile their account with all our
notions of that spiritualization (if I
may be allowed the expression,) which
must take place previous to the admis-
sion of any bodies into that region of
spirits, commonly designated with us
by the term heaven, as we collect both
from reason and revelation, is what 1
earnestly solicit some of yourtheological
correspondents to take the trouble of
attempting. Ihave not made this call
lightly, or unadvisedly : I have looked
into every commentator within my
reach, upon the different parts of the
sacred volume which bear upon this
subject, but without the least satisfac-
tion. Indeed most of them seem in-
dustriously to avoid the consideration,
and endeavour to attract our attention
to other parts of the general topic,
about which either no doubt has been
entertained, or which do not imme-
diately relate to this difficulty.

Indeed,:among the annotations and.

commentaries’ which I have had to
wade through, from an expectation of
meeting

1824.]

meeting with some satisfactory solu-
tion, there is the most extraordinary
confusion ef opinions upon the subject
of the general resurrection that can pos-
sibly be conceived. However, sir, itis
not my present intention to enter upon
so wide a field of controversy as, from
the diversity of these, it appears to be ;
I shall conclude by observing that, on
this particular, the declarations of St.
Paul are so precise, so consistent with
all our notions of the spiritual kingdom

Spanish and Portuguese Biography.

39

of heaven, that I do not wish for any
inferior authority on the subject; and
only therefore repeat my request, that
some of your correspondents would
tell me how they reconcile the corpo-
real ascension of Christ into heaven,
with the uncontroverted and incontro-
vertible doctrine that nothing corrup-
tible, or partaking of the nature of
corruptible flesh, can be admitted into
the heavenly mansions.
ACADEMICUS.

SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE BIOGRAPHY.

~<a

M. CORREA.
OSEPH FRAnciS CoRREA DE SERRA
was born at Serpa, in Portugal,

~ about the year 1750. His father, a

lawyer of some eminence, would him-
self superintend the education of his
children. He had two sons, whom he
took with him to Rome, and there
placed them under masters of the first
rank, in various departments of sci-
ence and learning. On completing
their first studies, they quitted Rome
for Naples, where they were com-
mitted to the care of the celebrated
Abbé Genovesi.

_ Young Correa, who forms the sub-
ject of this notice, soon returned to
Rome, where his researches were pri-
marily directed to the cultivation of
the ancient languages, philology being
the ground work of polite erudition.
He had a claim, also, to extraordinary
commendation, from the astonishing
progress which he made in the science
of botany.

The Duke de la Foens, uncle to the
Queen of Portugal, making the tour
of Europe, came to Rome, and meet-
ing there with M. Correa, whom he
regarded as a young person of very
considerable merit, that would do high
honour to bis friendship, he took him
with him into his own country.

The Portugnese, at that time, were
much behind in various departments of
science, and M. C. wishing to reform
the national erudition and literature,
applicd himself with his usual assiduity
to this object, which he effectually ac-
complished by contributing to the
founding of the Royal Academy of
Lisbon. This philosophical institution,
established by the Duke de la Foens,

_ patronized by the Marqnis de Pombal,

and animated by the incessant. efforts
“of some scientific leaders, contributed,
materially, to the development, and

progressive spread of real knowledge,
to settling it on the solid basis of prin-
ciples more just and tolerant.

In 1779, the rising Academy had the
Duke de la Foens for its president,
and M. Correa for its perpetual
secretary. This latter bestowed a
laudable degree of attention in the
rearing of its several departments ; a
printing-office, with an entire liberty of
the press, a cabinet of natural history,
another of experimental physics, and a
laboratory of chemistry. These were
accessories indispensible to complete
the establishment.

After this, M. C. with: peculiar in-
dustry and perseverance, made it his
business to collect different manu-
scripts furnished by the academicians,
relating to the history of Portugal;
this valuable collection was printed,
under the title of ‘ Monumentos Ineditos.’
His time was also occupied with his
own ‘“ Memoirs on Botany,” and more
especially with the physiological part,
wherein, without injustice, he was
allowed to be as profound as any
botanist in Europe.

The merit of these publications, and

-other great and valuable works, which

continually appeared on the part of the
academy, could not impose restrictions
on. the bold attempts, and dark in-
trigues of religious intolerance. The
fanatics durst not directly attack the
Duke de la Foens, but the perpetual
secretary would inevitably, have be-
come the victim of the priests, and
their infernal machinations, if he had
not determined on quitting his country
and retiring to Paris; this was in the
year 1786.

Among other eminent writers that
Frauce then produced, M. C. became
intimately acquainted with Broussonet;
1o this circumstance, the latter owed
the very favourable reception he after-

wards

40

wards met with from the Duke de la
Foens. On the death of Peter ILI.
the enemies of M. C. having lost
their ascendant, he returned into
Portugal, and there resumed the
course of his scientific and literary
occupations.

An unlooked-for event, from a sort
of rage or fatality connected with the
French revolution in its origin, here
interrupted the labours of M. Correa.
His friend Broussonet, pursued by the
faction of terrorists in France, escaped
their vengeance by taking refuge in the
Peninsula. The Duke de la Foens
kept him concealed in the library of
the Academy of Lisbon, for some time;
but, being discovered by some of the
French emigrants, he was denounced,
by them, to the Inquisition, as a chief
of Propaganda, and a Freemason, M.
Correa, conceiving himself implicated
in this denunciation, in concert with
Broussonet, fled to England, where
Sir Joseph Banks received and muni-
ficently entertained him.

Being introduced by Sir J. B. then
president, to the Royal Society, M.
Correa became a member of that body;
and published, in its Transactions, a
number of interesting dissertations on
different subjects of ‘natural history.
In 1787, the Count de Linhares (then
minister of the Portuguese marine)
procured him the appointment of
Counsellor of Legation at London.

- About the beginning of 1802, on
signing the peace of Amiens, M.
Correa quitted England and his diplo-
matic functions, and withdrew to
France. There he became.a corre-
sponding member of the Institute, and
a resident in Paris for eleven years,
dividing his time between the society
of his friends, his studies, and his pro-
menades ; which last often terminated
in the libraries, and in the Garden of
Plants.

~ Jn‘1813 Mr. C. undertook a voyage
to the United States of America, to
renew, with greater ardour, his botani-
cal researches. His love of genuine
freedom, and independence, induced
him to make choice of this as his
adopted country. In 1816, the Portu-
guese government named him their
Minister Plenipotentiary to the Con-
gress, so that he may now satisfy his
wishes for botanical observations and
discoveries ; and, united with this, may
also reasonably be expected to serve
his country in an eminent degree.

Spanish and Portuguese Biography.

[Aug. 1,
COUNT CONGUISTA, a COMMODORE in the
SPANISH MARINE.

Count Conguista was made gover-
nor of the Philippine islands in 1776.
He was not without celebrity in his
day, which was most fully displayed
by the agreeable manner in which he
exercised his power in his functions of
governor. He was one of those whose
agency in the conduct and direction
of public affairs,is uniformly honoura-
ble, ever exerted in the cause of hu-
manity. All his transactions as a
chief magistrate, and private gentle-
man, merited and secured general
esteem. He generously patronized
every object and performance tending
to real utility, in the business of agri-
culture ; the progress of manufactures
was also materially accelerated, and
he superintended the different public
establishments with a success commen-
surate to the care, indefatigable zeal,
and abilities, which he evinced. From
his situation in life, he had frequent
opportunities of doing good, and of
rendering his laudable qualities con-
spicuous.

In the American war an English
squadron appeared off the ports of
Cavite and Manilla, when the count
maintained the honour of a naval sol-
dier by guarding the maritime and
military means and_ situations, so
effectually, that no atiempts were
made, and the whole plan and scheme
of invading the Manillas dropped. In
his profession of arms, he was success-
ful in adding the Batana islands to his
government.

Count Conguista was at Manilla
when La Peyrouse touched there.
The governor received him with ami-
cable cordiality, and suggested a
variety of ingenious hints and reflec-
tions in relation to the subject of his
voyage. The Spaniards have just
reason to be prond of this excellent
governor, duly to appreciate whose
merits asa noble, disinterested charac-
ter, and true patriot, thinking justly,
and acting uprightly, our biography,
though impartial, is rather too concise.

The Count de Conguista died at
Malaga, nearly in his 80th year, in
1805,

DIAS COMES.

Dias Comes Francis, the compatriot
and rival of Camoens, was celebrated,
and held a high rank, as an author and
poet. He was born in the capital of

Portugal;

1824.]

Portugal, about the year 1743. His
father, a mercer of Lisbon, discerning
in his son’s character many ingenious
and original traits of a literary kind,
which he discovered from his infancy,
bestowed on him an education well
adapted to serve the purposes of
study, and facilitate the acquisition of
scholastic knowledge.

The merits of this youth were ac-
knowledged by all; notwithstanding
which, from the jealousy of a brother,
invidious at the prospect of his future
elevation, his father removed him from
the college, where he was studying
with uncommon industry and success,
and obliged-him to apply himself, in
some micasure, to the drudgery of a
mercer’s counter.

Dias Comes had‘already Said in an
interesting stock'of instructive mate+
rials to form the man of letters, ere his
father introduced him to the practical
part of his own business. He was
laborious in his new undertaking ; but
found means and opportunities, from
time to time, to vent his own original
and excellent ideas upon many impor-
tant subjects of poetry, written with
elegance and purity, and considered
as infinitely above mediocrity. ‘The
muses breathe a very different spirit
from that manifested in a counting-
house ; but it seems that the inquisitive
mind of Dias Comes was not to be
fettered.

He was a curious observer of the an-
cients; and it was by exploring the
extensive region of classical literature
and criticism, that ‘his sources of
information were multiplied. His
were not rapid glances, such as are
made by many modern bards, nor
would he ever prostitute his muse to
themes merely popular, like others
that spread themselves with wild luxu-
riance over the soil, but keeping him-
self within bounds, and confined to
memorable topics, his poetry holds a
distinguished rank among the literary
productions of Portugal.

' The poems which’ he: composed
{known ‘to be peculiar favourites of the
Portuguese publie,) were divided into
three parts, eleyies, odes, and sonnets,
seven of the first, four of the second,
and three of the last, accompanied
with explanatory remarks, ctirious and

leasing, instructive and learned. The

cademy of Sciences of Lisbon had
‘them printed forthe “benefit of the

author's widow and children in 1799.
* Dias was employed; alittle previous
Monty Mac. No, 399,

Spanish and Portuguese Biography.

41

to his decease, on two poems, entitled,
one ‘The Seasons,’ and the other
‘fia Henriqueida.” The first, a de-
scriptive poem, was intended to con-
tain twenty-four sonnets; six only
were finished. The subject of the
second, which is the Conquest of Ceuta,
contains some striking scenes’ in the
drama of history, but does not appear
to harmonize with the peculiar com-
plexion of the author's genius and
temper.

He dréw up, also, two: tragedies,
under the titles’ of “Electra” and
““Tphigenia,” of which it was re-
marked, and with justice, that they
were inferior to his other compositions.
His works in prose, three in number,
do infinite honour to his acute pen,
political opinions, and the genuine
Sentiments of his breast. The first,
crowned in 1792 by the Academy of
Sciences, affords a descriptive analysis,
or critical synopsis, of the diversities of
style in the writings of Sa de Miranda,
Ferreira, Bernardes, Caminha, and
Camoens. ‘The second contains’ a
comparative estimate of the History of
Don Juan de Castro, by | Freire
1)’ Andrado, and the Life of Don Paul
de Lima, by Diego de Couto. The
third work is] a’ Treatise on Good
Taste in Poetry. nak .

iSsaeieab

M. ABADIA. ° baie ae

Francis Xavier Abadia was born at
Valentia, in Spain, in 1774... He com-
menced his military career as a cadet;
and, independently of favour or for-
tuitous circumstances, by superior
skill in the art of war, blended with al]
that energy which marks the character
of an experienced soldier, he rose to
the rank of lieutenant-general in the
armies of Spain. this 3

When violently accused, on some
occasion, of being favourable to the
French, he disdained a formal vindica-
tion of bis character, and therein fur-
nished an example similar to that
which the splendid history of Scipio
affords us, Conscious of the noble,
generous, disinterested, sentiments by
which he was actuated, his constant
object was’ to walk, steadily, in the
path opened before him, going through
his’ employments, and discharging his
duties, so as to be justly entitled to the
thanks of his country.

When at the -head of the state-
major, or staff, of the insurrectional
army of La Mancha, he retired, with
the remains of that’ corrs, to Cadiz,

G where

42

where he was made Marshal de Camp,
after. having had, for some time, a
superior incitement to his ability and
industry, a general door to his merit
thrown open, by attaining the eminent
post of Minister of War.

In 1812, General Abadia was ap-
pointed to command the army of
Galicia, in the organization and model-
ing of which he displayed much care
and intelligence.

After the establishment of Ferdi-
nand VII. on the throne of Spain,
Abadia obtained the rank of lieute-
nant-general, and to him was con-
signed the charge of inspector-general
of the troops assembled at Cadiz, for
an expedition to Spanish America.
In what has been said, the statements
are correct, but we are not acquainted
with any other circumstance relating to
this eminent character. Information
diffused to a greater extent would be
desirable.

M. ACEDO.

Jerome Acedo was born at Valen-
cia, in Spain, in 1775. He was in-
tended, by his family, for a learned
profession ; and his education in differ-
ent seminaries furnished him with op-
portunities of acquiring that useful
Knowledge and information which
would enable him to fit himself for his
designation. He had no sooner made
his appearance in the character of an
advocate, than from the general ap-
plause which he met with, and com-
mensurate success, his reputation rose

to such a height as to rank him, in a -

short time, among the first of his
nation.

In 1812, being nominated a deputy
to the Cortes, it became his object to
point out and obviate some singular
Inconsistencies injurious to. the cause
of practical freedom, which the liberal
party had adopted in. their theoretic
politics. Facts and conyincing rea-
sons he had ever at command, to give
in proof of his opinions ; and his influ-
énce was faithfully exeried to banish
corruption, to diminish factions, and
to do away the remains of that un-
bounded authority with which aris;
tocracy had so long directed the affairs
of his. country. By his wisdom and
moderation he became a mediator in
disputes between the leading mem-
bers; and, by a regular discharge of
his public duties, acquired a certain
degree of power and. sway. in the
Legislative Body.

3

Spanish and Portuguese Biography.

[Aug. 1,

On the return of Ferdinand VILI.,
M. Acedo, foresecing the changes,
civil and ecclesiastical, that would
successfully revive the exploded sys-
tems of superstition and tyranny,
resigned his public fanctions, rightly
judging the post of honour to be ,
private station.

This truly learned and worthy cha-
racter then confined himself within the
strict limits of his pristine vocation ;
and taking an active part therein,
adapted to his genius and manners,
maintained a great and merited repu-
tation.

M. AGIORMEL.

M. Agiormel, as a Spanish voyager,
possessed merit of a superior kind, but
the glory which he acquired was not
equal to the laudable ambition which
he displayed. The stimulus, or direct
incentive, to his enterprises, was an
inexhaustible fund of curiosity to visit
foreign countries. His relations, as a
writer, of what he saw and discovered,
according to the credible report of
fame, bear honourable testimony to the
spirit with which he was inspired ; but
his manuscripts have not yet been
published. The discoveries to which
he gave birth are entitled to particular
notice; his “‘ Journal of Occurrences”
is very interesting; and his notes,
which are numerous, evince the ardour
of his character by the animated, feel-
ing, and impressive, manner, in which
he delivers his observations, and directs
our attention to his subject.

Biographical sketches of this and
other eminent Spanish characters, are
scanty, from the small number of mate-
rials. All that we know relative to the
history of M. A.’s life, and the novel
adventures wherein he was engaged,
may be stated in this summary , ace
count.

He was the son of a rich merchant,
and quitted Spain in 1768; at the age
of sixteen he came to Paris, and there
took his Licentiate of Laws, in the
University. In 1777,he was at sea, in
some situation of ostensible trust, but
not mentioned ;. therein he passed to
the Sunda islands ; then arrived on the
coast of, New ‘Holland, where. the in-
genuity and industry of his character
were shown to advantage by his pene-
trating journeys into the interior ,of a
country so little known. He remained
there seven years and a half;.and we
find him, next, on the continent of
India, in the service of Tippoo Salty as

1s

1824.]
liis aid-de-camp. M. A. returned to
Paris, in 1789, and was dislodged
thence by the events of the revolution.
In 1790 he returned to Spain, whence
he again took shipping for Acapulco ;
there he took up bis residence for some
time, and afterwards made travelling
excursions into the interior of Mexico.
This collection of facts relative to M.
A. exhibits the whole of what has been
communicated out of an immense
yariety. A larger narrative would be
admirably calculated to instruct as well
as please.

; ABRANTES, THE FATHER.
-Abrantes, Don F. J. Marquis Dd’,
President of the Council of Regency
of Portugal, when invaded by the
French, was one of the members of the
deputation sent to Napoleon in 1807.
Being detained in France with several
other lords, members of that deputa-
tion, (a disgracefal and malicious con-
duct, for which the loudest censures
were pronounced on Bonaparte,) the
virtues of this good man were exem-~
plified by the unshaken fortitude he
displayed in adversity ; when, with the
cheering smiles of generous friendship,
he made it his business to soothe the
anguish of his sorrowing fellow-cap-
tives. Though poor and solitary, far
removed from his friends, and the
relief which his family could have ad-
ministered, he shared every boon, that
happened to be in the sphere of his
contracted means, with the companions
of his exile. Fame has not been
backward in braiding the wreath
round his brow; and his sovereign,
counteracting the injury of such unjust
conduct in Napoleon; has rewarded
the generous and humane sentiments,
the disinterested virtues, and genuine
patriotism, of the marquis, by placing
him near his person, and by honouring
him with his utmost confidence, and

Stephensiana, No. XXX.

43
the sweetened endearments of friend-
ship.

ABRANTES, DON JOSE.

Abrantes, Don José Marquis D’, son
of the preceding, was born in 1782.
His family being in high favour at the
court of Lisbon, he entered early into
the military service as an officer in the
guards. ,

When the Prince Regent departed
with his court for Brazil, Don José
d’Abrantes received orders to remain
in Portugal, in aid of the national
cause against the French. From the
political events of the times, finding
himself prevented from serving his
sovereign in a public capacity, he de-
voted himself, in the dignified conduct
of private life, to studies useful and
ornamental. His merit and perspi-
cacity, which might otherwise have
been concealed aad lost to bis coun-
try, were thereby discovered and dis-
tinguished. -

As a true votary to the genius of
science, his endeavours were effectu-
ally exerted in animating, encouraging,
and protecting, the interests of agricul-
ture and botany. To this object he
contributed greatly, by a number of
tracts which he published in the Por-
tuguese language, from the very accu-
rate. information he had been enabled
to obtain on the above subjects.

In: 1814 he was constituted Presi-
dent of the Socicty of Agriculture,
established by the Council of Regency,
and he is now colonel of a regiment of
Cuirassiers.

It should have been observed, that the
Marquis D’Abrantes, the son, accom-
panied the deputation sent to France ;
and it was there that he commenced
those studies which will best speak his
praise, and from which much benefit
has been derived to his country.

STEPHENSIANA.

NO. XXX,

MILITARY CONTROL,

HARLES XIL. on being thwarted
by the Senate, transmitted a let-
ter to Stockholm, in which he threat-
ened “ to send his jack-hoot to preside

over their deliberations!”

WONDERS FOR HISTORY.

Bonaparte, sovereign of Europe,
was a lieutenant in the Artillery when
M. Minibus, one of the L’reuch masters

of the Royal Military College at Mar-
low, was captain. :
The son of Joseph Bonaparte, for-
merly an attorney at Bayonne,was con-
verted by the magic of Bonaparte into
a sceptre, which, after ruling Naples,
commanded Spain.
JAMES II.
While Duke of York, he Jay under
considerable obligations to the Earl of
Halifax,

44

Halifax, for it was that nobleman who
prevented the passing of the Exclusion
Bill, which was tantamount to disin-
heritance.. Instead of rewarding this
nobleman, he removed him from the
office of Privy Seal to that of Presi-
dent of the Council; and, after de-
grading him in this manner, finaliy
dismissed and disgraced the man he
ought to have supported.
AN EPITHALAMIUM,

Humbly inscribed to Wm. T. esq. on.

his marriage with Jemima Crane; said
by Dr. Gooch to be written by the
Right Hon. Thomas Bromley, Lord
Montfort, about 1766 :—
Hymen! the bridal bed prepare,
Summon all the loves together ;
Virgins! undress the blushing fair,
Hoping, fearing, lead her thither.
At length forbear to rob the bowers!
Enough! the bed is deck’d with flowers! -
Myrtles, lilies, pinks, and roses,—
All the sweets the year discloses,
Cease to trifle and delay ;
Now a kinder task assuming,
Thither lead Jemima, blooming,
Brighter, sweeter, far than they.

The full-orb'd moon now mounts the skies,
And leads her glittering train along ;
Bat fairer here Jemima hes,
And, all around, the virgin throng
Sweeily sing the ‘nuptial song ;
While Justice Timbrel, newly wed,
Boldly ascends the bridal bed.

Heaven crown their nuptial joys
With smiling girls, and dimpled boys;
Grant them length of days, and health,—
Happy, happy, let them see
A numerous posterity,
Replete with merit, praise, and wealth.

Indulgent Venus! Queen of Love!

Hear me, all ye gods above!

Choose them ali your richest treasures,

And bestow your choicest pleasures ;

Benigrly bless this happy pair,

And make them your peculiar care.
MARQUIS OF HALIFAX.

His lordship was exceedingly plac-

able. ‘‘I never knew a man more
ready to forgive, (says Sir John Reres-
by;) for, having conducted a gentleman
to my lord, to ask bis pardon for some
things he had been reported to have
said against his lordship, I shall never
forget his expression upon this occa-
sion:—‘ Sir, if you did not say the
words, I am very glad of it; and, even
if you did, I am glad you find cause to
be of another mind.’ ”

As this nobleman did not appertain
to the French party, he and the
Duchess of Portsmouth were generally
at variance, notwithstanding a secm-

Stephensiana, No. XXX.

[Aug. },
ing reconciliation, brought abont. by)
the king for hs own ease. He- was
one of those also who, in 1681, de-:
clared in behalf of the measure. of.
calling a new parliament,
KEW.

Kew has to contend with all the
disadvantages of a flat surface; like
Versailles, too, the soil was swampy
and ungrateful: the wealth of a nation.
drained and fertilized both. It howe,
ever has been so contrived, that a great
diversity of scenery is exhibited. The.
pleasure-grounds are ornamented with,
several (too many) temples, &c. (one
Gothic, one in the Arabesque or Turk-
ish style, and one in the Venetian.)
The principal of these is a magnificent
Pagoda, in imitation of a “Chinese,
building. It is 49 feet in diameter at
the base, and 163 in height. It is
accordingly a very conspicuous objec-
tion, a flat country, as the view is not
intercepted by adjacent hills, and it is
far too high to be concealed by the.
adjoining shrubbery. -'lhe greenhouse
is 142 long, 25 feet high, and 30 broad.
The exotic garden was established in
the year 1760, by the Princess Dow-
ager, from whom his present Majesty
has imbibed a taste for botany. The
pleasure-grounds, about 120 acres in,
extent, were begun by the late Prince
of Wales, and finished under the eye
of the Princess Dowager, who took
great delight in this spot.

PARIS IN 1818.
1100 Streets.
10 Lanes.
111 Passages,
32 Quays.
18 Boulevards.
87 Places.
31 Squares.
Culs de Sac.
10 Public Promenades.
56 Barriers,
16 Gates.
16 Bridges,
10: Halls.
28 Markets.
9 Basins.
15 Barracks.
12 Palaces. ;
2 Cathedrals (Notre Dame and
St. Genevieve).
38 Churches, |
4. Temples.
5 Colleges.
15 Hospitals, ,
9 Other Charitable Foundations.
And 10 Theatres. “~

JAMES II, AND HIS SECOND QUEEN.
Her majesty, after the accession,
took

1824,]

took certain courtiers under her espe-
cial protection; and it was craftily
insinuated by one* of them, “ that the
friends and relations of the king’s first
wife (Anne duchess of York), as Ro-
chester, Clarendon, Dartmouth, and
others, were in greatest favour, and in
possession of the best places ; while her
friends, though she was queen consort,
were but slenderly provided for; and
her friends being reckoned to be Lord
Sunderland, the Lord Chancellor, and,
the Lord Churchill, they began to
play their private batteries against
each other.”
DR: JOHNSON.

The following anecdote of Dr. John-
son, was related to me on the authority
of Miss W—, of the South House,
who was intimate with both Johnson
and Mrs. Thrale. On a certain occa-
sion, at. Mrs. Thrale’s, at Streatham,
some new piece in verse, on Scotch
scenery, was to be rehearsed and criti-
cised. The whole literary coterie
were assembled,—Jobnson at their
head; but, unfortunately, he was in
one of his irritable and intractable fits,
and had slept none the preceding
night. The reader had proceeded toa
florid description of the river which
flowed near the birth-place of Smollet,
on which the poet thus sings—

Not ’cause thou gav’st to Roderic Random
birth,—
Thy streams shall flow when partial Smol-
let’s dead,
The bard forgotten, and his works unread.
. At the conclusion of this line, Johnson
rose from his chair with a growl, re-
peating aloud, and in rhime—

This man had better been asleep in bed.

The farther reading of the verses was
instantly postponed to another oppor-
tunity.

This is an evidence, among many, of
the extreme awe and respect in which
Johnson was held, shall we say, after
he had obtained his pension ; and of the
extreme indulgence he experienced
among his literary friends, or rather
subjects,

FRANCE.

By restricting the liberty of the press,
all the journals become official: accor-
dingly all attacks on England, and
other countries, must be considered to
proceed from the government alone.

The strects of Paris, with some few,

* Lord Sunderland.

Stephensiana, No. XXX. i

45

exceptions, are narrow, dirty, and.
dangerous. 'The Seine is but little
better than a dirty ditch. The gardens.
and parks are in an unnatural, and’
therefore. a bad, taste. No small
birds, for want of hedges.

The summer and winter riding-
schools of the Prince de Condé far
exceed any conception of equestrian’
magnificence.

England is a beautiful miniature.
France is a full-length portrait. In
the former, the mountains, the hills
and dales, the vale and the champaigne
country, exhibit small but beautiful
features. In the latter, they are ex-
tended into vastness and grandeur.—~
In England, a beautiful prospect is in-
tercepted by a fence or a grove. In
France, there is no hedge to hinder
the view; and the trees which adorn
the road are so thinly and so regularly
scattered, that you can see the whole
sylvan scenery between their boles.

LORD HOLLAND. '
The following verses on this noble-
man are said to have been written by
Mr. Gray; Dr. Glynn dictated them to
Cole at Milton in 1777.

On secing the Seat of a Decayed Nobleman
in Kent.
Old, and abandon’d by its venal friend,
Here Holland’ form’d the pious reso-
lution,
To smuggle some few years, and strive to
mend
A broken character and constitution.

On this congenial spot he fix’d his choice,

Earl Goodwin trembled for his neigh-

bouring sand ; .

Here sea-gulls scream, and cormorants
rejoice,

And mariners, tho’ shipwreck’d, dread
to land.

Here reign’d the blustering north and
blighting east,—
No tree is heard to whisper, bird to sing;
Yet Nature cannot furnish out the feast,
Art he invokes, new honours still to
bring.
Now mould’ring fanes and battlements
arise,
Arches and turrets nodding to their fall,
Unpeopled palaces delude his eyes,
And mimic desolation covers all.

Ah! said the sighing peer, had Bute been
true,
Or Calcraft’s, Shelburne’s,
friendship vain;
Far other scenes than these had crown’d
our view,
And realiz’d the beauties which we feign.
Purg’d

Rigby’s,

46

-Pure’d by the sword, and purified by fire,
Then had we seen proud London’s
hated walls;
Owls might have hooted in St. Peter's choir,
And foxes stunk and littered in St.Paul’s.
ON THE STATE OF ASECRETARY’S PLACE,
BY ROBERT CECIL EARL OF SALISBURY.

All officers of state, and counsellors -

of princes, havea prescribed authority,
either by patent, by oath, or by custom,
the secretaries’ place only excepted ;
but to them tbere is allowed a liberty
to negociate at discretion, both at
home and abroad, with friends and
with enemies, in all matters of enquiry
to gain intelligence. All servants of
princes deal upon strange and cau-
tious authority, and. warrants for it;
as in disbursements, &c. only a Se-
erctary hath no warrant or commission,
in matters of his own greatest danger,
but must rely on the word and inte-
grity of his sovereign. For, such is
the multiplicity of occasions, and the
yatiable motives and intentions of fo-
reign princes, and their daily practices
in so many parts and places, that se-
cretariecs never can have any commis-
sion so large as to ensure them. So
that a secretary must either conceive
or dive into tue thoughts of a king,
(which is only the prerogative of God
Almighty,) or else a king must either
exercise the painful office of a secre-
tary himself, (which is contrary to
majesty and liberty,) or choose such a
secretary that he may repose his con-
fidence in.

All foreign princes hate another
prince’s secretary, as well as all ambi-
tious aspirers and conspirators; be-
cause, for the most part, they cither
kill these monsters in their cradles, or
track them to a discovery where no
other person could find the print of
their feet. All persons in offices and

laces of trust malign them, unless
they wink at their frauds and cheating
the king; all their fellow-counsellors
envy them, because they see and do
most, have freest access to their sove-
reign; and, on all occasions, that the
prinee has to enquire into offences, to
deny, prefer, or punish, none are so
much employed, or bear the burden so
much, as the secretaries.

Kings are advised to observe three
things, especially, in. a’ secretary :—
1. That he be created by himself, and
be of his owm raising and preferring.
2. That he match not into a family
that is accounted factious. 3. Thathe

Stéephensiana, No. XXX.

[Aug. 1,
has a reasonable capacity, and conve-
nient ability both of friends and estate:
that by the first he may be able to get
to the depth of what is committed to
his charge; secondly, that by the
second he might not be led away with
any vain or idle conceit, to wrong his
prince, or abuse the trust committed
to him; and, by the last, that he might
be able to serve his majesty without
wropging any man, out uf a coyetous
principle. i

On the other hand, a secretary had
need serve a prince that is constant to
his own orders, and steady in his com-
mands, otherwise he is:in a dreadful
condition, &c. Now, if theré bea se-
cretary whose estate can witness he
has not served for profit; that he has
preferred the honour and safety of his
master, and despised his own advan-
tage; and, after all this, he finds his
fidelity and diligence cannot secure
him against the clandestine insinua-
tions and slanders of his malicious
enemies,—’'tis time to resign his: place.
For, as, if he had not been fit to be
trusted, he was unworthy of his life ;
so this keeping. of his office, after
such an assurance, shows he is weary
of it; for the first day of a secretary’s
being suspected is the birth-day of his
misery, for at this same moment he is
tried, judged, and condemned.

MOTTOES.

The Corsicans never fire at random:
*T} Corso non tira, si non é sicuro
del suo cojpo.’—The Genoese say of
them, ‘‘ I Corsi meritano la fureca e la
sanno soffrire” (The Corsicans deserve
the gallows, and are not afraid of it),
—A dreadful species of revenge exists
in Corsica, called Vendetta étrasversa,
or collateral revenge, it exteuding to
relatious.

Jacobinism is justified by Hobbesin
the following words :—‘ Propler ma-
lorum pravitatem recurrendum etiam
bonis est, si se tueri volunt, ad virtutes
bellicas, vimet dolum, id estad ferinam
rapacitatem.”

The Clergy.
Nihil habentes, et onmia possidenter,
For a Water-closet.
- Sine necessitate, i
. Hunc non intrate.

Paoli, §e.
Vincit amor patriz laudamque mimasa
cupido.
Duke of Q.
Deim a
Noctes ceenequc.
ORIGINAL

1824.]

[ 47 ]

ORIGINAL POETRY.

——

LINES
Occasioned by reading that the Heart of
Byron was to remain in Greece.
BY JOHN DODDRIDGE HUMPHREYS.
O CHERISH that relic, proud land of
the free! —
And his spirit triumphant shill linger with
thee ;
Methinks that young heart should never
grow cold,
While it dwells with the sons of the heroes
of old.
Oh no! it will throb witha kindred emotion,
When the shouts of their triumph boom
over the ocean;
And again will it swell with the pulses of
ife,
When they rush to the banquet of danger
and strife ; ,
And the xarm tears of passion shall nou-
, ‘Yish it still,
Then the heart of the Lhilve can never
grow chill!
With valour, with love, and with freedom,
its shrine,
Bright star of the East! let the treasure
be thine;
Yes, oon that relic, proud Jand of the
ree!
And sure as his fame shall thy liberty be.
——
' WAR-SONG;
Written when the French first invaded Spain;
. translated from the Spanish of Vincente,
BY GEORGE OLAUS BORROW.
Anise, ye sons of injur’d Spain,
And all your strength be summing,
For see along the distant plain
The foes of men are coming ;
Regardless of their haughty frown,
Rise, Biscay rise! and pour down,
From every mountain’s hoary crown,
Your knights and caballeros.

*Tis said that in your veins the blood

Of Carthage pure is flowing;
And-will ye soil the noble flood,
_ By Freedom’s sweets foregoing?
Fear not to meet yon Gallic host,
For England’s sons, lier pride and boast,
Will arm, and leave their native coast, ©

To share your righteous battle.

Arise, arise! the tyrants come,
The peace of nations breaking ;
Tho’ even now they feel at home
_ Their thrones beneath them quaking.
Yes, yes! their reign isnearly past,
Yet, adder-like, unto the last
iey seck the venom’d sting to cast,
_. And spread destruction round them,

What tho’ above the bloody band
Religion’s flag is streaming,

I guess their faith will never stand
Your faulchions’ ruddy gleaming.

Then forward, forward, to the fight;
And, if you fall beneath their might, '
Lis sweet to die for home and right,—
For native land and freedom.
a
THE PLANETS;
BY DR. SIMEON SHAW.

Tne Planets round the Sun with order trace
Their various courses in unbounded space.
First Mercury, midst ardent light and heat,
His shortest year does constantly com-
plete ;
Kighty-eight days he constantly does run
His curved annual orbit round the Sun,
Then the bright harbinger of night or day,
Refulgent Venus, wends her vaster way,
Of days two hundred twenty-five the year,
In which she traverses her circling sphere.
Earth next, (whose year we all so well do
know, ' .
While journeying to our home, thro’ scenes
of woe, ) ,
Secure from chills intense, and heat that
burns,
With her attendant Moon, so calmly turns,
Mars, with more lengthen’d year and day
than ours,
Revolves along his orbit with fleet powers,
While to our aided sight he oft displays
The view resplendent of ensanguin’d rays ;
Then Vesta, Ceres, Pallas, Juno, bright,
Feebly reflect their share of solar light,
With years still lengthen’d more, and
mildest ray, i
They aid the grandeur of departed day.
Next belted Jupiter, from wondrous
height,
With lengthen’d year, but shortest day
and night,
On‘his four moons, as seen by aided gaze,
Sheds ever steady his transplendent blaze.
More distant Saturn, with his double ring,
Each thirty years unweariedly does bring.
His seven moons, and, by Creation’s law,
Thro’ the ethereal vault the whole does
draw ;
While at the verge of Sol’s extended bound,
In eighty years, with most continuou
round, ~Y
And calmest lustre, round the distant pole,
With eight attendant moons, we view
Uranus roll.
—f
SOLILOQUY
OF OLD ROBIN CODFREY, A GARDENER};
Who now lies interred in Totness Church-
yard, Devon.
Pulvis et umbra sumus. Hor.
Aun, what avails the wisdom of the wise,
Are they more virtuous, or their follies
few ? ;
Ye moralists, if man with man still vies
In vice, ah what avails your proffer’d
clue?
Do

48

Do ye point out the path yourselves
pursue?
None is, who turns the page or turns
_ the sod, free ;
From the foul moat that dims our doubt-
ful view.
*Tis dark delusion all. We are an odd fry.
Thus, musing o’er his shovel, spoke Old
Bob Codfrey.

‘Hence, clam’rous casuists, with your vi-
sions vain !
Hence all that Hume, and Bayle, and
Berkley, wrote !
Or, if one solitary trath remain
Ot all ye triampli’d in and all ye tanght,
Tis a sweet flow’ret from the wilds of
' thought.
In vain do priests the holy temple enter,

“In vain their themes with sacred sa- -

pienee fraught ;

Religion scorns the g gaudy garb that’s lent
her

By the proud mitred prelate, or the de-
muse dissenter. .

“Es, the poor worm that coils beneath
| }omy/!tread,
Crush’d as he is by all the clods that
tumble;
Hung. as his life i is by the slenderest thread,
ee not philosophers, shall man humble ;
» Man! ‘that shall soon be clods for him to
~ eramible.
Avaunt, ye visionaries! dream of fame,—
Dream of stability,—and, dreaming,
stumble; ~
Perish for:an imperishable name.
Heroes that vanquish’d worlds the lowly
» worm shall-tame.

“Perchance, these worthless particles of
cla
- Once form’d a Cesar ora a Philip’ '$ SON 5
They now shall form a carrot or a pea,
‘That man, perhaps a beast, shall feed
_ Upon.
‘ Was it for this their victories they won?
For this the bloody path of conquest trod?
‘ That prodigies presag’d his race was run,
And this claim’d kindred to his patron god;
E’en so, great Wellington, my sons may
sow thy sod.

s¢ Source and receptacle of man, O-earth!
Down tly kindred tomy breathing dust;
From ws I've drain’d existence from my
nth 5
To thee, my elements, return I must,
Unclaim’d by rebel monument or bust.
Een he. who boasts colestial . lays -his
lyre on, fgust,
And moves the pensive soul with pleasing
Shall lie with me, cold as my shovel’s iron;
Yes, he, the mortal great immortal bard,
Lord Byron. '

“ Brief to eternity ’s the longest span.
An insect flutters in the blaze of day,
And dies within the hour his life began.
The morning dew-drop sparkling \ on the

spray

Original Poetry.

[Aug. 1,
Ere noon mounts up to meet its parent
ray.
Thus man th’ aspiring spirit leaves to rot,
Though round his temples nee th’ un-
fading bay.
Poets and poems too shall go to pot,
Coleridge, Wordsworth, Laureat Southey,
and Sir Walter Scott.

“The varying seasons bring the various
flower ;
~The with’ring tnlip sees the lily bloom; =
Successive blossoms fall i in painted shower;
Successive roses fling the rich perfume 4
But droop ail flow’ rets in the brumal
gloom.
As once. Anacreon, now Moore ‘is love
t all;
Yet his sweet odés shall not avert his
. doom,
Pale Death will tap at palace and at
hovel,”
He said, and spitting to his hands, ida
at his shovel.

“ Herschell, that count’st the ecuned ca”
, nopy! }
For thee the spirit of the midnight star
Did trim her pale lamp, glimm’ring in the
sky
Through darkling regions as she rolled
her car.
Thou; that foretell’st when comets from
afar
Shall seek our sun, and where they floating
‘Toam ;
Mark’st wand’ring worlds in orbits ree
gular,
And the fixt millions in the sparkling dome,
Tliy name and orb shall shine:—thon,
sink into the tomb.

“See unbought patriots abuse a bribe

(As knaves sptempted spurn a’ luckier

knave),

And stoutly curse the ministerial tribe,
Yet all.their vaunted virtue shall not save
Them from the foul conmpéian of, the

grave.

E’en here the sacred dust of noble Hammond
May mix with ashes of the meanest slave;

And Hunt,’ though rotten C*stl*1**gh he

d—n on,

Shall also rot. “All, saith the preacher, all

is gammon.

iY Glory! thou glitt’ring phantom of the
mind
That dost delude the good, the Wise,
the brave,
Thou art a bubble buoyant on ehsiwind,
Transiest as moon-beams on the glassy
'wavesioi’ & ~" * Tlave.
Or billows’ ‘bursting on the ithbiad ‘they
‘Vain pomp and glory of this World’ ate
‘trouble!
Stich are the baubles then for which
they rave. —
*Tis twelve o’clock ; my crock begins to
bubble,”
He said, and, ’ should’ring his tool, home-
wards began to hobble.
PROCEEDINGS

2824.}

Oh, ag tf

' PROCEEDINGS OF PUBLIC SOCIETIES.

t —

COMMITTEE FOR MANAGING THE SUB-
SCRIPTION FOR THE RELIEF OF THE
SUFFERERS BY THE EARTHQUAKES

"IN SYRIA.

HE distressing accounts trans-
mitted to the Levant Company by

Mr. Barker, British consul at Aleppo,

of the effects of the earthquakes, which,

in the months of August and September

1822, desclated the cities of Aleppo

and Antioch, with many other places in

Syria, having awakened among the

members of that Company the most

lively feelings of sympathy for the
wretched survivors, it was resolved, at

a general court of that body, that a sam

of 5007. should be forthwith applied to

alleviate their distress, and that a public
mectivg should be convened in London

1o consider of the most advisable me-

thod of preceeding, in order to afford

still furtizer relief.

A meeting was accordingly held at
the City of London Tavern, on the 16th
of January, 1823, at which the Right
Honourable the Lord Mayor of the
City of London presided. It was then
resolved, that ‘“‘ Decply feeling the dis-
tressed situation in which these awful
Visilations had invelved great part of
the province of Syria, the meeting
should commence a subscription for the
relief of the distressed surviving inha-
bitants generally ; that an appeal should
also be made to the public, in order to
render the relicf extensive;:and that
such relief should be administered with-
out distinction. of religious persuasion.”

In pursuance of these -resolutions,
details of these calamitous evenis were
submitted to the public; and, in conse-
quence of a liberal subscription, the
treasurer was enabled to transmit 3200/.
to the care of John Cartwright, esq.
British Consul-General at Constanti-
nople, with directions to forward the
same to Mr. Barker, at Aleppo, who
was thus furnished, as early as possible,
with the means of succouring those
unfortunate, objects, and immediately
proceeded to take the necessary steps
for accomplishing the benevolent inten-
tions of the subscribers. The Turkish
government rightly appreciated the con-
dact of the British nation; and Lord
Strangford, his Majesty's ambassador
to the Ottoman government, assured
the Levant Company, that, when the
subject was anounced by his lordship
to the Porte, *‘ The Turkish ministers

MonTHLY Mae. No, 399.

testified a just sense of the munificence
and liberality of the Turkey Company,
and of the other subscribers, and a
grateful willingness to accept of their
bounty.”

A similar feeling was likewise ma-
nifested by the authorities at Aleppo;
and Mr. Barker, being convinced of
the advantage of proceeding with the
greatest delicacy towards the govern-
ment, requested that the Consul-
General at Constantinople should pro-
cure an official firman from the Turkish
government, to declare its permission,
and thereby to give him the greater
sanction in the distribution of the funds.
In the mean time information of the
proceedings of the Greek committec in
London, with details of the speeches
and various resolutions which passed at
the meetings of that committee, reached
Constantinople, and naturally awakened
the keenest jealousy of the Ottoman
government. ‘This created a demur in
the grant of the firman which had heen
applied for, and resnited in a decisive
refusal, and in a prohibition to distribute
any moneys for any purposes whatso-
ever among the subjects of the Porte in
Syria.

An official communication to this
effect was made to Lord Strangford,
and his excellency thought proper to
request an explanation of conduct so
much at variance with the feeling pre-
viously expressed on this subject.

The Turkish government stated in
reply, that ‘ The Sultan could not com-
prehend the double natore of the pro-
ceedings termed stbscriptions, which
were instituted in England for the pur-
pose of distributing money amongst his
subjects; nor could he reconcile the im-
plied contradiction of one of these sub-
scriptions being instituted with the
charitable aud innocent design of re-
licving a portion of his subjects, while
another had for its avowed object the
purchase of arms for the Greek in-
surgents.”’

Thus this subscription, entered into
solely from motives of benevolence and
philanthropy, has been partially frus-
trated in its object. An amount, how-
ever, of about 800/. was applied, before
the objection of the Turkish government
was known in Syria, to the relief of
some bundreds of the most prominent
cases of distress, an account of which
is detailed by Mr. Barker, and has been

H submitted

50
submitted to the committee by the
treasurer. The money remaining has
been since distributed as follows:

One moiety to the subscription for
the relief of the sufferers at the Cape of
Good Hope.

One-fourth to the Royal Institution for
the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck.

One-fourth to the-Seaman’s Hospital,
on-board bis,Majesty’s. ship Grampus.

CAMBRIDGE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY.

Dr, Grecory, of Woolwich, has
made. some new and accurate experi-
meuts on the velocity of sound. . Their
chief results. may be brought into one
view. as below :—

. ahr. therm. Feet.
Velocity of sound, - 27° «++» 10944
: - BS sees 10994

- 3d sece 1102
oe ee Ve! At yea set ATO
a 11094

—_—__—__ —_—_—— _ - 60 veee 1112
4 11142
MAE BA a tives I 4 ones 4

. be ; 1116

4 § 1116

rei ee v 1117

€ombining the results of experiments
here recorded: with those which have
been formerly deduced by Derham and
others, we may, he says, conclude un-
hesitatingly:

ist, That sound moves uniformly; at
Jeast,.in a horizontal direction, orone that
does not deviate greatly from horizon-
tality.

vd, That the difference in inte“sity ofa
sound makes no appreciable difference in
its velocity.

5d, Nor, consequently, does a difference
in the iustrament'from which the sound is
emitted: 4 :

- 4th, That wind greatly affects sound in
point-of, intensity;°and that it affects it,
also, in point of velocity.

5th, That when the direction of the
wind concurs with that of the sound, the
sum of their separate velocities gives the
apparent velocity of sound; when the di-
rection of the wind opposes that of the
sound, the difference of the separate ve-
locities must be taken

6th, That in the case of echoes, the ve-
locity of the reflected sound, is the same
as that of the direct sound,

7th, That, therefore, distances may fre-
quently be measured by means of echoes.

8th, That an angmentation of tempera-
ture occasions ai augmentation of the
velocity of sound; and tice vrsa..

The inguiries with :egard to the trans-
mission .of sound. in the, atmosphere*
regnire, the further aid of experiment

* bysay noth inthis paper ghe re
marks} of the transmission of sound

v2

a6

Proceedings of Public Socielics.

[Aug. J,
for satisfactory determinaticn, are, he
thinks, the following; viz. aig

ist, Whether hygrometric changes in
the atmosphere have much or little influ-
ence on the velocity of sound?

2d, Whether barometric changes in the
atmosphere have much or little influence?

3d, Whether, as Muschenbroek con-
jectured, sound have not different de-
grees of velocity, at the same temperature,
in different regions of the earth? And
whetlier high barometric pressures would
not be found (even independently of tem-
perature) to produce greater velocities?

4th, Whether, therefore, sound would
not passmore slowly between the summits
of two mountains, than between their
bases? at.

5th, Whether sound, independently of
the changes iu the air’s elasticity, move
quicker or slower near the earth’s surface,
than at some distance from it?—(See
Savart’s interesting papers on the commu-
nication of sonorous vibration.)

6th, Whether sound would not employ
a longer interval in passing over a given
space, asa mile, vertically upwards, than:
in a horizontal direction? and, if so,
wonld the formula which should express
the relation of the intervals include more
than thermometric and barometric co-
efficients? ;

7th, Whether or not the principle of
the parallelogram of forces may be em-
ployed in estimating the effect of wind
upon sound, when their respective velo-
Cities do not aid or oppose each other in
the same line, or nearly so?

8th, Whether those eudiometrie qua-
lities, generally (whether hitherto de-
tected or not), which affect the elasticity
of the air, will not proportionally affect
the velecity of sound? and if so, how are
the modifications to be appreciated?

GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

May 21.—A paper was read, entitled
“Geological Observations on the Sea
Cliffs at Hastings, with some. Remarks
on the Beds immedaiely below ‘the
Chalk;” by ‘Thomas Webster, esq.
See. G.S,

This paper commenced with a gceo-
graphical description of the cliffs on
each side of the town of Hastings, from
the White-rock on the west, to the end
of Fairlee cliff on the cast, which form
a very instructive natural section of an
elevated tract in Sussex, surrounded
by, and coming cut from under, the
clay of the Wealds.

These clifls consist of alternating.

beds
ductors, &c. These furnish a most in-
teresting department of separatednquiry. -

1824.7’

beds of sandstone, shale, and clay,” more
or Jess charged with oxyde of fron and
carbonized vegetable matter. ‘Phe iron
is most abundant in’ the lower part,
where there are beds of two or three
inches thick, of rich argillaceous iron
ore, that were profitably ‘worked before
the fuel of this part of the country be-
came scaice. She middle beds of the
cliff have much less iron, the greatest
part consisting of very white friable
sandstone. In the upper part of the
series there are many large blocks of a
grey calciferous sandstone, the surfaces
of which exhibit a mamillated struc-
ture: this rock may be considered as a
variety of the chaux carbonaté quart-
zifere of Haty, having much analogy
with the crystallized sandstone of Fon-
tainebleau. The mamillated appear-
ance is very well seen at the White
Rock, and has (though erroneously)
been usually attributed to the action, of
the sea upon the fallen blocks.

The fossils in the cliffs of Hastings

are not numerous; the shells being con-
fincd to two or three species of small
bivalves, and a uniyalve resembling
that in the Petworth. marble. ‘Thin
layers of lignite are frequent, and frag-

ments of a very singular silicified w ood,

of the monocoiyledon kind, the cavitics

of which are filled with viinute trans-

parent crystals of quartz.

Bones of large Saurian animals, and
of birds, also occur, though rarely; to-
gether with scales of fish.

‘The author observed that the grey,

éalciferous rock has not hitherto been
noticed in any part of the formations
between the chalk and the Purbeck,
except in this district: and from its not
being co-extensiye with the rest of the
ferruginous sand series, and the want of
continuity and correspondence in many
of the beds, he took occasion to remark,
that it may be frequently more correct
to consider “the subdivisions of some
formations, rather as irregularly lenti-
cular, than as tabular masses.

June 18.—A paper was read entitled,
“Notes on Part of the opposite Coasts
of the English Channel, from Deal to
sea and from Gslaes to ‘Treport ;”
by Wm. Henry Fitton, m.p., -.c.s.

“This paper was accompanied by a
éontiected scries of views or elevations
of the coast, drawn by Mr. Webster,
from the: place where the chalk. rises
near Calais, to where, after heing cut
off near Blune-Nez, the chalk again ap-
pears upon the shore near Treport ; and,
on ‘the! English sidle, from the rise of the

Proc vedings of Public Societies.

51.

chalk next Deal, to where it sinks at
srighton. The author expresses _ his
acknowledgments to the Baron Cuvier,
through Whom he obtained permission
from the French authorities to pass
along the coast hy sea, and experienced
ey ery where the greatest attention from
ihe officers of the French cusioms. The
paper briefly describes the leading ge-
ological features of the coast, reciting
the partial descriptions already pub-
lished ; and referring, for an account of
the cliffs near Hastings, to a memoir by
Mr. Webster, read at the last meeting
of the Geological Seciety, and for a
detail of the beds which form the cliffs
from Gries-Nez to Equitien, to an ac-
count of the lower Boulonnois, to be
read ata future meeting. Prom Equiben
to the mouth of the Somme, the coast
is altogether oceupied by dunes of sand,
the sand-hills being im some _places,,
especially im the Vicinity of Etaples,’
more than ‘one hundred feet in height.
These’ bills are in*genetal somewhat
crescent-shaped, the back of ‘the cres-
céat being turned: towards ‘the ‘prevail?
ing wind, and the-sfope'dn the lee-side
mueb more rapid than the opposite one.
The immediate base of the dunes seems’
to be peat, which is found both on the

_ land side of them, and without, just on’

the verge of the sea, and in some places

below the level of” hieh water: but no.
rocks have yet been “discovered ia

the coast beneath the dunes.

EDINBURGH ANTIQUARIAN abeeane
Dr. Hibbert lately read “séme re-
marks, suggested by the resemblance
which certain steinhartes (or stone-axes
fot near the Hamber, Bear to those
of Orkney and Shetland. He began by
comnbiating the common: notion, that
these aiid | similar instruments of war-
fare are Celtic, and showed that they
were Teutonic. Tt had been ‘doubted
whether the -people’ who ‘used these
weapons had ever invaded. Kugland ;
bat it should appear from the discovery
of these stcinbartes, in “Lincolnshire,
that they: had’ lahded™ there. Some’
axes, 6f various shapes and materials!
have been found in different parts of the’
world, and it “is suggested that dif:
ferent ancient tribes had weapons, of
shapes peculiar to their respective:
tribes. sane
A ‘very’ isthe Tar drawing was iesenits
Hited to tlié Society, trom the pencil of
Captain Jones ‘of the 29th regiment.’
Ft Was a sketch from an ancient oaken’
pannel, of the costume of an English
bagpiper

52
bagpiper of the 16th century. The
original design had x great deal of
spirit in it, and the bagpipe and the bag-
piper were very well made out.

A French journalist, criticising the.
transactions of the Seotch Society of
Antiquaries, remarks, that they are sub-
stituting comments and conjectures for
facts. They should take, he says, more
comprehensive views of past ages; not
only exhibit drawings of churches and
convents, buf,enter into their history
and tradifions; so as to become tlie

New Music and the Drama.

fAug. 1,
depositary of the local history of the
eountry. Notites should be recorded
of its aneient inhabitants, their charae-
teristic traits, &e. Their annals would
then become invaluable for historians,
poets, and works of fancy. In the last
volume is an article tracing the spot
whire the battle was fought between
Galgacus and the Roman army. It
seems clearly preved that Stonehaven
was the scene of action, and not Ardoch
or Comric, as is generally supposed.

NEW MUSIC AND THE DRAMA.

—s--

Four Volimtaries ; part of the Third Chapter
of the Wisdom of Solomon, (three voices; )
and six favourite Psalm Tunes, with an
Accompaniment for the Organ or Piano-
forte. A’so a Capriccio for the grand
Piano forte. 10s. 6d.

HIS acceptable melange of organ,
piano-forte, and vocal music,

which is inscribed to the rector of
Moresby, and wardens, vestry, and
congregation, of St. Nicholas’, White-
haven, was originally published. by
subscription, and exhibits too hand-
some a list of names not to show that
the, personal character and professi-
onal merits of the composer are duly
appreciated. After sedulously looking
over the fifty-seven pages of which the
work consists, we feel justified in
making a report of their contents,
honourable to Mr. Howsgill’s science,
judgment, and taste. In the organ
pieces, we have found ample proofs of
Mr. H.’s knowledge of the character
and. powers of the “king of musical
instruments ;” in his capriccio, con-
siderable floridity and freedom of
fancy ; and in the vocal portion of the
publication, a tolerably intimate ac-
quaintance with the laws of combi-
nation, and the disposition of the in-
ternal parts of multisonant compo-
sition.

The Voluntaries, as appears from the
remarks made by Mr. Howgill at the
end of his work, were. writien ex-

essly for the organ in St. Nicholas’
chapel, Whitehaven, built by Snetzler ;
and comparing the style of the irmove-
ments with the stops of that instru-
ment. a list of which is given, we think
the pieces admirably suited to its com-
pound and capacity. Adding. to the
merit of the music, the judgment and
good sense, displayed.in the observa-
tions Mr. H. has made on chureh-
music, and the general style of paro-

chial psalm-singing, we fecl that he is
entitled to considerable praise; and, as
the friends of science and talent, have
pleasure in awarding the eulogium he _
has so well earned.

Rossini’s Overture and Introduzione to the
Opera of Zelmira, performed at the King’s
Theatre. Arranged for the Piano-forte,
by S. F. Rimbault, 3s.

Though Mr. Rimbault, in his ar-
rangement of this overture for the
piano-forte, has included independent
parts for a flute, violin, and violoncello;
they are not obligato. Availing him-
self of the compass and power of
combination appertaining to the in-
strument for which the piece is here
principally modified, he has rendered
the piano-forte part independent of
the tributary adjuncts, so that the
effect produceable without the aid of
the accompaniments, if not complete,
is far from being meagre or unsatis-
factory. _ Of the piece, in its score, or
original state, speaking from our feel-
ings as excited by its performance at
the Opera House, we have only the
language of eulogium to use. It de-
monstrates a degree of genius, faste,
science, and practical experience, that
could not but gratify every real judge
of music: and we give it as our opi-
nion, that in its present form, it pre-
serves as much of its orchestral result
as could well be compressed in the,
limited place to which Mr. R. was
necessarily confined. rs
“ Riego’s Hymn,” Variations avee Intro-

duction et Finale d'une Execution facile

et briilante, pour le Piano-forte; com-
posé par I. Ancut. 4s. ;

This piece is written with spirit, and
many of the passages have in them an
air of Criginality that announees no
mean cast of imagination. The in-
troduction, in common time of four

crotohets,

crotchets, andunte, is animated and.
expressive; the variations exhibit
taste and ingenuity; and the finale,
a bolero, while full of diversified ideas,
possesses an elegant levity that carries
off the whole with much force and
agreeableness of effect. In a word,
the style of the composition corre-
sponds with its title, and will not, we
are persuaded, fail to please the ge-
nerality of piano-forte practitioners.

Three Waltzes for the Piano forte; com-

posed by W., Hutchinson. 1s. 6d.

If the subjects of these little pieces
are not very novel or striking, the
style in which they are treated form
no small compensation for that defect.
Many of the passages are ingeni-
ously turned, and in no instance are
estranged from the theme. The whole
of the publication has been conducted
with care; and an attention to con-
nection and consistency is every where
so evident, as to indicate experience
and a well-regulated judgment.

** Return unto thy Rest ;” a sacred Song.
The Music composed by Samuel Poole. 1s.

This “sacred song,” is a ballad of
two verses, the words of which are of
a east to entitle it to the pious cha-
racter it assumes; but the melody does
not sufficiently savour of the anthem
style, to apprize the hearer, without
the aid of the poetry, that the subject
has any relation to religious sentiment.
In saying this, we are far from mean-
ing to insinuate, that the music. is
devoid of merit; we intend no more
than to have it understood, that, though
not without a claim to our praise in
ene respect, it has very little title to it
in another;—that it is pleasing, but
neither ecclesiastical nor spiritual.

An admired Bohemian Melody for the
Pianoforte ; composed by Edwin Merriott.
2s. 6d.

The melody upon which Mr. Merriott
has here exercised his genius, is of a
very pleasing cast; and the variations
he has applied to it are evidences of
the ease and freedom of his imagi-
nation. They are four in number, and
are so framed as to succeed each
ether with a gratifying effect. Mr.
M.’s object appears to have been, to
furnish an engaging exercise for young
practitioners; and he has succeeded.

“ Adele,” a favourite French Air ; arranged
with Variations for the Harp; by J. C.
Craven. 238, ’

The air of Adele is deservedly a
favourite with the public, and has been

Jew Music and the Drama. 53
judiciously selected by Mr. Craven as

a basis for the superstructure of va~
riations. The six little effusions he
has founded upon it are analogous and
attractive; and by juvenile performers,
will be found as improving to the
finger as agreeable to the ear,

THE DRAMA.

Whiie we are about to take a re-
{rospeet of the regular drama during
the past month, the National ‘'beatres
are closing their career for the present
season. The ability, liberality, and
spirit, with which the business of both
houses has been conducted, reflects,
we must say, no small credit on the
professional characters of the lessees
and managers; and it is with much
pleasure that we have to congratulate
the lovers of legitimate tragedy and
comedy, fine acting, exquisite singing,
and splendid spectacle, in the sources
of rational and tasteful enjoyment that
have been opened to them by the va-
rious means resorted to for that lau-
dable purpose, by the ingenious and
industrious managers.

At Covent GARDEN, Faweett’s Joh
Thorabury, and Miss Chester’s Mary
Thornbury ; Kemble’s Romeo, and the
same lady’s Lady Teazle, with a diver-
sity of other applauded personations,
in the “School of Reform;” the
‘Hunter of the Alps; “‘ Henry the
Fourth ;” “All in the Wrong;” and
Mr. Penn’s tragedy of “The Battle
of Eddington,” embellished with
some excellent music of the late Dr.
Calicott: these, and other attrac-
tions, have afforded delight and satis-
faction to, speaking generally, genteel.
and very crowded audiences ; and well
supported the high repute of that
Theatre.

At Drury Lane, Dowton's Daniel
Dowlas, and erry’s Sir Pertinax
Macsycophant ; Harley’s Mawworm;
Miss L. Paton’s Letitia Hardy; and
Elliston’s Frederick, in the “ Poor.
Gentleman ;” together with the power-
ful enactments of the ‘ Lyar;” the
‘““ Way to get Married ;” the “ Falls of
the Clyde; the ‘“ Revolt of the
Greeks ;” and the super-excellent vo-
ciferation of Madame Catalani, have
cast a lustre upon the concern, which
it only has to maintain by its future
efforts, in order to perpetuate the high
satisfaction that has been uniformly
manifested by the applauses of the .

public. .
NEW

sh E34 I

[Aug. 1,

NEW PATENTS AND MECHANICAL INVENTIONS:

—

To Tuomas Attwoon, of Birmingham,
Warwick, Banker, for a Communica-
tion made to ‘him by a Person, residing
abroad, of certain Improvements mm
the making of Cylinders for the
Printing of Cottons, Calicos, and other
Ariicles.—June 9; 18238. .

HIS improvement is to solder a

cylinder of ‘copper, or other me-
tal; or alloys of metal, upon a cylinder
of iron; which is to he done by any of
the usual modes of suldeiing metals
together. Cylinders may be thus
produced, with surfaccs suited for
engraving devices upon,, for printing
ealicos, &e.: the surface only being of
eopper, while the internal part of the
eylinder is composed of a cheaper and
stronger material.

This contrivance allows of the sub-
ject, on the face of the copper, being
removed, by turning and polishing,
without reducing the cylinders so as
to affect their strength, and even per-
mits the whole of the copper to be
taken off, and new copper attached to
the sanie iren cylinders, at a trifling
expense, compared to the entire cost
of new copper cylinders. — Louden
Journ. of Arts, Se.

—f——

To: Tuomas’ Hopper, of Reading,
Berks, esq. for his Tuteition of certain
Unmprovements in the Manufactire of
Silk Hats-Noy. 2, 1823.

The proposed object of this patent is
to render the materials of which silk
hats are made completely water-proof.
The woollen substance which forms
the basis. is first to be boiled in a so-
Jution of the supersulphate of alumine
and potass (common alum) for two
hours; th; the proportion of two or
three pounds of alum to a gallon of
water. Tt is then to be taken’ out,
well rinsed in clear waiter and wrung,
and immediately dipped in’ a solu-
tion: of isinglass\ or glue, of: variable
strength, at a boiling heat; and put on
a frame to dry and give it a shape. -

The eloth thas prepared, and before
it becomes: quite dry, may be again
immersed ini a’ strong solution of the
acétate or tartrate of alumine, or su-
persulpliate, and allowed to remain in
the Tiquor for afew hours ; it may then
be ritsed and dried as before. - The
lignor must not be hot.

A third method is to dip the cloth
(previously alumed) in a solution of

gelatine and. one of the nigenibilin
salts added together; when wrung,
immerse. it once or twice inan al-
kaline lixiviam; afterwards: let it be
dried.. By these ‘processes, the ge-
latine is set or fixed in what may be
termed the first, second, and third,
degree. In the last process, a double
chemical change is effected: the acid
of the aluiminous salt leaves it, and
attaches itself to the alkali, while ‘its
base, the alumine, combines with the
gelatine, and renders it insoluble vin
water, and together with it Remaion
affixed to the cloth.

Various important advantages ‘aps
pear to be derived from the alumining
process; it effectually removes \ tho
crease from the wool, by whieh, eon-=
joined with its strong aflinity, for the
cloth and, gelatine, between -which
there exists but litde naturally, it acts
as a powerful intermediumyin fixing
the latter, enables it to resist the: ae-—
tion of water, from the absorption of
which, when used in its simple state}
and. consequent increase of volume;
arises one of the principal causes of:
the disjunction and fallin to powdér
of the resinous gums. It prevents the
cloth from shrinking in any sensible
degree iwhen subsequently, wetted;
facilitates the adhesion of the ¢urtis
with the wool, and serves to equipoisé
those materials bei are fusible’ BY :
heat.

The resinous gums may now we ‘aps
plicd in the same manner. as at présent
practised, or they may be used in tlie
humid way, dissolved m a spirituous
menstruum, with: a) proportion .of
Venice turpentine. {tis usual to mix
a third or fourth part of resin.or san
daric With the lac; but tlie: mastic is
preferable, not curling. up inocoodling
like the sandaric, and possessing:more
tenacity than» either. ‘It contains a
stbstanee; amounting ‘to nearly: a
fifth, greatly analogous to caoutchones
Caoutchoue or elastic gum, dissolved:
in’ rectified oil of turpentine, and rene
dered: drying by pure alumine;:or by
washed, zther, or, which is more eco+
noshical, as:much acetate ofialumineag
it will absorb : they should: be: rubbed
together. It is, however, only. intended
as a partial application. .2» #0
. Between the resinous guins: and'the
varnish,! an intervening substance, not
fusible by heat, is necessary, to pre-

vent

1824.])
vent the latter from subsiding. Isin-
glass dissolved in weak’ spirit, gum
acacia, simple or pure aluminous
paste, &c: suffice. -
’ The varnish, either-that ‘in common
use, or the following, may be cm-
ployed: ~ Fob som
Asphaltum four parts, gum mastic or
gum anime two or three parts, drying
linseed oil from two to three parts.
—Melt the bitumen and gum in au
ion yessel over.a charcoal fire, then
add the oil; when well mixed, remove
ihe vessel from the fire; add Venice
turpentine two parts, and gradually
six or eight parts of essential oil:
strain, if tt should be too thick; when

cool add more of the essential oi]. ‘The

proportions here given admit of being
varied.— London Journal of Arts.

LIST OF PATENTS FOR NEW INVENTIONS.

~ Alexander Dallas, of Nortlumberland-,

court, Sonthampton Buildings, engineer,
for his invention of a machine to peck and
dress stones, of variots descriptions, par-
licnlarly granite stone.—April 27.

John Yurner, of Birmingham, Warwick,
brass and iron feunder, for his invention
of a machine for crimping, pleating, and
goffering, linen, muslins, frills, and other
afticles.— April 27.

George Vaughan, of Sheffield, York,
for his invention of an improvement or

Literary and Critical Proémium.

55

improvements on steam-engines, by which.
means power will be gained and expense
saved.—May 1. ,

Jolin Crosley, of Cottage Lane, City
Road, for his invention of an improvement
in the construction of lamps or lanterns,
for the better protection of the ight
avainst the effects of wind cr motion —
May 4.

James Viney, of Shanklen, in the Isle
of Wight, colonel in the Royal Artillery,
for his invention of certain improvements
in, and additions to, water-closets,—'
Iiay 6.

William Cleland, of Leadenhall-street, :
for his invention of certain improvements °
in the process of’ manufacturing sugar
from cane-juice, and in the refining of"
suyar, and other substances.—May 6.

Jobn Vheodpre Paul, late of Geneva,
but now residing at Charing Cross, West--
minster, mechanist, in consequence of a)
communication made to him by a certain
foreigner residing abroad, for certain im-
provements in the method or methods of
generating steam, and in the application
of it to various useful purposes.—May 15.

Join Potter, of Smedley, near Man-
chester, Lancaster, spinner and manu-
facturer, for his invention of certain im-
provements in looms, to be impelled by
mechanical power, for weaving various:
kinds of figured fabries, whether of silk,
cotton, flax, wool, or other materials or
mixtures of the same; part of which im-
provements are applicable to hand-looms.
—May 6. .

NEW BOOKS PUBLISHED IN. JULY:

WITH AN HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL PROEMIUM.
—a——
Authors or Publishers, desirous of seeing an early notice of their Works, are
requested to transmit copies before the Vth of the Month.

—=

W E congratulate tle public on the ap-
pearance of the second part of Mr.
Boorn’s Analylical Dictionary of the Eng-
list Language. Aided by its index, it is
the only practical interpreter of the sense
and appropriate use 6f words; and, for the
first time, tiis plan renders a dictionary a
work of entertainment. It is impossible
to explain Mr, Booth’s system better than
by a quotation, and we shall for this pur-
pose take at random the word BURGH or
BonrouGH, and its associations.

A Buren, Burrow, or Boroven, was originally a
place of defence, what we now call a WaALLrp
Lown ; although the word Town itself (as its etymo-
logy implies) was a covered place, being surrounded
with walls. In times when this country was di-
vied, into many different. governments, — when
every feudal chieftain, in his turn, forgot ha fealty
and accounted himself a kiny,—places Of strength
were multiplied, and every considerable village
had i's walls with Ports, (barricadoed Gates,) which
were kept shut and guarded, to prevent surprize :
while those insulated heights and ‘rocks, which pre-
senfed more natural means of defence, attracted
larger masses of population, and became castles;

forts, or Crravexs, in the. interior of the Burghs, ox
Cities, which they defended. ;
The Latin civitas, (coire, to assemble,) from
which the Fiench cité, a Crry, isderived, denoted:
a collection of people. Itincluded no idea of being
a place of strength; for it often denominated a
whole nation, as well as a single town; and: this:
distinction of original meanings appears in the de-
rivatives. from City and Burgh. City is a modern
word in our language, and its application has been
the subject of controversy. Ingeneral usage, hows
ever, the name of City is given only to such Burghs
as are, or have been, bishops? sees. Citadel is the
Italian diminutive céttade/la; for, in that language
citta, a town or city, is always. understuod to be a

place of strength.
- The inhabitants of our ancient Boroughs were go-~
verned by certain laws, and entitied to certain pri-
vileges, different from what belonged to the wan-
dering herdsmen, or to the’ scattered cultivators of
the soil, who were frequently liable to a-changeof
masters; and Boroughs are yet distinguished, from
other towns and villages, by the possession of those
laws and privileges which have remained while
their causes no longer exist. These peculiar ad-
vantages are termed the Francmises, (French,
Sranc, free,) or rights of a Borough or Corporation,
orof any individual belonging to sucha body. The
individual is said to be ExrrancuisEp, tobe made
a Freeman tof that Body,—to have acquired his
Freevom. Tbe Freedum ofan individual member,
or

56

er even the Franchise of the Borough ‘or other in-
corporated body) itself, may be Jost by misconduct.
The individual may be struck off from the list of
citizens, or the Borough may lose one or all of its pri-
vileges by an Act of the Legislature declaring it to
be Te aanernaneiaea To AFFRANCHISE (to make
free) was formerly written in place ot To Enfranchise.
ENFRANCHISEMENT and DISENFRANCHISEMENT
denote the several actions, or states of the
Verbs.

The most distinguishing of the privileges of a
Borough is the Elective FRANCHISF, or right to elect
and send Members to the Commons House of Par-
liament; but this right of election varies extremely
among the diffe-ent Boroughs. In some cases, the
Elective Franchise belongs to the resident Freemen
only;—in others, to the Freemen wherever they may
reside. ‘‘ In some places the choice of two members
18 committed Lo as many inhabitants as every house
€an contain ;—in others, to the pussession of a spot
of ground where neither houses nor inhabitants have
been seen for years.”

In many of the ‘ncorporated Boroughs (for all have
Notcharters of incorporation) the Mayor and a fow
of the Burgesses chuse the Representatives; and,
this being supposed to be a corruption from ancient
ugage, such are called Rorren Boroveus; and
those who wish to procure a general suffrage of the
Freeman are the advocates of BorouGH-REFORM.
Ceriain Boroughs wholly the property of great land-
holders, called, therefore, BoRoUGH-PROPRIETORS,
and are transferable in the market like other goods
and chattels. Jn some cases, where the Electors are
féw, or where the influence or p.tronage is almost
equally divided, bribery has been exerted, tv settle
the doubts of the wavering concerning the compa-
rative merits of the Candidates :—but this is notau-
thorized by the law of the Jand. Boroughs, where
an independent candidate, without influence, has no
chance of success, are calied CLosE Korougas ; the
few that are otherwise are Open BorouGus. He
who buysor sells the Patronage ofa Borough is a
BorouGu-MonGeER. Burrow is an old orthography.
Burgh and Borough are written indiscriminitely.
The freemen of an incorporated Borough are called
BurGEssEs, or BURGHERS; a name occasionally
given to their Representatives in Parliament, al-
though these need not now be Burgesses of the
town which they represent.

“Ihe Burgesses of a City are CitizENs, (of which
Cir 1s a contemptuous contraction,) and the latter
term, agreeably to its Roman origin, is often used to
denote the freemen of a state in general. , The rights
of a Citizen constitute his Cir1zEnsaiP, formerly
BurGHERSHIP; and a FELLOW-cIrizEN may be either
a TowNsMAN, or a freeman of the same nation,
C1TIZENESS, for a female Citizen, is in the vocabu-
Jary of the ultra-republicans. Crivism, denoting
faithfulness to the Commonwealth, and Incrvis, its

opposite, are words that were created by the French ‘

Revolution.

In a general sense, the adjective Crviu is applied
to every thing which regards the community as Citi-
zens; and hence the expressions, ‘Civil govern-
ment,’ ‘ Civil rights,’ &c. as distinct from what be-
longs to particular divisions of policy, such as Mili-
tary government, Maritime rights, &c. In the same
manner, we speak of ‘ Civil War) meaning the in-
testine war amongthe Citizens, in opposition to the
quarrels between separate nations. The Civu,
LAw is the collected Institutes of the Laws which
governed the Roman Cives, or Citizens; and this
Code (not that of the Republic, but a Digest, collected
about 1300 years ago by the Emperor Justinian) is
still studied, by the Lawyers of the present day,
and referred to asthe foundation of the Common
Law of thiscountry. The numerous Commentators
vn the Roman Laws are CiviLiAns.

Nothing can be more clear and illustra-
tive of thirty-five important words ; and in
this manner Mr. B. most ingeniously and
ably proceeds through the entire vocabu-
lary of our language. It isa living and
not a dead dictionary, and possesses all
the advantages of animated over dead
matter. It is to be completed in twelve
parts, and we trust the author will be en-
couraged to finish it with all suitable
Yapidity.

Literary and Critical Proémium.

[Aug. f,
Among the recent offerings of the muses,
there is not a more affecting and pleasing
collection of occasional effusions than those
contained in a small octavo volume of
poems, published under the title of Poetical
Sketches, by Mr, ALaric A. WatTTs.
When the author tells usin his advertise-
ment, that lic has been induced to print
the present edition of the efforts of his
fancy, by the flattering reception with
which a more limited edition was formerly
favoured by the partiality of his friends ;
we are fnlly disposed to accord him onr
entire credit. In perusing them, we have,
we confess, contracted feelings of the same
partial nature; aud, considering that many
of the pieces were written al tlre immature
age of sixteen, are disposed to think that
nature has endowed Mr, Watts with no
small degree of poetical fancy, nor any
trivial powers of versification. Among
the articles (which are nearly sixty in
number) we have met with many tempta-
lions to transcribe, and have again and
again regretted that our limits were so
confined as to forbid the indulgence of our
wishes. ‘The following specimen we ex-
tract, not as one of the very best pieces in
the collection, bnt rather because we are |
encouraged to do so by its brevity :—
Sacred Melody.
There isa thought can lift the soul,
Above the dull cold sphere that bounds it,—
A star that sheds its mild controul
Brightest when grief’s dark cloud surroundsit,

And pours a so/t pervading ray,
Life’s ills may never chase away!

When earthly joys have left the breast,
And e’en the last fond hope it cherish’d
Of mortal bliss—too like the rest—
Beneath woe’s withering touch hath perish’d,
With fadeless lustre streams that light,
A halo on the brow of night!

And bitter were our sojourn here
In this dark wilderness of sorrow,
Did not that rainbow beam appear,
The herald of a brighter morraw,

A gracious beacon from on high

To guide us to Eternity!
Though this is far from being one of the
brightest gems in this little volume, it is
sufficiently excellent to sanction our say-
ing, that it is characterized by much reat
beauty, and that if the poem addressed to
Octavia, in page 43, was for some time
ascribed by the critics to the pen of
Lord Byron, as we are told in note 5,
the mistake was perfectly venial. This
error recurred last year, when these pieces
were printed only for private circulation.
Our readers will recollect, that we did
justice to the articles then brought for-
ward; and of course will conclude that we
should not have noticed the collection
again, had we not found it considerably
extended ; that since that time, many a
fragrant flower had sprung up in the same
bright parterre, and that the augmented
beauty of the scene claimed our renewed
attention, .

The account of the Excursion through the
United States and Canada, by ‘‘ an English

Gentleman,’

¥8 24.) °
Gentleman,” is a publication from which
those who take as much interest in North
America and its affairs, as most English-
men cannot but think they merit, will de-
rive considerable satisfaction and enter-
tainment. “ After travelling through al-
most the whole of Great Britain and
Freland, as well as through a considerable
part of Holland, France, Switzerland, and
Italy,” says the author on the opening of
his first chapter, “‘I determined to cross
the Atlantic, and visit the United States,
a country which [ was particularly anxious
of being personally acquainted with, as
the descriptions I had read of it seemed to
abound in contradictions.” ‘This heing
premised, the reader is informed, that to-
wards the end of the summer of 1822, the
author ‘* set out from Gravesend, on-board
a fine American ship of 350 tons;” ‘and,
after being presented with some remarks
6n the nature and incidents of the voyage,
is carried to New York, where at that
time the yellow fever prevailed. The
consequent sombre and deserted state of
that city being described, Philadelphia is
visited, whence we successively proceed
fo Baltimore, Washington, Lexington,
Birkbeck’s Settlement, Cat’s Ferry, Long
¥sland, Hudson River, the St. Lawrence,
and Boston, the particularsof which places,
in the various views taken of them, are
highly interesting, and, displayed as they
here are, offer a clear and luminous picture
of men and things, as they exist in the
United States. The government, as de-
lineated in the fourth chapter; the Jaws, as
explained in the fifth; the domestic slavery,
as set forth in the eleventh; the missionaries,
as depicted in the twelfth; the atcount of
the backwoodsmen, as given in the four-
teenth; the state of the navy, as presented
in the eighteenth; of commerce, as treated
in the nineteenth ; of the army, as exhibited
in the twenty-first ; of education aad reli-
gion, as considered in the twenty~eventh
and twenty-eighth; and of the American
character, as shown in twenty-nint! and
last, are rendered striking objects of at-
tention, and import much real value to the
octavo volume, in which they are com-
prised. To the manners of the Americans,
objections have been felt by many Eng-
lishmen, as being too coarse and homely;
but we should rather say of them, that
they are simple, and that, therefore, they
please us. ‘Shortly after my arrival at
Washington,” says the author, “as I was
one day coming with a friend from visiting
the public offices, he pointed out to mea
well-dressed gentleman walking by himself.
‘That,’ said he ‘is the ‘President of the
United States.” When this great person-
age met us,.my friend introduced me to
him. I took off my hat, as a mark of
respect; upon which the President did the
same, and shook me by the hand, saying,
he was-glad to see me.” Unbecoming the
Monruny Mac. No. 399.

Literary and Critical Proémium.

57
supreme head of a great people, as this
natuial and unaffected demeanor would,
perhaps, appear to the eyes and under-
standing of the despots and crouching
courtiers of the European continent, to our
comprehension it carries with it an air of
candour and generosity that does honor ‘to
the affability of power, and to the rightful
dignity of the subject. When the writer
of this just and expansive view of the United
States, tells us, that the manly simplicity
of the President impressed him with more
respect than the absurd mummery of En-
ropean potentates ; we fully enter into his
feelings, and sincerely join him in the re-
flection, that Mr. Monroe, placed at the
head of the government of his native
country, by the unanimous suffrage of
eight millions of his fellow-citizens, has
much more to be proud of than the petty
distinetion of birth or fortune; and holds
in that great family of the human race, a
station immeasurably more exalted than
that of a German Princeling. The exten-
sive and liberal views taken by this work,
of the general condition of the country it
examines and describes,—of its politics and
legislation, its external and internal rela-
tions, its principles and habits, its soil and
aspect, its fertility and productions, will be
found to throw every required light on itsim-
portant subject,and to wellrepay its perusal.

A new edition of Horatius de Arte Poetica
in the text of Gesner, and by so sound a
scholar and able a commentator as Mr.
Aylmer, is not an unacceptable offering to
grammar-schools, especially as itis ac-
companied with a copious collection of
notes, original and select, the ordo
verborum, figures of rhetoric, and a Ji-
teral translation; and we are pleased with
the feeling that has dictated to Mr. A. the
propriety of dedicating the work to his
venerable friend and quondam tutor, the
Rev. Dr. Wool!, head-master of Ringley
schoo!. This edition of a production of an
ancient, whom ‘Anthony Blackwall so
justly denominates a scholar and a critic,
a gentleman and a courtier, will, we think,
be found very useful to classical semina-
ries, and to all ‘tyros in the Latin tongue.
Of all'the Roman ‘poets, no one is more
proper for the study of youth; his subjeet-
matter is informing, his reflections are cor-
rect and clear, and his style is easy and
graceful; he quickens the mind of his
readers, without exciting those passions
that are in themselves sufficiently prompt;
he treats of men and things in a way more
calculated to produce wisdom and pru-
dence, than artifice and cunning ; and,
while ‘he opens to our conception the
beauties ‘of the best authors, lays down
the most valuable rules for attaining the
art of good writing. Whether Bishop
Hurd is correct in thinking that Horace
wrote’ his epistle to the Pisos simply asa
criticism of the drama, or Dacier in sup-
I posing

58.

posing he’ intended it for an elegant com-
pendium of poetical and oratorical rules,—
that is, an abridgment of what Aristotle,
Zeno, Democritus, and Neoptolemus, had
written on the same subjects,—which of
these critics is right, is a matter of minor
importance as compared with the ques-
tion, how far the production is valuable
as a didactic poem, and to what degree it
is gratifying as a specimen of the elegance
and the chasteness of the Roman muse.
In the answer to be given to this query,
the learned are so well agreed as to ren-
der their sentiments on the inferior points
searcely worth discussing under any cir-
cumstatices, and, perhaps, not at all so in
the present case. Looking to Mr.
Aylmer’s object in this publication, we
have allowed. our attention to be chiefly
attracted ‘by its, typographical accuracy,
the searching and seusible commentaries
collected from Hurd, and the intelligent
substance of the notes, which are from
various authors, and so numerous, as
well as judiciously selected, that they
manifest the industry of the ingenious com-
piler, and his anxiety to render this edition
of Horace’s Art of Poelry, as serviceable
as possible to the rising race of scholars.

We have received considerable pleasure
from the inspection of a pamphlet that has
Jately appeared, entitled, The Political
Pentateuch, written by Mr. Jonn. Frrz-
WILLIAM. The form in which the author
conveys bis sentiments is that of dialogue;
and hisinterlocutors are, Principius, Ma-
gistratus, Lyvgislatorius, Juridicus, and
Armatus., The principles the conyersation
of these personages is framed to support
are of the purest kind, whether politically
or morally considered ; and, for the most
part, the arguments urged are too sound
to be easily answered. Evidently the
offspring of a strong, solid, and reflecting
mind, exercised on a subject, in the in-
vestigation of which it takes a deep and
peculiar interest, and which it is deter-
mined to canvass with candour; but yet,
with all its acumen and just feeling for the
cause of free opinion, and the liberty of
expressing and defending such opinion,
this public appeal is characterized by a
tone and a spirit, with the boldness and
honesty of which we are mucli pleased;
and we cannot doubt, that most readers
will join us in our approbation of Mr,
Fitzwilliam’s work.

Those who have rot seen Mr. BaLp-
win’s Essay on Christianity, have much
‘gratification to expect from its perusal,
‘The object of the publication is to show
‘the true principle and real essence of the
Christian religion, and to expose the anti-
cbristiauity of the practice of prosecution
for the discussion of religious subjects,
and of affixing political disability on those
who differ from us in spiritual matters.
‘The present pamphiet is presented to the

Literary and Critical Proémium.

[Aug.. 1,
public as the first of several essays of the
same general description; and, supposis
that they will all be written with as Rests
ability as that we have just read, they will
form a valuable body of political, moral,
and metaphysical, doctrine. Viewing reli-
gion, not only as a bond between God and
mau, but between man and man, Mr.
Baldwin draws from well-founded posi-
tions, the conclusion, that religionists are
never more at variance with their own
professions than when they take up arms
against, and pursue to injury, ruin, and
eyen death, those who are criminal only
because they entertain sentiments differ-
ent from those of their persecutors.
On the cruelty and injustice of such a
policy, the author expatiates with a depth
of judgment, a penetration, and.an acu-
men, that denotes his mastership on the
subject, and goes far to prove, that, in a
free country, every man is entitled to dis-
cuss religious, as well as political, points ;
and, that the surest evidence a liberal go-
vernmient can give of its respect for reli-
gion, and its loyalty to the constitution
under which it acts, or ought to act, is to
give freedom to investigation, and encou-
ragement to the display of truth.

It is because we think, with Mr. John
Fearn, that, in the present state of public
opinion, a very few persons will (unurged)
read an elementary work on the human
mind, that we make a point of calling the
attention of our readers to the volume that
gentleman has lately produced, under the
title of Anti-Tooke ; or an Analysis of the
Principles and Structure of Language.
We agree with this ingenious writer, that,
to the intellectual pretensions of our spe-
cies, nothing can be more mortifying,
than that we should be doomed to signify
our thoughts in a jargon of utterance,
with regard to the true logical import.of
which we are profoundly ignorant. Im-
pressed with this feeling, Mr. F. in three
chapters, each of which is divided into
sections and sub-sections, has gone pretty
deeply into the subject of philosophical
grammar; and, though he opposes some
of the principles and opinions of Mr.
Horne Tooke, he avows his high respect
for the labours of that profound etymolo-
gist; and, speaking of his ‘ justly-cele-
brated grammatical speculations,” asserts,
that “after every due deduction, they
niust continue to mark a splendid epoch in
the History of Language.” _ Insisting,
however, that the researches of that deep
enquirer have been followed by other yery
elaborate and important contributions to
the public stock, from the stores of ety-
mology, and that the farther harvest
which this field is capable of yielding ap-
pears to be inexhaustible, he enters upon
the consideration of the nature of signs,
and gives an analysis of the generic struc-
ture of the category of relation, as forming
the

1824.]

the foundation of language. This occupies
his first chapter ; the snbject-matter of the
Second treats of verbs; and the third
concerns minor verbs, by grammarians
called prepositions. The analyzation of
language, and its principles and structure,
is pursued with a steady and penetrating
eye ; and distinctions are made, and dis-
criminations suggested, the accuracy of
which must strike the most careless
feader, while their acuteness extorts the
admiration of every one qualified to
judge on the subject. But, nevertheless,
amid a considerable mass of intelligent
and useful observation, there is, we must
in candour confess, no little degree of
hair-splitting, no small number of varia-
tions without differences, no few in-
Stances that might be addnced to prove,
that even in grammar, which we would
call one of the exact sciences, it is possi-
ble to look too close, to be more nice than
wise, to bewilder the undersianding with
what dranglitsmen call occult lines, and
to draw untenable conclusions from illegi-
timate premises. But these latter reflec-
tions are uot made to deter our readers
from perusing Mr. Fearn’s publication,
brt rather to invite them to the task,—a
task, from tlie performance of which they
will not derive less pleasure than profit.
The Tour in Germany, and some of the
Southern Provinces of the Austrian Empire,
in the Years 1820, 1821, 1822, which has
lately issued from the press, is a work
calculated to inform and entertain, ina
high degrée, ali who are curious to under-
stand the internal state and condition of
those parts of the continent. Whether
they desire to know the literary or the
political situation of the countries to
which these volumes invite their atten-
tion, they will find ample matter of infor-
mation, and such reflections on the aspect
of their affairs, as will not fail to instruct
and gratify their laudable curiosity. The
intelligence respecting the state of the
German universities, and the habits and
manners of the Burschen, or college
youths, is of a nature both to entertain
andsurprize. In fact, so little are these gen-
tlemen under the rule of their respective
professors; and so much are they, in point
of their general conduct, left to their own
discretion, that they may be said to be
governed by themselves, and to have no
guides or conductors except their own
inclinations, In their practices they are,
by consequence, any thing but what the
sons of the respectable orders of society,
engaged in a course of academical studies,
ought to be; and, in their manners, they
are almost as louse and as vulgar as the
youth of the lower orders, The descrip-
tion of these students, their societies, their
clanships, their eternal quarrels and jea-
lousies, and their reailiness for a general
unibn against any objectors to their pro-

Literary and Critical Proémium.

59
ceedings, not excepting the government
itself, constitnfes a considerable portion
of this work ; but, nevertheless, it presents
to our notice a variety of other matters,
carries its readers through all the princi-
pal parts of Germany; and, whether in
politics ‘or literature, commerce or the
arts, leaves few things untouched upon
that are of sufficient importance to claim
their attention. Ina word, no one, we
are confident, will peruse the “ Tour in
Germany,” and not lay down the volumes
with feelings of obligation towards the in-
genious and assiduous author, for the infor-
mation and amusement he has derived
from materials which have been turned to
so pleasing and useful an account.

Mr, Francis HoweEt, by his transla-
tion of Theophrastus, has, in our opinion,
conferred an obligation on the public, es-
pecially that part of it attached to the
pleasure produced by the dramatic art, as
exercised by tlie philosophic enquirer into,
and exhibitor of, character as it displays
itself in temper and principle, rather than
in action and enterprise. Viewed in this
light, the characteristic descriptions left us
by the successor of Aristotle, may be
regarded as precious relics of antiquity.
They are family pieces,—portraitures, we
mean, of the great family of man, and can-
not be viewed without convincing us of
the stability of human nature. To survey
them, is to discover that what the human
race is now, it was in the time of the philo-
sopher Mr. H. so faithfully and so accepta=
bly presenis to us. Though the public
has been accommodated with many ver-
sions of Theophrastus, this is as positively
the best as it is the last. Germany, Italy,
and France, have had opportunities of
reading him in their own respective lan-
guages; but even the elegant and erudite
Bruyere has not done that justice to the
original text which we find in Mr. Howel’s
translation. If his learning was too pro-
found to permit his mistaking the Grecian,
his fancy was too vivacious not to tempt
him to occasionally indulge it at the ex-
pense of his anthor; and to read his
Theophrastus is, in some instances, to read
the preceptor to the Duke of Burgundy.
Without going any farther into the merits
and value of the production here angli-
cised, we may insist upon the service ren-
dered to all English readers by the elegant
and faithful style in which Mr. H. has ac-
quitted himself in his eligible task, espe-
cially by the clearness and perspicuily |
he has given to some passages, by the
abruptness and obscurity of which most of
the former translators have been posed.
Though Mr. Howel affects to attach little
importance to the graphic illustrations, we ,
consider them as highly valuable in the.
places they hold. As _plysiognomical
symbols, they not only ornament the
book, but elucidate the subject, and ad-
vantageously

60

yantageously supply the place of verbal
commentaries ; which, in the space of whole
pages, would not convey that intelligence
which a few strokes of the engraver carry
home to the dullest intellects and feelings.

—=
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
ANTIQUITIES.

The Monumental Remains of Noble
and Eminent Persons; comprising the
Sepulchral Antiquities of Great Britain,
and containing the only existing Relics of
Illustrious Personages who flourished in
the early History of our Country prior
to the general introduction of Portrait
Painting ; by Edward Blore, F.s.4. 8vo.
12s. 6d. each part.

ARCHITECTURE.

An Account of the Bell Rock Light-
House; with a circumstantial Detail of the
Operations carried on during the Progress
of its Erection, &c.; by Robert Stevenson,
F.R.S.E. Civil engineer. Royal 4to. with
Frontispiece by J. M. Turner. | 51. 5s.

BIOGRAPHY.

Some Account of the Life of Richard
Wilson, esq. R.A. with Testimonies to his
Genius and Memory, and Remarks on his
Landscapes. Collected and arranged by
J. Wriglit, esq. 4to. 11. 7s. boards.

CLASSICs.

The Odes of Anacreon of Teos ; trans-
lated into English Verse, by W. Richard-
son, esq. with Notes. 8vo. 6s. 6d. boards.

Smith’s Translation of the Anabasis of
Xenophon, accompanied with copious
Critical and Historical Illustrations, and
in a neatly printed column in juxta posi-
tion, Hutchinson’s Greek Text, with
Zeune’s Criticisms. 2 vols, 8vo. 11. 15.

DRAMA,

The Parricide, a Tragedy, in Five Acts;
by Robert Allen, a.m. 8vo.

The Czar, an Historical Tragedy; by
Joseph Cradock, esq. M.A. F.S.A. 8vo.

No. IV. of the Old English Drama;
containing Heywood’s Rape of Lucrece, a
Tragedy. 8vo. 2s, 6d.

Charles the Second, or the Merry Mo-
narch. A Comedy in Three Acts; by
John Howard Payne. 8vo. 5s. sewed.

EDUCATION,

Lessons, intended for introduction into
Schools and Cottages; consisting of De-
scriptive Hymns, selected from “ A Ma-
nual of Sacred Poetry, for the Use of
Public and Private Charities.” On sheets
of open fscap. in the style of the Lancaste-
rian Lessons, each page being ornamented
by a descriptive print. 1s. 6d.

The Paidophilean System of Education
applied to the French Language; by J.
Black. 2 vols, 12mo. 6s, 6d. boards,

The English Master; or Student’s Guide
to Reasoning and Composition : exhibiting
an Analytical View of the English Lan-
guage, of the Human Mind, and of the

List of New Publications in July,

Aug. 1,
Principles of Fine Writing; by William
Banks. 8vo. 10s, 6d. boards.

Advice to young Mothers on the Phy-
sical Education of Children; by a Grand-
mother. 12mo. 7s. 6d. boards.

A Grammar of Drawing; by Dinah
Ball ; containing a few plain, but well au-
thorized, Rules for drawing Heads and
Landscapes in Water-colours, 4io. 7s-

FINE Ants,

Biitish Galleries of Painting and Sculp-
ture; comprising a General, Historical,
and Critical, Catalogue, with separate
Notices of every Work of Fine Art in
the principal Collections ; by C. M. West-
macott, illustrated with engraved portraits
and interior views. 8vo.

: GEOGRAPHY.

The South Sea Islands: being a Descrip-
tion of the Manners, Customs, &c. of their
Inhabitants; and containing, among the
Others, an interesting Account of the
Sandwich Islands. 2 vols. 18mo. with
26 coloured engravings. 12s.

HISTORY.

Memoirs of the Court of Henry the
Great. 2 vols, 8vo. 11. 4s, boards.

Memoirs of Jeanne D’Arc, surnamed
La Pucelle D’Orleans, with the History of
her Times. 2 vols. 8vo. with a portrait
and other plates, I. 16s.

Venice under the Yoke of France and
of Austria; with Memoirs of the Courts,
Governments, and People, of Italy; pre-
senting a faithful picture of her present
condition, and including original Anec-
dotes of the Bonaparte Family; by a Lady
of Rank. 2 vol. 8vo. il, 1s. boards.

The Stream of History brought down to
the Year 1824, shewing the Rise and Fall
of Empires, and the Progress of the Arts,
Sciences, and Literature, of every Nation
in the World, from the Earliest Ages to
the Present Time. 11. 16s. coloured, and
mounted on rollers.

LAW.

North’s Discourse on the Laws of Eng-
land, with Notes, Life, and Portrait.
Small 8vo. 6s. 6d.

A Report of the Trial in the Court of
King’s Bench, “The King v. the Vice-
Chancellor of Cambridge,” with the Pro-
ceedings in the University, in opposition
to the Right of nominating to the Profes-
sorship of Mineralugy, claimed by Heads of
Colleges; by Henry Gunning, esq. M.A.
6vo. 5s. sewed.

MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

A Treatise on the Nature and Symptoms
of Cataract, and the Cure of that Disease
in its early Stages, by a Mode of Practice
calculated to prevent the Occurrence of
Blindness, and to render unnecessary the
common Operations of Couching and Ex-
traction: illustrated by Cases; by John
Stevenson, esq. 8vo. 8s. boards.

Lectures on the General Structure of
the

1824.]

the Human Body, and on the Anatomy
and Functions of the Skin; by Thomas
Chevalier, F.R.s. &c. 8vo. 12s. boards.

A Treatise on Mental Derangement;
by Francis Willis, m.p. 8vo. 7s. 6d. bds.

Part I. of Principles of Medical Science
and Practice; by Hardwicke Shute, M.D.
8vo. 18s. boards.

, MISCELLANIES.

No. 19 of the Retrospective Review. 5s.

Part XX. which completes Vol. IV. of
the Encyclopedia Edinensis; or Diction-
ary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous
Literature. 8s.

The Beauties of Modern Literature, in
verse and prose: to which is prefixed, a
Preliminary View of the Literature of the
Age; by M. M‘Dermot. 8vo. 14s.

_ No. LXXIX. of the Edinburgh Review,

or Critical Journal. 8vo. 6s. ’
No. III. of the Monthly Critical
Gazette. 9s.

The Modern Receipt Book, or Arcana
of the Arts; containing nearly eight hun-
dred valuable receipts ; written, selected,
and arranged, by James Cochrane. 4s.

The Works of Jonathan Swift, p.D.
Dean of St. Patrick’s, Dublin; containing
additional Letters, Tracts, and Poems, not
hitherto published: with Notes, and a
Life of the Author; by Sir Walter Scott,
bart. 19 vol. 8vo. 8l. 11s. boards.

Parts I. to XI. of Bibliotheca Britan-
nica; or a General Index to the Literature
of Great Britain and Ireland, Ancient
and Modern, &c.; by Robert Watt, M.D.
1}. 1s. each part. _

Tables for finding the Contents of any
Piece of Land, from Dimensions taken in
Chains and Links, &c.; by John Tovey.
12mo. 5s. 6d. boards.

Economical Cookery for Young House-
keepers, or the Art of providing good
and palatable Dishes for a Family without
Extravagance; by a Lady. 2s. sewed.

NATURAL HISTORY.

The Butterfly Collector's Vade-Mecum,
or a Synoptical Table of English Butter-
flies ; dedicated to the Rev. William Kirby,
A.M. F.R.S. &c. 8vo. with coloured
plates. 5s. boards.

Part II. of the Animal Kingdom, de-
scribed and arranged in conformity with
its Organization; by the Baron Cuvier,
4to. with plates on India paper, il. 4s.
Royal 8vo. with coloured plates, il. 4s. or
plain, 18s, demy 8vo. 19s.

NOVELS AND ROMANCES.

Tales from Afar; by a Clergyman.
Fscap. 8vo. 4s. 6d. boards.

Letters between Amelia, in London,
and her Mother in the Country ; written by
the late William Combe, esq. 18mo. 5s.

Grandeur and Meamness, or Domestic
oe epee by Mary Charlton, 3 vol.
1. 1s.

Preference, by Selina Davenport. 2
vols, 19s,

2

List of New Publications in July.

61

Man, or Anecdotes National and Indi-
vidual; an historical melange; by Mary
Ann Hedge. 12mo. 4s. 6d.

How to be Rid of a Wife, and the Lilly
of Annandale; by Miss Spence. 2 vols,
i2gmo,. 12s.

PHILOLOGY.

A Glossary, or Collection of Words,
Phrases, Names, and Allusions to Customs,
Proverbs, &c. which have been thought to
require Illustration in the Works of Eng-
lish Authors, particularly Shakspeare ; by
Robert Nares, A.M. F.R.S. &c, 4to.
21. 15s. boards.

PHYSICS.

An Elementary Treatise on Optics; by
the Rev. Henry Coddington, m.a. 8vo. 8s.

Wirgmau’s Principles of the Kantesian
or Transcendental Philosophy, with a
Map of the human Mind according to
Kant, in English and French. 8vo. 6s.

Wirgman’s entirely New, Complete,
and Permanent, Science of Philosophy,
founded on Kant’s Critic of Pure Reason.
4to. 10s.

No. XXI. of the Edinburgh Philosophi-
cal Journal, conducted by Robt. Jameson.
7s. 6d.

POETRY.

Lenella, a Poetical Tale, and Miscel-
laneous Poems; by Richard Mathews.
12mo, 33. 6d. boards.

The Improvisatrice, and other Poems;
by L. E. L. Fscap. 8vo. with plates,
10s. 6d. boards.

The Cross and the Crescent, an Heroic
Metrical Romance; by the Rev. J.
Beresford.

The Death of Uriah, a Poem; by Ken-
neth Bruce. 8vo.

The Village Grammar School, and other
Poems, by Thomas Maude, esq.

Rhymes withont Reason, with Reason
for Rhyming. 4to. ;

Poetic Vigils ; by Bernard Barton. 8vo.

The Poetical Note-Book, and Epigram-
matic Museum; containing upwards of
One Thousand Choice Epigrams, Fanci-
ful Inscriptions, and Poetical Morceaux.
Selected from the most approved sources ;
by G. Wentworth, esq. 7s.

POLITICS AND POLITICAL ECONOMY.

State of Colombia, or Reports of the
Secretaries of State of the Republic of
Colombia, presented to the First Consti-
tutional Congress in the Year 1823. Tyans-
lated from the Original Documents. 8vo.

An Inquiry into the Principles of the
Distribution of Wealth most conducive to
Human Happiness, applied to the newly
proposed System of voluntary Equality of
Wealth; by W. Thompson. 8vo. 14s,

Is the System of Slavery sanctioned or
condemned by Scripture? with two
Essays upon the State of the Canaanite
and Philistine Bondsmen under the Jew-
ish Theocracy. 8vo. 3s.

A further Enquiry inte the biagent

ate

62

State of our National Debt, and into the

Means and Prospect of its Redeniption;

by Francis Corbaux, esq. 4to. 12s. bds;
THEOLOGY.

Five Sermons on the Errors of the
Roman Catholic Church, preached in St.
Peter’s Church, Dublin; by the Rev.
Robert Maturin. 8vo. 5s.

Early Piety exemplified in a brief Me-
moir of Miss Mary Ann Mabbs, of Mount-
nessing, near Billericay, Essex, with Ex-
tracts from her Devotional Papers ; by the
Rev. J. Thornton. 18mo. 4s.

Massillon’s Thoughts on different Moral
and Religious Subjects; extracted from
his works, and arranged under distinct
heads; translated: from the French, by
Rutton Morris, English minister at St.
Pierre and Calais. 12mo. 5s. boards.

The Holy Life of Mrs. Elizabeth
Walker, giving a modest and short Account
of her exemplary Piety and Charity; by
Anthony Walker, D.p. rector of Fyfield,
Essex. First published 1690; abridged
and revised by the Rev. J. W. Brooks,
domestic chaplain to Lord Galway.
12mo. 3s. 6d.

The Private Memoirs and Confessions
of a Self-Justified Sinner ; written by Him-

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

[Aug. 1,

self, and found in his Grave 112 Years
after his Death. With a short detail of
Historical Facts, by -thie Editor.
10s. 6d. boards, ;

The Christian armed against Infidelity,
for the Defence of all Denominations of
Believers. 12mo. 5s. boards.

Ingenuous Scruples, chiefly relating to
the Observance of tlie Sabbath, answered
in Eight Letters, forming a supposed
Series from a Father to his Daughter; by
Alicia Catherine Mant. Post 8vo. 5s,

TOPOGRAPHY,

Tours to the British Mountains, with
the descriptive Poems of Lowther and
Emont Vale; by Thomas Wilkinson, of
Yanwath, Westmoreland. 8vo. 8s. 6d.

A Tour in Germany and some of the
Southern Provinces of the Austrian Em-
pire in 1820-21 and 22. 2 vols. small
8vo. 16s. boards,

Historical and Descriptive View of the
City of Durham and its Environs, 12mo. 4s.
VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.

Journal of a Tour in Asia Minor, with
Comparative Remarks on the Ancient
and Modern Geography of that Country ;
by William Martin Leake, F.r.s. &c.
with a map. 8vo. 18s.

12mo.

VARIETIES, LITERARY AND MISCELLANEOUS;
Including Notices of Works in Hand, Domestic and Foreign.

—

_ MAGNIFICENT Plan has been
announced within the month, un-

der high patronage, to raise a conti-
nuous quay, or promenade-road, from
Whitehall to New London Bridge.
We long since announced in this mis-
cellany such a plan for the Surrey side
of the Thames, where the ground is
less occupied ; but, in the present case,
it is proposed to encroach on the river,
and thereby get rid of the muddy and
offensive shores. Of the value and
importance of the improvement there
can be no question, and we should hope
that no interest will be successfully
opposed to its speedy execution. The
centre of the town requires improve-
ment, to prevent the town itself from
spreading over two counties. The
expense is rated under 600,000/. but it
will be worth a million, and will sur-
prisingly improve all the short streets
which now extend to the water-side;
besides facilitating communications,
and increasing the health of the metro-
polis. We heartily wish it may be
accompanied by the removal of the
obstructions extending from South-
ampton street to Exeter Change, also
of Holywell-street in the.Strand, and
of Middle-row in Holborn. The re-

moval of Fleet-market is determined
on, and it will be speedily followed by
the opening of a grand thoroughfare
from the North-road to Blackfriars.
Let us hope that this plan will also be
accompanied by the removal of Smith-
field-market to Islington, and the
erection of a noble square on its scite.
With these improvements, and those
already made and making at the west
end of the town, London will be as
magnificent as vast, and be in every
respect the metropolis of the civilized
world. =

Letters on the Character and Poe-
tical Genius of Lord Byron, by Sir
E. BrypeGes, bart. are just ready.

We have more than once alluded
with pleasure to the great increase of
literature for the people. Certain
Tory politicians vilified the two-penny
trash, till they have rendered it uni-
versal. Knowledge of all kinds may
now be bought by the two-penny
worth, in some of the numerous works.
which every week meet the wishes of
two-penny purchasers. The effect
must be important, and tend to rescue
us from all the crafts by which mankind
have‘ hitherto beem abused and en-
slaved. The employment which thes¢

works

1824.J) ;
works have conferred on printers and
engrayers on wood is prodigious, and
the encouragement which they receive,
leads every week to new.adventurers.
For our parts, we rejoice in their suc-
cess, and we hope to see them extend-
ed in their objects, and permanent in
their circulation. They can do no
harm, while they cannot fail to do
much good. They are consequences
of the universal education of the peo-
ple on the Lancasterian and Interro-
gative Systems.

Early in Jaly will be published,
Bibliotheca Biblica, or a Select List
of Books on Sacred Literaiure, with
Notices biographical, critical, and bib-
liographical, intended as a guide to
the most useful writers, on biblical
subjects; by W. Orme, author of * the
Life of John Owen, pD.D.”

Sermons and Charges by T. F. Mid-
dleton, p.p. Lord Bishop of Calcutta,
with Memoirs of his Life; by H. K.
Bonney, p.p. Archdeacon of Bedford,
are in the press.

Dr. JOHNSON is preparing a.second

edition, with illustrative cases, of Dr.
Coindet’s Observations on the remark-
able Effects of Iodine in Bronchocele
and Scrofula.
_ Mr. J. W. Brayvey is preparing a
copious work of Londiniana, or
Anecdotes of the Streets, Buildings,
and remarkable Scites, in and near
London, historical, antiquarian, and
biographical. It will extend to five
elegant small volumes, and be illus-
trated by an immense number of
engravings.

The nineteenth anniversary meeting
has: been held of that most excellent
Institution, the British and Foreign
Schoo! Society ; the Duke of Sussex in
the chair. The intelligence contained
in the Report was in general very en-
couraging. Several Auxiliary Socie-
ties have been formed during the past
year.. The Central Schools in the
Borough-road are in a very prospe-
rous state, and have supplied educa-
tion, since their first establishment, to
22,680 children. A public examina-
tion, which took place on the 2d of
April, was highly satisfactory. ‘Twenty-
two persons have learned the system
since the last annual meeting, and
fifteen schools have been supplied with
masters. The Scripture lessons are
about to be published in the modern
Greek language. In Ireland, Scriptural
education is advancing with gigantic

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

63

strides ; upwards of 1100 schools are
connected with the Society for pro-
moting the Education of the Poor in
Ireland, and they contain 79,287
scholars. From France and Spain the
accounts are unfavourable. In the
Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Rus-
sia, Malta, and the Ionian Islands, the
British System is rapidly proceeding,
It is in contemplation to send a master
shortly to Greece. Successful efforts
have been made to communicate the
blessings of education to the colonial
possessions of this country, particu-
larly the Isle. of France, the Cape of
Good Hope, Nova Scotia, and Canada.
The British System is also extensively
spreading in the United States of
North America. In the South Ame-
rican proyinces it is patronised and
supported by the existing governments,
and numerous schools have been esta-
blished in Buenos Ayres, Columbia,
Chili, and Peru, in which the Scripture
lessons of this Society areused. Thirty
years have not yet elapsed since the
system of mutual instruction was first
promulgated by JoszenH Lancaster,
and within this period it is supposed
that several millions of children have
received the benefits of a scriptural
education.

Dr. BusBy, whose connexion with
the musical world has been of fifty
years’ standing, will speedily publish
three volumes of original or scarce
and curious Anecdotes of Music and
Musicians, English and Foreign, and
of all ages as well as his own. It will
be embellished with portraits and other:
engravings, and of course be a great
acquisition to our present seanty mu-
sical library.

A comprehensive collection of witty
and humourous compositions, in prose
and yerse, will soon appear, more. ex-
tensive than.any in the language, under
the title of the Laughing Philosopher.

Journal of the Sieges of the Madras
Army in the Years 1817, 18, and 19,
with Observations on the System, ac-
cording to which such operations have
usually been conducted in India, and
a statement of the improvements that
appear necessary; by E. Lake, ensign
of the Hon. East India Company’s
Madras Engineers, with an atlas of
explanatory plates, are nearly ready
for publication. ;

Dr. MitcuHe.w’s Scotsman’s Li-
brary, announced in a former Maga-
zine, will be published next moat

avir.

64

’ Mr. J. P.Woop has nearly ready for
publication, a Life of Law of Lauris-
ton, Projector of the Mississippi
Scheme ; containing a detailed account
of the nature, rise, and progress, of
this extraordinary Joint Stock Com-
pany, with many curious anecdotes of
the rage for speculating in its funds,
and the disastrous consequences of its
failure.

Rothelan, a tale of the English His-
tories, will speedily be published by
the Author of “‘ Ringan Gilhaize,” “the
Spaewife,” &c,

Mr. J. Matcoim, late of the 42d
regt. has nearly ready for publication,

a volume of poems, entitled the Buc-

caneer and other Poems.

Capt. D. Thomson, inventor of the
Longitude Scale, has in the press a
new work, on the Methods of finding
the Longitude at Sea by Lunar Ob-
servations and Chronometers.

Dr. J. R. Jounson intends shortly to
publish, Further Observations on the
Medicinal Leech, including a transla-
tion of the very interesting Memoir
Jately transmitted to him by M. Noble,
physician at Versailles, and a reprint
from the Philosophical Transactions of
“‘ Observations on the Mode of Propa-
gation of the H. vulgaris, or common
rivulet Leech.” The work will be
illustrated by two or three engravings,

one of which will represent the cocoon’

of the medicinal leech (with the en-
closed young), which nearly equals in
size and figure the cocoon of the silk-
worm. This fact will completely set
at rest the long-disputed question, as
to whether the medicinal leech is ovi-
parous or viviparous. The H. vulgaris
Dr. J. has found to produce its young
in a similar manner, that is, the ova
are enveloped in a gelatinous mass,
and are, at the time of their exclusion,
received into a membranous bag or
capsule, or what we may term cocoon,
formed exterior to the body; from
which the parent animal afterwards
withdraws the anterior portion of its
body. Ina period of about six weeks,
the young emerge from the opening
at each extremity of the cocoon, where

there is but little resistance opposed’

to their passage, and which, it would
appear, were left for this purpose, by
the very singular manner in which
these capsules are formed and depo-
sited.
A British United Mines Company is
announced ; the object of which is to
work, in the most advantageous man-

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

{Aug. 1,
ner for the proprietors, the following
mines, all situated in the county of
Cornwall, and the leases or sets of
which have already been contracted
for on very advantageous terms :—

ist. Polberro consolidated, tin mines.

2d. Goonebell, copper and tin mine.

3d. Lambriggan, copper mine.

4th. Glenville, copper and tin mine.

5th. The greatest portion of Lamin,
copper mine.

6th. North Lamin, copper mine.

7th. Treasury, copper mine,

8th, Rinsey, tin and copper mine.

9th. Treworwas, tin and copper mine.

10th. The greatest portion of Unity
lead mine.

ith. North Unity, lead and copper
mine,

12th. Rib, copper mine.

13th.. The greatest portion of Vor Con-
sols, tin mines.

14th, Pool, lead mines.

15th. South Wheal Treasure, copper.
mine.

The Rev. D. Evans, of. Islington,
has on the eve of publication, a small
volume, entitled Richmond and its
Vicinity, with a Glance at Twicken-
ham, Strawberry Hill, and Hampton’
Court.

Mr. MILLs, author of “the History.
of the Crusades,” is engaged on a
History of Chivalry, for next season.

A Practical Guide to English Com-
position, or a comprehensive System
of English Grammar, Criticism, and
Logic ; by the Rey. P. Smiru, a.m. is
nearly ready. i

In a few weeks will be published,
Mathematical Tables, containing im-
proved tables of logarithms of num-
bers, logarithmic sines, tangents, and:
secants, together with a number of
others, useful in practical mathematics,
astronomy, navigation, engineering,
and business; by W. GALBRAITH, A.M. -
lecturer on mathematics, Edinburgh. |

A stereotype edition of Sallust, for
the use of schools, with English notes:
at the foot of the page; by Mr.
Dymock, of Glasgow, will be publish-
ed in a few days.

A Guide to the Lord’s Table, in the’
Catechetical Form; to which are add-
ed, an Address to Applicants for Ad-
mission to it, and some meditations to
assist their devotions, is preparing for
publication; by the Rev. Henry Bet-
FRAGE, D.D.

A Second Series of the Scrap Book,
by J. M‘Diarmip, is nearly ready.

The remaining two volumes of Mr.
WarRNEP’s Illustrations of Novels,
t

1824.J

he Author of “ Waverley,” have been,
we understand, for some time in the
press, and may be expected to appear
in a very few weeks.

M. Pistrucci, an Italian improvi-
sitore, has been exhibiting his won-
derful powers in London during the
past winter, and much attended.

An Institution for the Preparation
and Use of Artificial Mineral Waters
in Great Britain, has been established
by Dr. Struve, of Dresden. The su-
perior efficacy of the long-celebrated
springs of Pyrmont, Selters, Spa,
Carisbad, and many others which exist
in Germany, is too well known to need
comment; and their medicinal virtues
can be procured in any place through
the discoveries of Dr. Struve.

Shortly will be published, the Life
and Administration of Cardinal Wol-
sey, by J. Garr, esq. third edition,
greatly improved.

Dr. Dawson, of Sunderland, is
about to publish, a new System of the
Practice of Physic, together with an
original Nosology, which embraces
Physiology and Morbid Anatomy.

Lhe foltowing authentic particalars
of the ascent of Mr. Graham and
Capt. Beauloy, from Islington, on
Thursday, the 17th of June, are ex-
tracted from the Nation evening paper.
Every ten or twelve days have lately
been marked by ascents of persons
for money, but this account is too
scientific to be lost.

It rose majestically at 5 minutes past 6
o'clock. Bar. 29 in. 8 tenths; ther. 66;
hyg. 17 dry.

_ Nothing conld exceed the grandeur of
the scene witnessed by the gentlemen in
the car. The balloon itself seemed sta-
tionary ; not the slightest motion was per-
ceptible; all other objects appeared to
sink from it; every part of the immense
metropolis, and a considerable portion of
its envirous, were distinctly visible; not
a street, or square, or even house was con-
cealed ; most of the former being crowded
with spectators whose cheers were plainly
heard; and as during the first two or three
minntes objects had not completely lost
the appearance of height, St. Paul’s and
the hills near London were peculiarly in-
teresting.

At ae min. past 6; bar. 7°4, or 2304
feet; ther. 46; hyg. 15 dry, the balloon
was directly above Waterloo-bridge ; when
the beautiful distinctness with which every
ship and even boat on the Thames could
be traced by the eye, was extremely

_ gratifying: but objects having now lost

all distinction of height, the whole country

was perfectly flat, like a military map.
Montury Mag. No, 399.

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

68

At12 min. past 6; bar. 23°5, or 4128
feet; ther. 45,—the aéronauts passed
through some very thin mist, which might
perhaps have been only the smoke from
the metropolis, and were now directly
over Vauxhiall-bridge.

The balloon entered a current of air,
which made it revolve gently to the north;
occasioning a slight sensation of giddiness
and sickness to those in the car; and im-
mediately afterwards became enveloped
in clouds, when the watch was at 16 min.
past 6; bar. 23 in. 3 tenths, or 6240 feet ;
ther. 59; hyg. 20 dry.

Until this moment every thing had been
distinctly visible from the balloon ; trees,
houses, ships, &c. had length and breadth,
but no height: roads seemed like foot-
paths, of an orange colour; fields of corn,
as if ruled with lines of vivid green;
the hedges looked thicker and darker.

On rising above the clonds, which had
not been by any means dark, one vast ex-
panse, like a sea of frozen snow, with
masses of every shape and form ‘rising mto
mountains, extended before the eye to the
horizon. ‘The sun, which shone from @
clear blue sky above, gilding every pinna-
cle and summit in the most beautiful
manner,

This sight was truly magnificent. A
few very thin vapours were still seen far
above our heads; and where the clouds
beneath us were broken, we cauglit des
lightful glimpses of the country.

At 20 min, past 6, bar. 21°6 in. or 7872
feet, we heard the report of a cannon, but
no roll or reverbesation after it. The
balloon now revolved, getting into another
current of air; the aéronauts felt a disa-
greeable sensation of singing in their ears,
which had come on when they were pass
ing through the clouds, and confinued
during the whole voyage ; the application
of cotton was found useless, and therefore
discarded.

At 26 min. past 6, bar. 20°2. or 9216
feet, another ,eport of a gun was lieard.—
The clouds being now far below, rolled
over each other into-every fantastic shape,
with fissures between; and their silvery
points were tinged by the sun into all the
varieties of light and shade. Mr. Graham
recommended his companion to let loose
a pigeon*, which at 31 min. past 6, bar. 19
in. 5 tenths, or 9888 feet; ther. 32; hyg.
25 dry, flew from the car with the greatest
ease and rapidity, making two or three
circles, and then darting through one of
the openings in the clouds towards the
earth.

The balloon had now attained an ele
vation that ‘Mr. Graham judged could

not

* The first pigeon reached White Con-
duit House at nine o'clock the same
evening.

K

66:
not be exceeded without throwing ont
balla-t, which he said “was always at-

tended with the inconvenience of making

the descent and landing more diffienit;
and as it was evident no new scenes could

strike the eye, by rising higher into the’

blue expanse, at 20 min. to 7, bar. 19 in.
2 tenths, or 10,171 feet; ther. 32; hyg.

31 dry, he opened the valve for a moment,
and the balloon began to fall very gently.

’ At this great height—only 384 feet short
of two miles—the report of a gun was
lieard. “To this time tlie metropolis had
always been in view, except when clonds
intervened: and the balloon had not ap-
peared to the voyagers to make miuch pro-
gress except in ascending; but it now
floated rapidiy to the southward, and bemg
quite distended by the rays of the sun,
some of the gas escaped through the
safety valve.

At 18 min. to 7, bar. 19 in. 5 tenths, or
9888 feet; ther. 31, we cauglit/a view of
thie country below ; the Thames seemed
diminished toa small stream, bat reflect-
ing the rays of the sun brijlantly.

" This scene was interesting ; yet much
inferior to the sight of the vast expanse of
silvery clouds,

The descent was so extremely gradual,
from Mr. Graham’s experience and ex-
cellent management, that it was only by
‘constantly throwing out smail pieces of
silver paper, it could be ascertained
whether the balloon was rising or falling.

At 9 min. to 7, bar. 22°3, or 7200 feet ;
ther. 38; hyg. 23 dry, the aéronauts found
they were approaching the clouds; and at
5 min. to 7, bar. 24, or 5568 feet, they
‘began to enter them; the appearance
‘being that of a thick white mist rising up
with great rapidity.

At4 min. to 7 7, bar. 24-5, or 5088 feet,
‘the balloon got into another current of air,
and revolved slowly. The clouds became
much thicker and of a darker colour as
they more completely enveloped the voy-
agers, giving a disagreeable impression of
space without any object to rest the eve
‘on. The voices of the gentlemen now ap-
‘peared much weaker and lower to each
‘other, than when either above or below
‘the clouds; bat unaccompanied by any
Oppression on the chest.

“ “At 7 o'clock, bar. 25 in., height 4608
“feet, the machine emerged from the
; clonds; and, experiencing a tresh current
of air, it again revolved.

At3 min. past 7, bar. 26 in. 5 tenths, or
3618 feet, objects on the earth once more
became distinctly visible; so that even
‘the sheep (appearing like white dots on the
“green pasture) could have been ‘easily
‘counted.

Mr. Graham now let down his grap-
pling-iron with a cord of 160 yards, which
thus became of a very considerable weight,
at the same time giving every necessary

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

[Avg. a
instruction to his ‘companion to ensuire
their safe landing.

At 7 min. past 7, ane 28 in. S tenths; ‘or
1440 feet ; ther. > hyg. 22 dry, ‘the
aéronauts first sned any difference
of height on the face of the country: and,
descended with a rapidity that seemed
the greater, because they had now an op-
portunity of comparing it with surrounding
objects, Several persons were seen ran-
ning towards the balloon, and the grapple
soon after grounded, passed ‘through @
hedge, aud held tight among the bouglis of
an oak, bringing the ‘car almost instantas
neously to the ground with considerable
violence, which shock the gentlemen
avoided by hanging with their hands on
the hoop, and lifting up their legs. The
balloon rose again the height of the cord,
with great elasticity; but the grapple
holding tight, and several men coming to
their assistance, Mr. Graham and his com-
panion, after three more shocks against
the ground, each less violent than the
preceding, stepped out of the car on the
field of Mr. M. Wilkes, in the parish of
Tandridge, one mile from'Godstene, and
twenty-two from London, at eight Enpetes
past seven.

The voyagers experienced the pianist
civility and assistance from the crowd of
individuals who had collected; and the
machine, its car, and all the mathematical
instruments, were soon after placed in a
chaise perfectly uninjured ; another pigeon
being let loose to carry the news of their
safety to London.*

Remarks.—In the calculation of height,
96 feet has been allowed to each tenth of
an inch the quicksilver sunk in the ba-
rometer, which is rather below =) above
the actual elevation. °

Contrary to expectation, the stinbiptitl
became drier as the balloon ascended,
(except at the height of 2504 feet, wheu
it was two degrées damper,) the hygrome-
ter showing it to be 14 degrees drier when
at the greatest elevation than when on the
ground, ‘The compass was of no utility
whatever, as it revolved with the slightest
movement in the car,

A gentleman had given Mr. Graham'a
small inflated bladder of Indian rubber, fo
be thrown ont when at the greatest heiit
above the clouds; in order ‘to observe
whether it would waft from the large ‘bal-
loon altogether, or continue attracted ‘to-
wards it, both rising and falling. Much to
the regret of Mr. Graham and his compa-
nion, this curious experiment was pre-
vented by the bladder getting damaged
before the ascent.

“Yhere is nothing disagreeable or‘ap-
palling

“The second pigeon sent up at the

-time of the descent, reached | ——, the

following morning,

1824] °°
palling in looking at objects from the car,
which are not immediately under it; but
to keep the eye fixed on the erappling-
jvon, or aby thing perpendicular ly below,
for more than a few seconds, turns the
ead giddy.

When at the greatest elevation, a slight
degree of cold was felt; which went off
almost immediately the balloon began to
descend.

_ After the descent, when Mr. Graham's
companion had quitted the car, he had oc-
easion to use his pocket-handkerchief ;
when the sound in his ears was like the
Feport of a pistol; and this he found to be
the case, as often as lie repeated the ex-
periment during that evening.

The gas used to inflate the balloon, was

2! times lighter than common air.

Diameter of valve, 19 inches.

' Balloon 63 feet high, by 574 in diameter.

~ Weight of balloon, ear, and netting was
231lbs.

Do. of ballast, grapple, cord, instru-
ments, &e. 1071bs,

Do. of Mr. Grabam and his companion
294 Ibs.

Speedily will be published, a new
and elegant work, entitled a History
and Description of the Ancient Town
and Borough of Colchester, in Essex ;
illustrated with engravings, executed
in the first manner. It will be pub-
lished in cne volume, of which there
will be editions in royal octavo and
royal duodecimo.

' There are few cities of Great Britain
wherein population has increased more
rapidly than in Glasgow. In 1610
am actual enumeration gave 7,644 in-
dividuals of all ayes and ‘sexes. In
1660 the population had risen to
14,678. "The persecutions of the Stuarts
were inauspicious; and in 1688 Glas-
gow contaitied only 11,948. There
was a moilerate rate of increase till
towards the middle of the eighteenth
century, but it was then considerably
accelerated by the progress of indus-
try. In 1755, 23,546; in 1780, 42,832 ;
in 1801, 83,769; in 1811, 110,460; and
in 1521, 147,043. Paisley, three
leagues from Glasgow, has now 47,0C0
inhabitants. The number of public-
houses, of all descriptions, at Glasgow,
is 1613.

Views in London and its Environs,
comprising the most interesting scenes
in and about. the metropolis. The
drawings will be made expressly for
this work by J. M, W. Turner, esq.
RAs W.Cautcor, R.A. F. Nasa, and
W. Wesvatt, a.n.a. and engraved in
a highly finished line manner by J.C.
ALLEN,

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

é7

The unhealthy situation of Sierra
Leone is a great misfortune to the co-
lony, and not likely to forward its
growth to maturity. This is the idea
commonly entertained, and it certainly
is neither false nor exaggerated. But
there are different situations, and suf-
ficiently multiplied, infinitely better
suited to the necessities and cxistence
of civilized man. Among others, Capt.
J. Apams, who has been lately ex-
ploring, in a mercantile vessel, the
country from Cape Palmas to the
River Congo, points out Malemba and
Cabenda as welladapted to the forma-
tion of European establishments, He
landed at all points of importance, and
penetraied pretty far into the interior,
He visited the people of Fantee,
Widah, Ardra, Dahomi, and a number
of others, known only to Europeans
by name. Those on the coasts that
deal in slaves, he describes as de-
praved, unprincipled, and worthless.
Subject to the most absolute and ca-
pricious tyranny, extreme servility,
treachery, and the most atrocious
cruelly; mark all their actions. In
various tribes no decrease is observ-
able in the horrid depopulation ocea-
sioned by offering human sacrifices to
their fetiches, and the manes of the
dead, Contry, the King of Logos,
like most of his royal African col-
Jeagues, is a receiver of stolen goods,
shares in whatever his servants can
steal, and he who can rob the Euro-
peans with most address will stand the
highest in his favour, Elephants’.
teeth compose his fetiche, that animal
being reputed the strongest and wisest.
One of his political manoeuvres is to
let loose his devil, from time to time,
to range through his capital. . This is
no aérial spirit, but a man armed, with
a masque on, and a license to commit
murder. But as the gongong, or.man
who rings the bell, gives notice of his
nocturnal approach, fatal or very mis-
chievous consequences are generally
avoided. The Europeans in Lagos
are warned to remain in their houses,
for this devil respects none. He never
appears but during a full moon, that
he may not run the risk of treating
the king like one of his subjects, Dogs
of the male. kind, are either banished
from Lagos, or offered as yictims to
the evil spirit. At Grewa, which the
captain visited on quitting Lagos, he
saw in the middle of the market-place
a large. tree, pretty much resembling
the mulberry, except that the branches

were

68
were horizontal. Here was a singular
Spectacle; the branches were covered
with thousands of bats, of the largest
size, suspended by their claws. In
this position they remained all day,
with their heads down, not appearing
to be disturbed by the noise under
them. The captain killed several that
were two feet in length: their heads
were somewhat like that of a horse;
the eyes, teeth, and whiskers, like
those of an enormous rat. An odd
custom prevails at Grewe, and Popo:
women share with the priests in admi-
nistering to the worship of the fetiches.

r. Adams was an eye-witness to the
whole of the ceremonies. In his de-
scriptions, the author gives many
proofs of his diligence and ingenuity.

RUSSIA,

A Russian resident at Pekin during
thirteen years, has compiled a regular
history of China, from the year 2357
B.C. that is, from nine years before
the Mosaic deluge, to the age of our
Charles [. in nine volumes, folio; and
brought it to Russia.

This empire will in future be sup-
plied with wines from vineyards in the
Crimea and Moldavia.

The Russian antarctic expedition,
under the command of Capt. Bellings-
hausen, has added to our knowledge of
the South Polar regions, by the disco-
very of two islands within the antare-
tic circle, the only land hitherto known
to exist so far to the southward. Both
these islands lie in about sixty nine
degrees south latitude; one of them,
named Alexander I.’s Island, in se-
venty-three degrees west jonyitude;
and the other Peter Island, in nineteen
degrees west. Both of them were so
completely enveloped in ice, that no
particular examination of them could
be made. This expedition, consisting
of two ships, the Wostck and the
Mirni, sailed on the 8d of July, 1819.
They touched at Copenhagen io im-
prove their equipment, and at Ports-
mouth to take on-board the astrono-
mical instruments which had been
ordered for them in London; and from
thence proceeded to Teneriffe and Rio
Janeiro, on their way to the southward.
The leading object of the voyage was
to explore the antarctic regions, and
perform a circuit of the southern pole
as near to it as the ice would permit;
and, avoiding the track of Capt. Cook,
to make their highest penctration
where this navigater had kept at a

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

distance from the ice, and, on the
contrary, to retire into a more nor-
therly parallel in the meridians where
the adventurous Cook had made the
most particular examinations. On this
judicious plan, they succeeded in the
discovery of the two islands we have
mentioned; but they could not ap-
proach within thirty miles of them for
the ice, and that only on the west side.
The ice was generally found to lie so
far from the pole, that their highest
latitude was only seventy degrees,
being short of the point reached by
Cook. Within the antarctic circle
they traversed a.distance of near thirty
dezrees of longitude; and, taking the
latitude of sixty degrees, we find that
300 degrees of longitude were traced
in the two voyages by Cook and Bel-
lingshausen within this parallel, leaving:
only sixty degrees of longitude unex~
plored at this elevation.

At Moscow, in pursance of an order
from government, the principal’ Eng-
lish works on the Interrogative System
are to be translated into the Russian
language. In England, this plan has
been extended to almost every species
of elementary instruction, grammar,
geography, history, natural philosophy,
theoiogy, &ce. The only work in
France that can convey an idea of it, is
a little Manual of Elementary Mora-
lity, by M. Cotas, a bookseller; but
its execution is very imperfect.

PRUSSIA,

Thorwaldson, the famous sculptor,
has erecied a splendid monument at
Cracow, in honour of Copernicus, at
the expense of a canon of the Ca-
thedral.

At Berlin a society has been formed
for the benefit of the Jews, underroyal
patronage, inclading a division of it for
women: theirinstraction, amclioration
of condition, and conversion, are the
objects. At Rome certain measures
have been adopted for assembling as
many as will attend in the oratory of
the oly Trinity, with a preacher to
ground them in the doctrines of Chris-
lianity. A society is formed at Leipsig
for similar purposes, acting in concert
with a periodical publication. « At
Mentz, Michac] Benedict, a Jew, has
bequeathed his honse, and 8000 florins,
for the instituiion of a Theological
Schoo}. Butin America the Society
has acquired more than 15,000 aeres
of land, intended for a colony of con-
verted Jews,

FRANCE,

g

1824,]

FRANCE.

The Biographie Nouvelle des Contem-
porains, by Messrs. ARNAULT, Jay,
Jouy, Norwiens, &c. is continued to
the fifteenth volume, or letter PAN.
The fourteenth and fifteenth have just
been delivered in London; and the
fourteenth contains a noble and. ho-
nourable trophy to the greatest man of
any age, whose lustie becomes more
conspicuous as contrasted with the
dingy lighis which, since his tragical
end, have becn presented to the world.
Having treated of this great man ina
former volume, under the word Bona-
PARTE, the editors have resumed his
eventful story at the year 1804, and,
in an article of 240 closely-printed
pages, have developed many circum-
stances new to Europe. What they
have written is the more creditable to
them, because the press of France is
So notoriously enslaved. The treachery
of Clarke at Paris, and of Grouchy at
Waterloo, are made manifest ; and, in
speaking of the last scenes of his ca-
reer, the editors remark, that “‘ the
error which conducted Napoleon on-
board the Bellerophon was, without
coutradiction, the highest and clearest
manifestation of the generosity of a
great character......'The elevation of

apoleon, the rapidity of his fall, and
the duration of his sufferings, over-
whelm the imagination as much as his
credulity in British generosity asto-
nished his contemporaries.” As true
Britons, we weep that we cannot blot
this passage from the book; and we
fament that our children’s children
may yet have to atone to the irritated
feelings of mankind! The Carthagi-
hians thought themselves secure when
they rolied Regulus to death in a cask
spiked with nails; but the act confer-
red such energy on the soldiers of
Scipio, that the triumph of the /ow in
Carthage was soon changed into inter-
minable lamentation. But history
and example, alas! are unavailing
against the ‘pride of power, and the
vulgar passions of the deluded igno-
rant. As a work, filled in other re-
spects with valuable and origiual
information, on every subject which
can interest the age, this Biographie
merits the respect and attention of the
European world.

M. FRanc@ur appears in the Revue
Eneyclopedique, and in Ferussae’s Jour-
nal, as the palliator of the superstitious

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

69

philosophy of gratuitous and nominal
causation. We are sorry that the
errors of the fifteenth century have
found so accommodating a critic, and
wish that he would read beyond the
title-page and table of contents of
works upon which he reports, before
he commits his good sense on the side
of legitimacy in philosophy. Let him
leave all kinds’ of legitimacy to the
uitras, and exercise his own acute
powers in the cause only of that
science which is founded on reason
and nature, not on faith, prescription,
and authority. He telis us that “ the

Four Dialogues” merit to be read for
their spirit, but evades the question of
their truth or falshood.

- In France there is a want of more
frequent enumerations. The Annuary,
proceeding on old data, estimates the
population of Lyons at 100,041, while
those better acquainted with the sub-
ject prove that it stands at not less
than 150,000.

In the classification of insects,
Linneus drew the characters from the
wings, but was unable to trace dis-
tinctive marks for the families and
genera. M. DumeriL, of the French
National Institute, has discovered
very natural characters in the jaws,
and in the number of articulations of
the tarsi of the feet.

ITALY.

M. Monte, the Italian poet, is pre-
paring a new edition of Dante, with
notes and illustrations.

The population of the kingdom of
Naples, which in December 31, 1821,
consisted of 5,256,000 individuals,
amounted in December 31, 1822, to
5,822,889; of which 2,595,872 were
males, and 2,727,017 females.
SWITZERLAND.

MM. Zumstein and VincenrT have
determined, by means of the barome-
ter, that the elevation of the southern
summit of Mount Rosa, which they had
gained for the first time, was 13,920
Paris or 14,83564 English feet above
the level of the sea, they ascertained,
by a trigonometrical measurement
thence made, that the elevation of the
highest summit of the mountain was
1680 Paris feet above it, or 15,600
(16,6264 English) above the level of
the sea. ‘Thus Mount Rosa is in
reality the highest in Europe; the
height of Mont Blanc being only
14,793 Paris, or 15,7084 English, feet.

SPIRIT

, “33 heey SM Ae

[A Ug. hy

SPIRIT OF PHILOSOPHICAL DISCOVERY, AND OF THE
VARIOUS SCIENT IFIC JOURNALS.

—

R. Bryce, of Edinburgh, directs

-as atest of vaccination, that the
other arm be vaccinated from the pus-
tule on the affected arm; and, if the
effect is complete, both pustules will
ripen at the same time.

English Culture of Opium.— Early in
the spring of 1821, Mr. J. W. JEsron,
surgeon,of Henley-on-Thames selected
a quarter of an acre of alight, gravelly,
and poor, soil, near that town, and
divided it into beds four feet and a
half wide, with an intervening path
one foot and a half wide; and, having
selected two pounds of the seed of the
white and the semi-double purple
varieties of the papaver somniferum, he
intimately mixed these seeds with four
ounces of nitre in fine powdcr anda
bushel of ashes; which mixtare was
in February dibbled in by women, five
rows in a bed: soon the seeds vege-
tated well, and, although the worms
destroyed many of the early plants,
such was the superabundance of these,
that, after twice thinning and hoeing,
they stood at a foot distance from
each other, and in June came into full
bloom. On the 18th of July, the
searifying of the poppy-heads, aud col-
lecting of the raw opium by boys,
commenced, and terminated on the
10th of August; on six days two boys
being employed (with several inter-
ruptions from wet days and Sundays,)
and on ten days one boy, who together
collected 102 bottles-full, containing
about two-thirds of an ounce each,
weighing in the whole 153 ounces of
recent opium: the pay of the boys for
ihis service was eight pence per day,
and, a penny on every bottle-falb of
opium collected, by way of encourage-
ment money. In the following year
an unsuccessful attempt was made to
raise, in a similar manner, an acre of
poppy-plants ; but the worms and slugs
so far destroyed the plants on half this
space, that the giound was dug up,
and potatoes planted upon it. The
gathering of opium on the other half
acre commenced, on the 28th of June,
and ended the 18th of July.. The col-
lective results of these two years stand
as follows, viz. by the labour of filty
days of a hoy, 240 bottles of raw opium
was collected, weighing 360. ounces;
and this, when properly dried, pro-
éneed 170 ounces of most excellent

and merchantable opium.
details will be found in the “Transac-
tions of the Society of Arts,” which
lately appeared ; but we can find room
for only one further remark, viz. that
by a close attention to the plants in
the last experiment, Mr. Jeston dis-
covered a variety of the white poppy,
with high crowns and smooth capsules.
(the see eds of which he has selected for
his next sowing,) which grew usually
four to twelve heads, and produced a
much larger quantity of the milky
tears than the other white-ilowered.
plants.

It is determined that the diurnal
observations are contrary on opposite
sides of the magnetic equator,

Dr. THIENEMANN, of Iceland, states
that the Aurora Borealis is silent,
governed by light clouds, and always
in action in those regions, without any,
fixed connection with the earth. ‘The
Juaminous ice of mixed oxygen and
hydrogen may be produced under
water, the flame being globular.

Cuvier lately visited England, to
view the organie remains in the bed of
blue lias at “Ly me, which he regards as
most wonderful..

Muriate of Lime as a Stimulant of
Vegetation.—M., Dubuc, an apothecary
of Rouen, in France, bas discovered,
as the result of a great many experi-
ments, that the solution of onc. part
(by weight) of dry muriate of lime, in
sixty parts of water, marking two
degrees onthe French hydrometer, in
an astonishing manner promotes the
growth of plants, the soil of which is
watered by this saline. solution, The
ground intended to receive the vege-
tables is first watered with the solution,
then the seeds and plants are again se
watered when planted; and, three or
four times afterwards, this is repeated
during their growth, Jf any cheap
and easy mode is known to our
chemical readers, either generally, or
where limestone rocks appear en the
shore of the ocean, or can be suggested,

for preparing this liquid muriate of

lime, they may probably effeet much
good by communicating it through eur
pages. .M. Dubuc’s experiments on
cultivating maize, potatoes, the sun-
flower, and several shrubs and fruit,
trees, are detailed in the “ Annales.
de Chimie.”

The

Farther.

18246] ©;
The first occultation of the. Herschel
planet by the Moon will take place on
the 6th of August. This interesting
plienomenon never yet having oceur-
red since the memorabie discovery of
this planet, in March 1781. This
occultation: will) also have the rare
advantage of occurring within a very
few minutes after the moon has passed
the meridian-of London, and whilstyet
she remains within the field of view of
a transit telescope. The planet will
enter the western or dark limb of the
mneon at about half-way between the
moon’s oulerand-the upper or northern
part of her disc. ;
Vhe gelatine of bones is prepared by
M. Darcer at Paris, by submitting
them for some hours to ebullition to
remove the fat, after which they are
treated with dilate muriatic acid,
which dissolves all the phosphates of
lime and magnesia, ‘and the carbonate
ef lime, and leaves the pnre gelatine,
preserving the forms and almost ithe
sizes of the bones which have been
operated upon in a flexible. state.
These masses of gelatine are then
exposed for a considerable period toa
stream of clear cold water, to remove
any -adhering acid or fat, and to give
the requisite whiteness and .transpa-
rency; which operations are repeated,
if necessary; and at length the gelatine
is dried in open baskets or nets, in an
airy place, and then it is packed in
bags or casks, and may be so kept, in
a dry place, through almost any length
of time. «In order to purify and fit
this “bone-gelatine for food, it is cut in
ieces and soaked in eold water, of
which ‘in five or six hours it absorbs
fifty-eight per cent. of its weight; two
and a half parts of soaked gelatine are
dissolved in a hundred parts of boiling
Water, whereby a jelly is‘obtained for
immediate ‘use, on cooling, without
prolonging the boiling; otherwise, by
continuing the boiling, the jelly is made
thick enough to be cut out into thin
cakes, which, when ‘dried as above
Mentioned, will keep good any length
of time in astore of provisions: the
‘gelatine so prepared being equally
imputrescible as it was originally in
the bones. Glue prepared for joiners’
‘uses from this gelatine is foand one-
half stronger in its adhesive qualities
‘than the best Paris glue, from theskins
‘and sinews of animals. It forms for
‘the manufacturer of painted papers,

:

hs

Spivit of Philosophical Discovery.

being extinguished.

wt
and in distemper, a perfectly colour-
less tremulous size, greatly preferable
and less expensive than what was pre-
viously used. Hats prepared withethis
bone-glue, are less lable to cockie and
blister, from the eficct of rain, than if
prepared with the best Flanders glue.
Lip-glue, for joining papers of the first
quaitity, is prepared from this gelatine,
and thin sheets of factitious horn, very,
transparent and durable; and, by roll-
ing or laminating it, M. Dareet pro-
poses to prepare a kind of parchment,
applicable to many uses.—Aunales de
UIndustrie.

Evaporation modified by Pressure.—
M. €aGniakp de xa ‘Tour has. ascer-
tained, by experiments which are
recorded in the “‘ Annales de Chimie,”
that alcohol of specific gravity °837, is
capable by the application of heat of
about 405° of Fam. of being wholly
converted into vapour, in a space less
than thrice its original buik, and that
the elastic force of such vapouris about
119 atmospheres. Also, that sutphurie
ether is capable, by the application of
320° of Farn. of being wholly converted
into vapour, in a space less than twice
iis original bulk; its elastic force
balancing at the time about 374
atmospheres: and water, at a tempe-
yature near to that of melting zine, or
705° Farn. becomes wholly vapour, in
a space nearly equal to four times its
former bulk.

Vhe astonishing heat of the flume of
oxy-hydrous gas, issuing from the com-
pound blow-pipe, (originally invented
by Dr. Hare, and published in 1802,)
is such, that Mr. Thomas Skidmore
found, on projecting this flame against
the outside of a smail tinned iron eup,
full of cold water, that the outside of
the cup became red hot, and at length
assumed a white heat, not only on its
outside, but within, in contact with the
water; and in an instant afterwards
the flame broke through the side of the
cup, and entered the water, without
This suggested
to him the plunging of the jet-pipe
and flame. under water; which, alter
due precautions, was eflected, and the
flame continued to burn, with undimi-
nished ‘energy, in actaal contact with
the water: which latter, in a tumbler
holding about half a_ pint, quickly
became heated from about 56° to 1709
of Farnh.—Silliman’s Journal, No. \2.

BRITISH

Oe

[Aug. 1,

BRITISH LEGISLATION.
—=—
ACTS PASSED in the FIFTH YEAR of the REIGN of GEORGE THE FOURTH, or ia the
FIFTH SESSION of the SEVENTH PARLIAMENT of the UNITED KiNGDOM.
—_—<———

Cc I. Fo indemnify all Persons
concerned in alvising, issuing, or
acting under, a certain Order in Council,
for regulating the Tonnage Duties on
certain Foreign Vessels; and to amend
an Act of the last Session of Parliament,
for authorizing His Majesty, under cer-
tain Circumstances, to regulate the Duties
and Drawbacks on Goods imported or
exported in any Foreign Vessels.

Cap. Il. For raising the Sum of
Fifteen Millions by Exchequer Bills,
for the Service of the Year 1824.

Cap. Ill. For granting and apply-
ing certain Sums of Money for the Ser-
vice of the Year 1824.

Cap. [V. To amend an Act made in
the First and Second Years of the Reign
of His present Majesty, for regulating
the Proceedings in the Civil Side of the
Court.of King’s Bench, and also im the
Court of Common Pleas, and in the
Pleas or Common Law Side of the Court
of Exchequer, in Ireland.

Cap. V. For enabling a Conveyance
to be made of Part of a House in Lom-
bard Street, vested in the Right Honour-
able Henry Frederick Lord Carteret,
formerly His Majesty's Postmaster Ge-
neral.

Cap. VI. To indemnify such Per-
sons in the United Kingdom as have
omitted to qualify themselves for Offices
and Employmens, and for extending the
Time limited for those Purposes respect-
ively, until the 25th Day of March
1825 ; to permit such Persons in Great
Britain as have omitted to make and file
Affidavits of the Execution of Indentures
of Clerks to Attornies and Solicitors, to
make and file the same on or before the
Ist Day of Hilary Term, 1825 ; and to
allow Persons to make and file such Affi-
davits, although the Persons whom they
served shail have neglected to take out
their Annual Certificates.

Cap. VII. Zo continue, until the
Ist Day of July, 1827, Two Acts of His
present Majesty, for the appointment of
Commissioners for inguiring into the Col-
lection and Management of the Public
Revenue.

Cap. VIL. To amend an Act of the
last Session of Parliament. for amending
the Laws for the Improvement of Church
Lands in Ireland.

Cap. IX. To carry into Effect a@
Convention relating to Austrian Loans.

Cap. X. For granting tv His Majesty
Rates of Postage on the Conveyance of
Letiers and Packets to and from Buenos
Ayres, or any other Port or Ports ow
the Continent of South America.

Cap. XI. For transferring several
Annuities of Four Pounds per Centum
per Annum into Annuities of Three
Pounds Ten Shillings per Centum per
Annum.

Cap. XII. To facilitate, in those
Counties which are divided into Ridings
or Divisions, the Execution of an Act of
the last Session of Parliament, for con-
solidating and amending the Laws re-
lating to the building, repairing, and re-
gulating, of certain Gaols and Houses of
Correction in England and Wales.

Cap. XIII. For punishing Mutiny
and Desertion ; and for the better Pay-
ment of the Army and their Quarters.

Cap. XIV. For the regulating of hie
Majesty's Royal Marine Forces while
on Shore.

Cap. XV. For continuing to His
Majesty for One Year certain Duties on
Sugar, Tobacco, and Snuff, Foreign
Spirits, and Sweets, in Greet Britain ;
and on Pensions, Offices, and Personal
Estates, in England; aud for receiving
the Contributions of Persons receiving
Pensions and holding Offices; for the
Service of the Year 1824.

Cap. XVI. To amend an Act passed
in the last Session of Parliament, for
the better Administration of Justice in
the Equity Side of the Court of Exche-
quer in Ireland.

Cap. XVII. For the more effectuat
Suppression of the African Slave Trade,

Cap. XVIII. For the more effectual
Recovery of Penalties before Justices
and Magistrates on Conviction of Of-
fenders; and for facilitating the Exe-
cution of Warrants by Constables.

Cap. XIX. To provide for the fu-
ture Confinement of Male Convicts, re-
moved from the General Penitentiary,
and now on-board Vessels in the River
Thames. :

Cap. XX. To regulate the Convey-
ance of Packets containing re-issuable
Country Bank Notes by the Post, and to
charge Rates af Postage thereon; to,

prevent

1824.]

prevent Letters and Packets being sent
otherwise than by the Post; to punish
Persons embezzling printed Proceedings
in» Parliament, or Newspapers ; and to
allow the President of the Commissioners
of Revenue Enquiry to send and receive

etters and Packets free from the Duty
of Postage.

Cap. X XI. To reduce the Duties on
Importation of Raw and Thrown Silk,
and to repeal the Prohibition on the Im-
portation of Silk Manufactures, and to

ant certain Duties thereon.

Cap. XXIL. Yo repeal the. Duties
onvall Articles the Manufacture of Great
Britain and Treland respectively, on their
Importation into either Country from the
fi) (1, obese g eae

Cap. XXIII. Zo amend an Act of
the Fifty-seventh Year of his late Ma-

Medical Report. 73

jesty's Reign, for abolishing certain
Offices, and for regulating certain other
Offices, in Ireldid; so far as relates to
the Commissioner's uf the Buard of Works
there.

Cap, XXIV. For transferring se-
veral Annuities of our Pounds per
Centum per Annum, transferrable at the
Bank of Lreland, into Reduced Annuities
of Three Pounds Ten Shillings per Cen-
twm per Annum.

Cap. XXV. To repeal so much of
an Act passed in the Ninth Year of the
Reign of King William the Third, as re-
lates to Burials in suppressed Monaste-
ries, Abbeys, or Convents, in’ Ireland ;
and io make further Provision with re-
spect to the Burial, in Ireland, of Per-
sons dissenting from ‘the Established
Church.

MEDICAL REPORT.

ReEpPoRT of Diseases and CASUALTIES occurring in the public or private Practice of the
Physician who has the care of the Western District of the City Dispensary.

— zo

¥ W Har lies they do tell about this
; iodine,” was the remark recently
of- a medicat friend to the Reporter; and
it is more than probable that an undue
partiality has been taken to this drag by
some’ practitioners of the greatest credit.
Like -prussic acid and fox-glove, iodine
has been administered under the presump-
tion of its specific power, which the pte-
scriber has felt determined shall be ful-
filled: he has consequently allowed fancy
to mix too much with his perceptions, aid
thus, in a certain sense, has become mad
in the persuasion of its sdnative virtnés.
Let us, however, while condemning and
rejecting enthusiastic feelings, be careful
against falling into the torpor of onbelief.
There are, it seems to the writer, some
medicines, and iodine is one of them, that
do occasionally mfluence’ the absorbeut
organization in a manner almost amount-
ing to specific agency. That this portion
of the system is thus under the command
of sepatate operation, has, indeed, been
denied: some will teli you that there is
no direct. way of getting at absorption,
and that it is only the blood-vessels and
nerves which may be primarily or posi-
tively acted on. Lt must, indeed, be
admitted, that a great deal is obseure,.or
but dimly seen, in reference to the lym-
phatic ‘vessels; both im their natural
state and when under the impression’ of
Morbitic or medicinal processes; but that
we sometimes can excite and controul
absorption ,in. an immediate’ manner,
scems to the Reportes’s perception suffi-
ciently made out, The abundant good
that mere pressuye, properly applied, will
Operate upon diseased parts, may be
MonTHuLy Maa, No, 598.

taken in proof that the absorbents are
under positive coutroul; and to deny that
such good is to be effected by such mea-
sures, is to declare ourselves under the
decided and absorbing influence of indo-
lence or prejudice. To the case of Mrs,
Desormeaux, of Somers Town, the writer
has more than once allided already; and
he has now to say of this case, in addi-
tion, that large masses of cancerous sub-
stance and surface tiave been dissipated
under Mr. Youne’s plan of pressure, while
Dew and healthy flesh and integument
have taken their place. Another case too
has been recently seen by the writer, in
which a carcinomatous ulceration of the
breast has been made entirely to, disap-
pear, under fhe treatment by bandage ;
and the subject of which (the wife also
of a medical man) expresses herself grate-
ful fo the operator, not only inasmuch as
she is cured of caiicer, but’also, because
her ‘feelings and heaith, \generatly, ‘have
been abundantly improved. '

Let it be recollected, that it is not to
cancerons ulceration alone that these’ pro-
cesses apply. Other chronic ailinents are
equally under their grasp; and it is, in-
deed, questionable, whether, both patho-
logically and practically, we inay not be

‘too macly guided ‘by nosological niceties

and mere notional distinctions respecting

these kinds of diseases altogether.

The epidemics of the present motith
have been inflamed throats and swoilen
salivary glanis; these, however, though
in some instances they have proved severe,
have not for the most part called for any
treatment beyond the ordinary routine,
Some menaces, here and there, of low

L fever,

74

fever, have presented themselves; and we
have already had intimations, that de-
rangements of the stomach and bowels
will soon call upon the medical practiti-
oner to be alertly at his post. Prompt-
ness and propriety of treatment are, in
disorders of the bowels especially, im-
portant, and the nicest discrimination is
occasionally demanded, even in the treat-
ment of ordinary diarrhea ; lest, in arrest-
ing morbid discharges, we arrest at the
same time healthy secretions; and lest we
constringe and irritate, where we ought
to relax and allay irritation.

Affections of the wind-pipe are either
more common than they were wont to be,
or an improved observation separates
them more than formerly from actually
consumptive cases. Distinctions here are
really important, inasmuch as hope of re-

Meteorological Report.

[Aug. I,

covery from merely tracheal or laryngeat
disorders may be much better founded
than when the lungs are themselves dis-
organized. - D. Uwins, M.D.
Bedford-row ; July 20, 1824.

*,* The writer begs to acknowledge
the receipt of a very interesting commu-
nication on the subject of rhenmatism,
which will probably be noticed more par-
ticularly at afuture period. He thinks it
likewise his duty to state the gratification
he has recently received from an attentive
perusal of the abridgment of Morgagni,
by his friend, Mr, Cooke, of ‘Trinity
Square; a work, judicious in selection;
able in execution, and abounding in ex-
planatory and practical notes; -a work
which ought to be read by every student,
and. possessed by every practitioner, of
medicine.

METEOROLOGICAL REPORT.

ee

Journal of the Weather and Natural History, kept at Hartfield, East Grinstead,
by Dr. T. ForsTER, for June 1824,

Barometer.

7s
10 P.M. Wi

Days, | Thermomet.

2PmM\l0 PM.
66 | 55
70 | 58
«» | 50
64} 51
53
54
51
54
51
46
45
51
55

30:04
30°20
30°20
30°18
30°05
30:06
29°99
29°84
29°86
29°94
80°06
29°85
29°50

66
71
67

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

aze

56
56
60
59

ZLZZZZyZZ2

A bry
=

nd. State of the Weather,

is]

Calm fair day.

Gentle breeze—Showers at night
Cloudy—Spiders on the wall,
Clouds—Clear.
Clouds—Clear—Cold wind.
Fair, but cool wind,

Calm hot day,

Calm fair day.
Misty—Clear—Signs of rain,
Rainy day.

Clouds—Clear and cold.
Hazy—Fair.

Fair day—Showers P.M.
Showery day,

is)

.

fe bs bs

ic]

bs bs

*,* Being absent ~ +m home, the following part of the Journal for June was
necessarily omitted.

OBSERVATIc

The month of May having been for the
most part wet, and much below the
average temperature, June commenced
with warmer weather; but the tempera-
ture fell again, and was low all the month,
with much rain. The plants have all
flowered late and badly. The scarlet
lychnis not in blow till quite the end of
the month; and most of the solstitial
plants late in proportion, Vermin have
been particularly numerous and destruc-
tive in the gardens,

The air has been evidently unwhole-
some, and many epidemics have prevailed.
Measles have been particularly prevalent
all over the south of England.

There is an exceedingly bad show of
fruit. Apples in Sussex will be prodigi-
ously scarce ; pears rather more plentiful.
Strawberries, currants, cherries, and the
solstitial fruit in general, are plentiful,
but ripen late and badly. The last three
days of June produced strawberries in
tolerable plenty, and a few Madock
cherries,

Violent Storm on the 14th of July.
The thunder-storm of the 14th was the
most violent remembered for above twenty
years at Hartfield, in Sussex, At
Chidingstone, eight miles distant, three
men were killed by the lightning.

COMMERCIAL

1824.] EFS ><g
. MONTHLY COMMERCIAL REPORT.

—_—
PRICES or MERCHANDIZE. ~— June 22. July 20,
Cocoa, W.I.common £ 514 0 te 410 0 | 310 0 to 4 O O perewt.
Coffee,Jamaica,ordinary 210 09 — 216 9 2.42))0.\—) .2 14.0; das
, fne.--- 410 0 — 5 4 0 AV Be Om er Aa! O) Medoe
,Mocha++-e--6. 3 00-— 50 0 30,0 — 5.0.0. doa.
Lotton,W.1I.common-- 0 0 8 — 0 0 92) 0 O 8 — OD O OYE per Ib.
, Demerara -++* 0 010 — 0 1 OF} 0 O10 — O 1 ot do.
Qurrants-+-eeeeseseess 415 0 — 5 0 0 | 415 0 — 419 O perewt.
Figs, Turkey-+--++«---» 310 0 — 312 0 315 0 — 316 Operchest.
Flax, Riga---+-++-e2s+ 50 0 0 —53 0 0 |51 0 YW — 53 O O per ton,
Hemp, Riga, Rhine---- 38 0 0 — 39 0 0 |38 0 0 — 40 0 0 do.
Hops, new, Pockets---- 1010 0 —12 0 0 | 7 7 0 — 8 8 O perewt.
——,Sussex,do. 715 0 — 9 9 O BG Dain FF 0 7 10s
Iron, British, Bars «++» 9 0 0 — 910 0 9 0 0 — 910 O per ton,
ee Pigsisennee 6-0 0:— 7 9.0 | 6:0) 0'— 7 0 0° do,
Oil, Lucta-+-seeesseee 9 5 O — 9 10 O 812 0 — 816 O 25galls.
—, Gallipoli -+++-+....48 0 0 — 0 0 0 |46 0 0 —47 O O per ton.
Rags eeeccerecseseens 118 0 — 2 0 0 119 0 — 2 O O perewt,
Raisins, bloom orjarnmew 3 15 0 — 318 0 315 0 — 318 0 do.
Rice, Patna.-++e+ee-. 015 0 — 016 O 015 0 — 016 0 do,

, Carolina -*----+. 111 0 — 112 O 110 0 — 112 0 do.
Silk, China, raw .----- 013°:9 — 1 0 8 013 9 — 1 0 8 per lb.
——,, Bengal, skein---. 011 5 — 01210 011 5 — 01210 do,
Spices, Cimmamone«ee+» 0 7 3 — O 7 5 07 2— 07 6 do.

Cloves e+s+eees 0 3 6 — 0 0 O 03 0— 0 3 6 = do.

, Nutmegs-----. 0 2 9 — 0 0 O 028 — 02 9 do,

, Pepper, black O 0 5§ —-0 0 5 0 0 5§5— 0 0 53 do.

ee — phate, (0) 4d) Bite d0' 4° Sh].0 2 2 —' O 1 3% do,
Spirits, Brandy,Cogniac 0 2 6 — O 2 10 025 — 0 2 9 per gal.

,GenevaHollands O 1 9 — 0 0 0 019 — 000 = do.

- Rum, Jamaica 0 26 — 02802 3 — 0 2 6 do.
Sugar, brown ++sesees 213 0 — 214 O 212 0 — 213 O perewt,
——, Jamaica, fine*+--. 3 7 0 — 511 0 3 40— 3 60 do.
——,, East India, brown 018 0 — 1 0 0 | 018 0 — 1 O 0 do.bond.
——, lump, fine +--+» 410—440]/4 10— 440 do.
Tallow,town-melted -» 117 0 — 00 0 14750 —,.0,.0 .Q . do.

, Russia, yellow.. 114 3 — 1 14 6 1143 — 114 6 do.
Tea, Bohea «eereeese-e 0 2 3 — 0 2 5E] 0 2 35 — O 8 5E perlb.
——, Hyson, best------ 0 5 0 — 0 5 6 05 0— 0 5 6 = do,
Wine, Madeira, old ---- 20 0 0 —100 0 0 |20 0 O —100 O Operpipe.
—., Port,old .+.--+-- 42 0 0 —46 0 0 {42 0 0 —46 0 0. do.
——,, Sherry ----+++--» 20 0 0 — 55 0 0 |20 0 0 — 55 O Oper butt.

. Course of Exchange, July 20.— Amsterdam, 12 1.—Hamburgh, 37 1.—Paris, 25 65.
—Leghorn, 474.—Lisbon, 51.—Dublin, 93 per cent.

Premiums on Shares and Canals, and Joint Stock Companies, at the Office of WOLFE and
Epmonps.—Barnesley CANAL, 300/.—Birmingham, 376l.—Derby, 150/,—Erewash,
1000l1,—Forth and Clyde, 500/.—Grand Junction, 346/.—Leeds and Liverpool, 600/.—
Mersey and Irwell, 12001.—Neath, 350/.—Nottingham, 2401.—Oxford, 850/.—Staf-
ford and Worcester, 8001.—Trent and Mersey, 23001.—Albion InsuRANCE Com-
PANY, 58. 10s.—Hope, 51. 15s.—Sun Fire, 220/.—Guardian, ?3l. 10s—GaAs Ligut
Chartered Company, 80/.—City Gas Light Company, 165/.—South London, 181. 10s.—
Leeds, 2051.—Liverpool, 2001,

The 3 per Cent. Reduced, on the 27th, were 931; 3 per Cent. Consols, 923; 4 per
Cent. Consols, 101; New 34 per Cent. 101}; Bank Stock, 2353.

Gold in bars, 3/, 178. 6d. per oz.— New doubloons, 3/. 14s, 9d. — Silver in
bars, 5s,

ALPHABETICAL

76

Bankrupts and Dividends.

[Aug.1,

ALPHABETICAL List oF BaNnkKROPTCYRS announced. between the 20th of June,
and the 20th of July, 1824: extracted from the London Gazettes.

—

BANKRUPTCIES. [This Month 87]
Solicitors’ Names are in Parentheses. ;

AJR R. Lower -East Smithfield, wine-merchant.
; (Smith and Co. P

Alldrit, T. Bilston, Staffordshire, earthenware-
manufacturer. (Willis and Co. L

Allen, W. Greenwich, coal-merchant.

Archer, J. Lynn, draper. (Phipps, L :

Atkinson, W. Clement’s-lane, merchant, (Rich-
ardson :

Austin, E. Bedford-place, Commercial-road, baker.
(Bromley, L 3 ;

Barber, J. Pump-row, St. Luke’s, chinaman. (Weir

(Sutor

and Co. :
Bardwell, G. Bungay, linen-draper. (Clarke
and Co. L ; i
Barnard, J. G. Skinner-street, printer, (Tilson

.~ .andCo,

Birks, &. Sheffield, grocer. (Rodgers, L ‘ :

Blake, J, Constitution row, St. Pancras, be oi-maker.

- (Wragg, L .

Blakey, ie Mould-green, Yorkshire, fancy-manu-

~ facturer. (Lambert, L

Blundell, &. Liverpool, distiller. (Lowe, L 3

Bower, J. jun. Wilmslow, Cheshire, co(ton-spin-
ner. (HurdandCo, L

Boutville, W. H. Aldersgate-street,
(Dawes and Co. Ed. 5

Burn, A.W. Three-tuns court, Miles’-lane, Cannon-

“street, Wine-merchaut. (James

Brown, J. Waterloc-wharf, Strand, coal-merchant.
(Gates 7 ,

Capling, J. Holloway, innkeeper. (Bicknell and Co.

Ciuet, R. Liverpool, soap-boiler. (Blackstock
and Co. L ,

Collingwoud,W. Sunderland, baker. | North and Co.

Crawford, W. jun. Cheapside. (Gale

goldsmith.

Critehley, J. Manchester, spirit-merchant. (Brown-

. low,L ¢

Crooke, C. Burnley, Lancashire, cotton-spinner.
(Norris, L 5

Driver, J. Knowl-green, Dutton, Lancashire, cotton-
spinner. (Wigglesworth and Co. L

ud, J. Gloucester, draper. (King, L

Eaton, S. aud T. Sheffield, cutlers. (Rodgers, L

Field, S. L. Martin’s-lane, Cannon-street, silk-ma-
nufacturer. (Bowman j

Fielding, J. Mottram in Longdendale, Cheshire,
corn-dealer. (Milne andCo. L

Fry,.W. Type-street letter-founder. (Walker

Gibbins, T. Holywell-street, Westminster, scaven-

* ger. (Turner

Gibson, J. Liverpool, merchant. (Holden :

Gilbert, E. Liverpool,spirit-merchant. (Makinson

Gompertz, H. Clapham-road, merchant. (Hut-
chinson, L

Green, J. Ross, innholder. (King, L

Green, T. Vassal-row, Kennington, builder. (Gates

Green, W. Wellingborough, Northamptonshire,
carpenter. (Hodson and Co. 3

Halse, I. Bristol, chemist. (Nethersolesand Co. L

Harnett, E, and J. J. Kelly, Lower Shadwell, coal-

’ merchants. (Smith and Co. L

Harrison, J. Padiham, Lancashire, cotton-spinner.
(Neville and Co. Blackburn

Hendrick, J. Liverpool, watch-maker. (Chester

Niicks. H. W. Connaught-mews, horse-dealer. (Brill

Holagh, G. Size-lane, tea-dealer. (Burra and Co.

Holdsworth, R, Caleutta, Yorkshire, flax-spinner,

Holl, F. Piccadi'ly, tavern-keeper. (Glynes
Holl, G. Lothbury, hat-manufacturer. (Borrodaile
and Co,
Hooker, J. Sheerness, woollen-draper. (Tanner,L
Izod, J. Londou-road, auctioneer. (Nicholson
Japha, D. M. Colchester-street, Savage-gardens,

(Score
Johnson, J. Stoke-upon-Trent, Staffordshire, grocer.
(Wheeler, L
Jones, J, Liverpool, brewer. {Blackstock and Co. L
Laing, B. Fenchurch-sireet, ship-owner. (Lavyie
and Co.
Lees, J.N. Wigan, linen-draper. (Barker, E
Lowireston, D. Manor-row, Rotherhithe, master-
mariner. (Williams, L ‘
M‘Rae, J. Liverpool, grocer. (Adlington and Co. L
Marchant, T. Brighton, miller. © (Izard, L
Meek, E. Knareshorough, lioen-merchant (Holme

and Co. L
Moody, W. Holywell-row, Shoreditch, carman,
(Cottle ;
Nathan, N. and W, Mansel-street, Goodman’s-

fields, quill-merchants. (Abbott

Neise, M. G. Parliament-sitreet, accoutrement-
maker. (Devey

Newal, J, Beaconsfield, Bucks, draper. (Langham

Newbold, W. Bouverie-street, Fleet-street, tailor.
(Mayhew .

Nicholson, R. Plymouth, wine-merchant. (Scargill

Parker, T. Charles-street, City-road, grocer. (Steel
and Co. pn

Pearce, W. Oreston, Devonshire, flour-merchant.
(Wimburn and Co, L

Penn, W. fi. Datchet, Bucks, bookseller. (Yewd, L

Ritchie, R.P. London, merchant. (Parton —

Robinson, W. Liverpool, upholsterer. —(Steet
and Co. L

Rooke, R. [alifax,;merchant, (Wigglesworth and Co.

Sheffield, T. Durham, ironmonger. (Griffith, L

Shortis, T. Bristol, soap-manufacturer- (Clarke
and Co. L , a
Smith, J. Bristol, tallow-merchant. (Bourdillon

(Norton, E
builder.

Thierrey, C. de, late of Cambridge, patentee of pa-
tent bits. (Becke, L

Travis, W. Andenshaw, Lancashire, hatter. (Apple-
by and Co. L :

Wasse, L, Warwick-place, Great Surrey-street,
merchant. (Score :

Watson, J. Bromsgrove, draper. (Benbow and Co. L

Wintle, J. North-street, City-road, silversmith.
_ (Towers ’

Williams, M. Old Bailey, eating-house-keeper.
(Farris

Wise, C. Sandling, near Maidstone, paper-maker.
_ (Richardson, L im, ;
Wise, R. and G. Wood-street, merchants. (Van-

_ dercom.and Co. Kap '
Witham, R. Halifax, (Wigglesworth
and Co. L
Wood, J. Leeds, woolstaplers (Battye, L r
Wright,R. Low Lreby, Cumberland, grocer. (Fisher
and Son, Cockermouth

banker.

(Battye

Allum, T. W. Great Marlow

Angel, J. Sculcoates, Yorkshire

Archbell, R. York

Bagley, G. Barmby-moor, Yorks.

Bakes, J. Bath

Barge, B. Clifford-street, Bond-
street

Beaumont, J. D. Maidstone

Belln, J. Oxford-strect __

Bhir, G. and W. Plimpton,
Lower Thames-street

Bradock, J. Manchester

and Co.
DIVIDENDS.

Broadbent, J. and A. TunStead

Brownbridge, W. Sutton-at-Hone

Brown, J. Fleet-market

Brown,G. Lambeth .

Brown, G, New Bond-street

Buchanan and Ewing, Liverpool

Buxton, T. Ingol-lane :

Burrow, T. Kendal

Bury, J. Manchester, J. Bury,
Pendlehill, Lancashire, and
‘Lt. Bury, Bucklersbury

Bush, H. Loddon, Norfolk

Wright, E. Oxford street, linen-draper. (Robinson

Cannon, W. Molyneux-street,
Portman-square —

Carlon, T. and W. Willson, Lang-
bourne Chambers

Chidley, R. Sparrow-corner

Cogger, T. Haymarket

Cout, R.and W. Haigh, Leeds

Consitt, R, and R. Lee, Hull

Cripps, J. Wisbeach

Cross, R. Bridlington

Daniels, H. and M. Bury-street,
St, Mary Axe

Delvalle,

1824.]

Delvalle, A. Coveht-garden

Dicken, J. Burslem

Dow, J. Bush-lane f

Downs, W. Cheadle. Cheshire

Drakes, D. and G.Smith, Reading

Ebbs. J. E. Minories

Edwards, J. Gough-square

Ellis and Glover, Aldersgate-
street

Engledew, C.Stockton, Durham

Fentiman, W. Peterborough

Fereday J. Staffurdshire

Flindt, G, London-wall

Forbes, J. Oxford-street

Gatenby, A. Manchester

Gimson, T. FP. and J. Nottingham

Gooch, W. Ilarrow 1

Goodair, J. Queen st. Cheapside

Gouban, L. J. Haymarket

Hail, R. 8, Bank-buildings

tfammond, J Great Poriland-st.

Harnage, Sir G. bart. Chatham-
place 3

Hart, S. G. Harwich

Herbert, P. London

fiewlett, J. Gloucester

Hone, J. W. Brixton

Hopkins, J. Jun. Choisey, Berks

Hopkins, T. Woolwich

Houghton, W- L. Hull

Agricultural Report.

Howard, E. Cork-street, Burling-
ton-gardens

Howden, W.. Cannon-street

Ker, T. Strand

Miller. R. Paternoster-row

Mingins and Boothman, Cariisle

Moore, E. Hanway-street

Morgan, G. M. Queenhithe

Myers, J- Preston

Mytton, J. M. Jones, and P. G.
Mytton, Pool, Montgomery-
shire

Nathan, J. Liverpool

Ness, J, Newcast!e-upon-Tyne

Nightingale, F, Watling-street

Owen, J. Stourbridge

Parker, J: L. and T. Roverts,
Biichin-lane

Payne, H. f. Strood, Kent

Peirce, D. B. Tottenham Court-
road

Pigram, J. Maidstone

Pitcher, W.Salisbury-square

Pollitt, J. Manchester

Presser, W. Birmingham

Quirk, P. jun. Liverpool

Ransom, J.Stoke Newington

Roach, R. S. Bishop’s Waltham,
Hampshire

77

Richardson, J. Holborn

Sanders, O. Stafford

Sanderson, B. P. Newgate-street

Scholey, R, Paternoster-row

Smith, E. Great Lettuce-lane

Smith, W. B. Bristol

Standen, J. Lancaster

Tarlton, J. Gloucester-place

Thorndike, J. Ipswich

Tonge, G. W. B, East India
Chambers

Townsend, E. Covent-garden

Truslove, W. Dunchurch

wey En S. Tywardneath, Cornu-

wall,
Walmsley, R. and M. and W.J-
Turner, Basinghall-street
Waistell, M. Bond-street
Wathen, C, Salters’-hall court
Ward,J. Stratford-upon-Avon
Webb, T. Salisbury
Welsh, J. High Holborn
Wetton, J.» W. James, and T.
Payne, jun. Wood-street
Wharton, G. A. Maidenhead
White, M. Fimsbury-square
Willis,J. Finsbury-square
Winch, b. sen. Hawkhurst, Kent
Wynde, J. Leuminster :

MONTHLY

AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

—a

BIJARMING, from the late wheat-sowing

of last year, to the same process of
the spring-crops of the present, and the
general culture of the soil, has been a
‘most fatiguing and. expensive business;
we trust, however, that indostry will be
rewarded by far greater crops, and those
of the most important of the earth’s pro-
ductions, than could rationally have been
expected, until the late favourable change
of the weather; but communications, from
all quarters, give a flattering account of
most of the crops. ‘The wheats, beans,
and pease, generally, are laid at a full
average, and even above, on the best soils.
Barley aad oats, those crops which, from
the difficult state of the tilth, and an un-
favourable seed-time, have suffered most,
are in an improving state; but harvest
must, of necessity, be late. Even hops,
against which, in our last, we perhaps
spoke with too much decision, have greatly
improved. Turnip-sowing has been diffi-
eult, but the plants are healthy, and, for
this year, seem to stand im no need of’ the
ductor. Hay will prove a large crop, but
the early eut, only fine. The same of
clover, lucern, and the artificial grasses.
The cabbage-plants, reviving in use, as
a farming-crop, appear luxuriant and
healthy. Potatoes are a good erop. ‘The
late favourable weather has improved
every species of fruit, the most useful of
which, the apple, in some counties, pro-
mises an abundant crop. Bark has de-
clined somewhat in price, The cattle-
markets are steady, with an imcreased
demaed and price for stores. The sheep-
husbandry has been very profitable.
Horses still in request for the Continent.

Wheat gradually declines in price, and,
shonid the harvest be prosperous, the
price must snffer a considerable reduction.
On barley, of which scarcely any of good
sample remains, and. the prospect of
harvest not promising, the speculation is
different. Britain, for some years past,
has enjoyed a state of plenty never ex-
perienced before; .and our culture of
bread-corn has now reached sucli an ex-
tent, that much of the foreign land. which
has been ploughed, chiefly with a view to
this market, must be thrown up. As a
drawback on our prosperity, we have to
lament the dreadful calamities of the late
thunder-storm, the chief weight of which
fell on the centre of our great corn-county,
Essex. The excessive havoc and destruc-
tion of the crops must prove absolutely
rninous to many worthy and industrious.
individuals, with large families; a con-
sideration which ought, and will, no doubt,
excite the feelings and liberality of the
great body of landlords, and of the
tenantry, the more fortunate brethren of
the sufferers. In cases of such unavoid-
able misfortune, in our opulent country,
their losses ought fally to be made up to
the poor sufferers.

Sinithfield:—Beef, 3s. 0d. to 4s. 6d.—
Mutton, 5s. 0d. to 4s.4d.— Veal, 3s. to 4s.
8d.—Pork, 3s. to 5s. 4d.— Lamb, 4s. to 6s,

Corn Exchange :—Wheat, 44s. to 76s:—
Barley, 31s, to 40s.—Oats, 23s, to 33s..0d.
—London price of best bread, 10d. for
4ibs.—Hay, 84s. to 136s.—Clover do, 90s.
to 140s.—Straw, 50s. to 66s.

Coals in the Pool, 29s. to 39s, Od.
Middlesex ; July 23.

POLITICAL

[ 78 }

[Aug. 1,

POLITICAL AFFAIRS IN JULY.

—=__

GREAT BRITAIN.

UBBLES in every form abound,
iy and their daily production cha-
racterizes the time. For many years
our state-quacks told us we were to
manufacture for all the world; and
they contrived, on this speculation, to
delude thousands. Haying failed in
trade, we have now turned money-
lenders, and expect to derive a re-
venue from all nations, in high rates of
interest, as long as they choose to pay tt.
Others of our overgrown capitalists
embark in sharing-companies; and
projects are supported for public
works, and utopian schemes, all over
the four quarters of the world. After
the recorded mischiefs of the South
Sea and Mississippi schemes a century
ago, we hoped that such scenes would
never be repeated; but the world
seems doomed to perpetual infancy,
and the grown children of this age
take no warning from the suflerings of
their great grandfathers. ‘They think
themselves wiser, but we fear it will
not prove so,

Owing io the innumerable specula-
tions afloat, the public funds have ac-
tually declined from ninety-five to
ninety-two; and in spite of the mea-
sures adopted by the Bank, the ten-
dency of which seemed to be to raise
our national stock to par.

Rumour has mingled the British
court with continental politics ; and, it
is said, that some thousand Hanove-
rians are to be embarked in British
ships to prevent that worthy legiti-
mate, the King of Portugal, from con-
ceding more to his subjects than
pleases him and his advisers. Russia,
100, is said to dictate to other cabinets,
in a tone which proves its own con-
fidence, and its opinion of their
weakness,

The King, or Emperor, of the Bir-
mahs, after various manifestations of
contempt for the British government,
has at length become involved in hos-
tilities; and, owing to the temerity of
our officers, has gained some advan-
tages in the first onset. Of the result
no doubt can be entertained, but the
encouragement which this despot will
derive from his temporary victory
must bring great calamities on his
subjects. extr

a
The following ct of a letter ap-

peared in the Calcutta Gazette of the
11th March,

“On the River under Tailyn in Cachar,
Feb. 29, 1824.

Having returned from visiting the stock-
ade at Doodpatlee, I embrace a leisure
moment to give you an idea of the gallant,
though unfortunate, attack by our troops.

This indescribably strong possession was
north and south across a narrow slip of
level country, having hills on its north
face and the river Soorma on its south,
with a deep ditch abont fourteen feet
wide in front of a fortified wall, cannon-
proof to the front or western face; witha
double fence, thickly planted at the bot-
tom with bamboo spikes over-topped with
longer ones sloping outwards, and very
strong. ‘The ditch was covered with long
grass, and quite hid from view until you
arrived at it; the road up-the bank was so
steep and rugged, that a few determined
men might bid defiance to hundreds,
Lieutenants M‘Lean and Barbarie, witha
few men, however, were near succeed-
ing at this point; but the fire was so well
directed upon them, that the few men
who were with them were constantly
knocked over,

Lieut.-Col. Bowen, on the morning of
the attack, came on a-head with five com-
panies to reconnoitre, leaving Major New-
ton to follow with the guns, and remainder
of the force; very shortly after the Lieut.-
Colonel’s departure firing was heard in
the rear, when the guns which were drawn
by elephants came on with such rapidity
that the column was kept at run, and no
time was lost in bringing them to within
120 paces of the stockade; here the ele-
phants were unharnessed, and Major
Newton, assisted by Lieutenant-Adjutant
M‘Lean, laid the three gunsand keptupa
very sharp and well directed fire for a
considerable time; the men working,
they were trained by Major Newton to
the exercise from the wing of the corps
with which he was originally dispatched
from Dacca; and their conduct on this
occasion was very conspicuons, and worthy
of notice. The execution of the artillery
excited admiration, on discovering the
effects inside the place. One of the Bur-
mese chiefs was cut in two by a round
shot, and the grape slaughtered a number,

After an exposure to the enemy’s fire
for more than three hours, Lieut.-Col,
Bowen, who had been wounded in the hills
to the northward, arrived, formed the
troops into line, and ordered a charge on
the west face—a more gallant one cannot

be imagined—the men did all that could.

possibly be expected of men; the charge
was

7

1824]

was made up to the spikes, and the enemy,
about 2000 behind the ditch, poured in
their destructive fire ; and this, together
with the obstacles in front, made the poor
fellows step back, but none went to the
right about until the retreat was sounded,
Our loss was severe; Lieutenant Arm-
strong, of the 10th, killed; Lieutenant-
Colonel Bowen slightly wounded witha
spent ball; Lieutenant Graves slightly in
the arm; and Ensign Barbarie danger-
ously, leg since amputated; about 120
men of the 10th killed and wounded.
Captain Johnston, a very active and gallant
officer, was very severely wounded
throngh the knee ; and about forty men of
the detachment of 23d Rungpore, were
killed and wounded, including the forty-
two men spiked in the feet and legs oppo-
site Buddeepore, where the enemy had
commenced making some stockades.”

Among events which have much in-
terested and affected the public, has
been the arrival of the King and Queen
of the Sandwich Islands. ‘They made
their long voyage, partly for improve-
ment, and partly for the political
object of obtaining the protection of
Engiand against the encroachments
of Russia in those seas. For some
weeks they were objects of much pub-
lic curiosity, and were followed at the
public places which they visited. At
length they unhappily caught the
measles, a disease unknown in Owhy-
hee; and the queen falling a victim,
her death, and the disease, proved
alike fatal in a few days to her con:
sort! The incident has occasioned a
lively sympathy for their untimely
fate, but no skill of medical science
could avert it.

The Select Committee of the House
of Commons, appointed to inquire into
the practice which prevails in some
parts of the country of paying the
wages of labour out of the poor-rates,
and to consider whether any, and
what, measures can be carried into
execution, for the purpose of altering
that practice, and to report their
observations thereupon to the House,
have, pursuant to the order of the
House, examined into the matter to
them referred, and have agreed upon
the following Report :—

From the evidence, and other infor-
mation collected by your committee, it
appears that, in some districts of the
country, able-bodied labourers are sent
round to the farmers, and receive a part,
and in some instances the whole, of their
subsistence from the parish, while work-
ing upon the land of individuals. This

Political Affairs in July.

79

practice was doubtless introduced at first ”
as a mean of employing the surplus la-
bourers of a parish; but by an abuse,
which is almost inevitable, it has beer
converted into a mean of obliging the
parish to pay for labour which onght to
have been hired and paid for by private
persons, ‘This abuse frequently follows
immediately the practice of sending the
unemployed labourers upon the farms in
the parish. The farmer, finding himself
charged for a greater quantity of labour
than he requires, naturally endeavours to
economise, by discharging those labourers
of whom he has the least need, and relying
upon the supply furnished by the parish,
for work hitherto performed entirely at
his own cost. An instance has been
quoted of a farmer’s team standing ‘stil}
because the farmer had not received the
number of roundsmen he expected. Thus
the evil of this practice augments itself;
and the steady hard-working labourer,
employed by agreement with his master,
is converted into the degraded and in-
efficient pensioner of the parish.

In other parts of the country this prac-
tice has been carried to a very great
extent, for the sake of diminishing the
income of the clergyman of the parish, and
paying for the expenses of one class of
men out of the revente of another. In
the parish of Hurstimonceaux, in Sussex,
it appears that the wages of labour were
reduced, in this manner to 6d. a day; and
a clergyman of a neighbouring parish has
been threatened with the adoption of a
similar practice,

This practice is the natural result of
another, which is far more common,
namely, that of paying an allowance to
labourers, for the maintenance of their
children. In some counties, as in Bed-
fordshire, this. payment usually. begins
when the, labourer has a single child,
wages being kept so low that it is utterly
impossible for him to support a wife and
child without parish assistauee,

The evils which follow from the system
above described may be thus enu-
mnerated :—

1st.—The employer does not obtain
sufficient labour from the labourer whom
he hires. In parts of Norfolk, for in-
stance, a labourer is quite certain of ob-
taining an allowance from the parish
sufficient to support his family ; it conse-
quently becomes a matter of indifference
to him whether he earns a small sum ora
large one. It is obvious, indeed, that a
disinclination to work must be the conse-
quence of so vicions a system. He whose
subsistence is secure without work, and
who cannot obtain more than a mere suf-
ficiency by the hardest work, will na-
turally be an idle and careless labourer.
Frequently the work done by four or five
such labourers does not amount to what

might

80 Political Affairs in July.

might easily be performed by a single
labourer working at task-work. Instances
of this fact are to be found in the evi-
dence, and in the statements ef all persons
conversant with the subject.

2dly.—Persons who have no need of
fanm-labour are obliged to contribute to
the payment of work done for others.
This must be the case wherever the la-
bourers necessarily employed by the
farmers receive from the parish any part
of the wages which, if not so paid, would
be paid by the farmers themselves.

Sdly.—A surplus population is encon-
raged. Men who receive but a small
pittance, know that they have ouly to
marry, and ‘that pittance will be aug-
mented in proportion to the number of
their childrea. Hence the supply of la-
bour is by no means regulated by ‘the
demand, and parishes are burthened with
thirty, forty, and fifty, labourers, for whom
they can find no. employment, and who
serve to depress the situation of all their
fellow-labourers in the same parish, ‘An
intelligent. witness, who is much in the
habit of employing labourers, states, that
when complaining of their allowance,
they frequently say to him, “ We will
marry, and you must maintain us.”

4thly.—By far the worst consequence
of the system is, the degradation of the
character of the labouring class.

There are but two motives: by which
men ‘are induced to work—the one, the
hope of improving the condition of them-
selves and their families; the other, the
fear of punishment. The one is the prin-
ciple of free labour, the other the prin-
ciple of slave labour. The one produces
industry, frugality, sobriety, family affec-
tion, and puts the labouring class in a
friendly relation with the rest-of the com-
munity; the other causes, as certainly,
idleness, imprudence, vice, dissension,
and ‘places the master and the labourer in
a perpetual state of jealousy and mistrust.
Unfortunately, it is the tendency of the
system of which we speak, to supersede
the former of these principles, and intro-
duce the latter. Subsistence is secured
to all—to the idle as well as the indus-
trious ; to the profligate as well as the
sober; and, as far as human interests are
concerned, all inducement to obtain a
good character is taken away. The effects
lave corresponded with the cause. Able-
bodied men are found slovenly at their
work, and dissolute in their hours of
relaxation; a father is negligent of his
childven; the claldren. do not think: it

necessary to contribute to the support of

their.parents; the employers and the em-
ployed.are engaged in perpetual quarrels;
and the pauper, always relieved, is always
discontented; ‘crime advances with in-
creasing boldness; and the parts of the
eountry where this system prevails are, ‘in

[Aug. 1}
spite of onr gaols and our laws, filled wane
poachers and thieves.

The evil of this state of things has of
ten induced individuals to desire further
means of punishing labourers who refuse
or neglect to work, and the legislature has
sometimes listened with favour to ‘stcl
proposals; but we are persuaded that any
attempt to make the penalties of this-kind
more efficacious, would either be so re-
pugnant to the national character as to
be totally inoperative, or, if acted apon;
would tend still further to degrade the
labouring classes of the kingdom.

The effects of this system very elearly
show the mistake of imagining that indis-
criminate relief is the best method of pro-
viding for the happiness of the labouring
classes. Employers, burdened with the
support of a surplas population, endeavour
to reduce the wages of labour to the
lowest possible price. Hence, where the

_system to which we allude has gained

ground, the labourers are found to live
chiefly on bread, or even potatoes, scarcely,
ever tasting meat or beer, or being able
even to. buy milk ; while in other parts of
the country, where high: wages are still
prevalent, the food and whole manner of
living of the labourer are on a greatly
better scale. This difference is, doubt-
less, to be attributed to the excess of
population in particular parts of the
country; but that excess is in great-part
to be attributed to the mal-admmistration
of the poor laws during the latter vents
of the late war.

Without assigning any precise period
when the system of paying part of the
wages of labour out of the poor-rate com-
menced, we are of opinion, that although
perhaps it began earlier in some districts,
it has generally been introduced during
the great fluctuations of the price of pro-
visions which have occurred in the last
thirty years, In the year 1795 especially,
a year of scarcity, parishes, finding that
eusployers could not afford to pay their
labourers a sufficieut sum to support their
families, even on the most stinted scale,
added a contribution ont of \the poor-rate
to healthy labourers in full employment.-:

We are happy to be able to say, that
the evil of which we complain. is, partial,
and that many counties in England are
nearly, if not totally, exempt from the
grievance. [no Northumberland, wages
are 1¢s. a week; and labourers, having
families, do not usually receive assistance
from the poor-rate. In Cumberland,
wages vary from 12s. to 15s. a week, and
the report is equally satisfactory. Th
Lincolnshire, the wages are generally 12s.
per week, and the labourers live in com-
fort and independence. At Wigan, in
Lancashire, wages are 7s. or 8s. a week,
and relief is afforded to a man with three
ehiidien: in the division of Oldham; in

the

1824.]

the same county, a great manufactaring
district, wages are from 12s. to 18s. a
week, and no such practice is known.
Im Yorkshire, wages are generally 12s. a
week; but in some parts of that extensive
county, the practice of giving married
labonrers assistance from the parish ap-
pears very prevalent. In Staffordshire,
wages are about 16s. and Jabourers having
families only occasionally receive relief
from the poor-rate. In the divisions of
Oswaldslow, in the county of Worcester,
the practice of paying part of the wages
of labour ont of the poor-rate has been
entirely put a stop to by the vigilance of
the magistrates, If we turn to the mid-
land, sonthern, and western, parts of the
country, we find a great variety in the
rate of wages. In the Wingham division,
in Kent alone, it appears, that the lowest
wages paid were, in one parish, 6d.; in
four, 8d. ; in eleven, 1s. 6d. ; in four, 2s. ;
and, in the greater number, 1s. a-day.
In Suffolk, Sussex, Bedfordshire, Buck-
inghamshire, Dorsetshire, and Wiltshire,
the plan of paying wages ont cf the poor-
vate has been carried to the greatest
extent, Norfolk, Huntingdonshire, and
Devonshire, are likewise afflicted by it.
In some of these counties wages are 8s.
or 9s,; in others, 5s.; and in some parts
they have been and are so low as 3s. a
week for a single man; 4s. 6d. fur a man
and his wife.

_A great number of returns on this sub-
ject have been collected, of which an ab-
Stract, when made, will be presented to
your Honourable House.

With respect to the remedy for the evils
pointed out, it is obvious to remark, that
a great, if not the greater part, arises from
the mal-administration of the laws. Yet
when this remark is made, it does not ap-
pear how, under the present system, the
laws which regard the poor should be
otherwise than ill administered. Where
no select vestry or assistant overseer has
been appointed, the poor are consigned to
the care of a person named only for one
year, and in general anxious chiefly to get
rid of his office with as little trouble to
himself as possible; or, if he endeavours,
ip spite of clamour and vexation, to im-
prove the practice, his designs are liable
to be overset by the orders of Magistrates,
who, with excellent intentions, are often
not conversant with the details of the ma-
Nagement of the parish in whose concerns
they interfere.

The great object to be aimed at is, if
possible, to separate the maintenance of
the unemployed from the wages of the em-
ployed labourer; to divide two classes,
which haye been confounded; to leave the
amployed labourer in possession of wages
sufficient to maintain his family, and to
oblige the rest to work for the parish in
the way most likely to prevent idlenesss

MonruLy Mac. No, 399.

Political Affairs in July.

$1

In order to effect the purpose of sepa-
rating the wages of employed labourers
from the poor-rate, it appears to us that
mucli might be done by affording to ap-
pellants against the yearly accounts, the
easiest remedy of which the law admits.
The Act of 50 Geo. IIL. c. 49, directs that
the yearly accounts, to be made out ac-
cording to previous Acts of Parliament,
shall be submitted to two or more justices
ata Special Sessions ; and the Act em-
powers the justices, ‘* if they shall so think
fit,” to examine into the matter of every
stich account, and to “disallow and to
strike out of every such account, all such
charges and payments as they shall deem
to be unfounded, and to reduce such as
they shall deem exorbitant; and they are
to specify the cause for which any charge
is disallowed or reduced.”

Notwithstanding this provision, it ap-
pears, that at present, even when a com-
plaint is made that the sums levied on the
parish have not been applied according to
the intention of the law, a practice has in
some places prevailed of directing thie
complainant to appeal to the Quarter
Sessions. ‘This proceding entails the em-
ployment of Counsel, and an expeuse
of money and time, which is both unne-
cessary and oppressive. There is some
ambiguity certainly in the word “ un-
founded,” contained in the Act just quoted;
bunt there cannot well exist a doubt that it
is intended to apply to charges or payments
which do nof come within the scope and
intention of the poor laws. ;

On this, and on almost every part of the
subject, we may observe, that if the
payers of the rates do not complain, and
thereby enable the neighbouring justices
to execute the Jaw at present existing, it is
needless to attempt, by any new Act, to
prevent abuses permitted or connived at
by those who have the clearest interest in
repressing them. Above all, the farmers
themselves ought to perceive, that any
practice which tends to degrade the cha-
racter of the labonrer, tends, in the same
degree, to diminish the value of his la-
bour, and to render agricultural property
less secure, and less desirable.

By the Act of the 43d of Elizabeth, it is
ordered, that the “ Chnurchwardens and
Overseers” shall take order, from time to
time, with the consent of two or more
justices; for setting to work the children
of all such who shall not be thought able to
keep and maintain their children. This
provision, while it clearly shews that the
framers of that Act never had it in’cons
templation to raise a fund for the support
of all the children of all labourers, affords
the means of remedying, in some degree,
the existing evil of adding to the wages of
labour from the poor-rate. Wherever,
from disinclination to work, parents ear
less than they might do, in order to dra

M from

82.

from the parish fund, it might be found
highly, useful that the parish officers, with
the consent of the Magistrates, should,
instead of giving money to the parents, set
to work their children, who would, at the
same time, be removed from the example
of idle or dissolute parents, But this re-
medy must be used with caution, and
might be inexpedient, if applied in cases
where the best labourers, with their ut-
most exertions, cannot earn sufficient to
bring up their children without parish
assistance,

According to the system at present pur-
sued in many counties, a scale of allowance
is drawn up by the Magistrates, fixing in
money the sums which a labourer is to re-
ceive, in proportion to tlie size of his fa-
mily, and the current price of flonr or
meal. On this allowance, whether idle or
industrious, the labourer relies as a right;
and when he receives less, he makes an
angry appeal to a Magistrate, not as a pe-
titioner for charity, but as a claimant for
justice. Without questioning the fitness
of the scale upon which these tables have
been framed, we cannot but regret that the
Magistrates should promulgate general re-
gulations, the obvious tendency of which is
to reduce the rate of wages, and create
dissatisfaction between the labourer and
his employer.

It has been thrown ont that the practice
of giving reliefto able-bodied labourers on
account of their impotent children ought
to be positively forbidden by legislative
enactment. Your Committee are not pre-
pared to go this length; but they may
venture to suggest, that where wages have
been reduced, with a view to supply the
deficiency from the parish rates, relief
might be refused to any person actually
in the employment of an individual, The
consequence might certainly be to throw
at first some married labourers entirely
upon the parish, but in a short time it is
probable a more wholesome system of
paying the wages of labour would be per-
manently adopted,

Much good has been effected in some
parts of the country, by the adoption of
what has been called the Crojedy or
Oundle plan, or labour-rate;’ and a Bill
has been introduced into the House, for
giving to such a plan, adopted under cer-
tain regulations, the force of law. It ap-
pears to us quite impossible to frame any
Act on this subject which shall meet every
case, but a general sanction might be ex-
tremely beueficial; and the following
form, which has been suggested, appears
as unexceptionable as any. Indeed, it is
very similar to one contained in a Bill
brought into the House in the early part
of the Session :—

“ The parishioners in vestry shall, if they
think fit, draw up rules aid regulations for
the maintenance of the old and impotent.

Political Affairs in July.

[Aug. 1,
and other poor unable to work, as also for,
the employment of the able poor; and the
same, signed or agreed to by a majority in
value, shall be presented to the justices,
to be by them amended, approved, or re-
jected, or sent back for alterations, and
when adjusted to the satisfaction of the
justices and parishioners, to be parochial
law tor one year.”

With respect to the second object, the
mode of finding employment for those who
profess themselves unable to obtain it, it
appears to your Committee, that the pa-
rish should, if it be possible, provide them
with labour less acceptable in its nature
than ordinary labour, and at lower wages
than the average rate of the neighbonr-:
hood, Your Committee canadd, that this
method has been found practically beue-
ficial in all places where it has been carried
into effect.

It must never be forgotten, in consider-
ing this subject, that the evils produced by
the poor laws are different in different
places; that all the good effects hitherto
produced have been accomplished by im-
proved management; and that, if those
effects have not been more general, it is
because the management of the poor has
in the greater part of the country improved
very little.

For the purpose of hastening and en-.
suring such improvement, your Committee
feel inclined to recommend to more ge-
neral adoption the appointment of select
vestries, and of assistant overseers re-
ceiving asalary. ‘The greatest evils arise
from intrasting a business,so complicated,
to inexperienced and inefficient officers ;
and ‘much bencfit has been produced by
taking advantage of the provisions of the
59th Geo, III. c.12, on this subject. The
greatest amendment may likewise be made
by a judicious attention to that part of the
Act, wherein a select vestry is required
to “inquire into and determine upon the
proper objects uf relief, and the nature and
amount of the relief to be given ; and in
each case shail take into consideration the
character and condnet of the poor person
to be relieved, and shall be at liberty to
distinguish, in the relief to be granted,
between the deserving and the idle, the
extravagant or profligate, poor.”

In a Bill introduced into the House in
an early part of the Session, there is a
clause imposing on the Quarter Sessions
the duty of controlling the parish accounts,
which ave ordered to be laid before them,
and enabling them to appoint an examiner
to look into the expenditure of each parish.
Whether, in the shape in which it at pre-
sent stands, this provision is fit to be
adopted, we will not decide; but in the
opinion of many persons it might be useful
that the Quarter Sessions should appoint
an inspector of parish accounts, whose
duty it should be to report to the Ma-
_ gistrates

1824]

gistrates the state of the poor, and to
point ont any flagrant instance of negli-
gence or abuse.- A more regular and
distinct method of keeping the parish ac-
counts might likewise prove higlily ad-
vanliageous,

At thesame time, we cannot too strongly
express our opinion, that even as the iw
at present stands, much might be done by
the vigilant and enlightened attention of
the Magistrates. If they point ont to the
farmers the mischievous consequences of
placing their labourers upon the public
fond, if they would discountenance the
abuses which prevail, and give every sup-
port to those who endeayour to reform the
present system, there can be no doubt that
great good might be effected. The farmers
themselves have adopted it unwillingly,
and must be fully aware of its mischievous
effects. ‘The distress which has so long
restrained the application of agricultural
capital is now happily disappearing, and
there never was a more favourable mo-
ment for reforming an abuse, which in
very few places is as yet of thirty years
growth. Let the Magistrates and, gene-
rally, afl charged with the administration
of the poor laws, observe, thatif these laws
Lave been retained with the humane pur-
pose of preserving honest indigence from
starving, and remedying any sudden want
of employment, yet, that if misapplied,
they may become a greater evil to the
country thau any partial misfortune, or
temporary calamity could inflict.—June
4, 1824.

; GREECE.

Respecting the afiairs of the TLe-
vant, the two following letters lately
appeared in France and Germany.

Zante, June 14.—The death of Lord
Byron has caused some delay relative to
the funds derived from the loan made in
England. Jt was necessary to write to
Lonudop, and the Hellenic Government
having ratified the clauses of the treaty,
a first payment of 24,0001. has been made
by Mr. Blaguiere into the hands of Com-
missioners. A part of this sum has been
sent to Missolongo, where Mavrocordato
and Botzaris, and the Souliots, are. Ano-
ther part of it has been sent to Idra. In
conseqnence of the dissensions occasioned
by Colocotroni, the Turkish squadron of the
Captain Pacha has succeeded in throwing
a reinforcemeut of 2000 men into Ne.
gropont. After this operation it went in
the direction of Mitylene. Letters from
Cerigo announce, that immediately after
the arrival of the Turkish fleet at Porto
Olivaro, its anarchical chiourmes revolted,
and assassinated the Captain Pacha. This
Perl probable, for the crews of the

urkish ships were never worse composed
than at present, being a collection of the
Jowest rabble from Constantinople and
Smyrna. Omar Brionis, convinced of the

Political Affairs in July.

&3

inutility of his exertions, and of the dan-
gers to which he was exposed from his
own Government, in conjunction with the
Pacha of Scroda, has proposed a treaty. of
alliance, offensive and defensive, to thie
Hellenic Government. In consequence
of his treaty he wall cede Arta, Pievesa,
and the five wells, to the Greeks, and rez
treat to Berat, where he will establish the
seat of his Government. ‘This project is
about to be carried into execution, and
this first dismemberment of ‘Turkey wiil
be followed by the defection of the in-
habitants of Bosnia and other places, who
are now consulting with the Montenegrius
to furm independent leagues.—Journal des
Debats.

We yesterday received news from Alex-
andria, in Egypt, which came down to the
22d May, and affirm positively that people
continued indeed still to speak of the em-
barkation of the Viceroy’s troops, but that
nothing certain was known on the subject,
No troops having yet arrived in the neigh-
bourhood of Alexandria. ‘The corps
which it was said was to be commanded
by Ibrahim Pacha, was encaniped some
leagnes from Cairo, and at that time at
least was not making any preparations
to break up. Ibrahim was with his father
at a country-house near Cairo. It was af
firmed besides, that the troops to be em-
barked were not to be conveyed to the
Morea, or placed at the disposal of the
Turkish Government, but that they will
go to Candia, where there is alieady a
strong corps of Egyptian troops, to which
all the advantages are to be ascribed that
the Turks have hitherto gained in that
island. Further, it is stated in these
letters, that the corps intended for em-
barkation does not exceed six thousand
men, and that there could be no idea
of projects against Greece till Candia 1s
wholly sabdned, in which these troops are
to assist. We have no certain informa-
tion respecting the operations of the
Turkish fleet under the Captain Pacha.
However, it had not appeared near the
Peloponnesus, or at the entrance of the
Egean Sea; it still loitered about Negro-
pont, where it is said to have lost some
vessels, Accounts brought by vessels
speak of a new and successful attempt to
land near Volo. In the Peloponnesus
there was still great confusion. Coloco-
troni has again renewed hostile: measures
against the Central Government, but it
was not believed that he acted in concert
with the Turks. ‘The unhappy differ-
ences that exist might, however, be very
fatal to, the Greeks, if the Turkish opera-
tions vg@re conducted with judgment and
energy, which seems, however, to be by
no means the case,—Aligemeine Zeitung,
July 11. ;

‘ SOUTH AMERICA, ©

Columbia, Chili, and Buenos Ayres,

are

84

are in tranquillity; but Peru, Mexico,
and Brazil, are still unsettled. In
Pera much treachery to the public
cause exists ; and, if that country main-
tains its independence, it will be in-
debted, like Columbia, to the virtues
and prudence of Simon Bouivar, the
George Washington ofhisage. Brazil
is disturbed by a scion of European
legitimacy, who is affecting to recon:
cile the follies of this caste with the
rights of the people. Relative to
Mexico, reports are contradictory, and
the issue of the new adventnre of
lturbide is expected with impatience.
NEW SOUTH WALES.

Mr. Oxley, surveyor general, re-
turned in January from surveying part
of the coast to the northward, and
succeeded in discovering a river iti
Moreton Bay, lat. 28° (which he has
named the brisbane), superior to any
yet known in New Holland. He
ascended it for dfty miles, and saw its
course from an eminence for thirty or
forty further, being compelled to return
from further examination for want of
provisions. It is three miles broad at
the entrance, and has usually from
three to nine fathoms water up to
where he left off the survey ; but about
twenty miles from the sea it is crossed
by a ledge of rocks, over which there
are only twelve feet at high water. At
the distance to which he penetrated,
the tide rose four fect and a half, and
ran upwards of four miles per hour.
The country all round was an undu-
lating level, abounding in very superior
timber, the soil rich, and well covered
with grass, but rather stony. The
river came from the south-west in the
direction of the Macquarie marshes, of
which it may probably prove the out-
let, being at the termination of Mr.
Oxley’s survey about 350 miles in a
direct line from where he lost the
Macquarie river among reeds, in his
former trip info the interior. The
country around was not subject to
flood, no marks of it being seen higher
than seven feet above the then level of
the -river, which was considerably
within the banks. It contained abun-
dance of fish, and several parrots were
shot in the vicinity, of the same species
as have hitherto only been found near
the banks of the Macquarie. A river
of tolerable magnitude, calfed the
Tweed, was also’ discovered. behind
Mount Warning, a little to the south-
ward of the last,.with a fine bar-

Political Affairs in Julys

[Aug. 1,
harbour of fourteen feet, and the
country seemingly good around, A
smaller one, called the Boyne, was also
found in Port Curteis. ‘the governor
intended. proceeding to survey the
Brisbane in April, in his Majesty’s ship
Tees, lately arrived from India. Mr.
Oxley’s health having been materially
injured by his two former hazardous
expeditions, the hardships encountered
in this last bad given it a still severer
shock ; but he had nearly recoyered at
the period. of the Competitor's depar-
ture, and was anxious to set out on -
afurther journey of discovery for the
benefit of sciente, and ihe colony to
which his patriotic and meritorjous
exertions have already been so ser
viceabie. '
Mr. Archibald Bell, jun. of Rich:
mond-hill, had also discovered a new
route over the Biue Mountains, to
Bathurst, by way of Richmond, which
passes through a fertile, well-watered,
bushy country ; and, besides conside-
rably redacing the distance, the road
will be comparatively level, and free
from nearly all the obstacles which
render the bleak and barren one now
used so uninviting to the traveler, and
illadapted for the passage of carriages
and cattle. The veteran corps lately
disbanded is to be settled along this
line. ;
A stage-coach has recently com-
menced running daily between Sydney
and Parramatta, and a second caravan
was preparing to run between Sydney.
and Parramatta daily ; a third between
Parramattaand Liverpool; and a stage-
coach between Pazramatta and Winds
sor; so that travellers may now pro-
ceed, by daily stages, to all the well
settled parts of the colony. The five
hives of bees taken out by Capt. Wal:
lace, of the Isabella, are thriving well,
and have thrown off many swarms, the
greater part of which have escaped
into the woods, where they will multi.
ply fast, from the climate and country.
being so favourable to their propaga-
tion; so that wild honey and wax may.
hereafter become objects of interest to
the colonist for domestic purposes:and
exportation, besides what will be
produced from the bees in their tame
State. ;
Mr. Hannibal M‘Arthur some time
ago imported six young olive-trees
from England, from five of which
eighty-three young plants have. been
raised by means. of layers, while the
parent

1824,]

parent stems have added a full third to
their growth, The soilis a very sandy
light loam, of which Mr. M‘ Arthur was
clearing several acres, with the view
of planting an olive-grove, from this
soil appearing so congenial 1o them.
Should the production of the olive
progressively increase at this rate, Mr.
M‘Arthur will be able in a few years
to disseminate this valuable tree over
the whole colony, where all attempts
at propagating it have hitherto failed.
A quantity of New Zealand flax has
been imported, which the female con-
victs in the factory are taught to dress
in the New Zealand manner by two
natives of that country, after whiclr it
is spun and manufactured by the fe-
male convicts into various descriptions
of cloth. Should this manufacture be
properly encouraged and conducted, it
may stimulate the New Zealanders to
raise a commodity which they can

Chronology of the Month.

85
barter for useful European Articles,
Tobacco has been this year so exten-
sively cultivated, that the colonists:
will be independent of all foreign sup-
ply, a duty of four shillings per pound
having been laid upon imporied to-
bacco, to encourage that of colonial
growth ; this measure ‘has put a com-
plete stop to the cultivation of tobacco
in Ctaheite. where it had lately been
produced of very superior quality.

The country is rapidly clearing by
means of the clearing gangs, the far-
mer paying five bushels of wheat per
acre to make it fit fur the plough. A
large distillery has recently been erect-
ed, in the vicinity of Syduey, to distil
from grain; and all the coarse carthen-
ware required by the colony is now
manufactured by two Staffordshire
potters, who say that the New South
Wales clay is very superior to thé
English for these purposes.

INCIDENTS, MARRIAGHS,

and DEATHS, 1n anp NeaR LONDON,

With Biographical Memoirs of distinguished Characters recently deceased.
—

CHRONOLOGY OF THE MONTH.

UNE ¢2.—VThe anniversary of the

Southwark clection celebrated at tlie
Horns Tavern, Kennington.

— 95.—The Anti-Slavery Society held
its anniversary meeting, when it was
stated that 120 anxiliary societies had
been established in various parts of the
country within the year.

— 27.—A meeting held at the City of
London Tavern, for establishing a more
direct communication between Great Bri-
tain, Ireland, and America.

July 8.—Tameamalu, Queen of the
Sandwich islands, died in’ London from
inflammation of the lungs; and, a few
days afterwards, her husband, King
"Tameamlia, also died in London from an
abscess on the lungs.

—i10.—Mrs. Wright, who had been
found guilty of vending Carlile’s publica-
tions, was this day liberated from her
eighteen months’ imprisonment and fine
of 1001. by an order from the Secretary of
State.

— 12.—The funeral of the late Lord
Byron left town for the family vault in
Nottinghamshire.

— 14,~-Intelligence received of the
loss of the Jessy, stranded on the isle of
St. Paul, when the whole of the crew and
passengers, twenty-two persons, were
found dead in a temporary hut erected
near the shore.

— 16.—In a cause tried this day in the
Court of King’s Bench, Bodkin, secretary
to the Mendicity Society, v. the proprie-
tors of the Times newspaper, for libel,
the jury were locked up fiom three in the

afternoon till nine o'clock on Saturday
morning, before they returned a verdict
for the plaintif,—damages 5vs. Two only
of the jury, upwards of seventy years oldy
were indulged with a glass of water. — -

— 17.—A meeting held to consider ona
plan for improving the River Thames,
when Colonel ‘Trench, m.e. described his
project of forming a magnificent quay of
communication from New Loudon Bridge
to Scotland Yard.

— 19.—W. R. Perry, one of Carlile’s
agents, sentenced at the Old Bailey to
three years’ imprisonment, tor publishing
alledged theological libels,

Same day.—O‘Conner, who was con-
victed at the last sessions, of a similar
offence, was sentenced to six months’ im-
prisonment.

— 94.—A fire in Chancery-lane, by
which three honses were consumed.

Proposals have been lately circulated
for the establishment of a ‘Corn, Flour,
and Bread Company,” in Bridge-street,

- Blackfriars; the professed objects of which

are to secure the public a supply of pure
wholesome bread; «nd to realize, for the
subscribers, a profit of fifteen per cents on
their capital.

A meeting was lately held for furthering
Mr. Brunel's plan for forming a tunnel
under the Thames, The spot fixed upon
is about 21 miles below Londen Bridges
_ On Wednesday, the 14th, the metropolis
was visited by a severe storm of thunder
and lightning. ‘The storm extended to a
considerable distance, and the following
are among some of its destructive effects:
—Tliree nren were thrown down with con-

siderable

86

siderable violence at Worplesdon, in
Sarrey, but without receiving serious in-
jury. A cow was killed in a field at
Pirbright, and many fine trees in the vi-
einity were struck.—We hear that a malt-
house, and a dwelling-house (at a consi-
derable distance apart,) at Godalming,
were also entered by the electric power,
and considerably injured, Many of the
honses in two of the streets of the town
were very suddenly inundated, but pro-
videntially no hives were lost.—At Fren-
sham, thirteen sheep were killed—at
Farmer Burch’s, near Thursley, two horses
were killed—at Mr. Eager’s, at Bentley,
near Farnham, two horses—aud two of the
Portsmouth coach-horses were struck
down near Hindliead, but recovered.—At
Ambroseden, near Bicester, three cows
and a bull were killed by the lightning.—
At Bicester, the eleciric power entered
the house of Mr. Smith, a gentlemen of
that place, struck the chimney, broke se-
veral articles of household furniture, and
destroyed a quantity of china. Persons
who afterwards entered the room where
its effects took place, found a strony sul-
phureous smell remaining.—At Stewkley,
fonr miles trom Winslow, Bucks, the farm-
house, barn, stables, and other outbuildings,
the property of Mrs, Goufiey, of Oxford,
in’ the occupation of Mr. John Kibble,
were struck by the lighting, and the
whole burit down ina very short time.—
At Buckingham, a large oak was split in
pieces; aud at Stowe, a fine tree, opposite
the blacksmith’s shop, was split down the
centre. — At Bletchington Park several
trees were struck by hghtning. — Mr.
Wallace, a carman of Dartford, in Kent,
had one of his horses killed by lightning at
the door of the Swan Inn, at Crayford.
One of the leaders of a Cranbrooke van,
on being brought from the stable, was dis-
covered to be blind. Another horse was
kilied near the Green Man, Shooter's
Hill. A house at Peckham had all the
windows broken, and the building other-
wise much injured. At Enfield, Waltham
Cross, Cheshunt, and their vicinity, the
storm was accompanied with lightning,
thunder, and torrents of hail. ‘The de-
vastation occasioned by the latter was
very great, some of the stones being of the
dimensions of pigeon’s eggs. The ground
of H. Meux, esq. of Theobald’s, suffered
considerably ; nearly 100 panes of glass
were destroyed. Two ducks were killed
by the lightning, anda sawyer was knocked
down by the electric power having entered
his hand, which it severely lacerated, and
then passed off through the saw into the
earth, without doing further mischief.
The storm commenced in the neighbour-
hood of Broxbourne, as early as between
twelve and one o’clock in the day. The
showers of- bail were excessively heavy,
and hail-stones were picked up of extra-

Marriages in and near London.

[Aug. 1,
ordinary size; some. of them were one,
inch and a half in diameter, Almost
every pane of glass was broken from the
ten mile stone at Enfield wash to Hoddes-
don. Sir A. Hume, at Wormleybury,
suffered cousiderably; and the Rev.
Pickthall, at Broxbourne Vicarage, and
Mr, Waller, of the Mill, also sustained con-
siderable Joss. —The storm of thunder,
hightning, and hail, passed over Harlow,
Sawbridgeworth, Birchanger, and Much
Elstou, Essex. The pieces of ice which
fell in some instances, measured five
inches in circumference, causing mach de-
vastation. The west front of the inansion
of Lord Maynard, of Great Elston, and
that of Baron Filitz, at Birchanger, had
scarcely a whole pane of glass in them.
In the neighbourhood of Offion, Suffolk,
two fine cart-horses, in a pasture field,
were struck by the lightning—one was
killed on the spot. — At Pool, Dorset,
during the storm, the tide suddenly re-
ceded three feet for a short time, to the
astonishment of the spectators. — There
are similar accounts from other counties
of the destruction caused by this violeat
storm.—Coun!y Chronicle.
MARRIED.

Major J. E. Grant, R.A. to. Louisa,
danghter of Henry Dugleby, of Woolwich.

Mr. John Fainthill, of the Borough, to
Miss Eleanor Mary Bate, ot Cheapside,

James Taylor, esq. of Fursival’s Inn,
to Mary, daughter of the late Jesse Ains-
worth, esq. of Wecken-hall, Laucashive.

Lord De Dunstanvillv, to Miss Lemon,
danghter of Sir William L, bart.

Lord Garvagh, to Rosabella Charlotte,
daughter of Henry Benham, esq M.P. tor
Sandwich.

The Rev. Francis Horseley, rector of
Matching, to Anne Jane, daughter of
Jolin P, Judd, esq. of Mace’s-place;
London. 7

Charles Stevenson, esq. of Brain-hall,
Hampstead, to Jane Fietcher, daughter of
Robert Major, esq. of Pocle. ;

Joseph Dixon, esq. to Louisa, daughter
of Robert Patton, esq. both of Hatton
Garden,

Martin Mangles, esq. of Aldermanbury
Posten, to Mary, widow of George
Swan, esq. ;

Mr. Alfred Turner, of Red Lion-square
to Emily, daughter of Robert Taber, esq’
of Brook-green.

Capt. Fox, son of Lord Holland, to Miss
Mary Fitz-Clarence,

George Wombwell, esq. son of Sir
George W. bart. to Georgiana, daughter
of Orby Hunter, esq. of Grosvenor-place, |

The Hon. and Rev. Henry Edward.
John Howard, son of the Earl of Carlisle,
to Henrietta Elizabeth, danghter of J.
Wright, esq.. of Mapperley, Notting-
hamshire, oh
The Rev, Henry George Keene, Assist~

! ant

1824.],.1 Marriages and Deaths

ant Oriental Professor, East India College,
to Anne, daughter of the Jate Charles

Abthorp Wheelwright, esq. of Highbury.

John Young, esq. to Miss Wilhelmina
Catherine Lynham, of Devonshire Build-
ings.

"Alfred Stevenson, esq. to Virginia,
danghter of Matthew Conseit, esq. of
Guildfo1d-street, Russell-square.

At St. James’s-church, Hugh Mallett,
esq. to Caroline, daughter of the Hon,
Jobn Coventry.

. Septimius Burton, esq. of York-terrace,
Regent’s-park, to Charlotte, daughter of
L. C. Middleton, esq. of Hildersham-hall,
Cambridgeshire.

Abner William Brown, esq. of Lincoln’s
Inn, to Miss Dangerfield, of Burton
Crescent.

The Rev. William Henry Mogridge,
M.A. of Pershore, Worcestershire, to Miss
Jones, of Streatham.

Lient. Bushnan, r.n. to Isabella, daugh-
ter of Thomas Shakleton, esq. late of
Bush-hill, Enfield.

Mr. James Robinson, of Newmarket,
to Miss E. Powell, of Panton-street, Hay-
market. ;

Mr. Sanders, of Cleveland-conrt, St.
James’s-place, to Miss Warwick, of
Maida-hill.

At Mary-la-bonne New Charch, the
Rey. J. A. Ross, m.A. to Amelia Kezia,
daughter of the late Capt. T, Blackburn.

The Hon. Col. Henry Lygon, M.p. to
Lady Susan, daughter of the Earl of St.
Germain.

Charles Hume, esq. of Montpellier-
honse, Notting-hill, Kensington, to Maria,
daughter of Edmund L’Estrange, esq. of
Hanstanton, King’s county, Ireland.

Henry, son of Samuel Smith, esq. M.P.
to Lady Lucy Leslie, sister to the
Earl of Leven and Melville.

Carlisle Bamlett, esq. of Haverton-hall,
Stockton, to Anne, dangliter of the late
Adam Alderson, esq. of ‘Tokenliouse-yard.

Frederick John Bassett, of Coleman-
street, to Isabella, daughter of the late
James Dickson, esq. of Croydon.

At St. George’s, Hanover-square, James
Wilmot Williams, esq, Capt. 7th Hussars,
to Elizabeth, daughter of Richard
Magenis, esq. m.p, of Grosvenor-place.

Thomas Devas, jun. esq. of Herne-hill,
to Lonisa, danghier of C. F, Hennings,
esq. of Dulwich.

: DIED.

At Walworth, 38, Tyrrell Herbert Hen-
derson, esq. uf the Auditor’s Office, East
India Honse,

At Clapham, Mrs. Frances Wrather.

At Gloucester-place, Mrs. Palmer,
widow of William P. esq. of Nazing-park,
Essex.

At Goldsmith’s-hall, 74, John Barrow,
esq. warden of the Assay Office.

In Kensington-square, Margaretta,

in and near London. 87

danghter of the late Rev. H. Waring, ma.
residentiary prebend of St. Paul’s.

At Tunbridge Wells, 74, Richard Budd,
esq. of Russell-square.

At Halsted-pliace, Kent, Anna Maria,
wife of Mr. Alderman Atkins.

In Dukestreet, St. James’s, Major
General Macquarie, late Governor of New
South Wales.

In London, William Hull, esq.

At Uxbridge, 61, the Rev. Thomas E.
Beasley.

Charlotte, daughter of John Poingdestre,
esq. of Harley-street, Cavendish-square,

In Welbeck-street, 51, Alexander, Lord
Macdonald.

At Barnes, Surrey, Jolim Edward, son
of the Rey. J. Jetfreys, rector of Barnes.

In Pa:k-street, Park-lane, J. Peler
Auriel, esq.

In Hill-street, 80, George Stone, esq.

At Richmond, 21, Elizabeth, daughter of
Thomas Price, esq.

At Hornsey, 66, George Buckton, esq.
highly respected.

In Cavendish-square, the Countess
Brownlow.
In Great Portland-street, 68, Mrss

Sarah Moultrie.

At Hornsey, 29, Mr. William Martin.

In Charles-street, St. James’s-square,
J. Byron, esq. son of the late Hon,
George B. ;

In Cumming-street, Pentonville, 50,
Mr. J. Edward Pilgrim, of the Stock
Exchange.

George Hyde Clarke, esq. of Grafton-
street, Berkcley-square.

At Cromer, Norfolk, Anthony Ditehilt,
esq. of Vincent-square, Westminster.

At Newington, 29, [William Pulteney
Sanders, esq.

At Friern Barnet, Frances, wife of
Henry Nidbs Browne, esq.

At Phillimore-place, Kensington, 38,:
Elizabeth, wife of J. L. Margary, esq.

In the New Road, 64, Thomas Ketthy
cesy. author of several mathematical works,
Accountant to the British Museum, and
formerly Secretary to the Master of the
King’s Household.

In Grosvenor-street, 92, the Hen. Hene -
rietta S. Walpole.

In Montagu-stree!, Portman-square,
53, Mrs. Eleanor Bettisworth,

In Berkeley-square, 81, the Countess
Dowager of Albemarle, ;

In Bedford-square, 81, Sir George Wocd,
late one of the Barens of the Exchequer.
For many years he commanded at the bar
a considerable share of what is called the:
“ heavy business” of the profession,

In Titehfield-street, 60, MWilson Lowry,
esq. F.R.S. and M.G.S. the celebrated en-,
graver. The mechanical branch of the
art of engraving has been more indebted |
to Mr. Lowry than to any or all of the»
artists united, of which England can boast

at

88 . ° Eeclesiasticat Promotions,

at this moment ; and indeed itis hut doing
justice to his brother-artists to state, that
they are nat back ward in confessing him,
not merely as the improyer, but rather as
the father and founder of this branch as
now practised. Though Mr. Lowry’s
time was ehiefly occupied with plates in
the mechanical department—owing to the
fame he had acqnired, and the consequent
pressure of business in that particular
branch—his powers of execution extended
to every other department, particularly
to landscape engraving; few of those
plates, however, bear his own name, having
been executed for other artists, whose
fame they have contributed to exalt not
a little. It way not merely as an artist
that Mr. Lowry made himself dis-
tingnisked: his knowledge may be said
to have embraced every department of
science. In mathematics and the va-
rious departments of natural history,
it was extensive; and in mineralogy,
in patticular, he had few equals. His
skill in this branch was of such celebrity,
that but few precious stones of great
value have latterly been purchased by the
first-rate jewellers, without previonsly
submitting them to bis inspection. Mr,
Lowry’s manners were unobtiusive, mo-
dest, and engaging; and the readiness
with which he imparted to others, from
his vast stores of knowledge, and the
happy facility with which he communi-
cated his instructions, will long be remem-
bered by numbers who experienced his
friendship.

R. Payne Knight, esq. of Downton Cas-
tle, Shropshire, and formerly m.p. for
Ludlow. He was long distinguished in
all the literary circles of England and
Europe ; with very little assistance from
teachers he deservedly ranked in the first
class of Grecian scholars of the present
day, and was deeply conversant in all
subjects of literary antiquity. He was
eminently skilled and generally consulted
in every material poiut of vertu and taste
in the Metropolis. He rebuilt the family
mausion at Downton, and disposed the
adjacent grounds in the hest style of classic
decoration and fine effect ; and he erected
a museum in Soho-square for his splendid
collection of ancient bronzes, medals, pic-
tures, and drawings. Mr. Knight was also
a poet, and displayed great vigour of mind,
with ease, learning, and tasie. He wasa
well-qualified and gratuitons contributor
tothe Edinburgh Review, his ample for-
tune placing him above all considerations
of pecuniary recompence. He was ready
to afford information on all subjects of
learning which were submitted to his
jadgment; and his observations were al-
ways marked by intelligence and acute-
ness. He was avxious to cultivate the ac-
quaintance. of those, who, like himself,

[Aug. I,
were distinguished by their knowledge and
talents in the Pine Arts. Uvedale Priec,
esq. the author of Essays on the Pic-
turesque, &c. was his particular friend ;

he was also very intimate with the late Sir’

Joseph Banks. Mr. Knight represented
the borough of Ludlow in several sneces-
sive Parliaments; in polities he was a ge-
nnine Whig, lamenting “ the wasteful pro-
fusion of the British Governments,” coni-
mencing with that of Mr. Pitt, and ever
had a strict regard to the rights and in-
terests of the people. En his manners he
was reserved, but not repulsive; warm in
his friendships, and social in his disposition,
He expired in the 76th year of his age,
wumarried, leaving, as reported, to the
British Musewm, his invaluable collection,
of 30,0001, value, inclnding a volume of
drawings by the inimitable Claude, which
alone cost Mr. Knight 16001.; and be-
queathing his other large possessions to his
brother, T. A. Knight, esq. President of
the London Horticultural Society, and to
his nephew, T. A. Kuight, esq. jan.

ECCLESIASTICAL PROMOTIONS,

Rey. W. Molineux, m.A. to the valuable
vicarage of Sheriff Hales, Salop.

Rev. J. Brown, to the rectory of Kid-
dington, Oxfordshire.

Rev. James Barus, to the vicarage of
Warton, near Lancaster.

Rev. Warwick Oben Gurney, to the
rectory of Ashton Bottrell, Salop.

Rev. Francis Bedford, m.a. to the
valuable living of South Ormsby, with
Keisby, Calceby, and Driby, annexed,
Lincolnshire,

The Rev. Edward Edwards, m.a. to
the prebend or canonry of Leighton
Bromswold, in the cathedral church of
Lincoln,

Rev. Henry Rycroft, m.a. to the vicar-
age of Mumby, Lincolnshire.

The Rev. T. R. Bromfield, M.A. to the
prebend of Gaia Major, in Lichfield
cathedral.

Rev. T. Adin, to the rectory of Char-
lotte Town, Prince Edward’s Island,
chaplain to the forces at that station, and
a missionary to the island.

Rev. William Milton Hurlock, m.a. to
the rectory of Hellington, Norfolk.

Rev. William Clark, M.A. to the vicar-
age of Arrington, Cambridgeshire.

Rev. ‘Thomas Musgrave, m.A. to the
vicarage of Over, Cambridgeshire.

Rev. Thomas Vaughan, m.a. to the
rectory of Billingsley, Salop.

The Rev, Jolhm Page Wood, LL.B, chap-
lain to the Duke of Sussex.

Rey. George Hutton Greenall, M.A. to
the rectory of Moulton, Suffolk,

Rev. James Baines, to the vicarage of
Warton, Lancashire.

Rey,

1824.] Northumberland & Durham—Cumberland & Westmoreland. 89

-Rev. William Barnes, to the rectory of
Richmond, Yorkshire.

Rev. Frederick Parry, to the perpetual
enracyot Threapwood, near Worthenbury,
Flintshire.

Rev. R. Bathurst, M.A. appointed Com-
niissary of the Archdeaconry of Sudbury,
and Official of the Archdeaconry of Suffolk.

Rev. G. Glover, m.a. to the Archdea-
conry of Sudbury.

“Rev. J. Law, to the vicarage of Broad+
worthy, otherwise B radfordisworthy, with
the chapel of St. Pancras, Devon.

Rev. Johu Symonds, to the rectory of
Wilcot, Wilts.

PROVINCIAL OCCURRENCES,

WITH ALL THE MARRIAGES AND DEATHS,
Furnishing the Domestic and Family History of England for the last twenty-seven Years,
<a

-NORTHUMEERLAND AND DURHAM.
AN important alteration has lately taken
place in the coal-trade of Newcastle.
A combination amongst the proprietors
of the colleries on the ‘Fyne and Wear,
which had long been in the practice of
entering into yeatly engagements to re-

_ strict the quantity of coals to he sold by

each colliery, has been recently dissolved,
Phe London consumer, it is expected,
will be able to purchase coals ata consi-
derable reduction in consequence.

An extra post has lately been established
between Newcastle aud Shields,

Married.) Mr. J. Hope, to Miss A.
Nixon, both of Neweastle.—The Rev.
James Green, of Washington, to Miss M.
Berkeley, of New castle.—Mr. TV. Forrest,
of Chirton, to Miss E. Hunter, of New-
gate-street, Newcastle.—Mr. H. Stolhart,
of Neweastle, to Miss E. Allison, of
Chester-le-Street.-—Mr. W. Dodd, of Sun-
derland, to Mrs. E, Nunnington, of
Chester-le-Street.— Mr. J. Miller, of South
Stiields,,to Miss S. Spurs, of Cannon-
street-read, London.— Mr. W. Ritson,
jun. to Miss J. Forster, both of Hexham.
—Mr. J. Stevenson, to Miss H. Morpeth,
both of Bishopswearmouth. — Mr. R.
Simpson, to Miss J. Morrison, of Monk-
wearmouth shore.—Mr. W. Cawthorn, of
Armonside, to Miss M. Pearson, of Lintz-
rreen.—Mr. H. Smith, to Miss Fenwick,

oth of Morpeth—Mr. J. Ramsey, of
Alnwick, to Miss Davy, of Rothbury.

- Died.] At Neweastle, in Pilgrim-street,
Mr. J. Nichols.—Mrs. Ingo, late of the
Side.—In C ollingwood-street, 24, Mrs. A.
Douglas.—At the West-zate, 21, Miss
M. A. Smart, regretted.—In Newgate-
street, 63, Mr. Cath. ‘Armstrong.—In
Dean-street, 52, Mrs. D. Phillipson, much
respected : ”and, 55, Mrs. M. Phillipson,
sisters.

At Sunderland, 80, Mr. J. Hall, sud-
denl .—58, Mrs, Showdon.—At Darlington,
32, Mr. G. Harrison.—6¥, Mrs. E. Burn.

At North Shields, zi, Miss Frances
Strong.— 351, Mrs. H. Forrest. — John
Peacock Rippon, esq.—90, Mr. C.
Kirkup.—At an advanced age, eit
Ritchie.

At South Shields,
Skee.

Montuty Mac, No, 399,

Mrs. Clay.— Mr.

At Morpeth, at an advanced age, Robt.
Fenwick, esq. one of the bailiffs of the
borouch.

At the Brewery, near Alston, 37, Mrs.
M. Wright.—At Alston, 26, Mrs. S.
Cowper.—At Whickham, 36, Mr. Mat.
Chicken.—At New Whitley, 58, Mrs. H.
Dormand.—At Sedgefield, 87, Mr. James
Rountree.— At East Benton, 85, Mr.
R. Pearson. — At Strother-House, near
Boldon, 85, Mr. R. Smith,

CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND,

Marricd.] Mr. J. Bewley, to Miss J.
Nelson; Mr. T. Hunton, to Mrs. A.
Crane: allof Carlisle.— Mr. G.Thackwray,
of Caldbeck, to Miss S. Martindale, of
Carlisle. — Mr. E. Brown, to Miss S.
Lewthwaite; Mr. J. Westray, to Miss A.
Fearon; Mr. James Clark, to Miss M.
Dowgan; Capt. James Robertson, R.N. to
Miss Aun Walker; Mr. J. Piper, to Miss.
J. Brown: all of WhitehavenMr. J.
Hetherington, to Miss Barb. Thompson ;~
Mr. J. Walker, to Miss E. Muckiewean:
all of Workington.—Mr. J. Sharp, to Miss
E. Lowther; Mr. T. Collins, to Miss R.
France; Mr. Wilson, to Miss Duthoit: alk
of Cockermouth.—Mr. Grayson Selkirk,
to Miss S. Combe, both of Egremont.
H. 'T. Lutwidge, esq. n:n. of Holm Rook,
in Irton, to Miss Mary ‘Taylor, of the:
Cottage, Ambleside.

Died.] At Carlisle, 63, Mrs. B. Roy,’
much respected.

At Whitehaven, 49, Mr. W. Jenkinson.

At Workington, 31, Mr. H. Dickinson.

At Kendal, 79, Mrs, S. Askew, of
Docker.—In the square, at an advanced
age, Mrs. Jackson.

At Maryport, 73, Mrs. J. Stranghton,

At Brampton, 71, Mr. J. Pickering.—
57, Mr. Edward Hind, brewery general
surveyor, excise, London.

At Beaumont, 75, Mr. Jas. Gilkerson,
much respected. At Dalston, 62, Mr.
Mat. Robson, generally esteemed and re-
gretted.—At Parton, at an advanced age;
Mrs. Reid.—At Keswitk, 72, Mr. James
Lawson,

YORKSHIRE,

An association has been lately formed
at York, for maintaining the rights of the
public'to ancient roads and’ footpaths. -

A meeting of inercbants and others ins

N terested

go
terested in the trade to South America,
convened by the mayo*, was lately held
at Leeds, to cousider the propriety of pe-
titioning the king in council, to ecknow-
ledge the independence of the South
American States.. A petition was agreed
upon,

One of the most violent storms of thun-
der, lightning, hail, and rain, fell on the
Gth ult, in the vicinity of Leeds ; windows
of houses and vineries were shattered in
every direction; fields of wheat, beans,
tusnips, and potatoes, were much injured.

The first stone of a new pump-room was
lately laid at the original Baths, Askern.

_ Married] Mr. T. Jonson, to Mrs, EB,
Wylie; Mr. James Wilson, to Miss A.
‘Ambler; Mr. W. Barraciough, to Miss
A. Mellor; Mr. T. Turton, to Miss H.
Greenwood; Mr. J. Storey, to Miss M.
Johnson; Mr. J. Gibbins, to Miss E.
Powell: all of Leeds.—Mr. Wigglesworth,
of the firm of Wigglesworth and Bradley,
of Leeds, to Miss M. Campbell, of Louth.
—Mr. J. Rinder, of Leeds, to Miss M. A.
Bailey, of Berkhamstead.—Mr. W. C.
Hazlam, of Halifax, to Miss Allbutt, of
Rhode-house, near Congleton.—Mr. W.
Greenwood, to Mrs. E. Wood, both of
Huddersfield.—Mr. Millner, to Miss S.
Calvert, both of Knaresborough. — The
Rev. J. Foster, of Farsley, to Miss S.
Spencer, of Bradford.—Mr. J. Horsfall,
to Miss E. Bukes, both of Bradiord.—
William Rookes Crompton, esq. of Esholt-
hall, to Miss Emma Markham, of Beeca.
—John Preston, esq. of Mear Beck, Settle,
to Miss A. Starkie, of Mount Pleasant,
Settle.—Mr. Spivey, to Miss Smith, both
of Almondbury.—The Rev. T. Batty, of
Batley, to Miss A. Iveson, of Keighley.
—Mr. W. Gilbanks, to Miss Beevers, both
of Barnsley.

_ Died.] At Leeds, 75, Mr. Richardson,
suddenly,—33, Mr. John Foster.—79, Mr.
J. Lee.—59, Mrs. Greaves, much re-
spected.—58, Mr. W. Blackett.

At Wakefield, 73, Mr, G. Brooke.

, At Bradford, 76, Mr. J. Metcalf.—64,
Mr, J. Gibson, deservedly respected.—45,
Mr. James Priestley.

At Great Woodhouse, 70, Mrs. S,Wade.
—At Burley, 67, Sarah, widew of David
Stansfeld, esq.—At Hague-hall, near Pon-
tefract, John Allott, esq.—At Skipton,
79, Mr. B. Smith.— At Woodhouse Carr,
63, Mrs. A. Watson.—At Birkly, Mrs.
Hirst.—At Hunslet, Miss L. Jennings.

: ‘ LANCASHIRE.

The Chamber of Commerce at Man-
chester, lately resolved to petition Par-
liament, praying the recognition of the
independence of the South American
States.

Several serious accidents happened
lately at Prince’s Dock, Liverpool, by the
gaugway of a vessel giving way and
plunging forty persons into the dock.

’ Yorkshire—Lancashive—Cheshire— Derbyshire.

{Aug. 1,

Married.) Mr. W. Harding, to Miss ¥..
Warmby ; Mr. P. Barker, to Miss M.
Alladay; Mr. R.. Howard, to Miss A.
Timms; Mr. J. Lamb, to Miss H. Burton;
Mr. B, Honseley, to Miss M. Woodhall ;
all of Manchester.—Mr. H. Bridden, of
Manchester, to Miss M. Vanghan, of
Salford.—Mr. J. D. Hore, to Miss M.
Houlding; Mr. T. Cooper, to Miss N.
Bell: all of Liverpool. Mr. M. Capper,
of Liverpool, to Miss H. Leigh, of Middle-
wich.—Mr. Todd, to Miss E. Gornal,
both of Preston.—The Rev. John Smith,
of Hulme, to Miss M. Eccles, of Black-
burn. — Mr. .S. Jackson, to Miss M.
Grundy, both of Blackley.

Died.|) At Manchester, 74, Mr. T.
Hewitt, deservedly lamented.—92, Mr.
James Wallwork, generally respected.

At Salford, 22, Mr. T. Wood, nuch re-
spected.—76, Mrs. Thorley.

At Liverpool, 45, Mr. J. Hall, re-
gretted.—36, Mr. D. Scott.—In Great
Nelson-street, 48, Mr. Robert Hannay.
—Mr. W. White.—In Adlington-street,
62, Mr. Robert Bell.—In St. James’s-
Street, 50, Mr. Richard Garner.—24, Mrs.
M. Wright.—In Church-street, 56, Mrs.
Hendrick.

At Ardwick, 60, John Marshall, esq.—
At Horrocks, 70, Mr. James Hulme, much
respected. — At Mellor, 24, Miss A.
Hargreaves. —At Poulton in the Fylde,
68, ‘Thomas Wilson, esq.; he possessed
considerable literary ability, and spoke
fluently seveia! laugnages.

CHESUIRE,

Thirteen persons were lately drowned
in atlempting to cross the Dee, about
seven miles from Chester, daring a heavy
gale,

Married.| At Chester, the Hon. Charles
Napier, to Alice Emma, daughter of
Roger Barnston, esq.— Henry Barlow,
esq. of Highfield Bredbury, to Miss J.
Heawood, of Stockport.— Edward Dayies,
esq, to Miss Webster, both of Warburton.
—The Rev. Henry Tomkinson, rector of
Davenham and Acton, to Harriet Sophia,
daughter of Shakespeare Phillips, esq. of
Barlow-hall. . a ;

Died.) At Chester, at the Mount,
Judith, daughter of John Lloyd, esq.

At Nantwich, Mrs. Simpson,

At Wilmslow, Mr. J. Oldham.—At
Trafford-park, Mrs.. Thomas Wright.
At Runcorn, 42, Mrs. Master, wife of the
Rev. F. M. vicar.—At Combermere
Abbey, 23, Robert Salusbary Cotton, esq.

DERBYSHIRE.

A respectable meeting was lately held
at Matlock, to cousider the propriety of
forming a railway from the Cromford
canal to the Peak forest canal, when a
committee was appointed to carry it into
effect. ;

A numerous meeting was lately held at
Buxton, to consider the propriety of form~

ing

1824.] Noitinghamshire— Lincolushire—Leicester and Rutland.

ing acentral canal to join the Sheffield,
Chesterfield, Peak forest, and Cromford
eanals, when the improvement was. re-
solved upon.

Married.] Mr. J. Steer, of Derby, to
Miss Emma Hashold, of Longhborongh.—
Mr. 'T. M, Yeamans, of Derby, to Miss
E. Marriott, of Long Claxton.—Mr. J.
Adams, to Miss H. Haynes, beth of Wil-
lington.—Mr..E. Baldock, of Milford, to
Miss R. Coen, of Belper.—Mr J.Archer,
to Miss Hallam, both of Hatton.—Mr.
R. #B. Child, of Mellborne, to Miss M. L,
Greaves, of Stanton-by-Bridge.

Died.] At Derby, Mrs, A. Robinson.
—55, Mr. R. Orine, much respected. —74,
Nis. H. Jackson.

At Belper, 24, Miss Amel. Williamson.
—Thirza, wife of J. Fox, esq. of New-
bold Fields, near Chesterfield.

At Matlock, 32, Mr. J. Allen, jun. of
Basford. . :

At Deficld, Mrs. M. Bakewell, re-
gretted,—At Hulland Ward, 46, Mr. J.
Abell; deservedly respected.—At Wil-
lington, 33, Mrs. C. Watson.—At White-
moor-hall, near Belper, 83, Mr. James
Laundets.

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE,

The trade of Nottingham is represented
as Hourishing beyond all preeedent. ‘The
demand for net-lace is immense, and it is
prmcipally purchased by French dealers.
Tn France, the net is ingeniously worked,
or filled up with silk’ or cotton patterns,
and then returned to England as French
Jace, and sold for high prices, ;

The interment of the late Lord Byron
took place in’ the family vault at Huek-
yall, near Nottingham, on the 16th ult.

Murricd.] Ms, 5. Howard, to Miss C.
Atkinson; Mr. E. Goodman, to Miss S.

Sowden ; Mr. G. Cook, to Miss C. White;

Mr. ‘T. Bartram, to Miss S. Hall; Mr, R.
Truman, of Clumber-street,; to Miss A.
Tipler, of Parliament-row,— Mr. 'T.
Robinson, to Miss S. A. Marriott; Mr,
G. Litchfield, 10 Mrs. M. Hall: all of Not-
tingham.—Mr. E. M. Mather, of Notting-
ham, to Miss J. Raven, of Basford.—Mr,
Kk. ©. Davenport, of Nottingham, to
Miss Patmer, of New Snenton.—Mr. J.
Chatterton, to Miss C, Barton.—Mr. T.
Parkinson, to Miss A. Berry. — Mr. S.
Wilkie, to Miss Shaw, both of Mansfield.
—Mr. G. Taylor, to Miss Small, both of
East Retford.—Mr. W. Dixon, of Nor-
manton by Southwell, to Miss Mary
Bradshaw, of Holme.

Died.| At Nottingham, on Short-hill,
82, Catherine, widow of John Morris,
esq.—In Pipe-street, 54, Mr. R. Cade.—
In Long-row, 91, Mr. H. ‘Vaylor.—29,
Miss J. Place.—In Fishergate, 44, Mr.
W. Lowater.—In Poynton-sireet, Mr. T,
Gilliver.—22, Miss E. Huddilestone, justly
Tegretted.

At Newark, 50, Mr. James Barratt.—

91

Mr. G. Withers, 42.—Mr. James Collison,
of Lincoln.

At Tuxford, 70, the Rev. G.Waddington.
—At South Maskham, 50, Mr. H.Huggins.
— At Caythorpe, 73, Bryan Flinders,
esq. justly esteemed and Jamented.—At
Carlton, 69, Mrs. Nutail.

LINCOLNSHIRE.

The first market for the sale of wool
was held within the month at Gainsbo-
rough, and was well attended, both by
buyers and sellers. |The establishment of
a wool-market in so central and conve-
nient a place as Gainsboro,’ promises to
be of very considerable benefit to the
agricultural interest of the country, as
well as to the manufacturers of York-
shire. ‘

A town, called New Bolingbroke, has
lately sprung up in the heart of the Pens,
ten miles from Horncastle and Boston:
the weaving of Norwich crapes and bom-
bazeens has been elieady introduced.

Marvied.] Mr. ¥. Burbank, of Gains-
borough, to Miss E. Kerby, of Humber;
stone.—Mr. H. Loughton, of Claypool, to
Miss E. Tuxford, of Newark.

Died.| At Boston, 56, Mr. Bellany.

At Welby, nea: Grantham, 72, the Rev.
William Dodwell, rector of Welby aud
Stoke Rochford. A few montlis previous
to his death, he gave 10,000l to the

Wesleyan Missionary Society, and be-

queathed the principal part of his pro-
perty to charitable purposes. ;
LEICESTER AND RUTLAND.

The disagreements of the operative
stocking-makers of Leicester, have re-
cently been settled by the masters con-
ceding the ‘‘statement prices.”

Marricd.] Mr. J. Matts, to Miss J.
Flude; Mr. J. Campion, to Miss E.
Welsh; Mr. Miles, to Miss M. Jones, of
the London-road; Mr. Wilkinson, to Miss
M. Burton: all of Leicester.—G. S. Kirk,
esq. of Leicester, to Miss Anna Maria
Sikes, of the Chauntry-House, Newark.—
Mr. J. Hudson, to Miss F. Bates, of the
West Bridge, Leicester—Mr. W. King,
to Miss F. Skevington—Mr, J. Angrave,
of Longhborough, to Miss A. Wartenby,
of Broughton.—Mr. Rowell, of Benefield,
to Miss Sumpter, of Thorpe-by-Water,
near Uppingham.—Mr. T. Crowder, of
Higham-Grange, to Miss J. Jarratt, of
Sharnford.

Died.] At Leicester, 33, Mr.W. Halhed
Davis, deservedly regretted.—In York-
street, 76, Mrs. M. Groce.—64, Mr. S.
Stretton,

At Ashby-de-la-Zouch, 80, Mr. R.
Hudson, deservedly respected.

At Melton Mowbray, 60, Mrs. Mills.

At Castle Donington, Mrs. Elizabeth
Woodward.

At Lutterworth, 80, Mrs. Corrall.—At
Eaton, 74, Mr. Messing.—At Saltby, 93,
Mr. W. Allen,—At Ibstock, 69, Mrs. FE.

Clare,

92

Clare.—At Great Bowden, 28, Mr. J.
Slater.—At Long Claxton, Mr. Goodacre.
r—At Sheepshead, at an advanced age,
Mrs. J. Sansome, generally and justly
esteemed and lamented,

STAFFORDSHIRE.

Married.] Mr. J. Gell, of Butter-hill,
near Stafford, to Miss Clifford, of Lich-
field.—Mr. H. Gibbons, of Wolverhamp-
ton, to Miss E. Sanders, of the Newbolds,
—At Walsall, Mr. W. K. ‘Tunnicliffe, to
Helen, daughter of the late James Barber,
esq. of Woodbine Cottage, near that place.
—Mr. A. Gould, to Miss E. Wardle, both
of Sheen.

_ Died.] At Wolverhampton, 65, Mr.
J. Barber.

At Wednesbury, Mrs. Williams, wife of
ihe Rev. Thomas W. ‘minister of the
Independent Congregation in that,town.
—Mr. J. Rolinson.
~ At Brewood-hall, 57, John Turner, esq.
—At Burton-upon-Trent, Joseph Clay,
esq. senior partner in the Old Bank in
that town.

WARWICKSHIRE.

A numerous meeting was lately held
at Birmingham, Jobn Vale, esq. High
Bailitf, in the chair, to consider the best
mode of testifying their respect for the
memory of the late James Watt. It was
Unanimously resolved to aid the snb-
scriptions entered into in London, to erect
a monument in the cathedral of St. Paul’s,
or chureh of St. Peter, Westminster.

Married.) Mr. Joseph Parkes, to Miss
E.R. Priestley; Mr. E. James, to Miss
R. Ward; Mr, J. Edwards, of High-street :
all of Birmingham.—Henry Bell, m.p. of
Birmingham, to Mrs. Sarah Griffith, of
Brunswick-road, Liverpool. — Mr. J.
Probert, of Birmingham, to Miss Carver,
of Walsall.—Mr. W. Bell, to Miss $. Hunt,
of High-street, Birmingham.

Died.] At Birmingham, on Digteth,
Mr. J. Grovener, deservedly Jamented.—
Inthe Crescent, Mrs. M. Jackson, much
respected.—In Great Hampton-street, 82,
Mr. J. Baron.—At the Land-pits, 67, Mr.
R. Pratchiet, generally and deservedly la-
mented,

At Leamington, 32, Mrs. Maria Anster,
of Bath-street, Birmingham.

At Handsworth, 41, Mr. T. Eglington,
of Russel-street, Birmingham.—At Lang-
ley-farm, near Solihull, 48, Mr. T. Lowe.
terAt Honington-hall, Horatio, daughter of
Gore Townsend, esq.

SHROPSHIRE.

Married,] H. Davies, esq. of Willow
Cotiage, to Marianne, daughter of Sir
John Betton, Shrewsbury. — Mr. G.
Barker, of Heeley-castle, to Miss Smith,
of Bowsey-wood.—Mr. E. Haywood, of
West-wood, to Miss L, Littleford, of the
Fey, near Rushbury.

Staffordshire —Warwickshire—Shropshire, &¢.

[Aug. 1,

Died.] At Shrewsbury, in. Cadogan-
place, Mary, daughter of the late J. iSite,
esq.
Kt Bridgenorth, 23, Miss J. Townshend,
regretted.

At Shiffnal, Mr. J. Downing.

At Newport, 86, Mr, C. Scott.

At Chorley; 78, Thomas Crump, esq.
—At Great Ness, Mary, widow of Thomas
Bather, esq.— At Church Pulverbatch,
86, Richard Jandrell, esq.

WORCESTERSHIRE,

Merried.|] Mr. W. Matthews, of Blake
Brook, near Kidderminster, to Miss
Beasley, of Stourbridge.—Mr. Brown, to
Miss Caswell, of Woodbine Cottage, Stour-
bridge.

Died.| At Kidderminster,
Richards. —70, Mrs. S. Lea.

At Malvern, Lieut. Col. H. Houston.

HEREFORDSHIRE.

Marricd.| Mr. Hayter, to Miss Marianne
Mills, of High-street, Hereford.—Mr. S.
P. Brooks, of Ross, to Miss Sophia Willis,
of Tron Acton.—Mr. W. Arkell, of Mea-
sington, to Miss M. White, of Upleadon,

Died.) At Hereford, 65, the Rev. W.
Tremayne, Vicar of All Saints,

At Ross, 88, Mrs, H. Skyrme, late of
Bristol.

At Brampton Bryan, 25, Mr. E. Farmer,
—At Lower-liall, Ledbury, William Reece,
esq.— At Woolhope, Mr. J. Mailes.—
At Dasan, 85, Mrs. Mary Bennett.

GLOUCESTER AND MONMOUTH.

A fire lately took place in Clare-street,
Bristol, which created great alarm. The pre-
mises and stock of Mr. Essex, bookseller,
were entirely destroyed, and the adjoin-
ing premises injured.

Cheltenham has been within the month
filled with the best company.

Married.) My. TY. Langstone, of Ger-
rard’s Cross, to Miss J. Pembrnge, of
Gloucester.—Mr. J. Bonnor, of Gleuces-
ter, to Miss S. Griffiths, late of the
Church-house, Staunton-on-Wye.—W. F,
Robeits, esq. of Wotton Underedge, to
Mary, daughter of the late W. Cruick-
shank, esq. of Jamaica.—Mr. J. Rayer, of
Southwick, to Miss E. Clayton, of Dum-
bleton.

Died.] At Gloucester, 59, Myr. Richard
Woodward.—At an advanced age, Mrs. A.
Matthews, late of Southgate-street.

At Bristol, in Lower College-green, J.
Ames, sen. esq.—In Frenchay, 21, Mr. Ey
Daubney Brice.

At Cheltenham, 56, S. Bairetf, esq. late
of Jamaica.—In North-place, 19, Eliza,
danghter of Thomas Smith, esq.

At Bourton-on-the-Water, Wm. Hall,
esqg.—At the Moat-house, Newent, 86,
Samuel Richardson, esq.

OXFORDSHIRE.

Married.] Mr. C. Faulkner, of St. Ed-
mund’s-hal!l, Oxford, to Miss Aun renee:
0

Mr. Bi

1824,] |

of Wroxton.—W. Turner, esq. of Oxford,
to Miss E. -Llott, of Shipton.—Thomas
Tennant Coar, esq. of Oxford, to Miss S.
M, Davis, of Bicester.—Philip B. Cooper,
esq. of Bird-plave, Henley-on-Thames, to
Miss M. Cooper, of Clapton.—Mr. Joseph
Hurley, of Wooburn, to Miss Knowles, of
Woodstock.—*r. J. Matthews, of Dem-
stew, to Miss S. Dean, of Deddington.
_ Died.] At Oxford, in St. Giles’s, 35,
Mrs. A. Crapper, regretted.
_ At Brizenorton, Mr. J. Gillett, sen.—
At Chesterton, 59, Mr. E. Hall.—At Cul-
lam, 40, John Phillips, esq. an active and
intelligent magistrate of the counties of
Oxford and Bucks. —At Caversham, Mrs.
Golding, late of Henley.
BUCKINGHAMSHIRE AND BERUSHIRE,
_ Marvied.] Mr. R. Dennis, of High Wy-
combe, to Miss M. E. Groombridge, of
Aylesford.—Percy Ibotson, esq. of Poyle-
mill, to Miss Wyrill, of Windsor.—E. B.
Bunney, esq. of Speen-hill, Berks, to
Miss E. Piggott, of Fitz-hall, Sussex.
Died.] At Reading, Mrs. Baker, widow
of James B. esq. of the Berkshire militia,
At Windsor, 37, Mr. R. O’Neil.—28,
Mrs. S. Radwell.—635, Mr. Dukes.—55,
Mr, John Hurst.—On the Castle-hill, Miss
Henley,
At Great Marlow, 83, Mr, Avery,—At
Speen, 66, Miss F. E. Southby.
_ HERTFORDSHIRE AND BEDFORDSHIRE.
Marricd.] The Rev. Thomas Barber,
rector of Houghton Conquest, to Frances,
daughter of the Rev. Dr. Moore, of ‘Vhur-
leigh.—George Gould Morgan, m.pv. of
Brickendenbury-park, to Eliza Anne,
daughter of the late Rev. Wm, Beville, of
King-sireet, Portman-square.
Died.] At Broxburne, Lieut. R. Chap-
man, of the Leicestershire militia.
NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.
Married.| At Northampton, A. Free-
man, eSq. to Miss Bellington, late of
Woughton-on-the-Green.—The Rev. R.
Williams, B.A. of Great Houghton, to
Miss Newman, niece of the recorder of
London.
CAMBRIDGE AND HUNTINGDONSHIRE.
AtCambridge, Sir William Browne’s gold
medals were lately adjudged as follows:
— Greek Ode: to 13. H. Kennedy, of St.
Jolin’s-college, — Lutin Ode: subject,
* Aleppo Urbs Syrz terre motu funditns
eversa,” to B. H. Kennedy, of St. John’s-
college.—Epigrams: subject, “Scribimus
indocti doctique,” to W. M. Praed, of Tri-
nity-college.—The Porson prize for the
best translation of a passage from Shak-
speare in Greek verse, was adjudged to
li. H. Kennedy, of St. Jolin’s-college;;
subject, “ Merchant of Venice, Act iv.
Scene 1,” beginning with ‘* Porlia--Of a
Strange nature is the suit you follow;” and
ending with ‘ Shylock—The penalty and
forfeit of my bond,”
Marricd.| Mr. W. H. Marriott, b.a, of

Buckinghamshire and Berkshire— Hertfordshire, &c.

93
Trinity-college, to Miss §. Sanderson, of
Cambridge.—Mr. E.B, Ind, of Cambridge,
to Miss A. Dyson, of Mildenball.—Mr.
W. Cleve, of Wisbech, to Miss M. Diggle,
of Sutton St. Edmund’s.

Died.| At Cambridge, Mrs, Combers.

At Newmarket, 30,. Mrs. M. Neale,
generally regretted.

At Wimpole, Mrs. Mayes.—At Ickle-
ton, 56, Mrs. M. Brown.—At Great Wil-
braham, 26, Mr. J. Kent.—At Croydon,
31; Mr. C. King. 7+

At St. Ives, 20, Harriet Wliza, daughter
of Thomas Eccoline Fisher, of that place,
attorney-at-law. Possessed of a superior
mind, she bore along and lingering illness
with Christian fortitude, and humble sub-
mission to the will of the Deity. Highly
accomplished, but diffident and unas-
suming, that worth was appreciated by her
friends of which she herself was uncon-
scions. ‘The goodness of her heart, and

the sweetness of her disposition, endeared

her to all who knew her; whilst her modest
walk and conduct in life afforded a pat-
tern to all of her own sex. Truly affec-
tionate to her surviving parent, she was
most fervently beloved by him, who with
long and unremitting attention and
anxiety endeavoured, but vainly endea-
voured, to ward off the impending blow,
which crnshed at once the hope of. years.
Among her intimate friends the tender
thought on her shall dwell; they will long
revere and cherish her memory.

Ine’er shall see 4 vermil-tinted rose
Its opening beauties to the sun disclose,
Or view the lovely lily, pure and fair, _
Dispense her odours on the ambient air 5
Nor shall I see the wavy ripen’d corn
Atdewy eve, or rosy dappled morn ;
Or hear the songster’s plaintive silv’ry tone,——
Without reflecting, Harriet, thou art gone!
Thy cheek, sweet girl, the rose’s tint display’d,
There with the lily white ’twas soft array’d ;
Like golden corn, thy lovely tresses were
Mov’d by the breath ut mild and genial air;
And thy lov’d accents ever, ever told,
Thyself was form’d in heav’n’s own faultless

mould.
Yet 2ll these graces are for ever fled ;
A father mourns his lovely daughter dead.
Ob Harriet! dear and matcniess maid of worth,
Where is thy equal? Not, [ fear, on earth. +
Ne’er eye beheld such varied charms combin’d,—
Lovely thy person, great thy youthful mind,
Sweet maid, who now can consolation give
To those who weep thy loss, yet, weeping, live?
Methinks I hear the solemn fun’ral bell
Proclaim thine early, thine untimely, knell;
It tolls,—it stops,—and seems again to dread
Another peal,—it whispers, “Thou art dead !”
Mysterious heav’n! how dark to mortal eye
Are dispensations from the Lord on hight
Daily we See the vicious gay appear
Without a sigh, without a gushing tear ;
Whilst they are spar’d, thy sweet angelic mien
1s snatch’d from hence, to be no longer seen.
Doubtless the Lord, in mercy, kindly spares
The guilty sinner, with his worldly cares ;
Gives him a time for his repentance here,
And feign would hail himin the heavenly sphere.
But thou, beloved maid! like seraph bright,
He call’d to join Him in the realms of light,
To sit with all thy angel sisters round
The throne of God, and hear the trumpet’s sound;
There shall thy strains with the celestial choir
Minvle soft hymns, and strike the golden lyre;
And nay those friends who now thy loss deplore
Mect thee in heay’n, to separate no more!
NOKFOLK,

94
NORFOLK.

Dr. Payerman, of Norwich, lately per-
formed successfully a singular and dan-
gerons operation on the child of Mr,
Moore, a respectable grocer, of Ber-
street, in that city, by an incision into the
cavity of the chest; from whence he ex-
tracted one ponnd eleven ounces of highly
purulent matter,

Married.| Mr. Hi. Poll, to Miss J.
Spinks, both of St. Peter’s. Mancroft,
Norwich.—Mr. G. R. Purland, of -St.
George’s, Colegate, Norwich, to Miss S.
Dingle, of Thorpe.—T. F. Steward, esq.
of Yarmouth, to Isabella, danghter of R.
Travers, esq. of Cork.—Mr. J, Blomfield,
to Miss F. Orbell, of Ipswich.—Mr. Gnn-
ton, of New Buckingham, to Miss R. Tur-
ner, of Worlingworth—Mr. Dudery, to
Miss Dyball, both of North Walsham.

Died.] At Norwich, in Magdalen-street,
Mr. P. Merry, much respected.—Iin St.
John’s, Maddemarket, 76, Mr.T. Fletcher.
—-Mrs. E. Skippon, justly esteemed.

At Yarmouth, 65, Mrs. M. Swift.—60,
Mr. W. Gay.—39, Mr. W. Woods,—60,
Mrs. S. Stolworthy.—65, Mrs. E. Gun-
ston,.—20, Mrs. A. Barker. — 61, Dir.
J. Smith.

At Lynn, 83, the Rev. W. Winder.

At Thetford, 61, Henry Redhead, esq.

At Cley-juxta-mare, Mv. J. Wade, sud-
denly.—At East Ruston, 59, Mrs. M.
Gaze.—At Colby, 72, Mr.$. Roper, ge-
nerally lamented. :

' SUFFOLK, 1

Two women were lately convicted at
Woodbridge, of spoiling four pheasants
and five partridges’ eggs; and, being wn-
able to pay the fine of twenty shillings per
egg, they were committed to Biidewel!!

Murrecd.] Mr. E. Jones, of Milford, to
Miss C. Miller, of Bury.—Mr. G. H.
White, of Ipswich, to“Miss $. E. Baker, of
Kelvedon-mill—Mr, J. Kealy, to Miss
™M. Waspe; Mr. J. Gosling, to Miss M.
GodboJd: all of Ipswich.—Mr. W. West,
to Miss M. A. Halls, both of Sudbury.—
Mr, J. Fuller, of Woodbridge, to Miss H.
Ship, of Bredfield,

Died.] At Bury, 70, Mary Foster, of
the Society of Friends.

At Ipswich, Mrs. Hartnall, wife of the
Rev. Mr. H.—Mr. Hamblin.—Mr. M.
Keymer.—In St. Clement’s, 29, Mr. J. N.
Baker,

At Woodbridge, 27, Mr. W. Walden.—
Mrs. Knappett.

At Stowmarket, Mrs. Allman, jun. of
Norwich, suddenly.—Mr. Tt. Hammond,
late of Drinkstone-hall. :

At Glemsford, 63, Mrs. Ward, gene-
rally and justly esteemed,—At Bressing-
ham, Mrs. M. Knights, deservedly regret-
ted.—At}Mildenhall, 25, Caroline, daugh-
ter of the Rev. Nathan Orman.—At Eye,
26, Miss A. Marsh, of Ipswich.

Norfolk — Suffolk — Essex— Kent—Sussex.

[Aug. 1,
ESSEX.

Within the month,:the inhabitants of
Chelmsford have beer much alarmed by
devastating floods, which swept away a
considerable quantity of hay, fences, and
outbuildings,

Married ] Mr, Simmons, to Miss Cook,
both of Maldon.—Myr. G. Brown, of Mal-
don, to Mrs. Coates, of Springtield.—Mr.
J. Stockton,-of Pitsea, to Miss A. Blatch,
of Hockney.—Mr. 'T.: Burrell, jun. to
Miss A. Curtis, both of Billericay.—™Mr,
W. Jackson, of Rochford, to Mrs. F. Va-
Jentine, of Walworth.

Dicd.] At Colchester, 51, Mr. 8S, Blom-
field. 3

At Maldon, Mrs. Sadd.

At Brentwood, Mr. Robert White.

At Moor-hail, Harlowe, 56, John Parry,
esq. a magistrate of this county.—A't
Heney, Sarah, widow of Ratcliffe Pearl
Todd, esq. late of Sturmur.—At Frating,
Mrs. Harris, late of Stangate, Lambeth.

RENT. :

A public meeting was lately: held a
Chatham, when it was -tesolved to esta-
bhish a Classicaband Mathematical School
in that town, on the plan of «that at
Devonport. :

Married.| Lieut. George Minter, 45th
regt, to Mrs. E. Wood, of Canterbury.—
Mr. J. Blackley, of Canterbury, to Mrs,
E. Normington, of Doncaster.—Mr. W.
Southerden, to Miss Susan Bowles;
Lieut. J. Elwin, to Miss M. Osley; Mr. ‘F,
Colemau, to Miss ©. Pileber: all of
Dover.—Mr. R. Stiff, to Mrs. Duckett;
Mr. H. Moyes, to Mis. M. Horton: all of
Chatham.—Mr.. LT. Beeching, jun. of
Tonbridge, to Miss M. D. O. Stone, of
Bradsted,

Died.) At Canterbury, in North-lane,
87, Mr. C. Av Cavrois.—In St. Peter’s-
street, 94, Mrs. Talbot.

At Dover, George Finnis, esq.—38, Mr.
Greenfield.—v1, Mr. J. Bax.

SUSSEX.

Great improvements are about to be
made in the line of communication from
the eastern part of Hampshire into Suas-
sex, in the road direct from Alton throngh
Liphook to Midhurst, by balding a car-
riage-bridge over a stream ‘of water that
parts the. parishes of Alton and World-
ham, at a place called Caker. The
building of this bridge may lead to opening
a new post road direct from Chichester to
Oxford.

Married.] Mr. W. D. Garwood, R.N. to
Miss H. Caffin; Mr. W. Gower, jun. to
Miss H. Heath: all of Chichester.—Mr.
T. Pocock, to Miss M. Turner, of Bond-
street.—Mr, R. Chapman, te Miss Pente-
cost, of North street ; allof Brighton. ~

Di.d.] At Chichester, in St. Pancras,
Mrs. Cobden, generally regretted.

At Brighton, Mrs, Tuppen, of the

. Royal

1824.] Hampshire—Wiltshire—Somersetshire— Dorsetshire, &c.

Royal Marine Library.—In Dorset-gar-
dens, Miss .E. Grant.

At Eastbourne, Miss Charlotte Thomas.

At Littlehampton, 76, James Cleark,
esq.—At Anugmering, 68, Mrs. G. Cortis.
—At Patcham, 37, Mr. J. Gale, of Pall
Mall-place, London.

HAMPSHIRE.

Married.] Mr. M. Lush, to Miss E.
Street, of Hyde-street, both of Win-
chester.—Mr. Fiske, to Miss MW. A. Nance,
both of Portsmouth.—Mr. C. Ivimey, of
Portsea, to Mrs. Hall, of the High-street,
Portsmonth.—Mr. W. W. Gelf, of New-
port, to Miss E. Outridge, of Shepton
Mallett.

Died.] At Southampton, Mrs. Moss.

At Winchester, in High-street, Mr.
J. Price, generally respected.—In the
Close, the Rev. T.. Reynolds, vicar of
Kensington, aud son of the Dean of Win-
chester.

At Portsmouth, 37, Lieut. Church, 20th
regt.—Mrs. Rareliford.

At Andover, at an advanced age, Mrs.
Crouch, deservedly regretted.

. WILTSHIRE.

Murried.] Mr. Chas. Perry, of West-
bury, to Miss J. Mitchell, of Kingsmead-
square, Bath.—Mr. W. Dredge, to Miss A.
Sty, of Warminster.—Mr, ‘i’. Miles, of
Outmarsh-farm, to Miss Mathews, of
Melksham.

Died.] At Salisbury, in the Close, 82,
Mis. Medlycott, widow of Thomas M.
esq. MP.

At ‘Trowbridge, Mr. T. Richmond.—
77, Mr. Strange, of the firm of Strange
and Webber.

At Devizes, John Gall, esq. late of
Stert: he was well known as a scientific
and practical agriculturist.

SUMERSETSHIRE.

Six persons were lately killed near
Axebridge, by drinking cider. On exa-
mining the barrel there was found in it a
female adder, which had entered while the
barrel was drying, and had there giveu
birth to young ones, which were in a de-
cayed state in the cider,

Married.| Mr. FE. Healey, to Miss S.
Penny; Mr. G. Storey, to Mrs. Bush;
Lieut. H. Brett, r.n. to Miss M. A.
Street; Mr. Clark, to Miss Pryer: all of
Bath.— Jolin Fisher, esq: of Bathwick, to
Miss J. Penikney, of Beaufort-buildings,
near Bath.—William G. S. Cowell, esq. to
Margaret, daughter of the Rev. Dr Tom-
kyns, of the Crescent, Bath.—Mr. Fox-
well, of Shepton Mallett, to Mrs. Vizerd,
of North Wootten.— William Morris, esq.
of Wingfield, to Miss Barter, of Frome.—
Mr. J. Watts, of Ubley, to Miss A. M.
Morris, late of Rudge-hill, Berry-park.—
At Bathwick, G. Miles, esq. to Jane
Theodosia, daugliter of Capt. J. Short,
R.N,

a

95

Died.) At Bath, in Westgate-street, at
an advanced age, Mrs. Browneli.—23,
Mr. Robert Smith, generally and justly
respected.—On the South Parade, 66,
Mrs. Price.—60, Mr. J. Gerrish.—tna
Pierrepont-street, Mr. J. Stanton, late
the respected manazer of the theatres at
Lancaster, Preston, Stockport, &c. Ta
his meridian he ranked as an artist of the
first celebrity in the scenic department:
in private life he was generally estecmed.

At Frome, Mrs. Kingdon, wile of George
Kk. esq.

At Bedminster, 82, Mr. T. L. Vining.—
At Portbury, Mr. J. Purnell, much re-
gretted. — At Widcombe, 68, Mr. T.
Bishop.—At Norton-rectory, 5+, Wilhel-
mina, wife of the Rev. W. Wait, of Buris-
tol—At Whatley, H. Shore, esq. deser-
vedly respected.

DORSETSHIRE.

Marricd.] The Rev. R. Pennell, \a.ar.
of Lyme, to Rebecca Maria, widow of
Richard Hammet, esq. and late of East
Sheen.—N. W. Peach, esq. of the Hyde,
to Miss Harriet Atkyns, of Hnatercombe-
house, Bucks.—Revy. A. Wayland, of
Lyme, to Rebecca, daughter of the late
W. Robinson, esq. of Piccadilly, Londo.

Died.] At Poole, Mr. W. James.

DEVONSHIRE. ;

A canal is in contemplation, from Wear
Gifford, about three milés above Bideford,
by Torrington to Huish, tle seat’ of Lord
Clinton; to proceed to Eggesford, and
thence by Exeter to Topsham. ‘By this
course, heavy goods will be received in
the north of Deven from London, without
passing round land.

The Dartmoor Granite Works are now
in full occupation, Beautiful blocks,
already fitted fur use, are constantly
shipped at tie Company’s wharf, near the
fiy-bridge, Plymouth, intended for the
building of London-bridge and the new
General Post office.

Married.] Mr. J. Rouse, jun. to Miss A.
Hewett, both of Exeter.—Mr. C. Pippett,
of Exeter, to Miss E. R. Randall, of
Taunton.—Mr. T. G. Beedle, of Exeter,
to Miss E. Salter, of Littlefield. —Edward
Leather, esq. to Miss E. M. Galloway, of
Colleton-crescent, Exeter.— Mr. M. Steer,
to Mrs, Hursk, of Finewell-street, Ply-
mouth.

Died.] At Exeter, 80, Mr. Piper, sen.
In Paris-street, 81, Mrs. E. Bowden, ge-
nerally esteemed and regretted.—70, Mrs.
Marsh. —In South-street, 42, Mr. J.
Roper.—Mrs. E. Pearse, of Launceston,
deservedly lamented.—57, Mr. Thoinas
Flindell, Jate proprietor of the “ Western
Luminary.’ He was a man of consi-
devable talent as an cditor, and was gene.
rally respected. )

At Plymouth, in King-street, 77, Mrs,
Cumming.—In Pembroke-street, 70, Mr.
Dart.

96
Dart.—In_ Holman's-buildings, 45, Mr.
Bastard,—Iny Duke-street, 57, Mr. May.
—in Treville-street, Mrs. M, A. Tavenor,
of Stonehouse,

At Devonport, William Cummings, esq.
rear-admiral of the Blne—39, Mr. R.
Mills, R.w.

At Exmonth, 20, Ellen, danghter of the
Rev. W. Compton, of Exeter.

AtStonehouse, 74, Mrs. Fanshaw,widow
of Commissioner F. of the Deck-yard,
Plymonth.—At Stoke, Mrs. Nettle.—At
Heavitree, in Baring Crescent, Mrs.
Bright, wife of Lieut.-gen. B.

CORNWALL,

‘A plan has been proposed for nniting
the mining interests in Cornwall with those
of the coal and smelting, in Wales, by a
Steam Vessel Company.

Married.} Mr. T. Benson, to Miss J.
Croft, both of Falmouth.—Mr.. Ryan, to
Miss Blake, both of Bodmin.—Mr. Cole-
man, of St. Winnow, to Miss Grigg, of
Liskeard.—Mr. Lobb, to Miss Govett,
both of Liskeard.

Dicd.] At Falmouth, G. Munroe, esq.
—81, Mr. T. Downing.

At Penzance, William Boardman, esq..
—The Rev. John Jago, vicar of Milton
Abbott, Devon,

At East Looe, 53, Mr. W. Prynn.—At

an advanced age, Mrs. R. Adams.—At
Helston, 74, Mr. J. Hill.

WALES.

The Rev. Archdeacon Beynon, the Pre-
sident of the Carmarthen Cymreigyddiun
Society, has recently Jeft four guineas to
be presented to the four competitors for,
the premium of one guinea proposed by
him for the best translation in Welsh blank
verse of Mrs. Heman’s*‘Lineson tlie Harp,”
Inscribed to the Ruthin Literary So-
ciety. The Rev. Archdeacon’s premium
of five guineas, and a medal of the value
of three guineas, will be awarded to the
author of the best Poem in blank verse on
the Spring. Ten compositions have been
received on the subject.

Married.) Mr. H. G. Drewe, to Miss
Glover : both of Swansea.—Jolin Leech,
esq. of Pembroke, to Mrs. Gilchrist, widow
of F.K. G. esq. of the E. I. Co. service.
—The Rev. J. Lloyd, to Miss: Mathias,
both of Cardigan.—Mr. Salter, jun. of
Newtown, Montgomeryshire, to Miss
Owen, of Aberystwith,—The Rev. Thomas
Jones of Llanrhidion, @lamorganshire, to
Miss E, Morrice, of Aberllolwyn, near
Aberystwith,

Died.] At Swansea, 77, Mrs. Grace
Dennis, a most esteemed member of the
Society of Friends.—40, Mrs. A. Jones.—

Cornwall—Wales—Scotland and Irctland.

22, Elizabeth, daughter of the late Rev.
C. Hill, of Instowe, Devonshire.

At Brecon, 65, David Lloyd, esq.—At
an advanced age, Mrs. Rowlands.—62,
Mrs. Winstone. ;

At Aberglasney, Carmarthenshire, 75,
Thomas Phillips, esq. a justice of the
peace, for that connty.

SCOTLAND,

A numerous meeting was lately held at
Ediuburgh, Sir Walter Scott in the chair,
when it was resolved to aid the London
subseription for the erection of a national
monument in Westminster Abbey, to the
memory of the ingenious James Watt.

A fire broke out on the 25th of June,,
in Gunn’s spirit- cellar, head of the Royal
Bank Close, Edinburgh, when several
houses, of six stories high, were destroyed..

Married.] David Greig, esq. to Miss
Catharine Maxton, of Albany-street,
Edinburgh.—Mr. G. G. Thomson, of Leith, :
to Mary, daughter of the late John
Richmond, esq. of. Edinburgh.—At Ayr,
William Forrester Bow, m.p. to. Jane,
daughter of Col. George Mackenzie.

Died.] At Edinburgh, in St. James’s-
square, Mrs. Mary B. Gilchrist. — In
Drummond-place, Caroline, daughter of
Dr. John Aitkin,

At Leith, in Wellington-place, Mr.
James Marr. :

At Burnside of Dalbeatie, David
Copland, esq. late of Gregory. j

IRELAND.

Recent accounts state that distress and
misery exist at Galway. In one. parish
two hundred families are said to be in a
state of actual want, not having the means.
of purchasing food. Vessels were yet
said to be constantly shipping cargoes of
oatmeal for England.

‘The gentry and freeholders of Upper
Ossory, petitioned the Honse of Commons
just previously to the rising of Parliament;
and stated, that most of the disturbances
in Ireland were the consequence. of non.
resident landlords, and prayed for a tax
upon absentees. :

Married.} Redmond Morris Hutchinson,
esq. to Frances, daughter of the late Jobn
Read, esq. of College-green, Dublin.—
Robert King Cummins, esq. of Cork, to
Miss Jackson, of Tetgnmouth.—Alexander
Purviance, esq. of the Hermitage, Lon-
donderry, to Miss Elizabeth Vincent, of
Limerick,

Died.] At Dublin, in North Great
George-street, 70, John Pringle, esq. of
Caledon.

At Ballybeg, county of Wicklow. the
Rev. Richard H. Symes, rector of Kil-
common and Ballymoney.

Erratum.—In Capt. Layman’s paper on Water, vol, lvii.. page 497, line 6, im-
stead of * Aithcagh a hvle remained round the wounded eye,” read, * Although a hulo

remained,” &e.. ;

*%* The usual Supplementary Number, containing the principal Works of the
Half-year, with the Indexes, was published on the 31st of July.

MONTHLY MAGAZINE.

Wie: 400. |

SEPTEMBER 1, 1824.

[Price 2s.

For the Monthly Magazine.

Tables shewing the Proportionate Re-
fraction of the Light of several fixed
Stars and Planets, and its Dependance
on the Proportions of their coloured
Rays. By T. Forster, M.D. F.L.S.
M.A.S., &c.

OFFER the following tables, with

deference to the results of other
observers, and likewise with great cau-
tion, it being founded on an attempted
measurement of the proportionate de-
viation and relative quantity of the dif-
ferently-coloured rays in the several
stars stated in the table. And I request
that allowance be made for the great
difficulty of such observations ;. and that
the noyelty of the experiments, the few
opportunities that I have had of repéat-
ing them on an extensive scale, toge-
ther with the great nicety requisite
where such small. quantities are .con-
cerned, may apologize for the rude and
imperfect manner in which the observa-
tions have been conducted.

If the future observations of more
able persons should confirm my own, I
shall be glad to see them in detail: if
they should be confuted, the very detec-
tion of the cause of the error may lead
on to the knowledge of some other fact
of use in the very curious investigations
now going forward as to the nature of
light.. At all events they have afforded
me, and may afford to others, agreeable

amusement during the long and dreary-

winter nights of this miserable country.

In the following table I assume the
apparent altitude of the stars above the
horizon at the time of observation to
be 10°, and the barometer 0’ 760 :—
the centigr. thermometer + 10°. Un-
der which circumstances, we may esti-
mate the mean refraction as 5’ 19”.10,
according to the formula determined by
La Place, and published in the Connais-
sance des Temps. Now, presuming this
to be the real mean refraction, and
believing also that it equals the refrac-
tion of Capella, the figures put down in
column 3 of the following table, indi-
cate the quantities of refraction to be
added to, or subtracted from the above-
mentioned mean, in order to get the
_Monruty Mac. No. 400.

true refraction of each of the stars
named in-column 1]. Thus the stars
which I have put above Capella in the
column require a greater, and those
below him a less correction for 10° of
altitude than 5’ 19”.10, and probably in
nearly the poportions indicated in the
scale. The particular methods I have
used, both for obtaining the spectra
and for measuring the deviation of the
extreme rays, being one, I believe, of
my own discovery, and which I am not
yet sufficiently confident in, 1 do not
at present think it necessary to dis-
close because I intend to make it the
subject of a future communication. It
has been overlooked, I .am_ persuaded,
from its simplicity, in consequence of
that fatal though common error of the
human .understanding, whereby we so
frequently dig deep for the discovery of
objects that lie near the surface and are
overlooked. All I desire is, to learn
from those who have better means than
I possess of making the experiments,
whether astronomical observations ‘on
those stars which are conveniently si-
tuated for determining the refraction,
shall be found to confirm or refute what
appears to have been’ ascertained as
probable from the employment ofa very:
different mode of investigation.

TABLE.
Proper —
Refraction at
Names Apparent — pcre
of Stars. | prevailing Colour, | the mean
Refraction at
5’ 19"'.10.
Lyra... 2... Blue... ...... 6”.50
Spica Blue ... 6.0
Sirius. ....}| White J 5”.50
Avided. Whitish ......} 4.0
Atair. Whitish ...... 2”.50
Procyon...| Yellowish white] 2”.20
Rigel. ....] Yellowish white} 2”.0
Capella. ..| Yellow.......} 0”.0
Regulus... | Reddish white 1.0
Arcturus ..| Orange Red...| 4.0
Alpliard...] Reddish......| 4.50
Betalgeus..| Red. ......-.] 4.50
Aldebaran .} Reddish......| 7.0

Observe.—In the above table the
quantities put down are not asserted
O with /

98

with any degree of positiveness, but are
merely submitted, as being what the
measurements of ‘the various spectra
seem to indicate.

The colour in the second column is
merely the general appearance of the
star as to colour when viewedin the man-
ner already described, before the rays
meet in a focus in the telescope; and is
of no particular utility, otherwise than
by reminding the reader of the general
varieties of colour of stars.

I have not detailed the peculiarities
of the coloured spectra, from want of
time, and because the detail would take
up too much space in your valuable
Magazine. But I have given the results,
as nearly as I could estimate them, in
column 3. The following seems to be
the order of the refrangibility of the pla-
nets ; but I have not been able to state
any proportions, as the principal method
employed to disperse the light of the
stars will not disperse that of the
planets,

TABLE.
Whether
the Proper
Planet, Colour. Refraction
+o—
the Mean.
Moon ....| Bright white ..|-++
Venus ....} Bright white ../+]) . 2 =
Jupiter. . ..| Greenish A 225
! low white. . i 3 35
Saturn ....| Dull white....J= (4 53
Mercury ..| Reddish...... —| 55
Mars. ....| Very Red ....|—

Thus the moon requires the most, and
Mars the least correction for refraction.
T. Forster.
’ Hartfield, East Grinstead,
July 17, 1824.

_ a
For the Monthly Magazine.
ON THE DANGERS OF OPEN BOATS.
N open boat, notwithstanding the
skill and dauntless intrepidity
with which it is managed, notwithstand-
ing the almost miraculous feats which it
has been known-to accomplish in even
outliving a storm when a large ship has
gone to the bottom, and notwithstanding
the sundry contrivances which have been
adopted to give it security, is one of the
most perilous situations in which a
mariner can be exposed, as the almost
weekly disasters recorded by the news-
papers incontestably prove; in short,
it would be absurb to enlarge upon, or
to discuss this fact, which is so notorious
and self-evident.’

On the Dangers of Open Boats.

(Sept. 1,

To preserve the lives of a most valua-
ble set of men in their perilous efforts to
assist a ship in distress, and the perpetual
dangers which attend a common boat,
has induced me to try if something under
the influence of a sail could not be con-
structed, so as to communicate from the
shore, to a ship in distress, or to
encounter a gale of wind without much,
(if any) danger, at least not the danger
of the common boat; and I think I have
made a model-which will answer every
purpose, either as a life-boat, a fishing-
boat, (for this is often exposed to immi-
nent. danger, as the word, Clovelly, too
painfully brings to one’s recollection)
or for any other general use where dan-
ger is to be apprehended, and necessity
requires that a boat should put to sea.
This boat, according to my model, may
be made to any size, for two men, or for
eight, ten, or a dozen, rigged in any cha-
racter calculated either for the sail or
the oar, but chiefly the sail; it may be
easily managed, and will work ‘itself
without any other manual assistance
than the rudder; it cannot remain
upset ; or if it should be momentarily ‘so,
no injury will arise, because it must
instantly right again; nor yet sink
though ten thousand waves wash over
it ; and though it has neither cork nor air
barrels, it may be built so light as to be
easily launched, and will work off upon
lee-shore much better than the common
Beer or Deal boat in the sharpest surf,
either without difficulty or danger to its
crew ; and will go as near to the wind,
make less lee-way and sail with as much
speed as any boat that ever has been
built ; and I. may with truth add, without
so much as wetting the jacket of its crew,
and affording an ample stowage accord-
ing to its size, without being encumbered
with any thing that will retard its course.
It may be shaped either for celerity, for
burthen, or for common purposes, and I
am sure that 10/. would most amply sup-
ply all the extra expense of a common
boat, and every common boat can be con-
verted into it without the least difficulty ;
though a boat, to be built with an eye to
this improvement, if such on inspection
and consideration it should turn out
to be, would be preferable; still the
common boat could be easily converted
to it; but, as I have said before, not so
well as one that was originally intended
for this purpose.

Tam. no sailor, and not much of 3
mechanic, nor do'I live in a sea-port, or
know whether any boat answering. the

deseription here given has: ever been
: offered

1824.]

offered to the public. I should ‘think
not, beeause I never read of, heard, or
saw any such; and as a fishing-boat, or
one for ordinary purposes, I am sure
there is none such, which is the more to
be wondered at, as this model is formed
upon the simplest principles imaginable,
and is applicable to every purpose. If
any other, person has suggested the
same idea, I have no more to say upon
the subject ; but if not, and what I have
before remarked be deemed worthy of
public consideration, I am ready to sub-
mit the model to inspection and criticism.

Mr. Greathead’s boat is solely adapted
for rowing; and I apprehend the ex-
pense ‘of it is so considerable, and its
management so difficult to those who
are unacquainted with it, as well as
excessively dangerous, and laborious, as
to preclude the common use of it, when
there ought to be such a boat, or some
boat of the same nature, not only at
every port, but within every three/or
four miles upon the coast. This model
is attended with so little extra expense,
and is so much more desirable than the
common boat, that it can be used for
all daily’ and ordinary purposes, and
therefore always fit for use ; that it can
be used for a life-boat at a moment’s
notice, in case of need; whereas the
professed life-boats are either put away
in houses and kept dry, or otherwise
used so seldom, like a fire-engine ina
country town, that upon a sudden emer-
gency, when their services are required,
they become quite useless.

The first time the Aberdeen boat (as
I was informed by a gentleman of that
place) was wanted, it filled, from being
kept in a dry place, immediately ; and
so could not be used at all. The most
serious disasters frequently occur from
the accidental upsetting of boats when
no danger is dreamt of, in rivers; and

from going backwards and forwards to |

ships. at anchor in bays and roads; for
there are winds and seas that are highly
dangerous to open boats, that are not so
to ships; if a common boat ship a sea,
there is an end of her, and all on board.

This boat cannot upset, ship a sea,
or fill. If a squall in ariver, where unex-
pected gusts often strike a boat a-back
very unexpectedly, strikes the proposed
boat, the sails trim themselves, on either
side, she rights in an instant, andis in a
condition to receive the wind come as it
will; if her gunwhale be pressed a foot
or more under water, not a drop can
enter: I say, she may be turned bottom
up fifty times following, and right as

Chronometers.

99

often of her own accord,:and the man at
the helm shall still be secure; and I
repeat again that it may be as useful in
the hazardous enterprize of the pilot, as
the fishing-boat or the life-preserver.
I am informed that the open Deal boats,
on occasions of necessity, adventurously
hazard working off through the breakers
on a lee-shore to a ship in distress,
sometimes get over the surf or breakers
without being swamped, but sometimes
the boats fill, and the men_are thrown
into the sea, and scramble to the shore,
in the best manner they can, at the risk
of their lives, which are often forfeited
to their humanity : an instance of this
nature lately happened on the Kent or
Surrey coast. Now if the open Deal
boat can thus work off the shore with
danger ; this boat can equally well work
off without danger, for it shall be the
same boat, and the same rigging, and
the,same men, only with the additional
securities which I have named, In
short, the suggestion is so plain, that I
only am surprised at its never having
been adopted; and so obvious that I
am almost ashamed to say so much
about it; but every word that I have
said is true, and I am ready to prove it
by the model. Yet I am not so pre-
sumptuous as to say that the plan is
infallible, or that there is no danger; but
I do mean to say and am ready to prove,
that the plan is more safe by ten thou-
sand degrees, than the usual modes of
going to sea in boats. If ten lives only
are saved in a year, it is a consideration.
T never shewed it but to one person,
and he was a ship-builder. - This gentle-
man was satisfied of the truth and prac-
ticability of every thing which is before
mentioned, and I wish to communicate
this paper to the public through your
Magazine, if any good should be likely

to arise from it. 434i
19th July 1824.
——
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
CHRONOMETERS.
Sir,

ERHAPS the most surprising ef-
fort of art and scientific ingenuity
displayed by man is to be seen in the
construction of chronometers, which are
now made to go with an accuracy which
rivals almost that of the heavenly bo-
dies. The beau ideal of a perfect chrono-
meter is one that would go exactly for ever,
or for a very long period, according to
mean time, neither too fast nor too slow.
That which is attainable, is to have an
instrument which will go according to
O02 a certain

\

100 Chronometers. [Sept I,

acertain regular rate; and whéther it in London, were sent to the Observa-
be a little too fast, or alittle too slow, tory at Greenwich, on trial, and were
is immaterial, provided it be according kept one year, excepting that fori about
to a known rate, so that by observing two months some of them) were sent
the exact second’ on'the chronometer, out for observation carried on at) Fal-
the precise time may be known. This mouth: Their rate of going, was ob-
is now brought to such a degree of per- served with rigorous astronomical accu-
fection, that a difference of a second not racy every day. To exhibit to the reader
merely in a day, but in'a month, is an the high perfection to which those in-
object of consideration. With instru- struments have been brought, there is
ments of such accuracy, the longitude here subjoined’ a copy of the official
of any place may be determined with the account published of the daily rate of -
greatest exactness, as an error of four the chronometer made by Mr. Murray,
seconds in time will give an error of of Cornhill, which gained the first pre-
only 1’ of longitude, which at the equa- mium price of 300/., which is now sent
tor is little more than an English mile, out with Captain Parry. It is the best
and gradually diminishes on approach- instrument ever known ; and the great-
ing either pole. est variation in its mean daily rate of
In the beginning of 1823, thirty-six going did not exceed one second and
chronometers, made by the best artists eleven hundredth parts of a second.

TABLE.
ss a) akg: pli (8 : 5 .
Be gee ae eee ae, on fe tembet si q vember cemiber Ao
Qs = 1823, 1893. 1893,
| — | +1’.1} +0%3] +0%.4) +0%.5 +1’.3| +071] +2”.0) +1’.1] +0”.8
2.{ — |+1.9) +1.1] 40.4) +1 .4 +0.7) +1.1] +1.3] +1.9 8
3.) — | +1.1}+0.4!40.9] 40.7 +1.0} +1.0] +0.9| 41.6 3
4.{ +1’.1 | +0 .2| +0 .4}+0.6) 40.7 +2.4)+0.7| +1.1/ 40.7 8
5.| 40.8} +0.8] +0.3/+0.9| +0.4 41 4) 47 4) 49"5 | 40.7 0
6.| +0 .2| +0 .5! +0.5] +0.6] +0.8 +1.3}) 41.4) 41.2) 40.7 0
7.{ 0.0] +0.6} +2.4] +0.3] +0.8 +2 .2} +1.8)+4+0.5) +013 5
8./—0.4) +0.8} +1.7| +1 .2] 40.8 +0.9| +1 .5) 40.5) 40.5 0
9.|+0.4} +0.6| +0.5] +1 .2) 40.6 +1 .5) 41.3) 40.6) +40 .3 0
10.}+0.3) +1.1} +1.0| +0.4) +1.9 +1 .2| 41.2} +07) 40.6 8
11.}—0.1{ +0.7| +0.6] +1 .0/ 40.1 +1 .3| +1 .2} 40.8) 40.8 0
12.|+1.3| +0 .6) +0.6| +1 .0] 40.9] | +1 .8) +0..8),4+1.5) +0 .8 5
13.{4+0.1] +0 .3| +0.9]+1.1!}41.2/4] 2 +1.9| 40.3) 40.4) 40.01 a
14./40.6] +0 .3; +0.7| 41.5] +1.2)2) 3 +1.8} +0 .0/.4+1.2) —0.8 6
15.|+1.9] +0.5) +0.7/ 40.7) 40.6)8| 2 | 41.4) 40.0] 41.2) —1.6 0
16. |—0 .2} +0.5} +0.2}+0.7/40.8/)2| 3 |42.0/ 41.0] 49.2) 0.8 0
17. |—0 .2| +0 .2)40.7|+4+0.4)40.7/2| ™ 140.9} 41.1] +1.2)—0'6 1
18.}40.3/ +2.3) 40.6] 41.4) 40.5/4} 2 41.0} +1.0] +1 .9) —1.0 1
19.|+0.2} +0.7) +0.5/+0.9| 40.7 +1 .8) +0.5| 40.5) —1"] 6
20./—1.1) +0.7| +0.8}+0.6| 40.6 +1.9} 41.2} —0.1) —0.3 3
21.;—0.6) +0.7) +1.1/41.6| 40.7 41.9] 40.7] 910) 40.6 8
22. 0.3} +0.2) +0.8| 41.3] +1.0 +0 .6) 41.2} 9.0) 47.4 6
23./41.4] +1.0) +0.5/ 41.3) 40.1 2.0) +1.1) +0 68) +7.1 6
24./+1.4| +0.7) +0.6) +0 .9| —0.2 1.0} 41.1) +0.6) 41.5 5
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1924.)

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
Sir, is \

, last paper in the seventh vo-’

‘lume of the Spectator’ (No. 555),
contains’several interesting facts respect-
ing the principal writers engaged in that
celebrated work. “All the~ papers,”
says Steele, “ which I have distinguished
by any letter’ in the nameof the Muse
CLIO, were given me by the gentlemen
of whose’ assistance I formerly boasted
in the preface and concluding leaf of
my Tatlers.” The generality of readers,
and among them many persons of acute-
ness and discrimination, have inferred
from this passage that Addison was the
author of all these papers; an infe-
rence which is neither fairly deducible
from the words of Steele, nor consis-
tent with the evidence furnished by
subsequent writers. Tickell has indeed
contributed to strengthen this opinion
by inserting these papers indiscrimi-
nately in his edition of Addison’s works ;
and Dr. Johnson has likewise fallen into
the common error on this subject.

“ The papers of Addison,” says the
author of the Lives of the Poets, “ are
marked in the Spectator by one of the
letters in the name of Clio, and in the
Guardian by a hand; whether it was,
as Tickell pretends to think, that he was
unwilling to usurp the praise of others,
or, as Steele, with far greater likelihood,
insinuates that he could not, without
discontent, impart to others any of his
own. T have heard,” continues this
snarling writer, “that his avidity did
not satisfy itself with the air of renown,
but that with great eagerness, he laid
hold on his proportion of the profits.”
And why not ? The Spectator andGuar-
dian are always spoken of as the joint pro-
ductions of these friends ; and, though
Steele was the nominal editor of both,
Addison is known to have contributed
the greater number of original papers,
and was, therefore, entitltd to at least
an equal share of the profits. With
respect, indeed, to the part which Addi-
son took in the Guardian, Dr. Johnson
himself says, that it is not known
whether his communications were fur-
nished “ occasionally, or by previous
engagement,” and the Doctor had pro-
bably no better ground for his insinua-
tion, as regarded the Spectator. Addi-
son, however, though he bears the palm
of industry from Steele, unquestionably
derived some assistance from the kind-
ness of his friends; nor is Dr. Johnson
quite correct in attributing indiscrimi-
nately to his pen all those papers marked

Papers contributed to the Spectator by Addison and Steele.

101

by one of the letters in the name of the
muse Crio. This, at least, is not a fair
inference from the words of Steéele, who
only tells us that these papers were
given him by Addison, and does not ex-
pressly assert that Addison wrote them.
From the known integrity: of Steele’s
character, I feel persuaded that he made
these acknowledements to his friend
Addison, as he himself tells us,(No.555),
“ because he would ‘not let his heart
reproach him with a consciousness ‘of
having acquired a praise which ‘was not
his: right; and purposely expressed
himself in these qualified terms, that’ he
might not pledge his word to’ a fact
which he was not prepared+to verify.
There might, too, be something of a
fellow-feeling in the case; for Steele,
“ whose negligence kept him always in
a hurry,” was not unfrequently obliged
to avail himself of the kindness of his

friends.
Bishop Hurd states that “ of the
three periodical papers, in which Mr.
Addison was happily induced to bear a
part, the only one, which was planned
by himself was the Spectator ;” (Addi-
son’s works, Vol. III. p. 3.), but Tickell
informs us that the Spectator “ was
projected by Addison im concert with
Sir Richard Steele.” However, this may
be, the following statement will go far
to prove, that both Addison and Steele
had a property in the work, and conse-
quently that Dr. Johnson’s insinuation
respecting Addison’s greediness in seiz-
ing on his share of the profits, is a mere
ebullition of spleen and ill-humour.
The first six papers were alternately
supplied by Addison and Steele. Of
‘the next twenty-five papers, namely,:
from seven to thirty-one, sixteen were
supplied by Addison, seven by Steele,
and two (twenty-two and thirty) were
printed without any signature. The
thirty-second and thirty-third numbers
were furnished by Steele; but the letter in
No. 33 was claimed as the production of
Mr. John Hughes, by the friends of that
gentleman, in a posthumous work con-
taining his correspondence with some of
the most eminent literary characters of
the age. The thirty-fourth and thirty-
fifth numbers were furnished by Addi-
son. The next four papers were’ sup-
plied alternately by Steele ‘and Addison.
Numbers forty and forty-five bear Addi-
son’s signature ; but the four interme-
diate numbers were alternately supplied
by Steele and Addison. Of the next six
numbers (46-51), three were. furnished
by Addison, and three by Steele. Num-
bers

f

102 Papers contributed to the Spectator by Addison and Steele. [Sept.1,

bers fifty-two and fifty-three have no sig-
nature affixed to them, but the letter
on the Art of improving Beauty, in
No. 53, is ascribed to Mr. John Hughes,
and is supplementary to the one con-
tained in No.33. From number fifty-
four to eighty-six, the contributions are
very irregular. Twelve bear the signa-
ture of Steele, nineteen of Addison,
and two, signed X, (67 and 77), are
attributed to Eustace Budgell, Esq., a
friend and relation of Addison. The
letter dated from Cambridge, in No. 54,
on a sect of philosophers, called Loungers,
is ascribed by some to Mr. Laurence
Eusden; by others to Parnell. It ap-
pears certain, however, that Eusden was
the author of a letter in No.78, dated
from Cambridge, giving an account of
a club of Ugly Faces, and another in
No. 87, signed TT. on Coffee-house Idols.
These were not the whole of Mr. Eus-
den’s communications ; but they are all
which we can now assign to him with
any degree of confidence. Had the
Spectator been no further indebted to
him, it is hardly probable’ that his
name would have been mentioned by
Steele (No. 555) in the list of those
to whom he was under peculiar obli-
gations. Indeed Eusden himself, in No.
78, speaks of “some things which he
had before sent” for insertion in the
Spectator; although we have no clue to
any thing but the letter in No. 54, already
alluded to. Budgell’s first paper was
No. 67: for some time he was rather
tardy in his contributions ; but when the
work had_been established about a year,

he regularly furnished Addison with a’

paper. once a week for four or five
months together. At the expiration of
this period a fit of silence came upon
him; and during the last six months
he contributed only one paper, No. 506.
His signature was invariably the letter
X; and the papers communicated by
him during the publication of the first
seven volumes, were twenty-eight in
number. The eighth volume, which was
conducted by Addison and himself, with-
out the assistance of Sir R. Steele, con-
tains no signatures.. (Biograph. Brit.
vol. ii. Art. Budgell.) Two letters in
No. 66, requesting the Editor’s remarks
on Fine-Breeding as distinguished from
Good-Breeding, the former signed Celi-
mene, and the latter without any signa-
ture, are claimed as Mr. Hughes’s. The
letter in No.7] was written by James
Hirst, a servant of the Hon. Edward
Wortley’s; and took its rise from the
following singular circumstance.—“ It

happened one day, that in re-delivering
a parcel of letters to his master, James
by mistake gave him one which he had
written to his sweetheart, and kept back
Mr. Wortley’s. He soon discovered his
error, and immediately hurried to his
master to. retrieve it, but unfortunately
for poor James, it happened to be the
first that presented itself, and before his
return Mr. Wortley had perused the
enamoured footman’s love story. James
entreated to have it returned, ‘ No,
said Mr. Wortley, ‘ no, James, you shall
be a great man: this letter shall appear
in the Spectator. It was accordingly
communicated to Steele, and published
in James’s own words, ‘ Dear Betty,
&e. (Atheneum, Vol. i. p.353.) Num-
bers eighty-seven and eighty-eight were
supplied by Steele, and eighty-nine and
ninety by Addison. Number ninety- -
one, containing the history of Flavia
and Honoria, though it bears one of
Steele’s editorial signatures, (R), was
the production of Mr. Hughes. Of the
next six papers (92-97), three were sup-
plied by Addison and three by Steele ;
but the letter signed Leonora, in No. 92,,
reminding the Spectator of his promise
to furnish a catalogue of books neces-
sary to constitute a lady’s library, was
written by a Miss Sheppard (afterwards.
Mrs. Perry). A second letter, signed
Parthenia, upon the same subject, ap-
peared in No. 140, the former not hav-
ing been sufficiently attended to by the
Spectator. - This was the production of
Miss Margaret Sheppard, sister to the
above, who likewise wrote a letter, in-
serted in No. 163, giving an account of ~
a disappointment in love. In this she
adopted her sister’s signature of Leo-
nora ; and it is not improbable that to.
this lady’s letter the world owes the
beautiful story of Theodosius and Con-
stantia, which appeared in the very next
paper (Monthly Repository, vol iv. p.
303). The fie papers from number
ninety-eight to number one hundred and
two inclusive, were furnished, according
to some copies, by Addison;, but. in Ton-
son’s edition of 1744, I find that No.
100 has no signature. Whether the
original folio edition contained any I
have no means of ascertaining; the
copy to which I have access commencing
only with No.179, and ending~ with
No. 447.*

On,

* The paper immediately preceding this
was the first number of the Spectator which
paid the stamp duty to Government ; and’
the additional halfpenny appears to have in-

duced

1824.]

_ On reviewing the above statement, it
would appear that, of the first hundred
and two papers in the Spectater, fifty-
nine were communicated by Addison,
thirty-six by Steele, and seven by occa-
‘sional correspondents : viz.—

Nos. 1 to 6. ;
. Three by Addison. Three by Steele.
Nos. 1, 3, 5. Nos. 2, 4, 6.
Nos. 7 to 31.
Sixteen by Addison. Seven by Steele.
Nos. 7 to 10, 12, Nos. J], 14, 17;
13, 15, 16, 18, 21, | 19, 20, 24, 27.
23,,:25, 26, 28, '29,
31.
Two with no signature—Nos. 22, 30.

Nos. 32 to 39.

Four by Addison. Four by Steele.
Nos. 34, 35, 37, Nos. 32, 33, 36,
39. 38.
No. 40.
' One by Addison. | ——-.«s.

duced the original possessor of this copy,
like many others, to discontinue taking it
in. ‘“* Now every single half sheet pays a
halfpenny to the Queen,” says Swift ina
letter dated Aug. 7, 1712. “ The Observa-
tor is fallen; the Medleys are jumbled to-
gether with the Flying Post ; the Examiner
is deadly sick; the Spectator keeps up and
doubles its price.’ Addison has made this
tax the subject of an excellent paper (No.
445), in which he humorously alludes to
the prevailing mortality among his brother
authors, and very aptly terms it, according
to the suggestion of “a facetious friend,”
the full of the leaf. Yn this paper he states
that, if the sale of the work is not injured by
the addition of the halfpenny stamp, the coun-
try will ‘‘ receive five or six pounds a-day
by the labours” of the Spectator. From

this statement it appears that, at the very.

lowest calculation, upwards of two thou-
sand four hundred copies of the Spectator
were put into daily circulation at the time
when this tax was originally imposed. But
the number was afterwards considerably re-
duced, no doubt in consequence of the in-
ereased price. “ I once heard it observed,”
- says Dr. Johnson, (Life of Addison) ‘ that
the sale may be calculated by the product
of the tax, related in the last number to
produce more than twenty pounds a week,
and therefore stated at one-and-twenty
pounds, or three pounds ten shillings a day :
this, ata halfpenny a paper, will give sixteen
hundred and eighty for the daily number.”

ence, then, it appears that in little more
than four months after the imposition of the
tax, the number of subscribers was reduced
at least seven or eight hundred.

Certain important Properties of Gases explained.

103

Nos. 41 to 44. '
Two by Addison. Two by Steele.

Nos. 42, 44. Nos. 41, 43.

No. 45.
One by Addison. | BE el
Nos. 46 to 51.

Three by Addison. Three by Steele.
Nos. 46, 47, 50. Nos. 48, 49, 51.
Nos. 52 to 86.

Nineteenby Addison. | Twelve by Steele.

Nos. 55 to 63, 68 Nos. 54, 64 to 66,
to 70, 72 to 74, 81, | '71,'75, 76, 78 to 80,
83,'85, 86. 82, 84.

Two with no signature—Nos. 52, 53.

Two by Budgell—Nos. 67, 77.

Nos. 87 to 91.
Two by Addison. Two by Steele.

Nos. 89, 90. Nos. 87, 88.

One by Hughes—No. 91.
No. 92 to 97.

Three by Addison. Three by Steele.
Nos. 92 to 94. Nos. 95 to 97.
Nos. 98 to 102.

Five by Addison. | Seb ae

N.B. The above List has been made out
from Tonson’s edition of 1744; but the
signatures often vary in the different edi-
tions. ‘In Bisset’s edition, for instance,
No. 53 has Steele’s editorial mark (R)
atlixed to it; and Nos. 60 and 95 are with-
out any signature.

Thus far the contributions of Addi-
son and Stecle were furnished with great
irregularity ; but, on a comparison it will
be seen that Addison’s papers greatly
exceed in number those of Steele, and
consequently give him a title to at least
an equal share in the profits. It will
be my object, in some future communi-
cation, to prove (what, I believe, has
never been before attempted) that the
remaining four hundred and fifty-three
papers, almost without a single devja-
tion, were supplied in equal numbers by
Steele and Addison, with the assistance
of their respective friends. W.

Chesterfield, June 10, 1823.

———_.

For the Monthly Magazine.
CERTAIN IMPORTANT PROPERTIES of
GASES EXPLAINED.

ASES are atoms in motion.

The motions are local and cir-.
cular, for as atoms are the objects of con-
sideration, and as space is full of similar
atoms, so atoms propelled or projected
among a plenitude of ators would be
deflected into. circular orbits, whiclr
orbits would be as the momenta of the
atoms affected.

But bodies moving in one direction,
exhibit no force in a contrary or lateral

direction.

104

direction, A stone moving horizontally
for the time has no -centripetal force.
The greater force overcomes or absorbs,
or neutralizes the less. Hence atoms
in motion have no weight, and the test
of weight is no test in regard to the
number of atoms in circular motions, or
in a volume of gas.

What weight gas possesses must arise
from adventitious circumstances, and not
from. the gas itself: either from reactions
against the embodied vessels, from dif-
ferent reactions, or from fixed atoms
contained in the volume. Atoms
moving with the velocity which con-
stitutes gas, have centripetal force or
weight no more than a ball just emerging
from the mouth of a cannon has con-
tripetal force or weight.

If weight therefore is not a test of
the number of atoms in a volume of gas,
we have no method of determining the
quantity of atoms, but by considering
their effects and phenomena.

And as weight is no test, so there
may be a plenum of moving atoms of
various sizes and orbits, as dense as
those in the heaviest fixed bodies, even
as mercury or platinum; and owing to
their orbits they may exhibit no resis-
tance, and to their motions no weight
or gravity, or contripetal force.

Such a plenum of atoms, against which

the test of weight has heretofore been’

opposed, would account for all the in-
tense and delicate phenomena of sound,
light, and propagation of force. In
short, it accounts for all those hitherto
inexplicable phenomena, and for those
of the various gases in combination and
separation.

If we augment the velocity, we di-
minish the weight and -increase the vo-
lume; but this applies only to one spe-
cies of atoms, blocks of Portland-stone
compared to others, and the space is
still full of power, and probably of atoms
in increased motion, or of atoms not
disturbed by the others. As all un-
deflected motion is rectilinear, and as
atoms turned into orbits, nevertheless
seek right-lined motions, and would
move in them but for continued reac-
tion, so it follows as a corollary, that
atoms flow towards every space which
presents the least resistance or reaction,
and that every equal space contains an
equal quantity of power, and whenever
from any cause it is not so, a conflict or
action of atoms takes place till equa-
lity of power is attained. What a new
view these ideas give us of the fulness,

Drying Sage Leaves to resemble Tea.

[ Sept. 4,

the continuity, and the combination of
nature! How completely they illustrate
the mysterious energies of gas in pro-
ducing and extending the action of atoms
in heat, animal energy, the tones of
sound, the colours of light, the force of
wind, the disturbances called electric,
magnetic, &c. &c. &e. !

The idea of space filled with atoms in
metion, and in motions which deprive
them of weight, by which their quantity
is indeterminate, places nature and phe-
nomena in a new light to our under-
standings, and reconciles all phenomena
with Common SENSE.

—= >
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
Sir,
BOUT six months ago I put up a
small retort for obtaining gas, and
the other products from wood: my prin-
ciple object was the gas and charcoal.
Being disappointed in the gas not burn-
ing clear, and my retort not being pro-
perly set, I dropt the pursuit with an
intention of resuming it ; but in the in-
terim, if any of your correspondents
would, through, your Magazine, inform
me of the best and most advantageous
means of obtaining gas from wood,
the means of purifying it, and the other
products, they will greatly oblige — /
—<= > F
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
Sir,
HE Monthly Review, in reviewing
Phillips’ History of Vegetables,
1822, respecting Sage, states “ that the
Dutch have been long in the habit of
drying sage leaves to resemble tea, for
which they collect not only their own,
but also great quantities from the south
of France. They pack them in cases
and take out to China; for every pound
of sage they get in exchange four pounds
of tea, the Chinese preferring it to the
best of their own tea.” If this asser-
tion be correct, and if it was possible
that a similar trade could be carried on
by the English (considering the great-
ness of the consumption of foreign tea),
the labour that would be caused by it
would be extraordinarily great ; the pro-
cess of drying and curling could be
easily done, and it would employ both
young and old in its preparation. Per-
haps some of your numerous corres-
pondents will be able to give further
particulars respecting it through your
Magazine, and whether it is or has been
tried in England. B..

;

1824,]

For the Monthly Magazine.

A cove of HonouR,.for the REGULA-
_ TION of DUELS.

HE following articles have, it is

understood, been carefully sub-
mitted to persons of the very first rank,
courage, discretion, and experience,
for the purpose of laying the foundation
of a code, which might lessen the mis-
chiefs usually attendant upon duelling,
until its desirable abolition can be
effectually achieved; and the author,
Joseph {amilton, esq. of Annandale
Cottage, near Dublin, has received the
most flattering assurances of their
favourable reception by those classes
in society for whose advantage they
were benevolently framed. As he
invites the suggestion of improve-
ments and additions, there is scarcely
a doubt but our contributing to the
universal circulation of the articles
may confer an important benefit upon
society. Mr. Hamilton’s reflections
upon duelling were perhaps more
flatteringly reviewed than any modern
publication, and obtained for him: the
most complimentary communications
from several distinguished statesnien,
soldiers, and writers, in Christendom,
as well as from the executive autho-
rity in Ireland. The present code
would certainly prevent that violence
of language and of action which so
frequently preciudes an amicable
settlement; :

The Code of Honour, us approved of by seve-
val individuals of Rank, Ccurage, Expe-
rience, and Discretion, und most respect-
fully submitted to the Sovereigns, Princes,
Noblemen, and Gentlemen, throughout the

. Barth, forthe purpose, of inducing the
transmission of such improvements and
corrections, through the Ambassadors at
the British Court, and the Members of the
Imperial Senate, as may at least abate. the
evil consequences attendant upon Duelling,
until a successful effort can be made for the
total abolition of the practice.

Art. 1.—If, A. B. receive an offence
from C. D. and would remove the stain
which he conceives attaches to his
honour, his success in doing so will
invariably bear an exact proportion to
the gentlemanly delicacy of his own
behaviour. .

Art. 2.—In a case which appears to
require the recurrence to a duel, tlie
challenge should always emanate from
the individual who first conceives him-
self offended. y

Art. 3.—If A. B. in order to throw
upon the first aggressor the supposed
_ Monruty Mac. No. 400,

:

Proposed Code of Honour.

105

necessity of ‘originating the challenge

shall proceed to horsewhip C. D. strike
him with his fist, a stick, or even with
his glove, call him liar, coward, or by
any other irritating appellation, he does
not efface the stain, which he imagines
his reputation has contracted; but, on
the contrary,» be considerably aggra-
vates it, by descending to a violence of
action or expression, which every well-
bred gentleman is habitually anxious
to avoid, and by associating with his
conduct the recollection, that violence
is almost invariably resorted to by per-
sons whose bodily strength, or pugi-
listic science, gives them a consider-
able advantage over the gentleman
they are determined to assail.

Art. 4.—When any gentleman neg-
lects the honourable line of conduct, ©
which is suggested in the two. first
articles, and adopts that which is the
subject of the 3d, he ought not to feel
himself aggrieved if he be brought be-
fore avery different tribunal] from that
which he aspires to.

Art. 5.—Au injury sustained by any
individual, in his property, can neyer
be a proper subject for a duel.

Art, 6.—It is the duty of every
gentleman, who experiences such. vio-
lent or abusive treatment as has been
noticed in Art. 3, to let his assailant
suffer under the influence of the stain
supposed to have been imparted by the
original offence, and to seek redress
for the assault, or the abusive lan-
guage, from the Courts of Law, in
order to suppress a violence which is
injurious to civilized society.

Art. 7.—No gentleman, who. values
his own reputation very highly, will
refuse to receive, or offer, such repa-
ration as may be agreed upon by either
of the seconds, and an umpire, mutually
chosen by the two; and, in case the
seconds cannot agree upon an umpire,
eaeh should nominate a friend whose
decision should be final.

Art. 8.—Gentlemen who do not set
a very exorbitant value upon their
time and labour, will avoid refusing,
even upon the ground, such apology as
they would have accepted, in the ear-
lier stages of negociation.

Art. 9.—When giving the lie, or
using any other irritating, language,
has been the first aggression, if it
appear that such language was resort-
ed to under any erroneous impression,
and that such impression has been
satisfactorily removed by explanation,
the written expression of sincere regret

P +t for

106

for the use of such provoking language
may be oflered and accepted, consist-
ently with the most honourable feelings.

Art. 10. —When a gentleman is the
depositary of any public trust, it is
more honourable to sacrifice his indi-
vidual feclings than the general in-
terests of society,

Art. 11.—Professional gentlemen,
on whose energies or talents the lives,
fortunes, or reputation, of their clients
may depend, can never justify their
fighting ducls, without first making a
full and timely surrender of their
irusts.

Art. 12.—A gentleman who values
his own reputation very highly will not
fighta duel with, or act as second to,a
person who has been guilty of the

. violence alluded to in Art. 3, or of any
other offence against the public morals.

“Arf. 13.-- No gentleman’ should

accept the oflice of a second, without
first receiving from his friend a written
statement of the case, upon his honour,
which should be ‘accessible to both the
seconds, for facilitating an accommo-

dation, and justifying the conduct of

the principals, as well as that of the
seconds, in the event of a fatal termi-
nation to the quarre!. Every second
should also insist upon receiving a
written consent, to offer, or receive,
such apology, submission, or explana-
tion, as may be confidentially agreed
upon between the principal and him-
self, there being melancholy instances
upon record, in which the principals
have converted scconds into mere
automatons, at theirown command,

Art, 14.—The parties should never
be allowed to fight at less than ten
vards distance, to be always well
defined by toe stones, for the advanced
feet of the combatants; and, as dueling
pistols will inflict a mortal wound at
more than forty yards, very trivial
differences may be terminated at that
distance.

Art. 15.—-The parties should i inva-
viably salute each other at their meet-
ing on the ground, and they should be
emulous in Offering this evidence of
civilization, remembering that they
have, by the very act of meeting, made
an acknowledgment of equality, anid
evinced a perfect willingness to re-
ceive, or ofler, the supposed necessary
reparation.

Art. 16,—The parties should present
and fire together, upon thle making of
a signal previously agreed upon “be-
tween the seconds, or ‘Tosb their right
to fire; and fring by word of command

Proposed Code.of Honour.

[Sept. 1,

should be invariably avoided, as in
such eases unnecessary danger is
incurred, by permitting the eye to make
a preparatory rest upon its object.

Art. 17.—The signal should be a
white handkerehief, or other very
attractive object, placed upon” the
ground exactly midway between the
principals, that each may haye an
equal view of it, and that one of the
seconds may withdraw it athis pleasure
by acord.

Art, 18.—The seconds should mu-
tually and zealously attempt a recon-
ciliation after every discharge of pis-
tols. This is always the indispensable
duty of the second to bim whe has
received the challenge, as well as of
the surgeons, and other spectators of
the duel.

Art. 19.—The second of the party
who has been challenged should inva+
riably have the appointment of the
time and place of mecting. ‘The scene
of action.should be as conyenient as
possible to both the, combatants, espe-
cially to surgical assistance, and all
extravagant propositions should be
carefully rejected, such as fighting
across a table at handkerchiet’s length,
or hand to hand, using swords, dag-
gers, knives, rifles, blunderbusses, &c-

Art. 20.—If a gentleman be urged
or allowed to fight who is in liquor, or
unprepared with a confidential second,
or who has not had sufficient time to
make a proper disposition of his pro-
perty, and trusts, for the advantage of
his family, constituents, clients, wards,
or creditors, a suspicion of foul play
must inevitably attach itself to all
persons by whom it may be sanctioned,
suggested, or even witnessed, acoae
opposition.

——

For the Monthly Magazine.

SKETCHES of DETACHED PARTS Of BG YPT,
‘collected from the Works of different
RECENT TRAVELLERS, FRENCH, ENG-
‘LISH, and GERMAN.

MONG. the memorable works,
different in character, but marked

by grand features, which appearin and
belong to Egypt, is the island. of
Elepii: anta. It was a treasure of sim-
ple.and amusing beauties, out of view,
and unknown, till the continued re-
searches of philosophical Europeans
traced and. pervaded it. Its merits
will always charm in such a country
as Lgypt, both nature and art haying
employed immense resources to enrich
it. From its fertility it acquired a
title

1824.]
title of “‘ Garden of the Tropic.” M,
Jomard describes the aspect of nature
here, the freshness of the meadows and
winding groves, as affording successive
‘prospects more animated than in any
other parts of Egypt. He contrasts
the horrors of wild solitade, the depths
and antiquity of sandy caverns, &e.
the iminensity, severitics, aid influ-
ence, of a torrid climate and lifeless
‘creation, with the mew sensations
Which the objects of Elephanta must
forcibly impress even’ on an ordinary
traveller. He enumerates the beauti-
ful trees, profusely scattered over, and
with which it is elegantly grouped and
decorated, exhibits the brilliant colour-
ing of its vigorous vegetation, as con-
Stituting an appearance lor the eye to
view, and the mind to admire, une-
qualled, in rich and elevated variety.
He extends his encomiums to the
whole adjoining canton, as adapted to
eXalt the conceptions of any man pos-
sessed of the least sensibility.

At Elephanta are several remains of

monuments still erect, to attest its
pristine magnificence. There was
once an Egyptian city on the island,
represented by Pomponius Mela as
one of the most considerable in Hgypt.
In the time of ficrodotus, the Per-
Sians, as the Pharaohs bad done before,
had a garrison there, to secure the
frontiers against the Ethiopians. ‘The
Romanis maintained one also, accord-
ing to Strabo ; 2nd, so late as the times
of the Lower Empire, we find a cohort
stationed there. #

The antiquitics most entire are two
little temples, both on a similar plan
of construction, and with the same
proportions. The architecture is a
model of purity and elegance; it bas
some peculiarities to be found in no
other Egyptian structure. There is
no inclination of the walls and face,
which are vertical ; and it is here only
that the ceiling of the gallery rests im-
mediately upon the cornice.

In this little island there is also a
philometric ladder, which may be
traced to the times of the Ptolemices.
Tt is probably the one of which Strabo
makes mention. Leaving this agree-
able spot,—where nature scems ‘re-
vived, where every thing smiles,where
the earth is adorned with trees and
Shrabs, and these are decked with
green blossoms, flowers, and fruits, the
traveller will be mortified at the nar-
Yow limits which the benefits here
Painted exhibitto his view. cay

Sketches of detached Parts of Egypt.

‘107
On the passage from Elephanta to
Ombos, only a few indications of ver-
dure appear on the right bank of the
river; but at Ombos the whole coun-
try is a desert. The intense heat
seems to menace whateyer has life.
In Sepfember, Reaumur’s thermo-
meter rises to fifty-four degrees; thisis
higher than at Syene, which lies more
to the south. Respiration here is like
breathing ina furnace. The French
soldiers boiled eggs by laying them for
a short time on the ground. A young
negro, who had ventured his feet on the
sands, was so scorched, that, being
unable to walk, he was carried on his
master’s shoulders. ’
The ruins of Ombos present an ap-
pearance of unbounded desolation:

‘scarcely any vestiges remain of the

ancient Egyptian city. From its
Situation, at the entrance of a valley
which leads to the Desert, it has no
shelter against the encroaching sands,
from the natural rampart of the
Arabic chain, ‘The Arab village that
succeeded to the ancient Ombos was
so endangered,. that the inhabitants
have deserted it. In this’ remote
quarter, it is rare to find any visible
signs of a living creature.

On the sands may yet be seen the
remains of two Egyptian temples,
surrounded with a vast brick wall.
The largest has two porticoes, and in
its breadth is divided into two equal
parts. Of this double distribution, no
similar example exists, either in this
country or ‘in the whole range of an-
cient architecture. These ruins bear
also the marks of fire ; besides which,
the Nile has invaded the flanks of the
wall, and carried away a portion of the
little temple.

Ombos was not always so near the
bank ; it was formerly inundated by a
canal. But thé current, inclining
eastward, so expanded the canal, that
it now forms the principal channel
of the river, and a large piece of
land has been transformed into an
island. ;

In those times, on the rising of the
Nile, crocodiles came up to the vici-
nity. By the inhabitants this was
deemed a presage and emblem of the
inundation: their image was sculptured
in the temples, and Osiris was figured
with a crocodile’s head. At Den-
derah this animal was held in abhor-
rence, and hence the aversion subsist-
ing between the inhabitants respec-
tively. Juvenal alludes toits— —~ *

Inter

108

Inter finitimos vetus atque antiqua si-
multas,

Immortale odium et nunquam sanabile
{ vuinns, ; ,
Ardet adhuc, Ombos et Tentyra.

An irreconcilable hatred, of ancient
‘date, subsists between the neighbour-
ing cities of Ombos and Tentyra.

At Sibilis, the two chains of moun-
tains that compose the valley of the
Nile approach» so near, that they
hardly leave a passage for the river.
In Arabic, Sibilis has a name denoting
‘the mountain chain, A tradition is
accredited, that an iron chain between
the opposite mountains formed a line
of communication for passengers. It
was from the quarries of Sibilis that
all those masses of freestone were ex-
tracted which appear in the Egyptian
buildings from Syene to Denderah.

The village of Edfou is the modern
representative of Atho, called by the
‘Greeks and Romans, Apollinopolis
Magna. It appears from Herodotus,
Diodorus, and PJutarch, that the
Egyptian divinity Horus was consi-
milar with Apollo.

_ Apollinopolis»was the chief place of
"a name or district, and one of the
principal cities of the Thebais. In the
time of Adrian, a medal was struck
there in honour of that emperor.
‘Towards the close of the fourth cen-
‘tury, this city was on the decline.
According to Ammianus Marcellinus,
the chief cities at that-time were Cop-
tos, Hermopolis, and Antinoée.

' Most of the honses that compose the
village of Edfou are grouped, with no
regard to order, on the terrace of the
temple, which is one of the finest in
Egypt. These wretched hovels seem
unfit for the dwellings of any human
being. As to the temple, a glance
over its dimensions will display a
spectacle the mosf grand and sublime.
‘The plan is surprisingly regular, the
sculptures are beautiful, and theawhole
appears uniformly lofty, like the
majesty of the sea, when contempla-
tion fixes on it. The temple is about
424. feet in length; the shaft of its
largest columns measures, at the lower
part, near twenty feet in circumfer-
ence. The stones in the ceilings are
of singular magnitude; in the grand
portico they -are eighteen feet in
length. The exterior facade of the
edifice is about 212 feet.

A number of compartments must be
‘traversed to enter the sanctuary,which
is detached from the building, and

Skeiches of detached Parts of Egypt.

[Sept. 1,
unlike it in its construction ; a gloomy

light enters it from the ceiling. Among

the sculptures is the image of a
phoenix, which, with the ancient
Egyptians, as Solinus and Pliny relate,
was an emblem of the Great Year or
Sothic Period. ‘Tacitus gives 1460
years to the life of the phoenix, exact-
ly that of the Sothic Period. ‘The
renewal of this term was marked by
the heliacal rising of Sirius, when the
fixed and the vague year met in
Egyptian astronomy.

Near the great building is another
monument, on a less extensive scale:
it was a Typhonium, or Temple of
Typhon, the genius of evil.

About two leagues to the north, on
the right bank of the Nile, stood the
ancient city of Elythia; there are re-
mains of two walls, and various build-
ings, but not comparable to those of
Apolinopolis. Elythia was a Grecian
goddess, presiding over women in la-
bour, like the Lucina of the Latins.

The antiquities of Egypt have in all
ages been thought a proper subject of
attention; and the acquisitions, scien-
tific and literary, of voyagers, in their
several expeditions. in the interior,
with the particular details of the ob-

‘servations they have made and’ col-

lected, are likely to become of much
future consequence. Among other
useful notes, containing the modern
geography, and exhibiting views of
the pristine state of Egypt, some short
account has been given relative to
the island of Phile.

It is situated on the confines of
Nubia, beyond the last cataract, about
two leagues above Syene, and fourteen
on this side the tropic. As it is one
of the principal points of Egypt, it bas
numerous remains that serve to show
its quondam importance. The Egyptian
priests appear to have had a just sense
of its position, and under the Pharaohs,
in the time of their national power
and prosperity, in the case of Phile,
were for making political interest and
religion compatible and subservient to
each other. It was one of the gafes
of Egypt, and they exerted their skill
and policy in acquiring superior
strength for the island, in proportion
to the means it possessed. Egypt was
surrounded on three sides by the Me-
diterranean and by Deserts ; and, till
the invasion of Nebuchadnezzar, the
arts and operations of war were most
liable to be called forth and employed
on the side of Nubia. It was from this

. f circumstance,

1824, |
circumstance, in a great measure, that
the island attained to its grandeur.
The priests would have it considered
as the depositary of the tomb of
Osiris; and, by thus holding it;up to
public veneration, placed it under the
safeguard of the citizens. Philze be-
came an object of pilgrimage, and its
public works were such as to gain the
admiration of other nations. Among
the four temples of Phila, one has
much engaged attention, from its
having been constructed of materials
still more ancient ; its stones, hierogly-
phics, and colours, appear to be twice
as old as the temple: so that the mind
is filled with wonder, and the imavi-
nation entertained, while computing
the reputation which such works must
have obtained, and their successive
value, traceable to the origin of arts,
and the earliest era of civilization.
Within the compass of a very small
territory, the number of columns, obe-
lisks, walls, &c. show how the activity
and industry of that wise state and
nation were occupied. Phila is em-
bosomed on all sides in granite rocks,
so that it forms a natural fortification.
Among other articles brought by
M. Cailliaud from Egypt, in his last
expedition, (which form a rich cabinet
of curiosities,) is a beautiful mummy,
of extraordinary magnitude and
weight.
gilt copper lamina, and of buttons, in
imitation of the leaves and young fruit
ofan olive-tree.. At the bottom of the
case which serves for ifs envelop is a
painted Zodiac; the figures have a

strong resemblance to the zodiac of

Denderah. The lid bears a small
Greek inscription, nearly effaced ; the
name of Petemenén appears at the
head in Cursive Greek, on the margin
of a small hieroglyphic papyrus placed
over the mummy, between the exterior
bandlets. ‘The size of the head and
of the feet exceed all ordinary dimen-
sions.~ From its new and singular cir-
cumstances, it was thought that the
openingofit would disclose manuscripts,
metals, or otherrarities. Itwasenclosed
in seven different envelopes, besides an
outer linen-cloth, covered with paint-
ings and hieroglyphics, with other
ornaments, not common in Egypt, and
an inner thin cover to remove. before
_ the skin could be come at. The abdo-
men being opened, much black baim
of a superior quality appeared, but no
rarities, as had been expected. ‘The
removing of the numberless bandlets
and envelopes, which often required

Sketches of detached Parts of Egypt.

On the head is a crown of

109

cutting-tools, and would cover a space
of 2800 square feet, took up three hours.
—Though nothing remarkable was
found in the body, on removing the
last linen from the face, M. C. disco-
vered under each cye, and over the
cheek-bones, a gold lamina or plate,
representing the figure of an eye, with
the eye-lids; on the mouth was ano-
ther gold plate, pretty much resem-
bling a tongue. It was laid perpendi-
cular to the junction of the lips, which
are perfectly closed. These two sin-
gularities have not been observed in
any other subject. One of the tunics
contained several characters written
with ink; there was also a beautiful
scarf, with fringes, and a lace, marked
with the letters A. M. the initials of
the Greek name of the person.

A second mummy, when opened,
was found to differ in its mode of em-
balming from all we are acquainted
with; in the preparation, neither bitu-
men, nor mineral soda, nor any kind
of salt, enters. ‘The bands and linens
are rolled about the hody without any
adhering substance, but there was a
very thick layer of sawings of wood or
bark, evidently for the purpose of
absorbing humidity, and this is com-
pletely effected. The body also con-
tained a great quantity of this powder,
in lieu of bitumen. ‘This simple pro-

-cess has safely preserved the flesh;

parts of it, as the ears and cartilage of
the nose, are still very flexible; all
parts will yield to the impression of a
finger, and even the white of the eyes
is discernible. ‘The whole: figure is
yellow, and not black. The person so
embalmed is an old man: two little
pieces of leather, or brown morocco,
are crossed about his neck; their hie-
roglyphic marks seem as if done with
a stamp. One of them is in the form
of a spatula.

M. C. has several other mummies
in excellent preservation. ‘wo are
remarkable fur being enclosed in paste-
board cases, enriched with paintings,
and sewed on the back.

~<a

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR,
HE blow-pipe having become so
interesting and important an in-
strument for experimental purposes, it
may not be unacceptable to receive an
accuunt of a means of constructing
self-acting blow-pipes of India-rubber,
capable of affording a strong and uni-
form stream of air, during twenty-five
to sixty minutes, according to the size
of

110

of the jet. Select at the stationers
‘bottles of India-rubber, varying in
weight from half to three-quarters of
a pound, preferring those of a dark
hue; astrip of which, when pulled out,
so as to become very ‘thin, is almost
transparent; and avoid those bottles of
a browner colour, a strip of which can-
not be pulled out so thin as is men-
tioned above without breaking. ‘Che
bottles selécted are to be boiled in wa-
ter until quite softened, which usually
occurs after a quarter of an hour's
boiling. A ‘short btass tube, having a
stop-cock on its middle, and a screw-
tap adapted to screw into a condensing
syringe at one end; and having, near
to the other end, a milled projecting
rib-outside, provided for each bottle;
and, when these are cooled after the
boiling, the ribbed end of a tube is in-
serted into the neck of each India-
rubber bottle, and is firmly secured
there; by lapping strong waxed thread
above and below the rib.

The tube of one of the bottles is now
screwed ‘to the syringe, and air is
forced in; after a few strokes of the
syringe, a blister-like projection will
be observed to form on that part of the
bottle which is the thinnest; and, as
the forcing-in of air is slowly conti-
nued, the blister will be seen to en-
large, until it extends over the whoie
surface, and the bottle will usually
then have acquired a diameter of four-
teen to seventeen inches: in this state,
the blow-pipe bottle being completed,
it is unscrewed from the condenser,
and the jet-pipe is screwed on in its
place ; and now the blow-pipe is ready
for use; and immediately, on turning
the stop-cock, the elastic contraction
of the bottle will force out the air ina
strong and steady jet, as has been
mentioned above, which will continue
until the bottle is reduced to about
double its original size ; when the con-
denser may be again applied, and the
bottle be again distended as before,
untess that several bottles have been
prepared and charged at first, as is
mentioned above. When no longer
wanted, the bottles should be emptied
of their air, and so may be kept for any
length of time ready for charging;
only observing, that if at any time a
bottle has lost its pliability, and be-
come hard by keeping, it must be im-
mersed for a short time in boiling wa-
ter before applying the syringe. The
great portability, and the length and
steadiness of action, of this blow-pipe,
are its great recommendation: itmay be

Blow Pipe.-—Life Annuities.

[Sept. T,
used with any of the gases, even ex-
plosive mixtures of oxygen and hydro-~
gen, the accidental explosion ef whiich
would merely burst and destroy the
bottle, without occasioning further
mischief. Z. A.
—_

To the Editor’ of the Monthly Magazine.
SIR,

HE exertions against the repeal
of the Usury Laws, in whieh you

_ have borne a conspicuous part, have

happily been crowned with success;
and, however seldom we have to praise
the conduct of our legislators, we must
do them the justice to say, that they
in a firm and determined manner
resisted the wicked attempts of avari-
cious speculators to extort from neces-
sitous borrowers a higher interest than
five per cent. Itis to be hoped they
will be for ever deterred from renew-
ing their attempts; or, if they again
expose themsclves, that the legislature
will again put them to shame. There
are only two circumstances that can
justify the expectation of a higher in-
terest than five per cent. the first
is, that the money is locked up, and
cannot be recalled on giving notice, ag
in the case of mortgage and similar
loans; and the second is, when
the interest is to be paid, not for a
perpetuity, but for a limited period, or
a period depending on the contin-
gency of the existence of one or more
lives. ‘There are, comparatively, few
persons, who can afford to have their
money locked up, so as not to be
called back when they want it; and who
are willing to risk its loss, by the ex-
tinction, by death, of the persons on
whose lives the annuities depend;
hence the gain, from investing money
in this way, naturallyrises much higher
than it otherwise would; and it is a
very advantageous speculation for
those who adventure init. here are
many so situated in regard to their
property, that they can raise money
only by way of annuity.

There are ample and important rea-
sons, in addition to the difficulty of
procuring money at five per cent. for
any given length of time, which induce
many individuals possessed of un-
doubted freehold and copyhold securi-
ties, as well as public bodies, to prefer
raising money by way of annuity.
For example, if a gentleman raise
money by. mortgage, he cannot gene-
rally be secure against being called
upon ‘to repay it for mote than six

months,

1824.]

months, unless under particular cir-
cumstances; as, for instance, from its
being trust-money. He is therefore
placed at the mercy and caprice of the
lender. ‘The money he was of course
in want of, or he would not have bor-
rowed it, and it may be difficult in so
short a time as six months to repay it.
It may have been expended in the im-
provement of his estate, or in sucha
speculation that it may be a very, unfa-
vourable time to sell his property.
When he applies for a fresh loan, he is
subjected to unusual difficulty and
Suspicion, even from the circumstance
of his estate being already mortgaged
for the very sum he is called upon to
pay off. Hence it may be impossible
to obtain the money, and he suffers the
consequences, which are not unfre-
quently sale or foreclosure. But in the
ease of raising money by granting an-
nuities it.is different ; for so long as
the grantor continues to pay the an-
nuity granted, he cannot be. called
upon.to pay off the purchase-money,
although be may do so when he finds
it conyenient, upon giving a short no-
tice, or paying, a small fine.

» Proprietors ofleasehold property are
for Jike ,reasons induced to prefer
raising moncy by annuity to mortgage ;
and it also frequently occurs, that they
are unable to obtain money by mort-
gage at all, although the duration of
their interest in, the property may be
amply sufficient for,.securing the pay-
ment of the annuities they are willing
to giant. Rb

Proprietors of shares in roads, ca-
nals, bridges, and otber public works
of this nature, when they may deem it
an unfavourable time to sell, are able
to give good security for an advance of
money by way of annuity, to such an
extent as the value of their shares will
cover.

Parishes are unable to raise money
by mortgage, because they cannot give
a power of sale, and can only grant.a
security on the rates from time to time
as they come in. It is also deemed
inequitable to lay the whole burden of
defraying the expense of a church, or
other public object, the benefit of
which is to extend over a long period,
upon the present inhabitants. They
therefore raise money hy annuity ; and
almost, every local act of parliament
directs, or recognizes, this mode of
ee sede money by parishes.

the proprietors of wninewmbered,
but entailed, estates, cannot raise mo-
hey by mortgage, as they have only a

On the Ascension, according to Saint Paul.

111

life-interest in the property. It is fre-
quently impossible to cut off the entail,
and sometimes a proprietor does not
desire to do so; hence, when money is
raised, it must be by way of annuity ;
and such an annuity is granted as will
remunerate for the use of the money,
and pay, the premium for the insurance
of the life, ’

All persons. deriving an, income for
life, or for lives, secured, on land, by
marriage settlement, attachable. pen-
sions from government, money in the
funds, or other good securities depend-
ing on life, must, from the nature of
such securities, when ihey raise money,
do it by way of annuity. As in such
cases insurance is required, the parties
raising the money, must, grant.an an-
nuity, to such anamount.as will insure
the money advanced, and yield a re-
muneration for its use.

In Scotland, from one-third to one-
half the landed property is entailed ;
and the entail cannot, by any means,
be set aside. Hence moncy cannot be
raised on such property, except in the
form of a life-annuity. In Ireland,
much property is also entailed.

From these circumstances it.arises,
that immense sums are annually raised
by way of annuity. Accordingly, for
many years, there have been annually.
effected and enrolled in London, on an
average, 1500 annuitics, besides those
secured on freehold property and copy-
hold estates of larger annual value
than the annuities granted, and exclu-
sive of annuities granted on Jand, and
other property, in Scotland and Ire-
land. ‘The sum so invesied in the pur-
chase of annuities within the last three
years, and enrolled in London, has
been from three millions anda half to
four millions sterling. att

Such transactions have becn con-
trolled by our Acts of the legislature,
the substance of which is summed up
in 53 Geo, ITI, c. 141, which has been
further explained by 3 Geo. LY. c. 92.
Several annuity-companies have. also

obtained separate Acts, Mercator,
— ‘
Lo the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR, ret
OUR correspondent Academicus.
(vol, 58, p- 37,) justly observes,
that the resurrection, ascribed to Jesus
Christ. by the evangelists, diflers in
kind from the resurrection ascribed by.
Saint Paul to the bodies of deceased
persons; that Christ rose in the flesh,
with the wounds in his hands and side
unhealed; aud that the dead are to
TiS,

112

rise, according to the Corinthian epis-
tle, with spiritual bodies not liable to
corruption. This ought not to sur-
prise, for ‘there was ‘nothing in cruci-
fixion likely to terminate ihe mortal
existence of the sufferer. ‘The feet
were not pierced, (as the painters re-
present,) they rested on a shelf; so that
the punishment was analogous to
standing in the pillory, with the aggra-
vation of having the hands nailed to
the cross-bar; and it was often inflicted
more for the sake of ignominy than of
injury. When crucified persons were
to be punished capitally, an execu-
tioner was sent with an iron bar, who
broke the four main limbs; and then,
as when the rack was used in France,
gave the blow of mercy on the chest.
Now, in the present case, this operation
was not inflicted ; and the patient is as
likely to have recovered, as the man
crucified at Thekoa, whose pardon
Josephus obtained of Titus, and who
survived. (See Life of Josephus, §75.)
That Jesus did recover, aud was walk-
ing about with his disciples the Sun-
day after the crucifixion, is notorious;
and is alike attested by the historian
Josephus, and by the evangelists.
But when yourcorrespondent proceeds
to assume, that with this natural and
still mortal body, Christ: quitted the
planet on which he was born, he seems
to misinterpret the phrase ascended into
heaven. It was at Bethany, (Luke
xxiv. 50,) within a very few days of the
crucifixion, and previous to Christ’s
visit in Galilee, that this ascension
took place. If, therefore, he ascended
a-‘mountain near Jerusalem, and while
he was preaching to the people, a
cloud received him out of their sight,
he must have re-descended the moun-
tain on the other side, and have con-
tinued his route to the Lake or Tibe-
rias. Jesus may have passed oniy
forty days among his disciples; but
that he continued much longer to live
among men, first. with King. Aretas at
Damascus ; secondly, with King Abgar
at Edessa; and, finally, at Lydda, re-
poses on strong presumption. Where
ean Saint Paul have seen him but at
Damascus? where can he have -at-
tended King Abgar but ‘at Edessa?
where can I[renzus ha ve seen him but
at Lydda? According to a corres-
pondent in your 46th voluine, p- 37, he
perished there in the fifty-sixth year of
his age. In a recent pamphlet, en-
titled, the ‘“‘ New Trial of the Wit-
“nesses,” similar inferences are drawn.

BioGRAPHICUS.
2

Account of an Karihgaakes in India in 1819.

[Sept. 1,

For the Monthly Magazine,

ACCOUNT of the EARTHQUAKE which
OCCURRED @m INDIA in 1819.°

N the 16th of June, 1819, between

fifteen and ten ‘minutes before
seven o'clock P.M. a shock of an earth-
quake was felt in Cutch. It was fore-
told by no uncommon appearance in
the heavens ; at least nothing was re-
marked previously, either’in the
heavenly bodies or in the atmosphere,
to indicate the appreach of any con-
vulsion of nature. Tbe hot months
had passed on with the clear and se-
rene sky, the burning sun, and the
westerly wind, which commonly. pre-
vails atthatseason of the year. » It was
observed that the month of May was
extremely hot, perhaps more so than
usual; but the thermometer seldom
higher than 108° or 110° of Fahren-
heit in the shade of a tent, and gene-
rally not above 105°.

After a hot day, I was sitting with a
party of friends on an earthen terrace,
in front of a house in which we were
about to dine. The evening was re-
markably serene, not a clond to be
seen, and a light and cool breeze from
the west. The situation was on a
ridge of slate-rock in the town of Anjar,
and close under a large round tower,
with four heavy guns mounted on it.
Our notice was first attracted by a
slight motion of our chairs, as if they
had been lifted up, and a noise from
the doors and windows, as if they had
been moved by the breeze ; befote the
question of ‘* What is that?” could be
uttered, a second lifting of the chairs
took place, and the motion became too
evident to be mistaken even by me,
who had never before experienced a
shock. Every person made what haste
he could to leave the: tower, which,
after rolling and heaving im a most
awful degree, gave way at the bottom,
on the western face, and, crumbling
down, buried guns ‘and carriages in
the rubbish: a moment after, the
towers and curtains of the fort-wall,
and upwards of fifteen hundred houses,
were reduced to ruins.

When the shock was atits height, the
motion of the earth was so stronsly un-
dulatory, that to keep our feet was no
easy matter. The waving of the sur-
face was perfectly visible, and’ in
attempting to walk the motion has
been most aptly compared by a gentle-
man to that felt when walking quickly
on a long plank supported at both
ends ;—when one foot was wei

the

1824.]

the earth either rose and met it, or sunk
away from it in its descent. The shock
was attended with a violent gust of
wind, and a noise like that of a nume-
rous flight of birds; but this did not
precede the event ; I think, on the con-
trary, that the noise was heard even
after, or at all events towards the con-
clusion of the motion.

The night of the 16th proved ex-
tremely serene and beautiful ; and as we
slept in the open air, we had a favour-
able opportunity of remarking any thing
extraordinary that. might occur. We
observed, as we thought, a more than
usual number of the meteors known by
the name of falling stars ; but whether
we might not have been biassed by what
we had read of such phenomena having
been supposed to attend earthquakes, I
will not venture to affirm. Before ele-
ven o’clock p.m.’ we experienced three
shocks; and according to the state-
ments of the sentinels and townspeople,
there were many in the course of the
night. The next day, the 17th, the earth
was frequently in motion, attended by
gusts of wind, and a noise like that of
wheeled carriages. For some time be-
fore 10 a.m. these symptoms intermit-
ted only for a few minutes, until about a
quarter to ten, when a severe shock was
experienced; this lasted for about fifty
seconds, and brought down a number of
shattered buildings.

Until the beginning of August, no
day passed without one or more shocks;
and subsequently they became less fre-
quent, only occurring every third or
fourth day. During the whole of this
time- the shocks were generally very
slight ; many persons did not feel what
was sensibly felt by others. Subsequently
to this period shocks became still less
frequent, occurring at uncertain periods
of many days interval, until the 23d of
Noyember, which seems to be the last
distinct one we had. Until the Ist of
July there were not fewer than two or
even three shocks every day ; one daily
throughout that month ; one every three
days in August and September ; and per-
haps six in the course of October; and
three in November.

I know not how to class the shocks,
unless in the fanciful manner of Ist, 2d,
3d and 4th, implying the degree of their
severity. Of the 1st, we had only the
first and most violent ; of the 2d, which
were such as could be felt by a person
while standing, but without affecting
buildings in any material degree, we had,
_ think, about four; these occurred as

Montury Mac. No. 400,

The great Earthquakes in India in 1819.
-follows: 17th June; 10a.m.; 29th June,

/

113

2 eM.; 4th July, 3 a.m.:; and another
at midnight in the same month, but the
day forgotten: the longest of these did
not last more than 50 seconds. The
third class, which is the most numerous,
are those shocks evident to persons sit«
ting or reclining; few of these lasted
longer than perhaps thirty seconds, and
did no damage. The fourth class is that
in which are included slight motions of
the earth, felt by some and disputed by
others.—The motions of the different
classes were by many considered as un-
dulatory and vibratory; although in
some instances direct perpendicular
shocks were certainly felt. The second
class was remarked to be attended by a
noise like that of a flight of birds and
gusts of wind, and in some cases similar
noises to these already mentioned fol-
lowed or preceded the third class. Noises
were frequently heard as if proceeding
from the earth, and the expectation
which they occasioned, of the usual
shock, was never disappointed.

The direction in which the motion
travelled was, as almost every other part
of this phenomenon, disputed; many
(of which I was at first one) believed
that the direction was nearly from N.E.
to S.W. The most general opinion, and
which appears since to be corroborated,
was, that it was S.W. to N.E.

The severe effects of the shock of the
16th were principally confined to the
province of Cutch, the damage done to
other countries even bordering on it
being comparatively trifling; and it is
remarkable that the shock appears to
have been more severely felt in many
distant countries than it/was in those
intermediate, and even in some closely
bordering on Cutch. The great shock
was felt at Calcutta about twenty
minutes past eight o’clock ; which, when
corrected to the longitude of Bhooj, will
give six minutes past seven o’clock
P.M., or eighteen minutes later than
the shock was felt in Cutch.

At Chunar the severe shock was felt
at seven minutes past eight o’clock p.m.
on the 16th, equal to 7" 15" 168 Cutch
time.

At Pondicherry it was experienced at
eight p.m., equal to twenty minutes past
seven o’clock Bhooj time.

At Ahmedabad the shock occurred
about seven o’clock; but at Broach,
which is little more than 3° E. of Bhooj,
it occurred at nineteen minutes past
seven o’clock, corrected by observation.

The range of the great shock em-

braced

114

braced a space of 18° of lat. and 20° of
long., (about 1,200 miles in length and
breadth). In many particular spots in
this extent of country, of course, the
motion was either not noticed or did not
occur; but it was severely or sensibly
felt at these limits on the evening of the
16th June.*

We come now to speak of the effects
of this awful occurrence. And first of
all it may be proper to advert to our
own feelings, and the state of our minds,
on witnessing, for the first time, sucha
visitation. If I were to say that the
impression, after the shock had subsided,
was an agonizing fear, it might perhaps
offend, although the strong oppression
at the heart, a kind of gasping anxiety,
weakness in the limbs, and in some
cases among Europeans, and generally
throughout the natives, a slight sickness
of stomach, certainly cannot be inter-
preted in more appropriate language.

For a long time, and indeed I believe
up to the present day, among natives,
similar symptoms in a less degree are
felt on the occurrence of the slight
shocks; but for a short time after the
16th there was a restlessness and disin-
clination to be alone, or to attend to
usual occupations, visible in both Euro-
pean and native societies. In the latter,
‘despair and helplessness were strongly
depicted in their countenances, and their
language and actions both corroborated
the fact of these feelings being the sole
tenants of their minds. They insisted
to a man that there was almost a con-
stant undulatory motion in the earth,
and frequent vibrations between the
shocks, for ten days after the 16th; and
this last feeling among Europeans was,
I believe, confined to myself and one or
two other persons.

_ The brute creation in general did not
appear to show much sensibility to the
motion; but it was remarked that horses
in action partially lost their equilibrium,
and that pigeons and other birds roost-
ing were delicately sensible of the least
motion. The elephants in Bhooj broke
from their pickets, and seemingly in great
alarm attempted’‘to rush through the
street, till obstructed by the falling of
houses.

* It may not be superfluous to remark,
that about the beginning of June 1819
Mount Etna was threatening to bury in its
lava the cities in its vicinity; Vesuvius was
in a similar state of violent agitation ; and
earthquakes were felt in different parts of
Italy, and I believe in Sicily, although not
in the vicinity of these mountains.

The great Earthquakes tn India in 1819.

[Sept. 1,

The shock of the 16th was the only
one by which the face of nature or the
works of man were materially injured
or changed. In the province of Cutch,
it may be fairly asserted that no town
escaped feeling its effects, either in the
fall of houses or in that of its fortifi-
cations,

The capital naturally attracts our first
attention; and as Bhooj suffered in
many respects more severely than any
other town, nearly ‘seven thousand
houses, great and small, were overturn-
ed, and eleven hundred,and forty or fifty
people buried in the ruins. The houses
were built of stone and chunam, or in
many cases mud instead of this cement.
Such houses as were built of mud alone
were little or no ways affected by the
shock. Of the original number of houses
which escaped ruin, about one-third are
much shattered. Bhooj stands in a plain
of sand-stone covered with a thin soil of
sand and clay, but in many parts the
rock is exposed. To the north-east-
ward about half a mile rises an abrupt
hill, apparently composed of solid rock,
on which are extensive fortifications.
The north-eastern face of the town wall,
which is a strong modern building,: on
an average four and a half and five feet
broad, and upwards of twenty feet high,
was laid level nearly to the foundation ;
whilst the hill-works suffered in a very
trifling degree. The south and western
sides of the town are situated upon a
low ridge of sand rock, and the water
from the town finds its way out to the
northward, where is an extensive swamp
of low and springy ground. . This face
has also been overturned in many places,
and not a hundred yards of entire wall
left. The town has been utterly de-
stroyed in the N.N.E. quarters, while
the 8. and S.W. quarters stand compa-
ratively little injured. I have entered
thus particularly into minutisz, to ex-
plain what I conceive to have been the
case every where, that buildings situated
upon rock were not by any means so
much affected by the earthquake as those
whose foundations did not reach the
bottom of the soil, which I-conceive to
have been the case with those houses

on the swampy and low sides of Bhooj.*
At

* There are some strong exceptions to
this observation: Rhoa, which is a fort
on a rocky hill, was laid in ruins, while the
lower town, on the plain, escaped un-
damaged. Moondra, Mandree, and Sand-
han, close to the sea shore, situated very
low, and in sandy plains, escaped with little

; damage.

1824. ]
At Anjar, half of the town, which is
situated on low rocky ridges, suffered
comparatively nothing; whilst the
other half, upon a slope to a plain
of springs and swamps, into which the
town is drained, was entirely overturned.
About 1,500 houses were destroyed from
the foundations, and about a similar
number rendered uninhabitable. The
loss in lives amounted to 165, besides a
number who afterwards died of their
bruises. The fort wall consisted of
3,000 yards of masonry in circumference,
not more than three feet and a half
thick, and in some places forty feet
high; and in this extent are included
thirty-one’ towers, round and square.
Of this 1,000 yards are level with the
ground, 1,333 yards destroyed to within
ten feet of the bottom, and only 667
yards standing to the rampart, and the
greatest part of this split in half* All
the houses excepting four are cut as it
were in two; in some the inner and in
others the outer half has crumbled into
ruins. The east and swampy face is
down to the very surface of the earth.

There are, or rather were, a great
number of fortified towns throughout
Cutch: in general their works are de-
stroyed. Thera, which was esteemed
the best in the province, has not astone
unturned ; the town fortunately did not
suffer in the same unparalleled degree,
although few or no houses were left
securely habitable.+

Kotheree, another town of the same
kind, five or six miles from Thera, was
reduced to a heap of rubbish, only about
fifty or sixty gable ends of ruins left
standing. ‘The fortifications down, but
not so utterly destroyed as those of
Thera.

Mothora, a similar place to those de-
scribed, suffered equally in houses and
ramparts, and more in lives than any
place of its size. Nulliah, Kotharee,
Venjan, and many other towns of the
same size and description, suffered nearly
in the same manner; but it would be a
much easier task to enumerate those
that escaped. Among the latter, Mand-
vee, Moondra, Sandhan, Poonree, Bu-

damage. It is probable, however, that their
foundations are on the strata of sand-stone,
which at different depths appear to be the
support of the soil of the whole province.

* The walls of Anjar were remarkably
bad, and in most places off the perpendicu-
lar: they are not more than one hundred
and ten years old.

+ The towns mentioned do not contain
more than 5 or 6,000 inhabitants.

The great Earthquakes in India in 1819.

115

chao, and Adooee, may be recorded as
the most fortunate. The total of lives
lost, according to the best information I
have been able to procure, does not ex-
ceed two thousand: of these,
Bodies.
Trt, ROOF chvig-sbae senicosts on A 5h 20™

To) Angjar ..c.ccccseeseences 165
In Nothoradtesccassstsecoy JO
Arini Dhteratevedessders bes otal 5 60
In Kotheree...........005. 34
Minn taht (eee ode nies see 8
In Mandree.........e000. 40
Tir) Larckyinit: a .acsenesecoe | ie
Total...1,543

The rest are chiefly sufferers in villages
and small towns, of which no very au-
thentic account can be procured. Many
very distressing accidents might be. re-
lated; but I know of none so much so
as that of a whole family of women and
children, maleand female, to the number
of eleven people, the wives and offspring
of a Jhareja family of rank in Mothora,
being smothered in one room (where
they had hastily assembled) by a lofty
bastion being precipitated directly upon
their apartment. An aged grandfather
and one son, I believe, are alone left of
the stock.

As far as comes under our notice, the
face of nature has not been much altered
by the shocks. The hills, which are
most likely to show its effects, although
from their abruptness and conical or
sharp ridgy summits, and from the mul-
titude of half-detached rocks with which
they are generally covered, they might
have been expected to have displayed
strong marks of the convulsion by which
they were agitated, have in no instance,
to my personal knowledge, suffered
more than having had large masses of
rock and soil detached from their preci-
pices. Ihave seen none with the cones
flattened, or in any remarkable degree
altered.

At the moment of the shock vast
clouds of dust were seen to ascend from
the summits of almost every hill and
range of hills. Many gentlemen _per-
ceived smoke to ascend, and in some in-
stances fire was plainly seen bursting
forth fora moment. A respectable na-
tive chieftain} assured me, that from a

hill’

* Registered and discovered: but up-
wards of 300 bodies never found in the.
ruins.

} Jharejah Vijerajjee of Roha: which
place is twenty-six miles W. of Bhoo},

Q 2

116
hill close to one on which his fortress is
situated, fire was seen to issue in con-
siderable quantities, A ball of a large
size was vomited as it were into the air,
and fell to the: ground, still blazing, on
the plain below, where it divided into
four or five pieces, and the fire suddenly
disappeared. On examining the hill
next day (the chieftain stated) it was
found rent and shattered, as if some-
thing within had sunk, and the spot
where the fire-ball was supposed to. have
fallen bore marks of fire in the scorched
vegetation. In the neighbourhood of
Murr, where alum is made, and where
an entire hill is formed of a bituminous
earth,* fire is stated by the inhabitants
to have issued to an alarming extent.
The government agent on the spot
reported the circumstance, and that the
hill ‘had been shattered and rent into
ravines: the height was likewise as-
serted to have been obviously reduced.+

The rivers in Cutch are generally dry
(excepting in the monsoon), or have very
little water in them, Native accounts
seem to confirm the fact of almost the
whole of their beds having been filled to
their banks for a period of a few minutes,
and, according to some, for half‘an hour.
They are said to have subsided gradu-
ally. Iwas not in the way of observing
this part of the phenomenon, but have
no reason to doubt it. Two chieftains
were sent by me to settle a dispute among
the Sandhan Bhyaut; and as they tra-
velled in a ruth, they knew nothing of
the shock. After it was dusk they
reached the Sandhan river, in which, to
their utter astonishment, they found a
strong stream from bank to bank; nor
did they learn the cause till they reached
the town. It is remarked that rivers in
the valleys, and those with sandy beds,
were alone affected. Wells every where
overflowed, many gave way and fell in,
and in numerous places spots of ground,
in circles of from twelve to twenty feet
diameter, threw out water to a consider-
able height, and subsided into a slough.
I saw none of these actually forming,
but frequently met with them in their
sloughy state. The colour of the wa-

* Thave the pleasure to send a specimen
of this earth to the Society. Itis burnt as
an incense by the Rajpoots, and those who
worship the Asshapoora. ;

+ A letter from my friend Captain. El-
wood states, that an appearance of fire was
perceived by him near Poorbunder ; and
the earth on examination proved to be
scorched, and to bear marks of fire.

The great Earthquakes in India in 1819.

[Sept. 1,

ters sent forth gave great alarm to the
natives, many of whom affirmed that the
rivers had run in blood, doubtless from
the colour of the ‘soil through which
they had been forced.

This convulsion of nature has affected
the eastern and almost deserted channel
of the river Indus, which bounds Cutch
to the westward, and the Runn or desert,
and swamp called the Bhunnee, which
insulates this province on the north, in
a more remarkable manner than ‘it has
any other part of the country. © I’my-
self have seen this branch of the Indus
forded at Luckput, with water fer a few
hundred yards about afoot deep. ‘This
was when the tide was at ebb; and when
at flood the depth of the channel was
never more than six feet, and about
eighty or one hundred yards in breadth :
the rest of the channel at flood-tide was
not covered in any place with more than
one or two feet of water. This branch
of the river Indus, or, adit may now with
more propriety be termed, inlet of the
sea,* has since the earthquake deepened
at the ford of Luckput to more ‘than
eighteen feet at low water; and on

sounding the channel, it has been found’

to contain from four to twenty feet from
the Cutch to the Sindh shore, a distance
of three or four miles. The Allibund
has been damaged ; a circumstance that
has re-admitted of a navigation which
had been closed for centuries. The
goods of Sindh are embarked in craft
near Ruhema Bazar and Kanjee Kacote ;
and which, sailing across the Bhunnee
and Runn, land their cargoes at a town
called Nurra on the north of ‘Cutch.
The Runn, which extends from Luekput
round the north of this provinee’to its
eastern boundary, is fordable but at one
spot, at this period of the year, at
which it has heretofore been dry; and
should the water continue throughout
the year, we may perhaps see an inland
navigation along the northern shore of
Cutch: which, from stone anchors, &c.
still to be seen, and the traditiomof ‘the
country, I believe to have existed at
some former period.

Sindree, a small mud fort and village
belonging to the Cutch Government,

.Situated where the Rumn joins the branch

of the Indus, was overflowed at the time
of the shock. The people escaped with
difficulty, and the tops of the town-wall

are

* It is many years since the eastern
branch of the Indus has been almost de-~
serted by the waters of the river.

—————— SSE Se

1824.]

are now alone to be seen above the
water.—The fate of Sindree was owing
to its situation, for there cannot be a
doubt of all the Runn land having dur-
ing the shock sent forth vast quantities
of water and mud. The natives des-
cribed a number of small cones of sand
six or eight feet in height, the summits
of which continued to bubble for many
days after the 16th.

The sea must have been affected by
the mction of the earth; but nothing
material or positive has been discovered
on this part of the subject.

Although the appearance of the coun-
try in Cutch bespeaks that it has suf-
fered at some period from convulsions of
nature; and although there are strong
signs of volcanic matter thickly scat-
tered over its surface, still there does not
exist even a tradition of an earthquake*
of any violence having occurred. The
natives, therefore, were perfect stran-
gers to such a phenomenon, and were
terrified in proportion to their igno-
rance. The instantaneous and firm be-
lief adopted by all sects and descriptions
was, that the world was at its end; and
their minds were impressed accordingly.
After the first alarm had subsided, ad-
vantage began to be taken of the cir-
cumstance. The Brahmins enjoined cha-
rity to the Hindoos; and placards were
issued from unknown quarters, foretel-
ling misfortunes to those who did not
feed their priests, or who persevered in
sin. One of these papers was stated to
have come from Kassee (Benares); and
as it had a remarkable effect upon all
classes of Hindoos, Iam induced to sub-
mit a yerbal translation of it.

“ A Jetter has been received in the name
of Shri Ramjee. It has come from Kassi
Benares. In the middle of this Iron Age,
the Golden Age will make its appearance :
Shri Bhuddajee will appear. Of the iron
age have elapsed 4,912 years;{ and after
Sumvut 1876 (A.D. 1819) the golden age
will last 13,033 years. On the 5th Ason-

* The slight shocks felt of late years in
Guzerat were also experienced in this pro-
vince.

+ A few minutes after the shock, I walked
through the streets of Anjar, which were
crowded with people sitting on the ruins of
their houses and shops which had fallen
into the road. ‘They appeared to be ina
state little short of mental derangement ;
and to a question put, the only answer to
be got was “ Ram Krushn ;” which they
repeated constantly and loudly, apparently
unconscious of what they were saying.

¢ This appears.to be a mistake, as 4,920
years have elapsed.

The great Earthquakes in India in 1819,

7

sood (or 24th September 1819), after twenty-
two ghurries of the night have elapsed, at
that moment will Bhuddajee appear, and
the golden age commence. ‘The earth’ will
shake for seven ghurries and thirty pulls.
The earth will open: then will false and
uncharitable people be swallowed up. They
who are charitable and religious, depend
upon Bhugwan, give alms, do virtuous ac-
tions, and fear bad actions,—these will be’
saved. ‘The golden age will last 13,033
years: the age of man will be 250 years:
There will be universal friendship and
peace. Every month will consist of forty-
five days ; every day consist of ninety ghur-
ries. There will be thirty-six mansions of
the moon: there will be twelve planets :
there will be fifteen signs in the zodiac. At
night, when thirteen ghurries remain, then
will the golden age commence; Bhuddajee
will appear. This event has been extracted
from the Vedes after much study. From
the Shri Bhud Mahe Grunth, after intense
study, has it been extracted. Whosoever
reads, hears, or causes to be heard, copies
or spreads abroad this letter, will be fortu-
nate. Believe in it, for he who denies its
truth kills a Brahmin or a cow. He who
has not faith will be damned: he who be=
lieves will be saved, he will be happy, he
will attain to the presence of Bhugwan.
Shri Krushan Damotherjee is truth.”

This paper was written in the Bridge
Bhakha dialect, and Balbood. charac-
ter. At the hour appointed .in- it for
the destruction of sinners, almost every
Hindoo of respectability purified him-
self, and sat with the toolsi leaf in his
mouth, patiently expecting a fate which
he had endeavoured to evade by liberal
donations to Brahmins.*

The Moosulmans were equally alarmed,
and abundance of threats of punishment
to the wicked were fulminated from the
musjeeds ; and a paper asserted to have
come from Mecca, with the usual seals
attached, foretold the approach. of the
day of judgment. The Moolahs and
mendicant Sijeds stated the cause of the
earthquake to be, that the horse Dool-
dool was pawing for his food, and strict
injunctions were issued. to all good
Mahomedans to send a certain quantity
of grain and grass to the Moolahs, &c.
to satisfy Dooldool, which supplies were
appropriated to the pious Moolah’s own
private emolument.

The

* Even the Banians are said to have sold
their goods at just rates and with fair weights
for some time previously to the dreaded day.
A circumstance so extraordinary, as honesty
in a Banian retailer, is certain proof of the
impression which the prophecy had made
on his mind,

118

The Hindoos attributed the earth’s
motion to a quarrel among the Dyets
and Dewas, and fabricated the most
ludicrous stories on the subject. Pro-
phets sprung up from all classes, casts,
and sects: some asserted that they had
foretold the calamity which had occur-
red; others boldly pointed out the hour
and moment at which still more cala-
mitous events were to happen; and in
short there was a superabundant display
of every thing absurd or extravagant
that could be advanced by ignorance
and presumption, deceit and supersti-
tion.

(Signed) J. Macmurpo,
Captain 7th regt. N.I.
Camp at Bhooj, Jan. 27, 1820.

—<Z=a———
For the Monthly Magazine.

THE PHILOSOPHY OF CONTEM-
PORARY CRITICISM.

NO. XXXVIII.
Edinburgh Review, No. 79.

E do not think that the Edin-
burgh Review (as some of the

ultra Tories take pleasure in affecting to
believe) has fallen off, or, if so, in a very
slight degree, in the exhibition of those
acute, profound, and caustic character-
istics of criticism which in its “ high and
palmy state” earned for it its renown,
and procured for it its competitors and
rivals. Whatever deficiency of interest
may be descried by jealous depreciation
in its pages, is to be, in fairness, as-
signed rather to the force of circum-
stances than to a deficiency of merit.
The materials for political lucubration
are at present dull, and from dull ma-
terials very brilliant illustration cannot
be elicited. But the secret of this jour-
nal’s waning influence lies in this, that
at a period when every day is producing
some valuable work, either on the con-
tinent or at home, a review, consisting
of some dozen essays, assuming for texts
the titles of some dozen of books, nei-
ther meets the public ideas of what cri-
ticism should be, nor supplies the wide
‘ embrace of information which the public
demands. The severity of the northern
Areopagus is, however, little mitigated :
it has not abdicated any part of its des-
potic claims, and the vigorous decision
of its tone is very little impaired. The
original laws of this tribunal were pre-
meditatedly strict, if not Draconian:
Death was awarded for very slight of-
fences. Its motto was Judex damnatur
cum nocens absolvitur; and the review-

Philosophy of Contemporary Criticism.

[ Sept. },

ers, in no instance that we are aware of,
have exposed themselves to the chances
of being condemned by their own funda-
mental law. The duty of our present
task may be thought a bold one, that of
judging, and, if necessary, sentencing
the judge, but we shall perform it with-
out any undue terror of the bench.

Dii nos non terrent, nec Jupiter hostis.

There is considerable ability in this
number, of the dlue and yellow; but,
upon the whole, it is heavy, certainly—
a mine of type, unproductive of little
either very brilliant or very substantial,
The first, on the Rise and Fall of Prices,
is one of those ambidexter lucubrations
on Political Giconomy with which the
reading public has been lately surfeited
usque ad nauseam, in which we are free
to say, in this age of cant and quackery,
that there is more of the essential spirit
of cant and quackery than any other; it
is so full of mysticism, that the most
ignorant person may write pages and
pages of absurdity upon it without fear
of being detected; and the only result
it has hitherto produced, is “a confu-
sion worse confounded” in the minds of
the writers and their disciples. How
can it be otherwise? All the four most
celebrated writers on the subject are as
diametrically at variance as the four
cardinal points of. the compass, One
set of writers say that there is too much
production; another that there is not,
and cannot be too much. “ Encourage
consumption,” exclaims one party;”
“ No,” says the other, “ encourage pro-
duction. Some assert that consumption
ought to be equal to income; others,
that it ought to be inferior, Some think
that the excess of imports over exports
is the measure of national wealth;
others, on the contrary, implicitly be-
lieve that it is the excess of exports
over imports. “ Who shall decide when
doctors disagree?”

The next article is a justly favourable
review of a very clever work by a very
clever man—Lxztracts from a Journal
written on the Coasts of Chili, Peru, and
Mexico, by Capt. Basil Hall: it is pub-
lished. by Constable, and therefore we
should not expect a very severe one.
Proprietors of journals cannot be ex-
pected to be Junius Brutuses, always
ready to shew their self-denial by sen-
tencing their own offspring. However,
the liberal and manly spirit which cha~
racterizes Capt. Hall’s Journal deserve
all that can be said in their favour.
These things constitute our navy’s mo-
ral strength; and so thinking, we are.

happy

1824.]
happy to echo the words of the critic :
“Jt is the production of a sensible,
acute, and right-headed man;: and if
sailors and soldiers can write such books
as these, we must reverse the motto, and
make it—Cedant armis toge.”

Article III. The-review of Quin’s
Visit to Spain, another book of Consta-
ble’s publishing, has a good deal of cant
unworthy the Edinburgh, and exhibits a
half-tragic halfcomic countenance, as
the critics were divided between the op-
posite inclinations of desiring to serve
and desiring to condemn. “ Mr. Quin’s
object was, apparently, to communicate
information to a respectable newspa-
per,” says the reviewer, “ we know not
which; but, from the opinions of Mr.
Quin, we should presume to a ministe-
rial paper.” Lucky guess! Now, the
writer, we doubt not, knows as well
as we and the whole world, that it
was for the Morning Herald, which is
not a ministerial paper, but which cer-
tainly did great harm to the Spanish
constitutional cause, not so much by the
bias against it which Mr. Quin’s letters
might and certainly did give, but by the
singular and absurd resolution of send-
ing another reporter to Spain at the
same time, whose opinions were oppo-
site in colour to Mr. Quin’s.. The two
letters of these equi-ponderating gemini,
often appeared in the same paper toge-
ther, and the effect was the most equi-
vocal, vacillating, and apparently trea-
cherous that could well be imagined. This
pretended ignorance in the critic, who is
not improbably, from his eulogy upon
reporters, a reporter himself, might suit
the diplomatic trickery of cabinets very
well, but is as absurd and misplaced here
as the pretended ignorance of the House
of Commons of the report of its debates.
The paper concludes with some spirited
remarks on that new power in Europe,
** the Newspaper Press,” and very justly
notes, as a circumstance greatly tobe
rejoiced at, the education and superior
attainments of the class of persons in
whom so great a power is placed.

The next article, on Mr. Lander’s
Imaginary Conversations, contains some
truth and powerful writing, mixed up
with a more than due degree of seve-
rity and bitterness. The secret of this
business is, we apprehend, Mr. Lander’s
entire and independent freedom from
party shackles, and the having pursued
the following alliteration further than a
professed Whig would be willing to ad-
mit. He trusts “that posterity will not
confound him with the Coxes and

Edinburgh Review, ;

119

Foxes of the age.” This is egotistical
enough; but, notwithstanding, we can-
not help thinking that there is a large
and growing liberal majority of the En-
glish people who, like Mr. Lander, are
resolved to think independently for
themselves, and who are therefore dis-
posed to value the two ambitious aris-
tocrat leaders of the Whigs and Tories,
Fox and Pitt, who, during twenty years,
kept John Bull’s head in a state of con-
stant turmoil and fever with their noisy
and declamatory. rivalry, at a rate con-
siderably beneath the interested or pre-
judiced estimation of their respective
partizans. If, indeed, Mr. Lander out-
steps the bounds of decorum in this and
other occasions, so in fact does the
critic himself, whose allusion to King
Henry the Eighth (whose gross and pam-
pered selfishness has but one parallel in
the British annals) is'a very intelligible
inuendo, which certainly exhibits any
thing but courage, propriety, or good
taste. Mr. Lander, with all his faults, is
a scholar and a gentleman ; a man of ex-
tensive acquirements and original think-
ing. He is besides a sound and unde-
bauched friend of liberty ; even his in-
consistency is a test that he loves the
truth, and fearlessly speaks it: such
men are wanted in the present over-
luxurious and over-excited and relaxed
state of political and social morals. Mr.
Lander is justly accused of egotism ;
but the critics sentimental record ‘of
meeting the blue and yellow in the hands
of a Highland shepherd during a shower
‘of rain, and the language in which this
flimsy piece of critical and bibliographi-
cal egotism is conveyed, is certainly as
trashy a combination of mawkishness
and slip-slop as ever was justly barked

im the pages of the blue and yellow.
-Article V. is an acute and searching
commentary on Brodie’s “ History of
the British Empire, from the Accession
of Charles the First,” in which the author
examines and exposes’ David Hume’s
partial and contradictory statements re-
lative to the character of the English
Government. It is extremely fair and
liberal to Mr. Hume in the midst of some
truths, and we ‘think ‘the critic both in=
genuous and accurate in the nature of
the key he furnishes to Mr. Hume’s ma-
nifold inconsistencies; namely, that they
proceeded partly from a reluctant defe-
rence to the principles of liberty esta-
blished by the Revolution, and partly
from change of purpose. in his original
design ; what was at first merely intend-
ed as an apology having worked itself
up

120

up to eulogium as he proceeded. We
need not say that. Mr. Brodie’s view of
the question, like our own, is entirely at
variance with this of Mr, Hume, whose
leading position is, that previous. to the
accession of the Stuarts, the English
government was, by law and custom,
as arbitrary a despotism as that of Tur-
key. .Mr. Brodie satisfactorily proves
the reverse of this to be the fact, and
demonstrates that its institutions were
founded on principles of: liberty from
the time of the Saxons.

Mr. Croker’s bookmaking work, Lady
Suffolk’s correspondence, next receives
a smart castigation, under the appella-
tion of “ Catch-penny.” It in reality
constitutes a most faded and insipid, and
trashy assemblage of the civility, condo-
lence, compliments, visits, births, mar-
riages and deaths of the by-gone world
of fashion, as ever, in conjunction with
“ ratafia and opium,” assisted an old
dowager Rouée to keep awake or fall to
sleep; and the sooner it is dismissed to
the “ bourne from whence no traveller
returns,” the better.

The Review of French Romances,
which constitutes Article VII, breathes a
lighter and a gayer strain; and most

richly does M. le Vicomte D’Arlin-

4

court’s jumbled balderdash, compound-
ed of mineralogy and sentiment, of fairy
fiction and experimental philosophy, de-
serve the critical extinguisher, which the
sly irony and solemn banter of the
reviewers has contributed to place
upon it.

Mr. Bentham, on the Law of Evidence,
Criminal Procedure and Publicity, fur-
nishes the eighth article, and is treated
with the consideration, attention, and
respect which every thing which comes
from the pen of that experienced juris-
consult and veteran legislator deserves.

If there be one subject more than
another the knowledge of which ought
to be generally diffused, and which ought
to be treated as a science, it is that of
criminal jurisprudence. Yet how wide
of this is the fact. Every man in Eng-
land is supposed, in law, to have a know-
ledge of all the laws which govern his
conduct : a fiction which common sense
rejects as an impossibility. The laws
of England form such an enormous
chaos of wisdom and error, - foresight,
contradiction, and verbosity, that the
longest life, the clearest memory, and
the acutest judgment, would be insuffi-
cient to collect, arrange, and retain the
undigested and indigestible mass. . There

are now between 700 and 800 Acts of

Philosophy of Contemporary Criticism.

[Sept. 1,

Parliament applicable to Criminal Law.
The Code Napoleon awards the punish-
ment of death to six cases only; the
English Code to 200: the consequence
is that the first is executed; but ours
is rendered inoperative by its extreme
Draconian severity.

The next Review, under the designa-
tion of Italy, details the scenes of out-
rage and the acts of proscription and
blood, with which that fine and classic
country dear to the associations of the
scholar, the artist, and the patriot, has
been filled, and by which it has -been
humiliated, under the auspices of the
Holy Alliance. One is sickened at the
details of these enormities, and yet it is
salutary to peruse them, in order to in-
fer hope from despair. The re-action
that such a system of violence must
eventually. produce, cannot be distant.
Extreme measures, instead of being to
be depreciated, are rather to be desired
on the part of the Holy Triumvirs; for
the more inveterately they close the
steam valve of augmenting intellect, the
more quickly will the suppressing power
be blown to atoms by the mental energy
which it emprisons.

The last article in the Review em-
braces the subject .which occupied so
much of Parliamentary interest during
the latter part of the late session,
namely, the Insurrection of Demerara
and the West-India Missions. It is able,
explicit, cogent, and-complete; and
bears the impress of an_indefatigable
hand and master mind. With the gene-
ral view of the arguments in this paper
we need scarcely say that. we concur.
At the same time, we are bound to add
our candid and impartial opinion, that
that the cause of the abolitionists, the
missionaries, and the negroes, would
be benefited, if it were less frequently
and vehemently stirred. The language
of passion and exaggeration has been
too freely borrowed and too profusely

‘lavished in adorning and supporting a

cause, momentous and vital in all its
features, bearings, and results, and in
which the coldest reasoning and the
calmest judgment are pre-eminently
necessary. The claims of one class of
our fellow subjects are not to be neg-
lected, while advancing those of ano-
ther. Temperate argument gains in
strength what it loses in violence; and
it is an axiom that will never fail either
the statesthan or the private individual,
that the golden mean is best. Truth lies
midway between the two extremes, of
opinion,

1824.]
» For the Monthly Magazine.

Description of Comora Isiann, in the
“Eastern African. Ocean, visited in
1819, dy Carrain Letizur, of Le
Lys, in the French Navy.

OMORA is the largest. island, and
its elevation the greatest, in this Ar-
chipelago.. On the top of its highest
mountain is a volcano, which apparently
breaks out only every seven years, The
soil, except at the northern and south-
ern extremities, is arid; and, covered
with stones and pebbles: among these
rocky. substances, they cultivate with
much toil “articles of sustenance. Co-
mora ig partly covered with cocoa-trees,
nearly as fine as those of Anjouan, one
of the adjacent islands.

The aboriginal inhabitants appear to
have been Arabs; the population, which
amounts to 50,000 inhabitants, could
not otherwise have so increased in 200
years, when these islands became theirs
by conquest. Comora is divided into
nine kingdoms, generally at war one
with another; this tends not a little to
interrupt the commerce with the port
of Mouroni, the only anchorage-place
of the island, if, indeed, it deserves the
name.
merchandize is disembarked and: ex-
changed. :

The king, whom I saluted, on my
arrival, with seven pieces of cannon,
gave me a gracious reception, and
seemed desirous of commencing a trade
with the French. The town is large,
and may contain about 12,000 souls,
Though not so well built as Anjouan,
which I visited, it is encompassed with
walls; as that town-is; one half of the
place is occupied with cottages. The
inhabitants are taller and more dark-
complexioned than in the other islands:
‘their behaviour is very affable; this sur-
prised me the more; as they had:not, till
then, séen a European among them.

In general, the face of the country
seems parched up; there is no fresh
water; the rivers are at a great dis-
tance one from another, and at the place
where the town is situated, there is only
a kind of meer or pond.

If a trade were once established, it
would be more considerable here than
at the other islands, as besides cocoa
and oil that might be made here, there
is abundance of dastin (some native
commodity not. explained) which they
export to Languebar, together with the
cowries that pass throughout India. To
the coast of

Montury Mac. No, 400,

Comparative Value of Coal and Oil Gas.

It is, however, the place where '

Africa, they send a nut

321
which tastes like the chesnut; it grows
on a tree like the vacoa, and thrives best
among the rocks.’ To Mozambique, they
send shells, and to the adjacent: isles,
millet of a very small kind.

As to trading in-salt-fish, it could not
be set up in‘any’ of the Comora ‘islands,
as no fish is found on the coasts of any
in the Archipelago. Oysters, however,
abound in difterent parts of their shores;
they are small, but excellent.

—=

For the Monthly Magazine.

COMPARATIVE VALUE of COAL and
OIL GAS.

N the last number you have given a

translation of an article from the Revue
Encyclopédique on the subject of gas-
lighting. ‘Though the paper contains
many just reflections on the subject,
yet it is rather a history of the progress
of this valuable invention than any thing
like an analysis of its comparative value,
with reference to the former modes of
obtaining artificial light. The author of
the paper in the Revue, like most of his
ingenious countrymen, has taken care to
assign the chief merit of the discovery
of gas-lighting to his own nation. For
he says, “‘more than a century ago,
hydrogen gas was in use at Paris, for the
first time in laboratories, under the
name of the Philosophic Lamp. It was
also at Paris, that Lebon, engineer of
bridges and causeways, made the first
experiments on a large scale; with gas
obtained from the distillation of wood
in enclosed vessels,” &c. &c.

The ingenious writer, of course, had
never heard of the’experiments of Lord
Dundonald and Dr. Clayton, more than
half'a century back, on the decompo-
sition of pit-coal. For he further ob-
serves, “it was some time after the
public experiments of the French en-
gineer, that gas extracted from pit coal,
was in use at Birmingham; not only for
lighting up certain manufactories, but
for feeding the lamps employed in sol-
dering hardware. ~ About the same time
Mr. Winsor published a memoir, where-
in he claimed the merit of the discovery,
though not with a successful effect.”

The writer acknowledges the oppo-
sition that gas lighting has met with in
France, either from the management of
those concerns not being so well under-
stood asin England, or from the rival
interests being too powerful to allow it
fair trial—or from both causes com-
bined. But it is no slight compliment

R to

122

to the practical knowledge and ability of
our countrymen, that in the good city of
Paris, the focus of all the talent of
France, it should be found necessary to
engage Englishmen, for directors, and
managers of their, gas-works! But it
is not, my intention, in the present in-
stance, to make, invidious comparisons
between the practical talent of the two
nations. Iam an advocate for the most
unlimited interchange between the two
countries, not onlyin speculative science,
but in all the useful-arts. And I fully
agree with you, Mr. Editor, that both
mations: would derive incalculable ad-
vantage from the unrestricted inter-
course that will result from a repeal of
the present absurd laws regarding the
exportation of machinery, and the ex-
patriation of working mechanics. These
matters ought tu be always left to find
their own level.

As you justly state in your last num-
ber, the subject of gas-lighting is at pre-
sent one of very considerable import-
ance; and .the more its principles be-
come. understood, the more highly it
will be appreciated. It has already ar-
rived at a point of perfection in England
which forms a most important feature in
civileconomy. _As a measure of police,
it has produced the best effects in our
streets; and for artificial lights, in the
jnterior of houses, its greater safety,
convenience, and ultimate economy, are
‘now so well understood, as to render it
superfluous to offer any remarks on
that head. I shall, therefore, with your
permission, ayail myself of a column
or two of your yaluable miscellany, to
enter into a brief examination of the
relative advantages of gas made from
coal, and that made from oil, Having
no interest whatever to gratify in the
question, my enquiries have been di-
rected to the subject merely as an inte-
resting department of science ; my state-
ments, therefore, if they be not alto-
gether conclusive, will at least be im-
partial.

I shall not follow the system of the
writer in the Revue Encyclopédique of
giving a history of the progress of the
Invention; considering it would, be a
waste of your valuable pages, when
several treatises have been already pub-
lished on.the subject. But these works
have been limited to the question of
coal-gas manufacture only; whilst the
competition that is likely to exist, by
the establishment of oil-gas works, not
only in the metropolis, but in many of
the great towns of the kingdom, renders

Comparative Value of Coal and Oil Gas.

(Serr. 1,
it desirable to have a clear view of the
comparative value of oil gas and coal
gas, both as to the economy of produc-
tion, and the value of each gas in illu-
minating power.

With respect to the first point; the
cost of production, I shall be extremely
brief. For the projectors and managers
of gas-works -are ~presumed to be per-
fectly well acquaimted ‘both with the
nature of the process, and the amount
or value of the product ; but with regard
to the comparative illuminating power
of the two kinds of gas, there is great
diversity of opinion, even between some
of the most scientific men of the day.

In the manufacture of gas, the first
consideration is, The price of the raw
material ; 2d. The expense of manufac-
ture. In the first point of view, coal
possesses the most decided ‘advantages
over oil; whilst in the manufacture, in-
cluding, the original expense of the ne-
cessary apparatus, oil has greatly the
advantage over coal. The only proper
view of the question, however, is, which
commodity affords the greatest quantity
of gas, or rather affords the greatest
quantity of light, in proportion to the
original cost of the raw material ?

In answering this question, I shall
take the published accounts of the dif-
ferent companies as authority for my
calculations.

It requires, on an average, about three
bushels of the best Newcastle coals to
produce 1,000 feet of good purified gas.
Whilst it requires about ten gallons of
good whale or cod oil to’ produce an
equal quantity of oil-gas. Now if we
take the price of coals consumed in the
distillation at three shillings, and that
of the oil at twenty shillings, coal ap-
pears to be more economical than oil,
in the ratio of 63.

There is, moreover, a residuum of
coke, tar, &c., after the production of
coal-gas, equal to about two-thirds of
the value of the original coals consumed.
While the distillation of oil leaves no
residuum of the smallest value. — By this
mode of estimate, therefore, it would
appear .that coal is more economical
than oil in the proportion nearly 10-1,
taking bulk for bulk of the gas pro-
duced.

But the cost of production in capital
and labour in manufacturing coal-gas,
being at least double that of oil-gas ;
whilst the value of oil-gas in illuminat-
ing power, is greater than that of coal
gas, the advantages of the two commo-
dities are, to a certain degree, counter-
balanced.

1824]

balanced. The only question, with the
manufacturer, being the price which can
be obtained for either kind of gas’ from
the public, :

It is obvious that this pomt could not
be determined @ priori. The public are,
in all cases, slow to adopt any novelty,
requiring experimental proof of any pro-
fessed advantages previous to the adop-
tion of any new arrangements. Hence,
on the first. introduction of gas for
street-lights, the heads of parishes or
districts were not' disposed to pay any
additional price for gas-lights, beyond
what they had previously allowed for
oil lamps, whatever advantages the new
plan might have possessed over the old
system. And it is a well-authenticated
fact, that, in order to induce the dif-
ferent. parishes of the metropolis to
give gas-lights a fair trial, the principal
gas companies undertook to light the
public or parish lamps, at a lower rate
than could afford them a remunerating
price; and, I apprehend, even at the
present day, the price at which they
contract to light the public lamps would
be a ruinous speculation to the coal-gas
companies, but for the great number of
private lights supplied from the same
main pipes. The interests of these gas
companies, however, whether coal or
oil, being a point on which they must
be themselves the most competent
judges, and their interest being in an
Inverse ratio to that of the public, I
shall proceed to examine the relative
advantages afforded to the public be-
tween the light from coal-gas and that
from oil-gas. —-

It has hitherto been almost the uniform
practice with the coal-gas companies to
furnish their customers with an unlimited
supply of gas, during the period stipu-
lated in each agreement; whilst those
who have furnished oil-gas have very
judiciously supplied it by meter, or
measurement. This liberality of the
_ coal-gas companies has however been

attended with two disadvantages: it
enables the consumer to defraud the
companies of their commodity, whilst
the jet of flame of a gas-light, when too
far extended, always gives a diminution
instead of an increase of light.

No gas flame should ever extend above
the top of the glass cylinder or globe ;
for in such case the gas escapes without
being consumed, and occasions the chief
part of that disagreeable effluvium which
is often observed in confined rooms
where gas is used.

This is a point well worthy the atten-

Comparative Valueof Coal and Oil Gas.

123
tion of every one, as it regards health
and cleanliness. For the effluvium is
not only very noxious, more especially
to asthmatic persons, but it deposits
that carbonaceous matteron the ceiling
or walls of the room, which ought to
have been consumed'in the production
of light. If a gas flame be kept within
proper limits (that is, never to extend
above the glass; or allowed to have a
smokey top) it is certainly the cleanest,
and by far 'the most convenient sub-
stance we can have for giving artificial
light. The coal-gas companies thus
leaving the requisite quantity of gas’ to
the discretion, or rather the indiscretion
of the consumier, it is obvious that the
waste of gas must be enormous from
this source. The oil-gas companies,
however, provide an effectual check
against this improvident consumption of
gas, by supplying their customers with
a stipulated volume, instead of an un-
limited quantity, as given by the coal-
gas proprietors.

This is undoubtedly the most equitable
plan between both parties, provided the
actual value of the commodity is ascer-
tained, and guaranteed to the consumer:
for if the consumer burn the gas waste-
fully the loss will fall upon himself;
while the durability of the lights will
be, in all cases, in proportion to the
density or real value of the gas.

From the first introduction of inflam-
mable gas for artificial lights it has been
observed that the illuminating power
given out from a jet of carbutted hy-
drogen, is in proportion to the density
of the gas; or in other words, as the
quantity of carbon in combination with
the hydrogen gas. ve

Hydrogen alone, being burnt in the
atmospheric air, affords a feeble reddish
flame; but as it becomes charged with
carbon the flame assumes the various
hues of orange, yellow, straw-colour,
and white. A saturated solution of
carbon in hydrogen yielding a beautiful
light of the purest white; such as the
flame from wax or spermaceti, or the
finer oils, and the best oil-gas.

As the object of my present commu-
nication, Mr. Editor, is rather a popular
or practical view of the subject of gas-
lighting, than a scientific enquiry, as to
the constitution of the various com-
binations of hydrogen and carbon, I
shall be extremely brief as to the che-
miecal view of the subject.

Assuming the specific gravity of at-
mospheric air to be 1,000, the density of
the best oil-gas is about 960; and the

RY hest

124

best gas from coal about 550. Both
these numbers ate, however, much above
the average of the specific gravity of the
two descriptions of gas usually supplied
to the public. In the manufacture of
oil-gas, it is not only necessary to have
the best fish oil in order to produce gas
of the specific gravity 950 or 960; but
if the process be not carefully super-
intended, the gas becomes partially de-
composed and the carbon deposited ;
the remaining gas being considerably
lighter, and consequently less valuable
for the purposes of illumination. If oil-
gas be exposed to a white heat it will
deposit half its carbon (and _conse-
quently half its value), while the vo-
lume of the hydrogen will at the same
time be expanded: for the combination
of carbon with hydrogen gas appears,
in all cases, to condense the volume of
the latter in proportion to the quantity
of carbon.in the compound gas.

. Oil gas, or heavy carburetted hydro-
gen, is supposed to consist of equal
volumes of hydrogen and carbon, the
weight of the carbon being about six
times greater than that of the hydrogen,
Weare therefore justified in concluding
that the actual value of oil-gas for illu-
mination is in the proportion of six to
seven of its specific gravity ; provided we
allow the hydrogen to be of no yalue.
But as the hydrogen in oil-gas is in a
state of considerable condensation, we
may assume it as furnishing at least one
seventh part-of the light produced in
combustion ; and the carbon, as fur-
nishing the remaining six parts. And
by comparing this estimate with the
known specific gravity of oil (or olefiant)
gas, we should have in numbers.136 (by
weight) for the hydrogen; and 136+6
= 816 for the carbon; or 816 carbon +
136 hydrogen = 952 for the density of
the compound gas.

It has not yet, I believe, been deter-
mined by any chemist what is the ut-
most limit of combination ; or we should
say, the point of saturation between
hydrogen and carbon in the state of
gas. But the combination of these two
substances in a solid state may afford us
a pretty good estimate in this case.
Thus the density of the inflammable
gas from wax or spermaceti is found
to be from .980 to .1000, or nearly
equal to that of common air ; and it is
obvious, that the nearer the weight of
oil-gas approximates to this standard,
the greater will be its value for the pur-
poses of illumination.

By the same standard also we may

Comparative Value of Coal and Ol Gas.

[Serr. 1,

estimate the value of coal-gas, or sub-
carburetted hydrogen.

The quality as well as the quantity,
of gas obtained from coal, varies even
in a greater degree than that from oil.
The crude gas, as it comes over from
the retorts, is a combination of heavy
carburetted-hydrogen, light carburetted-
hydrogen, carbonic-oxide, tar vapour,
sulphur, ammonia, &c.: the latter sub-
stances being almost entirely deposited
subsequently, by the process of purifi-
cation. Some kinds of coal yield a
much richer burning gas than others,
but the average density of purified coal-
gas is considerably below 500 specific
gravity. _Coal-gas however, like oil-gas,
is liable to be decompounded, and con-
sequently lowered in value when pro-
duced under too high a temperature.
But this matter being perfectly well un-
derstood by the managers of gas works,
it is not necessary to dwell on the sub-
ject here.

In order therefore to estimate the
comparative value of oil-gas and coal-gas
to the consumer, I shall suppose the
average density of the coal-gas used in
the metropolis to be about .450 (which
cannot be far distant from the fact) ;
and that the gas companies charge the
public at the rate of about Is. 6d. for
every hundred cubic feet of gas. Now
if we estimate the value of inflammable
gas by its density (which appears to be
the only accurate mode of estimate) it
will be obvious that, if coal-gas, of .450
spec. grav. be worth ls. 6d. per 100 feet,
oil-gas of .950 spec. grav. will be some-
thing more than double, or about 3s. 2d.
per 100 feet. But the manufacturers of
oil-gas, in all parts of the kingdom
where it has yet been introduced, have,
I believe, charged their consumers at
the rate of 4s. 6d. to 5s. per 100 feet.
And, in order to justify this charge,
they state that oil-gas (without giving
any density, as data) is more durable
than coal-gas, in the ratio of three and
a-half to one, under similar circum-
stances. The question as to value, is
howeyer by no means satisfactorily de-
termined from a comparison with the
eye between the lights emitted by two
gas-burners. It is undoubtedly true,
that from two. jets of gas of equal dia-
meter the jet of oil-gas will give the
most vivid and brilliant light; but if we
diminish. the volume of the flame of oil-
gas till the quantity of light given off in
the area of a room shall be as nearly
equal as possible to the eye, the dura-
bility of the oil-gas will not exceed that

of

1824.]

of the coal more than in the ratio of
about two and a-half to one. I appre-
hend the comparative illuminating power
of the two gasses has been estimated
usually upon too limited a scale, that of
comparing the intensity of the lights
within a few feet and calculating the
square of the distance of each light
from the object. It must be evident
that the volume of the flame will have
some effect on the number of luminous
particles emanating from its surface.
And although the intensity of the light
would be greater within a given space
from an oil-gas light, yet the aggregate
quantity of light in a large apartment,
or given area, would probably be greater
from a coal-gas flame of large extent of
surface, though of inferior lustre. The
question of illuminating power there-
fore seems to be of a compound nature,
comprehending the relation which the
area of the ignited body bears to. its
intensity. That this is the actual state
of the case seems to be fully borne out
by the comparative lights of the street-
lamps in all the towns of the kingdom
which have been lighted with coal-gas
and oil-gas. The latter may be com-
pared to a spermaceti-candle with a
small wick, which is very brilliant with-
in a limited extent; but the coal-gas
lamps having a much larger jet of gas
( = four times the solid content of the
oil-gas burners) the light, though not
equally vivid to the eye, is capable of
illuminating a much greater area of the
atmosphere adjacent.

But the quantity of oxygen consumed
during the combustion of gas-lights,
forms no small feature in the intensity
of the light given out. (A perfect com-
bustion of inflammable substances is
scarcely ever obtained, for want of an
adequate supply of oxygen.) Oil-gas
consumes about three times its own
bulk of oxygen, and coal-gas about twice
its own volume. And it must'be evi-
dent, that the more freely gas-lights are
supplied with this indispensable agent,
the more vivid will be the light afforded.
It is the rapidity with which phosphorus,
or iron, unites with oxygen at high
temperatures which produces the in-
tense and beautiful light we observe,
when these substances are plunged into
a jar of oxygen gas.

Now as the atmospheric air is com-
posed (in round numbers) of about one-
fifth of its volume oxygen gas and four-
fifth of azote, the quantity of air neces-
sary to afford an adequate supply of
oxygen for the perfect combustion of
gas-lights may be easily computed.

Comparative Value of Coal and Oil Gas.

125

In close apartments, there is usually
a considerable deficiency of light, for
want of a due circulation of the air to
supply the lamps with fresh oxygen.
While the carbonic, acid gas, produced
by the combustion, is allowed to subside
(being heavier than atmospheric air) in
the lower. parts of the room and mix
with the air to the great injury of the
health of all those exposed to its dele-
terious influence. Wherever artificial
lights are used a good ventilation of the
air ought to be preserved. And although
this cannot always be acccomplished
conveniently by leaving open doors or
windows, it may be much more easily
effected by having a pipe, of small di-
mensions, communicating from the ex-
terior of the building, and opening into
any convenient part of the room, for the
admission of atmospheric air; and ano-
ther pipe, extending from the top of the
light (as is now always done, where gas
apparatus is properly constructed) to
carry off the carbonic vapour produced
by the combustion.

Many of the gas-lampz in the interior
of houses are provided with a hollow
brass globe, or other ornamental figure,
above the glass cylinder, which serves
pretty effectually to condense the greater
part of the sulphurous gas existing in
coal-gas. But the density of carbonic
acid gas being much greater than that of
common air, a large portion of this de-
leterious gas will descend, and remain
dispersed in the air of the apartment,
unless a current be produced to sweep
the lower parts of the room and drive it
off through an exit-pipe, either into a
chimney or the open air. Adopting
these precautions with regard to ven-
tilation ; and never allowing a gas flame
to project above the top of the glass
cylinder; the inconveniences that have
hitherto been complained of from the
use of gas-lights would totally vanish.

With regard to the comparative dis-
advantages usually experienced between
coal-gas and oil-gas it is not necessary
for me to dwell; for the inconvenience
in either case arises from negligence in
not affording a proper ventilation. And
although coal-gas contains rather more
sulphur than oil-gas, and is consequently
somewhat more liable to deface or tar-
nish polished surfaces; yet the greater
quantity of carbonic acid gas produced
by the combustion of oil-gas will render
the latter most injurious to health in
close apartments. By judicious ventila-
tion, however, both these evils are ef-
fectually overcome. It is perhaps scarcely

necessary

126

necessary to add, that if the apertures
of gas-burners be not carefully turned
off, when the lights are extinguished,
that an escape of gas into the apartment
always takes place, and it is highly dan-
gerous to carry a lighted candle into
such an apartment, The escape of gas
can easily be detected by the smell, be-
fore it has escaped in sufficient quantity
to form ‘an ‘explosive ‘mixture with the
air of a room. In the escape of gas,
therefore, accidents might always be
prevented by driving a current of air
through the room, previous to bringing
ina light in order to ascertain the exact
point of leakage.

I have to apologize, Mr. Editor, for
the length of my communication, but
the great interest attached to the sub-
ject of gas-lighting at the present day
will be my best plea for occupying so
much of your columns. It only remains
that I should state in a few words, what
I conceive to be the relative values of
oil-gas and ‘coal-gas, to the consumer.

From the data before mentioned, good
oil-gas (= 950) is more valuable than
good coal-gas (= 450) in the ratio of
about nine to four. But it is obvious,
that if either kind of gas be supplied to
the public by meter, the spec. grav.
of such gas should be always taken into
account: the illuminating power and
durability being in the exact ratio of its
density. A, Z.

————

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR,
N a late number of the Monthly
Magazine, I observe some remarks
on the subject of Hydrocephalus, which
were sent you several years ago ;—the
importance of following the directions
given, subsequent and extensive obser-
vation has fully confirmed. I shall now
attempt, in a few words, to describe the
symptoms which occur prior to the
inflammatory affection of the brain and
its membranes, with a view of apprizing
your readers, that complaints apparently
wholly unconnected with the head, may,
by making a strong impression on. the
nervous system generally, give rise to
inflammation of the cerebrum, and irre-
mediable effusion into its ventricles,
Indeed no medical practitioner can
have failed to. observe instances of the
sympathy existing between the brain,
and the glandular apparatus concerned
in the digestion and assimilation of the
food ;—no practitioner of any experience
has not seen the most alarming infantile

Mr. Severn on Hydrocephalus.

(Serr. 1,

convulsions occasioned by morbific ac-
cumulation in the stomach and bowels,
giving way as soon as their irritating
contents have been removed: by. appro-
priate deobstruents; these convulsions
being irregular muscular contractions
produced by the. brain and nervous
system sympathizing with the deranged
organs of digestion, and on the contrary
a concussion of the brain, not only pro-
duces pain, giddiness, &c., but almost
invariably, the immediate rejection of
the contents of the stomach,. and the
common disease, a sick head-ache, is a
familiar and striking example. of the
intimate connexion subsisting between
the digestive functions and the senso-
rium commune}; for in the: animal eco-
nomy, whenever any part becomes dis-
eased, a train of secondary morbid
actions arise in distant organs, which
can only be remedied by a discovery, and
removal of the original disease. It
seldom happens that a_ medical prac-
titioner- is called to a patient in the
earlier stages of Hydrocephalus, and
still less frequently has he an oppor-
tunity of combating those symptoms
which may be deemed premonitory, and
which so nearly resemble those of den-
tition and certain other complaints, that
their precise nature and fatal tendency
is often overlooked :. indeed there have
been instances wherein I have in post
mortem research, discovered Hydroce-
phalic effusion which had been wholly
unsuspected by the able and experienced
practitioners, under whose more imme-

diate charge the cases occurred... .
Whenever in children the functions
of the alimentary..canal are. irregularly
performed, the egesta, taking place tar-
dily, or differing in. any respect, from
their ordinary and healthy. state, .the
head becoming heavy, reclining on one
side, the countenance, pale, sallow,
or leaden coloured, the limbs. flabby, and
having an exsanguious appearance, with
tumid abdomen, then should prompt
remedial means be employed adapted
to the circumstances of the case, to
restore a healthy state of the secretions,
and to excite the glandular viscera of
the abdomen to action. It would answer
no good purpose were. I to detail,the
remedies adapted to fulfil. the above
described purposes, they must be left to
the judgment of the medical: practi-
tioner, and as your magazine is designed
for general perusal, such an. attempt
would probably lead your unprofessional
readers to form imperfect ideas of what
should be done, and the period at which
‘ a cure

1824.]

a cure might have been obtained by
judicious medical treatment, may thus
be irrecoverably lost.

In conclusion I would observe that
inflammation of the brain, and the water
found in the ventricles after death, are
seldom, if ever, primary diseases, but are
the effects of some other complaint,
which, if early perceived, and skilfully
treated, may be frequently removed; but
if neglected, misunderstood, or impro-
perly managed, all that remains for us,
is to watch our patient’s certain progress
to the grave. CHARLES SEVERN.

Egham, Aug. 2, 1824.

——a——

For the, Monthly Magazine.

\ PAVING of STREETS.
RANITE stone, which is used for
paving cart-ways of streets, is the
hardest and most durable material which
can be generally used; but the unevenness
of the pavement, and the expense of
keeping it in something like order, are
the great objections to the present pave-
ment. Could it be kept as even as
when first laid, no better road could
then be made in narrow streets, whence
there is much traffick.

The new system of’ breaking large
stones into small pieces, will not do so
well in confined streets; where there is
much traffick, for the frequency of open-
ing the ground to repair pipes, would
always keep the road in a state of old
and new, or firm and loose. ‘Not only
that; but if not kept wet, the dust would
be a.greater annoyance than the present
rough pavement,

What makes the present paved streets
the most' objectionable, is, that they are
continually in a’ state of hills and holes.
The pavement does not become so from
wear; the stones have not wore away,
for you may invariably see, in every
street where there is much traffick, that
about a week or two after new pavement
is done, it is‘as uneven as almost any of
the old.

Now this, J think, may be remedied by
a more careful and judicious mode in
arranging and squaring of the stones,
and in fixing them down. In the first

lace, the present way of arranging them
is, to pnt together little and big ones,
just as may happen; one may be twelve
inches in length and the next one only
six. The one which stands only upon
_ six inches of ground, will sink further in
with a heavy weight than the other,
which stands on twelve inches.

In the second place, there is not much

Mr, Single on the Paving of Streets.

127

attention paid to the squaring of the
bottom part, or bed of the stone. Now,
suppose two stones to be together of an
equal size, the one quite square, or flat,
at the bottom, and the other to be
pointed like a wedge, would not an
equal weight on the top press one fur-
ther into the earth than the other?

In the third place, the present way of
fixing them down is, first, to loosen the
ground on which they are to be fixed.
If one of them should be much deeper
than another, then to scratch away the
loose ground, so as the top of the stone
may be fixed even with the others. If
another should happen to be not’ so
deep as the general run, more loose
ground is to be added, so. as to raise it
up to an equal level. Then comes the
rammer to beat them down firm: a
slight blow sinks the stone which has
the most loose dirt under, and it takes,
perhaps, three or four heavy ones to
knock down the one which ‘has little
or none under it., Now,’ with an
equal weight on these, for instance, a
loaded waggon, will not the first stone
which has had but a slight ramming sink
much more than the other? Why, in
fact, the present system of paving is
nothing more than putting the ground
into a state of hard and soft, or hills
and holes, and placing stones: upon it to
prevent our seeing or believing that it
1s SO.

Now, the amendments in paving
which I suggest, are first, to leave off
ramming the stones, and to ram the
ground instead on which the stones are
to be placed to precisely the same form
that you intend the top of the pave-
ment to be; second, to place together all
the stones which are exactly of one size;
fourth, the bottom, or bed, to be per-
fectly flat or square; then set them on
this hard-rammed ground, and you will
seldom see paving in hills and holes.

For example, suppose that © such
squared stones were placed on the top
of any good hard road without at all
loosening of it, would not the pavement
be firmer and less likely to sink in holes
than if the ground were pecked up and
the stones rammed? Recollect, the
knocking of them down does not make
them harder; it is only done to make
the ground harder on which they stand.
Surely, then, it would be more effectu-
ally done by beating it down hard before
the stones are put upon it.

Tuomas SINGLE,

Mile End, Aug. 11, 1824.

128
For the Monthly Magazine.
Recent Exoursion through a part of the

Norrtu of Irary, from Lecco to Mr-

LAN, by the Curvatizr AMORETTI,

Keeper of the Ambrosian Library.

N turning northwards from Lecco,

we arrive at the promontory at
which the Lake Lario, or Como, is di-
vided, the lake being in the shape of
a A upset. We then advance along the
opposite side of this arm of the lake,
which consists of enormous rocks cut
erpendicularly. Nothing can be more
interesting than the view from these
heights, covered with olives and pines.
The situation is of the first order, and
the spectator must, indeed, be fasti-
dious that would not appreciate the
beauties. Such was the sentiment of
the younger Pliny, who had his country-
house, called Tragedy, here, if we may
judge from his own account, that he
ad built a house on the promontory,
where the Larius divides into two
branches. Here the Serbelloni family
have a chateau, the situation of which
is peculiarly fine. Indeed, the whcle
promontory is studded with pleasant
country-houses. The proprietors are
the Milanese lords, such as the Ciceri,
Trotti, Taverna, Anguissola, &c.; but
that .which the. Duke of Megli has
erected, is the best that the district pos-
sesses, both in the style of magnificence
and in the beauty of its architecture.
The village of the Bellazio (Bilaicum) is
in this part.

At Lecco, the Adda issues from the
lake, under.a. fine bridge erected in the
fourteenth century; and, not far from
thence, forms. two small. lakes near
Somasca. Here Jerom Emilien founded
the monastic institution of the Somasque
Friars, for the education of the poor,
and to the providing for orphans.

At Trezzo, a neat village on the
Adda, commences the Canal of Marte-
sana, which is navigable by barges to
Milan. It was cut by order of Francis
Sforza, in 1457.. The Adda at that
time was not. navigable from Lecco to
Trezzo. Towards the end of the six-
teenth century, under the reign of Phi-
lip If., King of Spain, who was then in
possession of Lombardy, the architect,
Meda, began works for lowering the
waters. He raised two sluices in ele-
vated points; but it was not till 1776
that this navigation became practicable,
by cutting a canal through the moun-
tain, and by dividing the falls of water
into six sluices. ‘The Canal of Marte-
sana, for some part of it, is in a direc-

Excursion through Lecco to Milan. -

‘course for Milan.

[Serr, 1,

tion with the right bank of the Adda, as
far as Cassano, a village famous for
battles fought in its vicinity; it then
turns, almost at right angles, in its
Its borders are
thickly studded: with pretty country-
houses. ‘

From Lecco we may proceed to Milan
by land, passing through the Brianza,
a well-cultivated district, and through
Monza, a.small but agreeable town,
where the sovereigns of Lombardy have
a magnificent palace, with a park of
prodigious extent, and forests for hunt-
ingin. The collegiate church of Monza
is one of the most ancient of Lombardy,
and still .contains.a number of valuables
in its sacristy, presented by Antaric,
king of the Lombards, and his queen,
Theodolind. They had selected this
place for their residence, as did also the
Emperor Beranger. Here also is kept
the famous iron crown of the Lombard
kings: it is in a gold frame, adorned
with precious stones, and in the form
of a dog’s collar; the iron circle within,
according to popish tradition, was an
appendage to the crucifixion. Charles
V. had himself crowned with it at Bo-
logna, as Bonaparte also in 1805. In
memory of this ceremony, the latter
instituted the imperial order of the
Tron Crown. It was remarkable, and
seems to have been ominous, that he
experienced the fate threatened. by the
inscription on the crown: “ Guai a ehi
la tocca:’”’ (Woe to him that touches it.)
From Monza to Milan, the road acquires
a degree of respectability and» magni-
ficence; the journey may be a
in two hours.

To return to, the Cadepabbia: from
Bellagio, we must repass the western
branch of the lake: The country-house
called Clerici, may give-a pretty correct
idea-of the taste and luxury of the eigh-
teenth century. In coasting along the
lake, through fields planted with vines
and olives, we come to Lenno (Lem-
nos); here we find a little antique sub-
terranean temple, supported on columns
of streaked marble; the altar has an in
scription bearing the name of Vibius
Cominianus, who had dedicated it to
Diana.

Between Cadenabbia and the town of
La Villa, the lake forms a small eulph,
the situation of which is the most agree-
able in Lombardy in the winter: season:
The whole district: is covered with
olives, citron, and -caper trees, and
aloes. Near La Villa is Balbiano, a
beautiful palace, erected and embellished

by

——————————————

1824.]
by Cardinal Durini. Opposite Balbiano,
is the island of San Giovanni, where a
number of Christians sheltered them-
selves in the fifth century. For some
time, it served as a place of security to
Francilion, general of the Greek Empe-
ror, Mauritius, against Ontaric, king of
the Lombards; also to Gaidolph, duke
of Bergamo, against Agilulph; to the
friends of King Cunibert; to the father
of King Luitprand; and to Gaidon, the
son of Beranger. The inhd}siiants were
at length driven from the island by the
Comasques. Every year, on the day of
St. John the Baptist, a sacred tragedy is
acted here in public, representing the
decapitation of the saint.

Pursuing the reute through very po-
. puleus villages, we arrive at the cele-
brated Villa Pliniana, where stood, as
many assert, the finest country-house of
Pliny the younger. At present it is a
splendid edifice, erected by Anguissola
in 1570. This lord, as fame reports,
was one of the four Plaisantine for Pla-
centian) nobles, who threw their tyrant,
Peter Louis Farnese, out of the palace
windows at Placenza. The house now
belongs to the Canarisi family. A very
fine and lofty cascade falls from the top
of the rocks into the lake, not far from
the building, which lies under a moun-
tain covered with laurel, cypress, beech,
and’-ehesnut ‘trees. The spring that
supplies the cascade with water is inter-
mittent. The two Plinys give a de-
séription of it, which takés place every
four hours; no cause truly explanatory
hashitherto been assigned for it.

From the Villa Plmiana we proceed
to Perlasca, where the cottage in which
Odescalchi, or’ Pope Innocent XI., was
born,:is yet shewn. The Tanzi Palace
forms a striking contrast to it: an excel
lent taste for the arts has combined with
luxury to lavish their treasures upon it.
The gardens contain a number of ex-
otic treesand plants, with citron and
myrtle-trees, aloes in flower, and vari-
ous sorts of Daphnes, with rose-flowers.
In the mansion, which is truly royal, are
paintings, with other works, and objects
and’ productions of superior art, also
collections in natural history. A can-
non fired from the palace, and reverbe-
rated by the mountains on the opposite
side of the lake, serves ‘to measure the
time of the sound traversing the breadth
of the lake; In the road leading to
Como, a number of delightful pleasure-

ses are scattered over the country:

such are those of the Imbonati, the Ar-
taria, &c.; and, at Rovena, is a grotto
Monruty Mac. No. 400.

Excursion through Lecco to Milan.

129

cut out by nature in a rock of veined
alabaster, which is 900 paces in length.

Vico is a village that forms one of
the suburbs of Como, and has the air
of a small handsome town. The villa
Odescalchi is its chief ornament. There,
as B. Giovio reports, stood the magni-
ficent country house of Caninius Rufus,
including the portico, the euripus, and
the grove of plane trees (Platanon opa-
cissimus) whereof Pliny makes mention
in his letters.

The city of Como is in the form of a
crab-fish, Vico constituting the left claw,
and the suburbs of St. Augustin the
right; in the latter are a number of silk-
mills: The city may contain 11 or
12,000 inhabitants, many of whom
are employed im the fabrication of cloth
and silk stuffs, which of late have
attained to great perfection. The ca-
thedral is a proud and noble ‘building
of marble; the baptistery is from the
designs of Bramante. In different
houses of the city, many Roman in~
scriptions on stone have been found,
and particularly relating to Plinius Ce-
eilius, and the other Plinys that’ were
of this country. The professors Moc-
chetti and Carloni have valuable col-
lections’ of natural history. This was
the country of the senator Volta, of
scientific celebrity, and of the canon
Gattoni, who enriched the Royal Ly-
ceum with a number of excellent arti-
cles on natural philosophy. At Como,
Gattoni constructed an zrian harp, that
by metallic wires reaching from the top
of a tower in his garden, in different
alterations of the atmosphere, emitted
sounds no less“agreeable than extraor-
dinary, compared to an angelic concert
in the air. ;

Two roads lead from Como to Milan,
that of Barlassina and that of Canturio.
Formerly the road had a rapid ascent to
St. Carposoro, passing by the castle of
Baradello, where is still to be seen the
fymous tower whereon Torriani, lord
and tyrant of Milan, suffered a lingering
death, in 1277; exposed in an iron cage
to the injuries of the weather. At pre-
sent, the new road descends into a
valley that appears to. have been for-
merly the basin of a lake; the soil is
only good as a turbary, or place for ga-
thering péat and turfs. Here the tra-
veller comes near to Casciago, where
the Priest Ariald, in the eleventh cen-
tury, preached against the simony and
concubinage of the ecclesiastics; this
gave rise to a dreadful persecution in
Lombardy.

S

Barlassina

130

Barlassina is a pretty large town,
founded near the spot where St. Pierre,
the first Lombard inquisitor, was, killed.
At Cesano, is, the superb villa of the
Counts Borromeo, but the air is un-
wholesome. Two miles further on, is
the village of Bovisio, where Count
Crivelli has built the splendid mansion
of Monbello; in the garden are a nuin-
ber of rare exotics. M. Agnesi, brother of
the mathematician, has also at Vallera, in
the neighbourhood, a very fine garden of
exotics.

The second road is the shortest and
most commodious. ‘The first village is
Cantario, which from the tenth century
has been notified by little manufactories
ofiron. Next to this village, we come
to Galliano, where the church, once a
pagan temple, has been appropriated to
the catholic worship from the fourth
century; the baptistery is as old as the
church. The receptacle for the holy-
water has been hollowed out in the
granite, and is four feet in diameter.
In the whole of this neighbourhcod
many Roman inscriptions have been
found, part of which have been collected
by the Trotti family in their country-
house of Verano.

The church of Agliate was also raised
out of the ruins of an ancient temple.
When the castle of the Counts of Agliate
was demolished, a number of medals
were found, which shew how enlightened
those lords were for the times in which
they lived, and what cruel dissensions
arose between them and the inquisition
in defence of their vassals.

The banks of the Lambro, a little
river which runs to the §.W., are all
along decorated with neat country-
houses. In that of Raverio, an enor-
mous mass of native iron was found,
which has been removed to the Museum
of St. Alexander, at Milan; Chladni
maintains it to be an zrolite, or of me-
teoric descent.

The village of Desio, three miles
further on, has been of celebrity for a
battle fought there, in 1277, between
the Visconti and the Torriani, when the
latter were defeated and obliged to cede
to the former the possession of Lom-
bardy. At Desio is the Villa Cusani,
the most eligible in Lombardy in respect
of its water, and replenished with noble
green-houses, containing rare and beau-
tiful exotic trees. Black truffles are in
abundance in the groves; and, in the
apartments of the palace, the brothers,
Gerli, executed their first labours in en-
caustic painting. In the park is a mill

Russia and Britain compared.

[Sept.

of a very singular construction, and no
less sumptuous in its style of building.
From Desio we proceed to Cusano,
where, in the mansion Omodei, are
several excellent paintings, and, among
others, the Belisarius of Espagnolet.
From thence it is not an hour’s walk to

the capital.
ae

For the Monthly Magazine.
PARALLEL BETWEEN RUSSIA AND BRITAIN,
BY M. DE PRADT,

MIDST various works brought for-
ward to public notice by M. de
Pradt, ancient Archbishop of Malines, is
a Memoir printed last year at Paris,
the object of which is, to draw a parallel
between the powers of Great Britain
and Russia, in their relation to the rest
of Europe. This able and active pub-
licist considers these two states as most
able to produce advantage and benefit,
or ruin and destruction, to the rest of
civilized mankind. Their preponder-
ance he treats as a critical circumstance
in the annals of the present period, sus-
pending all the wisdom and_ political
knowledge required to counteract them,
and leading on to a future crisis, likely
to become of extreme magnitude. Suc-
cess having already attended many of
the predictions wherein this writer was
judging of public measures, the calcula-
tions and decisions of his foresight have
been seriously attended to in every part
of the Continent.

As to the countries of America,
north and south, M. de Pradt contends,
that the people will ultimately be res-
cued from the distresses and ruin
brought upon them by Europeans—that
they will conquer and maintain their
rights, by separating from Spain and
Portugal, in spite of all opposition. Tur-
got appears to have had a similar con-
ception, often urging, that though calamity
seemed to impend over many other
countries, those of America would be-
come free, formidable, and secure.

But will the impartial part of the
community declare, will posterity recog-
nize, the power of Great Britain and

Russia, as so greatly added to, that

they only can, effectually, secure their
independence ? M, de Pradt pronounces
for the affirmative, and many apparently
sound minds do not hesitate to affirm
the same.

He considers the immense extent of
these two empires as of noyel growth ;
the one without a rival on the sea, the
other on the European Continent. One
he sees prospering by the great objects

which

1824.]

which its legislation encompasses, a
legislation generated and formed by the
experience of the most able statesmen
of former ages. With respect to pro-
jects of interior improvement, none, he
says, canbe more judicious in their
arrangement, more grand in their ex-
tent, or which bid more fair to involve
consequences beneficial to the country.
In the midst. of the several political
storms that have threatened to deluge
Europe, Great Britain has firmly re-
tained both her seat or situation, and
her honour. He describes the reliance
of her people on themselves, not merely
as the unavoidable result of an insular
position, but as emanating from com-
prehensive minds, conscious of great
powers, and fairly estimating those
powers, in comparison with the most
exalted of their competitors.

' In his view of the Russian empire,
M. de Pradt considers the mingled
masses which compose it, as a curious
and extraordinary phenomenon, of
which no other example exists in his-
tory. In its physical, civil and moral
state, he forms a picture illustrative of
civilization, and its gradual develop-
ments, from a rude and brutal condition
to the summit of sensible refinement.
Here we see him tracing nations of
hunters and fishers, who wrap them-
selves in the skins of beasts, with which
they contend for their existence, and
having scarcely any notion of property ;
the pastoral nations, deriving their food
and clothing from their flocks and herds,
but without the knowledge of writing,
and use of money. He beholds others,
in the labours of agriculture, in an in-
complete state; and so pursues the pro-
gress of culture, till houses arise, instead

of the earth-holes of the Samoyedes and

huts of felt, till viliages are changed
into towns, and houses into palaces.
Here are most of the modifications of
which a state, on the general scale of
human nature, is susceptible ; not only
in the gradations of living, but in the
civil constitutions, are several ranks or
classes. In the eastern isles, the social
connexion seems unknown ; but among
other hordes are instances of family go-
vernment, of democracy, of a repub-
lican monarchy, of personal and _here-
ditary nobility, and, at least, unlimit-
ed monarchy. And as to religion,
there are numberless turnings from Po-
lytheism to a total unacquaintance with
any idea ‘of a deity. Christians of
every sect, Jews, Mahometans, votaries
of the Lama, &c., are numerous. With

Russia and Britain compared.

131
respect to physical condition, manners,
custoins, &c., the difference is as great.

And what is it that maintains, in such
a confluence of governments, one con-
solidated state ? What keeps,this pro-
digious combination in. unconditional
submission to the will of one ruler ?
M. de Pradt attributes it to a double
supremacy of religion and politics; to
the severity of an automatic discipline,
carefully kept up every where, whatever
particular changes, of yarious_ kinds,
modern times may have made. This re-
gimen, supported by a vast military
force, is equally bindirig on the people
and grandees, on the soldier and the
citizen. He might haye added in his
key to the solution of this singular cir-
cumstance, the religious toleration which
marks the spirit of the, monarchy, so
that the uniformity and unity of admi-
nistration appear more complete than in
any other state.

The Russian army may be averaged at
600,000, of whom 500,000, at least, are
effective soldiers. This army supplies
the place of strong fortifications, which
may be dispensed with. It-may be as-
serted, that the Russian poles never
give way, if the commandets shew proper
courage. The common men make their
small pay and provision suffice, and on
holidays, treat themselves with strong
liquors. The Cossacks, though called
irregular, are so well disciplined, that
they may be used ashussars; Frederick
the Great pronounced the men, “ excel-
lent soldiers,” and the Empress Catha-
rine might well denominate the people,
“* obedient, brave, habitually hardy, en-
terprizing, and powerful.”

The general condition of the subjects
is not so unfavourable as is generally
thought. Even the boors have the
means of becoming rich; and if they
are content with dress and accommoda-
tions, which to strangers seem wretched,
it is from choice, and not from want of
ability to procure better things.

The general remark of this author on
the subject is, that the influence of
Russia and Britain is so great and
striking in all the concerns of other
states, in the various parts of Europe,
that these two ruling powers (domina-
teurs obligés) form an order of protec-
torate, and that the others, taken alto-
gether, will be found to be protégées.

But is not this extravagantly express-
ed, even admitting that, under limita-
tions, it may contain some truth? The
author appears entirely to have over-
looked the comparative importance
$2 which

132

which France so lately attained, and
though some may consider it as. pro-
ducing only an evanescent effect, others
have observed that its results are likely
to be far more substantial, So that our
fears, as Seneca exclaims, may be more
numerous than our dangers, and we
may suffer more from apprehension than
from any real cause of alarm... “ Plura
sunt que nos terrent, quam que pre-
munt, et se@pius opinione quam rela-
boramus.”

Who can set forth the effectual sup-
port which the profound abilities and
undaunted valour of one man can give
to the power of a country ? Frederick
of Prussia, by his determined firmness,
wisdom, perseverance and activity, re-
tained his situation, in opposition to the
strongest conflux of military numbers
combined against him. Many have been
dazzled with the glare of French achieve-
ments, when, during the revolution,
other countries, from their officious in-
termeddling, were involved in the direful
consequences of its convulsions. As
far as it is possible for human foresight
to calculate, Frederick would have main-
tained his, post—his solid merits would
have rendered abortive any combination
which the French could have excited
against him. Buonaparte, their dictator
and sovereign, would have been limited
in his ambition, reduced to renounce his
presumptuous attempts, perhaps to for-
feit all the advantages he enjoyed, had
that one man been amongst his foes, on
the stage of action,

In choosing an alternative between the
two powers, M. de Pradt declares openly
for England. It is certain that the pre-
judices against our nation, during the
ancient monarchy, were illiberal and
unjust; that these are no longer regard-
ed in France, is curious and _praise-
worthy. They acknowledge the excel-
lence and purity of our institutions, the
moral sanctity of our religion, the pro-
tection of the laws, to preserve those
virtues with which a good citizen may
fearlessly. shew himself encircled. But
as to the French deriving advantages
from being protégées of the English, in
any other way than that of borrowing
the most important parts of our: civil,
political and ecclesiastical establish-
ments, such a notion is liable to ex-
ceptions, and improbable in the extreme.

M. de Pradt discovers awful and
alarming signs, in the field of observa-
tion which he opens, notwithstanding
which he praises our once happy con-
stitution indiscriminately. It is not

Russia and Britain compared.

[Sept. 1,

wanting in a thousand mild, beneficent,
generous provisions, to excite an in-
terest in strangers, but how many ach-
ing hearts would be gladdened could
that corruption which, through the last
half century, has accelerated, to an ex-
treme degree, be exterminated ? This
devastating scourge of our nation has
been the best instrument of almost every
tribe of ourrulers, a medium of govern-
ment to which they constantly have re-
course. Facts fall infinitely, short of
this writer’s description, and there seems
reason to accuse him of haying taken
stolen glances rather than full views of
the objects he produces. In the whole
fabric of our social compact, it is cer-
tain that the influence and agency of
the people are necessary to ensure the
welfare of the community. This would
die the victim of neglect, judging from
their increasing depravity, were it to be
engrossed by the enervating egotism of
statesmen. Our author has not had
time or opportunity to fasten on such
feelings. In summing up his account of
the plans which compose British phi-
lanthropy, he gives. an impressive view
of their combination, but forgets that it
is the. benevolent ingenuity, and pro-
ductive diligence of the citizens that
have erected these, and that ministers,
as such, devote themselves to pursuits,
the essenced aim of which are very dif-
ferent.

There are other positions which de-
serve attention, as descriptive of the
mind and character of our countrymen,
but is he justified, in affirming that the
power and opulence of England can
only be continued and extended, by
promoting civilization throughout the
world ? Is not this too highly drawn ?
Is it not our interest that the arts of
industry should be Jess “advanced in
other states than in our own ? Without
going into details, confine your obser-
vation to the making of cotton, wherein,
as we excel the French on the degree
of general merits and superiority of im-
provement, we export ten times as
much,

And have not English ministers sacri-
ficed the liberties and national inde-
pendence of other commercial states,
Genoa, Ragusa, Venice? and did they not
guarantee to Sicily her parliament and
fundamental laws? Are not their indif-
ference as to what became of them, and
their wickedness respecting the subse-
quent events of their desolation, loudly
reprobated? It seems unnecessary: to
go over other grounds. of inquiry, in

various

1824. ]

various acts-prohibiting the importation
of extraneous materials, &c.

With respect to the Greeks, British
ministers may be judged infameus, who,
in defiance of shame, in contempt of all
generous practice, have acted towards
them with a degree of presumption and
unbridled licence unpardonable at any
time. This author believes them
the champions of public virtue, when
threatening the very existence of liberty
abroad and at home, and when they
have become, in the eyes of the world,
most dangerous examples of vice.

To what he says on the subject of
English population, a repulsive power
may also may be ap, lied. “It has aug-
mented one-fifth from 1792 to 1822, an
increase not to be found elsewhere in
Europe.” But France has increased from
24 to 30,000,000 during the same period;
the population of Upper Italy, Bel-
gium, and great part of Germany, has
advanced at nearly the same rate. It
is in Russia that life is reproduced in
the most multiplied forms. Of those
professing the Greek religion only, the
annual births are more than 1,500,000,
and the deaths not 90,000.

M. de Pradt’s want of attention,
chiefly appears in what concerns our
finances; he makes the reduction of our
taxes, from 1819 to 1822, amount to
3,000,000,000 of francs, which, in fact,
are only about 110,000,000, or 4,407,472
pounds sterling. In our deteriorated
and dreadful condition, when, from the
naked state of our resources, a war
would be evidently repugnant to the true
interests of the country, he deems us
capable of carrying it on where. and
how we please.

He goes on with an epitome of our
commerce, into some parts of which he
enters minutely : “ In the wool of Bo-
tany Bay, we have a treasure; it excels
the finest wools of Saxony and Spain.”
This account is imperfect ; the wool of
Botany Bay is of the common kind, and
the colony unable to furnish much. In
1819, the quantity imported amounted
only to 71,290 pounds.

Many of his observations on our ex-
ports, colonies, naval and military force,
&e., are not perfectly just. He rates
our Indian army at 22,000 Europeans
and 120,000 natives; whereas, from
papers laid before the House of Com-
mons in March 1819, we find the Eu-
ropeans 30,253 and 183,201 Indians.

There is, however, a variety of judi-
cious remarks on the commercial inte-
rests and military power of the two

Russia and Britain compared.

133

empires, he is particularly noticing in
proportion to the means which other
states possess; also how strength may
be acquired and exerted by the smaller
ones,and made subservient to each other
in case of war. And, how necessary
it is for their governments to have such
resources as to be able to call forth and
employ their strength, &c. France;
Austria, Prussia, &c., pass in review;
the proportion of their power in war is
compared to that of Great-Britain and
Russia. He makes Austria and Prussia
inaccessible to our fleets, forgetting that
the latter has many ports on the Baltic,
and that the former possesses the coast
of the Adriatic from Ancona to the
mouths of the Cottaro. He admits that
Great-Britain and Russia, whatever
prosperity they have attained to, are
become invincible to each other—that
our naval strength and skill, be it ever
so great, would be useless or mispent
against Russia, and vice versa. Here
the influence of Great-Britain on the
Black Sea and in the Baltic seems di-
minished in an undue proportion.

On the whole, with regard to the
au‘hor’s reflexions and proposals, many
should be admitted with caution, The
objects which engage our statesmen are
not territorial acquisitions on the conti-
nent, though they are ever bustling in
the miserable contests that disturb it.
They have, indeed, in their manner an
air of moderation that softens and qua-
lifies the asperity of their intentions,
These are unquestionably pernicious,
totally subverting the system of political
liberty wherever they can produce this
reverse. “ It may afford satisfaction,
therefore, to the European public, that
a whole legion of such rulers as ours
will have no inducement to invade their
independence.

Concerning the judgment to be passed
on the pecular character and spirit of
the Russian nation and government, as
menacing others, the reader will best
determine for himself, However regu-
lated by the same laws, the people of
Poland, Finland, Courland, will not
easily connect in the bands of a kindred
relation. Natural boundaries separate
these states or communities from the
Moscovites, who will, perhaps, hereafter
be confined to much narrower limits.
As to their acquisitions in Asia, the
tendency of this circumstance has been
to reform the savage inhabitants, to unite
families split and divided ever breaking
out into acts of violence and devas-
tation, into one people. Other good

consequences

134 Remains of eminent Persons.

consequences have resulted from Eu-
ropean colonies settling among the in-
habitants of other parts of Asia.
In the great policy of Russia, almost
every thing depends at all periods on the
character of the monarch, so that after
all the predictions of our most able and
ingenious politicians, futurity will be the
best explainer of itself, as it seldom fails
to clear up or account for what may ap-

[Sept. 1,

pear dark, difficult, and embarrassed in

the times present. As to our governors, .

and the share which they may have in
European transactions, animadversions
would be well founded. Where liberty
is concerned, it, will be highly exception-
able, as little can be inferred from the
past but what. will tend to expose their
treachery and barbarity.

REMAINS OF EMINENT PERSONS.

The following Letters, now first printed, have, except one, been copied from the

originals in possession of the Editor.

They are given in continuation of a series

of similar curiosities, which at sundry times have appeared in this: Miscellany.
—=ia

ARGAND, IMPROVER OF LAMPS,
To Dr. Lind, Windsor.

Dear Sir—I am very sorry to see by
your kind letter, that the first use Mrs.
Sterky made of the still was so unsuc-
cessful; the melting of the still-head,
and the water of the worm-tub growing
too hot, was undoubtedly owing to her
having filled up the chimney-pipe with
glowing charcoal, and that previous to
having put any water in the boiler:
whilst I had shewn her how to manage
the still, by pouring, first, of all, some
boiling water in the boiler, round the
chimney, then throwing in it half-a-dozen
lumps of charcoal, and keeping up the
same fire, by a single, or two bits of the
same coal now and then; she then
ought to have filled the top tin reservoir
with cold water, opened the cock, and
let the cold water run down the pipe in
the bottom of the worm-tub; the cold
water, as I told you, remaining below,
cools the worm, and drives upwards the
warm water, part of which enters the
boiler, runs down the worm like a gut-
ter, and distils while the surplus runs
out through the top cock; that must
remain open.

The whole being thus. set to work,
there remains nothing more to do than
to supply the fire-place at the bottom
of the chimney with a piece or two of
charcoal at a time, and renew the cold
water in the tin top reservoir.

I have-distilled many gallons of water
in that still with great ease and little
labour; but the misfortune is, that Mrs.
Sterky did not wait for you before she
began. I say again, if boiling water is
first put in the boiler, six pieces of char-
coal of such a size as to go down easy
in the chimney, will keep up the distil-
lation very well.

A still to require no attendance,

ought to be very large, so as to contain
a large bulk of water in the worm-tub,
and not to be in the necessity of re-
newing it during the whole distillation ;
the boiler should be a separate one,
built up in a brick-work, and pretty
large; but our intention was to have the
whole put together, portable, and fit to
be placed anywhere. However, I make
no doubt, since you are so kind as to
attend the first distillation, that you will
soon make Mrs. Sterky master of the
subject.

If you find it necessary that the head
which I made on purpose, as well as
the worm of pure grain-tin, should come
up to London to be mended, please to
hand it to Mr. Elgar, near the Hall, that
he may send it to his brother, in Bru-
ton-street, London.—I am, my dear sir,
your affectionate,

London, Feb.15,1793. ‘Amt Arcanp.

STERNE,

Paris, May 16, 1762.
Dear Sir :—Be so good as to put the
two inclosed letters into the post-office
the day you receive this, because they
are upon business. I hope by this you
received mine by Mr. Tollett, and have
forwarded the small packet to my wife.
She will be sooner in town than I ex-
pected, in her way to France; and, pos-
sibly, you will see her by the middle of
June. Why I mention this, you know
by my last, If you have not. already
wrote me, write by the return, My
compliments to Mr. Edmundson.—I am,
dear sir, very truly yours,
\ LL, STERN.
P. S.—I am very hard at work; and,
when I am got down. to my house at
Toulouse in the south of France, you
will see about what.
From

;

1824.]

From Sir Isaac Newton to a young
Gentleman, Francis Aston, Eszq.,
about to proceed on his Travels.

Trinity College, Cambridge,

May 18, 1669.

Sir:—Since in your letter you give
me so much liberty of sending my judg-
ment about what may be to your advan-
tage in travelling, I shall do it more
freely than perhaps otherwise would
have been decent. First, then, I--will
lay down some general rules, most of
which, I believe, you have considered
already ; but, if any of them be new to
you, they may excuse the rest ; if none
at all, yet is' my punishment more in
writing than yours in reading.

When you come into any fresh com-
pany, = '

J. Observe their humours.

IJ. Secondly, suit your own carriage
thereto, by which insinuation you will
make their converse more free and open.

Tif. Let your discourse be more in
queries and doubtings, than peremptory
assertions or disputings, it being much
the design of travellers to learn, not to
teach. Besides, it will persuade your
acquaintance that you have the greater
esteem of them, and so make them
more ready to communicate what they
know to you’; whereas, nothing sooner
occasions disrespect and quarrels than
peremptoriness. You will find little or
no advantage in seeming wiser, or much
more ignorant, than your company,

IV. Seldom discommend any thing,
though never so bad; or doe it but mode-
rately, lest you bee unexpectedly forced
to an unhandsome retraction. It'is safer
to commend any thing more than it de-
serves than to discommend a thing so
much as it deserves ; for commendations
meet not soe often with oppositions, or
at least are not usually soe ill resented
by men that think otherwise, as discom-
mendations; and you will insinuate into
men’s favour by nothing sooner than
seeming to approve aud commend what
they like, but beware of doing it by
comparison.

V. If you bee affronted, it is better,
in a forraine country to pass it by in si-
lence, and with a jest, tho’ with some
dishonour, than to endeavour revenge;
for, in the first case, your credit’s ne’er
the worse, when you return into Eng-
land, or come into other company, that
have not heard of the querrell. But, in
the second’ ¢ase; you may beare the
marks of the quarrell while you live, if
you outlive it at all. But, if you find
yourself unavoidably engaged, ’tis best,

Remains of eminent Persons.

135

I think, if you can command your pas-
sion and language, to keep them pretty
eavenly, at some certain moderate pitch,
not much hightning them to exasperate
your adversary, or provoke his friends,
nor letting them grow over much de-
jected, to make him insult. In a word,
if you can keep reason above passion,
that and watchfulnesse will bee your
best defendants. To which purpose you
mayconsider, that, though such ex-
cuses as this, “ He provokt mee soe
much, [ could not forbear,” may pass
among friends, yet amongst strangers
they are insignificant, and only argue a
traveller's weakness,

To these I may add some general
heads for inquirys or observations, such
as at present I can think on. As,—

I. To observe the policys, wealth, and
state-affairs of nations, so far as a soli-
tary traveller may conveniently doe.

II. Their impositions upon all sorts
of people, trade, or commoditys, that
are remarkable.

Ill. Their laws and customs, how far
they differ from ours:

IV. Their trades and arts, wherein
they excell, or come short of us in Eng-
land.

V. Such fortifications as you meet
with, their fashion, strength, and advan-
tage, or defence, and other such mi-
litary affairs as are considerable.

VI. The power and respect belonging
to their degrees of nobility or magistracy.

VII. It will not be time mispent to
make a catalogue of the names and ex-
cellencys of those men that are most
wise, learned, or esteemed, in any
nation.

VIII. Observe the mechanisme and
manner of guiding ships.

IX. Observe the/ products of nature
in several places, especially in mines,
with the circumstances of mining and of
extracting metals or minerals out of
their oare, and of refining them; and, if
you meet with any transmutations out
of their own ‘species into another, (as
out ofiron into copper, out of any metall
into quicksilver, out of one salt into
another, or into an insipid body, &c.)
those, above all, will be worth your
noticing; being the most luciferous, and
many times luciferous experiments too
in philosophy. ,

X. The price of diet and other things.’
And—

XI. The staple commodity of places.

These generals, suchat present as I-
could think of, if they will serve for
nothing else, yet they may assist you in

drawing

136

drawing up a modell to regulate your
travells by. As for particulars, these
that follow‘are all that I now can think
of: viz. q

I, Whether “at ‘Semnitium, in Hun-
gary (wheré*there are niines Of gold,
copper, iron, Vitridl, antiniony, &c.) they
changé iton ifito copper by dissolving it
in a vitridlate Water, which they find in
cavitys’ of rocks in the mines, and then
melting the slimy solution in a strong
fire, which in the cooling proves copper.
The like is said to be done in other
places, which I cannot now remember ;
perhaps, too, it may be ‘done in Italy;
for, about twenty or thirty years ‘agone,
there was a certain vitrioll came from
thence, called’ Roman vitrioll, but of a
nobler virtue than that which is now
called ‘by that name, which vitrioll is
not now to be gotten, because, perhaps,
they make @ greater gain by some such
trick as turning iron into copper with it,
than by selling ity’

II. Whether in’ Hungary, Sclavonia,

Bohemia, near the town of Filia, or at
the mountains of Bohemia, near Silesia,
there! bee rivers whose waters are im-
pregnated with gold; perhaps, the gold
being dissolved by some corrosive waters,
like aqua regis, and the solution carried
along with the streame that runs through
the niines ; ‘and whether the practice of
laying mercury in the rivers till it be
tinged with gold, and then straining
the mercury through leather that the
gold may stay behind, be a secret yet,
or openly practised.
- TIT. ‘There is newly contrived in Hol-
land a mill to grind glasses plane with-
all, and I think polishing them too} per-
haps it will be worth ‘while to see it.

IV. There is in Holland one Borry,
who some ‘years since was imprisoned
by the pope, in order to have extorted
from him secrets, as I am told; of great
worth, both ‘as to medicine and profit ;
but he ‘escaped into Holland, where
they ‘usually granted him a’ guard. I
think he usually goes clothed in green.
Pray mquire what you-can of him, and
whether his ingenuity be any profit to
the Dutch. You may inform yourself
whether the Dutch have any tricks to
keep their ships’ from being all’ worm-
éaten in their voyages to the Indies;
whether pendulum clocks do any service
ini finding out the longitude, &c. :

Tam weary, and I shall not stay to
part with “a long complitrent; only I
wish you a good journey, and God ‘be
with’you; = * ‘

oe HES Isaac NeEwrTen.

ae

Remains of eminent Persons.

[Sept. 1,
Pray let us hear from you in your
travells. Ichave given your two books
to Dr, Arrowsmith: fees
DR; MIDDLETON, Author of Free Enquiry,
Life of Cicero, §e.:

Sir—I esteem it:a very great honour
to be allowed and, even commanded to
usel.the same liberty, with you. by letter,
which had given.me so. much pleasure in
person, of conversing-.with,,you still at
this distance; and. of, testifying more
especially at this time, my most sincere
and grateful acknowledgment of the late
generous reception and uncommon
marks of friendship, with which you
were pleased to honour me in town.
As to my remarks, they have been
received here, as well as I could wish,
nor have given any new or particular
offence) that I hear of, but to such only
as dislike the whole. Dr. Morgan, our
Vice-Chancellor, with several more of
the heads, likes them véry well, and is
much my friend, so that whatever storms
may blow up hereafter, I amin’ port at
least for his reign. Tam very sensible, Sir,
that they have given the less’ disgust,
for the great patience you had in suffer-
ing them to'be read to you, and the cor-
rections they underwent by your autho-
rity and direction. This I shall always
reflect upon’as a singular proof of your
great humanity as well- as great juds-
ment, and am sorry only, that I had not
so kind and so able ‘a monitor to’resort
to on former occasions, to have made
my other pieces more useful tothe: pub-
lic, and less hurtful to!myself: but
though I cannot recall what is past, yet
T shall learn at least from the experi-

. ence of your advice, how to weigh with

more caution and prudence whatever
may come abroad from me for the future.

You’ see, ‘Sir, with what ‘confidence
your great kindness has taught ‘me to
treat you, when I dare venture to enter-
tain you with’such trifles about myself;
but if you can bear the impertinence of
80 trifling a correspondenée, I shall not
fail to give you part of whatever this
place affords most considerable, and
shall be industrious to’ pick up’ every
thing worth your notice, for the oppor-
tunity it will give me of signifying to
yourself, what it will be my pride to
signify to every body else, how much T
am bound in honour and duty to approve
myself on-all occasions with the utmost
respect, Sir, your most obliged and most
devoted'servant, © © 5

; ; Conyers MippieTon.

Camb, June 7tk 1733. eae

Rosert

1824. ]
Rogert Burns. — ,
Mauchline, 29th Sept. 1788.

I send you the book, my dear Sir,
along with this letter, by our Mauchline
carrier. JI am just arrived from Niths-
dale, jaded and fatigued to death; so
I shall only say, the book is to me
as a right-hand, or a right-eye, so I know
you will take proper care of it, and re-
turn it soon. Drop me a line, by post,
or return of carrier, if the book come
to hand. I am most truly, my dear Sir,
your’s, Rogert Burns,

DR. CALAMY.

Honoured Sir,—-Mr. Mayo, Dr. Earle,
Mr. John Evans, and I have agreed to
do ourselves the honour to wait upon
you at dinner, on Monday next, if we
may be so happy as to find you free from
company, and not otherwise engaged ; and
it is attheir common request this waits
upon you, that we may not be trouble-
some, where our aim is to express our
most sincere respects. If another day
would be more convenient, we should
be thankful for notice of it, by my ser-
vant, the bearer.

- At whatever time you are pleased to
fix, I shall take care to make restitution
of the cancel book, you were so kind as
to put into the hands of professor Craw-
ford ; and also to present you with that
small piece of the great Erasmus, which
my son was mentioning, when he had the
henour (upon which he values himself)
of dining at your table. I am, your
honour’s most obedient humble servant,

Epm. Caramy.

BISHOP PERCY TO ANDREW CALDWELL, ESQ.
Oct. 27th 1802.

Dear Sir,—I hope this will find you
returned in good health, after a pleasant
sojourn at Harrowgate, &c., and that you
have found all your family well at home.
As you informed me that my Lord Char-
lemont would kindly allow my friend,
who is preparing an edition of Lyes-
phron, to avail himself of Milton’s
emendations, &c., and that his brother,
the member for the county of Armagh,
would have the goodness to carry it,
when he goes over next month to attend
parliament, J now trouble you on that
subject ; and beg to be favoured with a
line by the return of the post, to inform
me if, in consequence of your arrival in
Dublin, and obliging application to his
Lordship, &c., I need not apply to him
myself or Mrs. Caulfield on this subject.

. Montuty Mac. No. 400.

Remains of eminent Persans.

137

In that case, you may assure his
Lordship I will take care the book shal]
be safe returned to his library, and he
will herein pursue the steps of his good
father, who never was so happy as when
he was promoting the cause of litera-
ture; and the learned gentleman for
whom I apply, will most gratefully
acknowledge this very liberal indulgence.

Tam, dear Sir, your faithful and obe-
dient servant,

Tuomas Dromore.

Mason tHE Port.
Aston, January 23d 1795.

Dear Madam,—Whatever you may
please to say, either out of courtesy, or
rather courtliness, I still believe that you
did doubt of my veracity, and therefore
Tam happy to find, from your very obli-
ging letter, that the pains I have taken
towards my own vindication have not
proved abortive. As to your flying frogs,
I have heard enough of that species,
to believe you have rather gone be-
yond strict veracity when you gave their
agility so very volatile an epithet. I
therefore rest in a kind of philosophical
suspense on that subject, yet shall be
happy in being convinced, not so much
for the sake of conviction, as for the
pleasure I shall have in meeting you
again at Fulham. Believe me, dear ma-
dam, yours very sincerely,

W. Mason.

DR. BLACK.
Edinburgh, December 2, 1784.

Dear Sir,—l am much obliged to you
for your account of Dr. Priestley’s late
experiments on water. I have also
received from Mr. Watt a copy of his
paper on that subject. But, as you
mentioned the birth, ef zerostatic expe-
riments, I heg leave; to communicate to
you more fully my thoughts on. that
subject. In. the first place, although
what I have already informed. you of ts
strictly trué; I by no means set up any
claim for merit ia the invention of ma-
chines for zrial flight and excursions.
The experiment with the thin bladder,
which I proposed as a striking example
of Mr, Cavendish’s discovery, was ‘so
very obyious, that any person might
have thought of it. But I certainly
never thought of making large artificial
bladders, in order to lift heavy weights,
and carry men up into the air by .their
means. I have »o suspicion ‘that: this
was thought of anywhere before we
began to hear of its being attempted in’
France; and.J donot donbt’ that what
et has

138

has been published in the newspapers,
&c.,1s perfectly true: viz. that; Monsieur
Mongolfier hasl seme time before con-
ceived the idea of flying up into the air
by means of a very Jarge bag or balloon
-of commogn, air, simply; rarified by fire or
flame. This idea, being founded on a
principle which has long been known,
and which has no connexion with Mr.
Cavendish’s discovery, it is only sur-
prising that M. Mongolfier should not
have put it sooner in practice. I sup-
pose, therefore, that though he might
have formed the projecta long time
before, he never was roused. into an ex-
ertion for making the trial until others
began to talk of flying by means of in-
flammable air. Who first thought of
this method I cannot tell, for I confess I
did not read the histories of these expe-
riments; they never interested me in
the least. ‘The hopes that means might
be discovered for moving these machines
at pleasure, and directing their course in
the air, could only be formed by those
who did not consider and understand
their nature. The only circumstance
which enables them to subsist in the air
is, that however brisk the wind may be,
as soon as they rise they are in effect
perfectly becalmed; I mean that there is
not the least perceptible motion or im-
pulse of: the air against any part -of
them. .This is perfectly evident from
their situation; they float in mid air,
and ‘have no hold on any thing else;
the air must therefore carry them along
with a velocity equal to its own, the
machine of itself can make no resist-
ance; but, while it moves along with the
air, it cannot feel any motion of the air
against it in any direction, it must,
therefore, be in. effect, in a dead calm.
the motion ef it cannot be perceived by
them who are carried by it, except from
the apparent motion with which the
surface of the.earth seems to slide away
from them, This tranquillity of the air
with respect to them, is one cireum-
stance which contributeg:to, that compo-
sure of mind which miny of those have
felt who have mounted. with balloons.
I can imagine, however, that) ina hot
climate, when the weather is perfectly
calmed, the sun shining bright, a large
balloon ascending with considerable ve-
locity, may occasion a whirlwind, and
may be involved in it, which might be at-
tended with dangerous consequences to
those who accompany it; you will easily
understand how this may happen. But
in other circumstances, there 1s no dan-
ger of such an accident, the air will not

Remains of eminent Persons.

[Sept. 1,
offer the smallest violence to the balloon,
but, will carry it along like a feather,
without making the least impression on
any, part of it, and this, as I said above,
is the reason why itis able to subsist in
the air, for itis necessarily made of such
flimsy materials, that it is quite unfit to
sustain any, considerable shock or im-
pression of the air on it; and this,

among other things, shews the folly of

attempting to give it motion at pleasure,
or to command its motion and direction
when it is up in the air; for, besides the
impracticability of finding a power that
can be applied to produce this effect,
although the power were found, any
attempt to make use of it would destroy
the balloon, by impelling it against the
air, and exposing it to such shocks and
violence as it cannot bear; and, further,
in attempting to use such a power, it
must necessarily happen, on account of
the great surface of the balloon and the
resistance the air would make to its
motion, that the men and machinery by
which it were moyed, must of necessity
go foremost, and the large bladder, &c.,
would be dragged after them in an hori-
zontal direction, which would require
an apparatus totally different from what
has been contrived. ‘
Mrs. Young, Dr. Hutton, and, your
other friends, are, well, and happy to
hear that you find your situation agree-
able. - Adieu, and believe me ever your
affectionate Josreru, Brack.
Dr. James Lind, Physician at Windsor,

HELVETIUS. |

Monsieur :—Je n’ai fait d’autre dé-
marche sur votre derniére lettre que de
parler a M. Marie pour l’engager a faire
finir laffaire le plutdt qu’il sera possible
a cause du cours, car je savais deja qu’il
étoit arresté que vous auriez la place.
Je ne doute pas que vous n’ayez votre
brevet avant que M. Dargenson ne parte,
du moins je le demanderai a M. Marie.
Je vous fais mon compliment:sur le suc-
cés de votre affaire et je le feray au
publie quand vous commencez vos cours;
et je vous prie d’étre persuadé que per-
sonne dans le,monde n’est avec plus
d’estime et d’attachement.—Monsieur,
votre trés-humble et trés-obéissant ser-
viteur, . oJ. HeLvetivs.
- A Versailles, ce 30 Mai, 1750.

CAR. HERSCHEL TO DR. LIND.
Jan. 105.1790.
Dear Sir,—If the. evening: (though
unexpectedly) should turn out clear, 1.
hope you will honour a comet. with a:

peep

1824.]
peep through one of your telescopes.
I had the first glimpse of it on Thurs-
day, the 7th, but only for a moment.
The early part of last night being so
fine, my brother was so ‘good as to fur-
nish us with the following observation :
at 3° 12!'55" sid. time, its’ place was,
Ret. 21" 27! 6:9"

PDF 1944287" i
It moved at the rate of about '6° 58’
direct in ret:, and about 1° 40’ in P. D.
towards the south.—I am, your most
obedient humble servant,
$ Car, Herscuer.

Ls —_———

MISS C. HERSCHEL TO DR. LIND, WINDSOR.

Dear Sir,—In the first place, I beg to
be pardoned by Mrs. Lind for not keep-
ing word and paying my respects to her
last week ; each day brought its hind-
rance along with it, so that I found it
impossible to leave home.

In the second place, I ask your par-
don, Sir, for not giving you a line of in-
formation of the comet I discovered on
Monday, the 14th, at half-past nine, but
I thought it necessary to go with it to
Greenwich, and returned last night.

When'I first saw it, it was about a
degree below a line drawn from fifteen
lyncis to D. Persei, dropping a perpendi-
cular from two lincis to the comet.

On the 15th, at 20" 22’ 33’ S. T. it
was, by Dr. Mas. observation, in Ret.
7" 0 28” P.D. 15° 37’; last night about
nine o’clock, it was in a liné with a and
@ Ursz Minoris nearer to 8 than to @,
—I am, your humble seryant,

ak C. Herscuet.
Monday Morning, 17th Aug. 1797.

. TO DR. LIND, WINDSOR.

Dear Sir,—With my best love and
respects to Mrs. Lind, I send you the
place where, half an hour ago, was situ-
ated the comet, I had the good fortune
to detect last night between eight and
nine o’clock.

R.A, 22" 16! 24,"6 P. D. 47° 56’ 51”, 1.
Car. Herscuen,

THE YOUNG PRETENDER.

Monsieur mon Cousin le Duc-de
Melfort,—J’ai regue avec plaisir votre
lettre du cominencement de cette année,
et je yous remercie des yoeux que vous
y faites au ciel pour ma félicité et la
conservation de ma personne; Je con-
nois toute la:sincérité de votre loyauté
et de votre zéle-pour mes intéréts; ce
sont de sentimens héréditaires .daus
votre maison, qui'vous assuroient tou-

Remains of eminent Persons.

139

jours’ma protection et estime.— Votre
affectionné cousin, Cuartrs R.

Florence, le 7 Mars, 1775.

THE OLD PRETENDER.
; Rome, May 8, 1743.
I hope this will find you quite reco-
vered_of' the illness which I understand
hindered you from informing me of the
death of your mother, the Duchess of
Stafford. The letter vou wrote to me
on that melancholy occasion, I ouly re-
ceived this week; and, though I take it
very well of you, I did not, I assure you,
want it to make me share sincerely your
loss, on which I heartily wish it were
more in my power to contribute to your
comfort in all respects. You are well
acquainted with my just esteem and
regard for your person and your family,
and you may be well assured of the con-

tinuance of them, and of my sincere -
kindness for you. James R.

SIR GEORGE ROOKE,

- London, July 29, 1705.
Sir,—Upon my attending my Lord
Treasurer, hath upon some pretences of
money, among which that of my charge
of Ccunt Guldenleme’s entertainment
in the year 1702, was mentioned. in the
memorial: his Lordship was pleased to
tell me that his Royal Highness being by
when it was read to the Queen, was
pleased to charge himself with that parte
of my pretensions ; and his Lordship was
pleased to direct me to write:to you to
remind him of it, which, if you think
proper, I desire you will do with as
much modesty as becomes the duty. and
respect you and I have for His Highness.
which is all.at present from—Sir, your
most humble servant,

G. Rooke.

' PARKER, THE MUTINEER.
Sandwich Black States, June 29, 1797.
My dear Father,—As I have now
done with all worldly affairs, except to
acquaint you how far Iam prepared to
meet death; and, as I conceive it my
duty, so-I shall make it ‘my last of mun-
dane affairs. In the first place, Sir, I
have to:'thank you for.,bringing me up
in ithe fear of God, with a reliance on
the sufferings of our blessed: Lord Sa-
viour for: the redemption of sinners who
believe. It is now my greatest comfort
that I do: -Our blessed Lord died to
save me as well as all sinners who will
trust in him. I am happy to acquaint
ae you,

140

you, my dear father, though the awful
_moment draws nigh which is to separate
me from the world for ever, I feel no
uneasy moments, no disagreeable sen-
sations, or unpleasant alarms in any re-
spect. I attribute it to my reliance on
our blessed Lord and Saviour, added to
a consciousness that, however fatal-the
difference may have been (though I
knew nothing of it at its commence-
ment), if I had not taken an active part
in it, the consequences would have been,
ten times more dreadful. The world
does not entertain that idea of me which
I deserve from them; but I trust that
time, in God’s good time, will clear up
my character, which is dearer to me than
my life. . I am greatly obliged to you, my
dear father, for the liberal education
you gave me, and for the love and kind-
ness you have extended to me this day
from my infancy. I beg you will not be
sorry for me, as for a person without
hope, as I can assure you, my dear
father, Iam full of hope, with a thorough
reliance on my Creator, that he will
strengthen me at my last moment to
Meet the death allotted to me with true
Christian fortitude.

I hope, my dear father, that dear wo-
man whom J had the happiness to be
wedded to, will know that I am no more
become yours, and the family’s care forget
me in her, and let her be your particular
care. I am sure she is, dear creature,
worthy of any kindness you can possibly
shew her. Oh, sir! if I had but time to
enumerate her virtues and love for me:—
but I need not, for you must, during the
last seven months’ visit we paid you, have
observed how dear I was to her. My
dear father, I have done what I am con-
vinced you will approve of: namely—
made my will, and left her my sole ex-
ecutrix. Dear creature, I wish I had
more than will ever descend from me to
her to put her in possession of.—My
dear, dear father, may God Almighty
bless you: May your ed be with tran-
quillity and repose, and may we meet:in
the endless bliss of everlasting happiness,
is the prayer of—Dear father, your duti-
full, much embarrassed son,

. RicHarp Parker.

P. S.—I request my brother, Mrs.
Parker’s sister, and all the family will
receive comfort from you. I beg my
love to them, Mrs. Honour, your house-
keeper, and all friends. Ry P.

—>__

Remains of eminent Persons.

[Sept. 1,

LADY MABRY WORTLEY MONTAGUE.

[These letters were written by Lady Mary Wortley
Montague, to her friend Lady Margaret Creighton,
Auntof Lord London, one of whose answers ts algo
given.—T hey were written, as appears, some nie
time previous to’ Lady Mary’s elopement with
Mr. Wortley.] :

LETTER I.

To the Right Honourable Lady Mary
Creichton, at the Earl of London’s, in
the Privy Garden, Whitehall.

Wuar answer is to be’ made to a let-
ter like yours? I can say no new ex-
pressions of gratitude to answer to per-
petual new obligations. Why was you so
scrupulous ? Why, with so much reluc-
tancy, give me a pleasure that. could
be allayed by nothing but that relic-
tancy? Think yourselfe obliged me,
that I check the violent inclination that
I have to praise you. Why will you not
permit me to say (I could not say how
much) I esteem and value you?—Tis
now candle light; my eyes hardly suffer
me to see what I write; but yet, I can-
not (if I had not promised it), I cannot
forbear writeing. I will no longer, since
you have the goodnesse to hear them,
the indulgence to excuse, and’the soft-
nesse to pity, make any scrupell of enter-
taining you with every thought of mine,
however extravagant or even faulty it
might appear to the rest of the world.

In you I dare confide every. thing :
your partial friendship will excuse it to

yourselfe, and your fidelity conceal it

from others.

The partial men, unto our sex unjust,

Call us unfit for friendship or for trust ;

Misled by them, by sad experience’ taught,

How few can love as truly as they ought !

All prudes the ugly, and coquette the fair,

I thought the sex unworthy of my care.

Their credit lost how nobly you redeem, -

And show a woman that deserves esteem.

You kindly pity where you must condemn,

The sad effect of an unhappy flame.

No prudent airs (the vain pretence of pride)

Reproves my weakness, or my pains deride ;

You know (and knowing that your pity
moves), ‘

No crime avoidless like resistlesse love.

But love is not the sin that they reprove,—

It is the placing of my wretclied love :

A shining chariot and a booby duke,

A love so worthy had not met rebuke.

Just gods, why, see not others as I see !

Or why was all his charms disclosed to me ?

Why is the world so stupid and so dull,

Or I not pleased with every titled fool ?

LETTER IT.

You do me wrong supposing T should
be displeased at your letter; I find no-
thing in it but an occasion of thanks.
Amongst my many faults, [have not SEE

o

1924.]

of takeing a just reproofe, otherwise than
a real obligation. You have gained my
esteem a thousand ways, but in nothing
more, than so freely telling me what is
ill in me. I acknowledge all your advice
to be good, and to be delivered in the
kindest manner; yet, you reduce it to
two heads useless to me :—To gain the
esteem of the worid—I despise the
world; the whole esteem, nay, admira-
tion of it, would not give mea minute’s
-satisfaction ;—My future happinesse—I
have none, nor I expect none; my de-
spair only urges me to avoid thinking,
to run upon every thing can give diver-
sion to my pain, without a design, or
endeavouring at one. Iam one wretched
beyond a hope; lost happinesse, and not
to be cured. Sometimes, when I reflect
-on the wild things I have done, I am in
amanner sorry ; but when I fall into my
melancholy again, I would exchange it
for any other pain, and fly to any thing
‘ean put it out of my head, That de-
sire of trifles you condemn, I use all my
arts to encrease : I would foment every
passion could fill my mind and leave me
no room for reflection. I find myselfe
but too insensible, The pain of loseing
your esteem is something, I own, touches
me; but without desireing it I consider,
I was born to be wretched, and have
nothing to expect but misfortunes. I
know what I deserve, and am not sur-
prised you think as ill of me, as I do of
myselfe, ady Margaret, if you love
me, I have that real friendship for you,
to beg you to forsake it. Why will you
fix your affection on the most. un-
worthy, most unhappy creature, of your
acquaintance ?, 1 was going to say, how
can you? but you have said you do,
and { have an implicit faith; it is not
my fault. Iam sometimes long in an-
swering your letters; we live tar from
the post-town, and often have not our
letters tifl a post or two after they come.
This is the real truth; I never fail to
write the minute I receive yours.

—

LETTER III.

In several of your opinions I cannot
agree with you, but will not dispute it,
since we agree in the main: you believe
religion can be demonstrated by reason,
and I think faith would then be lost in
certainty; and

The throne is darkness in th’abysse of light,
A blaze of glory that forbids the sight;

But, let me still believe Him, tho’ conceal’d,
And search no farther than himselfe reveal’ d.

Remains of eminent Persons.

141

I take this submission of reason to be

a duty more becomeing a Christian, than
a curious definition of what cannot be
made plain to humanity; tho’ I don’t
see why we should dispute whether
it can or cannot, since we both agree in
the chiefe point—that a life governed by
religion, is both our duty and true in-
terest. I could say several unanswer-
able things to make good my first po-
sition, but I will not have you think
farther than my opinion is, and am not
solicitous to bring you over to an opi-
nion that is neither (in itselfe) good or
bad. As to the last thing, you say that
a great manny people live a lewd life with
a firm faith. “I can never believe it:
there are some incapable of governing
their lives by reason; I think ’tis possi-
ble for their actions to contradict their
beleife, because tis possible for them to
do unreasonable ridiculous things: bu‘,
when I see a man in right sense passe
a whole life in doing a series of unjusti-
fiable actions, I generally conclude that
man has read Hobbs, and believes no-
thing of the matter. Most commonly
men are doubtful, and that makes so
manny people’s lives not of a piece} at
‘some times they believe and tremble,
nothing can be more devout and abste-
mious; then infidelity gets the ascend-
ant, and they fly off to their first de-
baucheries, and argue “ why should {
debar myselfe of a sure pleasure for an
uncertain prospect.” Women have most
of them too little reason for reflections,
and I am perswaded manny of them
heartily believe all that is told ’em,
and would do if ’twas ten times more,
and yet divide their time between their
toilet and basset-table, &c.. But ’tis a
want of good sense; nobody can think
and act at that rate. ’Tis possible a sen-
sible and pious man may be transported
by a sudden passion, that gives him no
time to reflect, to the murder of another :
tho’ his conscience knows the unlaw-
fulnesse of it, his passion is his excuse in
this world and, the next; but a sen-
sible Christiail ¢annot live in a settled
course of murder and robbery—will
neither be of the banditti or highway-
men. When I hear a minister make an
eloquent and learned oration against
drunkennesse, and know he concludes
that very evening with his pipe and his
pot, and is led to bed between his two
maids, I conclude that man a downright
atheist. Either ‘drunkennesse is a sin,
or it is not: if not, he is guilty of im-
poseing on the people more than Heaven
commands ;

142

commands; if it is, he commits a known
wilful deliberate sin. No man_of sense
does deliberately what he knows he
shall be damned for. ’Tis want of-a firm
faith that makes all violent griefes, im-
patient desires, &c. This world would not
have half the value in people’s thoughts,
if they was fully perswaded of another ;
nor would any sensible body he per-
plexed with them cares that we see
they are. Here are my. thoughts in
few words. I have been at least. very
sincere, if I have not been very right.

LETTER Iv.

I cannot, imagine what to make of
your long silence. You have so often
said you never could forget me, I can
hardly think that possible. If you were
sick, sure I should hear of it. Are you
so unjust to believe I have not writ ?
And am I punished for the faults of the
post? Perhaps yours may have the
same fate. I know not how to write a
letter that I am not sure will be received.
There is a destiny in every thing, and
some people are born to be unhappy. I
had writ thus far when I received yours,
and it has reconciled me to my fortune.
I ought not to complain, while you are
well and continue me your friendship.
I will justify myself from your accusa-
tions, dvhich I take, as they are meant,
as proofes of a real friendship.) I will not
deny.appearances are something against
me; but my case is like nobody’s: I
know no younger sister has the circum-
stances of mine. Was she Lady Mary
Schomberge, perhaps, I should use her
better than Lady Mary is used. Iam very
far (too far) from ill-nature—softnesse
vanquishes me immediately ; but my sis-
ter is uot altogether that, as she is bred,
*tis amongst a companny of people that

Original Poetry.

(Sept. 1,

are perpetually representing to her the
advantages she has over me, Her pride
makes her apt to take every thing for
an affront, and her folly to tell people she
is atfronted; which is very ridiculous,
both in regard to herselfe and me: no-
body thinks the better of her for hearing
I think her, a fool, or of me for telling
her so. I would not insinuate she is
naturally . proud ;_ had. her. education
been different, she would not have so
much valued the» external goods of for-
tune:as'to think they added anything to
merrit.:| I should infinitely please my
aunt and hér, would I show that I
thought so too, and was so humble to
reverence her 15,000]. as something
very much above me. While things are
thus, I never intend to make. my court
to her: she shall never. say I made ad-
vances to gain her freindship, because it
might possibly be of some advantage of
me. Perhaps. you. may» blame. these
sentiments; nay, perhaps you have rea-
son; and ’tis pride which gives me false
notions of generosity: To me there
seems alwaies something mean in endea-
vouring to please with a view of inte-
rest; this is my way of acting with every
creature that I think fancys I ought to
pay a respect to their fortune or autho-
rity over me. -Love.may make me a
slave.
the first for pardon, and kneel to be for-
given where I love; but never will pay
a homage where I see it is expected, to
gratify the pride of another. I know
my S: E. ‘secretly flatters herselfe she
shall be a great lady while I. remain in
statu quo: if it ever happens, I shall be
prouder to her than I am....On the con-
trary, if it be possible fortune should
ever change to my side, I willshow I love
my sister, but I despise her pride.

¢

ORIGINAL POETRY.

TO POETRY.
DPE SS A PO Bie
Thou yet shalt know how sweet, how dear,
To gaze on list’ning Beauty’s eye;
To wait and pause, in bope and feer,
*Till she reply,”
Montgomery.
AIL! lovely Poesy, supremely fair,
Whose form bespeaks thine , origin
divine ; ae
Thanks to kind Heaven, that in mercy bid
Thy feet to visit these abodes of men ;—
Bid thee, with light celestial, chase away
The gloom that mis’ry hangs o’er- mortal
things ; =

To soften down the rugged path of life, ©
And bid the lonely traveller, with joy,
Pursue his toilsome way. ‘
How often have I listen’d to thy song,
And lost in sweet oblivion my anxious cares!
Oft, as I’ve trod the rough and toilsome road
Of Science, have thy notes mellifiuous, — .
On gentle zephyrs borne, struck ommy ear,
Inspir’dmy soul, and strengthen’dfor the toil.
Come then,my Muse,and stayawhilewith me;
Or, rather, lead me to thy solitudes;-

Far from the haunts of men: for Iam tir’d
Of all that earth calls good ;—-my soul. has

gaz’d .
Til

I can beg for a reconcilement, :

1824.] —

Till it is sick, on all its pageant charms,
And gay delusive scenes, whose only aim
It is to charm, to ‘lure, and then to ruin.
Conduct me then, with quicken’d step,
To Virtue’s still retreat, where hermit grey,
Beside the glassy streamlet,: builds his ceil.
Now, while the sun is set behind the hill,
And nature gladly owns fair Cynthia’s sway,
And nought but Philomel, in distant grove,
Telling her tale of love, at intervals
Disturbs the general calin; come, sit thee
down, / '
And bid thy lyre awake to plaintive strains :
So as the harp A£olian, when the breeze
Sweeps fitful o’er its wires, and soothes, the
ear of woe.
The reason why I woo. such. melancholy
strains,
In pity dost thouask ? Ah! gladly will I tell,
For Sorrow loves to speak its tale of grief,
And pour upon the ear of Sympathy
Tts accents mournful.
Know then, O Muse, it is for love I mourn ;
Its dart my soul has piere’d. Full long I bore
The smart, nor sought another cure than that
Which philosophic Fortitude could give.
At length, no longer able to endure
The agonizing pang, with suppliant knee
I told my grief, and sought the balm of pity.
Ah! wretched youth, why didst thou e’er
disclose
The tender passion ? Why not rather far
Thy suffering still have borne, or sought,
As now thou dost, the solitary spot where
Grief
Retires to weep, and Melancholy strays
All pensive and forlorn. Here Nature kind
(Ah! why is woman’s heart less kind ?) has
shed :
A sympathetic stillness ; all around
Gives mournful audience to tales of woe.
Yes, then thou hadst escap’d the look
indignant,
Nor cruel Scorn had mingled in thy cup
Its dregs of bitterness. S—, dost thou think
* Twas well, thus cruelly to spurn the soft
And tender proffers of devoted love ?
Would not a:milder look, a gentler accent,
Aswell have told thy ‘fixed determination ??
For then I could have borne the sad denial;
And e’en reproof, thus mixed with tender-
ness,
Fad been a balm my suff ’rings to allay,
And time, perchance, had healed the throb-
bing wound.
Dost thou not love? Why then, my soul,
As back it turns on past occurrences,
Remonstrates fondly, why so sweetlybeam’d
Thine eye, as once it turn’d to court the
glance
Which timid love had else not dar’d to cast ?
Ah! why did pity, tenderness, and love,
Together mingled, dart a ray delusive
Athwart the gloom: that long had press’d
' my soul: rat
Like as the sudden light of meteor wild,
Which for a moment shines in blackest hight
Upon the traveller’s dreary path, to cheat
His timid step, and mock his gaze bewildér'’d.

Original Poetry.

143

And do I, can I then still love thee, S—?

Ah, Love! how potent is thy spell! thy
power

How irresistible !
Reason ;

Tn vain she chides my folly, fires my soul

To manly, pride, contempt, and. conscious
shame : :

In vain she bids me burst th’ iznoble chains

A fair, but cruel and unfeeling hand,

Has bound around me. Still. I lie the wil-
ling slave

Of beauty’s charms. Yes, yes—still I love.

And while I love thee, I must wish thee
well.

May fortune’s smiles attend thee—round thy
path

Throw a perpetual radiance. Or, if e’er

Her frown malignant thou art called to bear,

If e’er the keenly piercing pang of grief

(For thick her darts fly round these mortal
shores)

Should wound thy gentle breast; or bid the
tear :

Of anguish dire to stain thy lovely cheek, _

Ah! then may friendship’s choicest gift be
thine,

The gift of sympathy—a heavenly balm

To heal the wound and chase away the tear.

But oh! whatever be thy lot—whateyer
sufferings -

Thou art call’d to bear, as through this vale
of tears

Thou travellest, may thy soft and virtuous
breast

Ne’er feel the pang that rends my bleeding
heart,

The pang of disregarded love.

These are my wishes—these shall be my
prayers.

Yes, in that sweetly solemn hour, when man

Holds converse with his Maker, thy lovely
name,

On accents soft shall rise, and every good

That prayer commands at Mercy’s lib’ral
hand :

Shall flow to thee.
And now farewell !
farewell!
Science recals my wandering steps. Too long
In Love’s delusive paths I’ve strayed. Again,

With emulative feet, Iseek the road
That leads to peace, to virtue, and to fame.

D.R.T.

In vain remonstrates

And thou, my Muse,

4b

DIRGE FOR THE GRAVE OF
KORNER.
FROM THE GERMAN.

Sray your walk, ye weeping throng,
Rest the bier in mournful show,

Hush awhile your funeral song,
Bear not hence.the sight of woe.

We were met beneath this tree,
Wreaths for Freedom’s feast to twine,

- Here to coil the dance of glee,

‘+

Here to quaff the sparkling wine,

144

Here to shout the names of those
Whom a nation’s thanks pursues,

Here to swell the songs we chose,
Virtuous, daring to diffuse.

This was he who won our feast,

And on Victory’s bosom fell ;
Honour’d be the hero’s rest,

Praise beside his tomb shall dwell.

On his sable pall ye bear

The steel, in fields of blood/he shook ;
Leave the holy weapon here ;

Hang it high on freedom’s cak.

Youths that seek the battle’s strife,
Grasping this incrimson’d steel,
Swear like him to value life
Only for your country’s weal.

Patriot shades who hover nigh,
When the priest his corse has blest,
Guide his spirit to your sky;
He with patriot shades shall rest.
Thence the whitening bones to view
Of the bands our tyrants led,
Thence with looks of scorn pursue
Who from freedom’s banners fled.

Onward walk, ye weeping throng ;
Lift the bier in mournful show ;

Chaunt afar your funeral song ;
We have paid our debt to woe.

FROM THE ROMAIC.

Rosr-wreaths around my goblet shed,
With lilies deck Musarion’s brows ;

Be myrtle o’er my temples spread,
That with the lily and the rose

I may by turns the myrtle wed.

JENIGMA.
Music, wine, water, gas, tobacco, I
With equal readiness at times supply.

THE SEA-MARK.
FROM THE GERMAN OF GOETHE,

Dank on yon ancient turret stands
A hero’s shade on high—

Who, .as the vessels sail beneath,
Thus bids them oft good bye :

“« These sinews once were strong and bold,
My swelling heart was up ;

And there was marrow,in: my bone,
And liquor in my cup.

“ And half my life I chose the storm,
And half in ease to dwell ;

And you, blithe ship, and you, blithe crew,
Be glad to do as well.”

ON THE TWENTY-NINTH OF
MAY.
Puimosoruy, mounted upon her balloon,
Was soaring where mortals can’t come
well,
And met in a limbo, not far from the moon,
The spirit of Oliver Cromwell !

Original Poetry:

[Sept. 1,

“Protector, your hand,” quoth the nymph,
when she saw him,
“* You and I the same enemies lash;
Kings, nobles, and priests, we agree in out-
lawing,
And self-chosen parliaments quash.”’
“ The wise of all times,” said the puritan
saint,
“« Think alike ofthe tyrants of man ;
But he that by force would remove the com-
plaint,
Believe me, mistakes the right plan.
I: crush’d them by means of an army of
zealots,
But the people still! chose to obey.
I convok’d their chief men; they were ser-
vile as helots ;
I, in spite of myself, had to sway.
I thought that ten years of repose and of
freedom
Would open the eyes of these elves ;
And I left not one permanent body to
head ’em,
And debar them from ruling themselves :
But the fools sent for Charles—and have
made it too plain
That ’tis folly to help on a change. [train
Call the Muses and Graces to move in your
Through country and city to range.
When savageness thus from mankind shall
be chas’d,
They'll rattle no fetters with glee,

But to liberty’s oak bind the myrtle of taste,
And devote them in offering to thee.”
TO MR. GEORGE DYER, ON HIS
LATE MARRIAGE.

BY MRS. LE NOIR.

Tuar you, friend George, have found a mate,
And enter’d the connubial state, :
Sincerely I congratulate,

Far better late than never ;

For sure, in our declining day,

A soother soft, a friendly stay,

A kind companion of our way,
We need them more than ever ;

That late these blessings you have found ;
Oh! may they but the more abound,
With virtuous consort fitly crown’d,

That only death can sever.

As stars on the black brow of night

In deepest darkness give most light,

So shine your ruling star more bright
In wintry age than eyer.

TO THREE YOUNG LADIES,
Who came to England for Education, and who
were about returning to the East-Indies.
BY MR. G. DYER.

You came, dear friends, from India’s dis-
tant shore, ;

Children as yet in years, and nothing more;
Back you return in all the warmth of youth,
With zeal for knowledge, and the love of
. truth

And virtue, the pure sunshine of the breast ;
Go.then, sweet friends, and be for ever blest..

1824.] (

145)

~ PROCEEDINGS OF PUBLIC SOCIETIES.

ACADEMY OF LAUSANNE.

Mownarp, Evangelical Minis-

-@ ter and Professor of French
Literature, in a discourse pronounced
November 10th 1823, thus. points, out
the difference of general. character re-
sulting from the baneful influence of
despotism,.and. the, principles. of free-
dom, considered as, the source of. that
superiority which a government con-
ducted om them exemplifies. What a
comparison may be drawn between two
civilized nations, attached by proximity
of situation, but exhibiting so great a
disproportion between the internal con-
ditions of the people, that by minds not
well stored and cultivated with political
philosophy, it might be accounted an
extraordinary, phenomenon. On:the op-
posite banks of the Leman Lake, Switz-
erland and Sayoy, multiplied causes
unite to accelerate the dissimilarity in
an extreme degree. In the latter na-
tion, how much to be deplored is the
scourge of ignorance, which has con-
stantly had a, devastating influence on
society, contributing to exterminate
such alterations and. improvements. as
would diffuse beneficial effects! Expe-
rience proves that. absolute power is
mostly indifferent te human woes. ._ The
miseries of a constrained policy, in Sa-
voy, are well,described in its history
and present. state, though the inhabi-
tants, on all occasions, evidence the
merit of performing their duties. Tra-
vellers of the, most common and un-
thinking class,may feel and judge from
the curious impressions, a first bird’s
eye sketch’ of ‘the opposite countries
will hold out... But the man of sense
and reflection will see, at once, that
though Switzerland has. undergone, ma-
terial changes, from having been in pos-
session of the Revolutionary, French,
and other strangers, that liberty still has
a pretty extensive ‘circulation, and that
it contains a collection of excellent: and
ardent patriots, “of enlightened and
meritorious, citizens. Dull, or rather
tiresome and disagreeable are the daily
intrusions with which the miserable and
needy plague the adventurous sojourner
in Savoy. In our humble but quiet
retreat we are. not disturbed by a mass
of imposture, wants and lamentations,
Here the .corporeal and, intellectual
faculties may find the time necessary for
business, and. spare leisure for recrear
tion, or reviving amusements requisite

Monruty Mac. No. 400,

to the purposes.of innocent. pleasure.
In Savoy, the inhabitants are indisposed
and enervated,..depressed and . often
wretched, without hopes of, being bless-
ed with» consolation... Theignorant
despise the worth..of knowledge, . as
having. none. themselves, . At Geneva,
Lausanne, and the road to Bern, strewed
with roses. '

INSTITUTE Of FRANCE...

_ The first project of the great. work,
the Geodesic. Operations; in France, was
conceived, in the depot-général of war,
or war-office; the ultimate object bemg
to construct a comprehensive chart of
the kingdom. »The advantages of such
a measure, carefully executed, had been
fully shewn to ministers by the author
of ‘ La Mécanique céleste,’ inthe Cham-
ber of Peers, during the session of 1816,

The basis and mode of execution of
this new chart were agreed on, by a
special commission, created by a royal
ordonnance of June 11, 1817... M.de la
Place was at the head of this commis-
sion, which consisted of members be-
longing to the departments, or officers
of the interior; of war, of the marine,
and of the. finances.” In 1818, they
were to proceed to the measurement of
several principal chains of. triangles,
formed in the direction of the meridian,
and of the perpendiculars to that direc-
tion, and thus lay downa rough draught
of that immense net-work which was to
be spread over Franee, and to connect
with the meridian measured by Da-
lambre and. Mechain. :

It.is intended to. procure a trigono-
metrical level of a number of remark-
able points on thé surface, also to cal-

“culate..their elevation above the sea,
.and to mark out their position by limits.

Assisted by these labours, different pub-
lic services, whether connected with the
departments, or undertaken by private
associations, will have reddy. before
hand, fixed for the bases for the con-
struetion of any plans hereafter to be
decidedon. ~
The astronomical observations are
made with, mstruments of the largest
dimensions. No other office but. the
dépot of war was in possession of such
a collection, so complete for all geode-
sical purposes. The circles and theo-
dolites have been finished by the most
skilful artists. . aeieataall
This geometrical. description, of ‘the
U kingdom,

146

kingdom, essentially connected with the
meridian of Dunkirk, is intended, in
general, to verify or bring uniformly to-
gether various other plans, so as to form
a new topographical chart, of a descrip-
tion much ‘superior to all preceding
ones. bot

In a notice relative to the labours of
the French engineers in Italy, from the
year 1801 to 1814, by M. Franceur, it
appears that the special object of these
geodesic operations, in’ Upper Italy,
was to construct a general chart of the
whole peninsula, then, together with
other adjacent countries, under French
domination; also’ to furnish bases for
topographical plans in the latter. The
chief engineer was Colonel Brossier,
who had Italian aswell as French co-
adjutors; their sphere of action reached
from the Alps to Rome.

A continued series of triangles, of the
first order, stretched over the entire
superficies of Upper Italy, in that part
which reaches from the Alps to the
Apennines, and from the river Sesia to
that of Isonza, This mathematical net-
work projects its ramifications into
Piedmont, into the canton of Tesin, the
territories of Genoa, Parma, and Pla-
centia, as also into Istria, and the Gulph
of Quarnero. It, moreover, includes
trigonometrical operations’ made at
Rome and the surrounding districts, to
verify or correct the ancient triangula-
tions of Lemaire and Boscovitch, as it
had been found necessary to rectify one
part of them in the march of Ancona.

The bases of departure is in a heath,
on the left bank of the Tesin, the same
as was adopted by the Milanese astro-
nomers in 1788. The spire of the dome
of Milan forms the capital point of several
chains of about a hundred triangles.
One of these goes to Rimini, another to
Verona and Mantua, in a direction per-
pendicular to the meridian of Rome; a
third reaches to Venice, a fourth goes
from Rimini to Padua, a fifth reaches
to Rivoli, and a sixth to Turin. A
most exact concordance subsists be-
tween the measurements of the French
engineers and those of M. de la Zach,
in Friuli and Carinthia.

One advantage resulting from these
labours is the discovery of material
errors m the ancient measurements of
an arc of the terrestrial meridian, exe-
cuted fifty or sixty years ago, by Bos-
covitch, in the Roman States, and by
Beccaria, in Piedmont. It was at the
recommendation of the French’ Aca-
demy of Sciences; the charges were

Proceedings of Public Societies.

[Sept.
defrayed by the King of Sardinia and the
Pope.

The French geographers, by extend-
ing the arc of Boscovitch from: Rimini
to the north of Venice, have obtained a
new valuation’ of the degree of the
meridian of Italy. The labours of Bec-
caria are much inferior in correctness to
those of Boscovitch. M. de la Zach has
performed. several Geodesic operations
on the same points as Beccaria, and his
results are proved to be accurate. Those
of Boscovitch and Beccaria have long
been considered as models of a perfec-
tion to which they are not entitled.

In a late sitting, M.Becquerel com-
municated some new experiments in
electricity. By the aid of galvanome-
ters, so disposed, that each may concur
to the general effect, he has been enabled
to augment, in an indefinite degree, the
sensibility of the apparatus. He has
thereby discovered the electric currents
which take place in the dissolution of
alkalis, salts, and acids, in water, and
also in the capillary phenomena. The
results of these he has traced step by
step.

M. Rossel read a report in reply to a
demand of the minister of interior, to
ascertain, correctly, the distances from
Paris to Bastia and Ajaccio. The re-
sults of the new calculations are as fol-
low: From Paris to Marseilles 168,7
leagues (of 2000’), from Paris to Basti
224,9 leagues, from Paris to » Ajaccio
235,0 leagues, from Paris to Toulon
221,86, from Toulon to Ajaccio 68,82
leagues. The shortest cut from Toulon
to Bastia or Ajaccio is not of two en-
tire days, the longest from eight to ten,
medium term four or five days.

ACADEMY Of TURIN.

In December last, M. Cordero re-
ported to the academy of sciences of
Turin, a notice respecting the Egyptian
antiquities collected by the Chevalier
Drovetti. This collection is intended
for the museum of Turin, and was
lately at Leghorn on its way thither.
It will throw much light on the re-
searches and conjectures of different
voyagers, and especially of Belzoni, Ca-
viglia, and Cailliard. It contains all
sorts of monuments of Lower and Up-
per Egypt—statues, sarcophagi, groupes,
medals, inscriptions, &c. The most va-
luable is a table of granite, ofthat kind
which the Greeks call ‘ Stela.” The gra-
nite is from the Thebais, red, and in the
form of a parallelipipedon; the surface
has been, unfortunately, damaged in

several

1824.)
several places. Its exterior face is di-
vided into four compartments, whereon
are engraved one or more notices, in
three kinds of writing, with symbolical
and alphabetical characters... In. the
upper division appears the winged globe,
perhaps an emblem of the ‘sun, found
on most of the Egyptian monuments.
The second division contains two «o-
lumns of hieroglyphic signs, disposed in
the form of Y, and between the inter-
vals of the columns are priests, present-
ing gifts to two divinities, perhaps Isis
and Osiris. On the two other divisions
are two inscriptions, one of which seems
written in characters which, according
to Apuleieus, could not: be explained.
They are neither Greek, Hebrew, Ara-
bic, Phenician; nor Palmyrean, but they
resemble the two last rather than the
preceding. M.Cordero conceives these
characters to be of the vulgar alphabeti-
cal writing of the Egyptians. The third
inscription is in Greek letters, thirty-
four lines, in very small characters, Of
course this is one of the longest inscrip-
tions hitherto discovered in Egypt.
This new monument bears a_ strong
analogy to that of Rosetta.

UNIVERSITY of BERLIN.

From a program, recently published,
we learn that the courses for the win-
ter half-year (1823-1824) in the Uni-
versity of Berlin, amount to 189, di-
vided into ten classes. These, in their
order, comprise theology, theoretical and
practical, jurisprudence, medicine, the
philosophical sciences, including the
principal features of pedagogy, or the
science of education, mathematics, phy-
sics, the economical and administrative
sciences, history and politics, and philo-
logy. There are lectures also on Eng-
lish, French, and Spanish literature.
One professor teaches singing gratui-
tously, and there are excellent masters
for the gymnastic arts, and those of
recreation. All the public establish-
ments, such as libraries, museums, dé-
pots of charts and plans, cabinets of
anatomy, galleries of antiquities, objects
of art, &c., are open to all the stu-
dents.

COPENHAGEN SOCIETY of SCIENCES,

The class of history of the Copenhagen
Society of Sciences have proposed a
prize, to be adjudged June Ist 1824, to
the writer that shall most amply illus-
trate the history of the Greek empire of
Trebisond, from 1204 to 1461. It is
but imperfectly known, and a successful

Proceedings of Public Societies.

147

labour in it will be perused with a con-
siderable degree of interest. After the
taking of Constantinople by the Latins,
a number of the Greeks retreated into
Asia Minor, and established.an.empire at
Trebisond, which lasted 250 years. Do-
cuments must be resorted to in the an-
nals ofthe Byzantine, historians, in
voyages and travels, and even in the
Turkish histories.; The crusading ex-
peditions, which long kept that part of

the world in agitation and alarm, will

be. deserving of the candidates’ indus-
trious research.

ROYAL SOCIETY. Of ARRAS.

In the last Report of The Royal So-
ciety of Arras, for the Encouragement of
Sciences, Letters, and Arts, a) memoir
was read on the culture of dry, or
mountain rice, in France. This had
been introduced into the Lyonnois, by
Poivre, but was lost, during the Revo-
lution, and once more introduced, by a
young man who returned from a voyage
to Cochin China. He was lucky enough
to obtain it, by stealth, from the vigi-
lant guardians planted by the Cochin
China government to retain the exclu-
sive possession of it. By similar stealth,
Poivre brought away the clove-tree from
the Moluccas, to plant it in the French
African islands and the colony of Cay-
enne. Thirty-two grains of the dry
rice sent by M. Foderé, of Strasbourg,
were sown at Arras, by the Prefect, in
his garden, in October 1821. All the
plants derived from them, bore the win-
ter without accident, and were in flower
in June 1822. On the 26th of July,
the produce was 529 ears, containing
the average number cf 30 grains. And
againy. 31 grains sown in April 1822,
sprung up Well, but were not in flower
till August, and the produce was only
105 ears, not so full as those of the
autumn sowing. ‘The spring crop of M.
Foderé was more abundant; 3% grains
yielded 430 ears.. ‘The plant is only in
its fourth generation, in France, and it
will require experiments on a large scale
to ascertain the final results. The de-
partment of the Pas de Calais seems
well adapted to it, and it thrives there,
as well: as on the lower hills of the
Eastern Pyrenees, or in Cochin China.
It is a most nutritious plant, intended,
by nature, for the sustenance of civil-
ized man.

ASIATIC SOCIETIES.

At the last sitting of the Asiatic So-
ciety for Paris, November 3, the Presi-
U2 dent,

148

‘dent, M. de Lasteyrie, arnounced the
‘Chinese text, and the Latin translation
of a Philosophical Discourse of Meri-
‘ceus, who lived in the fourth century
prior ‘to the Christian era, as being
nearly completed in its lithography and
printing, and that it would speedily be
ready for publication. The Asiatic
Journal of this Society is proceeding
successfully.

At the Asiatic Society of Caleutta, on
the 8th of March last, Mr. Bayley pre-
sented some webs of a woollen cloth,
fabricated by the women of Rhote, the
wool of which is very little inferior to
the fleece of the she-goats of Cache-
mire. Rhote is a vast mountainous
‘country, bounded on the east by the
Indus, on the west ‘by the Burhampoo-
ter, and on the north by the Himalay
mountains, covered with perennial snows;
on the south appear no natural boun-
daries. The sheep, whose wool is thus
furnished, is a native of Rhote. This
animal is large and stout, and the only
beast of burden that can traverse those
‘frightful regions; in the valley-of Ne-
paul, he is valued at two rupees, or
‘eight annas. The fleece differs in quality,
as the climate varies ; in the southern
parts it does not excel the common
kind, but improves in fineness, more
. northerly,
the Sndws, the wool is at its perfection.

Among other recitations, was a geo-
graphical, statistical, political, and arche-
ological memoir, on the country, pro-
perly called Orissa, or Cuttack, by Mr.
Andrew Stirling. It contains, together
with a general description of the pro-
vince, an account of its ancient and
raodern limits, the soil, productions,
geology, rivers, towns, commerce, :popu-
lation, revenues, political institutions,
&c. One part treats of its chronology
and history, and another of the religion,
antiquities, temples, and civil architec-
ture.

A letter was read from M. de Ham-
mer, announcing the discovery of some
new Mithriac monuments, in Transyl-
vania, more remarkable than any known
at present. He proposes giving a de-
‘cription of them.

Notice was taken of an aerolite or
meteoric stone, which fell in the zittan
of Allahabad. Mr. Nisbet has six frag-
‘ments in his possession, that weigh above
twenty-one pounds. :

A letter from Mr. Moorcroft, now on
a deputation to Turkistan Ousbeck, and
dated from Lah, the capital of Lada-
kion, was accompanied with a convoy

‘Proceedings of Public Societies.

In the immediate vicinity of

[Sept
of skins of lynxes, leopards, bears,
foxes, &c. differing in aspect and colour
from any known to Europeans in the
other parts of Agia.

Honourable mention was made of the

date Miss Tytler, who enriched the mu-

seum with a number of rare articles,
and by her extensive knowledge in the
sciences and literature, had promoted
the progress of Indian civilization. Her
relations presented a model of a cu-
rious carriage of antique construction,
from the interior of India.

UNIVERSITY of MOSCOW.

At the last General Assembly of the
University of Moscow, its annual re-
port makes mention of different aequi-
sitions to the museum and the library.
Also, among other particulars, a litho-
graphic press has been established in the
University. During the preceding twelve
moxths, the Committee of Censorship
had examined and approved 156 MSS.,
and the’ Committee of Enquiry had ex-
amined fifteen persons. Notice is taken

‘of four district schools, five seminaries,,

and four private schools being set ap in.
the course of the year. The number
of students in the University was 605 ;
that of young persons under instruction,
in the district schocls of Moscow,
amounted to 10,914. One doctor, four
masters, 12 candidates, and 37 students
had quitted the University, into which
had entered 141 students, 12 voluntary
auditors, and 26 individuals, attached to
the study of Medicine. The professors,
either members or associates of the
University, are, innumber 48, A dota-
tion,, or endowment of 5,000 roubles
has been made to the Foundling Hos-
pital, to defray the University charges
of two young persons that shall be found
most proficient in Russian literature.

COLLEGE of LAUSANNE.

During the last twenty years, a sort
of revolution has taken place’in the Col-
lege of Lausanne. It was founded at
the reformation, with a view of raising
up evangelical pastors, duly qualified, in
point of learning. Fora long time, how-
ever, the progress of knowledge, in gene-
ral, was-cramped, by obstructions, almost
exclusively, restraining it to theology.
The independence of this Swiss canton
has, progressively, changed the seminary
into a more general and national institu-
tion: new branches of instruction, added
to the ancient, have diversified the
studies, so as, in some measure, to ren-
der this academy a common mart of

learfiing.

\

1824.)
learning. But complaints are still made
as to various points of the discipline
which are considered as fastidious, and
encroaching too much on the time and
industry of a student occupied in the
pursuit of science and literature, gene-
rally speaking.

: COLLEGE Of CORFU.

Besides the books from Paris, Lord
Guildford has also procured for the
College at Corfu, 20,000 stamps or
impressions of ancient Greek medals,
with a description of the same, by M.
Mionnet, of the cabinet of medals at-
tached to the king’s library. "The pieces
were formerly collected in Greece, and
brought into France by different travel-
Jers.» Among others,: are some with
‘the ancient name of Corcyra, which
-sounds more poetically than the new
one; there is also the represeutation of
their Jupiter Cazios, and the gardens of
Alcinous, so celebrated by Homer.

The number of professers in the
college has been recently augmented.
‘Among these are Athanasios Politis, a
‘young physician and profound natural-
dist; Father Andreas Hidromenos, of
Parga, a distinguished scholar, and a
complete master of Homer’s language;
-also an excellent Italian botanist, whose
mame is not mentioned; and three pro-
fessors.of law. The practice of mutual
instruction is making a rapid progress
in the islands. The inhabitants. of Ce-
-phalonia have established alyceum, on a
large scale, and its effects have already
-been found beneficial. :

COLLEGE of SERAMPORE.

The Calcutta Gazette, noticing the
third or last report on the college of
Serampore, observes that-the object of
the institution is to diffuse moral and
intellectual knowledge among the na-
tives. With regard to the buildings, it
states that the twelve central saloons
or hails ave finished, or nearly so, as are
the hall for lectures, and the library.
Two escaliers of cast metal were then
‘expected from England. Of four suites
of apartments intended for the profes-
‘sors, ‘two “gre completed; each suite
contains eight chambers, of different
magnitudes, four below and four above.
M. Johnmack, who recently delivered
lectures on chemistry, in the hall be-
longing to the Asiatic Society, is made
superintendant of the department of
sciences. The number of pupils in the
last report was forty-five, and is now
fifty. The cornmittee have admitted two

Proceedings of Public Societies.

tain for three years,

try.

149

young Mahometans "from Delhi, the
charge of whose education is defrayed
from the fund provided by Captain

“Gowan. In pursuance of his plan, one

is to study the Persian, and the other the
Sanscrit; a third, newly admitted, is a

‘Mahratta Bramin, aged about twenty,

placed also in the college by the cap-
He is studying
English, Sanscrit, geography, and New-
ton’s astronomy. These three pupils,
with the six Bramins that are studying
astronomy, have a certain monthly sum
for their maintenance, as the rules of
their sect do not allow of their eating
in the college. The fourth examination
of the pupils, which takes place every
three months, was held in the great hall,
the governor of Serampore being pre-
sent.. A resolution was then adopted,
that the students who are learning Eng-
lish, should also take lessons in chemis-
It is intended to add to the esta-
blishment professors in theology and
medicine. The salary of each professor
is fixed at 250 rupees per month. An
observatory is to be erected in the
centre of the building, the elevation and

solidity of the centre being convenient

for such purpose. The missionaries of
Serampore have presented to the college

library about 3,000 volumes, collected

by them during the last twenty years.

BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES i” FRANCE.

The spirit of association has wonder-
fully spread in France. To this may
be ascribed the establishment of the
Society of Maternal Charity, a number
of free, or charity-schools, for young
persons of both sexes; the Asylum of
Providence, for the aged, infirm, and
orphans; the regular organization of

-friendly societies for, domiciliary visits ;

that for apprenticing destitute girls ;

‘that for collecting and instructing the

young Savoyards; and that for reforming
young persons that have been under
sentences of judicial condemnation.
Here may be also noticed various pro-
vident societies, consisting of workmen
of different trades, forming saving clubs,
the benefits of some of which extend to
widows and children. Within Paris are
eighty societies of this description, and
more than five thousand subscribers.
The charity bureaux of the capital, and
the venerable pastors, may be consi-
dered as the active and enlightened
agents of numbers that confide their
offerings to them. One of the most
ancient and useful societies is the Phi-
lanthropic, founded in 1780; the duties

are

150

are performed gratuitously. The object
is to supply the deficiencies of other
public establishments—to assist the poor
man in health that is destitute of em-
ployment, and if sick, to provide medi-
cal advice and aid. Economical Soups,
and a Dispensary, have been instituted.
There are hardly 500 subscribers, but
the Society has been strenuouely sup-
ported by the king, royal family, and
government. Of soups, more than a

Spirit of Philosophical Discovery.

[Sept. 1,

million have been distributed annually
in eighteen years. Of indigent. sick,
relieved with medicines, surgery, &c. in
fourteen years, 1,300 per annum, and,
latterly, more than 2,500. The relief
has been afforded in their own houses ;
and, it is well known, that the propor-
tion of patients cured in dispensaries, is
much greater than of those cured in
hospitals. ‘

SPIRIT OF PHILOSOPHICAL DISCOVERY, AND OF THE
VARIOUS SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS.

HE principal difficulties in exploring
for salt mines, in the department
of the Meurthe, have been surmount-
ed, the waters being so far drained

that the workmen can continue their -

soundings. . These labours, which com-
menced in 1818, are now continued night
and day. On the 31st of August last,
they had penetrated to the depth of 102
feet; and unless unforeseen obstacles
arose, they expected to arrive at strata
of salt in the course of a few months.
Different soundings have been executed,
on different remote points, to ascertain
the extent and richness of the mine.—
1. At Rosiéres aux Salines, to the depth
of 201 feet, the sounding perforated
three beds of salt, which, united, would
be 30 feet in thickness.—2. At Mulcey,
salt was met with at the distance of 150
feet; and further advances carried the
works to the depth of 300 feet, passing
through several very thick strata of salt.
—3. At Petoncourt, on the right bank
of the Seille, salt was met with at the
depth of 270 feet; and advancing to the
depth of 324 feet, a fresh bed was dis-
covered, 34 feet in thickness, the works
not passing through it. A fourth sound-
‘Ing has been taken near Meziéres, on
theroadiromParis to Strasbourg, through
Metz; but the sounding, though pushed
to the depth of 356 feet, had not come
to any salt. Another sounding is com-
menced near Habondange, beyond Cha-
teau Salins; and should it prove suc-
cessful, this labour will complete the
researches over a surface, nearly oblong,
of about 14 square leagues.

The tin known by the name of Banca
is of the purest sort, and in great circu-
lation as an article of trade. There are
mines of it in the peninsula of Malacca;
but it chiefly abounds in the island of

- Junk Ceylan. More than 800 tons are
annually exported; but the highest

prices are given for the tin of the isles
of Banica and Singin. It mostly goes
to China, where it is preferred to the
tin of Cornwall. The crews of the ves-
sels that convey it from the Malay ports
take methods for purifying it, as it is
sometimes mixed with dirt and pebbles.
For this, a large iron frying-pan is used,
of Chinese manufacture, wood being the
combustible. At Junk Ceylan, the mi-
neral is piled in mortars made of wood;
the pestles, that are armed with iron,
are fixed to a lever seven or eight fect
in length, which one man can move with
his feet. Couchers or layers of brush-
wood, and of the mineral, are placed
alternately in ditches of certain dimen-
sions, and then submitted to the action
of fire. A considerable quantity of pure
tin is obtained by the former process.
The mines resemble spacious caves, and
being formed by nature, they afford sin-
gular facilities to the requisite labours.
This, as a secondary cause, accounts for
the low price of the mineral; the pri-
mary one being its greater abundance.

More than 200 sago trees are in a
course of culture and vegetation at the
French plantation of Cayenne. This
herb is not only useful in medicine, but
forms a wholesome and abundant article
of food to most of the islanders in the
great Asiatic Archipelago. There have
been also imported thither the varnish
tree from China, the strellated anis, the
Chinese mulberry tree, the abacas, and
the pepper tree; the betel and the coffee
tree are in a thriving condition.

Dr. Paolo Sair, Adjunct to the Pro-
fessor of Botany, in the university of
Pisa, has discovered, in certain parts of
tie Tuscan Appennines, and particularly
at Mugello, a new species of terrestrial
salamander; so remarkable, from its
figure and colours, that he considers it
as a nondescript, He designates it as,

Salamandra

1824.]

Salamandra perspicillatra, quinque pal-
mis plantisque tetradactylis. It has one
spot on the upper part of the head,
pretty nearly resembling a pair of spec-
tacles; but a more striking character-
istic is, its having four toes on each
foot.

M. Marion has found, in the island
of Manilla, a species of reptile, of the
family of the Agamoides, which has the
faculty of changing colour, like the
cameleon. Its head is triangular, pretty
large in proportion to the body; the tail
long and slender; along the ,back, the
crest or rid is formed of soft scales, and
under the throat is a goitre. The feet
have toes detached, and very unequal;
the scales are mostly triangular, imbri-
cated, and especially those of the tail.
The iris is blackish, bordered with a
little white circle about the pupil. The
animal is very active, and feeds on in-
sects. When the author first came into
possession of it, its colour, for 24 hours,
was a delicate green, whether held in
the dark, or exposed to the sun,—whe-
ther kept motionless, or in a state of
agitation ; but next morning, on remoy-
ing it from the inside of a bamboo, where
it had been placed, its colour throughout
had changed to carmelite; when ex-
posed to the air, this colour gradually
disappeared, and the animal resumed
its green robe. On this ground, certain
brown lines were soon after visible: the
animal was then replaced in the bamboo,
but, on drawing it out, it had acquired a
blueish-green colour, and it was only in
the open air that the brownish tints
returned; and at length, without any
variation of form or position, the brown
colour gave place to a uniform green,
intermingled, however, with some brown-
ish streaks. When laid on green or red
substances, no grain of colour was ob-
served.

In ,a Discourse on Volcanoes, lately
read before the Royal Academy of
Sciences at Berlin, M. Humboldt re-
marks, that “ the philosophical know-
ledge of nature rises above a mere de-
scription of nature; it does not consist
in a sterile aggregation of isolated ob-
servations: it may sometimes be allowed,
therefore, to the curious and ever-active
mind of man to look back upon the past,
toimagine what cannot beclearly known.”
And under this license, he concludes his
discourse, by supposing, with Sir H. Davy
and Laiz Lupac, that the substances
which melt in the deep recesses of the
earth, and are thrown up as /ava, “ are
the metals of the earth, and alcalies,”

Spirit of Philosophical Discovery.

iol

owing to the casual access of oxygen to
such substances immediately betore an
irruption; which, we submit, is a sup-
position by no means agreeing with the
very. compound nature of the substances
ejected by volcanos.—And, 2d, he sup-
poses, that “ the deeply-cleft crust of the
earth in the primitive world radiated
heat from its fissures,* sufficient to occa-
sion “whole countries to produce for
centuries, palms and arborescent ferns,
and to sustain animals of the torrid
zone,” where now frost and snow al-
most perpetually reign. But, if as seems
very probable, all the organic beings
whose remains are really imbedded in
the strata, and are not found in the re-
cently moved and superficial alluvium,
were by their beneficent creator adapted,
each species to a comparatively short
period of subaqueous life, or growth, be-
fore each of such successive species
became extinct, and every individual
thereof became buried beneath the next
created and incumbent stratum, long
antecedent to the creation of the oldest
species of being contemporary with the
first man, as Mr. Favey has long laboured
to inculcate: if these be tenable posi-
tions, the above suppositions of M. Hum-
boldt are alike unnecessary, as they are
inadequate to account for, the pheno-
mena which organic remains present
to us.

Professor Hansteen, of Christiana, in
Norway, who has been particularly en-
gaged in experiments on the intensity
of the magnetic action, and determining
the diurnal and annual variations of
such intensity, as existing on the ter-
restrial globe, has made public some
new observations, from which he con-
cludes, that every vertical object, such
as a tree, a wall, a steeple, &c., have a
constitutional relation to the state of a
magnet. He considers the lower part
as the boreal pole, and the upper as the
austral, and observes, that an horizontal
magnetized needle placed at the foot of
any vertical object whatever, oscillates
with more velocity when at the north
than at the south of the object. And,
on the contrary, that at the upper ex-

tremity,

* The late Sir William Marshall (see our
46th volume, page 470) in one of his Agri-
cultural Works, published in 1799, inserted
some geological conjectures, which are very
closely allied to those now advanced by M.
Humboldt, and in 1815 he referred to these
conjectures in p. 122 of the first volume of
his “ Review of the Reports of the Board
of Agriculture.”

152

tremity, the maximum of velocity of
the needle takes place at the south
face of the. object, and, the minimum at
the north face.

It has been, hitherto, conceived, that
in erystals which separate light into. two
fasciculi (partitions) one of them con-
forms to the laws of ordinary reftac-
tion. M. Fresnel admits of this prin-
ciple, as correct with respect to cris-
tals of one axis, but: rejects it in those
of two, whose radiations vary in velocity
and refraction, like, those of the. extra-
ordinary kind, but are confined within
narrower limits.

The oxy-hydrous blow-pipe, invented
by Dr. Hare, in America, in 1802, and
which the late Dr. Clarke, of Cambridge,
since somewhat improved upon, in point
of safety to the operator, whilst repeat-
ing and extending’ the experiments of
Dr. Hare * therewith, has lately been fur-
ther improved, by Professor Gurney, of
London, who kas apparently rendered
this most potent of agents’ in the hands
of the chemical operator, quite safe to
himself and the spectators, which was
very far from the case, even after the
improvements of Dr. Clarke and others.
Oxygen and hydrogen gases, when mixed
in the exact. proportions by bulk or
weight, proper for formidable water, in-
the magazine of one of these blow-
pipes, through whose orifice it was to’
be ‘expelled with force, has been found
very liable to explode very dangerously
to all persons near, owing to the flame’
receding imwards, immediately on any’
considerable diminnition of the pressure
and velocity of the jet of gas, and
thereby exploding ‘the magazine: and
this retrogression of the flame has not
invariably been prevented by using the
smallest ‘practicable diameter of jet, or
(any more than explosions in coal-pits,
have been prevented) by the addition of
interior screens of the finest wire-
Gauze.

Professor Gurney, therefore, since ve-
rifying these facts, and well considering
the subject, has constructed his gas ma-
gazine, ‘not: of iron’or copper, whose
fragments in the event. of explosion,
were the chief cause of mischief, but
of a bladder, or bag of varnished silk,
pressed upon by a pasteboard cover; as
lightly constructed as' the requisite pres»

* The. “ Philosophical Magazine” of Mr.
Tilloch, vol. 14, contains a detailed account
of Dr. Hare’s original experiments, on va-
rious substances exposed to the inflamed jet
of his oxy-hydrous blow-pipe.

Spirit of Philosophical Discovery.

[Sept: 1;
sure will permit; and connected only:
by strings for effecting the pressure, by:
drawing down the cover, upon the solid:
parts of the apparatus beneath. From
this. flexible magazine, the gas passes
through a pipe, not immediately, to the
jet, but into a small strong safety cham-
ber, the lower part of which contains
water, only partly filling it, and its top
is only closed by a good cork; the last
mentioned pipe being bent down, so as
to deliver its gas: beneath the water’s sur-
face: and from above the water, another
small pipe, intercepted by a succession
of fine wire-gauze screens, conducts the
mixed gas to the jet. Hitherto, no ac~
cident has attended. the frequent use of
this simple apparatus, nor does there
appear to us, any source of danger
which is not provided against. The ac-
count of Professor Gurney’s “ Lectures
on Chemical Sciences,” lately published,
minutely describes the above apparatus 5.
and another, wherein the gazeous pro-
ducts of the combustion caused by this
blow-pipe may be preserved for chemical
examination.

Determination of the Names of the Mole-
cules of Bodies.

Mess of the

Molecules ;
Substances. that of (xy gen: |:
being taken |
at Unity,
Hydrogen ......-+6: 0.0624
OXYGEN woe ce eee es TET;

t WWAteD aps sic 'dmroce orreen® 1.1248
ZORC a seeeMe da sient 0.878161
Chiomne ... seer aicr 2.2535
Carbon) 0 Stes we --'s 0.75392
Sulphur .........+-- 2.2447
Pluorimms:o%. Se. ose 1.125

F Boriuny Oks ee lees eel . 0.921
Potassium... +... 4.89915
Sodium wise .ns cawen bir S184
Galeinna s)he clete sia 5.1206
Magnesium... +. ...+++ 6.3344
Bora, A.«ijeeresh- nels) LG ees
Strontium ...c...++.. -} 10.946
STICHUM: 6.0.2 epee ae 1.976]

' Aluminum ........ 2.2822
Mercury ..-....---- . | 25.316
MSUIVEL se clanaclot ge. vee | 13.51605_
Gold POL UGS eee

O Platina eve cee tages | 24.30452

Beadivics bole. ais owlaca ait 28.8900.
Tron! : ciacen soc. decdclt 883
Copper «iassseede seen [79139
Manganese «+ «je e008 “Zl 1575;
Tungsten..:....<s+e- |, 2415378
Y Fate NS 1) 5 POE Ns 8.0645

» Molybdena ...--+-++« 5,968
Antimony ..++++++-¢ 8.6645 + -

4.;70385-

ArSeniuim “2602 esos oe

1824.)

The condensation of gases into liquids
has in several instances been accom-
plished, in the late experiments of M.
Faraday, in glass tubes, under various

Spirit of Philosophical Discovery.

Specific

153
degrees of pressure, between two to fifty.
atmospheres, and at temperatures vary-
ing from 32° to 60° of Farnh. as follows:
viz.—

Refractive Powers.

Equals water.

Rather less than water.

Ditto.

Greater than water, and all others.
Rather greater than water.

Much less than water.

Less than water.

Sse pies, Gases.
2 45° | Sulphurous Acid.......
3.65} 45 | Cyanogen. ...........-
4 60 Chlorine. .... Hbst
6.5 50 Ammionias 8) 282082 3
17 50 | Sulphurated Hydrogen. .
36 32 Carbonic Acid. ........
40 50 .| Muriatic Acid. ........
50 45 Nitrous Oxide. ......

All of the above fluids proved limpid
and colourless ; but another gas, enchlorin,
has, as yet, produced only a deep yel-
low fluid, probably owing to impurities
in the gas, as happened in the early ex-
periments on muriatic gas not sufficiently
purified.

Flame inextinguishable by Water.—The

mixture of hydrogen and oxygen gases, _

in the due proportion for forming water,
when issuing from the compound blow-
pipe and set on fire, has been found, by
Mr. Skidamore, of New York, to be
capable of immersion, gradually, under
water, without extinguishing the flame,
but which, on the contrary, continues
its intensity in actual contact with the
water, no ways altered, except assuming
a rounder form than the flame of this
compound gas in atmospheric air.
Dimensions of the Earth.—The late
Colonel Lambton, just before his death,
happily completed his calculations of a
trigonometrical survey in India, extend-
ing from lat. 8° 9! 38” to 18° 3’ 23’,
whence he inferred, from comparing in
pairs, the Indian, English, French, and
Swedish lengths of measured ares of
their meridians, that the general average
flattening of the terrestrial ellipsoid is
1 in 310.31; the measure of a degree
on the equatorial circle is 60,850.17
English fathoms, according to the par-
liamentary standard constructed by Bird,
and the length of the guadrantal ellipti-

cal arc is 5,467,756.0 fathoms, the ten -

millionth part of which last, in English
inches, gives 39.3677 for the métre of
France at 62° of Farnh., which falls short
of what has been improperly-called the
definitive French métre, by .0032 inches,
at the same temperature.

M. Auzoux, a young physician of
Paris, has invented a method of study-
ing the anatomy of the human body su-

erior to that by any imitation with wax.
he flexibility of the wax renders it fit

Monruty Mag. No, 400.

Very much less than water, or others.

to represent the surface of objects; but,
the interior parts, which are most wanted
for inspection, cannot be surveyed by it.
Of course, waxen figures are better
adapted to the museum than the am-
phitheatre. M. Auzoux, with a compo-
sition resembling pasteboard, can imi-
tate the human frame, including all its
organs, its internal and external parts,
with exact fidelity. The upper parts
are easily displayed, according to the
rules adopted in dissection, and the in-
terior are moveable with the like facility.
The artificial structure may thus be
decomposed into a thousand different
pieces, and readily put together again,
by means of numerical cyphers attached.
The only objection to this process is,
that the shades and colouring are not so
well shewn as on wax, but this it is
thought may, be surmounted. The most
minute organs, the nerves, muscles,
veins, all the vessels, are completely
and correctly exhibited. In anatomi-
cal pathology, the effects of any ma-
lady will not only be visible on the
surface, but the ravages made by it in
the interior ofthe body and the alter-.
ations thereby effected. With the aid
of variable pieces, the accoucheur may
contemplate the different stages of
pregnancy, &c. Comparative anatomy,

“ veterinary medicine, and many who are

not professionally obliged, and from the
fetid scent, cannot attend dissections,
will derive no small advantage from this
invention.

At the salt pits about three miles
from Sparta, a very extraordinary phe-
nomenon has occurred on the river Calf
Killer. A column of fire, about forty
feet high, suddenly burst from the mid-
die of the river, and illuminated all the
objects in the vicinity to the distance of
two hundred rods. It is thought that
the labourers in digging for salt-water,

the evening before, must have reached
x a cavity

154

a cavity, filled with hydrogen sulfurated
gas, and which on trying to escape, open-
‘ed itself a passage to the bed of the
river through another channel in the
“rock. It was approached with precau-
tion with a lighted torch; when it
kindled instantly, and an immense vo-
lume of flames ascended into the air.
It appeared as if a fire rose from the
very bottom of the river. The clouds
_which were above the focus of light
assumed the most beautiful and va-
rious tints. -The ruddy glare which
lighted up the adjacent landscape in-
vested the various parts of it alternately
with red, green, yellow and olive. The
union of two opposite elements like
fire and water contributed to render the
strange spectacle more imposing.

M. Arago has communicated a result
to which the observations of M. Frey-
cinet previously conducted, on the
diurnal variations of the needle; name-
ly, that at the same time in which it
declines towards the east in the boreal

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

(Serr. I,

hemisphere it declines towards the west
in the austral. In'the part of Payta ad-
jacent to the magnetic equator, but to
the south of the terrestrial equator, this
variation is similar to that of the north-
ern hemisphere; but so trifling that it
does not exceed twenty seconds ; a fact
which gives reason to infer that in ge-
neral this variation is much under the
magnetic equator.

Oil-gas is beginning to make some
progress, but vegetable oils are found
to answer much better than fish oils,
both as to intensity of light and ultimate
economy. It seems to be surprising
that the vegetable oils of France are not
adopted in England, the lamps of Paris
being equal-to the best gas-lights of
England. ©

M. Chevalier, of the Académie des
Sciences, has announced a new expe-
riment, the object of which is to de-
monstrate that during the oxydation of
iron by the contact of water and air,
there is a formation of ammoniac.

- VARIETIES, LITERARY AND MISCELLANEOUS ;
Including Notices of Works in hand, Domestic and Foreign.
— =

; GREAT social revolution appears
; to be on the eve of taking place
from new application of the powers of
steam. Some years since we described
in this miscellany the loco-motive steam
engines of BLenkrinsop, and gave a gra-
phic representation of them. Since that
time they have been used in all the great
collieries to convey coals from the pits
to the place of:shipment. The princi-
ple is an iron railway with pinions, so
cast at the same expense as plain, while
the wheels of the engine are cast with
teeth to work in the pinions; such
wheels being cast at the same expense
as plain ones. Wheels thus turned by
a ten-horse power, have, like gas-fixing
animals working with their feet, pur-
chase sufficient to transport fifty tons of
coal, six or eight miles per hour, and to
ascend, if necessary, the 100th of the
length, or seventeen yards in a mile,

while they would move less: weights -

twelve or fourteen miles per hour. The
principle is obviously capable of great
extension ; and at length a line of thirty
miles in Durham having been prepared
in this manner, the idea has been caught
by public: spirited persons in those fo-
cuses of enterprize, Liverpool and Man-
chester, and a similar road is planned be-
tween those towns, in which Manchester
will represent the colliery of Liverpool.

The Durham engineer, Mr. Stephenson,
has made a survey which reduces the
turnpike-road distance from thirty-six
to thirty-three miles, and the canal dis-
tance from fifty to thirty-three, while
the time will be reduced a full half.
Such prepared roads seem therefore
likely to supersede both canals and turn-
pike roads between places of great inter-
course and definite distance; and al-
ready another is suggested from Bir-
mingham to Liverpool! On our parts
we would recommend others from Lon-
don to Brighton, to Dover, to Ports-
mouth, to Bath and Bristol and Ply-
mouth, to Birmingham, to Holyhead,
and through York to Edinburgh, with
branches to Glasgow and all the great
towns. Here is an opening for the ad-
vantageous employment of capital, com-
bined with immense public advantages.
Bold as is the project, it is not less so
than many other applications of science
which we have from time to time sug-
gested and recorded in this miscellany,
and which we have had the pleasure to live
and see realized. The economy both of
time and money would be so great, that
all England would soon be united as one
great metropolis, and its inhabitants en-
joy a sort of personal national ubiquity.

In the present number Wwe describe a
new engine, which in all. towns gas:

. F : wit

1824.]

with gas, is capable of performing all
kinds of manufacturing labour, without
the operose, and expensive construction
of engines worked by steam. We have
seen it in operation, and of its success
there can be little doubt.

A new society of Christians has been
formed at Manchester, one of whose
tenets is to abstain entirely from every
kind of animal food, which they consider
themselves bound to do, from their par-
ticular interpretation of the command,
“ Thou shalt not kill.” One curious
thing has resulted from this carcinopho-
bia of the new Christians, which ought
to be recorded. They have all found
their health, strength, and intellect im-
proved by the new regimen, which many

religious persons have ascribed to the
Divine favour as a reward for their con-
scientious abstemiousness, but which
physiologists more rationally attribute
to the curative effects of a natural diet,
and the temperance it necessarily en-
tails in other respects.* ‘The society-is
said to be rapidly increasing, and when
we refiect on the blood-thirsty charac-
ter of most sect of fanatics, we may
rejoice that there is at least one sect
whose tenets are unconnected with cru-
elty. They form a good antethisis to
the savage acts of the late Swiss Mora-
vians; and the infernal mode of expel-
ling the devil, resorted to in Ireland.
We have lately heard an authentic ac-
count of a young woman who sacrificed
her own aged grandmother, killing her
herself, as a sort of expiation: this hap-
pened near Geneva, and not long ago.

The destruction of Insects on Plants
in the garden and orchard, is found to be
most cheaply and effectually performed,
by the extremely fetid water discharged
from the gas purifyers of our gas works ;
of this water, which may be conveyed in
barrels to any distance, three gallons are
heated over the fire, in order to mix and
incorporate therein one pound of flower
of brimstone, and a small quantity of
soft soap: with this mixture, by means
of a painter’s or white-washer’s brush,
the plants or shoots are brushed over,
in early spring: and not the slightest
injury will thereby be occasioned to the
most delicate tree, shrub, or plant.

The Olive Trees taken out to New
South Wales by Mr. H. McAnruur some
time ago, are five of them in a very

* This circumstance ought to be known
to the new society for preventing cruelty to
animals, lately formed in London under the
patronage of Mr. Buxton, and who meet
regularly at Slaughter’s Coffee-House in
St. Martin’s-lane.

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

155

thriving condition, in a sandy light loam,
having added full one-third to. their
growth, and from them eighty-three
young plants have been raised, as layers.
Mr. McArthur is clearing and preparing
several acres to be planted as an olive
grove; and the best hopes seemed now
entertained, that the olive would be
naturalized, notwithstanding the ill suc-
cess of former attempts.

The total of copies distributed by the
‘British Bible Society, from its institu-
tion, amounts to 3,875,474; to this
may be added about 2,000,000 by the
auxiliary societies, distributed over all
points of the globe. An entire Bible,
in the Chinese language, being the first
attempt of the kind, is now completed.

As a tribute of the reverence and ad-

-miration with which foreigners are im-

pressed by the disinterested, consistent,
and patriotic exertions of our benevo-

lent institutions, a work appeared at

Paris, exhibiting a periodical survey of
the labours of the philanthropic and re-
ligious societies in general, and especially
the English. An elegant writer, in the
French Review, which describes the
contents, makes the following reflections
on the subject.

** No country can rival England in the
number of establishments, the object of
which is to extend the empire of sound
morals and religion, to implant and confirm
the benevolent spirit and dispositions of
humanity. Britain may, in some measure,
be considered as the classic land of philan-
thropy. Here are the sources to which
we must direct our attention, as immediately
communicating with all these useful im-

‘pressions, those virtucus and pious prm-

ciples, which such associations are calcu-
lated to produce, and are daily introducing
to our notice.”

That intolerable pest of society the
Lottery, has been shewn, by parliamen-
tary papers lately printed, to have netted
to the public treasury no more than
24,8097. in the past year! : whilst the
payments to the Bank for managing this
demoralizing concern, has been 2,591/.
for paying 553,600/., the amount of
prizes: being 104 per cent. on the pro-
fits: and the Commissioners salaries and
office expences being deducted, how very
small a compensation will remain, for
the evils inflicted on society by this
nefarious gambling.

Mr. Forster, of Walthamstow, is
preparing for the press, two volumes of
manuscript Letters of the célebrated
John Locke and other contemporary
Writers, which have been for a long
while in the possession of his family.

The

156

The History and Antiquities of the
Ward of Bishopsgate, by Samuet Bur-
cess, jun., is preparing for the Press.

Shortly will be published, Illustra-
tions of Acoustic Surgery : in which will
be introduced a New Remedy in the
treatment of Purulent Discharge from
the Meatus, or Tympanum, accompa-
nied with diminution of hearing. By
Tuomas Bucnanan, C.M., Licentiate
of the University of Glasgow.

In the ensuing month, Mr. G. Carry
will publish a new edition of “ Every
Man his own Stock-Broker,” consider-
ably enlarged, including the Foreign
Funds as well as our own.

The Rev. W. Eastmeap has nearly
ready for publication, a Memoir of the
Hyzena’s Den, lately discovered at Kirk-
dale, near Kirby-Moorside; with a His-
tory of the latter place, and its vicinity,
to the distance of fifteen miles.

A Journal of the Sieges of the Ma-
dras Army, in the years 1817, 1818,
and 1819, is rearly ready for publica-
tion, with Observations on the System,
according to which such Operations have
usually been conducted in-India, and a
statement of the improvement that
appear necessary. By Epwarp Lakxz,
Ensign in the {Company’s Madras En-
gineers; accompanied by an Atlas of
Explanatory Plates.

Karly in the ensuing winter will be
published, A Description of the Island
of Madeira, by the late F. Epwarp Bow-
picu, Esq., Conductor of the Mission
to Ashantee: to which are added, A
Narrative of Mr. Bowdich’s last Voyage
to Africa, terminating at his death;
Remarks on the Cape de Verd Islands ;
and a Description of English Settle-
ments on the River Gambia. By Mrs.
Bownpicu.

A very imperfect work on Bibliogra-
phy having appeared within the month,
whose chief object is to recommend ob-
solete and black-letter books, the public
are advised that a full and perfect Cata-
logue Raisonnée of English Literature,
ora guide to students and libraries in
the purchase of the best books, which
has long been in preparation, will be
published in the ensuing winter, at a
very moderate price.

We have heard and seen much of the
legends and popular superstitions of
THE NoRTH, but in truth, all the ex-
hibitions of these subjects which have
hitherto appeared in England, have been
translations from the German. Mr.
Oxaus Borrow, who is familiar with the
Northern Languages, proposes, how-

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

{Serr I,

ever, to present these curious reliques
of romantic antiquity directly from the
Danish and Swedish; and two elegant
volumes of them, now printing, will
appear in September, They are highly
interesting in themselves, but more so,
as the basis of most of the popular
superstitions of England when_ they
were introduced during the incursions
and dominion of the Danes and Nor-
wegians.

Among the works nearly ready for
publication, which were destroyed by
the late fire at Moyes’s printing-office
in Greville-street, were Mr. Brirron’s*
“ History and Antiquities of Bath Abbey
Church,” and the third volume of his
“ Beauties of Wiltshire.” A part of

‘the Manuscripts for the concluding

sheets, appendix, &c., was also destroyed ;
together with Mr.C. Dispin’s account
of the English Opera- House and Davis’s
Royal Amphitheatre, intended for inser-
tion in the “ Illustrations of the Public
Buildings of London.” Through this
unforeseen accident the appearance of
both the “ Bath Abbey,” and the “ His-
tory of Wiltshire,” will necessarily
be retarded for three or four months.
Mr. Brirron is now at Peterborough,
preparing drawings, &c., of the minster
in that city for the “Cathedral Anti-
quities of England.” His loss by the
fire at Mr. Moyes’s is very consider-
able, and the announcement of the true
cause of the delay in publishing, may
be satisfactory to his subscribers.

Dr. Uwins is preparing a Compen-
dium of Medical Theory and Practice,
founded on Dr. Cullen’s Nosology, which
will be given as a Text Book, and a
translation annexed. To which will be
prefixed, a brief Dissertation ‘on the
nature and objects of Nosology; with
a succinct account of the treatment of
each disorder, an estimate of modern
improvements in pathology, and an enu-
meration of the best authors for the
student of medicine to consult.

Mr. E. A. Crovucn is about to publish
Illustrations of Conchology, according
to the system of Lamarck, in a series
of Twenty Engravings, on royal 4to.,
each plate containing many specimens. ,

The new volume of the Annual Bio-
graphy and Obituary (the ninth) is in
preparation, and the friends of those
eminent persons whose decease has oc-
curred in the present year, are request-
ed to forward communications without
delay. .

Mrs. Frances Parkes is about to pre-
sent

1824]

sent the female world with a little
work, entitled “ Domestic Duties,” con-
veying instructions to young married
ladies on the management of their
household, and the regulation of their
conduct in the various relations and
duties of married life.

Lasting Impressions, a novel, is in the
press.

FRANCE.

Intellectual exertions, says the-Revue
Encyclopédique, are at present happily
directed to the great moral object of
abolishing negro slavery.. What causes
really exist for complaint, as to such a
general conspiracy against one neglected
race of human nature, are thus repre-
sented by M. Coquerel.

“In the English Colonies, more than
800,000 negroes are the absolute property
of their masters, too often brutal tyrants
and unfeeling monsters. - Numbers of them
are marked on the shoulder with a red hot
iron, and the sure but dreadful scourge is
the instrument of government. They have
no wages; andin the season of the crops,
working is prolonged to a late hour in the
night. . Sundays.have hours of intermission,
but their labours are then employed, and
their remaining strength exhausted in su-
perintending a spot of ground, to lengthen
out a life of unceasing wretchedness. The
masters have a discretionary power of chas-
tisement, though of late restrained to a cer-
tain number of lashes at one time. Women,
as well as men, suffer these tortures, in
violation of modesty and humanity. Like
other moveable goods, slaves may be seized
and sold for the debts of the owner. No
legal marriage can be contracted by slaves,
and if the benign influence of love be per-
mitted to cheer their souls, the ties of family
and friendship are liable to be burst by the
master’s sordid avarice. From their situa-
tion in society, they can derive no advan-
tage from personal character in courts of
law. What generous soul does not revolt
at such ideas, detest such villainous pro-
cedure, too often seconded by unworthy
magistrates? -An appeal to the feelings,
this, enough to rouse the proud apathy of
the cruelest white man that ever was per-
mitted to fill up the cup of misery to the
wretched! With some slight modifica-
tions, the like offences and infamy, long
unpunished by law, are fully established in
the European colonies. From the Colo-
nial Governments ameliorations are not
to be looked for. This very circumstance,
as it holds out no hopes for the future,
renders the interposition of the parent
State necessary. - Without: delay, a na-
tional sum should be devoted to the pur-
poses of redemption, if not on a large
scale, and in a great style, yet of sufficient
magnitude to push forward a gradual growth
towards emancipation.”

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

‘The powers

157

M. D’Agincourt has recently pub-
lished an history of arts, as existing in
its monuments, from the fourth century
to the sixteenth. Winckleman termi-
nated his history of ancient art with the
reign of Constantine. Vasari and other
authors have written the lives of mo-
dern artists, bringing them down till to-
wards the middle of the thirteenth cen-
tury. Some few others, investigating
both the monuments and writings, have
embraced in one general plan the va-
rious forms of art, scattered among dif-
ferent people, over the long zone of
ages, from Constantine to St. Louis.
Architecture, sculpture, painting, glass-
work, jewellery, casting of metals, ta-
pestry, carpeting, &¢., nothing has
escaped their attention, through the
whole space vacant between Winckle-
man and Vasari. Inspite of what the most
celebrated writers have circulated, it is
certain that France, Italy, Germany, and
Greece, have, without intermission, pro-
duced very great works of all kinds.
Modern observers remark, what many
have not seen before, that-in the 9th,
10th, and 11th centuries, churches,
cloisters, palaces, were decorated with
paintings and sculptures, in a manner
numberless, and often colossal. It is
but just towards the ancients of those
times to say, that they ingenuously
praised their cotemporaries who pro-
ceeded in this career, of men of genuine
merit. Such as were reckoned deserv-
ing poets did not experience ingratitude.
Some ancient rules were even then ob-
served and taught in the schools. This
claim to a due tribute of honour has
been advanced by Muratori, Heyne,
Florillo, and now by M. D’Agincourt.
of this last have been
employed in a field of information not
less extensive. Waving the lives of the
artists, and the written proofs of their
works, his contemplation has been fixed
on the mcnuments themselves. His ob-
ject is to impress them still more for-
cibly by engravings of all most interest-
ing in every age. The author has de-
voted thirty years of his life, and part of
a large fortune, to this undertaking.

M. Amoros has instituted at Paris
a Normal Gymnasium, the objects of
which comprehend bodily exercises dif-
ficult of execution, but likely to be of
use in war. Besides a number of young
pupils, detachments of different regi-
ments have been successfully practising.
his methods before the generals and su-
perior officers of the guards. He forms

them

158

them into classes, wherein many from
different regiments perform evolutions
altogether different, without hurting one
another, and without confusion. <A brief
extract will not afford a proper specimen
of his manner, which imcludes falling
into considerable depths without harm,
by bending the lower extremities, and
by a rebound; others, with ease and ra-
pidity, pass inclined planes, ascending or
descending, or climb, with the help of
cords, ladders, poles of varying size and
length. Others are exercised in feats of
leaping, either on horse-back or a-foot,
springing up on the saddle, crupper, or
neck, or clearing the whole length of a
wooden horse, &c. The class of aspi-
rants ascend and descend an octagon
pavilion four stories high, by means of
instruments, a trapezium, a machine, &c.,
invented by M. Amoros. Some walk
over tottering or trembling planks, reco-
vering their equilibrium in case of slid-
ing or falling. One pupil is exhibited
walking several hundred feet suspended
only by the arms. The Marshall Duke
of Ragusa, who has served in the artil-
lery, with many other officers, have
avowed and clearly established the uti-
lity of these inventions by ocular proofs
and evidence.

The conductors of the Revue Ency-
clopédique propose to give prizes, at the
end of every five years, for the best brief
analysis of the works of science and
literature during the said period.

. Some recent instances indicate that
the vaccine matter may be advantage-
ously employed in other cases than the
small-pox. M, Lassére, a physician of
Domme, in Burgundy, visiting a child
four years of age, whom his parents
would not suffer to be inoculated, ob-
served a swelling on the first phalanx of
the child’s right hand middle finger.
By his suggestion, the mother allowed
the swelling to be vaccinated, as an ex-
periment to bring it down. Two vacci-
nal pustules appeared; and soon after,
the inflammation subsided, and the
volume of the finger-bone very sensibly
lessened, so that in three weeks time,
the finger had recovered its natural
form, and the cure proved effectual.
This complaint bears the name of Spina
Ventosa; of the sort to which lymph-
atic children are subject. It spread
over the whole phalanx, but without
reaching the articular extremities. En-
couraged by this success, the physician
tried the vaccine matter ona girl four-
teen years of age, that had four scro-
phulous swellings in her neck, for which
a number of antiscorbutics had been

Literary and. Miscellaneous Intelligence.

(Serr. 1,

used, but without success. Ten punc-
tures of the vaccine were applied to one
inch of the swellings; eight pimples
soon appeared, and the tumours exhi-
bited the characters of a sanguinary
inflammation. By the repeated use of
leeches, occasional purgatives, and an
appropriate regimen, every symptom of
the scrophula gradually disappeared.

The desolate situation of prisoners in
France, previous to trial, is such as
humanity cannot help lamenting.- Com-
plaints are made that their treatment is,
in some respects, more severe than
under the ancient regimen; being mo-
delled by the laws and decrees of Napo-
leon. Correctional offences are con-
sidered as crimes, and faults that small
fines would duly punish, through the de-
fects of the law and misbehaviour of
the judges, are visited with imprison-
ment, prolonged too much by far. To
extort confession, the term of confine-
ment is often extended to five years.
The same, previous to trial, is, some-
times, more than a year; and, in. gene-
ral, for several months. The vote of
one judge that accuses, is more valid
than those of all the others, No direct
regular responsibility attaches to minis-
terial agents that exercise the right of
attestation, and this right is exerted, by
a greater number of public function-
naries than formerly. There is no dis-
tinction of treatment, in prison, be-
tween persons innocent and culpable.
These remarks, by one of the most cele-
brated French writers, Count Lanjui-
nais, of the Institute, are not so pecu-
liarly applicable to the French Police,
but that, in their general character, they
affect the legal regimen of another na-
tion and people, justly accounted the
most enlightened in Europe.

In a French translation of Lucretius
recently published, various fragments
have been inserted, from a Discourse
on Nature, by an ancient Greek philo-
sopher, and discovered at Herculaneum.
There are plates, which represent many
of the fragments. The Greek writer’s
name was Chrysippus, a classical author,
sufficiently known in his day for initiat~
ing youth in philosophical. instruction.
His literary productions were of that
elevated rank, that they were generally
considered as masterpieces, so as to
impress even Cicero and Horace with
admiration of his character and senti-

ments. | ie
Plenius ac melius Chrysippo et Crantore ea
or.
Te jam annum audientem Chrysippum.—Cicero to
his son, tn the introduction to his Book of Offices.
There

1824.]

ITALY.
There has lately been published, from
the Laurentian MS. at Florence, a Latin
work, entitled “ Actions of Charle-
magne at Carcassonne, Narbonne, also
concerning the foundation of the mo-
nastery of La Grasse.” This curious
specimen of the Latinity of the middle
ages is peculiarly fortunate in drawing a
picture of the state of literature and
manners at the time when the facts col-
lected took place. The author of the
Narrative was a monk, named William
of Padua, who translated it into Latin,
from the Rustic, or Romanesque lan-
guage, in which it was written, by Filo-
men, historiographer, of Charlemagne.
The principal subject is the foundation
of the Abbey La Grasse, in the diocese
of Carcassonne, in the Corbiéres, moun-
tains between the Basin of Languedoc
and Le Rousillon. During the revo-
lution, it was suppressed, but the town
built about it still exists, and is one of
the chief places of the canton in the
department of Aude. Here is abundant
recreation for the antiquarian mind, the
work being a monument of traditions
in all respects valuable. The style is
mingled with barbarisms and idioms de-
rived from the Roman tongue, but ex-
actly conformable to the MS. The
geographical and topographical details
abound in various relations, which some-
times refresh the memory with the recol-
lection of things long past, but oftener
lay claim to novelty, and open avarie-
gated field of observation. The MS.
has been referred to in the history of
Languedoc, ‘in which the work entitled
“ Gallia Christiana,” and in the Bidlio-
theque Historique de la France, but is
now published for the first time. The
Latin title is as follows: “ Gesta Ca-
roli Magni ad Carcassonam .et Narbo-
nam, et de adificatione Monasterii Cras-
sensis, edita ex Codice Laurentiano,
&e.” — The date of the Latin translation
was about the beginning of the twelfth
century. y
The school of young French artists
maintained, at Rome, at the public ex-
pense, among other labours on particu-
lar objects of art, such as elevations,
plans, chapiters, cornices, &c., are occu-
pied also in restaurations, This may be
designated as the Romanesque part’ of
architecture ; it consists in re-establish-
‘Ing, im toto, such as they may be con-
ceived to have existed, those edifices,
of which only the ruins or vestiges re-
main. As points of studious investiga-
tion, they exercise the perspicacity, and

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

159

by this means, at no considerable charge,
the Temple of Concord, that of Jupiter
Tonans, the Pantheon of Agrippa, the
Theatre of Marcellus, and other struc-
tures, have experienced a sort of resus-
citation. In the course of some years,
Rome, entire, will have thus risen up
again. Figures, also, in plaister or mar-
ble, copied from the antique, have been
transmitted to Paris, where an annual
exhibition has been opened of these and
other articles, in painting, &c., issuing
from the same source.

Professor Gaupp, of Breslau, in his
travels through Italy, discovered four
leaves of a MS. of the Pandects, which
he conceives to be of the seventh cen-
tury. He found them in the royal li-
brary of Naples. The leaves are of the
sort called palimpserts. Over the an-
cient writing, a fragment of the gram-
marian Charistry, Xanthus of the “ Vite
Pontificum” (Lives of the Pontiffs), of
Anastasius; and, with an attentive in-
spection, some passages of the Pandects,
and others of the Pharsalia of Lucan,
appear. M. Gaupp had them copied;
and, from their coincidence, the Florence
MS. is found to be very correct. The
passages of the Pandects belong to the
titles of the tenth book, “ Communi
Dividundo, ad Exhibendum, &c.”? The
capital letters are better executed than
those of the Florence. M. G. intends
to publish a fac-simile.

UNITED STATES. , .

- From the national almanack printed
annually at Washington, we learn that
the inhabitants of the United States
amount to 9,654,415, of whom 1,543,688
are slaves. Those employed in agricul-
ture are 2,175,065, in trade 72,558, in
manufactures 349,663.

A Frenchman, M. Neale, residing some
time in North Carolina, made a collection
of rattlesnakes, and thinking they might
be rendered tame, after a number of expe-
riments, succeeded. The means that he
employs are not correctly ascertained ;
he merely avows the power of music, its
gentle melodies subduing their greatest
irritations.. M.Neale is now at Rich-
mond, exhibiting his curiosities. He has
two live rattlesnakes, oneamale, four feet
eight inches in length, with eight rattles
in his tail, indicating his age, nine years.
The female is smaller, and has only five
rattles: this he has had thirty months.
Such is their docility, that after repeat-
ing certain words, and caressing them
with his hand, he lets them run about
his neck and breast, handling them as if
they were ends of whipcord. Far from

injuring

160

injuring, the reptiles havea sort of at-
tachment for their master. He makes
no secret of a remedy for their bite;
first washing the mouth with warm oil,
and after sucking the bite, drinking
abundantly a decoction of serpentary
root, till it operates as an emetic, after
which there is nothing to fear. M.
Neale, haif opening the mouths of his
serpents, shews their venomous fangs.
They adhere to the upper jaw, are two
in number, on each side, and if plucked
out, grow again. They are sharp point-
ed, curved backwards, and inclining to-
wards the throat, when the animal is
not making use of them. The venom
issues from a little vesicle that adheres
to the root of the tooth. In summer,
these animals drop their skin every two
months. Every. year, except the first,
they acquire a new corneated or horny
rattle. It is but seldom that they shake
them, and never, unless provoked, or
when they would fix the attention of
their prey, especially if volatile animals.
as birds and squirrels. A sort of charm
has been attributed to the rattlesnake.
The effects are fully verified by M. N.,
but he.considers them as produced by
apprehension and terror. In his own
garden, and by his own serpents, he has
seen the victim dropping, from rock to
rock, and from branch to branch, till
seized by its. terrible assailant. "The
breath of the rattlesnake is not fetid, as
is currently reported. M.N. has tamed
serpents, of all kinds, and they all rea-
dily obey him.
GERMANY.
The following exhibits the population

respectively of the seven principal states —

of the German Confederation, as taken
from the latest lists in the archives of
the Diet: Austria, 9,482,277; Prus-
sia, 7,953,341; Bavaria, 3,523,000; Sax-
ony, 1,203, 000; Hanover, «1,305,351 ;
Wurtemburg, i. 3095,462 ; ‘and Baden,
1,002,000.

M. de Lang has lately published, at
Munich, a “ Digest of the Bavarian His-
tory,” volime ‘the Ist, by direction of
the minister, M. de Montgelaz. All the
archives of the state were placed in his
custody ; and documents to which Lud-
wig and many. others sought access in
vain, have been explored. Herein titles
and monuments, from the eighth century
to the end of the sixteenth, appear in
chronological order. The’ author makes
three divisions, Bavarians, Allemanni,
and Franconians.
ply many chasms in the national annals,
in family genealogies, lists of bishops,

Literary and Miscellancous Intelligence.

This ‘work will sup- -

(Sern. }

abbots, public functionaries, &c. The

first volume commences with the year

773, and reaches to 1200. On this oc-

casion, portals, locks, bars, were opened,

and folds, long enveloped, which shrunk

from investigation, pierced through:
PRUSSIA.

Construction of a Museum.—The king
of Prussia has just granted more than
half a million of crowns for the building
of the new museum. It is imagined
that the necessary labour for the erec-
tion of this magnificent monument will
last three or four years. The exe-
cution of it is confided to the architect
Schinkie. Among the subjects of art
which are to be deposited there, is the
fine collection of the paintings of Solly,
which the Aulic Counsellor, Hirt, has
just purchased for 100,000 crowns.

HUNGARY.

During the last three years, the pro-
gress of literature, in Hungary, has been
considerable. .The Zebchonge, or Alma-
nack of the Muses for 1821, a work that
has gained much credit, is rendered
doubly interesting, from the circum-
stances of country, so as to excite a sen-
sation something like astonishment. It
affords much curious information, and is
comparable to the most. popular pro-
ductions of the kind inGermany. There
appeared in it a Translation of the
Qdes of Horace; Travels in Italy ; va-
rious poems of no ordinary kind, and
the praiseworthy exertions of Baron
Louis de Podmanitzky, in a novel after
the French manner, replete with exalted
sentiments, and affecting incidents. The
Aurora, Hasai, or Patriotic Almanack,
was first published two years ago, and is
no less remarkable in the selection of
its materials, the beauty of its engrav-
ings, and the elegance ofits printing
and binding. The Aurora of 1822, con-
tained three musical compositions, which
excite admiratiou by the chaste. and
beautiful simplicity of their style and
manner.

SCANDINAVIA.

M. Becken, of Copenhagen, who has
published a journal of his recent travels
in Sweden, observes, that out of the
sixteen printing-offices in Stockholm,
there is not one with two presses, and
that most of the works which issue
from them: are printed in half sheets.
There are eight’ or nine booksellers’
shops,: but one only merits the name.
It would be useless to inquire for any »
work printed abroad, unless it has been
some years upon sale. Provincial towns
are still worse provided, without except-:

ing

1824.]

‘ing Upsal, the seat of a university. The
Swedes, therefore, generally speaking,
may be somewhat tardy in the progress
of science and literature, but this cir-
cumstance is not imputable to any want
of aptitude in the nation or to any fault
of the climate. The great obstacle is the
difficulty of communication with other
countries. Sweden requires an esta-
blishment like one in Denmark, of more
than forty years standing. Every week,
one or more caravans set out from- Ham-
burgh for Copenhagen, and from Copen-
hagen for Hamburgh, with mercantile
commodities, and the carriage low-
priced. The Copenhagen booksellers,
whose shops are very numerous and
well-stocked, take advantage of this;
and, whenever. a new work arrives at
Leipsick, the Hamburgh booksellers do
not fail to procure it. The author re-
commends this plan to the Swedish go-
vernment, for which steam - packets
would, as he says, afford facilities.

Tn the island of Iceland, an ancient
voleano, which for sixty-eight years had
given no indications of an eruption,
ejected vast masses of water, cinders,
and mud, between the Ist and 13th of
July last. This aqueous eruption then
suddenly ceased, the smoke of the
crater disappeared, and the top of the
mountain was visible. Its direction was
towards the sea, which occasioned the
less damage; but, in its course, it over-
spread five Danish, or about six-and-
twenty English miles.

SOUTH AMERICA.

The congress and government of
Peru are entirely favourable to the esta-
blishment of a system of national edu-
eation. One of the articles of the con-
stitution with which the congress is at
present occupied, is, that no individual

can be a citizen of Peru unless he can _

read and write. In Canada, Lieut.West
has established a school of mutual in-
struction at Quebec. In the isle of
Madeira, the Journal published by the
British and Foreign ‘Schoo! Society,
gives satisfactory evidence of the suc-
- eess and progress of the Lancastrian
System. In Russia, the number of
schools of mutual instruction has in-
éreased throughout the whole extent of
that vast country with unexampled ra-
pidity. At Copenhagen, a report re-
y presented to the king of Denmark
on the same subject is equally consoling
to philanthropy.
EGYPT.
The Revue Encyclopédique contains
the following extract of a letter from
Monrury Mac. No. 400.

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence,

161

Grand Cairo, dated Jan. 8, 1823: “1
have visited the Pacha, Mohammed Aly ;
he is about fifty years of age, and has a
very expressive physiognomy. ‘He plyed
me with a number of questions, in re-
spect of the military force of the Per-
sians, their regular troops, &c. and made
inquiries as to the news of Bagdad.
His interpreter is M, Bogos, an Ameri-
can, who appears to possess great influ-
ence with him, and is considered as a
very intelligent character. I visited
the arsenal, the manufacture of printed
cotton stuffs, the printing-office, &c.
The Pacha has introduced into these
and other establishments, all the Euro-
pean machinery. He has also erected a
telegraphic line between Cairo and Alex-
andria; by this conveyance, he receives
and expedites intelligence from one city
to the other in the space of an hour,
An Englishman has brought here, from
London, a steam-engine, and a drag to
clean rivers and to fish with, but these
are not yet prepared for use. ‘The
Pacha is now building a national bank,
and an establishment for coining money.
His liberality is boundless to effect the
accomplishment of his schemes, and the
activity of his genius is no less remark-
able. Europeans are particularly, em-
ployed by him, and constitute the
principal objects of his encouragement.
He is, in a word, become above all
prejudices. His conduct excites much
jealousy among the Beys, but he has
signified to them, that if they do not
approve of his system they are at li-
berty to retire. He is now levying a
numerous corps to be. officered by
Franks and Mamelukes, and recruits
from peasants in the country, and with
Arabs of Mount Libanus, whose chief
has lately retired to Cairo; and, being
under the Pacha’s protection, has en-
gaged to procure a certain number of
warriors of that tribe, which boasts of
having never been conquered. The Pa-
cha has, moreover, employed agents to
furnish him with nearly 500,000 Euro-
pean muskets. He has great projects
in view, and unless intercepted by the
treachery of the Turkish chiefs, he will
no doubt finally succeed. The canal
that he has lately excavated near Koa,
on the Nile, is about sixty miles in
length, and is considered a noble un-
dertaking. Mohammed has also on the
banks ot the Nile a very elegant palace,
in the Italian style. At present, he is
decorating the fountains of his capital
with lions, crocodiles, and columns of
marble brought fromettaly. The actual

Y population

162

populaticn of Cairo is about 300,000 in-
habitants. The Pacha has erected in
this city two colleges for the instruction
of youth; he is also successfully propa-
gating the vaccine inoculation.”

M. the Abbé Halma is now publishing
at Paris, from the Arabic, a French ver-
sion, with the Latin text, of Ptolemy’s
great mathematical composition, called
the Almagest. Tite work was extremely
rare, and considered as omni auro pre-
tiosior, from its illustrating many curious
points in astronomy and sacred and pro-
fane chronology. This notification will
be highly approved by eminent scholars

in all countries, and the publication will”

become a valuable addition to the stock
books of a truly learned description.

Mr. J. Burton, who is employed by
the Pacha of Egypt in making geological
researches, has discovered, in the desart
east of the Nile, on the coast of the Red
Sea, and in the parallel of Syout, a
beautiful little temple, of the Ionic or-
der, with the following inscription on
the pediment: “ For the safety of our
ever-victorious, absolute, aud ‘august
lord, Cesar, and for the whole of his
house, this temple and all its dependen-
cies have been dedicated to the sun, to
the great serafics, and to the other divi-
nities, by Epaphroditus, ...... of Caesar,
governor of Egypt, Marcus Ulpius Chre-
simus being superintendant of the works
under Procolnanus.”

In the same track, he came to a moun-
tain called Gebal Dockam, or Moun-
tain of Smoke. Its summit is covered
with roads and paths leading to large
quarries of antique red porphyry. He
found immense blocks, rudely chisselled,
lying in every direction. . Others, ready
squared, lay fixed on props, that were
marked and numbered. He found also
an endless number of sarcophagi, vases,
and columns of large dimensions. Hard
by were huts, or booths, in ruins, and
the remains of forges.

ASIA.

The Brisbane River lately discovered,
and the largest yet known in New Hol-
land, empties into Moreton Bay, in
lat. 28°, and is there three miles broad ;
but at about twenty miles from its mouth,
it is crossed by a ledge of rocks, on
which the tide rises only twelve feet at
high water: at fifty miles from the sea
the tide rose four and a half feet, and ran
upwards of four miles per hour: its usual
depth from hence to the sea is three to
nine fathoms. This river comes from
the S.W., in the direction of the Mac-
quarie Marshes, distant about three hun-

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

[Serr. 1

dred and fifty miles, of which it is the
probable outlet: a supposition which
seemed confirmed, by the: banks of the
Brisbane, shewing no marks of floods,
more than seven fect above a low state
of the water.

The Hives of Bees taken out to New
South Wales by Cart. WaLLAcE, were
five of them thriving well, and had
thrown off many swarms, although the
greater part of these had escaped into,
the woods; where they are multiplying
fast, owing to the country and climate
being so favourable to their propagation.
It seems probable therefore, that wild
honey-and wax, as well as: that raised
in hives, may become ere long articles of
export from the colony.

In 1818, Yuenke, Governor of Can-
ton, and Ke Foo Yuen, Deputy Gover-
nor, wrote to the Emperer to solicit
his authority for the composition of a
topographical description of the Pro-
vince of Canton, assigning as a reason
that what was ‘composed ninety years
before, was become very defective and
inaccurate. The ‘Emperor approved
the project, and the work was under-
taken under the direction of twenty-
seven. persons of different ranks and
talents, and submitted to the general
surveillance of the Governor. Four
years have been occupied in the compo-
sition and printing of this book. It is
now about to appear in a hundred yo-
lumes, under the title of Kwang-tung-
tung-che, or General Topography of
China.

The British Asiatic Journal of No-
vember contains a remarkable article, a
sort of prediction, found in the text of
the philosopher Confucius, announcing,
in a manner very distinct, that they
were to expect from the west (this is in
reference to China) a saint, or holy one,
that would instruct men in the whole of
their duties, and stamp perfection on
the principles and practices of religion,
These curious texts, which have already
obtained some publicity from the labours
of Mr. Abel Remusat, appear here, in
Chinese characters, with an English and.
Latin version, corresponding, verbatim,
to each character.

The Calcutta Gazette reports some
interesting discoveries by Mr. Moor-
croft, in his progress through certain
elevated and imperfectly-known regions .
bordering on India. Vast quantities of
timber suited to ship-building; a whiter
and more productive kind of wheat than
any known in Britain; several sorts of
barley, more productive, and containing

more

1824.)

more valuable properties for malting
than those cultivated in England; a
plant that cures the rot in sheep, of
which disease the late Dr. Bakewell
asserted, that hundreds of thousands
died every year in Britain; a hardy va-
riety of hay, with which waste moors
and heath-covered commons may be
cultivated, so as to afford winter-food
for an additional million of English
sheep. The quality of this food is such

New Music and the Drama.

163

as.to fatten them in half the time they
would require on any known forage now
in use; a breed of mountain sheep, of
which an English cottager may keep
three with more ease than he can main-
tain a cur-dog: alittle farmer may keep
a small flock of them on the waste
produce of his farm. This breed has
been secured, and provision made for
keeping a stock of them for three
years.

NEW MUSIC AND THE DRAMA.

Numbers one and two of Serenada Espanola,
for the Piano-Forte, with two Flutes,
(ad lib.) by R.W. Evans. Each number 4s.

Bihan G from the present numbers
of this publication, we should say,
that it promises to be creditable to its
composer and conductor. The first
number is enriched with a new Guara-
cha dance, and the second is distin-
guished by the general beauty of its
contents. The flute accompaniments
are incorporated with the principal mat-
ter, in a style that indicates considerable
mastery, and the general effect is pro-
portionate to the internal evidence of
Mr. Evans’ skill in this province of in-
strumental composition. Each of the
numbers is ornamented with a prettily-
fancied and well-executed vignette ; and
the work is not only correctly, but very
neatly printed.

Duett for Harp and Piano-forte, or two
Piano-fortes, selected from Handel: Ar-
ranged by Samuel Webbe, jun. As. Cle-
menti and Co. \ .

This duett, which was expressly ar-
ranged for the practice of the ladies
Grey, is founded on a favourite andante
movement in Handel’s second “ Suite
de pieces” for the harpsichord, and the
march, which forms the conclusion of
the overture, tothe Occasional Oratorio.
For Mr.Webbe’s idea of associating these
two movements we give him some cre-
dit, but more for the taste and ability
with which he has accommodated them
to the purpose for which they are here
brought together. If in coupling them
he has displayed judgment, the modifica-
tion under which they are here presented
to the public, evinces much address and
good management. The parts are judi-
ciously disposed, and equally distribute
the execution between the two hands, and
when performed with tolerable skill and
feeling, must produce an excellent effect.

County Guy, sung by Miss Williams, at
Vauvhall-Gardens. The music composed
by T. A. Hughes. 2s.

The melody of this little ballad of two
verses (the words of which are from
“ Quentin Durward”) is conceived with
a simplicity suitable to the subject; and
Mr. Hughes, who is the composer and
director of the music, at the Coburg
Theatre, has given it an expression that
proves his talent for vocal composition.
The passages are not less pleasing than
natural and connected ; and the general
effect imparts to the whole a character
at once novel and attractive. We will
not say that County Guy is a striking
production; but the least it claims from
us is, the avowal that it possesses con-
siderable merit; and that it is entitled to
the notice of the admirers of simple
vocal music. i

Le Petit Tambour, arranged as a Rondo for
the Piano-forte, ty S. F. Rimbault, 2s.

This rondo, which is the seventh of a
series of similar pieces prepared for the
practice of young performers, is ex-
tremely agreeable in its theme, and in
the necessary deviations Mr. Rimbault
has successfully exercised the resources
of his mind. The wholeforms a pleasant
and improving exercise for the juvenile
finger; and so much are we pleased with
the plan of giving these pieces serviatim,
that in our opinion, we cannot render
young practitioners a greater service,
than by recommending to their attention
Mr.R’s. undertaking.

Thema, with Variations, for the Piano-
forte ; composed by C. Mavius, Jun.
3s. Od.

The introductory movement to ‘this
“ theme and variations” is floridly con-
ceived, and, though somewhat wild, bears
marks of genius as well as of youth.
The theme itself is agreeable, if not

Y 2 striking ;

164

striking; and Mr. Mavius has expatiated
upon it with taste and fancy, From the
turn or cast of the passages, we should

suppose that Mr. M. is a free and facile:

pianist ; at any rate, he,evidently under-
stands the genius of the instrument for
which he writes, and in the present in-
stance, has studied its character and
capabilities.

A National Rondo, composed for the
Piano-forte ; by H. G. Nixon, Or-
ganist to the Bavarian Embassy. 13.64.
This is one of a number of little com-

positions characteristic of the style of
the music of different countries, and
consists of a Neapolitan air, the features
of which, if not fascinating, are agrec-
able. Mr. Nixon must be allowed the
praise of having made the most of his
subject. The easy and natural manner
in which he digresses from, and returns
to his subject, is creditable to his taste,
and the general prevalence of his ar-
peggio-bass is judicious and recommen-
datory.

“ Oh, Lady ! touch thy Lute again.” An
admired Ballad ; written by W. By-
grave, Esq., composed by S. Nelson,
and sung by him at the Nobility’s Con-
ceris. 1s. 6d. Evans.

Of this ballad we cannot speak in
terms of high commendation. The air
is neither remarkable for its novelty nor
its beauty. The only merit it possesses
is that of being consistent with Mr. By-
grave’s words, which, both poetically
and mechanically, are as poor as any
that we have read for a long time.

THE DRAMA.

The temporary closure of the two
winter theatres has hitherto been to-
lerably well compensated by the new
pieces produced, and the talents en-
gaged in the Haymarket, and in the
Strand, At the first of these, the co-
medy (in three acts) of Married and
Single, from the French of MM. Waff-
lard and Fulgence ; together with the
opera of The Alcaid, or Secrets of Office,
from the pen of Mr. Kenney, and
other well-chosen dramas, have afford-
ed scope for the best abilities, histrionie
and vocal, of a very good company ;
especially for the exertions of Liston,
Farren, Miss Paton, Miss Chester, Mrs.
Chatterly, Mrs. Gibbs, Mrs, Glover,
and Madame Vestris. If of the music
of The Aleaid we cannot speak in
terms that will elevate Mr. Nathan as a

New Music and the Drama.

(Sept. 5,

composer, we are justified in saying,
that the spirit, taste and judgment with
which the greater part of the songs were
executed, made considerable atonement
for the defect of the composition, and
that nothing was wanting to the perfec-
tion of the performance, but a better
band. We are so sensible of Mr.
Morris’s liberality and good sense,
that we are at a loss to account for
the orchestral deficiency of his other-
wise so well-appointed theatre. Such
Things Are, the Beggars Opera, Syl-
vester Daggerwood, the Marriage of
Figaro, Lover's Quarrels, and Sweet
hearts and Wives, will scarcely ever
be more judiciously and strikingly re-
presented than they have lately been at
the Theatre Royal in the Haymarket.
At the Lyceum, the principal, if not
only attractions, have been the German
Opera of Der Freischiitz, written by
Kind, founded on a story in the “ Tales
and Romances of the Northern Nations,”
and set to music by Weber, of all whose
compositions it is indisputably the best.
The productions of this master, a na-
tive of Eutice in Holstein, conductor of
the music of the King of Saxony, and
the Institutor and Director of the Ger-
man Opera of Drésden, have long been
admired for their beauty, vivacity, and
force of effect. Their prominent praise
is, that instead of being addressed to the
ear only, they appeal to the feelings of
the heart, and that while they are more
than ordinarily agreeable to the external
sense, they work upon the imagination,
and by a kind of magic influence, illus-
trate and heighten all the effect intended
by the author. This is peculiarly the cha-
racter of the music of Der Freischiitz ;
and Braham, Miss Povey, and Miss _
Noel (from the Bath theatre) have amply
availed themselves of the opportunity it
afforded them for the display of their
talents. The conjoint result of the se-
veral merits of the writer, the com-
poser, and the performers of this opera,
has been continually crowded houses,
and those repeated bursts of applause
which, as springing from the excited
feelings of the audience, constitute the
highest eulogium that can he bestowed
upon a composer. We are glad to see
the character of this little summer the-
atre raised by its spirited and meritorious
exertions, two of the present instances
of which would, perhaps, have been suf-
ficient to effect the purpose—its pos-
session of the attractions of Braham,
and Miss Stephens.
NEW

To Mr
house

a Pre
With

EVE

by ¢

propelli
of the k
by the
able vi
The ap
nical a
Brown’
far fro
covery,
accordi
cided 1
tion, it
fractor
nion ai
We
specul:
tages t
tion of
Britain
States
the pa
no me
tent ‘
haye
Agkw
tions’

half a

1924,.]

[ 165 ]

NEW PATENTS AND MECHANICAL INVENTIONS.

==

To Mr. Samurt Brown, of Printing-
house Square, Blackfriars, London, for
~ a Pneumatic or Gas-Vacuum Engine.
With an Engraving.
NEVERAL attempts have been made
KD by ditterent gentlemen, to render the
yower obtained by the expansion of explo-
sive mixtures available for the purpose of
propelling machinery : but all attempts
of the kind have been rendered abortive
by the extreme rapidity and uncontroul-
able violence of the expansive force.

The application of chemical and mecha- .

nical agency combined, of which Mr.
Brown’s new engine is the result, is so
far from any thing like accidental dis-
covery, that it should be considered,
according to our view, as a most de-
cided triumph of the power of inven-
tion, in reducing the hitherto most re-
fractory chemical agency to the domi-
nion and controul of man.

' We do not wish, to indulge in any
speculations as to the ultimate advan-
tages that may accrue from the applica-
tion of this invention (not only in Great
Britain, but also in the Continental
States and America, to which it seems
the patent right is extended). We can
no more imagine what will’be the ex-
tent of its application than it could
haye been imagined by a Warr or an
Arkwricnt, that their respective inven-
tions were destined within the period of
half a century to quadruple, or we might
almost say to centuple, the internal
rich and resources of their native
ie ah whilst it disseminates her pro-
ductions. of art and industry through
every region, from “ Indus to the pole.”

_ We should now wish to proceed im-
mediately with a description of the new
vacuum engine, by referring the reader
to the accompanying plate. But we feel
it somewhat incumbent on us to say a
few words as to the chemical principles
on which its action depends, in order to
render our description more intelligible ;
and also for the purpose of doing justice
to the scientific acumen, as well as the
mechanical ingenuity of the inventor.
We could rather wish the task to have
devolved on the patentee himself as the
most proper person to have described
his own views. But as the specification
only refers to the principle of effecting
a vacuum by the combustion of inflam-
mable gas, sufficient to render the me-
chanical adaptation for producing it
intelligible to ordinary readers, we will
endeavour te illustrate that principle by

a few remarks, before describing the
apparatus by which it is effected.

From the earliest discoveries con-
nected with gaseous bodies, it was as-
certained that all the inflammable gases
consume more or less oxygen during
their combustion ; which oxygen is sup-
plied by the atmospheric air in every
case where inflammable substances, either
solid, liquid, or gaseous, are employed
for yielding artificial light—The two
former classes being in all cases reduced
into gaseous matter by the heat of a
flame, previous to their giving out light
and heat for the purposes of domestic
and civil economy.

Direct experiments have shewn us the
precise quantity of oxygen consumed
by different kinds of inflammable gas.
Thus pure hydrogen, ‘at a red _ heat,
unites with, or condenses, half its own
volumes of oxygen-gas, producing a vio-
lent detonation; and at the same instant
forming a particle of water about the
two thousandth part of the bulk of the
original gases. Sub-carbureted hydro-
gen, or coal-gas, requires, however, for
its most perfect combustion, nearly dou-
ble its own bulk of oxygen, or about
the proportion of 5:9 of the latter.

The result of which combustion is, a
volume of carbonic acid gas, the bulk of
the inflammable gas; with a particle of
water (or aqueous vapour condensed) as
before. Carburetted hydrogen. or oil-
gas consumes upwards of three times its
bulk of oxygen during its combustion,
leaving more than two volumes of car-
bonic acid, and a particle of water or
aqueous vapour, according to the tem-
perature of the vessel. :

The mixture of all these gases with
their respective proportions of oxygen
before-mentioned, produces a most vio-
lent detonation, accompanied by great
expansion. The inflammability of hy-
drogen gas is such, that. when mixed
with oxygen in almost any proportion,
the union is so instantaneous on apply-
ing a lighted taper, that great expan-
sion, followed by the collapse of the
ambient air, always ensues. Pure hy-
drogen is, therefore, a very dangerous
agent to employ for any inflammable
process, from the uncontroulable vio-
lence of its attraction for oxygen.

But during the consumption of a jet
of oil-gas or coal-gas for giving artificial
light, the supply of oxygen from the
atmosphere air is so gradual, that we
obtain a combustion without explosion.

Now

‘

166

Now this distinction forms in reality
the basis of the principle of Mr. Brown’s
new engine. A given quantity of in-
flammable gas being admitted into a
metal cylinder of known dimensions, it
combines with the atmospheric air in
such proportion as to form nearly a per-
fect inflammation, without producing
either an explosion or a dangerous ex-
pansion,

Now it is obvious that a very near
approximation to a perfect vacuum will
be the result of the flame filling the
whole cavity of the cylinder, and there-
by expelling (as in the experiment of the
cupping glass) the whole of the atmos-
pheric air, except the oxygenous por-
tion, which is essential to the produc-
tion of flame. But one-half of this
oxygen becomes absolutely condensed by
uniting to the inflammable gas, and
forming water; whilst the azote or
nitrogen, which forms about four-fifths
of the atmospheric air, will be expelled
from the cylinder by means of the flame:
the residuum, in the cylinder after the
combustion being a small portion of
carbonic acid gas.

The point of complete condensation
between the strokes, therefore, which
has hitherto formed the grand desidera-
tum with all the inventors and improvers
of steam engines, is effectually accom-
plished by this ingenious combination of
Mr. Brown.

In describing this invention, the pa-
tentee states in his specification, the
objects he contemplates, in the follow-
ing words :—“ My invention consisteth,
first, of a combination which is thus
formed :—inflammable gas is introduced
along a pipe into an open cylinder or
vessel, whilst a flame placed on the out-
side of, but near to the cylinder, is con-
stantly kept burning, and. at times
comes in contact with and ignites the
gas therein. The cylinder is then closed
air-tight, and the flame is prevented
from communicating with the gas in the
cylinder. The gas continues to flow
into the cylinder, for a short space of
time, then it is stopped off; during that
time, by its combustion it acts upon the
air within the cylinder, and at the same
time a part of the rarefied air escapes
through one or more valves; and thus
a vacuum is effected. The vessel or
cylinder is kept cocl by water. Several
mechanical means may be contrived to
bring the above combination into use in
effecting the vacuum with inflammable
gas ; and on the same principle it may be
done in one, two, or more cylinders or

New Patents and Mechanical Inventions.

(Serr. 1,
vessels. Having a vacuum effected by
the above combination, and some me-
chanical contrivance, I have, by its ap-
plication to machinery, produced powers
in several ways. I now proceed to
describe the’ different kinds of ma-
chinery by which—first, I turn a water-
wheel;—secondly, I raise water ;—and
thirdly, I work pistons.”

The plate represents a front view
of the engine as used for raising water,
with an overshot water-wheel attached,
for the purpose of giving the primary
motion to other machinery, The front
part of the frame is removed, to give
a more distinct view of the machinery.
The cylinders and tubes on each side

of the engine are duplicates of each

other.

A.” A. A!.—Is a beam with circular ends,
moveable on the axis A, which is supported
on plumber’s blocks.

B. B’.—Two metallic cylinder-caps or
covers, connected with the beam by chains
and rods, which pass through collars or
guides at b.b., attached to the exterior
cylinders. ‘These caps have metallic valves
opening upwards at m.m.

C.C’.—Two interior cylinders, open at
top but closed at the bottom; having a
lateral pipe c, opening by a valve into the
trough O.

D. D!.—Two exterior cylinders enclosing
the cylinders C.C., and extending to the
mains or pipes E.E. The outer cylinders
rise about an inch above the inner cylin-
ders; so that when the cap B rests on the
rim of the cylinder D; there is a free pas-
sage for water between the edge of C and
the cover B. :

i. E/.—Mains or pipes extending from
the cylinder D, to the open cylindrical water-
chambers e.e., on the opposite side of the
engine. These mains are furnished with
valves V. V., opening upwards to admit
water, and closing afterwards by the weight

’ of the water column.

F./F.—Hollow metallic (floats, which
rise and fall in the chambers e. e. according
to the surface of the water in each chamber,
alternately.

G. G’,— Two metallic rods connected with
the beam, and extending to the surface of
the floats in the chambers e.e.

T.—A tank, or reservoir, level with the
top of the chambers e.e. ; which tank is sup-
posed to be filled with water.

P.P’-—Pipes leading from the tank to
the bottom of the water-chambers e.e., and
continued on to join the mains on the oppo-
site side of the engine, by the valves V.V.

The communication between the tank
and the pipes P.P. is effected by a sliding
valve, v, which is alternately brought over
the orifice of each pipe, by cranks attached
to a connecting rod or chain, which ex-
tends to the cylindrical balance above. 4

H.—A.

1824.)

H.—A cylindrical balance (or minor
beam) moyeable on an axis, and, by means
of tappets, applied to the rod G. The ba-
lance acts simultaneously with the beam
“A”. Al; whilst it is applied to give motion to
the subordinate parts of the engine.

J.I.—A horizontal gas-pipe, in connec-
tion with a service-pipe, i; communicating
to a reservoir or gas-holder, placed at any
convenient distance. The extremities of
the pipe I. I. are carried into the lower
part of the interior cylinders C.C., where
they terminate beneath the surface of the
water; having a nozzle or gas-burner a
little above the surface.

The gas is allowed to enter each cylinder
alternately, by the stop-cocks y.y., which
are turned by a chain connected with the
balance H.

K.K’.—A minor gas-pipe, communicat-
ing with the gas-holder by the pipe k. This
pipe is also furnishéd with stop-cocks s.s.,
and extended to the side of each cylinder,
respectively, where it furnishes two small
gas-lights, to be kept burning during the
working of the engine.

L. L/.—Two apertures communicating
with the interior of the cylinders C. C.
These apertures are alternately opened and
closed by sliding-valves worked by a verti-
cal arm connected with the rods G.G.

M.M’.—A pipe communicating with the
two cylinders for the purpose of admitting
atmospheric air atter the vacuum has been
effected and the water raised. This pipe
has two apertures at N, which become
alternately opened and shut by the sliding
valve n, which is worked by a crank and
chain connected with the floats in the wa-
ter-chambers.

O.—A trough into which the water is
discharged from each cylinder in succession.
This trough empties itself into the buckets
of a water-wheel Q; or in the absence of
the water-wheel, into the tank below.

In order to set this engine in ac-
tion, nothing more is necessary, than
to turn on the gas by the stop-cocks of
the pipes I. and K., and light the orifices
of the minor pipe at L.L. Suppose the
beam to be in eqnilibrio—by pressing
down one of the cylinder caps on the
head of the cylinder, the opposite end
of the beam will become elevated, and
by means of the rod G. will open the
sliding valve in the side of the cylinder
C.,and at the same instant open the
stop-cock of the gas-pipe I.; when the
gas will immediately rush into the lower
part of the cylinder and become in-
ayently ignited from the gas flame at

aL.

But the upward motion of the beam-
end A also opens the sliding valve v
(which covered the orifice of the pipe P),

New Patents and Mechanical Inventions.

167

so as to allow the atmospheric air to
act on the surface of the water in the
tank and chamber e.

The combustion of the gas in the
cylinder being effected, and the flame
having produced a vacuum; the atmos-
pheric pressure on the surface of the
water below forces it through the pipe
P. into the main E. and cylinder D, and
over the top rim of the interior cylinder
C. filling the whole of the interior cy-
linder. But whilst the water is passing
up the pipe and main, it also drives up-
ward the float F; which by its rod G.
forces up the end of the beam, and of
course brings down the opposite end so
as to close the cylinder with the cap B.
air tight. It is therefore the extinction
of the flame by closing the top of the
cylinder, which actually produces the
vacuum ; whilst at the same instant the
water from below rushes up with vast
rapidity to fill its space in the cylinder :
at the same time driving out the car-
bonic acid gas of the combustion, by
means of the small valves in the cover
opening outwards. The water is dis-
charged from the cylinder into the
trough, by admitting the atmospheric air
through the horizontal pipe M. This
is effected by the minor beam drawing
the slider of the valve at N. imme-
diately the cylinder becomes filled with
water. The air rushing in, relieves the
pressure on the cap B. and allows the
reciprocal action of the beam and floats
to proceed for the alternate stroke ;
whilst the water by its own gravity
descends from the cylinder through the
pipe and trough, to be applied to a
water wheel or any other arrangement
requisite for economical purposes.

From the silent action of this engine,
the spectator is in a measure surprized
at the powerful effects produced. And
it is only by an inspection of the mer-
curial gauge attached to the engine, that
he can imagine the vacuum effected
(and consequently the power gained. by
the correspondent pressure of the air)
to be so great as it is in reality. It is
not probable that the stop-cocks, valves,
&ec., of this which is only a model-
engine, are so pertect as they might be
made by the workmanship of our excel-
lent engineers of the present day: yet
Mr. Brown at present produces a va-
cuum = twenty-two inches of mercury
by the guage. And this being equal to
a reduction of eleven-fifteenths ot the
atmospheric pressure, it is not impro-
bable that, when these engines become
constructed with every attention to the

workmanship

168
workmanship, a much more perfect va-
cuum will be obtained.

The present model is estimated by
the inventor as equal to about a one-
horse and half power steam-engine.
The working-cylinders are about eight
inches diameter, and the length of the
beam about four feet. The whole en-
gine not occupying an area of more
than about four feet six inches by two
feet. But the frame-work of this en-
gine would be sufficiently strong for an
engine of ten times the power; there
being neither any lateral pressure, or
strain on the materials; nor vibratory
motion from the working of the engine.

The mode of working pistons’ and
turning a fly, will be described in a future
number, with some further particulars
respecting the application of this power.

The specification amply provides for
the endless changes of the, mechanical
parts and construction of the engines,
while it appears safely to secure the
combination by which the vacuum is
effected.

———

To Sir James Jetr, of Oakland, near
Newnham, Gloucester, for a Combina-
tion of Machinery for working and
ornamenting Marble.for Jambs, Man-
tles for Chimney-pieces, and other
Purposes.—Dec. 20, 1822.

This is a mode of cutting any descrip-
tion of parallel mouldings upon marble
slabs or blocks, for ornamental chimney-
pieces and monuments, and other mar-
ble or stone decorations. The machmery
consists of a fixed frame, on which the
block or blocks are Jaid and secured, and
of a sliding frame, to which the cutting-
tool is attached. ‘This cutting-tool is a
plate of metal, formed with grooves and
elevations, which, by repeatedly travers-
ing to and fro with the aid of sand and
water; grinds the surface of the marble
slab to the form of the cutter.—London
Journal of Arts.

———— a

To Ricuarv Git, of Barrowdown,Rut-

’ land, Fellmonger, for his*new Method
of preparing, dressing, and dyeing
Sheep Skins and Lamb Skins with the
Wool on, for Rugs, for Carriages,
Rooms and other Purposes. July 24,1823.
The skins are to be first thoroughly

washed in a running stream, so as to

cleanse the wool from every kind cf
dirt : they are then to be stretched upon
frames, the extraneous or refuse por-
tions on the edges being trimmed off.

The inside of the skin is then to be well

scraped with a parchment-maker’s knife,

for the purpose of removing the grease

New Patents and Mechanical Inventions.

[Sert. I,
and flesh which may have adhered; and
afterwards, keeping the back of the skin
upwards, and placing the frame upon
trussels, it is to be covered with a solu-
tion of sumach and boiling water, in the
proportion of a gallon of water to every
pound of sumach. This material is to
be spread over and well worked into the
skin with the knife before mentioned,
by which means the skin will become
tanned, When the sumach is sufficiently
dry, the reverse side of the skin is to
be placed upwards, and the wool tho-
roughly washed with strong soap and
water, and then with clean water, until
the grease is perfectly removed. After
having been gradually dried in the air,
the back of the skin is again covered
with the sumach, and, when perfectly
dry, any roughness is polished down
with pumice-stone. Ifthe wool is to be
white, it must be bleached, by placing it
over the fumes of sulphur in a close ves-
sel; it is afterwards to be carefully
combed out, and the face dipped in
water tinged with blue. But if the wool
is to be dyed or coloured, its face must
be several times dipped in a suitable
menstruum ; an extract of fustic is pro-
posed, but many other materials will
answer the purpose, and the colour may
or may not be raised with a mordant, as
shall be required. The wool should
then be well washed, in order to get rid
of the colouring matter; and after dry-
ing, dressing, and trimming the sides of
the skins, the rugs are fit for use.—
London Journal of Arts.
i

To James Surry, of Battersea, in the

County of Surry, Miller, for his Inven-

tion of anew Method of applying Heat

for the producing of Steam, and for
various other Purposes, whereby the

Expense of Fuel will be lessened.—

4th September 1823.

The patentee proposes to take advan-
tage of the heat whichis uselessly evolved
in coke ovens, and to apply this heat to
the generating of steam, for any purpose
to which steam may be applicable, without
any expense of fuel. To effect this ob-
ject, he constructs metal pipes, which
pass through the coke ovens from back
to front, and keeps them filled with
water from any convenient reservoir.
These pipes becoming heated by the
combustion of the’gas and smoke emit-
ted from the coal, steam is generated
within, which passes off through other
pipes to the steam receptacle, ready to
be employed as the motive force of an
engine, or for. any other use.—London
Journal of Arts.

1824.
LIsT OF PATENTS FOR NEW INVENTIONS.
Jacob Perkins, of Fleet Street, engineer,

for his invention of an improved method of

throwing shells, and other projectiles.—

May 15. ure ;
William Church, of Birmingham, engi-

neer, for his invention of certain improve-

ments in the apparatus used in casting iron,

and other metals. —May 15.

John Holt Ibbetson, Esq., of Smith
Street, Chelsea, for his invention of certain
improvements in the production or manu-
facture of gas.—May 15.

Lemuel Wellman Wright, of Well Close
Square, engineer, for his invention of cer-
tain combinations of, and improvements in
machinery for making pins.—May 15.

Literary and Critical Proémium.

169

Joseph Luckock, of Round’ Cottage,
Edgebaston, near Birmingham, for his in-
vention of certain improvements in the pro-
cess of manufacturing iron.—May 15.

William Henry James, of Cobourg place,
Winson Green, near Birmingham, engineer,
for his invention of an improved method of
constructing steam-carriagés, useful in the
conveyance ‘of persons and goods, upon
highways and turnpike-roads, without the
assistance of rail roads. —May 15.

Thomas Parkin, of Baches Row, City
Road, merchant, for his invention of cer-
tain improvements in machinery, or appa-
ratus, applicable to, or employed inprint-
ing.—May 15,

NEW BOOKS PUBLISHED IN AUGUST:

WITH AN HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL PROEMIUM.

Authors or Publishers, desirous of seeing an early Notice of their Works, wre
requested to transmit Copies before the 18th of the Month.

———

HILE English literature has been
recently enriched with Spanish and
Russian Anthology, Welch Melodies, &c.
it seems rather wonderful that no attempt
has ‘hitherto been made, or only very par-
tially made, to translate the simple and
pathetic ballads of the northern portion of
our own island. It was certainly a matter
of regret, that the lyric compositions of the
Gael should remain buried in their verna-
eular dialect. | ‘‘ Macpherson’s Melodies
from the Gaelic,” so far as they extend,
may, therefore, be considered as a desidera-
tum in English literature. Of the fidelity of
the translation we are not competent to
judge, being unaequainted with the original ;
ut the Songs, sixteen in number, are cha-
racterized by simple and genuine pathos,
and enriched with many beautiful allusions
to the works of nature. We have extracted,
as a specimen of these translations, ‘‘ Roy’s
Wife,’—not because we deem it the best
in the collection, but to enable our readers
to compare this ancient Gaelic song with
the modern words to the same tune now
so popular in our theatres.
AIR—** Roy’s Wife.”’
CHORUS.
Will ye go to Aldavallich ?
Will ye go to. Aldavallich ?
Sweet the mellow mavis sings
Amang the braes of Aldavallich.
There, beneath the spreading boughs,
_ Among the woods of green Glenfallich,
Softly murmuring as it flows,
Winds the pure stream of Aldayallich.
Will ye go to Aldayallich, &c.
The first golden smile of morn,
And the last beam that evening sheddeth,
Both that echoing vale adorn—
That brightly glows, this mildly fadeth.
Will ye go, &c.
Monraty Mac. No. 400.

7

Short is there hoar winter’s stay,
When spring returns like Hebe blooming ;
Hand in hand with rosy May,
With balmy breath the air perfuming.
Will ye go, &e.

Brushing o’er the diamond dew,
While Phoebus casts a lengthen’d shadow,
There the fairest maidens pu’
The fairest flowers that deck the meadow.
Will ye go, &c.

But there’s a flower, a fairer flower
Than ever grew in green Glenfallich,
The blooming maiden I adore, ;
Young blithesome May of Aldavallich.
Will ye go, &c.

Let me but pu’ this opening rose,
And fondly press it to my bosom ;
I ask no other flower that blows,—
Be mine this modest little blossom.
Will ye go, &c,

Besides the translations already men-
tioned, the volume contains an equal num-
ber of original songs, and imitations, from
the Gaelic, which, for the most part, exhibit
the same characteristic traits as the others.
Our limits, however, only allow us to give
the following extract from this division of
the work :

THE BANKS OF GARRY-
_ TUNE—“ O’er the Moor amang the Heather,”

_ When rosy May embalm’d the air,

Aud verdure fring’d the winding Garry,
Upon a dewy morning fair,

I met my lovely Highland Mary :
On the flowery banks of Garry,
By the silver-winding Garry,

When rosy May embalm’d the air,
I met my lovely Highland Mary.
Z Softly

170

Softly wav'd the birken tree,
The little birds were: gay and airy ;.
Sweetly flow’d their melody
Upon the gay green banks of Garry :
On the flowery banks of Garry,
By the-silver-winding Garry,
Sweetly flow’d their melody
Upon the gay green banks of Garry.

But what were morning wet wi’ dew,
And all the flowers that fringe the Garry,
When first arose upon my view
A beara of light, my Highland Mary !
On the flowery banks of Garry,
By the chrystal-winding Garry ;
fT would make a saint forget his creed,
To meet her by the winding Garry.
O speed thee, Time! on swifter wing
Around thy ring, nor slowly tarry ;
Oh! haste the happy hour to bring
That gives me to my Highland Mary !
On the flowery banks of Garry,
By the silver-winding Garry,
Take, Fortune, all the world beside,
I ask no more than Highland Mary.

Since the death of William Playfair .and
Mr. J. J. Grellier, we have wanted, tabula-
tors and synoptists. Weare glad, there-
fore, to see a reviver of their labours in Mr.
Cesar Moreau, the French vice-consul in
London, who has even rivalled in’ full-
ness of detail, the elaborate arithmetical
pictures of our correspondent, Mr. Mar-
shall: That gentleman published, in the
first number of our miscellany for the pre-
sent year, an interesting display of his in-
dustry ; but Mr. Moreau has produced on
an immense sheet an exhibition of the state
and progress of our trade for the last hun-
dred and twenty-five years. It includes the
exports and imports’ for that period to and
from all parts of the world, the receipts of
the customs, the price of stocks, and the
number of bankrupts, with other details at
once curious and useful. In our opinion it
deserves to be hung up in every sound li-
brary, and in every counting-house in the
empire.

Public credulity has been sported with
during the month by a work under the im-
posing title of “‘ the Lidrary Companion, or the
Young Man’s Guide and Old Man’s Comfortin
the Choice of a Library,” by the Rey. Mr. Dis-
DIN, whose whimsicalities about obsolete
books have long amused literarytriflers: When
we state that this Library of wisdom and
comfort contains neither natural nor moral
philosophy, nor any branch of ‘experimental
science, natural history, nor mathematics,
nor political economy, or science, nor archze-
ology or topography, nor law, nor medicine,
nor any popular elementary books or works
of education, our readers’ will be as much
astonished as ourselves at the assumption
of its title-page. In truth, it contains no-
tices chiefly of books, which, with little pre-
judice to knowledge, lie mouldering in mo-
nasteries and on the shelves of second-hand
booksellers ; and it entirely omits to notice

Literary and Critical Proémium.

(Serr. I,
the books which are objects of universal
concern and study. We.suspect that the
author had no concern in the title-page, and
that the author of ‘the title-page knew no
thing of the contents of the book. As a
gossiping mélange about black-letter trum-
pery, the book is amusing enough, and on
these subjects such a stock of information is
unrivalled ; but, as a writer, the author is
two centuries behind the age in which he
lives.

The compilers of the Perey Anecdotes
having announced a Collection of Histories
of the capitals of Europe, have commenced
their design with the History of London. It
appears to be a collection carefully made, of
the most interesting facts which are to be
found in the various Histories of London,
to which are subjoined details relative to its
present state.” The materials’of the work
are, therefore, unexceptionable, but it chiefly
recommends itself by the neatness and ele-
gance of its typography, and particularly by
some highly-finished engravings by Cooke,
made after drawings by Neale. If the other
capitals are exhibited in as good taste, the
work will be an-acquisition to our cabinet
libraries. -

Mr. Talbot, an Irish emigrant, has pub-
lished a circumstantial account of a settle=
ment of his family in the Canadas, and: of
his five years’ residence in those provinees
and in the United States. No work so full
and_ satisfactory has heretofore appeared on
the Canadas. It affords complete and com-
prehensive information on their social and
political state, and on their natural history,
capabilities, and:character, as well as all the
information which: can be derived’ by emi-
grants.. Mr. Talbot is, however, an over-
flowing loyalist, and. displays his prejudices
against the United States without reserve.
The style of the work is inflated and often
bombastic, but, excepting these faults, it
must be regarded as a book Of merit.

At length the Last Testament of Napo-
leon has appeared in a pamphlet, in French
and English, published by Ridgway. As
we have given its leading features under the
head “ Political Affairs,” we leave the com-
‘mentary to our readers. -

Mr. Dow.inc,. an eminent ‘schoolmaster
at Highgate, has published an. Appendix to
his Arithmetic, the principle of which merits
adoption throughout the schools of the em-
pire. Considering every .question to be a
case of proposition, and the terms of every
proposition to be cause and effect, Mr. Dow-
ling classes them in those relations in each
angle of a cross, and then putting all the
causes in one or both angles, and all the ef-
fects. in one or both; and considering the
thing to be found in cause or effect x, he
exterminates, without affecting the propor-
tions, all the common or divisible numbers,
and thus arrives at the result by an incon-
siderable ‘operation. “In truth, it appears
that by this method, an’ expert arithme-
tician may arrive at results in a-fifth of the
usual

1824.]
usual time employed in arithmetical pro-
cesses.

-A contribution to military history has been
published * in the Journal of an Offic ery writ=
ten during the Siege of Quebec, i 1775-6.
The narrative is circumstantial and very in-
teresting, and it is enriched by notes, a sup-
plement, and. preface, by Mr. Short, who,
in spite of circumstances, continues to call
the Americans revolutionists and rebels.
We cannot wonder that the Journal should
be mingled with such’ feelings; but the sen-
timents of the editor are not in keeping.
He does not seem to be aware of the maxim,
that no glory can be gained in a war which
is not both just and necessary.

_ Itis our duty every month to notice some
new English Grammar, as though the Eng-
lish language were so intricate or former
grammarians so stupid, that twelve new
grammars per annum were necessary. In
a late number we noticed a very copious
one by Mr. Martin, of B irmingham, and we
are now called upon to notice another by
Mr. Peter Smith, of Edinburgh. At the
same time we are far from undervaluing the
intense’ labour and- metaphysical accuracy
which appears in every page of Mr. Smith’s
work; but we lament that he should have
devoted two hundred and twenty-four pages
to an analysis of the grammar, and only one
hundred each to his chapter on literary cri-
ticism and practical logic, which are evi-
dently the best parts of his volume, and
ought to have been printed and sold sepa-
rately. - It is impossible to analyze a work
which is itself a complete analysis, nor to
give a specimen of the author’s manner,
when such uniform ability appears in every
part. Considered as a book in its totality,
we cannot but regret that such a mass of
information should be devoid of an index or
copious table of contents, without one or
both of which the volume loses half its use.

The great reputation of Bredow’s Histo-
rical Tables, has very. properly suggested to
Mr. Hunt the propriety of translating and
reprinting three of them—one of ancient
history, one of the middle ages, and one of
modern history; and they are sold either in
sheets or on rollers to hang in libraries, for
which latter purpose they will serve as com-
panions to Priestly’s Chart of History.

Mr. W. Eléy, of Rolleston, has arranged
a new English Spelling- Book, with much care
and learning, but unhappily the display of
learning in such a performance is a draw-
back from its utility, rather than an adyan-
tage. . The -taste which, however, has been
displayed in getting up the book, will serve
to increase the local reputation of Mr. Eley.

Some interesting remains of the genius
of the late Roznerr BLoomrie.yp, in verse
and prose, have appeared in 2 vols. edited
by Mr. J. Wrsron. As the work is printed
for the exclusive benefit of the author’s fa-
mily, and as-it contains several pieces of
merit. and some pleasing contributions -in
calogy of the departed poet, we hope and

. \

’ Literary and Critical Proémium.

171
trust it will meet with extensive success.

Unless Mr. Weston, intended to produce
something for stage effect, we are utterly at
a loss to conceive what phrase or sentiment
contained in our obituary for September
1823, can have drawn upon us the abuse in
which he has indulged; and if he had had
the candour or honesty to reprint our arti-
cle, we are persuaded that every reader of
his volumes would ascribe to him a disor-
dered imagination. We introduced an anec-
dote of Bloomfield, at once true and cha-
racteristic, in which the display of our want
of judgment in not discovering the incipient
merit of Mr. Bloomfield gratified no yanity
of our own, and in no degree detracted
from the merit of the poet. At any rate
we were not alone in our cold and mistaken
conception of the work. We know no-
thing of its being shewn to Mr. Bent, but
Bloomfield having submitted it to Mr.
Charles Dilly, that gentleman referred him
to the Monthly Magazine ; and speaking
from recollection of twenty-five or six years,
it was transmitted with other poctry for the
inspection ‘of the late Dr. Aikin, who
promply returned it as unsuited to the Ma-
gazine. Bloomfield called again, and heard
this decision, but pressed if again on the
publisher’s attention in 60 earnest a man-
ner that, at a subsequent interview with Dr.
Aikin, the MS. was re-discussed, and pe-
remptorily rejected. Bloomfield ‘called a
third time, and on this occasion Dr. R. Ws
Dickson, author of the System of Agricul-
ture, happened to be present, and before
Bloomfield entered the room, the MS. was
shewn to Dr. D., whose opinion concurring
with that of Dr. Aikin, Bloomfield was in-
formed of the result in Dr. D.’s presence.
There was an anxiety in his manner, and a
novelty in the unlettered aspect of his MS.
which led the publisher to treat him with
attention and delicacy; and after a pro-
longed conversation, m which the uncertain
rewards of poetry, and the difficulties of lite-
rary pursuits, without some pecuniary inde-
pendence, had been enlarged upon, the MS.
was handed to Bloomfield, with an obser-
vation, not sakeastey expressed, “ J ad-

vise you, Sir, to return into the country, and
stick to your last.” This observation, how-

ever proved sarcastic, inasmuch as Bloom-
field was really a shoemaker ; but in truth,

.the publisher and Dr. Dickson both agreed

after he was gone, that he was a carpenter.
Nothing but the extravagant language used
by dupes of false feeling, would induce us
now to state that on B.’s leaving the room,
Dr. Dickson with great warmth, and even
with tears in his eyes, exclaimed, ‘* I never
saw akinder action in my life; if that poor
devil takes your advice, you will be the means
of saving him from destruction.” | Nearly
the whole of what passed, was afterwards
repeated as a good joke at the expense of
the publisher, by Hood, Bloomfield’s: book-
seller, who taunted his neighbour for having
missed so good a thing as he deemed the

Z2 Larmer’s

r

172

Farmer’: Boy, and which was offered for the
value of half a dozen of each magazine, in
which the poem might be continued. This
was the commercial feeling of Hood, but as
commercial calculations have seldom ope-
rated on the publisher of the Monthly Ma-
gazine, no feeling was ever entertained by
him in regard to. Bloomfield, besides that of
gratification at his unexpected success.

The popularity of the school books pub-
lished under the name of the Rev. David
Blair, has led to an attempt which cannot
be too generally exposed. This author pub-
lished, many years ago, a First Catechism
for Children, now become obsolete for want
of a revision, but within the month an at-
tempt has been made to obtrude a Second
Catechism, as it is called, by the same au-
thor, a statement which we are warranted
in assuring the public is utterly untrue, the
author of the First Catechism not having
written this pretended Second Catechism,
and in that respect the work being altoge-
ther spurious. At the same time, this Se-
cond Catechism is a hotch-potch of dis-
jointed information, and without being hy-
percritical, we observe that in one place
flour is called “ a useful grain.”

The public are indebted to Mr. George
Wentworth, for a chaste and complete Col-
lection of Epigrams and Epigrammatic Poetry.
It is the largest assemblage of the kind
which has yet been published, and as the
author appears to have ayailed himself of the
effusions of past. and contemporary genius,
the volume deserves to be well received.

Amongst the novelties in preparation for
the approaching literary season, is an addi-
tional volume of Letters, by Anna Seward ;
developing the progress of an early attach-
ment, disclosing her more private opinions
on various subjects, and embracing nume-
rous_ anecdotes of her contemporaries ; to
which will be prefixed, an Essay on Miss
Seward’s Life and Literary Character. By Mr.
Harrau. The work will be further illus-
trated by Notes, a Portrait of Miss Seward,
a fac simile of her hand-writing, &c.

Early inthe ensuing winter will appear,
Amaldo, or the Evil Chalice, and other Poems ;
by the author of ‘“ Lyrical.Poems,”? “ The
Siege of Zaragoza,’ “ Childe Harold’s Pil-
grimage to the Dead Sea,” &c.

Mr. Fisbroke, Resident Surgeon at Chel-
tenham, is about to publish some observa-
tions on the treatment of Dedfness, on
improved principles, illustrated by one case
of twenty years, and others of long stand-
ing successfully treated.

In the press and speedily will be pub-
lished, Death-Bed Scenes, or the Christian’s
Companion on entering the Dark Valley;
by the author of the Evangelical Rambler.

Shortly will be published, in a neat pocket
volume, the History of Origins, forming a

collection of antiquities, important histori-.

cal facts, singular customs, political and
social institutions, and national peculiari-

List of New Publications for August.

[{Serr. :

ties, combining a copious fund of amusement
and instruction.

In afew days will be published “ Com-
mentaries on the Diseases of the Stomact:
and Bowels of Children: by Robley Dang-
lison, M. D., &e. &e,

In the press, “ Lasting Impressions,” a
Novel, by Mrs. Joanna Carey.

ee
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.

ARCHITECTURE.

Observations on the rebuilding of Lon-
don-Bridge; by John Seaward, esq., 8vo.
12s.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The Library Companion; or, the Young
Man’s Guide and Old Man’s Comfort in
the Choice ofa Library; by the Rev. T.F-.
Dibdin, 8vo. 27s.

Watts’ Bibliotheca Britannica, complete
in I] parts, £11 11s.

BIOGRAPHY.

Marshall’s Royal Naval Biography;
vol. 2, part I, 8vo., lds.

Memoirs of the Rev. Thomas Halybur-
ton, 12mo., 4s.

Self- Advancement, orExtraordinary Tran-
sitions from Obscurity to Greatness'; exem-
plified in the lives and history of Eminent
Men. ‘7s. 6d.

Memoirs of the Life and Writings of the
late Rey. Edward Williams, D.D., with an
appendix, including remarks on important
parts of Theological Science; by Joseph
Gilbert, 1 vol. 8vo.

, CHEMISTRY.

Chemical Recreations, a series of amus-
ing and instructive experiments, to which
are prefixed, First Lines of Chemistry, third
edition, 18mo. 3s.

CHRONOLOGY.

The New Chronology; or, Historian’s
Library Companion: by Thomas Tegg,
12mo. 6s.

CLASSICS.

Selections from Horace, with English

Notes, Part I. 4s. 6d.

DRAMA.

Married and Single, a Comedy; by J.
Poole, esq. 8yo. 3s.

The Synod of Fortune, a Tragedy, in
five acts. 8yo. 3s. 6d.

Der Freischiitz, or the Seventh Bullet.
A Series of twelve illustrations of this popu-
lar opera, drawn by an amateur, and etched
by George Cruickshank, with a travestie of
the drama,

EDUCATION.

A Dictionary of Latin Phrases ; compre-
hending a methodical Digest of various
Phrases from the best Authors, for the more
speedy Progress of Students in Latin Com-
position. By W. Robertson, A.M.

Harding’s (W.) Short-HandImproved. 3s.

The Second Number of “ a New Series
of Original. Sketches,” after the style of

Morland ;

1824.)

Morland; by Mr. Campion, intended as
easy and progressive Lessons in the Art of
Sketching Rustic Figures, Animals, Land-
scapes, &c.

Practical Orthography, or the Art of
teaching Spelling by Writing; by William
Bearcroft. 12mo. 3s. 6d. :

Elements of Italian Conversation ; by M.
Galeotti. 12mo. 3s. 6d.

Lineal Drawing, and Introduction to
Geometry; from the French of M. Fran-
ceur. 5s.

Key to Fraiter’s Walkinghame’s Tutor’s
Assistant.. 12mo. 3s. ,

An Improved System of Arithmetic for
the Use of Schools and Counting-houses ;
by Daniel Dowling: Part I. 4s.

Tables for Finding the Content of any
Piete of Land; by John Tovey. 18mo.
3s. 6d.

A Practical Grammar of French Rhe-
toric, containing the Laws of Pronunciation,
Prosody, and Accentuation, Punctuation,
&c. &c.; by Gabrielle Surenne. 8yo. 12s.

A Key tothe above. 12mo. 2s.

FINE ARTS.

Views in Greece; by W. H. Williams,

esq. 8vo. 12s. 4to. 21s.
HISTORY.

Original Letters illustrative of English
History; by Henry Ellis, esq. 3 vols.
36s.

Dodsley’s Annual Register for 1823. Svo.
16s.

HORTICULTURE.

The Florist’s Gazette. Part I., contain-
ing an Account of the different Auricula
and Tulip Meetings for 1824, 12mo. ls.

MEDICINE.

Letters of Advice to all Persons visiting
or settling in the East or West-Indies; by
James Boyle, 2s. 6d.

Shute’s Principles of Medical Science and
Practice, Part I. Physiology, 8vo. 18s.

MISCELLANEOUS.

The last Military Operations of General
Riego ; to which is added, A Narrative of
the Sufferings of the Author in Prison. By
George Matthews, first Aide-de-camp to
General Riego. 4s. 6d.

Letters on the Character and Poetical
Genius of Lord Byron; by Sir Egerton
Brydges, post 8vo. 10s. 6d.

ast and Actual State of Trade carried
on by Great Britain with all parts of the
World, from 1697 to 1822; by Cesar Mo-
reau, on a sheet, 10s. 6d.

The Art of French Cookery; by A.
Beauvilliers, 12mo. 7s. }

Essay on the Beneficial Direction of
Rural Expenditure; by Robert A. Slaney,
esq., 12mo. 6s. 6d.

The Book of Fallacies; by Jeremy Ben-
tham, esq., 8vo. 12s.

Friendly Conversations of a Pastor,
12mo. 5s.

Works of Vicesimus Knox, 7 vols. 8vo.,
£3. 13s. 6d.

Licensed Victuallers’ Companion, 18mo.

List of New Publications for August.

173

Village Doctor, or Family Vade-Mecum,
18mo. 3s. 6d.

Philomathic Journal and Literary Review ;
conducted by the members of the Philo-
mathic Institution, No. I, 5s.

Gradus ad Cantabrigiam, or New Uni-
versity Student, 8vo. plates. 8s. 6d.

Gillray’s Caricatures, part I, 4to., 10s. 6d.

NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.

Elements of Hydrostatics, with their
Application to the Solution of Problems.
Designed for the use of Students in the
University; by Miles Bland, B.D. 8vo.12s.

NOVELS AND ROMANCES.

The Human Heart. Post 8vo. 10s. 6d.

Memoirs, Anecdotes, Facts, and Opi-
nions, by L.M. Hawkins, 2 vols. post 8vo.
20s.

Grandeur and Meanness, ée Novel. 3 vols.
12mo. 2s. ;

Helena Egerton, or Traits of Female
Character. 2 vols. 12mo. 10s.

Hermit in Edinburgh. 3 vols. 12mo.
18s.

Oriental Wanderings, a Romance. ~ 3
vols. 18mo. I2s. F

Preference, a Novel. 2 vols. 12mo, 12s.

Redwood, a Novel. 3 vols. 12mo. 21s.

Theresa Marchmont, a Tale. 12mo.
8s. 6d.

Adam and Eve, a Margate Story. 8vo. 3s.

Maria Bartlett; or the Advantages of
Application; by M. A. Saunders. 12mo.
4s, 6d. ;
Ingenious Scruples; by A. C. Mant.
12mo. 5s.

Whittingham’s French Classics, vol. 5.
containing Télémaque, par Fénélon. 24mo,.

Whittingham’s Pocket Novelists, vols..
22 and 23, containing Edward. By Dr.
Moore. 6s. ;

Memoirs of the Rose, comprizing bo-
tanical, poetical, and miscellaneous Re-.
collections of that celebrated Flower: in.
a series of letters toalady. Royal 18mo.

PHILOLOGY.

A Philological Grammar of the English
Language ; by Thomas Martin, 12mo. 6s.

A Practical Guide to the Composition
and Application of the English Language ;
by Peter Smith, A.M., post 8vo. 10s. 6d.

POETRY.

Poems and Poetical Translations; by-
Samuel Gower. -

Letters in Rhyme, 18mo. 2s.

Remains of Robert Bloomfield, 2 vols..
fs.-cap 8vo. 12s.

Amy Robsart, Emma, and other poems,
12mo. 5s.

Poetical Works of the late Amos Love,
esq., 5s.

Imitations from: the Gaelic, and Original
Songs adapted to Gaelic airs; by Mac-
pherson, 12mo. 68.

Posthumous Works of the late Percy
Byshe Shelley, esq., 8vo. 15s.

POLITICS AND POLITICAL ECONOMY.

Conswlerations on the Necessity of Ap-

pointing

174

pointing a Board of Commissioners for the
Protection and Encouragement of Friend!y
Societies; by an Actuary. 8vo. Is.

An. Essay on Slavery, with Observations

on Jamaica, 8yo. Is. 6de

A Brief Disclosure to the People of
England, of the Liberality of the Irish Ro-
man Catholics, 8vo. Is. 6d.

Journal of the Principal Occurrences
during the Siege of Quebec; by W. T. P.
Short, 8vo. 3s.

_ An Inquiry into the Principles of the
Distribution of Wealth ; by William Thomp-
son, 8vo. 14s.

Outline of the System of Education, at
New Lanark; by Robert Dale Owen,
8yo. 2s.

THEOLOGY.

Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified

Sinner. 12mo. 10s. 6d.
_ A Sermon on the Death of Lord Byron;
by a Layman. _ Is.
Watson’s (R.) Missionary Sermon. Is.
‘TOPOGRAPHY.
» Williams’s New. Guide to Cheltenham.
12mo. 3s.

The Tourist and Traveller's Guide to the
Roads, ‘on an entirely new plan; by Sas Se
Carrington Gray. 7s.

British Legislation.

[Sepr. 1,

The Highlands and Western Isles of
Scotland, containing descriptions of their
Scenery and Antiquities, with an Account
of the Political History and Ancient Man-
ners, and of the Origin, Language, Agricul-
ture, Economy, Music, Present Condition
of the People, &c. ; by John Macculloch, M.v.
4 vols. 8yo, SI. 3s.

TYPOGRAPHY.

Johnson’s Typographia; or the Printer’s
Instructor.. 2 vols. 32mo. 30s.. 12mo. Sls.
Svo. 41. 4s, Fs ;

VOYAGES AND TRAVELS,

A Voyage to Cochin. China;.by John
White. Syvo. 10s. 6d.

Letters written from Columbia during a
Journey from Caracas to Begota, and thence
to Santa Martha, in 1823. 8vo. 8s.
..Five Years’ Residence. in the. Canadas ;
including a Tour through part of the United
States of America, in 1823; by E.. A.
Talbot, esq. 2 vols. Svo. 21s.

. Tour in Germany-and some of the South-
ern Provinces of the Austrian- Empire, in
1820-1-2-3. . 2 vol. 16s. ‘

Journal of a Residence in Ashantee, with
an Account. of the Origin and Causes of the
present War; by Joseph Dupuis, esq.
4to. 2s. 2s. ‘

BRITISH LEGISLATION.

ACTS PASSED, in the ¥JFFH YEAR of the REIGN of GEORGE THE FouRTH, or in the
FIFTH SESSION of the SEVENTH, PARLIAMENT of the UNITED KINGDOM.
: ee

Oe XXX. To prevent the Stealing
of Records, Deeds, and Papers in
Ireland

Any person or persons who shall, in Tre-
land, steal, take, or secretly or forcibly carry
away any record, deed, security, or instru-
ment, or any paper, parchment, or piece of
vellum, or any part thereof, written or print-
ed, or partly written and partly printed, in
anywise relating to or concerning the pro-
ceedings in his Majesty’ s courts of justice
in Ireland, or concerning. the business of
any person holding any ‘office or employ-
ment under his. majesty, and remaining or
deposited for safe custody in any of the of-
fices appertaining to the said courts of jus-
tree, or in his majesty’s s castle of Dublin, or
in any of his majesty’s custom-liouses, post-
offices, or other public offices in Ireland,
shall be guilty of felony, and upon conyic-
tion thereof, upon indictment by due course
of law, shall and may be transported for the
term of seven years, in the manner pre-
scribed by law for the transportation of of-
fenders ; or shall and may be sentenced to
imprisonment with hard labour, and shall
and may be imprisoned for any time, not ex-
ceeding two years, as the’court before whonr
such offender shall be tried shall think fit ;
and. every such offender who shall be order ed
to be imprisoned or transported, shalf be
subject and liable to all laws concerning of-

fenders tiidered to be moni i 9 or im-
prisoned.

Cap, XXXI. Rates of Subsistence to
be paid to Innkeepers and others on quar=
tering Soldiers.

Every non-commissioned officer and pri-
vate soldier, ‘ho shall be furnished with
diet and ‘small beer by the innholders or
other persons on whom such non-commis-
sioned officers er private soldiers shall be
be quartered and billeted, shall pay and -
allow for the same the sum of one shilling
per diem ; and that for such allowance of
one shilling the innholder or other person
shall furnish one meal.

' For horses quartered ten-pence per day
is to be paid for hay and straw. ;

Cap. XXXII. To amend an Act passed
in, the last Session of Parliament, inli-
_tuled, “ An Act for amending the Laws
respecting the’ solémnization of Mar-
riages in England.”

If the church of any parish, or chapel of,
any chapelry wherein marriages have -been
usually solemnized, be demolished in order,
to be rebuilt; or .be under repair, and on
such account be disused for public. service,
it shall- be lawful for the banns to-be pro-
claimed in a church or chapel of any ad-.
joining parish or chapelry in which -banns
are usually proclaimed, or in any place

within

'

1824.)
within the limits of the parish or chapelry
which shall be li¢ensed by the bishop of the
diocese for the performance of divine ser-
viee during the repair or rebuilding of the
church as aforesaid, but .it is not provided
that marriages may be solemnized in such
places so licensed : AQ Oe

All licences granted by any archbishop,
bishop, or other ordinary or person having
authority to grant such licences for the so-
lemnization of marriages in the church of any
parish, or chapel of any chapelry wherein
marriages have been .usually solemnized,
shall be deemed and taken to be licences
for the solemnization of ‘marriages in any
place within the limits of such parish - or
chapelry, which shall be. licensed .by the
bishop of the diocese forthe performance of
divine *service during the repair or rebuild-
ing of any such church or chapel, or, if no
such place shall be so licensed, then in the
church or chapel of any. adjoining parish
or chapelry wherein marriages have been
usually solemnized.

All banns of mafriage;proclaimed, and all
marriages solemnized according to the pro-
visions of this act, in any place licensed as
aforesaid, within the limits-of any parish or
chapelry, during the repair or rebuilding of
the church or chapel of such parish or cha-
pelry, shall be considered as proclaimed and
solemnized in the church or chapel of. such
parish or chapelry, and shall be so regis-
tered accordingly.

Cap. XXXVII. The Alien Act.

By this act, the 56 Geo. III. c. 86, inti-
tuled, “ An Act for establishing Regulations
respecting Aliens arriving in and resident in
this Kingdom, in certain cases, for two years
from the passing of this Act, and until the
end of the Session of Parliament, in which
the said two years shall expire, if Parliament
shall be then sitting,” (which by the 58 Geo.
IIL. c. 96, was further continued for the
term of two years; and by the 1 Geo. IV. ec.
105, was further continued for the further
term of two years; 3 Geo. IV. ce: 97, was
continued for the further term of two years),
is further continued in force, from the expi-
ration thereof, for the term of two years.

Cap. XLIV. For allowing persons. to
compound for their Assessed Taxes for
the remainder of the periods of Compo-

_ silion limited by former Jets, and for
granting relief in certain cases.

Whereas by an act passed in the last ses-
sion of Parliament, (4 Geo. 1V. ec. 45), the
persons therein described, who had not en-
tered into composition within the times
limited by former acts were authorized, by
giving notice on or before the Ist Septem-
ber 1623, to compound on their respective
assessments for the year commencing 5th
April 1823, for the then remainder of the
periods in the said acts named: and
‘Whereas it is expedient further to extend the
provisions of the said acts, for enabling per-

British Legislation.

175

sons now to enter into composition for the
remainder of the said periods which were
unexpired on the Sth April 1824, in. the
manner herein provided ; it is, therefore,
enacted, that any person or persons who
shall be duly assessed to the said rates and
duties for the year commencing the 5th
April 1824, and who shall give thé notice of
their intention to compound within the time
and inthe manner hereinafter provided, may
compound for the rates and duties. assessed
on their dwelling-house for the term of four
years, and for their other assessed taxes al-
lowed. to. be compounded for for the term of
three years respectively, to commence from
the 5th April 1824, together with an addi-
tional annual duty of one shilling for every
twenty shillings of the’ respective amounts
so assessed, and so after that rate for any
greater or lesser sum than twenty shillings.

Cap.'XLVII. To alter the laws re-
lating to the Duties on the Importation,
and the Prohibitions. on the Exportation
of Wool, and of Hare and Coney Skins.

That, from and after the 10th September
1824, the several duties of customs now
payable on the importation into any part of
the United Kingdom of sheep or lambs
wool, and of goats or camels hair or wool,
and of hare and coney wool, and of hare
skins, shall cease and determine ; save and
except so far as shall relate to the reeover-
ing of any arrears thereof, or any fine, pe-
nalty, or forfeiture relating thereto, which
may remain unpaid, or which shall have
been incurred at any time before. the said
10th September 1824; and that, from and
after the said 10th September 1824,- there
shall be raised, levied, collected, and paid
unto his majesty, his heirs and successors,
upon the several sorts of waol or hair and
skins specified in the Tuble to this act an-
nexed, imported into any part of the United
Kingdom, the several duties of customs as
the same are respectively set forth in figures
in the said table. > ;

Cap. L. Assize of Bread.

Whereas by reason of the great decrease
that has taken place. in the prices of the

‘several articles in the making and baking of

bread since the passing of the said act of
the 53 Geo. III. it is necessary and expe-
dient that the makers and bakers of bread
for sale should receive a less allowance for
their charges, labour, pains, and profit, than
is granted by the said act; it is enacted,
That from and after the Ist July, 1824, the
allowance to the baker, when the assize
shall be set from the average price of wheat,
shall be thirteen shillings and ten-pence far-
thing per quarter, and when the assize shall

be set from the average price of flour, such

allowance shall be eleven shillings and eight-
pence per sack of flour, being in each case
a decrease of one half an assize, or of one
farthing in the quartern loaf, of the’ allow-
‘ance given to the baker by the act of the

53 Geo. III.
METEORO.

Che 2
METEOROLOGICAL REPORT.

Journal of the Weather and Natural History, kept at Hartfield, East Grinstead,
by Dr. T. Forster, for July 1824.

Barometer,

Thermometer.

Days.

State of the Weather.

60 29.70 W.S.W. Fair.

65 29.54 Ss. W. Some rain,

65 29.55 S.W. Showers.—Fair.
65 29.70 N.W. Showers.

638 29.88 S.W. Fair.

65 29.76 S.E.—S. Some rain.

63 29.78 S.W.—W. Some rain.

69 29.91 S.W. Fair.

70 29.80 S.W. Fog.—Fair —Showers.
70 29.86 W.N.W. Fair.

70 29.95 8.5. W. Fair,

73 ; 29.99 S.W. Fair.

80 29.99 W.S.W. Fair.

80 29 85 S.E.—S. Storms.

73 29.99 W.—Var. Small rain.—Fair.
72 29.99 S.W. Showers.

72 30.10 N. Fair.

67 30.17 N.N.E. Showers and fair.
70 30.95 S. Fair.

69 30.30 N. Fair.

73 30.16 Variable. Fair.

68 Variable. Fair.

70 29.95 Ww. Clouds.

il 29.79 W. Fair.

70 29.80 Ww. Calm and fair.
65 29.75 Variable. Rain.

64 30.00 N. Clouds.

67 30.17 S.W. Fair.

65 29,79 S.E.—N.W.}| Fair,

65 29.60 Variable. Rainy.

68 29.70 S.E. Misty.—Clouds,

*,% The thermometer is taken, at 2 v.M., unless otherwise stated.

OBSERVATIONS.

July 1.—Barometer falling fast-——Grass
cut.

— 3.—Gales by night, as I ascertained
by two cherry¢lacks on the fruit trees.

— 4.— Weather still variable ; weather-
cock very unsteady and oscillating.

— 8.—Flotilla of sonder clouds.

— 9.—The braying of asses all the morn-
ing foretold the return of showers, J have
noticed this to be a very certain prognostic of
rain; as is the constant crowing of cocks,
lowing of cattle, &c. &e.

July 14,—Violent thunder-storms during
the whole evening and part of the night.

— 21.—A very unusual illumination of
the clouds in the north which passed over
from the east, at a quarter past ten P.M.

— 25.—Delicate light blue sky in the
evening, with various modificaticns of
clouds.

— 26.—A copious rain.

’ —.31.—Wind variable, as I ascertained
by the motion of two kites flying very high
in the air.

MEDICAL ‘REPORT.

Rerort of Diszases and Casuattiss occurring in the public or private Practice of
the Physician who has the care of the Western District of the City Dispensary.

HOSE affections of the throat and
feces to which allusion was made in
the preceding paper, have continued with
us through the present month, and, in some
instances, have proved troublesomely pro-
tracted, connected with a state of system

between positive fever and “absolute health.
In one or two cases where, connected with
this sort of semi-apthous condition of parts,
meperee debility has been so marked as to
emand tonics, while the irritability of the
stomach, has been such as to forbid that
voluminous

1824.]

voluminous use of medicine which “ throw-
ing in the bark” implies, recourse has been
had, in the reporter’s practice, to the sul-
phate of quinine; but he is sorry to say
that his trials of this concentrated tonic do
not warrant the high encomiums passed
upon it, even by some individuals who have
administered it without any @ priori deter-
minations to view its effects through a mag-
nifying medium. ‘The writer’s feeling re-
specting it is, that under some circumstances,
of high debility, connected with a low state
6f stomachic power, it may be employed’
with decisive advantage: but that so far
from being of universal application, it will
not agree in some instances, even where the?
propriety of exhibiting vegetable tonics is
plainly indicated. oy

Tendencies to hydrocephalus among
children, during the period and process of
teething, are at this moment general. It is
searcely necessary to say that these ten-
dencies require to be narrowly watched and
nicely dealt with, lest they fall into the.
full development of this most frightful and
fatal of all diseases.

Discharges of blood from the lungs have
lately been prevalent, and have in some in-
stances excited more alarm on the part of
the patient and his friends than has been
due to the occasion. When the consump-
tive disposition is not strongly marked, when
the hemorrhage soon subsides, without
being followed by hurried pulse or hurried
respiration, and when the individual finds
himself rather relieved than made worse in
his feelings by the occurrence, the accident
ought not to be considered, as it is too apt
to be, a necessary indication of and prelude

Agricultural Report.

77
to a break-up of constitution, and a coming
on of consumption. ’

« Some cases of disturbance in the stomach
and bowels, not quite reaching to the height
of cholera, have been clearly traced to taking
meals with careless and gowrmand rapidity.
At this season of the year, when the sto-
mach is morbidly alive to excitation, and
the biliary secretion has more than usual
susceptibility to deranged -action, burried
meals, with copious draughts, ought espe-
cially to be abstained from. It is a curious
fact, that while every one almost is aware
that thorough mastication is important, very
few, indeed, act up to the knowledge which
in this particular even feeling imparts. But
let it be recollected by the more than com-
monly careless in this respect, that the in-
convenience which the stomach suffers, from
being obliged to perform the office of masti-
cation as well as digestion, does not end
with the moment. Many more-die of mere
indigestion than is generally imagined; and,
where chronic disorganization is the result
of- even temperate intemperance, you may
repent and call for aid as you will, but it
will be found that the time for repentance
and for succour is gone by. Large draughts
at dinner, under the notion of the solvent
property of drink, will do more harm than
good. The writer-does not subscribe to
the position that “man is not a drinking
animal (a position, by the way, which has
been advocated with much ingenuity and
eloquence), but he thinks, nay, he knows,
that a well-masticated meal requires but
little of fluid to aid its’ solution, and that
much drink of any kind rather tends to dis-
tension than digestion.’ D. Uwins, M.D.

Bedford Row, Aug. 20, 1824.

MONTHLY AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

E trust there has been some truth

of late, as well as in former days, of
its raining “by planets ;” because, if so, there
may have been fine harvest, weather in some
parts of the country, whilst in others which
we have seen, the corn in sheaves has been
much exposed to rain, and harvesting has
beett troublesome and expensive, the corn
getting wetted, then dryed, and wetted
again, before it could be carried. The in-
jury however, if general, has not been cf
material bad consequence. Little wheat
was cut before the 20th instant, but from
that day harvest has become general, both
in South and North Britain; and it seems
a peculiar feature of the present season,
that in Scotland it is equally early as in the
south ; also that there was drought in Scot-
Jand, whilst we were deluged here. The
prospect is here of having as fine harvest days
as ever shone ; considerable solar heat, with
a drying north, or north-east wind. There
is much danger, however, to the heated field
labourer, in such variable temperature. Our
aged weatherwise persons, male and female,

Monvnty Mac. No. 400.

augur a continuance of fine weather, whiclt
will make a vast and favourable difference
in the values of the crops. Wheat, barley,
beans and peas, are universally held to be
good crops ; potatoes great and of fine qua-
lity ; turnips of high promise ; oats of infe-
rior character, as to*bulk, both of ‘straw and
grain. Hay and grasses, as great in bulk
as has been knowr by the oldest husband-
men; and the damaged hay, of which the
quantity is considerable, has been submit-
ted to the preserving process with salt, to
a greater extent than ever before witnessed:
here the late act has been eminently benefi-
cial. The farmers generally seem to have
been in no improvident haste to cut their
cor, and there is good hope the season will
be ultimately propitious. In the mean-
time, the public ought to receiye with cau-
tion, those high-flown accounts: daily pub-
lished’ of the vastness of the present crop
of wheat—*“ the greatest which has been
seeni upon the land during the last fifty
years!’ Such are’ customary, and have
been regularly repeated, in ‘almost every

ees year

178

year within that period. From the variable
nature of the season, atmospheric blight has
been universal, but happily, in most parts,
superficial, not penetrating the kernel: the
straw over has been seldom discoloured.
As to the quantity of old wheat on hand,
there is a wide diversity of opinion: one
party asserting the quantity to be imcon-
siderable, whilst another is equally confident
that there is at this time more old wheat
reserved, than has been the ease, or could
possibly be so, for many years. Not so
with barley, of which little remains on hand.

The stock of old wheat on the Continent, is
beyond all doubt unprecedented, and the
crops to the full as weighty as in this coun-
try. In the chilly districts of the north-
west, wheat sowing has already commenced.

The present fine weather will help the wet
adhesive fallows ; but we cannot speak very
highly of clean titles, which in truth are too
seldom seen. Their consequence, it should
seem, has never been hitherto duly appre-
ciated in this country. The prices of all
live stock, sheep most particularly, ought to

Commercial Report.

(Sept. 1,

afford great satisfaction to the farmer, A store
pig of three months old is here worth a
sovereign. Bread corn, also, is full as high
in price as the public can afford. The
dairies have been very productive, Wool
in demand. This is no fruit. season, whe-
ther as to quantity or quality. Quere—
does variable temperature, and defect of the
solar heat, affect in equal degree also the
quality of wheat and the flour produced
from it? It is atheme for the chemist.
The late hoax—average of the price of
oats—may perchance open people’s eyes,
though forty year’s experience had failed.

Smithfield :—Beef, 3s. Od. to 4s, 4d.—
Mutton, 3s. Od. to 4s. 6d.—Lamb, 3s. 6d.
to 5s. 4d.—Veal, 3s. 4d. to 5s. 2d.— Pork,
3s. Od. to 5s. 4d.—Bacon,—raw fat, 2s. Id.

Corn Exchange :—Wheat, 40s. to '78s.—
Barley, 30s. to 40s.—Oats, 19s. to 30s.—
Bread, 103 the loaf of 41b.—Hay, 57s. 6d.
to 115s.—Clover do. 80s. to 1350s. —Straw
45s. to 56s.

Coals in the Pool, 29s. 6d: to 39s. 3d
Middleser, 23d August.

MONTHLY COMMERCIAL REPORT.

PRICES or MERCHANDIZE. July 20. dug. 24,
Cocoa, W.I.common..£ 310 0 to 4 0 0,/£3 5 0 to'4 5 Oper cwt.
Coffee, Jamaica, ordinary 212 0 — 214 0 214 0— 218 0O do.
» fine. . A, 6°00) —" 5: LO 412 0— 5 2.0 do.
POMOC AL Sita te oo 2 Baie opel Ditka = plats aE NL SO Oat eee do
Cotton, W.I.common., 0 0 83 — 0 0 93] 0 0 83— 0 O YF per Ib
» Demerara... ... - 0 010i— 0 1 O03 Ge LO ae ee ke do.
Wultants oF catatnds bsg DAL ey eee 414 0— 5 0 O per ewt.
Pigs; Turkey occas cceer 0 lO) 0. == 2 16 0 310 0— 312 0 p’chest.
BIAS) Moa ma tetenisieben «6 Rte Os 20) a 52 0 0 — 54 0 Oper ton,
Hemp, Riga, Rhine.... 38 0 0 —40 0 0 | 41 0 0 —42 0 0 do.
Hops, newest, Pockets... 7 7 0 — 8 8 6 | 1010 0 —12 0 0 perewt.
————--, Sussex, do,,.. 6 6 0 — 7 7 O (ele Oe: Mak Oe do.
Tron, British, Bars...... 9 00 — 910 0 9 0 0 — 910 O per ton.
WEITBiee eet 0 Ot Oe LOL |G 600— 7 0 0 do.
LOvT RE: OFF. PR ey < ot a | ee am CN 8312 0— 815 0 2Q5galls.
—, Gallipoli.......... 46 0 0 —47 0 0 | 46 0 0 —47 0 0 perton, |
Fae ge ine be as Tg Ges 0) OT Te. 0 eee cee.
Raisins, bloom or jar n new Belo NOL es LeU 0,00— 00 0 do,
Rice, Pate. 9)! 3 ecessss. see elo Uae Ge. 015 0 — 016 0 do.
»Garolina,..¢..sse¢ 2 10, 0.—. 3 12 0. 110 0 — 112 0 do.
Silk, China, raw........ 013 9 — 1 0 8 013 9— 1 0 8 perlb

, Bengal, skein...., O11 5 — 0 12 10 011 5 — O12 10 da.
Spices, Cinnamon ...... 0.7 2) <n Or 7.6 068— 0 7 6 do.

Rl LOVES 0 ohooh (dielane lek YE i Ma BY aes) 026—- 0 3:0 do.
——-, Nutmegs ....... 02 8 — 0 2 9 027— 02 9 do,
——-, Pepper, black.... 0 0 53 — 0 0 523] 0 0 53— 0 9 52 do.

cmblicgs aU, a ee ree, Oa 2k eee eae.
Spirits, Brandy, Cogniac.. 0 2 5 — 9 2 9 0.2 6 — 0, 2 9 per gall.

, Geneya Hollands 0 1 9 — 0 0 0 019— 00 0 do.

-, Rum, Jamaica;;..0..2 3. — 0 2 6 0923 — 0 2 6 do.
Sugar, brown... pete Ue Qe ml 2 oe WO 213 0 — 214 O perewt.

“y Taraaica! fine SE TE SRN ae i MEN yea |) 386.0 Se do.
——., East-India, brown 018 0 — 1 0 O 018 0 — 1 0 0 do.bond

ep LADD lees ey OL me OAD 4-2 ON a eon Op do.
Tallow, town-melted.. 117 0 — 00 0 Lg 0 Or Ooo do.

, Russia, yellow. . 1143 — 114 6 115 9— 116 0 do.
em Bohea). tose 2 8k 0 SEL 0 9. SRO) GO Nan see ie
—--, Hyson, best ...... 0 5 0 — 0 5 6);/0 5 0 —'0 5 6 do.
Wine, Madeira, old .... 20 0 0 —100 0 6 | 20 0 O —100 0 0 per pipe.

, Port, old .........42 0 0 —46 0 0/42 0,0 —46 0 0 do, —

—; Sherry Peis sates 20 OO am 55 0 O20) 0) Ot Son OO mnebrente

i
|
{
|

1824.] Bankrupts and Dividends. 179

Course of Exchange, Aug. 24.—Amsterdam, 12 4.—Hamburgh, 37 4.—Paris, 25 55.
—Leghorn, 474—Lisbon, 514—Dublin 9} per cent. i

Premiums on Shares and Canals, and Joint Stock Companies, at the Office of Woure and
Epmonps.—Barnesley Cana, 300/.— Birmingham, 370/.— Derby, 160/.—Erewash, 10007.
Forth and Clyde, 500/.—Grand Junction, 3501.—Leeds and Liverpool, 610/.— Mersey
and Irwell, 1200/.—Neath, 400/.-— Nottingham, 240/.—Oxford, 900/.—Stafford and Wor-
cester, 850.—Trent and Mersey, 2380/.— Albion: Insurance Comrany, 58. 10s.—Hope,
6l.—Sun Fire, 220/.—Guardian, 227. 10s.—Gas Licur Chartered Company, 77/.—City
Gas Light Company, 170.—South London, 182. 10s.—Leeds, 210/.— Liverpool, 200/.

The 3 per Cent. Reduced, on the 24th, were 945; 3 per Cent. Consols, 933; 4 per

.

Cent. Consols, 101; New 3} per Cent. 101; Bank Stock, 2363.
Gold in bars, $l. 17s. Gd. per 0z— New doubloons, 3. 15s.—Silver in bars, 5s. Od3.
——
ALPHABETICAL List OF BANKRUPTCIES, announced between the 20th of July and the

20th of August 1824; extracted from the London Gazettes.

BANKRUPTCIES. [This Month 56.]
Solicitors’ Names are in Parentheses.
ANPEEN: G. Manchester, merchant. (Wills

and Co. L. .
Barker, T. Medbourn, Leicestershire, corn-factor.
(Bond, Leicester. '
Batger, W. Henley-on-Thames, grocer. (Maxon, Ls
Battey, W.and E. Stafford, boot-makers, (Ches-

ter, L.
Bennet, R. Woodford, Essex, blacksmith. (Score,

Blackburn, T. Seacombe, Cheshire, tea gardens-
keeper. (Adlington and Co ,bL. i
Braddock, J. W. Portsmouth, musical instrument
seller. (Young. L, 4
Brett, R. Temple-place, Blackfriars’-road, tailor.
(Burra and Co.
Brookes, R. Oldham,
(Chester, L.
Brown, G. Regent-street, upholsterer. (Fynmore
and Co. ‘
Brettargh, J. Manchester, merchant. (Adlington
and Co. L,
Chandler, J. Sandwich,
. and Co.L.
Chorley, T. Bristol,

Lancashire, shop-keeper.

corn-factor, (Lodington

cordwainer. (Adlington and
6. Le

Cohen, S. Holywell-street, Shoreditch, linen-dra-
per. (Phipps. ;

Cragg, J. Salmsbury,
(Wheeler, L.

Devey, W. Holland-street, Blackfriars’-road, coal-
merchant. (Swaine and Co.

Dewe, B. T. Lechlade, Gloucestershire, mercer

. anddraper. (Meggison and Co. L. (Withy.

Dubois, C. King-street, Covent Garden, auctioneer.

Errington, G.and C. D. Nicholls, Croydon, dealers,
(Robinson, L.

Evans, H. Lower East Smithfield, oil-merchant.
(Taylor, 1.

faweeit, R. and J. Atkinson, Albion-place, Bartho-
lomew Close, colour-men. (Bean.

Grunshaw. G. Blackburn, grocer. (Blakelock, L.

Lancashire, cotton-spinnerm

Hair, J.Scotswood, Northumberland, coal-tar ma-

nufacturer. (Bainbridge, Newcasile.

Haskew, J. Cock-hill, Stepney, tobacco-manufac-
turer. (Younger, L.

Hilton, W. Brixton-hill, stage-coach master, (Gates
and Co. L. [and Co. L.

Harding, K. Bristol, timber-merchant. (Bourdillon

Hunt, G. Leicester-square, linen-draper. (Burra
and Co,

Johnson, J. and J, Davies, Ferry-wharf, Vauxhall,
coal-merchants. (Stevens and Co,

Kentish, N. L. St. Michael, near Winchester, dealer

* andchapman. Brimridge. L.

Kershaw, A. Ramsbottom, Lancashire,
dealer. (Taylor and Co. L.

Lawton, J.Rob. Cross, Saddleworth,
woolstapler. (lis and Co. L.

MacGeorge, W. Lower Fore-street,
brewer. (Sloper, L.

Marshall, J. Black-Horse-yard, Gray’s-Inn-Lane,
box-maker. (Brace and Co. ‘

Martin, J. Beccles, farmer. (Smith and Co, L.

Matthews, B. Chamber-street, Goodman’s-fields,
liquor-merchant. (Evitt and Co. L.

Mogford, H. Craven-street, Strand, tailor. (Ri-
chardson, L.

Moore, .N. Wigan, hop and seed-dealer. (Bour-

_ dillon and Co.

Morgan, W. Lianally, butcher. (Bright, L.

Mank, W. Warwick-place, White-Cross-street,
dealer inspruce. (Jones and Co.

Nichols, F. Otley, Yorkshire, corn-merchant. (Slade
and Co. L.

Noyce, F. T. Richmond, shoe-maker. (Score, L.

Phelps, G. R. Martin’s-lane, Cannon-strect, yel-
lum-binder, (Osbaldeston and Co.

Pickthall, W. Brougliton-in-the-Furness, Lanca-
shire, cabinetemaker. (Armstrong, L.

sires R. Mountserrell, victualler. (Holme and
To. Le

Powell, L. Dover, miller. (Abbottand Co. L.

Powell, T. Forest-wharf, Earl-street, Blackfriars,
corn-factor. (Abbott and Co. L. ‘

Price, W. late of Fetter-lane, optician. (Sherwood

timber-
Yorkshire,

Lambeth,

and Co.
Pulley, H. Bedford, draper, (Trawhitt, L.
Ranson. J. Sunderland, currier. (Belland Co. L.
Rees, J. Carmarthen, draper. (Pearson, L.
Smith, M. Cockermouth, mercer. (Steel and Co. L,
Taylor, T. Shad Thames, flour-factor. (Isaacs, Le
Trim, A. Davenham, Cheshire, currier, (Mason
and Co.
Tute, BK. N. Wakefield, bookseller. (Hurd and
Co. L.
Wake, W. J. and T. M, Sonthwick, Durham,
ship-builders. (Blakiston, T.
Wightwick, J. W. Greenhammerton, Yorkshire,
vintner. (Norton and Co. L.

Appleton, J. Tottenham Court-
road

Arrowsmith, W.
Trent, Staffordshire

Atherton, J. Lancaster

Atkinson, G. Monkwearmouth

Banbory, C. 4. Wood - strect,
Cheapside

Bell, W.and J. Harris, Bridge-
street, Westminster

Tiowman, P. ht. Arundel

Brown, A. Plymouth

Brown, W. Sutton-at-Hone, Kent

Hrown and Walter, Bristol

Chalmers, J. sen., High Holborn

Collier, J. Rathbone-place

Compart, J,G, Spread-Eagle-court

Compland and Sons, Leeds

Coming and Catesby, Bedford-
court, Covent-parden

Crabb, W. ‘Vollisford, Somerset-
shire

Pamvier, E. Primrose.street, Bi-
shopegate Without

Dowman ani Ofiley, Broad-strect,

theapside

Stoke - upon -

DIVIDENDS.
Duke, M. York
Flindt, G. London Wall
Ford, W. Black-Prince-row

* Guidice, A. Merther Tydvil

Hammond, W, Wickhambrook,
Suffolk
Handscombe, J. H. Newport Pag-
» nell

Hannum, E. Threadneedle-street

Hewitt. T. Whitchurch

Hornby, J. Liverpool

Howard and Gibbs, Cork-street

Kerbey, O, M. Finch lane

Langley and Balsh, Southwark

Lee, J, Charles-street. Horsly-
down

Merret, J. Arlingham

Merry, J. Great Yarmouth

Metcalfe, M.and M.R. Hull

Mitchell, W. Wanstead, Essex

Moon, F. Mirfield, Yorkshire

Moon, J. Acre’s Barn, near Man-
chester

Nattriss, J. sen, Thornton, York~-
shire

Neilson, W, Liverpool

Newell T- Amberley

Parsons, R. Swansea

Perrell, J. King-street

Pigram, J. and IT. R. Maidstone.

Reed and Middlemas, Newcastle-
upon-Tyne

Sanderson and Co., Nicholas-lane

Sparks, W. and J. Frome, Sel-
wood, Somersetshire.

Springweller, A. Duke-street, West
Smithfield

Stephens, R. Goswell-street

Thompson, J. Wolverhampton

Ugarte, D. D. Wilson-street

ard, TI, Coventry

Weedon, G. Bath

West, H. Worthing

Whitehead, R. Norwich

Williams, W. Meinkie, Carmar-
thenshire

Wilson, R, Birmingham

Wilson, W. Liverpool

Wolff and Dorville, New Bridfe-
street

Wharton, G. A. Maidenhead

Wood, J, Cardiff,

“C180 7

(Seer. 1,

POLITICAL AFFAIRS IN AUGUST.

GREAT BRITAIN.
YHE Government, to sustain the late
wars, having availed itself of all the
resources of the people, is at this time
allowing them to recover their exhaust-
ed strength, in the hope of rendering
it available whenever any real, imaginary,
or plausible cause exists for waging new
wars. Hence the pacific and temporiz-
ing character of our diplomacy, and
hence the improving condition of the
nation. Nor ought the moral lesson to
be lost sight of—for it: would appear
from the premises, that the greatest ene-
mies of a nation are those who plunge
it into war's ; and the greatest friends,

those who in contempt of thefalse glory’

of war, maintain with other countries
the beneficial relations of peace.

A fleet having been fitted out against
Algiers, under the command of Ad-
miral Sir Harry Neale, hostilities were

commenced in so spirited a manner,

that the Algerine Government opened
‘a negociation and conceded the points
of the last treaty, about which it had
equivocated.

Foreign Office, Aug. 17, 1824.

The Right Hopourable George Canning,
one of his Majesty’s Principal Secretaries
_of State, has this day notified, by the com-
mand of. His Majesty, to the Ministers of
Foreign Powers resident at this Court, that,
in. consequence of the satisfactory issue of
the aegociation between the Commander of
His' Majesty’s Naval Forces off Algiers, and
the Government of that Regency, the block-

ade of that port has been discontinued.

By the Report of a Committee of the
Touse of Commons, it appears that the
total sums levied in the year 1822-3, in-
cluding county rates, and other charges
not appertaining to the poor, exhibit a
declension, as compared with 1821-2,
of £863,2 O87 ; and, as compared with
1817-18, the year of highest amount,

‘ie declension of £2,429 287. As one
cause of the reduction, it is named
that in 1822-3, the average price of
;wheat was 41s. 11d. per qr.; in 1821-2
it was 53s. Sussex still appears as the
county in which the expenditure on the
poor bears the highest proportion to the
number of the people; and Lancaster
appears at the other extremity of the
scale. The Committee make the fol-
lowing abstract from the returns, which
specify the particular species of property
on which the poor-rates were levied :
Lands occupied for Agricultural
purpose...... “ + £4,602,252
Dwelling-houses ‘and. all other re
inhabited buildings . aepave) Lp pOgsoaD

Mills, and factories, warehouses,

and tand occupied for trade., £247,389
Manorial profits, fines, quarries,

&e., and including all other

articles locally accessible, not

comprized in the above heads 90,908

’ PRANCE.

The Session of the French Chambers
is closed. The most important event
by which it has been distinguished, is
the substitution of Septennial Elections
for the system of renewal by fifths.
The failure of the attempt to relinquish
the Five per cents. has produced none
of the consequences which were at first
expected to result from it. The Moni-
teur contains, in its official part, the pro-
clamation of the law fixing the budget
for 1825. The expenses of the conso-
lidated debt and the sinking fund are
fixed at 237,685,785 francs ; the general
expenses of the service, at 691,847,395
francs ;. the proceeds of the taxes, at
899,510,885 francs.—There is also an
Ordinance, which decrees that.the titles
of Baron, Viscount, Count, Marquess,
and Duke, which he shall henceforth
think fit to confer on those of his sub-
jects who shall have appeared worthy of
them, shall be personal, and not go down
to their children or descendants in the
direct line, unless the possessors of such
titles shall have been so authorized hy
his Majesty.

The last will of Napoleon has at length
been published in England, but its cireu-
lation has been prohibited in Bourbon
France. The following passages, are
curious :—

I die in the apostolical Roman religion,
in the bosom of which I was born more
than fifty years. It is my wish that my
ashes may repose on the banks of the Seine,
in the midst of the French people, whom I
have loved so well.

I have always had reason to be pleased
with my dearest wife, Marie Louise: I re-
tain for her to my last moment the most
tender sentiments ; I beseech her to watch,
in order to preserve my son from the snares
which yet environ his infancy. I recom-
mend to my son never to forget he was born
a French prince, and never to allow himself
to become an instrument in the hands of the
triumvirs who oppress the nations of Eu-
rope; he ought never to fight against
France, or to injure her in any manner ;
he ought to adopt my motto—“ Every thing
for the French people.”

I.—I die prematurely, assassinated by the
English oligarchy and its * * *. The Eng-
lish nation will not be slow in avenging me.
The two unfortunate results of the invasions
of France, when she had still so many re-
sources.

1624.]

sourees, are to be attributed to the treason
of Marmont, Augereau, Talleyrand, and La
Fayette. I forgive them; may the poste-
rity of France forgive them like me.

I thank my good and most excellent mo-
ther, the Cardinal, my brothers and sisters,
for the interest which they have continued
to feel for me. I pardon Louis for the libel
which he published in 1820: it is replete
with false assertions and falsified documents.

I disavow the ‘ Manuscript of St. He-
lena,”’ and other works, under the title of
“ Maxims, Sayings,” &c. which persons
haye been pleased to publish for the last six
years. Such are not the rules which have
guided my life. I caused the Duke d’En-
ghien to be arrested and tried, because that
step was essential to the safety, interest, and
honour of the French people, when the
Count D’ Artois was maintaining, by his
confession, sixty assassins at Paris. Under
similar circumstances, I would again act in
the same way.

II.—I bequeath to my son, the boxes,
orders, and other articles, such as my plate,
field-bed, saddles, spurs, chapel plate, books,
linen, which I have been accustomed to
wear and use, according to the annexed list
(a). It is my wish that this slight bequest
may be dear to him, as recalling the memory
of a father, of whom the universe will dis-
course to him. I bequeath to Lady Hol-
land the antique Cameo which Pope Pius
VI. gave me at Volentino. I bequeath to
Count Montholon 2,000,000f. as a proof of
my satisfaction with the filial attentions which
he has paid me during six years, and as an
indemnity for the losses which his residence
at St. Helena has occasioned. I bequeath to
Count Bertrand 500,000f. I bequeath to
Marchand, my first valet de chambre,
400,000f. The services which he has ren-
dered to me are those of a friend: it is my
wish that he should marry the widow, sister,
or daughter of an officer of my old guard.
To St. Denis, to Novarraz, to Pieron, each
100,000f. To Archambaud, 50,000f To
Cursor and to Chandellier, 25,000f. To the
Abbé Vignali, to Count Las Cases, to Count
Layalette, to Larray, surgeon-in-chief, the
most virtuous man I have known, to General
Brayer, to General Le Fevre Desnouettes,
to General Drouet, to General Cambrone,
to the children of General Mouton Duver-
net, to the children of the brave Labedoyere,
each 100,000f. To the children of General
Girard, killed at Ligny, 100,000f. To the
children of General Marchand, 100,000f.
To the children of the virtuous General Tra-
vost, 100,000f. . To General Lallemand, the
elder, to Count Real, to Costa de Basilica,
in Corsica, to General Clausel, to Baron de
-Menevalle, to Arnault, the author of Ma-
rius, each 100,000f. To Colonel Marbot,
100,000f. I engage him to continue to
write in defence of the glory of the French.
armies, and to confound their calumniators
‘and apostates. To Baron Bignon, 100,000f.
I engage him to write the history of French

Political Affairs in August.

181

diplomacy from 1792 to 1815, To Poggi de
Talalo, and to surgeon Emmery, each
100,000f. These sums will be raised from
the 6,000,000f. which I deposited on Jeay-
ing Paris in 1815; and from the interest at
the rate of five per cent. since July, 1815.
The account will be settled with the banker
by Counts Montholon, Bertrand, and Mar-
chand. Whatever that deposit may produce
beyond the sum of 5,600,000f. which have
been above disposed of, shall be distributed
as a gratuity amongst the wounded at the
battle of Waterloo, and amongst the officers
and soldiers of the battalion of the Isle of
Elba, according to ascale to be determined
upon by Montholon, Bertrand, Drouot,
Cambrone, and the surgeon Larrey. These
legacies, in case of death, shall be paid to
the widows and children, and in default of
such, shall revert to the bulk of my property.
I{I.—My private domain bemg my pro-
perty, of which no French law deprives-me,
that I am aware of, an account of it will be
required from the Baron de la Bouillerie,
the treasurer thereof: it ought to amount to
more than 200,000,000f. namely—l. The
portfolio containing the savings which I
made during fourteen years, out of my civil
list, which amounted to more than twelve
million francs per annum, if my memory be
good. 2. The produce of this portfolio. 3.
The furniture of my palaces, such as was in
1814, including the palaces of Rome, Flo~-
rence, and Turin. All this furniture was
purchased with monies accruing from the
civil list. 4. The proceeds of my houses in
the kingdom of Italy, such as money, plate,
jewels, furniture, equipages ; the accounts
will be rendered by Prince Eugene and the
steward of the crown, Campagnoni.
NAPOLEON.

I bequeath my private domain, one half
to the surviving officers and soldiers of the
French army who have fought smee 1792 to
1815, for the giory and the independence of
the nation.. The distribution shall be made
in proportion to their appointments upon
active service. One half to the towns and
districts of Alsace, of Lorraine, of Franche
Compte, of Burgundy, of the Isle of France,
of Champagne Forest, Dauphine, which
may have suffered by either of the inva-
sions.. There shall be previously deducted
from this sum, 1,000,000f. for the town of
Brienne and 1,000,000f. for that of Meri.
I appoint Counts Montholon, Bertrand,
and Marchand, the executors of my will.
The present will, wholly written with my
own hand, is signed and sealed with my own
arms.

LS. _ NAPOLEON.

List (a.)—Affixed to my Will. ~
15th April, 1821.

I.—The consecrated vessels which have
been in use at my chapel at Longwood. I
enjoin the Abbe Vignali to preserve them,
and to deliver them to my son when he
shall reach the age of 16 years.

II.

182

II.—My arms, that is to say, my sword,
that which I wore at Austerlitz, the sabre
of Sobiesky, my dagger, my broad. sword,
my hanger, my two’ pair of Versailles pistols,
my gold travelling box, that of which’ I made
use on the morning of Ulm and of Auster-
litz, of Jena, of Eylau, of Friedland, of the
island of Lobau, of Moscow, of Montmirail.
In this point of view it is my wish that it
may be precious in the eyes of myson. (It
has been deposited with Count Bertrand
since 1814.) I charge Count Bertrand with
the care of preserving these objects, and of
conveying them to my son, when he shall
attain the age of sixteen years.

I1J.—Three small mahogany boxes, eon-
taining, the first, thirty-three snuff-boxes or
comfit boxes ; the second, twelve boxes with
the imperial arms, two small eye-glasses,
and four boxes: found on the table of Louis
XVIII. in the Tuilleries, on the -20th
March 1815; the third, three snuff-boxes,
ornamented with silver medals, according to
the custom of the Emperor; and sundry
articles for the use of the toilet, according
to the lists numbered I, II, III. ; my field
beds, which I used in all my campaigns ;
my field telescope ; my dressing-box, one of
cach of my uniforms, a dozen shirts, and a
complete set of cach of my dresses, and
generally of every thing used in my toilet ;
my wash-hand’ stand; a small cloek which
is in my chamber at Longwood ; my-two!
watches; and the chain of the Empress’s
hair. | IT charge Marchand,’ my principal
valet-de-chambre, to take care of these arti-
cles, and to’ convey them to my son, when
he shallattain the age of sixteen years.

¥Vi—My eabinet of medals; my plate,
and my Sevres china, which I used at St.
Helena, (List np and c) I charge Count
Montholon to take care of these articles, and
to. convey them to my son, when he shall
attain the age of sixteen years.

V.—My. three saddles and bridles, my
spurs, which I used at St. Helena, my fow-
ling-pieces, to the number of five ; I charge
my huntsman; Novarraz, to take care of
these articles, and to convey them to my son,
when he shall attaimthe age of sixteen years.

VI.—Four hundred volumes, selected
from those in my library, which I have been
accustomed to use the most; I charge St.
Denis to take care of them, and to convey
them to my son, when he shall attain the
age of sixteen years.

This is a Codicil to my will.

It is my wish that my ashes may repose
on the banks of the Seine, in the midst of

the. French people, whom JI loved so well.

I bequeath to Counts Bertrand, Montho-
Jon,.and to Marchand, the money, jewels,
plate, china, furniture, books, arms, and
generally every. thing that belongs to me in
the island of St. Helena. This codicil, en-
tirely written with my own hand, is signed
and sealed with my own arms.

NAProLron.

Political. Affairs in Aucust.

[Sepr. 1,
This is my codicil or act of my last will.

Upon the funds remitted in gold to the
Empress Marie Louise, my very dear and.
well-beloved spouse, at Orleans, in 1814,
she remains in my debt two millions, of
which I dispose by the present codicil, for
the purpose of recompensing my most faith-
ful servants, whom moreover I recommend
to the protection of my dear Marie Louise.
T.recommend, to the Empress to cause the
income. of thirty thousand franes, which
Count Bertram possessed in the Duchy of
Parma, and upon the Mont Napoleon at
Milan, to be restored to him, as well as the
arrears due. I make the same recommen-
dation: to her with regard to the Duke of
Istria, Duroe’s daughter, and others of my
servants, who have continued faithful to me,
and who are always dear to me ; she knows
them. Out of the above-mentioned two
millions, I bequeath three hundred thousand
frances to Count Bertrand, of which he will
lodge one hundred thousand frances in the
treasurer’s chest, to be employed in legacies
of conscience, according to my dispositions.
T bequeath 200,000f. to Count Montholon,
of which he will Jodge 100,000f. in the trea-
surer’s chest, for the same purpose as above
mentioned ; 200,000f to Count Las Cases
of which he will lodge 100,000f. in the trea-
surer’s chest, for the same purpose as above
mentioned ; to Marchand 100,000f., of which
he will place. 50,000f in the treasurer’s
chest, for the same purpose as aboye-men-
tioned. To Jean Jerome Leyie, the Mayor
of Ajaccio at the commencement of the re-
volution, or to his widow, children, or grand-
children, 100,000f To Duroc’s daughter,
to the son of Bessieres, the Duke of Istria,
to General Drout, and to Count Lavalette,
each 100,000f 100,000, that is to say;
25,000 to Pieron, my maitre Whétel ;
25,000 to Novarra, my huntsman ; 25,000
to St. Denis, the keeper of my books ;
25,000 to Santini, my former door-keeper.
100,000, that is to say—410,000 to Planat,
my orderly officer ; 20,000 to Herbert, lately,
housekeeper of Rambouillet, and who be-
longed to my chamber in Egypt ; 20,000 to
Lavigne, who was lately keeper of one of
my stables, and who was my jockey in
Egypt; 20,000 to Jeanet Dervieux, who
was overseer of the stables, and served with
me in Egypt. 200,000f. shall be distri-
buted in alms to the inhabitants of Brienne-
le-Chateau, who have suffered most. The
300,000 francs remaining shall be distributed
to the officers and soldiers of my guard at
the island of Elba, who may be now alive,
or to their widows or children, in proportion
to their appointments ; and according to an
estimate which shall be fixed by my testa-
mentary executor ; those who have suffered.
amputation, or have been severely wounded,
shall receive double ; the estimate of it to
be fixed by Larreyand Emmery. This co-
dicil is written entirely with my own hand,
signed, and sealed with my arms.

NAPOLEON,

1824]
(On the back of the €odicil is written )—
This is my codicil or act of my last will,

the execution of which I recommend to my

dearest wife, the Empress Marie Louise.
(L. S.) NAPOLEON.

6th Codicil.—Monsieur Lafitte, I remit-
ted to you, in 1819, at the moment of my
departure from Paris, a sum of 5,000,000
of frances, for which you have given me a
receipt in duplicate. I have cancelled one
of the receipts, and I charge Count Mon-
tholon to present to you the other receipt,
in order that you may pay to him, after my
death, the said sum, with interest at the rate
of five per cent., from the Ist of July 1815,
deducting the payments which you have
been instructed to make by virtue of my
orders. It is my wish that the settlement
of your account may be agreed upon be-
tween you, Count Montholon, Count Ber-
trand, and the Sieur Marchand; and this
settlement being: made, I give you, by these
presents, a complete and absolute discharge
‘from the said sum. I also, at that time,
placed in your hands a box, containing my
cabinet of medals. I beg you will give it
to Count Montholon. ‘This letter having
no other object, I pray God, Monsieur
Lafitte, to have you in his holy and good
keeping.
April 25, 1821. NAPOLEON.
7th Codicil.—Monsieur le Baron Labouil-
lerie, treasurer of my private domain, I beg
you to deliver the account and the balance,
after my death, to Count Montholon, whom
f have charged with the execution of my
will. This letter having no other object, I
pray God, Monsieur le Baron Labouillerie,
to have you in his holy and good keeping.
April 25, 1821. NAPOLEON.

The French ministry have thought
proper, in the midst of the present poli-
tical calm, to renew the censorship on
the journals.

SPAIN.

The hostility evinced against the
French is increased and increasing, and
is infinitely greater in the provinces than
in the capital. After the publication of
the Decree of King Ferdinand, which he
has called an Amnesty, but which was,
in truth, a List of Proscription, a great
nuiaber of disorders and acts of tyranny
occurred in Valencia, which excited the

‘indignation of the people. This discon-
tent subsequently increased, and the con-
flict of parties soon plunged the city into
the greatest confusion. To quell this
alarming spirit, the French troops form-
ing the garrison of Carthagena were sent
for, and the latter place was then le% in
charge of two remnants of what were
called the Faction belonging to Eroles
and Chambo. After this occurrence the
Royalists who had sallied forth from Va-

Political Affairs in August.

183

lencia, were beaten by the new insur-
gents in Requena, although they were
supported by a detachment of French.
These contests have since placed the
whole province of Castello in commo-
tion, in consequence whereof one of the
last mails going from Valencia to Ma-
drid was intercepted. The saine letters
also state, that the principal part of the
French troops, forming the garrison of
Madrid, had marched off towards Bada-
jos, together with several officers of En-
gineers, and seven pieces of artillery.
The object of this movement is said to
be the formation of a Cordon Sanitaire,
on the frontiers of Portugal, as a preli-
minary step to the military occupation
of that kingdom by the French. The
Paris papers describe avery serious afiray
in the Spanish capital, between the
French and Spanish soldiers, which end-
ed in the loss of several lives on both
sides, and proves the existence of the most
rancourous enmity between the Spaniards
and the French.
UNITED STATES,
Letters from New York mention that
great preparations were making to re-
ceive the Marquis de la Fayette, who
was about to take his departure from
France, and that a portion of the United
States troops had been styled the La
Fayette Guards. This eminent person
has left France for America, to escape the
persecutions of the French Government.
GREECE. '
The Porte having fitted out a grand
armament against the Greeks, -aided-by
troops from the Pacha of Egypt, com-
menced their. operations against the
small island of Ipsaria, and have been
too successful, as appears by the follow-
ing letters:
Smyrna, July 5.
Tpsara was taken by the fleet of the Cap-
tain Pacha on the 3d instant, at six o’clock
A.M. The fleet appeared before the
island on Friday, and the Captain Pacha
sent in two flags of truce before he com-
menced the attack, promising a free and
full pardon to the island if they would lay
down their arms. The first was sent back,
with 4 message that sooner than submit,
every man was determined to die. The
second fared worse, and was sent back with
his beard half shaven off, and with a mes-
sage that they were waiting his attack with
anxiety. The attack commenced at four
o’clock A.M. on Saturday morning, on the
west of the island, when about 14,000 men
were landed, whilst a feigned attack was
making on the batteries in the port on the
other side of the island. The fight became
general about six o’clock, and the Captain
Pacha, seeing himself completely master of
tlre

184

the island, and willing to stop a further
‘effusion of blood, issued # proclamation,
promising 500 dollars for every Greek
prisoner brought to the camp alive. A
good many vessels in the port are said to
have escaped. ;
Trieste, July 27.
The island of Ipsara, a little north-west
of Scio, has been attacked by the Turks.
This was a small place, but the inhabitants
were considered able mariners, and brave
determined men, whom the Musselmen re-
solved to extirpate. After a desperate re-
sistance, which is stated to have cost the
Turks 15,000 men, the place being strong,
they succeeded in gaining possession of it.
The surviving Ipsariots resolving not to let
their wives and daughters fall into the
power of their foe, mindful of the fate of
Scio, assembled the remaining population
in the fort, and blew themselves up, involy-
ing multitudes of their conquerors in their
destruction. The islanders, about 8000 or
10,000 persons, were thus all destroyed by
the sword, or their own actin this tragedy.

The Paris papers. which arrived
Thursday furnish a confirmation of the
intelligence respecting the fall of Ipsara.
Another island, Caso, or Caxo, has like-
wise fallen, in which the loss of the
Greeks is stated at between 300 and 400.

The Greeks give a different version of
this affair, and even claim the recapture
of the island with great loss to the
Turks. They describe the Turks as
repulsed in an attack on Athens, and
assert that the Pacha of Albania has de-
clared himself independant.

AFRICA.

The frigate Owen Glendower; Captain
Thomas Pricket has arrived at Spithead.
She left Cape Coast Castle, 31st May,
The rains and ‘sickly season had set in
very severely ; before the Glendower’s
departure, the mortality on the Cape
Coast was distressing; the European
merchants dying at the rate of eight or
nine a day, besides women and children,
from the malignant fever of the country,

Chronology of the Month.

[Serr. I;

which had taken off so many, that cof-
fins could not be procured fast enough.
Of the white soldiers of the second
West-India Regiment who had _ lately
arrived from England and the Cape of
Good Hope, there remained only 85
out of 250, and the officers belonging to
the above regiment had shared the same
fate.

Colonel Sutherland, of the Second
West-India Regiment, was carrying on
active measures against the Ashantees;
several skirmishes had lately taken place
in the bush, under the command of
Captain Blenkarne, and the loss of the
Ashantees was very great, supposed to
be upwards of 1000. The King was at
the head of his troops. Our loss is not
known, but it is said to be trivial, com-
pared with the enemy’s. The Ashan-
tees had, however, surrounded the Fan-
tee country in immense bodies.

‘

WEST-INDIES.

Intelligence has arrived this week
from Jamaica, the tenour of which is
disagreeable. On more than one estate
the Negroes have revolted, and set fireto
trash houses ; and that no less than from
50 to 100 have deserted, joined the
Maroons in the woods, and are doing
their best to excite others to follow their
example. Several were taken, and more
than one of them, rather than meet a
trial, furiously ripped open their own
bowels !

Pirates are numerous and destructive.
The Posthumous, from Jamaica, was, in
company with another vessel, pursued
by two piratical schooners, off the Flo-
ridas, for a considerable time, and who
were only deterred from attacking them
by the two keeping together. A vessel,
said to be the Prince, of Liverpool, from
New Orleans, is said to have been cap-
tured, by pirates, and all hands mur-
dered, at Cameron Island.

INCIDENTS, MARRIAGES, anp DEATHS, 1n anp near LONDON,
With Biographical Memoirs of distinguished Characters recently deceased.
3 —[—z——

CHRONOLOGY OF THE MONTH.
‘ULY 30.—Intelligence arrived that the
@ Camillus, from Liverpool, wrecked on
her voyage to Quebec; three of the crew
drowned, and twenty-three, the remainder,
including passengers, picked up in their
boats by the Columbus, also from Quebec.
Aug. 5.—Will of Bonaparte registered at
Doctor’s Commons; probate granted to
Count de Montholon, one of the execu-
tors.—(See Political Affairs. )
—12.—The premises ef Mr. Wilson,

printer, and of Mr. Moyes, printer, Greville-
street, Hatton-garden, destroyed by fire.
Stock and other property to the amount of
£30,000 were destroyed.*

- In the course of ‘the month, the street
pavement in Bridge-street, Black-friars,
Lineoln’s-inn-Fields, and Portman-square,
has been taken up, and broken on the prin-
ciple of Mr.-M‘Adam.

The improvements and increase of Lon-
don, during the summer, have exceeded all
example. New streets, squares, churches,

schools,

1824.]

schools, &c. are in course of erection on
every side of the metropolis, and London in
extent covers with its buildings, at least
twenty-five Square miles.

The present year has in the city of Lon-
don been distinguished by the useful and
judicious decisions on many points of police
and street practice of the present Lord
Mayor, which, if followed by his successors,
will render London as remarkable for its
convenience as for its extent and opulence.

; MARRIED.

At St. Mary-la-bonne church, Mr. R. B.
Gilbert, to Maria, daughter of E. Shin,
esq. of Islington.

James Barton Hill, esq., of Harpur-street,
Bloomsbury, to Miss Mary Ann Keveston,
of Milk-street, Cheapside.

Mr. James Browne, of Elbow-lane,
Thames-street, to Sarah, daughter of Tho-
mas Wells, esq. of Islington.

At St. Mary-la-bonne church, Thomas

- Royse Morgell, esq. of the 8th Royal Irish
Hussars, to Lady Mary Balders, widow of
Major B. :

Carlisle Bamlett, esq. of Haverton-hall,
Stockton, to Ann, daughter ‘of the late
Adam Alderson, esq. of Tokenhouse-yard,

Samuel G. Gist, esq. of Warmington
Grange, Gloucestershire, to Mary Anne,
daughter of Lord Rossmore.

William Spence, esq. of London, to Isa-
bella, daughter of George Ross, esq. of
Demerara.

Simon Frazer Cooke, esq. of Lincoln’s-
inn, barrister at law, to Jane, daughter of
James Pigott, esq. of Fitzhall, Sussex.

At St. Mary-la-bonne church, Captain
Rowley, nr. N. to Charlotte, daughter of
John Moseley, esq. late of Toffts, Norfolk.

N. Pilkington, esq. of Lincoln’s-inn, to
Mildred, daughter of G. Robinson, esq. of
Great Queen-street, Lincoln’s-inn-fields.

' At St. Pancras New Church, T. God-
win, esq. to Catherine, daughter of the late
Dr. Garnett, of the Royal Institution.

The Rey. Richard Baker, son of Sir
Robert B. of Berner’s-street, to Frances,
daughter of the late John Prescott, esq. of
St. Petersburgh.

Capt. Fane, x.N. to Miss Flint, sister of
Sir C. Flint.

Richard Torin Kindersly, esq. of Uin-
coln’s-inn, to Mary Anne, daughter of the
Rey. -J. Leigh Bennett, of Thorpe-place,
Surrey. » |

Henry Wilson, esq. of Highbury-hill, to
Mary Fuller, daughter of E. F. Maitland,
esq. of Shinfield-place, Berks.

Sir Thomas Ormsby, bart. to Mary Mar-
tin, daughter of Major-general Slater Re-
bow, of Wivenhoe-park, Essex.

John Gibbons, esq. son of Sir John G.
bart. of Stanwell-place, Middlesex, to Char-
lotte, daughter of Sir Charles Watson, bart.
of Wratting-park, Cambridgeshire.

Samuel M‘Culloh, esq. of Baltimore, to
Miss Eleanor M‘Culloh, late of Great
Ormond-street.
~~ Monrurty Mac. No. 400.

Marriages and Deaths in and near London.

185

William Bowles, esq. of Fitzharris-house,
Berks, to Caroline Anne, daughter of Simon
Stephenson, esq. of Great Queen-street,
Westminster. x

Godfrey Green Downes, esq. of Baker-
street, to Sarah Amelia, widow of Thomas
Pendarves Smith, M.D. of Stoke Newington.

At St. George’s, Bloomsbury, Robert
Shebbeare, esq. R.N. to Caroline, daughter
of the late Rev. George Clark Gayton.

J. Towne, esq. of Lyon’s-inn, to Louisa,
daughter of the late Rey. Dr. Rose, rector
of St. Martin, Outwich.

Mr. Eliezer Chater, of Camberwell-new-
road, to Charlotte, daughter of the late
Vincent Wanostrocht, LL.D. of Alfred-house,
Camberwell.

At Hampton-court, the Rev. R. Tred-
croft, to Frances Catherine, daughter of
Sir T. Pechell, bart. m.p. of Aldwick,
Sussex.

Thomas Joes, esq. of Cobham, Surrey,
to Jane, daughter of Samuel Croughton,
esq. of St. Clare, Suffolk.

At Battersea, George Hill, esq. of Tor-
tola, to Mary, daughter of Samuel. Still,
esq. of Layender-hill. ;

At St. George’s, Hanover-square, Ed-
ward Buller, esq. grandson of the late Mr.
Justice B. to Mary Anne, daughter of the
late Major-general Coote Manningham.

Ralph Bernal, esq. M.p. of Park-crescent,
Portland-place, to Clara Christiana, daugh~
ter of John White, m.p.

DIED.
- In Chandos-street, Mrs. Henry Skelton.

In Great Prescot-street, 54, Sibelia, wife
of John Maclean, esq.

Mr. James Norton, 69, late of Fish-street-
hill.

In Percy-street, 83, Elizabeth, widow of
S. O. Taylor, esq. ;

In Baker-street, Portman-square, 25,
Augusta Elizabeth, wife of John -Kirkland,
esq. :
In Green-street, Viscount Hampden, of
the family of the celebrated John Hampden,
relative to whom and his true English prin-
ciples the deceased nobleman evinced the
fashionable rancour of his cast, by ordering
his steward to exclude the unique family
portrait of John from his*collection ; and in
consequence, being ‘on sale, it fell into the
hands of the editor of this Miscellany.

At Richmond, Elizabeth, wite of William
Smith, esq. - f

In Great Ormond-stteet, Queen-square,
Mrs. Margaret Wright

On Dulwich-common, 25, Mrs. Mary
Vandenberg. ,

At Godstone, Surry, 29, the Rev. Alex-
ander Waugh, A. M. Minister of the Scot’s
church, Miles’s-lane, and the author of
several works esteemed in the religious
world.

In Lincoln’s-inn-Vields, 40, Thomas
Clark, esq.
Yn Addington-place, Cambenvell, "75,
William Old, esq. :
2B In

186 ul

In Barossa-place, Islington, .£tizabeth,
wife of John William Norie, esq.

At the Priory, Stanmore, Lady Jane,
daughter of the Karl of Aberdeen.

At Brompton-creseent, 83, John Philip
Beger, esq.

In Chapel-street, Paddington, Henrietta,
wife of James Wadmore, esq.

In Hertford-street, Park-lane, 69, Hugh
Bishopp, esq., brotherto Lord de la Zouche.

At Chelsea, Mrs. Chollett, widow of Sa-
muel C,, esq. Commissary-general in the
West- Indies.

At Clay-hill, Epsom, 87, Margaret, wi-
dow of Capt. Henry J. Hunson, r.N.

At Cosford, Surrey, dnn, wife of John
Hawkins, esq.

88, William Bond, esq. late principal
elerk to the Commissioners of Sewers at
Guildhall, generally regretted.

In Queen Elizabeth-row, Greenwich, 4nn,
wife of Capt. George Hillier, r.N. i

At Sunbury, Middlesex, Mrs. Topham.

In Upper Gower-street, Lucy Elizabeth,
wife of Lord Maurice Drummond.

In Grosyenor-row, Chelsea, Mr.
Danby.

In Kensington-square, 66, Mrs. Char-
lotte Jackson, Jate of Russell-square.

At Hornsea, . Thomas Clifion Garland,
esq. of Newcastle.

In Providence-row, Cambridge-heath,
Hackney, 66, William Spencer, esq.

In Southampton-street, Bloomsbury-sq.
Eleanor, wife of Joseph Goddard, esq.

At Cheltenham, 71, Yhomas Jameson,
M.D. | His name is identified with the latest
scientific description of Cheltenham waters.

At Chiswick, William Sharp, esq. for
many years the best line-engraver of his
time, and whose reputation in this art will
long be second only to that of Woollett,
having lived in professional activity full half
a century. Except in the weakness of his
superstitions, he was what would pass for

Eustace

ee

Northumberland and Durham.

[ Sept. 1,

clear and strong-headed ‘man. . His voice
was loud, and his manner imposing. He
was thick-set’and stout; and his features
were large and strong. He pursued his
whims too much to get rich, though he
could always command any price for his
works.

In Oxford-street, 65, Mrs. Owen, sister
of James Scatcherd, esq.

ECCLESIASTICAL PROMOTIONS.

Rev. Mr., St. Barbe, to the living of
Stockton, Wilts.

Rey. Samuel Fenton, to the viearage of
Fishguard, in the county of Pembroke.

Rey. John Evans, to the rectory of Pen-
bedoo Lian Fihangel, in the county of Fem,
broke.

Rey. William Frederic Patteson, B. a.
appointed chaplain to the Poor of the Great
Hospital in Norwich, and curate of the
parish church of St. Helen’s.

Rey. Dr. Cracknell succeeds the Rev.
John Dayis as minister of Portland chapel.

Rey. J. H. J. Chichester, to the rectory
of Arlington, Devon.

Rey. Thomas Carew, to the rectory of
Haccombe, Devon.

The Rey. Edward Fane, M.a.. to the
prebend of Lyme and Halstock.

Rey. Robert Roe Houston, to the rec-
tory of Artwick, with the vicarage of Art-
sey, Bedfordshire.

Rey. James Cutting Salford, B.a. to the
vicarage 6f Mettingham, Norfolk.

Rev. George Hodgson, to Christ Church,
Birmingham.

Rey. William Phelps, M.A. to the vicar-
age of Meare, near Glastonbury.

Rey. Thomas Henry Mirehouse, M.A.
domestic chaplain to the Bishop of Salis-
bury,

’ Rey. Joseph Holden Pott, m.a. to the
vicarage of Kensington.

PROVINCIAL OCCURRENCES,

WITH ALL THE MARRIAGES AND DEATHS;
Furnishing the Domestic and Family History of England for the last Twenty-seven Years.
. —<$—

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM,
numerous meeting of the great free-
holders of Northumberland was lately

held at Newcastle, pursuant to a requisition
of Edward. Collingwood, Esq., the High
Sheriff, to consider the propriety of form-
ing railways between Newcastle and Car-
lisle. After some discussion, this very im-
portant and striking measure to both towns
was agreed to, (See the Varirvirs. )

The Bishop of Durham lately presented
to the Literary, Scientific, and Mechanical
Institution of Newcastle the complete works
e Bacon, Locke, Paley, Cowper, and

. Johnson. Several respectable indi-
ae have lately added their subscriptions
to this praisewortly association.

Married.| Mr. J.Jons to Miss D. Teas-
dale.—Mr. J. Richardson to Miss N. Elstot,
of the Head of the Side: all of Neweastle.
—Mr. Bowman, of North Shields, to Mrs.
Johnson, of Tynemouth.—Mr. R. Richard-
son, to Miss A. Hills, both of Berwick.—
Mr. W. Garthwaite to Miss J. Redburn.—
Mr. W. Fletcher to Miss M. Bell: all of
Darlington.—Mr. J. Softley, to Miss M.
Hammond, both of Barnardcastle.—Mr.
W. Wilson, to Mrs. M. Quin, both of
Bishop Auckland.— William Forrester Bow,
m.p,, of Alnwick, to Jane, daughter of
Col. George Mackenzie.

Died.] At Newcastle, in Saville Court,
Mrs. M. Reed, of Dean-street.—In the
Close, 25, Miss M. Irettale—24, Mrs. E.

Harding.

1824.]

Harding.—On Sandhill, Miss M. Ormston.
—At the Forth Bank, 55, Mrs. R. Brown.
—42, Mr. Wal. Elliott.—In the New-road,
Miss J. Dodds, much regretted.—84, Mr.
R. Gibson, much respected. —In Rose-
merry-lane, 75, Mrs. M. Turner.

At Gateshead, 89, Mr. J. Bell.—Mrs.
Halliday—78, Mr. W. Laird, late lieyte-
nant 86th rest. foot.—Mr. G. Henderson,
much respected.

At Durham, 58, Mr. R. West.—85, Mr.
John Robson. K

At Sunderland, 82, Morell Reed.—gg2,
Mr. J. Snowdon.—55, Miss E. Smith,

At North Shields, 86, Mrs. E. Matthews,
—In Dockwray-square, 55, Mr. J. Dorkin,
much respected. —In Queen-street, 47, Mrs.
M. Nicholson.—In Camdenestreet, 72, Mr,
F. Ibbetson.—75, Mrs. A. Therlaway.—
63, Mrs. B, Alexander—In Union-street,
29, Mr. M. Ellison. A

At Darlington, 29, Mrs. E. Deaton.—
67, Mrs. R. Lewis, —63, Mr. J. Rowell.

At Alnwick, Mrs. Landles,

At Ratcheugh, 90, Frances, widow of
P. Wilkie, Esq., deservedly esteemed.—
At Seaton, Mr. R. Hind, of Stockton on
Tees.—At High Ford, near Bishopswear-
mouth, 75, Mr. T. Lawson.x—At Whitby,
78, Peregrine Hezell, Esq.—At Eland-
hall, 65, Mr. G. Bell.—At Cleadon Hills,
66, Mr. P. Watson. . le

At Wooley, near Hexham, 29, Mr. An-
thony Cook, Mathematical Master to the
Trivity House of Newcastle. This able
mathematician was brought up as a farmer,
and at a very early age evinced considerable
fondness for figures, which led him several
years ago to become a contributor to the
Ladies’ and Gentlemen’s Diaries, About
three years since, when Mr. Edward Riddle,
the late master to the Trinity House, was
appointed. to the mastership at Greenwich,
Mr. C. was the person elected to succeed
Mr. R., and on which occasion he received
recommendations from Drs. Hutton, Gre-
gory, &c.&c. From Mr. Cook’s diligence
in his profession at the Trinity School, he
had laid in a stock of observations which he
had begun to arrange for a large work on
Navigation, both theoretical and practical,
and which will now perhaps be for ever lost
to the world. He received his education at
the schoo] of that able teacher, the Rev.
Mr. Seurr, of Hexham. In private life he
was modest and unassuming, mild in his
manners, and steady in his friendship.

CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND.

Married.| Mr. W. Brown, to Miss BP:
Clark ; both of Carlisle.—Mr. J. Lowry,
of Carlisle, to Miss I. Nicholson, of
Brampton.—Mr. N. Nightingale, to Miss
¥. Leathers; Mr. W. Jackson, to Miss A.
Fletcher ; Mr. C. Mossop, to Miss J.
Dixon: all of Whitehaven —Mr. W. Lee,
to Miss A. Makepeace; Mr. W. George, to
Miss A. Beetham; Mr. R. Dixon, to Mrs.
E. Dent: all of Kendal.

Died.\ At Carlisle; 56, Jane Morgan,

Cumberland and Westmoreland.— Yorkshire— Lancashire.

187
one of. the Society of Friends.—In Caldew -
gate, 77. Mr. J. Watson.

At Whitehaven, 27, Mr. Phil. Burnyeat.
—41, Mrs, H. Wallace.—83, Mr. E. Bo-
lingbroke.—50, Mr. J. Gordon.

At Workington, at an advanced age,
Capt. Jos. Makinson. —64, Mr. T, O’ Neil.

At Cockermouth, 78, Mrs. A. Smith.—
35, Mrs. S. Richardson, suddenly.—75,
Mr. C. Armstrong.

At Kendal, 64, Mrs. M. Docker.—Mr.
C. Branthwaite, of Burnside.—46, Mr. 'T.
Barnes.

At Brampton, 55, Mr. T. Fleming.

At Kensingham, 17, Miss J. Cook.—
At Keswick, 84, Mr. Step, Grave.—At
Skelton, 28, Mrs. M. A. Huntington. —
At Newbiggin, 28, Mr. R. Ellwood, of
Penrith, deservedly esteemed. — At Parkgate
Hall, near Wigton, 37, Mrs. J. Orborne,
of the Society of Friends, much respected.

YORKSHIRE.

Married.| Robert Denison, jun. Esq., of
Kildwick Percy, to Charlotte, daughter of
the late George Hotham, Esq., of York.—
Mr. J. Alder, of Hull, to Miss M. Knowles,
of West-House, Gomersal.—Mr. J. Roys-
ton, to Miss H. Ellis; Mr. A. Fatorini, to
Miss M. Broni; Mr. S. Brown, to Miss A.
Crosby: all of Leeds.—Mr. J. Sandyforth,
of Leeds, to Miss A. Boddy, of Middleton.
—Richard Leonard Lee, Esq., of Leeds, to
Miss Hammond, of Beech-hill, Middle-
sex.—Mr. C Fletcher, of London, to Miss
M. Worswick, of Leeds.—Mr. J, East-
wood, of Hemsworth, to Miss M. Berry,
of Wakefield.— Mr. R. Gervas to Miss Bur-
niston, both of Knaresborough.—Mr. T.
Yates, of Walton-head, to Miss A. Nibbs,
of Kerkby Overblow.—Mr. J. Carter, to
Miss S. Kitourn, both of Horbury»—Mr.
A. Tinker to Miss J. Roberts, both of Mer-
field.—Mr. W. Demden, to Miss M. Cor-
dingly, both of Bramley,—Mr. J; Illing-
worth, to Miss M. Tillotson, both of
Bingley.—James North, Esq., of Mill’s
Bridge, to Miss Sigston, of Gomersal.

Died.) At York, 43, John Webster Carlen,
Esq., of Brotten; deservedly lamented.—
75, Mr. Robt. Spence, jiate of the respect-
able firm of Messrs. Wilson and Spence,
booksellers. ;

At Leeds, 27, Mr. W. Mattock, much
respected.—In New Road-end, 36, Mrs. J;
Wilkinson.—On Grove-terrace, the Rev.
Miles Martindale, Methodist minisier, ge-
nerally respected. ait

At Pontefract, 38, Mr. Jas. Booth.

At Knaresborough, 75, Mr. R. Lister.
—Mrs. C. Grimston. ;

At Hunslet, Miss P. Carr, suddenly. —
At Kirkburton, 58, Mrs. A. Parkin.—At
Stanningley, 62, Mr. J. Butler.—At Bram-
ley, 41, Mrs. Shiers.

LANCASHIRE, :
A newspaper. on Catholic. principles. is
about to be established at Manchester.
Married.| Mr. Jos. Edwards, to Miss A.
2B2 Bancks;

188 Cheshire—Derbyshire—Nottinghamshire—Lincolnshire, §c. (Sept. 1,

Bancks; Mr. W. Burslem, to Miss A.
Berwick ; all of Manchester.

Died.) At Manchester, 29, Mrs. M. Bar-

row.—58, Mrs. Jos. Lowe,
CHESHIRE.

Married.| Alderman Sir John Cotgreave,
Knt., to Miss Spence, of William-streer,
Chester.—Mr. Robt. Whitley, of Chester, to
Miss A. ‘Whitley, of Browcord.

Died.] At Chester, 58, Mrs. M. Walsh-
man.—At Congleton, Mr. C. Ginder.

DERBYSHIRE.

Married. } Mr. Jos. Tunnicliffe, to Miss
Portmore ; Mr. J. Wilson, jun. to Miss M.
‘Stretton: all of Derby.—Mr. J. Stanford,
of Derby, to Miss A. Butt, of Sandiacre.
—Mr. G. Hurst, to Miss M. Holchense ;
Mr. Geo. Grant, to Miss J. Short: all of
Chesterfield. —Mr. Jas. Allen to Miss H.
Struttuth, of Birmingham.— Mr. W, Peach,
of Normanton, to Miss M. Hollaneworth,
of Dale Abbey.

Died.| At Derby, 41, Mr. C. Besford.—
71, Mrs. Yates. '

At Chesterfield, 48, Mrs. M. Rodgers, of
Durrant Green. — Mr. Mat. Heath.—74,
Mr. Jos. Camm, generally respected,

At New Brampton, 60, Mr. Jos. Ca-
momile.

At Repton, Mrs. Pris. Smith, deservedly
lamented. —AtChapel-en-le- Frith, Mrs. Han,
Bennett,

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.

~ Married.) Mr. W. Spyvy, to Miss E,
Robertson; Mr. T. Ball to Miss S. Hen-
son; Mr. H. Davey, to Miss M.A.Tutton ;
Mr. Jos. Holmes, to Miss A. M. Garner ;
Mr. H. Sladen, to Miss M. A. Ashmore;
Mr. J. Roby, to Miss Lyd. Atkins; Mr. T.
Smith, to Miss L. Ball; Mr. Jas. Jack, to
Miss J. Jones: all of Nottingham.—Mr.
S. Whitehead, of Tolleston, to Miss A. M.
Cooper,’ of St. James’s-street, Nottingham.
—Mr. J. Black, jun. to Miss A. Hopcroft,
of Snenton.—Mr. J. Pashley, to Miss S.
Morton, both of Anston.

Died.| At Nottingham, in Mansfield-
road, 67, Mr, I. Richards, much respected.
—Mr. G. Skelton.—In Rutland-street, 21,
Mr. W. Hancock.—In Ward-street, 67,
Mr. John Warner.— On Mount-pleasant,
Mr. Watkins.—In Plat-street, 75, Mr. W.
Reynolds. — On Snow-hill, 33, Mrs. E.
Hempstock.

At Newark, 61, Mrs. M. Darcey, de-
servedly regretted.—97, Mr. Dan. Winter.

At Mansfield, 74, Mr. G. Parker.—60,
Mr. G. Cadman, generally respected.

At Coddington, Mr. Hatfield.—At New
Radford, Miss J. Lees, justly lamented.—
At Barton, 74, Mr. G. Rawson. — At
Farndon, 75, Mr. W. Sketchley, suddenly,
Tate of Southwell. :

: LINCOLNSHIRE.

Married.| The Rev. Jos. Cox, m.a., to
Miss M. Nettleship, both of Gainsborough.—
Mr. R. Leeland, to Mrs. Jones, both of
Spalding. ;

Died.| At Lincoln, 66, Mr. J. Gresham.—
86, Mr. Jas. Casterton,

LEICESTER AND RUTLAND. !

Married.| Mr. H. Shipley, of Redcross-
street, to Mrs. Ward, of Humberstone-
gate; Mr. Eye, of Southgate-street, to
Miss Adams: all of Leicester.—Mr. Geo.
Allen, of Leicester, to Miss Hallum, of
Mousley.—Mr. T. Bird, to Miss S. Black;
Mr. Geo, Polkey, to Miss S. Bowley; Mr.
W. Barratt, to Miss S. Jerram: all of
Loughborough-—Mr. Goode, of Burbage,
to Mrs. Ball, of Hinckley.—Mr. G. El-
lingworth, to Miss E. Gray, of Oakham.
—Mr. G. Hallam, of Mousley, to Miss
Allen, of Whetstone.—Mr. Craigg, to Miss
M. Bray, both of Muston.

Died.| At Leicester, in the Newarks, 72,
Mr, Jer. Duffkin —In Friar-lane, 80, Mr.
T. Farmer.—In Cheapside, Mrs. Chatteris.
—79, Mr. R. Harris.—In Belgrave-gate,
49, Mr. Jetfery.—In Southgate-street, 52,
Mr. R. McArthur.— At Loughborough, in
Rushes-street, 74, Mrs. Ward, generally
and justly esteemed—Mrs. A. Warner.—
31, Mr. Lew. Sturges,

At Ashby de la Zouch, 64, Mr. 'T. Kirk-
land, deservedly lamented.

At Burbach, 59, Mrs. F. Cooper, re-
gretted.—At Twyford, 21, Mr. W. Greas-
ley.—At Uppingham, at an advanced age,
Mr, J. Wade.— At Knawston, Mr, Gillson.

STAFFORDSHIRE.

At the late Stafford assizes, three prisoners
received sentence of death, and six were
ordered to various periods of imprisonment.

Married.| Mr. R. Ensell, of Wordsley,
to Miss C. Perry, of Wolverhampton.—Mr.
J. B. Toovey, of Wolverhampton, to Miss
E. M. A. Heath, of Salfurd-lodge—Mr,
W. Cooke, of Brewood, to Miss M. Sa-
vage, of Wolverhampton.—Mr. T. Hel-
dick, to Miss E, Heeley, both of Walsall.—
Mr. W. Stubbs, of Hammersmith, to Miss
T. Caddock, of Brown Hills.— Mr. A.
Hanson, of Bilson, ‘to. Miss M. Davis, of
the Rumbolds, near Wednesfield.

Died.| At Litchfield, in the Close, 73,
Ruth, widow of Carey Robertson, esq.

At Belston, Mr. Zach. Beckett. — At
Great Haywood, 100, Mr. George Suffolk,
generally respected.

WARWICKSHIRE.

So great has been the increase of the po-
pulation of Birmingham and its vicinity,
that three thousand new houses are building.

Married.| Mr. J. Bayley, of Aston-street,
to Miss S. Dryden, of Dale-end.—Mr, Cor-
bett, to Miss E. Baylis; Mr. E. Ashford, to
Miss M. Botlerill; Mr. C. Worrall, to Miss
R. Butler; Mr. R. Tabberner, to Mrs. C.
Turner; Joshua Scholefield, esq., to. Miss
Cotterill: all of Birmingham. — Mr.
G. B. Worboys, of the Aston-road, to Miss
M. Lane, of Legge-street, Birmingham.—
Mr. Swindels, of Coventry, to Miss Amelia
Lees, of the Polygon, near Manchester.—
Mr. S. Waters, of Yardley, to Miss M.

Yarwood,

1824.]
Yarwood, of Great Bar-street, Birming-
bam.—Mr. J. Reeves, of Spon-house, to
Mrs. Williams, of Hundsworth.

Died.| At Birmingham, 86, Mr, Ben.
Williams, respected.—In Dighbeth, Mrs. M.
Hill.—In Bridge-row, Deritend, 63, Mrs.
Heathcote.—82, Jane, widow of the Rev.
Joseph Toulmin, D.D.—In Newtown-row,
62, Mrs. E. Smart.—In St. Paul’s-square,
68, Mr. B. Ridge, sen.—56, Mr. E: Tom-
kins.—In the Old Square, 24, Miss H.
Bellamy.

At Coventry, 80, Mr. Benj. Payne—In
Spen-street, 89, Mr. C. S. Blenkarne.—In’
St. Nicholas-place, at an advanced age, Mr.
Armes.—At Leamington, $2, Mrs. M.
Austin, of Bath-street, Birmingham.

At Dunchurch, Mr. Worth.

SHROPSHIRE.

Married. Mr. Jas. Gittins, to MissE. Ham-
mer, of Pride-hill; Mr. 'T. Clayton, to Miss S,
Humphreys: all of Shrewsbury.—Samuel
‘Tuder, esq., of Shrewsbury, to Miss Jane
Downward, of Liverpool.—Mr. W. Sing,
of Bridgworth, to Miss E. Pratt, of Iford.
—At Wellington, Mr. J. Haycock, to Miss
J. Binnell, of Watling-street—Mr. James
Davies, of Ludlow, to Miss Bright, of Bir-
mingham.—Mr. E. Kitchen, of Bishop’s-
castle, to Miss M. Davies, of Leominster.—
Mr. A. Davies, of Edastan-park, to Miss
Nixon, of Littleholes.—Mr. C. J. Lewis, of
Church Stretton, to Miss Mary Fonnerau,
of Penley.

Died.| At Shrewsbury, Mrs. A. Bather.

At Bridgworth, 80, Joseph Sparkes, esq.,
of Cotton-hill, Shrewsbury.

At Kempton, 31, Mr. J. Southern, sud-
denly.—At Uppington, Capt. John Scott.
WORCESTERSHIRE.

At the Worcestershire assizes, three pri<
soners were sentenced to death, and four to
transportation for seven years: several Others
were adjudged to minor punishments.

A new road is about to be opened between
Worcester and Evesham, by which all the
hills, so annoying to travellers, will be
avoided ; and the communication, which will
pass through Hampton Gardens, and a de-
lightful tract of country, will be consider-
ably shorter. It is said the mail, and all
other stage coachesy will adopt this line of
road,

Married.| The Rev. W. H. Mooridge,
m.A., of Pershore, to Miss Jones, of
Streatham.

Died.| At Worcester, 34, Mrs. Eliz.Guy,
of Lecoznor.—At Bernard’s Green, near
Great Malvern, 84, John Wilson, esq.

GLOUCESTER AND MONMOUTH.

A steam-packet has been recently esta-
tablished from Bristol to Bridgewater, and
thence to Weston-super-Mare.

A late provincial paper observes, and
justly, “ The first exhibition of the old
masters at the Bristol Institution for pro-
moting literature, science, and the fine arts,
closed within the month. The interest it
excited, and the manner it has been attended,

Shropshire— Worcestershire—Oxfordshire, &c.

189

is no less honourable to the taste of that
city, than to the spirited and liberal sup-
porters of the plan.’

Married.| Isaac Cooke, of Westgate-
street, to Elizabeth Sankey, both of the
Society of Friends, Gloucester.—Mr. R.
Barratt, of Strand, to Miss S. Hatch, of
Gloucester.—Samuel White, esq., of Fre-
therne Lodge, to Jane, daughter of John
Tripp, esq., of the Royal Fort, St. Michael’s,
Bristol.—Mr. Geo. Nock, of Bridgnorth,
to Miss A. Smith, of Cheltenham.—Lieut,
R. Amiel, x.n., to Miss A. De Visme, of
New Court.—The Rey. S. Lleyd, a.m., of
South Gorney, to Mary, daughter of the
late Wm. Anker, esq., of Tillsdown-house,
near Dursley.

Died.| At Gloucester, in Northgate-street,
Mr. John Collier.—On Wellington-parade,
77, Mary, wife of William Read, esq.—In
Foley-place, Mrs. Irvine.—In Berkeley-
street, 72, Mrs. Elizabeth Wood.—39, Mr.
W. Spier, generally respected.

At Clifton, Mrs. Tobin, widow of Jas.
Tobin, esq.

At Cheltenham, 70, Mr. Jas. Butt, de-
servedly regretted.—In St. George-square,
74, Mrs. Read. ‘

At Newent, Mr. C. Edmunds. — At
Frampledge, 80, Mr. Parsons.— At Charl-
ton-King’s, 71, Thomas “Bartin, esq.— At
Colferd, 79, Mr. E. Steel, deservedly es-
teemed and regretted.— At Thornbury, 51,
Mr. B. Leach, justly respected.

OXFORDSHIRE.

At the laté Oxford assizes, there were
23 prisoners for trial. Against two sentence
of death was recorded, three were ordered
to be transported for life, two for seven
years, and five to be imprisoned. The two
executed men: Pittaway, aged 25; and
James, 48, protested their innocence of the
murder of Millin, the gamekeeper of Lord
Churchill, to the last.

Murried.| Mr. W. Quartermiaine to Miss
S. Wells, both of Oxford.—Mr. C. P,
Hester, of Oxford, to Miss Mary Hazel, of
Park-house, Wallingford.—Mr.J. S. Brown-
ing, of Oxford, to Miss A. Hester, of
Cowley.—Mr. Charles Page, to Miss Nas-
bey, both of Banbury.—Mr. J. Orborne,
of Hortenorten, to Miss A. Wild, of Ban-
bury.—Mr. J. Franklin, of Great Milton,
to Miss A. Parsons, of Drapcot.—Mr. J.
Bond, to Miss M. Chamberlaine, both of
Eurelme. =
. Died.| At Oxford, in St. Giles’s, 59, Mr.
Buswell.—Mr. Geo. Steel, much respected.
—In St. Clement’s, 56, Mr. T. Odcroft.—
66, Mr. Wm. Herbert, regretted.—74, Mr.
Paine.

At Banbury, Mr, R. Jarvis, jun.—Mr.
Abbott, sen.

At Henley on Thames, Mr. Ley. White-
way.—Miss E. Crouch.

At Wardington, 82, Elizabeth Honoria,
widow of Lieut.col. Wasey. — At Bright-
hampton, 66, Mrs, M. Rose.—At Crawley,
67, Mr. Ad, Castell, regretted,

BUCK~

190

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE AND BERKSHIRE.

Married.| The Rev. Ed. Goldsmith, of
Howorth, to Miss E. Miller, of Thames-
street, Windsor.—Mr. T. Jones, of Staines,
to Miss Batton, of Eton.—Capt. H. Baker,
n.A., to Harriet Selma, daughter of the late
William Pigott, esq., of Dedshershall-park.

Died.| At Ailesbury, Mrs. Fell. — At
Reading, in Southampton-street, 88, Mr.
T. Maclean.—In Crown-street, Frederick
Teush, esq., of London.—At Windsor, 22,
Mr. Ophferman.—At Brackly, 56, Mr.
Polter.—At Cheynies, the Rev. Wo. Morris,
M.A., rector, and of Foxley.—At Southcot
Lodge, near Reading, J. Rockett, esq.—
At Binfield-park, Henrietta, sister of the
late Lord Sunderlin, generally esteemed
and lamented.

HERTFORDSHIRE AND BEDFORDSHIRE.

At the Hertford assize, five convicts were
left for execution: namely, James Harris,
James Davis, and James Green, for bur-
glary in the dwelling-house of Mr. Haines,
steward to Earl Cowper; and Wm. Mar-
shall the younger, and Charles Cartwright,
for a burglary and robbery in the dwelling-
house of Charles Gordon, esq-, at Berk-
hampstead. Thesetwo last were executed,
but a respite was granted to the former, :to
prove an alleged alibi.

Married.| Jotm Barnes, esq., of Chorley-
wood house, to Miss S. Medley, of Bar-
ringdon.—R. T. Heysham, esq., of Stagen-
hoe-park, to Frances, daughter of Barring-
ton Price,.esq.—At Chesham, Mr. Shromp-
ton, of Huddenham, to Miss Sophia Hep-
burn.

Died.| At Herts, 66, Mr. R. Carter.—
78, Thomas Grenall, esq., generally es-
teemed and regretted.

At Watford, Mrs. Ardenoif, widow of
Stephen Ardenoif, esq. — At Rickmans-
worth, 91, Mrs. J. Wankford.—89, Mr.
John Sibley.

NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

Married.] Mr. W. Haydon, of Northamp-
ton, to Miss E. Cee, of Devonshire-street,
Queen-square, London.—Mr. W. Dickins,
of Northampton, to Miss A. Woodford, of
Cold Ashby Lodge.

Died. AtNorthampton, 78, Thomas An-
grave, esq., late of Great Haughton, de-
seryedly lamented.—73, Mr. J. Law, ge-
nerally respected.

CAMBRIDGE AND HUNTINGDONSHIRE.

The annual prize of Caius College, Cam-
bridge, for the Latin oration on the im-
provements in physic, has been Jately ad-
judged to G. F. H. Greenhalgh, M-B.,. of
that society. .

Married,] The Rev. E. Neale, of .Cam-
bridge, to Miss M. Fielding, of Hull.—
Mr. Heslop, jun., of Cambridge, to Miss
Hattersley, of Ely.

Died.| At Cambridge, in King’s-college,
Benjamin Shepherd, esq., senior fellow of
that society At Huntingdon, Mrs. Sarah
Rowe, much respected, ,

Buckinghamshire and Berkshire, Northamptonshire, &c.

(Sept. 1,
; NORFOLK.

A botanical garden has lately been es-
tablished at Norwich.

A steam packet has recently been esta-
blished between Lynn and Cambridge.

ESSEX.

Married.) John Osmond, esq., of Em-
berton, to Miss Withers, of Colchester.—
Mr. J. Suree, to Miss Strutt, both of Brain-
tree.—At Barking, the Rev. W. R. Skilton,
B.A., to Miss M. Biggs, of the Manor, -—
Mr. Jas. Biggs, to Miss Charl. Martin, of
Great Ilford.— Mr. H. Greenhill, of Piasket-
house, to Miss A. Ridge,. of Lewis.

Died.] At Sible Hedingham, Mrs. S.
Todd, widow of Purl. Tood, esq., of Stur-
mer-hall.

KENT.

A praiseworthy public meeting was lately
held at Maidstone, the Earl of Romney in
the chair, when it was unanimously resolved
that ‘‘ a Society be formed for the assistance
and reformation of offenders discharged from
the county gaols; and for affording the
means for juvenile offenders returning to
their trade, or some other proper situation.’”
For this purpose a fund is to be raised by
donations and annual subscriptions. :

Married.| Mr. Jas. Holdstock, to Miss 8.
Rainer; Mr. Horman, to Miss Wise; Mr.
Geo. Harnett, to Miss M. Horn: all of
Canterbury.—Mr. W. Philpot, of Canter-

bury, to Miss F. Croasdill, of Tyler-hill.—=.

Mr. W. Teveline, of Dover, to Miss Mor-
fell, of Canterbury.—John Wm. | Fagg, esq.,
of Westbeare, to Frances, daughter of the
late William Carter, M.D., of Canterbury.

Died.] At Canterbury, in St. Peter’s-lane,
Mr. Chas. Blackman.—Mr.G. Hawkes.—In
Wincheap-street, at an advanced age, Mr.
Smith.— At Dover, at an advanced age, Mrs.
Nash.—In Snargate-street, 38, Augusta,
wife of Col. Latour, 14th light dragoons,
justly lamented.—At Chatham, 60, Mr.
Jas. Cork.—62, Mr. Jas. Read.

At Maidstone, 68, Mrs. Smith —Mr. J.
Sage.—At Folkestone, 61, Mrs. Simpson.
—Mrs. Law, of Bermondsey.—37, Miss
Marg. Clarke.—At Lydd, 44, Miss P. Dray.
—At West Malling, 30, Mr. Wm. Sim-.
mons, of the firm of Messrs. Simmons and
Harvey, Lambeth.—At Hythe, Mrs. Rye
—At Bredgar, 70, Mr. T. Pye, much and
justly respected. fy c

SUSSEX.

The influx of the best company into
Brighton within the month has been more
than usually numerous; and the libraries
well attended.

A floating-bath, to be attached to the
chain-pier, is being’ construeted by Mr-
Balley, of Shoreham. It will he commo-
diously fitted up with dressing rooms, &c,

Five hundred new houses, one-feurth on
a large scale, are building one mile east of
Brighton, and as many more are engaged
for one mile to the west ! i

Married.} Mr. W. Field, to Miss Kegpets

bot

1824. | ©
both of Chichester.—Mr. Adnam, of North-
street, to Miss Daniel, both of Brighton,—
Mr. Hoare, of Mundham, to Miss Shutler,
of Pagham.

Died.| At Chichester, Josephine Cathe-
rine, daughter of Lieut. de‘Grassi, 2d West~
India regt. ,

At Arundel, 82, Mrs. Bonyface.—At
Funtington, Mr. G. Andrews.
HAMPSHIRE.

At the late Winchester assizes nineteen
prisoners were sentenced to suffer death,
Seven were sentenced to seven years trans-
portation.

It is in contemplation to make a new
road from Petersfield to Farnham, by which
the distance will be reduced from 21 to 16
miles ; coaches willavoid Hindhead, and
the other hills between Liphook and Go-
dalming. A new road from Midhurst to
Petersfield is also in contemplation, which
will open a direct communication between
Oxford and Brighton. ‘

_ Married.) Mr. J. North, of Southampton,
to Miss E. Askew, of Salisbury.—J. Fitt,
esq., of Petersfield, to Miss Julia Loe, of
Portsmouth.—Mr. Wm. Hughes, of Ports-
mouth, to Miss Loe, of Selborne.—Mr.
Lawes, of Andover, to Miss S. Coster, of
Uphaven.—The Rev. W. J. Younge, rector
of Rockburne, to Miss E. Furze. —Mr. W.
Saunders, of Foltor, to Mrs. Hiscock, of
Eling. —Mr. R: Jennins, to Miss Stuart,
both of Totton.—The Rev. J. Hilliard, to

-Miss Duthy, of New House, Ropley.

Died.| At Southampton, Mr. J. Polter,
Milsome, justly regretted.—92, Mrs. Hey-
wood, widow of Col. Heywood.—24, Mr.
W. Evans,

At Winchester, Mrs. Flight.

At Portsmouth, 94, Mr. Spen. Smith,
R.N., much and deservedly respected.—
In Pembroke-street. 37, Mrs. McLennan.
—61,- Mrs. Marshall. — At Portsea, in
Prince George-street, 85, Mr. Bailey.—At
Southsea, on King’s-terrace, 72, Mrs. A.
Platt.— At Southwick, 65, Mrs, Pasqueda,
widow of Anthony Pasqueda, esq., of
Sheerness.

WILTSHIRE.

Married.) R.H. Gaby, esq., of Chippen-
ham, to Miss Farmer, of the North: Parade,
Bath.— Mr. Ed. Sweet, of Trowbridge, to
Miss Bailey, of Winkfield.— Mr. S. Gilbert,
to Mrs. Ford, bothof Bradford.—Mr. Pal-
mer, of Devizes, to Miss Plank, of De-
vizes Green.

Died.| At Salisbury, in Brown-street,
Mr, Douglas, sen.— Miss H. Maidment.

At Devizes, Mrs. Adlam.

At Melksham, Miss E. Webb.—Mr. J.C.
Hulbert.

At Laycock, Mr. J. Dolman,— At Little-
ton, Mr. S. Ghey.—At Holt, Mr. J. Hunt.
SOMERSETSHIRE.

Morried.| Richard Heaviside, esq., of the
King’s Dragoon Guards, to Miss M. Spicer,
of Paragon-buildings.—-Mr. W. Bones, to
Miss M, A. Young; Mr. D. Aust, to Miss

Hampshire, Wiltshire, Somersetshire, Dorsetshire.

191

A. Coonock : all of Bath.—Mr. W. New-
man, of Somerset-buildings, Walcot, to
Miss E. A. Gardiner, of Bath.—R. Savage,
esq., of Sydney-place, Bath, to Miss C. M.
Broderip, of Wells.—John R. Poole, esq.,
of Bridgewater, to Miss H. Savage, of
Blackford. °

Died.| At Bath, Mr. Matt. Campbell. —
In Beaufort-square, 28, Miss S. Melin.—
In Orchard-street, 89, James Edward, esq.,
late of Bristol.—8#4, Mrs. Ripley.—70, Mrs
Margt. Jameson, justly esteemed and la-
mented.—48, Major-General Prevost.

At Bridgewater, 42, Mrs. E. Jesty, justly
lamented.

At Ditcheat, 27, Miss M. Cary, highly
and deservedly esteemed.—At Kingston, 66,
H. Sweeting, esq., generally regretted. At
Dulverton, 84, Capt. Jno. Gilson, n.n. .

DORSETSHIRE. s

A melancholy accident lately took place
at Weymouth. Five persons went in a boat
to Portland, on an excursion of pleasure ;
and on their return, were drowned.

Married.] J. Peniche, esq., to Miss M.A,
Prendergast, of Poole.

Died.| Suddenly in his carriage, at Great
Canford, near Poole, Thomas Macnamara
Russell, esq., Admiral of the White. In ~
recording the death of this veteran officer,
who had attained his eighty-fifth year, it
may be useful to the profession in which he
held so exalted a station, and must be satis-
factory to his friends, to have it known that
this gentleman had reached the highest rank
in the navy entirely by his own merit, with-
out the aid of interest or the protection of
patronage ; and that, after serving nineteen
years as a midshipman, he was advanced in
1779 to be lieutenant; to be commander in
1780; to captain in 1781; to reat-admiral
in 1801; to vice.admiral in 1805; and
lastly, to the rank of admiral in 1812. The
services by which Admiral Russell obtained
this rapid advancement, were at once bril-
liant and active, of a nature to elicit the
energies and resources of an ardent spirit

.and an enterprizing mind; and they have

not been entirely unrecorded. As a flag

officer he was for some time commander-in-

chief on the north-sea station. His blockade
of the Texel, during the period of the
threatened invasion of our shores, was ad-
mirable, and it was planned and executed
by himself. His system of anchoring, during
the strongest gales, on the enemy’s coast,
with sometimes three cables on end, was
rewarded by the most complete success.
During the neap tides, the line-of-battle
ships for the most part rendezvoused at
North Yarmouth, by which a saving to his
country, in wear and tear, and probable
loss of ships, was effected to an immense
amount. Indeed, while the blockade of
the Texel was the most efficient ever knowr,
and was conducted with all the rigidness of
a state of bitter warfare, it was marked by
instances of the most refined and generous
humanity, which not only procured the re-

spect

192
spect and esteem of the Dutch Admiral
Kichchurt, his officers and men, but was
highly useful and beneficial to the crews of
our own vessels subsequently wrecked on
that coast. After this imperfect memoir, it
is scarcely necessary to say that the late
Admiral Russell was an officer of consider-
able talent. ‘To the qualities of a thorough-
bred English seaman, with the science ‘of an
able naval tactician, he possessed the nicest
and highest sense of honour, with the man-
ners and urbanity of a courtier. He was
brave, generous and humane ; such a rare
combination of high and admirable qualities
will ensure his name being enrolled with
the illustrious naval heroes of bis time.

* Vitus nemo sine nascitur ; optimus ule

Qui minimis urgetur.”

At Weymouth, 76, Louisa, widow of
James Scott, esq.

DEVONSHIRE.

An alarming flux and reflux of the sea
took place within the month at Plymouth :
at one period, in less than five minutes, the
same place presented dry ground and a body
of water two and a-half feet deep! Similar
phenomena were observed at Weymouth,
Poole, in the river Dart, and on the Cor-
nish, .Devon, and Welsh coasts generally.

The floating bridge at Plymouth across
the Laira was, in consequence of the sud-
den ebbing of the tide, suspended in the
air for a short time, from the chain by

‘which it.is worked. -» Barges were also left
dry on the breakwater.

Married.| Mr. J. Warren, to Miss Cham-
berlain; Mr. Jno. ‘I'wiggs, to Miss J. Nor-
worthy : all of Exeter.—Mr. J. Hedgeland,
of Exeter, to Miss. H. Taylor, of Kings-
ton, Surrey.—Mr. W. Hern, to Miss Char.
Harris, both of Ashburton.—John Elworth
Cutcliffe, esq., of Southmolton, to Eliza-
beth, widow of Wm. Dick, esq., of Ja-
maica.—Mr. F. G. Coleridge, of Heath's
Court, ‘to Miss H. T. Nortis, late of
Groome’s-hill, Greenwich}—Mr. Jas. Gul-
let, to Miss S. Liste, both of Ridgway.

Died.| At Exeter,in Dix’s field, 50, Mrs.
A. Oliver—In Great Duryard, Frances,
wife of James Somerville Fownes, esq.,
of Mecklenburgh-square, London. — 89,
Mr. J. Sampson, late of Lisbon, merchant,
generally esteenred and regretted.

At Devonport, in James’s-street, 45, Mrs.
Oke,—In Ordnance-street, 65, Mr. J. Bul-
ford.—In South-street, 65, Mr. Jos. Col-
lins. —In. Pembroke-street, 22, Mrs. J.
Clarke.—In Cross-street, 86, Mr. Hyne.

At Fursdon, 26, Chas, Fursdon, esq.—
At Berry, 89, Mr. Perigal.—At Fordton,
62, Samuel. Davy, esq.

_ ~ CORNWALL.

Married.] Mr. Skinner, to Miss M. A.
Tresidder, both of Falmouth.—Mr. S. Hugs,
to Miss,J. Fullpitt, both of Truro—Mr.
Richards, to Miss Ash, both of Helston.

Died.| At Truro, Miss ‘A. B. eenpeoter.
—Miss M. Turner.—At Bodmin, 63, Mrs.
Gatley.—At Lostwithiel,

Devonshire—Cornwall— Wales—Scotland—Ireland.

William Fortes-

(Sept. 1,

cue, esq., a dep. lieut. of the county, and
a commissioner of taxes.——_At West Love,
75, Mr. W. Harding. ‘

; ” WALES.

. Married.|_ Mr. E. Williams, to Miss R.
Clark, both of Swansea.—Mr. T. Roderick,
toMiss A. Chalinder, both of Llanelly—Mr.
W. Field, of Pembroke, to Miss D. Scott,
of Scoveston: _—The Rev. Geo. Traharne,
of Saint Hilary, Glamorganshire, to Miss
E. Royds, of Clemensone-house. — John
Beever, esq., of Cefu Coch, to Hannah
Maria, danghter of Lieut.Col. Peers, of
Plasnewydd, vale of Clwyd.

Died.| At Swansea, Mr. Hen. Thomes.
—69, Mr. L. Mewby.

At Cardiff, Mrs. Miers, widow of John
Nath. Miers, esq., of Cadoxtan-lodge, Gla-
morganshire, justly esteemed and lamented.

At Landaff, 63, Lady Laroche, widow
of Sir James Laroche, Bart., generally re-
gretted.

SCOTLAND.

A meeting was lately held at Edinburgh,
when it was resolved to erect an edifice in
memory of the late Mr. Watt,:to form:a
new ornament to the city, and to add ac-
commodation to the School of Arts ; which
is to. be changed as soon as the building is
completed, to the “* Watt Institution.”

Married.) Richard Panton, esq., to Miss
£. S. Morrison, of Edinburgh.

At Paisley, the Rev. Eben. Miller, M.A.
of Blackburn, to Miss Mary Macpherson.

The. Rev. G. D. Mundie, of Rochford,
to Miss Wedderburn Arnslie, of ee

. IRELAND.

‘The Catholic Association, at a late meet-
ing held in Dublin, passed the following
Resolutions :—~That an Aggregate Meeting
of the Catholics of Ireland should be held in
Novembér, and that Petitions to Parliament
should be prepared in the interim’ on the fol-
lowing topics: —Ist. Religious Liberty for
ourselves and for -Protestant- Dissenters. 2d.
Education on liberal and just principles.—
3d. Abolition of Church Rates.—4th, Di-
minution of Tithes, and to facilitate deli-
very in kind. —5th. Abolition of Corpera-
tion abuses, monopolies, and powers’ of.
levying money.—6th. On the administra-
tion of justice. —7th. To enable Ecclesias-

.tical persons to make leases of three lives, or

41 years.—8th. For redress of local grievan-

-ces, and, in particular for abolition of the

Paving Board.—9th. For the introduction
of Poor Rates. °

Married] The Rev. John Ashley, to
Miss Catherine Ward, of Merrion- Square,
Dublin.— The Rev. ‘Thos. Harding, of Dun-
ville, County of Dublin, to Eliza Mary,

‘widow of Walter Ross. Munro, esq., Pre -
-sident of the Medical Board, Bengal.—

C. A. Nicholson, esq., of Balrath, Meath,
to Elizabeth R. Alexander, daughter of
the Bishop of 'Meath.

Died.}] At -Arminan, County Leitrim,
102, Fergus Ferrall, esq. aul Be

THE

MONTHLY MAGAZINE.

No. 401.]

OCTOBER 1, 1824.

[Price 2s.

For the Monthly Magazine.

ApveNntuRES iz WALEs.

N wandering through the village of

Llandilo Vauhr, which the natives
dignify by the name of a town, it was
our good fortune to espy a small tent
exposed to sale. We could not resist
the temptation of purchasing it, and
with the dexterity of jugglers, lightened
the well-stocked purse of our travelling
companion, Shenkin ap Morgan. Well,
the tent was bought, and luckily paid
for, What next was to be done? A
council of war was held at our cottage;
and over a bottle of Welch* ale, in the
evening, we agreed, with one accord, to
turn it to immediate advantage in our
next excursion, No sooner said than
done. There are some folks who de-
liberate before they act: we act before
we deliberate; and in most cases of
exhortation or strife, it is with us, as
with the irritable, the word and the
blow, and the blow first. ”

After much dispute, the 12th July
was appointed for our excursion to
Clynn y Van, or the pool among the
Black Mountains. The previous time
was spent in necessary preparations.
Shenkin wrought wonders in the way
of tackle-mending, and more than once
extorted our praise by his mode of
manufacturing a fly. After all, Welch-
men can do something! The kitchen,
meanwhile, kept pace with the general
activity. The pot bellowed with the in-
dignant hisses of incarcerated chickens,
the oven seemed pleased with its con-
tents, the shelves in the larder bent in

.

~ graceful acknowledgment of their load,

and the womankind were up to their
ancles in the blood of massacred
poultry.

The day at length arrived —“ the
great, the important day, big with the
fate of’—us and of the trout. We
rose, as agreed on, by peep of dawn,
and even now blush while we remember
the difficulty. Morgan’s unfortunate
propensity to sleep compelled us to call
in the assistance of cold water; and the
snore of Robert Rapid announced the
intensity of his devotion to Morpheus.
Our procession was at last arranged,

ontuty Mac. No. 401.

and the Welchman was the most hu-
morous part of it. He was dressed in
a pair of picturesque brogues, “ par
nobile fratrum,’ that reached only to
his knees, and after the fashion of his
ancestors who, as he informed us, had
worn wigs for thousands of years, ar-
rayed himself in a caxon of episcopal
dimensions. Robert was rigged out
pretty much in the usual way, and your
humble servant, with the exception of
a fishing-jacket, looked somewhat like
an author on short commons, a servant
on board-wages, or an officer on half-
pay. The tent was carried on the
shoulders of an alternate couple of
the party, and a Welch poney brought
up the rear with a hamper of pro-
visions.

At aslight distance from the cottage
we commenced our ascent of the first
range of hills, and on gaining the sum-
mit, round which the path winds to
Clynn y Van, stopped for an instant to
survey the rising sun. But while we
were wrapt in extacy at the sight, Mor-
gan was pulling hard at the brandy flask,
insensible to the spirit of the universe,
and alive only to the spirit of the
brandy. _We reprimanded him for his
want of taste, but he assured us that it
was in order to improve his taste that
he fortified his stomach with a cordial.
After a toilsome march of three hours,
“ over mountain, over moor, over flood,
and over fell,” we contrived to have a
peep at Clynn y Van, with the clouds
resting on its bosom. The sight re-
newed our strength, and we were at
last rewarded for our exertions by
gaining the loftiest peak. A most mag-
nificent landscape presented itself be-
low us. On every side rose a huge
chaos of mountains, with vallies repos-
ing between them. At the base of
Clynn y Van the spire of the village
church peeped forth from its coverlid
of wood, surrounded with the white
cottages of the turf-cutters. Rushing
in cataracts from the mountains, nu-
merous brooks took their way into a
lake about a mile distant from the vil-
lage, and flashed forth a thousand co-
lours in the sun-beam. Higher up on
2C y the

~

194

the eminences the smiling appearance
of the low-lands vanished, and all was
barren and. desolate. A wide heath,
rendered impassable in part by bogs,
afforded provision for the sheep that
browzed upon the mountains, and pro-
duced only a few stinted thistles. The
wind whistled around us, bearing on its
wing the distant cries of the black cock,
or the sullen rush of the heath bird, the
sole tenants of the waste.

When we had sufficiently enjoyed the
landscape we descended a circuitous
path, which brought us into a sort of
valley belted by an amphitheatre of
mountains, many of which rose perpen-
dicularly from the pool in the centre of
the plain. The sun shone bright on the
waters—the fish leaped up with joy—
our hearts leaped within us at the sight—
and a gale, moderated by the shelter of
the adjacent hills, slightly ruffled the
stream. Our tent was immediately
erected in a spot where a cleft in the
mountains afforded a glance of the
landscape beneath; and our accommo-
dations were in every respect desirable.
We had mantles for the convenience of
sleeping, materials for striking light,
gridirons to fry fish if caught, and cheer-
fulness to enjoy the excursion. But,
alas! sorrow treads hard on the heels
of happiness. “All things,’ as the
Psalmist observes, “ are vanity and vex-
ation of spirit ;” and poor Shenkin was
compelled to acknowledge this bitter
truth in the loss of his Welch wig. A
zephyr, it appears, was travelling by at
' the time, and being taken with the
beauty of the caxon, stole it from the
head of its owner. A hue and cry was
instantly raised, emissaries were des-
patched on the chase, but the thief was
the swiftest of the party, and puffed it
like a balloon beyond our reach. The
discomfited Cambrian entertained us,
on our return, with an account of the
age and virtues of his wig, and informed
us that he would not have lost it for
a hundred pounds, for that it had been
in the family for thousands of years,
and belonged originally to Josiah the
son of Aminadab, who bequeathed it to
one of the Elders of the Ten Tribes, by
whom it was transmitted to the ances-
tors of Llewellyn, who gave it, at his
death, to Shenkin-ap-Rhyader-ap-Mor-
gan-ap-Jenkins-ap-Jones, and through
whom it had descended to the present
owner, “ Judge, oh ye gods! how
dearly Morgan lov’d it.” With some
difficulty we pacified him, and tied a
handkerchief round his bald head, which,

Adventures in Wales.

{Oct. f,

thus accoutered, gave no faint idea ofia
turnip enveloped in a dish-clout.

The sun had by this time attained his
meridian, and we resolved to commence
an assault on the provisions. Morgan
led the way to the attack, and skir-
mished gallantly among the baskets.
We too seated ourselves by the tent
side, and paid repeated compliments to
each other’s faculties of mastication.
As for Robert, he digested our jokes
with as much good humour as his din-
ner, and amused us by his unwearied
sprightliness. How long we continued
at our repast it is impossible now to
say, but certain it is, that the sun was
on the wane, when we took up the frag-
ments that remained. Our rods were
forthwith got ready, and away we hur-
ried to the pool: but the intensity of
the heat prevented our usual activity,
and we moved languidly along the banks
until roused by a shout from Taffy, who
had hooked an enormous trout. The
fish struggled with the energy of despair,
but the wary Cambrian refused to remit
his advantage. He played him with
infinite dexterity, gave him a full swing
of line, and having fatigued him with
pain, drew him safely to land. It may
here be proper to observe, that we saw
the epicure Robert lick his lips at sight
of the trout, and handle his well-fed

back, as if, like an avaricious clergyman, °

he was fingering the tythes of the parish.
While thus absorbed in fly-fishing, the

. clouds thickened, the day. was overcast,

and the lurid appearance of the atmo-
sphere announced the approach of a
storm. We heard the thunder echoing
in sullen peals from the distance, and
grow louder and louder as it approach-
ed. At last it burst full on our heads.
Each roll reverberated in ten thousand.
echoes among the mountains, and in-
spired us with unusual solemnity, Eyen
Robert was serious, and Morgan forgot
his wig. The lightning meantime flashed
terrifically around; the wind rose—fell
—and stillness again brooded over the
face of the landscape. During the con-
tinuance of the storm we retired into
our tent, where we amused ourselves
by tying flies, and preparing fire for our
trout. Morgan was dubbed cook, Ro-
bert ordained his ministrant, and I
was despatched to cut turf to feed the
flames. In the course of out pursuit,
we lighted by chance on a bog-cutter
who was engaged in a similar occupa-
tion. Like the generality of his coun-
trymen, he was a timid superstitious
sort of fellow, and seemed to be ore

ened.

1824]
ened out of his wits at the tempest.
To quiet his agitation we brought him
to our tent, and having replenished his
exhausted courage with a dram, listened
attentively to his wild legends of Clynn
y Van and the adjacent ruins of Castle
Dynevor. It is inthe season of horror
that the feelings are most alive. The
common-place man by day, may become
romantic at night; and in a situation to
elicit the dormant faculties of the soul,
poetry may spring from the lips of even
amerchant. The legends of this simple
Welch herdsman were told with a dread-
ful earnestness; we say dreadful, be-
cause none but those who listened can
have an idea of the energy of his detail,
excited as his feelings had been by the
tempest, which evennowroared gloomily
in the distance. The following is a faint
sketch of the popular tradition of the
White Lady, the very mention of whose
name is enough to petrify a Welchman
with horror. Our party was grouped
round the fire while the peasant related
it; and as the flames played on his
countenance, quivering with the varied
emotions of his narrative, they commu-
nicated an expression of fear that we
have never since seen equalled.

“ Many centuries ago, an ancestor of
the Bynevor family, who were at that
time the owners of the immense tracts
in the neighbourhood of Clynn y Van,
formed an attachment to a young pea-
sant girl. He was a determined liber-
tine, and spared no pains to accomplish
his intentions. Chance favoured him.
He was sauntering one evening by the
pool side, when the object of his ena-
moured fancy passed him in her way to
the neighbourang village. The situation
was lonely—the evening dark—the pea-
sants had long since quitted the fields,
and the tinkling of the distant sheep-
bell was the only sound that broke the
stillness of the hour. The nobleman
marked his opportunity. He approach-
ed his victim, and in the height of
phrenzy blasted her character for ever.
She survived her disgrace but a short
time, and drowned herself in the pool
beside whose banks she was undone.
Her seducer returns to the metropolis,
and from the haunts of dissipation
brought down with him a gay assem-
blage of fashion. Balls, tournaments,
succeeded each other in rotation; and
one day, a party was proposed to Clynn
yVan. The day of amusement arrived—
it was the same day that had witnessed
the scene of violence. Towards evening,
when the tents were pitched for the dance,

Adventures in Wales.

195
the lord of the feast was observed to be
impressed with unusual melancholy. He
wandered thoughtful along the banks of
the lake, and remembered the woman
whom he had murdered. The village clock
struck nine. It had struck the same
fatal hour when last he was there with
his victim. Suddenly the pool became
agitated—a cloud hovered on its surface
—from the midst of which rose a female
form, arrayed in milk-white garments.
It held an hour glass in its hand, and
pointed to the affrighted nobleman.
The sand slowly ebbed away, and the
spectre, as if anxious to hasten its de-
crease, shook it in her skeleton hand.
Ten o’clock struck, the moon became
suddenly overcast, and the last grains
of sand disappeared. A deep groan was
heard on the instant. The party rushed
to the spot. The nobleman was dead.
From that period, on a certain day and
hour in the year the water bubbles up
with foam, and the White Lady is seen
to rise from the surface, screaming with
the hollow lungs of death—* The clock
has struck—the knell is tolled —the
priest is at the altar—the victim in his
grave.”

The turf-cutter concluded his legend,
and infinite was the consternation of
the party. Robert looked around as if
afraid of the visit of a ghost, and espy-
ing a hole in the tent, enquired of the
trembling peasant, if it was large enough
to admit a goblin. He was answered
in the affirmative; and without more
ado applied himself briskly to mend it.
As for poor Morgan, he sat fearfully in
the corner, sipping diluted brandy, and
brushing up the embers of the fire. The
storm had now subsided, and nature was
again at rest. It was deep midnight;
the peasant seemed anxious to remain,
and in order to pass away the time we
finished our trout for supper. Robert,
in the interim, who had once served in
the army, proposed that we should
mount alternate guard without our tent.
A difficulty now arose, who should take
the first watch during the coldest part
of the night. To settle the dispute we
agreed to cast lots, and having luckily
a piece of Goethe’s Wilhelm Meister,
with the major part of which we had
lighted our segars, being the only light
that the book had ever thrown upon a
subject, we tore it into three divisions.
The soldier was unsuccessful in his lot,
and buckling himself up in his mantle,
with a pipe in his mouth, and a cudgel
by his side, paraded without the tent,
Meanwhile (thanks to the brandy) we

2C 2 recovered

196

recovered in part from our consterna-
tion, and with some difficulty the turf-
cutter was induced to treat us with
another legend.

“On the conclusion of the holy war,
the founder of the house of Dynevor
(who, by the bye, are godfathers to all
the legends of the country) returned to
his estate in Wales. Many surmises
were circulated to his prejudice, and it
was even affirmed that he had murdered
his brother to gain possession of the title.
His deportment, which strengthened the
reports, was tinctured with deep gloom.
He secluded himself by day, and at
night, when the household. had retired
to rest, strange noises were heard, pro-
ceeding, as it appeared, from his apart-
ment. His sole amusement was hunt-
ing, in the pursuit of which he would
absent himself for weeks from home.
Engaged one day in his favourite occu-
pation, accident brought him to Clynn
y Van: night was approaching, and
being spent with fatigue, he tied his
horse to a tree, and retired to rest ina
cavern beside the pool. At midnight he
awoke, ‘The moon was up, and he dis-
covered that he had been sleeping on a
damp grave, while skulls and moulder-
ing bones lay strewed in all directions
around him. He rushed from the re-
cess—a cold chill came over him—it
was the slime that earthworms had left
upon his face. At the mouth of the
cave, a figure arrayed in black opposed
him. He enquired the way home, and
the stranger beckoned him. with his
hand to follow. On reaching his gate,
he turned to thank the guide, when the
fleshless skeleton of his brother stood
before him, The fratricide lived for
years afterwards; but every night when
the castle clock was on the stroke of
twelve, a heavy footstep was heard
pacing along the corridors, and the
spirit of the murdered would appear
before the eyes of its guilty kinsman.
He, too, is long since numbered with
the dead, but the spectre has been
heard at times to shout from the cavern
where he was slain, as if justice was
still withheld.”

It was now our turn to watch, and
accordingly we prepared for the enter-
prize.. The thunder-storm had long since
ceased—the breeze was lulled, and the
moon shone down in unclouded bril-
liance. The night was ineffably de-
licious, and the spirit of benevolence
seemed abroad on the wings of the
wind. Before us lay the legendary pool
of Clynn y Van,slumbering in the moon-

Adventures in Wales.

(Oct. 1,

light, like beauty on the lap of inno-
cence; and to the right appeared the
sepulchral cavern overrun with wild
shrubs, and frowning in dreary horror.
The naked crags that surrounded us on
every side, resounded with the distant
roar of mountain cataracts; and the
villages beneath were tipped with the
silver of the moon-beam that softened
the more rugged features of the land-
scape. It was an hour for meditation,
and we felt its influence. The past
rushed on our minds, with a long train
of departed remembrances. We thought
of the friends who were dead—of those
who were far away—and felt that we
might never meet again. We looked
up to heaven ;—thestars shone bright—
white fleecy clouds sailed across the deep
blue of ether; we breathed more freely
at the sight, we took cheerfulness unto
our souls, as a handmaid, and felt that
we were born heirs to a better world
than this. In the course of our con-
templation, the time appointed-for our
watch had expired, and with no. little
vivacity we resigned the post of honour
to Morgan, while we renewed our chat
with the turf-cutter, who had been en-
joying a sound nap on the mantles
which were spread beneath the tent.
After a short interval, a sullen sound
was heard, Robert instinctively grasped
his cudgel—the peasant anathematized
the “ White Lady,” and out we all
rushed in disorder. There we found
Morgan in a deep snore, with a check
handkerchief tied under his chin, and his
arms hanging idly by his side... A court
martial was immediately held; the ar-
ticles of war were conned over, and the
culprit was condemned to a—bumper
of salt and water. In vain he implored
our clemency—in vain he told us that
his dozing was the effect of eating trout
from the inchanted pool, a recollection
which alarmed his countryman, who did
penance for every mouthful he had
eaten. Equally vain was his resistance,
although, in order to touch our feelings,
he informed us that his great great
grandfather Shenkin -ap-Rhyader-ap-
Morgan-ap-Jenkins-ap-Jones, had: ap-
peared to him in his sleep—had taxed
him with the loss of the family wig, and -
had promised to bring a whole legion. of —
ancestors to haunt him, until the pre-
cious relic was found. _We continued
as inexorable as fate ; the saline draught
was prepared, swallowed, and our ven-
geance was appeased.
Daylight was now breaking in, and
the turf-cutter, who had acquired cou-
rage

1824.]
rage with peep of dawn, left us with
many thanks to resume his labour. Our
tackle was once’ again in requisition,
we quitted our tent, and hastened to
the banks of the pool. Robert was the
most successful of us all, he depopu-
Jated the White Lady’s dominions with
incredible dispatch, for which Morgan
hinted that he would be damned. As
for ourselves, we took up an odd volume
of Shakespear, and had just contrived
to fall in love with honest Jack Falstaff,
when the soldier made his appearance
with a decent hamper of trout, while
the Welchman licked his lips in the rear.
A unanimous call for breakfast now
summoned:us to the tent, and we had
scarcely despatched our repast, when
the camp was struck—the poney sad-
dled—the procession formed, and off
we moved, singing, as w2 quitted
Clynn y Van, the plaintive Irish melody,
“ Farewell! but whenever you welcome
the hour.”

Our walk home was delightful, and
heightened by a recollection of the hap-
piness we had enjoyed. Once or twice
we could not help looking back at the
magnificent mountains we were leaving,
and almost envied the fate of Mrs. Lot,
who hardened to a pillar of salt with her
face turned towards the dear country she
was quitting for ever. :
base of the mountains, a singular spec-
tacle presented itself. It was an old
woman riding to the neighbouring
market-tewn of Llangadock with a sin-
gular covering on her head. Morgan
beheld her—and thought he recognized
on her pericranium the apparition of
his stray caxon. He walked—he leaped
—he* jumped towards her, seized the

_ lost sheep, and bore it in triumph to the
party. The fact is, it had been blown
among some furze at the foot of the
Black Mountains, where it was captured
by the elderly gentlewoman as the law-
ful spoils of war. Our little Taffy was
once again the merriest of the merry;
and informed us a few days afterwards
that his ancestor Shenkin-ap-Rhyader-
ap-Morgan-ap-Jenkins-ap-Jones had ap-
peared to him again in his sleep, thank-
ed him kindly for the recovery of the
wig, and promised never again to play
the devil with him.

——a————_

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
Sir, -

HAVE just been spending a most

agreeable half-hour in viewing an

elegant and varied assemblage of orna-

Remarks on the Crystalization of Alum.

On reaching the:

197

ments, fabricated ‘by the simplest, yet
most. beautiful chemical process—the
crystalization of alum: the whole being
the result of a few spare hours of pa-
tient industry in regulating the steps of
this simple process, so as to cause the
aluminous deposit to affix itself to
almost any desired object or form.

I do not claim to myself the original
principle of this pleasing invention,
which I believe has been chiefly con-
fined to the fabrication of flower-bas-
kets for chimney ornaments among
the more amiable sex, and the en.
chasement with an artificial crystal of
busts, &c., by the id/ers of our own:
But as the result of my own expe-
rience and consequent gratification, I
am induced to offer some observations
which Iam persuaded may contribute
in some degree to the pleasure of others
(more especially to the lovers of botany
and other branches of natural history),
as relates to the more extensive applica-
tion of aluminous crystalization.

The steps of the operation are these:
—Dissolve eighteen ounces of pure
alum in a quart, beer measure, of soft
spring water (observing the same pro-
portion for a greater or less quantity)
by boiling it gently in a close tinned
vessel over a moderate fire, keeping it
stirred with a wooden spatula until the
solution is complete. When the liquid
is almost cold, suspend the subject to
be crystalized, by means of a fine thread
or twine, from a lath or small stick laid
horizontally across the aperture of a
deep glazed earthen jar, into which the
solution should now be poured, as being
best adapted'to the process. The re-
spective articles should remain in the
solution about twenty-four hours ; when
they are taken out, they are again to
be carefully suspended in the shade
until perfectly dry. The whole process
of crystalization is best conducted in
a cool situation. When the subjects to
be crystalized are put into the solution
while it is quite cold, the crystals are
apt to be formed too large; on the
other hand, should it be too hot, the
crystals will be small in proportion.
Experiments have convinced me that
the best temperature of the liquid is
about 95° of Fahrenheit’s thermometer.

I shall subjoin a list of the subjects
which are admirably adapted to the
purpose I have mentioned, all of which
I have succeeded in bringing to a most
beautiful state of crystalization by the
above method.

Among

198

Among the vegetable specimens, are
the common moss-rose of the gardens ;
the protuberance or dur found on the
wild rose, rosa canina, occasioned by
an insect depositing its ova thereon—
this should be plucked with its foot-
stalk and a few of the leaves—small
bunches of hops, ears of corn, especi-
ally millet-seed, and the bearded wheat,
berries of the holly, fruit of the sloe
bush, the hyacinth, pink, furze blos-
som, ranunculus, garden daisy, and
a great variety of others: in fact there
are but few subjects in the vegetable
world that are not eligible to this mode
of preservation. In the animal king-
dom, the lizard, large spider, grass-
hopper, all the beetle kind, the nests of
small birds, with their eggs, forming
most beautiful specimens, when neatly
secured in portions of the branches of
the tree, &c., in which they are accus-
tomed to resort. A considerable degree
of attention is requisite to prevent too
great a deposit of the alum on some of
the above-mentioned subjects, by which
their beauty would be obscured; they
ought therefore to be frequently in-
spected while erystalization is going on,
and removed as soon as it can be ascer-
tained that they have acquired a suffi-
cient coating. Various articles of tur-
nery, &c., intended as chimney orna-
ments, in almost every diversity of
form, if first carefully covered over with
common cotton, wound round them,
may be submitted to crystalization, with
the same beautiful result.

W. H. WerEkgs.

Sandwich, Aug.10, 1824.

P.S. If desirable, the crystalized sub-
jects may be tinged with almost any
variety of colour, by boiling in the
alum solution a little indigo, Brazil log-
wood, French berries, or other vege-
table and mineral dyes. A little care
and ingenuity will likewise enable the
operator to confine his tints to the
crystal surrounding flower blossoms,
and other particular parts of plants
which he may wish to preserve. Among
the vegetable tribe, the class of lichens,
especially the cup-moss, are most eligible
subjects, nor are many specimens of
fungi less adapted ; the two latter tribes
of vegetables have moreover the advan-
tage of permanently retaining their na-
tive colours, without any aid- whatever
from art. A thin coating of the crys-
talizing matter only should be allowed

to

The Yssaoois.

(Oct. 1,
to obtain on most individuals of the
eryptogamia, which is adequate to their
preservation, and much more essential
to the beauty of the specimens.

—

THE YSSAOOIS.
[Extract from a letter from M. Delaporte, French
Vice-Consul at Tangiers, to M. de Sacy, dated
3d Sept.1523. [Journal Asiatique.]

A aes Yssaoois form here a species
of congregation, the members of
which are spread over all Africa, and
even extend to Asia. I have found
them in all my journeys, wherever there
are serpents, scorpions, or other
noxious animals. They replace the
ancient Psylli. The chief of the
order resides at the Quinez, and the
brotherhood draw their name, not
from Yssa, Jesus, son of Mary, but
from an African named Yssa, or Scid-
ben-Yssa, its founder. The Yssacois
enchant serpents, take scorpions into
their hands, and suck the poison of
these animals. They enter into ex-
tacies, by dint of repeating what ”
they call Jadaba iagdoob, the name of
God, with a howling voice, making
great and frequent contortions, and go-
ing to the right and left, backwards and
forwards. In their extacy they foam,
turn ofa purple colour, and lose, or
seem to lose, their senses. They have
however prudence enough to spare their
fellows, and especially the soldiers, who
attend them in the different processions
they hold at different times of the year,
commonly during the feasts of Ramad-
han, the sacrifice, and the Mohammedan
Christmas (the author probably alludes
to the Mevlood, or birth-day of Ma-
hommed). Woe to any Christians, or
more particularly Jews, who may {fall
in their way: they are sadly treated.
I saw at Tripoli two French sailors who
had their shoulders torn off by the lively
embraces of two of these Yssaoois, in
good humour; and they were fortunate
to have got off so cheaply. If there
are no Jews or Christians, they will
attack fowls, cats, dogs, asses, camels,
not even despising carrion. The sol-
diers who attend them take care that
none of the brothers, who might be a
little too much of the Yssaoois, escape
from the procession. This community,
which is purely religious, is divided
into two branches, who fight with one.
another whenever they find an oppor-
tunity of so doing. That is nearly all
that I know about them.

For

1824.]
For the Monthly Magazine.
Hints fo facilitate the Execution of the
Design now in progress at Bombay,
for establishing a direct and rapid
Communication between Innta and
Great Barrain, dy Steam Packets,
to navigate the Arabian Gulf or Red
Sea, and the Mediterranean and Le-
vant Seas. ;

HE magnitude and utility of the
proposed plan call upon every

_ man, who is possessed of local informa-

tion concerning the old route between
India and Europe, to contribute his aid
to its execution. The necessity of ap-
plying steam navigation to the sea pas-
sage between Bombay and Suez, is evi-
dent from the fact that the whole voyage
is within the monsoons, or subject to
periodical winds that are influenced by
the monsoons, which have hitherto re-
tarded for half the year a voyage that
may in the other half be performed in
a few days. We have a remarkable in-
stance of this unfitness of the Red Sea
for ordinary navigation, in the ob-
stacles it offered to Buonaparte’s pro-
ject of invading British India, by forces
to be sent from Egypt, the promised
arrival of which in India excited Tip-
poo Saib to the war, which cost him
his life, and dethroned his dynasty ; it
was in the season for traversing Egypt,
which is between the annual inunda-
tions of the river Nile, and the periodical
wind of the Red Sea did not leave with-
in the reach of Buonaparte any vessels
for the conveyance of his artillery and
other heavy stores to India; all the
ships\of that sea had then sailed for
Mocha, Medina, and the other ports near
the Straits of Babelmandel.

The next portion of the route lies
within Egypt, and there the advantages
of steam navigation upon the Red Sea
would again raise the question, whether
Suez or Kosseir should be the station
for the packets? The shoalness of the
Red Sea to the northward of Kosseir,
where a dangerous reef of rocks already
bears the name of an English ship that
was lost upon it, has occasioned the
land route between Kosseir and the
Nile to be preferred to the route be-
tween Suez and Grand Cairo, in mo-
dern times, though the distance by Kos-
seir is rather the longest; but with
steam navigation, that is not liable to
the perils, which beset ordinary sailing
vessels, the route by Suez may perhaps
be again preferred.

Permanent liberty and security of
passage between the Red Sea and the

Steam Packets between India and Great Britain.

199

Nile may be confidently relied on, be-
cause the commercial spirit of the pre-
sent vigorous government of Egypt is
not the mere result of the individual
character of the Pacha, but is the ne-
cessary effect of certain territorial pre-
rogatives of the government, which
allow him to monopolize the chief pro-
ducts of the soil, and therefore make
it his interest to encourage a commu-
nication through Egypt with other com-
mercial countries.

The navigation of the Nile is so fa-
youred by nature, that steam-boats are
not absolutely necessary to it, though
at a future period they may be intro-
duced with advantage. The prevailing
winds of Egypt, with few and short in-
tervals, are from the north and north-
west, running counter to the direction
of the stream of that river in the Cano-
pic or Rosetta branch, on which the
proposed communication will be main-
tained, and being rather more of a side
wind on the Pelusiac or Damietta
branch ; hence the quick passage of a
djerm or boat of that country (by Bruce
called a canja) is ensured either up or
down the river almost at all times: be-
cause for ascending it the wind is gene-
rally fair, and in descending the broad-
side of the boat is kept across the
stream, and the current bears her down
against the wind; no more sail is set
than is sufficient to keep the boat under
steerage-way, somewhat in the manner
in which ships drop down the Thames
by the force of the tide against a con-
trary wind, but not by backing and
filling the sails as they do; such an
operation would not be practicable with
the lateen sails used in the djerms,
which, however, enable them, in a su-
perior degree, to avail themselves of
the reaches or bends in the course of
the Nile, and of every expansion of its
waters, where the stream is weak, by
spreading the whole of their canvas.
In this way the passage from Boulac (a
suburb of Grand Cairo, situated on the
banks of the river) to the Mediterranean
Sea, is usually performed in three days,
and often in less time, though the djerms
usually lie by for the night at one of
the many villages on the banks of the
river; and in a like proportion of time
to distance is performed the passage to
Upper Egypt, when it is intended to
disembark there and proceed to Kos-
ser. The rapidity of the passage in
descending depends, of course, more
or less upon the strength of the stream,
which is weakest in the early months

of

200

of the year preceding July, at which
time the annual rising of the Nile be-
gins to show itself in Lower Egypt;
just before that period, the waters of
the Nile are sometimes so low, that
occasional inconvenience has been found
from the shoalness of some parts of the
Rosetta branch; but the Damietta
branch is deeper, and free from all such
impediments. The general fairness of
the wind for ascending the river, besides
being subject to occasional short in-
terruptions from a southerly wind,
is also liable, at least in Lower Egypt,
to be suspended, from a little be-
fore midnight until after sun-rise the
next morning, by the land breeze, com-
mon to all coasts within the neighbour-
hood of the tropics, and by the calm
which intervenes before the return of
the almost regular northerly winds,
about nine o’clock for the rest of the
day and the first part of the night;
notwithstanding this, the ascent to
Grand Cairo is usually performed in as
short a time as the descent to the Me-
diterranean.

The land route between Rosetta and
Alexandria is about thirty-five miles,
and lies through the Lybian Desert ;
the first part of the route, as far as
Lake Edko, is well marked by piles of
rude brickwork: thence the road pro-
ceeds upon aneck of land, or dry sand-
bank, which divides Lake Edko from
the Bay of Aboukir, but is intersected
by the entrance of that lake, and also
by the entrance of Lake Aboukir, over
which there are ferries; from the ferry
over the latter, the road is along a
tongue of land, which lies between Lake
Aboukir and the Mediterranean Sea.

That steam navigation is absolutely
necessary in the Levant, must be evi-
dent from the prevalence of north-
west winds, and the frequency of long
calms, though it may be observed that
the land breeze which prevails at night
along the whole northern coast of
Africa, affords great facility to ships
sailing between Europe and Egypt; as,
however, the intended steam navigation
-would probably be carried on between
Alexandria and Venice, or some other
port in the Adriatic Sea, no great value
need be attached to this local conve-
nience, because a vessel bound from
Alexandria to the Adriatic must soon
quit the African shore, and would
thereby lose the benefit of the land
breeze,. which extends but a few
leagues to sea. In steering north-west
towards the entrance of the Adri-
atic, she would be liable ta be be-

Steam Packets between India and Great Britain.

[Oct.1,

calmed under the island of Candia,
where, as in other parts of the Mediter-
ranean Sea, ships have been so long de-
tained by calms, as to have, in a great
degree, exhausted their stock of fresh
water; hence appears the absolute ne-
cessity for applying this powerful inven-
tion to the whole of the passage from
Alexandria to Europe: for in respect to
the Adriatic Sea itself, whether we con-
sider its narrow entrance, its confined
breadth, the dangers of its navigation,
or the long delays which attend the
prevalence of any particular wind for
want of sea-room, it seems more pe-
culiarly to call for the use of steam
navigation The question whether An-
cona or Ravenna, or any other of
the small ports between: Ancona and
Venice, would be preferable for the
station of such steam packets, must
be decided by consideration of the
eligibility of the land routes through
Italy and France, or by way of
Germany to the Straits of Dover,
which may vary with political circum-
stances ; but when it is considered that
the Ionian Islands, as British depen-
dencies, would be improved and en-
hanced in their value by partaking of
the benefits of the proposed communi-
cation; and that Greece, when eman-
cipated, would be, as it were, brought
nearer to England, there is collateral
inducement for the adoption of the
proposed plan; thus a direct and fre-
quent communication would be main-
tained between India and Britain, in
much less time than is usually occupied
in a voyage to Rio Janeiro, though that
place is but one-third of the way to
Bombay by the ordinary passage round
the Cape of Good Hope. ‘

P.S. Lateen-sails and lug-sails being
the fittest for vessels occasionally pro-
pelled by steam, the writer has invented
a method of masting and rigging such
vessels, by which lateen-sails and lug-
sails will work themselves, like gaff-
sails, without any more trouble than that
of shifting the sheet rope; and the
masts will present less surface or re-
sistance to the wind, and will require
less rigging than common masts. This
method of masting and rigging is suit-
able for steam-vessels of between 350
and 400 tons measurement, or any lesser
size, and is consequently fit for India
and other steam-packets, and also for
a new class of small cruizers, that would.
supersede all brigs, schooners, cutters,
and common luggers, in the navy and
revenue services. - safe Ke

J. M,

1824. ]

For the Monthly Magazine.
THE KIRGHEES.

HE immense steppes which extend
beyond the south-eastern borders
of Russia, are inhabited by a race of
people, savage like their country, rude
like their climate, numerous, brave, and
at one time wealthy. These people call
themselves Kirghees-Kaissacks, lead a
nomade life under felt tents, generally
called Kibitkes, and are divided into
three hordes : the great, the middle, and
the little.
that we wish to treat
seription. :

This horde nomadises (if we may use
such a term) among the extensive dis-
tricts between-the river Ural, the Cas-
pian Sea and the lake of Aral, the Sir-
Daria, the lake Akssakal-Barbee, and
the rivers Irgis and Or. Their camps
are similar to those of their brethren of
the middle horde, the Kara-Kalpaks,
Kourds, Arabs and Turcomans; but
how far, or in what particulars they are
distinguished from them, is difficult to
determine, owing to our want of exact
data respecting those different nations
or tribes.

This horde is divided into three prin-
cipal races, which again are subdivided
into thirty-two families. Their number
is estimated at 160,000 Kibitkes, of ten
persons each, including males and fe-
males. The middle horde is less nu-
merous. About 10,000 Kibitkes of the
little horde have settled in the steppe
Run-Pesski, on the inner side of the
Ural. They are called the Bukejewshi-
horde, after the name of them Sultan
Bukei, who led them to this settlement
in 1800, and who was subsequently
made a Khan. In the year 1733, the
little horde, and soon after the middle
horde, submitted themselves to the Rus-
sian authority. Since that time the
government of that country affects to
exercise a certain supremacy ovey them,
confirming their Khans, appointing com-
missioners and chancellors for the
regulation of their affairs, &c.; all of
which the hardy savages ‘heed no more
than the whistling of the wind, unless
backed by two or three hundred in-
fantry and Cossacks with a couple of
pieces of artillery. Indeed, their va-
gabond mode of life, the great distance
of their villages from one another,
makes the power of the Khans them-
selves all but nominal ; and the real au-
thority resides with the Beys, Tarchans,
-or Baturs, heads of the villages and
elders, who are elected by the people.

Monruty Mac. No. 401,

in this de-

Lhe Kirghees.

It is especially of the latter -

201

But even their dominion is much cir-
cumscribed, and_they are liable to be
deposed, forsaken, or even murdered
by their unruly and fickle subjects ;
even if they should be able to boast the
acknowledgment of the Russian Czar.
The Russians feel exceedingly sore at
this turbulence of their Kirghees sub-
jects, who, instead of being quiet and
peaceful like the Cossacks, Calmues,
and other Asiatic tribes under their do-
minion, form one of the most serious
impediments against the extension of
their trade towards the east, and at times
even become formidable to their own
legitimate frontiers, about Orenburg
and Omsk, which they annoy by their
marauding incursions. Nevertheless the
writers of that nation acknowledge that
although they are unwilling to obey an
incapable or unjust ruler, a chief who dis-
tinguishes himself by actions of benevo«
lence and justice will command their
respect and affection, and need be under
no apprehension of being disturbed. in
the authority they have conferred upon
him. The Khans generally undertake
to escort the Russian caravans through
the desert; but even then they are
liable to be attacked by superior num-
bers, often of the Khan’s own rebellious
subjects, when the merchandize is plun-
dered and the people led into captivity,
to be ransomed at high prices. Neither
menaces nor kindness, neither oath nor
treaty can bind these robbers, who are
as dangerous to one another as they are
to strangers.

In former times their wealth in cattle
was so great that in Orenburg alone
near 10,000 horses, 2,000 heads of cat-
tle, and 385,000 sheep were annually
obtained from them in exchange for
Russian produce and manufacture ; be-=
sides great quantities of skins, espe-
cially of wolves and various species of
foxes, camel and goat’s hair, anda stuff
made of camel’s hair, and felt, But
now this trade has considerably. de-
creased, owing to their domestic dissen-
sions, called baranta, and of late years,
especially since 1816, to the frequent
irruptions of the Khan of Chiwa, who

_ wherever he went, broke up their camps,

carried off their cattle, and killed or led
into captivity the people of either sex.
The middle horde is likewise very much
impoverished, but as the country which
they inhabit is much more productive
than that of the little horde, and they
are of a much more peaceable’ dispo-
sition, owing by the superior skill of
their neighbours the Bashkirs in the use

2D of

202

of fire-arms, there is more hope of their
recovering their former flourishing con-
dition.

The Kirghees dislike every occupation,
except that of the herdsman; there is
not the least approach towards a per-
manent agricultural life among them.
It is true that when a Kirghee has lost
his herd or flock, he will take to agri-
culture; he will cultivate a piece of
ground near some river or lake, irrigate
it as frequently as may be required, and
support himself in the interval with
fishing. But as soon as he finds himself
enabled, by the produce of his labour,
to purchase a few heads of cattle, he
will throw agriculture aside, and resume
his pristine pastoral state. Indeed the
steppes which these people inhabit are
peculiarly unfit for agriculture. The
unfruitful ground, covered with salt-
springs, and the total want of food,
renders any thing like a perpetual settle-
ment impossible; and any attempt to
alter the pastoral propensity of the
Kirghees, would only tend to diminish
the quantity of their cattle, on which
their subsistence depends, and with
which alone their deserts can be inha-
bited by man. This eternal idleness,
however, the uniformity of the steppes,
so wearisome for a man of physical
strength and enterprizing spirit, envy
at a neighbour’s prosperity, revenge for
former offences, rivalship, &c. excite the
spirit of enterprize of these people,
which produces the daranta mentioned
above.

Leaving his tents and flocks, armed
with a dagger, lance and bow, mounted
on his faithful steed, and leading ano-
ther for a change, the Kirghee gallops
into the camp of another tribe, seeking
adventure and fortune by robbery and
violence. Returning with booty, he
is saluted a batur (hero) by his tribe,
he acquires general: respect and con-
fidence, and the weak seek his protec-
tion. They obey his command, accom-
pany him in new enterprizes, and as
their number increases with success,
they soon spread desolation together
with their chief’s fame all around them.
Those who are plundered and oppressed
by them, assemble likewise to seek re-
venge, and recovery of their loss, and
if they are beaten, they throw them-
selves in their turn, upon some unsus-
pecting camp, and indemnify themselves
as well as they can. Thence the ge-
neral enmities and hostilities among
their tribes, which are transferred from
the father to the son, to the most dis-

The Kirghees.

[Ocr, 1,

tant generation, This is the beginning
and the end of the daranta.

The religion of the Kirkhees is in
general the Mohammedan, of the Sun-
nite sect ; but, with the exception of a
few chiefs who have been brought up in
Chiwa, Bokhara, and other places of
Central Asia, where the Koran is very
strictly followed, they are very lax in
their piety. Since 1785, the Russians
have occasionally sent them Mullahs
from among their Tartar, or rather
Turkish, subjects. These Mullahs are in
some instances the secretaries of the
chiefs, and charged with the education
of their children. But such a desire of
instruction is extremely partial, and has
remained so notwithstanding the exer-
tions of the Russian government, who
went even so far, at about the same pe-
riod, as to cause the erection of a mosque
and two school-houses in the vicinity of
Orenburg, for the special use of the
Kirghees. But the mosque, as well as
the schools, have never been visited by
them, and the buildings are falling into
decay, notwithstanding the continuance
of the salaries to the priests, and school-
masters then appointed. In spite of
this general apathy to religion and in-
struction, the Russian government takes
it for granted that all the Kirghees are
Mohammedans, and in cases of any of
them being appointed a chief, or en-
gaged in a law suit, they are sworn on
the Koran, or are exhorted by the Mo-
hammedan Akhoon; and in 1819, on
the request of some chiefs, Muhammed-
Shan, who had long resided at Buchara,
was nominated Mutti or Kasi of Oren-
burg for the Alimulinskian horde, The
present Khan of the little horde is a
very zealous Mohammedan ; and one of
his sons, Idiga-Sultan, is very well in-
formed, and reads and writes the Arabic
and Turkish with fluency. He is a
great favourite among the Kirghees, and
the Russians seem to hope much good
from his influence among these savages.
The chief causes of their ignorance
seem to be idleness and arrogance: one
of their chiefs being asked, why they
did not learn to read and write, re-
plied, “ What use is it troubling our
heads with such nonsense ? this is the
business of the Mullahs.” But notwith-

standing this dislike of studying, they

are naturally eloquent and very fond of
poetry. Itis said to be no uncommon
thing to hear an orator at a public as-
sembly interrupt himself in an animated
speech with a song, or a professed
singer cease his song and introduce a

piece

1824.]

piece of oratory or extemporary verses.
Tt is naturally to be supposed that
people so ignorant are superstitious,
and that their ardent temperament will
be easily excited by any impostor who
assumes the character of a prophet. In
the summer of 1821, such a personage,
named Morall, made his appearance
among the middle hordé, preaching the
speedy subjugation of the horde, and
various other misfortunes. The people
put faith in him, and his followers be-
came soon very numerous. They would
have undoubtedly increased still farther,
and the circumstance might have led to
some serious results, had not the occur-
rence of an unforeseen event destroyed
his Saintship, and the belief in his mi-
raculous power. Two hundred Cossacks,
with some pieces of cannon, appeared in
the steppe as an escort to some engineers
who had been sent out to make obser-
vations ; the prophet urged the Kirghees
to attack them, assuring them that he
would turn the brass cannon into clay,
and prevent them from firing. The
Kirghees believed -him, and having as-
sembled in great numbers, made a fu-
rious attack upon tke Russians ; but
the latter soon convinced them that
their guns could still fire and kill, upon
which they dispersed, and drove away the
prophet with scorn. The Scotch mis-
sionaries, who within late years have
settled in their vicinity, have tried hard
to convert them to Christianity, but
with no visible effect; although they
now and then succeeded in making
thenraccept of bibles. They are often
duped by those who, having lost their
property through the baranta, are wan-
dering in the vicinity of Orenburg, and
pretend to listen to the exhortations of
the missionaries, for the purpose of
getting breadfrom them. From all this
it would seem, that the Kirghees form
a large body of people, without religion,
without knowledge, without laws or any
civil institution, and obeying no autho-
rity unless coupled with force. There
is however a conservatory power which
supplies all these, viz. the force of an-
cient customs, ‘There exists a tradition
of ancient laws among them, whose in-
fluence is not yet entirely extinct, and
which are even now from time to time
enforced by some of their elders, who,
in some instances, have even gone so
far as to inflict capital punishment, al-
though that authority is presumed to be
vested in the Khans only. The follow-
img are mentioned as the principal of
those traditionary laws: Murder was to

The Kirghees.

203

be punished in two ways; if the assassin
and his victim were of the same tribe,
he was sentenced to death; but if they
were of different tribes, the relations
of the deceased might claim two hun-
dred horses from the murderer, and in
case of his inability, to pay this fine,
from his tribe. Violence to a chaste
woman was deemed equal to murder.
In cases of wounds, or other bodily in-
jury being inflicted, the principle was
eye for eye, tooth for tooth, &c. Theft,
on being owned by the perpetrator, or
proved by four witnesses, was punish-
able with death; whilst the objects
stolen were to be restored by the whole
tribe at the rate of twenty-seven camels,
or as the tradition has it, thrice nine ca-
mels and one slave, for a camel ; twenty-
seven horses and one camel for a horse;
twenty-seven cows and one horse for a
cow ; twenty-seven sheep and one cow
for a sheep, &c.

On the tribe’s refusing this restitution,
or in case of murder, the above-named
satisfaction, called Koon, the offended
party was permitted to take, with the
knowledge and consent of his tribe,
from the flocks of the refractory one,
the fourth part of the fine due to him,
but no more, otherwise the daranta was
considered as a robbery and crime.
These laws are said to have been enact-
ed at a period of very high antiquity, by
one Tjouka-Khan, whose name is still
reverenced among the Kirghees. The
sentence was passed by the assembly of
the beys, after which one of them was
charged with the execution of it,

After this general account of this ex-
traordinary race of people, we shall
proceed to give some details of their
mode of life, &c., principally from the
interesting narrative of a modern tra-
veller. During the summer months
they move with their cattle towards the
north, and pitch their felt tents either
singly or in small parties; in winter
however they return to the south, where
they form what is called ows, villages,
camps or hordes.- Their domestic uten-
sils are, an iron kettle (hasan), a
tripod (tgan), a wooden bowl (ayak), a
kitchen-spoon’ (¢shoomitch), a common
spoon (kassook), a small pail (éshilik), a
jug (Foomgan), and a few other articles.

The food, among the wealthy part of
the people, consists of beef, mutton,
goats’, camels’, and horses’-flesh. The
meat is cut very small, and boiled as a
hash (diss barmak), after which they
drink a thin liquor, called sarpa. The
poor people eat porrage of millet, in

2D2z2 which

204

which they sometimes mix a little fat.
Sometimes they content themselves
with eating raw millet, dried wheat
(djudai), barley (arpa), which is all toge-
ther called by the common appellation
of koormatsh. Vrom the flour of these
different kinds of grain, they boil a
porrage (balamooik), which is sometimes
mixed with butter or fat (ssarwmai).
Besides this they make cakes (nan) of
it. They drink water (ssoo), new milk
(ssoot), sour milk (airyan), ‘and sour
mare’s milk (oomoois). They make also
a kind of cheese (koort or kroot) from
sheep’s milk, which, when dissolved in
water, serves for drink and food at the
same time. They make also a kind of
spirit (arak) from sour mare’s milk,
which is used as a medicine.

Their general costume consists of
a cotton or silk wadded coat (¢shapan),
a fur coat (tor), under garments (dambal
iskeeit), a belt (eel), boots (eetuk), a
shirt, open in front (shogdu), wide
trowsers (tshalbar), a large woollen coat
(tshakmen), a seal‘ cap (tyoobeti), a hat
(colpak), a cap (toomak), and a pouch,
suspended from the belt (/alta). The
women’s dress generally consists of a
blue under-dress (keeooldyak), the head-
dress (ssoukalia), ahead-cloth (shoulook),
a fur pelisse (shiooryantsha), a metallic
(que) pelisse (loomartsha), a band of
mock-corals (montshak), beads (mar-
shan), &c. Dr. Bolshoi says, “ it is
pleasant to see a woman or girl in her
best attire, sitting firmly on a wild
horse, and running a race with some
young man, who is often left behind.”
Their musical instruments are a_ fife
(tshabusga), a balalaika (dorba), and a
fiddle (kobus), on which their mounte-
banks and physicians generally excel.

The principal occupation of the
Kirghees (as was said before) is the
tending of their cattle and sheep. Be-
sides the sheep (hoi), goats (ishke),
horses (shi/ka), camels (tyooya), cow’
(ssuir), and oxen or bulls (ogyoos),
dogs (it) and cats (moossuk) form part
of their establishment. The cattle are
kept in the field during the whole
winter, when they feed upon the dried
grass which they scrape up with their
feet. For this purpose they drive out
first the horses, then the camels and
cattle, and at last the sheep and goats.
The horses are never shod; the camels
are covered with blankets in the winter.
All the animals get very lean and weak
towards the spring; the sheep entirely
lose the fat of their tails, which they
only recover during the summer ; in-

The Kirghees.

[Ocr. },

deed a great quantity of cattle perish
every year from cold and want. .Hunt-
ing and shooting are carried on more
for amusement than as means of sus-
tenance. They hunt with dogs and
trained eagles (quere, falcons ?), and
shoot with arrows and guns. The fish
are caught in winter with hooks through
holes made iu the ice, or they benumb
them by beating on the ice, and then
breaking it, takethem out. In summer
they occasionally spear them. Some-
times they catch pike, by troubling the
water, which induces the fish to swim
on the surface. <A few of them will
cultivate the ground in some fertile
parts of the steppe; and although it
rains there very rarely, they reap of the
milet (turn) sixty fold, wheat and barley
tenfold and more. They also grow a
little rye (karassgoola), which is only
iven to the cattle. Their melons

koun), water-melons (karbooss), and.

pompkins (asskabak), are nearly as good
as those of Bokhara and China. From
the former country a species of millet
is imported, called Shyoogaree. The
water is led in small channels from the.
rivers to the low parts of the land for
the purpose of irrigation. The tools
for agriculture, are the plough (yegin.
agatsh) and the harrow (mala). The
Kirghees are very fond of tobacco, but
principally as snuff. Dr. B. says, that
in 1804, he sowed some Chiwa tobacco
for the first time on the banks of the
Sur, which succeeded perfectly, and it
was found preferable to that of Bok-
hara. They trade along the line of
Orenburg and in the fortresses of Orsk
and Troizk. On attacking the caravans
or in their darantas, they are always
armed cap-a-pie. ‘Their arms are: a
sword (kolush), a musket (mooltuk), a
lance (naisa), a bow, a bundle of ar-
rows (ok), a quiver (ssaidak), a dagger
(kinshal), a- cuirass (ssout), a knife
(peeyak), and a stout whip (kamtsha).
They.calculate by the lunar year, hke
the rest of the Mohammedans, giving
however to each month (ai) thirty days.
They keep the Rhamadan, which they
call ooroosa, during which time, when
they feast at night, even the poorest
are expected to eat flesh-meat. The
women and children are exempted from
the rigours of the fast. Respecting their
incantations, in cases of sickness, Dr.
B, relates the following instances, which
he himself had witnessed: “I was
called.in to a man who suffered both
from dropsy and from stricture. I
could give him no relief. At the same
time

1824.}

‘time a Kirghees physician (dargeer)
with his assistants were called in, and
were soon followed by the Achboon
(elder priest) and two or three. Mullahs
(junior priests). The latter sat down
in a semi-circle round a bowl of water
in which they blew, muttering prayers,
and passing beans from hand to hand.
In the mean time the physician put some
knives without handles into the fire, till
they were red hot, when he ordered his
assistants to take them out; after which
he took water from the bowl in his
mouth and squirted upon them, ob-
serving at the same time the rising of
the steam. The patient stood all the
time, supported by two men, with his
back turned towards the juggler, ina
manner that the steam could not reach
him. This ceremony having been gone
through, the physician asked his ser-
vant: inde togoos boldu ma? (will nine
be enough ?) upon which the latter re-
plied: doldu (enough); the physician
said then: indekoi otoor (sit down).
After this he melted in an iron pan some
mutton suet, and having put in a rag
and turned it round, he squirted some
of the same water into it, which created
ahissing. Having repeated this several
times, he threw the pan out of the
tent. The patient was now seated on a
carpet purposely spread near the door,
and the physician having called out:
Kara ishka da alet kel! (bring the black
goat !); such an animal was brought in,
and the assistants having seized her, the
one by the fore and the other by the
hind legs, they carried her three times
round the patient, knocking her against
him on eyery turn. This ceremony was
repeated with a grey and a white goat,
and six sheep in succession. The
Kirghees /Esculapius, probably weary
by his useless labour, now again in-
quired: inde togoos boldo ma ? and the
answer being bo/du, the ceremony was
finished, upon which they seemed not a
little proud, asking me whether people
were cured in Russia in the same man-
ner. Seeing that there was nothing to
do here for me, I-returned to the oul
of the Khan; and three days after I
was informed that the patient was dead.”

The following is a description of a
different ceremony, undertaken for the
cure of a lady who was subject to con-
vulsions :

“ Towards the evening a number of
people of both sexes assembled in a
kibitke, purposely set up for the occa-
sion. The patient was seated on rich
carpets, in her best attire, and was co-

The Kirghees.

205

vered with a thin white silk cloth. All
of a sudden the magician (bakssw) ap-
peared with a kaboois (a kind of fiddle
covered with horse-hair instead’ of
strings), in his hand. Having seated
himself opposite the patient, he began
playing on his instrument in a shrill,
although not unpleasant tone, with
which he accompanied his own horrible
bass voice. Now and then the people
joined him with a terrible roar. Some-
times they cried, Kotch ! kotch! kotch !
in the manner they call their dogs ; and
at others they sang with drawling voices,
and shaking their bodies backwards and
forwards: Adlai opa! Allai opa! (God
help !) all which in some measure re-
sembled our rural Christmas sports.
And thus the first evening was spent
till midnight.

The next day, the assembly having
met again, the bakssu. went through
some of the ceremonies of the pre-
vious day; during which he gave the
patient thirty-one blows on her -back
with a stout whip, so hard that it made
blue marks on her skin. Then he
jumped and capered like a madman,
and struck against the sides of the tent,
as if he would drive anybody out.
After this he threw himself on the pa-
tient, like a rabid dog, and bit her till
the blood flowed. Then again he drew
an immense knife, with which he pre-
tended to stab the lady, which latter
ceremony was intended to stop the
flowing of the blood.

On the third evening some thin tal-
low -candles (ssirach), placed in two
bowls filled with earth and sand, were
kept in readiness, together with a dead
raven, a water-melon, and a pumpkin.
When the dakssu had wearied himself
with his contortions, he went out into
the street carrying the raven, and was
followed by the people, who carried the
other articles mentioned. As soon as
they got out, they raised a terrible yell,
threw away the things they held in their
hands, and returned into the kibitke.
In the mean while the patient lay on
her back, covered like a corpse with a
white sheet. The dakssu again sat down
at her feet, and repeated the ceremony
of playing-and singing. I perceived
that after the words, Tart, Shyanum
tart! the patient’s chest strongly heaved,
keeping time to the instrument. After
some time the dakssu, in a fit of extacy,
fell -backwards, stiff like a tree, ~ but
enashing his teeth and foaming at the
mouth, and turning as pale as death.
But what was most remarkable, the pa-

tient

206

tient fell. at the same time in a similar
state. q

Having lain for about five minutes,
he was raised by his countrymen, and
gradually recovered his senses. He then
again began to play, singing in a plain-
tive strain: ei Temeerum, Temeerum
(Temeera was the name of the patient),
whilst the poor woman seemed to lay in
a burning fever.

This foolery was repeated for nine
nights. On the last night, the enchan-
ter made the patient drink large quan-
tities of warm water, and smoke tobacco,
in order to excite vomiting. The pa-
tient, indeed, for the present recovered;
but, after the lapse of a few weeks, her
malady returned, which probably was
periodical.

If a malady is thought to be of such
a nature, that neither the durgheer or
bakssu can avail, the inhabitants of the
oul, and especially the relations, will
meet, and watch for nights with the pa-
tient. If no priest is at hand, a man or
a woman will repeat a few verses from
the Koran from memory, blowing after
every verse into the patient’s face. The
latter, on his side, chaunts, as long as
he is able, ot Adlai mai! (oh my God !)
&c. Aged people make a kind of will,
not only in favour of their families, but
of all the people. One man, for ex-
ample, ordered that every one who
should pass over a mountain where there
were any grinding-stones, should take
one with him, in order to whet his
knife for the purpose of cutting the
meat in honour of his hospitality. If
any one dies, one may hear at least fifty
persons raising the most dreadful howls;
while some of the women will tear their
hair, strike their breasts, scratch their
faces, &c. If the death occurs in the
evening, these lamentations are con-
tinued during the whole night. The
corpse is washed with water, wrapped
up in linen, and buried, with the head
lying towards the north-west, in a man-
ner that the earth shall not be imme-
diately on the body ; which is effected
either by making the grave in a slanting
direction, or covering the body first
with reeds or branches, before the earth
is placed upon it. If they happen to
be near a burying-ground they will bury
the body in it; and rich people will
sometimes remove the bodies of their
relations from a temporary grave, in
order to inter them among their kin-
dred, and erect over their graves some
sort of monument, either of stone or
brick (masarka). A large burying-

Method of Imitating the Mineral Waters of Germany, &c. (Oct. 1,

ground (moola), or, as they are more
commonly called, holy places (aw/yd),
is commonly placed near some river.
On burying the dead, they recite a
short prayer, which they repeat at the
seventh and fortieth days, and at the
end of the year, with the difference, that
there is more ceremony at this period of
the obsequies than at any of the former.
Anciently they used to bury arms and
otherarticles with their dead ; but, owing
to the general poverty of the people,
this practice has been discontinued.
When a woman is in labour, she is
frequently surrounded by a host of peo-
ple of both sexes, who pray for her.
Their weddings are performed much in
the fashion of the Tartars. When they
cut their hair or nails, they collect them
carefully, and haying added some bits of
reed or grass, they bury them together ;
a custom which is also observed among
the Jews, at least with respect to their
nails, which they burn, together with
some parings of wood. Should a hair,
or the paring of a nail, be found among
any article of food, even when dry,—
such as millet,—such food would ine-

vitably be thrown away. Yass
a
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

Sir,

As a reader of your periodical work
for many years, I hope you will
indulge me by inserting the following
observations on the character and suc-
cess of Dr. Strouve’s method of imitating
the different mineral waters of Germany
and Bohemia, which he is now on the

point of introducing into this country.
Having been himself educated for the
medical profession in his native coun-
try (Saxony), Dr. Strouve had his atten-
tion naturally drawn to the subject of
the medicinal springs with which the
whole of Germany abounds; and seve-
ral years ago he fortuitously acquired
the command of an extensive laberatory,
which enabled him to gratify the desire
he felt of instituting a systematic in-
quiry into the chemical properties'of the
most celebrated amongst’ ‘them. The
result has been, that, after having de-
veloped the principles of the natural
combination, he conceived the possi-
bility of producing the same artificially ;
and thus extending the benefit of their
use beyond the site of the spring itself,
which could never be done by bottling
the real water, on account of the loss of

gas which attends that operation.

With the concurrence and the active
co-operation of the leading physicians
of

1824.]

of Saxony, Dr. Strouve opened an insti-
tution at Dresden, in the summer of
1819, for the purpose of giving his ar-
tificial waters of Carlsbad and Marien-
bad to the patients, who were recom-
mended to try them, instead of visiting
the springs. This was done inan open
garden, containing a spacious pump-
room, wherein, by means of machinery,
he preserved reservoirs of the warm
waters at their requisite temperature,
and restored the gas which had escaped
during the process of preparing them
for use.

The success of this experiment ex-
ceeded his most sanguine expectation.
During the season several hundred pa-
tients, who had been accustomed to pay
an annual visit to the baths, and who
consulted Dr. Kregsig, physician to the
king of Saxony, on their way through
Dresden, by his advice used the arti-
ficial instead of the natural waters;
and these eventually proved as bene-
ficial as the spring itself.

The following season the same suc-
cess attended Dr. Strouve’s establish-
ment. He increased the number of the
imitated springs; when the addition of
many new visitors induced him to form
a similar institution at Leipsic. Here,
too, his plans were attended with the
same favourable result; and amongst
his patients in both cities were several
Englishmen, who had visited Germany
for the sake of using the mineral waters,
either medicinally or by way of bath.

The success of his undertaking now
began to attract the attention of the
neighbouring states; and Dr. Strouve
received a flattering testimony of its
merit, by being invited to establish
similar springs in Berlin, Warsaw, St.
Petersburgh, and Moscow, as well as in
some of the principal towns of the
minor German states.

For the purpose of introducing these
artificial mineral waters into England
with the best possible effect, Dr.Strouve
has erected an extensive building at
Brighton, in a garden, where the whole
process, from the act of purifying the
various ingredients to that of adminis-
tering them to the patients, will be car-
ried on under the same roof. A pump
room, fifty fect by thirty, containing on
one side the apparatus for the produc-
tion of the waters, will be thrown open
at five o’clock in the morning; and the
various kinds may be then taken under
the same circumstances as at the water-
ing places.

Method of Imitating the Mineral Waters of Germany, &c.

207

With regard to the waters them-
selves, they are too various to allow me
to enter upon any detailed description
of them here. It remains to be tried in
this country, whether the peculiar com-
bination of the ingredients with the gas
in the water imparts to it any proper-
ties which can only be obtained by that
means, or not. In favour of this hypo-
thesis may be quoted the experience of
ages, during which patients have con-
tinued to-drink mineral waters with
advantage ; and although this has been
imputed ‘to the relaxations created by a
journey from home by many eminent
physicians, yet the evidence of more
recent experience, which has arisen
from the use of Dr. Strouve’s artificial
water at Dresden by the inhabitants of
that city, must be admitted to be a
powerful evidence in favour of the effi-
cacy insisted upon by the German phy-
sicians. Dr. Kregsig, in a paper published
with Dr. Strouve’s prospectus, says,
“Upon myself, the artificial Carlsbad
waters have had an uncommonly good
effect: I am indebted to them for as
much relief as I formerly experienced
from the natural mineral waters,” &c.
&c. He, of course, took them in Dres-
den, when his own extensive practice
would require a continuance of the same
attention and exertions as at any other
time. A work is now in the press by
Dr. Kregsig, which has been written for
the express purpose of describing the
mode of using these waters, and of treat-,
ing the patient whilst under the influence
of them, which cannot fail to be of great
service in the commencement of their
introduction into this country.

Amongst other waters, Dr. Strouve
prepares an artificial Seltzer, which is
likely to become, in this country, an
article of very extensive consumption,
from its agreeable character as a be-
verage, independent of its medicinal
properties.

In Germany, where the real Seltzer
water (even in its deteriorated state,
arising from the mode of bottling) is
a common luxury, upwards of one
million and a half of bottles are yearly
consumed, besides large quantities
which are shipped to the tropical
climates.

Permit me, Sir, to apologize for the
length of this letter, and assure you of
my esteem. K.

JouRNAL

208

JounnaL of an Officer in the Irish
Legion, lately serving in Columbia.—
Tour from Merida to the Vale of
Santa Maria Anna.

EAVING Merida in the morning,
we proceeded to the vale of Santa

Anna: in our way we visited the ruin-

ed monastery that belonged to the Do-

minican friars previous to the revolu-
tion. Here, instead of bare walls,
we were surprised to find gilded roofs,
marble altar-pieces, and other ves-
tiges of grandeur, that might have done
honour to Rome or Paris. In the nave
and chancel lay many good and holy
fathers, whose pious stories were en-
graved upon their tombs for the benefit
of posterity; but, unfortunately, time
and the damps had been extremely busy
with them. One monument struck me
more particularly: it bore a copper-
plate, neatly fitted into the marble-slab,
surmounted by two panes with wings,
which covered the’ tomb, and on this
was the name of the late superior of
the order, in Spanish, with many enco-
miums on‘his good qualities. Amongst
many other titles, all too flattering for
any virtue except that of aromance, he
was classically styled, Fulcrum Mise-
rorum, gemma virorum. Having a na-
tural curiosity to know something of a
man’s history in whose character those
rare traits were to be met with, I in-
quired of an old Frenchman, who ac-
companied me, as to his knowledge of
the superior. He told me that the
Monk had originally come from Seville,
in old Spain, with a view to improve
his fortune ; that, in consequence of the
refusal of another prelate to place him-
self at the mercy of the wind and waves,
he was appointed Bishop of Vene-
zuela, and that on his translation to
this rich see he resided between Ma-
racaibo and Merida. I asked the

Frenchmen whether the hero of his

tale had died rich? ‘ Oui, Monsieur ;”

—not content with an income of forty

thousand dollars, on the death of the

governor of Maracaibo, he . made
free with the treasure in the royal
chest ; a defalcation of six hundred
thousand dollars was the consequence,
which could not be accounted for, and
the governor’s haciendas were confis-
cated in order to make good the de-
ficiency. Not thinking it prudent to
return to old Spain, he retired to the
convent, where he assumed. the cha-
racter of a hermit, and lived with the
fathers a life of piety and mortification,
according to some; but, as others tell

Journal of a Tour from Merida.

[Ocr. I,

the tale, in all manner of voluptuous-
ness and hypocrisy. He himself had been
pressed into the Monk’s service as
baker-general to the convent, to super-
intend the bread and pastry, and also to
act as pilot to his pleasure barge on the
lake: during the life-time of the superior
he had enjoyed a tolerable easy place of
it, but after his death the monks had
obliged him to cut fuel to ‘serve the
ovens, for which he got many benedic-
tions in lieu of his promised salary. I
asked him to whose gratitude the su-
perior was indebted for this handsome
monument ; he replied, to the fisher-
men of Maracaibo, in return for his
having obliged his flock to abstain from
meat three times a week, which gave
them a good market for their fish:
perhaps the hint was taken from Pope
Leo, who proclaimed Saturday a fast-
day in England, to oblige the pious
fishermen of that country, who gave him
a douceur of five hundred pounds for
his papal benevolence.

The monk could hardly have fixed
on amore delightful spot through the
whole earth, than that retreat which
his own see afforded: here he could
enjoy his otium cum dignitate to his
heart’s content, unrufiled by the care of
this world, amid the romantic scenery of
forests, lakes, rivers, rocks and hanging
gardens, with a climate the most favour-
abte. The gardens. belonging to the
convenis have gone to ruin since the
revolution, but sufficient vestiges of
taste and decoration still linger to tell!
what they once were. Innumerable flow-
ers and blooming shrubs emit a delightful
fragrance, while the numerous exotics
once collected in the green-houses of
the convent have been suffered to re-
main, and, beautiful even in neglect and
wildness, lend a charm to desolation:
These monasteries are connected with
the female convents in the vale by a:
serpentine walk about a mile in length;
shaded by tall trees interwoven so’as to
exclude the rays of the sun: at proper
intervals, little arbours are placed, fes-
tooned with the acacia, im bloom the
whole year round, and other flowery
shrubs equally rare to the European,
Here the fathers were often entertained
by the sisterhood with coffee, lemonade,
and fruits, until dusk. Our French
guide also told us, that the demon of
civil war caused a feud amongst the
nuns of the: two convents, who es-
poused the cause of their respective
partisans as fiercely as the contending
generals and their armies: jt was not

unusual,

1924.} Miller on the Sailing Properties of Square-Rigged Ships.

unusual, he said, to see the radical
nuns going before the inquisitor-general
of their order with black eyes, and
other tokens of the courage with which
they had maintained their doctrines.
In the avenues of the shrubbery or
tinta we met a fat monk, who, in the
course of our conversation with him,
regretted that the extreme poverty of
the brother and sisterhood prevented
our being received with the usual hos-
pitality of their prosperous days. As he
looked too comfortable a personage for
a pauper, I remarked that fasting and
mortification were forgotten with other
comforts. This ill-timed repartee he
took no notice of more than by a-sig-
nificant shrug, remarking, that before
the revolution, they. enjoyed many pri-
vileges, but that the country growing
poorer, and consequently more wicked,
contributed very little at present to
their support. I told him, for his con-
solation, that a French and English
colony would soon repeople the land,
and give a fresh energy to manufacture
and commerce. “ Oh, Santa-Maria,”
said he, “ Voltaire and Paine’s dis-
ciples !”. A prolonged ha-ra-co suc-
ceeded a pause, in which he was evi-
dently labouring under some mortifying
perplexity; to add to his chagrin, I
told him a worse evil than those was to
follow, as the Methodist missionaries
were instructing some Saint in the Spa-
nish language, in order to preach the
gospel in South America to the people
of colour. I can hardly describe the
emotions of the good father on hearing
this account: he looked in despair, and
prayed to God to remove him out of the
world before that occurrence should take
place. I left him, however, to his own re=
fleetions, which I dare say were any thing
rather than pleasant. The Frenchman
wrinkled up his face into an arch smile,
exclaiming, “ Monsieur padre is von
damned grand gourmand,’ and added
that this fellow was’a greater plague to
him than any of the fathers; “ he used
to squeeze my nose, Sennor, in the wafer
tongs, if he had not the wafer for the
sacrament and his breakfast-bread by six
_ clock im the morning.”

In our way onwards, we saw
five other convents, mostly in ruins
from the earthquake; but, dreadful as
such an event must be, one can hardly
regret its having destroyed these re-
ceptacles of pious indolence, which
operated as a double tax on the com-
munity, by withdrawing from the ge-
neral toil so many people capable of

Monty Mac. No. 401.

200

labour, and then taxing those that re-
mained, for their support.

This charming spot is infinitely pic-
turesque and delightful: a succession of
the most fertile hacundas cover the vale
for nine leagues; as far as the eye can
range over to the lofty Paramos de los
Cunegos Mountains you are sure to see
the vine and clive appear in rich luxu-
riance, festooning the props that support
them, while vast plantations of sugar-
cane diversify the appearance in the
vallies. Nothing is wanted to the per-
fection of this scene, but that moral
beauty which is supplied by the presence
of an industrious population, and hu-
manity would hope that this will not
long be wanted ; the tide of liberty and
intelligence is setting in with a powerful
flow over the whole world; and though
despotism may check the rapidity of its
course by temporary barriers, it must
eventually bear down every obstacle op-
posed to it, and leave only the ruins
of slavery as the earthquakes have left .
the ruins of the convents.

—<—
For the Monthly Magazine.

On the Nature and Efficacy of a new
Principle for improving the Sailing
Properties of Squart-RiccepD Surrs.

HE treatise lately published by Sir

Henry Heathcote, Captain, R.N.,

demonstrating the superiority of his
patent stay-sails over the common stay-
sails, is an instance that some naval
officers at least are superior to esta-
blished prejudices, though the navy in
general is slow to receive improve-
ments. For nearly two centuries, the
art of rigging ships has not undergone
any material alteration upon scientific’
principles, as appears from original
paintings and drawings of ships exe-
cuted early in the seventeenth century,
and from the writings of Sir Walter
Raleigh. If, as the great Lord Bacon’
says, “ wise and exact men have
thought. that there are ebbings and
flowings of the arts and sciences ;” if is
surely time, after having for two cen-
turies overlooked defects, and “ vene-
rated error,” that some progressive im-
pulse should break the fascination which
leads most men to think this art per-
fect, though it is devoid of science, dis-
figured by the complexity of clumsy
expedients, and in many circumstances
of wind and weather utterly inadequate
to its true object.

The writer of this article differs from
Sir Henry Heathcote as to the means
of improving the sails of ships. He

does

210

does not,. indeed, controvert the supe-
riority of Sir Henry Heathcote’s patent
stay: sails over those in common use; but
he denies that there is any necessity for
retaining any of the stay-sails of the main
or mizen-masts, except the two lower
stay-sails, and those only for occasional
use: all the rest of the main and mizen
stay-sails he would for ever exclude;
and he conceives that when he shall
have given his reasons for this revo-
lution, it will also be found practicable
to dispense with one-half of the cum-
brous and troublesome stern or steering
sails, the modern spanker, and all the
try-sails and gaff top-sails, excepting the
mizen try-sail, which may at times be
useful, making together more than
twenty sails, about one half the number
with which a ship is now equipped, and
which contain above one fourth of her
canvas; he also expects it will appear,
that his principle of rigging ships would
dispense with the so frequent use of the
remaining half of the stern or steering-
sails. This great reduction, and the
removal of all the running rigging,
booms, spars, end other top-hamper be-
longing to those excluded, would save
much of the seaman’s toil, would leave
a large proportion of the crew dis-
posable to better purposes, with vast
additional improvement of the sailing
properties of ships in lying nearer to the
wind, and also in going faster a-head,
both close hauled and when going large
or before it. A ship thus improved
would have greater stiffness or stability
to enable her to open her lower deck
ports in bad weather, as she would be
relieved from so much top weight, and
she would have much more symmetry
and simplicity in her sails and rigging.
The principle of this change remains to
be explained.

The well-known fact, that fore and
aft-sail vessels can lay a course, and
retain their headway, much nearer to
the wind than square-rigged ships,
proves that the windwardly power of
canvas is greater than has yet been de-
veloped in the latter, and that such de-
ficiency is caused by an error in their
equipment. This difference in wind-
wardly power between those two kinds
of vessels is one point of the mariner’s
compass, which is equal to an angle of
11° 15” in favour of gaff-sail vessels, and
a point and a half making an angle
of 16° 522” in favour of lug-sail vessels ;
lateen-sail vessels will lie still nearer
‘to the wind, but as that species of sail
is unfit for large ships, it need not be
here examined.

Miller on the Sailing Properties of Square-Rigged Ships.

{Oct. 1,

- It is also well known, that sails sus-
pended from yards, slung in an horizon-
tal position, or in a direction approach-
ing to it, are the most lively, lifting, and
propelling species of sails, and are not
pressing, like gaff-sails, which cause a
vessel to heel or incline with the wind
more than she would under an equal
spread of canvass in square sails, or
lug-sails. Now, the lug-sail combines
those good properties, in a superior de-
gree, with its own windwardly power
when close hauled, and also has greater
propelling power than the square-sail
when going large or before the wind:
for these reasons it is the most power-
ful of all fore and aft-sails, and would
be the fittest for chase, but that, as now
slung and worked, it is not so manage-
able as the square-sail, and therefore is
not so applicable to large vessels. The
lug-sail, as now slung and worked, is
subject to the great inconvenience of
dipping the yard in stays, and of shift-
ing it and the sail to leeward of the
mast, and of hoisting thenr up again,
which inconvenience at present ex-
cludes the lug-sail from all vessels ex-
cept small craft; the largest of these
are obliged, for the purpose of avoiding
that troublesome operation, to carry
some of their lug-sails to windward of
their masts, which diminishes the power
of a lug-sail so carried, by making the
luff operate as a back sail, it being diffi-
cult, if not impossible, to carry the
tack so far to windward, as entirely to
prevent the sail from touching the mast.
Other luggers, to avoid the trouble of
dipping their yards in stays, are pro-
vided with two lug-sails for each mast,
which they have ready on deck for use
upon alternate tacks, the leeward sail
being hoisted, and the weather sail
lowered—a very insufficient remedy.

It is therefore necessary to improve
the affinity that exists between the
square and the lug-sail into a perfect
union, by inventing a species of sail
which shall combine the advantages of
both, being as windwardly and power-
ful as the one, and as manageable as
the other. That important improve-
ment would be effected, if we could free
the square-sail from certain impediments
to its proper set and action, that are
caused by the present position of the
stays of the masts in respect of other
parts of the standing rigging, without
depriving the mast of support, andif we
could substitute a mode of suspending
and working the square-sail, which shall
enable it to take, upon each tack, the

true

1824 ]

true set and position of a lug-sail, with-
out dipping the yard in stays, for there
is not any inherent difference between
those two sails, besides that which re-
sults from the different methods in
which they are slung, as the peak or
slope at the head of the lug-sail is not
essential to its proper effect. The cause
and nature of the defects of the square-
sail, and the principle, from which the
lug-sail derives its superior powers, shall
now be explained. \
The experiment upon the square-sail,
made and published by Captain Gower,
of the Honourable East-India Com-
pany’s Service, demonstrates that the
main pressure of the wind against a
square-sail, close hauled, is in its wea-
ther half, consequently the parl and hal-
yard should then attach to that part of
the weather yard-arm at which the wind
chiefly operates, and ought not to be
always fixed to the middle of the yard;
by this improper mode of slinging the
yard of a square-sail, it is subjected to
its present defects, as the main pressure
of the wind against a square-sail, as
now slung, is to windward of the mast
and causes the sag or belly of the
sail to begin in the /uff, which therefore
lifts with the wind sooner than the luff
of any other sail, and requires to be
kept further from the wind, and assisted
with bowlines to keep it full. The
same cause makes the after leach of a
Square-sail operate as a back-sail to
retard the ship, increase her lee-way,
and prevents the escape of the dead wind
that has spent its force upon the wea-
ther-half of the sail. The equality of
strain that is cast upon the tack and
the sheet of a square-sail, also cause it
to retain the dead or spent wind, and
whatever send or sway of the yard is
left by the braces, being in the weather
yard-arm, is unfavourable to the pro-
gress of the ship to windward.. These
concurring effects of slinging a square-
sail by the middle of the yard, destroy
about one-fifth of its windwardly power
when close-hauled; and presently it
shall be shown, that from the same
cause the square-sail loses one-sixth of
its propelling power when before the
wind. The difference of opinion that
exists among seamen upon the ques-
tion, whether the weather or the lee-lift
of a square-sail should be kept tought,
proves that the cause of its defects is
not generally understood, and that the
application of a scientific principle is
hecessary to give consistency to practice.
On the other hand, the lug-sail being

Miller on the Sailing Properties of Square-Rigged Ships.

2l1

slung at its supposed fulcrum, in the
proportion of one third of the yard to
windward of the mast, where the main
pressure of the wind operates, and of
two thirds to leeward of the mast, the
weight of that greater proportion of the
yard and sail to leeward, casts a per-
pendicular strain upon the luff of the
sail, which therefore meets the wind at
a more acute angle than the luff of the
square-sail, and does not lift so soon as
the latter with the wind; that greater
weight to leeward of the mast also pre-
vents any superfluous strain upon the
after-leach of the lug-sail, which there-
fore gives a vent to the dead or
spent wind, and does not operate as a@
back-sail, and the sway of the lee yard-
arm, in consequence of its greater length,
sends the vessel to windward and a-head,
the main resistance of the water being
against the lee-bow of a vessel close-
hauled.

These great advantages are derived
by the lug-sail from the scientific
principle on which it is slung, the
yard intersecting the mast at the point
velique, as the French term it: that is,
the point at which the line of resistance
of the water at the bows of the vessel,
intersects the line of the main pressure
of the wind upon her sails, which point
would be evidently at the intersection
of the yard and mast of a vessel carry-
ing but one lug-sail, when she sails close
to the wind with her helm amidship,
as she would do if the mast be step-~
ped in the proper place: and that would
be found in the fore-hold, more or less
advanced according to the mould of the
vessel,

So true is the superiority of this prin-
ciple of the lug-sail, though so little un-
derstood, or adopted, that even the Chi-
nese have some idea of it, as the square-
sails of their junks are slung somewhat
like a lug-sail, at a point some little dis-
tance from the middle of the yard, in
the proportion apparently of about two-
fifths to windward, and three-fifths to
leeward of the mast; and the frames
that spread the sails of a common wind-
mill are fixed to the arms of the mill in
nearly the same proportions; but it ap-
pears that the Chinese sometimes carry
the longer yard-arm to windward when
close-hauled, from not knowing that the
point at which the yard is suspended,
should coincide with the line of the
main pressure of the wind; which occa-
sional misapplication of the principle
probably arises from a notion that the
method described gives greater stiffness

2E 2 or

212

orstability to the vessel, butit destroys the
good effects of the unequal suspension of
the yard, and turns it into a positive dis-
advantage when close-hauled in that way,
for the reasons above stated. Whether
the Chinese or European, or what other
proportion for slinging a lug-sail yard,
gives the true fulerum, should be tried
by experiment; but no nation seems
to be aware of the necessity or practi-
cability of making the point of suspen-
sion, technically called the sling and
truss, or halyard and parl, moveable on
the yard, and for making the lifts adapt
their tension to that movement, which
with the traverse of the sheets of top-
sails and top-gallant-sails, and the re-
moval of impediments from the stand-
ing rigging, to allow the yards to be
braced up to 20° instead of 35° to 40°
obliquity as at present, constitute the
sine gua non for combining, in one sail,
the good properties of the square-sail
and the lug-sail, free from their present
defects and inconveniences.

The measure of the superiority of the
lug-sail over the square-sail, when close-
hauled, will be found theoretically in
the difference between the angles they
severally make with the keel of the ves-
sel, as the lug-sail carries its tack amid-
ship, or nearly so, and the square-sail
carries its tack on the weather gunnel or
nearly in a line with it; but practically,
the measure of that superiority consists
in the difference between the angles cf
the courses made good to windward by
a lug-sail, and a square-sail rigged ves-
sel, which is commontly a point anda
half of the mariners’ compass, that is
16° 522” in favour of the lug-sail. How
far leé-way may diminish or increase
that angular difference made good to
windward, depends upon circumstances
of weather, and the sailing properties of
particular ships and vessels, and upen
the fact that leeward tides and currents
sweep away square-rigged ships more
than fore and aft-sail vessels, because
they strike the former more on their
broadsides in proportion to that angular
difference, but in general the difference
of leeway is againsta square-rigged ship.
The importance and possibility of ad-
ding that anguiar difference, made goed
to windward, to the present course of
a square-rigged ship when close-hauled,
appears from this fact, that although
she will lay or look up to five points
anda half, she loses headway if kept
nearer to the wind than a six-point
course, to which if we gd the lee-way
and stern-way in stays of a square-rig-

Miller on the Sailing Properties of Square- Rigged Ships.

(Oct. I,

ged ship, which are seldom less than
one point even in smooth still water ;
it will be evident that a square-rigged
ship makes good to windward but one
point out of eight contained in a quar-
ter of the compass, that is, an angle of
but 1]4° out of a right angle, or 90°
in the most favourable circumstances,
which angle of 114° is often insufficient
to countervail occasional disadvantages,
such as the send or drift of a heavy
head sea, the veering of winds a-head,
yaws from bad steerage, and leeward
tides or currents, as in such circum-
stances she cannot make good a better
course than she would sail with the
wind on her beam. Hence it is impos-
sible for a common ship to make a pas-
sage against steady adverse winds, like
trade-winds and monsoons, or even to
clear land or ice when embayed in bad
weather, unless she happens to be fa-
voured by windwardly tides or currents,
or their eddies, or by occasional slants
or veerings of wind, and therefore a
common ship is inadequate to the safety
of life and property, and to the neces-
sary operations of commerce and of war.
But the proposed combination of the
good qualities of the lug-sail and square-
sail in one sail; and the application of
the principle of that improtement to
all the square-sails of a ship, by a lateral
and simultaneous movement, would con-
stitute a ship-lugger superior in wind-
wardly power, by 83°45” including both
tacks, and in velocity both by and large,
or before the wind, to any common ship,
and that could go to sea and make a
passage, when a common ship must lie
in port, or would be cast away.

The proposed ship-lugger could dis-
pense with all the sails that are above
excluded, because two-thirds of a lug-
sail when close-hauled, being to leeward
of the mast, the lug square-sails for that
reason and because of thew sharper
trim, would occupy those positions to
which stay-sails, try-sails, and gafftop-
sails are now applied for the purpose
of intercepting certain streams of wind
that escape between the-common square
sails of different masts, and as the lug-
square-sails would be more powerful
and windwardly than any of the sails so
dispensed with, because a stay-sail pro-
perly so called, being triangular, is but
half a regular sail, anda gaff or try-sail
is but two-thirds of a regular sail on
the principle here stated. The best of
the stay-sails new in use, viz. the main
top-mast stay-sail, has little effect ex-
cept when going a point free, and

though

1824. ]

though that and some of the smaller
stay-sails are in form a trapezium, that
shape, when close-hauled, sends the ship
to leeward more than a-head; and in
respect of gaff or trysails, they are as
before stated, pressing and not lifting
sails, because the spent or dead wind
is forced diagonally upwards and off at
the peak or gaff end; and yet so de-
fective are mere square-sails, that com-
mon ships are sometimes reduced to
the necessity of taking them in, and of
trusting to those inefficient stay-sails
and try-sails to clear a lee-shore.

The single advantage of enabling a
ship to work faster to windward, is
sufficient to mark the importance of the
proposed plan; it is the grand deside-
ratum of naval improvement, to which
sailing faster when going large or
before the wind, is but a _subordi-
nate quality: yet this last-mentioned
advantage also attends the proposed
principle, because a lug-sail spreads
itself wing-like one-sivth of its own
breadth farther over the side of the
vessel than a square sail of equal size,
which difference becomes equal to one-
third more canvas, when the lug-sails
of two masts are so spread over the
Opposite sides, and the aftermost lug-
sail does not becalm the other, like an
aftermost square-sail; such increase in
the spread of the canvas would dis-
pense with the trouble and cost of
stern or steering sails when lefore
the wind, yet as they may be some-
times beneficially applicable to the
lug-square sails, it may be advis-
able that one-half of the stern or
steering sails should be retained, until
trial shall have ascertained whether
their utility would compensate for the
trouble and expense they occasion.

It is impossible by a dry description,
even with the aid of aplate, to convey
an accurate idea of the technical details
of the manner in which the proposed
ship-lugger can be thrown in stays; but
it may be assumed as a moral certainty
in art, that the application of every scien-
tific principle is practicable to the extent
that is necessary to its full operation,
and the writer is so fully satisfied that
he can apply the proposed improve-
ment to all the square-sails of a com-
mon ship, with precision and simpli-
city, upon mathematical and nautical
rng that he would undertake by
tis method to make any good common
ship sail better, both by and large, or
before the wind, and with less canvas
than she can now sail; and he offers

Miller on the Sailing Properties of Square- Rigged Ships.

213

this challenge to the British navy, to be
tried by any impartial arrangement either
between two ships, or upon the same
vessel,

A full and fair trial, and the develop-
ments of practice, would refute or ob-
viate all objections, which until tried,
must be deemed equally as problematical
as the plan itself, and therefore trial only
should decide the question of its prac-
ticability.

The power of steam in stemming
both wind and tide, in dispensing with
the power of wind, and in adding ve-
locity to that of canvas, having lately
made a large encroachment upon the
ancient dominion of the sail, it is proper
and becoming for the advocates of the
sail, which must ever predominate on
the broad scale of navigation, for pur-
poses of war and commerce, to reduce
the arch of the mariner’s compass from
which common ships are now excluded.
It contains six points on each side of the
wind, besides about a point of leeway,
making fourteen points on both tacks,
which are equal to an angle of one hun-
dred and fifty-seven degrees and a-half,
out of the measure of two right angles, or
one hundred and eighty degrees, that are
contained in half the compass or ho-
rizon. This is the true mare incognitum,
which it is more important to penetrate
than the polar ocean, but which the
common ship has hitherto vainly pre-
tended to enter, and almost without
gaining on the wind, for never until the
terms wind-bound and embayed shall have
become obsolete, will square-rigged ships
possess adequate powers.

For want of this improvement, British
property to an immense amount was
annually captured in the English Channel
during the whole course of the late
wars, chiefly in consequence of the un-
fitness and inability of British gun and
cutter brigs to chase French luggers
when close-hauled upon a wind: our
cruizers were therefore reduced to the
necessity of suffering the enemy to
make captures on, our coast, and of
trusting to their chance of intercepting
the French luggers or their prizes near
the French coast, where, on approaching
harbours, the enemy was often obliged
to sail with a free wind, which gave our
cruizers an opportunity of closing with
them. ‘his practice subjected British
officers to the imputation of cruizing
for salvage, and not to prevent capture,
but it was caused by the defects of their
vessels, and not by any want of zeal

‘in

214

in our officers. The proposed plan
would supply the British navy with a
superior sort of cruizer, to prevent
in future wars a renewal of such dis-
graceful depredations in the Channel,
which, in the first three months of
the year 1810 alone, amounted in
value to near half a million ster-
ling. It would also protect British
trade in the straights of Gibraltar from
Spanish gun-boats, which have con-
tinually captured British ships, even
within a few miles, and in sight of
British cruizers laying at the rock,
as they were unable to work to wind-
ward against the prevailing westerly
wind, in time to intercept either the
gun-boats or their prizes; it is this de-
fect of our cruizers that greatly di-
minishes the value of Gibraltar as
a naval station, the -only value it
has, except that of a smuggling dépot,
and the negative importance, that if it
were possessed by the Spaniards, they
would then command the straits dur-
ing a levanter or east wind, as they now
do from Algezieras during the prevail-
ing westerly wind. It was even report-
ed and credited in that garrison, during
the late war, that the above-mentioned
inability of our cruizers to intercept the
enemy, had led te a tacit understanding
between us and the enemy, that the gar-
rison should not fire at a Spanish gun-
boat when in chase of a British ship,
unless the latter should have anchored
within gun-shot of the garrison before
she was taken; and in return, the Spa-
nish gun-boats were not to fire on the
town of Gibraltar.

Though the author thus appeals on
behalf of neglected science, fettered art,
impeded commerce, baffled enterprize,
and of hazarded lives and plundered
property, yet he is not so sanguine as
to expect that he can by any effort in-
troduce this principle into the equip-
ment of the British navy. A century
elapsed between the proposal and the
adoption in the Royal Navy of copper-
sheathing, though the inventor, or at
least the first advocate of that great
improvement, was Pepys, the secretary
to the Admiralty under Charles II., and
therefore a century and a-half at least
must elapse before the proposed prin-
ciple of a ship-lugger will be adopted
in the British navy, because it is the
invention of an unprivileged civilian.
France, or the United States of America,
will probably precede this country in the
adoption of the principle, but there may
be some hope that so soon as it can be

Original Notes on Van Diemen’s Land.

fOct'T,

copied from a French model, it may be
legitimately fit for our navy.
London, J. Min.er.
9, Southampton-Buildings, Holborn,
lst June 1824.

i

ORIGINAL NOTES 02 VAN DIEMEN’S LAND.

HE climate of Van Diemen’s Land
corresponds more nearly with that
of France near Bourdeaux, than with
the climate of, any other portion of
Western Europe, making allowance for
the difference between the insular cha-
racter of the former, and the continental
influences to which the latter country is
subject.
The atmosphere of Van Diemen’s
Land is in general dry, and very little
subject to mist or fog; the latitude be-
ing one of variable winds, the weather
is of course changeable, but not at all
in those sudden or severe extremes that
are injurious to health; rain is occa-
sional and not periodical; a fall of snow
in the vallies is a rare occurrence, and
what little falls there, immediately dis-
solves, though it remains visible for a
considerable time on the tops of moun-
tains, some of which are 3,800 feet
high ; hail is not frequent, and is as
usual local ; thunder and lightning are
rare, and the latter is not particularly
dangerous.

The soil of those parts which have
been surveyed and appropriated, is in
general a fine deep loam, and very fer-
tile, producing wheat and potatoes in
the greatest perfection, the latter of
which have been found in good preser-
vation after a voyage to England. Barley
and oats have not yet been extensively
tried; the common garden roots and
vegetables of England succeed well, but
the settlement of the country is perhaps
too recent to enable an opinion to be
formed of the production of European
fruits, though many of them can hardly
fail to succeed. The natural grass is
abundantly nutritive for sheep, horned
cattle, and horses; sheep thrive well
and increase fast, having extensive ranges
of pasture, and being fond of uplands,
which in that island are in general free
from trees and brush-wood ; it is in the
vallies that forest-trees chiefly abound,
but not universally, many fine vales and
plains being without wood. Horned
cattle are rather scarce and dear in
comparison with sheep; horses are to-
lerably numerous, the race being much
improved at Port Jackson and Sidney,
from whence they are conveyed to Van

Diemen’s

1824.}

Diemen’s Land. Pigs and poultry are
abundant.

Almost all the good lands in the parts
that have been surveyed, viz. on the line
of road between Hobart’s Town and
George Town, have been allotted and
granted away by the crown to settlers,
but it should not be hence inferred that
those large appropriated tracts are in-
habited. It is expected, upon com-
pleting the survey now in progress of
the north-western quarter of the island,
that large tracts of finely diversified and
fertile land will be at the disposal of
the crown. From what little is already
known of that quarter, it promises
better than the north-eastern, in which
there is a considerable portion of sandy
sterile land. No swamps. or morasses
have been discovered, to the absence of
which may in part be attributed the sa-
lubrity of the country.

Only two rivers of any considerable
magnitude have been as yet explored,
namely, the Derwent, which discharges
itself below Hobart’s Town at. Port
Dalrymple on the south side of the
island, and the Tamar, on thé east bank
of which George Town is situated, a
few miles above the point of its entering
the sea on the north coast. The Der-
went is navigable for about twenty-five
miles, the Tamar for about half that
distance; these, although affording the
best harbours in the island, especially
-the former, are rather shallow, the tides
only rising about seven or eight feet.
Besides these, there are many streams
fit for mill-seats, and an abundance of
fine springs of water throughout the
island.

Hobart’s Town is laid out in streets
at right angles, and has a neat church ;
the houses are built of stone and bricks,
and roofed with tiles or’ wood; the
bricks and tiles are made in-a rough
way, and burned by means of’ the brush-
wood; the lime is often made of shells,
but. storle-lime may be obtained. It is
difficult to form an opinion of the ex-
pense of building a house of these ma-
terials, though it must be considerable
in proportion to the accommodation,
the price of labour being high, viz. a
dollar per day for common labour, and
two dollars for mechanical labour.

George Town is a promising village,
but does not yet contain more than fifty
families, if so many. No accurate opi-
nion can be formed of the population of
the interior, except by persons in au-
thority, who can refer to documents,
and houses being as yet few in the in-

Original Notes on Van Diemen’s Land.

215

terior, they do not catch ‘the eye of 2
traveller. The reason of this is, that
the settlers, for some time after they are
located, live in huts constructed of a
kind of wood which abounds in the
country, and is well adapted to form
these huts and field fences, as it splits
well.

The distance between Hobart’s Town
and George Town is about one hundred
and fifty miles: the road is in progress
of being finished as a regular carriage
way, but is passable at present by gigs,
and it is said that carriages for burthen
have made the journey., The best land
on that line of road is at Launceston,
which is about forty miles from George
Town; there is great diversity in the
face of the country through which this
road passes, and in some places lakes
are interspersed.

A settlement has been formed by
Government at Port M‘Quarrie on the
west coast, where the worst descrip-
tion of convicts is kept in employment
under superintendents ; the country be-
tween that settlement and Hobart’s

‘Town is very little known, and has not

yet been surveyed. It is not probable
that Port M‘Quarrie will ever be a con-
siderable place, -as the port, though spa-
cious within, is so shallow at the en-
trance that it admits only small vessels ;
it is indeed said in its favour, that coals
have been discovered near it, in great
abundance and of good quality: but the
coals found at Sidney in New Holland
are so easily worked and of so excellent a
quality, that it is likely they will supply
Van Diemen’s Land.

A settlement is also contemplated, if
not commenced, at Bathurst Bay, on
the southern coast, to the westward of
Port Dalrymple. Some allotments have
also been made of lands at the head of
Oyster Bay, which lies to the eastward
of Port Dalrymple, and near the south-
eastern extremity of the island; but
Oyster Bay affords no shelter to ship-
ping; and, the soil not being remark-
able for goodness, those allotments
have much disappointed the grantees.

The principal pursuits, by which the
settlers subsist and propose to provide
for their families, are of course agricul-
ture, and the progressive improvement
and settlement of their lands. New
settlers are much assisted by Govern-
ment, as they receive, on being located,
a few heads of cattle and sheep, and
are allowed rations of provisions for
themselves, their families, and depen-
dents during the first six months, which

216
is considered long enough to enable the
settler to get a crop (generally of pota-
toes) off the ground ; but this privilege
of drawing rations is restricted to the
first settlers upon lands granted by the
crown, who are subject, by late regula-
tions, to the condition of taking into
their service, for a limited term of
years, one convict for every one hun-
dred acres, being twenty convicts for
two thousand acres, which is the extent
of land usually granted to each person
who is possessed of five hundred pounds.
The settler is, however, bound to pay
wages to each of these convicts, at the
rate of three and sixpence per week,
and to find them in certain necessaries,
and also in food, after the rations have
ceased; in return for which, he has the
benefit of the labour of the convicts
in clearing, fencing, and cultivating his
lands; and the grantee of the crown is
prohibited from selling the land, or any
part of it, during the period of five
years next after the date of the grant.
These conditions are considered by
many to be too burthensome and incon-
venient for new settlers of small ca-
pital, contending with the difficulties of
emigration, and who, on taking posses-
sion, may have but a small part of their
eapitals in ready money; therefore, an
opinion prevails, that, although it is
prudent for a settler to go out provided
with a license for a grant of land from
the crown, it may be often more
expedient to purchase from individuals
land that is part of the earlier grants
made before those recent conditions
were established, or that has become
free by the lapse of years,—of which
free land there is a sufficiency on sale
from time to time. The prices of free
land vary so much, according to situa-
tion, quality, and degrees of improve-
ment, that an average price cannot be
given with any accuracy; but no time
is given for the payment of the pur-
chase money by instalments, as is usual
in the United States of America.

The Government, having to provide
rations for new settlers. and also for
public officers and the garrison, is there-
fore the best customer of the farmer.
Merchants, however, do accommedate
the land proprietors with goods upon
credit of the growing crops.- Wheat
and wool, and live stock, at present
yield the principal part of the surplus
produce; but it is likely that hemp and
tobacco, and the vine, may be success-
fully cultivated. The wheat has been
sent to Brazil, and met a good market,

Original Notes on Van Diemen's Land.

(Oct. 1,

though the great distance of that coun-
try enhances the freight, and increases
the danger of its being damaged on ship
board. It cannot now be sent to the
British settlements in India, nor can
any return cargo be received from
thence, under the exclusive regulations
of Indian trade. Wool is so bulky an
article, that the freight and other ex-
penses on its conveyance to England,
leave little chance of profit by sales
made jn competition with Spanish and
Saxon wools.

The import trade is chiefly carried on
at merchants’ stores; there are, how-
ever, retail shops for dry goods in Ho-
bart’s Town, besides those of butchers,
bakers, &c. In general, the prices of
British articles are enhanced at least
fifty per cent., and in some instances
much more, according to scarcity, in-
cluding the local.import duties, which
are very moderate, except the duty on
spirits, that being ten shillings per gal-
lon; but home-made spirits are subject
to a duty of only two and sixpence per
gallon, and local distilleries may answer
well.

In Hobart’s Town there is a suffi-
ciently large circle of educated persons
to make residence agreeable ; and there
are instances of single families there, and
in some few other places, whose society
is highly eligible. Still there always ex-
ists a spirit of exclusion and assump-
tion among official and military persons
in foreign dependencies, which is disa-
greeable to the feelings of a private
gentleman; and that spirit naturally
prevails where so large a portion of the
inhabitants are exceptionable, from
being under the stigma and interdict of
past cr pending legal sentences. The
state of female manners and morals in
Hobart’s Town is, with few exceptions,
such as leaves society as yet without a
sufficient admixture of the best source
of refinement.

The most eligible plan for emigrating
to Van Diemen’s Land, is, for a few
families, in competent circumstances, to
join in applying for the usual grants of
land, which are to be obtained without
influence, and then to engage fourteen
or fifteen Scotch or Irish farming labour-
ers, including a few country mechanics
with small families, to accompany them.
These should be engaged to do the
works of the projected settlement, on
condition that each individual shall re-
ceive a certain portion ef good land on
the expiration of a fixed term of ser-
vice, with subsistence and clothing for

himself

1824.]

himself and family in the mean time.
The price of passage from England is
usually from seventy to eighty pounds
for each cabin passenger, and. about
forty guineas for each steerage passen-
ger. It is advisable for the emigrant
party to take with them in hard dollars
as much of their property as they can
reserve from necessary expenses. They
must, however, carry with them an ade-
quate supply of clothes, made up and
in the piece, beds, beddixg, linen, do-
mestic utensils, agricultural, gardening,
and dairy implements; furniture in
frame, to be put together on being lo-
cated, with tools, &c., for mechanics ; a
light waggon and a few light carts, with
geer and harness; a horse-mill, and
sifters to grind corn and prepare meal
and flour ; a still and apparatus, books,
fire-arms, fishing-tackle, medicines,
wines and spirits; the doors, window-
sashes, locks, grates, and fittings of cot-
tages, barns, &c., besides those other
articles which will occur without being
recapitulated.

After landing, they should take some
little time to be advised, and to deter-
mine whether, and in what district, they
should take out grants for their allot-
ments of lands; or should preter pur-

Epitaph on. Edward Alexander, M.D.

‘chasing: free land’ from individuals ex-

217

empt from the condition of paying and
maintaining convict labourers. Upon
these points, they may cbtain the benefit
of the minute local knowledge of the
official surveyor, which may be had for
the usual well-merited gratuity.

There is good authority for stating,
that a small establishment of steam
packets, between the ports of New
Holland and those of Van Diemen’s
Land, would be a lucrative concern.

ie
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
Sir,

VERY elegant and beautifully-

execnted mural tablet has recently .
been erected in the Great Meeting in
Leicester, to the memory of the late
Dr. Alexander, of Danett’s Hall, of
whom a brief memoir appeared in your
Magazine for March 1823. The en-
closed is a correct copy of the inscrip-
tion, at your service for insertion. Those
who, like myself, knew the character it
commemorates, can. deeply feel the
truth of this interesting sketch.

Leicester, I remain, Sir, yours, °
20th July 1824. Ss. W.

SACRED to the MEMORY of
EDWARD ALEXANDER, M.D.

Of Danett’s Hall, near Leicester,

Remarkable for purity and simplicity of Character,
For Piety to Gop, and disinterested Love of Man;
His whole Conduct exemplified the Two Commandments,
On which “ hang all the Law and the Prophets.’’

As an able and conscientious Physician,

And in prompt and gratuitous Services to the Poor,
He has rarely been equalled.

Blessed with vigorous Faculties and ardent Feelings,
His Benevolence, expansive as his Mind,

Shed its Balm on all within the Sphere of his Influence.
He was a firm Opponent of Despotism, public and private,
A fair Advocate and generous Supporter
Of Civil and. Religious Liberty.

This cold Marble may record his admirable Qualities,
But their due Appreciation must be sought
Tn the Hearts of those whom his Affection delighted,
His Friendship gratified, his Bounty relieved,
And his Skill restozed to the enjoyment of Ease and Health,
It pleased Gop to arrest him in his Medical Career,
In the Month of June 1810,
As one “ of whom the World was not worthy.”

Also, to visit him with long and excruciating Suffering,
Which he bore with unshaken Fortitude and Resignation,
In full hope of a joyful Resurrection through Crist,
He died 27th November 1822; aged 55 ;

Was deposited the 5th December within St. Mary’s Church,
Tn the Vault belonging to his Place of Residence.

In this Chapel he worshipped,

And here is erected this Monumental Tablet,

Monrury Mac, No. 401.

By his faithful, affectionate, and devoted Widow,

2F For

218

For the Monthly Magazine.

THE LADIES.
(Translated from the French.)

HE critics of the fair sex tell us
they are vain, frivolous, igno-
rant, coquettish, capricious, and what
not. Unjust that we are! it is the fable
ef the Lion and the Man. But since
the ladies have become authors, they
can take their revenge, were they not
too generous for such a passion. Though
they have learned to paint,their sketches
of man are gentle and kind.

But if the ladies were what surly
misanthropes call them, whois to blame?
Is it not we who spoil—who corrupt—
who seduce them ?

Is it surprising that a pretty woman
should be vain, when we daily praise to
her face her charms, her taste, and her
wit? Can we blame her vanity, when
We tell her that nothing can resist her
attractions,—that there is nothing so
barbarous which she cannot soften,—
nothing so elevated that she cannot
subdue? when we tell her, that her
eyes are brighter than day,—that her
form is fairer than summer,—more re-
freshing than spring,—that her lips are
vermillion,—that her skin combines
the whiteness of the lily with the incar-
nation of the rose ?

Do we censure a fine woman as fri-
volous, when we unceasingly tell her,
that no other study becomes her but
that of varying her pleasures; that she
requires no talent but for the arrange-
ment of new parties,—no ideas beyond
the thought of the afternoon’s amuse-
ment? Can we blame her frivolity,
when we tell her that her hands were
not made to touch the needle, or to soil
their whiteness in domestic employ-
ments? Can we blame her frivolity,
when we tell her, that the look of
seriousness chases from her cheek the
dimple in which the Loves and the
Graces wanton; that reflection clouds
her brow with care; and that she who
thinks, sacrifices the smile that makes
beauty charm, and the gaiety that ren-
ders wit attractive ?

How can a pretty woman fail to be
ignorant, when the first lesson she is
taught is that beauty supersedes and
dispenses with every other quality ; that
all she needs to know, is that she is
pretty ; that to be intelligent, is to be
pedantic; and that to be more learned
than one’s neighbour, is to incur the re-
proach of absurdity and affectation ?

Shall we blame her for being a co-
quette, when the indiscriminate flattery

Account of the St, Alban’s Literary Society.

[Och 1,

of every man teaches her that the ho-
mage of one is as good as that of ano-
ther? It is the same darts, the same
flames, the same beaux, the same cox-
combs. The man of sense, when he
attempts to compliment, recommends
the art of the beau, since he conde-
scends to do with aukwardness what a
monkey can do with grace. With all
she is a goddess, and to her all men are
equally mortals. How can she prefer,
when there is no superiority; or be
constant, when there is no merit ?

Is she capricious ? Can she be other-
wise, when she hears that the universe
must be proud to wait her commands,—
that the utmost of a lover’s hopes, is
to be the humblest of her slaves,—that
to fulfil the least of her commands, is
the highest ambition of her adorers ?

And are men so unjust as to cen-
sure the idols made by their own hands?
Let us be just; let us begin the work
of reformation. When men cease to
flatter, women will cease to deceive ;
when men are wise, women will be wise
to please. The ladies do not force the
taste of the men; they only adapt them-
selves to it. They may corrupt and be
corrupted ;—they may improve and be
improved. :

EE

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine

Sir,

HEREWITH transmit you an ac-

count of the “ St. Alban’s Literary
Society,” relying on your well-known
candour and impartiality for inserting it,
and feeling assured, that the extension
of knowledge and the general improve-
ment of mankind are the sole objects
of your invaluable magazine.

The St. Alban’s Literary Society was
established in July 1823, and is there-
fore, at present, ina state of infancy.
It has for its object the investigation (by
means of lectures, essays, discussions,
readings, and conversations) of subjects
connected with moral and natural phi-
losophy, literature, and political eco-
nomy, under the following restrictions ;
viz. that no subject of controversial
theology, or of party politics, shall be
introduced. The utility of the clause
will be instantly perceived, as it not
only upholds the dignity of the so-
ciety, but prevents that acrimony and
bitterness of spirit to which the hack-
neyed subjects of theological discussion
so directly lead. It is governed by a
president, who is chosen quarterly, and
a treasurer and secretary, who are
elected at the annual meeting. Any

person,

1824.]

person, desirous of entering the society,
is recommended by a member from per-
sonal knowledge as eligible for admis-
sion: the member delivers his recom-
mendation in writing to the secretary,
who submits it to the earliest meeting
of the society; on which they proceed
to ballot, when two dissentients exclude
the applicant. The meetings of the so-
ciety are held every alternate Thursday
evening, at eight o’clock precisely ; when
the subjects, having been previously an-
nounced, are immediately entered upon.
The delivery of a lecture is limited to
two hours, and a discussion must not at
one time extend beyond three. No
member is allowed to speak for more
than forty minutes, or twice in one
evening, except in explanation ; but the
opener is entitled to a reply.

'--T have taken the liberty of trans-
cribing the subjects before the society
for the existing quarter, viz. from the
29th of July to the 7th of October.

ESSAYS.
1. On the Ravages of Time.
2. On Female Heroism.
3. On the public Spirit of the Roman
and British People.
4, On the love of Life.
5. On Contentment.
DISCUSSIONS.
1. Are the mental powers of the sexes
equal ?
2. To what cause may the downfall of
nations principally be attributed ?
3. Is the unlimited freedom of the press
desirable ?
4. Ought the disabilities under which the
Roman Catholics labour to be removed?
5. Ought crimes, unattended with per-
sonal violence, to be punished with death ?

These, Sir, are the leading features
of the society ; and it would be a useless
task were I to occupy your pages by
any laboured eulogy on its beneficial
influence. It speaks for itself; and I
sincerely hope that institutions of a
similar nature may spread universally—
that the unlimited freedom of inquiry
may be exerted,—that men may cease
to become the dupes of the designing,—
that they may think and act for them-
selves, and, maintain their rights with
firmness and with dignity.

St. Albans, J. Harzis, Jun.
Ist September 1824.

—— .
MACADAMIZING Ol7SUS STREET-PAVING.

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine,
Sin,

OUR last number contains a few

sensible remarks, by Mr.T. Single

Macadamizing versus Street-paving.

219

on the subject of street-paving, which at
present occupies, and in a great measure
divides, the public opinion. It would
appear truly unaccountable that this
branch of our civil economy should have
been so long misunderstood or wilfully
perverted, were it not notorious, that
all such departments of public duties
are subject to the controul of select
vestries, boards, committees, or what-
ever other title the parties may assume :
such committees consisting usually of
a few active individuals in each parish
or district, who cannot be supposed to
be totally exempt from a wish to serve
their own immediate friends whenever
an opportunity occurs.

That this has been the primary cause
of the shameful mismanagement of the
street-pavement of the metropolis for
many years past cannot for a moment
admit of doubt. And the consequence
has very naturally followed the cause,—
the parties, who have been fayoured with
the contracts for such parish jobs, have,
in almost every case, made the most of
them by executing the work in a negli-
gent, and oftentimes a scandalous, man-
ner. It is not necessary to mention in-
stances; they abound in different parts
of the metropolis, where the pavement
is in a disgraceful, and frequently in a
dangerous, state; yet there appears to
be a continual repair going on in these
places.

In order to understand how. such
anomalous proceedings can go hand in
hand, it will be necessary to examine
briefly of what materials our street-
paving consists.

Mr. Single, in his paper, has stated
some of the evils which arise from the
bad workmanship of paviours, but not
all, He very justly says, that “ in order
to place the paving stones of different
sizes together in the same mass of
paving, theyre obliged to scratch away
the loose ground below, till the upper
face of the stones become nearly ho-
rizontal, when the rammer is applied to
cover all the defects beneath, so that,.
in fact, the present system of paving is
nothing more than putting the ground
into a state of hard and soft, or hills
and holes, and placing stones upon it to
prevent our seeing or believing that it
Is so.”

Mr. Single then recommends, very
judiciously, that all paving-stones should
be reduced to nearly the same size, in
order to produce a good firm pavement ;
and that instead of loosening the soil
below, as in the usual bungling way of

2Y 2 paving,

220
paving, the ground should be previously
rammed as hard as may be before the
stones are placed. _ But Mr. S. should
also have advised, that paving stones be
placed in as close contact as possible,
For it is well known that the admission
of water between the stones is one of
the principal causes of their becoming
loosened almost immediately the pave-
ment becomes deluged by rain.

This must be so obvious as scarcely
to require explanation ; for if any por-
tion ofthe sand used by paviours be so-
luble in water (and, from the rubbish
employed frequently for this purpose,
at least one-half of it must be soluble),
it will evidently be washed out from the
interstices of the pavement, leaving the
stone in a bed of quagmire.

It should also be observed, that the
system on which these job-contracts are
taken—that of paving so many square
feet at a given price—offers a direct
temptation to the paviour to substitute
the cheapest materials for the best,
without any regard to the accommoda-

tion of the public, or the durability of »

the work : indeed, this interest is pro-
moted by the frequency of the neces-
sary repairs; consequently he takes care,
like the leasehold builder, not to render
his work too durable. And as rubbish,
brick-dust, sand, &c. are far cheaper ma-
terials than granite paving-stone, the less
of the latter substance in every hundred
feet of pavement the better. There is
an immediate saving of twenty or thirty
per cent., and provision made for ano-
ther job the ensuing year, instead of
waiting three or four years for “ a con-
summation so devoutly to be wished !”
To be serious. The scandaloss man-
ner in which these tradesmen execute
their contracts,’ though notorious to
every observer in the metropolis, has
been permitted from year to year, for
some reason or other, to the entire dis-
grace of the heads of parishes and the
local police. However, like most other
evils, this great nuisance to the inhabi-
tants (especially to the proprietors of
horses and vehicles of any kind) is ra-
pidly abating; not in consequence of the
liberality or vigilance of the managing
parties of districts, but in consequence
of the talents and perseverance of an en-
terprizing North Briton !

It is notorious that, even at the pre-
sent day, when experience has demon-
strated, as clearly as any proposition in
Euclid, that a good, firm, hard road-
way may be advantageously made in

Macadamizing versus’ Street-paving.

[Ocrehy
every tolerably wide street, that doubts
and queries are continually started as to
its eligibility! The plan of road-making
adopted Mr. McAdam is far from being
any visionary scheme,and is intelligible to
every man of the most ordinary capacity,’
who does not wilfully shut his eyes.
The principle is simply this: to have
the substratum made very nearly level,
or just sufficient for the water to drain
off; to have the road-material of the
hardest stones which can be procured ;
to break such stones down to one uniform
size, in order that no unequal interstices
may be left between them when em-
bedded together; and to exclude the
use of rounded gravel, and the loam,
sand, or clay with which they are usually
combined. The angular fragments of the
broken stones serve to keep them firm
in their place, whilst the pulverized mat-
ter from the friction on the surface
fills up the interstices with the best kind
of cement. For want of these angles, it
must be obvious that the rounded or
diluvial gravel, usually dug from gravel-
pits, cannot bind firm, but when exposed
to wet, acting on the loam, &c. will in-
variably form a loose or shifting mass,
which must be continually liable to fall
into holes or inequalities, according to
the hardness of the substratum on which
it rests. _

What has been called McAdam’s
system (perhaps with some justice, as
a compliment to his perseverance in
following it up in defiance of all the in-
terested opposition he has experienced),
is in reality nothing more than that of
preventing water from gaiming access to
the materials of the road, and using
materials of the very best kind, instead
of the compost of sand, clay, and chalk,
called road-gravel; or of substituting
the softer varieties of limestone or
sand-stone.

Itis, I believe, one of the maxims of
Mr. McAdam to recommend the pur-
chase of the best material, at almost
any price, as a measure of ultimate
economy. It is however very easy to
perceive, that if any gentleman who hap-
pens to have a bed of inferior gravel on
his estate, also happens to be a trustee
or commissioner of turnpikes, that the
virtue of such commission would pro-
bably transmute the gravel (containing
thirty or forty per cent. of loam) into‘a
better material for road-making than
hard limestone, iron sandstone, or gra-
nite dug from a quarry out of the pale
of such commission.

Another

1824.}

Another advantage, which Mr. McA-
dam appears to possess over most
other road-makers, is that of being able
to judge where good materials are likely
to be obtained, by sinking a certain
depth below the soil. And in a case
where his hands have been unfettered
by any of the local considerations above-
mentioned, he has converted, what was
formerly one of the worst pieces of road
between any two opulent cities, into
one of the finest in the whole kingdom :
I mean the twelve miles, between Bath
and Bristol. The soft Oolite stone
which forms the surface of that district
being a miserable material for road-
making, the height of a hill was reduced;
at the same time an abundance of very
hard iron sandstone was procured, equal,
if not superior, in some respects to
granite.

With regard to the superior economy
of employing this latter substance for
road-making in London streets, there
can be no doubt; the old paving stones
furnishing a surplus quantity for the
improved system. But there is pro-
bably greater durability and less dust
from the use of flint, if that material
can be obtained in sufficient quantity. I
fully agree with your correspondent Mr,
Single, that (if paving the carriage-way
of our streets be at all necessary) granite
is the best material we can use; but
I differ from him in his conclusion
against the new system applied to nar-
row streets. He says, “ it will not do
where there is much traffic, from the
frequency of opening the ground in
order to repair the water and other
pipes.” But he surely must admit that
excavations can be filled up with the
broken stone d /a MacAdam ina fourth
part of the time and with half the nui-
sanee to passengers, that attend the
job-contract-system of paving.

The chief objection to laying gravel
instead of pavement in a narrow street,
is the ruts which are liable to be cut by
carriages following each other in the
same track. This, however, might be in
a great measure avoided, by having a
vigilant and civil resident-inspector or
street-keeper, to see the road always
kept in good: repair, by scraping and
moderate watering, and superintendiug
the carriage traffic of the streets.

The progress of this decided improve-
ment to the metropolis is now, in
spite of all the opposition of “ vested
interests,” corporate and parochial,
making very rapid strides ; and I have

Remarks on the Remains of a Roman Encampment.

221

no doubt the experience of seven years
will make us blush for the passive obe-
dience, which has been heretofore con-
ceded by a generous publi¢ to the local
jurisdiction of a few parish or district
dictators. I shall conclude by citing
one instance as a proof whether the
street pavements of the metropolis
were formerly done as well as they
might have been:—That fine area
Lincoln’s-Inn-Fields, instead of being
gravelled, is now nearly new-paved, in
a manner vastly superior to any work
of that kind previously performed.
Should not the opulent inhabitants of
that square erect a statue in honour of

McAdam ? OxsERVATOR.
—ra—
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
Sir:

J HAVE no doubt that many of your
readers have been led to smile on
reading the communication of F. L.
Williams, who, in your Number for
August, has been induced to “ record,”
for the information of the ignorant, and
to place, for the jirst time, (as he ima-
gines), before the public eye, certain
grave matters touching the remains of
a Roman encampment in the neigh-
bourhood of Islington. It is certainly
very kind in F. L. W. to take so much
pains in “ affording light” to those dull
plodding wights, “ the writers of topo-
graphical and local histories,’ and to
warn them against falling into errors in
their archzological researches—a task
to which he is no doubt fully compe-
tent. It would, moreover, have been
quite as well if he had at the same time
given credit to some of them for the
information, which I shrewdly suspect,
he has derived from their labours, ex-
clusive of the “chief incidents”? fur-
nished by his good friend Dr. W.O.
Pughe, the Book of Nennius without a
title, and the superlative authority of
“ the Tragedy of Boadicea.”

The fact is, the remains of the camp,
supposed to be that of Suctonius Pau-
linus (whom F. L. W. designates Paulus
/Emylius), ave well known/to every one
conversant in the topography of the
metropolis, and have been described in
various publications. An engraving of
the spot, under the name of the Reed
Moat Field, which is the general appel-
lation of the place, was published
by J. P. Malcolm, in the year 1796;
and another, by myself, in a descrip-
tion of the parish, in 1811, To show
the readers of the Monthly Magazine

how

222
how much they are indebted to the in-
formation of F.L.W.on the score of
originality, I have given the subjoined
extract from the second edition of “ The
History and Antiquities of Islington,”
published in 1823.

“« BaTTLE Brier is supposed to have
been so called from its contiguity to the
spot where the celebrated battle was fought
between the Roman General Suetonius
Paulinus, and Boadicea, Queen of the
Iceni, A. D. 61; and there are circum-
stances that seem to make in favour of
this opinion. A place on the river Der-
went, in the East-Riding of Yorkshire, is
called by this name, from its haying been
the scene of a battle between Harald Haar-
dred, the Norwegian, and Harold, King of
England, just before the arrival of William
the Conqueror. The town of Battle, in
Sussex, also derived its name from the bat-
tle fought there between the two princes
last named.” —(Camd. Brit.—Etym. Ling.
Angi. )

The operations of the Roman General
in his arduous contest with the injured and
unfortunate Boadicea, were, it is most pro-
bable, confined to the north or north-
western vicinity of London. Tacitus, who
had the most authentic information as to
the affairs of Britain, informs us, that after
Suetonius had abandoned London as un-
tenable by the small army under his com-
mand, he was determined on hazarding a
battle, and for that purpose waited the ap-
proach of the enemy. No situation in the
neighbourhood of the capital could afford a
more advantageous position than the high
ground in the vicinity of Islington, both in
regard to security and as a post of observa-
tion, for an army apprehensive of an attack
from an immense superiority of force.

The opinion, that the scene of this dread-
ful conflict was not far distant from this
spot, is strengthened by the remains of an
encampment, which may yet be seen in the
immediate neighbourhood, and which ex-
hibit sufficient evidence that the situation
Was upon some occasion an important mili-
tary post at a very remote period. In a
field, called the Reed Moat Field, a little to
the north-\west of the workhouse, part of a
camp, evidently Roman, and generally sup-
posed to have been the position occupied
by Paulinus previous to his engagement
with the Britons, may still be traced,
though its more prominent features have
been lately destroyed by the digging for
clay and gravel. These remains consist of
a pretorium, &c.,* which, in situation, form,
and size, corresponds exactly with the de-
scription of the General’s tent, as given by
Polybius (book vi), in his account of the
Roman method of castrametation. The site
of the preetoriwm is an exact square of about
200 feet, the area within the entrenchment

* A reference is here given to a plate ac-
companying the description.

Remarks on the Remains of a Roman Encampment.

[Ocr. 1,

being a quadrangle of about forty-five yards.
The surrounding fosse varies in breadth from
twenty to thirty feet, which irregularity has
been occasioned by encroachments upon
the embankment. The fosse, which is
about ‘ten or twelve feet deep, is for the
most part filled with water, and overgrown
with sedge.

In the encampment of a Roman army,
the General’s tent always occupied the
most convenient place for prospect and
command ; so the situation of this preto-
rium is on an elevated spot, embracing an
extensive view over the adjacent country
on all sides. To make it more convenient
in this respect, the side from whence the
view was least commanding, has been raised
by art, and presents a bolder embankment ;
and there is a visible ridge across the mid-
dle of the area where this elevated part
begins. Here is also a raised breast-work
or rampart, extending for a considerable
length on the western side of the preto-
rium, and another on the south. The po-
sition occupied by this camp, supposing it
to have been that of Paulinus, will be
found strikingly advantageous, when it is
considered that the enemy was expected to
make the attack from that side next to the
metropolis.”

It is probable that this was the first
place of security to which Paulinus re-
tired to unite his scattered forces, and
upon which occasion this camp was
formed, for it was customary with the
Romans to intrench themselves though
they remained but a single night in a
place. The description Tacitus gives
of the scenes of his operations is very
narrow and confined. “ Deligitque lo-
cum arctis faucibus et atergo silva clau-
sum ; satis cognito nihil hostium, nist in

. fronte, et apertam planitiem esse, sine metu
insidiarum.” But the great scene of
carnage appears to have been between
a couple of eminences : “ Angustias loci
pro munimento.”*

It is not unlikely that the Roman
General abandoned the above encamp-
ment, on finding the disparity of his
force compared with that of the Bri-
tons with which he had to contend, and
fixed upon the narrow spot of ground
as best calculated for his little army to
act with advantage. The situation of
the valley that lies between the acclivity
of Pentonville and the high ground
about Gray’s Inn Lane, though now for
the most part obscured by buildings, will
not, on inspection, be found any thing
at variance with the above description
of Tacitus; and in the absence of all
direct historical proof, an opinion, sup-

ported

* Tacit. Ann. Lib. xiy. c, 34,

1824.]

ported by. concurring circumstances and
strengthened by long tradition, may be
fairly assumed, that the scene of action
was confined to the immediate vicinity
of Battle-bridge.

Tt is certain that the Romans, from their
first invasion of Britain, were assisted by
elephants in their battles with the aboriginal
inhabitants. Polyenus relates, that Julius
Cesar, in forcing the passage of the Thames,
had recourse to the stratagem of placing
one of these animals in his front, bearing
some archers and armed men upon his
back. The Britons, astonished at the
sight of such a stupendous beast, were
struck with dismay, and precipitately fled
from their posts.* The circumstance of
the skeleton of an elephant haying been
many years ago discovered on digging in a
field at Battle-bridge, by “ a great searcher
after antiquities,’ affords some confirma-
tion to the opinion, that this was the spot
where Paulinus gained his great victory
over the army of Boadicea.

A detailed account of this battle,
which forms a very prominent feature
in the early annals of our country, is
given in the topographical work I have
before mentioned, extracted chiefly from
the Annals of Tacitus and the History
of Dio Cassius, lib. xii. c. 1-12.

Iam, &c.

Islington, J. NELson.

Aug. 31, 1824.

Ps

For the Monthly Magazine.

On the PRESERVATION of the COPPER-
SHEATHING of SHIPS.

ji Regen is scarcely any single de-

partment of practical science so
pregnant with interest to a maritime
nation like Great Britain, as the recent
discoveries made by that illustrious che-
mist Sir Humphry Davy, applicable to
the preservation of the copper-sheath-
ing of vessels from corrosion. The ex-
penditure, occasioned by the rapid de-
struction of the sheathing of his Ma-
jesty’s ships, alone forms a very con-
siderable item in the naval department
of the public service. But the loss to
the country from their decay bears but
a small proportion, during time of peace,
to the aggregate loss sustained by the
mercantile interests, from similar causes.
Indeed the very considerable expense of
copper sheathing, added to its rapid de-
cay, serves to prohibit its use in nume-
rous instances, notwithstanding the addi-

* Polyenus, lib. viii.
+ Seymour's Sury. Lond, yol, ii, p. 869.

On the Preservation of the Copper-sheathing of Ships.

223

tional security it gives to a ship, by pre-
venting the opening of her planks, and
consequent leakage,in bad weather. But
in spite of this expense and sacrifice,
every ship destined for navigating the
tropical seas, if not protected by
sheathing, in a very short period be-
comes perforated through the bottom
by the innumerable marine animalculze
which abound in the warmer latitudes.
It would perhaps be an interesting in-
quiry to many persons concerned, to
compute the annual loss which the
ship-owners of this great maritime na-
tion sustain, from the corrosion and
destruction of copper-sheathing; but
although the amount must be obviously
very great, it would encroach too much
upon your miscellaneous columns to
enter into such investigation, I
shall therefore proceed to give your
readers an abstract of the valuable re-
searches of Sir H. Davy, which promise
to lead to the most important results in
the preservation of shipping. The
president, in the communication of his
important researches on this subject, to
the Royal Society, after alluding to the
rapid decay of the sheathing of the ships
in his Majesty’s service, observes:

It has been generally supposed that sea-
water had little or no action on pure copper,
and that the rapid decay of the copper on
certain ships was owing to its impurity.
On trying, however, the action of sea-water
on two specimens of copper, sent by J.
Vivian, Esq. to Mr. Faraday for analysis,
I found the specimen which appeared ab-
solutely pure, was acted upon even more
rapidly than the specimen which contained
alloy: and on pursuing the inquiry with
specimens of various kinds of copper
which had been collected by the Navy
Board and sent to the Royal Society, and
some of which had been considered as re-
markable for their durability, and others for
their rapid decay, I found that they offered
only very inconsiderable differences on their
action upon sea-water; and consequently
the changes they had undergone must have
depended upon other causes than the ab-
solute quality of the metal.

Sir Humphrey then describes the
chemical agency between sea-water and
a sheet of copper as follows:

When a piece of polished copper is suf-
fered to remain in sea-water, the first effects
observed are a yellow tarnish upon the
copper, and a cloudiness in the water,
which takes place in afew hours. The hue
of the cloudiness is at first white, it then
changes to green. Within a day a blueish
green precipitate appears at the bottom of
the vessel, which constantly accumulates,
at the same time the surface of the copper

corrodes,

224

corrodes, appearing red in the water, and
grass-green where it is in contact with the
air. _ Carbonate of soda gradually forms
upon this grass-green’ matter, and’ these
changes~continue ‘until the )water becomes
much less-saline»o The;green precipitate,
when examined, by the, action ‘of the solu-
tion of ammonia_and_ other. tests, appears
to consist. -of. an) insoluble. compound of
copper (which may be called a hydrated
sub-muriate) and hydrate of magnesia.

According ‘to the views which T deve-
loped fourteen years ago, of the nature of
the compounds of ¢hiorine, and which are
now genérally adopted, it is evident that
soda and magnesia cannot appear in sea-
water by=the action of a metal, unless in
consequence of an absorption or transfer of
_ oxygen. It was therefore necessary, in
order to produce these changes, that water
should be decomposed, or that oxygen
should be absorbed from the atmosphere.
I found that no hydrogen was disengaged,
and consequently no water was decomposed :
the oxygen of the air must therefore ‘have
been the agent concerned, as appeared sub-
sequently by numerous experiments.

Copper placed in. sea-water; deprived of
air by -boiling, or exhaustion, and exposed
in an exhausted receiver, or in an atmo-
sphere of, hydrogen gas, underwent. no
change whatever. But an absorption of
atmospheric ait was shewn, when copper
and sea-water were exposed to its agency
in close vessels.

Sir Humphrey, after referring to the
principles of chemical and electrical
agency, which he developed twelve or
fourteen years ago by his beautiful ex-
periments on the alkalis, farther ob-
serves :

Copper is a metal only weakly positive
in the eleetro-chemical scale, and, accord-
ing to my ideas, it could only act upon
sea-water when in a positive: state, and
consequently, if it could be rendered slightly
negative, the corroding action of sea-water
would be null; and whatever might be the
differences of the kinds of copper sheathing
and their electrical action on each other,
still every effect of chemical action must
be prevented, if the whole surface were ren-
dered negative......+-+--I began with an
extreme case. I rendered sea-water slightly
acidulous by sulphuric acid, and plunged
into it a polished piece of copper, to which
a piece of tin was soldered equal to about
one-twentieth of the copper. Examined
after three days, the copper remained per-
fectly clean, whilst the tin was rapidly cor-
roded. No blueness. appeared in the
liquor: though in a comparative expe-
riment, when copper alone and the same
fluid mixture were used, there was a con-
siderable corrosion of the copper and a
distinct blue tint in the liquor. If one-
twentieth part of the surface of tin pre-
yented the action of sea-water, rendered

On the Preservation of the Copper-sheathing of Ships.

[Oct. 1,

slightly acidulous-by sulphuric acid, I had
no doubt a much smaller quantity would
neutrdlize the action of sea-water, when
depending only on the oxygen contained in
common air, And on trial; I found that
one two-hundreth part,of tin in proportion
to the copper was sufficient to preyent the
corrosion of the Jatter.,.......In pur-
suing these experiments, and applying them
in every possible form and connection, the
results were of the most satisfactory kind.
A piece of zinc as large as a pea, or the
point of a small iron nail, was’ found fully
adequate to preserve forty or ‘fifty square
inches of copper;.and the result) was
equally satisfactory, -inewhatever part of the
sheet of copper the other metal was placed,
And even when the jconnection between
different sheets of copper. was completed
by wires or thin filaments of the fiftieth of
an inch diameter, the effect was the same ;
every side, every surface or particle of the
copper remained perfectly bright after being
placed in sea-water for matty weeks ; while
the iron or zine was slightly corroded.

A piece of thick sheet-copper was cut in
such a manner as to form seven divisions,
connected,only by the smallest. filaments
that could be left; and a slip of zine, one~
fifth of an inch wide, was soldered to the
upper edge. The whole, after being im-
mersed for a month in sea-water, left the
copper in a bright polished stale, as at first.
The same experiment succeeded with a slip
of iron, soldered to the copper; whilst si-
milar pieces of copper, undefended, were
considerably corroded by the salt water.

The importance of this discovery in
the preservation of our shipping can at
present scarcely be -appreciated; for
there appears to be not a shade of
doubt as to its complete efficacy when
reduced to practice. Sir Humphrey is
still pursuing his researches on a large
scale; but his observations on a com=
parative experiment, made for the pur-
pose of demonstrating its practical ef-
fects, is all I shall venture to extract
from his late communication to the
Royal Society.—

As the ocean may be considered, in its
relation to the quantity of copper in a ship,
as an infinitely extended conductor, I en-
deavoured to ascertain whetber this cireum-
stance would influence the results. By
placing two very fine copper wires, one wn-
defended, the other defended by a particle
of zinc, in a very large vessel of sea-water,
which water may be considered, as haying
the same relation to so minute a,portion of
metal, as the, sea to the copper-sheathing
of aship. The result of this experiment
was equally satisfactory with that of all the
preceding. The defended copper under-
went no change whatever ; whilst the un-
defended wire tarnished, corroded, and de-
posited a green powder. P
These

—

1824.]
. These electro-chemical researches bid
fair to open a most extensive field for
investigation, and to prove, of infinite
value to the arts: for it seems not im-
probable that means will speedily be
found, in almost every, case, to prevent
that destruction, or at least injury, to
which all metallic surfaces are liable,
from what is termed oxidation by the
atmospheric air. I shall not fail to
communicate to your readers, in the
ensuing numbers, such new facts as be-
come developed in this very interesting

department of science.
—=>_-

OsservaTions on a@ GENERAL Iron

Rat-way, or Lanp Stram-Con-

_ VEYANCE, to supersede the necessity of

Horses in all public Vehicles.

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

Sir:

N reference to my former communi-

cation, in your Magazine for June,

p. 409, allow me to lay before your read-
ers a few more remarks on this impor-
tant subject. There is no branch of po-
litical economy which so imperatively
demands particular attention in every
district, and none so worthy of national
support, as the facility of communica-
tion from town to town throughout the
kingdom.

. The natural importance of this im-
provement cannot fail, in process of
time, to attract universal attention, both
at home and abroad. The great facility
and economy in our daily communica-
tion by steam-packets, afford the most
perfect illustration of this scheme; but
however excellent the present system
of steam-packets may appear, the su-
periority of land steam-conveyance is
far beyond it, as it unites, in a
ten-fold degree, every advantage which
steam-packets, canals, coasting-traders,
and turnpike-roads now yield.

The expense of making a canal is con-
siderably more than that of a rail-way ;
and the experience already had of our
canal conveyance cannot fail to convince
every impartial observer, that the heavy
expense attending the construction and
repair of canal-boats, with all their mul-
tifarious tackle, men’s wages, horses and
their keep, must render the transport
of goods in this manner much dearer
than by an improved rail-way, which so
peculiarly combines both economy of
time and of labour; in addition to this,
we should consider how few hands are
required to superintend a gang of wag-
gons on the rail-way, compared with
those employed in the conveyance of

Monrury Mac. No.-40).

Observations on Land Steam-Conveyance.

229

the same freight by a canal. But the
almost insurmountable difficulties at-
tending the construction ef our ca-
nals (with the pleasing serpentine di-
rection of most of them) such as locks,
tunnels, reservoirs, towing-paths, &c.,
have seemed to attract the skilful spirit
of our engineers, in preference to the
other more simple, and profitable me-
thod.

Rail-ways are very commonly used
for the levelling of roads, and removing”
the ground on the formation of canals ;
from this we may infer the great
facility and economy which would at-
tend the construction of a general iron
rail-way, instead of the partial applica-
tion of rail-ways as a mere auxiliary to
roads and canals. Steam-packets were
originally imtended as auxiliaries to the
sailing. packets, but. the former have,
from their great superiority, already
become nearly the sole conveyance for
mails across the channels; the deduction
therefore is clear, that so soon-as pub-
lic prejudice shall be overcome, our
inland conveyance may be conducted on
the same improved principle by the ap-
plication of mechanical power on im-
proved rail-ways, instead of by common.

Notwithstanding the improvements
this plan may introduce into every coun-
try, and the great increase of inland
trade to arise from the immense capital
it would cause to be circulated in every
direction, there may be individuals,
as well as companies, whose interest
would be affected; but it cannot be ex-
pected that the accomplishment of so
great a work can be obtained without
trespassing. upon some few establish-
ments. The proprietors of the few
canals which do answer, will have the
greatest reason to complain, but, in
common with the rest of society, they
must of course submit to any method of
improving the conveyance or transport
of merchandize, just as the coasting-
traders do to the established steam-ves-
sels ; with respect to those canals which
do not answer, and those that never can,
the sooner they are abolished in foto the
better.

In my former communication I de-
scribed the great advantage to be derived
from supplying the city of London with’
coal by this conveyance in preference
to the employment of vessels ; the same
economy and despatch might also be
obtained in supplying the corn mar-
kets of the metropolis, and of every
other town. The delay attending
the conveyance of goods by coasting-

2G traders,

226

traders, the numerous wrecks every
winter, the enormous expenses so pecu-
liar to the shipping interest, and the
farther detention by canals (such as the
total stoppage to’ commerce when’ they
are undergoing repair, and in time of
frosts, or droughts), greatly retard the
intercourse of the country, and con-
sequently .enhance the transport of
merchandize. Rail-ways are free from
all these:objections, and the great speed
with which journeys might be made,
would enable the proprietors of caravans
and waggons to reduce the present
charge one-half, as their returns would
be so. rapid; mdeed; journeys might be
made from London to the interior towns
in half the time taken up by boats from
Gainsborough, Selby, and Hull, without
reckoning all the time lost by the cir-
cuitous passage trading vessels make
from London to these ports ; surely the
wholesale dealers in colonial produce
cannot long be indifferent to the im-
portance; of this improvement, which
would enable them to supply the gro-
cers of the country towns at one-half
the present charge of carriage, and in
one-quarter of the time.

But this scheme would not only im-
prove all commercial connexions, by the
approximation of the various branches
of commerce and manufactures with
their source, it would also add con-
siderably to the domestic convenience
of individuals residing in the vicinity
of London; the immense population
spread around:the great city, going to
and fro by the numerous stages every
day, might be conveyed -with greater
accommodation and safety, in one-
half the time, and at one-half the
expense now incurred. The circumja-
cent country is particularly well adapt-
ed for rail-ways in every respect, there-
fore I should have thought it likely
this plan would have commenced at the
capital, as soon as at Birmingham, Man-
chester, and Liverpool ; between these
three places a rail-way is about to be
laid down, for the general introduction
of land steam-conveyance.

London, most particularly, requires a
new system. of communication with the
commercial and manufacturing districts.
The commerce of the capital must de-
cline, in, consequence of the delay and
expense’ which ‘attend the exporta-
tion .or importation of merchandize
there, compared with the north; in
order to enable the metropolis to hold
its wonted rank, as the chief commer-
cial city, it must carefully watch and

‘

Observations on Land Steam-Conveyance.

[Oct. I,

patronize in the south, every improve-
ment of the northern parts.

Whatever attempts may be made to
bring steam-carriages, or other mecha-
nical vehicles, into use on the ordinary
turnpike-roads, such plans will never an-
swer ; these new steam-carriages, on de-
scending the steep hills of our ordinary
turnpike-roads, would, on the slightest
accident happening to the machinery,
be dashed to pieces; the small weight,
moreover, drawn by one steam-engine,
and the dilatory rate of speed, compared
with what the same engine might effect on
animprovediron rail-way, are sufficient to
shew the folly of the-attempt. The only
likely way of success is to adapt our
road to the peculiar construction of me-
chanic-power, by a perfectly even, and
solid surface, so as to accelerate the
speed of carriages with a less propelling
power, and consequently diminish the
expense of conveyance. ~

As a select committee was appointed
by the House of Commons to examine
into the merits of steam navigation, the
same attention to the present plan
would be productive of the utmost good.
—Communications have already been
made to Government—to the General
Post Office—and to the Corporation of
the City of London; and it is hoped that
the rail-way, about to be laid down be-
tween Birmingham, Manchester, and
Liverpool,* may stimulate the wealthy

inhabitants

* Mr. Stephenson, of _Neweastle-upon-
Tyne, has laid down the line) between
Liverpool and Manchester ; the distance is
thirty-three miles and one-sixteenth.. The
surveys are nearly completed, and the com-
mittee entertain not the least doubt of be-
ing ready for the next’ session of Parlia-
ment. Independent of the great ‘benefit
which the commercial interést will’ derive
from the project, which, both as“regards
time and cheapness, will prove most im-
portant ; the landed interest, in| the) vicinity
of the line, will also derive very great bene-
fit from it. The communication will, be so
cheap and rapid, that the distancefrom a
market for produce, or for the supply of
manure, will amount to very little. New
collieries will be opened, and coals will be
much reduced in price. The public in
general entertain wrong impressions re-
specting rail-ways ; they ‘never hear them
mentioned without referring to such as are
seen in the neighbourhood of coal-pits and
stone-quarries.. But, such- improvements
haye taken place, that they are, no, longer
the same thing ;' besides which, a rail-way
without a locomotive engine is something
like a cart without a horse, a trade without

py

1824.]
inhabitants of populous districts to
exert their influence, and, by calling
public meetings in their respective
neighbourhoods, to canvass this new
project, and promote its extension from
town to town. \ The profit to be derived
by the public from the scheme, may be
computed from the enormous annual
expenditure now wasted in purchasing
and feeding unnecessary horses.
I remain, Sir,
Most respectfully yours,
Tuomas Gray.
Nottingham, 1st Sept. 1824.

LL Ree
For the Monthly Magazine.
> SUSPENSION BRIDGES.

R. BUCHANNAN, the able engi-
neer, has been commissioned by
the public-spirited inhabitants of Mon-
trose, in Scotland, to draw-up a re-
port for a projected bridge, to be made
of wrought iron, on the suspension
plan, across the mouth of the South-Esk
river, on the great road from Edinburgh
to Aberdeen. The designof Mr. Bu-
channan varies, in some respects, both
from that of Mr. Telford in the sus-
pension bridge across the Menai strait
at Bangor, and from that of Captain
Brown across the Tweed at Berwick.
The printed report of Mr. B. contains
a more luminous view of the principles
of bridge-building, upon this new plan
of suspension, than I have previously
seen. His estimate of the strength of
wrought iron not only proves him to be
well qualified for the task, but it is at
the same time satisfactory to the pub-
lic to be well assured, in all such cases,
that the practical results do not de-
pend on any uncertain contingencies,
It is not enough to shew that sucha
stupendous erection as an iron bridge
700 or 800 feet in length may not fall,
it must be shown, and even proved to
demonstration, that it cannot fall: and
so far T think Mr. B. has, in his report,
succeeded. It is far too long and minute
for your columns, and I must therefore
give your readers an outline only of
the proposed plan.

It is well known that a great portion
of the strain which is exerted on the
main chains of a suspension bridge is
owing to the vertical pressure, or the
weight of the material which forms the
chain. This is indeed so obvious, that
an ordinary rope, which is not more

# profit, or a canal without water.—Gore’s
—* Advertiser, Liverpool, 12th August,
$24.

Suspension Bridges.

227

than 1°8 the specific gravity of iron,
will not bear tension many feet in
length in horizontal direction, without
forming a curve. In the design of every
bridge on this construction, therefore,
considerable allowance must be made
for the strain on the chains, both from
the weight of the iron employed, as
well as the strain on the abutments, or
what might be called the lateral strain ;
to which must be subsequently ‘added,
the probable weight the bridge is cal-
culated to sustain in the construction
of the necessary road-way} and the
passengers or loading which it may
have to support at any one period.
After computing the weight, collec-
tively, from these sources, at the in-
tended bridge of Montrose, to be some-
what less than 1,000 tons, Mr. B. pro-
poses to have seventy-two chains, thirty-
six on each side of the road-way, formed
intoacompact or solid square of six by six;
these chains to be made of iron rods,
about one inch and a-half diameter and
fifteen feet in length, connected together
by strong joints, of a peculiar construc-
tion. These chains he calculates as being
capable of sustaining a pressure of
2,000 tons, or double that of the ag-
gregate pressure of the weight of the
materials of the bridge and its loading.
The chief variation, however, in the
design of Mr. Buchannan from that of
the Tweed bridge, is in the greater
height of the pillars, or towers, over
which the chains are suspended. This
elevation of the towers allows the chains
to have a greater or deeper inverted
curve, by which the strain upon the
tenacity of the metal is materially di-
minished. The bolts or links of his
bridge will also be of lighter materials
than those of the bridge at Berwick,
owing to the diminished pressure (in
proportion to its length) from the ad-
ditional curve. There canbe no ques-
tion, I apprehend, as to the greater eco-
nomy of materials and of aggregate
strength, though the labour will be
greater from the combination of a large
number of smaller chains, than from a
small number of large chains. If a
large chain were to break, the conse-
quences would probably be: destructive
to the entire fabric; but in a great num-
ber of chains combined the strain on
the materials will be so much divided,
that the stretching of any individual
chain, or an imperfect link, will be op-
posed by all the other chains with
which it is in connexion, Iam of opt
nion that suspension bridges will ul-
2G 2 timately

228 Committals to Prison, and Bills found, in the Years 1821-22-23. [Oct. 1,

timately supersede those. of all other
constructions across: rapid rivers, or
wherever a deep current and _ variation
of level form a serious objection to
driving piles and the erection of piers.

A,
pass Ad ba
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
Sir,
VESHE numerous committals of persons
not. tried, for offences charged to
have been, committed in and near Lon-
don, have beenthe subject of some par-

liamentary discussion, and haye occa-
sioned returns to be made, and lately
printed by order of the House of Com-
mons, embracing the numbers of com-
mittals, and of bills found, within the
years 182], 1822) and 1823; from
these documents I have selected the
accounts collectively in these three
years, as far as concerns six of the
committing magistrates, and ‘have con-
trasted them with the committals, &c.,
from the established police offices of
the metropolis in' the same period, viz.

NAMES of MAGISTRATES.

Sir J. Pinhorn, Knt. ....... Sere
DRG Ng SW SG HIE). £9. <0) op aia ote biehovd
Red gers} WISH Issn tole cel aiele 6
M. Swabey, jun. Esq........-5 2.0.
R. J. Chambers, Esq.....- piece Fis Bins
L. B. Allen, Esq. ......- eat aes

TOWATIS. Vi. oe ol cle os

The Police Magistrates collectively...

Ithenceappears, that sixty-six in the hun-
dred of the persons committed by the ma-
gistrates here mentioned, acting indivi-
dually, were not subsequently considered
by the grand juries as proper objects for
trial; whilst of the far greater number
‘of persons simultaneously committed
from the police offices, only thirteen out
of the hundred had their bills of indict-
ment ignored—the proportion being lit-
tle more than one-third of the latter to
the former! Surely here is. strong

ground for inquiry into the -causes of

these differences ; and it surely is inju-
dicious to stifle this enquiry, by raising
a general fund to provide for the vic-
tims of these indiscriminate commit-
ments, rather than calling loudly for the
lessening of their numbers. From the
police returns, we have been able to cal-
culate that sixty-five in the hundred
of the persons committed from these
offices are. convicted ; agreeing, within
one per cent, with, the proportion of
those who eseape trial aitogether, after
being committed and imprisoned. for
that purpose, by the other magistrates
mentioned. It farther appears, that for
every 100 bills which are found on the
police committals, seventy-four persons
are convicted, and only twenty-six in
the hundred of those tried escape con-
viction. Allowing this same proportion
of convictions to attend the other ma-

1,563 66

B.lls not found,
Number of per Cent.

Bills found.

Number of
Committals, of |
the Committals,

86 ae Si
43 91
66 85
428 70
418 60
522 59

5,784 f 13
7,347 24

gistrates’ bills found, we see that out of
every 100 persons whom they commit
for trial, only twenty-five are convicted ;
whilst three times that number of per-
sons are let loose upon the public, after

having suffered the unavoidable con-

tamination of a gaol as to their morals
and principles, and after the parishes
have, in most instances, maintained
their families and dependents during
their improper confinement. ~ |

In three of the years’ list of comimit-
tals by private magistrates, embracing
66 persons, not a bill was found against
any one of them, but they were all dis-

charged without trial. FE.
ok

;

For the Monthly Magazine.
HE extension of the cotton manu-
facture in Great Britain within the
last thirty years, and the derangement

which it has produced in the condition

of her people, cannot fail to render some
accountof the rise, progress, and present
state of the supply of the raw material

interesting to your readers. ~ ©
The plant, or tree,’ which’ ‘produces
the material for the’ manufacture in
question, appears to be generally in-
digenous in the tropical regions. In
the Linnzan classification of ‘plants,
it is denominated gossipium, a’ genus
of the class monadelphia ; order, poly-
andyia ; calyx double, and of which
there

—

1824.]

there are ten species. It seems to
haye been unknown in, Europe till
comparatively a very,.recent period,
none of the Latin vocabularies giving
any definition of its nature or proper-
ties. It is, adyerted to by Herodotus,
as growing in India. It was found in
Mexico and in Peru at the time of the
Spanish invasion, and its. manufacture
among the Peruvians was carried on
to some extent,

The generality of the native West-
India species of the plant are annuals;
whilst those of Asia are perennial, both
in root and branch, rising in a straight
line about eight feet high, with leaves
in five palmate lobes: but the plants
chiefly propagated are of the herbaceous
species. The origin and progress of
its culture in Asia is involved in
great obscurity; but it was doubtless
coeval with the origin of those ancient
dynasties which excited the cupidity
of Alexander of Macedon, and its ma-
nufacture progressively extended from
the Indus to Cape Comorin.

Although the plant, in a botanical
point of view, appears to have been but
little known in Europe till subsequent
to the voyages of the Portuguese to
India, by the Cape of Good Hope, the
fabrics produced from the wool appear
to have constituted articles of consi-
derable traffic, when the commercial
relations of India and Europe were car-
ried on partly over-land, and partly
across the isthmus of Suez.

As regards the etymology of the
word cotton, it appears tor have been
derived from the Italians, who termed
the down that adheres to the mala

olonea or quince, cotone,—from whence
the French coton; and from the
French, the English cotton; and
from the slight similarity of the
wool or dana of the gossipium of the
Latins to the down of the mala cotonea,
may praveyly be assigned the Italian
appellation cotone, the French coton,
and the English cotton. With the In-
dian names or appellations of this va-
Juable plant, or of its dena or wool,
either of Asia, Mexico, or Peru, I am
not acquainted. The wool was called
by the Greeks Epto&uaov [ Hriorulon]—
from. erion, signifying wool, and zulon,
signifying wood or a tree. Hence, pro-
bably, its appellations with all the north-
ern. European nations ; — German,
Baumwolle, or tree wool; Danish, bo-
muld; Swedish, bomule; the Low Dutch
appellation is haltoen, probably from
the French; the Spanish, a/godon ; and

Remarks on the Natural History of Cotton.

229

the Portuguese, algodam; the Russian,
chlobstchalaja bumaga.

Without, therefore, attempting. to
enquire farther into the origin and early
history of the growth of cotton; I shall
confine my observations to its use in
great Britain since the period of 1770;
with reference to which I herewith
send you a tabulated statement* of the
average, quantity of the raw’ material
imported annually, in periods of ten
years, from that date down to 1801;
and from 1801 down to the present
time, distinguishing the several coun-
tries from whence imported, and the
proportion from each respective country.
The mostimportant feature of this state-
ment will be seen to be the large and
increasing supply. derived from the
United States of America; adverting
to which, I cannot help noticing the
sudden and surprizing extension of the
culture of the cotton plant in that part
of the globe; from the time of its first
colonization in the early period of the
eighteenth century, down to its final
extinction by the recognition of the
federal government of the British
United States in 1782-83, no regard
was had to the culture, the growth not
exceeding a few thousand pounds weight
annually, which were consumed entirely
for domestic use, none being manufac-
tured for sale. Subsequent to 1783 a few
trifling quantities were exported, more
as experiments than in confidence ; and
in 1789, it was gravely debated by the
congress, whether the soils of Carolina
and Georgia were suitable to its cul-
ture, and whether it would be politic
to afford it encouragement. It may here
be right to state, that the cotton grown
in this part of the world is of two very
distinct kinds; one commonly called sea-
island ; the other upland :—the first very
superior in quality, inclining ‘to yel-
low in colour, with a greenish seed,
from which it is. easily separated, grow-
ing chiefly upon the sea coast, and on
an island of Charlestown harbour—
whence, probably, its common appella-
tion: this was the kind first cultivated.
The total quantity exported in 1791
did not exceed 190,000lbs.; in 1792,
140,000Ibs.; in 1793, the total quan-
tity of both sea-island and upland ex-
ported was about 488,000Ibs.; and
from that. period, owing to the in-
vention of a machine for the more

; effectually

« This we have found too long for inser-
tion in our pages. — Eepir.

230

effectually separating the seed from the
down or wool of the upland species,
the culture has been progressively
extended, In 1794, the quantity ex-
ported exceeded 1,600,000lbs; the an-
nual average of the five years, 1795 to
1799, upwards’ of 7,000,000lbs; and
the annual average of the five years,
1800 to 1804,upwards of 29,000,000lbs. ;
and from that period down to 1819, in
each year as follows:

Date: Sea Island,

1805. . 8,787,659
1806...
1807. . 8,926,011
1808.. 949,
1809... 8,654,213 42,326,042
1810... 8,604,078
1811..8,029,576
1812. . 4,367,806
1813... 4,134,849
1814. . 2,520,338
1815. . 8,449,951
1816. . 9,900,326
1817.. » 85,649,328
1818. . 92,471,178

The diminished exportation in 1808,
was owing to the interdictory sys-
tem of the Americans; and _ the
same causes operated again in 1812,
which terminated in open hostility in
1814. Up to the year 1808 the exporta-
tion may be considered as comprizing
the entire growth. The total quantity
manufactured in the United States in
1800 not exceeding 150,000lbs., in 1805
about 300,060lbs., extended in 1810 by
the Gircumstances of 1808, to about
3,000,000Ibs. The circumstances of
1812 again gave additional stimulus to
manufacturing operations, which in 1815
were extended to about 27,000,000lbs. ;
the renewal of intercourse however, in
1815, operated. as a severe check to
American manufactures, so much so,
that out of 2,325 persons, employ-
ed in the manufacture in Philadelphia
in 1816, 149 only were employed
in 1819; since when, however, the
manufacture has again revived, and
probably amounts to the working up of
about 25,009,000lbs. of the raw ma-
terial. Of the total quantity exported
in 1815 and 1816, about 18,000,000lbs.
in each year went to France; about
5,000,000Ibs. to all other parts of Eu-
rope, and the remainder to England. I
have no authentic account before me of
the total quantity exported frem the
United States since 1818, but the quan-
tity imported into England, as exhibited
in the general statement which follows,
will serve pretty correctly to denote the

50,980,255
93,261,462
62,058,336
28,887,377
19,110,016
17,729,007
82,998,747
81,947,116

54,028,660
24,519,571
14,975,167
15,208,669
74,548,796
72,046,790

Remarks on the Ng ural History of Cotton.

[Oct. 1,

progress of its culture. The quantity to
France and other. parts of Europe has
probably remained stationary at about
22 to 25,000,000lbs. per annum, and
the quantity consumed in internal ma-
nufactures about the same; so that the
present growth of the United States of
America may be estimated at from 150
to 160,000,000lbs. weight annually, with
every prospect of its being doubled
within the next fifteen or twenty years.
From the close connexion between the
growth of the raw. material in the
United States of America, and the ma-
nufactures in Great Britain, it will be
seen necessary to exhibit them toge-
ther. The values, therefore, which
equally concern both countries, shall
be the next part of the subject for
illustration. The sea-island being a
delicate plant, and susceptible of in-
jury from the rains, varies greatly in
price, the stained and ordinary qua-
lities not exceeding in value the best
quality of the upland, whilst the value
of the clean and finest quality of the
sea-island is double that of the finest
upland. In adverting to the money
value, it will be necessary to con-
sider also the duty to which it
has been subject on importation, and
also the expense of transit. During
the war, the impost was raised to 25s.6d.
per 100lb. when imported in foreign
ships, and 16s, 11d. if imported in Bri-
tish ships; in 1816 the duty was re-
duced to 8s, 7d. per 100 lbs. imported
either in foreign or British ships; and
in 1819 it was altered to an ad valorem
duty of Gd. per lb. on the value, at
which it has remained permanent. Dur-
ing the war the freights yaried from
2d., 24d., to 4d. per lb.; but since the
termination of the war have found their
level at from 13d. to 13d. per Ib. In
stating the money values at the dif-
ferent periods (as far as the grower is
concerned in them), they will be stated
including the amount of freight and im-
post. It will be proper to deduct them
in estimating the value to the grower ;
to the consumer not so. In July 1801,
the consuming price of the upland ave-
raged about 2s. 2d. per lb., receding
gradually to 1s. 34d. in 1803; advancing
again to 1s.11d.in December 1805; from
thence fluctuating from 1s.11d. down to
1s. 5d. up to 3s. 1d., which was its
maximum in October 1808, and which
may be accounted for by the interdic-
tory system of the American Govern-
ment. The derangement to commer-
cial intercourse occasioned by the Buo-

napartean

1824.]

napartean proscription of 1810-11, de-
pressed upland cotton to 1s.03dperlb., in
September 1811; the diminished supply
again in 1813 raised its value to 1s. 11d.
in Feb. 1813, and to 2s. 114d. in Ja-
ntary 1814, being the maximum of the
latter interdictory period; ls.8id per
Ib. was the average value at the open-
ing of the year 1815, attaining 1s.114d. in
September of that year, receding to
Is. 43d. in December, remaining pretty
stationary through the year 1816, ad-
vancing to 1s.9d. in September and Octo-
ber 1817, remaining pretty stationary to
September and October 1818, when the
excessive importation from the East-In-
dies paralyzed all the attempts which
had been made to maintain high money
prices, which gradually receded to ] 13d.
in June 1819, when there was a trifling
reaction,and in September ofthat year the
average again attained 1s.2d., but the at-
tempt to maintain the advance proving
abortive, the commodity has found its
mean consuming money value in Great
Britain at about 9d. per lb., yielding to
the growers about 63d., or a total an-
nual value of about £4,000,000, at
which rate the utmost efforts are di-
rected to extend the culture. In ad-
dition to the countries enumerated in
the general statement of imports since
1801, in a following page, there are
trifling supplies derived (included under
the head of West-Indies, &c.) upon the
various ports on the coast of Spanish
South America, from Smyrna; and
within the last two or three years, from
Egvpt. ‘The culture in North Ame-
rica is extending to the districts west of
the Allegany Mountains, finding its
way to market by the waters of the
great river Mississippi to New Orleans,
and from thence to Europe. It would
not/perhaps be unworthy of British enter-
prize, to consider how far it is desirable
to attempt’ its culture contiguous to
the ‘great’ chain of lakes, and divert
the conveyance thereby’ to Europe by
way of the great river St. Lawrence.
In a full developement of this interest-
ing subject, it will be necessary to ex-
hibit the culture in the Mississippi ter-
ritories distinct from that in the districts
of Georgia and Carolina, and also of
Bengal distinct’ from that of Surat.
The following is a scale of the relative
money value of the seyeral kinds ‘at
present’ imported into Great Britain,
taking the North American upland at
9d. per tb., as the mean digit of the
seale, and the whole of fair average
gualities.

Remarks on the Natural History of Cotton.

231

Pernambuco 113d.
Maranhao ..11

Sea-island ....... 18d.
New-Orleans, .. 10

Mississippi and wes- Bahia ...... 10%
tern territories... 8% | Para ......10)
Laguna. i)... 9 | Minaa Novas 103 °
Carthagena .... 7 Do. Geraes gi
Demerara& Berb.113 | Egyptian ..11
Barbadoes...... 10 -| Smyrna .... 7
Other West-India 9} | Surat «......7
Upland. ...+..+.. 9 | Bengal .... 6

In regarding this scale of values, it
is important to bear in mind the dis-
tinction between the intrinsic, relative,
and current value of commodity; the
intrinsic value of a commodity, for
instance, may occasionally very con-
siderably exceed or fall below its cur-
rent value, owing to yarious contingent
circumstances; and although the above
scale is intended to shew the relative
value of the several kinds of cotton
wool to each other, it by no means
conveys a definite idea of the intrin-
sic value or properties of the respec-
tive kind, so much depending upon
the cleaning and condition. The Car-
thagena, for instance, which uniformly
comes very badly separated from the
seed and very dirty, if properly ma-
naged would be considerably enhanced
in value. The relation in the above va-
lues must be regarded with reference to
the condition in which they are usually
imported, rather than with reference to
their intrinsic properties.

Previous to the extended culture in
North America, a very considerable por-
tion of the supply annually was derived
from Smyrna—say 6 to 7,000,000lbs.
The culture in Asia Minor, as well as
Macedon, and other parts of Turkey in
Europe, is still considerable, but con-
sumed chiefly for domestic purposes,
and in the: eastern parts of Europe;
but the little that is now brought to
England, is used chiefly for candle-
wicks. The quality cultivated in Egypt
is good, and may be regarded as a
new and important feature, should
the career of the present enterprizing
Pacha remain uninterrupted for a few
years. In addition to the several kinds
or growths previously enumerated, the
little Isle of Bourbon, in the Indian
Ocean, produces a very superior kind,
limited in quantity, but equal, in value,
though somewhat different, to the Ame-
rican Sea-island. It is. probable also,
from the delicacy of some of their
fabrics, that a very superior kind is
produced in India to any that is im-
ported ‘thence. China also, it is
believed, produces a sort peculiar to

itself

232

itself, from which the nankeen cloths are
supposed to be made.

But neither the extent of its growth
in America, nor of its’ manufacture in
England, is so much an object of sur-
prise, as the very, short period in which
both haye been accomplished. In point
of extent, .the comparison with the
growth and mannfacture of India, could
it be ascertained, would probably be
found trifling; the export of the raw
material from Bengal and Bombay, in
1818, exceeded 660,000 bales, chiefly
to China, or about 230 to 240,000,000 of
lbs.;° whilst the internal consumption
probably equalled, if not exceeded that
quantity.

It should be noticed, however, that
the culture in the West-Indies has not
decreased in proportion to the apparent
decrease of importation under that head,
It is true that the culture is very
limited there, and the greater portion
included under that head is from De-
marara; it may also be inferred, from
Portugal being included with the Bra-
zils, that some plants are cultivated in
Portugal, which is not the case ; under
the colonial regime the whole of the pro-
duce of the Brazils was carried to Por-
tugal, and from thence re-exported : at
the present time, however, nearly the
whole growth comes direct to England
fronr the Brazils; a comparatively tri-
fling proportion goes direct to France
and other parts of Europe. France is,
however, the only other part of
Europe where the spinning of cot-
ton is carried on to any extent, being
in that country about one-third what
it is in England,—with this differ-
ence, however, that» whilst England
indicates an increase, France indicates
a decrease; the number of bags in
France, in 1822, having been 190,000,
and only 166,000 in 1823; whilst
the quantity in England, in 1822, was
541,000 bags, and 576,000, in 1823;
the quantity spun in all the rest of
Europe, collectively, not amounting to
60,000 bags. It deserves. to be no-
ticed, however, that out of the quantity
spun in England, about 30,000,000 lbs.
weight. of yarn, equal. to 100,000 bales
of the raw material, is re-exported in a
yarn state, which gives rise to consider-
able weaving operations in Russia, Ger-
many, Denmark, and the north of Eu-
rope generally.

On looking at the statement of the
quantity.and value of the proportion of
the manufacture exported, both in yarn
and in cloth, the extensive aggregate

Remarks‘on Mr. Brown's New Invented Vacuum Engine. (Oct. 1},

depreciation in yalue forms a most strik-
ing feature; it will be seen that.a quan-
tity of yarn was given in 1828 for a
less value than half such quantity was
valued atin 1814; and that the depre-
ciation in manufactured stuffs is on an
equal ratio, 16,690,366. of quantity,
being valued at ,£17,393,796 in 1814,
whilst 24,117,549 of quantity, in 1823,
was valued at only £13,751,415, in-
stead of upwards of £25,000,000, which
they should have obtained according to
the value of 1814. Superficially consi-
dered, it may, it is true, be regarded
as nationally advantageous, if out of
£6,241,561 of raw material, we. can
re-export £707,313 in a raw state,
£2,625,947 in yarn, and £13,751,415
in stuffs, and retain an ample supply for
all internal purposes. Whatever depre-
ciation may have taken place must be
attributed to increase of quantity ; it is
not, however, on an abstract point of
view, that we shall be justified in draw-
ing conclusions on the subject; but
viewed in relation to the luminous ex-
position of our commercial system by
your correspondent A.R., at page 315
of your November Number 1823, and
page 31 of the Number for February of
the present year, the most lamentable
inferences will, I fear, be found de-
ducible from it. Ir ele
——_L a
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
Sir, ‘
Fees admirer of practical science,
I was much pleased with the de-
scription of the new Vacuum Engine
given in your last number, accompanied
with a plate. I had previously seen the
engine once, in company with several
other gentlemen, but. had not, at the
time, an opportunity of putting such
questions to the ingenious inventor as
I could have wished respecting the prin-
ciples of its action. The effect was cer-
tainly decisive as to the almost. perfect
vacuum produced in the cylinder, and
the consequent rise of the water in the
cylinder, and its rapid discharge into
the buckets of a water-wheel. Indeed,
the opinion formed by two. or three of
the gentlemen present connected with
engineering, was unequivocally in favour
of the power and perfect application of
this new engine to all the purposes of
the steam-engine. It was_ therefore
not without surprise, that, in a little
periodical called The» Chemist (of the
4th instant), which I am in the habit of
taking in, that I saw an article headed,
“The Utility of Mr. Brown’s. Engine
denied.”

1824. ] Plan for supplying London with Salt Water Baths. 233
denied.” It is quite impossible either ate us

that the parties (J. and G. Hanson) For the Monthly Mogaiene,

who take upon themselves to describe ROSPECTUS have been issued

this engine in The Chemist, or the writer
they quote in the newspaper called
The Scotsman, could have seen the en-
gine of Mr. Brown at work; for their
description begins with the following
words :——“ The space under the piston
being filled with common air”—whilst
there is no such thing as a piston in the
engine! Again: “ The piston, of
course, descends by the pressure of the
atmosphere on its upper surface, till the
density of the ‘air below equals that of
the air above; that is, it will descend,
not to the bottom of the cylinder, but
through one-third of the space !”’ After
various other assumptions with regard
to the construction and operation of
the new engine which are unsupported
by the facts, the writer says, “ We
have no hesitation in avowing our be-
lief} that Mr. Brown’s invention, so far
as we can comprehend it, is entirely a
deception, and one, we think, which
could not impose ona single individual
who has the most moderate knowledge
of chemistry and mechanics !”

If the writer, who makes sucha flippant
remark, had only possessed the “ mode-
rate knowledge of chemistry” he alludes
to in others, and either had seen the
engine at work, or an accurate ac-
count of it, he would have discovered
that it is the flame of the gas, mixed with
the atmospheric air which fills the entire
cavity of the cylinder, that produces the
vacuum—at the same instant, the cap of
the cylinder closes its top air-tight.
The degree of rarefaction or vacuum
produced in the cylinder, I presume, is
satisfactorily shewn, by the rise of the
mercurial gauge attached to the engine.
' The chemical principles on which the
investigation rests, “so far as I can com-
prebend it,’ may, therefore, be de-
scribed to be—the combustion of the
oxygen of the air contained in the cy-
linder ; whilst the azote is nearly all ex-
pelled at the mouth of the cylinder by
the flame.

With regard to the greater economy,
or superior advantage, in other respects,
of this new engine over the ordinary
steam-engine, I do not feel myself com-
petent to offer any opinion—being, not
an engineer, but A Cuemist.*

* We have admitted this letter on the
principle that our magazine should be open
to all parties and opinions: at the same.
time, we think our correspondent a. little
too sanguine. —Zd.

Montuty Mae. No, 401.

for'the establishment of two Bath
Companies in the metropolis. The first
under the name of the National Bath
Company, proposes to build baths of
every description, for health, as well
as pleasure, hot and cold, vapour and
medicated; and the cold baths are to be
on so extensive a scale as:to supersede
all excuse for river bathing, a custom
repugnant to the better feelings of so-
ciety. Two situations have been sug-
gested for this establishment, and either
sufficiently eligible: the one in’ the
centre of Leicester-Fields, the other in
the Regent’s Park, opposite to Port-
land Place, to which it would make a
terminating object. The capital re-
quired, by estimate, is two hundred and
fifty thousand pounds, and many names
have been subscribed, as is the case at
the beginning of most adventures.

The second of these projects, the
Metropolitan Marine Bath Company,
proceeds on a still more extended
seale; and though by no means im-
possible, has somewhat of the impro-
bable in it; even in this age of immense
capital and daring speculation. By this
scheme it is intended to furnish the me-
tropolis with salt-water baths, large
enough for the purposes of recreation
as well as health, and the water is to
be raised by a steam-engine from the
sea at Brighton, and conducted to Lon-
don through the medium of iron pipes,
two feet in diameter. The estimated
expense, per mile, for the conveyance
of the water is about £700, or about
£250,000 for the whole distance. The
other half of the capital will be re-
quired for putchasing ground, and the
erection of the necessary _ buildings
for forming five different establish-
ments in different quarters of the town.
The schedule goes into a very minute
statement of the calculated expenditure
and receipts of one of these five divi-
sions or stations, With regard to the
current expenses for superintendance,
it is only a matter for the consideration
of the subscribers; but I extract the
following statement of estimated re-
ceipts per annum, for the purpose of
shewing the advantages the public are to
derive from the plan. Hach of the five
stations will be calculated ‘to afford ac-
commodation for

100 warm baths, per diem, for 300
days, at 3s. each person ...... £4,500
¥? vapour baths, at 3s. 6d, each. . 506
4 H 10 medicated

234

10 medicated or gaseous baths. at
5s. each......

£750
2,400
1,200
1,500

6,300
2,000

100 gentlemen’s private baths, at
28 RACH sie) aig atdaials Ata c Beier ele
Subscriptions to swimming bath and
SCHOO!) Simin ec cisevas tert cheney
700 non-subscribers for best swim-
ming bath, at Is. 6d. each... ....
800 in second ditto, at 6d. each...
400 persons, once a week, for 20
weeks, at 3d, each:........+.. 1,000

20,300

Or, the five stations........ 101,500
Calling the gross expenses... 51,500
Leaving-a profit of .. tv

But whether both, or either of these
schemes will be actually carried into
- effect, is to me, at least, a matter of
doubt, though the partizans of the two
companies are pushing on their schemes

Spirit of Philosophial Discovery.

[Oct. 1,

with vigour. For myself, I should la-
ment their failure, being convinced of
their utility, and deeming the absence
of baths an opprobrium to the richest
capital of Europe. For the general
purposes of health, sait-water bathing
is of the utmost importance, and in
many cases of disease that have baffled
the most potent drugs of the pharma-
copeia, the vapour and medicated baths
are known to be most powerful reme-
dies. Is it not strange, that while
medicated baths are in general use
throughout France, Germany, and Italy,
and under the advice of the first phy-
sicians, we have no such establishment
whatever in London ?*

* Onur correspondent is wrong. There
is a charitable institution for medicated
baths in Blenheim Street, though on a
poor scale ; and an excellent private esta-
blishment by a Mr. Green, in Bury Street,
St. James’.

SPIRIT OF PHILOSOPHICAL DISCOVERY, AND OF THE
VARIOUS SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS.

—=

HAT spots on the sun are removed by
the near approach of a comet, has
been concluded from the astronomical ob-
servations of M. de Biela, of Prague: he
also observed, that the comet of January
1824, besides its proper tail, directed from
the place of the sun, was accompanied by
a shorter and less brilliant tail directed to-
wards the sun, nearly, but not exactly, op-
posite to the real tail. From observing
that the inferior tail occupied the path which
the comet had just travelled, M. B. cone
siders it as analagous to the stream of light
which some luminous meteors leave be-
hind them in the sky; but the greater
number of these are mere optical illusions,
occasioned by the eye not following the
object, and letting its image traverse the
field of view.
, The phenomena of the Aurora. Borealis
were carefully observed by Dr. Thiene-
man, during a winter which he lately spent
in Iceland, his conclusions from which ob-
servations are as follows, viz.

Ist. The highest and least dense clouds
of our atmosphere are the seat of the
Aurora. 2,

2d. These polar lights are not peculiar
to the winter season, or to the night time;
though it is only in the absence of the solar
rays that they obtrude themselves to ob-
servation.

3d. They have no ascertained connec-
tion with the earth; their various motions
being confined within the limits of the
clouds that contain them.

4th. Their common form in Iceland is
arched, in a direction from E.N.E. to

W.S.W.; and here the doctor could per-
ceive no ‘hissing or other sounds, to ac-
company the appearance of Aurora.

The climate of London, as dependant on
its atmospheric phenomena, has been thus
illustrated by Mr. J. F. Daniels, in his
“* Meteorological Essays,” viz. The mean
pressure of the atmosphere, as denoted by
the barometer, 29-88] inches of mercury.
The range being from 30-82 to 28-12
inches, and mean daily fluctuation-015 inch:
the mean temperature derived from the
daily maxima (its mean being 56°-1) and
the minima (its mean being 42°-5), of the
thermometer of Farenheit, was 49°-5: the
range from 90° to 11°. The force of ra-
diation from the sun averaged 23°-3 in
the day, and that from the earth at night
4°-6: the highest temperature of the sun’s
rays was 154°, andthe lowest temperature
on the surface of the earth 5°. The mean
dew point was 44°-5, calculated from the
daily maxima and minima, made up of the
following proportions of the mean, from
eight points of the wind, viz.

75 days S.W. 48°-6] 37 days S.E. 45°-6
72 days W. 44- 8] 29 days N. 40- 1
58 days N.W. 41- 3] 27 days E. 42-3
44 days N.E. 40- 7| 23 days S. 48-7

The range of the dew point was from
70° to 11°: the pressure of the vapour
varying with it from 0.770 inch to 0.103
inch.

The greatest degree of dryness, or least
degree of moisture, as indicated by the
author’s hygrometric scale of 389, was 29°.

The daily periodical fluctuations of the
Barometer in different Latitudes, or average

difference

1824.)

difference between the highest and the
lowest state of the mercury, has lately been
an object of research with Mr. J. F. Daniel,
who has ascertained that this fluctuation
is greatest at the equator, and decreases
with considerable regularity as the la-
titude increases, until somewhere between
50° and 60°, where it ceases, and where
the mercury would, independant of tem-
porary causes, remain constant throughout
the day; and from this neutral point, in
proceeding towards the pole, the daily
fluctuation again increases, but in the in-
verse order, rising here at the same hours
at which it was falling in the corresponding
place between the neutral point and the
equator, and vice versd. Some idea of the
quantity and rate of decrease and increase
in this diurnal fluctuation may be given by
stating, that in N. lat. 0° 24 it is -074
inch, in N. lat. 51° 31/ -015 inch, and in
N. lat. 75° -034 inch. The next return of
Capt. Parry’s expedition is expected by
Mr. Daniel to bring home important con-
firmation of his barometric theory, which
is described at some length in the Journal
of Science, No. 34.

The velocity of Sound, under the various
circumstances by which the same is affected
in its transmission through the atmosphere,
has been experimented upon with great
care, and labour by Doctors Moll and Van
Beck, between two open and elevated spots
in the plain of Utrecht in Holland, distant
9,664 fathoms: the details of these expe-
riments, and the Doctors’ results, were read
before the Royal Society of London in its
last session, and may.be expected to appear
in its forthcoming volume of Transactions.
In p. 50 of our present volume, we gave
the results of Dr. Gregory’s late experi-
ments near Woolwich.

That delicate Chronometers are affected
in their rates by variations in the density of
the air, has been again ascertained by Mr.
G. Harvey (for the fact was long ago
known, and the subject of a patent for
obviating it): he placed different chrono-
meters under the receiver of an air-pump
and in that of a condenser, and uniformly
found, that a diminution of pressure in the
surrounding air occasioned a gaining, and
an increase of pressure a loosing, on the
previous rates of the chronometers sub-
mitted to these experiments: it also ap-
peared that corresponding increases or de-
creases of the ares of vibration attended these
loosings or gainings of the chronometers.

That the angles of Crystals do not remain
constant, except under the same.temperature,
has been ascertained by M. Mitscherlich,
who found, that the obtuse didral angles
of a erystal of carbonate of lime, in passing
through the various degrees of temperature
from 32° to 212° of Farenheit, diminished
-9: this seems an important discovery, not
only as promising to reconcile many dis-
cordant angular measurements of crystals,
carefully made with the best instruments ;

Spirit of Philosophical Discovery.

235

but also, as being likely to furnish some of
the data which were wanting, for the analy-
tical investigation of the principles of erys-
talography. Increase of temperature has
also been found to diminish the doubly-
refraction property of carbonates and sul-
phates of lime, and also of rock crystal.—
Ann. de Chim.

The mathematical Theory of Magnetism
has been elaborately investigated by M.
Poisson, in a memoir read before the Pa-
risian Academy, analogously to the theory
of electricity, which refers the phenomena
to a positive anda negative fluid; M. P. at-
tributes the attractions and repulsions of
magnetic substances to two imponderable
fluids, a boreal and an austral fluid, acting
in the inverse proportion of the squares of
the distances; and has thereby deduced
formule of very general application, such
as, when applied to Mr. Barlow’s impor-
tant experiments, bring out his results with
surprising exactness: except regarding the
inference of that philosopher, as to there
being a plane of no attraction crossing the
centre of every magnetic needle perpen-
dicularly to the line of dip; whereas, the
attractions in this plane merely decrease so
much, as not to have been readily mea-
surable in Mr. Barlow’s method.

One of the most curious of M. Poisson’s
results is, that a magnetic needle placed in
the interior of a hollow sphere of soft iron, and
so small as not to exert any sensible in-
fluence on the sphere, will not exhibit any
polarity from the effect of the earth’s mag-
netism, or from that of any other magnets
placed without the hollow sphere.

That the magnetizing of a steel bar in-
creases its power of conducting electricity,
has been discovered by Mr, Abraham ; and
hence he recommends, that conducting rods
for, lightning should be magnetized pre-
vious to their erection.

Mr. S. A. Christie has ascertained, that
as the temperature of a magnetized steel-bar
is increased, its intensity is diminished, and
vice versa: his experiments, communicated
to the Royal Society, range from 3° of
Farenh. to 127°: from 80° the intensity
decreased rapidly as the temperature in-
creased, and at above 100° a portion of the
power of the magnet was permanently de-
stroyed.

Mr. Thomas Pollock, in making an at-
tempt to explain the action of the Voltaic pile,
in No. 316 of the Phil. Mag., has offered
some preliminary views of the subject
which appear worthy of record here :—
There is, he says, no necessity for sup-
posing the existence of heat, light, an elec-
tric, galvanic, or perhaps a magnetic fluid,
distinct from one all-pervading radiant mat-
ter, filling the interstices between, and
surrounding the atoms of every other spe-
cies of matter in the universe; this radiant
matter being capable, when set in motion,
of producing heat. ‘That no motion what-
ever can take place upon the surface of our

2H 2 globe,

236

‘globe, without producing a change in the
distribution of this generally prevading
principle, which Mr. P. has not attempted
to designate by any particular name. If a
gas become a fluid, or a fluid a solid, there
is a diminution of capacity for heat ; there
is a contraction of yolume, and the form
this matter has now assumed, owing to
contraction, demands less of this generally-
pervading principle, and heat is in con-
sequence presented to surrounding bodies.
If this change take place with rapidity, and
bodies possessing a great capacity for heat,
as water or moisture, be absent, light will
frequently result: hence the electric spark.
While, on the contrary, if a solid be-
come a fluid, or a fluid a gas, there is an
increase of capacity, there is expansion of
yolume, and the form now assumed will,
owing to this extension, demand more of
this all-pervading principle, and cold will in
consequence be presented to, or their per-
vading heat be abstracted from surrounding
bodies. Moreover, if a gas merely contract
or expand, without assuming either the
fluid or solid form, the same effect will be
produced upon the pervading principle of
heat in surrounding bodies. Electric or
galvanic action between bodies is the re-
sult of their containing different proportions
of the all-pervading principle ; and by the
electric spark the excess is given off, and
an equilibrium restored. So the thunder
cloud, being formed of vapour in the at-
mosphere, having suffered a contraction of
volume, has an excess of the pervading
principle, which, by being transmitted to
the earth beneath, or to another cloud
which has suffered expansion, produces
lightning.

Conducting power appears to Mr. P. to
be the consequence of the strong mutual
attraction existing between the particles of
matter, as ina metal; it appears to depend
upon the particles bemg nearer to each
other than in bodies which have consider-
able capacity for heat, where the attraction
is less strong, and the particles further
separated. Thus the metals are found to
possess the least capacity for heat of all the
forms of matter: in water, these two
powers are mere equally blended than in
any other body ; it possesses a greater con-
ducting power than any other fluid of equal
density, and has a greater capacity for heat.
It exists in three forms, solid, fluid, and
gaseous, at a jess variation of tempe-
rature than any others of, the fluid com-
pounds ; and by the aetion. of heat alone,
differs from all others in. being unalterable
in composition. . Mr, P.’s mode of applying
these principles to account for Voltaic ac-
tion not admitting of an intelligible abridg-
ment, we must refer for it to the journal
quoted.

Jodous Acid has lately been added by
Signor Sementini to the number of the
known combinations of iodine with oxigen ;
and he has stated the following as its dis-

Spirit of Philosophical Discovery.

[Oct. 1,

tinguishing differences from the iodic acid
which was before known: iodic acid is
solid, white, without odour, reddening blue
colours, and then destroying them ; is vo-
latile at 456° Farenh. with decomposition ;
and heated with charcoal or sulphur, it is
decomposed with detonation. | Whereas
iodous acid is liquid, yellow, odorous, red-
dening blue colours, but not destroying
them : volatilizes at 112°Farenh., and even
at common temperatures, without decom-
position: heated with sulphur it is decom-
posed without detonation, and inflames po-
tassium and phosphorus by mere contact.
—Biblo. Univ., vol. xxv, p. 119.

The sweet-scented Violet is a poisonous
plant. Messrs. Boullay and Orfila have
ascertained that the violet (viola odorata)
contains an active alkaline, bitter, and acrid
principle, which they denominate violine,
which greatly resembles the emetine of
ipecacuanha : it is found to reside equally
in the roots, leaves, flowers, and seeds of
the plant, and to possess powerful poison-
ous qualities.

Cyanic acid, in combination with a metal,
is found to compose the various fulminating
powders. —Messrs. Liebeg and Gay Lussac,
in experimenting on various fulminating
mixtures, have ascertained that many, and
probably all of them, owe this explosive
property to cyanogen and oxigen entering
into their composition. They found, for
instance, fulminating silver composed as
follows, viz.

Silver. ..... 72-19
Cyanogen .. 17-16
Oxigen .... 10-65
100-00

Ann. de Chim., vol. xxv. p.-285.

Sulphurous acid gas has been liquefied by
M. Bussy, producing a colourless, trans-
parent, and very volatile liquid, of a specific
gravity 1-45; it boils at 14° of Farenh.,
but produces so much cold )in evaporating,
as to occasion, for some time, a portion of
the acid to remain liquid. When the at-
mosphere was at 50°, the bulb of a ther-
mometer, wrapped in cotton, dipped into
this liquid acid, occasioned the mercury to
fall almost instantly to—70° of Farenh., as
measured by an air thermometer. | In the
vacuum of the air-pump, a cold of—90°
Farenh. was produced by its evaporation !
by which, not only was mercury) readily
frozen, but also.alcohol (of a spec. grav.
below -852, at 55° of Farenh. ) was completely
frozen ! Tubes cooled by the evaporation
of this liquefied acid .readily occasioned
the liquefaction of chlorine, and of ammonia,
when passed through them : and cyanogen,
under the same treatment, was obtained in
a solid crystalized form.—dAnn. de Chim.

Cafeine, a new principle in coffee.— Messrs.
Robiquinet, Pelleter, and: Caventor, in ex-
perimenting upon coffee-berries, have dis-
covered and separated a new chemical sub-
stance—white, crystalline, volatile, and

slightly

1924.}

slightly soluble in water, which the first-
mentioned of these gentlemen has denomi-
nated. cafeine.

Free or uncombined muriatic acid often
evists in the hwman stomach, according toa
late discovery of Dr. Prout; who, in one
ease of a very deranged stomach, from
which 20 ounces of a fluid was thrown off,
separated therefrom above half a dra hm of
muriatic acid, of specific gravity 1-160.—
Brand’s Journal.

The existence of two other spirituous
fluids analogous to alcohol, as to forming
ethers on combination with acids, have
been ascertained by Messrs. Macaire and
Marcet at Geneva: one of these, which
they denominate pyrowylic spirit, was ob-
tained during the rectification of pyrolignic
acid, or the vinegar of wood; and the other
of which; obtained from the same source,
they call pyroacetic spirit, and have pretty
fully described their properties in a paper
read before the Society of Physics and Na-
tural History in that city.

Hydrogen gas is without smell, when pure.
M. Berzelius has ascertained, that an
odorous volatile oil is diffused in hydrogen
gas, when prepared as usual from iron
filings and diluted sulphuric acid; as may
be rendered evident, by passing this gas
through pure alcohol, by which, in a great
measure, the smell of the hydrogen will be
removed ; and if water be added to the
alcohol which has been so treated, and it
be set by in a flask for some days, a heavy
odorous volatile oil will be found deposited
therein. If an amalgam of potassium and
mercury be put into pure distilled water,
pure and inodorous hydrogen gas will be
evolved.

Electricity discriminated by its taste.—M.
Berzelius has ascertained, that a current
of positive electricity, passed by means of
a metallic point on to the tongue, excites
thereon an acid taste; but a similar cur-
rent of negative electricity, a caustic and
alkaline taste.

Por comparing the illuminating power of
gases made from coal and from oil.— Dr. A.
Fye, of Edinburgh, has recommended the
ascertainment of the proportion of olefiant
gas in each of the several gases submitted
for comparison, condensing the olefiant

~ gas by means of chlorine gas, in the ab-
sence of light; as otherwise, the carburetted-
hydrogen gas would be in part condensed
by the chlorine. Into a graduated tall glass
jar, filled with water and inverted in a
water-trough, introduce as much of the
gas to be experimented upon, as will lower
the water from 100 at the top, to the mark
50 on the middle of the jar: a thick or
black paper cover is then to be put on the
jar, to exclude the light. Fifty measures
of chlorine gas, previously prepared in a
similarly graduated jar, are then to be
passed up into the first jar, (which will
lower the water to zero thereon), and the
eame is then to be left for ten or fifteen

Spirit of Philosophical Discovery.

237

minutes, in order for the olefiant and chlo-
rine gases to combine, which is known to
take place in equal quantities. On lifting
up the paper cover, observe now the height
of the water in the graduated jar, and the
same will indicate the quantity of olefiant
gas, in one-hundred parts of the gas expe-
rimented upon. Suppose, for instance, the
water should stand at 40, the gas under
experiment must have contained 40 per
cent. of olefiant-gas. On experimenting in
this manner, repeatedly, on the coal and on
the oil gas delivered to their customers in
Edinburgh’ by the gas’ companies there,
Dr. Fye found the proportion of olefiant
gas in them to be, on the average, as 17 to
31, or nearly as 1 to 1-8: from which, and ,
a variety of other experiments, the doctor
is unwilling to allow the illuminating power
of oil gas to be any more than double, bulk
for bulk, that of coal gas, notwithstanding
so many persons have contended for a
triple illuminating effect in the former gas
as compared with the latter.

A source of danger from the use of culi-
nary vessels of copper, has recently been dis-
covered by Sir H. Davy, viz., that weak so-
lutions of common salt, such as are daily
made by adding a little salt to boiling vege-
tables and other eatables in our kitchens,
act strongly upon copper, although strong
ones do not affect it. Sir Humphrey’s
electrical conjectures, as to the cause of
this peculiarity, appear to us rather far
from satisfactory; but the fact is most im-
portant to be generally known.

The poisonous jfly-waters, which were a
few years ago sold at the oil-shops, and
were. much in use for clearing our dwellings
of the swarms of common flies which in-
fest them during the months of August.
and September, have almost generally been
laid aside, on account of the numerous loss
of lives to children and to cats, &c. from the
inadvertent drinking of these poisonous
fluids. It is now, however, ascertained,
that ground black pepper and moist sugar,
intimately mixed in equal quantities, and
diluted with milk, placed in saucers, adding
fresh milk and stirring the mixture as often
as necessary, succeeds admirably m occa-
sioning the death of the flies, without being
at the same time dangerous to the persons
or useful animals which might unguardedly
taste of this mixture. The chief breeding-
places of these flies are the stables, and
places wheré horse-dung is found.

Why the eyes of a portrait, which look di-
rectly ata spectator in front, do so ‘also in
any other position, has remained without
an explanation until lately. Dr. Wollaston,
after considering the matter, observes, when
two objects are seen on the ground at dif-
ferent distances from us, in the same di-
rection, one appears, and must be repre-
sented ina picture, as exactly above the
other, so that a vertical plane from the
eye would pass through them; and since
such line will be seen upright, however far

we

238

we move to one side, it follows that the
same object will still seém to be in-a line
with us, exactly as in the front view—seem-
ing, as we moye, to turn from their first
direction. In portraits, the permanence of
direction, with reference to the spectator,
depends on the same principles. So the
nose, drawn in front with its central line
upright, continues directed to the spectator,
though viewed obliquely ; or, if the right
side of the nose is represented, it must ap-
pear directed to the right of the spectator,
in all situations.

The temporary derangement of vision,
which very commonly follows acidity or
flatulency in the stomach, and as com-
monly precedes sick-headach, or else un-
usual sleepiness, in great numbers of per-
sons (the writer amongst the number),
has lately attracted the attention of Dr.
Wollaston, who, with his wonted sagacity,
has discovered that, usually, one half only,
either to the right or to the left of each eye,
is in these cases temporarily affected with
blindness. From a careful consideration
of the circumstances attending five cases
of temporary half-blindness, which are de-
tailed in the Philosophical Transactions just
published, the doctor has been led to an
important anatomical discovery, as to the
semi-decussation of the optic nerves in the
human subject ; that is, instead of the en-
tire optie nerves from the two opposite
thalami of the brain, crossing each other,
and proceeding entire to the eyes, on op-
posite sides, as has generally been sup-
posed, that portion of nerve which proceeds
from the right thalamus to the right side of
the right eye, passes to its destination
without interference; and, in a similar
manner, the left thalamus supplies the
left side of the left eye with one part of
its fibres; whilst the remaining halves of
both nerves, in passing over to the eyes of
ithe opposite sides, intersect each other,
either with or without intermixture of their
fibres. On this principle, Dr. Wollaston
most ingeniously explains how single
vision is produced by two eves—how in-
fants are enabled to avoid squinting, Xe.

The migration of birds was a subject
which, during many years, engaged the at-
‘tention of the late celebrated Dr. Jenner,
having been early in life stimulated to the
inquiry by the investigation on this subject
which the great John Hunter was carrying
on, whilst Mr. Jenner was resident in his
house as a medical pupil. The son of Dr.
Jenner has, since his decease, communi-
nicated to the Royal Society his father’s
manuscripts on. the subject, which have
been printed in the Philosophical Transac-
tions,—a recapitulation of which is as fol-
lows, vix.—First, Dr. Jenner adduces some
arguments in support of migration, be-
cause of the fact itself not being generally
admitted by naturalists of celebrity, and
also against the hypothesis of a state of
torpor, or what may be termed the hyber-

Spirit of Philosophical Discovery.

[Oct. I,

nating system. He next shews, from re-
peated observations, that the swallow tribe,
and many other birds that absent them-
selves at stated periods, return annually to
the same spot to build their nests; and
that any inference drawn from this fact, in
support of a state of torpor, would be fal-
lacious, upon physiological principles. In
corroboration and continuation of the ob-
servations of John Hunter, Dr. Jenner
shews, that certain periodical changes of
the testes and ovaria are the exciting causes
of migration,—and states many facts, hi-
therto unnoticed, with respect to the cause
which excites the migrating birds, at cer-
tain seasons of the year, to quit one coun-
try. for another, viz., the enlargement of the
testes of the male, and ovaria in the fe-
male, and the need of a country where
they can, for a while, be better accommo-
dated with succours for their infant brood
than in that from which they depart. It
is attempted to be shewn by Dr, Jenner,
that their departure from this country is
not in consequence of any disagreeable
change in the temperature of the air, or
from a scarcity of their common food,—but
the result of the accomplishment of their
errand, i.e., the incubation and rearing of
their young, and the detumessence of the
testes and ovaria; that successive arrivals
of migrating birds are attributable to the
progressive developement of the generative
system in the male and female ; that pro-
gressive developements are wise provisions
of the Creator; that premature arrivals
and departures are frequently to be ac-
counted for on the same principle; that
the departure of the spring migrators is
owing to a change in the testes and ovaria,
the very opposite of that which took place
in the spring; that the departure of the
young birds is not guided by the parents,
but the result of an unknown principle.
In the second part of the doctor’s paper
some observations are made on the winter
birds of passage: —that they quit their
homes in this country, in the spring, in
quest of a country better suited to their
intended purpose than this; that they are
actuated by the same impulse in quitting
this couutry that causes the spring birds to
come to it, and that want of food cannot be
the inducement; that the emigration of
the winter birds is less complete than that
of the others, or spring migrators; that
some species breed here, especially the
wild-duck and wood-pigeon ; that the red-
wings and fieldfares are the most regular
and uniform in their appearance and dis-
appearance, and most probably never
risk the trial of incubation here, or at least
not in the part of Gloucestershire where
Dr. Jenner resided; that they quit the
country temporarily, im severe and long-
continued frost, through want of food, and
return to it again at the approach of more
temperate weather; that the arrival of
water-birds forbodes the approach of in-

tense

1824.]

tense frost, and the usual return of the
water-birds a thaw; that the examina-
tions of the latter prove them to have
taken long flights before their return, and
sets the fact of temporary migration be-
yond the reach of doubt. The paper con-
cludes with some additional particulars
respecting the different sizes of the. gene-
rative organs of migratory birds, as they
appear at different seasons of the year.

A mass of meteoric iron, maleable and
very ductile, and containing nickel, weigh-
ing about 1,655lbs., has been found by
Messrs. Rivero and Boussingault, on the
hill of Tocavita, in the mountains of Santa
Rosa, between Timja and the plains of
Bogota, in South America. In the same
vicinity, several smaller masses of similar
iron were found on the surface ; all of them,
probably, fragments thrown off at the same
instant from one of the myriads of satel-
litule of our planet, which (according to
Mr. Farey), from the period of their crea-
tion, have continued to revolve around it
in elliptical orbits—the perigeic parts of
which orbits pass through a portion of our
atmosphere, the resistance and chemical
action of which last occasions the tempo-
rary luminocity of these bodies—also, the
explosive exfoliation of their superficial
parts,—the continual lessening of their or-
bits, as an elliptical spiral, after each of
such perigeic visits, and a consequent
deeper and deeper penetration within our
atmosphere ; until, probably, the remaining
masses of many of these bodies have fallen
to the earth, or into the seas which cover
so large a portion of its surface. At Ras-
gata, in a different part or Mexico, a mass
weighing 169lbs., and another 90lbs., of
similar nickelated iron, have been found, by
the same observers.

Starjelly, star-shot, ( Tremella Nostoe. )-—
These singular gelatinous small masses,
which are found occasionally on marshy or
fen grounds, are asserted by Mr. W. Fo-
thergill to be mostly the decomposed bodies
of frogs or toads, which have died during
moist and wet weather. Those which die
during hot and dry weather do not undergo
this change ; but their bodies shrink up into
a leathery substance.— Phil. Mag. No. 316.

Ice, naturally formed during summer in
some caves, is dissolved during the ensuing
winter.—This remarkable fact has lately
been verified, as to the ice-cave of Mon-
targuis in Switzerland. M. Gampart vi-
sited this cave in the summer of 1823, and
found much ice accumulated and rapidly
increasing ; yet two persons, who, in the
following autumn and winter, three times
visited the same caye (with much diffi-
culty), found the ice rapidly melting there-
in, and at length it had entirely disappeared,
Professor Picket has offered, as an expla-
nation of this phenomenon, the currents of
air which descend through fissures in the
roof of the cave, greatly cooled by evapo-
ration in summer ; and the contrary cur-

Spirit of Philesophical Discovery.

239

rents of air which during winter ascend.—
Bib. Univ., vol. xxy, p. 243.

Very accurate casts of the leaves of plants
may be prepared by a very simple process,
which Mr. W. Deeble has described to the
Society of Arts. A quantity of fine-grained
sand, in rather a moist state, must be pro-
vided, on the surface of which a leaf se-
lected for casting from should be laid, in
the most natural position which the taste
of the artist can effect, by banking up the
sand beneath its more elevated parts, by
the lateral pressure of the blade of a knife;
when thus the leaf has been supported in
every part, its surface should, by means of
a broad camel-hair pencil, be covered over
by a thin coating of wax and Burgundy
pitch, rendered fluid by heat; the leaf be-
ing now removed from the sand and dipped
in cold water, the wax becomes hard, and
at the same time sufficiently tough to allow
of the leaf being ripped off from the wax
mould,without altering the form of the latter.
The wax mould is now placed on the sand,
and banked up in every part, as the leaf at
first was ; and then an edge or border being
raised of sand around the leaf, at a suffi-
cient distance, very thin plaister of Paris is
then poured over the leaf, and a camel-hair
pencil is used\ to brush the fluid plaister
into every hollow on the surface, and ex-
clude air-bubbles. As soon as the plaister
is set, it will be found, on taking it up
from the sand, that the heat generated
during the setting of the plaister, will have
softened the wax, and that the same may
be dexterously rolled up from the impression
thereof on the plaister: and thus the most
beautiful and perfect moulds may be ob-
tained for making any number of plaister
casts in relievo, of the leaf which has been
selected.

The possibility of changing the residences
of certain fishes from salt-water to fresh, has
been shewn by numerous facts and very
able reasonings, in a long paper by Dr.
MacCulloch, in the Journal of Science,
No. 34; as also the probability, that effect-
ing this change might greatly enhance the
value of the inland and fresh-water lakes
and waters, which so much abound in Bri-
tain: in conclusion the Doctor remarks on
the insufficiency of that very fashionable
geological theory, of French origin, which,
from the conjectured fresh-water, or the
imagined marine habits of the mollusca
formerly, whose shells are now found im-
bedded in the strata, pretends to infer the
existence formerly of fresh-water lakes, or
of the sea, in random succession upon the
same spots, during the progressive forma-
tion of the strata: idle whims, which have
much retarded the march of useful geo-
logical research, and tended also to unsettle
and empirize conchology.

An easily procured substitute for a chaly-
beate’ spring has been discovered by Dr.
Hare, in America.—If several pieces of
silver coins, and several pieces of thin oe

plate

240

plate cut to the same size, be done up al-
ternately in a pile, and secured in this state
by a string lapped and tied round it, leay-
ing the ends of the string loose, as the
means of lifting up this pile : then, if into
a jug of clean water this pile be inserted,
and left for an hour or two, the water will
be found to have acquired as strong a chaly-
beate taste, as that of many springs which
are medicinally resorted to ; and the same
pile will in this manner impregnate a great
number of successive jugs of water: if the
water stand long unused, flocules of oxide
of iron will begin to form in it, and fall to
the bottom.

Strata of coal, near Mount Lebanon, in
Syria, have been. discovered, and a pit of
this useful mineral has been for some time
wrought, under the direction of M. Brocchi,
who has returned from Nubia with a rich
geological collection, particularly as to or-
ganic, remains.

Coals have long been conjectured to exist
under. and around Carlisle city, and the
same has lately been rendered somewhat
more probable, by the sinking of a new
well in the horse-market there; which,
after penetrating through the red marl,
reached, as is said, a perfect coal-sill or
shale, in which it has been lamented that a
déep boring was not commenced, in search
of strata of coal beneath: the geological
map of Cumberland by William, or rather,
“ Strata Smith,” (noticed in our last volume,
p. 546;) strongly indicates the existence of
valuable coal-seams under several parts of
the vale of Eden; but a minute and accu-
rate mineral survey of the district must
precede any rational attempts at discover-
ing and setting on works upon these coal-
seams,

There are similar probabilities of valu-
able coal-seams existing elsewhere, par-
ticularly under many parts of the extensive
vale of Cheshire, that are covered by red
marl, but the discovery and winning of
these coal-seams, hidden by unconformable
red marl, or its imbedded sand-stones (as
Mr. Farey was the first in shewing) may
be protracted centuries, and thousands on
thousands of pounds be in the mean time

‘thrown away, on fruitless boreings and
sinkings ; unless that minute and suffi-
ciently extensive mineral surveys, on Smith-
tan principles, are first made of these in-
teresting parts of our island. The practical
difficulty lies in the intermixture of pro-
perty in the lands and their subficial mi-
nerals, rendering it too probable that those
who might encounter the expenses of the
preliminary investigations might only be-
nefit other land-owners; or at best, that
they would only share with others the dis-
coveries made at their entire expense.

Philosophical Insanity. — The. following
instance of methodical and deliberate sui-
cide approaches nearer to the stoicism of
the ancients, on this subject, than to any of
the modern instances of self-destruction.

Spirit of Philosophical Discovery.

[ Oct. I,

M. Bertholet, son of the celebrated French
chemist of that name, an amiable young
man, and of great promise in literary and
scientific attainments, recently terminated
his existence in the following. manner :—
Having lighted a charcoal fire in a confined
room, he shut himself in, and closed every
possible aperture. He then seated himself
at a table, with writing apparatus, and de-
liberately noted down the time, and the
progress of the vapour, or carbonic acid gas,
on the vital system, till death suspended his
operations! When found by his friends,
some hours afterwards, he was extended on
the floor quite dead, the Jatter part of the
writing being illegible,

Safe Portmantean, or Letter-bag. — A
French gentleman of the name of Laporte,
resident in America, has suggested an in-
genious method of constructing a port-folio
for the conveyance of letters by mail, which
would not be liable to be cut or broken
open. The principle of the invention
seems to be nothing more than the appli-
cation of what is called chain armour, or a
sort of net-work of rings (iron or brass)
connected together, and covered with lea-
ther in the ordinary way. Phe American
papers speak very highly of the invention,

and describe the bags as not exceeding

more than about double the weight of the
ordinary leather-bags. used for conveying the
mail. We are of opinion the principle
may be applied with great advantage in the
construction of all’ kinds of portable bags,
without adding considerably to their weight.
And in the manufacture of trunks of all
kinds, an internal frame-work made of
wire (of any requisite intervals), would be
an effectual security against their being cut
through for the purpose of plunder.
Immense Fish of the Ray Spectes.—The
Edinburgh Journal contains a detailed re-
port of the capture of an immense skate or
ray-fish, by a Mr. Lamont, of the 91st regi-
ment, with some others, off the harbour of
Port-Royal, Jamaica, in February last.

After observing that these fish (which, from,

their immense size and strength, are called
by the inhabitants “ sea-devils”’), occasion-
ally make their appearance off the coasts of
America and the West-India Islands; the
author describes the mode of attack, and
the extreme hazard to the parties who go
off in the boats, as far greater than the dan-
ger attending the whale-fishery. Such was
the power of the sea-monster, that, after
having six or seven harpoons struck into
him from as many canoes, he made off
with the greatest velocity for upwards of
four hours, dragging all the boats ten or
twelve miles out to sea. After which
another large harpoon was struck into him,
when he made a convulsive struggle, which
effectually disengaged him from his ene-
mies, finally carrying off eight or ten har-

poons and pikes in his back.
An opportunity having again offered soon
after, this gentleman and his adventurous
; friends

1824.]
friends went in pursuit of a second fish of
this species, which even:shewed more sport
than the former, plunging in the midst of
the boats, and darting from ‘the surface to
the bottom and rolling round repeatedly to
disengage himself from the harpoons, though
he had received also several musket balls
in his body. After five hours’ combat with
all kinds of weapons, this powerful fish was
with difficulty towed ashore by the. boats,
when his appearance shewed the ‘extraor-
dinary tenacity of life which these fish must
possess, his whole body: being literally a
heap of wounds, many of which had pierced
entirely through him, yet he was not quite
dead when brought:ashore.’’ ‘The dimen-
sions of this enormous flat fish were about fif-
teen feet in length, and the same in breadth,
and from three to four feet in thickness.
It had the appearance of having no head,
there being no prominence or snout. Its
mouth formed a cavity like the segment
of a circle, about two feet and a half in
width, without teeth, but on each side of
the mouth projected a mass of cartilaginous
substance about a foot and a half long,
capable of meeting at the opening of the
mouth. The other parts of this immense
fish resembled the ordinary skate, except as
to its vast dimensions and great strength.
Medical Chemistry.—The last number of
the Annals of Philosophy contains a valu-
able notice from Mr: Children on the che-
mical nature of the acid found in the hu-
man stomach. The distressing disorder of
the digestive functions, ‘termed dyspepsia,
has been commonly ascribed. to the preva-
lence of acetous acid in the stomach ; but
for the purpose of determining the point,
and consequently for administering such
antidotes as the improved state of medical
science might suggest, Dr. Prout last
year made some experiments on the acid
ejected from the stomach, and found it to
be the muriatie acid, and not the acetous.
Mr. Children says :-—‘ An acquaintance of
mine, who occasionally suffers severely
from dyspepsia, and was somewhat scepti-
cal as to Dr. Prout’s conclusions, lately
requested me to examine the fluid ejected
from his stomach during a violent dyspep-
tic paroxysm the day before, with the view
of ascertaining the nature of the free acid
it contained. The fluid, which had been
thrown from the stomach in the morning

Patents for Mechanical and Chemical Inventions.

241

fasting, when filtered, was perfectly trans-
sparent and nearly colourless: it gave a
decided red tint to litmus paper. I dis-
tilled about six ounces of it almost to dry-
ness, at a gentle heat, receiving the pro-
duct in three separate equal portions. One-
half of each portion was treated with nitrate
of silver. The first had no effect on litmus
paper, and scarcely gave the slightest cloud
with the test. The second became slightly
clouded by the test, but was equally with-
out any action on the blue paper. The
third portion reddened the paper strongly,
and produced an abundant dense cloud,
when I dropped into it the nitrate of silver,
and a pretty copious precipitate collected at
the bottom of the tube. The remaining
half of the third portion was evaporated by
a gentle heat to about half a fluid drachm.
The precipitate which a drop of it placed:
on a slip of glass, occasioned with’a drop
of nitrate of silver, was insoluble in nitric
acid, and perfectly soluble in ammonia ;
another drop, similarly treated with mu-
riate of barytes, gave no precipitate nor
cloud. The remainder was neutralized
with pure ammonia, further evaporated, and
poured on a slip of glass, when it afforded
a multitude of well defined crystals of
muriate of ammonia. The presence of
free muriatic acid in the ejected fluid from
the stomach, and consequently Dr. Prout’s
conclusions, seem thus to be fully confirmed
by the preceding experiments.’? Hence
we have the means pointed out of greatly
mitigating, if not actually removing, the
distressing complaints of this class by the
neutralizing agency of the-alkalies.-

Natural History.—Sir Everard Home,
in a paper recently read before the Royal
Society, on the anatomy and habits of the
seal and walrus, remarks the extraordinary
coincidence between the foot of the latter
unwieldy animal and that of the insect class,
of creation, by which they are enabled to
adhere to a wall or a ceiling. Sir E.
Home, on examining the hind foot of a large
walrus, brought home by Captain Sabine
from the Arctic Regions, found it provided
with a hollow space beneath, by which the
animal is enabled at pleasure to produce a
vacuum with the muscular action of the
toes, so as to adhere with considerable
power to a rock or other declivity,

PATENTS FOR. MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL
INVENTIONS.

——a——

<i exercise of the royal prerogative, whereby patents for nobility and personal

distinction were granted, having been unduly stretched by the later sovereigns of

the Stuart race, and applied to the establishing of numerous and very mischievous mono-

polies—the Parliament at length prevailed in abolishing by statute all such monopolies,

except a very few, which were expressly legalized, and the conditions and regulations

were fixed (in the Act, 2lst James I., chap. 3), on which the crown might continue to
9

Monvtury Mas. No. 401.

ae | issue

~

242 Patents for Mechanical and Chemical Inventions, . (Oct. 1;

issue letters patent, “ and grants of privilege, for the term of fourteen years (or wider), of
the sole working and making of any manner of new manufacture, within this realm, to the
true and first inventor (or inventors) of such manufactures.” miles

These patents are granted, as well for discoveries made here, as for others imported
from foreign countries, on condition of the invention being discriminated and most full
disclosed in a specification, to be enrolled within the time limited in the patent, for the free
inspection afterwards of the public (and whereof official copies, including the drawings,
may be obtained even by foreigners), without which enrolment, the patent is void; as it
may also subsequently be rendered and repealed, on the legal shewing of any person
interested, that the specification is insyfficient, or deceptively redundant ; or that it claims,
in whole or in part, any inventions previously known here, and publicly used or published ;
or that the thing claimed is unimportant or inadequate to its alleged purpose, or useless
to the public ; or if it can be shewn, that more than five persons are sharers in the patent. It
has also been determined, that the Attorney-General may indict criminally any person
who, after the expiring of a patent, continues to designate and vend the wares thereto-
fore made under it, as patent articles—this being no longer their character; but the inven-
tion then is the property of the public, in return for the previous monopoly it had tolerated ;

those too are equally liable who vend pretended patent articles, for which no specified
patent has existed, or which has been repealed.

Under this last view of the subject, it appears of considerable importance that the
titles and objects of the expiring patents should be made more generally known: we
therefore have inserted a list in p. 246, considerably improved, of all such English
patents as will expire in the month of October of the present year; and we propose to
continue-such a monthly list, in each of our succeeding numbers—accompanied, occa-
sionally, with statements and remarks, as to the psefulness, and the success or otherwise,
which haye attended the patents ducing their term (on which head we shall be glad to
receive communications from patentees and others); also as to any extensions or new
applications of inventions which may seem practicable, in consequence of the accessions
for improvement thus made to the common stock of our mechanical and chemical means,

We propose, likewise, to commence a complete list, somewhat improved as to its
arrangements, of the new English patents, down to such a period as may include an
entire calendar month’s patents, which will be in ample time for such of our readers
whom business or curiosity may induce to attend the offices of enrolment and
peruse the specifications (of whose contents, however, they will be allowed to take
no notes in writing) ; because the greater part of these enrolments are now deferred
by the parties, until near six months after the date and commencement of the four-
teen years’ term of the patent; although, before such enrolment, the patent is but
a mere dead letter, the patentee not having disclosed. with any useful precision what are
the inventions or the claims which he means to set up under his patent. 'The public, there-
fore, are little interested in any earlier announcement, as to patents, than the time of
their enrolment.* As to inventors who may contemplate the obtaining of patents, and
those engaged in improving any manufacture or process with such views, they, by the
deposit of a notice fee (absurdly called “ entering a caveat”), will have sent immediately
to their residence, from the patent office, the title under which any new patent may be
applied for in the department of manufacture or art mentioned in their caveat.

Our readers are meny of them probably not aware, that the specifications themselves, of
the greater part of the modern patents of chief importance to the manufactures, never are,
or indeed can be, published in the periodical works, not even in those deyoted expressly
to this object, because of the great numbers, size, and complication of the drawings by
which they are accompanied ; and that the second-rate specifications, as to ingenuity and
importance, and those of inferior consequence, are those ‘usually printed,—including
amongst them, we are sorry to say, many mere schemes, which are useless, or absurd.
We shall therefore leave to others the task of giving an account of every patent inven-
tion, and continue the plan heretofore acted on in our work, of selecting only from
the specifications those patents which are of actual utility.

* It would be a most useful regulation, if the titles, properly amplified, of newly-enrolled
patents for inventions were weekly published in the London Gazette ; wherein, certainly,
matters of so great importance as these monopolies for fourteen years, ought to be recorded,
and to do so in any of their earlier stages would be useless. In this publication, the pub-
lic ought to be told in which of the two different enrolment offices, the patentees have chosen
to deposit their specifications, for avoiding the loss of time and expence of fees, which
now attend searching the wrong office, in almost half the instances.

To,

1824.]
To Francis Gypson Spitspury, of
Walsall, Staffordshire, for Improve-

ments in Tanning, 22d April 1823.

The patentee in this case, Mr. Spils-
bury, had been fortunate enough to
discover and apply a new and very
efficient principle to the tanning process,
and might, if he had been well advised
and assisted in the preparing of his spe-
cification, have thereby secured to him-
self all the simple and practicable modes
ef applying his principle in practice:
his principle is this, wz. the forcing of
liquid tanning-matter into the pores of
hides and skins, and causing thereby the
expulsion of the spent liquor from the
pores, and so supplying them with fresh
tan, until the tanning is completed.

The specification before us, instead
of the comprehensive details which are
hinted at above, is confined to one mode
only of applying this very fertile prin-
ciple, as follows, viz. a pair of skins of
the same size are selected, from amongst
- those which have been limedand prepared
in the usual way, and one of them is to
be stretched flat out on a table, in order
to take the shape and dimensions of a
frame of metal, about one-fourth or
half an inch thick, and one or two
inches wide, which shall coincide with
and cover all the outside borders of the
spread skin, when laid upon it ; another
exactly similar frame is likewise pro-
vided, and also a third one of the same
superficial dimensions, but much thicker,
so that this thick frame may admit of a
supply pipe passing through its breadth
in one end or side of this frame, and a
discharge pipe also passes through it
at the opposite end, both of these
pipes having stop-cocks upon them; a
third pipe and stop-cock is also pro-
vided for the exit of air, in the same end
or side of the thick frame with the sup-
ply pipe ; besides which, a considerable
number of small screw-bolts are pre-
pared, and holes for them provided, to
correspond,,on the outward edges of
each of the three skin-frames.

These frames being in readiness, the
two selected skins are stretched in the
proper position, one on each side of the
thick frame, and then without side of
the skins the outer frames are applied:
the screw-bolts are entered in their
places, and screwed tight up; by which
arrangements, the pair of skins are
made to form the sides of a flat air-tight
bag, into which tanning liquor can bé
admitted by the supply pipe, and again
withdrawn by the discharge pipe.

Patents for Mechanical-and Chemical Inventions.

243

A cistern or-tank of tan liquor is pro-
vided, several feet elevated above the
ground, from whence there descends a
pipe, which can be attached at pleasure
to the supply-pipe of the skin frame
above described, suspended in a vertical
position ; then, on opening the two up-
per stop-cocks, the tan liquor will flow
down into the space between the two
skins, and drive out the contained air
by its exit pipe, and at length the liquor
will begin to follow, which no sooner hap-
pens than this latter cock is closed,
and the supply of tan liquor continues,
until the skins become and remain
distended, by the whole hydrostatical
pressure of the column ‘of fluid de-
scending from the elevated cistern ; and
the consequence is, that the tan liquor
slowly oozes through the skin, and is
carried off from its surface by evapora-
tion, or else drops down into a waste
receiver, thereby making way in the
pores for fresh portions of tan liquor,
until the skins become, in much less
time than by any previous process,
thorougbly saturated with tan, and con-
verted into leather of the very best
quality. ;

When ‘the tanning is found to be
completed, the stop-cock of the supply-
pipe is shut, and the tan liquor being
then let out of the space between the
skins, the screw bolts are slackened and
taken out, and the skins are again de-
tached from the frames; the outer
edges, which have been nipped between
the frames, are next clipped off, and
then the skins are to be dried and pre-
‘pared for market in the usual way.
For each of the different sizes of skins,
there must be a set, or several such, of
skin-frames provided, which may be
made of iron, if the same be kept well
painted, to prevent staining the skins
by their rust.

Through the remissness of this pa-
tentee, in not having extended his de-
scriptions and: claims to other modes of
applying ‘his principle, than as above,
already has another patentee availed
himself of some of them, as we: shall
now proceed to mention.

To Howarp Frercurr, of Walsall, in
Staffordshire, for Improvements in
Tanning Hides and Skins, 19th Janu-
ary 1824.

The invention in this case consists in
the employment of air and water-tight
vessels or tanks, within which the skins
are to be exposed to the compressive

212 force

244

force of a column of tan-liquor, to faci-
litate their impregnation with tan. A
cistern or tank of tan-liquor is to be

provided, so much elevated above the °

intended tanning cisterns or vats, as to
afford a pressure of nine or ten pounds
upon asquare inch in the bottom of the
pipe descending therefrom. The tan-
ning cisterns may be about five feet by
four, and six feet deep, consisting of very
strong and close sides and a bottom,
and furnished with a tight lid, which,
by means of moveable screws (of a
well-known construction, though appa-
rently claimed by Mr. F.) may be
screwed fast down, and yet the lid be
capable of being easily removed. Into
one of the sides of the cistern, near its
top, the descending pipe from the tan-
cistern is to be soldered or flanged; a
stop-cock is to be provided on this de-
scending pipe, and a short.pipe for the
exit of air is to be provided, and fur-
nished with its stop-cock, near to the
top of the tanning cistern’s side.

The skins or hides, after being limed
and cleansed in the ordinary way, are
to be lapsely placed in the cistern, and
then its lid is to be screwed on, and
made air and water-tight. The cock for
the exit of the air is then to be opened,
and also the cock on the descending
pipe: and when this last has entirely
filled the vacuity of the cistern with
tan-liquor, the air-cock is to be shut,
and then the full effect of the hydro-
static column of fluid will be exerted, to
force the tan-liquor into the pores of
the skins. In order to facilitate the
tanning, the lid of the cistern must be
removed daily, and the skins taken out
and hungto drain, before returning them
to the cistern, and turning upon them
the column of tan-liquor, as already de-
scribed ; towards the latter part of the
process of tanning, the strength of the
tan-liquor should be increased.

Instead of having recourse to an ele-
vated cistern to produce the requisite
pressure on the. skins,, Mr, Fletcher
claims, under this. patent, to effect the
same, after the cistern’s lid has been
tightly screwed on, by forcing in air with
a condensing pump, to press on the sur-
face of the tan-liquor in contact) with
the skins,

Before the first of these patents had
been specified, and when it had merely
been mentioned in the newpapers that
Mr. Spilsbury used pressure in aid.of his
new tanning process, the Writer, in p..593
of vol, 56, took occasion to throw out a

Patents for Mechanical and Chemical Inventions.

[Ocr. 1,

suggestion, as to applying pressure for
expelling the spent tan-liquor from the
pores of the skins, different from either
of the modes above described. The same
mode had then lately been successfully
applied in dyeing, to expel the spent
dye; and his reason for publishing the
suggestion was, to prevent. the same
being locked up: from general use by
the public, in a patent. Mr. Spilsbury
would have been well entitled, had he
chosen to ayail himself of it, to four-
teen years’ benefit of all the possible
ways of carrying his principle into
effect; but not having done so, he
should, we conceive, be held as hav-
ing given up to the public, the several
modes or processes different from his
own,

Here we cannot avoid remarking,
that the practice established in apply-
ing for and obtaining patents from the
crown, and the state of the law which
sanctions the monopolies thereby cre-
ated, strongly, yet improperly, operate
upon inventors, to induce them to be
as general and as little explicit as pos-
sible in the titles under which they ap-
ply for patents ; and hence our remark
at the head of this article, that the pub-
lic are little interested in the announce-

ments of new patents, prior to their —

haying received definite and unalterable
forms, in the enrolled specifications,

A considerable proportion of the pa-
tentees, including mostly those who
claim monopolies in things. of trivial
value, and often in such as are of no
importance whatever to the public, have
been wont, in crying up their inven-
tions in puffing advertisements and
hand-bills, to try to. make it be be-
lieved, that the novelty and merits of
their invention had been canvassed and
fully approved by the crown, or its offi-
cers, prior to the patent being granted
to them: and that the grant had been
made, in special reward to them for
their ingenuity, and for the importance
of their discoveries : than which, nothing
can be further from the truth; because,
except when, in consequence of a caveat,
another person possessing, or alleging
to intend applying for a patent, on the
same subject, appears before the Attor-
ney General, and claims his exparte and
secret investigation of two contempo-
rary inventions, so far only as to, enable
him to report, whether such, are. the
same or different inventions, and whe-
ther one or two patents may issue (and
almost invariably the latter is the issue),

there

>

1824.]

there is not any investigation whatever
takes place, prior to the granting of a
patent, the title of which may, as we
have seen above, be so general as to
leave the crown ‘officers altogether in
the dark, as to the nature and extent
of the invention and intended claims of
the patentee; and even in the cases
where his title may shew, to all compe-
tent persons, the pretended invention
to be perfectly old and in daily practice,
or of little or of no value, or even use-
less, absurd, or demonstrably impossible
(perpetual motion, and power-gaining
schemes to wit), no objection is ever
started on these grounds to the issuing
of a patent; and for this plain reason,
that the patent bears on the face of it,
that “it is entirely at the hazard of the
patentee whether his said invention
(referring to the title) is mew, or will
ave the desired success,’ words which
cover even its absolute impossibility !

To Witttam Hasse, of Saxrthorpe, in
Norfolk, for a new method of con-
structing Mills or Machinery, chiefly
applicable to Prison Discipline, 11th
September 1823.

The patentee purposes here ‘to effect
three distinct objects; the principal of
which we shall first mention, viz. the
rendering of prisoners’ labour on the
tread-wheel efficient and profitable, in
the working of manufactories situated
withoutside, and even at a distance
from their prison; for this. purpose,
the tread-wheel is to actuate pumps (or
hand winch-machines might do the same
thing) for forcing water into an air ves-
sel; the compressed air in the upper
part of which vessel is, acting by its
elasticity, to be at the same time
the means of equalizing the action of
the prison machinery, and also of forc-
ing the water through pipes to the
sites of ‘manufactories, there to pass
through and set in motion any of the
rotary engines now known or in use,
for the benefit of the manufacturer, pay-
ing a yearly rent for the power thus sup-
plied to him.

Thesecond object is, to provide means
for exercising the hands’ and arms of
the prisoners as well as their legs, in
giving greater effect to the tread-wheel ;
in place of the fixed hand-rail usually
employed to hold by, Mr. Hase pro-
vides a reel, or set of slowly revolving
rails, the upper ones of which are to be
adapted to the height of the men, and
the front ones for boys, in pulling, all

Patents for Mechanical and Chemical Inventions.

245

of them, at these rails, to support them-
selves, and ease part of their weight
from their legs and feet. The axis
upon which this reel is to revolve, being
.furnished with a ratchet and pall, ma-
nageable by the prisoners, so that they
can fix the reel from revolving, when-
ever, for a change, they may wish to
exert all their labour on the stepping-
wheel, as heretofore has been the case ;
the reel is to be connected with the
tread-wheel, either by an endless band
or chain, or by gear-work.

The third object of the patentee re-
gards improved discipline, and the sav-
ing of attendance where tread-wheels
are used. The buildings, inclosing the
prison machinery, should be so con-
structed, that the prisoners can, if ne-
cessary, be made to work separately, or
in small parties of six or eight persons,
in distinct compartments, separated by
such partitions as will prevent conver-
sation between the different parties on
the wheel, and yet, as far as possible,
admit the free air to them, all through
open gratings in the front parts of such
partitions. In order to save ‘some of
the attendance of an overseer, Mr. Hase
proposes to suspend the whole of the
floor within the grated partitions above-
mentioned, on levers, upon the prin-
ciple of the weighing-machine, or of an
ordinary scale-beam, so that the floor
may descend a small space, whenever a
greater number of prisoners are off the
wheel than are by the prison’ regula-
tions intended: such descent of the
floor, to move an index placed in the
governor’s room, or else ring a bell, or
give some other signal, of the insubor-
dination which has occurred.

It would undoubtedly be of great
utility, if means were adopted for ren-
dering prison labour conducive to the
benefit of the “ fair trader,” as the
patentee expresses himself, but who,
on the contrary, has too often suffered
ruinous competition, from the sale of
articles in his trade, manufactured with-
in prison walls. The method here pro-
posed, of conveying the power gene-
rated within a prison, for use outside of
it, at a distance, might on some occa-
sions be useful; but to this, asa principle,
Mr. Hase can lay no claim, on account
of an expired patent for this very ob-
ject; granted to'the late Mr. Bramah,
who proposed to erect the’most power-
ful steam-engines to force water through
pipes for actuating machinery in any
part of London! Nor does it ap-

pear,

246 4 =©Expiring Patents, and new ones for Mechanical Inventions. [Ocr. ¥,

pear, that particular constructions, or
modes of carrying into effect this and
others of the principles of invention
indicated in Mr. Hase’s specification,

are sufficiently described therein, to
afford him a chance of success in de-
fending his patent right, should it be
infringed.

A Lisr or rue Parents, which, having been
granted in October 1810, will expire in the
present Month, viz.

For an apparatus to give motion to ma-
chinery, applicable also to hydraulic and
pneumatic purposes: the invention im-
ported by, and the patent to, Marck Isam-
BARD BRUNEL, of Chelsea, Middlesex.—
October 1.

For an alarum, to be given by a bell ora

gun: to BenJAMIN Mi.ng, of Bridlington,
— October 1.
For plate printing, combining various spe-
cies of work in the same plate: to detect
counterfeits, multiply impressions, and save
fabour, and for the plates and presses used
therein; imported: to JoserH C. Dyer, of
London.—Oetober 1.

For military fifes, of substances never be-
fore used for these wind instruments: to
Georcr MILLER, of Panton-street.—Oc-
tober 1.

For card-making machines, with improved
apparatus for preparing cards for the card-
ing of wool, cotton, flax, &c.: to Messrs.
J. T. Rurr, J. Wexs, aud J. Trerron, of
London.— October 8.

For an adjusting bedstead, for sick or in-
firm persons: to Messrs. E. Parker and
F. CuHutty, of Shefiield.—October 8.

For an improved plough, to cultivate

Jand: to JoHN Haz.epine, of Bridge-
north.— October 8.
_ For separating the alkaline salt from the
acid, in kelp, black ashes, soaper’s salt,
spent leys, &c.: to Grorce Hopson, of
the city of Edinburgh.— October 8.

For a method of joining pipes, of pottery
and other substances: to Messrs. C. Fran-
cis and W. Waters, of London.— Oc-
tober 8.

For his auleum or flock-covered cloth, for
decorations, without seams, of any length,
and to twenty feet wide : to HENRY STuzss,
of Piccadilly.—October 8.

For a soap, for washing in sea or hard
water: to EpMunD GrirritH, of Bristol.
—October 8.
~ For boots and shoes, and other articles,
Sewed with wire: to RicHarD WOODMAN,
of Hammersmith.— October 8.

For a writing apparatus: to EDWARD
MANLEY, of Uffculme, Devonshire.—Oc-
tober 8.

For applying palm leaves to form hats,
bonnets, baskets, chair-bottoms, &c.: to
JOHN Fraser, of Sloane-square, London.
—October 15.

For aaletrees, bones, and stocks for the

wheels of carriages: to JOHN WHEATLEY,
of Greenwich, Kent.—October 15.

For artificial legs, after amputation: to
Tuomas Mann, of Bradford, York.—Oc-
tober 31..

A List or Parents ror New Inven-
TIONS, granted in July 1824.

July 1.—For adjusting the pressure and
measuring the quantity of fluids in pipes: to
WILLIAM PONTIFEX, Jun., of Shoe-lane,
London.—Six months allowed for enrol-
ling.

3.—For twisting, spinning, or throwing
of silk, cotton, wool, or linen threads: to
JOHN LrIGH Brapsury, of Manchester.—
Two months.

3.—For improvements on steam-engines :
to Puitie Taytor, of the City-road, Lon-
don.— Six months. >

7.—For improvements in the masts,
yards, sails, rigging, and tackle of ships and
smaller vessels: to JOHN LANE HiGcINs,
of Oxford-street, London.—Six months.

7.—For improvements in cloth-dressing
machinery : to WILLIAM Hirst and JOHN
Woop, both of Leeds, York.—Six months.’

7.—For the improved weaving of woollen
cloth : to JosErH CHIsILD DANIEL, of Stoke,
Wilts. —Two months.

13.—For improved tillers and. steering-
wheels of vessels: to CHARLES PHILLIps,
of Upnor, Kent.—Six months.

27.—For an improved percussion prin-
ciple for firing guns, and protecting their
priming from wet, &c.: to CHARLES RAN-
pom, Baron de Berenger, of Kentish
Town, Middlesex.—Two months.

27.—For a new kind of coarse paper or
felt: to ALEXANDER NeEszitt, of Upper
Thames-strect, London; the invention
imported, from WiLLIAM Van Hon'en,
Jun.— Six months.

27.—For improved power looms, and pre-
paring their warps: to THOMAS WOLKICI
STANSFIELD, of Leeds, York.—Six months.

27.—For improvements on roller printing
presses: to Epwarp CARTWRIGHT, of
Brewer-street, London.—Two months.

29.—For a swift and other apparatus for
winding silk and other fibrous substances :
to CHARLES JEFFERIES and EpWARD
DrakeErorD, both of Congleton, Cheshire.
—Two months.

29.—For improving and augmenting the
tones of piano-fortes, organs, and eupho-
nons: to WILLIAM WHEATSTONE, of Jer-
myn-street, London.

BRITISH

1824]

[ 247°)

BRITISH LEGISLATION.

—=—— :
ACTS PASSED in the FIrrH YEAR Of the REIGN of GEORGE THE rouRTH, or in the

FIFTH SESSION of the SEVENTH PARLIAMENT Of the UNITED KINGDOM,
—_——

M NAP. LXI. To amend certain Acts
for the Relief of Insolvent Debtors
in. England. '

It enacts that the jurisdiction of justices
of the peace at quarter-sessions shall, from
and after the Ist September 1824, be repeal-
ed, except as to the principality of Wales ;
and that prisoners, except in. Middlesex, or
Surrey, or City of London, or Borough of
Southwark, be, by order of court, brought
up to court-house of assize, or other town
in county, or county of a city or town,
where imprisoned within four months after
date of order, and be there heard, dis-
charged, or remanded by one commissioner,
as if done by the court; and that an addi-
tional commissioner be appointed, three of
whom are to make circuits, three times in
each year if requisite, and the other to pre-
side in the court. The court, or commis-
sioners on circuit, shall appoint fit persons
to be examiners of the accounts of prisoners,
and of their schedules,

Cap. LXII. Zo amend the several
Acts for the Encouragement of Banks

_ for Savings in England and Ireland.

It enacts, that from and after the 20th of
November 1824, no sums shall be paid into
any Savings’ Bank in England or Ireland,
by any person, without disclosing his or
her name to the trustees of such bank ; and
it shall not be lawful for trustees to receive
from any one depositor, any sum or sums
exceeding £50 in the whole during the
year next ensuing, or exceeding £30 in the
whole, exclusive of interest, in any one
year afterwards, ending on the 20th of No-
vember ; nor to receive from any depositor
any sum or sums whatever, which shall
make the sum, to which such depositor
shall be entitled, exceed £200 in the

- Whole, exclusive of interest ; but deposi-

tors may withdraw such sums, and again
deposit the same, or other sums, not ex-
ceeding the amounts aforesaid, during any
such year. And persons entitled to any
benefit from any savings’ bank shall not
make any deposit in any other savings’
bank, and shall make a delaration to that
effect ; and in case any such declaration shall
not be true, every such person shall forfeit
all right to any deposit in every such
savings’ bank.

Cap. LXXII. To relieve Bankers
in Ireland from divers restraints imposed
by the Provisions of 29 Geo. II, and to
render all and each of the Members of
certain Co-partnerships of Bankers,
which may be established, liakle to the
Engagements of such Co-partnerships,

and to enable such Co-partnerships to
sue and be sued in the name of their Pub-

lic Officers.

It repeals the clauses of the Irish Act of
29 George II., which required that the
name of every banker should be mentioned
in, or subscribed to all notes and receipts
to be issued by such banker ; and that no
banker should trade or traffic as merchants
in goods imported or exported.

It enacts, that before any promissory
note or bill for money, payable to bearer
on demand, should, at any time between
the 25th March in any year and the 25th
of March following, be issued: by any so-
ciety or co-partnership, consisting of more
than six in number, and who shall have
their establishments and houses of busi-
ness at any place not less than fifty miles
distant from Dublin, and who shall carry
on the trade of bankers, and shall issue
notes payable on demand; an entry and
register of the firm, or name of such so-
ciety or co-partnership, and of the proper
names and places of abode of all the per-
sons engaged in such society or co-part-
nership, shall be entered in a book, to
be kept at the stamp-cffice in Dublin,
and such entry or register shall specify
the name of some individual of such so-
ciety or co-partnership, who shall be
considered as the public officer of such
society, and the title or description of such
officer, in whose name such society shall
sue and be sued ; and also the name of every
town and place where any such promissory
notes shall be issued or made payable by
any such. society or co-partnership, or by
any of their agents, and the name, title,
and description of every such public officer
shall be mentioned in or subscribed to all
notes or receipts, to be issued by or on be-
half of such society or co-partnership, on
pain of £100, and certificates of such entry

_ and register shall be granted by the com-

missioners of stamps.

And if, after one calender month after
passing of the act, any society or co-part-
nership of persons exceeding six in num-
ber (except the governor and company of
the bank of Ireland) shall issue such pro-
missory notes without such entry and re-
gistry, and a certificate thereof, every such
society or co-partnership shall, for every
such neglect or offence, forfeit £500 British
currency.

And this act shall, at all times, extend
to the members for the time being, during
the continuance of such society or co-part-
nership. ‘

Cap.

248

Cap. LXXIV. For ascertaining and
establishing uniformity of We eights and

Measures.

It enacts, that from and after the Ist of
May 1825, the standard brass yard made in
1760, at the temperature of 62° by Fahren-
heit’s thermometer, shall be, and be deno-
minated, the “ Imperizl Standard yaRD,”’
and shall be the unit or only standard mea-
sure of extension, whereby all other mea-
sures of extension, whether lineal, super-
ficial, or solid, shall be computed and as-
certained, according to the proportions for
certain measures of extension specified in
the act.

And that if the said imperial standard
yard shall be lost or injured, it shall be
restored by making a new standard yard, in
the proportion of 36 inches to 397¢¢%5
inches, when compared with a pendulum
vibrating seconds of mean time, in the lati-
tude of London, ina yacuum, at the level of
the sea. j

It enacts, that after the Ist of May
1825, the standard brass weight of one
pound, troy-weight, made in the year 1758,
shall be the “ Imperial Standard TROY
POUND,” and shall be the unit or only
standard measure of weight, from which all
other weights shall be computed and ascer-
tained, according to the proportions for
certain other weights specified in the act.

And that if the said imperial standard
troy pound shall be lost or injured, it shall
be restored by making a new standard
troy pound, bearing the same proportion to
the weight of a cubic inch of distilled water
as the said standard pound, thereby esta-
blished, bears to such cubic inch of water,
that is to say, 5°760 cubic inches of distil-
led water, weighed-in air, at the tempera-

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

[Ocr.1,

ture of 62° of Fahrenheit’s thermometer,
the barometer being at 30 inches, each
such cubic inch of water, when so weighed
by brass weights, being equal te 252 7o%>'5.
grains, and that 7,000 such grains shall be
one pound avoirdupoise.

And it enacts, that after the Ist of May
1825, the standard measure of capacity,
as well for liquids as for dry goods, not
measured by heaped measure, shall be the
gallon containing ten pounds ayordupoise-
weight, ascertained as before-mentioned, of
distilled water weighed in air, at the 'tem-
perature of 62° of Fahrenheit’s thermome-
ter, the barometer being at 30 inches ; and
such measure, when made, shall be the
Ff Imperial Standard GALLON,” and shall be
the unit and only standard measure of ca-
pacity, from which all other measures of ca-
pacity shall be computed and ascertained, ac-
cording to the proportions for certain other
measures of capacity specified in the act.

And it enacts, that the standard measure
for goods, and things commonly sold by
heaped measure, shall be the BUSHEL, con-
taining eighty pounds avoirdupoise of dis-
tilled water, the same being made round,
with a plain and even bottom, and being
19} inches from outside to outside, and the
goods and things shall be duly heaped up
in the form of a cone, such cone to be of
the height of at least six inches, and the.
outside of the bushel to be the extremity _
of the base of such cone.

And the act directs how copies and
models of the said imperial standard
weights and measures shall be distributed
and brought into general use, and how
local disputes, respecting the correctness of
measures of capacity, shall be locally ad-

justed ; and it repeals all former. statues on

the subject specifically.

VARIETIES, LITERARY AND MISCELLANEOUS ;
Including Ni otices of Works in hand, Domestic and Foreign. ~

GREAT BRITAIN.

IR Humphry Davy has arrived at

his house in Grosvenor-street, from
Denmark, after a stormy passage across
the North Seas, in the Comet steam-
boat. Sir Humphry has been engaged,
during the months of July and August,
in pursuing various philosophical re-
searches along the coast of Norway,
Sweden, and ‘Denmark, for which the
Admiralty granted him ‘the use of the
Comet steam-boat. He has ascertained,
we understand, that his principle of
preserving the copper sheathing of ships
by the contact of 1-200th of iron, suc-
ceeds perfectly in the most rapid sail-
ing and in the roughest sea. During this
expedition, . Dr. Piarks has connected,
by chronometrical observations, the tri-

angulation of Denmark and Hanover
with that of England; and, by the de-
sire of the Admiralty, various points of
longitude have been determined by their
chronometers, of great importance to”
navigation ; amongst others, that of the
Naze of Norway.

Extraordinary Phenomenon.— On the
20th instant, at Haworth, five miles
south of Keighley, i in the West Riding
of York, and on the borders of Lanca-
shire, about six o’clock in the evening,

a part of the high lands on the Stan-'
bury-toor opened into a chasm, and
sunk to the depth of six yards, in some.
places exhibiting a ragged appearance,
and forming two principal cavities —
the one was about 200 yards, and the
other not less than 600 yards in circum-

ference,

1824]

ference. From these hollows issued
two immense volumes of muddy water,
and, uniting at a distance of upwards of
100 yards from their sources, consti-
tuted, for about two hours, an over-
whelming flood from forty to fifty
(sometimes seventy) yards in width,
and seldom less than four yards in
depth. This dark slimy mixture. of
mud and water followed the course of
a rivulet, overflowing its banks for
twenty or thirty yards on each side, and
to the distance of seven or eight miles
from the immediate irruption. All this
way there is deposited a black moorish
substance, varying from eight to thirty-
six inchesin depth, and mixed occa-
sionally with sand and rocky fragments,
pieces of timber, and uprooted trees,
which had been borne along by the im-
petuous torrent. This heavyand power-
ful stream broke down one solid stone
bridge, made breaches in two others,
clogged up and stopped several mills,
laid flat and destroyed several whole
fields of corn, and overthrew to the
foundation several hedges and walls. In
its course it entered the houses, float-
ing the furniture about, to the astonish-
ment and terror of the inhabitants.
At the time of the irruption the clouds
were copper-coloured and lowering :
the atmosphere was strongly electric,
and unusually close and sultry. There
was, at the same time, loud and fre-
quent thunder, with. much zigzag light-
ning, peculiarly flaring and vivid. An
hour before, there was scarcely a breath
of air stirring; but the wind quickly
rose to a hurricane, and after blowing
hard from six to eight o’clock, sunk
again into a profound calm, at. which
time the heavy rain, which had con-
tinued all the while, ceased, and, with
the exception of a few floating clouds,
the sky was very serene. The whole
is conjectured by the neighbours to be
caused by some subterraneous commo-
tion, the most considerable as to its
results that has taken place in this
kingdom for many generations. The
river Aire, at Leeds, presented the
effects of this phenomenon last Friday

afternoon: the water that came down °

the river was in such a polluted state,
as to have poisoned great quantities of
fish ; and the water, continuing in much
the same turbid state, has become en-
tirely useless for culinary purposes, as
well as for dyers, &c. The commis-
sioners of the water-works have given
public notice to the inhabitants of Leeds,
that they will at present suspend the
Montuty Mac. No. 401,

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

249

supply of water so totally useless to
them, until the stream subsides into
a proper state.

In a country newspaper it is an-
nounced, that there is a society of
Christians formed at Manchester, who
have determined to refrain from animal
food, and to live on vegetables.

Tales of the Crusaders, by the au-
thor of Waverly, is announced as pre-
paring for publication.

It is a fact, that not one solitary
epistle in the hand-writing of George II.
is known to exist. This circumstance
is more remarkable, if we refer to his
gallantries and intrigues recorded by
Walpole and by others, To Mr. Up-
cott, of the London Institution, and
Mr. Dawson Turner, the banker at Yar-
mouth, the great collectors of autograph
letters in England, the discovery and
the possession of an original letter by
this singularly odd monarch would be a
desideratum.

Prideaux says, that gold and silver
were much more plentiful in the time
of David and Solomon, and 1,500 years
afterwards, than they are at present;
and that the mines of Arabia being ex-
hausted, and the gold and silver with
which the world abounded being wasted
by the barbarians, the mines of Mexico,
Peru, and Brazil, have not been able to
Tepair the loss. He mentions two or
three instances of the vast riches of
private men in ancient times. Pythias,
the Lydian, possessed gold and silver to
the amount of nearly five millions
sterling. Marcus Crassus, the Roman,
after feasting all the people of Rome at
10,000 tables, and giving every citizen
corn enough to last him three months,
found the remainder of his estate to be
equal to about 1,400,000/7. Lucullus, a
Roman Senator, used to expend 50,000
denarii (1,400/.) every time he supped in
his hall of Apollo, and this was as often
as any of the better sort supped with
him. It has been computed that Ne-
buchadnezzar’s golden image, and the
various other images, utensils, &c., of
gold, in the temple of Belus at Baby-
lon, amounted in value to about
34,000,000/. Vast loads of gold and
silver were often carried in triumph be-
fore Roman Generals, when they re-
turned from conquered provinces. The
gold with which Solomon overlaid the
most holy place only, a room thirty
feet square, amounted to more than
38,000,000/. Crito, a writer in Lhe
Christian Spectator, supposes also, that

2K the

250
the amount of wealth was formerly
much greater than at present, He no-
tices the following instances :—The
Israelites, soon after their escape from
Egyptian bondage, offered for the taber-
nacle gold and silver to the amount of
170,000,0002. (Exod. xxxviii, 24, 25).
This was probably borrowed of the
Egyptians; but it shows that gold and
silver were plenty in Egypt. The con-
tributions of the people for the sanc-
tuary, in the time of David, exceed-
ed 6,800,0007. (1 Chron. xxix, 7.)
The sum which Haman offered Aha-
suerus, on condition of being permitted
to order the destruction of the Jews,
was 10,000 talents of silver, or 340,000/.
(Esther, iii, 9.) The immense trea-
sure David is said to have collected
for the sanctuary (1 Chron. xxii,
14) amounted to 889,000,000/. (Crito
says 798,000,000/., but erroneously), a
sum greater than the British national
debt, and exceeding all the money
coined since the discovery of America.
It is supposed by some learned men,
that David never amassed such an im-
mense sum,-and that an error has been
made by the transcribers of this book.
Prideaux conjectures that the talents of
‘gold and silver given. by David and
others for the temple, might be of ano-
ther sort, of far less value than the
Mosaic talents. He remarks, that if
these talents are valued by the Mosaic
talents, they would have built the whole
temple of solid silver. Crito estimates
the talent of silver at 342/, sterling,
and the talent of gold at 5,475/. sterling,
according to Dr. Arbuthnot’s “ Tables
of Ancient Coins,” &c., inserted in the
translation of “ Jahn’s Archeology.”

Mines.—The following isthe estimated
produce of the different gold and silver
mines in modern times:—Of gold, the
mines of Europe produce, in sterling
only 185,020/.; Northern Asia, 76,770/.;
America the rest of the total of
2,467,260/. in the following propor-
tions :—New Spain, 229,630/.; New
Grenada, 672,500/.; Peru, 111,530/. ;
Potosi, and provinces east of Buenos
Ayres, 73,180/.; Chili, 400,550/.; and
Brazil, 980,870. Of silver, the total
amount of which is 75314,670/. Europe
produces 484,580/., and Northern Asia,
199,6302.; America furnishes — the
rest; New Spain, 4,945,3402.; Peru,
1,292,440/.; Potosi, d&c. 1,019,0702. ;
and Chili, 62,8202.

New Engine Carriages.—Mr. Brown’s
New Vacuum Enerne, noticed in our
last, has already given rise to a specula-

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

[Ocr. I,

tion among a few gentlemen to establish
a joint-stock company, for the purpose
of contracting to run the mail-coaches
and other carriages, by means of Mr.
Brown’s new engine. Two hundred
thousand pounds are to be the nominal
capital of the company ; but, in the first
instance, it is intended to raise only
£2,000, for the purpose of building one
carriage, and that no further sum shall
be called for, until a carriage shall have
been propelled, at the rate of ten miles
per hour, as far as York and back to
London.

Selection of Bengal Raw Silks.—The
leading pdint which determines the
value of Bengal raw silk, is the clean-
ness, or being free from knibs or
knots known amongst the manufac-
turers by the appellation of “foul ;”
evenness of thread is also most essen-
tial, but silk free from foul will very
rarely be uneven, and if foul eannot be
even; indeed, the terms foul and un-
even in this case may be considered
synonymous. To judge if silk be clean,
the best mode is to open the skein, and
stand with your back to a window, so
that you lock down the extended silk
in the same direction that the light
falls ; by this means you will easily per-
ceive any foulness that exists, and a
very little practice will enable any per-
son, by a mere coup d’@il, to judge accu-
rately upon this most essential quality
of Bengal raw silk. The skein being
well shaken should not exhibit any dust
or loose ends. The different degrees
of fineness and coarseness are denoted
by the letters A. B.C.—Silk of 4-5
cocons is called A. No.1; of 6-8 co-
cons A. No. 2: of 8-10 cocons B. No.
1; of 10-12 cocons B. No. 2; of 12-14
and 16-18 cocons B. No.3; of 18-20
cocons C. No.1; of 20-22 cocons C,
No. 2; and of 22-24 cocons, &c. C.
No. 3.—All filature silk, or that which
is reeled in factories, is included within
the above-named letters and numbers.
but silk which the natives reel by hand
is much coarser, and is marked by the
letters A.B.C.D.E.—It must be under-
stood that the A. 1 silk of one district
in India will importantly differ in fine-
ness from the A 1 silk of another dis-
trict, dependent upon circumstances of
climate, culture, &c. &c., thus Bauleah
filature silk is inferior in fmeness to
Radnagore or Cossimbazar filature silk
of corresponding letters, and Commer-
colly filature silk exceeds these, and so
on. Each skein of raw silk should be
gummed in one part, but not so much

as

1824.]

as to occasion it to adhere too strongly;
a sufficient gumming causes the skein
to preserve its regularity of thread, too
much will cause the thread to break in
the winding, during the operation of
throwing or preparing for the hands of
the consumers. The skeinsshould also
be banded, or bound round in various
parts with threads.
‘Bengal raw silk is by no means to be
estimated by the lustre or brilliance of
colour. Many have been deceived upon
this point, it therefore becomes the
more necessary to guard against similar
errors. That these qualities are not
essential, appears, when we consider
that the silk will be dyed before it is
manufactured, when both will be neces-
sarily changed. Silk of indifferent co-
lour is often clear and even, which the
manufacturers most regard in their pur-
chases, while silk of superior lustre is
sometimes deficient in these desirable
points: still colour and lustre are not
to be overlooked; when combined with
cleanness and evenness they give an
additional value to Bengal raw silk.
Foul silk, in the winding, is continually
liable to break at the knibs or knots,
which renders the workmanship both
unpleasant and expensive.

Hydrophobia may be cured by Vinegar.
—A letter from an Italian gentleman at
Venice to a friend in this country states
that, “ A poor man, lying under the
frightful tortures of the hydrophobia,
has been cured with some draughts of
vinegar, given him by mistake. A phy-
sician of Padua tried the same remedy
upon a patient that was brought to the
hospital, administering to him a pound of
vinegar in the morning, another at noon,
and a third at sunset: the man was
speedily and perfectly cured.”

David slast Picture.— When David was
onthe eve of departing from Parisinto ex-
ile, he is said to have told his pupils that
he was about to alter and improve his
style, and that he would send them from
the Netherlands,—the country which
he had chosen for his future residence,
—a specimen of colouring, which should

‘be far superior to any thing which he

had heretofore produced. In ‘ the
pe picture, David has fulfilled

is promise with a vigour of execu-
tion that could scarcely have been
expected in youth itself. On this piece
he has devoted his whole time during
his exile at Brussels. The following
description will enable your readers to

‘form some idea of the composition of

this piece :—Mars having returned fa-

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

The value of the’

251

tigued from the field of battle, has
seated himself on a couch, from which
Venus has apparently partly risen, in
order to make room for him. The lat-
ter has one hand resting on the former,
and is with the other about to place a
garland of flowers on the head of Mars,
on condition that he forsakes for the
future the pursuit of arms. Mars is
with his left hand resigning his sword,
as a token of assent to this proposition;
and with the other, which is hanging
over the head of the couch, holding a
spear. Two of the Graces are taking
hold of his helmet and shield, and the
third presenting him with nectar. Cupid
is seated at his feet, busily employed in
unloosing one of his sandals. —The dis-
position of the whole scene is admirably
conceived, though the arrangement is,
in my opinion, rather too studied. The
drawing is as chaste as it is beautiful ;
and the colouring, in variety, richness,
and truth of tone, is truly admirable,
and far superior in brilliance te any of
his former productions. The head,
body, and in short the whole person
of Mars, are possessed of great beauties;
but the Venus, though the back is beau-
tiful and the feet admirable, is possessed
of no portion of that melting voluptu-

‘ousness which usually belongs to the

Venus of Greece and Rome; for, in-
stead of that, we find nothing but
anxiety and dejection. Nor are the
features of the Graces more agreeable ;
and the figure of Love is both misplaced
and badly embodied. But in spite of
these observations, I must acknowledge
that, taking into consideration the great
age of the artist, and the novelty of the
style of the present undertaking to
him, that it is a great work, and will
always be admired, as a splendid spe-
cimen of colouring. This is said to be
the last picture which David intends to
undertake. ;

Portrait of Lord Byron.— We learn,
from a correspondent in Italy, that a
most beautiful portrait, representing the
above noble poet after his death, has
just been finished by M. Pezzanis, who
is said to have been with that « illus-

trious author the moment before he

expired.

Cosmorama.—In point of principle,
this exhibition is superior to the Dic-
rama; but the execution of the paint-
ings, generally speaking, is far from do-
ing justice to the contrivance, which
places them in so brilliant a point of
view. This censure, however, is to be
understood under some modifications.

2K2 A

252

A few of the paintings are highly inte-
resting, both from the subject and the
way in which they are treated. As in-
stances of this, we may quote the View
of the Tagus, which gives a greater idea
of extent than we have ever before wit-
nessed on canvas,—the Church of the
Holy Sepulchre,—the View of St. He-
lena,—and the singular Excavation of
Ellora, closed in by a cascade of water,
which falls from the top in one broad
‘sheet. By a simple optical illusion, the
pictures are expanded and thrown into
distances; and the spectator actually
seems to be looking through the win-
dows of his own apartment upon reality,
We understand that one side of the ex,
hibition is to be changed shortly; and
amongst the novelties, it is said, are the
Port de Fer at Antioch, the Ruins of the
Palace of Zenobia, and a View of ano-
ther.subterranean Temple at Ellora.

The details of practical geology have
just received an important acquisition,
in a vertical sECTION (looking north) of
the STRATA across the great Lancashire
coal-field, the high-peak hundred of Der-
byshire, and the coal-field of Derbyshire
and Yorkshire, §c. by ELIAS HALL, of
Castleton, Mineral Surveyor ; engraved
by Lowry, on a large sheet: William
Phillips.—This line of section com-
mences at Ormskirk, passes by Uphol-
land, Wigan, West-Houghton, Worsley,
Manchester, Stockport, Bullock-Smithy,
Hoo-lane, Disley, Whaley-bridge, Cha-
pel-en-le-Frith, Barmoor, Peak Forest
(one mile south of Castleton), Bradwell,
Abney, Offerton, Hathersage, Ringing-
Sow Bar, Banner Cross, Sheffield, Atter-
cliff, Tinsley, Rotherham, Thryburgh,
HootonRoberts,Connisborough, Warms-
worth, Balby, and Doncaster. All the
principal seams of coal found in this ex-
tensive breadth of country are shewn,
and their qualities and thicknesses
mentioned ; the strata of ironstone and
of freestone, distinguishing the quali-
ties and the chief quarries of each, and
the various argillaceous strata of the
coal-fields; the four limestone rocks,
and three toadstone or basaltic strata
which interlay them, and underline the
coal-fields ; and the two magnesian lime-
stone rocks, and intervening red marl,
which over-lie the coal field on the east
—reference being made to “ Farey’s
Agricultural and Mineral Survey of
Derbyshire ” for further details regard-
ing these strata, and the structure of
this curious district of country, than
could, for want of room, be engraven on
the margin of this section,

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

[Oct. 1,

The celebrated Ugo Foscolo.is pre-
paring for publication a Treatise of
Italian Classical Poetry, which is to con-
sist of 20 vols. 8vo.

Mr. Buss has in the press a Practical
Treatise on Fruit Trees, from the Nur-
sery upwards; with a description and
enumeration of all the best Fruits now
in cultivation; a full definition of the
Apple-fly, commonly called the Ame-
rican-blight, which causes the Canker in
Apple-trees, and its effectual Remedy.

Mr. C.C. Western, M.P., has in the
press “ Practical Remarks on the Ma-
nagement and Improvement of Grass
Land, as far as relates to Irrigation,
Winter-flooding, and Draining ;” and
likewise a new edition of “ Remarks on
Prison Discipline,”’ with plates; and an
Appendix, containing a description of
the Plans of a Prison to contain 500
persons ; with a Copy of a Bill to ren-
der persons possessed of personal as
well as real property, liable to serve on,
Juries for Counties ; and an explanatory
Statement of its objects and provisions.

We understand that there will be an
early publication of the Historical
Works of Sir James Batrour, of Kin-
naird, Lord Lyon, King at Arms to
Charles the First and Second. From
the original and hitherto unpublished
manuscripts preserved in the Library of
the honourable the Faculty of Advo-
cates.

Dr. Mircuett’s Scotsman’s Library,
already announced, will appear, we un-
derstand, early in the month.

Three volumes of Legal Ana, with
curious portraits and engravings, will be
published in November, under the title
of “ Law and Lawyers,” It is intended
to serve as a populay appendage to the
Law library, with reference to the his-
tory, biography, and anecdote of the
profession.

Mr. Georce Downes, author of Let-
ters from Mecklenburgh and Holstein,
has just ready for publication a volume
of poems, entitled ‘ Dublin University
Prize Poems,” with Spanish and Ger-
man Ballads, and other pieces.

With embellishments, in one volume
large 8vo., Saint Baldred of the Bass,
a Pictish Legend; the Siege of Ber-
wick, a tragedy; with other poems and

ballads descriptive of East-Lothian

and Berwickshire, by James Mrtirr.
The Doctrine of Election, viewed in
connexion with the responsibility of
Man as a Moral Agent. By the Rev.
Wiuiam Hamitton, D.D., of Strath-
blane, in 12mo. :
JAMES

'

1824.]

James Forsrs: a Tale, founded on
facts.

Prayers founded on the Liturgy of the
Church of England.

The Confessions of a Gamester.

Mr.W. T. Branpe has in the press,
a Manual of Pharmacy, in one volume
8vo.

_ We have the pleasure of announcing
that, by His Majesty’s special command,
will be published, early in the ensuing
year, in one volume 4to., Joannis
Mirront Angli De Doctrina Cunis-
Tiana, Libri duo posthumi, nunc _pri-
mum Typis Mandati, edente C. R. Sum-
ner, M.A. At the same time will be
published, uniform with the above, a
Treatise on Christian Doctrine by Jouw
Mixon, translated from the original by
Cuartrs R. Sumner, M.A., Librarian
and Historiographer to his Majesty, and
Prebendary of Worcester. This impor-
tant and interesting posthumous work
of Mirron, and the translation, are
now printing at the Cambridge Univer-
sity press.

The first volume of the Lectures of
Sir Astley Cooper, Bart., on the Prin-
ciples and Practice of Surgery, as de-
liyered at St. Thomas’s and Guy’s Hos-
pitals, with additional notes and cases,
by Freperick Tyrre i, esq., Surgeon
to St. Thomas’s Hospital.

Old Heads upon Young Shoulders,
a Dramatic Sketch in one act, by Tuos.
Witson, teacher of dancing, author of
the Danciad, &c.

Dunallan, or the Methodist Husband,
in 3 vols. 12mo. By the author of
“The Decision,” “ Father Clement,”

&e.

The Works of the Rev John New-
ton, late Rector of St. Mary, Wool-
noth, &c., with a Life and View: of his
Character and Writings. By the Rev.
Ricuarp Crcit, a.m. A new Edition,
in 6 vols. 8vo.

A New Edition of Hervey’s Theron
and Aspasio, in 2 vols. 8vo.

The History of Origins will shortly
be published in a neat portable volume,
comprehending a collection of antiqui-
ties, historical facts, customs, political
and social institutions and national rites
and peculiarities.

As an antidote against the pretended
Popish Miracles, relations of which fill
the Journals of Europe and_ stagger
even incredulity, a New Edition is re-
printing of those masterpieces of ar-
gument, learning, and eloquence, Dr.
Conyvens Mippieron’s Free Enquiry

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

253

and Letter from Rome. They will form
a handsome octavo volume.

Monsicnor Marini, Prefect of the
Vatican Archives, has completed his
Monumenta Authentica Angliz, Sco-
tiz, et Hibernia. This work will ex-
tend to eight volumes folio; and con-
tains above five thousand Papal Letters,
besides other precious documents, al-
most as numerous, of letters from our
Kings and Queens, transcribed from
the Autographs, from the time of Pope
Honorius III. A.D. 1216 to a recent
period. The whole are faithfully co-
pied from the authentic register of the
Vatican; and none of them have been
hitherto published. Such articles as
have correctly appeared in Rymer and
our historians, are omitted in the pre-
sent work,

The Sisters of Nansfield, a tale for
young women, by the author of “ the
Stories of old Daniel,” &c.,.is in the
press.
Fireside Scenes, by the author of
* the Bachelor and Married Man.”

Mr. Boaprn’s Life of Kemble may
be expected soon. Under this name we
understand it contains, in fact, a com<
plete history of the stage during Kem-
ble’s career as an actor. Several very
valuable documents have been supplied
by the family and their friends.

An outline Sketch of a new Theory of
the Earth andits Inhabitants, by a Chris-
tian philosopher, is announced.

A History of Art, and Biography of
its Professors, upon a very comprehen-
sive scale, is preparing, by Mr. Grorce
Soane, son of the distinguished ar-
chitect of that name. The first division
of the work will contain the History of
Art, from its earliest dawn, tracing its
progress and advancement in the diffe3
rent branches of architecture, painting,
and sculpture, with critical dissertations
upon the several schools. The second
division will be devoted to the Biogra-
phy of Artists, and is proposed to form
the most complete Dictionary of Pain-
ters, Architects, and Sculptors ever of-
fered to the English reader.

Travels of General Baron Minutoli
in Lybia and Upper Egypt, are an-
nounced.

The History of Italy, from the fall
of the Western Empire to the extinc-
tion of the Venetian Republic, is pre-
paring by Gronrcr PErcevat, esq.

A History of the French Revolution,
by A. Turers and Fetrx Bopin, will
speedily be published in London,

254

A Chronological History of the West-
Indies is announced ; by Capt. Taomas
SouTHEY, R.N.

Letters of Horace Walpole to the
Earl of Hertford during his Lordship’s
Embassy in Paris are printing.

A display of the Commercial Power
of Great Britain, by Cuarres Durin,
is. in the press, under the direction of
the author.

The Rev. Dr. Worpswortn, Master
of Trinity College, Cambridge, has in
the press a work on the question re-
lative to the author of the “ Icon Ba-
silike,” in two sr to his Grace the
Archbishop of Canterbury.

A History, Directory, and Gazetteer
of the County Palatine of Lancaster,
is in the press.

The Emigrant’s Note Book and
Guide, with Recollections of Upper
and Lower Canada during the late war.
By Lieut. J. C. Morean, will soon be
published.

Sermons and Charges, by Thomas
Fanshaw Middleton, D.D., Lord Bishop
of Calcutta, with Memoirs of his Life,
are preparing. By H. K. Bonney, 8vo.
FRANCE.

The celebrated Dr. Wolf, of Berlin,
died lately at Marseilles, whither he
had gone for the benefit of change of
air. He was sixty-six years of age;
and favourably known throughout Eu-
rope for his excellent editions of the
Greek and Latin Classics, with his own
erudite notes.

NORTH AMERICA.

The great Canada Ship.— The ‘ullow-
ing is from the Quebec Mercury of the
31st July :—

The long-expected launch of the great
ship took place on Wednesday morning
last, at the point of the island of Orleans,
in presence of a large concourse of people.
The St. Lawrence, which but a few years
ago, comparatively speaking, had borne on
its waves only the rudely-constructed ca-
noe of the native Indian, has now floating
on its waters the largest ship in existence,
or of the building of which for navigable
purposes we have any authentic record.
This immense vessel has, with great pro-
priety, been named The Colombus. Her
dimensions are as follow :—length, 300
feet ; breadth of beam, 50 feet ; and depth
of hold, 30 feet. Her madel is also as ex-
traordinary as her dimensions, being pre-
cisely that of a Canadian batteau ; that is,
perfectly flat-bottomed and wall-sided, the
stem and stern post nearly or altogether
perpendicular, and both ends sharp alike,
without any fulness, as is the case in the
bows and sterns of ships of the usual con-

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

[Ocr. 1,

struction: so that her floor may be com-
pared to a parallellogram, with an acute,
equicrural triangle at either extremity. Her
tonnage by register is 3,690 tons ; but/she
is thought to be capable of carrying at least
6,000 tons freight: her stowage is some-
what embarrassed by the massy beams
which connect her side-timbers, or she
would probably freight 7,000 tons. ‘This
ship has been an object of general curio-
sity since she was first laid down ; her di-
mensions so far exeeeding any which have
yet been attempted in the largest ships of
war, that even a faithful report of the bulk
was receiyed with suspicion, and a number
of vague stories were set afloat as to the
intentions of the builders in framing this
wonderful craft. It was imagined by many
that a solid mass of timber was to be built
in something like the shape of a vessel, and
covered with an outward sheathing of
plank sufficiently strong to render her ca-
pable of traversing the ocean at a favour-
able season, when good weather might be
expected. But as the work advanced, it
became evident, from the regular plan pur-
sued, and the solid manner in which her
massy frame was connected, that something
more was intended thana mere ship-shaped
raft. She is now a complete vessel, and
it is expected will prove sufficiently ma-
nageable, but will not probably perform
more than one voyage. Every precaution
has, however, been taken for the safety
and comfort of those who are to navigate
her; her cabin and a safety-room . being
prepared, that should the vessel by any
means become water-logged, the crew
would endure but little inconvenience.
Many pevsons entertained doubts of the
possibility of launching this stupendous fa-
bric; and there was not wanting those
who affirmed that she would neyer-float,
but remain on the blocks where* she was
built—a” monument of the presumptuous
folly of the projectors. - The events of
Wednesday proved how much the wonder-
ers and doubters had been mistaken, and
shewed bow ably the work had been con-
ducted, and how minutely and justly the
builder had made his calculations. At
half-past or thirty-five minutes past seven,
this ponderous mass was put in motion
with as much facility as any smaller vessel,
and slid majestically into the St. Lawrence.
The length of the ways was somewhat less
than 600 feet; and precisely one minute
elapsed between the period when she
moved and that of her reaching the water,
—her entrance into which was greeted by
apprepriate airs from the military bands in
attendance, and repeated salutes from the
guns of the steam-boats, and some which
had been planted on the shore for that
purpose. Her ways was much scorched
by. the friction of her motion, and so great
a smoke arose, that distant spectators 1ma-
gined some aecident to have taken place.

From

1824.]

From her peculiar construction in the
wedge-like form of her stern, and the small
proportion her breadth bears to her length,
she created but little swell: even the
smallest boats were hardly tossed, and no
sensible motion was experienced on board
the steam-boats and larger vessels. Three
of her four masts were standing, that is, the
first and second main-masts, and her trysail-
mast. The sheers were also put up for
stepping the foremast, and her bowsprit
was in. The whole of, these appear so
small, when compared with the bulk of
the hull, that they look like jury-spars:
her mainsail is not larger than that of a
small seventy-four. As soon as she lost
way, she was taken in tow by the steam-
boats, Swiftsure, Lady Sherbrooke, and Mal-
sham, and conducted to the Montmorenci

‘Channel, where she dropped her anchor,

which did not appear to us larger than we
have seen on board a first-rate ship of war :
the weight is 78 ewt. 2 qrs. The day was
remarkably fine, and the river presented an
animated spectacle—no less than seven
steam-boats, and an amazing number of
rowing and sailing-boats being upon the
water.

AFRICA.

The first number of the South African
Journal, published at the Cape of Good
Hope, contains some very interesting
details respecting the lions of that coun-
try. The writer says, that beyond the
limits of the colony, they are accounted
peculiarly fierce and dangerous, and he
thinks Mr. Barrow’s representation, that
they are cowardly and treacherous, is a
conclusion drawn from limited expe-
rience or inaccurate information.

The prodigious strength of this animal
(he observes) does not appear.to have been
overrated. It is certain that he can drag
the heaviest ox with ease a considerable
way; and a horse, heifer, hartebeest, or
lesser prey, he finds no difficulty in throw-
ing oyer his shoulder and carrying off to
any distance he may find convenient. I
haye myself witnessed an instance of a very
young lion conveying a horse about a mile
from the spot where he had killed it: and a
more extraordinary case has been mention-
ed to me on good authority, where a lion,
haying carried off a heifer of two years old,
was followed on the track for five hours,
above thirty English miles, by a party on
horseback ; and throughout the whole dis-
tance, the carease of the heifer was. only
once or twice discovered to have touched
the ground. The Bechuano Chief, old
Peyshow (now in Cape Town), conversing
with me afew days ago, said that the lion
very seldom attacks man if unprovoked;
but he will frequently approach within a
few paces and survey him steadily; and
sometimes he will attempt to get behind

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

255

him, as if he could not stand his look, but
was yet desirous of springing upon him
unawares. If a person in such circum-
stances attempts either to fight or fly, he
incurs the most imminent peril; but if he
has sufficient: presence of mind coolly to
confront him, without appearance of either
terror or aggression, the animal will in al-
most every instance, after a’ little space,
retire. ‘The overmastering effect of the
human eye upon the lion has been fre-
quently mentioned, though much doubted
by travellers; but, from my own inquiries
among lion-hunters, I am perfectly satis-
fied of the fact ;.and an anecdote related to
me a few days ago by Major Macintosh,
proves that this fascinating effect is not
restricted to the lion. An officer in India,
well known to my informant, having
chanced to ramble into a jungle, suddenly
encountered a royal tyger. ‘The rencontre
appeared equally unexpected on both sides,
and both parties made a dead halt, ear-
nestly gazing on each other. The gentle-
man had no fire-arms, and was aware that
a sword would be no effective defence in a
struggle for life with such an antagonist}
But he had heard that even the Bengal
tyger might be sometimes checked by look-
ing him firmly in the face. He did so.
In a few minutes, the tyger, which appear-
ed prepared to make his final spring, grew
disturbed—slunk aside—and attempted to
creep round upon him behind. The offi-
cer turned constantly upon the tyger, which
still continued to shrink from his glance ;
but darting into the thicket, and again
issuing forth at a different quarter, it per-
severed for above half an hour in this at-
tempt to catch him by surprize ; till at last
it fairly yielded the contest, and left the
gentleman to pursue his pleasure walk. The
direction he now took, as may be easily
believed, was straight to the tents at double
quick time.

After relating several terrific stories
of encounters with lions, the writer con-
cludes his article with one, not quite so
fearful, related by Lucas Van Vuuren,
a Vee Boor, his neighbour at the Ba-
vian’s river.

Lucas was riding across the open plains
about daybreak, and observing a lion at a
distance, he endeavoured to avoid him by
making a circuit. Lucas soon perceived
that he was not disposed to let him pass
without further parlance, and that he was
rapidly approaching to the encounter, and
being without his oer (rifle) and otherwise
little inelined to any closer acquaintance,
he turned off at right angles—laid the sam-
bok freely to his horse’s flank, and gallop-
ped for life. The horse was fagged, and
bore a heavy man on his back; the lion
was fresh, and furious with hunger, and
came down upon him like a thunderbolt !
In a few seconds he overtook Lucas,’ and

springing

256

springing up behind him, brought horse and
man in an instant to the ground. Luckily
the boor was unhurt, and the lion was too
eager in worrying the horse to pay any im-
mediate attention to the rider. Hardly
knowing himself how he escaped, he con-
trived to scramble out of the fray, and made
a clean pair of heels of it till he reached
the nearest house. Lucas, who gaye me
the details of this adventure himself, .made
no observations on it as being any way re-
markable, except in the circumstance of the
lion’s audacity in pursuing a “ Christian
man” without provocation in open day!
But what chiefly vexed him in the affair
was the loss of the saddle. He returned
next day with a party of friends to take
vengeance on his feline foe; put both the
lion and saddle had disappeared, and no-
thing could be found but the horse’s clean-
picked bones. Lucas said, he could have
excused the schelm for killing the horse, as
he had allowed himself to get away, but
the felonious abstraction of the saddle (for
which, as Lucas gravely observed, he could
have no possible use), raised his spleen
mightily, and called down a: shower of
curses whenever he told the story of this
hair-breadth escape.
GREECE.

There has been found in Greece, in
digging the ruins of a temple dedicated
to Saturn, a great number of manu-
scripts that date from very remote pe-
riods. In Macedonia, we are assured,
has been discovered the manuscript of
the famous J/iad, inclosed in a cedar
box, with plates of gold, which belonged
to Alexander the Great !

EGYPT.

M..Champollion, jun., having pro-
ceeded to Turin under the auspices of
his Majesty, to study the collection of
Egyptian antiquities brought together
by M. Drouette, and forming at pre-
sent the Royal Egyptian Museum of
the King of Piedmont, has already made
known some of the principal monu-
ments of this museum. We extract
the following communications from his
letters :

’ By the kind permission of his Excel-
leney Count Chale, Minister of the Inte-
rior, I have gained admission to the Royal
Egyptian Museum. I had previously ad-
mired, in the palace of the university, a fine
statue of Sesostris, in rose granite, eight
feet high ; the upper part of a statue of the
wife of that king, the Queen Ari; and ano-
ther statue with a lion’s head, similar to
two statues in the Museum of Paris, and
bearing an inscription of the reign of Ame-
nophis II. It was on the 9th June that I
visited for the first time the Egyptian
Museum ; nothing is comparable to this

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

[OersI,

immense collection. I found the court
crowded wtth colossal figures in rose gra-
nite and green basalt. The interior is also
peopled with colossal monuments. A first
examination discovered to me a group of
eight feet in height; it turned out to be
Amon-Ra, seated, having beside him King
Horus, son of Amenophis II. of the
eighteenth dynasty—an admirable work ;
I had seen nothing equal to this. 2dly. A
colossal statue of King Misphra-Thouth-
mosis, in the same state of preservation as
when it issued from the workshop. 3dly.
A Monolith six feet high; it represents
Ramses the Great (Sesostris), seated upon
a throne between Amon-Ra and Neith, of
rose granite, and is a perfect work. 4thly. A
colossal figure of King Meeris, green ba-
salt, of exquisite workmanship. 5thly. A
statue, erect, of Amenophis II. 6thly. A
statue of the god Phtha, executed in the
time of the last-mentioned king. 7thly. A
group of free-stone, representing King
Amenoftep, of the nineteenth dynasty, and
his wife, Queen Atari. Sthly. A statue,
larger than life, of Ramses the Great
(Sesostris), in green basalt, finished like
a Cameo; upon the steps of the throne
are sculptured, in full relief, his son and
wife. The number of funeral statues in
basalt, red and white free-stone, white cal-
careous stone and grey granite, is very con-
siderable ; amongst them is one of a man
crouching, whose tunic bears an inserip-
tion in the Egyptian vulgar tongue, of four
lines. The steles of four, five, and six feet
in height, exceed the number of a hundred;
there is an altar covered with hieroglyphic
inscriptions, with a great number of other
objects of antiquity. This comprizes only
one part of the collection, and there remain
two or three hundred packages to be open-
ed. The number of manuscripts is one
hundred and seventy-one, of which forty-
seven are already unrolled. Among these
I have discovered about ten contracts in
the Demotiec writing, a Greek papyrus,
and a law-suit between two inhabitants of
Thebes relative to the ownership of a
house; the pretensions of the parties
pleading and the means of the advocates
are analysed, and the laws favourable to
their respective pretensions textually cited.
At the end is the actual judgment, which
was delivered in the fifty-fourth year of
Ptolemy Evergetus II. A_ bilingual in-
seription in Egyptian and Greek, and a
decree in honour of a prefect of the town-
ship of Thebes, and rendered under the
reign of Cleopatra and her son Cesarion,
whose name I had already proyed the ac-
tual reign by the perusal of aseroll sculp-
tured upon the temple of Dendera. But
that which is most~interesting is that
among the papyrus of the collection, is a
Phenician’ Manuscript ; unfortunately there
are but fragments of it, but perhaps others
may be found amongst those not yet un-~
rolled. '

1824.)

‘i

NEW BOOKS PUBLISHED IN SEPTEMBER:

WITHA AN HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL PROEMIUM.
Z =
Authors or Publishers, desirous of seeing an early Notice of their Works, are
requested to transmit Copies before the 18th of the Month.
———

Journal of a Residence in Ashantee. By
JoserH Duruis, Esq. 4to.
G REAT Britain seems to be particu-

Bt larly unfortunate in its warlike transac-
tions with uncivilized nations. In India, the
matter is at best doubtful; at Algiers, we
gained a victory that was marvellously like
a defeat; and, at Ashantee, we have been
fairly beaten out of the field, owing life and
liberty to the mercy of a black conqueror.
Our merchants, too, are Just as unsuccess-
ful as our military: they lie and shuffle, and
cringe and bluster; but neither brown nor
black are any longer to be cajoled by them.
The thing is incomprehensible ; but so it
is;—and while a handful of Spaniards
could subdue the powerful kingdoms of
Peru and Mexico, the British forces are
‘cut to pieces by a few thousand negroes,
that can hardly comprehend the mechanism
of a musket.

But this work of Mr. Dupuis, who was
sent by our government on a mission to
Ashantee, in some measure explains’ the
mystery ; for, if it does not shew us wherein
the blacks were strong, it at least shews us
wherein the whites were feeble. Such a
scene of fraud, and yacillation, and pusilla-
nimity, of eagerness to offend and slow-
ness to resist, of appetite to gain power
and inability to use it when gained, is
scarcely to be matched éyen in our Indian
annals ; and we well know what we hazard
in the assertion. Without going all the
Jengths with Mr. Dupuis, or supposing
that the governor was actuated by any mo-
tives of private interest, we can yet see
more than it would be proper to set down
with the present law of libel before our
eyes. Every thing seems to have been con-
ducted with the meanness, but not with the
honesty, of the counting-house ; and the
obstinacy, which provoked the contest,
seemed to desert the British council at the
only moment when obstinacy could be
deemed a virtue.

The single suspicious point in Mr. Du-
puis’ narrative is when he turns from Eu-
ropean vice to African virtue. We give
him full credit for his picture of mercantile
treachery ; but can hardly believe in the
gentleness and magnanimity of his black
monarch, who seems more like the hero of
a novel than the ruler of a set of curly-
headed savages. Bating his religious pro-

ensity to sacrifice his subjects, and bating
is ambition—a very orthodox virtue in a
king—he seems to have been the~most
amiable creature breathing —full of meek-
ness and forbearance,—enough to have
furnished out ten reasonable Christians.
Monruty Mac. No. 40).

Surely this picture must be somewhat oyer-
charged. Savage or semicivilized life has, in-
deed, its virtues; but meekness is not one
of them.

The second portion of the work is de-
voted to the elucidation of the geography
of Western Africa, and adds something, but
not much, to our stock of knowledge on the
subject. It is chiefly made up from the
information of the Moslems, settled at
Coomassie, whom Mr. Dupuis considers to be
the best authority ; and, perhaps, they may
be: but the best, then, is inadequate to the
subject. In regard to the long-disputed
course of the Niger, for instance, we are
told, that “‘ the great flow of water is east-
erly to the Egyptian Nile;” but of what
value is this assertion, when he is after-
wards obliged to add, that “none of his
instructors had ever tracked its course be-
yond the western limits of Bournou?”
The fact is, these Moslems know as little
of the interior of Africa, as a Londoner
might be supposed to know of the High-
lands in the time of Queen Elizabeth: if,
indeed, they know so much, it would be
surprizing. Knowledge of any kind must
lie directly in a Moslem’s road; for he
would not step an inch out of his way to
pick it up, though it were the wisdom of
Solomon. Founded on such authority,
this part of the book must be used with
great discretion, and no more believed
than is actually proved: yet even then it
will remain a work of great interest, and
some substantial information.

Topography of all the known Vineyards. —
This is an exceedingly clever little volume,
an abridged translation from the French,
and one that cannot fail to interest at least
three classes of readers: those who sel}
wine, those who buy wine, and those who
think that information is always worth
something only as information. It con-
tains a minute account of every sort of
grape, where grown, how used, and of
what qualities, not enly in France, but in
every country throughout the four quarters
of the globe, though the bulk of the work
is certainly dedicated to French wines. It
should seem that, until the appearance of
this work, our neighbours knew little more
about their own vineyards than we now do
in England ; and a lower measure of know-
ledge could not easily be found. We speak
it in all the truth and fervour of unaffected
epicurism—scarcely a wine comes up’ to
our tables under its real name. A fine
title will often satisfy the most experienced
in such matters,

21h

We

We hardly know whether it will be
deemed a merit or not in this work; but it
is absolutely devoid of all chemical details,
or of what may be called literary merit :
perhaps the occasion called for neither ;
and if a plain statement of facts, ona subject
not generally understood, have any value,
this book must be valuable; and as such,
we strongly recommend it to our readers.

Mémoire et Rapports sur les Fumigations
sulphureuses, par J. C. Galés, Docteur
en Médecine de la faculté de Paris. Im-
primés par ordre du gouvernement. A
Paris. 1816. 8yvo. pp. 137, _

The Utility of Fumigatmg Baths, for the
Cure of Gout, Rheumatism, Paralytic
Affections, Bilious and Nervous Disorders,
&c. By Jonathan Green, Member of the
Royal College of Surgeons, 8vo. pp. 115.
London. 1823.

The general inutility of medicine, except
to the vendor, is beginning to be pretty well
understood, and though death goes on
much at his usual rate, the sick are allowed
at least the privilege of dying on easier
terms than heretofore. In fact, they are
now permitted to go off by the course of
nature, instead of being poisoned, and that
is something, for after all it is better to die
of a fever than a fever-draught. We hear
no longer of Mithridates and Theriacs,
those ingenious combinations of fifty in-
gredients, all of the most opposite pro-
perties, put together upon the pleasant
principle that, if one does not cure, another
will, for upon no other ground can we
account for those monstrous aggregates of
the materia medica. But even now the art
is-infinitely too much perplexed in its no-
sology, and its pharmacopeia is loaded with
superfluities, simple as well as compound ;
strip the thing of its technical mysteries
and the causes of disease will be found few
in number, though its forms may be many,
while as to medicine we shall soon see that
it is effective only as it aceelerates, or re-
tards, the action of some particular organ.
The value of a medicine, therefore, is in
proportien to its capability of bringing about
one or the other of these effects, and the
next question is as to the mode of its ap-
plication, whether it shall be applied to the

mucous, or cutaneous, surface, that is to the.

internal or external. ‘The strictest analogy
exists between these two organs; whether
we consider their structure, their proper-
ties, their sympathies, or even their general
functions, and we sometimes find that the
one will take the character of the other:
but notwithstanding this analogy, it makes
a material difference to which we apply a
medicine, for-in the one-case it is consider-
ably altered by the juices of the stomach,
and in the other is taken up at once into the
constitution. Accordingly, we find that ef=
forts have been made from the earliest pe-

Literary and Critical Proémium.

[Ocr. 1,

riods to administer by friction the most
active medicines, such as sulphur, opium
and mereury ; but even this remedy had its
evils: the grease employed in it choked up
the delicate pores, and thus either materially
retarded the effect of the medicine, or it-
self created a disease ; for it is scarcely pos-
sible that the capillary tubes of the skin
can be closed without some consequent de-
rangement of the internal functions. Any
plan, therefore, which will convey the vir-
tues of medicine through the pores becomes
a desideratum, and a plan of this kind has
been brought forward, or, to speak more
correctly, reyived by Dr. Gales, of Paris,
for the beneficial effects of sulphur, applied
to the body in a state of vapour, have been
known for ages. Moreover, a natural
gaseous-bath has long existed’on the lake of
Agnano, near Naples, where an exhausted
voleano spontaneously pours forth the va-
pour through many rifts in the earth, which
is then collected in apartments for the use
of patients,

But though the remedy was thus ge-
nerally known, it was never effectually nor
extensively used, till introduced into France
by Dr. Galés, who received, in consequence,
from the government a pension of 6,000
francs per annum. His object at first was
only the cure of cutaneous’ diseases, and in
this it was found almost uniformly success-
ful, whatever might be their nature. The
most inveterate cases of leprosy, of psora,
and that horrible class of eruptions known
under the name of Dartres, gave way to
this powerful remedy, which seemed to
possess a certainty, belonging to no other
medicine. A little time too shewed that
its influence was by no means confined to
diseases of the skin; amongst the various
patients who applied for the relief of psora,
many, as might be expected, laboured un-
der other disorders, such as sciatica, palsy,
rheumatism, or glandular obstructions ; and
these too were unexpectedly found to yield
to the fumigation, which had been adminis-
tered without the least reference to such
affections. Success, so complete in itself,
and so extended in its objects, would hardly
be credible, if it were not confirmed by the
first physicians and authorities in Paris; not
that there is any thing opposite to sound
reason in the application or its effect, but
that we have no other example of any me-
dicine being so universally efficacious. The
assertion of any one person, however re-
putable, is hardly to be credited against our
general experience of facts, but.the concur-
ring testimony of so many individuals to the
same point, and who could have no motive
for deception, ‘forms an: evidence that can-
not be disbelieved without overstepping the
bounds of a rational incredulity. ~~

It does not appear that Dr. Galés, in the
first instance, adopted this powerful agent
upon any just or general principle. In
examining the pustular matter of the psora,

he

1824.)

he found that those writers were correct
who attributed its creation to an insect
lodged beneath the skin, from which he
concluded that it was a local disease re-
quiring the external use of medicines.
Hence too he inferred the use of sulphur
in its most volatile form as the surest mode
of destruction to the insect; and thus far
he was riglit ; but he does not seem to have
had the slightest idea that he was pro-
‘ducing a’ beneficial effect on the whole con-
stitution by cleansing the pores and deter-
mining the action of-the blood towards the
surface. Yet this is one of the principal
effects of either sulphurous or chlorine
fumigations, which excite profuse perspira-
tion without the Jeast danger of cold to the
patient ; for while they open the pores they
‘stimulate the internal functions, and keep
up a grateful glow over the whole body for
at least twelve hours after the use of the
bath. Here too we see the cause of its
prodigious influence in all cases of chronic
disease, and even in nervous affections that
at first sight would seem to indicate a con-
trary treatment.
Galés’ baths in the outset were extremely
inconvenient, and it is probable that the
remedy would have again fallen into neglect
from the aukwardness of its application, had
‘not Dr. D’ Arcet'soon after invented the sim-
ple mode of fumigation which is now in use ;
but thus improved, its influence spread ra-
pidly ; it was adopted in Vienna by the ce-
lebrated De Carro, and about the same
time in Dublin by Sir Arthur Clarke and
by Mr. Wallace, the latter of whom em-
‘ployed it, not only with sulphur, but with
chlorine. The success with chlorine fu-
migation in cases of diseased liver was
altogether as astonishing as that of sulphur
in cutaneous eruptions, &c., yet still it was
not till long after that this powerful agent
found its way to England, and then was re-
ceived only in a single charitable institution.
Here too the reports of its efficacy wereno
less favourable than they had been before in
Paris, Vienna, and Dublin, but without
giving any popularity to the system, nor was
there any other public or private establish-
ments for its application, till within the last
few montlis, when, aceording to our second
pamphlet, Mr. Green prepared a suite of
baths in Bury Street, St. James’. It is
not usual for England to lag so far behind
her neighbours in any rational improve-
ment ; the business, however, seems to be
in good hands, for Mr. Green writes like
one who is a thorough master of his sub-
ject, caring less about form than facts, and
never stepping beyond actual experience.
‘As to the ultimate success of the system
in this country there can be little doubt.
The internal application of medicine has
been found in many cases utterly inade-
quate to its object, more particularly in
cutaneous eruptions and chronic diseases of
all sorts, which have never been cured, and
not often mitigated, either by pill or

Literarycand Critical Proémium.

259

draught, though the intervals of such ma-
ladies have been with great kindness at-
tributed to the physician. A wide field,
therefore, is open to a remedy like this,
which has been so eften tried, and so wni-
formly found effectual. It comes besides
in a rational and tangible form, and though
in the natural course of things it must find
some instances of disease to baffle all its
power; yet from the evidence before us, itis
fair to conclude that it will be as decisive
as mercury is, where mercury is most
decisive.

Memoirs of the Rose. 12mo.

Tur broomstick has had its meditations,
and why not the rose its memoirs ?
The one lives in our recollection only as it
is connected with that odious ‘patron of
learning, birch,—while the rose is a crea-
ture of smiles and gaiety, and, therefore,
much more worthy of an historian.

The rose, here memorialized; is neither
of York, nor of Lancaster, neither red nor
white, but the representative of the whole
race. We have the tale of her birth and
education in twenty sentimental letters to
“my dear Anne; and notwithstanding
some formidable scraps of Latin, and one
mysterious looking word in Hebrew, these
same letters are very pretty reading for any
young lady, who has got rid of her doll,
and not yet got a lover. The book, in
short, is what old people would call a good
book; and, like my Lady Bountiful’s distil-
lations, if it does no good, will do no
harm.

Our biographer is, of course, a warm ad-
mirer of the rose, and he quotes precedents
from all sides to justify his admiration,
for there is nothing like authority in mat-
ters of belief, be they of what kind they
may. He calls in religion as well as
poetry, Pagan as wellas Christian, offering
a very agreeable jumble of prose and verse,
the Bible and Anacreon, Shakespeare and
Bilderdyk, Hafez and Barry Cornwall.
Those worthy folks, if they could wonder
at any thing, must wonder prodigiously
at such a meeting. Above all, we can-
not conceive how Master Barry Corn-
wall ever contrived to get into such com-
pany; we are sure he must feel ill at ease.

We have yet another wonder in our
minds, for ignorance will wonder. How
happens it that in a book devoted to the
celebration of the rose, Lord Byron is ex
cluded, who yet has written more sweetly
on the subject than any poet excepting
Shakspeare? Was his Lordship’s charac-
ter against him? Could not the poet of
Don Juan be trusted so near to “ my- dear
Anne?” We fear our biographer is some-
what of a purist, a little too straight-laced
in his morals, and yet, with the usual cén-
tradiction of his sect, while he excludes
Byron and reprobates Chaucer, he quotes
from that seductive spirit, Moore, whose

la Oe verses

|

260 Literary and Critical Proémium.

verses have done as much mischief among
the ladies as any recruiting officer in a
country-town. Surely, if “ my dear Anne”
is insensible to Moore, she is in no danger
from Don Juan. Then, as to Chaucer,
we think him extremely ill-used; he is
pronounced to be “rugged and verbose,”
and to write in “an almost obsolete lan-
guage,’ which offers “an almost insuper-
able bar to the perusal of his poems.” ‘Lo
this assertion of “rugged and verbose,”’
we give the reply valiant—it is not true ;
and as to the language opposing “ an insu-
perable bar,” it opposes no bar except to
ignorance. Chaucer has few serious diffi-
culties to any one who really understands
the English language, a degree of know-
ledge, which we at least are not et
enough to deny the ladies.

Tales of a Traveller. By Guorrrey
Crayon, Gent. 2 vols.

ly has been said of Irwin, as of many
other authors, that he does not write for
posterity ; upon this point we will not pre.
tend to decide, not knowing what may be
the taste of posterity, or whether it may
have any taste at all; but, if to be read by
all his contemporaries, high and low, wise
and simple, be enough to satisfy an author’s
ambition, Master Geofirey Crayon is a very
happy man. We hardly know of any wri-
ter who is so universally read, and so little
censured ; he seems to have bought golden
opinions of all men, though we think he
has given them plenty of dross for their
gold, or, to say the least of it, mere tinsel.
But so the fact is: the Americans admire
him, because he is an American; the
Seotch and Irish, because he is not an
Englishman; Mr. Murray, because he
writes what will sell; and the English, be-
cause it is the fashion—reason enough in
London for the admiration of any thing.

The present volumes are distinguished
by Irwin’s usual elegante, and by a quaint-
ness of exaggeration, which, though not
precisely either wit or humour, is some-
thing akin to both. The stories themselves
are not much, either for novelty er matter ;
the style is every thing; and, as far as
prose can be said to resemble poetry, it is
like the poetry of Campbell. There “is
something extremely similar in the genius,
or rather talents of the two, for neither
can pretend to that higher quality of mind
which is usually comprehended under the
name of genius; there is the same fasti-
dious elegance in either, the same want of
energy ; they please, but do nothing more
than please, without exciting a single emo-
tion, or adding any thing to the stock of
our ideas. Their works seem less to be
novelties than elegant editions of what
others have expressed before them; and if
they would not slip out of the memory of
the generation, they must go on writing
incessantly, no very hard condition of fame,
considering the depth of Mr. Murray’s

(Oct. 1

purse, and the extent of the English Die-
tionary. Atevery step, we are reminded
of some familiar author; Goldsmith is the
animating spirit of the humourous tales,
and in those of terror, Mr. Irwin can even
condescend to borrow of Lewis; the story.
of the Belated Travellers is no more than a
very indifferent version of Don Raymond’s
narrative in the Monk, which had been
already imitated by Maturin in his “ Family
of Montorio,” and which, whatsoever might
be its merits, did not need to be served up
a third time to the public. An attempt is,
indeed, made to give a new appearance to
several tales of this kind by an abrupt and
ludicrous catastrophe, but though the joke
may tell once, it will hardly bear a repe-
tition.

Fifteen hundred pounds have, we under-
stand, been the remuneration of these for- ,
tunate volumes, and there seems to be no
reason to, doubt the prudence of the specu-
lation.

A Tour on the Continent. By Roger
Hogg, Esq.—This is a very slight sketchy
volume, but sufficiently amusing for the
hour. Mr. Hogg carries his readers through
France, Switzerland, and Italy, simply
stating facts as they actually oecurred to
him, without any attempts to be either
profound or descriptive. He does not ap-
pear to have seen any thing out of the
common beat of tourists ; but what he has '
seen, he tells truly and unaffectedly.

Effigies Poetice. — The author of this
work has united the very opposite modes of
judging mea, by the rules of Lavater and
the rules of Aristotle, by what they looked
and what they wrote, and, as might be
expected, is sometimes not a little puzzled ~
to reconcile a poet’s face with his talents.
The physiognomical part is, we suspect,
nothing more than a bait ad captandum, a
mere noyelty in the mode of administering
criticism, to make it go down the better,
and at the same time give an air of origi-
nality to the whole. As to the criticism,
independent of this connexion, it is made
up of brief assertion, and the worth of as-
sertion, without proof, must depend upon
the worth, real or supposed, of him who
makes it; had the author only favoured
us with his effigy we might have profited
by his’ example, and condemned or ab-
solved him by the length and breadth of
his forehead.

By JOHN JOHNSON,
Printer.

The old connexion between the printer
and the scholar, so long broken off, seems
to be reviving in our age; a connexion so
natural and so truly useful, that the only
wonder is how it ever could haye been in-
terrupted. It matters not how much or
how little a bookseller knows of what he
is to sell; his want of knowledge hurts no

: . one

Typographia.

sata ccc ama, umm al nn

!
1824.]
one except himself; but a printer can
hardly be ignorant, without some mischief
to the author that is to pass through his
hands, and finally to the purchaser. There
are some, indeed, friends to ignorance in
general, who are of an opposite opinion :
they fancy that a printer who can only
read, without understanding, is more likely
to be correct than one who comprehends
what he puts together. But this. preju-
dice in favour of ignorance is limited to a
few, and may be expected to go out of
fashion with wigs and Chancery suits.

In the first of these volumes we have a
history of printing and printers, with a suc-
einet and very amusing account of the
earliest efforts of the press. Brief extracts,
too, are given from the old authors pre-
served in these venerable specimens of ty-
pography, which, to the uninitiated in such
matters, must be extremely curious. Some-
times, indeed, they are of a higher quality,
—as, for instance, in the following lines
from

THE FIFTENE JOYES OF MARYAGE.

Somer passed, and wynter well begone

The dayes short, the darke nyghtes longe

Haye taken season, and bryghtnes of the sonne

Is lytell sene, and small byrdes songe

Seldom is herde, in feldes or wodes ronge

All strength and vertue of trees and herbe sote
Dyscendyuge be, from croppe into the rote,

And every creature by course of kynde

For s»coure draweth to tliat countre and place
Where for a tyme, they may purchase and fynde
Comforte and-reste, abydynge after grace

That clere Appolo with bryghtnes of his face
Wyll sende, whan lusty ver shall come to towne
And gyve the grounde, of grene a goodly gowne.
And Flora goddesse bothe of whyte and greene
‘Her mantell large over all the erthe shall sprede
Shewynge her selfe apparayled like a quene

As wellin feldes wodes as in mede

Havynge so rich a croune upon her hede

The whiche of floures shall be so fayre and bryght
That all the worlde shall take thereof a lyght,

The second yolume is more professional,
and will probably be caviare to the multi-
tude. It transplants us into the very pe-
netralia of the printing-office,—lays open
the whole mystery of quadrats and com-
posing-sticks,—of plattins and dogs,—-tym-
pans and friskets,—and, in short, is a com-
plete history of all that ever has been, or
ever can be, said upon the subject.

In fact, it is not only.a yaluable addition
to every library, but even an essential, and
does infinite credit to our friend John
Johnson, printer, or, as he styles him-
self, typographer, — certainly a much
higher designation than the humble word
printer —two feet higher, —and that is
no slight matter in these ambitious days,
when actors are professors, and gentlemen
bruisers teach the science of defence. Then,
too, his press is the Apollo press, Holborn !
But, alas! that villainous Holborn spoils
all. Apollo in Holborn! We ‘should as
s00n expect to meet a dowager-duchess in
Dyot-street ; there is no keeping in the
thing !

It would be advisable, too, that he should
lot speak quite so favourably of himself ;

towever fond a man may be of hearing his

List of New Publications. for September.

261
own praise, he had better hear it from the
mouths of other people; and in common
prudence he should not demand that as a
right, which is willingly conceded only as a
favour. The world is always much more
ready to give than to pay praise; in fact, it
would fain be deemed liberal, and there is
no liberality in paying a demand, though
there may be in the donation of what is not
even solicited.

We should like, also, to know whether the
portrait of John Johnson, in the second
volume, is the portrait of John Johnson ot
the Apollo Press? If so, we hope it is
not a likeness.

Moments of Forgetfulness. By THoMas
Cxiarz.—Lord Byron had his Hours of
Idleness, and Mr. Thomas Clare, in a
smaller way, has his Moments of Forgetful-
ness ; and there is exactly the same propor-
tion in the quality of the respective works :
Byron’s poem was not good, and Clare’s
poem is about sixty times below that mea-
sure. It should seem as if the Northamp-
tonshire poet had turned out the sweepings
of his writing-desk, the rejected of ma-
gazines and booksellers, and published
them in this way to get rid of them. . It is
a pity he does not remember: that, at the
same time, he may get rid of his reputation.

— .
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
_ CLASSICS.

Homeric and Pindarrie Lexicon. ‘No-
vum Lexicon Grecum Etimologicum, Auc-
tore Christ. Tob. Damm, I vol. 4to. £4 4s.

The Tragedies of Sophocles, literally
translated into English Prose,’ from the
Greek Text of Brunck, with Notes. 2
vols. 8vo. 15s. boards.

Cicero de Republica. Recovered Trea- -
tise of Cicero. 8vo. 12s. boards.

EDUCATION.

My Children’s Diary. 1 vol. 12mo.

A Mother’s Portrait, sketched soon after
her decease, for the study of her Children,
by their surviving Parent. 1 vol. 12mo.
with a plate, 4s. 6d.

Bible History; or, Scripture its.own In-
terpreter; by Mis: Sherwood. 2s. Gd.
half-bound roan.

The Child’s Magazine; by Mrs. Sher-
wood. Is. 6d. half-bound roan.

A New School Atlas of Modern Geo-
graphy; by L. C. Russell. 8vo. 12s.

A Practical Guide to the Composition
and Application of the English Language ;
by Peter Smith, A.M. Post Svo. 10s. 6d.
boards.

Exercises for writing Greek Verse. 7s.

A Key to the above. 3s.

Elements of Experimental Chemistry ;
by Wm. Henry, M.D. 2 vol. 8vo. £1 14s.

A Philological Grammar of the English
Language, in a Series of Lessons, contain-
ing observations on Language, on more
than one hundred Treatises of English

Grammar,

262

Grammar, and on popular modes of Teach-
ing. Demy 8vyo. 6s. boards:

Exercises on the Globes and Maps, in-
terspersed with Historical and other Infor-
mation, with Questions for Examination ;
by the late William Butler; and an Ap-
pendix, by which the Stars may be known,
by Thomas Brown, Teacher of Writing.
12mo. 6s. boards.

FINE ARTS.

Pilkington’s Dictionary of Painters; re-

vised and corrected. 2 vols. 8vo. £1 4s.
GENERAL LITERATURE.

Rational Recreations. 2s. 6d. in extra
boards, with near 40 Engravings.

View of the Literature of the South of
Europe; by M. De Sismondi, translated
with Notes, by Thomas Roscoe, Esq. 4
large vols. 8vo. £2 16.

Heton’s Pilgrimage of Jerusalem, from
the German of F. Stranss, with Notes and
Illustrations. 2 vols. 8vo. 16s. boards,

Vol. 1, 2, 3, and 4, of Voltaire’s Philo-
sophical Dictionary, to be. comprized in
Six Volumes, foolscap 8vo. £1 12s. boards.

Translations and Imitations; by the
Author of Ireland, a Satire. Foolscap
8vo. 7s. boards.

The Poetical-Note Book and Epigram-
matic Museum; by George Wentworth.
1 vol. royal 18mo. 7s. boards.

The Prose and Poetical Works of Henry
Kirke White, including his Life, with a Por-
trait. 2 vols. 12mo. 9s.

GEOGRAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHY.

Richmond and its Vicinity. 2 pocket
vols. with Plates and Cuts, 4s. extra
boards ; by John Evans, L. L. D.

Vignettes of Derbyshire. Post 8vo.
6s. 6d. boards.

Excursions in Cornwall.
50 Plates, with a Map, 1ds. ;
8vo., with Proof Plates, £1 4s.

GE@LOGY.

A Geological Classification of Rocks,
and an Essay on making Wine; by John
MacCulloch, M.D. 1 vol. 12mo,

HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.

The. History. of Mexico, also Observa-
‘tions as to Working the Mexican Mines
‘by British Capital, &c. ; by Nicholas Mills,
Esq. 8vo. 10s. 6d. boards.

The Life of the Rev. John Wesley,
A.M., including the Life of his Brother
the Rey. Charles Wesley, A.M., and Me-
anoirs of their Family; by the Rev. Henry
Moore, only surviving Trustee of Mr. Wes-
dey’s, MSS. lvol. 10s. 6d. boards.

Vols. 3, 4, and 5, of the Naval History
of Great Britain, with quarto volume of
Plates, completing the Work; by William
James. £2 4s.

The Life and Writings of James Beattie,
LL.D., including many of his Original
Letters; by Sir Wm. Forbes, Bart. 2
vols, 8vo. £1 Is.

Contemporary Biograpby, with 150 En-
graved Portraits. 3vols. £2 2s. boards.

Memoirs of Goethe, Author of Werter ;

Royal 18mo.
or in demy

List of New Publications for September.

[Oct. 1,

written by Himself. .2 vols. 8vo. with a

Portrait, £1 4s.

Some Account of the Life and Writings
of the late Rey. Thomas Rennell. 8vo.
ls. 6d. :

i> CLAW.

A Practical Treatise on the Law of Bail
in Civil and Criminal Proceedings ; by
Charles Petersdorff, Esq. 1 vol. 8vo.
#1 ls. boards.

A Legal Dissertation, shewing that a
Debtor may be arrested on mesne process
for less than £15; by Charles Petersdorff,
Esq.

A General Index to the Precedents in
Civil and Criminal Pleading; by Charles
Petersdorff, Esq. 1 vol. royal 8yo. £1.1s.
boards.

Doctor Maclean’s
Laws. Ids.

MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

On the Injuries of the Spine and of the
Thigh Bone, with nine Engravings; by
Charles Bell. 1 vol. royal 4to. 16s. extra
boards.

Part 5 of Lizar’s Anatomical Plates.
10s. 6d. plain, £1 1s. coloured.

« Medical and Surgical Cases, selected
during a Practice of 38 Years; by Edward.
Sutleffe. 8vo, 16s. boards,

Original Cases, Illustrating the Uses of
Stathoscope and Percussion in Diseases of
the Chest; by John Forbes, M.D. 8yo.
10s. 6d. with Plates.

Practical Observations on Hydrophobia,
with a Review of Remedies, and Sugges-
tions for its Treatment; by John Booth,
M.D. 2s.

A Practical Treatise on the Effects of
Diosma Crenata, or, Buchu Leaves, in the
Cure of Stricture, Illustrated by Cases, with
Directions ; by Richard Reece, M. D. 2s. 6d.

Translation of the New London Pharma-
copecia ; by a Scotch physician, 3s. 6d.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Fourth Volume of Memoirs of the Lite-
rary and Philosophical Society of Man-
chester, (New Series.) 12s. boards.

Sixth Volume of Prize Essays and Trans-
actions of the Highland Society of Scot-
land. 1 vol. 8vo. with Eight Engravings,
#1 4s. boards.

First Volume of the Register of Arts,
Sciences, Improvements, and Discoveries.
6s. 6d. in boards.

MUSIC.

The Beauties of Handel.
imperial, £1 5s. each vol. ;
Mr. Corpe.

Nicholson’s Flute Instructions, on an |
entire new System. 2 vols. price 7s. 6d /
each.

Evils of Quarantine

3 vols. on
arranged by

NATURAL HISTORY,

Part 3d of the Animal Kingdom ; by the | |
Baron Cuvier; with Engraving and Origi- |
nal Matter by the Translators, Edwerd
Griffith, F.L.S., and others, Demy 4to.
£1 4s. each part ; in royal 8vo. £1 4s. ; i
demy 8vo. plain 12s.

Zaelnaed

|

1824.
Zoological Researches in Java and the
Neighbouring Islands ; by Thomas Hors-
field, M.D. 1 vol. royal 4to. £8. §&s.
boards.
Flora Domestica. 1 vol. Svo. 2s. boards.
Nature Displayed in the Heavens and
upon the Earth; by Simeon Shaw, M.D.
6 vols. royal l2mo, £3. 10s. boards.
Part I, vol. 5, of Memoirs of
Wernerian Society. 10s. 6d. boards.

the

NOVELS AND ROMANCES.

Caprice, or Anecdotes of the Listowel
Family. 3 vols. 12mo, £1. Is. boards.

Tales of a Traveller; by the author of
the Sketch Book. 2 vol. 8yo. 24s.

Tales of Modern Days ; by Eliza Barber,
foolscap 8yo. 6s. boards.

The Circle of Humour, or Comic Glean-
ings. 1 vol. 12mo. 4s. boards. ~ .

The Insurgent Chief, or O? Halloran, an

Trish historical tale of 1798. 3 vols. 12mo.

18s. ;
PHYSICS.

A Help to the Science of Mechanics,
Opties, Astronomy, &c.; by Alexander
Simpson, M.A. Is. 6d. sewed.

A Reply to the Letter of Sir Robert
Seppings, Kt., Surveyor of H.M. Navy,
on Round Bows and Circular Sterns ; by
Charles Ekins, Rear- Admiral. Is.

Elements of the Art of Dying, with a
Description of the Art of Bleaching ; by
Bertholet. 2 vols. 8vo. with Engravings,
24s. boards.

POETRY. _— -
The Buccaneer and other Poems; by
John Malcolm, late of the 42d regiment;
foolscap 8vo. 6s. boards.
The Modern Antique; by John Gom-
pertz, Esq.
Ancient Poetry and Romances of Spain;
by John Bowring. 1 vol. post Svo. 10s. 6d.

POLITICS AND POLITICAL ECONOMY.

Fortune on the English and Foreign
Funds. 3s.

Suggestions for the Improvement of
Ireland. 2s.

Proceedings of Public Societies.

263

Captain Rock detected; by a Munster
Farmer. 8s. boards.

Report of the Committee of the Society
for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of
Slavery, on 25th June 1824, 2s.

THEOLOGY.

The Hebrew Bible, with points. £1. 1s.

The Hebrew Bible, with English op-
posite. £1. Ils. 6d.

The Greek Testament, Text of Mills,
with the readings of Griesback. 8s.

Do. with English opposite. 12s.

The Bible, New Testament, and Com-
mon Prayer, in Greek, Latin, Italian,
Spanish, French, and German. Pocket edit.

A Free Inquiry into the supposed mi-
raculous powers of the early Christian
Church, with the author’s Letter from
Rome; by Conyers Middleton, D.D. 8vo.
12s. boards.

A Sermon preached at the consecration
of the Lord Bishop of Jamaica and of the:
Lord Bishop of Barbadoes; by A. M.
Campbell, M.a. 2s. quarto.

A Manual of Family Prayers.
bound, or fine paper, 3s,

The substance of Two Discources upon
the nature of Faith; by a Prelate of the
last century, quarto. Is. 6d.

Bibliotheca Biblica, a select list of Books
on Sacred Literature ; by William Orme,
1 vol. 8yo. 12s.

Unitarianism, philosophically and theo-
logically examined; by the Rey. A. Koh-
tinan. 1 vol. 12s. boards.

Sermons on the Fifty-first Psalm. By
the Rey. J. Bull. 8vo. 10s. boards.

A Letter to the Author of an Inquiry
into the Studies and Discipline in the two
Universities preparatory to Holy Orders:
in the Established Church ; by a Graduate:
of Oxford. Is. 6d. :

Christ's Victory and Triumph in Heaven
and Earth over and ,after death; by Giles
Fletcher ; with a Biographical Sketch of
the Author; printed from the edition of
1610. 3s. boards.

VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.

A Summary View of America; by an

Englishman. Syo. 10s. 6d.

~

Is. 6d.

PROCEEDINGS OF PUBLIC SOCIETIES.

I

socinty for the ENCOURAGEMENT of

INDUSTRY.

A NEW society, for the encourage-

ment of industry and the reduc-
_ tion of poors? rates, has been recently
established through the exertions of a
few philanthropic individuals, who have
published an address to. the public, of
which the following forms the pre-
amble:—-“ This association, instituted
for the conservation of British society,
by protecting the industrious labourers,
considers that the time of appealing to

the country and the legislature is fully
arrived; and that the call hereby made<
for the adoption of those measures,
which have been the result of the. most
patient and zealous investigation, will
be received with candid attention by the
generality of our countrymen, The.
miserable condition of the labourers,
and the low wages, in some cases not
exceeding three shillings per week, to
which they are brought, is well known.
Ill-fed, ill-clothed, their children bereft
of nourishment, and exposed to cold

and

264

and nakedness; their rural habitations
perhaps destroyed, and driven to a
neighbouring town for shelter ; the Eng-
lish labourers, without the means of
improving their condition in’ our free
country, are seen devoted to ruin ;” or
we might add,
“ Or doom’d

To seek a home in some more kindred soil.’*

The address proceeds with an appeal
to the sympathy of a humaue public in
suppost of the objects of the associa-
tion, and it is accompanied by a table
“ shewing by calculation the conse-
quences necessarily produced upon the
manufacturing, commercial, and landed
interests, by the inability of labourers
' to consume.”

The society above-mentioned have it
in contemplation, in furtherance of their
object, to present a bill to the legisla-
ture in the ensuing session—“ For af-
fording relief and employment to dis-
tressed labourers,” an outline of which
is appended to their address to the
public. It is, in substance, the same
plan which has been often before sug-
gested—that of creating employment
by the parishes, allotting a portion of
waste-land to every cottager; and, of
course, recommending “ the spade me-
thod of cultivation.” There appears,
however, so many obstacles to the
adoption, generally, of the plan pro-
posed, that it hardly seems probable
such a bill would pass both houses of
the legislature, however benevolent and
pure may be the motives from which
the plan has originated.

SANSKRIT COLLEGE of CALCUTTA.
The first stone of the new Sanskrit
College was laid on the 25th February.
The following are the rules of the insti-
tution:

' Ist. Students will be admitted from the

age of twelve to eighteen years, and after
haying passed an examination in grammar,
they will be allowed to study other sciences.

2d. After- having passed an examination
in grammar after three years’ study, if the
student desire to’ study other sciences. he
will be allowed to do so, but should he not

New Musie and the Drama.

(Oct. 1,
pass the examination in grammar, he will
be expelled from the college.

3d. A yearly examination will take place
of all the students educated in the college.

4th. Every student admitted into the
college en the Company’s foundation, will
be entitled to receive for twelve years from
the day of his admission, a monthly allow-
ance of five rupees.

5th. Such students on the foundation as
pass the examination with credit will, be- ,
sides their allowance, be entitled to a re-
ward for their diligence, and those who do
not receive the allowance will be rewarded
according to their merit.

6th. Any student who shall have studied
grammar for three years, and have passed
the examination, and shall be desirous of
studying other sciences, shall receive a cer-
tificate from his tutor, and from the secre-
tary of the college, confirming these -cir-
eumstances.

7th. Any student who shall not attend
at the appointed hours for study, or who
shall behave disrespectfully to his tutor,
shall be expelled from the college forthwith.

8th. The pundit having determined in
what science any student is the most likely
to excel, shall instruct him in that science,
and the pupil must abide the decision of the
pundit as to that science.
. 9th. Any communications which the
students may wish to make to the managers
of the college, must be made through the
pundits.

10th. After having studied for twelve
years, and left the college, a certificate. of
his qualifications in the sciences he has stu-
died will be given him by the pundits in the
Sanskrit language, and one in the English
by the secretary of the college.

llth. Each student is to be instrueted
solely by the pundit of his own class, and:
will not on any account study under any
other.

12th. All the officers of the college shall
act under the dixection of the secretary.

13th. The students will study grammar
for three years, after which, for two years,
they will study oratory and other sciences,
and for one year astronomy, and on the
seventh year they may learn whatever
science they please, and be placed under
the pundit, whose duty it shall be to teach
that science.

NEW MUSIC AND THE DRAMA.

—

ar Freyschiitz is at present the
fashion of the musical world, after
having been successively ‘rejected by
the managers of either theatre. We

are favoured with it in all forms, diver- °

timentos and arrangements for instru-
mental performers, and solos, duettos,

&c., for vocalists ; and have not only the

‘music of M. Weber hashed up into a

variety of dishes, but several original
compositions appended to the opera of
Freychiitz by English composers. One
of the most pleasing of these is the
ballad, :

** Love !

1824.]
“ Tove! good night,” composed by - Mr.
Hawes, Harmonic Institution.’

This melody is one of those sweet
pathetic movements which dwell on the
memory long. after the impression has
ceased on the ear. Itis at oncea scientific
trifle, and a coatrast and relief to the
grander harmonies which so much _pre-
vail in this favourite opera. Mr. Hawes
has added to his former reputation for
pure taste by the composition of this
elegant ballad.

“4 Woodland Life,” composed by J. Wade?
Esq. Willis and. Co.

The celebrated polacco, or hunting-
song, sung by Mr. Braham in the Frey-
schiitz, is also a very spirited compo-
sition. Mr. Wade appears to be an
original and able composer, and fully
capable of doing justice to an entire
opera, provided he can procure a dra-
matic poet worthy of his music. - We
see no reason why native talent should
not (if equally encouraged) equal exotic
talent. But the manager of Covent-
Garden theatre, it is said, has engaged
Herr Von Weber to direct the musical
department of that concern during the
ensuing season, and a man of the name
of Planché to write for him.

“ The plain gold ring.” The Music adapted
from the subject of the Overture of the
Freyschiitz. T. Williams.

This is also an elegant little ballad,
and the taste Mr. Williams has display-
ed in adapting the music ‘to the words
is highly creditable to his judgment. It
can scarcely fail of becoming a favourite
with the public. ;

An Impromptu for the Harp’; in which are
introduced the admired Melodies “ The

Moments were sad,” and ‘‘ John Ander-
son;” by N. C. Bochsa. Goulding and Co.

The introductory movement of this

composition is highly spirited, and re-'

quires a very brilliant finger to do it
justice. The two variations on “ Oh,
the montent,” are sufficiently diver-
sified, yet brilliant, and the connexion
is also good. Whilst “ John Ander-
son” is distinguished. by that simplicity
which characterizes the original air. °
The young German musician Litz,
who was in th country a few months
back, is at present astonishing the good
eople of Paris with his performances.
t is said that he is composing an entire
opera to. French words! The youth is
doubtless in possession of very extra-
ordinary talent for his age, but it is
scarcely possible that he can have judg-
ment sufficient for the task.
Montuty Mac. No, 401,

New Music and the Drama.

265
A Series of National and Popular Airs, with

Variations, for the Violin: by James
' Sanderson. 3s.

These variations, which Mr. Sander-
son has dedicated to his ingenious and
tasteful friend Mr. Spagnoletti, form
evident signs of his mastery on. the in-
strument for which they are prepared ;
and if their practice be accompanied
with the study of Mr. S.’s work on the
art of managing the bow and finger-
board, they will not fail to advance the
execution of the unfinished performer.
While, as arguing a lack of invention,
we are sorry to see such an abundance
of what may be called second-hand pro-
ductions, it. affords us some gratifica-
tion to witness the numerous demon-
strations of skill that come before us,
in several shapes, of rondos, varia-
tions, and other arrangements of old,
and sometiines worn-out melodies. If
English masters are not gifted with
originality of idea, they at least ma-
nifest a praise-worthy assiduity, and no
small portion of that ingenious art
which, in literature, is so appropriately
styled book- making. °

“ Oh, my Love’s like the Red Rose,” a
Popular Air, with Variations’ for the
Piano-Forte and Flute. Composed . by
S. F. Rimbault. 2s.

Mr. Rimbault, in his variations ap-
plied to this air, has given a pleasing
loose to his fancy, without covering or
deforming the character of his original.
In every bar the notes of the melody
constitute the pivot on which the pas-
vage turns ; and the ear is gratified by a
playful freedom of idea, that, mingling
with the matter it takes for its basis,
produces an effect compounded of the
recollection of the theme, -and the im-
pression made by the superstructive
finishing of Mr. R.’s tastefyl imagina-
tion. ‘dimes

4

The Favourite French dir, “In my Cottage
near a Wood; arranged with New ‘Va-
riations for the Piano-Forte, by ‘William

Sheppard. 2s.

The variations subjoined to this pretty
little French melody are, in their sim-
plicity, perfectly analogous to the ma-
terials on which they are founded. In
their execution they are progressive,
and even in their most difficult passages
the accommodation of the juvenile hand
has been so far consulted, that per-
formers who are anxious for proficiency
of finger, may derive much advantage
from their practice.

2M ENGLISH

266
ENGLISH OPERA-HOUSE.

The Frozen Lake.—The name of
this piece is the best thing about it;
it is also the only original point it
has to boast of, for the whole is an
importation (La Niege) from a Minor
French Theatre, brought over by that
determined smuggler of Parisian non-
sense, M. Planché, though a little
the worse for the wear. This per-
tinacious gentleman is as trouble-
some to playgoers as the ghost in
Hamlet ; a perfect “ hic et ubique.’? We
visit Covent-Garden, and there we
have him as Robin Hood, or flourish-
ing with Indian tomahawk and feathers,
and riding triumphantly over the head
of Shakespear by the assistance of
Ducrow and company. We shift our
» ground to. the Adelphi, and there we
find him figuring away in Adelphic tra-
gedy. Again we run over to the Eng-
lish Opera-House, and he pops out
upon us as a Vampire: there is no
getting rid of him; he sticks to us like
a leach, and sucks out the very life-
blood of our patience. Really, Mes-
sieurs Managers, gentlemen of the
golden monopoly, this is too much;
soup for breakfast, soup for dinner,
soup for supper, nothing but soup, and
that too of the very worst kind; a thin
washy sort of composition, as flat as
the flattest drainmgs of the new-invent-
ed intermediate. The public have a
right to expect other things froma ma-
nager like Mr. Arnold, who. is capable
of producing for himself better pieces
than any that are written for him; we
could forgive him for patronizing Frozex
Lakes, if he would but set to work him-
self and write another Up all Night, or
Frederick the Great ; there is no living

author, with whom the stage is acquaint- |

ed, so fitted by talents and experience
to produce agood opera as himself, and
one such from his pen would be suffi-
cient compensation for a score of bad
pieces from the hands of others.

As>to this Frozen Lake, it is, as
might be expected from its name, a
very cold piece of business, but this we
suppose tells in its favour in a summer
theatre; it does not agitate the nerves,
or create any extraordinary emotions,
which, considering the great heat of the
weather, would be not alittle disagree-

New Music and the Drama.

fOct.A,
able. The interest of the drama, or
rather the drama itself, for it has no
interest, turns upon the private mar-
riage of the daughter of the Grand
Duke of Swabia with a protegé of her
father. To conceal the husband’s se-
cret visits, he is drawn in a sledge
across the Frozen Lake, and in the end
the Duke, like a dutiful father, relents,
and forgives the lovers, according to
the established custom on all such oc-
casions—that is on the stage—in real
life things are managed somewhat other-
wise. Certainly we should like to see a
drama with a new catastrophe, nor can
we conceive why death or marriage
should be so universal a conclusion.
At present, one or the other is certain
to the heroes and heroines of the stage :
there is no escape for them; so that
the spectator always seems as if he
only came in at the fag end of their
life, just as they are going either to die
or to marry; and of the two events
there is no difficulty in guessing which
will take place, when once the play-bill
has told us whether comedy or tragedy
is behind the curtain. And yet why
should marriage be considered so face-
tious an affair? Many people find it no
joke; but these are high and secret
matters, which we leave to be settled by
the initiated.

On the same night when the Frozen
Lake made its appearance, a new farce
was presented, under the name of Jona-
than in England, from the pen of Mr.
Peake. ‘The object of it is to exhibit
Mathews in the caricature of an Ame-
rican, and as a caricature it is well
enough, full of equivoque and puns,
some good and some bad, and perhaps
the better for being bad; at least, so
say the punsters, who must be the best
judges of their own art, and we are not
inclined to dispute the point with
them.

It has happened, however, to Mr.
Peake, as it happens to the author of
Waverley, the hero of the piece is quite
lost in the superiority of. others, and,
“ absit invidia dicto?’? we think the
chaste humour of Mr. Bartley a much
more prominent feature than all *the
mimicry—excellent as it undoubtedly
is—of our favourite Mathews.

METEO-

1824.) [ 267

J

METEOROLOGICAL: REPORT.

—<—>_—
Journal of the Weather and Natural History, kept at Hartfield, East Grinstead,
by Dr. T. Forster, for August 1824,

Days. ¢| Thermometer.| Barometer. Wind. State of the Weather.
won| 67 29.61 E.S.E. Showers.
2: 68 29.95 N.—S.W. Fair day.
a) 66 29.90 S.W. Fair.
4. 68 29.80 N.—S.W. |. Fair.—Showers.
5, ts pe S.W. Showers.
6. =e a W. Showers and fair.
Ks 66 29.86 N. Sun and clouds,
8. 63 29.83 S.W. Some small rain,
9. 71 29.65 W. Fair.
10. 68 - 29.78 S.W. Fair.— Rain.
OT 67 29.67 S.W. Small rain.— Fair.
12. 69 29.75 S.W. Clear and Showers.
13. 66 29.80 S.W. Misty.—Showers.
14. 66 29.92 W. Fair.
15. 61 29.51 S.W. Rainy day.
16. 65 \ 29.78 Ww. Showers.
1% 63 29.70 S.W. Small rain,
18, — pes S.W. Storms and showers.
19. _— 29.76 S.W. Showers.
20. 64 29.80 “S.W. Fair.—Rain.—Fair.
2). 57 29.80 Sw. Rain. — Clear.
22. 61 29.95 WwW. Damp and rainy.
23. 55 30.05 - N.E. Clouds.—Clear.
24. —_ — N.E. Fair.
25. =~ — Calm. Fair.
26. 68 30.20 N.E. Clouds.—Clear.
27. 69 30.05 N.E. Fair:—Clear.
28. 69 29.86 N.E.—E. Sun and mist.
‘29. 76 29.86 S.E. Fine hot day.
30. 74 29.64 S.E. Mist.—Fair.
31. 77 29.84 S.E. Mist.— Fair.

*4* The thermometer is taken at 2 p.M., unless otherwise stated.

OBSERVATIONS.
Aug. 2.—A white rime-like frost on the

—6.—The occultation of the planet
Uranus by the moon not seen, on account
of the passing clouds.

—7.—Spreading strakes at night by moon-
light. Small meteor.
—9.— Meteor seen.

—10.—Breezes varying in direction, as
L ascertained by two kites tied one to the
other, and flown with one continuous string.
Much sonder cloud.

—11.—Much of the sonder cloud. Lunar
halo.

—13.—Wind varying, as ascertained by
kites,

—14.—Small meteors shoot towards the
S.W. The nights begin to be cooler.

—17,—The air prodigiously damp.

Aug. 22.—Very damp.

—23.—The Pleiades shone very bright :
change of weather. Wind from: N.E. and
cooler.

—27.— Varying breezes.

—30.—Oppressive close day.
thunder.

—31l.—Very hot: damp night, with
strakes in the valley.

This is a very bad sedson for all kinds of
fruit. Apples are particularly scarce ; and
wall-fruit wherever there is any, is very bad.

It is remarkable that there are no wasps
this season. The author, who is now writ-
ing, Sept. 20, has not yet seen above one
single wasp; though in most former years
they abound during autumn in this neigh-
bourhood,

Ants, and limaceous reptiles are very
abundant. ‘

Distant

MONTHLY

[ 268 ]

[ Oct. 1,-

MONTHLY AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

CN the publication of this Report, we
presume harvest ‘will have been
finished throughout the country, even to
the remotest north, and under far happier
auspices than could haye been safely au-
gured at an earlier period of the season.
As to the produce generally, we have lit-
tle to add to our last accounts, any other
wise than that they vary, in a considera-
ble degree, as derived from different dis-
tricts; which must indeed necessarily be the
case, from varying local circumstances of
condition in the land, culture, and peculiar
atmospheric temperature. In general, as
before stated, the wheat crop is judged to
be a full average: on the other hand, our
letters from certain of the most productive
wheat districts, describe that important
crop not only as below an average, but
even a quarter per acre below the produce
of last year—the quality, however, being
represented as fine. It is thence aver-
red (a decisive proof, no doubt, if cor-
rect), that the ears of wheat of the present
season are not of that larger size which is
the general indications of great produce ;
nor do they contain that. great number of
kernels, which are found in superabundant
seasons. Much wheat was also laid, and
considerably damaged by the storms and
heavy rains ; and there is no doubt but the
crop has suffered, in some degree, by the
constant atmospheric changes of the whole
season ; for we find “ black wheat” already
quoted in the market accounts. It is uni-
versally remarked, that those farmers who
have suffered their wheat crops to stand
until ripe haye been most successful. this
year; a fact worthy of remembrance,
since we have formerly known many advo-
cates for cutting wheat green, and haye seen
much deterioration in the sample from that
practice. Considerable damage has also
been experienced from the bulk of clover on
the barleys, which it is surely more ra-
tional and safe to make a single crop. Bar-
ley, afull average on some lands ; on others,
is no doubt short of that quantity, and some-
what damaged by the late rains... Beans
and pease, a vast crop, except of haulm,
which is short. Some say that the wheat-

“straw, not being bulky, will detract from
the barn labour, and occasion great distress
-in the winter season to the labourers, who
are still far too numerous for the demand of
agriculture. As to the real state and pro-
duce of the crops, another month will pro-
duce sufficiently accurate information, at
that grand school of universal relative in-
telligence, the London Corn Exchange.
Atany rate,,oats excepted, we need appre-

hend no want of corn; and our numerous
and anxious proposers of additional legisla-
tive checks and improvements on the im-
portation of foreign bread corn may per-
haps now safely rest on their oars, since
such an event may possibly be at conside-
rable distance. It ought not to be forgot-
ten, that although the culture of new lands
must necessarily be gradual, the breadths
reclaimed, in a course of years, have been
extensive. The profitable sales of all kinds
of cattle and sheep still continues, however
near we advance to the autumnal quarter.
Variations, in course, are quoted ; but the
general prices are great. Cart colts of a
good size are at a vast price ; and the en-
suing spring will perhaps see horses as dear
as they have ever been known. The quan-
tity and quality of hops will be satisfactory,
the season considered, and their culture is
extending in the west. Grasses, green
crops, turnips, and potatoes are in an aburi-
dance, that is only periodical, and seldom
experienced: the latter, it is said, will ex-
ceed consumption. The leather market is
overstocked. In fact, production has long
since set its jolly face against the Malthu-
sian doctrine. Plums and the later apples
prove of superior quality to the. earlier
fruits. The rains have been beneficial to
part of the fallows and.the clover leys.
Game is said to be scarce ; and we regret
to have received intelligence from.various
quarters, that such is the hatred, disgust,
and irritation against the game-laws among
the great body of labourers and others, that
they take every opportunity of destroying
the eggs of patridges and pheasants, and of
knocking the leverets on the head. If not
the injustice, surely the peril and folly of
these proofs of antiquated: legislative wis-
dom will anon become apparent. Our re-
gret, also, is deep, and not unmixed with
another sensation, to find that the distresses
of the Essex farmers, from a late unavoid-
able and ruinous calamity, have not hitherto
excited the sensibility and the protection
of their brethren, and of the general agri+
cultural interests. .

Smithfield :—Beef, 3s. Od. to 4s. 2d.—
Mutton, 4s, Od. to 4s. 4d.—Lamb, 4s. Od.
to 5s. 4d.—Veal, 4s. 6d. to 5s. 9d.— Pork,
4s, Od. to 5s. Od: —Dairy do. 5s. Od. to 8s. Od.
—Bacon, 0s. Od.— Raw fat, 2s. 1d.

Corn Exchange :— Wheat, 42s. to 685.—
Barley, 27s. to 37s.—-Oats, 17s. to 30s.—
Bread, (London), 93d the loaf of 41b.—
Hay, 60s. 6d. to 115s.—Clover do. 80s. to
130s.—Straw 45s. to 63s.

Coals in the Pool, 29s. Od. to 39s. 9d.
Middlesex, 21st Sept.

MEDICAL

1824]

[ 269 ]

MEDICAL REPORT.

Report of Diszasss and Casuattixs occurring in the public or private Practice of
the Physician who has the care of the Western District of the City, Dispensary.

——

URPRISE has often been expressed,
\—Y that persons who are in the practice of
minutely investigating the mechanism of
the human frame, should not be in constant
apprehension of deranging, by every motion
of their limbs, some part of the nice and
complicated structure of which their bodies
are composed. It may be considered as at
least equally surprising, that observers, who
are in the constant custom of witnessing the
disorganizing effects of spirituous potatien,
should not connect a sort of suicidical con-
sciousness with the contemplation of having
recourse, either habitually or occasionally,
to any thing in the way of excitation beyond
the absolutely requisite sustenances of life.
Such prudery of restraint would, however,
by no means be desirable : it comes within
the compass both of physical and moral pro-
priety now and then to urge on the languid
powers, and to enjoy the hilarity of a social
glass. But it is really striking (and it
ought to be practically impressive), to ob-
serve under what different circumstances
the closing years of life are encountered by
one, who has been in the daily habit of
yielding to self-indulging dictates ;—from
another, who has resolutely said nay to the
allurements of alcohol, under the feeling
that it is not in the power of wine or spirits
to effect. more than a temporary good, and
that net with impunity. In the one case,
—and the writer has recently had opportu-
nities of witnessing the contrast now re-
corded,—in the one case, the individual
encompassed about with the integrity of
unimpaired organization (“ med virtute me
involvo”’), submits only to death, when its
powers are backed by time and circum-
stances, and then gives himself up a willing
victim to the ordinances of nature ; while,
in the other, death seizes upon the organs
before he can conquer the man—takes pos-
session of the streets and lanes, while the
citadel still holds out—and a struggle en-
sues, of frightful severity, but of certain
issue.

It must be admitted, that organic diseases
sometimes destroy life; the occurrence of
which has been spontaneous and specific,
or without especial reference to exterior
«cause; but, in a considerable number of
instances, to say the least, these injuries to
parts, however slowly and insidiously pro-
duced, are of self-infliction and might be

obviated by self-controul.
more at another time.

The preceding month, besides its usual
share of stomach and bowel complaints, has
been remarkable for the frequent occurrence
of excruciating pains among the muscles of
the extremities, which, while they are more
allied in their circumstances and character
to rheumatism than to any other complaint,
have still been somewhat different. The
violence of the pain has indeed been directed
rather to the muscular fibres than to the
joints, and any, even the smallest attempt at
motion, not of the joint but of the limb, has
been met by the most agonizing feelings.
The reporter’s practice, for the most part,
has been to loosen these strong holds of
paralyzing pain by the administration of
elaterium ; this most powerful and useful
medicine serves the double purpose of ex-
citing nausea, with which much pain is
almost incompatible, and of carrying off
from the bowels any offending material, with
which the disorder from the first might have
had to do in the way of syrupathetic con-
nection. But elateriuno is a medecine
which requires much care in its adjustment
to circumstances, and much caution in the
regulation of its dose. It has, like many
other things, as well inthe materia medica
as in’ the materia mundi, its evil attached to
its good; and unless its good be employed
with réstrictive prudence, its evil will soon
be manifested. :

Affections of the head have likewise been
frequent during the few past weeks; they
have for the most part been marked rather
by muscular action of considerable violence,
than by positive inflammation. The’ heart
has in some’ instances visibly. partaken of
the commotion, and it has been necessary
to bridle in the circulating energies with a
powerful hand in order to prevent resulting
injury. When you haye this ruffle and
rampancy of yessel with low nervous energy,
contra-indications are presented to the prac-
titioner, which demand an occasional pause
in the pursuit of one particular principle ;
and system apart, it is of importance to
recollect that high action will not always be
controlled by, nay that it does not invariably
demand, depletory measures.

_ D.Uwiys, M.D.
Bedford-row, Sept. 20th 1824.

But of this,

ALPHABETIVAL

[ 2%0: J

(Oct. 1,.

ALPHABETICAL List OF BANKRUPTCIES, announced between the 20th of dugust and the.
20th of September 1824; extracted from the London Gazettes.

BANKRUPTCIES. [This Month 58. ]
‘ Solicitors’ Names are in Parentheses.
NDERSON, A. Llioya’s Coffee-house, master-
mariner. (Cranch

Barlow, R. Claremont: place, New-road, bill-broker,
(Score, L.

Bartlett, A.and R. Bristol, ship-builders. (Clarke
and Co. L. ;

Carter, J. Downing-st. victualler. (Goren and Co.

Cato, W., W. Little, and W, Irving, Newcasile-
upon-Tyne, drapers. (Dunn, L.

Duncombe, J. jun. Little Queen-st., bookseller.
(Whitehouse .

Ellison, J. Kei hleys Yorkshire, cotton-spinner.
(Hurd and €0. 5

Foster, J. Abchurch-lane, merchant. (May and Co.

Grist, J. Midhurst, Sussex, bricklayer. (Wardroper
and Son :

Harvey, H. S. Oxford-st., hosier. (Wrentmore

and Co.
Hattield, W. and J. Morton, Sheffield, cutlers.
(Blakelock, L.
Hazard, D. Hackney,

0. L.
Helm, G. Worcester, linen-draper. (Cardabe and

merchant, (Tottie and

O. Lie
Hewett, J. Mitcherm, butcher. (Newcomb, L.
Hirst, G. Manchester, clothier, (Corte, I.
Hopkins, G,\and J., St. Philip and Jacob, Glou-
cestershire, timber-meichants. (Poole and
Co. L.
Humble, S. Newcastle-npon-Tyne, stationer. (Fryer
Hyde, N. Nassau-st, Soho, jeweller. (Cockayne
‘and Co.
Haley, J. Wyfold, Conrt-farm, Henley-upon-
, Thames, farmer. (Eyre and Co. L.
Jackson, E. Uley, Gloucestershire,
(Fisher, L. i
Jackson, J. Gerrard-street, Soho, picture-dealer.
(Pinersand Co.
Johnson, R. Burslem, earthenware manufacturer,
(Barber, L. ‘
Jarvis, W. G. Penton-place, Newington Butts,
coal-merchant. (Grace and Co. : ‘
Jones, R. Westbury Leigh, Wilts, clothier. (Wil-
liams, L. : .
Jones, W. Ratcliff Highway, grocer. (Cook and

clothier,

0. L.
Lees, J. Matbank, Lancashire, cotton-spinner.
(Hurd and Co, L. : 4
Lewis, T. C. and C. Bevan, High Holborn, linen-

drapers. (Sweet and CO.
Liddard, W. Charlotte-row, Bermondsey, coal-
merchant. (Scoit and Son, L.

Lond, T. Dover, corn-dealer. (Abbott and Co.

McCormick, J. Jubilee-place, Commercial-road, ,

victualler. (Benton, L.
Manley, D. Southamptan-row, Russel-square, wine-

merchant. (Stratton and Co.
Mardall, W. Water-lane, Tower-street; brandy-
merchant. (Paterson and Co.

Marsh, W. and Co., Berner’s-street,
(Gordon

Mayell, W. Exeter, jeweller. (Darke and Co. L.
Morris, J. jun., Stingo-lane, St. Mary-le-bonne,

bankers,

stage-master. (Coleman.

Nicholls, R. Ruthen, Denbighshire, druggist.
(Jones, L.

Parker, W. Oxford-street, ironmonger. (Allen

and Co,

Peck, J. Andover, linen-draper. (Rigge and Cu.L.

Peel, J. Rochdale, shoe-dealer, (Baker, L.

Perks, J. Monkton Combe, Somersetshire, brewer.
(Bridges and Co. L.

Pennan, A. Batson-street, Limehouse,
emariner, (Glynes

Poor, J. Wapping, Bristol, victualler,

Richardson, J. Manchester, cooper,
and Co. L.

Rickards, J. Dursley, Gloucestershire, cloth-ma-.
nufacturer. (Hurd and Co.

Roughton, L. Noble-street, Foster-lane, wholesale
druggist. (Vandercom and Co,

Sawyer, J, Lincoln’s-Inn-Fields, wine merchant.
(Steel and Co.

Scrivener, H., H. Scrivener, jun. and J. Wilson,
Kentish-buildings, Southwark, hop-factors,
(Ware and Co. ‘

Simmons, A. Strand, tailor. (Knight and Co.

Smith, J..R. North, Audley-street, upholsterer.
(Broukes ;

Smith, T, Derby, nail-manufacturer. (Wragg, L.’

Stott, S.and-J., Road-lane, Spotland, Lancashire,

woollen manufacturers. (Clayton, L.
Cumberland-street, Middlesex-
(Whitton

master-

(Thomas
(Adlington

Tappenden, T.
hospital, victualler.

Walthew, J. Liverpool, linen-draper. {Black-
stock and Co. L. ’

Want, G.. S. Skinner-street, cabinet-maker.,
(Rowlands

Wilkins, S. Holborn-hill, stationer. (Waller

Ween M. Ducket-street, Stepney, baker.
(Argi

Wooilett, J. Queen’s-Head Inn, Southwark, tavern-
keeper. (Young-and Co.

Wren, J. Great Titchfield-street, Portland-place,
carpenter, (Saunders and Co.

DIVIDENDS.

Forshaw, J, Live

blett, J. Bucklersbur
i Cloak 4 Fox, E. St. Geo!

Alfrey, W. Cloak-lane, Dowgate-

Pelham, J. sen. Chart, Kent

rpool
Prichard, R. Regent Circus, Ox-

rge, Gloucester-

hill shire B , ford-street
Appleton, R. J. Sculcoates, York- Green, R. brie Yorkshire Randall, R. Truro
shire Greenway, J. Plymouth-dock Reed, T. and J. Middlemas, New-

Beer, W. Plymouth Dock

‘Bishop, J. Warwick

Blunt, &. Cornhill

Brooks, C. Southampton

Brown W, and A. Walter, Bristol

Byers, — Blackburn

Carden, W. Bristol

Carter, S. Stratford

Chartres, G. Seymour-st. Euston.
square , ;

Cooper, H. Commercial-place,

City-road

Deavill, E, Manchester

Driver, J. and M. Bristol :

Dixon, J» lvy-bridge, Devonshire

Dodd, W. Liverpool

Dudley, C. S. Gracechurch-strect

Field, T. and J. Du Vivier, Hull

Ford, W. Black-Prince-row

Haughton, J. Liv

Hill, R. Stafford

Hill, V..West Sm

Horve, W, and
Liverpool

Jones, J. Brecon

Messenger, C. Ox

East-Smithtield
Moline, S. Billite
Nunneley, 5. Cra
Peay, R. Cambri

Hammond, C. Durham

Hewitt, T. Carlisle

Humble, M. Liverpool

Kerbey, O, T- Finch-lane
Longworth, J. Liverpool
Maddy, W. Leeds

Metcalfe, J. Thirsk, Yorkshire
Metcalte, J. and J. Jeyes, Upper

castle-upon Tyne
Richards, J. Exeter

Sanderson, W. W. Nicholas-lane,
Lombard-street

Shannon, W, Whitehaven

Smith, F. B.and Co. Old Trinity
Bouse ,

Smith, J. Rugbv, Warwickshire

Smith, J. Bristol

Spear, J. Sheffield

Tennent, J. Liverpool
Thick, ©. Shaftesbury
Tozer, J. Bristol

West, A. Ramsay, Huntingdon-
shire MK

Willis, J. sen. Otley, Yorkshie

Woodward, R. Liverpool

erpool

ithfield
J. Stackhouse,

ford

r-lane
insley
dge

i

MONTHLY

1824.]

ao

MONTHLY PRICE-CURRENT.

Amonps :—Sweet,. per cwt. 95s. to 100s.
PRTEEED Ni ose os a!d gle fete se eid DSe tO) Z0Se
ALUM ............... per ton 13/. to 15.
AsHEs :— Quebec Pot....... percwt. 34s.
United States............ 29s. to 30s.
Quebec Pearl........... . 33s. to 40s.

Barizta :—Teneriffe .... 19s. 6d. to 20s.
_Carthagena..... siatevele ais) te Ss tOLZOr.
Alicantinys ssa, 4 ceais (2hs.to0.'2 su6d.
Sicily ............ 18s. 6d, to Ms. 6d.
B rimstox¥ :-—
Rough ...... per ton 61. 10s. to 62. 15s.

Cocoa :—
West-Indian .... per cwt. 2/. 10s. to 4l.
Trinidad ...........+.-.. 4l. to4l.5s.
AGMEDAGA Svicicie < sia\e/e!sicjois, v'sisjs) Ole tO .D0.
@aractas, > ees be se = s+ «,..2*, (nlone.)

Corrrr:—Jamaica Triage ....40s..to 50s.
Jamaica, good..... . 62s. to 64s.

ry FINE? 2.505 co votes) /OGsntal/6s,
~, very fine........ 96s. to 100s.
1 TREE cor a eae . 50s, to 97s.
ISErDICE: <o6,-/vie'e wat a Sateen . 42s. todls.

Corron :—
West. India, common, per lb. 8d. to 10d.
Grenada............-++- 9d. to 104d.
IEFDICEr ee eee face ee 10d. to lid.
Demerara ...6.......4- .. 10d. to 114d.
Sea Island...+.......... 1s. to ls. 3d.
New Orleans...........-
Georgia Bowed .......-..
Bahia.............2-.. 10d. to 113d.
Maranham,.............. 10d. to lld.
Pard oo. edt le Od to 10d.
Mina..... scecscesnecee 8d. tol03d.
Pernambucco ........2.: . Illd.to Is.

Madras.........0.+00.+.. Sod. to7d.
Bengal,...........-+++.5 5$d. to 8d.
TSOUEDON £25 dei se.cvie. car's). 9d. to 1s.
“UT RS en eee 74d. to 83d.
Egyptian .............. 10d. to 11d.

CurRants..........per ewt. 97s. to 102s.
Fias. Turkey ............... 70s. to 75s.
Frax, Riga..........per ton 52/. to 53J.
LU Ty ENT ae ..- 481. to 48/. 10s.
Petersburgh....... ain’ Deine en aes
FARM se RIP e an nicsisiotenioloce open’! «ei Adds
Petersburgh.......... 36/. to 36. 10s.

, half clean... 33/. to 33/. 10s.
Tron—Petersburgh .............. 241.
British Bar ........... 102. to 104 10s,

Inpico:—
Caracca Floras.. per lb. 12s. to 14s. 6d-
Sobra.... . 10s. 6d. to 11s. 6d-
East-India......... -.- 10s, to 13s. 6d-
O11 :—Palm....... «.... per cwt. 26s.
Whale Cape, in bond, perton. 18/. to 192.
(Gla) CM Pe Boers aS es Hoey . 48.
Tucca.............. per jar 8. to 90.
Florence.........+.... half-chest 28s.
Pimento (in Bond) .... per lb. 73d. to 6d.
Perrer, do..... 5d. to 64d.
Rice :—East-India,. per cwt. 13s. to lds.
Carolina .........s0022.. JIS. to 33s.
-, old . 23s.to 30s.
Srixrrs (in Bond) :—
Brandy, -Cogniac, p’ gall. 2s.7d. to 3s.3d.
, Bourdeaux.. 1s. 10d. to 1s. 11d.
Geneva,............. 1s. 4d. to Is, 9d.
Rum, Jamaica........ ls. 7d. to 2s. 9d.
, Leward Island.. 1s. 34d. to 1s. 6d.
Sucars:—Jamaica .. per cwt. 53s. to 74s.
Demerara, &¢.,.....++++8++ DoS. to 68s.
St. Kitts, Antigua, &c..... 53s. to 66s.
Refined, on board for exportation :
Large Lumps.. .. per cwt. 33s, to 34s.
Good and middling ..... 38s. to 4]s.
Patent fine Loaves...... 40s. to 55s.
Tattow, Russia........ per cwt. 35s. 6d.
Tar, Archangel...... per barrel 15s, 6d.
Stockholm)... sicwss 0,000!) ip ¥ oui hase ee
Tra, (E£.-India Company’s prices):
Bohea ........ perlb. 2s. 4d. to 2s, 5d.
Congo .......,++++0+ 28. 7d. to 3s. 3d..
Souchong...........-- 3s. 104d. to 5s.
Campoi.........202.e02 25 7d. to 3s.
Twankay.,...+..+- 2s. 34d. to 3s. 64de.
Hyson,.......++ 3s. 24d. to 5s. 104d.
Gunpowder .......- 5s. 7d. to 65-.
Tosacco (in Bond) :—
Maryland, fine yellow,

ee a

.. per lb. 1s. 8d.

Fine colour ........++e+0 11d. to 1s.
Light Brown.........- .... 5d. to 6d.
IVITSMIA st. co. ess seccees ddd. to 7d.

Wine (in Bond) :—
Old Port ........ per pipe 241. to 50J.
New do.......... seeeee.- 231. to 400.
Lisbon .. 321. to 331.

Madeira .......e05-200-- 241. to 900.
Calcavello .......+--006- 33d, to 387.
Bucellas 2... cece eee eens 36l. to 422.

Sherry............per butt 24/. to 70/.
Teneriffe ........ per pipe 26/. to 50I.
Claret....... 1 per hogshead 10/. to 502.
Spanish, Red .... per pipe 10/. to 30/.

MONTHLY COMMERCIAL REPORT.

=
COTTON.—The sale of cotton-wool has been very inconsiderable, owing to the
expected sale by the East-India Company of 15,700 bales, viz. 2,439 Bengal’s,
Company's, 4,489 do. Privilege, 271 Madras, 11,620 Surats, and 186 Bourbons, At
Liverpool the market has been rather brisk, particularly in Bowed’s, the total Sale
amounting to 9,970 bags, which went otf at our present quotations,
Sugar.—The market has revived considerably, and large purchases to some extent have

been reported. At Liverpool the demand has been chiefly for boiling.

In refined, the
demand,

‘

272 / Political Affairs in September. [Oct 1,
demand, both in London and Liverpool, has been for low lumps, and the finer sorts
neglected. Molasses still at 25s. to 25s, 6d. per cwt.

Coffee very dull, and prices from 1s, to 2s. per Ib. lower for ordinary descriptions,
qualities from middling to fine retained their full prices, St. Domingo of middling quality
sold at 61s. 6d. per cwt.

Rum, Brandy, and Hollands.—The accounts from France are very unfavourable
respecting the vintage, the prices of brandy are therefore from 4d. to 6d. per gallon
advanced. Rum dull at our quotations, and Hollands in no demand on the quay at even
10d. per gallon. ;

Spices are rather higher, from the small quantity in the Company’s Warchouses ; white
pepper advanced Is. per lb., owing to the loss of a vessel with.a large quantity on board,
and none in the warehouse.

Silk.—The silk trade continues very brisk; Bengals and Chinas at an advance of 1s.
per lb. on the late India-house sale price, and the request extensive-at the improvement.

Hemp, Flax and Tallow.—The tallow-market has been very heavy; yellow candle
tallow of 1823, quoted at 34s. 3d. per ewt., and new 34s. Od. ; and -for. August and
September shipments 34s. 9d, The last letters from St. Petersburgh state the prices at
100 roubles ; exa. 9 5-8d. per rouble. Hemp isa shade lower. In flax, no alteration:

Stock in the West-India Warehouses:

Stock. Delivered Stock. D livered. Stock. Delivered.
Sugar...43,889 hhds....3,163 | Co eé,..13,570 casks... 880 | Rum...28,175 punchs... 581
Se225 Usecunta 353 20,331 bags... 770 1,312 hhds. [2° 15

East-India Company’s Declarations :

On Wednesday 6th Qctober 1824, prompt 21st January 1825. Licensed, &c.
1,850 chests indigo. -

Course of Exchange, Aug.24.—Amsterdam, 12 4.—Hamburgh, 37 4.—Paris, 25 55.
—Leghorn, 474—Lisbon, 51}—Dublin 93 per cent.

Premiums on Shares and Canals, and Joint Stock Companies, at the Office of Woure and
Epmonps.—Barnesley Cana, 300/.— Birmingham, 388/.— Derby, 160/.—Ellesmere and
Chester, 90/. —Erewash, 000/.— Forth and Clyde, 500/.—Grand Junction, 345/. — Leeds
and Liverpool, 610/.—Mersey and Irwell, 1200/.—Neath, 400/.—Nottingham, S00/.—Ox-
ford, 900/.—Stafford and Worcester, 950.—Trent and Mersey, 2400/.— Alliance British
and Foreign, 21/—Guardian, 20/—Hope, 6/.—Sun Fire, 220/.—Gas Licut Chartercd
Company., 75/.— City Gas Light Company, 160.— Phoenix or South London, 18/.—Leeds,

210/.— Liverpool, 2001.

The 3 per Cent. Reduced, on the 24th, were 944; 3 per Cent. Consols, 934; 4 per

Cent. Consols, 101 ; New 3} per Cent. 101 ;

Bank Stock, 236%.

Gold in bars, 3/. 17s. 6d. per 0z—New.doubloons, 3. 15s,—Silver in bars, 5s. odd.

POLITICAL AFFAIRS IN SEPTEMBER.

GREAT BRITAIN.

HERE is nothing ofthat stirring

nature .abroad. which . with most
readers constitute news; but. there is
enough, and more than enough, for
serious contemplation to all those who
take an interest in the welfare of the
country. In spite ofall declarations to
the contrary, it does not appear that
trade is generally improving, though
partial instances are brought forward
with great shew and noise, as if they
could lead to any solid conclusion. -If
there be ‘encrease any where, it is in
internal commerce ; for the great ca-
pitalists, not finding any foreign occu-
pation for their money, are naturally
led to embark in domestic speculations.
In the mean time, Mr. Canning has let
slip an opportunity of extending British
trade in the only quarter which re-

mained open to it: he has delayed so
long in recognizing the independence of
Colombia, that. her. delegate has left
London, and gone over to Paris at the
especial invitation of the French go-
vernment:: so that we may expect to
forfeit, in a great measure, the advan-
tages which a more generous and en-
lightened policy would have derived
from an early trade with that country.
The North Americans, not having the
fear of the Holy Alliance before their
eyes, have not been so remiss; but that
was to be expected from a president,
who holds his situation only by the
good opinion of the people; one advan-
tage at least in. the republican form of
government,—the chief magistrate may
be deposed the moment he neglects his
duty, without any impeachment to the
morals or religion of his felon cj ares

Tr

1824.]

Mr. Canning’s journey to Dublin at
first excited much speculation. As it is
the fashion of the day, or rather of the
hour, to give him credit for all sorts of
good intentions, it was supposed that
his visit inferred some grand scheme for
the amelioration of Ireland; but, ona
sudden, he hears of the French king’s
death, which of course he had never
dreamt of, on which he returns~as
speedily as he set out. We do not,
however, belong to those who imagine
that he has returned re infecta, and at
‘all events can give a shrewd guess at
what is to take place in the ensuing
session of Parliament, though it would
be difficult to say how that is connected
with a visit tc Dublin. We allude to
the great probability there is of the
Catholics being emancipated; and at
the same time, as a sort of compensa-
tion to government, the forty shilling
freeholders of Ireland being deprived
of their elective franchise: the only
matter of surprise is, that none of the
journalists have had any foresight of
such a measure.

' But there is another and worse mea-
sure in contemplation, which we have
from good authority. This is a scheme
for the further restriction of the press ;
and some of the members of the Oppo-
sition have promised to lend their sup-
port to Government for the prosecution
of it in the ensuing sessions. If this
design should really be carried into
effect, and it will assuredly be tried,
there is an end of British hberty.

The East-India Company have taken
the field against the Marquis of Hast-
ings with a formidable folio volume of
800 pages. The sum and substance
are,—that the house of Palmer and
Co., bankers at Calcutta, were counte-
nanced by the government of Lord
Hastings in advancing large sums, by
way of loan, to the court of Hyderabad ;
that the Company at home were not
satisfied, either with the imperfect ex-
planations received from the governor-
general in council relative to these
transactions, or with so much of the
nature of them as could be understood
from his despatches; that Sir William
Rumbold, a ward, or some other inti-
mate connexion of Lord Hastings, who
had accompanied his Lordship to India,
was a partner in the banking-house of
Palmer and Co. ; that by an act of par-
liament, no British subject can embark
in pecuniary transactions with any na-
tive power, without incurring severe
penalties; that in the opinion of the

Monruty Mac, No. 401.

Political Affairs in September.

278

Court of Directors, a licence from the
Bengal government to the banking-
house, exonerating them from the risk
of such penalties, was granted without
an adeguate necessity, and was abused
by the bankers, in the terms of their
contract with the Nizam, and in the ex-
orbitant interest for which they stipu-
lated, “ to purposes injurious to the
interests of our ally, and discreditable
to the British character ;” that Lord
Hastings had in words, though not in
substance, lent the credit of the Com-
pany to the pecuniary transactions with
the Nizam. The defence of Lord Hast-
ings, in his reply of 1823, is made to
rest on the peculiarly dangerous circum-
stances of the moment, and the happy
result of his measures to the interests
of the Company.
FRANCE.

On the 16th of September, at four
o’clock in the morning, died Louis*
XVIII., in his seventieth year,—cer-
tainly not to be regretted as a king,
whatever he may be as an individual.
The usual quantity of court-like grief
has been got up in the French papers,
and, like the grief on all such occasions,
proves only the impudence of those
that govern, and the stupid servility of
those that are governed. “ Terrible
catastrophe !”” ~“ Wishes of a people !”
— Glory to our standard !””—“‘ Ascen-
sioninto heaven !” are the current phrases
of the day, in ludicrous opposition to
established facts, and the feelings, not
only of France, but of Europe. The
death of an old man of seventy, being
in the common order of things, seems
no such “terrible catastrophe.” The
“ wishes of the nation”? were shewn by
driving this same Louis out of the
country, and only receiving him again
on the compulsion of English and Rus-
sian bayonets. The “glory of the
French standard” consisted, not in fight-
ing at the head of an army—that is. a
vulgar trick of usurpers, unfit for legiti-
macy—but in eating and drinking in the
Thuilleries, while his troops assisted the
wretched Ferdinand, in violation of
his most sacred promises, in enslaving a
gallant nation, whose only crime was a
wish for their rights as men. Finally,
the ascension into heaven has either no
meaning, or is rank blasphemy ;—we use

the

* It is a curious fact, that all the kings
of France, for a period of 214 years, that
is, from the accession of Louis XIII.,
have borne the name of Louis, without in-
terruption.

2N

274

the word as we are taught to use it by
the friends of all that is legitimate and
orthodox.

It appears that Louis met his death
with firmness, at least so say the French
papers; and considering that he had
drained the dregs of life, and had more-
over a grand public part to play, it is
by no means improbable. Of all the
accounts given of his death, the follow-
ing appears to be the most correct :—-

It is true that the king, during his long
agony, and the days which preceded it, ob-
served extraordinary firmness, resignation,
and, greatness of soul. This is the more
remarkable, as for several years past, being
a victim to the most cruel sufferings, his
temper has been soured, and he had fre-
quent fits of impatience ; and it might have
been imagined that this disposition would
have become more evident as the pains in-
creased.

Except during the crisis and fainting fits,
his head was perfectly clear ; he spoke with
mildness to those who were about him. A
contradiction sometimes irritated him. He
complained yery much of the etiquette
which the Gentlemen in Waiting did not
forget to observe, even in those moments
which were the most painful to him. As
far as he was able, he put off the moment
when the Priests were to be introduced
imto his apartment. At last he perceived
that they were going to appear in spite of
him. He immediately resigned. himself,
and listened to the Mass. with much atten-
tion; but when it was ended, he said that
M. de Croix, who performed, had not shewn
sufficient unction. He suffered quietly the
last sacraments to be administered to him.
When they came to the prayers of the dying,
he said, “* You are in too great a hurry, [
know myself better than the physicians do.”
He was in the-right, for they were obliged
to recommence the same prayers three
times. The physicians thought that the
Jast agony would be much more prompt, and
every new crisis made them say that the
fatal hour was come. However, on Tues-
day morning, the king said, “ I shall not
die before Thursday.”

' The disorder was horrible, the legs were
a mass of corruption. He had on his feet
“enormous exerescences like sponges. All
the pains were in. the belly and stomach.
For above two months he had not been
able to hold up his head, it fell on his breast.
The upper part of his loins were nearly
paralysed, the vertebral muscles were wholly
relaxed, up to the moment when these new
evils attacked him, his stomach had very
well digested a great number of aliments,
but that organ ceased its functions as soon
as the upper part of the body doubled upon
itself. MM. Portal, his Majesty’s first physi-
cian, said, according to his usual form of
speech, ‘if the king could resolve to eat
lying down, and to live lying down, he would

Political Affairs in September.

{Oct. 1,

still reign along time.” ‘‘ How could you
have me reign in bed.”

Among his servants there was one named
Usquenet, or Lasquenet, to whom he was
much attached, and to whom he has re-
served considerable advantages. No other
person was dexterous in assisting him to
change his position in his bed. The king
said to the Count of Artois ‘“‘I almost re-
gret that you are so active; I would recom-
mend Lasquenet to you.”

The king had not wished to see the chil-
dren of France, whatever the Journals may
say; it was against his will that they were
brought to him. After they were gone he
said— Why did you bring those children
tome? If they were fifteen years of age,
the sight of their old uncle dying would re-
main impressed on their memory; but at
their age my sight will only make disagree-
able impressions, without any advantage to
them, for they will forget this last interview :
it was not worth while to make the chil-
dren cry.”

Monsieur came frequently to the king’s
bedside. The day before his death, the
king said to him—*‘‘ Judgment will soon be
passed on my reign; but whatever may be
the opinion that shall prevail, I asswre you,
brother, that every thing I have done has
been the result of long deliberation. I may
have been mistaken, but I have not been
the sport, the slave of events ; every thing
has been conducted and argued by me.”

The Duchess of Angouleme never came
into the king’s chamber but in tears. ‘If
you knew,”’ said he, “‘ what I have suffered
for the last three years, you would not
weep; you would rejoice.”

Profound affliction prevailed in the Thuil-
leries. The servants, who had so often felt
the effects of their master’s impatience,
sobbed aloud. The Chief Officers of the
Palace, the Priests did not quit the bed of
the dying monarch ; in the night of the 15th
Count d’ Artois remained in an adjoming
room, and they went several times to an-
nounce to him the death of his brother
before it had taken place. At length, at
three minutes past four in the morning of
the 16th, M. Portal visited the patient, and
declared that all was over :—** Go, and tell
his Majesty,” said the High Chamberlain,
Prince Talleyrand. At this information the
new king rushed into the chamber, where
his predecessor had just breathed his last !

The witness who has related to us all
these facts, said to us, I have seen many
court tears—they would not deceive me,
but those which Charles shed were sincere.
He almost laid himself down on the bed of
the deceased, exclaiming, “‘and I, too, am
so old!’ After this burst of sorrow, the
Prince, composing himself a little, said to
the Chamberlain, ‘‘ What is to be done ?”
“ Sire,”’ replied Talleyrand, ‘‘I am here to
attend to these things; you have need of
repose—retire.”’ “ And you, too, want rest.”
—“ Retire, retire! I conjure you, Sire!”

5 The

1824. ]
The King took the hand of his brother,
kissed it, and withdrew.

The attendants had despaired of presery-
ing the king’s body from total dissolution.
It is hoped, by certain chemical processes
which will in the end change the colour, to
preserve at least the masses.

Those who saw him the day before yes-
terday exposed to the view of the people,
were surprised to find him so reduced; he
was covered up to the breast only with a
white cloth, which perfectly showed the
contour of the body. As he died with his
mouth open a bandeau was passed under
the chin to keep it closed. The face was
yellow, and the hands white as alabaster.

His majesty was born with a perfect or-
ganization of the upper part of his body :
the developement of his head and chest
indicated an herculean stature. The orga-
nization of his lower limbs had not the same

‘perfection. They always presented rounded
forms, soft consistency, and a little weak-
ness. They did not hinder the King, in
his youth, from taking the exercise of walk-
ing, hunting, and riding, but with age his
limbs increased—they became weak and im-
potent, and the king was obliged succes-
sively to renounce all sorts of exercise, ex-
cept in carriages. Such was the state of
the king when he left Hartwell. These
infirmities increased in the course of the
last years, by the effect of the gout and
erysipelas, to which his majesty was very
subject ; it was thenceforward easy to fore-
see that he could not triumph over all these
causes of dissolution. However, the ex-
cellent organization of the upper parts long
struggled with success against this bad con-
stitution of the lower ones. Every thing
that the state of the king required was
counselled, and observed by him with con-
fidence and exactness beyond bounds.
Never, perhaps, were attentions carried far-
ther, nor had a more evident influence’ on
the’ prolongation of life ; it was impossible
that art could do more than it has done un-
der these circumstances.

The most that can be* said in favour
of Louis is, that he was not so pro-
foundly ignorant as many monarchs
have been. Though possessed of no
_ sound knowledge, no enlightened views

of society, he was yet a very fair scho-
lar, so far as scholarship consists in
Latin and Greek: he is even said tu
have written a decent comedy and two
bad operas, and is allowed by all to
have been an exceedingly pleasant com-
panion. But these are not the qualities,
nor the knowledge, which make a
great or even a useful monarch. Clas-

sical learning is only good where there is
something better— where it is the orna-
ment, not the substance: it fits no man
for any of the actual occupations of
life, and least of all for that of royalty.

Political Affiirs in September.

273

A monarch must know sometiing more
than is to be learnt from such sources ;
and when the sycophants of power extol
a king for his love of music, the fine
arts, the classics, and, worst of all, for
his gentility, we may be quite sure it is
because they have nothing else for which
to praise him. Had Louis been a wise
legislator, a just ruler, or even a con-
queror, we should have heard little of
his classics or his operas; but as he was
none of these, they praise the individual
monarch at the expense of royalty in
general, and make it a great virtue in
him that he is not quite a blockhead.
If he does not know the rules of go-
vernment, he at least knows the rules of
syntax ; and if he has forfeited his word,
and signed away the liberty of his peo-
ple, he has at least done it in good lan-
guage. Who, therefore, shall complain ?
No man of taste and loyalty; no man
who is not a radical, a common dis-
turber, in short, an enemy to the Holy
Alliance, and ‘therefore a fit subject
for the sword or the rope, according to
the fashion of the country.

But, with all his faults, it is probable
that Louis will be regretted. His suc-
cessor is a bigot, and from bigotry no
good can come, except to the church ;
and reports are already current of in-
tended advantages to the clergy, who
will not be slow to grasp at the occa-
sion. But, in other respects, it does
not appear that there will be any mate-
rial change in the policy of the French
government. Charles X., the first king
of that name in France since the year
1574, has inherited the ideas with the
throne of his brother, and has even re-
tained the minister Villéle, with his de-
pendents.

SOUTH AMERICA.

The celebrated adventurer, Iturbide,
has at length met with the fate which
every honest man must wish to those
ambitious beings, who would usurp an
undue. authority over their fellow-
creatures. On the 14th of July be
landed at Soto Marina, from the Eng-
lish brigantine Spring, in company with
a foreigner, who called himself Charles
de Boneski. The latter landed first,
and gave out that he and his companton
had come to Mexico, to settle with
government an extended plan of colo-
nization ; but the authorities beimg fore-
warned, Iturbide was soon seized and
despatched to the congress ; and by
that assembly he was ordered to be
executed on the evening of his arrival,
the 29th of June, when he was aceord-

2'N 2 ingly

276

ingly shot. A provision for his wife and
family has already been proposed in
congress,—a measure as honourable as
it is politic. Mexican bonds have risen
in consequence of this intelligence. ‘The
following extract from a private letter
will shew the feelings of the South
Americans on the subject :—

“* Mevico, July 28.

“Nothing can exceed the satisfaction
produced here, among all ranks, by the
news of the capture and death of Iturbide,
which you will\see in the enclosed papers.
It has restored confidence in a surprising
manner. ‘So long as Iturbide remained,
he was a sort of stalking horse for every
unprincipled adventurer to look up to. I
do now begin to see some chance of our
getting into a state of settled order and
repose. It is, I believe, arranged that this
Government is to be assimilated to that of
the United States, and placed under one
president, instead of an executive composed,
as the present is, of three persons. General
Bravo will be the president in all probabi-
jity. The expedition of the Anglo-Mexican

ining Company has arrived in this city,
consisting of about forty persons.—-They
leave for Guanaxuato in a few days, where
they are to begin practical operations.
They have been remarkably well received
all the way through the country. The
effect on this country will be great.
Thousands of persons will be put,into em-
ployment, and money will come into circu-
lation throughout all classes. For some
time the rich mining proprietors have re-
ceived no income from their mines, and the
ity of Guanaxuato, where the principal
mines are, has had its population reduced
from 80,000 down to 30,000.”

It appears too that the cause of na-
tional independence is advancing in the
other parts of South America, as well
as at Mexico. Olaneta has abandoned
the royalists in Peru ; dnd in an action
between the Columbian schooner Ge-
nerat Padilla, and the Spanish brig
Marinero, the latter was blown up.
None of the crew were saved, except
these forward, who were taken up by
the crew of the former, which suffered
little in the fight.

As illustrative of the present state of
South America, we qucte the following
article from The Times, which gives an
admirable account of the political and
geographical relations of Colombia :—

This quarter of America is the only one
which has received a new name since its
declaration of independence, and the union
of its provinces under its present consti-
tution. We recognize in the titles and
boundaries of the new states of Mexico,
Buenos Ayres, Chili, and Peru, the desig-

-nations and limits of the old colonial ‘vice-

Political Affairs in September.

(Oct. 1,

royalties of the same names. The colonial
yoke has been thrown off—the Spanish
Viceroy has been exchanged for the presi-
dent or political chief of an independent
state—the Viceregal Council has been trans-
formed into a senate, or an assembly of
representatives—the Viceroyalty has be-
come a republic—and the ancient Spanish
audiencias have started up free provinces ;
but the old geographic names and bounda-
ries are the same, and we are at no loss in
determining their position. Colombia, on
the other hand, as a new name, and a
geographer of two or three years back
would not recognize in it the old Spanish
Viceroyalty of New Granada, and the
Capitania-General of Caraceas. Perhaps,
in this case, some designation was neces-
sary to mark a union of two states formerly
separated ; and as neither of them had a
title that could well be extended to the
other, a new one was the more necessary
and excusable. Colombia, which the north
American states neglected to appropriate
was adroitly laid hold of by the new autho-
rities in the south, and applied probably,
without pedantry, to the region which
Columbus pointed cut to the enterprise of
his countrymen in his fourth and last visit
to the world which he had discovered.
This vast commonwealth, extending from
the Caribbean sea to Peru, and from the
Pacific to the Atiantie Ocean, embracing a
territory nearly as large as all Europe, is
inhabited only by about three millions of
people, who have succeeded in conquering
their independence, after a severer struggle
than any of the other states have been
called upon to sustain, and who now exhibit
a higher example of social order than
scarcely any of the other republics have yet
reached. By one of the papers which lies
before us, we find that about the middle of
June last a new territorial division of the
state was decreed. By this decree, Co-
lombia is divided into 12 departments, each
of which is divided into a number of pro-
vinees ; and the latter, again, into a num-
ber of cantons. The 12 departments, with
their capitals, are the following; 1, Ori-
noco, the capital of which is Cumana;
2, Venezuela, the capital of which is Ca-
raccas; 3, Apure, the capital of which
is Barinas ; 4, ‘Zulia, the capital of which is
Maracaibo ; 5, Boyaca, the capital,of which
is Tanja; 6, Cundinamarca, the capital of
which is Bogota ; 7, Magdalena, the capital
of which is Cartagena; 8, Cauca, the
capital of which is Popayan ; 9, Ystmo, the
capital of which is Panama; 10, Euador,
the capital of which is Quito; 11, Lasuay,
the capital of which is Cuenca; and 12,
Guayaquil, with its capital of the same name.

NORWAY.

The storthing, or parliament of Nor-
way, was prorogued by the king on the
9th ult., on which occasion the usual
compliments passed, and perhaps with

the

1824.

the usual sincerity. The king had re-
peatedly urged the storthing to add the
power of an absolute veto to the royal
authority ; but this encroachment was
steadily resisted. Another desire, ex-
pressed by Charles John for the institu-
tion of orders of nobility in Norway,
met with no less opposition. It is
a matter for remark, but not for sur-
prize, that all kings will encroach upon
the liberties of their people, as far as
they are suffered by the cowardice or
the imbecility of the governed.
GREECE.

The attempt upon Samos, so long

threatened, has been made at last, and

a

Marriages and Deaths in and near London. 277

has ended in the total destruction of the
Turkish forces. The Capitan Pacha
was allowed to land his troops; when
the Grecian fleet, under Miaulis, who
had watched all his movements since
the capture of Ipsara, attacked him in
the rear, before he had recovered from
the confusion of the landing. One ship
of the line, three frigates, and thirty
gun-boats were destroyed by the Greek
fire-ships. The only stain on this glo-
rious victory is the barbarous cruelty of
the Greeks, in immolating the poor
wretches, who eseaped from the fury of
the flames, and sought a refuge on
shore.

INCIDENTS, MARRIAGES, anp DEATHS, rn anv NEAR LONDON,
With Biographical Memoirs of distinguished Characters recently deceased.

<<

CHRONOLOGY OF THE MONTH.
- UG. 21.—A fire broke out at the saw-
mills of Messrs. Tiner and Co.,
Gravel-lane, Houndsditch. In two hours
seven or eight houses were reduced to
ruins. At this fire (and it ought to be
mentioned), as well as at several others that
haye recently happened in the metropolis,
the engines were without water, through
some neglect or want of management of the
Water Companies.

31.—The extensive factory of Mr. Dal-
lett, wax and tallow chandler, Putney, de-
stroyed by fire. The damage estimated at

'10,13000.

Sept. 2.-A numerous and» respectable
meeting of the inhabitants of St. Botolph,
Aldgate, took place, to adopt measures to
resist the claims of the lay impropriators of
2s. 9d. in the pound on the rack-rents of
the parishioners. The following resolution
was put and carried :—‘‘ That the repeated
attempts on the part of the lay impropria-
tors and clergy in the city of London and
its liberties, to enforce the statute of
Henry VIII. and the decree thereon re-
ferred to, by producing disunion and litiga-
tion, are alike destructive of the interests of
the Church Establishment, and of the peace
and happiness of the parish.”

3.—The first stone of a spacious stone
bridge laid at Brentford. It will be of one
arch, cased with granite, and when finished,
will give the great western entrance of the
metropolis a noble and imposing appear-
ance.

10.—Part of a new building belonging
to Mr. Galloway, Chick-lane, Smithfield,
gave way, and with the scaffolding, on
which were nearly twenty men, fell to the
ground. Light of them were carried to St.
Bartholomew’s Hospital dreadfully bruised,
two of them soon after died.

13th.—Twenty Irish labourers returning
from England after the harvest, in the St.
George Steam Packet, from Liverpool,
washed overboard and drowned.

16.—Louis XVIII. of France died,—
succeeded by Charles - Philippe, Count
d Artois, under the title of Charles X.

18.—Intelligence received that Iturbide,
Ex-Emperor of Mexico had been shot by
order of the Mexican Congress in that
city, for attempting to regain the sove-
reignty.

The New River Company have erected
a steam-engine of 120 horse-power, at
Queenhithe, for raising water from the
Thames. ’

22.—A meeting of the committee for
commencing a steam navigation to India
took place. Several scientific gentlemen in
the service of the East-India Company,
who had been appointed to investigate the
plan, were present, and they reported
favourably of the undertaking. It was
finally determined to carry it into immediate
execution. The route is intended to be
round the Cape of Good Hope, and not by
the Red Sea as was intended.

— A fire broke out in the warehouse of
Mr. Mills, an extensive dealer in Leather,
Whalebone, &c., occupying the houses 14,
15, and 16, in Silver-street, Wood-street,
Cheapside, and which soon communicated to
the whole front of the three houses, which
were destroyed. The two houses adjoin-
ing also much damaged. The property
consumed belonging to Mr. Mills alone, is
estimated at about 10,0002.

— The premises of Mr. Lowder, Timber-
merchant, in Tabernacle-walk, near the
City-road, accidentally burnt down.—There
was nearly 10,0001. worth of property
destroyed or damaged.

MARRIED.

Mr. Charles Hodgson, of the Grange-
road, to Miss Hester Mary Lewis, of Ken-
sington.

At Lambeth, E. Biddell, esq. to Miss

‘ Jane Colchester, of Chatham.

J. Nelson, esq. of Doctors’ Commons,
to Caroline, daughter of Dr. Burrowes, of
Gower-street.

W. W.

278

W. W. Hastings, esq. of Gray’s-inn, to
Sophia, eldest daughter of Dr. Burrowes, of
Gower-street.

John Bate Cardale, esq. of Bedford-row,
to Emma, daughter of the late T. Plum-
mer, esq. of Clapham.

Sir Thomas E. Croft, bart. to Sophia,
daughter of Richard Lateward, esq. of
Ealing Grove.

Mr. David Landell Chambers, of Bi-
shopsgate-street, to Miss Jane B. Mills, of
Broad-street buildings.

John Furtado, esq. to Miss Kimber,
both of Walcott-place, Lambeth.

_ George Gregory Hussey, esq. to Jane,
daughter of S. Bayly, esq. both of Ken-
sington.

J. W. Ogle, esq. to Anne, daughter of
James Scott, esq. of Bromley.

Arthur Easton, esq. of the Board of Con-
troul, to Miss Catherine Raut.

Robert Wilson, esq. of Gloucester, to
Charlotte Maria, daughter of James Hallett,
esq. of Dulwich.

W. W. Jenkins, esq. of Red-lion-square,
to Miss Martin, daughter of the late Tho-
mas Martin, esq. of Gracechurch-street.

Mr. Thomas Jones, of Staines, to Miss
Sarah Barton, of Eton

Henry Cobb Cornwall, esq. of Great
Knight-rider-street, to Louisa, daughter
of John Richardson, esq. of Bury-street, St.
James’s.

Richard Torin Kindersley, esq. to Mary
Anne, daughter of the Rey. John Leigh
Bennett, of Thorpe-place, Surrey.

George Newman, esq. of Clapham-rise,
to Miss Poole, of Brixton-place, Surrey.

William Dance, jun. esq. to Miss Wa-
ters, both of Holloway.

James Reeves, esq.of Ely-place, to Jane
Mary, daughter of Henry Carington Bowles,
esq. of Myddleton-house, Enfield.

Dr. Williams, of Bedford-place, to Miss
E. L. M.-Phillips, daughter of the late J.
G. Phillips, esq. M.p. of Cwingwilly, Car-
marthenshire.

Mr. H. Rossi, of Lisson-grove, to Cathe-
rine Ann, daughter of the Rev. R. Wilson.

Mr. John Gregson, of 'Tavistock-place,
Tavistock-square, to Ann, daughter of
Henry Shuttleworth, esq. of Great Bow-
den, Leicestershire.

At Mary-la-bonne church, the Rev.
Henry I.. Neave, son of Sir T. Neave,
bart. to Agnes Ann, daughter of the late
Rev. Robert Sheffield.

The Right Hon. Lord Elliot, son of-the
Earl of St. Germains, to Lady Jemima,
daughter of the late Marquis of Cornwallis.

At Sudbury, C. Murray, esq. to Miss
Anderson, both of that place.

The Rey. G. Mathew, vicar of Green-
wich, to Mary, daughter of S. Enderby, esq.
of Blackheath.

At Tottenham, Hugh Fraser Sandeman
esq. to Julia, daughter of Lewis Burnand,
esq. of Stamford-hill.

John Jefferys, esq. of Blakesbrook, Wor-

Marriages and Deaths in and near London.

(Oct. 1,

cestershire, to Caroline, daughter of Thomas
Davy, esq. of Gould-square.

At St. John’s, Hackney, Mr. J. M. Mor-
ris, to Jane Frances, daughter of the late
John Weston, esq.

William Reid, esq. of Chelsea, to Cathe-
rine Sophia, daughter of Benjamin Dun-
combe, esq. of Alfred-place.

James W. Cooper, esq. of the Treasury,
to Harriet Angelica, daughter of Thomas
Evans, esq. of Park-place, Kensington.

Lord Ellenborough, to Jane Elizabeth,
daughter of Rear Admiral Digby.

John Bayley, esq. ¥.n. and A.s. of Upper
Harley-street, to Sophia Anne, daughter of
the Right Hon. Robert Ward, of Bangor
Castle, in the county of Down.

DIED.

At Poplar, Elizabeth, wife of Edward
Stock, esq.

At ‘Peckham, 21, Eleanor, daughter of
William Frampton, esq. of Leadenhall-
street.

At Hackney, Susanna Letitia, daughter
of the Rev. Archdeacon Watson.

At Feltham-hill, Middesex, 78, Mary,
widow of John Shaddick, esq. one of the
sworn clerks of the Court of Chancery.

In Stamford street, Samwel John Maude,
esq.
At Strand-on-the-Green, 79, Mrs. Mary
Trimmer.

At Gothic Cottage, Belmont-row, Vaux-
hall, 31, Miss Harriet Rowe.

In Charles-street, Cavendish-square, 28,
Gibbes T. Ross, esq.

At Dalston, 74, the Rev. James Mages,
vicar of Ewell.

At Lower Mall,
Francis Francis, esq.

At Edmonton, $1, Hlizabeth, widow of
the Rey. Joseph Gellibrand.

In Edwards’-square, 73, Mrs. Aspinall.

In Fleet-street, 25, David Price, esq.

At Charing Cross, <dlerander Stratton,
esq. of the Golden Cross.

At Grove-hill, Camberwell, 22, Charles,
son of Jacob George Wrench, esq. student
of Lincoln’s-inn.

In London, 72, the Rev. Wm. Bentley
Crathern, late of Dedham, Essex ; for thirty-
seven years he was a much esteemed dis-
senting minister in that place.

In Baker-street, 79, Lieut. Gen. Andrew
Anderson, of the East-India Company’s
service, at Bombay.

In Burton Crescent, within a few days
of his 84th year, John Cartwright, esg.,com-
monly called Major, having formerly been
Major to the Nottinghamshire militia. For
forty years he had been the undeviating
advocate of civil and religious liberty ; and
in private life, he was as much esteemed for
his many amiable qualities as for his public
consistency. While a boy, Major Cart-
wright left his paternal roof to engage m
the service of Frederic the Great of Prus-
sia, whenee he returned in 1758, and en-
tered as a midshipman in the navy, at the

age

Hammersmith, 50,

1824. ]

age of 18, under Lord Howe. In the same
year he was at the capture of Cherbourg
and the destruction or its naval basin ; and
in 1759 was in the glorious action on the
French coast, when Sir Edward Hawke
defeated Conflans. When Lord Howe,
who commanded the Magnanime in the
above action, was selected !:y the Admiral
to make an attack on that part of the
French fleet which escaped into the
river, only one lieutenant and two mid-
shipmen were taken by his Lordship out of
his own ship to attend him on that im-
portant service ;- Mr. Cartwight was one of
the latter. It was while with his Lordship
he showed his daring spirit by leaping from
a 74-gun ship into the sea, as the ship was
under sail, to save the life of a young gen-
tleman who had fallen overboard. In 1791,
Major Cartwright met the friends of free-
dom at the Crown and Anchor tavern in
the Strand, on the 14th July, to celebrate
the anniversary of the fall of the Bastile ;
and for which the worthy Major received
so many insults and provocations from the
Lord Lieutenant, that he was provoked to
resign the office of Major of the Notting-
hamshire militia ; but the Deputy-Lieut-
tenants “ Resolved unanimously, That the
thanks of this meeting be given to John
Cartwright, Esq. for his services in the Not-
tinghamshire Regiment of Militia.” From
that period the exertions of Major C. have
been incessant towards obtaining a reform
in the House of Commons. In the general
nayal promotion, after the coronation, he was
advanced to the rank of master and com-
mander. .He was rather a consistent po-
litician than an acute or profound thinker.
He was tenacious of what he conceived to
be right ; but he could with difficulty be
brought to co-operate with other people.
In short, it was necessary to adopt his
views, and nothing but his views. Times
and seasons, too, were nothing to him.
It was of no use to tell him that by adopt-
ing a certain course at any particular time
he would injure the cause ; his answer was
always, “ I never concede any thing to ex-
pediency.”” His style was peculiar: from his
stern countenance and his republican air, one
would haye expected that his manner of
writing would be plain and unadorned. On
the contrary, he never perhaps wrote a
single sentence which did not contain an
image of some kind or other, Similies spun
out to a merciless length, and leaving no
part of the parallel to be supplied by the
imagination of the reader, found their way
even into his petitions and resolutions

At Stoke Newington, Robert Bevill, esq.
a magistrate of Worship-street, and many
years Recorder of Lynn.

At Kingsdown-house, Somerset-street,
Catherine, wife of Aaron Moody, esq.

In Rockingham-row, New Kent-road,
83, Joseph Saxton, esq.

At Sydenham, 67, Andrew Lawrie, esq.
of the Adelphi, a Justice of the Peace for
Westminster and Middlesex.

Deaths in and near London.—Ecclesiastical Promotions.

279

At Brompton, 89, William Palmer, esq.
a director of Greenwich Hospital, and for-
merly a commissioner of the navy.

In Old-street-road, 31, Sarah, wife of the
Rey. S. Blackburn, a.m.

In Edwards’s-place, Kensington, 75, J.
Moore, esq. late of Vale-place, Hammer-
smith,

In Bishopgate Within, 27, Mr. Hugh
Blair Finlay.

At Brentford, Mrs. Mary Clark.

At Newington-place, Kennington, Mrs.
Sarah Dawson.

In Tavistock-place, Tavistock-square, 65,
Jesse Gregson, esq. of Moor-house, Hawk-
hurst, Kent.

At Lambeth, 74, Isaac Riches, esq. one
of the Poor Knights of Windsor. He
served as an officer fifty-four years, and
during the late war in the barrack-depart-
ment of the Ordnance Department at
Woolwich.

At Tottenham, 78, J. Dobree, esq.

In Berner’s-street, 66, Dr. Clough.

At Hastings, 26, Mr. William Richardson,
of the respectable firm of Messrs. Hether-
ington, Burn, and Richardson, of Friday-
street, Cheapside.

In York-street, Covent-garden, 39, Mr.
John Henry Bohté, foreign bookseller to the
King, generally and deservedly lamented.

In Park-street, Dr. Luby.

At Depttord, Mr. Edward John Bromley.

At New Brentford, 84, Mr. Moses Banks.

At Turnham Green, Mr. David Grant,
of Picket-street, Temple-bar. The universal
knowledge and varied talent which evinced
itself on every subject he discussed, secured
to him the esteem of a numerous circle of
scientific friends, who have to regret that
he did not live to complete a series of me-
chanical inventions, ‘relative to naval and
garrison artillery, which had much en-
gaged his attention. Among the numerous
subjects which occupied his active mind,
Mr. Grant made some remarkable im-
provements in the apparatus and manufac-
ture of soda, magnesia, Seltzer, and other
mineral waters, which for several years se-
cured him a large proportion of the public
patronage, and the medical world in par-
ticular, which we trust will be continued
to his widow and family.

In Berkeley-square, 75, the Right Hon.
John Viscount Hampden. He had only en-
joyed his titles since the 20th of last month,

-when they devolved to him on the death of

his brother, and haying died without issue
he is succeeded in the entailed estates by
George Earl of Buckinghamshire.

On the 6th ult. the Right Hon. John Ro-
per, Lord Teynham. He is succeeded by
his first cousin, Henry Roper Curzon, esq.

ECCLESIASTICAL PROMOTIONS.
Rey. W. C. Fetton, to the rectory o
Cowthorp, Yorkshire.
Rey. John Overton, M.A. to the perpe-
tual curacy of Bilton-in- Holderness,
Rey.

280

Rey. John Sheepshanks, M.a. to the vi-
carage of St. Gluvias, Cornwall. ;

Rey. Mr. Knight, appointed perpetual
curate of St. Paul’s church, Sheffield.

Rey. William Palmer, to the vicarage of
Petesworth, in the county of Warwick.

Rev. Richard Jenkyns, p.p. to the pre-
bendary of Dindar,; in the Cathedral church
of Wells.

The Rey. George Crookshank, B.A. to be
domestic chaplain to the Countess Dowager
of Clonmell.

Rev. Wm. Frederick Hamilton, B.A. is
appointed domestic chaplain to Viscount
Melbourne.

On Wednesday, the Ist instant, the
Rev. J. Hatchard, M.A. was instituted by
the Lord Bishop of Exeter to the vigarage
of St. Andrew’s, Plymouh.

Rey. G. B. Tuson, to the vicarage of
Huish, with the chapelry of Langport an-
nexed,

Rey. Dr. Jago, to the vicarage of Milton
Abbot, Devon.

Rey. D. Jenkins, B.A. to the vicarage of
St. Goran, Cornwall.

4 ermesemomrr ee:

Northumberland and Durham.

(Oct. 1,

Rey. T. Freke, M.a. to the vicarage of
Loddiswell, with the chapel of Tout-Saints
annexed, Devon, fe

Rev. William Harridtt, M.A. to the vicar-
age of Odiham, with the chapelry of Grew-
ell, Hants.

Rey. Samuel Hill, z.a. to the living of
Snargate, diocese of Canterbury.

Rey. John Wing, to the rectory of Chey-
nies, Bucks.

Rey. Mr. Hume, to the vicarage of War-
minster.

Rey. John Howard, M.A. to the rectory
of Tacolnestone, Norfolk.

Rey. W. H. Arundell, to the rectory of
Cheriton-Fitzpaine, Deyon.

Rev. J. W. B. Landon, to the rectory of
Lillinstone Lovell, Oxfordshire.

Rev. J. C. Clapp, to the Rectory of
Clusten, Wilts.

Rey. Robert Holdsworth, to a prebendary
stall in Exeter Cathedral.

Rey. Joseph Badely, to the vicarage of
Blewbury, Berks.

Rey. Thomas Nelson, to the church and
parish of Little Dunkeld, in the county of
Perth.

PROVINCIAL OCCURRENCES,

WITH ALL THE MARRIAGES AND DEATHS}
Furnishing the Domestic and Family History of England for the last Twenty-seven Years.
—=>—_

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM.
FYYHE first anniversary of the Botanical
and Horticultural Society for the
counties of Northumberland, Durham, and
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, took place within
themonth. C. M. Nigge, esq., in the chair.

It is in contemplation to erect a chain
bridge, similar to the one at Bangor Ferry,
over the River Tyne, between North and
South Shields.

Three of those rare fish, the limp-sucker
(cyloplerus lumpus), were lately caught by
the fishermen on the coast of Durham and
Northumberland - the largest was nineteen
inches and a-half long, and weighed 101 Ibs.
A gentleman resident at Bywell has pre-
served these fish in his collection,

Married.| Mr. Henderson, to Miss Peers ;
Mr. O. O. Ingo, to Miss E. Berkley ; Mr.
R. R. Baker, to Miss E. Scott; Mr. C.
Burden, to Mrs. KE. Gibb: all of Newcastle.
—Mr. A. Mather, of Newcastle, to Miss M.
Cameron. of Gateshead.—Mr. A. Palmer,
to Miss M. Spoors; Mr. W. Peveral. to
Miss A. Southern: all of Durham.— Mr.
W. Ellice, of Pickering, to Miss M. Nixon,
of Darlington.—At Darlington, Mr. T.
Forster, to Miss E. Welsh, of Manchester,
—Mr. T. Hands, of Stockton-upon-Tees,
to Miss Coates, of York.—Mr. R. Green-
well, to Miss M. Burn; Mr. H. Beckwith,
to Miss A. Lowdon: all of Lambton.—
Mr. W. Armstrong, of Heddon, Berks, to
Miss Hawthorn, of Walbottle.—The Rey.

John Metcalfe, to Miss E. Chapman, of
Thornton Aust, Wensley-dale—Mr. W.
Carrick, of Byker, to Miss M. Gallon, of
Heaton.—Mr. Wilson, of Blyth, to Miss
Bell, of North Shields.

Died.] At Neweastle, in Pilgrim-street,
64, Mrs. J. Affleck.—26, Mrs. A. Brown,
ceservedly regretted.—In the Westgate, 34,
Mrs. Smith— At the East Ballast hills, 74,
Mrs. J. Graham.—On the Bankside, 87,
Mr. P. Honghton.—37, Mr. W. Bullock.—
In Green-court, at an advanced age, Joseph
Airey, esq.—At Gateshead, 44, Mrs. C.
Bowstead,—28, Mrs. S. Robson.— 87, Mrs.
M. Pearson.

At Durham, 74, Mrs. F. Thompson.—
In the college, 67, Mathew Woodtield, esq.,
steward to the Dean and Chapter.

At Sunderland, 64, the Rev. Thomas
Mason, minister of the Scotch Church,
Spring-garden-lane.—70, Mr. R. Wake.

At North Shields, in Dockwray-square,
63, the Rev. Chas. Charleton, M.A., vicar
of Tynemouth, generally and justly re-
eretted.—55, Mrs. E. Collingwood, of the
Low Lights.—In Bedford-street, 28, Mr.
R. Flett—57, Mrs. E. Johnson.—Mr. W.
Richardson, notary public, suddenly. He
was the author of a new Translation of the
Odes of Anacreon of Teos.

At South Shields, 80, Mrs. Golightly.

At Darlington, 71, Mr. Jer. Watson, sud-
denly.—69, Mr. M. Toole.

At Bishopwearmouth, Miss A. C., daugh-

ter

1824.) _

ter of the late James Morrison, esq., of the
Mint.—81, Mr. John Vaux.

At Morpeth, 77, Mrs. S. Bowen, widow
of the Rev. Thos. B. m. a., late of Ful-
ham.—33, Mr. Robt. Creighton.

At Wooler, 40, Miss Davison, suddenly.
—At Rise Carr, near Darlington, .Mr. J.
Gent, suddenly.— At Threepwood, 24, Mrs.
Artber, much respected.—At Chester-le-
street, 54, Mrs. M. Mowbray.—67, Mrs.
M. Vhompson.—29, Mrs. S. Brown.

CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND.

Carlisle Exhibition.—The institution es-
tablished in Carlisle in 1823, for the pro-
motion of the fine arts in the North of
England, was within the month opened for
the second annual exhibition. Pictures from
almost every great English master were dis-
played ; the company, or visitors, was nu-
merous,

The Netherby Farming Society held their,
fourth Annual Meeting at the Graham’s
Arms Inn, Longtown, within the month,
when the prizes for the current year were
adjudged to several meritorious individuals.

Married.| Mr. W. Neasdale, to Miss E.
Dixon, both of Carlisle. —Mr. T. Tomlin-
son, of Carlisle, to Miss J. Bell, of
Brampton.—- Peter Richardson, esq., to Miss
M: Mvore; Mr. Wm. Stamper, to Miss F.
Wallace: all of Whitehiuven.— — Jolinstone,
M.p., of Cockermouth, to Miss J. Jopson,
of Buttermere.—Mr. Jas. Derome, to Miss
A. Skaife; Mr. J. Whitehead, to Miss A.
Yar; Mr. W. Shackley, to Miss Haw-
thornwaite : all of Kendal. — Mr, T.
Webster, of Ingleton, to Miss Burrow, of
Wrayston-hall— Mr. W. Sands, of High
Wrea, to Miss C. Benn, of Middletown,
St. Bee’s.—Mr. J. Coulthard, to Miss J,
Llliott, of Woodside, Flimby.

Died.) At Carlisle, 38, Mrs. Maret.
Caldwell, — In Botchergate, 88, Mr. J.
Hatton.

“At Whitchaven, 89, Mr. Jer. Townley.
—62, Miss Watson, generally esteemed und
regretted,

_At Parton, 42, Mr. Henry Collins, pain-
ter, of Whitehaven.

At Workington, Capt. Dalr)mple.

At Kendal, 40, Mr. Jas. Dixon.—54
Mrs. Dalrymple.—38; Mrs. M. Clark.

At Brampton, 74, Mr. L. Townley, much
respected.

At Wigton, 54, Mr. Jas. Fisher.—6s,
Mr. J. Westmorland.—60, Mr. A. Johnston.

At Stanwix, 24, Lieut. J. Fawcett.— At
Blackwel!. 6O. Mr. J. James,

, YORKSHIRE,

‘It is in contemplation to erect a suite of
public-rooms at Hull, by which the philo-
sophical, choral, and florist societies will be
accommodated. A committee of four from
each society has been appointed to accom-
plish this desirable purpose.

A public meeting was lately held at
Sheffield, at which the Master-Cutler pre-
sided, for considering the plan for uniting
four canals at Peak Vorest, Sheftield, Ches-

Montuty Mac. No. 401.

Cumberland and Westmoreland.— Yorkshire. 281

terfield,_ and Cromford, and the railway
froin the Cromford Canal to Mansfield.

Married.| Mr. HH. Dresser, to Miss E,
Garbutt, both of Hull.—Mr. J. Hayes.
jun., to Miss M. Calvert ; Mr. P. Fardy,
to Miss M. Machen; Mr. J. Thwaites, to
Miss S. Lupton; Mr. Fred. Blackburn, to
Miss S. Overend; Mr. J. Kaye, to Miss
E. Atkinson; Mr. E. Buckley, to Miss
Owden, all of Leeds.—Mr. N. Brown, of
Leeds, ti Miss S. Carr, of Gomersall,—
Mr. Jt. Coldwell to Miss M. Stead.—
Mr. W. 4B. Haigh, of Wakefield, to
Miss Skelton, of Pontefract.—- Mr. ‘J.
Hunter, of Emley, to Miss P. Walker,
of . Westgate-end, Wakefield. — Mr. J.
Bayes, of Halifax, to Miss M.- Mic-
klethwaite, of Clifton.—Mr. J. Tyas, of
Huddersfield, to Miss E. Beaumont, of
Kirkheaton. ——- Mr. J. Dinmore, to’ Mrs.
Lazenby, both of Knaresborough. — Mr.
G. Shaw, to Miss M. A. Stocks; Mr,
T. Stutterd, to Miss E. Brook: all’ of
Longwood.—Mr. T. Mallinson, of Lindley,
to Miss B. Haigh, of Slaithwaite.—Mr, J.
Wilson, to Miss M. Smithson, both of Bram_
ley.— Mr. W. Foster, to Miss S Jackson,
both of Skircoat.—Mr. J. Haigh, to Mrs.
S. Haigh, both of Mirfield.

. Died.| At York, on the Old Sand-hill,
Mr. Jas. Monkman.— Miss Wilbank, sud-
denly—In Skeldergate,. 41, Mr. George
Fowler, suddenly.—Mr. John Lawton,

At Leeds, 77, Mrs. A. Prince. — In
Duke-street, at an advanced age, Mr: Isaac
Field, cf the firm of Messrs. Field, Roys-
ton, and Field, and a member of the Suciery
of Friends.—In Kirkgate, 47, Mr. F,
Stubbs. ;

-At Wakefield, 62,° Mr. W. Dyer.—In
Providence-street, Mrs. Wood, suddenly.—
Mr. John Senior.

At. Halifax, on Savile-gteen, 70, Mrs. ”
Ralph, widow of the Rev. John Ralph.—
Miss Kershaw.

At Huddersfield, Mr. Hudson, — Mrs.
Crann.

At Knaresborough, 68,
gill. y
At Bradford, Richard Holmes, esq., of
the Lodge, Mount Pleasant.

At Barnbow, 85, Mr. T, Braim.—At
Heckmondwike, 67, Mr. F. Allott, much
respected. — At Lofthouse, 72, Mrs. A.
Hawksworth.— At Hunslet, 87, Mr. Jos.
Varley. —At Yeadon, 66, Mr. Jer. Slater.
—At Westfield-house, the wife of the Hon.
I. Hawke.

Mr. W. Hew-

LANCASHIRE,

At the late Lancaster assizes there were
only twenty-nine prisoners for trial, and
none were remarkable for atrocity,

A numerous and_ respectable meeting
lately took place at Manchester, for esta-
blishing in shat town a portable ‘Gas Com-°
pany, for the supply of houses, shops, &c.
with compressed oil or other gas. The
establishment was fesolved upon.

It has been ascertained that no tess than

20 ~ 39,000

282

30,000 power looms are now in use in the
district that surrounds Manchester.
The quantity of cotton convert-
ed into yarn in Great Britain
and Ireland in one year is
about
The loss in spinning may be
estimated at one ounce and
a-half per pound

Ibs.
160,000,000

Ae eee ee meena eeneeewes neers

15,000,000

Quantity of yarn produced ... 145,000,000
Amount, supposing 18d. to be

the average price per pound#10,875,000

According to Mr. Kennedy’s calculation
that every person employed in spinning
produces 900lhbs. per annum, the number of
persons employed is 161,111. The number
of spindles employed, supposing each to
produce 15lbs. weight per annum, is
9,666,666. ‘The capital invested in build-
ings and machinery cannot be less than
10,000,000. It is calculated that the rental
of Manchester, including Salford, Chorlton
Row, &c., will be increased at least 15,0007.
this year by new buildings. The increase is
principally in cottage property, under 12/.
a-year.

Married.| Mr. Jos. Edwards, to Arabell,
daughter of John Bancks, m.p.; Mr. Chas.
Hughes to Miss M. Wardle; Mr. J.
Walker, to Miss Birch: all of Manchester.
—Mr. J. Fielden, of Manchester, to Miss
M. Taylor, of Rochdale-—Mr. Weston. of
Manchester, to Miss H. Chapman, of Mac-
clesfield.— Mr: W. Beard, to Miss C.
Critchley; Mr. B. Brown, to Miss S.
Cockbane; Mr. W.S. Helsby, to Miss G.
Mutch; Mr. J. Horward, to Miss M.
Phythian., Mr. R. Wright, to Miss Hi.
Denbigh; Mr. J. Crichton, to Mrs. E,
French: all of Liverpool.—Mr. J. Luck,
of Hartlepool, to Mrs. Adamson, of Liver-
pool.—Mr. T. Webster, of Ingleton, to
Miss Burrow, of Wrayton-hall.

Died.| At Manchester, 56, Mrs. Jannette
Ainsworth, of Great Lever, near Bolton.
—Mr. E. Parkes, late of Deansgate.—26,
Mr, E. J.. Weaver, generally respected.

At Liverpool, Mr. W. Armstrong.—26,
Mr. J. Rhodes.—66, Mr. Jos. Vox, ge-
nerally and justly Jamented.— 58, Elizabeth,
widow of John Smith, esq., of Rodney
street. — 108, Mary Griffith. — 40, Mr. S
Mathers —60, Mr. W. Green.

At Bury, Mary, wife of the Rev. G.
Harris. —66, Mrs. Unsworth, widow of the
Rev. Henry Unsworth, a.m., formerly mi-
nister of St. John’s, much and deservedly
regretted.

At Preston, 88, Mr. T. Nayler, generally
regretted.

At Warrington, 26, Mr. Wm. Leigh,
deservedly regretted.—60, Mr. Jos. Banks.

At West Derby, 80, Mr. W. Purser.—
At Edge-hill, near Liverpool, 41, Robert,
Chappell, esq.—At Wavertree, 53, Mrs.
E. Newby.

CHESHIRE.
Married.| Charles Calley, esq., to Miss

Cheshire—Derbyshire—Nottinghamshire.

[Ocr.

M. A. Royle, both of Chester.—.The Rev.
Robt. Clowes, a.m., Vicar of Knutsfor, to
Catherine, daughter of the Rev. T. Jee,
a.m,, of Thaxted.—Mr. R. Crook, of Over
Dariven, to Miss M. Walker, of Parkgate.
—Mr. W. Bowker, to Miss Corley, both of
Lymm.

Died.| At Chester, 84, Mrs. Williams,
widow of Bennet Williams, esq., generally
and justly esteemed and lamented.

At Macclesfield, Mr. W. Stubbs. —At
Stockport, Miss Anabell Armstrong.— At
Knutsford, 70, Wm. Thomas Quayle, esq.
—At Kingsley, 50, William Hall, esq.,
much and deservedly lamented.—At Du-
kenfield-hall, 44, John Newton, esq.

DERBYSHIRE.

A canal at Ashbourn has lately been pro-
jected by Mr. Johnson, and his surveys
submitted to, and approved by a recent
meeting of the land-owners and traders of
the district of Ashbourn. It is proposed,
by a line little more than twenty miles in
length, passing by the town of Ashbourn,
to connect the Derby canai near to that
town, with the Uttoxeter branch of tie
Trent and Mersey canal. Its chief advan-
tages will consist in conveying coals from
both of its extremities into the district
traversed by it, and the export of admirable
freestone and limestone, some of it possess-
sing water-setting properties, from the
quarries with which it would connect in
Staffordshire and on the east of Ashbourn ;
besides opening a shorter and more direct
water communication between Derby, Leek,
the Wiches, Liverpool, Manchester, &c.

Married.| Mr.F’. Field, to Miss M. Lucy ;
Mr. Lawley, to Miss Harris: all of Derby.
—Mr. E. Taylor, of Frisby, to Miss G.
Bamford, of Derby.—Mr. J. Spendlove,
of Shettle, to Miss P. Marshall, of the
Cliff-house, near Crich—Mr. Jos. Oakden,
of Ashford in the Willows, to Miss M. A.
Hopkins, of Cubley.

Ded.) At Derby, Mr. Benj. Gilbert.
—In St. Helen-street, Miss M. Smith.

At Belper, 64, Mrs. Cath. Hibbert.—
At Openwood-g. te, 68, Mr. Edw. Simp-
son.— At Bonsall, 72, Mr. E. Harding.

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.

We regret to state that the black fever
has lately been introduced into Nottingham.
Several persons have fallen victims, and
others remain dangerously ill. The infec-
tion is supposed to have been brought in
bales of cotton from Egypt.

Married.| Mr, E. Brown, to Miss S.
Greaves. — Mr. J. Stubbs, to Miss P. Riley ;
Mr. E. Oldknow, to Miss A. Goodwin ;
Mr. W. Tansley, to Miss T. Chandler ;
Mr. D. Proctor, to Miss S. James; Mr.
W. Hopkins, to Miss M. F. Barker; Mr.
Jos. Stockdale, to Miss M. Hickling : all of
Nottingham.—Mr. J. Burton, of Notting-
ham, to Miss C. Elston, of Shefiield.—
Mr. W. Dabell, of Nottingham, to Miss
A. Tipper, of Derby.—Mr. J. Woodhouse,

of

1824.]
of Nottingham, to Miss Clayton, of Los-
coe.—Mr. T. Whitworth, of Ratcliffe-upon-
Trent, to Miss H. Talbot, of Sutton-
upon-Trent.—Mr. F. Rippingale, to Miss
H. Flear, both of Newark.

Died.) At Nottingham, in Castle-gate,
86, Mrs. H. Wright.—Ia Snenton-strect,
61, Mr. F. Goody.—In Barker-gate, Mrs,
Elnor.—36, Mr. W. Pearson, late of Grant-
ham.—In Nile-street, 39, Mrs. Haywood.
—In Goose-gate, 54, Mr. W. Burdus.—
Alexander Gordon Donaldson, esq., late of
Dungark-place, near Castle Douglas, Scot-
land, justly esteemed.

At New Bradford, 38, Mrs. J. Wheatley.
—At Beeston, 30, Mrs. A. Seymour.—
At Carlton, 51, Mr. T. Cave.—At Rat-
cliff upon-Trent, 56, Mrs, Allsebrook.— At
New Radford, 46, Mr. S. Peach, regretted.

LINCOLNSHIRE.

The late Agricultural Show at Lincoln
was well attended. Some fine stock were
exhibited, and many entries were made for
the premiums.

A wretched individual named James
Wetherill, was lately executed on Lincoln
eastle-walls, for the murder of a Mr. W.
Berridge, of Brigg.

Married.] Mr. ¥. Dodd, of Lincoln, to
Miss H. Caseborn, of Halifax.— Richard
Thorold, esq., of Weelsby-house, to Miss
Frauces Thunnard, of Boston.”

Died,| At Gainsborough, 24, the Rev.
Jas. Kennedy, generally esteemed and la-
mented. ;

At Grantham, 78, Mr. W. Routen.

At Louth, 84, Mr. Shadlock.

LEICESTER AND RUTLAND.

It has been stated that the Moira and
Ashby-de-la-Zouch Baths were never so
much resorted to as during the present
season. The beautiful structure which con-
tains the baths at Ashby is proceeding to-
wards a completion ; and the erection of a
number of new houses in front thereof may
be looked for by another season. A new inn
upon an extensive scale is also likely to be
built.

Married.| Mr, J. Warden, to Miss C.
Mania, both of Leicester.—Henry Atkin-
son, esq., of Barnsley, to Miss M. Cole,
of Leicester.— Mr. W. Martin, of Leicester,
to Miss L. Flint, of Midhurst.—Mr. W.
Britton, of Sapeote, to Miss Day, of the
Humberstone-gate, Leicester. — Mr. J.
Sharpe, late of Ashby-de-la-Zouch, to Miss
Smith, of Don‘sthorpe—Mr. H. Browne,
of Ashby-dela-Zouch, to Miss E.
Fowler, of Alton Grange. — M. J. Simp-
son, of Bretingby, to Miss A. Oldaires,
of Cesters Over. — Mr. W. Beaumont,
of Barrow-upon-Soar, to Miss F. Carter,
of Coventry.—Mr. J. Wileman, to, Miss
¥. Abbotts, both of Earl Shilton.

Died.| At Leicester, 77, Mr.
Dudgeon.

At Hinckley, Mrs. Milligan, wife of
Robert Milligan, esq—Mrs. Cecil— At an
advanced age, Mrs. Appleby.

Alex.‘

Lincolushire, Leicester and Rutland, Staffordshire, Sc.

283

At Castle Donington, Mr. Hall.

At Ashbourne, 39, Mr. John Frith, jun.

At Long Clawson, 91, Mr. J. Hind —
At Medbourn, the Rey. W. Williams. —
At Holwell, 41, Mr. Jos. Watts. — At
Osgathorp, 22, Miss M. Simpson. — At
Newton Harcourt, Mrs, Weston.— At Hug-
glescote,- 51, Mr. Jos. Inclesant, late of
Leicester.

STAFFORDSHIRE,

Married.| Mr. J. Wilkinson, of Walsall
to Miss Em. Horner, of Wolverhampton.
—Mr. York, to Miss M. Duncomb; Mr.
W. Shoolbred, to Miss W. Wynn: all of
Wolverhampton. — Mr. W. Sparrow, of
Wolverhampton, to Miss S. Turton, of
Gorna].— At Leek, Henry Cruso, esq., to
Miss M. Badnall, of Highfield —Mr. B.
Harrison, of Butterton, to Miss M. Fox,
ot Boothby.—Mr. W. Woolley, to Miss C.
Proud, both of Bilston.

Died.] At Wolverhampton, Mr. Benj.
Molineux, 71, Mrs. H. Walton, late of
Moor-street, Birmingham.

At Burton-upon-Trent, Mr. H. Bake-~
well, suddenly —At West Brunwich, 77,
Henry Seagar, esq., deseryedly regretted.
—At the Oaks, near Wolverhampton, 17,
Miss M. A. Corsen.

WARWICKSHIRE.

A company has been recently formed at
Birmingham for establishing a rail-road
from that town through the Staffordshire
collieries, and iron-works, by Wo!lverhamp-
ton, Nantwich, and Chester, to the Mersey,
to communicate with Liverpool; with
branches to Dudley and Stourbridge, to
the Shropshire coal and iron-works, to the
Staffordshire potteries and to Chester. The
company propose to convey heavy goods be-
tween Birmingham and Liverpool at the
rate of eight miles an hour, and for less
than half the present cost of canal carriage,
Loco-motive carriages are to be employed
upon the road.

Married.) Mr. J: Marshall, of New John-
street, to Miss M. A. Jefcoate, of Blooms
bury-place; Mr. B. Bridgewater, to Miss
Hathaway; Mr. B. Rogers, to Miss C.
Fisher ; Mr. W. Withers, to Mrs. E. Wi-
thers: all of Birmingham,— Mr. J. Wilson,
of Dale-end, Birmingham, to Miss E.
Birt, late of Ashted-cottage.—John Hig-
gins, esq., of Bridge-Town, to Miss Em.
Hunt, of Stratford-on-Avon.—The Rey.
W. W. Greenway, LL.B., rector of New-
bold Verdon, to Miss Emma Mayo, late of
Coleshill.

Died.| At Warwick,
Checkley.

At Birmingham, in Suffolk-street, 27,
Miss Eliz, Sanders. — In Great Brooke-
street, 64, Mr. T. Rochel.—In Suffolk-
street, +26, Mrs. M. Shenton.—In Cole-
more-row, 33, of the firm of W. and T,
Avery, Digbeth— On Snow-hill, 44, Mrs.
A. Cartwright.

At Coventry, in Gosford-street, Mrs.
Morris, much lamented.—In the New

202 Buildings ,

19, Miss M.

oe

284

Buildings, Miss Stringer. — Mr. Wm.
Eburv.—In St. Nicholas’-place. 73, Mrs.
Isa. Cuerton.

At Hockley, 42, Mr. Jos. Ashford.—
At Moseley, 20, Miss H. 8S. Morgan.— At
Graisley Green, 19, Miss A. M. Kempson.
—At Saltisford, 72, Mrs. Burton. — At
Nuneaton, 69, Mr. ‘I. Coleman.

SHROPSHIRE.

An exposure of recent robbery of the
poor took place at the late Shrewsbury
assizes which ought tobe held upinterrorem.
Edward Beatall and George Willings, the
former steward and the latter clerk to the
corporation for the management of the poor
of Shrewsbury, were convicted of em-
bezzling various sums of money. The
amount is stated to be three thousand
pounds! The indignant judge, Parke, sen-
tenced them to fourteen years’ transportation.

Married.} Mr. C. Jones, to Miss A.
Owen, both of Oswestry.—The Hon. and
Rev. William Nevill, to Miss Caroline
Leeke, of Longford-hall. f

Died.) At Shrewsbury, Mr. 'T. Canlin.—

At the Priory, 69, Mrs. Smith, widow of

the Rev. William Smith, generally and de-
servedly regretted.— 78, Mrs. Bromley, late
of the Wyle Cop.—On the Mount, Mrs.
Mary Strange.— Mr. Cartwright.

At Bishop’s Castle, Miss H. James.

At Ollerton, 51, Mr, J. Pratchett—At
Belle Vue, 74, James Male, esq., an active
magistrate, and deputy-lieutenant for this
county.—At Kilsall, Miss E. 8. Bishton.—
At Hopton-rectory, Ann, wife of the Rev.
C. Walcot.—At the Old Lea, near New-
port, 77, Charles Gilbert, esq.

On Thursday, Sept. 16, after a few hours
illness, Thomas Webb, esq., of Kitwell-
House, near Halesowen, aged 74. He had
for a long time retired from the bustle of
public life, to pass the evening of his days
in the bosom of his family. For upwards
of forty years, he had practised as an emi-
nent attorney in Birmingham, and no man
stood higher in his profession, or enjoyed
more entirely, the confidence of his towns-
men than himself. He was a man of a
very superior mind. ‘To his profession he
was an ornament, not only as respected his
legal knowledge, but as the kind, the pa-
tient, disinterested adviser of him who
sought his assistance to extricate him from
difficulties, .disputes and distress. As a
literary character, his acquitements were
general in almost every branch of science.
He was not only a philosopher and a poet,
but a good man, and a bright ornament to
society. He is now no more, but he will
not soon be forgotten ; the memory of his
many virtues, his warm affection as a pa-
rent, his unshaken sincerity as a friend, his
upright conduct as a public member of so-
ciety, will remain indelibly fixed on the
hearts of all who knew him, and now de-
plore his death, ;

WORCESTERSHIRE.
The 10]st Meeting of the choirs of Wor-

Shyvopshire—Worcestershire—Herefordshire, &c.

{(Ocr.

cester, Hereford, and Gloucester, took
place within the month at Worcester. ‘The
amount of each day’s collection at the
cathedral door, was as follows :

Hirst day;;:.idanhisie “i - eee eee
Second day, .....-..+-++- 368 7 0
Whird days) ite... + ya B05 10° a5

Total... .. £828 11 11}

Being 3/. more than the sum collected in
1821. ;

The newly invented stomach pump was
recently used at the Worcester Infirmary
with success, in extracting a quantity of
Jaudanum from the stomach,

Married. | George Thonras Turner, esq., |
of Worcester, to Miss Janetta Pershouse,
of Eardington. — James Best, esq., to

Eleanor, daughter of the late George
Woodyatt, x.., of Worcester.—Mr. P.

Matthews, of Stourbridge, to Miss E. Ed-
wards, of Chaddesley Corbet.— Mr. R.
Bateman, of Evesham, to Miss S. Claridge,
of Berlingham.

Died.| At Malvern, 73, Lieut.-General
Dunn, of Bath. !

, HEREFORDSHIRE,

Married.| Mr. W. Cooke, of Ledbreoke,
to Miss E. Rosser, of Hereford.—James
Jukes Frances, esq., of Walford, to Miss
M. Price, of Sheep Leasow.—Mr. God-
sall, to Miss M. A. Poole,-both of Tar-
rington.

Died.| At Hereford, 80, Hannah, widow
of William Milton, esq., generally and de-
servedly esteemed and regretted.

At Ledbury, 63, James Hurd, esq.— At
Little Hereford, Mrs. Price. —At Lyon’s-
hall, 91, Mr. F. Harper.

GLOUCESTER AND MONMOUTH.

Atthe late Gloucester assizes, five prison-
ers received sentence of death; two were
ordered for seven years’ transportation, and
the remainder to imprisonment for different
periods.

By the recent death of the widow of the
late Mr. Richard Jones of Dursley, the
following bequests, in 3 per cent. Consols,
under his wil] are become payable.
Gloucester Infirmary ...........4 £250

Bath Hospital ...... Cae sania’ weno
For new pewing Dursley Church .. 450
For support of Church Sunday
Schools for boys and girls at Durs-
He aceon Aoki e aes Ss, <a pee 600
To the Friendly Society held at the
Old Bellin Dursley..........-- 250
To four other Friendly Societies, esta-
blished in Dursley, £150 each.... 600
£2400

The residue of the personal property,
after payment of legacies and expenses, is
given to the Gloucester Infirmary.

At the last Assizes held at Monmouth, an
action was brought by a Mr. Shepherd, an
attorney at Usk, to recover from the defen-
dant, overseer of the poor, a penalty of 20/.
for refusing an inhabitant an inspection of

’ the

1824.]
the poor’s-rate levied by the parish. The
Jury found a verdict for the plaintiff for 20/.

Married.| John Sidney Farrell, esq., of
the Artillery, to Miss M. Baynton, of
Clifton.—John Morgan, esq., of Llan-
dovery, to Miss M. Jenkins, of Caerleon.
— Lieut. Wm. Bailey, x.n, to Miss,H.
Ellis, of Berkeley—Mr. H. S. Ludlow,
of Pool-kouse, Yate, to Miss L. Mitchell,
of Joy Cottage, Chippenham.—Mr. W. H.
Hankins, of the Green-house, Dymock, to
Miss J. Jones, of Alltabella, near Usk.

Died.| At Gloucester, 34, Mr. John
Matthews.

At Bristol, in Bishop-street, 83, Susan-
nah, widow of Edw. Watkins, esq., of
Alveston;

At Cheltenham, 56, Thomas Tomlins,
esq. generally esteemed and regretted.—
67, the Hon. Sophia Acheson, sister to the
Earl of Gosford.

At Minchinhampton, 73, Richard White-
head, esq.—At Hartpury, Mary. Anne,
wife of Major J. Canning, of the East-
India Company’s service.— At Brockworth,
Mr. Baldwyn, suddenly.— At Thornbury,
51, Samuel Parmiter, of Bristol, a member
of the Society of Friends,

OXFORDSHIRE,

Marvied.| Mr. T, Slatter, of Holywell,
to Miss R. Davis, of the High-street; Mr.
H. Hamlin, to Miss M. Chaundy, of
Goat-lane ; Mr. J. Smith, to Miss E. Carter,
of Holywell; Mr. Giles, to Mrs, Seal: all
of Oxford.—Mr. W. Brain, to Miss Bears-
ley, both of Banbury.— Myr. W. Blake, of
Oakenbam-farm, Newington, to Mrs. S.
Brangwin, of Grove-end, Bucks.

Died.| At Oxford, 75, Mrs. E. Evans,
late St. Aldate’s.—54, Mr. Benj. Davis—
In St..Ebbe’s, 89, Mr. T. Cox.—In the
High-street, 47, Mrs. Howse.—In George-
lane, 65, Mr. Geo. Andrews, deservedly
regretted.

At Woodstock, 26, Mr. Geo. Darke, of
Worcester.

At Henley-upon- Thames, Mrs. R. Norton.

At Pyrton, 79, Mr. W. Wiggins, re-
spected.—At Fair Mile Henley, Mrs. John-
son.—At Wheatly, 26, Mr. T. Armbrough.
—At South Hinksey, Mrs. J. Hunt, justly
regretted.

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE AND BERKSHIRE.

A clerical magistrate of Buckingham-
shire, a Mr. Lowndes, lately sentenced to
the thread-mill, on pretence of vagrancy,
two licensed preachers of the names of
Harvey and Ward, of the sect of Baptist
[tevivalists, who were collecting money for
the erection of chapels.

A well, possessing medicinal properties,
situate near the extremity of the Long Walk,
Windsor, has been lately re-opened by direc -
tions of the king—lIts taste similar to Chel-
tenham Spa,

Died.| Mr. J. Dinsdale,
Heath; Mr. Geo. Batchelor, to Miss FE.
Bellingham ; all of Buckingham.—Maurice
Workman, esq., of Reading, to Miss Soph,

to Miss M.

Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire and Berkshire, &c.

285

Weston, of Wilsley Green, Cranbrook.—
Edwin Fardon, to Lydia Whiting, both of
Reading, and. of the Society of Friends—
Mr. J. Gregory, to Miss M. Keates, both
of Abingdon.

Died.| At Aylesbury, 74, Mr. Deacon,
justly respected.—50, Mrs. Woodman.

At High Wycombe, 67, Mrs. Priscella
Bevan, a member of the Society of Friends.

At Reading, Mrs. Frewen.—Mr. Fulkes,
of the Forbury. — In London-street, 71,
Mr. Burton.— At Newbury, Mr. J. Stroud.

At West Hendred, 70, Mr. W. Saunders,
mucb and deservedly esteemed.—At Streat-
ley-Mill, Mrs. Child, and Miss Child, her
sister, both greatly respected.

HERTFORDSHIRE AND BEDFORDSHIRE.

Nine small tenements held by the poor
at Eaton, Bedfordshire, were lately de-
stroyed by fire, together with their contents.
A subscription has been opened for relief of
the sufferers.

Married.| Mr. R. Oldaker, of Rick-
mansworth, to Miss Lyd. Lawrence, of
Loosely-row, Prince’s Risborough.— Wil-
liam Walker, esy., of Berkhampstead, to
Miss Charl. Parker, of Treleigh-house.

Died.| At Dunstable, 22, Mr. Chas.
Hart, of Woodham, Mortimer-hall, near
Maldon.

At Hitchin, 69, William Wilshire, esq.,
Chairman of the Bedfordshire Quarter Ses-
sions, and a magistrate for Hertfordshire.
Mr: Wilshire was an active and independent
man, and ever ready to exert himself in the
cause of the freedom of the subject.

At Woburn, the Hon. Mrs. Seymour,
wife of Henry Seymour, esq.—At Saw-
bridgeworth, Molly, widow of the Rev.
John Lane, late vicar.—At Great Chissall,
near Royston, Mrs. Kent.

NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

Married.| QR. T. Scarborough, esq., of
Northampton, to Louisa, daughter of the
Rey. S. P. Harpur, rector of Calthorpe.—
The Rev. Wm. Thursby, vicar of All
Saints, Northampton, to Miss E. M. Har-
greaves, of Ormerod-house, Lancashire.—
Mr. Thornton, to Miss A. French, both of
Byfield.

Died.| At Northampton, 81, Mrs, A.
Cooke.—86, W. Ker, esq. M.p., upwards

~ of sixty years principal medical attendant

at the Northampton infirmary.

CAMBRIDGE AMD HUNTINGDONSHIRE,

The marble bust of the lamented Dr. E.
D. Clarke, by Chantrey, is now placed in
the vestibule of the University Library, at
Cambridge, among those” fine specimens of
ancient sculpture which that celebrated
traveller brought from Greece.

Married.| John Okes, esq., of Cam-
bridge, to Miss M. E. C. Martin, of
Epping.—Mr. J. Smith, of Wisbeach, to
Miss M. Breese, of Walsoken.—Mr, C.
Wakefield, to Miss M. Bacchus, both of
Mareh.—The Rey. — Moore, of Moulton,
to Betania,, daughter of the late Thomas
Tunnard, esq., of Frampton-hall.

Died,

286

Died.| At Cambridge, in Caius College,
25, Mr. Hi. Shaw, son of John Shaw, esq.,
of Gower-street, Bedford Square.

At Ely, at an advanced age, Mrs. Barker,
of Bury St. Edmund’s.

At Wisbeach, 37, Miss Pope, of Friday
Bridge.

At March, 41, Mr. F. Phillips.

NORFOLK.

Married.| Mr. H. J. Balls, of St. Mi-
chael at Plea, to Mrs. Shalders, of Norwich.
—Mr. J. C. Walne, of Brockdish, to Miss
M. Cole, of Surry-street, Norwich. —Mr.
W.H. Edwards, of Norwich, to Miss A.
Brown, of Godmanchester.—Mr. W. Baker,
of Old Backenham, to Miss M. Wade, of
St. Stephen’s, Norwich.—Mr. R. Richards,
of Swardeston, to Miss C. Hays, of Nor.
wich.— At Yarmouth, Mr. J. B. Palmer,
to Margaret, daughter of the late Capt.
Jones, r.N,— Mr. A. Gissing to Mrs, Ever-
son, both of Stradbrook.—Mr. G. Boult, of
Heigham, to Miss M. A. Chambers, of
Yarmouth.

Died.| At Norwich, io Stepping-lane, 42,
Mr, Jas, B.Sparke.—In St. Edmund’s, 33,
Miss A. T. Lamb.—In the Castle Ditches,
68, Mrs. Royal.—36, Mr. R. Wilmot, ge-
nerally and deservedly regretted—In Cha-
pelfield, 86, James Barnham, — esq.

At Yarmouth, 62, Mr. Robt. Pearson.—
46, Mrs. E. Cooper. — 35, Mr. Robt.
Eldridge—76, Mrs. Cath, Smith, — 20,
Mrs. S. Curtis. — 59, Mr. Pierson.—71,
Mr. Ja. Sherring.

At Broom, 84, Mr. Jer. Day.— At Bra-
condale-hill, Henry Beevor, m.v.— At La-
kenham, Miss Hardy, of Norwich.—At
Cawston, 48, Mr. J. Ebbetts.—At Fel-
mingham, Mr. T. Newman.

SUFFOLK,

Married.| Mr. R. Smith, jun., to Miss
C. Fenton, both of Stowmarket.— Mr. J.
Martin, of Beccles, to Miss M. Folkard,
of East Bergholt.—Mr. J. Scope, of Need-
ham Market, to Miss I. Ruffell, of Great
Baddow.—C. Murray, esq., to Miss An-
derson, both of Sudbury.—Mr. B. White,
to Miss M. Kerry, both of Eye.—Mr. Jas.
Wood, of Great Totham, to Miss E.Bourne,
of Munden.

Died.| At Bury, Mr. Newbourne.

‘At Ipswich, 74, Lieut.Gen. John Prince.
—In St. Lawrence, 59, Mr. Rolfe.—In
Lady-lane, 43, Mr. Jos. Cabburn.

At Woodbridge, 39, Mr. W. Osborn.

At Bungay, 78, Mrs. Burstal.

At Beccles, 77, the Rev. Bence Bence,
rector of Beccles St. Michael and Tho-
rington, and vicar of Beccles St. Mary.—
At Wheatacre, Mrs. Sheriffe, wife of the
Rey. T. Sheriffe, jun.— At St. Clement’s,
49, Mr. Filby.—At Rougham, 70, Mr. J.
Blomfield.— At Erisarton, 44, Mrs. Smith.

ESSEX.

A melancholy detail of losses sustained
by the dreadful hail storm in Essex, on
14th July last, has been receently published
in the Chelmsford Chronicle, with the view

Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Kent, Sussex.

(Oct.

of inducing benevolent persons to aid the
subscription now going forward for the rv-
lief of the sufferers. ‘The total loss is stated
at 14,8271 6s. 5d.

Married.| Mr. W. QO. Clay, to Miss E.
Chamberlain; Mr. R. Simpson, to Miss 8.
Bruce: all of Colchester.—The Rev. P.
Sibree, of Wethersfield, to Miss M. Bur-
der, of Finchingfield.—Mr. J. Gurson, of
Thaxted, to Miss S. Osborn, of Chatham.

Died.| At Chelmsford, Mr. Geo, Nokes.

At Braintree, 23, Mr. H. Joslin.

At Rayleigh, Mrs. Wink.— At Forest-
hall, Birchanger, 61, the Rev. W. Elliott,
rector of Mablethorpe, and curate of Henham.

KENT.

The Sittingbourne Bank of the firm of
Louth, Burgess and Co. has lately suspend-
ed payment.

Married.] Mr. Jas. Stock, to Miss M. A.
Ashelby ; Mr. Hooker, to Miss C. Robos 5
Mr. H. Ward, to Miss Harvey; Mr. ‘I’. G.
Meridith, to Miss A. Pratt: all of Canter-
bury.—Mr G. Burgess, of Canterbury, to
Miss M. A. Webb, of Fordwich—Mr. J.
Boyton, of Dover, to Miss E, Strong, of
Ramsgate,— Mr. W. Young, to Miss Hunt;
Mr. S T. Cripe, to Miss A. Shrubsole ;
Mr. W. Fullman, to Miss S. Summers ;
Mr. E, Golding, to Miss C. Foster: all of
Chatham —Samuel Eyles Pierce, esq., of
Tonbridge, to Miss Anna Beehing, of
Tonbridge Wells.—Mr. J. Westover, of
Lenham, to Miss R. Goldsmith,of Chatham,

Died.| At Canterbury, 63, Mr. R. Bax, de-
servedly regretted,—In St. Dunstan’s, 63,
Mrs. Solomon.—In Dover-lane, Mrs. Maxted,

At Dover, Mr. W. Green, late of Lon-
doun.—Mr, J. Neale.—Miss R. Beer.—23,
Miss Susan, Thompson, generally and de-
servedly esteemed,

At Rocliester, 63, RK. Corrall.

At Chatham, 26, Mr. W. Gardener, 74,
Mr..T. Hall.—22, Mrs. Worslett. — 25,
Mrs. E. Cockhead. 80, Mrs. J. Grant.

At Sandwich, Miss M. Westhbeech.

At Mersham, Miss M. Birch, generally
esteemed.— At Hawkhurst, Mrs. A. Greg-
son.— At Whitstable, 44, Mrs. J. Scourge.
—At Appledore, 92, John Eve, esq.,
much and deservedly respected.— At South-
end, Miss Eliz. Forster.—At Cranbrook,
Mrs. King.

SUSSEX.

Married.] Mr. Jas. Gray, to Miss Com-
per, both of Chichester.—The Rey, A. P.
Kelly, of Little Hampton, to Miss Jen-
kins, of Clewer Villa.

Died.| At Chichester, in North-street,
Mrs. Smith.

At Brighton, in Bond-stréet, Mrs. S.
Stone.—74, the Hon. Mrs. Frances Wall.
—Two days after his landing at Brighton,
from the Mariner, Capt. Charles Young,
commander of the Fame, which ship was
destroyed by fire at Bencovlen on the 2d of
February last.

At Hastings, Gillmore Croft, esq., late an
eminent surgeon of London.

At

1824..]
At West Tarring, 77, Mr. J. Goodyer,—

At Bosham, 40, Mr H. Cooke, of
Islington, justly regretted.
HAMPSHIRE.

The General Annual meeting of the
Portsmouth and Portsea Literary and Phi-
losophical Society, was held within the
month, when a very gratifying Report of
the proceedings of the last Session was laid
before the meeting.

The receipt of the late musical festival in
Portsmouth, produced above one thousand
pounds.

Married] Mr. Wansborough, of Weston-
super-Mare, to Miss M. C. Shartman, of
Southampton. — Edward Kirkpatrick, esq.,
of Southampton, to Miss S. 8. Hughes, of
Youngwoods, Isle of Wight.— Mr. S.
Griffin, of Portsea, to Mary, daughter of
Richard Mosbery, esq., of Portsmouth.

At Alverstoke, Peter Stewart, r.Nn., to
Miss E. Collins, late of Eling. —The Rev.
A. Goddard, to Mary Ann, daughter of
Capt. G. Barker, r.n.

Died.| At Winchester, in Cheesehill-
street, 85, Mr. Cole, much respected.

At Portsmouth, Mrs. H. Brown, ge-
erally respected.—Mr. J. Child, of the
Victualling Department.—82, Mr.M. Hart.

At Portsea, Mr. T. Mew.—62, Mis. E.
Bowyer.—62, Mrs. Cooke —Mr. J. Wier.

At Gosport, 26, Louisa, wife of RK. B.
Freer, esq., Vet. batt.

At Shirley-house, 72, the Rev. Sir Chas.
Rich, Bart.—At Ashlands, at an advanced
age, W. Bowles, esq.-—— At Stoneridge-
farm, near Hambledon, Mr. G. Shawyer.—
At Sompting, 54, Mrs. E. Upperton.

WILTSHIRE.
Salisbury Musical Festival, was well

patronized. The following is a correct
account of the number of persons who
attended the performances at the Cathedral
and the Concert-rooms: first morning, 762 ;
second morning, 1200; third morning, 884 ;
— First evening, 425 ; second evening, 482;
third evening, 642.

Married.| Mr. R. Manning, of Mels-
ham, to Miss J. Hutchins, of Marden.—
Mr. Jer. Morgan, to Miss S. W. Provis,
both of Warminster.—James Bradford, jun.
esq., of Swindon, to Miss A. W. Goddard,
of Cliffe-house.—The Rev. Ersk. Neale,
of Edington, to Miss M. Fielding.

Died.| At Devizes, Benj. Webbe Anstie,
esq.

At Everleich-house, Lady Astley, wife of
Sir J. D. Astley, Bart. o1.v. for this county,
generally esteemed and lamented. — At
Froxfield College, at an advanced age, Mrs.
Pettit. —At Ham, 90, Mrs. Elton.

SOMERSETSHIRE,

At the late Somerset Assizes, seven
prisoners received sentence of death; three
were sentenced to transportation for life ;
three to seven years, and others to various
terms of imprisonment.

Married.) John Maddison, jun. esq. of
Green-park buildings, to Miss Georg. Cur-

Hampshire, Wiltshire, Somersetshire, Dorsetshire, &c.

287

tis, of Pulteney-street; Mr, Ed. Fitch, to
Miss Hiss H. Fielding: all of Bath.—Mr.
Jas. Chapman, of Primrose-hill, Weston,
to Miss A. Watkins, of Bath—Mr. Brag,
of Taunton, to Miss E. Strode, of Shepton
Mallet.— William Bryant, esq., to Miss
Mary Mackenzie, of Taunton.—Mr. E. D.
Sparks, of Crewkerne, to Miss Thomas, of
Thickthorne. — Mr. Pritchard, of Easton
Grey, to Miss Saunders, of Milbourn.—Mr.
C. Feltham, to Miss Simons, both of Hil-
perten.

Died.| At Bath, 66, Mr. Skinner, ge-
nerally respected_—On Kingsmead-terrace,
at an advanced age, Mr. Fred. Shum.—In
York-street, Mrs. Hen, Palmer, justly la-
mented.— In Caroline-buildings, Mrs. Hen.
Collison. — In Portland-place, 72, W. H.
Douce, esq.— In Pulteney-street, Mrs.
Anne Sutton, justly esteemed and regretted.

At Bridgwater, Miss K., Way.

At Taunton, 90, Mrs. S. Woodward.—
Edward, son of Dr. Hazleton.

At Freshford, 30, Miss H. Lea. — At
High Littleton-house, Jacob Mogg, esq.,
generally respected —At Kingsdown-house,
72, Catharine, wife of Aaron Moody, esq.

Jn the Circus, 83, Dr. Falconer, He
may be truly said to have been one of the
most distinguished ornaments of this city.
His extensive stores of profound erudition
did honour to the university, from whose
fountain they were derived, ard gave lustre
to Bath, his chosen residence. His profes-
sional career was conspicuous for sagacity
of investigation, and promptitude of appre-
hension. His practise displayed zeal, which
knew no abatement ; assiduity, which made
no partial distinction of persons; liberality,
which may have moderated his fortune, but
will embalm his fame. It has been remarked
by those who were enabled to make the
comparison, that his manner, and his senten-
tiousness of pithy observation, especially in
his later years, bore much resemblance to
the familiar style and address of Dr. John-
son. Of Dr. Falconer it may be said pecu-
liarly, Professions have rarely boasted a
Practitioner so learned— Learning has rarely
produced a Professioner so practically use-
ful. Science is indebted to his pen for many
yaluable publications.

DORSETSHIRE.

Married.| Mr. Glenister, of Bristol, to
Miss Morgan, of Dorchester.—Mr. Chard,
of Langport, to Miss J. Taylor, of Shepton
Mallet.— At Wareham, Mr. Just. Oxford,
to Arethusa, daughter of the late Capt.
Ellis, r.x.—Mr. T. Phillips, to Miss N.
Hicks, both of Stourton, Caundle.

Died.| At Wareham, 79, Capt. Jas, Ellis,
RN.

At Norton, Fitzpaine, 83, Mr. Bunter.

At Lyme, at an advanced age, Mrs.
Tucker, widow of Andrew Tucker, esq. of
Chard.

DEVONSHIRE, ,

At a late meeting held at Plymouth, the
Earl of Morley, in the chair. It was re-

resolved

288

solved to erect public Baths under the Hoe.
—The buildings will comprize, besides
plunge and warm baths, an elegant saloon,
with bazaar and a reading room on one side.
The principal front of the building, which
will be Doric, will face the sea, and the
access will be by stone steps.

The sums at present deposited in. the
Devon and Exeter Savings’ Bank, amount
to nearly four hundred and thirty thousand
pounds.

Married.) W. S. Tucker, esq. to Miss
Eliz. Bidwell, of Exeter—Mr. E. May-
nard, to Mrs. Kemp, of Exeter.— Mr. Geo.
Hooper, of Exeter, to Miss J. Norgate, of
Norwich.—John Mallock, esq. of Axmin.-
ster, to Miss Charl. Arden, of Exeter.—
Mr. Rogers, of Higher-street, to Mrs.
Northcott, of Tavistock-street.— Mr. S.
Blake, jun. to Miss Johan. Arthur : all of
Plymouth.—The Rev. G. Patey, to Miss J.
Holman, of Devonport.—‘The Rev. J. W,.
Button, of Collompton, to Miss B. B. Kel-
son, of Farnborough.—At Stoke, Mr. J.
Hay, to Miss Lawrenee, of Navy-row.

Died.| At Exeter, 70, Mr. J.Ward, much

_ and deservedly respected.—John North Boy-
dell, esq. late lieut. col. of the East London
militia —37, Mr. J. Newton.— Mrs. ‘Tay -
lor.— At Plymouth, 84, the Rev. John Gan-
dy, a.m. the much and justly esteemed vicar
of St. Andrews.— At an advanced age, Mr.
T. Dunsterville.

At Davenport, Mrs.G.Banks.—In Duke-
street, 80, Mrs. Davey —In Mount-street,
59, Mr. Barker.—At Bideford, Mrs. E.
Bartlett.

At Ashburton, 64, Mr. J. Berry.— At
Loddeswell, 25, Thomas John Freke Gun-
ston, esq. of Bishop’s Hull. At Thorver-
ton, William Anthony, esq.

CORNWALL.

A meeting of the inhabitants of Falmouth
was lately held at the Guildhall, to con-
sider of the propriety of establishing a Clas-
sical School there, by public subscription. —
E. Carne, esq., the Mayor, in the chair.
It was resolved to erect a schovl-room,
engage competent masters, &c., and a com-
mittee was formed to carry these objects into
effect.

Married.| James Hendy, esq. of ‘Truro,
to Miss Porley, of Newlyn.—Mr. R. Mar-
tyn, of St. Mabyn, to Miss G. Withiell, of
Treworlas.—Mr.T. Courtenay, to Miss Tre-
bilcock, of St. Clement. sf

Died.| At Falmouth, 39, Mr. H. White,
much and deservedly regretted.— Mr. Ed-
wards.— Mr. A. Williams.

At Penzance, Mrs. Hocking.

At Redruth, at an advanced age, Mr.

Jas. Jenkin,

At Rosewyn, 75, Mrs. Polyblank.—At

Polperro, 98, Mrs. Dor. Bennett.
WALES.

A tremendozs storm of thunder occurred
in the vicinity of Swansea, on the evening
of the 30th of August last, and the rain
fell in such torrents, as to occasion tremen-

Cornwall — Wales—Scotland—TIreland.

{Ocr.

dous floods in the rivers, which disembogue
into Swansey Bay. In many instances the
corn which was cut and standing in large
cocks on the low lands, was washed down
and carricd out to sea.

Married.| Mr. S. Tobias, of Tredegar, to
Miss 5S. Moseley, of Neath.— The Rev.D.A.
Williams, to Miss I’. Charette, both of Car-
marthen.—Henry Lawrence, m.v. of Car-
marthen, to Jane, daughter of the late D.
W. Stephenson, esq. of Sterling-park, Car-
marthenshire.—Mr. Evans, to Miss M. James,
both of Milford.-George Strong, a.m. of
Dyserth, Flintshire, to Miss Bury, of Llan-
vedr’s-hall.— At St. Nicholas, Glamorgan-
shire, Major Mansel, of Iscoed, to Emilia,
daughter of Vice-admiral Sir Charles Ty-
lor, K.C.B, of Cotterili. *

Died.| At Carmarthen, Mys. Jones.—
22, Mr. J. Lewis.

In the Vale of Neath, 72, Valentine
Quin, Earl of Dunraven.— At Clwyedog,
near Dolgelly, 74, Mrs. Edwards, widow of
Mr. Edwards, of Chester.

SCOTLAND.

Marvied.| J. Clark, m.p. ‘Physician to the
Forces, to Miss Gilchrist, daughter of Dr.
Gilchrist, of Dumfries. — At Traparin, East
Lothian, James Murray, esq. to Miss Clara
Goldie, of Athelstoneford.— George Ren-
nie, jun. esq. of Phantassie, East Lothian,
to Jane, daughter of the late John Rennie,
esq.
Died.| At Edinburgh, William Calder,
esq. Lord Provost.

At Dairice, Fifeshire, 85, the Rev. Robt.
M‘Culloch, p.v. minister of that parish —
At Blair, in Athol, Lieut. Col. Johnson,
late of the 4th regt.

At a late meeting at Glasgow, at which
the Duke of Hamilton presided, it was re-
solved to form a Joint-Stock Company, with
a capital of not less than 20,000/. to be
raised in shares of 50/. for the improvement
of the Clyde above Glasgow, and to the for-
mation of rail-ways, branching therefrom
in various directions,

The Senatus Academicus of the Univer-
sity of Edinburgh, have recently passed a
resolution in favour of examiuing medical
candidates for future graduatien in the Eng-
lish language.

IRELAND.

A meeting of Bankers and Merchants was
lately held at Dublin, to consider the* pro-
priety of establishing Steam-Packets be- ~
tween Dublin and London. The design:
was resolved upon. The original capital of
30,0007. has been nearly subscribed, in
shares of 50/. These Packets will touch
at Portsmouth and Falmouth.

Married.] Robert Verschoyl, esq. son of
the Bishop of Killala, to Miss Curtis, daugh-
ter of Thomas C. esq. of Mountown, coun-
ty of Meath.

Died.| At Dublin, the Rey. Robt. Pierce
Gamble, inspector of gaols in that city.

At Mullingar, John Wright, esq. of the
2d regt. Lancashire militia. ‘ ,

7“

“MONTHLY MAGAZINE.

No.402.]

NOVEMBER 1, 1824.

_ [Price 2s.

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
Sir,

W HAVE now before me the last report

made to Parliament from the Select
Committee on Poor Rate Returns, “Or-
dered by the Honourable House of Com-
mons to be printed, 18th June 1824,
paper No. 420.” It contains an exhibi-
tion of the amount of parochial assess-
ments, and the proportion thereof ex-
pended for the relief of paupers, in each
year since 181], down to Easter 1823,
corresponding, I perceive, down to
Easter 1822, with the statement exhi-
bited. at page 641 of the 56th volume of
your magazine: it will be, therefore,
with the amount from Easter 1822 to
Easter 1823, to which the observations
I shall hereafter offer, will more parti-
cularly apply. “ The total sum levied
in the latter year was. 6,898,153/., being
863,287/. less than in the preceding
year; and the proportion expended for
the relief of paupers was 5,773,0962.,
being 585,745/. less than in the preced-
ing year.” The report commences by
expressing the satisfaction of the Com-
mittee in having to report a progressive
diminution of amount in the parochial
rates, and exhibits a statement which
shews that the proportion expended for
the relief of paupers in the latter year
is less by 350,220/. than the annual

average of

The three years ending March 1815, which £.
Ct te 61 RS ra 7 a + 6,123,178

Ditto . ditto. . 7 fo 1815 - 6,844,290

Ditto . ditto. . «= 1821 . % 7,273,229
And in the year ending Easter 1822, + . 6,358,703

Ditto . ditto . . 1823 + 5,773,096

* This last,” says the committee, “ is
lower than any of the periodical aver-
ages, and also lower than any year of
the preceding six.” They, however,
afterwards obserye, “ with reference to
all these instances of diminution, they
think it right to mention the compa-
rative prices of wheat, which was in
1817-18, according to the legal aver-
ages, 90-7 per quarter ; in 1821-22, 53.;
1822-23, 41-11.” “ The degree,” says
the committee, “ on which the amount
of the poors’ rate is affected by the
variation of the price of wheat, will be
more correctly ascertained when the ex-

Montuty Maca. No, 402.

penditure of 1823-4 is known; because
in that year wheat rose again to an aver-
age of 56-6.”

The committee, however, omit to
shew what the result is, supposing the
rates to be affected by the price of
wheat. If the pressure of the rate be
in proportion to the quantity of wheat
or commodity which the money would
obtain, then so far from the result being
a subject for gratulation, it is one rather
for lamentation: because the quantity
of wheat required in”

1817-18 would be 1,742;000 qrs.

1821-22 .......0044. 2,400,000 do.

1822-23 ...s0eeeeee. 2,790,000 do. ’
And, certainly, as far as the occupier ot
land is concerned (and it will be seen
by a statement I herewith send you,
that upwards of two-thirds of the total
sum levied is levied on the. soil) the
pressure of the rate in 1822-23 is greater
than that of any previous year; whilst
on the other hand, as regards the pres-
sure of the remaining portion of the
rate, especially where contributed out of
fixed money incomes; the assessed have
not only been’ relieved by a diminution
of the assessment, but their means of
payment have been increased ina ratio
corresponding with the increased pres-
sure on the cultivators of the soil; a re-
sult which has led me to conclude: that
the system of parochial assessments is
as erroneous in principle as it is odious
in character, a conclusion which has led
me further to reflect, that there is pro-
bably something erroneous: in. the sys-
tem of British taxation in general.

A sober consideration of the state-
ments I herewith send yeu, although
limited im their neture, when con-
sidered in comparison with the ag-
gregate affairs of the nation, detract
considerably from that unparalleled,
elevated, glorious distinction of this
great country, which has of late been so
lavishly bestowed upon it.

In the first place, they exhibit the
amount of the parochial assessments
in each county of England, in the
load ending March 25th 1823; the
atest. period to which the, accounts
returned to parliament,

This

have been
2P

290

This statement, for the first time,
shews the proportion levied on lands
distinct from that levied on houses,
&c.; and I have arranged the counties
in order of total population, with num-
bers of reference to the numerical order
of the number ‘of families returned as
employed in agriculture in each county;
this order of arrangement will be seen
to exhibit the total amount of the as-
sessment in a more striking and in-
teresting point of view, than when the
counties are arranged in alphabetical
order ; the same statement also exhibits
the number of inhabited houses in each
county, and the proportion thereof, in
each, assessed for house-tax, at from
50/. to 400/. per annum, according to a
return made to parliament, and ordered
to be printed on the 3d of June last;
this exhibition will be seen to be in-

Elucidation of Parochial Asessments.

[Nov. I,

teresting, not only as a matter of fact,
of the number of houses assessed at the
rates specified, but as shewing again the
great partiality, or inequality, and in-
compatibility of the system of taxing in
general in this great country. I have
appended a note to the statement, which
shews that in the year ending April Sth,
1822, out of 2,088,156 houses inhabit-
ed, the occupiers of 1,446,002, (nearly
three-fourths of the whole) were too im-
poverished to contribute to direct tax-
ation; and that of 437,626 that were
assessed, the total assessment amounting
to 1,180,250/.; 43,845 rated at 50/. per
annum and upwards, contribute nearly
one-half the amount, and the metropolis
alone considerably more than one-third,
as will be seen by the following: state-
ment, viz.

Proportion In all other Total Amount

Total Number asssessed, in the Parts of of
Li At an Average of Metropolis. England & Wales. Assessment.
£.55 per Amum ........-.-+ 12,829 8,395 4,434 £.99,793
G2 tie ds nad ava mint os ole (ape Asse 8,748 5,955 2,793 80,554
fee AR ene Slash Teena 4,710 3,121 1,689 50,043
SEARO 5 Centers bite! > ATSB 2,821 1,327 51,203
SD e's Aetaniea Ph orsrctatotatere'e vews 1,652 1,139 513 22,133
TOSS sats Raed Vase ee 3,611 2,666 945 54,103
115 ee 812 617 195 13,230
125 -- 1,490 1,187 303 26,372
LBD: rise hate ues sis iatoretieahysiene ms 746 575 171 14,267 .
DAs wo faqlotexeipinn “if 487 398 89 10,002
Wee iticts cag kina sirisininy teh aie = 1,075 932 143 23,604
SER a Toth isin: wnt tala aialate) 6 aeintald Roy he 311 41 8,214
WUD #5 sess vinta, of we: cimiolnioles aenes 233 203 30 5,775
185 . 319 281 38 9,193
195 100 92 8 2,762
210 909 816 93 27,243
BO Bi his alelate wilde tee 210 199 11 6,846
B50 seta ces INS Re 355 529 26 12,570
270 tise os Sfosieiele 107 97 10 4,092
QOD seit cos 80 72 8 3,287
SS eT ae eee 330 310 20 15,193
350 . 158 146 12 8,393
AND =e otra gta kaio ake. ala sinin bias ges 374 360 14 21,194
} 43,845 31,022 12,823 £570,061
All others ..........+.... 393,781, averaging 31 shillings each. 610,189

Total Number assessed... .. 437,626

Total Assessment... £1,180,250

On a careful examination of this sub-
ject, it will be seen that in the whole
county of Norfolk'there is no house
returned as assessed, exceeding 160/.
per annum, and in the whole of the
counties of Suffolk and Durham, none
exceeding 110/. per annum. Thus Holk-
ham, one of the finest residences in the
British dominions, although occupied
by a whig ; and Lambton-hall, in Dur-
ham, another whig residence, do not
contribute equal to the residence of a

common shopkeeper in the metropolis ;
and again, there are’ numerous houses
in the metropolis which yield a rental of
two, three, or 400/. per annum, let out
into chambers or counting-houses which
do not contribute at all, whilst the
anxious shopkeeper next door is com-
pelled to contribute 10, 15, or 202. per
annum, and in numerous instances’ at
the expense of privation and distress
there are other reflexions also grow out
of anattention to this return. It seems

incredible,

1824.]
incredible, when the individual pressure
of the house-tax is considered, that the
aggregate assessment should be so little,
and in whatever point of view it is con-
sidered, the house tax is obviously in-
compatible with fairness and justice, dis-
creditable, if not to the personal, to the
intellectual attributes of the rulers of
this great country, calls loudly for in-
quiry and further investigation into the
past, and instart and unqualified revo-
cation.

I am not aware of any farther obser-
vations which I can offer, that will ren-
der the statement of the parochial as-
sessments and house tax more easily

House Ky ‘ax and County Rates.

291
intelligible. Y have noticed, however,
by repeated communications of your
correspondents, inserted in your ma-
gazine, the general and egregious mis-
take which prevails, respecting the ap-
plication of that portion of the parochial
assessments expended for other purposes
than the relief of paupers, it being very
generally considered as exclusively ex-
pended in removals, and law suits at-
tending removals, than which nothing
can be more erroneous. In the ampli-
fied return made to parliament in 1818,
the application of the assessments on
each of the three years ending easter
1815, is represented as follows, viz.

1812-13. | 1813-14. |. 1814-15.
Maintenance, and Relief of Paupers.......--+++ | 6,679,658 | 6,297,331 5,421,168
Suits of Law, Removal of Paupers, Expenses of
Overseers or other Officers . Seek ode Mate 325,107 332,966 324,665
Maintenance of the Wives and Children-of Militia 157,093 145,406 91,168
All other Militia Charges ........----e0 ee eees 89,109 43,170 14,225
Expended for all other Purposes :—Church Rate,
County Rate, Highway Rate, &c...... PB Bit, J 1,614,871 | 1,692,990 | 1,657,627
Total expended........ £) 8,865,838 | 8,511,863 | 7,508,854

By the above it is seen, that although
the law expenses form a very consider-
able item, abstractedly viewed, it is very
inconsiderable when compared with the
aggregate of the assessments. The mi-
litia expenditure has now ceased, except
to a very trifling extent, which is in-
cluded in the county rate, a detailed
statement of which, under twelve se-
veral heads, for the year 1823 I now
send you; the statement appears some-
what complicated’ in the extent of its
detail, but I hope that you will not
think it too much so for insertion in
your Magazine, being the only one wor-
thy of giving it a place; and when your
readers are informed, that the return
made to parliament comprises twenty-
two folio pages, they will reflect, that
what they lose in clearness they gain in
fulness. Where no item appears. in
column No. 5, (expenses of houses of
correction) in those counties opposite
the blanks, the accounts have not been
kept distinct from those of the expenses
of the gaols. Where blanks occur in
other places, no expenses have been in-
curred under those respective heads :
the statement at. large will be seen to
be a subject for comparative observa-
tion, rather than general; the most
striking feature of the whole statement
will, on inspection, be seen to be the
expense of the county of the town of
Nottingham, the total of which very
considerably exceeds the ratio of ex-

-crime.

pense on any other county ;. the infe-
rences deducible from the circumstance
are, either an extreme profligacy of ex-
penditure, or a lamentable extent of
The next most striking item,
and the only one upon which I shall
offer any observation, is, the enormous
expense for the conveyance of offenders
in the county of Lancaster. It has
been the boast of some, of that great
county, that the ratio of their poors’
rate, was less than in any other coun-
ty; omitting to add, “ that the
crime was greater,” and apparently
forgetful ‘also, that various other
inferences were deducible from the
same fact; the total amount of the
parochial expenditure in that great
county for the last year, say 1822-3,
was 361,250/.; . 219,411. of. which
only was expended for the relief of
privation, and 131,839/. for other pur-
poses, considerably exceeding one-third
of the whole, whilst the average of
England and Wales is only one-fifth ;
the following inference is therefore
fairly deducible from the comparison,
viz. that in Lancashire the standard of
privation or starvation, call it which
you please, is depressed to a lower
mark than in any other county, and
that no small portion of the means
which ought to be applied in relieving
it, are applied to its still further (if pos-
sible) depression, I, shall be happy if

it can be proved to be otherways.
>» oO ‘ “J

292. Statement of Parochial Assessments and House Tax, 1822-3. [Nove ; ;

STATEMENT shewing the Amount of the PAROCHIAL ASSESSMENTS, in eacn
‘ County of ENGLAND & WALES in the Year ending March 25th, 1823, distinguishing,

‘in Col, No. 1. The Proportion levied on LANDS No. 6. The No. of Inhabited Houses

LOOMIS MBS, | Sat a Re pe ee AR aes

—f£—|—¢—|- £--£-

2.° Do.
Be ee 68
4. Do.
5. Toran
in Order of No.1
Total Population.
Lonpon
1 Middlesex 38} 38,116
WESTMINSTER
2 Lancaster 412] 157,791
3 York, W. Rid. 5) 185,658
4 Devon ..... 1) 175,412
5 ene 5 al 4. cote ohn
6 Surrey .... 25) 83,585
7 Somerset .... 6] 136,844
8 Norfolk .... 2] 224,977
9 Stafford .... 17} 99,715
10 Gloucester 11] 95,286
11 Essex...... 4 225,493
12 Southampton 10] 145,278
13 Lincoln cca ale A 166,761
14 Warwick 19) 89,726
15 Suffolk .... 8] 214,667
16 Chester /...18} 89,797
17 Cornwall ..,.14) 87,235
18 Sussex ......13] 217,246
19 Wilts ....., 9) 132,358
20 Derby .... 29) 75,068
21 Durham .... 37] (7,914
22 Salop...... 16} 75,619
23 Northumberld34) 54,022
24 York, East R.24) 70,537
25 Nottingham 30] 57,613
26 Worcester 26) 69,031
27 York, N. Rid.20] 76,105
28 Leicester 33} 91,200
29 Northampton 15] 132,002
30 Cumberland 35} 43,508
51 Dorset .... 27| 70,744
32 Oxford .,.. 22) 98,714
33 Buckingham 21) 102,610
34 Berks ..,.: 28) 76,705
35 Hertford . 32| 73,608
36 Cambridge 23} 78,285
37 Hereford....31] 57,024
38 Bedford .... 36} 66,264
39 Monmouth 40] 23.210
40 Westmorelan.44| 24,529
41 Huntingdon 39} 35,703
42 Rutland .... 49) 11,353

ENGLAND
WALES

TOTAL

©,” The Population Retw

251,025)

4,,602,259| 1,762,950|247,390 |90,909|6,703,501]2,088, 156135,708]4610'3527

on Dwelling Houses
on Mills & Factories
on Manorial Profits &c.

in each County
» 7 The No. of Do. Assessed at
& 50 but under £110 qf Ann.
8,110 but Do. 160 4f Do.
9, 160 and all above ‘

No.2 | No.3 4

512,903} 38,769} 503) 590,291 11965 |1568)1175

107,738} 49,375}11,574] 326,478
65,887} 21,826) 8,597] 281,969
47,461] 2,624) 1,927) 227,425

106,452} 8,258) 1,159] 373,787 35

148,026] 19,672) 1,355] 252,639 175
52,398] 1,993) 3,356) 174,582 106
50,248] 4,205} 2,728) 282,158 —_

42,926] 2,029). 293) 191,026 10
21,874) 4,067) 418) 193,118 ~—
37,923} 9,618) 2,399} 189,667 12
38,965] 5,286] 829) 259,748 —
20,660} 5,219) 1,537} 117,21 2
16,787] 2,196] 6,318) 112,537 _

n» Co

12,625 894) 1,518) 58,540
14,572} 1,353} 1,51 88,182 1
18,657 869] - 393] 118,634 3
13,738] 1,659] 379] 118,387 3
18,595] 2,145 715 98,158 2
19,553] 2,455) 318] 95,935 2
13,826] 1,464} 592) 94,167 1
6,436 208 63,767 =
6,387 644, 142) 73,437 2

22,811] 5,237) 3,161] 282,23

EE —f — —_ —_.. -- —___ | ___ }} -

rn uf 1821, represents 2,088,156 Houses, in ENGLAND & WaALEsas being inhab-

ited in that Year, another return made to Parliament in the Session of 1823, represents 437,626,
out of that No. charged with Duty, on the Assessed Taxes, in the Year ending April 5th, 1822, the To

tal Value Assessed being. £10,168,574 and the Amt. of the Assessment-£1,180;250, about half of which
Amount is contributed by the 43,845 Houses enumerated in the ubove Statement. 202,628 Farm Houses
occupied by Tenants, and used bona fide for Husbandry, - exempt leaving the occupiers 0 1,446,002
out of the 2,088,156 Houses inhabited in 1821 to be too impoverished to contribute to direct T. XATION.

1824]

County Rates, England and Wales, 1823.

‘293

STATEMENT of the Amount of the COUNTY RATE, in cach County of ENGLAND,
- distinguishing the Proportion Expended in the Year 1823, under each of ihe sev eral

tollowing heads, Viz. in Column —
No. 1 Building & Repair of Bripcts
2 Clerk of the PEACE
3 Expences, &c. of Coroners

No.8 . Do. of Conveyance of Offenders
9 Do. of Prosecution of Do.
10 Bo. of Vagrants

11 Incidental Expexces
2 Salary of Treasurer

Do. of GaoLs

Do. of Houses of Correction

Do. of County Hall iS TOTAL. £ 561,453.
Expences of MiLiTiA * Debt paid off. + Lunatic A sylunis.

No1f 2) 3 4 5 | 6/7 8 | 9 | 10) 11 / 12) Toiai.

A
v5
6
7

Bedford ........] 38 2,608 2241 102|°491 | 180}-- 53) 60] 4,638
Berks ......0+ | 757 2,690) 1,520} . 137] 714 |-425) 1431200] 7,104
Buckingham aeeef 108) 3,069 31| 304) 861 | 342/1252] 60] 6,595
Cambridge ......} 163 1,746 898]162) 193/1123 | 162)1240/110) 6,587
Chester * 10,296 [3696 3,410) 3,775}4051 701|2753 | 471) 694)200/30,666
Do. Ciry 560 42) 112 35; 21! . 769.
Cornwall + 1,427 | 514 1,327) 2,612] .- | 62| 315] 295 393} 312) 87}. 7,665
Cumberlandt 451444493 5,823] 155) 141) 34) 14) 480 | 95) 298'103/16,579
Derby .....2+6 | 723 800} 533} 350) 20 793 | 253/1365; 20} 5,706
Devon .......- [3405 1,898) 3,034] 327] 14 2008/3070 | 733/1086,250/16,532
Dorset ........ {1868} 3,556 32) 51) 508] 689 47| 277} 40] 7,617
Durham .. .....-}1400 888) 2.537 39) 209/1272 | 173] 697/100] 7,939
Essex ....--252) 407/1108 1,678] 4,851] 210) 2) 966/3143 | 277|1284,160/14,386.
Gloucester .... 92) 5,564 2,606 203) 89, 588)1344 | 611] 373) 25|12,193
Do. City + 1,067 596} . 103 112} 99] 38] 150) 10} 2,252
Hereford .... 41089) 1,466 1391 229! 697 2/1154) 50] 6,335.
Hertford........] 3 1,542] . 308| 524) 25! 185| 518 | 132] 7/414] 3,955
Huntingdon .... } 20 490| 528) 106 57| 197 | 153) 518) 50] 2,577
Ken tss eens de ot 58, 7,696 16 88 1600/3378 52|1127/200|16,181
Lancaster «<... [1957 4,406 86 2809|12464 | 806/3135'600/31,485
Leicester .... 803 1,329| 1,002] 178] 19) 107/1259 | 115/3256/100] 8,439
Lincoln .,......|1258]/1036| 321 | 2,165] §,960|7709| 56,1053/2252 | 260]/1413/128/23,619
Do. City 18 9} 50 7| 193 962
Middlesex .... ]195 6,209}15,083|1674307| 85915906 | 788|3298,750/38,258
Monmouth .... | 127 1,094) 194) 152) 57) 72) 455] + 7] 121) 53} 2,928
Norfolk .,.... —| 78 1,913] 5;253| 42] 23) 375|1865 | 30| 581150/11,827
Crry of Norwich 957} 469] 498) 77| 82) 315] 18) 477) 50) 3,154
Northampton oe 66. 1,851 59} 35) 89) 186) 916 | 249]1174) 60) 5,417
Northumberland [1611 623] 1,288] 99 274 76| 626 } 157| 256120} 5,825
Newcastle 842) 637 40; 11) 331 | 76} 95) 43] 2,264 ~
Nottingham visis.0 62) 983] 4,314) 200 7| 527|1050 | 239 1014/101} 9,042
Do. Town 193 941].1,847| 360) 71) 688)1153 7| 444) 26] 6,150
Oxford .,...... [113 2,814 31) 99) 685 | 26) 189). 70} 5,668 -
Rutland ...... 150 576 a 4) 26) 72{ 31] 15 957
Salop ....+++.+. 42879 2,289 255172) 263) 678 | 26) 607/120) 7,662
Somerset........41063) 2,738) 6,121 16| 89) 877/2267 | 36/1330 200/16,132
Southampton ARB ie, 1,348] 4,642 53151) 612/1111 | 1181706 100/11,808
Do. Town 221 529) 21 9} 54] 66) 89) 3) 1,090
Stafford + 4,844 6170 4,709 219) 39) 518}1495 | 455/1050; 42/19,929
Sundik os con op ae 1367 6,652| 1,654] 87) 58) 737|1431 | 142 689115 13,759
Surrey. vataienece stoi tEOU) '2,902/20,280] 782! 99) 453/1993 8011149 161/30,030
Sussex ....-% 107 1,144] 3,450] 292/145) 761|1895 | 190) 154) 40) 8,920
Warwick ...... | 244 5 020 158} 8) 678/3963 | 278) 356,150/11,379
City of Coventry] 2 802 339, 52} 262} 25] 513) 30] 2,197
Westmoreland .. [1009 490} 166} 78] 14) 23) 222} 64] 257) 68] 2,555
Wat sso os ore ef GOD 1,969) 2,981 47/1542 | 452/4654/150/13,508
Worcester ......] 329 3,600 231} 84; 213/1208 | 149) 238) 50} 6,415
York, E. Riding 23, 1,045) 1,358 37| 50} 930 | 108/2601/100] 6,954
North Do. {2865 1,580} 1,414. $34/1219 | 30211039)200} 9,796
West Do. + $5282) 1,722) 3,482 171) 792|7674 | 1600|/9614/400/33,688
City of York 16) 76 470| 636} 11 113] 272 452/100) 1,179
Town of Hutt 604) 276 91) 258 | 33) 239) 20) 2,605
WALES 3383,1474' 871 | 6,825) 1,407 1229/295 605}2698 | 409/2268/552|26,886

294

For the Monthly Magazine.
DISEASES Of TREES.

HAVE often been surprised that so

little attention should have been
given to the subject of diseased vegeta-
tion, for in the absence of any facts or
experiments on the origin or progress
of vegetable life and action, analogy
alone would warrant us in the conclu-
sion, that the diseases of plants, like
those of animals, allow, in the great
majority of cases, of mitigation, if not
of actual cure. We are principally in-
debted to that eminently scientific hor-
ticulturist Mr. Knight, of Herefordshire,
for having called the attention of the
natural philosopher of the last thirty
vears to the principal phenomena of ve-
getable life and vegetable disease. The
sagacity of that gentleman has shewn
not only that many of our indigenous
plants were rapidly degenerating, but
that if attention were not soon paid to
the subject (so as to produce or raise
new varieties) several of the best kinds
of the apple and pear bid fair to become
quite extinct in England ere another
generation.

The value of such inquiry is fully ob-
vious to every reader of the Monthly
Magazine; I shall, therefore, offer no
apology for calling his attention to an
able report recently made by Mr. Mac-
leay, at the request of the ranger, Lord
Sidney, “ On the state of the elm trees
in St. James’s and Hyde Parks.” The
object of the inquiry was to ascertain
the cause of the rapid and increasing
decay of those venerable elms, and as
far as possible to suggest some remedy
for its prevention.

Mr. M. justly remarks,

That few persons attribute the cause of
disease in trees to any other origin than
one entirely vegetable, or, in other words,
to the constitution of the plant itself. Yet
in every case, perhaps, where the disease
is infectious, and particularly where it is
confined in a plantation or forest to the in-
dividuals of one species of tree, we may
reckon with certainty on its proceeding
from the attacks of some insect. Every
tree, and every plant seem to have one or
more species of insect destined by nature
to feed on it; and when from the combina-
tion of various causes (as the weakness of
vegetation in a particular air or soil, or in-
attention to the.evil at the proper time for
effectually checking it) the number of in-
sects which attack trees, become increased
beyond certain limits, we must either apply
the axe without seruple to the seat of the
disease, or make up our minds to submit
to the utter destruction of our plantations.

Almost all the timber-eating insects are

Diseases of Trees.

[Nov. 1,
comprised in three orders, viz. colcoptera,
or beetles; lepidoptera, or moths and but-
terflies ; and hymenoptera, or bees, wasps,
&c.. All these insects, in their early state,
are worms or larva: and it is while in this
stage of their life they commit the greatest
injury to the trees, either by gnawing off
the bark or devouring the wood. The
communication of the disease to other trees
is periodical ; for when those worms arrive
at their perfect and winged state, the mis-—
chief committed by them directly is com-
paratively trifling, and results not so much
from their voracity as from their attempts
to extricate themselyes and arrive at the
external air, or else from their endeavour to
commit their eggs to a proper nidus.

But as they are now winged, and capable
of depositing myriads of eggs, the genus of
as many devouring larve, the disease is
thus dispersed throughout, all the neigh-
bourhood of the tree originally, infected.
If, however,. it be in this their perfect state
that these insects are most formidable, hay-
ing attained the power of propagating the
disease ; it is also from an accurate know- |
ledge of them while in this state, that we_
can derive any bope of counteracting the
mischief they-produce. | bees

Mr. Macleay, after suggesting the ne-
cessity of studying natural history suffi-
ciently to make us acquainted with
these predatory insects in their various
stages of existence, and the period of
the year which favours their production
and dissemivation from tree to tree,
farther remarks :

Of the evil which is mentioned aboye, in
general terms, St. James’s and Hyde Parks
afford us too many examples. The elm
trees in both, especially in St. James’s are
rapidly disappearing, and unless decisive
measures be soon taken to resist the pro-
gress of the contagion, we must not only
expect every tree of this species to be de-
stroyed in the Parks, but may have to re-
gret the dissemination of the evil through-
out all the vicinity of the metropolis.

In St. James’s Park, which has been
more particularly under my examination,
there are several species of beetle to be
found attacking the elms. That species, _
however, which occasions all the havoc
which we have now to lament, in the Mall
and Bird Cage Walk, is the hylesinus de-
structor of Fabricius, or the scolytus destruc-
tor of Latreille, an insect, of which the his-
tory is briefly as follows: “ A small beetle,
with its head rather covered with hair, hav-
ing a polished black thorax, and brown
wing-cases ; it- may be seen in great num-
bers running over the trunks of the elms,
from the end of March to the beginning of
July, but chiefly about the end of May or
commencement of June, It may be seen
entering into holes in the bark, which have
the appearance of being perforated with a
gimblet. It insinuates itself into the cre-

vices

1824.)

vices of the bark for the purpose of deposit-
ing its eggs ; and on stripping off a piece of
the loose bark, we may, at any season, un-
derstand how the barking of trees is effect-
ed by these minute animals, for the surface
of the wood thus exposed presents innu-
merable impressions of worms, which may
be compared to casts of broad scolopendriz.
The middle of these impressions marks the
path of the perfect female insect while em-
ployed in laying her eggs, which operation,
as in most other insects, is the immediate
precursor of death. The larve, or worms,
remain throughout the winter feeding on
the tree between the bark and wood.
During the early part of the spring they
acquire the pupa state, when the bark of a
diseased tree has the interstices filled with
a sort of fine saw-dust. After which, the
animal attains its winged state, and pierces
the holes before-mentioned, in order to ob-
tain its liberation, and to escape and mi-
grate to other trees for the purpose of pro-
pagating its species. In the first instance,
the yoracity of the larve, and next the per-
fect insect endeavouring to liberate itself
from the wood, when these animals exist
in immense numbers, soon occasions the
bark to fall inpieces. The consequence is,
that new leaves only make their appear-
ance, they wither in a short period, and the
tree perishes.”’

Mr. M. advises those persons who
have any elm-trees in the state before-
mentioned, to have them inspected every
half year—in the summer, when the
perfect insect is formed; and in the
winter, when those trees are most in-
fected ought to be cut down. And it is
not sufficient that the trees be cut, for
if they are allowed to remain in the
ground till the spring, the formation of
these insects will still go on and infect
other trees in its vicinity. If the timber
cannot be removed, the surface ought
to be scorched, or at least fumigated, so
as to destroy the nidus of these animals.
This kind of beetle is peculiar to the
elm, for the other species of trees in the
parks are free from their depredations.
And Mr. M. very justly remarks, that

In planting, especially in ornamental
plantations, it should be borne in mind,
that indigenous trees are much more sub-
ject to the attacks of our indigenous in-
sects, than those which are not natives of
this country.

With regard to the remedy to be ap-
plied in these cases, it must obviously
depend on the extent of the disease.
If the branches of a tree are.only affect-
ed, they should be lopped off without
delay and burnt. But if the trunk be
attacked, Mr. M. recommends a mix-
ture of tar and train oil to be applied
over the bark to a certain extent from
the ground, for the purpose of arresting

On Aérostation.

295

the further progress of these destructive
animalcule.* The subject appears to
me to demand serious attention, and 1
could have wished Mr. Macleay, or
some other able naturalist, would give
a brief description of all the parasitical
insects and plants which commit such
havoc in our orchards, gardens, and
shrubberies. A work of that kind would
be infinitely valuable, not only to indi-
viduals, but in a national point of view.
Many of the diseases of plants, espe-
cially of the more delicate species, must
be considered as local, and arising from
the great vicissitudes of our climate.
But-an essay or popular treatise on the
production of the various kinds of fungi,
and the connection that appears . to
exist between the formation of this
parasitical class of vegetation, and the
peculiar soil on which it is more or less
prevalent, could not fail to prove highly
valuable to all who have the smallest
taste for the beautiful pursuits of hor-

ticulture.
——a———

For the Monthly Magazine.
ON AiROSTATION.

HEN we consider the extreme
liability to accident which at-

tends the ascent and descent of a bal-
loon, even under the most skilful
management, it seems truly astonishing
that any individual should undertake so
perilous an excursion for the mere gra-
tification of a gaping multitude ; for it
is extremely doubtful whether, as a pe-
cuniary speculation, it has answered the
expectations of the aéronauts in one
case out of ten. The present summer
having produced two instances of fatal
results, Mr. Harris and Mr, Sadler ;
and several failures having occurred to
other aéronauts, it is presumed we shall
hear no more of these worse than use-
less excursions. If any objects con-
nected

* The writer of this article, from his own
experience, begs to recommend the addi-
tion of caustic, or recent lime, to the tar or
oil, as it kills the insects, while it fills up
the cayities of a diseased tree. The coal-
tar and ammoniacal liquor of the gas-works
would be far the cheapest commodity for
this purpose, and probably be more effec-
tive than vegetable tar. Its disagreeable
odour may form some objection to its adop-
tion in close plantations adjacent to dwel-
lings; but it possesses the additional pro-
perty, of keeping off cattle from the bark of
young timber or other trees, as well as
checking the formation and progress of in-
sects. It is therefore well worthy of trial
in all young plantations where any diseased
trees make their appearance.

296
nected with the pursuits of science or civil
economy were attained by these aérial
trips, it would afford some grounds for
‘their justification: but scarcely any of
‘the atmospheric phenomena which ad-
mit of examination or observation in
the car ofa‘ balloon, that might not
be’ observed with more accuracy, on
the side of a mountain.

The climate of this country is per-
haps more uncongenial to this pursuit
“than that of any other country in Eu-
rope. From our insular situation, and
other local causes, we are peculiarly
‘liable not only to contrary currents of
wind, but the formation of clouds by
‘these opposing currents of air, at dif-
‘ferent temperatures, is a natural conse-
‘quence, by the condensation of aqueous
vapour : and in passing through a dense
‘cloud of considerable thickness, the
aéronaut is not only subject to great
inconvenience, but he is also disqualified
from paying attention to any other ob-
ject but his personal safety. It is also
well known that dense clouds are
usually accompanied by a great accu-
mulation of the electric fluid; and as the
balloon and its appendages may be con-
sidered as a conductor between a cloud
‘and the surface of the earth, there must
be considerable hazard to the aéronaut
from this source, and which will ob-
viously be increased by the metallic
‘substances adjacent to his person.
‘There is every reason to believe that
the late Mr. Harris met his death by a
discharge of the electric fluid; for the
‘appeafance of the body, according to
the evidence adduced on the coroner’s
inquest, was such as could be only ex-
nlained by ‘violent concussion on the
read and neck. The female who ac-
companied him was also found at the
bottom of the car when the balloon fell
near Croydon, in a state of insensibility,
similar to wliat is observed in persons
struck down with lightning. But the
sickness and vertigo always attendant
con- an aéronaut making an ascent to
any considerable altitude, and the con-
tinual liability of the balloon to ex-
pand by the decreased density of the
ambient air, as well as by the direct
rays of the sun on emerging from a
cloud, must render. it exceedingly. dif,
ficult to regulate the buoyancy of the
machine by the valves on one hand,
and the ballast on the other,

As to the question of directing a bal-
loon to any given point, it appears
absurd; for it should be considered
that the:-whole machine forms, as it
were, an atom of ‘the atmosphere,
in which it floats, and is carried

Character of the Turkish Government.

[Nowe l,

-along with that particular stratum of

air, whatever may be its motion, or the
velocity of the wind at the time, Hence
we may account for the distressing
whirling motion often complained of
by aérial travellers, which is produced
by the eddy wind of two opposing cur-
rents. The descent of a balloon is
also attended with great hazard, in even
the most favourable ‘cases; it is liable
to come in contact with trees, build-
ings, or other obstacles, for which there
seems to be no adequate remedy. The
grapple will sometimes succeed; to
this a long rope might also be ap-
pended, so as to enable an assistant be-
low to prevent the balloon being dragged
along the surface, to 'the imminent dan-
ger of the traveller: or if a small line,
with a ‘light weight attached, formed
part of the apparatus of an aéronaut, it
might perhaps be found useful when ap-
proaching the earth, both by lessening
his momentum, and in gaining the assist-
ance of persons below. Every friend of
humanity must, however, wish these
childish amusements to be abolished.
Brighton, Lam, &e.
14th Oct. 1814. W. Pi Ps
, Mee

For the Monthly Magazine. «
Cuaracter of the Turkish GovERN+
ment, by Aati Errenni, @ celebrated
Turkish Historian.*
T is in his chapter of the twenty-
third event of the reign of Moham-
med IL that he gives’ this ‘striking sen-
tence, towhich every one acquainted with
the history of: the Osmanlis, will readily
subscribe. He there relates the: unjust
enterprize of that monarch against the
prince of Alayé, the last of the dynasty
of the Seljukides, whose ‘ancestors had
invested Osman, the founder of the
Ottoman dynasty, with a castle. And
after having enumerated the motives of
gratitude which ought to have restrained
Mohammed: from: destroying the last
prince of a house to whom his: owed ‘all
its greatness, he concludes, ““ It.is a
proverb well known in the world, that
the Osmanlis do ’not know the right of
truth, and that benefits are of no avail to
him who attaches himself to that house.”
It is upon this maxim that the above
affair was founded, viz. the usurpation
of the country of Alayé. =
The innate generosity of the Osmanlis ~
consists in not récognizing the services
of their devoted viziers, and im having
them executed under the slightest pre-
tence with tyranny and qbeais
Saree Notte

vO

* Furnished by Mr. Von Hammer in the
Journal Asiatique.

Or rr ee

1824]

For the Monthly Magazine.
WALKS IN LONDON.
THE MONUMENT.

URROUNDED by objects magni-

ficent or interesting in themselves,
the generality of London pedestrians
are content with the gratification’ af-
forded by the present state of the city;
but let us not, absorbed in the gran-
deur and the opulence, which are. so
broadly displayed in every point, forget
the former inhabitants. It is not only
amid tombs and charnel-houses that we
should allow the dead to engross a por-
tion of our attention ; the places where-
in our ancestors flourished, the scenes
of their triumphs, their trials, or their
afflictions, ought not to be passed with
indifference. It is true that the silent
walls bear no record of those who now
are dust, save a disregarded, or. per-
chance corrupted, name; but if we are
imbued with that spirit which prompts
us to search for the wreeks and rem-
nants of mortality, and to exclaim with
the Prophet, in his vision, “ Let these
dry bones live!” princes and senators,
warriors and martyrs will arise, and
we shall find ourselves surrounded by
much that is great and venerable:
though we may recoil from the crimes
and sufferings of the darker ages,
yet, in the struggles for power, in
the rebellions, the treasons, and the
tyranny of those times, we may trace
the germ of much that constitutes
our present happiness and pride. The
passions of men controuled by the re-
straint of civilization, exhaust them-
selves upon paper; gauntletted gloves
are no longer flung down in proud de-
fiance on the floor of the House of
Lords, nor, do the retainers. of rival
barons combat with each other in
the streets; and though this change
in manners must be estimated as one
of the greatest blessings we possess,
yet it has driven us to seek for all that
is pictorial and imposing in less polished
times, when power was with the strong,
and lawless force trampled upon the
rights both of the subject and the king ;
when greedy vassals lived upon the rude
hospitality of their masters, and were
thus kept in a state of servile dependance,
and even a gentleman of birth pre-
ferred the badge of a nobleman, a
livery and a sword, to the cultivation
of those useful arts which, in our days,
by raising the middle ranks to impor-
tance, have curbed the insolence of the
nobility and the licentiousness of the
rabble. Scenes of riot, contention, and

Monrputy Mac. No. 402.

Walks in London.—The Monument.

297

bloodshed, formerly of almost every day
occurrence, are fast fading away from
the memories of men, for history dis-
dains to enter into those minute details
of individuals the most active in pro-
ducing usurpations and revolutions,
which can alone give a lively interest
to events so long gone by. In the
chivalrous age of our remote ances-
tors, the history of every statesman
and of eyery commander was a ro-
mance, and seldom has the pen of fiction
ventured to relate such strange vicissi-
tudes as have in reality befallen the
great, the valiant, and the rich. It is
in the city, now the exclusive posses-
sion of commerce, that we shall find
the greatest number of records of
these who have distinguished them-
selves in the olden time. Not a single
name which the tongue or the pen of
Fame has emblazoned, but may be dis-
covered by diligent search in remote
alleys, forsaken lanes, and narrow
courts. London, from time immemo-
rial, has been the resort of all the rank
and talent of England; and whilst we
are perambulating the most squalid
avenue, or surrounded by the ensigns
of vulgar trade, we have only to recur
to the past to feast the mental vision
with scenes of grandeur and magnifi-
cence.

The monument is now growing out
of fashion as one of the sights of Lon-
don, yet it does not deserve to be neg-
lected, for highly interesting in itself,
as a work of art commemorating a sig-
nal catastrophe, it is surrounded by
sacred ground, the scites of houses once
tenanted by the best blood in Britain’s
Isle.* This beautiful pillar, one of the
most noble works of Sir Christopher
Wren, was disgraced by the rage of
party; the uncharitable and intolerant
spirit of the professors of the reformed
faith, unmindful of the mild precepts of
their religion, stigmatized their unhappy
brethren of the Roman persuasion as
the occasion of the late calamity which
had ravaged the city ; the most frightful
and improbable calamities’ were heap-
ed upon the papists, and even the king,
notwithstanding his extraordinary ef-
forts in staying the progress of the
flames, was included in the accusation.
Pope has justly vented his indignation
at the malevolent inscription, which

taught

* It is scarcely necessary to mention
that the monument was erected as a memo-
rial of the great fire in 1666,

2Q

298
taught so large a portion of the com-
munity to gaze upon one of the finest
ornaments of the capital with horror
and disgust, as it perpetuated a vile
slander, emanating from a brutal fac-
tion.
“ Where London’s column pointing at the
skies, :

Like a tall bully lifts its head and lies,”
exclaims the incensed poet. The witty
Duke of Buckingham, more desirous to
excite ridicule than to condemn injus-
tice, is said to have written the follow-
ing distich on the Monument in chalk.

“ Here stand f,

The Lord knows why :

But if I fall,

Have at ye all.”
A piece of doggrel only worthy of re-
cord as the extempore effusion of a

nobleman,’ so ready and frequently so.

powerful in his sallies.* Nearly oppo-
site to this fast-decaying trophy of
hatred, stood a large stone house,
the habitation of our famous Black
Prince, the white-plumed hero of Crecy
and Poitiers ! ~He who, by the judicious
disposition of his troops, first taught
the art of war; and by the courtesy
and magnanimity of his disposition, di-
vested defeat of its most poignant sting,
and obliged the vanquished to honour
their conqueror. The graceful feathers
which he wrested from the helm of a
king, and the garter which he wore on
his knee, are still the brightest orna-
ments of the heir apparent and the peers
of England. The most illustrious of the
orders of knighthood,—that which has
only been bestowed upon one com-
moner, Sir RobertWalpole, and which,
in the days of Camden, had been worn
by twenty-two kings beside those who
sate on the British throne,—was insti-
tuted by his gallant father; one of our
erudite historians observes, there is
no good reason for rejecting the pic-
turesque tale of the order’s origin. Ed-
ward, we are told, having at a dance

* We are told that the Duke occasioned
the utter condemnation of a play of Dry-
den’s by a witty impromptu. One of the
characters exclaimed—

*« My wound is great because it is so small.”
And Buckingham instantly replied—

“Then ’twould be greater were it none at all.”

His own drama, however, did not escape
criticism. We are informed, by Evelyn in
his diary, that he went to see the rehearsal :
then follows his opinion, “ A ridiculous
farce and rhapsody, buffooning all plays,
yet profane enough.”

Walks in London.—The Monument.

[ Nov. 1,

picked up a garter, which the beautiful
Countess of Salisburyhad dropped, and
observing a sarcastic smile on the faces
of the company, swore loudly, “ that
the greatest amongst the spectators
should be proud of wearing such a gar-
ter,” and straightway founded the order,
the motto, “ Honi soit qui mal y pense.”
** Shame to the man who thinks amiss.”
It must not, however, be concealed, that
Bastelle, in his chronicle, speaking of this
institution says, “‘ Howbeit some do af-
ferme that this order beganne fyrst by
King Richard Cure de Lyon, at the sege
of the cytye of Acres, wherein his greate
necessyte there were but 25 knighte
that fyrmly and surelye abode by him,
where he caused all them to weare
thonges of blue leg there aboute their
legges, and afterwards they were called
the knightes of the blue thonge.” It
wotld be needless to expatiate upon the
deeds of the Black Prince, since the
bare mention of his name is sufficient
to recal his exploits to the mind, but
those who are curious respecting the
domestic ornaments of the thirteenth
century, may be gratified by an extract
from the will of the Princess Joan,
widow of the warlike Edward, who be-
queathed to King Richard II. “ her new
bed of red velvet, embroidered in ostrich
feathers of silver, and leopards’ heads of

gold; also to her son Thomas, Earl of

Kent, her bed of red camak, paled with
red and rays of gold; and to John Hol-
land, her other son, one bed of red ca-
mak,”’ a description which implies mag;
nificence, scarcely to be surpassed by
the luxury of any succeeding age. At
this period, the invitations given by
Edward III. to foreign artificers, occa-
sioned the general use of clocks through-
out England; and though the wars in
France drained the kingdom both of
men and money, the English acquired
many conveniences, before unknown to
them, by their intercourse with their
continental neighbours. In Stow’s time,
the residence of the Conqueror of France
had become a common hostelrie, having
a black bell for the sign. Near this
spot stood a mansion, called Poultney’s
Inn, the usual title given to the habita-
tions of great persons; it took its name
from its founder, Sir John Poultney,
four times Lord Mayor of London, and
was afterwards tenanted by the Hollands,
Dukes of Exeter, a potent but most
unfortunate race. Pennant remarks
upon the tomb of John Holland, in St.
Catherine’s Church, East Smithfield,
that “he died in his bed in 1447, a

1824.]

wonderful thing in his family, not fewer
than four of this great house, in little
more than a century, having fallen by
violent deaths.” The first of the men,
John Holland, Duke of Exeter, half
brother to Richard II., was beheaded
by Henry IV. for a conspiracy to replace
that ill-fated monarch on the throne,
and aftey his execution, barbarously per-
formed at Bristol, by a bungling execu-
tioner, the king granted Poultney Inn
to the mad wag, his son, Henry Prince
of Wales,* whose cellars he also stock-
ed with the red wine of Gascony, duty
free; and here, perchance, as well as at
his favourite haunt, the tavern in East-
cheap, he abandoned himself to those
wild frolics, which, so happily comme-
morated by our divine Shakespeare.
form an untiring subject of amusement
to every reader possessing the slighitest
relish for wit. The house afterwards
returned to its former owners,* the
Dukes of Exeter; and during the civil
wars of the Roses, its master sometimes
advanced to the highest point of splen-
dour, lived as became the princely line
from which he had descended, and, at
others, roamed in foreign lands a wretch-
ed mendicant, Philip de Comines af-
firms, that he has seen Henry Holland,
Duke of Exeter, when obliged, by the
defeat of the Lancastrians, to seek for
safety in flight barefoot, begging from
door to door, and running after the
Duke of Burgundy’s carriage in the
same ragged condition for a trifling
alms: at length this wealthy prince
granted to him, and an equally illustrious
and indigent exile, the Duke of Somer-
set, small pensions, on which they were
enabled to subsist without imploring the
aid of casual charity. But soon came
the restoration of Henry VI. In his
turn Edward Plantagenet was compel-
led to fly from his kingdom in such
haste, that he had no time to provide
himself with money for his journey, and

* In speaking of this prince, we are called
upon to record his literary taste, a feature
not always noticed by historians. Andrews,
in his chronology, says, ‘‘ That Henry V.
loved books beyond the power of purchas-
ing them, we know from Rymer’s Foedera,
where we find, in 1424, a petition from the
Lady Westmoreland, that the Chronicles
of Jerusalem, and the Expedition of God-
frey of Bouillon, which the late king had
borrowed of her might be restored. The
prior of Christ Church, Canterbury, had
also lent the king the works of St. Gregory,
and complains of the prior of Shene for de-
taining the book.”

Walks in London.— Fhe Monument

299

was obliged to give his ermine cloak
in payment to the master of the vessel
for his passage to Holland; and the
Duke of Exeter returned to England,
to enjoy those advantages befitting his
high rank and wealth, having been ac-
counted, in the early part of Henry’s
reign, the richest subject in the realm,
But shifting as the scene of a pantomime
was the fortune of this luckless noble-
man. On the total overthrow of the
House of Lancaster, the utter blight
of the red rose, after fighting with m-
effectual bravery. at the battle of Barnet,
he escaped to the sanctuary at West-
minster, where he remained for some
time in the vain hope that his wife, who
was “ sister every way to the vindictive
Edward,” would procure his pardon
from that triumphant monarch; but
equally infelicitous in wedlock as in
war, this hard-hearted woman was
wholly bent upon breaking the tie which
bound them together, and, neglectful of
his interests, employed herself in-bring-
ing about a divorce. Tired of being
immured in the sanctuary, and disgust-
ed with the unfeeling conduct’ of the
Duchess, he withdrew privately from
London; and reduced again to the
most abject state, with no other pros-
pect than that of subsisting by the
bounty of others, he attempted to cross
the sea in a small boat, but the waves,
equally unfriendly as his enemies on
shore, wrecked the frail vessel in which
he had embarked, and his lifeless body
was cast upon the coast of Kent, a cir-
cumstance which, even in the distressed
condition of the Duke of Exeter, was
considered fortunate by the prosperous
Edward, who had been taught to fear
this unwaving partizan of the rival house
as a powerful opponent. Nearly ‘four
hundred years have elapsed since the
death of this valiant but ill-starred gentle-
man, and never has any tragedy, brought
forward upon the stage during so long a

‘period, presented so affecting a picture

of grandeurin distress as that of the Duke
of Exeter, reduced to beg his bread of
the proud nobles of Burgundy; the
reality of suffering has exceeded the
fiction of the dramatist, and an incident
too painful for representation, nobility
in rags, craving a morsel from the hand
of charity, is to be found only in the
veritable page of the historian. Passing
through several hands, Poultney-Inn,
granted by Edward VI, to the Earl of
Shrewsbury, changed its name to that of
Shrewsbury-house. The noble family
of the Talbots, wheresoever we shall

2Q2 meet

500

meet them, claim the reverence due
to a long line of ancestry, unsullied
by those crimes which too frequently
stain the annals of contemporaneous
houses, fortunate also in their political
career, though the male line has sur-
vived in baronial rank for upwards of
seven centuries. Neither treasons nor
attainders haye eyer clouded their splen-
dour, nor have they bedewed the boards
of a scaffold with their blood ; yet by no
means exempt from those miseries
which flesh is heir to, calamities of a
domestic nature were the portion of the
individuals who escaped violent death
upon the battle field, the honourable
yet untimely end which laid many of the
Talbots prostrate. The title of Earl
was granted in the reign of Henry VI.
to the gallant commander in the French
wars, who with his brave son fell before
the walls of Bourdeaux, We are told
that the herald of the glorious veteran
sought out the body amongst heaps of
slain; wept over it, and embraced it
with these pathetic words: “ Alas ! my
Lord, and is it you?—I pray God, par-
don all your misdoings! I have been
your officer at arms forty years and
more; itis time that Ishouldsurrender to
you the ensigns of my office.”” With these
words, and with the tears gushing from bis
eyes, he threw his coat of arms over the
corpse: thus performing one of the
ancient rites of sepulchre. The sixth
Earl of Shrewsbury, who received Poult-
ney-Inn from the hands of the youthful
monarch Edward, was so singularly un-
fortunate in his matrimonial connexion
with the widow of three husbands, Ro-
bert Bewly, Sir William St. So, and Sir
William Cavendish,* that the Bishop of
Litchfield and Coventry, writing to the
Earl, in 1590, comforts him with this

* This lady, surviving the Earl of Shrews-
bury, became'a fourth time a widow. In
early life she had been very beautiful, and
accustomed to adulation, which her riches
purchased for her after her charms had fled.
She was most unwilling to leave her vast
possessions in. this world for an uncertain
portion in the next; and clinging with
fruitless tenacity to life, she consulted
soothsayers respecting the term of her
existence. They assured her that she
should not die’ whilst she continued to
build ; and we are informed that Chatsworth
owes its origin ‘to’ this prediction: ‘“ The
juggling fiend, who keeps the word of pro-
mise to the ear and breaks it to the mind,”
played his usual trick; ‘the lady resigned her
breath during a hard frost, in which the
masons were prevented from working; at
least, so says the tradition.

Walks in London,—The Monument.

[ Nov. J,

remark: “It is a common jeste, yet
trewe in some sence, that there is but
one shrewe in all the worlde, and everee
man hath her.” This nobleman was
one of the most upright, as well as the

most able, statesmen of his age ; he was.

of the council of Queen Mary, and ex-
hibited an instanee, remarkable in those
days of jealousy and distrust, of equal fa-
vour from her suecessor, who chose him
to fill the same station, and afterwards
appointed him: to the dangerous office
of holding Mary of Scotland in custody.
Though he may thus be said to have
guided three females, nay, three queens,
he was unequal to the government of a
fourth, and he to whom the proud
daughters and the niece of Henry VIII.
submitted their judgment at least, was
subject to the intolerable caprice of an
ambitious and self-willed woman, who
not content with having induced him te
settle vast property on the children of
her third husband, the Cavendishes, to
the prejudice of his own, meddled with
state -affairs, and boldly released him
from his superintendance of the captive
princess, by a real or feigned complaint
of jealousy, a measure which might
have cost the Earl his, head. - But the
history of the Talbots, duringsuccessive
reigns, presents only a struggle: of jar-
ring interests between husband and wife.
The life of the-seventh Earl was em-
bittered by the interferenee of his Coun-
tess in the affairs of the unfortunate
Arabella Stuart. -The-son of the tenth
Earl was killed by the King’s side at the
battle of Marston Moor, and Francis,
Earl of Shrewsbury, in the reign of
Charles -II., whilst vindicating his -in-
sulted honour, fell in a duel with the
Duke of Buckingham, a meeting -at-
tended with so many shameful cireum-
stances on the part of the licentious fa-
vourite and the equally abandoned
woman, whose conduct. brought. her
husband to the grave, that delicacy
recoils from. the narrative. ~The con-
templation of misery hiding. its wrinkled
front under the embroidered robe, the
certainty that no rank nor station) will
shield us from the visitation of evil,
may well reconcile: us. to the : petty
troubles which we encounter in our
pilgrimage on earth. Even whilewe gaze
on the record of frail, mortality, the
spot once inhabited. by princes) and by
nobles, time steals away,a) portion: of
our existence, and whilst the; dead ap+

pear to be sinking into deeper: oblivion, -

the distance which separates us) is
shortened, R.-

1824.]
For the Monthly Magazine.

On the Necessity of applying Mathema-
tical Principles in the Construction of
Four-Wuecr CarriaceEs.

YT AHNHOUGH none of the operative

arts have received more encou-
ragement from the opulent classes of
society than coach-building, it must be
evident that there is yet ample room
for improving that art ;. the Greeks
and Romans, were acquainted with a
better principle than those now in use
for giving action-to four-wheel carriages,
though their mode of using that prin-
ciple has not been transmitted to us,
and must have been lost, like the art
of making malleable glass, and other
practical processes.

The chief defects of the four-wheel
carriages now in use are, first, their in-
ability to turn as quick as the horses ; 2d.
their liability to overset ; 3d. their heavi-
ness n draft. ‘The first-mentioned de-
fect is the chief cause of the» second,
and both of them originate from two
errors of construction, which shall be
demonstrated presently; one is, that
the centre of action is in a wrong
place, viz., at the perch bolt of the fore
carriage, and not where it ought to be,
viz., half way between the two axles, at
or under the centre of gravity, when the
carriage is in a horizontal position ; and
the other error is, that the hind axle or
wheels have no lateral or spinning ac-
tion like the fore ‘axle and wheels, the
hind axle being fixed at right angles
with the perch or longitudinal section
of the body, and with the axis of both
the bind wheels in the same right line.
Here itis necessary, though unseason-
able, to interrupt: this statement, in
order to anticipate an exception which
might be made to the plan above as-
signed for the centre of action, because,
when a carriage is turned short, without
any progressive motion, the centre of
action then appears to be in the hind
axle, as one of the hind wheels then
revolves backwards and the other for-
wards, at which time the centre of ac-
tion appears to be in the middle of the
hind axle, or else the hind wheel of the
side to which the carriage turns spins
without revolving on the lowest part of
its circumference, and the other hind
wheel encireles the former which is idle,

‘until it:obtains rotatory motion by get-

ting into the line of draft: during which

suspension of its rotatory motion, the

centre of: action appears to be in that
arm of the hind axle which is the axis

On the Construction of Four-Wheel Carriages.

301
of the idle wheel. But it should be con-
sidered, that the centre of action alluded
to in this exception is the centre of the
action or’ movement of the whole car-
riage relatively to surrounding objects,
but is not the centre of that action or
movement which enables the carriage
so to change its position without pro-
gressive motion, for the latter is cer-
tainly the true action of the carriage
itself, and is at the perch bolt, and
therefore it can at most be asserted,
that the action of the carriage is thus
divided between the fore and hind car-
riage. But even if the exception be valid
to the extent above stated, it only proves
that the centre of action is occasionally
in the hind axle, and consequently not
at or under the centre of gravity, which
is the right place.

All the’ before-mentioned causes
concur in oversetting a common car-
riage when it makes a rapid turn on
a descending road; and the danger
is not a little increased by the dispro-
portionate lowness of the fore-wheels,
because the centre of gravity is by the
descent thrown towards or over the
fore-carriage, at the very moment when,
by the turning of the fore axle and
wheels, the slope of the road, and the
change of the line of draft, the centre
of gravity is left without adequate sup-
port; and when the impetus which it
acquired from the descent, sways the
body of the carriage in the original di-
rection, at that moment the hind wheels,
instead of supplying the support which
is wanted, are too slow in getting into
the line of draft, and therefore contri-
bute to make the catastrophe certain.

The cause of another defect, viz.
heaviness in draft, remains to be ex-
plained; but the disproportionately small
or low fore-wheels of common carriages
has been so fully proved to be the chief
cause of their heaviness in draft by wri-
ters upon the subject, that it is needless
here to enlarge further upon their solid
arguments, than to say, that the small-
ness or lowness of the fore-wheels is a
direct and immediate consequence of
misplacing the centre of action at the
perch-bolt of the fore-carriage, because
with that centre of action the fore-
wheels must be small or low, to lock in
near enough to the perch, and under the
body of the carriage, to allow the fore
axle to attain to an angle of at least
45° with the fore transom.

There are, however, several other
causes of heaviness in draft inherent in
common carriages; one is the necessity

of

802

of making the middle or‘shank of the
fore-axle in the form of an arch, in
order to combine a high fore-carriage
with a low fore-wheel, to support the
fore-transom and fore.end of the perch
on alevel with the hind transom and the
hinder end of the perch; but as the
fore axle'thus arched is out of line, the
arms of it are thereby deprived of a
part of their power to resist shocks from
stones and other obstacles in. the road,
and are proportionably subject to a
drag or heaviness.in draft. , A frequent
cause of heaviness in draft is the use of
very short perches, so prevalent in stage
coaches, from. an erroneous opinion,
that, because the tardy movement of
the hind wheels is less evident to the
the coachman with a short perch, that
therefore such a. carriage “ follows
well,” in the coachman’s phrase; but it
is obvious that the end-of a short perch
must be raised to a higher angle from
the road than the end of a long perch,
to enable either the fore or hind wheels
to get over a stone or other obstacle,
and requires a greater power so to raise
the end. of a short perch, and with it
one-half the weight of the carriage, which
is equivalent to heaviness in draft; the
perch should be fully as long as is re-
quired by the use and superstructure of
the carriage, there being no limit to the
length of the perch but that of super-
fluous weight, or the excess of the arch
that must be described by one or both
ends of the perch in turning the car-
riage. Heaviness in draft is also fre-
quently caused. by the use of modern
elliptic and grasshopper springs, espe-
cially the former, between the axles and
the axle beds, because those springs se-
parate the centres of the wheels so far
from the axle beds and main frame of
the carriage, that. the power of the
wheels to resist shocks is lessened, and
the springs are subject. to a drag, which
is very. distressing to horses in soft or
deep-roads; though it eludes observation
upon pavement, where’ such a carriage.
appears to run light ; besides which, the
use of such springs has. occasioned the
size of the fore wheels, which were be-
fore too small, to be further reduced of
late years, in order to gain room for the
play of these springs, but to the great
distress of the -horses. And, lastly, hea-
viness in; draft is caused by the too fre-
quent use, of iron in modern carriages,
in order to indulge. fancy of design ; but
much of that heavy and non-elastic ma-
terial might be dispensed with, if coach-
makers would prefer iron clamps. to

On the Construction of Four-Wheel Carriages.

(Nov. I,

screw bolts,-as less wood and iron
would then have as much strength,

Having’ shewn that the chief de-
fects of common carriages originate
from the centre of action being in a
wrong place, viz. at the perch-bolt of
the fore-carriage, and from the want of
lateral or spinning action in the.hind
wheels, it remains to be shewn that
the centre of action ought to be half
way between the two axles at or under
the centre of gravity, and that the fore
and hind wheels, or the two axles on
which they turn, should have an alter-
nate equal and simultaneous action.
Now as the power of a carriage to turn
more or less suddenly, or in a greater
or lesser space, is in proportion to the
inclination of the axis of each pair of
wheels to the axis of the other pair, if
one or two axles be turned obliquely ;
it follows, that by dividing the above-
mentioned obliquity of the fore axle of
common carriages, which is equal to an
angle of 45°, or but little more, between
the fore and hind axles, through the
means of an alternate equal and simul-
taneous action to be giveu to both
axles, it would be unnecessary for the
fore axle to turn more than to an angle
of 2229, or yery little more, which obli-
quity would admit of the fore wheels
being as large as the hind wheels.

Professor Gregory has recommended
wheels of equal sizes as a most desir-
able property, but-he has not given any
hint or hope that it could be attained
by any method applicable to carriages
for travelling and recreation; and here
it should be obseryed, that some gentle-
men of practical authority, who were
examined before a Committee of the
House, of Commons upon this subject,
concurred in stating, that wheels of four
feet. six inches diameter are the most
eligible, which size is perfectly adapted
to all the wheels of a carriage with the
proposed alternate action, The writer
conceives, however, that wheels four
feet four inches diameter, are large
enough for ease in draft, and for ele-
gance, - '

To illustrate the mathematical pro-
priety of placing the centre. cf action at
or under the centre of gravity, by giv-
ing an alternate equal and simultaneous
action to the two axles, or two pair of
wheels. Let us suppose a carriage
made on a principle directly the con-
trary of that which is in common use,
viz. with the fore axle fixed, and the
hind axle to turn on a perch-bolt like a
common fore axle: it will be found that

such

1824..]

such a carriage (by dividing the action
between the fore and hind wheels, when
turning, in a manner which is directly
the reverse of the inovement of a com-
mon carriage stated in the above excep-
tion), will go direct to a turn, and keep
the line of draft in turning, without re-
quiring the preparatory movement which
a common carriage is obliged to make to
clear an obstacle; and that it will per-
form this with a peculiar action, which
is the opposite extreme, and greatly su-
perior to that of a common carriage,
because the hind wheels will move ra-
pidly into the new line of draft through
an arch of a circle, of which the perch
is the radius. But as the moveable hind
wheels of such a carriage must be not
only smaller than the fore wheels, but
smaller in a greater proportion, and
with a greater power of turning than the
fore wheels of common carriages, such
a carriage would be subject to very un-
equal motions at its extremities, which
would render it unfit for rapid travel-
ling and uneasy to passengers, though
it is not liable to overset in turning on
a descent like a common carriage, be-
cause its fore-wheel would not withdraw
its support. Hence appears the expe-
diency of adopting a principle of action
which is a medium between those two
extremes, by placing the centre of action

at or under the centre of gravity, and

dividing the action between the two
axles, or between the two pair of wheels,
as either method would combine the
good properties of the common action
with those of a superior principle.

The effect of dividing the angle requi-
site for turning between the two axles,
in reducing the obliquity of each axle to
one-half the present obliquity of the
fore axle of a common carriage, has
been overlooked by Edgeworth in his
work upon wheel carriages : he says that
a carriage with an alternate action, pro-
duced by intersecting chains, would not
haye sufficient base or stability when
turned; but he forgot that‘it is not ne-
cessary for the axles of either of them
to turn near so obliquely as the fore
axle of a common earriage, and that
though the circumferences of the con-
verging wheels, if large, may approach
near to the perch, the axles and wheels
would still giye support to the carriage
in precisely the same degree as’ the
average of the support given by the two
axles and the wheels of a common car-
riage, with this great improvement, that
in turning ‘the fore’ axle and wheels
would give one-half more support. than

,

On the Construction of Four-Wheel Carriages.

303
they now do in a common carriage, and
that the obliquity of the hind axle and
wheels would place them directly in
opposition to the tendency that ‘a com-
mon carriage then has to upset, and
would enable the hind wheels to obey
the impulse they would receive by con-
forming to the new line of draft without
scraping the ground, so as to give uni=
form support, which the hind wheels of
a common carriage, at that very time
when support is most wanted, in conse-
quence of the excessive obliquity of the
fore-axle and the impetus of the car-
riage, not only fail to give, but even
tend to destroy the small support that
then remains. Besides which securities
against upsetting, a carriage with an
alternate action would turn the corners
of streets, or in a cirele but little more
in diameter than the length of the car-
riage, without any preparatory move-
ment at all deviating from the line of
draft.

It being possible that Edgeworth’s re-
mark might have alluded to the invention
by which Stewart, about fifty years ago
produced an alternate action, by means
of an endless and intersecting chain
moved by horizontal wheels fixed on the
perch bolts, and turning with their re-
spective axles, it is right to mention,
that although Stewart’s method does
not exhibit, upon a trial by a model,
any palpable loss. of tension in. the
chains, yet it is obvious that a chain,
or any loose or flexible substance, sus-
pended between widely separated give
and take wheels, and subject to a great
strain and violent action, will not long
preserve its tension, and that a chain in
particular will, from the number of its
links, become intolerably noisy to pas-
sengers: besides, a chain, or any flexible
substance, cannot have more than half
the power that it ought to have, because
such a material: has’ only the power. of
pulling and not of pushing the alternate
axles, and the impulse being given by
the horses to the fore axle, it cannot
re-act from the hind'axle: hence it ap-
pears that Stewart’s method had not
sufficient power; and’ it is remarkable
that he’ made his fore wheels smaller
than his hind’ wheels, but whether in
conformity to custom, or from any sup-
posed necessity, it is ‘difficult ‘to deter-
mine, as he must have been too intelli-
gent to be blinded by the former, or not
to-perceive that there is no’ such neces-
sity for small fore wheels with an alter-
nate action.

The necessity of endeavouring to re-

medy,

304

medy the defects of carriages, will ap-
pear, from a few brief remarks upon the
other attempts that have been made for
this purpose, viz. the old crane-necked
perch, the lock under waggon, and Ei-
liot’s patent carriage without a perch, all
which reduced the points of support from
four to three, when the carriage is making
a short turn, and though each of them
will turn shorter and in a narrower
space than other common carriages,
yet they still require either the same
preparatory movement as a common
carriage, or else that they should not
turn until the hind axle has nearly
reached the corner or other obstacle to
be turned, which is a material drawback
from the only advantage they possess,
for they are subject to all the other de-
fects of common carriages, and to some
of them, such as heaviness in draft, from
having low fore-wheels and fixed hind
axle, even in a still greater degree.
Ackermann’s patent moveable crank
fore axle is an ingenious improvement ;
but as its hind wheels are in the same
defective state as those of a common
carriage, it must be subject to most of
the same inconveniences and dangers.
The London coal-waggon principle is a
considerable improvement in carriages
of that kind, as it gives large fore-wheels
the pewer of turning with sufficient obli-
quity, by having the main bolt placed
about a foot behind the fore-axle, which
is connected with the bolt by an offset ;
but this improved waggon has the hind
wheels and axle paralized; and the
improvement is not suitable for car-
riages on springs, that moye with ra-
pidity, and carry light weights. Lastly,
the Swiss principle, which has been tried
in stage-coaches on the Margate and
Brighton roads, is not a remedy, but a
compromise with the original defect, as
it makes room for larger fore-wheels, by
dividing the body into two parts, or the
coach bar and boot from the body, which
makes it a lumbering and heavy machine.
These remarks may show that carriages
will never possess the properties they
ought to have, until an alternate, equal,
and simultaneous action shall be given
to them, upon a simple, effective, and
scientific principle.

The demonstration of the principle of
action, that the writer has discovered,
is too long and dry to be here given;
and a plate could not verify the action
here proposed to be applied to a real
carriage.

London, J. MILLER.
9, Southampton-Buildings, Holborn,
26th August 1824.

Hieroglyphic System of the Ancient Egyptians.

(Nov. l,

For the Monthly Magazine.
Summany of the H1erociyenicat Sys-

‘tEM of the AncieN't Eoyprians, ds

established by the result of M. Cham-

pollion’s recent Researches.
bear graphical system of the Egyp-
tians was composed of three spe-
cies of writings.

A, Tie hieroglyphical, or sacred writing.

B. The hieratic, or sacerdotal.

C. The demotic, or vulgar.

A. 1. The hieroglyphic, or sacred
writing, consisted in the simultaneous
employment of signs of three very dis-
tinct kinds :

a. Pictural signs, imitating the object
which they served to express.

b. Symbolic, or tropical signs, expressing
an idea by an image of a physical object,
which possessed some analogy, true or false,
direct or indirect, obvious or far-fetched,
with the idea to be represented.

c. Phonetic characters, expressing sounds
by means of the images of physical objects.

A.2. The pictural and symbolical cha-
racters are employed in all texts in
much smaller proportion than the Pho-
netic characters.

4,3. The Phonetic characters are
true alphabetic signs, which express the
sounds of the words employed in the
Egyptian spoken language. _

A. 4. Each Phonetic hieroglyphic is
the image of a physical object, the
name of which, in the Egyptian spoken
tongue, began by the sound or articu-
lation, which the image itself is employ-
ed to express.

A. 5. The Phonetic characters mu-
tually combine to form words, like the
letters of all other alphabets, but are
often grouped in an uncertain manner,
according to the disposition of the text,
whether in perpendicular or. horizontal
lines.

A.6. The medial vowels of words,
written in Phonetic hieroglyphics, are
often dropped after the manner of the
Hebrew, Phenician, and modern Arabic
writing.

A, 7, Each sound and each articula-
tion may, in consequence of the rule
laid down (A. 4.), be represented by
many different phonetic signs, though
being homophonous.

A. 8. The use of any given Phonetic
character in preference to another ho-
mophonous in respect to it (or having
the same sound in the spoken language),
is often regulated by considerations re-
sulting from the material, form of the
sign employed, and by the nature of the
idea expressed by the word about to be
written in phonetic characters.

ote

1824. ]

A. 9. The different phonetic hierogly-
phics, employed to represent the vowel
signs, do not possess a more invariable
and definite sound than the aleph, the
lod, and van of the Hebrews.

A.10. The hieroglyphic texts very
often exhibit abbreviations of phonetic
groups. ;

4.11. The phonetic characters, as
necessary and inseparable elements of
the Egyptian sacred writing, exist in
Egyptian texts appertaining to the most
ancient, as. well, as, the most recent
epochs,

A. 12. The value of a hundred pho-
netic. characters has already been ascer-
tained, among..which, are found those
which exhibit themselves most’ frequent-
ly in. the.texts of all ages.

A, 13, All the hieroglyphical: inserip-
tions, traced upon monuments of the
Egyptian style, refer to a single system
of writing, composed, as has been stated,
of three orders of signs simultaneously
employed.

A. 14. It is demonstrated by a series
of public monuments that the sacred
writing, at once pictural, symbolic, and
phonetic, was in uninterrupted use in
Eyypt from the nineteenth century be-
fore the vulgar era to the total conver-
sion of the Egyptians to Christianity
when under the Roman empire, at which
epoch all the Egyptian styles of writing
were superseded by the Coptic, that is
to’ say the Greek alphabet, augmented
by a/ certain number of signs for sounds
observed from the ancient demotic
writing of the Egyptians.

APTS. Certain ideas are occasionally
represented in the same hieroglyphic
text, “sometimes by a pictural character,
sometimes bya symbolic, sometimes in
fine°by ‘a group’ of phonetic signs, ex-
pressing the representative word of that
same idea in the vulgar tongue.

-A:1V6. Other ideas are designated
either by a group formed of a pictural
‘and symbolic sign, or by the combina-
tion of apictural or symbolic sign with
phonetic characters.

AAT. Some Egyptian bas-reliefs, or
paintings composed of the images: of
physical beings, and especially of mons-
trous figures grouped and combined, do
not appertain to the hieroglyphical wri-
ting = these are scenes purely allegorical
or symbolic} which the ancients have
designated by the nate anaglyphs—a
o¥ute which we ought to preserve.

9 A518) A certain number of images
: ' Corimon to the hieroglyphical
w 3 pr peAly so-called, and the sys-
tem of sa¢red’paiitting, or rather to the
Monruty Mac. No. 402.

Hieroglyphic System of the Ancient Figyptians.

305

system of writing, which produced the
anaglyphs.

A.19. These anaglyphs appear to be
pages of that sacred writing which the
ancient Greek and Roman authors in-
form us were solely known to the priests
and such as were initiated in their mys-
teries. As to the hieroglyphic writing,
it was never secret, and all persons of
any education in Egypt understood it.

A. 20. Two new systems of writing
originated in process of time from the
hieroglyphic writing, and were invented
to render the art of writing more rapid
and common.

B. 21. The hieratic, or sacerdotal
writing, is only a mere tachygraphy of
the sacred writing, and immediately de-
rived from it; and in this secondary sys-
tem, thé form of the signs is consider-
ably abridged.

B. 22. In its strictest, form it is
like tke other, composed of pictural,
symbolic, and phonetic signs;. but
the two. former orders of characters
are often superseded, either, by groups
of phonetic characters or by arbitrary
characters, no longer preserving the
form of their correspondent sign in the
hieroglyphical system.

B, 23. All the extant hieratic ma-
nuscripts (and we possess some apper-
taining to the epoch of the Pharoahs,
the Greeks, and the Romans), belong
to a single system, whatever difference
may be distinguished, at a first glance,
in the tracing of the different characters.

B. 24. The use of the hieratic writing

appears to have been limited to the

transcription of texts referring to sacred
matters and to a particular class of in-

.Scriptions, but always of a religious

nature.

C. 25.-The demotic writing, episto-
lographic or enchorial, is a writing dis-
tinct from the higroglyphic, as well as
the hieratic, whence it is immediately
derived.

C, 26. The signs employed in. the
demotic writing are simple characters
borrowed from the hieratic..

C. 27. The demotic writing nearly
excludes all pictural characters.

C. 28. It, however, admits a certain
number of symbolic characters, but only
for the purpose, of expressing idéas es-
sentially connected with the. religious
system. _

C. 29. The greater part of each de-
motic text, consists of phonetic charac-
ters, or signs of sound. ©

C..30,.,The characters used in the
demotic writing»are considerably more
numerous than those of the other systems.

2R C. 31,

306

C. 31. In the demotie character, the
medial yowels of words, whether foreign
or Egyptian, ave very often suppressed,
as indeed it often occurs in the hieratic
and hieroglyphic texts,

' @.32. As the writings whence, it ori-

ginates, the demotic can express each
consonant and each vowel by. several
signs, distinct in form, but strictly ho-
mophonous in. regard to sound. How-
ever, the number of demotic homo-
phones is far from being so great in the
sacred as in the sacerdotal writing.

C. 33. The demotic, the hieratic, and
the hieroglyphic writing were in simul-
taneous use, during a long series of
ages, throughout the whole extent of
‘Heypt.

sepa ens)
For the Monthly aoe
LETTERS FROM AMERICA,
; No. I,

HE rapid progress, which the
United States are making in
wealth, population, and power, is an
event altogether unparalleled in his-
tory. In no country is property more
secure, rights more protected, laws
more equally dispensed. Surely then,
“the system works well” which pro-
duces such results! But we are told to
-wait a little; “ when’ the population
becomes denser, we shall see the op-
posite interests of distant parts of the
union producing a separation; force
will be required, and a successful ge-
-neral will easily employ his soldiers
to subvert the liberty he was called to
defend.” To this it may be answered,
that the security of the Americans con-
-sists in the general equality of rank and
fortune; in their general intelligence ; in
the excellence of their constitution ; in
-the want of a landed aristocracy; and
lastly, in the distance of foreign rivals.
The absence of entail laws checks the
accumulation of great wealth in the
hands of a few individuals; or where
wealth is accumulated: for a time, it is
‘speedily divided by the prevalent prac-
tice of leaving an equal inheritance to
every member of a family. The lawyers,
it is true, have a paramount influence
in political affairs; but the salaries of
office are too small to tempt them to
abandon their forensic lebours. The
counsellors who represent their country
in Congress, or as ambassadors to fo-
reign courts, are almost always men
who have acquired independent fortunes
before their appointment to public office.
This is‘a very great source of security
to the government, and one altogether

Letters from America.—No. I.

{ Nov. 1,

peculiar to America. Nor is there any
people extended over so wide a surface,
that possess so many habits and feelings
in common, The backwoodsman of
Missouri or Indiana is equally well ac-
quainted with his rights as a citizen, and
equally disposed to defend them, with
the wealthy merchant of Boston or Phila-
delphia. The immense emigration which
constantly flows to the westward of the
Alleghanies assimilates distant. settlers
still more with each other, and removes
to an indefinite period the chances
of disunion. Not many years have
elapsed since the Alleghany moun-
tains formed the boundary of settle-
ment: and beyond them now lives in
ease and abundance a greater popula-
tion than the thirteen original states con-
tained during the war of independence !
While other nations waste their re-
sources in wars of ambition, the Ame-
ricans have peaceably ‘acquired Florida
and Louisiana, an extent of country
nearly equal to the continent of Europe.
As for the policy of the government, it
has in general been wise and liberal ;
certainly more wise and liberal than in
Europe. An extent of seétled territory
seventeen hundred miles in length, and
six hundred miles of a medium breadth,
proves the astonishing progress of the
present population; while the fertile,
but yet unpeop!ed, regions beyond the
Mississippi present an unbounded scope
for the industry of future generations.
The thirteen states, which formed the
confederacy at the revolution, are all
situated on the sea coast ; and may be
considered under three divisions, arising
from the diversity of soil, climate, and
inhabitants. The first division is formed
by-the eastern. or New England States,
Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachu-
setts, and New Hampshire, . From the
two last the States of Vermont and
Maine have been created. since the re-
volution. The soil is in general. very
thin, poor, and stony; and in spite of
the ‘advantages of being well-watered,
and enjoying a powerful sun, for five
months of the year, it. is much better
fitted for pasture than tillage. _Inmmense

herds of cattle are reared for exporta-
tion; cheese and butter are, ‘made in,

great quantities, and of excellent qua-
lity ; agriculture is well unders stood; the
farmers are easy and comfortable, - cand
the speculative genius of the people ‘has
found amends for the sterility, of the
soil in the fisheries of the coast,or in
exchanging foreign and domestic pro-
ducts with the Southern. States, the

West-

1824, ]

West-Indies and South America. This
may be called the cold climate of the

United States, as it greatly resembles ,

that of Canada. .During four months
the winter is very severe, the thermo-
meter falling often to 20° below zero;
the snow falls two or three feet deep,
and lies long on the ground, during
which time the people travel in sleighs,
as in Canada, Russia, and Germany.
The summer for a short time is nearly
as. hot as in the Southern States; bat
in general, the climate is extremely
healthy .and pleasant. The tnhabi-
tants are principally descended from
English puritans, who finding them-
selves aggrieved by the intolerance of
the government of Charles the First,
crossed the Atlantic in search of free-
dom. The present race have abandoned
much of their original “austerity; they
are hospitable, kind, polite, and are the
most intelligent, the best educated, and
the most enterprizing of the Americans.
Such is the progress of population that,
‘the New England States are annually
sending thousands of their citizens
over the Alleghanies to settle in, the
fertile regions along the mighty rivers
of the west. The Yankees are the
most persevering of emigrauts; where-
ever success is possible, they suc-
ceed ; where others fail, they make
their fortunes. During the last thirty
years few foreigners have ventured to
compete with them on their native soil;
and now that the country is more
thickly settled, and every profession
filled, the chances of success are almost
desperate. New England is the only
part of America where o/d English
~ customs prevail—where national feeling
most predominates, and where the rem-
nants of puritanic strictness and reli-
gious discipline still present themselves.
The second division consists of the
Middle States, or New York, New
Jersey, and Pennsylvania; containing
‘more than two millions and a-half of
inhabitants, Except in the lower parts
of New York, and the sandy plains of
Long Island and New Jersey, the soil is
in general excellent, particularly in
Pennsylvania. From Philadelphia to
Pittsburgh (a distance of 300 miles),
the soil, with the exception of the
mountainous region, is equal to any in
Europe. It is a ‘clayey loam; in rainy
seasons rather difficult to till, but pro-
ducing a most abundant harvest. Tillage
prevails over pasture, though great quan-
tities of cattle are raised in the western
ecounties, and fattened in the rich mea-

Letters from America.—No. I.»

307
dows along the Delaware. The horses
are the best in America, great pains
having been taken to improve them of
late years by judicious crossings with
English and Arabian breeds. The cli-
mate is extremely healthy through the
greater part of the Middle States. with
the exception of some marshy districts
near the banks of the Delaware, where
the inhabitant are subject’ to fevers in
autumn. The summer is nearly as hot,
here as in the West-Indies,. the thermo-
meter often rising to 929, and remain-
ing at that temperature for many days.
July and August are very sultry, but
September and October are truly de-
lightful. Winter begins in November 5.
snow falls in December, and disappears,
in January, when some warm weather
often gives the appearance of spring; a
succession of cold, snowy, or rainy
weather takes place in February. and
March, and the warm weather returns
by the middle of April. Spring there
is none, for the interval between the
cold. of Canada and the heat of the
West-Indies is not more than a few
days. Hence ‘the heat at the beginning
of summer is very oppressive. The
population is a mixture of Dutch, Eng-
lish, Irish, and German emigrants. The
richest lands'in the Middle States are in
the hands of Dutchmen and Germans ;
but they have not made so much pro-
gress in the comforts and elegancies of
domestic life as they have done in fer-
tilizing the fields. Many of the farmers
within sixty miles of Philadelphia, who
are principally of English descent, live
in considerable style ; almost every man
keeps his carriage, has a piano. for his
daughters, and sends his sons to the
university. Both here and in the Eastern
States, the merchants are the wealthiest
and most influential men in the.com-
munity. Many of the merchants of
New York and Philadelphia have prince-
ly fortunes, and live in great splendour.

The third division, that of the South-
ern States, consists of the country
south of the Susquehannak, with a po-
pulation of three millions and a-half.
These States are Maryland, Virginia,
North and South Carolina, Georgia,
and the new states that have. been
formed ‘from the territory of Louisiana.
From the Delaware to the Mississippi
the soil is sandy for 50, and sometimes
100, miles from the sea, and: produces
nothing but pines, except on the allu-
vial banks of ‘rivers, where it is exceed-
ingly fertile. Between the sandy track
and the mountains, the land is fer-

2R2

308

tile and well adapted to most kinds
of produce. Tobacco is much cul-
tivated in Maryland and Virginia; coé-
ton in North Carolina; cotton and rice
in South Carolina and Georgia; sugar
and cotton in the banks of the Missis-
sippi. Cotton grows as far north as
latitude 37°; but sugar not higher than
33°, and does not succeed well beyond
314. This is par excellence the hot
climate of the United States. The heat
in Maryland and Virginia little exceeds
that of Pennsylvania; but in all the
states south of the Potomac winter is
almost unknown; and the summer heat
is equal to that of the coasts of Syria
and Egypt. Florida and Louisiana par-
ticipate in the plagues, as they do in
the productions, of a tropical climate.
Except in Louisiana, the free inhabitants
are almost entirely of English descent.
They are wealthy, well educated, prond,
indolent, hospitable, fond of amuse-
ment and gaming, and have all the pe-
culiarities of slave-owners. It is only
in the Southern States ‘that we meet
with landholders, resembling in wealth
and influence the landed aristocracy of
Europe. Some of the planters have
80,000 dollars a year; many from twelve
to 20;000, but the greater part from
four to 6,000 dollars. The most im-
portant class in the Eastern and Middle
States is that of the merchants; the
agricultural interest prevails in the wes-
tern country, and the planters are the
lords of the south.

We now come to the Western Coun-
try, which is separated from the At-
lantic States by a ridge of mountains,
called the Alleghanies: these traverse
the United States in a north-east
and south-west direction, from the
42d to the 34th degree of latitude.
They preserve an average distance of
about 250 miles from the sea coast, a
medium breadth of 110 miles, and a
height of 3,000 feet. Roads traverse
them in all directions, connecting the new
with the old states; and two of these
roads, one:from Philadelphia to Pitts-
burgh (300 miles), andthe National Road,
from Washington to Wheeling in the
Ohio, are equal to the finest turnpikes
in Europe. The angle of ascent is not
more than three degrees and a half, and
the road*is exceedingly smooth and
pleasant. Round some of thé ridges
the road winds ‘seven miles before it
reaches the top, and from the rocks cut
through, and ‘other difficulties, must
have cost enormous sums. These

Letters from America.—No. I.

[Nov. I,

mountains long. presented an almost
insurmountable barrier to the progress
of emigration; and till the end of
the revolutionary war, they were con-
sidered as the limits of the Indian
tribes. But the restless natives of New
England cut a path through the woods,
and, with all their baggage on pack-
horses, descended the western slope of
the mountains to found settlements on
the Monongahela. The western parts
of Pennsylvania and Virginia became
settled as far as the Ohio about thirty
years ago; once. the banks of that ma-
jestic river were laid open to enterprize,
the tide of emigration rolled, down to
the Muskingum, the Scioto, and the
Miami; in less than twenty years three
new states (with a million of inhabitants)
have been formed on the western bank
alone; and the pioneers of civilization
have already made “ clearings,’ and
founded towns in the vast. wilderness
beyond the Missouri. Such is the asto-
nishing rapidity of change in taese new
settlements, that the accounts of four”
or five years’ antiquity give no adequate
idea of their present state. The soil of
such an extensive region (more than
a thousand miles long) must possess
considerable variety, but it is only a va-
riety of excellence. The level (or bottom)
lands on the banks of streams, are for
some years too rich to produce wheat
till reduced by repeated croppings. of
maize, which annually produce from
eighty to a hundred bushels per acre.
The richness of the soil is evident to
the merest stranger from the, luxuriance
of vegetation, particularly from jthe
height and diameter of the trees. along
the banks of rivers. From the Muskin-
gum to the mouth of the Ohio, the tra-
veller will constantly see white pine,
plane, tulip, and sycamore trees from
100 to 130 feet high, and from seven to
fifteen feet in diameter! The strength
of vegetation is, if possible, _ still
greater on the banks of the. Missis-
sippi. The inconvenience of remoteness
from the coast is greatly lessened by
the innumerable streams that fall into
the northern lakes, or into: the Ohio
and Mississippi. An almost level port-
age, of two or three hundred yards,
connects the waters of Lake Michegan
and the Illinois River; and in rainy
seasons this interval is overflowed,
allowing the Canadian to descend with
his bark to New Orleans. or the Laui-
sianian, to enter the lakes, and proceed
2,000 miles to Quebec. The great
Western

1824.]
Western Canal, in the State of New
York, from Albany to Lake Erie, has
been nearly completed in six years from
its commencement, and is now open for
nearly 300 miles! The inland trade
with the lakes is thus surprisingly aug-
mented, and the produce of the immense
regions between New Orleans and the
rocky mountains, can thus be cheaply
and safely transmitted to the harbour
of New York. The principal source of
the Ohio, the Alleghany River, is navi-
gable for 200 miles above Pittsburgh
to within fifteen miles of Erie, on the
lake of that name; the Wabash, Ken-
tucky, Tennessee, and Cumberland
Rivers, all tributaries. of the Ohio, are
each of them navigable for several hun-
dred miles, and the Ohio itself rolls on
its placid waters for more than 1,000
miles before they are lost in the Mis-
sissippt. The main branch of the Mis-
sissippi; the Missouri, is navigable 3,000
miles defore it joins that river near St.
Louis, a distance of 1,500 miles from
the Gulf of Mexico, thus presenting a
navigation of 4,500 miles! Steam-
boats ascend the Missouri to a distance
of 3,000 miles from the sea; and on all
the western rivers this rapid medium of
communication is bringing distant re-
gions into contact.

The climate is not so hot as in the
‘south, nor so cold as in the eastern
states. The thermometer is often as
high as 90° in June and July, some-
times as high as 97°, but more gene-
rally below 90°. The end of Septem-
ber, and the Indian summer (part of
October and November), are as delight-
ful as any seasons in the globe. The
heat is not oppressive; the roads are
excelient (previous to the wet season),
and the espect of the fields and woods
are beatitiful in the extreme. This is
the harvest season for maize, for corn
Srolies, quilting frolies, and the other
amusements that distinguish the Carni-
val of the western country. In some
parts of Ohio and Illinois, intermittent
fevers prevail in September; but the

western country, with the exception of

the low lands at the mouth of the Ohio
and at the head of Lake Erie, may be
considered as very salubrious. English
emigrants, of careful and sober habits,
who do not expose, themselves to the
night air, will generally preserve their
health aswell as in England; or if
attacked by fevers, will speedily re-
cover. Gentle emetics, and fotal absti-
nence from food {or ‘one or two days,

Letters Jrom America.—No. I.

309

almost always sueceed in removing
every symptom of dysentery, fever, or
other inflammatory disease.

The population is derived from every
state in America, and from every coun-
try in Europe. Irishmen and New
Englanders form the majority: west of
the Ohio river; Kentucky and Ten-
nesse are slave states, and have been
settled by Virginians and Carolinians.
The planters live in great abundance, but
little comfort—at least what is called
comfort in England. Their fields, whe-
ther of maize, cotton, or tobacco are
cultivated solely by negro slaves; the
master occupies himself in horse-racing,
whipping his negroes, or in travelling to
New Orleans or Philadelphia. But
though the general aspect of manners
here is not of an amicable kind, there
are many hundreds of families in Ken-
tucky as accovsplished and refined as
any in America, and no where will you
meet more agreeable society than in
Lexington. But the western, or Yan-
kee, side of the Ohio, presents the
fairest prospect to a stranger: here no
slaving prevails. ‘The farmers are gene-
rally in easy circumstances, but very few
of them possessed of wealth; they are
a hardy industrious race, with neat
houses, fine fields, good orchards, and
the external appearance of prosperity.
The small squatters \who settle without
leave on government lands) are in
general a lazy unsettled race, with large
families half naked, crowded into one
solitary hut in the woods. They have
plenty to eat; and for external appear-
rances, they are as profoundly indif-
ferent as the Indian hunter. The
towns on the banks of the Ohio, Wheel-
ing, Steubenville, Marietta, Maysville,
and Cincinnati are inhabited by an en-
terprising people, and present a scene
of commercial activity which, consider-
ing the recent settlement of the country,
is astonishing.

The general aspect of the United
States is that of a boundless forest.
Even travelling between the populous
cities on the coast, you pass through
uncleared tracks for nearly three-fourths
of your way; and in the most populous
and well settled states (as those of Mas-
sachusets and Connecticut) more than
half of the surface is uncultivated. In
some of the various states, the produce
of almost every climate is raised, from
corn of the north to the sugar of the
south. Maize, or Indian corn, is culti-
vated in all the states from Maine to

Georgia,

310

Georgia, but succeeds best.in the mid-
dle or western divisions, Sugar from
the maple is made, principally in the
western country, to an amount of more
than 10,000,000 of pounds; wheat in
immense quantities is raised in Mary-
land, Pennsylvania, and the Western
States, and nearly a million of bushels
are annually exported ; tobacco grows
in Maryland, Virginia, and Kentucky,
and the quantity exported has been in
some years as high as 80,000 hogsheads
raw, and 1,000,000 of pounds manufac-
tured. Cotton is cultivated from North
Carolina to Tennessee, and is the prin-
cipal export of the United States. About
100,000,000 of pounds are annually
sent to foreign countries. The sugar
cane grows. in Georgia ‘and Louisiana ;
about 20,000,000 of pounds of raw sugar
are annually raised, and the cultivation
of this tropical production is yearly ex-
tending. Almost all the productions of
Europe (including wine and olives) suc-
ceed well in some of the states.

Of the minerals of America, ‘tron,
coal, lime, and salt, exist in great abun-
dance, particularly in the middle and
western states. The manufactures of
iron amount to about a million sterling
in value ; coal is found in the Lehigh in
considerable quantities, and forms im-
mense beds near Richmond in Virginia,
where steam-engines are employed to
work the mines. But the grand region
of coal is beyond the Alleghanies, almost
every hill abounds in it from Pittsburgh
to the Miame, a distance of 500 miles,
and traces of it are found from the Ohio
to the rocky mountains. Sa/t is manu-
factured from saline springs all over
the western country, and coal is gene-
rally employed for this purpose. At
the depth of 300 feet, strong lime is
found in all the track of country from
Pittsburgh to St. Louis. Lead is found

_in almost all the states, but is princi-
pally wrought on the Merrimac River
near St. Genevieve, on the Mississippi,
where several millions of pounds are
annually extracted from the ore. Con-
stant lead dlossoms, or traces of the ore,
appear for 200 miles above St. Louis,
and the Indian tribes bring down, quan-
tities of the metal from places still more
remote.

Of the: wild animals, few are now
found in ‘the settled parts of America,
and scarcely any that are’ dangerous.
The raccoon is found in many states,
but abounds most in the Alleghany
mountains; it is an animal larger than
a fox, much resembling the bear, and is

Milbank Penitentiary.

(Nov. 1,

very good eating. The martin, mink,
(a kind of otter) and weasel, have no-
thing peculiar in their habits; the skunk
(polecat) is about eighteen inches long,
with a fox-like tail, and is particularly
obnoxious on account of the horrid.
smell it produces. when. irritated ; the
French Canadians call it the devil’s boy
(Penfant du diable.). The wolves and:
foxes resemble those of Europe. , The,
panther, painter, or jaguar, has much
resemblance to a cat, and is Sometimes
of the weight of one hundred pounds.
The Virginian oppossum is a very small
species, eaten by the Indians. | Squirrels
of various kinds abound in the western:
states. They sometimes emigrate from
Illinois to the Alleghanies, particularly
when the nuts. are plentiful in the moun-
tains; and.in crossing over the rivers
on their way, thousands of them are
killed by the farmers, who reckon them
delicioys food. There are many other
wild animals in the unsettled regions
beyond the Mississippi; the above are
those most common throughout the
states.

SS ST ee
PENITENTIARY PRISON, MILBANK.’
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

Sir,
S the columns of your. valuable
miscellany are usually devoted to
subjects connected with civil economy
and general police, I consider it a
proper vehicle for a few. observa-
tions that have occurred to me_ on
the construction and management of
the metropolitan prisons. I shall at
present confine myself to that called
the/Penitentiary at Milbank, which was,
I believe, the first of its kind. For al-
though Howard contributed, to the im-
provement of many of our provincial
prisons; yet, that important object,
constant employment, was not. duly
considered by him. — >
The design of the Milbank prison com-
prehended all the most essential objects,
but like most of our public works, it de-
generated in its execution. The arrange-
ment of the buildings for the various pur-
poses of security, vigilant-inspection,
cleanliness and salubrity, employment,
and even exercise and recreation, are
all admirable. But why. place sueh an
edifice in a quagmire ! It would perhaps
be impossible, within ten miles of town,

‘to find a place in every respect more

unfit for such an object, with the single
exception of contiguity to the metro-
polis; but it is not only in the selec-
tion of the ground that this public job

claims

‘

1824. ]
claims our attention. Being a national
edifice, the architect, builder, and sub-
ordinates, took care to render it well
worthy of the country, by the most
complete, munificent, and even elegant
arrangements for the internal economy
of the inmates : the cost of it has been
estimated at from 700/. to 90‘Z. per
head, supposing the prison to be oc-
cupied with the full complement of the
establishment !

This, it must be confessed, is truly
characteristic of our national generosity.
For the unfortunate culprits who are
destined to “keep their terms” in one
of the 7097. halls of this elegant col-
lege-haye, in most cases, emerged from
the half-crown_ attics of St. Giles or
St. Lukes, previous to the probationary
examination in a certain hall in the Old
Bailey. There is however one draw-
back on the enjoyments of the inmates
of this mansion, a fatal one in some
cases, and that ‘is the chance of not
surviving the period of confinement.
This fact was discovered before twelve
months had elapsed from the first
occupation of tke building; and from
that time to the present, medical
consultations have been held, and va-
rious measures devised, to obtain a re-
medy for that which is in its nature an
irremediable evil—the constant exhala-
tions of stagnant water, or marsh mi-
asmata. In order to obviate, as far as
possible, the insalubrity of the air, Mr.
Faraday, the able chemical assistant at
the Royal Institution, was deputed
some months back to ‘superintend the
ventilation, or rather the fumigation of
the apartments with chlorine gas. That
this gas possesses the property of de-
‘stroying, or uniting with the \gaseous
matter, which produces contagion, has
been long known and successfully prac-
tised by the French chemists. And as a
temporary remedy for purifying the air
of any apartments in hospitals, prisons,
or ‘ships, if merits attention. But then
its’ effect can only be transient: the
carbonaceous, | alkaline, or whatever
other substance exists in a depraved at-
mosphere, may be supposed to be rea-
dily condensible by so powerful an
agent as chlorine gas; but after the fu-

-migating process is over, and the at-

mospheric : air re-admitted to such apart-
‘ments, it is evident that any miasma
‘held in suspension in such an atmos-
phere will again prevail; and will most
‘assuredly hot diminish in its deleterious
agency, by remaining enclosed in the
apartments of any building.

Milbank Penitentiary.

311

The real nature of marsh miasmata,
or a€rial poison is indeed but little un-
derstood ;* its action is not susceptible
either .of chemical examination, or pa-
thological demonstration,,, And as this
morbific matter. ot ma/-aria is uniformly
most prevalent in low or marshy dis-
tricts, where a large quantity of vege-
table substances and stagnant water
exist, in conjunction, it is quite natural
to ascribe the origin of the evil to the
locality of the surface, by disengaging a
large portion of noxious gases.

Yet it would be absurd to imagine
that the purification of a mite of apart-
ments. by chemical. means would have
anything more than a temporary effect.

It must be admitted that. many marshy
districts are capable of having the at-
mosphere somewhat ,ameliorated by
draining ; or in other words, by dividing
the surface between actual water-drains
and _dry-land, instead _ of allowing it
to remain in a state of quagmire, half
wet, half dry ; but it is equally obvious,
that nothing short of absolute folly, or
something Tess excusable, could induce
any individual or board of individuals,
to select such a spot for the erection of
a permanent building, which building
should cost the country above half a
million sterling, and be destined for the
permanent residence of aboye a thou-
sand human beings. The site of the
House of Correction, Coldbath-fields,

‘is far from being desirable, owing to the

filthy rivulet adjacent, called the Fleet-
brook, or ditch; but the site on which
the Penitentiary is erected is infinitely
worse. It is below the general level of
the adjacent district, and consequently
can never admit of draining effectually.
It is probable that eventually it will be
found advisable to abandon the building
altogether, at least for its present pur-

poses ;

* The best observations the, writer has
met with on this. interesting subject was in
a work where it could have been least ex-
pected, a late article, headed “ Mal-aria,”
in the Quarterly, Review !—If the learned
writer of that article, in referring to the
Pontine marshes, the swamps of Holland,
the’ marshes of ‘Essex! and Lincoln, &c.,
had ‘extended: his “views to the swamps of
Milbank and its vicinity, he would: have

“brought the subject more hometo the com-
. prehension of many of his readers.’ The well
_ known, principles,of that, work,,. however,
_ not being, favourable to home, researches, may

perhaps account, for, the, author, haying left
us quite in the dark with regard to the mal-
aria of the home department,

$12

poses; for although the enterprizing
spirit of speculation may induce them
to erect buildings in the neighbourhood,
and. consequently to construct) sewers
and partial drains to carry off the sur-
face water, yet it may be assumed as a
matter quite impossible to render the air
of such a district even moderately sa-
lubrious. .

Though the exhalations arising from
the putrefaction of vegetable matter
would in ‘some degree be diminished by
covering one-third or one-fourth of the
surface with buildings; yet atmospheric
air, saturated with moisture and con-
fined, even for a short period, within
the walls of a building, is well known
to be unfit for respiration, more es-
pecially by those persons who have not
the advantage of robust health, or who
are devoted to sedentary employments.

Mr. Faraday having, in the last nunr-
ber of the Journal of Science, given an
account of the method pursued under
his direction for fumigating this prison,
I shall conclude my present remarks by
quoting a few of his observations.

After deciding upon fumigating the pri-
son (says Mz. Faraday) by chlorine (gas),
the next mode was to ascertain the most
favourable mode of applying it; and I was
desirous, for many reasons, of obtaining a
gradual and successive development of the
disinfecting agent, rather than a sudden and
short one. -The latter mode, though it
would have filled the building at once, and
probably very effectually, yet would se-
‘riously have incommoded the operators, and
would also soon have disappeared in con-
sequence of absorption by the limed walls,
and from dissipation through apertures that
would inevitably remain unclosed in dif-
ferent parts of the building; whilst the for-
mer mode, by continually supplying the
disinfecting agent to the atmosphere of the
place for a length of time, would enable it
better to act on the bedding, clothing, and
other articles left in the cells, and allow it
also to penetrate more perfectly to every
part of the building itself.
The materials used were those usually
employed for the purpose, namely, com-
mon salt, oxide of manganese in powder,
and oil of vitriol. On making experiments
with these substances as furnished by the
dealer for the fumigation, [ found that mix-
ture of one part by weight of common salt,
“and one part of manganese, when acted
upon by two parts of oil of vitriol pre-
* viously diluted with half its weight of water,
and left until cold, gave the best results.
Such a mixture made at the temperature
60° Fahrenheit, liberated no muriatic acid,
but in a few minutes began to evolve chlo-
“rine vapour, and continued to do so for the
space of four days subsequent. “When exa-

Milbank Penitentiary.

[ Nov. 1,

mined on the fifth day, and urged by heat
so as to make the liquid evolve all the
chlorine it contained, very little additional
was procured. . Such a mixture may, there-
fore, be. considered as. having liberated its
chlorine gradually, but perfectly without the
application of any extraneous heat, and is
therefore very proper for extensive. fumi-
gation,

The vessels in which the mixture is to
be made should be flat, and such as are
least liable to be acted on by the chlorine
or the acid mixture. Common red pans
were used in the Penitentiary, for, a con-
siderable number being. required, ‘better
earthenware would haye been. too expen-
sive. Each pan. contained. about. four
quarts. rar

The salt being pulverized by a wooden
mallet, an equal quantity of the oxide of
manganese was added and well mixed to-
gether. The acid and water were mixed
im a separate wooden tub; the water being
poured in first, and the acid added, gradu-
all stirring it at the time, the heat produced
being considerable, it will be necessary to

allow a few hours for it to subside previous

to adding the whole of the acid, when it is
to be well stirred and left to cool. _ The di-
luted acid was mixed with the salt and
manganese, in the proportion «f 44 pounds
of the former to 33 pounds of the latter, and
the mixture well stirred. This was done
without any inconvenience to the operator,
except when the acid was applied too warm :
there was sufficient time to go from pan to
pan, and to close the various galleries in
succession. In half an hour it was almost
impossible. to enter, and in. Jooking along
the gallery (150 feet in length), the.yellow
tint of the atmosphere could be easily per-
ceived ; and up to the fifth day the, pecu-
liar odour of the chlorine gas could be dis-
tinguished throughout the building. After
the sixth day the pans were removed
(though in some cases with difficulty), to
be emptied and used elsewhere; after
which the doors and windows. of the’célls,
which had been carefully steppedy:pre-_
viously, were thrown open. It was esti-
mated that the contents of each pan would
yield about 54 cubic feet, or one,pound
weight of chlorine gas. The whole quan-
tity of materials used was 700 Ib, of salt,
700 lb of manganese, and 1,400 Ib. of oil of
vitriol The space requiring fumigation
amounting to nearly 2,000,000 cubic feet ;
and the surface of the walls, inclusive of the
furniture, &c., about 1,200,000 square feet.
This surface was principally stone and brick,
most of whieh had been lime washed. The
number of cells and other apartments: was
nearly 1,200.

It. was desirable for many reasons that
the Penitentiary should be fumigated in the
most unexceptionable. manner; ,and the .
means employed were therefore probably to
a far greater extent than might have been
necessary for the destruction of any mias-

mata

1824.)

mata throughout the entire building. The
proportions here employed may be there-
fore considered as sufficient for the most
extreme case. And although the limits
are rather guessed at than judged of by any
well-founded rule; yet I should consider
that from one-half to one-fourth of the chlo-
rine here employed is quite ‘sufficient for
any of the usual cases where fumigation
may be required. ,

? PUBLICOLA.
——

For the Monthly Magazine.

Some Ozservations on Hypropnosia.
By John Fosbroke, Esq., Resident
Surgeon at Cheltenham.

OR the last year or more, reports

of cases of hydrophobia have been
very general. To me, however, the
assertion of the actual existence of hy-
drophobia in most of these cases is much
more confident than the difficulty of
distinguishing the disease would seem
to warrant. Indeed, it would appear
that detail was thought unnecessary ;
that the cases were so obvious, that to

have known of the indisposition of a

dog, and to have given it the appella-

tion of hydrophobia was sufficient. The
same complacent mode of settling the
existence of hydrophobia occurs also
where scientific and close. discrimina-
tion would be looked for. I allude
to the Parisian cases. There it seems
that blood was abstracted from the
veins, and water injected into them,
in a case of hydrophobia so called,
which evidently was neither more nor
less than phrenitis. This experiment
was unsuccessful, and the probability
seems to be that it always will be ‘so.

The aqueous injections* were first tried

upon dogs, and, if my memory is not trea-

cherous, they died in consequence. of
the process.

Such is the loose and doubtful
manner in which cases of hydrophobia
are generally reported. Yet one Eng-
lish author has described the disease

' with singular accuracy; and it seems

not a little surprising that his informa-
tion should have been so entirely over-
looked. The late Dr. Parry of Bath,t
and Dr, Parry alone, has given such
an account of the order and quality
of the true symptoms of that disease
as would enable any body to dis-
+——____ — — os

* See an account of these experiments
by Mr. Majendie, in Brande’s Journal of
Science and Arts, about two years ago.

+ Cases of tetanus and rabies contagiosa,
by Caleb Hillier Parry, M.D., F.R.S., &e.
&c. &e, 1814.

Monvuty Mac. No. 402.

Observations on Hydrophobia.

313

tinguish it accurately. It seems de-
sirable to recall public attention to this
subject now more particularly, when,
though Dr. Parry could find only thirty-
six well authenticated cases of genuine
hydrophobia, as many occur almost
every month, if newspapers are to be
credited. “A tabular view of the lead-
ing discriminations, circulated in a
public journal, would be of much use,
both towards preventing those vague
rumours and descriptions which lead to
a barbarous carnage among. animals, and
oftentimes to a disease altogether illu-
sory, viz. mental hydrophobia. In ano-
ther point of view, it is no less neces-
sary that some tests should be applied,
that the new experiments may be con-
fined to real cases of hydrophobia: for
in any other disease confounded with
it, if these experiments do not directly
tend to the destruction of the patient,
which is not quite clear, they may do
so indirectly, by superseding other more
availing processes.

Dr. Parry first shews the great resem-
blance and yet essential difference be-
tween the effects. of terror'and the ge-
nuine hydrophobia. In the cases of
true rabies, which illustrate this differ-
ence,. the patients were indifferent and
unconcerned about the accident which
gave rise to it.

The characteristics of genuine rabies
are:

1. The part which is primarily affected,
so as to give occasion to the symptom called
hydrophobia, is not the pharynx, cesopha-
gus, or stomach ; but the upper portion of
the trachea, together with other parts of
the apparatus concerned in the functions
of respiration. The trutl? of this position is
evident from the following circumstances :—
First, At certain periods of the disease, the
capability of swallowing solids without diffi-
culty or any tendency to the production
of éonvulsion. — Secondly, The local con-
vulsions being brought on not only by
swallowing, but by a quick impulse of air.
— Thirdly, Spontaneous attacks of the con-
vulsions begin with a violent sobbing inspi-
ration, in which the shoulders are generally
preternaturally elevated, as in asthma, and
the abdomen strongly protruded by the
forcible’ depression of the diaphragm.—
Fourthly, This state is still more strongly
marked when the convulsion is brought on
by the attempt to swallow liquids,—by the
mere contact of them with the fauces, be-
fore any attempt to swallow them,—by the
apprehension of them, or by the strong im-
pulse of air; in either of which cases the
power of respiration seems suspended, or
very irregularly performed ; and the patient
experiences a sense of strangulation, which-

25 shews

314

shews itself by an apparent constriction of
the rima glottidis, and in the corresponding
gestures of the patient. In these attacks,
it appears that’ that’ important part of the
system of respiration, the diaphragm, 1s
pretérnaturally affected. 10

2, Another circumstance, characteristic
of this disease, is an inordinate action of the
voluntary muscles, The muscles seem
always: to,oyeract, the intention of the
mind. f

3. A third characteristic circumstance 1s
the peculiar nature of the delirium. The
patient shall go on talking with vehemence,
and for many successive hours, of past
events, as if they were actually present ;
shall fancy objects to be different from what
they really are, and shall even act on those
delusions ; and yet no sooner is his atten-
tion exerted by questions put to him by his
friends, than he shall answer them, and
continue for a considerable time to converse
with a calmness of manner, and coherency
of ideas, precisely similar to those of a per-
son in perfect health.

4. In the rabies canina the convulsions
do not take place till long after the dread of
liquids has been distinctly marked, and till
the disease is nearly terminated.

5. Of persons bitten by dogs really mad,
it is probable that only a small proportion
become hydrophobous. Bites on the face
are most certain of infecting: bites through
clothes generally fail to injure.

6. The duration of the disease is dif-
ferent in different patients. In a great ma-
jority of cases, the disease terminates in
death within four days from the first affec-
tion of the organs of respiration.

7. Some pain, if not in the part itself, at
least in the course of the nerves supplying
it, has usually attended the commence-
ment, and a considerable part of the course
of the constitutional malady.

8: There cannot be a greater mistake
than to suppose, either that the fever of
hydrophobia is of the inflammatory kind, or
that its peculiar symptom arises from
local inflammation of the fauces, or any
other part. Dissection has shewed no
disease of an inflammatory kind, ‘either in
the organs of respiration, or the alimentary
canal ; appearances about the bilious coat
of the cesophagus, trachea, &c., are merely
coincidences or effects; for it is evident
that they are not essential to canine hydro-
phobia, either as causes or adjuncts, since
in many cases in dissection no such appear-
ances haye existed. The symptoms of in-
flammation in these parts bear no real re-
semblance to the phenomena of canine
hydrophobia.

9. The dread of drinking in canine hydro-
whobia is far from arising from an aversion
to liquids, as such. There is in reality a
strong desire to drink, and the dread appears
to originate solely from the recollection of the
great sufferings produced by the attempt.—
It cannot be denied, that dogs will often

Observations on Hydrophobia.

[ Nov. 1,

lap while under this disease ; besides which,
it should continually be borne in mind, /hat
what is called hydrophobia, or the dread of
water, is not the disease itself, ‘but only one
symptomof the disease; which differs in degree
in different, patients, and without the evist-
ence of which the patient would as certainly,
and probably as. soon; die, as when it ewists in
the greatest degree. A patient has swallowed
liquids in guantities fully sufficient to preserve
life, were that conaition alone adequate to the
purpose.

10. In order to ascertain the existence
of the disease in question, the distinguish-
ing effect of the attempt to swallow liquids,
or their contact with the mouth, must be
not mere dread, or resistance, or agitation,
or even general spasms or conyulsions, the
last of which. never occur in, the rabies eanina
till a very short time before death,—but that
peculiar strangulation, or affection of the
respiratory organs, which has been before
fully described. Unless this occurs, the
characteristic symptom of hydrophobia ca-
nina is absolutely wanting.

1l. First, Patients do not rave at the be-
ginning of injury from animals,—and never,
at any period, either in connexion with the
sight of water or without it, except from
recollection of a bite, and apprehension of
its consequences. — Secondly, The disease
for the most part, if not always, begins with
a hot skin, and certain other symptoms of
fever, which are anterior by several hours
to the dread of liquids. —Thirdly, Patients
sometimes sleep after the commencement
of hydrophobia. — Fourthly, ‘There are
rarely in that disease any savage contortions
of countenance, except temporarily, during
the local spasms of respiration, or till the
last general convulsions, take. place. —
Fourthly, Sometimes the general ,conyul-
sions do not occur at all; but when they do
exist, they have usually perfect intermissions
of Jonger or shorter duration.—Lustly,, The
characteristic of canine hydrophobia, oy man is
a local spasm of the respiratory organs _ alone,
very short as to duration, and having long
and perfect intervals, but, while it lasts,
threatening suffocation, — occuring ,.some-
times spontaneously, whether during sleep
or watching, and always from the contact
of liquids with the inside of the fauces.

Among the equivocal symptoms, that
are not characteristic of hydrophobia,
are, difficulty of swallowing, with a
rising up of the whole larynx and pha-
rynx, as in hysteria; loss of voice ;
horror of liquids remaining after the
difficulty of swallowing has ceased ;
the production of convulsions from the
horror of liquids and noises ; difficulty
of swallowing, and convulsions about
the throat without disordered respira-
tion; general agitation and horror from
the attempt to swallow liquids or solids
without convulsions, local or general, or
delirium.

_ As

1824.]

As in various diseases, dogs ‘are dis-
posed to each other, that circumstance
is not characteristic. So also, “ cha-
racteristic howls ;’? aversion from water ;
the disposition to bite; “lapping eager-
ly ;? the lapping of their own urine;
“putting the face into water, and not
swallowing; a bark mixed with a howl;
no how! at all; a natural bark without
a howl; a departure from his usual ha-
bits; picking up straws, rags,’ &c. ;
conceiving antipathies to other animals,
especially cats, are with regard to ani-
mals, none of the signs diagnostic of
rabies. “If there beany signs by which
the rabies contagiosa is capable of being
ascertained’ in’ man, the same pathog-
nomies also exist under, certain modi-
fications, in brute animals.”* Dr. Parry
found a close coincidence betwixt
the characterizing symptoms and mor-
bid appearances of rabies contagiosa,
as described im. man and animals.
When pigs and other animals are bitten
about the ears by dogs, they are ren-
dered liable to tetanic and phrenetic
affections, with general or local convul-
sions, which symptoms are generally as-
eribed to hydrophobia. Dr. Parry cites
many instances of false conclusions on
this head.

Among the plans which at different

times have been recommended, and
“have duped mankind,’ may be
reckoned,

Bleeding from the arm, jugulars, tem-
poral artery, and’ by leeches, purging,
emollient glysters, scarification and blister-
ing of the ¢iéatrices, blisters to the throat
and other’ parts, oil by the mouth,
glysters by unction and by bathing, cai-
japut-oil, warm and cold bathing; the
latter, so far as to produce a temporary sus-
pension of the senses; galvanism, elec-
tricity, vinegar, ammonia, pure and sub-
carbonated ; cinchona, snake-root, ipe-
cacuanha, camphor, musk, assafcetida, to-
bacco externally, and in glysters; helle-
bore, opium to an astonishing extent, mer-
cury in all forms, antimony, copper, zinc,
iron, and arsenic. Several of these seem
to have aggravated the disease, or com-
bined with it their own specific noxious
effects ; but no one has gone any way to-
wards producing a cure.

There is nothing in the vague rela-
tions which water bears to the rabies,
that can induce any expectation on phi-
losophical principles of its success by

* “The resemblance of the chief charac-
teristic symptom in man and dogs is, there-
fore, perhaps as great as the nature and con-
struction of the two animals will admit.”—
eit, p. 199.

Observations on Hydrophobia.

315

injection into the veins after bleeding.
Of its reported effects in one case,
there are none which would not follow
large bleeding, or that may not either
sometimes occur on a certain stage of
hydrophobia, or of general conyulsions,
spontaneously,

Among the vaunted prophylactics of
hydrophobia, none have gained any cre-
dit with professional men, except exci-
sion. Nevertheless I consider the re-
puted preventive powers of bathing in
salt-water to be entitled to more con-
sideration than medical mén have felt
inclined to. bestow. The practice has
existed from time immemorial, on the
banks of the Severn, and the casual ob-
servation of many years suggests to me
no one instance of hydrophobia having
occurred to any person who had had
recourse to bathing after being bitten.
Moreover, the information of very old
persons, as far as I have entered into
the investigation, does not tend at all to
imyalidate the popular confidence in this
mode of defence against hydrophobia.

Dr. Jenner, who was born and died
on the banks of the Severn, favoured
the popular opinion. The late Mr.
Charles B. Trye is said to have been
credulous of the preventive powers of
bathing.

On the banks of this river there are
many dipping posts, usually signified by
a board with “ Men and animals is dipt
here.’ The mode is rather rude; a
girdle with a rope is passed about the
middle, and the patient is ducked till
the vital functions are almost suspend-
ed. It would be needless to hint what
impressions are necessarily made on the
nervous system, what forcible re-actions
of the heart and internal system are
excited. Nor is this method limited
to cases of hydrophobia; it is prac-
tised in several forms of scrofula,
glandular enlargements, swelling of
joints, local suppurations, &c., as also
in many cutaneous diseases, accom-
panied with redundancies on the sur-
face, as, for example, the varieties of
lepra and psoriosis. The period occu-
pied in a course of bathing lasts during
seven spring tides. The place usually
chosen is a dyke, into which the Severn
flows at high water. Several instances
have been related to me of the success
of this extraordinary and lengthened
process of bathing, and of the vehement
re-actions excited by an agency sosudden
andpowerful. Probablythe same principle
would be applied on a more extensive
scale with much advantage in diseases of

252 the

316,

the skin, and those graver local diseases
connected with feeble powers of the con-
stitution, and of the circulating and
absorbent systems. I question much
whether the partial utility of sea bathing
is not owing to a degree of the same
influences that are excited by the power-
ful methods of bathing practised on the
banks of the Severn.
——a—_

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

Sir:

HERE is an universal bemoaning

in London, on account of the sup-
posed failure of the crop of apples this
autumn, and which I see is reiterated
at the close of the meteorological re-
port in the Monthly Magazine for the
past month. Ithink, therefore, it may
be useful to say, that I returned from a
trip through Herefordshire a few weeks
ago, and the crop of apples is so abun-
dant, that I saw the loaded branches
absolutely propped with poles, to pre-
vent the weight of fruit from breaking
them off.

Happening to find myself seated next
a wholesale fruit dealer on the top of
the Ludlow mail, I inquired respecting
the disposal of this immense crop, and
was surprised to hear that large quan-
tities are packed in hogsheads, and for-
warded by water conveyance from Wor-
cester to Liverpool, Glasgow, and Edin-
burgh.

How is it, Mr. Editor, we have not
yet had our share of these Hereford-
shire apples? Surely, with the facilities
of water conveyance to the metropolis,
we shall have no longer occasion to re-
egret a scarcity of that valuable, useful,
and saleable fruit—the apple.

Your old subscriber,
London, October 2, 1824. D.
>

For the Monthly Magazine.

JOURNAL of an OFFICER residing in co-
LUMBIA, from MARACAIBO to MERIDA.

EAVING Maracaibo early in the

morning we proceeded by the lake
until we arrived at Puebla Laguna, a
small village about six leagues from
Maracaibo, consisting of about forty
houses or huts, on the margin of the
lake: here we proposed breakfasting.
Having sent one of our gondoliers, or
bargemen, to announce our arrival to
the villagers, the chief person came to
the beach to invite us; and we accom-
panied him to his habitation, through a
long pathway, intersected with cocoa-
nut trees of an amazing height, and
bending with the weight of the nuts;

Journal of a Columbian Officer.

[Nov. I,

this damp situation being favourable to
the growth of them. As we entered his
house,—an open house to the world,
having. neither. door. nor) window—
his daughters,..six in. number, were
employed in making, tippets, or hand-
kerchiefs, of the down of the golden
heron, —myriads -of which resort to
this lake. These tippets, made in alter-
nate lines, were tinged with the beau-
tiful tints which the plumage of those
tropical birds display, especially when
exposed to the rays of the sun. Even
in Europe they would be. considered
rich and beautiful. I wished te pur-
chase one, but. was told the sale of them
was prohibited, until the state officers’
ladies were first supplied... This branch
of feather-manufacture was confined to
the nuns of St. Clara, until the revolu-
tion caused a schism amongst them,
and some of them left the convent ;
among which was Leona, .our host’s
daughter, a fat, pleasant woman, about
forty, who communicated her knowledge
to her sisters. This radical nun in-
formed me that the knowledge of their
handicraft was obtained by the sister-
hood from an Englishwoman, the wife
of a deserter from Buenos Ayres, who
left General Whitelocke’s divison, and
died at the hospital at Merida; to
her the nuns were also indebted for
many recipes in cookery as well as
millinery. A large basket of wild-fowls’
eggs having been brought in by an Indian
boy, Leona began to prepare breakfast.
As I had some curiosity respecting the
mode of dressing plantains, I watched her
culinary preparations, which consisted
of lard, seasoned with Chili pepper-and .
lime-juice, in which the plantains. were
fried, being garnished with pomegranate-
seed and some red berries... In like
manner were fried the eggs, and a species
of fish not unlike trout, except thehead,
which resembled a mullet, of very deli-
cate flavour. Our breakfast consisted
of those, with the addition of cocoa-nut
milk and coffee; and never did I break-
fast with so much gusto; while Leona’s
pleasant sallies made me. forget I was
in company with one of the holy sister-
hood of Santa Clara. Iasked her whe-
ther she meant to return to the convent,
now that her party were successful :
she said, not until her poor father left
this world, as she was his principal sup-
port since he lost his sons in the Car-
raccas struggle. I told her, I thought
she was more laudably employed in this
way than in working out her own salva-
tion in a corner of a cell; ‘and aes
the

1824.]

the pious duties of a wife would do her
more honour in the next world, than
mortification would in this, She burst
into a fit of laughter, and told me that
the English always endeavoured to lead
poor women astray,—and that the so/da-
dos sangras, who remainediafter White-
locke, played the devil in the country.
Having remarked‘‘a little coral cross
which I wore, she said I was a Christian.
“ Yes,’ I said; and wished to makeher a
present of it; but she received it reluc-
tantly. I now took my leave of my kind
host, and wanted to force two dollars on
him ; but he refused, adding that Leona
would be very angry, after receiving my
handsome present. But judge of my
surprise at seeing a small wicker-basket,
crammed with three days’ cooked pro-
visions, sent off to the boat by Leona’s
orders. I now shook hands with this
good-natured nun: shewing her a ring,
I told her jocosely I meant that should
bind us. She smiled, and looking up,
said her husband was in heaven; but
should she marry on earth, she would
choose me; at the same time, giving me
one of those tippets, she requested I
would let no person see it until I ar-
rived in Europe, when I should some-
times think on her.

The sun shone in full splendour
over the lake, adding beauty and dig-
nity to rocks, trees, and precipices that
overlooked it, and were reflected in
the crystal waters. On the right,
the country appeared more open, with
very ‘little cultivation. Although the
bottom appeared thirteen or fourteen
fathoms in depth, a'person would sup-
pose it within a fathom, and that its in-
numerable finny inhabitants of every hue
were within grasp, such was the clearness
and transparency of the gravelly bot-
tom, impregnated with gold and other
minerals, with a quantity of crystalline
gravel and shells. About three leagues
distant we betook ourselves to © our
mules, which had made a circuit of the
lake in order to join us, and proceeded
up the country by the river Chama, that
rolled beneath the rugged and painful
track we had ascended, with great velo-
city and astounding murmurs, along a
bed of rocks, sometimes forming a
smooth sheet of water, at other times,
an irregular cascade. After a painful
journey we arrived at a bleak emi-
nence or table-land, on which was built
asmall hut, where we halted. But judge
of our astonishment at finding here the
wretched habitation: of an English de-
serter, in the last stage of a consump-

Journal of a Columbian Officer.

317

tion; he had undergone a severe castiga-
tion by order of Morales, for refusing
to fight against the British legion at
Boyaca: he was tied up, and got four
hundred lashes on the soles of his feet
with a peterculo, added to the mal-
ditas or ulcers, caused by. the mus-
quitoes in prison, of the most painful
description, discharging a fetid ichor.
He informed me, that. being disgusted
with Whitelocke’s treachery, he, with a
number of others, deserted from Monte
Video, allured by the promises of the
treacherous Spaniards; that after living
a debauched life, most of them died un-
pitied; that disgusted with this sort of
life, he took up with a native woman,
who remained constant to him eyen to
that moment, and aided his escape from
the dungeon of Maracaibo. He regretted
that he had ever left his brave regiment,
and placed confidence in the faithless
Spaniards. Having recommended him to
the care of Dr. Murphy, the surgeon-
general at Valentia, whose countryman
he was, we continued our route to
Merida, along a beautiful and_pictu-
resque country, abounding in haciendas,
or plantations of sugar: here the vine
and ~olive are cultivated. Merida ap-
peared in view, situated in the most
fertile spot in the world, with an
equality of climate seldom known, only
from forty-four to sixty-four degrees.
Here a man can choose his own tem-
perature, as,he may live in the valley
in sixty-four degrees in the shade, and
walk in two hours to where the ther-
mometer will get down to forty, or even
lower, as he ascends the lofty Paramo ;
or he may live mid-ways, and have. his
haciendas in the valley; he may com-
bine, too, interest with all those ad-
vantages, as the haciendas yield in-
credible crops of wheat, pease, pulse,
beans, potatoes, Indian corn, even
indigo, cotton; and, in a word, the
products of India, as well as Europe,
may be the property of one man on the
same estate.

The town of Merida is the second
largest in the province of Venezuela,
but, like its rival the Carraccas, has
suffered by the earthquakes. Two-
thirds of the buildings are in ruins,
and some very fine houses are uninha-
bited, although tastefully ornamented
with gilded pillars and handsome ve-
randas ; also green-houses and kitchen
gardens. This town exhibits more of
European taste than any in South
America, and is better adapted for an
European settlement than any gine

rom

318

from the equality of its climate, fertility
of its soil, and proximity to the port of
Maracaibo, being only five days’ jour-
ney from Merida. . A little trouble
would make the Chama, which washes
the town, navigable to the lake of Ma-
racaibo: this is. the entrepot for the
commerce of the Lanos. Perhaps there
is not in, the world a happier spot, as
the clergy knew, having immense. ha-
ciendas here :, there were three Domini--
can friars and two convents,—verifying
the remark of the learned gentleman
who said,

No jesuit ever took in hand

To build a church in barren land.
And, indeed, the holy fathers were so
well aware of the delights of this little
paradise, that they very charitably ex-
cluded every person who was nota well-
known benefactor to their community.
But there are at present but a few radical
monks in our convent, and a few nuns
of the same denomination. Here are a
greater number of flowers and exotics
than are to be found in any colléction ;
and Iam persuaded, that the place will
become an European. settlement, com-
bining all those advantages to the quan-
tity. of neglected estate in its vicinity,
and the mildness of the laws.

——

To the Editor'of the Monthly Magazine.

Sir:

HAVE long been of opinion, that

the. general treatment of cuta-
neous diseases in this country is found-
ed on irrational principles—an opi-
nion not so much deduced from phy-
siological speculations, as from obser-
vation of the general mode of treat-
ing this class of diseases practised by
the continental physicians. But I have
been deterred from communicating my
tdeas on the subject to any of the medi-
cal publications of the day, under the
impression, that as it might possibly be
construed into an indirect censure on
the usual practice of the regular prac-
titioners, it would not probably have
gained insertion,

As your pages however appear to be
open to all parties, if you think the fol-
lowing remarks sufficiently important for
your miscellany, they are much at your
service. ‘

The climate of Great Britain is pro-
verbially: said to: be more subject to
vicissitudes than that of any other coun-
try in Europe, which is doubtless owing
to our insular situation. . But it is not
only the rapid change of temperature
(amounting frequently to 30° or 40°

On the Treatment of Cutaneous Diseases.

[Nov. I,

between the day and night, and often
15° or 20° between two successive days),
which, is, alone injurious to health; the
hygrometric changes, which so tapily
succeed each other, more especially
durimg the autumnal months, are per-
haps no less-instrumental in producing
derangement in the animal functions,
more particularly by means of the biliary
secretions, And as the effect of either
a humid or a dry atmosphere, must. be
exerted principally, if not wholly,
through the medium of the skin, we
shall find, on a slight examination, suf-
ficient data to account for the origin
and prevalence of most of the disorders
called cutaneous ; and probably of many
others, more deeply seated in the sys-
tem, classed under the heads of glan-
dular and chronic.

It has been justly observed, that the
discharge of feculent matter by the
emunetories of the skin, is of more im-
portance in the preservation of health
than any, or all the other excretions of
the body united: And, it may be added,
whenever the action of the skin ceases
or becomes obstructed—if the other
excretory functions be not stimulated in
an equal proportion,—the system inya-
riably feels its effects within twenty-four
hours.

But will stimuli, applied internally
in all cases (or even in the majority of
cases), Operate as a compensation for
the eaternal obstruction of the skin ?
Both obseryation and analogy would
make us decide in the negative ; yet
the general practice of this country is to
resort to internal application, by means
of the stomach and its auxiliaries, in
order to get rid of external or local ob-
struction. It would perhaps savour too
much of empiricism to say, that-a// cu-
taneous disease arose from injudicious
treatment of obstructed perspiration.
But when it is considered that this co-
pious excretion is not merely aqueous
vapour, but the feculent residuum of
the vessels of the skin also in a state of
solution; it is easy to conceive that if
such morbific matter be locked up ‘in
the pores through any external impedi-
ment, instead of being expelled, that it
must have a rapid tendency to putrefac-
tion, or the formation of pus, which will
be in proportion to the animal heat’ of
the patient, and to the vitiated state of
the fluids generally. qed

The late researches of a few accurate
observers* respecting the actual nature

Cage

* Plwmbe, and others, on diseases of the
skin.

1824.]

of cutaneous diseases, having shewn the
existence of animalcule in psora, and
many other varieties of cuticular di-
sease, seems rather to favour than mili-
tate against the supposition, that most
of these disorders owe their origin to
the feculent matter, called perspiration,
being shut up in the interstices of the
skin, and subsequently putrifying and
giving existence to myriads of animal-
cule.

The most simple as well as most ef-
fectual means of relieving the skin ap-
pears to be by the use of the warm bath,
either in the form of fresh or saline
water, or, which is far preferable, in the
yaporific or gaseous form. Notwith-
standing all the great cities of the con-
tinent are provided with baths (both
public and private, cold and warm),
which are generally resorted to by the
inhabitants, not cnly as an article of
luxury and cleanliness, but as a resto-
rative after fatigue or exposure to incle-
ment weather; yet the English have in
general a disinclination to the enjoy-
ment of this genuine though temperate
luxury.

It seems extracrdinary that so valu-
able a domestic medicine as a warm
bath should not form an appendage to
every opulent mansion in the kingdom.
There appears to be a very mistaken
notion among our countrymen, that
the. occasional use of a warm-bath
renders the body more liable to cold.
This, howeyer, is so far from being
the case, that the inhabitants of Pe-
tersburgh, Moscow, &¢. are accus-
tomed to the frequent use of the warm
bath, and immediately after to throw
themselves into cold water, even in the
winter season; both for the purpose of
recreation and to render themselves
hardier, and Jess liable to colds.

Custom is every thing. And as the
human skin may be almost compared to
a sponge with its pores filled with water,
when the warm bath has produced a
copious discharge of the perspirable
vapour, and thus carried off the fecu-
lent, or carbonaceous and alkaline mat-
ter from the vessels of the skin, the
sudden immersion in cold water, or in a
shower bath, instantly closes the minute

ores of the epidermis, thus prevyent-
ing the liability to “ take cold,” and at
the same time bracing the muscles of
the whole body.

With regard to the use of the warm
bath in general, some discretion is un-
doubtedly necessary. It is neither de-
sirable to have the temperature too

On the Treatment of Cutaneous Diseases.

319

high (especially on first entering) nor to
remain too long in the bath. Any me-
dical adviser will, however, be capable
of decidtag on these poimts, according
to the general habits or health of the
patient.

But for persons of a delicate frame,
the fumigating vapour-bath possesses
very decided advantages over a water-
bath. The weight or pressure of the
water is very oppressive, and almost
painful to persons labouring under asth-
matic or liver complaints; while vapour
acts insensibly on the skin, or rather it
affords an agreeable sensation almost
immediately, by releasing the constric-
tion of the pores, and allowing them to
discharge their morbid contents.

But it has been proved that medicated
vapour baths have much ereater influ-
ence than mere water-vapour, by acting
chemically on the patient, and thus, while
it dissolves and carries off the feculent
matter, it brings on a healthy action of
the skin, by promoting a freer circula-
tion of the blood through its minute
vessels.

. In cases where the skin is turgid and
insensible, the chlorine gas (oxymuriatic)
has been found most efficacious, and
chlorine vapour has been used with the
most decided success by Mr. Wallace in
the Dublin hospitals.

But where the patient is in a consider-
able state of irritability, or a general
debility from chronic disease prevails,
the sulphurous vapour baths’ are cer-
tainly the most advantageous. I speak
from experience, having lately tried
those of Mr. Green, in Bury Street.
But the action of sulphur in the state of
vapour has a more powerful effect on
the system generally, than would be
inferred d@ priori. Numerous cases of
obstinate chronic diseases, as rheuma-
tism, gout, and visceral obstructions of
long standing, are stated by Mr. Green
to have yielded to a judicious use of the
sulphurous, or fumigating bath.

It was my intention to have gone
into a brief inquiry concerning the re-
puted efficacy of salt-water bathing, as
a remedy for scrophulous disease ; but
I am apprehensive I have already tres-
passed too much on your valuable co-
lumns. T. W. W.

Mary-le-bone, 10th Oct. 1824.

[=z
For the Monthly Magazine.

THE ANCIENT SCLAVONIAN LANGUAGE.

‘@F this comparatively ancient lan-

guage little or nothing is known
in the west of Europe: it is however
well

320

well worthy of the attention of the
learned philologist, although its Htera-
ture be very limited, as being to this
day the sacred or church language of all
the people of the Sclayonian race be-
longing to the Greek church, “and
amountiiig “to no ‘Yess than thirty-six
millions ; and ‘even that of the Ronian
Catholics," called Glagolites,’ in’ Dal-
matia and Istria.
dialect’ of the South-Dannbe,’ which
during ‘the ninth century, from among
all the Selavonian dialects, was first
fixed in writing by the brothers Cyrillus
and Methodius, of Salonica, in Mace-
donia. As a living language, however,
it is now extinct, and only studied by
the priests as the language of their
worship.

Of the present three South Sclavo-
nian dialects, the Bulgarian, the Servian;
and Windian, the latter seems, both
historically and /inguistically, most di-
rectly to be descended from that dia-
lect of the ninth century. We say
historically, because Methodius was for

a long period their archbishop ; and Jin- °

guistically, because it approaches the
church langeage more nearly than either
of the two other Sclavonian dialects.
The sacred volumes translated by this
Arehbishop Methodius (or at least by
some Sclavonians under his direction),
came a century after him, together with
Christianity itself, to the Russians, to
whom they were, in that dialect’ at
least, not more unintelligible, than they
appear now, the dialect having sprung
from the same parent language as theirs.
‘Suffice it to say, the archbishop’s, dia-
lect was on the point of becoming the
Tuscan or High German of the Scla-
vonian nations. The Russians adopted
it as their language of literature, and it
was in this that their Hestor wrote his
chronicle (commended by Schloezer),
about A.D.1100. It was in the same
language that the Servian Daniel wrote
his Chronicle of Servia, on Mount
Athos. The Roman Catholics of Dal-
matia (Glagolites) even re-wrote Me-
- thodius’s translation -in a different cha-
racter, and passed it for a production of
St. Jerome, their countryman; to say
nothing of the Views in Bohemia, : writ-

ten by Glagolite Monks, under Charles:

IV., and similar productions. But -it
was decreed by fate, that there should
not be one language of literature for all
the Sclavonians; but that, as in ancient
Greece, every tribe should speak and
write in its own peculiar dialect.. Thence
Bohemia, Poland, Russia, Hlyria, Croa-

Ancient Sclavonian Language.

This language: is a’

[ Nov. I,

tia, and Carinthia, have each their own,
more or less extensive, and more or less
cultivated ‘literature.

But during and before .the’deyelop-
ment. of these-new ‘literatures, the sa-
cred literature, begun bythe two Mace-
donians in the ‘ancient Windian, - was
carried on; though for thé) most-part in
the hands of persens-of whom it was
not the native tongue,. yet prettyiclesely
following the type given in Methodius’

translations... The. whole, literature of
this. church-dialecty after. being, well
sifted, and..duplicates; of;,course,, not
being included, may . be,estimated. at
about 100.folio volumes ;-for the;most
part church-books,, writings, of, the. fa-
thers, legends, but also..law, hooks and
chronicles,

Whilst the Windian dialect was’ thus
transplanted, the Windians, themselves
had to contend. against. the calamities

‘ caused by. ‘the subsequent eruptions of

the Magyarians, and Buorians. , Their
literary life only recovered: under,Fer-
dinand, about. 1550; first in Crain, then
in Croatia, and ultimately m Hungary.
After the long vicissitudes of this
people, Methodius’s. work,. rites, and
character were no longer applicable.
The Sclavonian was every where written
in the Latin character, and, what is
worse, by a different combination of it.
There existed some grammars, of this
ancient language aiiong the Sclavonians,
but they were generally unsatisfactory,
and moreover written in the language

itself which they were to impart.0 =
Peter Winagradow, a Russian, seems
to have been the first (AgD:i1814):to
publish a grammar of the ancient Scla-
vonian in the Russian language # a work,
moreover, distinguished for the» general
ability displayed in it by the ‘intelligent
author: and: indeed» it. is from Russia
alone, where numbers of the ‘most-an-
cient codices only ‘seem! to\wait for an
explorer, that the best. works on this
language must be looked for.“ Still; to
other nations the access to this sacred
dialect remained shut up; and yet who-
ever wishes to acquire a thorough know-
ledge of the Sclavonian, ought to begin’
with this dialect, whose literature, at
least, is the most ancient. It is: there-
fore a joyful event: forthe literati of
Europe, that this desideratum has -at
length been most satisfactorily supplied
by a most complete grammar of: this! an-
cient dialect in Latin, from the.penvof a
iran whose knowledge in the Selayenian
dialects is most universally: acknow-
ledged, vis. the Abbé Dobrowsky.. The:
title

1824.) —
title of the work is: “ Jos. Dobrowsky,
Presbytere, &c.
Slavicz dialecti veteris, quae quum apud
Russas, Serbos, aliasque ritus greeci, tum

apud Dalmatas Glagolitas ritus. latini:

Cum

Slavos, in libris sacris obtinet.
Vindo-

tabulis re incisis quatuor.
bone 1822.”’. (Svo.pp. 720.)

nett

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

Sir,

E very extensive circulation of

your scientifie Miscellany, induces

me to request I maybe permitted to

correct, through its medium, an error in

the last number but one, respecting the

chronometer, manufactured by Mr. Mur-

ray of Cornhill, which accompanies Cap-

tain Parry in his present expedition. I

am fully aware, that any person who

may be inclined to make a calculation,

will easily discover the said error; yet

as the number of your readers who

would take such pains would be com-

paratively but small, I beg to state, that

the mean daily rate of the chronometer,

in the month of December, was not

1” 95, but only 0” 95, its greatest gain
having at one time exceeded 1” 49.
I am, Sir, yours, &c.

September 14, 1824. L. M. L.
——

Mone of Hunt1vc the Bapcrn, Jacuar,
and OrrER in SouTH AMERICA.

The Badger.

UNTING this useful animal forms
a source of amusement and ento-
lument to the Indians of Bocca Mon-
tana Albarregas, and most tribes that
inhabit the higher regions of the Cor-
dilleras, from Coro to Cumana. As
there are no stated periods for taking
it, although in the months of August,
September, and October it is certainly
fattest, they continue to search for ‘it
the whole year round, unless during
the breeding season, when the flesh
is rank and lean, and the lard or
butter, manteca, rancid. In making
their hunting dispositions, they form
arties of seven or eight, or more:
hen the tribe is numerous, they will
sometimes take five, six, or seven miles
in a sweep over the country: and such
is their dexterity and address in taking
these animals, that they will nearly
clear it for five or six years of badgers,
notwithstanding all the obstruction of
brushwood, cover, &c: &c. In these
excursions they are accompanied by a
number of women and boys, whose bu-
siness it is toy build temporary huts,

Mowtury Mac. No. 402.

Mode of Hunting the Badger in South America.

Institutiones Lingue-

321

cook, collect fruits, and, lastly, to cure
what badger hams and gammons the men
catch: this is no sinecure, and although
they rest during the night, the day
ushers them in :nore labour than comes:
to the hunters’ share. When they ar-
rive at the badgers’ haunts,—generally in
high situations, contiguous to rocks,
for the purpose of burrowing when
hard pressed, —they soon discover.
his traces by the manner in which
he scrapes for pistachios and other ob-
long nuts, the names of which I forget.
They then search the rock until they
find the burrow, and also under the pro-
jecting roots of large trees, the hollows:
of which afford them shelter. When the
burrows are in trees, they seldom give
themselves the trouble of erecting pit-
falls for them, as their curs kill and drag:
them out, or else they dig them out.
When the burrows are in the rocks, they
set to work to erect pitfalls, or traps, ini
the building of which they display a re~,
gularity and system that would do
credit to an European mason. As the
falls are four feet by four in height and.
breadth, the flags with which they are
built are so closely set, as to prevent the
creature introducing his paw-nails be-
tween them, for his strength is such that
he would raise a stone of two or three
hundred weight. As the badger’s. family
generally consists of seven or eight, the
hunters set as many of those pitfalls in
their way as will intercept them, one by
one, in making their passage to their bur-
rows, and frequently one in the mouth
of the burrow, provided it is large
enough, covering them with turf, earth,
and leaves over little twigs. As soon as
they have made a sufficient number, with
incredible labour and perseverance,
using no other implements than their
hatchets and stone-hammers, the co-
vering-flag is placed over; at the
back of this they place a quantity of
rubbish, so as to give weight to its fall,
and plant bushes so artfully as to de
ceive a stranger, forming a lane, through
which the creature must necessarily
pass to his burrow. Then one or two
ascend the trees or highest rock, to give
notice of the badger’s approach; while
another is buried in sight of the traps in
such a manner as to be. covered with
leaves, and in such a posture, as to ob+
serve the creatures coming toward the
traps, and hurry them into them by mis-
siles, but never attempts to shew him-
self until the badger passes him. In
this manner, the remainder of the party
advance into the brushwood and then

2-T let

322

let loose their dogs, who, on scenting
the badgers, set up a whining. cry, ac-
companied by the rattles of the Indians,
making the badger start, and betake him-
self to his burrow, Sometimes seven or
eight will start together, the most’ of
which, are always caught; but should
one. escape, they again hunt the ground
over, If their party is not, numerous
enough, the women join_ after the first
chase, as the danger of coming in con-
tact with tigers is over, the first noise hav-
ing started thenas well as most noxious
creatures, Indeed, the badger is seldom
found near the jungle, as he is not fond
of such neighbours, Should one escape
‘the traps, which is very seldom the case,
they leave the traps set day and night,
and aman to watch him, until hunger
forees him to quit his subterraneous
abode, Sometimes the Indian curs will
enter, and kill the creature, if his bur-
row is large enough to admit them;
yet he often.makes them retreat, pro-
vided they cannot surround him, although
‘those curs are certainly. superior to our
European terriers in bite, and. tenacity
of their hold. Whenever a badger earths,
the Indians cast lots, to know which
shall watch until the badger breaks,
leaving him two days’ provisions in the
mean time, supposing this to be the
usual time until the animal bolts. But
it is sometimes a toss-up which wiil hold
out longest, especially if it be an old
badger ;. but even here the Indian has
decidedly the advantage, as he is known
to endure four days’ hunger, without
any bad results. If it happens in har-
- vest, he is pretty well off; for his cun-
ning makes him an overmatch for the
animal, and he always carries the
image of a man of rude workmanship,
which he sets before the earth, sup-
ported by twigs in a moving position :
this prevents the badger stirring while
the Indian goes in quest of food, a work
of little time with him, as he is satisfied
with the first thing he finds : he soon
returns to await the coming out of his
subterraneous visitor, as the disgrace
of returning without the badger is shock-
ing to a hunter, and debars his ever
being a guapo or warrior, until he can,
by some very extraordinary feat, wipe
this stain off his name. They also use
the noose or snare to catch these crea-
tures, which is placed across.the path-
ways, like rabbit-wires, with this excep-
‘tion—that the Indian’s snare is attached
to a spring pole, that suspends and
strangles the creature. The South-
American badger is larger than those in

“Mode of Hunting the Badger in South America.

[Nov. ly

Europe, and much browner: he is also,
much easier killed. sate)
~ Perhaps its habits are the most social
of any quadruped in the universe ; it is
not known to quarrel with any other qua-
druped; even thé fox, pole-cat, stinkard,
the opossum, the land-crab’ and’ snake
make it resign its ‘abode, although it is
much stronger than ‘any of them. It
also lives in the greatest. harmony with
its own species, subsisting principally on
nuts, roots,and vegetables; and is cleanly
in its habits, “being observed to perform
its ablution whiie the dew‘is’6n the
ground. The’ Indians count two spe-
cies of it, viz, the Marano, or pig-
badger ; and the Pero, or dog-badger. I
am informed the former roots for its
amusement like a pig; they ‘ bring
forth two, three ‘and four at a litter,
and preserve them -carefully. Badger
hams are certainly delicious, and the
sale of them, was prohibited but to
the Viceroy, who generally shipped a
quantity of them annually to Madrid,
for the use of their august Majesties;
now they are purchased for ‘one-fourth
the original value, as the Viceroy ‘some-
times paid eight or ten dollars for a pair:
of gammons, The way of curing them
perhaps contribated ‘to their flavour,
which’ was simply to rab them with
coarse sugar and Chili pepper, each
day, pressing them very ‘hard’ until
quite dry. This source - of. emolu-
ment would have been considerable
to these -hunting tribes “were they
not cheated and made tributary to the
Viceroy, as they had to give him a
dozen first, and afterwards take trinkets.
out of the stores at whatever price he
chose to demand. The butter, or Manteca
de Marano, as they call the lard, ‘was-also
in great demand among the grandeées,
who fried most of their food init. A
party of eight would destroy’ two or
three hundred badgers anda quantity of
deer, on their return home, * besides
guanas. These hunting parties are so
delightful, even to ‘the women, ‘that
the hopes of being allowed” to ‘ac-
company the men will be ‘a stimilus to
conduct themselves properly ‘the’ year
round. On those excursions ‘thicy ‘live
well, and seem more happy. han during
the rainy reason; in_ their way hi
they travel day and night fapdiy, in
spite of all obstructions, carryin “Tong
poles between them, ‘on which t eani-
mals are slung; the skins and dtd the
boys carry. The women are certainly’ the
heaviest loaded, and must. Keep ace
with those gentry; the dogs too are
‘ 2 _.;, better

ey

1824.]

better fed during this period, and seem
to return with regret. . A cloud of vul-
tures. generally hoyer over, them, and
are seen ~by their. clans, a, day , or
two. before they arrive, who make
every preparation to receive them : their
return.is. greeted like that of victors.
The rainy nights are passed in recounting
their exploits one.to another.
The. Jaguar, 3

Tue taking of this. fierce, creature
forms. a portion. of the, warlike features
distinguishing the, Indians of South
America, particularly the Laneros, or
men of the plains; though these creatures
invariably .ayoid the. haunts of men,
and commit yery little depredations on
any property unless sheep and goats, as
the forest affords, them plenty.of prey,
and _tlieir sagacity is. great in disco-
vering the. numerous herds of deer
and ‘mountain goats. Fierce in his
habits, he will not attack man, unless
he scents human blood; in this case
his thirst gets the better of him, and
he has been frequently known at night
to leap over six or seven file of men, in
attempting to reach a wounded man:
of this the Laneros are so well con-
vinced:that they encompass the wound-
ed. One inducement a Laneros has in
pursuing the jaguar is the honour of
the feat,—for the value of its skin, and
the dittle depredations it commits on
his flocks, would never, I apprehend,
induce him to risk a single combat
with such fierce animals; but there
is a stronger stimulus,, viz. that kill-
ing seven ‘jaguars, or six tigers, will
give him the title of guapo, or warrior,
and entitle him, to chuse the fattest
virgin for his companion in the tribe;
for with them the lady who is most
en bon point is. most beautiful. This
alone is a.sufficient inducement; and
they endeavour to complete their task
as early as the age of seventeen. On
the approach of the breeding season,
they watch with great assiduity the battles
that take place between the male and
female, as this is a sure indication of her
littering, not wishing to have the male
know where she deposits the cubs, as
some naturalists assert that he eats
them; others, that he hugs them to
death. However this be, she ’ never
suffers him to approach the jungle, if I
may be allowed to call it so, until they
are able to run after her. During this
period, he awaits her with the most
tender solicitude, and even brings. her
a portion of his prey. He is seen ho-
yering instinctively about. ‘thes place

Mode of Hunting the Juguar in South America.

323°
where she is couched at noon-tide.
When the Laneros perceives ‘this, he
enyelops himself in a _jaguar’s skin, and
approaches him, taking good eare to
have the wind in his favour, as’ the
jJaguar’s keen’ scent would soon dis-
cover the imposition. Even this sa-
gacity and instinct they think they have
got over, by burning plantain leaves so
as to take away any human scent the
body has for hours; though. this is
probably a mere’ fancy. As soon as
the Laneros perceives the jaguar, he runs
from him on all fours, and endeavours
to mimic the whining ery of the beast,
which by some is said to be like a cat,
or like hogs crouching in a’ stye; the
latter is what I would compare them
to, as I have seen them mustering by
night previous to hunting. As soon as
the male perceives him, he bounds to-
wards him; when the Laneros dexte-
rously throws the noose over , him,
and soon strangles him. Sometimes he
wounds him with his lance, and then a
sanguinary conflict takes place. As the
Laneros has his leftarm well bound round
with tanned horse-skin, impervious to the
jaguar’s tusks, he presents his left hand ;
as soon .as the jaguar seizes it, he is
stabbed with a long knife, which seldom
misses the heart, as the principal excel-
lence of a guapo is killing the beast with
as few stabs as possible. As soon as he
despatches the male, the female becomes
an easy prey. Sometimes the Laneros,
when their numbers are complete, will,
to prove their dexterity and address,
decoy the jaguar into a defile, when the
man uncovers and shews himself; the
jaguar endeavours to retreat, but is
prevented by other Indians, who scare
him with fire-brands, for they can
produce fire by . rubbing two pieces
of wood together, as quick as if
with tinder. In this manner. they
sometimes worry him with dogs, while
they keep him at bay until the women
arrive to witness their cruelty: As the
jaguar gets frantic, he endeavours to
bite at every thing near him; as often
as the creature opens his’ mouth he ‘is
sure to have a burning torch rammed
into his throat, until madness exhausts
him, and he is no longer able to close
his jaws; then the women and boys
descend from their high positions,
chop off his paws, hammer out his
teeth, and often skin him alive, while
the-boys are smeared with the blood, in

“order to make them good warriors, and

the mothers. take delight in seeing the
animosity they have to the creature;
2T 2 even

324
even when no longerabletodo any injury.
As to the female jaguar, they have only
to come near her couching-place to pro-
voke a quarrel, as she will often attack
them before they are within two hundred
yards of it: in her they sometimes find a
more formidable enemy than in the male,
although much inferior in point of size
and strength, but more subtle and
erafty : their bite is difficult to heal,
and the Laneros think a wound from a
jaguar a great disgrace; so much so
that a young aspirant for the title of
guapo, who had the misfortune of being
wounded in a rencontre, was so much
ashamed of acknowledging it, that he suf-
fered a mortification sooner than expose
the wound, although he was well aware
the women possesseda salve that would
eure him.
The Oller.

Pero de Agua water-dog, and otter
are synonimous terms in both languages.
As hunting this species of otter in South
America forms a recreation for the
grandees or better sort of gentry for
two or three months in the year, like
our grousing or partridge shooting par-
ties, an account of their aquatic ex-
cursions may prove interesting. In the
month of May the parties assemble
by previous arrangement, composed
principally of the chief inhabitants of
these districts and their relatives or
clans and visitors, male slaves, mu-
leteers, &c. Having ascended the water-
falls, they encamp near those clear and
transparent rivers in which otters abound
in great numbers. After the business of
physicking the blood-hounds and a spe-
_ ¢ies of bluish cur without any hair,
they make their hunting dispositions,
and appoint their land and water cap-
tains to head each party; the duty
‘of the latter is to stand in the prow of
the canoe and cheer the dogs to the
grey. A huntsman, in fact, is mostly an
Fadvan, as those dogs will not hunt to
any other tongue; what this is owing
to, whether custom or sagacity, I know
not, but. it is certainly the case ;
however, the young Spaniards and
Creoles have latterly remedied this de-
fect, and are now as well qualified to
hunt a bloodhound im: the Indian
tongue as an Indian himself, Both par-
ties having armed themselves with otter
spears, barbed like the harpoons, and
with long handles made of rough light
wood about ten feet ormore, they cheer,on
the blood-hounds, who nosooner wind the
prey than they join chorus with their

untsmen, until they arrive nearthe Calle

Mode of Hunting the Otter in South America.

( Nov: 1,

Pero, or otter city, when the land party
divide into three; one watch; another
ascend the ford; while the others pokethe
banks, in order to ejéct the creature.
As soon as he is started, the hounds
are again in full ery, aud the curs are
loosed to dive after him, and will relieve
each other in this task; as soon'as one
is up down goes the other, while the
hounds keep up the ery in the water
at a slow pace, until they eventually
force the creature to’ the head ‘of the
stream into shallow water, where: these
curs either snap him up or he is‘speared
by the hunters; after this, tne hounds
are allowed the gratification of mouthing
him until satisfied, when they again return
to depopulate this little commonwealth
of otters, After all the old otters have
fled, the young ones betake themselves
to the uppermost recesses of their bur-
rows, and defend themselves with
great obstinacy when they are dug
out of their dirty habitation; a slight
blow on the forehead will soon despateh
them, as that seems their most vulne-
rable part. In their abode the head, fins,
tails and fragments of several species of
fish are to be seen, for the otter is; like
most aquatic monsters, a glutton’; as he
seldom eats more than a mouthful of
each fish, he must cause frightful des-
truction among the finny race, and his
depredation causes his haunts to be
found out at low water; when the hounds
would pass him: Abbé Ricardo; who
wrote a little treatise on the history
of this animal, about a century ago,
(in good preservation in the’ ‘¢athe-
dral of Carraccas) relates, that! while
the parent otters are in existence, they
do not suffer the young gentry to at-
tempt propagating the specie, but that
the young are two or three years under
their parents’ guardianship: one thing
is very certain,—in the same com-
munity are to be met three or four
different generations of those creatures
under the guidance of their patriarch.
The alligator is the only aquatic ene-
my of this creature, with the excep;
tion of the shark, with whom he has
very little intercourse. It seems Father
Ricardo caused a cage-pond’ to be
erected in his garden, in’ order to
study their natural history. His little
legend teems with amusing anecdotes
of the aboriginal hunters, of whose
elub he was a member those “gentry,
he said, during such excursions, “lived
well. Certainly, ‘the heen get “of
hounds and hunters is the midst delight-
ful 1 ever beard. It vibrates throngh
ever¢

‘thy, master.”

1824.)
every glen at the distance of five or six
miles, . ahr
The colour of the South American
otter is different from that of the
European: the latter is much. darker ;
and the ntale is still darker than the
female, who generally gets brown while
suckling her puppies; Abbé Ricardo says
that they change coats. The skin is
now more valuable than formerly, as
General Parr’s cavalry use them for pis-

‘tol-covers, and foraging regimental caps

aremade of them. They also use their
skins for segar cases, and the Indians eat
the flesh.: In destroying fish, the otter re-
jects the: head, and: will not use it,
although pressed by hunger. In Buenos
Ayres there is one quite domesticated,
which will invariably bring home what
it gets in the river: but tame habits
make it lazy and indolent ; it is vicious
during the breeding season, and is oblig-
ed to be chained.
eS
For the Monthly Magazine.

Exrracr from the Rerort of the Rus-

sian. Nobleman, Frpor Pissemssk1s,
who, in 1582, was sent to England on

an Embassy to Queen EvisaBetH, in

order to sue, in the name of his Sove-
. reignthe Czar, JoANNW AsSILJEWITCH,

for the hand of Lapy Many* Hasr-

ines, Miece of the Queen.

[In translating the following interesting
document, the translator has thought it his
duty to preserve, as much as possible, the
character of the original, which would evi-
dently. have suffered by a more. elegant
paraphrase. It was. for. the same reason
that he would not alter the orthography of
the proper names. }

N the 18th day of the mouth of
January (1583) the queen ordered
Fedor and Neudutscha to be with her in
Krinmond (Richmond), to hear their
secret embassy. When they arrived at
the queen’s court, they were received
in her name by princesand doyars ; and
when they entered into the palace, the
queen commanded Fedor to be in her
secret cabmet, and said to him, “‘ Thou
hast given me to understand, through
the interpreter, Jelisar, and thou thyself
hast told me, at the embassy (pubjic
audience), that thou hast a secret order
of thy master; and then I could not
hear thee, for there were many people.

Now, Ihave called thee alone; tell me,

therefore, what orders thou hast from
ster. And Fedor said, “ Our
lord and czar and great prince has com-

ma rided me to tell thee, his beloved sis-

* Anne, according to Hume.

Translation of a Russian Document.

325

ter, Elisabeth, queen, ‘ We have ques-
tioned Dr. Romanus,* who was sent to
me by thee, if thou hast a princess,
either widow of a prince, or a virgin of
princely blood; and Dr. Romanus de-
posed, that there is with thee the daugh-
ter of thy vassal, the Chuntintinskian
prince,} thy (the queen’s) niece, whose
name, was Maria Chastins.[ Wouldst
thou, our beloved sister Elisabeth,queen,
shew this virgin’ to’ our ambassador,
Fedar, and command her person to be
described,§ and send it to us, through
Fedor? Incase that she is agreeable to
our princely station, we shall speak to
thee about this matter, such as is most
becoming.’ ”

And the Queen Elisabeth replied, “I
love my brother, master, and am happy
to enter with him in a family alliance;
but I have heard that your master loveth
handsome women. My niece, now, is
not handsome, and I suspect that she
will not please your master; neverthe-
less, Iam very grateful to your master,
for wishing to enter in a family al-
liance from an affection to me; but to
have her likeness painted, and send it
to your master, I am ashamed ; for she
is not handsome, and. cannot .please:
she has been sick of the small-pox, and
her face is red and full of scars.”

And Fedor said, “ Our lord, czar and
great prince, hath sent me, his ambas-
sador, to thee, his beloved sister, con-
fiding in thy love; and his love to thee
he keepeth faithfully and firmly. Mayest
thou, oh queen! command this virgin to
be shewn to me, and her person be de-
scribed, such at it is !”

And the queen said, “ In the first
place, my child, the virgin, is yet ill;
and in this condition it is impossible
to describe her person, though thou
gavest me the riches of the whole
world.”

And Fedor said, “ It would be, oh
queen! a great proof of thy love for my

master,

* Robert Jacobi, sent hy the queen to
Moscow in 1581, accompanied by a letter,
of which the Russian chronicle gives the
following passage: “ I yield to thee my
only brother, the cleverest man in the cure
of diseases ; not because I do not want him,
but because thou wantest him: thou mayest
safely entrust thy health to him. Along
with him I send, to please thee, apothecaries
and swrgeons, voluntary and compelled,
although we are ourselves in want of such
people.”

f Earl of Huntingdon.

+ Mary Hastings.

§ That is;her portrait to be taken:

326
master, if thou wouldst command her
person to be described, such as it is.”
And: the queen ‘said,.“ If it'is’ so; E
will, \as; soon ‘as she ‘is "perfeetly*reco-

vered} shewher|to'thee; and command:

her person._to»be'described.”? ‘Then said
the queen: to Fedor,“ Hast''thou" yet
any: further)! command! how this’ great
affainciscto:be??oc1 © i

And: Fedor-saidy' T have many com-
mands: of imyomaster «respecting that
which\-hehath:charged: me to’ speak 5
yet 'tovsettle this affair hath not been
orderedtosme, only to ‘speak about it :
but if, please:God, thy ambassadors, oh
lady!) shall be. with my master, and thy
niece please him,’ hewill also commaud
an’ agreement to be formed on this mat-
ter; and confirm/it duly.” :

And »the queen ‘said, * But I shell,
without ‘an ‘exact’ agreement and con-
firmation, not only refuse my niece to
go, but would not even allow a younger
person than her to go without a proper
settlement; tell’ me, therefore, then,
whether'thou hast any more to say to
me; how my niece is to be married to
thy master.”

At last Fedor »consents to be more
explicit. ©

* Our lord,’ he said, “lady! hath
commanded: me to say, how by divine
direction thy’ niece’is to -be betrothed
to him; and thy niece shall be with him
in the Christian faith, in one faith with
our master ; and those who shall come
with her, doyars of both sexes, who wish
tolive at the master’s court, they shall
also be in the Christian faith with her ;
and those that wish to return to the
English country may go home freely,
with great presents from our master ;
and the road shall be clear to them; after
ihe settlement by which the whole will
be concluded: and, in future, the road
shall be clear for such ambassadors as
thou, Queen: Elisabeth, shalt send’ to
our master, or to thy niece to go there
and back freely, and with great presents
from our master.”

And the queen said, “ If now your
master shall. have children with my
niece ?”” And Fedor said, “ God grant
to our: master long life! Our master’s
son, the Garewitch prince, Fedor, will
follow him .in his dominion; but the
children which God shall give to our
master with thy niece, these children
shall receive estates according ‘to their
princely stations, such as hath ever been
the custom with our. rulers; and ‘the
master will grant them estates equal in
degree with the Garewitch Fedor,”

Translation of a Russian Document.

(Nov. 1)

And the queen said, “ If your master
were to have a daughter, how would it
be then?” “And Fedor said, “Our
masters give their daughters to princes,
or children’ of princes.” And the qti¢en
said, “To Whom, then, hath your master
given a” daughter—to’ what” prince ?””
And Fedor said} “ Our master hath ‘had
daughters; who died in’ “infancy. ’, His
father, the Czar Wassili, had no ‘daugh-
ter; but his grandfather, Czar Iwan, had a
daughter, Czarine Olena, (Helen), who was °
married to Alexander, King of Poland.’

And onthe 5th day of April there
came to Fedor, 'Pomas (Thomas) Ran-
dolph, ‘and spoke'in the name’ of the.
queen to Fedor: “ Thou hast spoken
in the name of thy master to the queen,
that the daughter of the Chuntintine
prinee, her niece, Maria Chastins, might
be shewn to thee, and her person, be
described, and sent with thee to thy
master; and she said to thee, that she
was ill, but that, if she were well, she
would order her to be shewn'to thee,
and command her person to be described;
“and my niece is now ill, and to shew
her to thee, and describe her person,
is impossible.’ ” ss haha as

And Fedor said, “ Our master wished
with the queen friendship and relation-
ship, in order that henceforth the friend-
ship between our master and the queen
might be immoveable: and if Queen
Elisabeth desires the love of our master,
to her, and relationship and friendship,
the queen may do in this as my master:
has commanded in this matter; and in
case she will not do so, let the queen’
command me to go back to my master.”
And Tomas Randolph’ said, “T shall
refer thy speech to the queen: the will
of God and the queen be done!"

And the following day, Tomas Ran-
dolph sent for Jelisar, and said ‘to him,
“ How does Fedor insist on seeing the
queen’s niece ? "When you set off, your
master had a son; now, a second one
has been born to him.”* ~ But these

speechés

* About this time a son was born to the
Czar, by the Zariza Maria Feodorowna, of
the family Nagije. But Pissemsskij had been
commanded in his secret instructions, if he
should be questioned respecting the‘ ezar’s
consort, to: say, “‘ Our master hath senit'in
many countries, in order to select: a bride
for him, the great lord ; but this not having
succeeded, the master hath taken a boyar's
daughter, but she is not after, his, minds
and since the queen’s niece is so handsqme,
and worthy of so great a thing, the. ¢zar
will, leaving his consort, be betrothed isthe
queen’s niece.” MB ORIOL eae

——— a EE a

1824. ]
speeches he addressed to Jelisar in pri-
vate, And Jelisar said to him, “‘ These
speeches are of a disturbing nature : I
must, tell them, to, Hedor,” And. when
Jdisg a had, come to. Fedor; he, said this 5

‘edor. i Jelisar tothe, counsel-
i and. commanded him, to, say, that

e, king. should. not, believe: mis-
¢ oa speeches, Wicked people
slander, : as they do not;wish to see good
fellowship . -between our master jand the
queen; but the queen, should, trust the
credentials of our master, and me, his
Lama : and. all this Jelisar, the in-

s4tit

abet shall be as your master hath com-
manded through Fedor. to the queen.”
On the 17th day of May, Tomas Ran-
dolph came from the queen, and said
to, Fedor, “ I have referred thy speeches
to the queen ; and the queen hath com-
manded me.to tell thee, that her niece
is, by the help of God, easier, and hath
commanded me. to shew her. to thee;
and thou shalt see her here in Lund,
(London), at her counsellor and chan-
cellor’s, the Prince Thomas Brumlew,
(Bromley); ;,and the , queen hath com-
manc ed thee to take Jelisar alone with
tl ea ‘and no one.else; and there will
Rea} one, besides Prince Thomas, and
her brothers: the Chuntintinskian prince,
it pee families,”
nil id Tomas took Fedar with him, and
is rove tothe boat, and in this went
Ie, chancellor ; and when they ar-
- ved 3 inthe chancellor’s yard, the chan-
cellor met hi: in, and.with him the Chun-
Banashien, prince, and ied Hedor into
garden ; and in the garden was a
bie dressed up, aud in this stood two
rol irs lined with gold and velvet.
whoa Fedor entered the room,
Prince. 1 thomas commanded him to sit
in the arm- -charm, and he himself sat in
the, other; but the Chuntintinskian
prince he ordered to sit down on the
bench.” And Prince Thomas said. to
Fedor,“ Thou hast spoken in the name
thy master, to our mistress, the queen,
4beth, that.she,would command. the
daughier of the Chuntintinskian prince,
Mari) Chistins,- tobe’ shewn to thee;
andit was not possible for the queen (to
dovso) 5 und-as’ the’ queen did not wish
to'be! utikirid to your master, on account
Of HS erent affection for her, she has

ae nded Her to ‘be shewn to thee,
ef perso to be described ; and

Translation of a Russian Document.

327.

the young princess Chastins will pre-
sently be here with my princess.”” - And
after they had waited a;-little; came the
Princess,of Tomos and the other princess
of the, Chuntintinskian ‘prince and) led
between them,» the: youngo Chuntintin-
skian,, princess} Maria \Chastins,p and
with.them came many. female: bogars and
maidens; and when they came: opposite
Prince Tomax, he and: Fedor. tose. and
bowed. to them: -theynbowed in return.
And. Prince»; Tomas !:said:to: Fedor,
“* Look attentively |. -the «queen» hath
commanded.-her niece:to):beoshewn to
thee,—not in a; dark \place;—not.'in a
chamber,—not inva house, but’ by day-
light.” Thereupon: they! took» a walk
through the garden) and Prince: Tomas
rose, also walked in) the ‘garden;:and
Fedor with) him);\,ands they» met»each
other again, that Fedor: might ‘have a
better opportunity of seeingshers And.
Prince Tomas. said» tox Fedor; “Hast
thou seen. enough now 2”. And Fedor
said, ‘‘ According to the’ command of
my master and, the.order of -the:qtieen,
I have seen: enough.» :Prince: Tomas
now again took Fedor into thedodge,
and ordered fruit, and wine in goblets,
to be brought, and entertained Fedor.
And after Fedor-had: staid:a little, he
returned home, after he ‘haddooked at
the Chuntintinskian prince’s ‘daughter ;
and Prince Tomas and the Chuntintin-
skian prince accompanied Medor to the
boat, and Tomas Randolph accompanied
Fedor to his house.

And the young princess, Maria Chas-
tins, is tall in make, slender; fair coun-
tenance, hath grey eyes, light brown
hair, straight nose; the fingers ‘of her
hand are thin and long., And_ the
queen said, to Fedor, on his — taking
leave, “ Hast. thou» seen’ my, niece ?”
And Fedon said, “ According to. my
master’s command andithy order, I have
seen thy mece ; but her © person hath
not yet, beengiven toome.” >And the
queen said-te Fedor,“ I have not yet
ordered her person to be»shewn to thee,
but will, send theeshers person through
Tomas Randolph: Few withme: know
any thing) abouteit;\and twith thee no
oneis.to know ‘ it} either, till thou art
returned. to thy masters and: D act faith-
fully; with: amy obrte ther, sbut: not with
deception 5: stich as thoushast seen her,
sueh {I shall sendsthee het'petson.”» And

Pedorespid,inthiscGod and-thyself may
chasilee andwhat I have seein, of that
L wilh inform my: master. And the
queen said,‘ Ibelieve your master will
not. loye amy niece, and not only thy

master

328 Friendly

master, for I believe she has not pleased.
thee either.’ . And Fedor said, “ To
me it seems thy niece! is beautiful ; -but
this I> leave “tothe divine disposition,
and God:will«decide:whether thy: niece
is to be:abymaster’s;:and ‘whether she:
is to please him! Whatiam I to tell my
master‘in this; affairfrom thee?” And
the queem-said, 161: have: given orders
about it:to:myambassador.’’ ‘The queen:
added} Take»my words to thy master,
my brother, that Iam-not to be turned
aside fromhis ‘love, and) he is; to trust
me;'‘forI:am glad to.serve kim. in all
things. «Though: some days hence my
counsellors: might: dissuade me, I shall
not listen to them, but shall do what is
pleasing to my brother; thy master. But
respecting all. matters, and respecting
the secret’ matter, and respecting the
termination, I send my ambassador, and
have charged him with every thing;”

On the 13th day-.of the month of
June, Tomas ‘Randolph came.to Fedor
at: Ushli, and said, “‘ Fhe queen sends
the person of the Chuntintinskian prin-
eess; her:niece; and commands thee to
take:it to your master, her brother.”

Y. Z.

For the Month/y Magazine.
Frienpiy Socreries.
HE Edinburgh Journal contains an
abstract’ of a report (on the point
of being published by the Highland So-
eiety) on the important subject of
friendly societies. I have always been
friendly towards the motives on which
these institutions have been founded,
but not equally so towards the principles
on which they are calculated, or the
manner in which they are usually con-
ducted. | It is obvious to every philan-
thropist, that in every large town in the
kingdom these “ benefit societies,” in-
stead/of proving beneficial to the work-
ing classes, have, in almost every case,
proved the reverse. This, I conceive,
has arisen from three different causes,
all conspiring to the same end: Ist.
False data for the'calculations, by which
the contingencies of sickness or death
are underrated ;'2d. The incompetent or
interested persons’ who undertake the
management of these societies, by which
they favour their own interests and that
of their ‘friends; and last; “not least,
_ the- meetings of these societies being
always convened at ‘public-houses or
taverns. ?
With-regard to the first objection, it
is clear that nothing but the result ‘of
long experience, and -a comparison -of

Societies. [Nov. 1,
registers minutely and accurately kept
by a large number of societies duri

several years, can afford any thing like
a sound basis for the calculation-of con=
tingencies ‘as‘to *health or siekness,| or:
the probable | duration: of » lifes | This:
problem, however, forms: the: principal
object: in’ the: benevolent intentions of
the Highland:Society. :Andiwell know-
ing the disinclination of private’ or:local’
institutions: to) give any thing) like de-
tailed information ‘respecting theiriown
proceedings, the society very judiciously,
offered’ premiums for the most distinct
and satisfactory returns, the prospectus
of which) was) cirewlated: throughout
Scotland during) ithe’ years’ 1820-2).
The results. were so! far» satisfactory,
that at the commencement of 1823: they
had obtained detailed information from
upwards of seventy societies, of ‘one
hundred members each at an average,
by which the experience of at least
7,000 persons during fourteen years was
recorded. These returns have been di-
gested and arranged by a gentleman welt
qualified for the task, who computes the
annual average sickness to which an in-
dividual is liable at the different periods

of life, as follows :—
Sickness in weekw,

Age. with decimals.
Crider ee ate eee, Ae 0.3797
20°to 300. SIA. AAS 0.5916
30 to 40 0.6865)
40: ton SOx VIBES Y 1,0274
50 to 60 1.8806
60) tos TO cpoaefels be ge. 5.6637
AMove GO: a0 si bii35-<9.) a9 16,5417

The total average’ sickness« experti+
enced by a person’ who attains ‘to ‘the
age of 70, during the 50‘ years"from ‘20
to 70-is 984 weeks. But) the? quantum
of sickness alone does not afford -
cient data for the formation of proper
tables, without taking mortality’<into
the calculation. |The’ Northampton
tables giving the contingency of /mor-
tality too high (hence the calculations
on which the older insurance companies
are formed were not sufficiently advan-
tageous to the public); the’ Highland
report takes the average of three tables ;
the Northampton, the ‘Carlisle, and the
Swedish, in order to collate with’ their
own returns in calculating’ the’ ¢ontin-
gencies of ‘survivorship ‘and’ sickness.
Allowance is: made for the°imterest° of
money at 4 per cent. Bt'ebid

The Highland ‘tables are’ calculated
for four separate schemes : ‘Ist: Sickness
from 21 to 70; 2d. Superannvated al+'
lowance, or life annuity, above 705" 3d:
Fimeral money, payable on the et

0

beiua

1824.)

of a member; 4th. Annuity to widows,
of the first marriage only.

The annual contribution to each
scheme’ dssone’ pound: from each mem-
ber, fromsthe:date of-entry to: the age of
70, if he lives:so long... The standard
age of entry is held to be 215 andvevery
entrantbeyond that age must:either pay
down; 0n entry, a sum equal to. the ‘in-
dividualistock of the members of his dwn:
age, who. entered iat 2h; or'an increas-
ed annual ‘contribution om ‘liew thereof.
Each, of these:points occupy a separate
columpi ini the new tables: It is: found
that: a:contributionrof 41 per: annum to
each of these schemes; will afford to the
first, a weekly allowance, from the age
of 21:toe70; of £120s. 7d. ; to the se-
cond, alife annuity to the members who
survive 70-years, of £58. 0s. 25d.; to
the third class, a funeral allowance of
£59. 19s; 2d.; and to the fourth class
of subscribers, a life annuity to widows
(of the first marriage) of £5. 12s. 64d.

_ The principal feature in the» con-
struction of ‘these tables, as. applicable
to benefit. societies, appears to be the
subdivision of the -different: heads, or
judicious and: distinct classification. It
has been the want of this arrangement
that- has"proved fatal to many insti-
tutions, which in their origin promised
favourably; and where the managing
parties:could ‘not be suspected of want
of integrity or ordinary capacity. It is
indeediquite evident, that, blending into
one mass-five or six different ¢ontingen-
cies, Must Serve to confuse any calcula-
tion,owhatewerisiIt. ds; therefore, not
surprising; that calculations as to sick-
nessserimortality:should.in almost all
cases hayes been: made with reference
rather to.the interests.of the immediate
parties; Coneerned; than) with any view
to that,of a succeeding generation. The
maxi; apon which our financiers have
almost) inyanjably...acted, of allowing
posterity.to, look after: their own. in-
tevests,is too prevalent throughout so-
cietys).;Thus,many, of those benefit so-
cieties,,‘though -ostensibly good, or. at
least specious institutions, have in most
cages»contained the seeds, of their’ own
dissolution, eyen in the arrangements of

. thein-first. formation.
edhe plan. of the Highland Society
(thesdetails of which will shortly be pub-
lished) bids fair to remedy two out of
theythree. causes of evil I have enu-
mexated above. But, with regard to the
bad gonsequences resulting from: hold-
ing, meetings~ for. these or any similar
$s at public houses, I should have

Montuty Mac. No. 402.

Mr. Holman’s Remarks on his Journey ta Siberia.

$29

offered a few remarks, had I not alread¥
trespassed, I fear, too long on your va-
luable columns. There cannot be a
doubt’ that ‘many ‘hundreds, or rather
thousands ‘of ott best'artizans and me-
chanics, ‘in the: great’ manufacturing
towns, owe their first introduction to
the ale-house’or liquor-shop to the ne--
cessity of «attending their club-meetings.
at publie-houses 3 and :the pernicious
temptation held out m the rules of the
old “ benefit ‘societies,”’ of allowing a
certain sum out of the funds subscribed
for “spending money!” Can any thing
be more effectually devised by the inge-
nuity of man to promote the vice of
drunkenness, than that of allowing six-
teen or twenty men to expend a contri-
bution of sixpence per head. from one
hundred or more; or from every absent
member of the society. It is expecting
too much from poor human nature to
believe that the majority of labouring
men could withstand such temptation.
They seldom learn the wisdom of be-
coming absentees, until dearly bought
experience, both ‘to their own constitu-
tion and their families’ welfare, proves’
its necessity. Many acquire this expe-
rience too late, whilst many others
never acquire it! The temptation af-
forded to’a man by drinking gratis, as
it were, necessarily and’ unavoidably
produces excess, debauchery, and idle-
ness—and idleness, vice, misery, and
disease, .

Thus, Mr. Editor, it is evident that
the oider benefit societies furnish the
seeds of their own destruction, not only
in their false ‘calculations of contin-
gencies, but in the very mode upon
which they are usually conducted. |
therefore. recommend the subject to
their serious consideration through the
medium of your popular and impartial
miscellany. —A Frreno ro THE PEorie.

10h July.

————————
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
Sir:
j ia giving publicity, in your Jast num-
ber, to that passage of Captain
Cochrane’s. Journal, which’ camments
on my design of? penetrating into Si-
beria,, I am convineed that you were
actuated by a desire of presenting your
readers with a feature of novelty.

As, however, I apprehend. that this
extensive diffusion of sentiments, which
held me up as a Quixotic adventurer,
and incapable of gaining correct. infor-
mation, may tend to excite an unfa-
vourable impression, as to the mo-

2U tives

330
tives which Jed me to. undertake and
accomplish so arduous a journey, as
wellas of the fidelityof my descriptions
of it, Jofeel myself vealled upon’ to en-
deavour! tocobviate!any such tendency,
and this the: moresespecially, asthe re-
sults of the journey in| question are
likely to be*brought: before the: public;
you will therefore ‘oblige ‘me by insert-
ing im your! Magazine ‘the present reply
to Captain 'C.’sobservations:

In the'first place; however; I'beg ‘to
remark, that Iccannot divine! the state of
feeling? by ' which» Captain C2 was) actu-
ated while writing the passage in ques-
tion, which appears to be:composed of
compliment and! sarcasm, mixed up with
an affectation ‘of pity, and intimations
that’ whatever ‘I might collect must be
of a spurious’ character:

Great‘as' my’ affliction may be, Mr.
Editor;'I beg tovassure you, that I nei-
ther'seek for nor require the pity of any
man;‘and although I: by ‘no means reject
the ‘sympathy. of ‘my friends, yet I feel
that if it were'not-expressed with greater
delicacy ‘of ‘sentiment than Captain C.
appears to: possess, it would be more
chillingto'omy heart: than the freezing
blasts-of a Sibevian winter.

Captain’ C) cannot conceive my ob-
ject “ in’ going to Siberia.” A question
of ‘similar’ import has frequently been
put to me, with respect'to the motives
that ‘induced that gentleman to under-
take the same journey; and I must con-
fess, I» have been equally at a loss to
account for them—a fact which might
convince the Russian Government that
we. were not, as has been intimated,
acting in concert. He adds, ‘however,
I suppose by way of a reverse explana-
tion, that’ ‘he may go there as well as
any where else, for he will see just as
much, but there is’ so little to be seen
by those who have’ even ‘the: use of their
eyes, that I cannot divine what interest
he can ‘have to attempt it.”

Now as Captain’ Ciadmits there is
little to be seen, I think my prospects
were likely to: be nearly,as good: as his
own, | Ne
_ Captain C. then: proceeds as follows :
_ If his journal, which may be made’ in-
teresting,’ be ‘composed of: hearsay, ‘as’ it
certainly cannot; be of-ocular evidence, he
will indeed have enough to do.to record the
information he may receive, and which can
only proceed from exiles and criminals, and
consequently is riot implicitly to ‘be relied
on, particularly situated as he is, possessing
hardly sufficient knowledgé of the Russian
language to duly appreciate the value’ of
such hearsay information. This manu-

Mr. Holman’s Remarks on his Journey to Siberia.

[Nov. 1,

script must become voluminous, and. of
course too bulky to be sent by private
hands,;.it. can, only,, therefore, be sent by
post, where, without doubt, it, will, be sub-
ject to the examination of those whose duty
it is to Inspect documents of such a nature
as_this is likely to be, and will be treated
according to its merit. In évery country,
even in England, we find ‘that foreigners
should be careful of what they do, ‘as well
as’ of what -they write; if they! wish their
packets a’ safe arrival) at ‘their ‘destination,
they should take care that nothing offensive
to the government be: inserted, for fre-
quently, as in. England, truth is.a, libel, and
the greater the truth the greater the libel.
Whether Mr, Holman has already learnt
this useful, and to trayellers necessary, les-
son, time will deyelope;,if so, he.may go
where he will, and be received by every
person in the empire with open arms and
warm hearts.

The barrenness of these observations
every one willbe sensible of; they are,
however, so’ ‘contradictory in their im-
port, that I am at a loss: to: conceive
what we are to understand from them.
Captain C. asserts, for instance, that
my information must be ‘hearsay, when
he has just accused me of not knowing
the language in which this ‘hearsay in-
formation is to be communicated 5 surely
this is paradoxical !' Besides, he adds,
that “it can only proceed from exiles
and criminals, sia consequently is "not
implicitly to be relied on.” Are: we to
infer that Captain Cochrane’s own infor-
mation was derived from such ‘sources?
And if so, what becomes of the’ veracity
of his journal ?'T can‘only assure him,
that the chief of my gleaningsthaye:been
collected from the purest:sourees—the
principal inhabitants of theocountries I
travelled through, as well ‘as ‘somevof
the most respectable officers. in*his:Im-
perial Majesty’s'service..0' (sono0)

Captain Cochrane’s' speculations»con-
cerning the voluminous’ nature of: my
notes, and the necessity’ and’ difficulty
of concealing them’ fromo the =vigilant
eye of the Russian ‘Government, ‘ate
equally futile, and show how/improperly
he estimates my judgment» and) expe-
rience in travelling, and’also' the method
by which I preserve from such viola-
tions the materials I may happen'to’ col-
lect’; the latter, it is true; FT effect «upon
a principle which might not haveentered
into his contemplation, ‘that of deposit-
ing them, ina portable ‘and‘anvisible
form, within the cavity of my cranium ;
aplan which,’ however, did not suggest
itself from ‘any sinister*motive, but’ ori-

‘ginated “from the’ peculiarity ofmy
situation precluding me from eommit-

ting

1824.]

ting them to paper in the ordinary way.
Nor am 1 so young in the:art of travel-
ling,’as to comment on the proceedings
of a déspotic governnient, and then trast
my observations to its post. Probably
I might have learnt this useful’ lesson as

Mis , DD » i. I
soon as, Captain.C. himself, being some
years his senior, and having, I conceive,
had almost as much experience.,

In justice,to Captain C., 1) cannot
conclude: without» expressing: my. grate:
ful obligations: to: him» for’ the! informa-
tion ‘and. useful’ introductions she: was
kind enough to fivour me'with.

Hy Ofd Ss J remain, &e.

yii6 1 ser

James Houtman,

For the Monthly Magazine.
UNPUBLISHED, LETTERS of the EMPRESS
CATHERINE I. between the YEARS 1763
and.1768,
(Continued from page 315.)
OUNT. Peter) Alexandrowitch,—I
have received your report of, the
27th August... The descriptions. which
you give me’of the former constitution
of Little Russia, clearly prove the neces-
sity of altering it; and I hope that the
management: of the’ present will, under
your direction, place that government
3. better! condition. than .that which
arose from the improvident donation of
towns yand: villages, which had no legiti-
mate owners ; and,as; you have already
reported:to’ the senate, on this subject,
you shall\-be informed of my. decision
Tespecting it. oon 4
i Concerning, the, foundation. of new
towns; dnd; the: ‘employing. of. all. the
officers,under-your command in the go-
vernment.of New, Russia, who might be
engaged -in |the construction of plans
aridemiaps,: I, expect to, see Lieutenant-
General Brant, who-has, been. ordered
here: for«the, purpose of drawing up
yar Newsconstitution,.for that govern-
mient}/and I wish that. you would, on his
passing through: it, explain yourself to
/him,:soas:to-put him in possession of
‘every: requisite knowledge on) the. sub-
ject: previous to his coming here. . I
approve of, the application of all. the
ash you-can obtain to the building of
-Gluchow, since, at all events, they must
have beenconsidered as lost; but respect-

»ing-yourideasas to the uselessness of that
. tewn,, which sare to ‘be referred: tethe

consideration of the chancery. of. the
government ‘of, Kew, I shall, have a

“eonversation with you,on your coming ”

ohere:next, winter... Concerning the regi-
-ments which,,are to be, maintained .at
‘thesexpense of Little Russia, I have

ret)

Unpublished Letters of Catherine II.

331

given orders according to your report;
and I, expect, touching the excise, a
memorial: from, ‘the ;¢chamben ‘of - com-
merce! tomy former wkase, which shall
be taken; into considerations together.
with your report. Respecting! your: first
and second reports concerning thes Sa-
porogians and. ‘Turkish: frontiers, ; I;ican,
only «tell. you that. these) matters are
now. in consideration here, and the:eon-
ferences with the: hetman-continue.; but,
the matter: willbe! againcudiscusséd with
youson your comingshere! jAs) to, your
attempts in the imstruction-of the:youth
of, your goyernment I.wish»yeu success.

22d Septembers,1 7653. CATHERINE.

Count Peter Alexandrowiteh,—I have
received your: two letters of the, 18th of
April on the 22d ;;\bun the preparations
for my departure; from/-Moscow,-have
prevented my replying to:them:till:this
day. I see. from; them» that’ theowell-
known manifesto: of the.14th) December
1766, has experienced someé,-opposition
at your place. But I consider it as,.of
little importance, being only the; charac-
teristics of former times; which will,:un-
doubtedly, vanish ; as;neither yow nor
I will allow them: to prevailh:whetever
they do not. correspond>with: the:.com-
mon good,-as indeed: they donot )de-
serve to do; but it’ is) expected; that
like all ether: good subjects, «those jof
your government,will obey mys orders ;
on which account T-approve: of the tone
of authority which» you were-obliged!.to
assume. The trouble) which: you take
to regulate the’ elections, and.,to> free
the instructions from the -whims.of the
minority, is necessarily connected: with
all great deeds of which. glory.is the
result. As to these matters, however, I
only wish to observe, = that, -although

-some circles, like that ef: Sarodub: for

instance, haye introduced into théir in-

-Structions: requests» foreign: to the! sub-

ject, their deputies will feel! ashamed to
insist in the assembly: om matters which
wills be laughed’ at: by the majority of
deputies, especially’ when, with, )an; in-

»structiom filled: with: nonsense, another

of a moderate turn, like that of Tcher-
negow, be read. am-well )pleased with
the conduct.ef the: Saporog: Ssetcha.*

Your annulling of the: election, for .No-
“wogorod-Ssjewerka, © as’ having: been

contrary to my ordonnance ; and. your
; We DTS |. VIE ' soo4lemand

4 Ssetcha, a town inhabited by Cossacs ;
in. this sense, however, it means the assem-

_ bly of all-the, deputies of the Cossacs.. These

are, called. Saparog, Cossacs, because, they
live beyond the falls of the Dnieper.
2U 2

332

blish this colony on the territory of the
nobles, but on that belonging to the
crown, Your-journey to Njeshin will,
I think, stop the disorders much the
soonest; but I consider the election
and. instruction of Gluchow asa pate
tern for others, and’ such as will shew
you, in the ensuing commission, the
affairs and wants of your district in
_ their proper light. I am convinced of
the necessity of your presence on the
spot; for no one is better qualified to
curb the long-rooted confusion, and you
must intrust the affairs to some one in
your absence. I should have long since
formed a decisive resolution according
to your views, if all Russia together did
not require and expect a constitution
which may as much as possible be uni-
form in all its parts; thus, after having
provided for the general wants, we shall
ultimately descend to partieulars. Con-
cerning the remaining unfortunate cir-
cumstances and defects in the admini-
stration of justice, the loss of many or-
donnances, and ofher wants of your dis-
trict, I trust that you will draw up the
most complete reports for the legislative
commission, in which you will hold an
important post yourself. If I had not
already too many engagements for this
year, [ should come to see you, as you
wish me to do, and I am aware from
your letters that such a journey would
not be a useless one: but I delay it for
a more opportune time, regretting that
you are not with us. I left Twer yes-
terday, and write the present on board
a galley, forty wersts from.that city.

Ly diy Be _. CATHERINE.

Count Peter Alexandrowitch,—If the
funds for the monument are not yet col-

Unpublished Letters of Catherine II.

[Nov. 1,

lected, be so good as to delay doing it,
for such expenses, to the people are use-
less; but you will thank them: for their
good intention, Jt is quite true what
you write, about Skoropadsky he, be-
haves. here like a,wolf,, and. does, not
cheose to know any of our. peoples. The
Liyonians, from whom we expected an
example of civilization .and. politeness,
have not answered. to.our expectations.
At first. they requested that their, laws
should be read seriatim. with ours, ac-
cording to, their import; but when;the
reading of them was; commenced, .and
the deputies began.to speak about, their
laws and ordonnances,, they accused the
deputies, and, indeed, the; whole,.com-
mission, of assuming a right which they
had not; in short, I expected that-they
would accuse the commission, of. trea-
son.. When they at last saw that-many
were offended at their conduct, all the
Livonians in a body, put their opinions
in writing, and presented: them. tothe
commission, stating that. they neither
wanted nor desired amendments or im-
provements to be made in their. laws.
Upon this, one of our people laid be-
fore the commission . extracts, from
twelve or more Livonian petitions from
towns as well as from the nobility, in
which, at. different periods, since, the
conquest in 1710; they request,. ina
body, that their laws might be;amended,
as they were very imperfect, and in some
cases very oppressive to them. It was
now demanded of them,.whether,.the
petitions or the opinions. delivered,.by
them should be believed... In. this man.
ner terminated the sessions of the.com-
mission at Moscow, but now they.read
here criminal laws. . Thus we are yet
ignorant how the Livonians; will, extri-
cate themselves from their contradictions.
You will soon see the use J\shall. jnake
of your different reports; and. if there.is
any one about you whom. you. think
deserving of a reward, inform.me,of,it,
and your recommendation shall be. at-
tended to. I also wish to know your
opinion respecting the Starodubowskian
colonelship. fay Aerts MANE

Enclosed with this I send, you,.the
supplement of the commission’s,instruc-

-tions, with a sketch of the whole, of ,its

labours. -CATHERINE., |
16th of April 1768.02.) o\miute Nod
Autograph... 405 aie
In less than three weeks [,haye, by
the help of God, been. freed. from.,the
inoculated small-pox.. ‘The. latest, news
is, that I have appointed-you, comman-
der of the second corps of my army,
. for

1824.]

for the rest of which I refer to my or-
ders to the war department.

bth of November 9°" 80

WSIS SUR tosraphe O's

Cotint Peter |Alexandrowitch,~'T re-
ply with this’ to'“your three letters ‘of
the 3Pst (October, anid ‘V5th ‘and 27th
November: To the'first, that although
I am perfectly aware of all the difficul-
ties’ which ‘you describe respecting the
civeumstances ‘attending’ the part en-
trusted'to you; Ido vot doubt but that
your’ zeal ‘and: prudence’ will overcome
them all,/about which J fully rely,on you.
Respecting your coming here, to’ which
you allide in’ your letter of the 15th
November; I perceive now myself that,
notwithstanding my ‘desire of having a
personal’ interview with you, circum-
stances’ will not admit your absenting
yourself ‘at present from your post. I
therefore delay the’ pleasure of seeing
you to a more favourable opportunity.

‘ I thank you for the handsome dagger

you sent me. The spoils of two hos-
podars is still better. I beg you to send
me, if ‘you have ‘an opportunity, the
vizier himself, and please God, even the
sultan’s majesty. It is said that he
meant to take the field himself, and is
only stopped by a trifling circumstance :
he ‘fears a rising. The certificate which
you’ gave’ to’ the sub-lieutenant Chot-
jainzow, Ihave ordered to be communi-
cated ‘to the regiment; I am very glad
that my good opinion of him has not
been belied. For the rest, I remain as
ever, well-affected for you. May God
gratit success to all your undertakings,
and enable us to hear much good news.
10th December, 1769. ~CatuErine.

SY: 33 . Autograph.

‘Count’ Peter Alexandrowitch, — By
your letter to Count Nikita Iwanowitch*
of the 8th of April, I perceive that tra-
vellérs have told you of my illness, and
hive perhaps exaggerated it. I took a
severe cold during the last days of car-
nival, by which I got a rheumatism, with
fever anda violent cough. The latter
has teazed me for above a month, dur-
ing which my bodily weakness was very
great, but there was not an hour’s dan-
ger in it; I am now recovered, and
néxt week I shall go to Zarskoje Sselo.
I congratulate youtor the holy days. I
shall shortly write you a formal reply to
your letter respecting the insults offered
to the inhabitants of your government
by’ viiious ‘detachments of soldiers; the
tere era written only for the
purpose” of ‘relieving you from any un-

Stay cir tia i ngs eT
* Panin, minister from 1762 till 1783.

Unpublished Letters af Catherine II.

- ultimately

333

easiness you may feel respecting the
state of my health. For the, rest, may
God grant! you happiness and health,
but ‘I shall ever remain ‘your well-af-
fected, *) [/..°'° CATHERINE.
Fein Aor, 760. es ee
{Ih the year, 1768 the Ottoman Porte
declared war against Russia. , The Duke
de Choiseul, desirous of weakening the
Russian influence in the affairs’ of Po-
land by occupying her forces élsewhere,
instigated that power, at that period yet
formidable, against the Emipress Cathe-
rine. A cause for hostility, was soon
found: a party of Russians, pursuing
some of the Polish confederates, burnt
the Turkish town of Balta, In vain did
the Court of St. Petersburgh’ publicly
disapprove of this proceeding; in vain
did it offer to indemnify the Turks for
the loss they had sustained ; the Sultan,
Mustapha, proud of his power, and bent
upon war, rejected every proposal. for
accommodation. Obrjesskow, the Rus-
sian Ambassador then at. Constan-
tinople, was thrawn into. the castle, of
the Seven Towers, and swarms of Mus-
selmans, who had assembled in the plains
of Rumelia, rushed to the banks of the
Danube. The Russians, on their side,
collected two armies. The principal
one, under the command of General
Prince Golizun, was assembled on the
banks of the Dniester, partly to cover
Poland, partly for the purpose of acting
offensively.in case of a favourable op-
portunity; the other army, under Count
Rumjanzow, was to cover the borders
of Russia, and only proceed on the de- ,
fensive. Golizun crossed the Dniester
about the middle of April 1769, and
after several battles succeeded in con-
quering Chotin. But want of provi-
sions .soon stopped his progress, and
compelled him to recross
that river. It was then that the com-
mand of the first army was transferred
to Count Rumjanzow; on which occa-
sion the empress wrote to him. the fol-
lowing letter with her own hand.) —.
Count Peter Alexandrowitch,—The
circumstances under which I intrust
you with the command of the first
army, require some explanations, from
me. The army having been compelled,
from want of provision, to recross the
Dniester on the 2d of August, the arro-
gance of the enemy will unquestion-
ably have increased, although without a
cause. But I hope, from your. ability
and warlike skill, that you, will’ not
allow the enemy to profit long by this
empty vanity, especially since you have
under

334

under your command an army, which in
five months’ time has actually six times
reduced the, innumerable ‘enemy. to. 4
contused mass ; but you will particularly
endeavour, and ‘In every ‘possible’ man-
ner, not, only to regain the advantage
which we have renounced, but ‘will not
omit acquiring new ones, by which you
will PRA wi, acquire new glory,
and. increase the well-known esteem in
which I already hold you.

27th of August, 1769. CATHERINE.

[Count R, haying informed the em-
press by,areport of the 18th of Septem-
ber, from the head-quarters at Tchertch,
that on his arrival at the army, he had
found the troops and horses exceed-
ingly fatigued from the long and trouble-
some campaign ; adding, that he was en-
gaged with distributing the army through
their, winter. quarters, together with va-
rious measures for opening the cam-
paign early inthe ensuing season; he
received the following autograph letter
from her.]

‘Count Peter, Alexandrowitch,—I have
received your report of the 18th of Sep-
tember through the hands of Count Iwan
Grigorjewitch Orlow, and seen with
pleasure that you have arrived with the
army, if not quick, yet safe, as the pro-
verb says. J regret your having found
the. troops so fatigued, and hope that,
by your. care, they will be soon again in
their former condition. Since every
thing is now in your hands, I do not
doubt that you will take such measures
as will supercede all difficulties, and
place our affairs in a desirable posture.
‘The plan for the next campaign will be
soon transmitted to you, and I will just
mention to you the ideas which are run-
ming about my head, without. my having
yet brought them into any order. The
«campaign. is to be opened near the Da-
nube, as the last was to be near the
Dnieper. If this autumn could have put
as in possession of Bender, half the bu-
siness would possibly have been done.
You. probably know that Count P. Pa-
nin has despatched the Major-General
Soritch to demand its surrender; then
you will both have to concert measures
for taking this city either now or the
next campaign, according to the direc-
tions given to. you in the last order. I
beg you to give me your opinion can-
didly ; but do not place your reports to
me under another cover, as I sometimes
receive the letters, myself from the
hands of the couriers, but don’t choose
to open other people’s letters, and
especially as people are coming to me
just when I am from home. For the

Unpublished Letters of Catherine IT.

{ Nov. I,

rest, be assured of my constant kind-
néss for you. OR a arene

‘3d of October, 1769," Carriienine:

25 “Authgraph.) & 8 ©

Count Petér’ Alexandrowitch,H¥ was
informed yesterday that the Moldaviths
have complained to’ ‘Prince ‘A.'M, Goli-
zun ‘against the Cossaes, Who; they said,
contrary tomy manifesto (in' which! a
promise of ‘kindness’ and protection is
held out to them“as ‘well’as to‘all26ur
brethren in faith) beat and plhindéted
them, adding, “ the Turks “‘Teft“us at
least our> clothes, ‘but ‘you’ even’ ‘take
them.” Therefore ‘you’ will give strict
orders, and under the séyerest punish-
ments, that no one is to’présumie'to' m-
jure our brethren in’ faith. ‘' P Hope this
restriction will free us from maty ‘re-
proaches, and ‘that you will not néglect
to stop by your’ activity, disorders” and
robberies, wherever you perceive them ;
for I know too well how much you. loye
justice, order, and discipline yourself.
In the expectation of the happy intelli-
gence of the taking of Jassy, I remain,
as ever, your well-affected, |,

24th April, 1769. CATHERINE.

P.S. Our fleet has. reached’ Copen-
hagen in safety. Prince Dolgorukow
has arrived in Montenegro, where great
preparations are making for attacking
the Turks. Count Alexei Grigorjewitch
Orlow assures us that he hopes to raise
as many as 40,000 men, and that he
purposely named. less than ,he’ could
have. Three harbours are open for us.
I have sent to Ssinjawin, in order to
enable him to do something soor With
his squadron. The, Grusians (Geor-
gians) are taking the Lg ay actins
with 30,000, Solomon with. 20,000 imen.
If, therefore, we succeed in all this, titd
God prospers you, as he has: hitherto
prospered our arms,’ We shall ‘see’ gréat
things in this age, and the pioe ve
will suffer a blow, 1 am likewise nb hed
that an Egyptian Bey has sént to'Venice,
in order to form a connection with us ;
he has revolted against the ‘Turks for
some time past, has the ports in his
power, deals in corn, and rewards those
who tell him that we are beating the
Turks. I write you this in’ order’ to
let you see the posture of our affairs,
and in what manner people think of us,
and to enable you to regulate the better
the part assigned to you.’ The ‘other
parts are yet in the dark, they jwill how-
ever be soon brought to Hehe, Yet xi je
that one of them will give facilities ‘to
the others, and assist them; theréfore
they can all of them not be indifferent
to you. [Letter

r)

1824.]

{Letter fifteen refers the count, who
seems tc have asked for leave.to, retire,
to a decision. of the council at. war, and
gives hima friendly inyitation to come,
if possible, to, court, for, the purpose of
assisting 1m the formation, of the plan
for the) ensuing, campaign... It is, dated.
from the)20th of October, and adds, in
a postscript; the fleet has, passed Eng-
land, In, the Levant. all is,on, fire, no-
thing, but, the, arrival.of the fleet is
expected. aa CCHREL ¢ ,

Letter-sixteen, requests a. confidential
report , concerning, the, sailing, barges,
which his pnedecessor, had rendered use-
less... The empress. desires to know whe-
ther they, can, be repaired by, the ensuing
spring, and if theyare to, be replaced by
new ones, whether he,can procure them
on the.spot, or, whether they are to be
forwarded from Russia.]

(To be, continued.)

: =

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
Tear
HAVE noticed an article beaded

* Corton Manuractures,” copied
from the Manchester Guardian into. the
London papers. The substance of it is
this, viz., since 1793, the cotton manu-
factures exported by Great Britain, have
amounted to 3653 millions in value,
vials the raw material has cost only
128 millions, having 275} millions pro-
fit tafe pana capital of the country
since that period by the cotton manu-
fact nes, alone ; and that the total value
of British produce and manufactures
ctohed duri 1g the same period has
been 8! 0 milli is, the raw material of
which cost only 208 millions, conse-
ape ny 672 millions, in the shape of
pro Sg been received from foreign
countries, as reward for the ingenuity of
the En ish artizan, and industry of the
Ei Jabourer, ,

received from foreign countries, neither
ns, Jabourers, or the country, haye
AP

in,

beyond,

for thevast quantity of the products of
ingenuity Ans labour which haye been
exported,

Mis-statement of a Manchester, Paper.

335

causes which have led to the extensive
depreciation, or reduction in the re~
muneration of labour, and the extreme
priyation and. calamitous distress con-
sequent, thereupon, (a document which
I think I have: adverted to’ in some
former communication) ; itis shewn to
a demonstration, that the excess of ex-
port during the war was sustamed en-
tirely by the bills drawn on account of
the external expenditure, of the Go-
vernment, which bills, or an. amount
equivalent thereto, were converted into
an ideal capital, yclept “the national
debt ;” the interest on ,which, -pro-
gressively increased as the excess of
export increased ; and that the remu-
neration for labour progressively de-
creased, as the taxes, to meet the in-
terest of the debt increased; and, that
since the termination of the war, which
instead of rewarding the British artizan
and labourer for their ingenuity and
industry, has abstracted from their earn-
ings a fair reward for labour at. the rate
of twenty-six millions per annum. The
bills, drawn on account of absentee ex-
penditure and foreign loans, are now
performing the same functions, pro-
ducing the same effects, and leading to
amore aggravated and grievous. result
than resulted from the bills drawn on
account of the external expenditure of
the government during the war. That
such an article as the oné which has
given rise to this communication, should
have appeared in a Manchester news-
paper, is not to be wondered at, and
had it extended no farther it would
have been. quite unworthy of notice ;
but that it should have been copied into
the columns of the London newspapers
without an exposure of its falsehood, is
discreditable to the understandings or
diligence'of the superintendents of those
papers, as the circumstance of extend-
ing the circulation of this statement and
falsehood is deplorable. The statement
which I sent you last. month, should you
insert.it in your ensuing number, wil
throw much light on the subject of the
cotton manufactures, near 1813; it is
there shewn, that as the, quantity or

official value exported increases, the

real. value decreases. Let the cause of
this be investigated, and it proves that
the depreciation is effective at the ex-
pense of a reduction in the remunera-
tion for labour, which the extending
application of machinery tends in part
to occasion; and that the aggregate in-
terests of the country are diminished
in a ratio corresponding with such re-
duction.
Oct. 20. E, A.

336 = Quantity of Cotton imported from the Year 1802 to 1823. — [Nov. 1,
y COTION MANUFACTURE, ;

EXHIBITION of the Rise, Progress, & Present State of the CoTTON MANUFACTURE
‘ ' in GREAT Buiratn. Ba ky:
“rom 1770 to 1780 the Importation of Gotton Wool, averaged 5,735,375 Ib. 4f Ann.
1781°to 1790 about 18 Millions |jy wt. and from 1794 to 1801 about 32 MUL do.
and the following is'a SvaTreMEN’ of the Quantity Lmported in each of the 22 Years
1802 — 1825, aistinguishing the several Countries, from whence Imported and the
Nowot Bags & Bales trom each respective Country.
vis COTTON WOOL, Importev from

U-Statof | Brazils& °° East | West” Total Novot) Total iii
Years “| America. | Pormgat* Indies. , Indies, &e/ Bags & Bals) ths. weight.

1802 |, 107,49:5 74,720 8,935 90,6 4 | 281,585 | 77,393,600
\ 3.) 106,831 76,297 10,296 45,474 | 258,898 | 59,921,990
+4} 104,105 48,588 2,061 86,585 | 241,637.| 70,506,335
Dd fol 2t,279 51,242 1,985 75,116 | 252,620 |.. 72,229,537
» 6.) 124,939 31,034 7,787 77,678 | 261,758 735,197,930
7 | 171,267 18,981 11,409 $1,010 | 282,667 86,206,870
84. 57,672 SO0;442 12,512 67,512 | 168,158 | . 22,676,740
9.}.139,000 | 166,107 59,764 | 103,511} 442,382 | 117,773.530
1810 | 240,516 | 149,535 79,382 92,186 | 561,173 | 136,970,735
11 | 128,192 | 118,514 14,646 64,789 | 326,141 91,662,535
124) 5.93;3551 98,7 14 2,617 64,563 | 261,215, |, 63,027,570
13} .37,721 | 137,168 1,421 73,218 | 249,503: 49,820,530
14} 48,000 | 151,500 13,500 74,500 | 287,500 | 59,745,575
15,| 201,000 91,200 24,3500 54,900 | 371,400 | 96,720,370 90,537,350
16} 166,000 } 124,000 31,000 49,000 | 370,000 94,140,330 ~90,350,230
17 | 195,360.) 114,490 | 117,955 | 49,155 | 477,160 | 125,152,230 |"110.532.210
18 |. 219,950 | 160,200 |, 247,300 | 57,850 | 660,300 | 177,257,375 | 112,235,750
19 }, 212,290 | 125,450 | 178,300 | 31,070 | 545,070 | 150,735,728 110,235,570
1820 }, 301,200 |, 179,700 57,300 31,950 | 577,150 | 143 637 325.| 128 735 235
1 |, 300,100 | 121,050 | 29,700.] 37,250 | 488,100 | 128 573 975 | 198 527 725
2 | 350,000 | 143,200 19,300 40,650 | 533,150 | 159 797 735 | 140795 375
5 | 448,070 |.148,070.} 38,650 | 33,610 | 668,400 | 180 233 793 | 150 325 795
rE EErennerrnm ee
The following is an Account of the Official Value of the Cotton Wool Imported; the No.
of Bags & Bales, and the Official Value thereof Re-exported ; and the Official and
Declared real Valne of the Quantity of Cotton Yarn & of Cotton Manufactures Ex-
ported to all parts of the World, (except Ireland) in each of. the 10 Years 1814 — 1823
t= The Official Values imply a fixed Value assigned by the Government, in 1694:
and may or may not have a relation to the real Value of the present time ; but they are
important and interesting as denoting an increase or decrease of Quantity!

uaniftty in Ibs weight taken, for
Spinuing,in each of the 9 Years,
1815 — 1823,

Q@

Official EXPORTED. .
Value of re
Raw Raw i Valueof YARN Value of MANUFACTURES
Years A MPORTED| Bags Value | Official Real Official » - > /Real:
1814 2,030,862. 566,270 | 1,119,850 2,791,248 16,690,366. 17 ,393,2 96

15 | 3,355,564 597 ,664 808,855 1,67-4,021 | 21,699,505. 19,124,061
16 } 3,160,075] 50,000 345,768 | 1,580,486 2,628,448 } 16,335,124 - 13,072,758
17 | 4,161,824 7 22,700 721,430 | 1,125,257 4,014,181 | 20,357,147 14,178,021
18 | 5,767,547 | 60,000 1,245,781 | 1,296,776 2,385,305 | 21,627,936 16,643,579
19 | 4,871,A13 | $5,800 1,085,556 | 1,585,755 2,516,783 | 16,876,206 .12,388,835
1820 | 4,957,057 | 27;500 370,610 } 2,022,155 2,826,645 | 20,704,600 13,843,569
1 [4,517,258 | 51,060-1,062,502 1 -1,898,695 2,507,850 21,639,493. 13,786,958
2 4,751,252] 58,700 1,279,265 | 2,553,217 2,700,457 | 24,566;920 14,534)253.
3 | 6,241,561 J $9,700 707,512 4-2,425,419 2,625,947 | 24,117,549 13,791,415

*,* By the first of the above Statements it appears that the Total Quantity of Cotton
Wool Imported, in the 9 Years 1814—1825 has Amounted to about 1,255 Millions of Ibs.
wt. and the Stock on hand at the close of the Year.1814 having been about 24 Millions
“Tbs. it makes a Total Quantity of 1,260 Million fbs. wt. in the 9 Yeats to he accounted
for: whiclyhas beew disposed of in the following manner, viz. 1,062 Millions of lbs. wt.
taken for Spinning: 10, Millions: Do. Re-exported in a Raw State; and 92 Mitlions of
ibs. remaining»on hand at the close of the Year 1825, f ;
t >

1824]

gar ot

SPIRIT OF PHILOSOPHICAL DISCOVERY, AND.OF. THE
VARIOUS SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS.

i —a weird

BMHE valuable discoveries of Professor
/ Barlow, respecting the local influence

of iron on the magnetic needle, have opened
a wide and very interesting field. ‘That
very accurate. experimentalist, M. Gay
Lussac, has recently ,determined, _.that
the mutual action of twe magnetic. par-
ticles depends on the matter with which
they are incorporated. Thus, he found
that a magnetic needle eight inches long,
placed in the direction of the magnetic
meridian, made ten horizontal vibrations in
131 seconds. _ A bar of soft iron, the same
length, three-quarters ‘of an inch wide, and
one-sixteenth of an inch thick, being placed
below the middle about two inches, and
parallel with the meridian, the rapidity of
the oscillations were doubled, or about ten
in sixty-five seconds. A similar bar of pure
nickel was substituted for the iron bar;
when the needle required seventy-eight se-
conds to make ten yibrations. On the bar
of nickel being remoyed, the needle again
returned to its original intensity, making
ten vibrations in about 130 seconds. These
experiments were made by M. Lussac at the
suggestion of M. Poisson, who has recently
drawn up a most elaborate memoir on the
Theory of Magnetic Action. ‘The present
paper of M. Poisson is rather confined to the
natural state of the magnetic property in
bodies, than to the artificial or acquired
state, as in the magnetic needle. In a se-
¢ond memoir he proposes to apply the
principles here demonstrated in solution of
the phenomena attendant on artificial mag
netism. According to the theory of M.
Poisson, a small cylindrical needle of soft
iron contains the boreal and austral fluids
in equal quantity throughout its whole
length; so that their action becomes neu-
tralized; and the bar exhibits no indication
whatever of magnetism. But if a magnet
be placed near the centre of the needle, and
in the direction of the meridian, the two
fitiids ‘of the iron needle will become decom-
posed, ‘or separated from each other; and
each particle of north or south polarity will
be in a slight degree displaced from its pre-
vious station in the bar, or drawn towards
the ends. “From this doctririe of magnetic’

‘equilibrium, M. Poisson infers that, not-

withstanding the boreal and austral fluids
are ‘disseminated throughout the whole

jass of a magnetised body, yet the attrac-
tion, and repulsion which it exercises are the
same as if its surface were only covered by
a thin straftum of the two fliids. He atso
sheet, tat a small magnetic necdle, placed
in the centre of a hollow sphere, will nothe
subject to any magnetic action from offier
magnets, nor even from that of the earth’s
magnetism. ‘The application of a ring or
plate of soft iron, of any thickness, but of

Monruty Mac. No. 402.

some: considerable: extent, will,’ therefore,
neutralize the’ local action ef other bodies ;
as was shewn previously by the profound
researches of Mr. Barlow, of the Woolwich
Academy. Indeed, the inductions of M.
Poisson, though somewhat different from
those of Mr. Barlow,. serve. to establish
more fully the theory suggested by that
gentleman, ‘and which he has’ already re- ~
duced to practice ina manner no less eredi-
table to-his ingenuity'as an artist, than to
his profound mathematical knowledge. ‘The
local influence exercised by the iron of a ship
on her compasses have been known to be
the immediate cause of many a valuable
ship and crew being consigned to the deep :
but it is not known, nor ever can be known,
how many melancholy instances of the kind
have arisen from this: source. The devia-
tion even of half a point in a ship’s course
is a serious matter, especially when in the
Vicinity of land. But independent of the
guns and the iron in a ship haying a certain -
influence on her compass-needles, the lading
of many of ofr outward-bound merchant
vessels contains a large portion of iron,
either manufactured or in bars, which must
greatly derange the magnetic needle, though
it is usually disregarded.

Organic Remains. —The American natu-
ralists are daily tracing a conformity in geo-
logical deposition between the Old Cor:ti-
nents and what has been improperly called
the New, or Western Continent of America.
We have noticed many instances in our’ pre-
ceding numbers of the fossil remains of the
mammoth, elephant, and other large qua-
drupeds being found in many different parts
of America, more particularly in the yicinity
of the Mississippi and Ohiorivers. But the
Philadelphia Journ. Scien. states, that two
travellers, Messrs. Lewis and Clark, in a
recent expedition up the Missouri river, have
discovered some remains of amphibia, be-
longing to the genera sauri, which seem .to
differ in character from all the other species
previously known. These remains were
found in a cavern a few miles south of the
Missour?river, near a creek ; and from the
conformation of the dental bone, Dr. Har-
lau proposes to give it the name of sauro-
cephalus lanciformis., It is probable. that
future research will reward the labours of the
American naturalists with .a rich harvest in
the very interesting field) of organic re-
mains, particularly in the genus ‘/acerta :
for as these ‘animals: are known to, abound,
at the present day, in the great rivers of
both ‘Amerivas, it is a fair presumption that
fossil remains would be found to a much
greater extent in America;;than in» any
part of Europe, where this family of the
animal creation must have been extinct for
ages—their remains not being found in any

2X of

338

of the British series of posterior formation
to the blue Zias.

A considerable number of the bones of
yarious wild animals, (among which can be
traced those of the hyena, the fox, the wolf,
and wild boar), have also been found in
the limestone caves of Keat’s Hole, near
Plymouth: they were discovered by T.
Northmore, Esq., during some geological
researches. An early report on the subject
from the Geological Society, as an investi-
gation of théir species, has been undertaken
by Mr. ‘Buckland, of Oxford, and other
gentlemen.

Extract of Digitalis,—The essential mat-
ter of this powerful plant has been obtained
in a very concentrated state by M. Royer,
Bib. Uniy., by digesting the dried plant in
ether, then filtering and evaporating the
solution, re-dissolving the residue in water,
and treating the solution with oxyde of lead,
again digested in ether, and evaporated. It
presented a brown substance, intensely bit-
ter, and very deliquescent, and difficult to
crystallize. The sedative properties of this
substance was so powerful, that a grain dis-
solyed in 200 grains of water, and thrown
into the abdomen of a rabbit, speedily dimi-
nished the circulation, and the animal died
without evincing pain, or any spasmodic
action, though the nerves of a rabbit are
very easily excited. Half a grain, dissolved
in water, was also injected into the veins of

a cat, producing death in the short space of
fifteen minutes. A'grain and a half in-
serted into the jugular vein of a dog pro-
duced death in five minutes. The arterial
blood of all the animals exhibited the dele-
terious agency of the medicine, both in
colour and consistence.

New operation on Urinary Calculi.—The
Ann. de Chemie contains a report from M.
Percy, of the following operation for break-
ing down and expelling calculi :—A straight
sound, made of silver, containing a smaller
sound sliding within it. The smaller sound
near its inner extremity is divided into three
arms, which spring open when they pass
through the end of the exterior sound, form-
ing a kind of spring forceps. Through the
inner tube, a steel rod, having a saw, a file,
or a knife, at the extremity, is made to slide
with ease. The instrument being inserted
through the urethra into the bladder, the
inner sound is moyed about until the for-
ceps grasps a portion of caleulus ; when the
operator, by partially withdrawing the inner
sound, closes the forceps firraly on the stone ;
in which situation, the saw, drill, or file is
made to act on it until it becomes broken
down in smaller pieces—the fragments of
which are subsequently’ ejected by the urine,
aided by a copious injection of warm water
to facilitate the discharge. Although there
must be considerable delicacy required, and
some degree of hazard attending this mode
of operating, yet M. Percy relates three
cases, in which it was attended with com-
plete suecess. ‘The first, a man thirty-two

Spirit of Philosophical Discovery.

[ Nov. I,

years of age, underwent the operation three
times before the stone was completely re-
moved, and was. so little incommoded, as
to be capable of walking to, the house of the
operator. The second instance-——a small
stone, was broken downand ejected, leaving
for its nucleus “a white kidney-bean !””
In the third case, a stone as large as a
pigeon’s. egg, was completely broken down,
and discharged.

Prize Questions proposed, by, the Royal
Academy of Sciences, Paris. —To determine,
by a series. of physiological and, chemical
experiments, what are the progressive phe-
nomena resulting from the action of the
digestive organs on food... The prize for the
best essay, a gold medal, 3,000 franes value :
period for adjudication, June 1825. The
same premium for. determining the density,
by accurate’experiment, which various
liquids acquire by pressure, and specifying
the heat evolved during the compression of
such fluids. A prize of 300 franes for the
best essay on the comparative anatomy of
fish and reptiles, the species to be at the
discretion of the candidate. Several prizes
are also offered for the encouragement of
travels, and dissertations on the varieties of
the human race.

Comparative Anatomy. — Sir Everard
Home, in the Croonian Lecture, read du-
ring the late sittings of the Royal Society,
while describing the comparative yolume of
the brain in the human. subject, and the
lower orders of the animal kingdom, states,
“ that among the insect. tribe, the humble
bee has the largest brain in proportion. to
its size. In the moth, caterpillar, lobster,
and earthworm, the structure of, the, brain
and medullary substance is similar to that
of the bee. In the garden-snail the, brain
is larger in proportion. to, the ‘size \of the
animal.than in the bee; but the bee jis also
furnished with ganglions, which: isnot the
case with the snail. Sir E. observes, that
in all the variety of animals, he, examined,
the brain forms a distinct organ; though in
some insects, scarcely yisible to the naked
eye; that there is, also at some: distance
from the brain a second substance:of similar
structure connected with the brain by two
lateral chords from whence the, nerves
branch off to the different. nuseular struc-
tures of the body. The ganglions, which
form a chain so beautifully connected to-
gether by a double nerve, must be consider-
ed to have the same usesas the/ganglions ~
in the human body, being equally composed
of a congeries of nerves.”’.. These facts, if
allowed to be clearly developed, form an
addition to our knowledge;: and) give ;con-
firmation to opinions not before natsalgctorily
established.

Production of water in RemirahotnsThe
source of the water produced by the func-
tion of respiration having often: formed a
subject of dispute among physiological \in-
quirers, two Italian physicians), Drs:,Paoli
and Regnioli,.have lately made.aiseries of

experiments

1824. ]
experiments for the purpose of demon-
strating the point. A patient having under-
gone the operation of brochotomy, the air
which was’ expired’ from’ tle wound being
passed “through ‘a ‘glass tube deposited
aqueous vapour, not only on the inner sur-
face of thé tube, but also on a glass held at
the distance of four inches from its extre-
mity. ‘Hence these gentlemen’ conclude,
that, aqueous vapour is evolved from the
whole surface of the respiratory organs, that
it immediately issues from the \ mucous
membrane lining these organs—that all the
oxygen employed’ in ‘respiration’ goes to
form carbonic acid gas, and that the animal
heat is occasioned by the combination of
oxygen with the carbon existing in the
bleod, which heat is cemmunicated to the
whole system by means of’ the arteries,
while the lungs eject the carbonic acid in
the act of respiration.

Test for Nitrous Ovide.—Dr. Henry, of
Manchester, recommends the following test :
A given volume of the nitrous oxide is to
be exploded with a slight excess of carbonic
oxide of known purity, as 100 measures of
the former to 110 of the latter. Now as
each volume of pure nitrous oxide gives,
under these circumstances, an equal volume
of carbonic acid, we may impute whatever
earbonie acid is deficient ef that proportion
to the mixture of so much nitrogen with
the nitrous oxide. If e.g. using an excess
of carbonic oxide, there results from 100
measures ‘of nitrous oxide, only 95 of car-
bonie acid, we may safely consider the ni-
trous oxide, to’ be’ contaminated with five
per cent. of nitrogen gas. Any nitrous gas
may be previously separated by a solution
of green sulphate of iron.

Gasious matter evolved by plants. —The
Journal de Pharmacie acquaints us that M.
Chevallier has’ discovered a very curious
fact, that ammonia is copiously disengaged
in a free state by the process of vegetation;
and that, in’ conjunction with M. Boulay,
he has also ascertained that nearly every
species: of ‘aromatic flowers spontaneously
disengages ammonia in the act of vegetation.
Surely this fact-cannot be considered a new
discovery, except' by the abovemention-
ed chemists themselves! The aroma of
plants is well known to be peculiar essen-
tial oils, held'in’suspension in volatile alkali
or gaseous'‘ammonia. Tlie taste of the
minor’ French chemists of the present day
seems' to be peculiarly directed to what may
be termed. the re-analysis of well analyzed
substances, apparently with the view of an-
nouneing something new, if not always
useful) We have considerable doubt as to
the aggregate’ benefits resulting from the
pharmacoperia being loaded with the minute
subdivisions, ‘in® which our ingenious neigh-
bours ‘hive’ recently exhibited the different
varietiés of vegetable: poisons:

Minerils produced artificially:—Ithasbeen
very often observed that the analysés of mine
rals are of comparatively little value, as long us

Spirit of Phitosophical Discovery.

339

we are not capable of reproducing by com-
position what had been dissolved. Professor
Mitsehterlich has accomplished this impor-
tant object... We have been gratified by the
sight of beautiful and, well-defined, crystals
of greyish white pyroxine, which had been
obtained by. mixing, the constituent, parts
indicated, by analyses, in, the mecessary. pro-
protion, and exposing this mixture. to the
high’ degree of heat of the porcelain fur-
nages at Sevres in France, By this means
Professor, Mitschterlich. has succeeded, in
obtaining several species: that, occur in na-
ture. He has likewise observed among the
different kinds, of slags, more, than. forty
species in a crystallized state, particularly
of such minerals, as are. found in primitive
rocks, but also of a good many, others
which haye not hitherto been. obseryed.
—Dr,. Brewster's Journal. ’

Thermometers. —In Von. Zach's... Corr.
Astr., No. 5, a set of interesting observa-
tions appear on the comparative. expansion
of mercury and spirit of wine as. applicable
to the thermometer. . The observations
were made by a very accurate observer,
M. Flanguergues, of Viviers; with great
care, and are therefore entitled to consider-
able confidence. The spirit. thermometer
was an excellent one, made under the in-
spection of Reaumur. himself ; and the mer-
curial thermometers, of which there were
several, were constructed by the best artists.
They were all similarly divided, according
to the octogenial scale of Reaumur; and
the ‘experiments were each frequently. re-_
peated, in order to obtain an average or cor-~
rect result. -

The effect produced by «the, following
freezing mixtures on each thermometer, was:
Two parts of pounded

ice, and one part by Spit Mercury

weight of muriate of

soda, sunk the...... —17°.4 —16°.6
Two of ice and one of

muriate of ammonia... —12,7 —12, 4
Two of ice and one of :

crystallized sugar.... — 5, — 4.9
Two of ice and one of

DIVE) 0b Ss - coeeeinale eeerde Oy hem) O42
Melting ice.......4.-.- 0, 0.

A well, 34. feet. deep,

(mean of six years ob-
seryation)....e.-.--+-10, 47; +. 9.64

Ascellar tise tyadasheyodeai'S 12.7.
The human bedy....... 32. .7 29.8
Fusion. of , yellow) wax), .56..25 49.6
Bojling-alcohol, density ;
851. Barom. at 28in, 75, 6 63.5
Boiling mixture of three,
parts,.of alcohol. and #
one of ‘water, the mix- ; fs datrk«
ture used for .Reau- 5...) «yh fsb
:mur’s thermometer, ., iy atatifier of
ogenerallyiss serensieb old BO. (66.8.

hoKrom the above discordance, it. seems no
longerdoubtful,that jalcohol and mercury
are: not, equally, expanded and contracted,
by equal: increments or decrements of ca-

2X 2 loric.

340
loric. And this divergence appears to pro-
ceed in an increasing ratio, as we recede
from the point of zero. Independent, how-
ever, of this, objection to spirit thermome-
ters, where very, accurate obseryations are
required, the sources/of error will of course
be magnified, if thermometers be filled with
spirit of wine, of. different spec. gray. ;
which is probably, often the case in the or-
oe manufacture of these instruments.
Yew Optical Instrument, or Water-Teles-

poy obs the last number of the Journal of
Science, the following account.of an in-
genious inyention is given :—An optical in-
strument for seeing through water, and ex-
ploring the bottom of rivers, has been con-
structed, by, Mr. Keslie,..of Lansonburgh,
United States. It consists of a, conical tube
of variable length, about an inch broad at
the top, and ten inches at the botton. It
is glazed at, both ends, and when the broad
end is immersed to. some depth in water,
and the eye applied at the narrow extremity,
there is no interruption to, or deflection of
the rays of light coming from objects in the
water to the eye ; and if the water be clear,
objects may be distinctly seen to a consider-
able depth. The instrument is provided
with lamps suspended near the lower or
broad end, in’an outer cylinder, which slides
on over what may be termed the object
glass of the instrument. The light of the
lamps being reflected towards the bottom,
any. object may be easily distinguished by
night, if the water be clear. Two tubes
are attached to the cylinder, containing the
lamps ; one to supply fresh air for the com-
bustion, and the other to carry off the smoke
and foul air. The account does riot
state whether the glasses of- this water-
telescope are plain or magnifiers. We see
no reason why convex glasses may not be
employed in this as in other telescopes.

Method: of distinguishing positive from ne-
gative Electricity.—The celebrated chemist
Berzelius finds, that when the electric cur-
rent passes by means of a point to the
tongue, the positive electricity is acid ; and
the negative electricity a mere caustic acid,
or rather alkaline.

Inflammation of sulphuretted Hydrogen by

Nitric Acid.—M. Berzelius has found that-

if afew drops of the nitrous acid be poured
into a flask, containing four or five cubic
inches ofsulphuretted hydrogen, and the flask
closed with the finger, it becomes so warm
as to produce combustion, ‘with a beautiful
flame, and a slight detonation, which forces
the finger from the mouth of the flask. It
is necessary that the) acid should be very
pure for this purpose, and that the gas
should be free from aqueous vapour.
BenzxsieAcid in Oil of Dahlia. —The French
chemist, M. Payen; in Seaeteay on

Spirit of Philosophical Discovery.

[Nov. 1

the essential oil obtained from that beautiful
plant the Dahlia, found a erystallizable sub-
stance perfectly analogous to the Benzoic
acid. Do not several varieties off the aro-
matic plants yield a, similar substance ?, The
Benzoic acid being in flavour not unlike the
essential oil of lemons... The. citric, acid
when pure, and a yery small portion of the
flowers of Benjamin added, is a good sub-
stitute for recent lemons, when that whole-
some and agreeable fruit cannot_be ob-
tained.
_ The Chickin Ovo, Sc: —Mr: David Ritchie,
im_a notice of a mode by which a conjecture
may be formed as to the sex of ‘a ehick in
ovo, after combating former ‘theories as to
shape, weight, &c. &e. says—‘* Thave heard
of a mode of discovering the sex of the chick
in ovo, different from any which has been
proposed by naturalists. The folliculus
aéris, or air-cell, which is to farnish oxygen.
to the future chick, is situated at the larger
end of the egg. It has not in all eggs the
same position at the larger end; and in va-
rious districts of Scotland, it is believed that,
eggs having the air-cell situated ewactly at
the top of the larger end, produce males;
while those having the air-cell only ear the
top of the larger end produce females. To
ascertain this, I instituted a series of expe-
riments. ‘These experiments, as will be
seen, go very far'to prove that the opinion
which has been stated is correct, and so to
determine what naturalists of Germany,
France, and England, have endeavoured in
vain to discover.—Ed. Phil. Journ.
Preserving of Birds, &¢.—Sir John Sin-
clair has communicated to us the following
notice: Mr. Temminck, Director of the
Dutch Museum, has, for many years, made
use of no other means of saving preserved
birds and quadrupeds from the attacks of
minute insects, than placing a Small wooden
basin, containing tallow, in each case, which
he finds to be more’ effectual ‘than either
camphor or Russia leather.—Ib,
Medical Remains at Pompeii.—M. Chou-
lant has lately published, ‘at Leipsic, in a
pamphlet, entitled De Locis Pompeianis ad
Rem Medicam’ facientibus, an account of
different objects relating to the medical
art. discovered at Pompeii. M. C.’ ‘suc-
cessively describes’ the Temple of Estu-.
lapius, the amulets, surgical instruments,
pharmaceutical apparatus, &c. found in the
midst of the ruins. Amongst the surgical
instruments were found some nearly resem-
bling those made use of at the present day ;
as, for instance, elevators for the operation
of trepanning, lancets, spatulz, instruments
for the application of the actual cautery, &c.
There has not been found one single build-—
ing which could be regarded as a school of f
surgery or anatomical museum. —Tb.

PopHG,

voOv

Poss te

1824.]

[341 J

PROCEEDINGS OF PUBLIC SOCIETIES,

a E

Sunstance ofthe Revort of the Com-
mMITTEY, and of the’ PRocEEDINGS of
the GENERALMEETING Of the Society
for the 1v1Ga TION and GRADUAL ABO+
LITION of Stavery. throughout the
Britis Dominions, held on the 25th
day of June 1824.

LA | ee Report observes, that,

In their circularaddress of August 1823,

the committee, wliile they, expressed their
Satisfaction that the Government and Par-
liament, had so, clearly recognized the prin-
ciples embodied in these resolutions, could
not refrain from regretting that the pro-
posed plans of reform, instead of being
made the subject of parliamentary enact-
ment had been referred to the decision of
the colonial authorities, as experience dis-
couraged the hope of, effectual co-operation
on the part of the colonists. The event has
justified these apprehensions: the proceed-
ings of. popular meetings in some of the
colonies, and the calamitous events in De-
merara, too, clearly illustrate the danger of
such a mode of proceeding. If the su-
preme power of the state had at once pre-
scribed the course to be pursued, there
would have been no ground to apprehend
any inconvenient results, the effect would
have been submission on the part of the
planters, and gratitude on the part of the
slaves; the evidence on the trial of Mr.
Smith, ‘the Missionary, and of the slaves
implicated in the insurrection at Demerara,
shows that the proximate cause of that un-
happy event was the delay of the colonial
authorities in. giving publicity and effect to
the measures of grace recommended by his
Majesty’s, Government. . In the mother
country alone can laws on.this subject be
effectually and safely made.

It has been contended that the British
Parliament has no right to interfere with
the internal concern of| the colonies, which
have legislative assemblies of their own ;
for though we involve ourselves in the guilt
of every oppression. which it requires force
to maintain, even in punishing that crime
peculiar to the West-India Statute Book

*“ of imagining the death of a white man,”
yet the colonists would deny to this coun-

try the liberty of controuling and directing .

the system it thus upholds,

One conspiracy indeed appears, to have
been formed, and one insurrection has most
calamitously taken place, namely, the re-
volt of the slaves at Demerara. In that

colony ‘there were some peculiar. predis-

posing causes to such an event, arising from
the harshness of the slave system prevail~
ing there ; for in Demerara the slaves, in-
stead of i increasing, decrease at a rate Which
would unpeople the earth in less than half
a century, and also from the religious per-

secutions to‘ whieh} in aidan i their
other’ sufferings many ‘ofthe slaves were
subjected last year. Yet it'is the testimony
of Governor Murray himself, that! he had
“not heard of ‘any whites! having been
deliberately murdered’ ‘by. the imisguided
slaves.’

The public has a fair opportunity of ap-
preciating the spirit’ in ‘which’ justice was

‘ administered to these slaves, by the ample

details published respecting ‘the trial of Mr.
Smith, the missionary.

In these transactions, and others which
occurred elsewhere, particularly at Barba-
does, the committee had the pain to recog-
nizé a spirit hostile to the religious instruc-
tion of the negro population. The ¢om-
mittee are most happy at the same time to
state that there are many exceptions ty this
too prevalent disposition.

On the 16th of March, the papers. on
this subject, alluded to in the King’s speech
at the opening of the session were laid be-
fore parliament, and among them an order
of the King in Council. prescribing various
measures of reform which it had been de-
termined to institute in the island of Tri-
nidad, which is professedly the model. by -
which all ulterior measures of colonial re-
form are to be regulated.

If the reforms, however, prescribed by
this Order in Council were to be confined
to Trinidad, not more than a fortieth part
of the slave population in the British do-
minions would be benefited, but it is the
declared intention of his Majesty’s minis-
ters to extend the same system to St.,
Lime, Demerara, Berbice, and the Mau-
ritius, and also as far as it has not been
already anticipated to the Cape of Good
Hope. ‘These six colonies comprehend a _
population of. about 220,000 ‘slaves ; but
there will still remain about 600,000 re-
siding in colonies which have local legisla-
tures whom the proposed reforms by Royal
authority will not reach. It seems to be
the present purpose of Government to pro-
ceed with these colonies in the way of re-
commendation and example. Besides the
dangers to be apprehended from. suspense
and agitation, the nation contracts: addi-
tional guilt by the postponement of those
reforms, the moral obligation of which has
been admitted ; the delay is also a real ca-
lamity to the great mass of the slave popu-
lation. The committee cah see no good
reason, for, instance, why women should
continue liable to be shamelessly exposed
and flogged in Jamaica, Barbadoes, &e. ;
why the driving, whip should be still em—
ployed there ; why marriage should still be
without any legal sanction in these colonies,
why facilities should not be given there also
to manumissions ; and why the exclusion of

the ©

342

the evidence of slaves should continue to
be upheld there in all its rigour, making it
confessedly impossible to give to protecting
laws their just effect; and it has not even
been pretended that’ what’ may be safely
done’ in Trinidad or' Berbice is altogether
unsafe! in! Sty Vineeht, ° Saige or Ja-
maica.

The bapa for delay rink has been
drawn from the alleged inveteracy and an-
tiquity of the eyil to be cured, appears, to
the committee.to have.no. force whatever
when applied to.the care of infant or un-
born slaves, and to prepare the existing
slaves for the proper use of freedom is not
more difficult, because slavery has existed
for ages, than if it had’ first begun at their
birth.

The West-Indian body, ‘resident in this
country;‘ have, in resolution, adopted at a
meeting held’ on the L0th of February last
asserted),a, right of, property in. negroes,

their fellow-men and fellow-subjects, as ab- ,

solute and unqualified as that which is pos-
sessed in any inanimate chattel.
Herein consists that ineffaceable distinc-
tion between the two parties, which dis-
courages the hope ,of compromise or co-
operation. ’ The committee. cannot yield
one atom of their principle, that nothing can
justify the making one. man a slave, or even
the retention of one man in slavery, longer
than the real benefit, of the slave, viewed in all
his circumstances and relations, may require ;
and that to grant amelioration without any
reference to, eventual liberty to the slaves,
or for their children, is, in the opinion. of
the committee, no less absurd than eri-
minal.
Parliament will eventually be driven to
_ consider what means it possesses, inde-
pendantly of the colonists, for carrying into
effect its wishes respecting colonial bondage,
there isa method to which all will allow
that the authority of parliament is perfectly
competent, by the abolition of those coun-
tries and protecting duties, by means of
which alone the system of slavery is upheld,
and without which tt would of itself cease.

But has it been sufficiently considered by
the people of England in what degree every
individual amongst them is instrumental in
upholding this condemned system? They
are made to pay at least a million and a-half
more for sugar than they would pay for
it if they were at liberty to procure it from
other: parts ‘even of our own dominions ;
and as the subject of the sugar duties is to
undergo revision in the ensuing session of
parliament, there will then be an oppor-
tunity of making known the public ‘feeling
respecting it.

There have beéniformed in different parts
of the kingdom:no Jess: than-220: associa~
tions in- aid: ofthe! objects: of thisi-society,
and more are still forming. The cause: they
have undertaken cannot be cfficiently cen-
ducted without considerable expense, and
therefore liberal contributions are essential
to its success.

Proceedings of Public Societies,

[Nov. 1,

First Annivensary Mertine of the
Anti-Siavery Society, held at. the
Freemasons’ Hall, London; on the 25th
day of June 1824, his Royal’ Highness
the Duke of “Gloucester in the chair.
Tue Report ofthe Committee having

been read, the'*chair’ was addressed
by the Honourable Agar Ellis, who
moyed a_ resolution “of thanks to
the officers, and committee, which. was
unanimously adopted on being seconded
by Mr. Stephen, who, ina luminous and
succinct review of the whole subject,
observed that,

All the measures recommended by. Go-
vernment, but one, had been concurred i in
by the West-Indiait Proprietors in ‘this
country, and that single exception was, the
admission of the evidence of slaves against
free persons; and yet, Sir, (added Mr.
Stephen, in allusion to the case of Mr.
Smith, the missionary), the evidence of
slaves is sufficient, it seems, to Convict a
preacher of the gospel! It is) sufficient to
condemn him to death, although thé slaves
who give the evidence are swearing for
their own lives!

Certain resolutions corroborative: of
the chief points specified in the Report,
were then successively moved and 5
conded by various members, who ade
dressed the chair for that purpose, and
were thereupon pat and carried _und~
nimously.

Dr. Lushington then, in adverting to
the object of the meeting, avowed his
firm conviction, that,

The power has not been given by God to
man of framing a codé of slavery. ‘believe’
it to be impossible to frame a system’ of”
slave laws in which injustice, oppressioti’
and abuse, would not of necessity’ exist:
(Loud cheers /) to ba

Mr. Wilberforce haying moved a rex:
solution, net104)

That the most cordial aibaioaiclicas cine K
of the meeting be respectfully presented to,
the President of the Society, , his, ‘Royah
Highness the Duke of Gloucester, eae

Mr. William Allen seconded, the Mor,
tion.

Upon the motion of thanks, to. ‘the
Royal President being put, it. was. car
ried unanimously with loud and conti-
nued cheering. ,

His Royal Highness. the Duke. of)
‘Gloucester, when the applinse) had «
subsided, addressed the meeting. oijuor

Ladies" and Gentlemen, you ‘have: cbdéehns
pleased to express your approbation ofomy
conduct ; ‘and following the: principles *ofic
justice. on which: this society: is founded:
could I be one of the House’ of ‘Brunswiekye*
which was called to 'this’country for tle:
protection of your liberties, did I ndtenters”
tain those principles? Nay, could [bean

Englishman

1824.]

Englishman, if I did not? Our cause
is the cause of our constitution, for I
cannot, and never will admit, that: slavery
can.ever\lawtully -exist under) our happy,
glorious, and. blessed, constitution; | the
word “‘slavery.”’, must not exist 5 we must
however prepare the negroes for receiving
so great a blessing; we must begin by ame-
liorating their condition, there must be no
time lost in doing it, not one moment, the
next generation should not be born insla-
very; especially if it’ be’ true that the pre-
sent'generation, from not’ baving had moral:
culture;)-are unfit for liberty. :

This speech was received with un-
botinded applause, and at the conclusion
of it, the meeting was ddjourned.

NATIVE LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC

| , SOCIETY, AT -CALCUTTA. ;

_A. Society. has..been established
at Calcutta by. native Indians of
distinction, for the cultivation of lite-

Novelties of Foreign Literature,

343

terature and science among the Hin-
doos. Works of acknowledged utility
or general interest in the English and
native languages, will be, freely disse-
minated,; and. means,, will,.be adopt+
ed, to, ameliorate the, condition of
the inferior castes, by shewing the
evil, consequent» on \ thei miserable
superstition. >The society will be
provided with chemical ‘apparatus, ma-
thematical’ instruments,’ and’ ‘all’ such
mechanical implements ‘as’ shall be con-
ducive to the improvement ‘of native
artists. Public lectures, and, other
modes of instruction, in various, depart-
ments of art, will also form part of
this new. institution.’ ..From, the inve-
terate attachment to the customs of
their ancestors, ‘manifested: by! the Hin-
doos generally,a society founded by
natives appears to be the only probable
mode of improving their moral’ con-
dition.

NOVELTIES OF FOREIGN LITERATURE.

RUSSIAN EXPEDITION fo the SOUTH POLE,

during the yuars 1819-20-21.

HE principal object of this expedition
4 was that of making discoveries in
the Antarctic Ocean, and to proceed as
near as possible to the south pole, It was
entrusted to the command of Capt. Bel-
linghausen, who had accompanied Ad-
miral Baron Krusenstern in, his circum-
navigation of the globe, .The expedition
consisted. of two.vessels, the Wostok and
the, Mirni, which set sail on the 3d July
1819; and arrived at Copenhagen at the
end of ten days. From this port they set
out’ on ‘the 20th. July,» and, reaching
Portsmouth on the 29th, M. Simonoff
went to: London to receive the instru-
ments, which ‘the Minister of Marine
hail ordered for’ the expedition. After
a delay of fifteen days, the expedition
quittéd’’ Portsmouth, ‘and arrived at
Teneriffe. We must pass over the
voyage till the arrival of the expedition
in south latitudes: —

On the 14th December 1819, which cor-
responds to the 14th June of our climate,
thé first show appeared, in the latitude of
52%" On'the) 15th» June we’ arrived near
Southern Georgia, and from that time we
had» to struggle against innumerable dangers
andmisfortunes of every kind.; The island
of} jm is covered with ice and eternal
snows :/Lhe north-east side of the: island
having, heer visited and. described by the
immortal Cook, we’. surveyed) the» south:
west:coast, which -had never before, been
explored, 6). ;

On the 17th December we passed Clerk’s
Rocks, and cn the 22d we discovered an
island, to which Captain Bellinghausen gave
the name of the Island of the Marquis de
Traverse,*)(in honour’ of the minister of the
Russian marine). This island, of which we
made a survey, has a voleanie peak, from
which columns of smoke are continually
discharged.

On the 29th we arrived near the islands
which Captain Cook called Sundwich Land.+
This great navigator had, from a distance,
considered the Capes Sawnders, Bristol,
and Montague as belonging to a great con-
tinent; but we have carefully surveyed
them, and found that what was taken for
terra firma, was only a mass of small ser-
rated islands, more dreary, and even more
barren, \than the island of Georgia. On the
last island, however, we observed here and
there a green moss ;,but,,in,the islands of
the Marquis de Traverse and, of Sandwich,
even this stunted vegetation. is no. longer
seen. The sea) which washes these shores
is .covered with, huge masses,.of ice; and
whales, penguins, and.other, sea-birds are
the _only.,,imhabitants , of, these _ desolate
regions.

The

* Jn south, latitude 56°; and longitude
31° 30! west of Greenwich.

+The winter in ‘Sandwich> Land is con-
sidered asi more frightful than even'in the
coldest regions of the north An interesting’
account-of sit will be’ found in Hspinosa’s
Memoria. sobre las Observaciones: Astronomi-
cashechas por los Navegantes. “Espanoles,
Madrid, 1809. :

344

The Aurora Australis shows itself sud-
enly on the southern horizon, in the
form of a moyeable white column. In
its rapid shiftings it displays the finest co-
lours of the rainbow ; it illuminates all the
horizon, and suddenly vanishes, only to re-
appear under a thousand other forms, which
keep up the same play of colours. This
fine spectacle amused us every night, from
the 2d till the 7th March; when the sky
was darkened with clouds, and the wind
gradually rose into a tempest, so furious
that the oldest sailors in the expedition had
never seen any thing similar to it. The
vessels laboured, and bent under the raging
waves’ in the most frightful manner, and
shipped much sea at their sides. The sails
were torn in pieces, and, toadd to our mis-
fortunes, we found ourselves within two
fathoms of an immense ffhountain of ‘ice,
against which we would inevitably have
been dashed to pieces, had not a large wave
thrown us back, and thus saved us from in-
stant destruction. Our situation was the
more distressing, that we could look for no
human aid in these desolate seas. .

The rapid approach of winter now an-
nounced to us that. we must not think of
advancing further to the south. We, there-
fore, availed ourselves, on the 19th, of a
favourable wind, which carried us at the
rate of ten or twelve miles an hour; and,
directing our course to New Holland, we
came in sight of Van Diemen’s Land on
the 24th; and, on the 30th March, we
anchored in Port Jackson, opposite the
town of Sydney. After a fatiguing and pe-
rilous navigation of 130 days, Port Jackson
seemed to us a Paradise. The Mirni ar-
rived there seven days after us.

The learned traveller, in giving a>

sketch of Port Jackson and its vicinity,
takes occasion to pay a complimentary
tribute to the governing authorities of
that prosperous colony... From New
Holland, the expedition proceeded to
New Zealand,—the account of which
very nearly corresponds with that of
our -brave countryman, Captain Cook.
Proceeding in their voyage among these
islands, the learned author observes :—

We next entered the archipelago of the
Dangerous Islands, near which we disco-
vered another group ‘of islands, quite un-
known, to which Captain Bellinghausen
gave the name ‘of the Archipelago of Alex-
ander I, The inhabitants of these islands
are entirely savages, and the most ferocious
that we have yet encountered: ‘they abso-
lutely wished fo have no communication
with us ; they set fire to their forests, in
order to terrify us, and prevent us’ from
landing. The captain endeavoured to allure
them to the ships, by expressing, ‘in ‘signs
and gestures, our friendly dispositions, and
and by exhibiting to them and offering them
several presents ; but all these inducements
were in vain. We at last tried to frighten

‘Novelties of Foreign Literature.

[Nov. I,

them, ' by firing muskets in the air. They
seemed to believe that we wished to exter-
minate them by fire: they exhibited water,
and scattered. it in showers, as if to shew
that they could extinguish our. fire. The
captain did not wish to use. force, and re-
turned on board. his ship.

From the Archipelago of Alexander I.,
we sailed for Otaheite, where we regulated
our chronometers,, in order that. we might
reduce the longitudes of several islands
that we had discoyered.in our last course.

Arriving at. Macquarrie, Island on the
17th November, we found a number of
English whale ships. . Here we felt, for the
first time, an earthquake at sea, the shocks
of which were very strong. The whalers,
who were on the island, felt.it also three
different times. Earthquakes, we under-
stood, take place there every month.”

We continued our course to» the south-
east, sailing between large masses of ice ;
but, notwithstanding all our efforts, we
never could pass the 70th degree of south
latitude, and this only in one place. _ In all
others, we could only advance to 693°, and
the ice was there 300 fathoms thick.

The second polar voyage was much more
perilous than the first’; and it was only to
Divine Providence, and the vigilance of our
captain, that we owe our safety. © On the
25th December 1820, when we were assem-
bled for divine service to return thanks to
the Almighty, on the anniversary of the
victory which we had gained before Paris,
we struck with great violence against a
huge mass of ice ; but fortunately the shock
was oblique: the ice only grazed the part
of the vessel where the anchors were sus-
pended, (and which was for this purpose
provided with a‘double parapet), which
was carried off by the violence of the shock ;
but the ship suffered no injury, and shewed
no mark of leakage.

After having encountered so many dan-
gers, we had at last the satisfaction of
making several new discoveries. On the
11th January 1821, we discovered in 69°
30’ of south latitude, an island, which'we
called Peter I.; and on the 17th of the
same month, we fell in with a coast in the
same latitude, which we named Alexan-
der I. These lands are encircled with
ice, which prevented» us from approaching
them, and examining them more narrowly.
The dfscovery of these islands is the more
remarkable, as they are the most southerly
of all the lands that have been discovered
in that hemisphere.

We next directed our course’ to New
Shetland, which consists of several islands.
We surveyed ‘the southern coast of it, and
discovered six other-islands. ©They. are,
haweyver, all uninhabited,: barren; “and co-
vered with snow» and=-perpetual ice : they
reaonly the abode of pengums andwhales.

From hence we set sail to New Georgia,
and terminated our navigation of the Icy
Sea to the south of the same island at

which

1824.]

which we began our researches, having
often passed the polar circle, and having
sometimes remained there more than fifteen
days, Which no navigator had ever done
before'us!' “We made the complete tour of
the polaf circle, and we returned: to ‘this
island from’ the west.’ The celebrated Cook
has said in one of his voyages, “I have na-
vigatetl the’ southern hemisphere under dif-
ferent latitudes, with the view of demon-
strating that there’ is no’ great continent,
unless, ‘perhaps, in the polar regions, into
which, however, we Cannot penetrate.”” We
succéeded' in’ periétrating into it in several
places : we passed the southern polar circle,

British Legislation.

345

nobody had done before us; and if the
coast of dlevander I. is not part of a con-
tinent, we may say, in confirmation of the
words of Cook, that we have met with no
trace of this pretended polar continent.

From New Georgia we sailed to Brazil :
we arrived at Lisbon on the I’7th June
1821, and anchored in Cronstadt on the
24th July. - ‘

The voyage of these enterprizing fo-
reigners was altogether, effected under
the most favourable auspices. Out of
200 persons*who left Russia, the expe-
dition only lost three in three vears.

and ‘navigated ‘the’ seas’ beyond it, which

i

BRITISH LEGISLATION.

} at >
ACTS PASSED in the FirtH YEAR of the REIGN of GEORGE THE FOURTH, or in the

FIFTH SESSION of the SEVENTH PARLIAMENT of the UNITED. KINGDOM.
—=a

NAP. LXXIX. To enable certain

YD Persons to receive and hold Offices
in the Management, Collection, and Re-
ceipt of the Revenue, without taking or
subscribing certain Oaths and Declara-
tions,

Tt enacts that it shall be lawful for any
person, being his Majesty’s subject, to

haye, hold, and execute any of the offices:

of commissioners. of customs, excise, stamps
or. taxes, or any of the offices concerned in
the collection, management, or receipt of
‘the, zeyenues..which are subject to the said
commissioners, or any of the officers which
are. concerned.in the collection, manage-
ment, AF reeeipt,of the reyenues which are
subject tothe authority of the Post-Master-
General, in ,any.part of the United King-
dom," without, previously taking, making
or subscribing any declaration, or any oath,
except, the oath of allegiance to his Ma-
jesty, and the oath for the due performance
of, the, duties.of such office, prescribed by
Act of Parliament.

ow Cap LY XXII. The Vagrant Act.
itrepeals all:provisions ueretofore made
rélative-sto idle ,and disorderly persons,
rogues, and:vagabonds, incorrigible rogues
or other vagrants in England. ' ;
« Tt-divides such persons, by special de-
scriptions into three classes, and it de-
signates ‘each of the first class “ an idle and
disorderly person,” and. enacts that it, shall
be lawful .for any justice of the peace to
commit such offender (being thereof con-
victed before him by his own view, or by
confession, or-by the evidence of ene wit-
hess) to\the House of Correction, there to
beskept to hard labour for any time not
exceeding»one calendar month. It desig-
nates: each of the second class; ‘a rogue
and vagabond,” and. it, enaets -that it shall
be lawful» for any justice of the peace to
commit such offender (being. thereof con-

Monrury Mac. No, 402. .

victed before him, by confession or by evi-
dence of one. witness) to the House of
Correction, there to be kept to hard labour
for any time not exceeding three calendar
months. And it designates each of the third
class “‘ an incorrigible rogue,” .and enacts
that it shall be lawful for any justice of the
peace to commit such offender (being there-
of convicted before him by confession, or:
by the evidence of one witness). to the
House of Correction, there to remain until
the next general or quarter sessions of the
peace, and kept to hard labours :

Cap. XCVIII. To consolidate and
amend the Bankrupt Laws. It abso-
lutely repeals, from the \st. of May
1825, all former Statutes respecting
Bankrupts. ; ;

It enacts, that all bankers, brokers,
underwriters, and persons insuring ships,
or their freight, or other matters against
perils of the sea, warehousemen, whar-
fingers, packers, builders, carpenters, ship-
wrights, victuallers, innkeepers, stage-
coach proprietors, brewers, malsters, dyers,
printers, bleachers, fullers, scavengers, ma-
nufactarers of alum or kelp, cattle or sheep
salesman ; and.all persons. engaged in any
traffic of. drawing and redrawing; nego-
ciating or discounting bills of exchange, pro-
missory notes or negociable securities, ex-
cept exchequer, navy, or victualling bills,
or ordinance. debentures ;and. all. persons
making bricks, or burning lime for sale, be-
ing tenants, lessees, or partners in such
trade or undertaking ; and all persons using
the trade of merchandize by way of bargain-
ing, exchange, bartering, commission, con-
signment: or, otherwise, in gross or by re-
tail ; and all persons, who either for. them-
selves, or. as-agents, or factors for others,
seek their- living by buying and selling, or
by. buying *and. letting for hire, or by the
workmanship of goods’ or commodities,

2 iY shall

346

shall be deemed traders. liable to become
bankrupt ; provided that no farmer, grazier,
common labourer, or workman fof hire,

receiver-general of the taxes, or member -

of, or subscriber to any incorporated, com-
mercial, or trading companies established
by charter, or by or/under the authority of
any act of parliament, shall be deemed, as
such, a trader liable, by virtue of this act,
to become bankrupt.

It further enacts, if any such trader shall
depart this realm, or being out of the
realm shall remain abroad, or depart from
his dwelling-house, or otherwise absent
himself, or begin to keep his house, or
suffer himself to be arrested for any debt
not due, or yield himself to prison, or suffer
himself to be outlawed, or procure himself
to be arrested, or his goods, money or chat-
tels to be attached, sequestered, or taken
in execution, or make or cause to be made,
either within the United Kingdom or else-
where, any grant or conveyance of any of
his lands, tenements, goods, or chattels, or
make, or cause to be made, any surrender
of any of his copyhold lands or tenements,
or make, or cause to be made, any gift, de-
livery or transfer of any of his goods or
chattels, every such trader doing, suffering,
procuring, executing, permitting, making,
or causing to be made, any of the acts,
deeds, or matters aforesaid, with intent to
defeat or delay his creditors in the recovery
of their debts, shall be deemed to haye
thereby committed an act of bankruptcy.

And if any such trader shall at any meet-
ing of his creditors declare or admit that
he is insolvent, or unable to meet his en-
gagements, or upon any detention for debt
lie in prison for twenty-one days, or shall
escape out of such prison or custody, every
such trader shall be deemed to have thereby
committed an act of bankruptcy.

And if any such trader shall petition for
the benefit of acts for the relief of insolvent
debtors, such petition shall be an act of
bankruptcy.

And if any such trader shall file in the
office of the Secretary of Bankrupts, a de-
claration in writing signed by such trader,
attested by an attorney or solicitor, that he
is insolvent, or unable to meet his engage-
ments, the secretary shall sign a memoran-
dum to be advertised (within eight days
after filing) in the London Gazette, and

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

[ Nov. 1,

such declaration shall, after such advertise-
ment, be an act of bankruptey by such
trader at the-time it was filed.

And if any such trader shall, after a
docket struck against him, pay, give, or
deliver to the person or persons who struck
the same, money, satisfaction, or security
for his debt, or any part, thereof, the same
shall be an act of bankruptey.

Here follow four special provisions re-
specting acts of bankruptcy committed by
persons having privilege of parliament,
which with various clauses enlarging the
powers of the commissioners, and limiting
their responsibility in actions for matters
done as commissioners, also for promoting
the efficacy of proceedings under commis-
sions for the support, protection, and en-
couragement of honest bankrupts, for the
choice and controul of proper assignees, for
the seewrity of the estates realized, for the
application of unclaimed dividends after
three years, for punishing the concealment
by other persons of the effects of a bank-
rupt, and for facilitating the allowance of a
bankrupt’s certificate by the commissioners
and the Lord Chancellor, if not signed by
four-fifths in number and value of the cre-
ditors to the amount of twenty pounds, by
authorizing the allowance of the certificate
after six months, if signed by three-fifths in
number and yalue, or by nine-tenths in num-
ber of the creditors ; and after an interval
of eighteen months, if signed by either of
those proportions of creditors, with the ex-
ception of one, whose signature is neces-,
sary to make up that proportion ; and also
a clause directing interest to be paid out of
surplus of bankrupt’s estate on all debts
proved under commission, first, to creditors
entitled by law to interest at rate reserved
or by law payable, and afterwards to all
other creditors from the proof thereof at
four per cent.; and a clause. authorizing
the Lord Chancellor to supersede a com-
mission, upon proof that an offer of com-
position has been accepted by nine-tenths
in number and value of the creditors at two
successive public meetings, form the new
enactments of this consolidating and amend-
ing act, which is not to extend to Seotland
or Ireland, or to take effect before the Ist
of May 1825, save as to certificates of
bankrupts.

VARIETIES, LITERARY AND MISCELLANEOUS ;
Including Notices of Works in hand, Domestic and Foreign.

N the 17th of July, the Hecla and

Griper discovery ships were seen
beset by ice in the lat. of 69° 24’ N,
long. 59° W. The prospect, however,
was very favourable, and there was no
doubt of their having a clear passage to
Lancaster Sound in afew days. No ice
was to be seen along the west side of

Davis’s Straits. On the 3d.of August,
the Griper was spoken with near Cape
Chidley, in Hudson’s Straits, on her pas-
sage to Repulse Bay, which she expected
to reach about the beginning» of Sep-
tember, and where she proposed! to \win-
ter. The Snap surveying vessel left the
Griper off Cape Sedley, with the ais.
an

1824.
land expedition, which was prevented
by the ice from a further prosecution of
its course.

An Island is said to have been dis-
covered in the South Pacific, by Mr. B.
Wight, commander of the merchant
vessel Medway. It is in lat. 21° 36’,
long. 159° 40’ W. of Greenwich. Its
length from east to west is about 20
miles, the land high. Mr. Wight named
it Roxburgh Istand. ;

Captain Cochrane, the Siberian tra-
veller, was at Barbadoes early in Au-
gust, on his. way for a pedestrian tour in
South America, and. particularly over
the Andes.

A company has been formed with a
subscribed capital of 200,0002., to apply
Mr. Browne’s gas engine to the propul-
sion of wheel carriages. Their first
effort is to be that of propelling a coach
from London to York and back again at
the rate of ten miles an hour.

The plan of the Metropolitan Water

Works Company, for supplying pure and
wholesome water, is, to raise it from
the springs of the earth below the blue
clay, about thirty-five fathoms from the
surface, They assert, that no doubt is
entertained of thus obtaining an abun-
dant supply of pure soft water; and the
terms, it is added, will be more moderate
than those of the Thames and New
River Water Companies,
_ The National Bath Company proposes
to erect one of of its grand baths as a
termination to Portland Street, in the
Regent’s Park; one in the centre of
Leicester Square; a third in the centre
of Moorfields; and a fourth on a site
near the banks of the Thames.

The new Stomach Pump.—It is gra-
tifying to witness the success of any
new inyention for the preservation of
human life. A surgeon of Shrewsbury
has employed, the new stomach pump
in extracting some oxalic acid from the
stomach of a young woman, who, in a
fit of insanity, had taken a dose of this
violent poison, Why is oxalic acid al-
lowed to be commonly sold by drug-
gists? Itis of no utility in medicine,
and is’ so yery easily mistaken for Ep-
som salts. -Anorder from the Apothe-
caries’ Company would probably be
sufficient to prevent these fatal results.

Female Protection Society.—The be-
neyolent» Mrs. Fry, and a few otber
ladies; have formed a society to afford
temporary ‘relief to females of good
character; who may be destitute of em-
ployment. It more especially oflers
protection to young women in the fol-

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence. '

347

lowing situations of life, who are capable
of maintaining themselves, if employed:
+ Shop-women, teachers in schools,
house-keepers, ladies’? maids, and ser-
vants generally of unimpeachable cha-
racter, if out of place. When it is con-
sidered that the first step towards de-
pravity, in the majority of the unfortu-
nate females who frequent: our streets,
is usually the want of employment, aad
its concomitant, pecuniary distress, the
value of such an institution as this
inust be obvious. It is indeed greatly
to be regretted, that, in the metropolis
especially, so many thousands of fe-
males should be displaced from their
proper stations by a class of effeminate
young men, serving in shops of various
descriptions.

Mining Company in TIreland.—Ano-
ther project is on foot for the advantage
of Ireland—that of establishing a gene-
ral mining company for the werking of
coals. and other minerals. Whether it
will end, as most other projects end, in
a job, time will shew. We know that
the district round the source of. the
Shannon; Roscommon, and. Leitrim,
abounds with iren ore and with coal,
though not of the best quality: but
unless manufactures were carried on
with more spirit in that part of the
kingdom, and the peasantry more indus-
trious, we despair of seeing any compe-
tition with the mining interests of Staf-
ford and the neighbouring counties.

London Chemical Society.—This new
society met on the 7th of October, when
an experimental lecture on heat was
delivered by a Mr. Davis to a select
audience, among whom were several
ladies. Dr. Birckbeck is elected presi-
dent of the society, and an inaugural
address will be given by that gentleman
to the members on the 9th of Noyem-
ber, at the City of London Tavern,

Temperature of the Globe.—A con-
temporary journal tells us :—

Le Baron Fourrier, Perpetual Secretary
to the French Academy, has just made
known his. important disquisitions on the
témperature of the celestial spaces and the
planets! a full account of which will appear
in a forthcoming number of the European
Review. Among other facts of the high-
est importance, the author has demonstrated
that it would take more than 30,000 years
before any perceptible diminution of heat
could take place on the surface of. the
earth ; and that, from the time of the Alex-
andrian school to the present time, that
diminution had not exceeded s}, of a
degree.,

This is not only the ne plus ultra of
2Y2 mathematical

‘\

348

mathematical demonstration; but it is
also very satisfactory for ‘us to learn,
from such high authority, that our old
planet is likely to be habitable for at
least 300,000 years to come !
American Steam’ Boat Company.—A
company “is ‘forming’ at’ New York,
which is calculated to affect the interests
of English énginéers in a very material
degree. It is proposed to supply the
south and eastern parts of Europe,
especially the Mediterranean ports, with
steam ‘vessels’ on “much lower terms
than they can be procured from Eng-
land. This is one of the natural con-
sequences of the impolitic restrictions
imposed on the exportation of ma-
chinery from this’ country, and’ which
proves the immediate necessity of these
statutes: being repealed.. A regular
steam packet between America (either
from New’ York or Boston) and Eng-
land seems likely to be speedily esta~
blished, It is to call at Cork, or some
other portin the south of Ireland.

New Expeditions on Voyages of Dis-
covery.—Besides the yoyage now per-
forming in the South Seas by Von Kot-
zebue, under the orders of the Russian
Government, Baron Wrangel is explor-
ing Siberia and Kamschatka; and M.
Litke has undertaken to survey~-the
coasts of Lapland and Nova Zembla.
And the Dutch Government have re-
cently sent out a ship on a voyage of
discovery in the South Seas. Our own
government also, not to be behind-hand
with their neighbours, have come to a
determination to have another and more
complete survey made of the North
Sea, under the superintendance of that
able astronomer Dr. Tiarks and assist-
ants. The late voyage to the coast of
Norway, was undertaken chiefly for the
purpose of submitting the new mode of
protecting the copper-sheathing of ships,
by Sir Humphrey Davy, to the test of ac-
tual experience ; and we understand its
success was most perfect. About two

- hundred superficial feet of copper being

protected by one superficial foot of
iron ; and the result being equally cer-
tain, whether in a rough sea or in a har-
bour. This method of arming the cop-
per sheathing from corrosion, will soon
be applied to all the ships in his Ma-
jesty’s service, and, eventually, no doubt
to all the better class of merchant
vessels,

There are said to be at this time be-
tween seven and eight hundred acts of
parliament in this country applicable to
the criminal law. The code Napoleon

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

(Nov. I,

awards the punishment of death to six
cases only; that of England to two -
hundred !

Part I. (to be completed in two) of the
History and Antiquities of ‘the Parish
and Palace of Lambeth, in 8vo. and 4to.,
illustrated with twenty copper-plate en-
gravings and twenty wood-cuts, is just
reatly. u

Mr. Banks, author of the Dormant
and Extinet Baronage of England, has
in the press, and nearly ready for pub-
lication, a supplemental volume’to that
work, which, exclusively of much novel |
and interesting genealogy, will contain
an index to the three other volimes,
and thereby render the whole’a com-
plete edition. bith >

An English Translation of M. Picard’s
spirited work, Gil Blas de la Révolu-
tion, ou les Confessions de Laurent
Giffard, which has become so popular
in Paris, is promised soon to appear.

The Gaelic Dictionary, by Mr. Arm-
STRONG, that was announced to be pub-
lished by subscription, and which was
destroyed at the late fire at Mr. Moyes’s,
will be but little delayed by the acci-
dent, the publisher having made ar-
rangements for reprinting the sheets
destroyed, at the same time that the
other part of the work is going on.

The Rey. Mr. Fry’s History of the
Christian Church, which was nearly
ready for publication, and» which was
destroyed at the late fire, is again at
press, and will shortly make its appear-

‘ance. A new edition of the Exposition

of the Romans, and Translation of the
Canticles, is also in the press.

The attention of the public will shortly
be solicited to a subject of great impor-
tance, in a “ View of the present State
of the Salmon and Channel Fisheries,
and of the Statute Laws by which they
are regulated.” By Mr. J. Cornisu..
The work is intended to shew, that it is
to the defects of the latter that the pre-
sent scarcity of the Fish is to be attri-
buted. It will comprehend also the
Natural History of the Salmon, together
with the form of a new act, designed
to remedy the evils so generally com-
plained of, and-an abstract of the evi-
denee before the Committee of the
House of Commons upon the subject,
with Notes, by the Author. 1 vol. 8vo.

. The Rey. J. R/ Prrman, of the Found-
ling and Magdalen, will shortly publish
a course of Sermons for the Year; con-
taining two for each Sunday ; ‘and ‘one
for each Holiday ; abridged’ from: emi-
nent Divines of the Established moe
an

1824.

and adapted to the service of the Day.
In one large volume.

Mr. Camesett is at length about to
produce another poem; it will be entitled
Theodoric, a Domestic, Tale. }

An Historical Inquiry into the. prin-
cipal Circumstances and Events relative
to <i late Emperor Napoleon,

Hoce, the Author of . the
s ‘tes Wake,”.. will yery. »shortly
bring forward his Queen Hinde,

The Museum, a Poem, by Joun
Butt, is in the press.

Mrs. Orre, we. are informed, has. in
the press Illustrations of Lying, in all
its Branches. , In 2 vols, 12mo.

Le Nouyeau Tableau de Londres, de
Leigh, ou Guide de )’Etranger dans la
Capitale de |’Angleterre, is on the eve
of publication

The Medical and Chirurgical Society
of London have nearly ready Part I. of
Vol. 13 of their Transactions.

A Lady has been some time occupied
on a work which will shortly be pub-
lished, under the title of Urania’s Mir-
ror, or a View of the Heavens, consist-
ing of Thirty-two Cards, on which are
represented all the Constellations visible
in the British Empire, on a plan per-
fectly original, which is to be accom-
panied with a»Familiar Treatise on
Astronomy, by J. Asrin.

The History of Poetry, we are led to

expect, will receive considerable illus-
trations by a work which is now an-
nounced, entitled Specimens (selected
and translated) of the Lyric Poetry of
the Minessingers, of the Reign of Fre-
derick Barbarossa, and the succeeding
Emperors of the Suabian Dynasty; ile
lustrated by similar Specimens of the
‘Troubadours, and other contemporary
Lyric Schools of Europe: with Histo-
rical,, Critical, and Biographical Re-
marks. ~ 8yo.
» An Essay on the Structure and Di-
seases of the Rectum. “ Quid rectum
sit querimus.’—Cicero. By Samueu
Gowen, Surgeon.

Sir Ecrerton Baynces does not re-
main idle in his absence on the Conti-
nent: another .work is announced, in
which the fruits of his wanderings will

appear, being Recollections of Foreign ~

Trayel, on Life, Literature, and Self-
Knowledge. 2 vols. post 8vo.
Ancupracon Coxe, the most inde-
fatigable historian of our times, has in
the press the History of the Admini-
‘stration. of the Right Hon. Henry Pel-
ham, dvawn from Authentic Sources ;
with Private and Original Correspon-

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence,

349

dence, from 1743 to 1754. In 2 vols,
Ato., with a Portrait.

Revelations of the Dead Alive) From
the pen of a.successful dramatic writer.

Mr. Ricwarp Carmicuart, is) about
to publish a, Treatise on the Vene-
real Disease in. all. its, shapes, .which
will concentrate the valuable. informa-
tion contained in his, two former works,
besides giving the results of later expe-
rience and research.
~The Cambrian Plutarch ; or, hives of
the most eminent Welchmen,.. In 1 vol.
8vo. By M. H. Parry.

The forthcoming Life of Sheridan, by
Mr. Moore, is in a state of considerable
forwardness.

An Original System. of Cookery and
Confectionary, embracing. all’ the Va-
rieties of English and Foreign Practice,
with numerous illustrative. Plates, the
result of more than. thirty years” expe-
rience, in families of the: first. distinc-
tion. By Conrap Cooker,

Miss Bencer is employed on Memoirs
of Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohe-
mia, and her unfortunate Family,. with
Sketches of various Royal and_ Illus-
trious Characters, during the Thirty
Years’ War.

The Rev. Luxe Booker, LL.D.,
Vicar of Dudley, is printing Lectures
on the Lord’s Prayer, with two Dis-
courses on interesting and important
Subjects, which will be published in
November.

A Botanical work of a popular De-
scription is about to be published
monthly, in a cheap form, entitled the
Botanic Garden; or, Magazine of Hardy
Plants cultivated in Great Britain. By
B. Maunp. Each Number will contain
four coloured Figures, with their Names,
Class, Order, Situation, &c. &c., to-
gether with much’ useful Information
not commonly found in Scientific
Works.

A Second Edition of the Fruits of
Experience, with considerable Addi-
tions, by JosrrH BraspripeEr, is nearly
ready.

Mr, Cuartes Turner Tuackrau has
in the press Lectures on Digestion and
Diet. 1 vol, royal 8vo.

Mr. Atex. M‘Donnett, Secretary to
the Committee of the Inhabitants of
Demerara, is about to publish an In-
quiry into the State of Negro Slavery,
with authentic Reports illustrative of
the actual Condition of the Negroes in
that Colony,

James Duncan’s (late Ogle, Duncan,
and Co.) Catalogues of Books, Part II. ;

containing

350

containing a most extensive collection
in Theology, English and foreign, Ori-
ental Manuscripts, &c,, at unusually low
prices, in consequence of J. D. retiring
from this branch of the business,

Second volume ofthe Mechanics’ Ma-
gazine, 8vo, boards, with one hundred
engravings. ‘

First volume, of the Chemist, 8vo.
boards, with, nearly. one. hundred. en-
* grayings.

First volume of the Medical Adviser,
8vo. boards, with thirty engravings,

The celebrated Holbein’s Dance of
Death, with 52 spirited Engravings
by the celebrated Bewick, beautifully
printed,

Smiles and Tears, a Series of 13
exquisite Vignettes, with Letter-press
Illustrations. A handsome volume.

The Juvenile Bible Class Book, by
the Rey. A. Ev Faner.

Speedily will be published, a Nar-
rative of the Condition of the Manu-
facturing Population ; and the Proceed-
ings of Government which led to the
State Trials in Scotland, for administer-
ing unlawful oaths, and the Suspension
of the Habeas Corpus Act in 1817, with
a detailed Account of the System of
Espionage adopted at that period in
Glasgow and its neighbourhood, Also,
a Summary of similar Proceedings in
other parts of the country, to the exe-
cution of Thistlewood and others, for
High Treason, in 1820, By Arex. B.
Ricumonp.

Time’s Teleseope for the year 1825,
will be published with the Almanacks,
on the 22d instant, comprehending a
complete guide to the Almanack, an
explanation of Saints’ Days and Ho-
lidays, Hhistrations of British History
and Antiquities, the Naturalist’s Diary,
with a description of the principal cu-
linary vegetables, their mode of culture,
&e. Prefixed to which will be an Essay
on English Sacred Poetry, and two in-
troductory Poems, by Mr. J. H. Wirren
and Mr. Arex. Batrovr, author of
Contemplation and other Poems.

Walladmor, “ freely translated from
the English of Walter Scott,” re-trans-
lated from the German, is in the press.

Sylvan Sketches, by the ‘author of
“ Flora Domestica,” will soon appear.

Mr. Burgipes (the latest author on
the * Origin and Prevention of Dry Rot
in Shipping”) ‘has another work in the
press, describing a new Process for tan-
ning Leather in a quarter of ‘the usual
time, without extra expense, either with,
or without oak bark. é

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

[ Nov. 1,

We also understand Mt. Burniver
intends to publish an Essay on Civil
Architecture, containing original me-
thods for the preyention of Dry Rot on
Terra Firma, by cheap, plain and sim-
ple remedies, which, however, will be
inapplicable to old houses, as it will
embrace a new system of architecture
froni the foundations to the roofs.

In the press, a post-actavo volume,
containing a graphic picture of the
Beatities of the city of Edinburgh, and
a more correct account of its inha-
bitants, their politics, learning, litera-
ture, opinions, habits, dispositions, and
general conduct, than bas hitherto ap-
peared. ‘ ,

The long expected “ Tales of Irish
Life,” are nearly ready for publication.
They will be illustrated with Engravings
by Messrs. Thompson, Hughes and
Bonner, in their best style, from de-
signs by George Cruikshank.

Suicide and its Antidotes, a series
of anecdotes and actual narratives, with
suggestions on Mental Distress ; by the
Rey. Sotomon Piccort, m.a., rector of
Dunstable, and author of several works,
will appear in a few days.

Early in November will be published,
in 8vo., An explanatory Dictionary of
the Apparatus and Instruments em-
ployed in the various operations of
Philosophical and Experimental Che-
mistry, with seventeen quarto copper
plates ; by a practical Chemist.

In the press, in 1 vol. 12mo. with
plates, the Village Farrier, and com-
plete Cattle Doctor. By Cuar.es
Biatne, Veterinary Surgeon.

In one thick volume, 12mo., the
Village Lawyer, or every Englishman
his own Attorney, By Henny Coorrr,
Esq.

In 18mo., the Art of Brewing on
Scientific Principles, adapted to the use
of Brewers and Private Families ; with
the value and importance of the Sac-
charometer.

New Landlord’s Tales, in two vo-
Iumes, will be among the earliest of
the forthcoming literary novelties,

FRANCE.

The French Traveller Bonpland.—
This eminent naturalist and coadjutor
of M. Humboldt, during his trayels in
South America; is stated in the French
papers to be still a prisoner in Para-
guay, which is under the authority of a
Dr. Franzia. Jt appears that this en-
terprizing traveller had reposed from
his fatigues, and had established some
considerable plantations of the tea are

whic

———————

————EE—E

1824..]

which were in a very thriving condition,
when he was seized by the troops of
this adventurer, and carried off to the
capital of the province. These barba-
rians not only destroyed the plantations
of M. Bonpland, but they massacred
some of the Indians who had attached
themselves to M. B., from the urbanity
of his character and his prosperous lit-
tle establishment. After being kept in
the quality of physician, or rather pri-
soner, for some period at Assumption,
the capital, he was sent to another dis-
tant district as inspector of some com-
mercial arrangements between Peru and
Paraguay. It is yet hoped that this
eminent traveller may be able to finish
the botanical labours of his journey, and
return to Europe. The French Go-
vernment have used considerable exer-
tions to procure the release of this gen-
tleman; and the brave Bolivar has also

used his utmost efforts with the Para-

guay Governor for the same purpose.
Diorama at Paris.—The French pa-
pers speak very highly of a Diorama
representing the interior of Rosslyn
Castle, which will, of course, find its
way to this country as soon as the no-
velty begins to abate in the good city.
Medals found in France.—The ex-
cavations for antiquities, at Famars
were resumed on the 23d of August
in the orchard of the chateau. The
most interesting discoveries made in
these buildings were, a small statue of
Minerva in bronze, clasps of the same
metal very well executed, and two ivory
combs of curious workmanship. On
the 25th of September, a very precious
discovery crowned the labours with a
degree of success beyond the most san-
guine hopes: At the foot of the main
wall which encloses the Hypocausta,
discoyered in 1813, there were found
two bronze vases filled with silver me-
dals. The first, of around form, and
coyered with a bronze patrea, contained
3,920; the second, of a more elliptical
shape, and furnished with a handle,
contained 2,658 : and 3,377 were found
in a third vase of an elegant form, and
which was preserved whole. The total
number of silver medals is 9,955. These
coins, which were in excellent preser-
vation, are from the age of Augustus to
that of Constantius. A considerable
number, especially the more recent, are
as brilliant as if they had just come from
the mint. It would be difficult to fix at
present the value of this treasure; we
can however state that several reverses,
mentioned as rare by Mionnet and

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

351
other authors, are in great numbers.
This is considered to be the most im-
portant discovery of the kind made in
the department of the north,

To the above interesting notice we
subjoin the following, extracted from
the Petites Affiches de Valenciennes of
Saturday, the 9th ult. :—

A second important discovery has just
taken place at Famars, at the moment
when the shareholders of the excavations
spontaneously doubled their shares, On the
7th of October, at ten in the morning, four

vases of terra cotta, filled with silyer Roman

medals, were discovered at six paces dis-
tant from those found before, and at the
foot of the same wall. The first contained
1,065, the second 1,923, the third 1,412:
these three vases were of red earth, with
only one handle; the fourth, a very large
one of an orbicular form, contained alone
5,115 medals ; total 9,515; which added to
the 9,955 found on the 25th of September,
make the astonishing number of 19,470 sil-
yer medals found at Famars in less than
a fortnight. What hopes: for. the future!
One of the red vases is_ perfectly whole.
The medals of the last discovery are larger
than those of the first; they are all radiated
heads ; among them are the effigies of Bal-
binus, Pupienus, Gordianus Pius, Philippus
senior and junior, Otacillia, Severa, Traja-
nus Decius, Herennia Etruscilla, Hostili-
anus, Trebonianus Gallus, Volusianus, Ca-
rinus, and others, with a great variety of
different reverses. The partakers in the
excavations at Famars are informed that the
distribution of the lots of medals will take
place next week.

Egyptian Sarcophagus. —It is an-
nounced, that there has arrived at
Marseilles a magnificent. sarcophagus,
brought from Alexandria, and found in
the ancient sepulchres of Memphis, near
the valley of the Pyramids, .in a well of
more than sixty feet in depth. The
lower part of this monument is eight
feet long, about two and. a half high,
and three and a half at its greatest
width. It is covered with a number of
hieroglyphics, mythological figures, and
symbols, executed in a superior manner,
in ingrailing. This large and superb
piece weighs. more than 3,000. kilo-
gramms. The lid, the workmanship of
which is not less .remarkable, weighs
nearly as much. The two parts, placed
in different, conveyances, were imme-
diately sent to Paris.. The body is of a
deep green, resembling the colour of
bronze, marked with spots of a rich
dark red... Besides these spots, -uni-
formly spread over it, the lower part is
variegated in three or four places, with
broad stripes of bright yellow, like that

352

of tortor, which extend all the way to
the top. These accidents relieve, in-an
admirable manner, the gloomy colour of
the ground. When the lid is on, this
monument, by'the richness of the mate-
rial, its colossal dimensions; and: its ma-
jestic form, presents a coup-d’eil, of
which no similar monument, hitherto
known, can give an adequate idea. What
adds still more to its importance is,
that there are no other blemishes than
two slight notches in the upper edges of
the case, made, without doubt, by those
who formerly wished to remove the lid,
to carry off the contents of the tomb.—
French Papers. :

French Exhibition.—It is estimated
this year, that 782 artists, of both sexes,
have contributed to the Exhibition of
Painting and Sculpture at Paris, namely,
602 painters, of which 81 were females ;
54 sculptors; 92 engravers; 23 litho-
graphers ; and 11] architects. These 782
artists have supplied 2,180 pictures,
drawings, engravings, lithographics, or
pieces of sculpture.

Bust of Gotthe.—The statuary Flat-
ters, at Paris, has just finished a bust
of Goéthe for the Duc of Saxe-Weimar.
It is intended for a companion to the
bust of Lord Byron, which the same
artist has lately offered for sale.

Fossil Bones.—Whilst learned men
are engaged in discussions upon the
pretended fossil man, the Lyonese have
just discovered, not far from their walls,
a real fossil elephant, in ground which
has not till now been dug up. M. Bre-
din, Director of the Royal Veterinary
School, has visited the openings, and
has ascertained that the petrified bones
found therein have really belonged to
an elephant. The less learned persons
of the neighbourhood believed them to
be the bones of a giant, others of
a mammoth; while the amateurs of
historical memorials consider them as
the remains of one of the elephants of
Hannibal’s army; but the learned wri-
ter who gave, in the Gazette de Lyon,
the details of this discovery, traces the
origin of this skeleton to the revolutions
of the globe, anterior to all the docu-
ments of antiquity. The excavations
are still carried on. Amongst the ele-
phant bones have also been found some
bones of the ox.

A Glacier melied by Hot Water.—
Mention has been already made by us
of the labours directed» by M. Venetz,
engineer of the bridges and roads of the
department of the Valais, to accomplish
the destruction of the ice, which covers

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

~

[ Nov. 1,

the Dranse. Last autumn there remain-
ed only 292 feet. The work has been
re-commenced this summer; but the
avalanches which have fallen from the
upper glacier, during the winter, have
so filled the breaches which were made
last year in the lower glacier; that at
the beginning of June the Dranse was
covered again to an extent of more than
1,000 feet. During the course)of the
same month the work was considerably
impeded by avalanches, whichfell every
instant, and:even on the 8th July, a
great part of the pipes» were: covered
with a huge mass of ice. In placing
some new ones at the commencement
of the month of August; they discovered
some remains of the last, atmore than
thirty feet deep. It is truly a war
against nature that. they carry on;
scarcely have they been overcome on
one point ere they attack another; and
when M. Venetz cannot reach the gla-
cier by falls of water, he dams up and
makes the Dranse overflow itself,. in
order to undermine it at the foot. . It
is thus that he is continually impeded
by a thousand foreseen and unforeseen
obstacles. Unfortunately, to this is
added the most distressing circum-
stance of all, that of an illness brought
on by the excess of his fatigues, and
from which he is scarcely recovered at
this: moment.. But he: hopes: still, in
spite of all, to free the Dranse <entirely
this year. The whole mass ofthe gla-
cier is already reduced aboutione-half of
its cubic bulk. Ten currents. of water
at present fall upon it ; and» by means
of a breach effected in its centre; the
spectator may observe at a’ glance; by
the enormous heighth which» ‘still re-
mains, the incredible effect ‘which these
little water-falls have. produced.» M.
Venetz is unable to comprehend: how
he bad the courage to begin undertak-
ing the destruction of this glacier, but
he now assures himself of success.
Historical Painting. — Monsieur de
Thierey, the president of the French
Academy at Rome, who. exhibited the
Judgment of Brutus about two ‘years’
since in London, has just finished a very
superb painting for the university of
Paris, representing the Founding of the
College by Francis the «First: This
elaborate work is highly spoken of by
all foreigners who have seen it, particu-
larly the English, who think at superior
to- any of the works: of David. M.
Thierey is also employed om a great
work, the Death of Virginia, which: he
intends for exhihition in England.
RUSSIA.

1824.]

RUSSIA.

Trigonometrical and Statistical Sur-
veys in Russia.—The “ magnanimous Vi
Alexander appears to be a much warmer
patron to science than to political free-
dom. The Russian Code, in fact, pre-
sents one of the greatest anomalies of
modern times. While his Imperial Ma~-
jesty ostensibly seems to patronize edu-
cation among his vassals, from the banks
of the Don to the banks of the Dwina,
he is desirous of preventing the natural
consequences of mental: improvement,
that of the establishment of rational
liberty, in every other state of Europe.
In what way is this capable of explana-
tion? Does his Majesty, or (which is
the same thing) his Majesty’s directors,
wish to civilize Russia at the expense of
all the other nations of the earth; that

_they should be interfering in the exter-
nal and internal policy of every other
state where they dare, either in the form
of holy or unholy alliances? While
they promote education to a certain ex-
tent among all their own barbarian
hordes, and are devoting the most per-
severing attention, not only to the ac-
quisition of foreign dominion by sea and
Jand, but also in making the most com-
plete statistical surveys of the topo-
graphy and resources of their own 1n-
mense empire; their emissaries are at
the same time employed from the south-
east to the south-west of Europe, and
even .in America, in endeavouring to
replunge mankind into the slavery and
ignorance of the monkish ages,

It isin: contemplation to erect achain
bridge, on the suspension plan, : across
the canal at Moika, at Petersburgh. The
design is said to be the production of a
Colonel Dufour, a French engineer, who
has already constructed an clegant
bridge near Geneva on the same model,
which, in all essential respects, is nearly
similar to the bridge built across the
Tweed, by Captain Brown.

The Russian historian, M. N. Ka-
ramsin, has completed. the tenth and

eleyenth volume of his great work on’

Russia, This author combats the au-
thority of all former historians, with re-
gard to the elevation of Boris Gondo-
noff to the throne of Russia, Instead
of considering him as an usurper, and
the murderer of Prince Demetrius, he
thinks he ought to be considered as the
beriefactor of the nation, in having issued
an edict to prevent the peasantry from
quitting the soil on which they were
born; or, in other words, for having
established vassalage for slavery through-
Monruty Mac. No. 402,

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

853

out his dominions; “ this wise regula-
tion having put an end to the disorders
which resulted from the peasantry being
able to enter into any other service but
that of their own lord, which they had
enjoyed from time immemorial, previous
to the usurpation of Czar Boris.” This
conselatory doctrine in defence of sla-
very must doubtless raise M. Karamsin
to the high rank of historian to the holy
alliance !
ITALY.

Excavations at Pompeii.—New dig-
gings haye lately been made in the ruins
of Pompeii, and a very beautiful bust of
Cicero has been’ found in good preser-
vation. Upon it is observable the
chicken pea (cicer), which procured him
the sirname he has rendered so illus-
trious. It would seem that the ancient
sculptors were very accurate in making
exact resemblances,

The Pope bas just purchased for the
Vatican the great collection of works
upon arts and antiquities which the
Count Cicoghara had collected, and the
catalogue of which he has published in
two volumes. This collection has ar-
rived at Rome in seven cases.

GERMANY,

The Danish traveller, Martin Fre
derick Arendt, who died last year in
Italy, at a village near Bologna, left
some unpublished memoirs and narra-
tives, The German journals had ex-
pressed a fear that these manuscripts
were lost; we learn that they have been
preserved, and lately sent to Copen-
hagen by the care of the Chevalier Chia-
vasi, the Danish Consul-General in the
Roman States.

Astronomical Observations by Dr. Ol-
bers.— He says that he has never ob-
served any nebulous covering in Gas-
sendus, in Possidonius, or indeed in any
other part of the mova, nor in general
any change in the lunar spots, which
could not be referred to the different
angles of illumination, and the relations
of libration. Nor can he give any opi-
nion as to the traversing furrows in the
circular. mountains; and he ‘adds, “I
must acknowledge, that, in regard to
the beds of rivers, buildings, &c., said
to have been. observed in the moon, I
fear that a lively imagination may have
frequently seen more than is shewn by
the telescope,”

A merchant of Gottenburg has in-
vented a machine which can manufac-

ture 10,000 nails in a minute, A patent

has’ been granted to this mechanci,

whose name is Umgewitz.
24 PATENTS

[. 354]

[Nov. 1,

PATENTS FOR MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL
INVENTIONS.

[It was our intention to haye given some
further account of Mr, Brown’s New Va-
cuuM ENGINE in our present number; but
we feel obliged to defer it to our next num-
ber (for December), which will contain a
more detailed account of that beautiful in-
vention, as applicable to the propelling of
carriages and. vessels.

To Joun Gunpy, of New Kent Road,
Sword and Gun Manufacturer, for
his new-invented Process, by which a
certain Material is prepared and ren-
dered a suitable substitule for Leather.
—August 1824,

HE foundation upon which the pro-
cess is to be employed may be

cloth of any kind, either linen, woollen,
cotton, or felt, as any of these sub-
stances are convenient for the purpose,
which materials should be stretched
upon suitable frames. When the sub-
sance is intended to be pliable, a com-
position of the following ingredients is
to be used. Common glue size, in a
gelatinous state, about four parts; fat
linseed oil, after having been boiled,
about. two parts; lamp black, halfa part;
white lead, ground fine in a mill, about
one part; and pipe-clay also, ground
fine, about one part.

When the size is sufficiently melted
over a fire, the boiled oil is to be added
by degrees, keeping it constantly stir-
ring until properly blended, then add
the lamp black, the white lead, and the
pipe clay, and’ when the whole is per-
fectly mixed and blended together, the
composition may be considered as ready
for use. “a

The cloth having been strained, as
before said, upon suitable frames, the
composition may be laid on in a warm
state by a pallet knife, observing that
the interstices must be perfectly filled,
so that when dried and cut, the cloth
may be found perfectly saturated with
the composition. The frames, with the
cloth so prepared, are then to be put in
an open situation exposed to the air,
or in a moderately warm drying-room,
as the season of the year may require,
it being a very essential part of the pro-
cess that the composition shall be made
to dry gradually.

When the first coat has become hard,
a second, third, and fourth, as may be
found necessary, should be laid on, tak-
ing care that each coat has become dry
before another is added, and it is im-
portant that the composition be spread

.

equally and as thin’ as possible, as a
superabundance would prevent the de-
sited pliability. “The surface should be
rendered smooth, and for this purpose
it is proposed to cut the material so
prepared into strips, and to pass it be-
tween pressing rollers.

In order to give a polish to the sur-
face of the material after it has become
smooth, a coat of drying oil or a var-
nish is to be laid upon its surface, which
may be mixed with colour for the pur-
pose of giving it any required tint; by
which means when dry it will appear
like japanned leather, and is ready to
be cut up for use. The patentee speaks
only of employing it for making patten
ties, “ such ties being finished in dies
under a press or stamp, similar to rais-
ing impressions on paper, metal, or
horn.”

For purposes which do not require
pliabilitv, such, for instance, as coach
tops, to the gluc-size, the pipe-clay and
white lead may be added in such quan-
tities as the nature of the article may
require. When the pieces are too large
to be passed through a roller-press,
then the inequalities may be reduced,
and the surface polished with powdered
pumice-stone, tripoli, or other grinding
material, and after having become
smooth, the oil or varnish-colour may
be applied as often as may be found
necessary,

To Maurice pe Joncn, of Warrington,
in the County Palatine of Lancaster,
Cotton Spinner, for his new-invented
Mode of constructing and placing a
Coke Oven under or contiguous to
Steam or other Boilers, so as to make
the Heat arising from making. Coke,
or other intense Combustion in the said
Oven, subservient to the use of the
Boiler, instead of Fuel used in the
common way, and to exclude such Heat
Jrom the Boiler when required, without
detriment to the Operations of the
Oven. —August 1824.

The principal feature of this inven-
tion is, combining a boiler with a coke
oven, for the purpose of beneficially
employing the heat which radiates from
the oven in generating steam, or, boil-
ing water for brewing, or any other use,
without the expense of fuel, and which
plan also embraces in its detail conve-

nient

1824.]

nient modes of regulating the heat com-
municated to the boiler, and of cutting
it off altogether if required.

The patentee proposes to place an
oven of about eight feet diameter under
the front part of a boiler, so that the
centre of the oven shall be about two
feet six inches from the front to the
boiler, The wall of the cven is to be
straight for about eighteen inches high
in the usual way, and above this the
crown or arch rises about two feet six
inches. In the centre of the crown a
circular opening is formed of about two
feet diameter, which is denominated the
crater: through this the heat is intended
to pass to the boiler above, the under-
side of which is brought as close to the
top of the oven as possible. From the
crater: the heat proceeds through a cir-
cuitous flue round the boiler, and thence
to the chimney as usual.

The span between the bottom of the
boiler and the oven is to be all enclosed
except about one foot square, where a
fire-proof damper is to be suspended by
a chain passing through the upper part
of the brick-work. This chain is con-
. ducted over a pulley, and carries weights
as a counter-balance to the damper,
which slides up and down in grooves,
for the purpose of opening or closing
the square hole.

Close to the crater on the top of the
oven two iron plates are placed parallel
to each other. They are fastened to-
gether in front by a cross plate, and
behind are worked into a low wall of
two courses of brickwork erected across
the top of the oven. -At a small dis-
tance from the plates ribs of iron are

laced, on which fire stones or fire bricks
are laid, in order to form a cover to the
crater. This cover is made to slide on
the plates over the crater by means of
racks on the side-bars, which racks pass
through the front wall to the outside of
the building, and are there worked by
pinions fixed on a revolving shaft turned
by hand, thus the crater may be par-
tially or entirely opened or closed.

Another flue, about six inches lower
than the crown of the oven, is formed,
to communicate directly with the chim-
ney, where there are dampers to open
or shut this, and also the boiler flue,
In front of the oven is an iron frame,
forming a door, to be lined with fire-
brick. The method of lining this door
is by cutting the uniting edges of the
fire-brick in a bevel and dove-tailed
_ form, so that one lapping over the other

Patents for Mechanical and Chemical Inventions.

355

the whole is made fast by securing the
key brick. The patentee observes,

Now it will readily be understood, that
when the cover is removed from the crater,
and the damper of the oven flue shut, the
heat operates upon the boiler, and raises
steam; by means of the inclosure damper,
the heat may be kept longer under the
boiler, where it acts more powerfully than
in the flues, and when required to remove
the heat from the boiler, the crater damper,
or cover, must be shut (by means of the
racks and pinions), also the boiler damper
in the chimney must be shut, and the oven
damper opened. By these means, such a
portion of heat may be applied to the boiler
as may be required, and the operation of
making good coke still goon, and the coke
will repay what the coals haye cost or
more. ‘The boiler is very greatly preserved
by these means, as no cold air comes in
contact with it, nor coals, nor coal-rake ;
the smoke is also burnt; as it is well
known, that to make good coke, about fifty
square inches of opening in the chimney
are at first sufficient, and nine at last ‘This
small opening keeps the heat so much back
in the oven, that the smoke is nearly all
consumed before it can pass off,

The claims of the patentee are, a
method of constructing a coke oven in
connection with a boiler, -so as to make
the heat arising from the coke answer
the purpose of fuel used in the common
way; and to take off the heat from the
boiler, when required, without detriment
to the operation of cokeing. The ad-
vantages derived are considered to be
great ; in the first place, the expense of
fuel is repaid by the coke; secondly,
the preservation of the boiler is effected
in a greater degree than could be ima-
gined, as no cold air is admitted to it,
nor Is the fuel, or any other matter, suf-
fered to touch its bottom; hence it re-
mains unimpaired, and free from the ef-
fects of sudden expansion or contraction;
thirdly, the consumption of smoke in
the coke oven is most complete, and if
required, a retort may be added for
generating gas.

We are favoured by the following
remarks from the patentee :

During last winter I have worked an
oven under a Jarge boiler of twenty-six
horses power, and regularly sold the coke
to iron founders, millers, and malsters ; but
as this boiler was connected with others,
and the effect of burning the smoke could
not be distinctly seen when the other
boilers were also worked; I have built a
separate chimney, and put a distinct boiler,
with an oyen under it,'to that chimney, and
successfully now, work. my patent coke
oven in the manner before deseribed, and
am now building more oyens in this town

222 The

356

The invention 4s of great importance to
those who require strong coke, free from
sulphur and metal; and in addition to what
Dr. Ure, Mr. Parkes, and other eminent
men have published upon’ this subject, I
flatter myself to be able, from my present
experience, to give some more light on the
subject of coke.—-London Journal of Arts.

To JAcos Perkins, of Fleet Strect, in
the City of London, and Joun Mar-
TINEAU, the younger, of the City Road,
in the County of Middlesex, Engineers,
for their Invention of Improvements
in the Construction of the Furnaces of
Steam-Boilers and other Vessels, by
which Fuel is economized and the
Smoke is consumed.—May 1824.

These improyements consist in con-
structing and placing the furnace in the
interior of the steam-boiler, brewing-
copper, or other vessel, in such a man-
ner, that it may be entirely surrounded
by the water or other fluid to be heated,
and the heat communicated by the ac-
tual contact of the burning fuel against
the sides of the furnace instead of the
ordinary modes, in which the heat is
principally communicated by radiation.

The construction of this apparatus
has nothing in it peculiarly novel; a
furnace is placed in a recess formed in
the interior of the boiler, the fire-bars
rising about an inch above the level of
the bottom; the flues leading from the
furnace through the water to the chim-
ney. A hopper is placed above, into
which a considerable quantity of coal,
in a pulverized state, is put to supply
the fire for several hours, and from
whence it falls through a tube sur-
rounded by the water.

The fire does not extend upwards
above the level of the top of the flue,
and as the fuel becomes expended, a
fresh supply falls down from the hopper.
The smoke being conducted through
the fire before it reaches the flue, all its
combustible part becomes entirely con-
sumed, and thereby the heat of the fur-
nace is considerably increased.

The proportions and form of the fur-
nace may be varied according to ‘the
size and design of the boiler to be heat-
ed, and in many cases it may be desir-
able to place the furnace in the centre
of the vessel, and to lead off with two
flues in opposite directions, in which
case the opening for the chimney should
be placed in the side.

The patentees say they do not mean

List of Patents for New Inventions.

[Nov. 1;

to claim to themselves the exclusive
use of this particular mode of keeping
the fire supplied with fuel, excepting
only in conjunction with a furnace on
the principle described.*

A List or Parents ror Naw InvEen-
TIONS, granted in July 1824.

August 5.—For improvements in the
construction of spinning machines: to J.
Price, of Stroud, Gloucestershire.—Six
months.

5.—For anew compass for navigation and
other purposes: to G. GRADON, of Bath,
Somerset.—Two months,

5.—For his invention of a means for
evaporating fluids, for the purpose of convey-
ing heat into buildings, for manufacturing,
horticultural, and domestic uses: and for
heating liquors in distilling, brewing, and
dyeing, and in making sugarand salt, with re~
duced expenditure of fuel: to WILLIAM
Jounson, of Great Totham, in the County
of Essex, gentleman.—Specification in four
months,

9.—For improvements in the modes of
propelling ships and vessels: to J. PERKINS,
of Fleet Street.—Six months.

10.—For a new filtering machine: to H.
Scnropver, of Hackney, Middlesex.—Two
months.
~ 11.—For an improved method of heating
woollen cloth for the purpose of giving tt a
lustre in dressing : to JOHN FassE1, of Wells,
Somersetshire, edge tool maker. — Two
months.

16.—For certain improvements in pro-
pelling ships, boats, or other vessels or floating
bodies: to JAMES NEVILLE, of High Street,
Southwark, Engineer ; and W1LL1AM Buck,
of Broad Street, London, Esq. — Six
months.

28.—For his improved method or me-
thods of abstracting or carrying off the calorie
of fluidity from any congealing water (or it
may be other liquids). Also an improved
method or methods of producing intense cold.
Also a method or methods of applying this
invention so as to make it ayailable to pur-
poses with reference to which temperatures
about or below the freezing point may be ren-
dered productive of advantageous effects, whe-
ther medical, chemical,.or mechanical: to
JOUN VALLANCE, of Brighton, Sussex, Esq.
—Six months.

NEW

“ This application of the furnace within
the boiler is by no means new. There is
a slight modification in this arrangement, of
Mr. Perkins, by which he more effectually
economizes the heat than was previously
done ; and he has taken advantage of this
circumstance in the construction of his
high pressure steam-engine.

1624.]

Poaaete J

NEW MUSIC AND THE DRAMA,

HE musicial world at this stagnant
season is almost always destitute of
novelty. Most of our first musicians are
either engaged at the provincial meet-
ings, or rusticating to recruit their
nerves for the next campaign.

Der Freyschiitz has been brought out
at Covent Garden in a style of great
excellence, as far as regards the orches-
tral and scenic effect ; but we were dis-
appointed in not hearing more of the
fine vocal passages, particular the Incan-
tation scene, which we had hoped was
not aboye the calibre of a winter theatre.

We were attracted by the great pre-
parations at one of the minor theatres
for the production of a musical drama
a la Weber, with a complete grande
orchestre, &c. The music is the com-
position of G. Herbert, alias Rodwell,
jun., and certainly does a young com-
pore great credit, though not at present

eard to advantage; but it cannot be
placed in the least competition with the
German opera.

VOCAL.
“At Summer Eve,” a Duet for Sopran.
W. H. Calcott. 2s. Birchall.

This gentleman, who is a son of the
late Dr. Calcott, has produced an elegant
and easy duet: but we are surprised to
find so little of his father’s style, and so
close an approximation to Bishop ; there
are some parts which forcibly remind us
of “ Blow gentle Gales,”

“ The Soldier Free.” “* The Earlier Bride.”
Mrs. C. Gore. 1s. 6d. Goulding.

These two songs are composed by the
authoress of the popular air, ““ And ye
shall walk in silk attire ;”” they possess
much simplicity and feeling.

“ Thou art lovely in every Place.” ‘ ‘Here’s

a Health to thee, Mary.” “ The Voice of

a Stranger.” G. B. Herber. 1s. 6d.

Goulding.

Three pretty ballads sung by Broad-
hurst and Pearman, at the Lyceum;
the poetry of the second is very beau-
tiful, and would have borne a much
more expressive melody. There is a
false transition in the third air between
the) sixteenth and seventeenth bars,
which rates dreadfully on the ear.

“ My Solace wherever I go.” E. Knight.

Is. 6d. Goulding,

Would certainly solace no one but the
composer, except by lulling them to
sweet slumbers. The accompaniment
is more strange than beautiful.

“© The Heart-broken Maid.’
ls. 6d... W. Horn
A. pleasing and expressive ballad on
the whole. There is a beautiful brace
of consecutives in page 4, bars five
and six.

“ Spirit of Love,’ a Ballad., Sola. 1s. 6d.
Clementi and Co. ~

A very elegant little air. As the
poetry is not capable of intense expres-
sion, it is not. to be expected in the
adaptation; Mr. S. has lost perhaps the
only opportunity by a false accentuation
of the word agony.

HARP.
Queen of Prussia’s Waltz. Var.
2s. 6d. Preston and Co.
The subject of this Waltz admits only
of brilliant variations, in’ which Mr, B.
always excels.

Ji Cy Green.

Bochsa.

Triste Raison, Var. for Harp and Piano-
Forte. Ansell. 3s. Birchall and Co.,
Is unpretending, and exhibits but

little science. It is however, on the

whole, rather pleasing, and easy of
execution,
FLUTE.
Les Belles Fleurs, No. —. Bruguiere and
' Sola. 4s. Chappel.

It would be strange if two ‘such
masters, combining their respective ta-
lents, did not produce some eftect. This
(though a trifle) is, as might be expect-
ed, most elegant; the passages’ are
equally divided between the performers
with great’ judgment ; both instruments
lay well under the hands ; of course the
execution is easy, and the effect beau-
tiful.

3me Theme varié avec Introduction, Op. 51.
C. N. Wiess. 3s. Clementi and Co.
The flute part lays well for the in-
strument; and the tema is elegant, but
the general composition is by no means
good.

Der Freyschiitz, for Flute, Solo. By Saust.
Cocks and Co.

This is a little work of no preten-
sions, but lays excellently under the
hand, and will be useful to amateurs.

PIANO-FORTE.

Fourth Grand Concerto. T. Ries.

Birchall and Co.

The character of the music is of too
scientific a nature to become a favourite
with the general amateur class of play-
ers; there is a great want of melody in
the first and last movements, but the
adagio is peculiarly elegant, and there
are so many striking passages through-

out

Ts.

358

out the work, that it is well worth the

necessary study.

Folonaise and Introduction. Carl M. Von

Weber. 2s. 6d. Cocks.

Any production of this author at the
present moment would attract attention,
but this composition requires no assis-
tance beyond its own merits to recom-
mend it to the musical world. The
style is novel and highly characteristic,
and the harmonies rich. It is so strongly
tinctured with the style of the author
that any musical person would instantly
detect him without the assistance of the
title.

Fantasie, in which is introduced, “ My
Lodging is on the Cold Ground.” I. Kalk-
brenner. 6s. Birchall.

_ This is one of the most difficult
pieces of this class that Mr. K. has pub-
lished, but is very beautiful. The in-
troduction is striking, and the variations
brilliant. ~
Moxart’s. Symphonies, , No. 2,21. Day OL=

ranged for Piano-Forte, Flute, Violin and

Violoncello, by M. Clementi. 8s. Clementi

and Co,

Mozart by Clementi is a sufficient
character, without a word of panegyric.
The piano-forte part is complete of it-
self, but the accompaniments are finely
arranged, and produce a delicious effect.

Three brilliant Waltz Rondos, by Hummel.
3s. each. Chappel and Co.

We should recommend these as beau-
tiful models for the lighter species of
lesson; they possess just sufficient
science to render them interesting with-
out becoming dry or difficult.

4 Pauvre Madelon,;” Var. J.D. Cramer. 3s.
Two Airs, dedicated to the Princess Au-
gusta. Var, 5s. Ditto. Birchall and Co.

The first of these productions bears
a striking resemblance to Rousseau’s
dream, in the style of the variations. The
two airs’ variations are very beautiful,
and of easy execution.

Adagio,” from the Freyschiitz. Var. W. T.
Ling. 3s. Clementi.
. The thema very graceful, and the va-
riations elegant and effective.
“ Heureuse Retour.” Knapton. 4s. Goulding
and Co.

Pretty and not difficult, rather in an
orchestral style ; the passages are well
divided between the hands.

Trish Melody. Introduction and Rondo. B.
Gibson. 7s. Goulding and Co,

The theme of this rondo (better
known by Moore’s poetry. “ Wreath
the Bowl)” is one of the. most beau-
tiful of the Irish melodies, and it has
lost nothing by the present arrange-
ment. The introduction is probably of

New Music and the Drama.

[Nov. 1,
too florid a character for the simplicity
of the air, but the subject of the rondo
occurs with a very pleasing and even
novel effect, and shews_ considerable
taste in the composer.

Mélange, from Rossini’s Barbiere, Se. Ca*
mille Pleyel, 3s. Birchall.
Tenth Diverlimento on Rossini’s Airs. Bru-

guiere. 2s. 6d. Chappel.
These two last are merely arrange-
ments, but are well executed.

“ The Peasunt’s Dance,” from the Freuschiit=.
Flute Accomp. W. 7. King. 3s. Cle-
menti and Co,

« Smile again my Bonnie Lassie.”

Rawlings. 3s. Goulding.

“© And ye shall Walk.” Var. Kialmark.

3s. Goulding.

Piedmontese Rondo, from Concerto Mont St.

Bernard. Steibelt. 2s. Preston.
These four pieces are all moderately
easy: the flute accompaniment to the
first yery effective. “ Smile again,” very
brilliant. We are in doubt whether the
last has not been printed in England

before. oi,

Divertimento for Piano-Forte, Op. 117.
F. Ries. 4s. Birchall.
“Tl faut Partir.’ Var. Ditto. 3s. Ditto.
Mr. R. has been happy in both these
pieces. In the latter he has varied the
minor introduction, as well as the tema,
which by the contrast produces an ex-
cellent effect.
l. “ Bochsa’s Fourth March,” arranged for
Piano Forte. Latour. 2s. 6d. Chappel.
“ A Shepherd once.” Var. T. Haigh. 2s.
Preston.
“ Le Faiseur de Foin.” Sims. 2s. Preston.
“ Belo si Celebri.”” Craven. 2s. Preston.
“« Tl Bianco il Rosso.” Ditto 28. Ditto.
“ French Air in My Native Land.” Ditto. *
2s. Ditto.
. La Nouvelle Fantasie. Mathews. 2s. Ditto.
. Isabelle. Var. Kialmack. 2s. Goulding.
. Ditto. Do. Poole. 2s. Preston. ~~
These are all quite juvenile lessons.
Bochsa_ has been done justice to. No.
2 and 8 are pretty, and all the rest,
with perhaps the exception of No. 3,
are in a happy state of mediocrity.

PIANO-FORTE DUETTS.
Airs from Zelmira, No.4 and 5. Watts. 4s.
Preston.
“ Let not Sorrow,” from Freyschiitz. Ditto.
2s. Gd. Ditto.

“ Home, sweet Home,” and Should he wp-
braid. C. Sykes. 3s.. Goulding.

“ Blow Gentle Gales.”? Holder, M.B.
: . Goulding. ‘

Airs from the Donna del Lago, No. 1. ..Rim-

bault. 6s. Preston. ies
* Fullof Doubt.” Trio. Bishop; arranged by
Bruguier. 3s. Goulding. i,
These duetts have none of ‘them any
pretensions to originality, but are pleas-

ingly

Var.

ro

OMI Haev

2s.

1824.] ,
singly put together, and form original
lessons.

COVENT-GARDEN THEATRE.

Der Freyschiitz has been produced at this
theatre, but certainly not, with that splen-
dour and perfection which are always ex-
pected, and generally found at this noble
establishment. It should seem as if Mr.
Farley’s talents could only be-excited where
his own pieces are in question, for the get-
ting up of Der Freyschiits is infinitely in-
ferior to the production of the pantomine
and Easter melo-drama ; this is the more to
be regretted, as no one understands these
matters better than Mr. Farley, and from
his known abilities, something more than
usually effective was expected in the in-
cantation scene.

But the translator, or adaptor of the
piece, Mr. Planché, has acted still worse
towards the German author, and has added
his own dulness to the dulness of the ori-
ginal, marring even the few good points
that were in it. For instance, he has taken
away all interest from the only powerful
scene in the piece, by making the comic
character cast the magic bullets, by which
change, too, the lover sinks into a mere
shadow. Nothing could be worse ima-
gined.

Again, some of the music attached to the
part of Caspar is eminently beautiful ; but
nearly the whole of this is barbarously cut
out, and yet the character itself gains no-
thing. The dialogue of the part, though
extremely stretched, is yet very feeble.

The best part of the entertainment is the

Literary and Critical Proémium.

359

orchestra, which is admirably arranged, and
played the overture in a style worthy of
Covent-Garden. It was encored, and de-
servedly so, both for the music itself, and
the manner in which, it was, executed.

DRURY-LANE THEATRE,

This establishment has at length opened,
and with a splendid company that does high
honour to its enterprizing manager. Kean,
Macready, Sapio, Dowton, Knight, Horn,
Miss ‘Stephens, and Mrs. West are amongst
the principal names for the ensuing season.

The first novelty has been The Lying
Courser, a tale of enchantment from the pen
of the Rey. Geo. Croly—at least report
attributes the piece to him; and though it
evinces very little imagination, there is some
powerful writing in it, that proves the au-
thor to be aman of genius. But Croly is at
all times a strong thinker, always vigorous,
sometimes perhaps too vehement in his
language.

The fable of the piece is borrowed from
a well known tale in the Arabian Nights’
Entertainments, but one that almost seemed
to defy the dramatist. It is very well to
talk of a flying horse, for imagination will
do wonders, but to represent so termagant
a pegasus with effect, seemed to be next to
an impossibility. This, however, has been
effected by the ingenuity of Mr. Winston,
who it appears is the director of all such
matters ; and they cannot be in better hands,
for in point of splendour, of decoration, and
wonder of machinery, few tales will be found
to equal the Flying Courser.

NEW BOOKS PUBLISHED IN OCTOBER:

WITH AN HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL PROEMIU M.

Authors or Publishers, desirous of seeing an early Notice of their Works, are
requested to transmit Copies before the \8th of the Month.
——a

Ee SAY is one of the ablest political
economists on the Continent, and
his Historical Essay on the British Dominion
in India. is therefore calculated to excite
deep interest and attention. The reputa-
tion which he enjoys as a political econo-
mist giving considerable weight to his
opinion, makes it desirable that they should
be submitted to analysis, for the purpose of
supporting them, if true, or correcting them,
if erroneous. It is a general mistake on
the continent of Europe, that India is the
source of British prosperity. It is to cor-
rect this mistake, and to dispel (as the au-
thor says) illusions likely to involve Europe
in a vain expenditure of blood and treasure,
that his pamphlet is written. “ Even go-
vernments,”’ he adds, ‘ most interested in
entertaining correct ideas of subjects of
political economy, share, in this respect, in
the opinious of the vulgar: they. imagine
that the nations of India groan beneath
the yoke of England, and that they have

only to appear in arms, and overthrow a
hated and unstable domination. This was
Buonaparte’s intention, by the invasion of
Egypt, and it has twenty times occupied the
cabinet of St. Petersburgh.”’ ‘The result of
his inferences is, that India is of no use to
England, except the gratification of an idle
vanity, in a commercial or political point of
view; and if he can succeed in diffusing a
faith in this opinion on the Continent, he
will do more to allay the thirst of ambition
than bayonets or reyenue. ‘* The Com-
pany loses,” says Mr. Say, “a sum of two
millions, more or less, annually; but its
servants gain, perhaps, to the amount of
half a million. This is the sum of what this
celebrated Company adds to the wealth of
England! Were it not for this profit, she
would not purchase every year half a mil-
lion of profit with two millions and a half

of loss.”
The Biographical and Historical Diction-
ary of Musicians is a yery useful work.
England

‘

360

England has been said to be not a musical
country; and Voltaire, Montesquieu, Mengs,
and several French and continental writers,
puzzled themselves, during the last cen-

tury, in furnishing reasons for a fact which.

they took for granted, and ascertaining the
physical cause of the alleged apathy ; ascrib-
ing it, among other things, to our fogs, diet,
constitution, &c. &c. But a great revo-
lution has taken place, in this respect, sirtce
that time, though never perhaps so deeply
felt as on the Continent: a knowledge of
music is now generally diffused among us,
and is constantly receiving accessions from
the vast numbers of persons who, raised by
the prosperity of the country above the neces-
sity of commercial toil, have leisure to cul-
tivate the attainment of music, and to lay
claim to a knowledge of it, as a common
distinction of genteel and well-educated
society. The editors very modestly say,
that “ their work, incomplete as it avow-
edly is, was intended to confer due honour
on the character of British artists, and at
the sametime prove of use to them,” which,
if it obtain a second edition, will doubtless
be more worthy of the cause it would advo-
cate. We have no doubt, from the actual
merit of the work in its present state, as
well as the operating causes of musical pa-
tronage to which we have referred, that it
will have a very general success. It is
written with attention and impartiality, and
very justly appreciates the merits of com-
posers and singers. It is preceded bya
summary of the history of music, from the
earliest times, which advantageously and
instructively brings into one focus a view
of all the progressive steps made by this
interesting art in successive ages to the pre-
sent time, and contains upwards of one
hundred original memoirs of the most emi-
nent living musicians; besides comprizing
the most important biographical contents
of the works of Gebber, Choron, Tavolle,
Count Orloff, Dr. Burney, Sir J. Hawkins,
and others,

The Poyais bubble will, we trust, receive
its death-blow from the recent publication
of Proceedings instituted by Major Codd, His
Majesty's Superintendant-General at Bellize,
Hondwras, relative to Poyais. The claims
of Sir Gregor McGregor to the Musquito
shore, and the absurd manner in which his
attempt was made to establish not onlyall the
forms and dignities, but to copy the vices of
an old government, are well known to the
public ; as well as the disclaimer of the
alleged cession of the country by the real
“Simon Pure,” the Cacique George Augus-
tus Frederic, lately murdered by the Indian
Clytemnestra, his wife, and the swarthy
Egisthus, her lover. A third claim has now
been made, by public deerce of the Mexican
authorities, to the same territory. The
publication before us will probably cuash all
future actions for libel on the part of the
pretended cacique, exhibit the jarring ma-
chinery of the entire precious imposture,

’

Literary and Critical Proémium.

[ Nov. l,

andJay open the true situation of his terra
australis incognita, of which, like Swift’s
Lord Peter, “his highness has pleased to
make a market.” The inquiry and inyesti-
ation in question was undertaken by. Ma~
jor Codd, his Majesty’s superintendant at
Bellize, and his brother magistrates, from
certain charges which William Richardson,
and other merchants, acting, as they say,
for the cacique of Poyais, had made to
Lord Bathurst in crimination of their con-
duct. The representation of the above me-
morialists, and of Colonel Lowe, who, in
quality of their agent, published a libelous
pamphlet, entitled ‘“‘ The Bellize Merchants
unmasked,”’ is to the effect, that provisions,
stores, and articles of merchandize, sent out
to Poyais at various times, to the amount
of £30,000, had been seized, carried off,
and clandestinely sold by certain magis-
trates possessing the whole civil administra-
tion at Bellize; in which act the memo-
rialists assert, that the said magistrates
were supported by Governor Codd. The
memorial haying been transmitted by Lord
Bathurst to the latter, an inquiry was held
in the court-house of Bellize, Honduras ;
and the result is, that the charges brought
against the British authorities are not enly
entirely confuted, and the carrying off of
property disproved, but the facts of there
being very trifling property to carry off,
established ; of that which was, being con-
signed to their own agent ; and of the suf-
ferings of the unfortunate emigrants, who
were deluded to the Poyaisian shore, ex-
posed. Jr. Bennet, one of the deponents,
swears that he was induced to receive on
board his vessel sixty-six individuals,—all,
with the exception of three, languishing on
the bed of sickness with fever. Mr. Tho-
mas Peckstool deposes, that in ccnsequence
of the destitute condition of the emigrants,
he had judged it prudent to establish’ a
committee to superintend the charity of
public and private funds contributed to their
relief; and Mr. Wright, Mr. Angust, and
Mr. Gentle, all magistrates, depose to the
same effect. Colonel Hall, who had under-
taken to be the cacique’s governor, confirms
the testimony of the previous witnesses,
—attests the humanity and benevolence of
Major-General Codd, and the magistrates
and inhabitants of Bellize,—and designates
the charge agaimst them as “ unfounded
calumny and defamation.”

We are afraid that, in most cases, the
misfortunes of emigrants are more correctly.
traceable to themselves than to adventitious
circumstances. When emigration is resorted
to without a calm estimate of consequences,
it is sure to-end in disappointment and
misery. It is inall cases dangerous to yield
to the illusions of the imagination ; but here
imagination leads her votaries to certain
destruction. He who is about to emigrate
ought to shut his ears to all fanciful deserip-
tions of country, of climate, of aspect, of
brilliant yegetation, fine yiews, and precious

productions ;

1824.] |
productions : he ought to have nothing be-
fore him but a plain detail of facts. In all
countries wealth is the reward of patient
industry: it springs up nowhere sponta-
neously nor hastily, but is the slow-growing
fruit of steady and unintermitted exertion.
This is the immutable condition of things.
The object of Carr’s Accownt of the Colony
of Van Diemen’s Land, a useful little work
just published, and principally designed for
the use of emigrants, is not to recommend,
but to give an advantageous direction to
emigration. But he adds, that “if emi-
gration be determined on, he would point
out Van Diemen’s Land as possessing many
peculiar advantages ; but to those young
men who are induced to quit their homes
more from a desire of change and to see the
world, than for the purpose of improving
their condition by the steady efforts of ho-
nest industry” he says, “ he can offer no
hopes, and scarcely any advice. Poverty
will be their portion the moment they set
foot on Van Diemen’s Land. Van Diemen’s
Land is not what an Englishman would call
a fine country; it is, generally speaking,
very hilly ; and the tracts of good land are
usually distant from each other, and of
small extent, consisting for the most part
of alluvial soil on the banks of a stream,
and that too frequently under the dominion
of floods during the heavy rains. Rich
bottoms are also scattered in various direc-
tions among the hills; but the latter, which
are generally stony or gravelly, not to say
mere rocks, prevail so far as to give the
country in most parts.a decided air of fer-
tility.’ Mr. Carr’s work contains, in a
small and modest compass, a great mass of
intelligence on the rent of houses, the paper
money, the mode of paying labour in goods,
the profligacy of the people, the faithless-
ness of servants in the colony, &c. He re-
commends the breeding of sheep as more
profitable than agriculture ; and in Chapter
ILf. furnishes some ample and curious par-
tieulars on the value of breeding flocks,
wages of shepherds, &c. He thinks that
the wool of Van Diemen’s Land will be its
principal export; and from the efforts now
making for its improvement, it must soon
become an article of greatimportance. We
recommend this well-written, unpretending,
and useful little yolume to the notice of the
public.

If the fair author of the Pleasures of Piety,
with other Poems, carmot pretend to genius,
she lays fair claim to the character of taste,
judgment, and moral feeling. Mrs. Dicken-
son, in her preface, says, that “ she has en-
tered the retreat of the Muses, not in search
of fame or profit, but of a sanctuary, in
which worldly tumults might be occasionally
hushed, and worldly sorrows forgotten.’”’
Her little tribute to the Muses is evidently
the production of a cultivated mind, imbued
with amiable sympathies, with religious
fervour, and deep susceptibility to the beau-
ties of nature. Some passages in the Plea-

Montury Mag. No. 402.

Literary and Critical Proémium.

361

sures of Piety will bear a favourable com-
parison with the best didactic poetry of the
day. ;

Forget Me Not.—This is a very elegant
imitation of the German pocket-books ; and
the tales, some of which are highly interest-
ing, are translations from the same source.
The poetry, though not of the first order,
will be read with pleasure, as some of the
happiest efforts of that second ‘class of
writing which is at present so abundant.
In short, it forms a most amusing pocket
companion, as élegant in its form as in its
essentials. :

The Wreck, a Dramatic Romance, by C.
Masterton.— Mr.C. Masterton must have a
very poor opinion of his readers, and a worse
of his critics, or he never would have ven-
tured to steal a piece from the German
without the slightest acknowledgment: for
this Wreck is neither more nor less than a
translation from a German drama, called
the “‘ Lenchtthurm,” or light-house. Nor
has he doné justice to his original, which is
bold in conception, though clouded by the
usual portion of mysticism, and which can
seldom be taxed with feebleness, whatever
else may be its defects. We have not the
German before us to refer to; but if we
remember rightly, the author’s name is
Uhlen. ;

The Cambrian Plutarch, by John H. Parry.
—This work, as its name imports, contains
the biography of some of the most eminent
characters in Wales. ‘The subject itself’ is
one of high adventure and deep interest,
and is most ably treated. To make any
imperfect extracts from such a work would
be as unjust to the author as to our readers :
it would, in fact, be imitating the man in
the Grecian apologue, who earried about
with him a brick as a specimen of a house ;
and our narrow limits would not admit of
those lengthened details, which alone could
lead to a proper estimate of this interesting
volume.

Revelations of the Dead-Alive, 1 vol. 12ma.
—This volume shews considerable power
of thought on a variety of subjects ; on lite-
rature, the fine arts, and many abstract
questions. The idea, too, of the story is
good; but the execution. falls somewhat
short of the conception. It is founded on
an anecdote, related by Dr. Cheyne, of an
individual, who had the power of dying at
will for a certain number of hours. ‘The
tale is sufficiently curious to be repeated :

«“ He (the patient) could’ die when he
pleased ; and yet, by an effort, or somehow,
he could come to life again. He insisted
so much upon our seeing the trial made, that
we were forced to comply. We all three felt
his pulse : first, ic was distinet, though small
and thready, and his heart had its usual beat-
ing. He composed himself on his back, and
Jay in a still posture for some time, While
J held his right hand, Dr. Baynard laid his
band on his heart, and Mr. Skrine held a
clear looking-glass to his meuth. 1 felt

3 A a his

362

his pulse sink gradually, until at last I
could not feel any by the most exact and
nice touch. Dr. Baynard could not feel
the least motion in his heart, nor Mr, Skrine
perceive the least sort of breath on the bright
mirror he held to his mouth. Tien each of
us, by turns, examined his arm, heart, and
breath ; but could not, by the nicest scru-
tiny, discover the least symptoms of life in
him. We reasoned a long time about this
odd appearance as well as we could; and
finding he still continued in that condition,
we began to conclude that he had indeed
carried the experiment too far; and et last
we were satisfied that he was actually dead,
and. were just ready to leave him. By nine
o’clock in the morning, in autumn, as we
were going away, we observed some motion
about the body, and, upon examination,
found his pulse and the motion of his heart
gradually returning: he began to breathe
gently and speak softly. We were all asto-
nished, to the last degree, at this unexpected
change; and after some further conversa-
tion with him, and with ourselves, went
away fully satisfied as to all the particulars
of this fact, but not able to form any ra-
tional scheme how to account for it.””

On this strange anecdote, the Revelations
of the Dead Alive are founded ; but the au-
thor carries this idea much farther than Dr.
Cheyne. He supposes that, for every day
his hero lies in this trance of death, he
lives through a year of futurity in vision ;
but, unlike other visions, things are pre-
sented with all vividness and determination
of real life. The object, therefore, of the
sleeper is, to prolong his trance as much as
possible ; andthe only obstacle toits duration
is in the natural cravings of hunger. At last
he finds a remedy for this in the writings of
Humboldt, from whom he learns that the
Ottomans subsist for months together on
one good meal of a peculiar kind of clay.
Accordingly he visits the savages, purchases
the requisite food, and lying down on the
heights of a giant-tree, he swallows the
clay, and gives himself up to death. His
trance lasts for one hundred and ninety-nine
days and a quarter; and for every day, he
runs through a year of futurity. But in this
respect he has not shewn much invention,
as he only shews this futurity in its thoughts
and opinions of the present: he seldom
ventures to shew the actual state of the
time to come, and when he does, he evinces
a small portion of imagination. On the
other hand, his language is powerful, his
ideas original, and his work by no means
belongs to the common order of every-day
publications.

—<—
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
BIOGRAPHY.

A Dictionary of Musicians, from the ear-
liest ages to the present time, comprising
the most important biographical contents of
the Works of Gerber, Choron, Fayolli,
Count Orloff, Dr. Burney, Sir John Haw-

!

List of New Publications for October.

[Nov. 1,

kins, &c., together with upwards of a hun-
dred original Memoirs of the most eminent
living Musicians, and a Summary of the
History.of Music. 2 vols. 8vyo. 21s. boards.

The Life and Diary of Lieut.-Col. John
Blackader, of the ‘Cameronian Regiment,
and Deputy Governor of Stirling Castle ;
affording an interesting account of the
various Sieges, Battles, and Services in
which he was engaged on the Continent,
and during the Rebellion in Scotland of
1715, compiled from the original MSS. so
as to present a complete view of the His-
tory and Character of that pious and brave
Officer. By Andrew Chrichton, Author
of the Memoirs of the Rey. J. Blackader.
Post 8vo 7s. 6d. boards.

Conversations of Lord Byron. Noted
during a Residence with his Lordship at
Pisa, in the Years 182] and 1822. By
Thos. Medwyn, -Esq.,!24th Light Dra-
goons. 4to. £1. 11s. 6d. boards.

Resignation ; or, Memoirs of the Dufane
Family. By A. Selwyn. Author of the
“ Key to Botany.”’ 12mo, 12s.

Self-Advancement; cr, Extraordinary
Transitions from Obscurity to Greatness ;
Designed as an object of laudable Emu-
lation for the Youthful Mind. By the
Author of Practical Wisdom, &e. — Price
Zs. 6d.

The Life of the Right Rey. Jeremy Tay-
lor, D.D. with a Critical Examination of
his Writings. By Reginald Heber. 2 vols.
crown 8yvo. lds.

EDUCATION.

Elements of Algebra; compiled from
Garnier’s French ‘Translation of Leonard
Euler, to which are added Solutions of
several Miscellaneous Problems, with Ques-
tions and Examples for the Practice of the
Student. By C. Taylor. 8yo, 10s. 6d.
boards.

A Practical System of Algebra, designed
for the use of Schools and Private Students.
By P. Nicholson and J. Rowbotham. 12mo.
2s. 6d. boards.

A Key to Bonnycastle’s Introduction to
Mensuration. 12mo. 4s. 6d. bound.

Lexicon Thucydeum; a Dictionary of
the Greek and English ; of the Words,
Phrases, and principal Idioms contained in
the History of the Peloponnesian War of
Thucydides. S8yo. 10s. 6. boards.

The First Book of Euclid’s Elements of
Geometry, demonstrated in General Terms.
By R. Garde, A.B. 2s.

FINE ARTS.

Memoirs of Painting. By W. Buchanan,
Esq., containing a Chronological History
of the Importation of Pictures by the great
Masters into Great Britain, since the period.
of the French Revolution; with Critical
Remarks thereon, and Sketches of Charac-
ters of the leading Masters of the vaiious

Schools of Painting, 2 vols. 8vo. 26s.
GEOGRAPHY.
A System of Universal Geography ;

Vol. 5. Part 1. By M. Maltbrun; Editor

of

1824.
ofthe Annales des Voyages. 12mo. 7s. 6d.
boards.

Outlines of a New Theory of the Earth.
8vo. 2s.

Selections from the Works of the Baron
de Humboldt, relating to the Climate, In-
habitants, Productions, and Wines of
Mexico. By J. Taylor, Esq. 8vo. 12s.

HISTORY.

Notitia Historica; containing Tables,
Calendars, and Miscellaneous Information,
for the Use of Historians, Antiquarians,
and the Legal Professors. By N. H. Ni-
cholas, Esq. of the Inner Temple. 8vyo.
12s. bound.

Allen’s History and Antiquities of Lam-
beth. Part 1. 8vo 15s. 4to. 30s.

A Narrative of the Conversion and Death
of Count Struentee, formerly Prime Minis-
ter of Denmark. By Dr. Munster. ‘Trans-
lated from the German by the Rey. Mr.
Wideburn; with an Introduction and Notes
by Thos. Rennell, B.D. F.R.S. 8vo. 8s.

MATHEMATICS.

Duncan’s Supplement to Playfair’s Geo-
metry.

MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

Opinions on the Causes and Effects of
the Disease denominated Tic Doloureux.
By Charles Bue, Surgeon Dentist. 8vo.
7s. boards.

Advice on Diet and Regimen, by a Phy-
sician. 8yo. 2s. stitched.

A Nosological Practice .of Physic, em-
bracing Phisiology By Geo, Pearson
Dawson, M.D. 8vo. 14s. boards.

Commentaries on Diseases of the Sto-
mach and Bowels of Children. By Robley
Dunglison, M.D. &c. &e. 8yvo. 7s. 6d.

Practical Remarks. Part 1. On Acute
and Chronic Ophthalmia, Uleers of the
Eye, &c. &e. Part 2. On Remittent

Feyer, viz. Simple and Complicated. By
Thomas O’Halloran, M.D. 8yvo. 5s.
MISCELLANEOUS.
A Treatise on Field Diversions. By a

Gentleman of Suffolk, a staunch Sportsman.
12mo. 5s. boards.

Select Proverbs of All Nations ; illus-
trated with Notes and Comments. To
which are added, A Summary of» Ancient
Pastimes, Holidays, and Customs ; with an
Analysis of the Wisdom of the Ancients,
and of the Fathers of the Church. By
Thomas Fielding. 18mo. 5s. 6d. boards.

The Young Brewer’s Monitor. 8vo.
5s. 6d.
Crutwell’s Housekeeper’s Accompt

Book (1825). 4to. 2s.

The Universal Review; or the Chro-
nicle of the Literature of all Nations,
No. 4. 5s.

Prize Essays and ‘Transactions of the
Highland Society of Scotland. ‘To which
is prefixed, An Account of the Principal
Proceedings of the Society from November
1820 to December 1823. Vol. 6. 8vo. 24s.

The Edinbargh Review, No. LX XX.

List of New Publications for October.

363
A Whisper to a Newly Married Pair
from a Widowed Wife. Small 12mo. 3s. 6d-
Der Freischutz, or the Seventh Bullet-
A Series of Twelve Illustrations of thiS
popular Opera, drawn by an Amateur, and
etched by George Cruikshank ; with a Tra-
vestie of the Drama. Large 8vo. plain,
os. Gd.; large paper, 7s. 6d.; coloured,
8s. 6d. . Proofs on’ India paper, 10s.
NOVELS AND ROMANCES.

Tales for Mothers; translated from the
French of S. N. Bouilly. 12mo. 6s. boards.

Stanmore ; or, the Monk and the Mer-
chant’s Widow. By Sophia Reeve. 3 vols.
12mo. 18s.

Formet me Not; a Chrismas Present for
1825. 18mov 12s.

Rameses, an Egyptian Tale; with His-
torical Notes of the Era of the Pharaohs.
3 vols. post 8vo. £1. 10s. boards.

The Confessions of a Gamester.
7s. boards. :

The Insurgent Chief; or, O’ Halloran.
An Irish Historical Tale of 1798. 3 vols.
12mo. 18s.

Alfred ; or, The Youthful Inquirer; in
which many of the Operations of Nature
and Artare familiarly explained, and adapted
to the Comprehension of Children. 18mo.

Caprice ; or, Anecdotes of the Listowel
Family. 3 vols. 12mo. 21s.

NATURAL HISTORY.

Natural History of the Bible ; by Thad-
deus Mason Harris, D.D. 8vo. 10s. 6d.
boards.

The Naturalist’s Companion. 8vo. 12s.
boards, or £1. Is. with coloured Plates.

PHILOSOPHY.

A Philosophical Dictionary; from the
French of M. Voltaire. Vol. 5. 12mo. 8s.
POETRY.

A Dictionary of Quotations from the
British Poets, in Three Parts. Part the
Third, Rhyme. By the Author of “ The
Peerage and Baronetage Charts,” &c. &c.
12mo. 7s. 6d. boards.

Power’s Miscellaneous Poems.
12mo. 14s.

Poems appropriate for a Sick or Melan-
choly Hour, &c. 12mo. 5s.

A Midsummer Day’s Dream. A Poem.
By Edwin Atherstone. Foolscap 8vo. 8s.

Translations and Imitations. By the
Author of “ Ireland, a Satire.” Foolscap
8vo. 7s.

8vo.

2 vols.

POLITICS.
Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, vol.
X. (New Series). Royal 8yo. £1. 11s. 6d.
A Compendious Abstract of the Public
General Acts passed in 5 Geo. IV. ; being
the Fifth Session of the Seventh Parliament
of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland. With Notes and Comments.
By Thomas Walter Williams, Esq. of the
Inner Temple, Barrister-at-Law, Editor
of the Quarto Digest of the Statute Law,
&e. 8vo. 9s.
THEOLOGY.
The Bible Preacher, or Closet Com-
3A 2

364

panion for every day in the year ; consisting
of three hundred and sixty-five Outlines of
Sermons in a regular series, from Genesis
to Revelations ; together with six complete
Sermons, by the late Rev. — Forster,
M.A, printed from his own Manuscripts.
‘Collected and arranged, with a Memoir of
the Author; by the Rev. S. Piggott, a.m.,
in 1 vol. 12mo. 9s. boards.

Morning Meditations ; or a Series of Re-
flections on various passages of Holy Scrip-
ture, and Scriptural Poetry. By the Author
of “Retrospect,” “Ocean,” “ Village,”
“ Observer,” &c. &c. 12mo. 4s, bound.

Sermons on the Fifty-First Psalm ; with
others on Doctrinal and Practical Subjects.
By the Rey. J. Bull, m.a., Curate of Clip-
ston, Northamptonshire, and Master of the
Endowed Grammar School and Hospital in
the same Village. 8vo. 10s,

Crossman’s Prayers. 12mo. 4s.

Sermons for Young Persons in the
Higher and Middle Classes of Society.
From Ninety-two Sermons, by the late
Right Rev. Theodore Dekon, D.D.,
Bishop of the Protestant Church in the
Diocese of South Carolina. Selected by
the Rey. E. Beren, m.a. 12mo. 5s.

VOYAGES AND TRAVELS, &c.

The Emigrant’s Note Book and Guide,
with Recollections of Upper and Lower
Canada during the late war. By J. C.
Morgan, H.P., late 2d bat. R.M. 7s. 6d.
boards.

Columbia: its Present State (in respect
of) Climate, Soil; Productions, Population,
Government, Commerce, Revenue, Manu-
factures, Arts, Literature, Manners, Edu-
cation, and Inducements to Emigration ;
with an original Map, and Itineraries,

List of Bankrupts.

| Nov. 1,

partly from Spanish Surveys, partly from
actual observation. By Col. Francis Hall,
Hydrographer iu the Service of Columbia.
Svo.. 7s...

Narrative of Lord Byron’s Voyage to
Corsica and Sardinia, during the Summer
and Autumn of the year 1821. Compiled
from the Minutes made by the Passengers,
and Extracts from the Journal of his Lord-
ship’s Yacht, the Mazeppa, kept by Capt.
Benson, R.N. Foolscap 8vo. 3s.

The World in Minature, edited by Fred.
Shoberl. The Asiatic Islands and New
Holland: being a Description of the Man-
ners, Customs, Character, and the State of
Society of the various Tribes by which they
are inhabited. Illustrated by 26 coloured
Engravings. 2 vols. 18mo. 12s.

A Summary View of America; com-
prizing a Description of the Face of the
Country, and of several of the principal
Cities; with Remarks on the Social, Moral
and Political Character of the People ;_ be-
ing the result of Observations and En-
quiries during a Journey in the United
States. By an Englishman. 8vo. 10s. 6d.

TOPOGRAPHY.

The Topography of all the known Vine-
yards, containing a Description of all the
Kinds and Quality of their Products, and a
Classification. Translated from the French,
and Abridged, so as to form a manual and
guide to all Importers and Purchasers of
Wines. 12mo. 6s.

Excursions in Cornwall, foolscap 8vo.
15s., demy 8vo. 24s., India proofs £3. 3s.

The Visitor’s New Guide to the Spa of
Leamington Priors, and its vicinity, &c.&c.
Embellished with 13 Engrayings. By
W. T. Moncriff. 12mo. 8s. 6d. boards.

ALPHABETICAL List Or BANKRUPTCIES, announced between the 20th of September and the
20th of October 18245; extracted from the London Gazettes.

BANKRUPTCIES. [This Month 54.]
Solicitors’ Names are in Parentheses.
PPLETON, C. Northampton, hosier. (Taylor,
John-street, Bedford Row
Arcangelo, Claudio, Gloucester-terrace, Bethnal-
yeen, feather-merchant. (Fairthorn, Lofty and
Hicks, Coleman-street
Baildon, T. Dean-street, Soho, coffee.liouse keepers
(Jay and Byles, Gray’s-inn-place
Barton, L. Strutton-ground, Westminster, linen-
draper. (Bromley, Copthall-court
Bell, '. Manchester, dealer in cotton twist. (Norris,
John-street, Vedford Row, London; and Rymer,
Exchange-street, Manchester
Burgess, G. and E. Maidstone, millers. . (Nelson,
Essex-street, Strand ; and Jefferies, Faversham
Burgess, T.Si'tingbourne, Kent, banker. (Nelson,
Essex-street, Strand,and Jefferies, Faversham
Byng, C. Staines, bookseller. (Brooks, Spur-street,
Leicester-square
Clayton, W. B. Manchester, soot-dealer. (Adling-
ton, Gregory & Faulkner, Bedford-row, London ;
and Warner, Charlton Row, Lancishire
Cooke, J. Barnstaple, Devonshire, linen-draper.
(Clark, Bristol; and Jenkins and Abbot, New-
Inn, London. :
Cooper, B, W. Wrexham, Denbighshire, spirit mer-
chant. (Long and Austin, Gray’s-Inn
Davies, G. Haverfordwest, shopkeeper. (Evans,
and Son, Haverfordwest; and Slade and Johnes,
John-street, Bedford Row

Davis, S. Great Surrey-street, Blackfriars Road,
dealer in drugs. (Fielder and Bartley, Duke-
street, Grosvenor-square

Davison, J. St. George’s Circus, St. George’s
Fields, linen-draper.. (Green and Ashurst, Sam-
brook court, Basinghall-street

Duncan, J. Trafalgar-square, Stepney, merchant,
(Walker and Co. Basinghall-street

Edgington, T. Wells-street, Oxford-strcet, coach-
maker, and Tooley-street, Southwark, sacking-
manufacturer, (Bartlett and Beddome, Nicholas-
lane

Emans, J. Ivy-lane, bookseller. (Brough, Shoreditch

Eveleigh, F. and S. Union-street, Southwark, hat-
manufacturers. (Clabon, Mark-lane

Fairless, M» Bishop Wearmouth, Durham, mer-
chant. (Blackiston, Symond’s-lnn

Goodenough, C. Fleet-street, baker,
New-Inn

Hanson, K.B. Bedford, bootand shoemaker. (Swain
and Co., Frederick-place, Old Jewry

Harris, Wm. Monmouth, grocer, (Hurd and John-
son, Temple

Harrison, B. and M. Sheffield, paper mavufacturer.
(Taylor, John-street, Bedford Kow

Helling, E. Bedford-street, Bedford Row, Holborn,
painter, (Collyer, Birch, and Marchant, Carey-
street, Lincoln’s-inn-fields

Hodgson, G. Liverpvel, grocer. (Chester, Staples-
Inn, London ; aud Railey, Wellington-buildings,
Pool-lane, Liverpool

(C. Stevens,

Houlden,

1824]

Houlden, R. High-row, Kensington, coal-merchant.
(Beckett, Salisbury-square, Fleet-street

Humphries, J. Westbury, Wiltshire, woolstapler.
(Egan and Waterman, Escex-street, Strand

Hyslop, J. Ipswich, grocer. (Jones and Howard,
Mincing-lane

Loud, T. and T. Burgess, Sittimghourne, Kent,
bankers. (Wildes, Lincoln’s-inn-fields; and Scu.
damore and Wildes, Maidstone

Lowman, J. G. Crawford-street, Mary-le-bone,
grocer. (Green and Ashurst, Sambrook-court

Martindale, B. jun. Gate-street, © Lineoln’s-inn-
fields, money scriyener. (Ford, Great Queen-
street, Westminster

Mason, J. Keswick, Cumberland, mercer. (Fisher
and Sen, Cockermouth ; and Fisher, Warnford-
court, Throgmorton-street

Metcalf, F. Friday-street, wholesale linen-draper.
(James, Bucklersbury

Millard, J. Cheapside, linen-draper, (Bailey, Addle-
street, Aldermanbury

Morley, J, Oxford, butcher. (Miller, Ely-place.

Nunn, K. Queen-street, Cheapside, warehouseman.
(Swaine and Co,, Frederick-place, Old Jewry

Pearson, UC. Grosvenor-place, Southwark, grocer.
(Draper, Walcot-place, Lambeth

Peckham, H. C. Bushbrough, Ként, paper manu-
faciurer. (Courteen, Lothbury

Perkins, R. Monmouth, coal-merchant. (Prothero
and Philips, Newport, Monmouthshire; and
Platt, Boswell-court, London

Plant, Uriah, Wharton, Cheshire,
(Hostage, Northwick

Robson, G. Benwall, Northumberland, common
brewer. (Bell and Broderick, Bow Church-yard,

flour dealer.

List of Bankrupts and Dividends.

365

Salter, T. Manchester, and Wm. Pearson, Lordon,
merchants, (Willis and Co., Tokenhouse-yard,
London; and Whitlow, Manchester

Sanderson, J. Birmingham, victualler. (Stephenson,
Holmfirth, near Hudderstield ; and Battye, Chan-
cery-lane, London

Sheppard, E. M. Hornsey, tavern keeper. (Glyne,
Burr-street, East Smithfield

Smith, J. and F, Clemenv’s-lane, and St. Swithin’s -
lane, wine merchant. (Hewitt, Tokenhouse-yard

Stickney, W. Welton, Yorkshire, linen draper.
(Brown, Kingston-upon-Hull; and Shaw, Ely
Place, Holborn

Stubbs, J. Hadlow-street, Burton Crescent, wine
merchant. (Willett, Essex-street, Strand

Thomson, M., Norfolk-street, Commercial Road,
and R. Longridge, South Shields, paint and colour
manufacturers, (Hodgson, Hatton-court, Thread-
needle-street

Vincent, G,St.Margaret’s-hill, Southwark, jeweller.
(Niblett, Cheapside

Wainwright, J. Manchester, merchant. (Walker,
Lincoln?s-inn- fields a‘
Walker, J. Manchester, corn dealer. (Adlington,

Gregory, and Faulkener, Bedford Row, London ;
and Clay and Thompson, St. Mary’s Gate, Man-
chester

Watkins, Warminster,
(Holder, Clemeat’s-lun

Haylett, J. N. Fish-street Hill, and Crooked-lane,
cordwainer, (Carter, Lord Mayor’s Court
Office, Roval Exchange

Worthington, W, J. Lower Thames-street, wine
and spirit merchant. (Carlton, High Street,
Mary-le bone

Wiitshire, eorn factor,

Cheapside

Ablett, J. Manchester, Oct. 30
Ashton, T. jun. Canton-placec,
East-India Road, Poplar, Oct. 16
Atherton, Lancaster, Oct. 18
Almore, W. Wood street, Oct. 20
Atmore. W. C. Wood-street,
Oct. 30
Ball, Isaac, late of the Poultry,
Oct. 96
Barrow,
Nov, 12
Bates, W. Olitham, Lancashire,
at the Star, Manchester, Nov. 9
Beams, H. Lordship-lane, near
Sydenham, Noy. 97
Berry, Benj. Jas., Briadbent, Jas.
ison, and Jas. Wilson, jun,
ef Dalton, Kirkheaton, York-
shire, at the Rose and Crown-
Inn, HuddersfSeld, Nov. 2
Brown, C. Dundee, Ocr. 10
Brown, S.and T, H. Scott, St,
Mary-hill, Oct. 93
Buchanan, D. and R. Benn, Li-
verpool, Oct. 13
Buckmaster, J.and W Old Broad-
‘street, Nov. 2
Burbery, T. Woolston, Warwick-
shire, Oct. 26
Burnert, A. Lisle-street, Wesi-
minster, Nov. 6
Carter, 8. Stratford, Essex, Oct.s0
Cazaley, W. Edgbaston, War-
wickshire, Nov. 9
Chadwick, J. Holborn-hill, Nov.9,
Clarke, H. Liverpoo), Oct. 15
Clark, W. H, and R, Clement,
High Holborn, Oct. 30
Clement, J, T. Winchester-house,
Broad-street, Oct. 30
Cork, R. t owcrose-street, West
Smithfield, Oct. 30
Crowther, W. Charles-street,
Middlesex Hospital, Nov.9
Cuftley, J. R. Ipswich, Nov. 10
Dalmaine, G. Chandos-street, Co-,
vent Garden, Oct, 30
Dark, H. Bath, Noy. @
Dearman, Richard or Barnsley,
and Robt. Dearman, of Pinder
Oaks, Worsbrough, Yorkshire,
at the White Bear Inn, Barns-
ley, Oct. 30
Denham, C.R. Fetter-lane, Oct. 30
» Dods, R. High-styeet, Southwark,
Noy. 9

R. and T. Liverpoal,

DIVIDENDS.

Dore, FP. Berkeley Square, Oct. 30

Dyson, J. B. Doncaster, at the
Town Hall, Doncaster, Nov, 1,

Ellaby, T. of Embertou, Buck-
inghamshire, at Saracen’s-head
Inn, Newport, Pagnell, Oct.97.

Ehliott, T. and S. Haslock, Nor-
thampton, Oct. 23

Elliott, T. and S, Haslock, North-
ampton, Nov. 13

Ellis, W. liverpool, Oct. 13

Pearman, W. New Bond-street,
Nov.6 -

Felton, R. Lawrence Pountny-
lane, and of Highbury-house,
Nov. 6 .

Forbes, J. Oxford-street, Oct. 23

Forshaw, J. Liverpool, Oct. 13

Fox, S. Mosborough, Derby, at
the Commercial-Inn, Shetticld,
Nov, 8

Frears, E., Birmingham, Nov. 5

Freethy, T. Acton, Middlesex,
Oct. 23

French, J. Coventry and Edin-
burgh, Oct 923 ;

Frost, T. Little Titchficld-street
and Little Portland-place,Oct.23

Green, G, York-strect, Covent-
Garden, Oct. 30

Greig, W. City Road, Nov. 9

Grimshaw, R.Gorton, Lancashire,
and J. Grimshaw, Manchester,
Nov, 8

Grierson, A. Dudley, Worcester-
shire, Nov.8; and Oct. 19

Henley, J. Hampstead, Oct. 12

Hickman, W. and PD. Timothy,
Leicester Square, Oct. 23

Home, T. Bishopscastle, Shrop-
shire, Nov. 2

Houghton, A. Huddersfield, at the
Rose and Crown, Huddersfield,
Nov, 2

Hoult, L. Norwich, at the Castle
and Lion, Norwich, Nov. |

Hould, S. Laytonstone, Essex,
Oct. 23

Hudson, T. Lower Pillerton, War-
wickshire, at the Warwick
Arms, Warwick, Nov. 3

Humphreys, H. and W. Lacon,
Liverpool, Oct. a1

Johnson, Benj. late of Holy Oaks,
and afiecwards of Cherry Trees,
Tardbrigg, Worcestershire, at

the Crown Hotel, Leamington,
Warwickshire, Oct. 30

Johnson, Benj.of Samborn, War-
wickshire, at the Crown Inn,
Leamington, Warwickshire, Oct.
30

King, S. Bristol, Nov. 11

Langhorn, H.and W. Brailsford,
Bucklersbury, Oct. 30

Laycock, T. Minories, Nov. 13

Lumley, J. Foston Mills, York-
shire, Nov. 8

Middleton, J. T. Stone, Stafford-
shire, Oct. 25

Maxfield, T. Salisbury, Oct. 2

Neild, J. Midge-hill, Yorkshire,
at the White Bear, Manchester,
Nov, 6

Newsam, W. Dunster-court, Min-
cing-lane, Oct. 30

Nunneley, S. Cransley, North~-
amptonshire, at the George,
Kettering, Nov.4

Nutman, J. West Drayton, Mid-
dlesex, Oct. 30

O’Bnen, J. Broad-street Build-
ings, Oct. 30

Palling, W. Old Broad-street,
Southsea-house, Oct. 30

Paton, A. Fellingshore, Durham,
Nov. 16

Palyart, T..London-street, Oct.30.

Peacopp, T. Liverpool, and M,.
Whilkinson Whalley, Lanca-
shire, Oct. 16

Present, W. St. James’ Walk,
Clerkenwell, Oct. 23

Pratt, R. Arcter-street and Holy-
well-street, Westminster, Nov.2.

Pritchard, R. Regent’s Circus,
Oxford-street, Oct. 30

Parker, J. G. and, J. L. and T,
Roberts, Birchin-lane, Oct. 19

Pullan, R. Leeds, Nov. 9

Redmayue, J. Burton, Yorkshire,
Noy. 20

Richards, J, Newmarket, Nov. 16

Righton, J. Hri-tol, Oct. 25

Robertson, Jno. Old Broad-street,
Nov. 6

Rooker, F, Manchester, and J,
Watt, Preston, Nov. 9

Rose, T. of the Café Royale, Re-
genl’s-street, Oct. 30

Russell, H. and R. Bruce, St.
Martin’s-la,Oct, 23, and Sept.28

Saher

366

Salter, J. and J.S. Forster, King-
ston, Surrey, Oct. 23

Sandison, . Cork-street, Bur-
lington Gardens, Nov. 9 y

Seaton, J. J. Brook, J. F.Seaton,
and R. Seaton, Huddersfield,
Nov. 1

Sidford, G. Seven-Dials, Bath,
Oct. 29 P

Seaton, J, J. F. and R. and T.
Forster, Pontefract, Yorkshire,
Nov. 8.

Sidebottom, W. Stayley-bridge,
Lancashire, Oct. 25

Sharpus, R. Davis-street, Berkeley

Monthly Agricultural Report.

Shepheard, W. Boswell-court,
Carey-sireet, Oct. 16, Oct.30

Smith, A. Lime-street Sq. Nov. 6

Starle, T.King-street, Seven-dials,
Nov, 2,

Stoggett, J. jun. Bath, Oct. 25

Taunton, W. D. Essex-street,
Strand, Nov. 18

Taylor, H. Sidney-place, Com-
mercial Road, Oct. 29

Tayior, Jno. Leominster, Here-
fordshire, at the King’s Arms~
Inn, Leominster, Oct. 27

Thompson, J. and W. Walker,
Wolverhampton, Oct. 30

Thompson, J. Birmingham, at the
Wool Pack, Birmingham, Nov.l

[ Nov. I,

Thick, C. Shaftsbury,
shire, Nov. 11

Trewent, W. Pembroke, Nov. 6

Troward, R. J. Cuper’s-bridge,
Surrey, Oct. 30

Tye, E. Sibton, Suffolk, Oct, 25

Ubsdell, ©. Warminster, Oct. 30

Wade, Wm. Gloucester-street,
Queen Syuare, Oct. 16

White, T. Brinklow,
shire, Oct. 96

Wilks, J. sen. Burley, Yorkshire,
Nov. 13 -

Withington, H. Manchester, Nov.2

Young, J. and J. Thornton,
Bristol, Oct. 23

Dorset-

Warwick-

Square, Nov. 9

MONTHLY

AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

VBNUHE late hurricanes, which have oc-
casioned so much mischief on the

north coasts, were attended with heavy
rains, extremely injurious to the remnants
of harvest remaining abroad in the low and
backward districts. Lincolnshire, the fens,
and some parts of Yorkshire, have been
deluged, and the beans and some oats re-
maining abroad have been greatly dete-
riorated in quality. Clover seed is the
worst crop of the season, great part of it
is entirely spoiled. A considerable part
of the wheat and barley of the latter harvest
sprouted in the sheaf, and is much dis-
coloured. These local accidents, invariable
in late seasons, have prevailed rather in an
extraordinary degree during the present.
It will require full the remainder of the
current month, to clear the fields generally.
Both Scotland and Ireland, as it appears,
have to boast of superior crops of all kinds,
both in quantity and quality, however
abundant we may deem our own. We
have now reached the period in which we
can avail ourselves of nearly decisive tests,
, and thence it seems generally acknow-
ledged, that the wheat crop is a full ave-

rage, no considerable part of it of very

fine quality, and much which will require

some months keeping for the improvement

of the sample. Barley, a defective crop,

very little of it of a fine mattery character,
and scarcely any remaining old stock. Our
letters still press upon us the idea of a

very short stock of old wheat on hand, in

which, as before stated, we do not entirely

concur. The remunerating price of wheat

has enabled the farmers to hold good part

of their stock, whence prices may remain

steady till towards Christmas, or through-

out the spring, until the prospect of ano-

ther abundant crop may reduce them. We

say unto the country, it is full time that

Britain grew a sufficiency of bread corn to

feed its population, with some to spare. The
crops of rape and cole are superabundant ;
but in some districts, where the grass is

equally so, the heavy rains have so beat
down and soaked it, that it is likely to pro-

duce little nourishment to cattle, and may

prove fatal to sheep. Latter sown turnips

have been forced too much into foliage by

-the warm rains, in course, are at present

deficient in the bulk ; but there will be
no dearth of that root. Potatoes likewise
will be fully adequate to the demand. Hops
prove superior to expectation some time
since since; but the avidity with which
good samples are bought up shews the
state of the case. The Farnham hop, as
of old, bears the bell, making €12 per
ewt. to the £8 of Essex. Fruit is de-
fective both in quality and quantity, as
was predicted ; but our neighbours of
France opportunely supply us with apples,
pears, and damsons. Wheat and winter
tare sowing have proceeded expeditiously
and happily on dry and good soil; on the
reverse the farmers are very backward,
and the lands difficult to work. Nothing
in addition to our last Report need be said
on the subject of cattle, horses, and sheep ;
a vast and increasing population, with a
state of manufacturing and commercial
prosperity beyond all precedent, holds the
price of the first necessaries still on the ad-
vance. ‘The profusion of keep occasions a
tantamount demand for lean stock. We
rejoice to be informed that, the Essex
subscription, which at first unaccountably
lagged, is now proceeding with some de-
gree of activity. It appears that we were
the first to propose a public subscription
for the sufferers in that heavy, and perhaps,
within memory or record, unprecedented
sudden calamity; and considering how
trifling a sum individually, supposing the
body of English farmers to subscribe, and
the case may be, perhaps, their own,
would fully indemnify the sufferers ; we say
without hesitation, should they fail to be
indemnified, our national character will
stand degraded.

Smithfield :—Beet, 3s. 4d. to 4s. 2d.—
Mutton, 3s. 6d. to 4s. 6d.—Lamb, 4s. 6d.
to 5s. Od. —Veal, 3s. 4d. to 5s. 8d.—Pork,
3s. Od. to 5s. Sd. —Bacon, Os. Od. — Raw fat,
2s. 13d.

Corn Exchange :—Wheat, 46s. to 80s.—
Barley, 32s. to 52s.—Oats, 19s. to 30s.—
Bread, (London), 1d. the loaf of 41b.—
Hay, 70s. Od. to 120s.—Clover do. 80s. to
135s.—Straw 39s. to 50s.

Coals in the Pool, 38s. 6d. to 48s. 6d.

‘Middlesex, 22d Oct.

MEDICAL

1824.]

pr sen]

MEDICAL REPORT...

Report of DiseasEs and Casuatties occurring in the public or private Practice of
the Physician who has the care of the Western District of the City Dispensary.

ET the individual who may be sceptical
respecting the available nature of me-
dical interference with the malignity of dis-
ease, accompany the writer of these papers
in one of his Dispensary rounds. It is truly
distressing to witness the number of victims
to “the medicable wounds”’ of disorder,
that the streets and lanes of London daily
present to the exploring eye. From neglect
or mismanagement in its earliest stages, of
one malady especially, namely, the measles,
many infants among the poor are at this
moment struggling against the suffocation
of bronchial mucus, or lying prostrate under
the pressure of pulmonary effusion.

Than in eruptive affections, the measles
more especially, there are none in which it
is of more moment to guard against irrepa-
rable mischief likely to be done to the lungs,
by the rush of the distemper’s virulence
upon these vulnerable organs; and even if
death be not the consequence, immediately,
of pulmonary inflammation from measles, a
worse alternative often awaits the sufferers
and their relatives. Consumption too often
in after life claims as his own the subject of
mismanaged measles, and substantiates his
claim in despite of medical endeavours, now,

‘alas! too feeble for the frightful conflict.
The writer-believes, that he may before have
quoted the quaint but impressive language
of a modern author on this topic of melan-
choly interest. ‘‘ If your convalescent
from smallpox, hooping-cough, scarlet fever,
or measles, bark but once, fear lest there be
a murderer within; and, though dislodged,
expect him again, he now knows the way.”

Discharges of blood from the stomach
and tungs have been exceedingly frequent
during the few past weeks, and these oc-
eurrences appear partly attributable to ex-
traordinary variations in atmospherical tem-
perature and aerial density. The offices of
both barometer and thermometer baye of
late been any thing but sinecures; indeed,
the rapidity and stretch of transition from
one state to another of the air has been such,
as to affect persons who had hitherto
scarcely known themselves obnoxious to at-
mospheric influence ; and it is not only upon
the nervous system that these ‘changes
operate. We are rather reluctant, in the
present day, to admit the somewhat lax
phraseology of Hoffman, when he talks of
“orgasm ebullition and turgescency of
blood destroying the systaltic and elastic
power of the vessel, and thereby inducing
congestion, distension, and rupture ;”’ but
it seems at least fair to infer, that what

passes around us in the way of atmospheric
alteration, influences in a measure, not only
the tone and strength of organs circulating
blood, but the aetual volume of the blood
itself. Hemorrhage, both external and in-
ternal, happens most frequently during
spring and fall: in these intermediate sea-
sons the effect now supposed is more likely
to have place; and at these times the pre-
disposed to disorder ought to be especially
watchful with respect to their habits. Pe-
riodical blood-letting is not in the general
way a desirable practice, but it is better oc-
casionally to anticipate nature in her desire
for discharge, than to permit that disorga-
nising process to take’place, which hemorr-
hage from the lungs, or on the brain, or
from the stomach, implies. The best coun-
teracting plans are, however, those of nega-
tion and prevention. Let prudence, if not
prudery, regulate the desire for repletion
and the disposition to excess. The mischief
of repeated debauches does not end with the
morning head-ache ; nor can the organized
system be cleared out and cleaned for fresh
use, as plates and glasses are prepared for
repeated repasts.

It is in some measure owing to the pre-
sent unseasonably warm weather that dys-
peptic and stomach ailments are at this mo-
ment also frequent. Warmth of air, when
it is out of season, is much more debilitating
than the same degree of atmospheric tem-
perature at the periods of the year when
cold is not regularly looked for; and we
haye lately had humidity as well as heat
to war with. The medicine which is now
introduced into the pharmacopeia under
the name of the subnitrate of bismuth, and to
which allusion has more than once been
made in these series of papers, is one of
very considerable efficaey towards counter-
acting that spasmodic affection of the sto-
mach, and its accompanying pain, which is
so common a manifestation of the debility
now referred to. The writer has recently
employed it pretty extensively in combina-
tion with rhubarb and henbane; but it is not,
he is convinced, to these latter ingredients
that the virtues of the prescription, as some
would suggest, are to be solely ascribed, for
he has witnessed the powers of bismuth as
an anodyne and antispasmodic, even when
administered without the admixture of any
other ingredients, beyond those which may
haye been used merely as a vehicle for the

main medicinal.
D. Uwins, M.D.
Bedford Row, Oct. 26th 1824. /

METEO-

{ 368 j

[Nov. 1,

METEOROLOGICAL REPORT.
——
Journal of the Weather and Natural History, kept at Hartfield, East Grinstead,
by Dr. T. Forster, from 20th September to 20th October 1824.

Thermometer.| Barometer.

State of the Weather.

Sep20. 50 29.81 N. Damp and rainy.
21 54 29.80 W.N.W. Showers and very damp.
Zee 55 29.80 N.E.—N.W.| Fogs.—Wind and clouds.
23. 53 29.95 N.N.W Cool showers.
24. 53 29.86 N. Showers, with thund. & lightng.
25. 51 29.95 N.N.W Cloudy, and very obscure.
26. 4) 29.90 N. Clear and cold.
a 41 29.53 N.E.—N.W. Rainy.
28. BRYA 29.82 N. W. Clear,
29. 54 29.75 SS.E Fair.
30. 61 29.36 S. Clouds.—Rain.
Oct.1. 52 29.25 S.S.W Wind and rain,
2. 51 29.51 S. Rainy.
9) 51 29.73 Ss. Wind and showers.
4. 55 29.61 8. Sun and showers.
Ly 5@ 29.49 S.W. Fog,—Fair.— Wet.
6. 61 29.21 S.E. Wet.
7h 57 29,22 S.S.E. Showers.
8. 53 99.35 S.S. W. Showers.
9. 50 29.50 W.S.W. Fair.
10. 54 29.04 W.S.W. Rainy.
11. 48 28.86 S.S.W. Rainy.
12. 45 29.03 N.E. Rainy.
13. 33 29,42 N.W. Fair.
14. 37 29.50 N.W. Fair.
15. 37 29.60 N.W.—N.E,} Fair.
16. 32 29.85 N.E. Fair,
17. 33 29.98 N.W. Fair.
18. 42 30.02 W.S.W. Fair.—Rain.— Fair.
19. 51 29.99 W.S.W. Slight showers.
20. 49 29.96 S,W. Rain.— Fair. ‘

*,* I begin now to take the thermometer at 10 r.m., that being nearly. corres-
pondent to the mean of the day from October to February. .

OBSERVATIONS.

During the early part of Septemter I
was on the Continent, where I learnt that
the season had been generally a very un-
favourable one for plants. In Belgium
and Flanders, where I visited some of the
botanic gardens, I found that many tribes
of plants had been lost, and that few had
done well, the summer and early autumn
having been wet and cold. There were
few apples, and in general all stone fruit
was scarce, and of bad quality. Pears
had borne better than apples: the same ob-
servations apply to this country also. In
Spain, however, and the southern parts of
Europe in general, the accounts received
mention a hot and very dry summer. This
partial effect of the weather has been no-
ticed before. In the summer of 1816, when
the south and west parts of England and of
France were deluged with cold rain, Scot-
land and the east of Europe enjoyed a fine
season. It is hoped that the Meteorological

Society, when our regular correspondence
with distant parts of the ‘globe shall be
fully established, will be able to present
the public with further details of these in-
teresting peculiarities of the seasons, and
of their locality and the range of their in-
fluence.

Oct. 1.—Prodigious quantity of rain,
causing the meadows of the Medway to be
flooded to a great extent.

—7.—Gale very variable. I have repeated-
ly been able to foretell the coming of rain this
season by observing the bobbing motion of
a paper kite flying in the air... Previous to
rain, when the gale is rising, which often
brings it, the kite is jerked backward. and
forward with a motion, as if the person
holding it was moving his hand: this pe-
culiar motion is always the forerunner of a
change, and generally of rain, Kites may
be made useful instruments,.in prognos-
ticative meteorology. By tying them suc-
cessively to the back. stick of each other,

the

1824.)

the series of kites may be made to as-
cend prodigiously high in the air, so as
to indicate the presence of several cur-
rents.

—18,—The fair weather, which the Eng~
lish call St. Luke’s little summer, but which
the French, from its setting in later in France,

Monthly Price Current.

369

call La petite été de St. Martin, seems about
to commence.

—23.—Beautifully fine weather. Fungt
still abound, but have not been very plentiful
this year, although the season has been
severe: the prevalence of these, like other
tribes of plants, depend on hitherto un-
known causes.

MONTHLY PRICE-CURRENT.

I

Atmonps : —Sweet, per cwt. 14/, to 14/.10s.
Bitter ...0......-.c2snee0- 21, to 21.25,
SAVED SUN aise tee «cece aeeate'e PEL tODs Lite

Asnes :— Quebec Pot.......
United States............ 39s. to 40s.
Quebec Pearl............ 38s. to 39s.

Baritta :—Teneriffe,. per ton, 17/. to 187.

per cwt. 335.

Carthagena .......... 21/. to 211. 10s.
J GER Biggs Hciarea ate cf CEOS -- 210
BIICTIN Gs aiayatdloiaiata: ace, o\eia\= hope doC ane 161.

Brimstone :—

Rough ...... perton 6/. 10s. to 62. 15s.
Cocoa :—

West-Indian. .. per cwt. 3/. 5s. to 41. 5s.

Trinidad ..... Pop EO.ar 31. 10s. to 41. 5s.

3l. to 4/. 10s.
Hein ones)

Creed, hs stars: erthevalatelere
RE ATARCAS eto arcane

Corrre:—Jamaica Triage.... 50s. to 54s.

Jamaica, good............ 50s. to 57s.
Ertl els NOUS AIG Ot 75s. to 8Us,
-, very fine..... ... 87s. to 102s,
Dominica,.....-.. +e seeees G05. to 70s.

Berbice. 0... ..0.00e+e20+ O05. to 72s,

Corron :—
West. India, common, per lb. 9d. to 91d.
Grenada ............+++. 9d. to pet :
Berbice .........5 «4... 9d. to 103d.
Demerara .. seee 93d. to ld.

Sea Island...... SEE PAS CHER
New Orleans .......... 73d.'to 103d.”
Georgia Bowed.......... 74d. to Bid.
Maia... oso. ee clea wees Gad. to 103d.
Maranham ....... wees. 93d. to 101d.
Baeie....... veveseee 94d. to 104d,
MUNA eect eee vesee “Ted. toed.
Pernambucco..

starry 10}d. to 114d.

Madras .... 0... secs... 53d. to 64a,
Bengal 5. ..c.c00.e2s0+4 30. to Gd.
Bourbon.......,....+... 8d. to 113d.
DDIVING oe csccenipsarce ae Fats tojBatt
Egyptian ......,.-..... 9d. to 104d.

CuRRANTS......+. per cwt. 102s. to 105s.

Bias,’ Turkey: .....cccccectoo0. 708: t0'728,
Frax, Riga..........perton 482. to 54/.
1D) RS Oe .-+ 48). to 487. 10s.
Petersburgh ...... 461. 10s. to 471. 10s.
Hemp :—Riga.............«. All. to 42/,
Petersburgh.......... 361. to 361. 10s.

, halfclean...... 331. to 34.
Iron—Petersburgh,......... 2Il. to 24.
British Bar ...... 110. 10s. to 12d. 10s.

Montuty Mac.—No. 402,

Inpico:—
Caracca Floras.. per lb. 10s. to 11s. 6d.
Sobra ..... . 9s. Od. to 9s. 10d.
East-India ........ 9s. 3d .to 12s. 10d,
Oxts :—Palm.-.... se .e.. per cwt: 25s.

Whale, Cape, in bond, perton...... 220.
Galipoli..............2-.. 500. to520.
CRA ot citolelaintetele trols per jar 82. to 90.
Florence........ half-chest 28s. to 30s.
Pimento (in Bond) .... per Ib. 9d. to 93d.

Perrer, do. ..... aL astaeretear nie 5d. to 6d.
Rice :—East-India.. per cwt. 13s. to 16s.
Carolan ec sta oleieiet a4 32s. to 34s.
mer, Sytererete. seeicjertors 30s.to 31s.

Spirits (in Bond) :—
Brandy, Cogniac, p. gall. 2s.8d. to 3s.0d.
, Bourdeaux.... 2s. 2d. to Os. Od.
Geneva........ SN eiaps Is. 8d. to 1s. 9d.
Rum, Jamaica........ ls. 8d. to 2s. 6d.
, Leward Island .. 1s. 3d.to ls. 5d.
Sucars:—Jamaica .. per cwt. 54s. to 70s.
Demerara, &c............. 635. to 65s.
St. Kitts, Antigua, &c. .... 52s, to 66s.
Refined, on board for exportation :
Large Lumps....per cwt. 33s. to 34s.
Good and middling ..... 35s. to 37s.
Patent fine Loaves...... 40s. to 55s.
Tattow, Russia .. per cwt. 35s. to 35s. 6d.
Tar, Archangel, per barrel... 16s. to 16s. 6d.
Stockholm....... ..-+- 163. 6d. to 17s.
Tra, (E.-India Company’s prices):

Bohea ...... perlb. 2s. 43d. to 2s. 53d.
Congo ......... wseee 2s. Gd. to 3s, 8d.
Souchong .......- .... 3s. 10d. to 5s.
Campoi ...........++ 3s. 4d. to 3s. 10s.
Twankay.....0.0--- 3s. 5d. to 3s. 9d.
Hyson.......... 3s. 39d. to 5s. 103d.
Gunpowder......... . 5s. 8d. to 7s.4d.

Toxracco (in Bond) :—
Maryland, fine yellow,per lb. 1s.6d. to 2s.

Fine colour..........+. . 5d. to ls. 3d.
Light Brown ....... wee. 3d. to 44d,
Virginia .........0.00+- 23d.to 6d.

Wire (in Bond) :—

Old Port ........ per pipe 421. to 46/.
ews OO. %, ciaiseheiare,/s-fnieuonrs . 251. to 362.
Lisbon .. 0.0000 sccc0e0e-. 210. to 320.
Madeira ...... 361. to 651.
Calcavello ........-+-+++ 300. to 407.
Bucellas ...........-+--+ 300. to 400.
Sherry........ ...- per butt 30/7. to 602.
Teneriffe ........ per pipe 22. to 28.
Claret........ per hogshead’ 12/. to 40/.

Spanish, Red, ‘
per ton of 252 gallons.. 121. to 18d.
3B MONTHLY

ee ee

ee (Nov. £,
MONTHLY COMMERCIAL REPORT.

— a
OTTON.—There has been a lively demand this month by the spinners, but no altera-
tion in our quotations, At Liverpool the. demand has been yery considerable, and
large purchases made for the Manchester market: in one week upwards of 4,000 bags
sold there at rather advanced prices.

Sugar.—The Sugar market has rather declined, from 6d. to 1s. per cwt., since our last.
particularly in low brown qualities; but the finer sorts maintain fully their prices, and
for such the market is brisk. Refined goods are in demand for exportation, particularly
for the Hambro’ market. At Liverpool the market is brisk for pan-sugars, and some con-
siderable sales have been lately effected. Molasses, 26s. 6d. per ewt., being advanced full
Is. Od. since our last quotation. :

Coffee.—The market is dull and heavy for exportation, and no sales of any consequence
have taken place ; therefore prices may be considered nominally. The orders from Trieste
have been countermanded, both for sugar and coffee, in consequence of the additional duty
on the importation into Austria. a

Rum, Brandy, and Hollands.—The former is steady at our prices, but the demand is
very inconsiderable; and the failure of the brandies this year has caused an advance,
both in Cogniacs and Bourdeaux, of full 4d. per gallon. Holland’s Geneva in little
demand, and large quantities in dock.

Tea.— The East-India Company have already issued their declaration for their Decem~

ber sale. In Congous, we have to notice a reduction of 1d. per pound, while Twankays
have advanced ld.
_ Provisions —In Dutch Butter an advance of 4s. per cwt. has taken place, and in Irish
nearly $s..per cwt., Owing to the short supply, and extensive consumption of the article in
London. New Irish Bacon is daily expected in the market. Little demand for Beef or
Pork.

Import of Butter to 14th October in each year :

Irish. Foreign Casks reduced to Firkins.
1822 DSA PAP RINS: 5 coo s,< tp hMiba Gis wo de.0i5 Total 224,866
eho Sage ° 167,791 CHORE ANOLE pictcns «altel ° 288,812
IBZ (sia co ss0 OTsSG2ZT ce esecc ne ce 1925240" voce cic come, Sholom

Ditto Irish Bacon, in the same period :

1822 ........ 74,719 Singed Middles.
1823 ...'.'..."..) 93,853 do. Making 48,706 Bales.
1824 ceee cscs 763263 do.

Hemp, Flax, and Tallow.—The market still continues dull for these articles, and prices
as quoted in our Price Current, without alteration.

Silks. —The silk trade continues in full vigour, and prices of the raw material in good
demand, at an advance of full 1s. per Ib.

Course of LExvchange—Amsterdam, 12 3.—Hamburgh, 37 2.—Paris, 25 30,—An-
twerp, 12 4.—Rotterdam, 12 4.—Bourdeaux, 25 60.—Vienna, 10 6.— Madrid, 363—
Cadiz, 354—Gibraltar, 31.—Leghorn, 47}— Genoa, 441—-Naples, 38j—Lisbon, 50j—
Oporto, 5023—Dublin, 94—Cork, 9}

The 3 per Cent. Reduced, on the 19th, were 952; 3 per Cent. Consols, 96}; 4 per
Cent. 1822, 108; New 33—102 to 102; Bank Stock, 2334.

Gold in bars, 3/. 17s. 6d. per 0z.—New doubloons, 3/. 15s.—Silver in bars, 5s. Od.}

* Premiums on Shares and Canals, and Joint Stock Companies, at the Office of Wore and
Epmonvs.—Barnesley Canat, 320/.— Birmingham, 385/.—Derby, 160/.—Ellesmere and
Chester’, 87/.—Erewash, 87/:—Forth and Clyde, 500/.—Grand Junction, 345/.— Leeds
and Liverpool, 600/.—Mersey and Irwell, 1000/.—Neath, 410/.—Nottingham, 300/—Ox-
ford, 950/.—Stafford and Worcester, 950.—Trent and Mersey, 2400/,—Alliance British
and Foreign, 20/. 10s—Guardian, 197. 10s.—Hope, 6/.—Sun Fire, 220/.—Gas Licur
Chartered Company, 74/.—City Gas Light Company, 165/.—Phenix or South Lon-
don, 16l.—Leeds, 210/.—Liverpool, 2500. A Pt,

POLITICAL AFFAIRS IN OCTOBER.

r —=_as—
GREAT“ BRITAIN. progressive.

The excess of the. year

HE official account’ of the last
Quarter’s Revenue to the 10th ult.
has been published, and is replete with
matter for universal congratulation.
The improvement of the country’s
résourcés is great, unobstructed, and

“

1824 over 1823 is 1,184,000/.—There
is an increase in the Excise of 278,000/.
on the quarter when compared with the
corresponding quarter of last year. In
the Customs the augmentation — is
318,920. The details are as satisfac-

tory

1824.]
tary as the gross results, and bear un-
questionable testimony to the increasing
comfort of the British people, as well
as to the augmenting prosperity of Bri-
tish commerce. We are quite sure
that the more the items of this financial
statement are examined, the more satis«
factory they will appear to every candid
inquirer, and the more ground for
honest rejoicing they will supply to
every man who takes a just pride in the
glory, and feels a-patriotic interest in
the prosperity of his native country.
Great as are the realized advantages
which .it discloses, the most obvious,
and perhaps the most encouraging fea~
ture of this document is the proof it
brings that the germ of British energy
and industry, notwithstanding its past
trials, is more vigorous and vivacious
than ever; and that the commercial
resources of our country, as far as such
terms can apply to any human things
whatever, are inexhaustible and illimit-
able.
FRANCE.

In the royal procession which took
place at Paris at the accession of
Charles the Tenth, much stress is laid
on the king being a: horseman. The
procession passed before the statue of
Henry the Fourth; and the “ king,’ it
is emphatically said in the French
papers, was like the representation of
Henry the Fourth on horseback, . The
writer, we presume, had in view the
well-known aphorism of Burke, that a
king of France should be constantly on
horseback. The toile, in referring to
a passage in the English Courier, re-
lative to the dangers which threatened
the Bourbon throne some years back,
records a rather unintelligible story of
a conspiracy then formed to exclude
the present king from the throne, by
adopting the model'of the proceedings
in the English parliament against James,
Duke of York, in the reign .of his
brother Charles the Second. It is sur-
prising that political system-builders,
when generalizing habits always lead
them on the wrong scent, do not per-
ceive that the primdé facie analogy be-
tween the two brothers of the race of
Stuart, restored after the English rebel-
lion, which produced a Cromwell, and thé
‘two brothers of the race of Bourbon,
restored after the French revolution,
which produced a Napoleon, fails in
this most essential point, that James

the Second was a papist in the midst of

a fervently protestant nation ; and that
Charles the Tenth is a papist, in the

Political Affairs in October.

371
midst of a nation of papists, too luke-
warm in religious matters to contend
about any point of faith. It appears
that the abolished cénsorship was of a
rigorous and vexatious character, am-
ply warranting the joy expressed by
the royalist, as well as liberal journals
on the event of their recovered liberty.
Some light has, during the last month,
been thrown on the preceding darkness:
All praise of the king or the Duc d’An-
gouleme was forbidden to the opposi-
tion journals, The simple announce-
ment of a book, not proceeding from a
ministerial quarter, was also forbidden :
and when the editors of the various
journals requested explanations respect-
ing the suppression of articles, which
to them appeared politically innocent,
they were pleasantly told that it was
an enigma, and recommended to solve
it in the best manner they could. A
political Gidipus is not required for
that purpose. The enigma probably
was to increase the favour of the
abolition, by rendering the evil to be
abolished as intolerable as possible,
while it lasted. King Charles” has
hitherto persevered in the prudent sys-
tem of conciliation with which he com-
menced his reign, To Excelmans, a
general of the hundred days, he said,
on his being presented at court, that
he remembered nothing of the past,
except that when Buonaparte ordered
him to pursue his present royal master,
he took the wrong road. ‘This discreet
tone of policy leaves little to hope to
the rash violence, and personal ambi-
tion of ultra-royalist partizans on one
side, or ultra-liberal on the other. M.
de Chateaubriand’s party and sparkling
pamphlet on the new reign has been
praised in the royal circle; but M.
Benjamin Constant; who is, say the
salons, becoming religious, has been
received at court. The consequence of
this moderation is, that the funds im-
prove, and a growing confidence is every
day observed in French commercial
transactions, and the employment of
capital.
: SPAIN.

The intelligence from Spain exhibits
a more than usually revoiting aspect of
political deformity. The principal cities
are become the seat of military com-
missions, to which individuals of all
ranks and professions, civil and military,
are subjected. The persecuting spirit
of monkery is triumphant, terror is gene-
rally-prevalent, and partial measures are
constantly taking place in Andalusia,

3 BQ Arragon,

372
Arragon, and Navarre. Every day is
said ‘to add to the detection of accom-
plices of the Ex-minister Cruz ; and
royalists, ultra, as well as moderate,
are charged with being of the number.
A, private letter describing the utter
anarchy in which the government has
fallen, says, “ we have been for months
without a minister for foreign affairs :
we have a minister of marine without a
navy; of war without an army ; and,
to crown all, a finance minister without
a sous.’ How such agovernment goes
on from day to day is a complete riddle :
but it requires little political foresight
to predict how it will end. Cordova
and other cities of the first order have
sent deputies to Madrid soliciting French
garrisons for the preservation of the
the public tranquillity ; a shocking attes-
tation that the condition of the country
is so deplorably desperate, that nothing
but the diffusion of the entire French
army over the whole surface of the
kingdom, can secure its partial,, transi-
tory, and unhealthful repose. In order
to meet the emergency of the various
dangers and difficulties it has partly
created, the cabinet of Madrid is said
to have proceeded to the hazardous mea-
sure of levying and equipping 200,000
volunteers ; thus preparing the materials
for another re-action ; in the meanwhile
all the constitutional volunteers are
compelled to deliver up their arms ;
and the police is instructed to extend
its domiciliary visits to the houses of
all persons suspected of retaining means
of defence. Keen discussions have
been latterly carried on in. Madrid, in
consequence of an attempt by the new
finance minister Zea to negociate a new
loan without acknowleging that of the
Cortes, and which, as naturally might
be expected, proved abortive. Zea was
formerly a clerk in a merchant’s house
at Malaga, of which he is a native ; he
subsequently went into business on his
own account ; became a bankrupt about
ten years ago, then exhibited himself
as a decided liberal, and is now by the
grace of the Emperor of Alexander’s
patronage as decided an ultra: It is
generally believed that some serious
disturbances have recently broken out
in the capital ; meanwhile the cabinet
threatens foreign conquest, and has
attempted. to make it believed that.a
Spanish expedition of 2,000 men is on
the point. of sailing te Mexico.. On
this report. the state of the Spanish
finances is the best commentary. A
proclamation has been extensively cir-

Political Affairs tn October.

[Nov. I,

culated by the Constitutionalists in
Spain calling on the Spaniards to
“ awake.” It is eloquent, and contains
much truth; but we fear that it will
not have the smallest effect. Where
men have shewn themselves incapable
of honourable and manly acts, words
are of little use either to stimulate, to
convert, or convince. The sleep of
degradation is not easily broken.

GERMANY, THE NETHERLANDS, RUSSIA,

&e.

A convention for facilitating com-
merce has been concluded . between
Baden and Hesse Darmstadt. Prussia
has been taking precautions with respect
to the communications with Moldavia
and Wallachia, on account of the
plague which still rages in those pro-
vinces: and ordering reductions in the
budget which will amount to four mil-
lions of Prussian crowns. The Prussian
budget being fifty millions a year, this
diminution of four millions is very eon-
siderable. The cities of Cologne, Min-
den, Erfurt, Stralsund, and Dantzic,
will no longer be the seats of provisional
governments. . The Minister of War,
De Plack, leaves office; and the five
sections of the War Office will be re-
duced, in future, to two, which will be
directed by the king’s adjutant, Witzle-
ben. In_all the branches of adminis-
tration there are to be numerous reduc-
tions. . As to the army, the reductions
will be confined to the Staff, the En-
gineers, and the quotas of the Lands
wehr. The ministry of commerce. will
be united to that of the interior. This
great measure must have a powerful in-
fluence on the approaching assemblies
of the provincial states... The treaty of
commerce between France and the Ne-
therlands has every prospect of a speedy
and favourable termination. Steam-
boat companies are establishing on all
the navigable canals of the interior.
A new Dutch East-India Company, con-
sisting of five directors..and twenty
commissioners to hold their sittings at
the Hague, and the shares of which are to
amount to two hundred millions, is about
to be formed, and has already received
the sanction of the king. The Company,
besides labouring among other things,
to put the Dutch Trade with China on
the old footing, will employ itself in im-
proving naval artichecture, the marine,
navigation, &c. &c. It appears froma
report lately made to the King of. Swe-
den, that public works, of . immense
magnitude and expense, are constantly
proceeding in Sweden, in. regard. to

public

2

1824.)

oe roads, canals, docks, ship-
uilding- and fortifications. The agri-
cultural interest is suffering in Hol-
land, and the government has resorted
to the mischievous expedient of sup-
porting it by a prohibitory duty on im-
portation. Not only is the existing duty
paid by the importers, but a bond is
taken of them for the-payment of such
further duties as may hereafter be im-
posed by the legislature. Such a mea-
sure is both impolitic and unjust. The
low price of grain is a public blessing ;
and any people who enjoy it will soon
so multiply in numbers as to increase the
demand, and relieve, in the only secure
and durable way, the grower from the
difficulties consequent on a low price.
But a government which has recourse to
artificial means of raising the price of
the first necessaries of life to its own
subjects, sacrifices the many to the few:
and adopts the most effectual method of
preventing the native population from
ever rising up to the consumption of the
home produce. We are sorry to see
Holland retrograding in this particular
while other states are advancing. The
Emperor of Russia has at last appointed
the Marquis of Ribeaupierre ambassa-
dor to the Porte. His Imperial Majesty,
it seems, has arrived’ at Volo Kolomsk,
and proceeded on his journey. These
personal and periodical surveys of his
gigantic empire are highly creditable to
sis Majesty, and theymay be of advantage
to himself as well as to his subjects ;
especially if they induce him to recon-
sider his favorite colossal scheme of
military colonization ; the machinery of
which has been ably developed by Dr.
Lyall; and which, if we are not de-
ceived in our presentiments, is as replete
-with hazard to the Russian government
as of menace to the future repese and
independence of Europe.

GREECE, TURKEY, THE LEVANT,

THE EAST.

In consequence of the Greek autho-
rities having refused to recall a procla-
mation enjoining their armed vessels to
attack, burn, and run down all foreign
_vessels employed by their enemies, as
ships of war, and transports, the go-
vernor of the Ionian Islands has re-
sorted, by command of the Lords of
-the Admiralty, to a counter proclama-
tion, in which he orders reprisals to be
made on the armed vessels of the
Greeks. Nothing of importance is added
by the’ last intelligence from Constanti-
nople and the Levant, to the previous
accounts of the advantages gained by

AND

Political Affairs tn October.

373

the Greeks over the Capitan Pacha;
but it reports that two messengers were
despatched from the Sultan to put him
to death. The reports respecting the
naval victory over the Turks, near
Samor, are still very vague and contra-
dictory. There is another report afloat
of Mahommed Pacha’s Egyptian fleet
being defeated, on the 7th instant, by
Admiral Miarilis at Zea, where it was
endeavouring to effect a landing, des-
tined against Athens ; that three frigates
were burnt, and several smaller vessels :
that the Pacha’s son was aboard one of
the ships that blew up, and that the rest
dispersed. We should, however, be
greatly deceived in our estimate of that
talented and ambitious mussulman, the
Egyptian Pacha, if he committed him-
self to any severe extent.as .a sharer in
the disaster of his Turkish allies. It is
much more probable that his armament
was from the beginning assembled under
the plausable pretence of co-operating
for the purposes of ulterior aggrandize-
ment. The Grand Vizier has been
suddenly deposed at Constantinople,
where a tumultuary spirit has displayed
itself among the Janizaries, on account
of the Sultan not allowing his son to
‘accompany him to the Mosque. An
earthquake is reported to have destroyed
the greater part of Jerusalem. —
AFRICA, THE EAST AND WEST-INDIES.
The Gazette of October the 5th con-
tains Lieut.-Colonel Sutherland’s ac-
count of the defeat of the Ashantees,
on the 11th of July, and of the British
operations against them, from the 3lst
of May to July the 17th. It appears
that the Africans disbanded themselves
after their defeat, and left the king to
pursue his way back to Camassee with
a few hundred attendants. Bombay
papers contain accounts of the military
operations against the Burmese to the
28th of March, and announce the occu-
pation of Gonhatty, the ‘capital of
Assam, by the British expedition. The
New York papers continue to be filled
with details of the reception of La Fa-
yette. The file of Buenos Ayres papers,
just received, disprove the previous re-
port of the defection of General Ola-
neta: but the measure to which he has

lately resolved, in the exercise of his

vice-regal authority, appears to under-

“rate his design of re-establishing an in-

dependent government in some part of
Peru for himself. Peru, according to
the document recently published by the
late president Reva Aguerra, appears to
be in the most distracted state: and

Yulucan,

374

Yulucan is reported to have seceded
from the Mexican union. But as a set-
off against the above unfavorable intel-
ligence, the Colombian papers contain
the copy of a treaty of alliance and
ecommerce between the Colombian and
Mexican Republics, and the Mexican
papers affirm, that it is the wise intention
of the legislature to put the institutions
here in bearing with those of the United
States. An expedition sailed from Rio
de Janeiro for Pernambuco, under the
command of Lord Cochrane, on the
2d of August. The late reports of the
revived attempt of France to recover
St. Domingo, 1s affirmed in the Etoile to
be destitute of foundation. “ Nothing,”
says the demi-official writer, “ is more
simple than the alleged movements of
our troops. It is in execution of the

Marriages and Deaths in and near London.

(Nov. I,

Decree of the 31st of December, 1823,
confiding to the land forces the service
in the colonies; and they will cease as
soon as the exchange of the marine
troops for land troops is effected.” We
are glad of this: there are only three
projects which can be entertained
by French statesmen, with reference
to St. Domingo. First, conquest by
main force; second, reduction by block-
ade; third, the regulation of its inde-
pendence on conditions favorable to the
mother country and the old proprietors.
Of these the only reasonable alternative
is the last. Attempts to reduce the first
proposition to ‘practice would be a poli-
tical madess; and the second, if less
violent in-appearance, only differs in a
few degrees of absurdity and fatuity
from the first.

INCIDENTS, MARRIAGES, ann DEATHS, in anp near LONDON,

With Biographical Memoirs of distinguished Characters recently deceased.
— SS

MARRIED. ,

At St. George’s, Hanover-square, H.
Lyster, esq. of Rowlon Castle in the County
of Salop, to Lady Charlotte Barbara Astley
Cooper, daughter of the Earl of Shaftesbury.

George Turliff Roger, esq. R.A. to Geor-
giana M. second daughter of the late Vice-
Admiral Wm. Albany Otway.

T. J. Theobald, esq. of Upper Brook-

st., to Elizabeth, youngest daughter of ©

Nathaniel Gosling, esq. of Earl’s-Court
House, Brompton.

At St. George’s, Hanover-sq. Edmund
Cradock Hartopp, esq., eldest son of Sir
Edmund Hartopp, Bart., tothe Hon. Mary
Jane Eden, daughter of Lord Harby.

Walter Ruding Deverell, esq., son of the
Rey. J. R. Deverell, of Castle Bytham,
Lincolnshire, LL. B.,to Margaretta, eldest
daughter of Stephen Howard Phillips, esq.,
of Norfolk-st.

John Bateman, Esq., of Oak Park,
county of Kerry, to Frances, youngest
daughter of Nathaniel Bland, esq., of Lower
Berkeley-st., Portman-sq.

John Propert, esq. of Duke-st. Portland-
pl. to Julia Anne, only daughter of R.
Ross, esq. of Charles-st. and late of Cork.

Septimus Hodges, esq. of Maida-hill, to
Theodosia Emma, daughter of Jervice
Kendall, esq. of Brompton.

Mr. William Speed, of Bobbingsworth,
Essex, to Miss Maria Neville, daughter of
Fishpool Neville, esq. of Toothill, Stam-
ford Rivers, Essex.

Lieut.-Colonel Rolt, c.p. and k.T.s. of
the 2d or Queen’s Royals, to Anne,

youngest daughter of George Caswall, esq. ,

of. Sacombe Park, Herts.

Wm. Walmsley Terrington, esq. of Ed-
monton. to Mary Goff, eldest. daughter of
John Blant, esq. of Upper Bedford-pl.
Russell-sq.

Thomas Hewett Key, esq. of Trinity
College, Cambridge, to Sarah, youngest
danghter of the late R. Troward, esq.

R, Philip, eldest son of Richard Tyr-
whitt, esq. of Nantyr Hall, Denbighshire,
Recorder .of Chester, to Catherine Wigley,
daughter of Henry St. John, esq. of
Hornsey.

Philip. M‘Pherson, esq. of the 30th Reg.
to Caroline Maria, eldest daughter of E.
Barnette, esq. of New Bond-st

Geo. Albert Sheppard, esq. of Calcutta,
to Ellen, eldest daughter of Dr. Shearman,
of Northampton-sq.

At St. George the Martyr’s, Mr. Green
of Edward-st., Portman-sq., to Miss Man-
dery, of Broad-st., Golden-sq. h

Capt. Geo. St. John Gifford, to Miss
Tsabella Christie, of Hackney Wick.

The Hon. and Very Rey. the Dean of
Windsor, to Charlotte Selina, second daugh-
ter of Richard Moore, esq., of Hampton-
court-palace.

H. C. Standart, esq., of Taunton, to Eu-
phemia, eldest daughter of Maj.-Gen. Jobn
Murray, and niece to Rear Admiral Searle,
of Fairwater, near Taunton.

At Paris, Lieut.-Col. the Hon. James
Knox, son of Viscount Northland, to Mary
Louisa, eldest daughter of Edw. Taylor, of
Bifrons, and niece of Maj.-Gen. Sir Her-
bert Taylor.

William Luddington, esq. of Verulam-
buildings, Gray’s-inn, to Frances Elizabeth,
eldest daughter of E. Lee, esq. of the for-
mer place. ;

At Walthamstow, the Rev. John Bridges ©
Ottley, Fellow of Oriel-college, Oxford, to
Caroline, youngest daughter of ‘the late B.
Travers, esq. fee

J. Bateman, esq. of Oak-park, co. Kerry,
to Frances, youngest daughter of Nath.
Bland, esq. of Lower Berkeley-st. aie

e"

-1824.]
At Battersea, the Rey. John Bunter, of
Finchinfield, Essex, to Miss Wright, eldest
daughter of the late Benjamin Wright, esq.
of Clapham-common.

At Clapham, John Hooper, m.p. of Bun-
tingford, Herts, to Frances, only daughter
of the late J. Grenside, esq. of Mark-lane.

At West Hackney Church, by the Rey.
Geo. Parroisien, Mr. Charles Horncastle,
of Southampton-st., Camberwell, to Julia
Augusta, youngest daughter of the late
George Burge, esq. of Clapton-terrace.

Charles Smith, esq. of Merton Abbey, to
Elizabeth, eldest daughter of the late Rey.
T. Lancaster, of the Parsonage, Merten,
Surrey.

At Christ-church, Surrey, Jos. Maynard,
esq., to Letitia, second daughter of the late
Gilbert Handersyde, esq. of Great Surry-
street. r :

Mr. G. E. Cooke, of Hammersmith, to
Eliza, only daughter of R. Crozier, esq. of
Bulls Land, Hertfordshire.

DIED.

Sir Christopher Puller, Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court of Calcutta, of the cholera
morbus.

Sir W. Franklin, one of the Judges of the
Court of Madras.

In Hill-st. Viscountess Templetow:i.

At Ludlam-hall, Suffolk, in child-bed,
the Lady Sophia Macdonald, wife of James
Macdonald, esq. M.P.

At Blackheath, aged 49, John Mortimer,
esq.— Elizabeth, wife of J. Nelthorpe, esq. of
Temple-place, Surrey.x—At Upper Hollo-
way, aged 71, Mr. Francis Fowler.—At
Camberwell, aged 78, John Stunt, esq.—Mr.
Edward Dowbiggen, of Mount-st., Grosve-
nor-sq., aged 26.—In Bentinck-st., Man-
chester-sq., aged 43, Margaret, the wife of
Mr. H. Clark.

J. Newman, esq. late of the firm of Rams-
bottom, Newman, and Co. bankers, Lom-
bard-st.

The Rev. John Whitehouse, formerly of
St. John’s College, Cambridge, Rector of
Orlingbury, Northamptonshire, and Chap-
lain to the Duke of York.

Aged 72, the Rev. W. B. Crathern, late
of Ledham, Essex. ;

At Ludgate-hill, aged 66, Mr. Robert
Blades. _

Aged 74, the Rev Thomas Roberts, Vicar
of Tottenham, and Rector of St. Peter’s,
Cornhill.

J. Morgan, esq. M.D. late of Lambeth-
terrace, aged 67.

Wm. Dillwyn, esq. Higham-lodge, Wal-
thamstow, aged 81.

At Blackheath, Henry Goodwyn, esq.
aged 79.

At Clapham, aged 47, Dr. John Bunnell
Davis.

In Weymouth-st., Caroline Jane, eldest
daughter of the late Beeston Long, esq.

At St. John’s Wood, aged 95, the Rev.
Gilbert Parke, Chaplain to his Majesty.

Harriet, youngest daughter of the late
Maj.-Gen. Coote Manningham, aged 18,

Ecclesiastical Promotions.

“375

In Gerrard-st., Soho, aged 72, Zdward
Johnson, esq. Comptroller of the Two-penny
Post-ottice for 46 years.

Jolin Morgan, esq. M.D, late of Lambeth-
terrace, aged 67. }

At Manor-street, Chelsea, Mrs. Eleanor
Greene Skutt.

Lord Charles Murray, son of the Duke of
Athol, at Gastouini.

In Upper Charlotte-st,, Fitzoy-sq., Mrs.
Fryer, wite of Dr. Fryer. :

At Headly-grove, Surrey, William Ritchie,
esq. aged 75.

At his house, Perry-hill, Sydenham,
Kent, Bury Huichinson, Esg. of Blooms-
bury-sq., aged 73.

ECCLESIASTICAL PROMOTIONS.

Rey. J. Still, 11.p. to the Prebendary
of. Stratten, in the Cathedral of Salisbury.

Rey. A. A. Daubeny, a.m. to be one of
His Royal Highness the Duke of Clarence’s
Domestic Chaplains.

Rey. W. J. Goodden, B.a. to the rectory
of Nether Compton, with the rectory of
Over Compton, annexed.— Dorset.

Rey. M.. Hare, to the vicarage of Lid-
dington, Wilts.

Rey. Bennett Mitchell, z.p. to the vicar-
age of Winsford.

Rey. J. Toplis, B.p. to the rectory of
South Walsh St. Lawrence, Norfolk.

Rey. J. C. Matchett, M.a. appointed to
a Minor Canon of Norwich Cathedral, also
to the rectory of St. Augustine, and the
curacy of St. Mary, Norwich.

Rev. E. Thurlow, L1.n. to the rectory
of Langham, St. Mary, Suffolk.

Rev. Wm. French, p.p. to the vicarage
of Creetingham, Suffolk.

Rey. T. Brown, to the rectory of He-
mingston, Suffolk.

Rev. Wm. Fortesque, LL.B. tothe rec-
tory of Nymet Saint George.

Rey. F. W. Miller, to the living of
George Town. Hh

Rev. J. Badeley, to the vicarage of
Blewberry, Berks.

Rey. T. Smith, to the perpetual cpracy
of Bamburgh, near Horncastle.

Rev. J. Merewether, to be one of the
Duchess of Clarence’s Domestic Chaplains.

Rey. C. H. Hodgson, M.a. tothe iitabage
of Keynton St. Michael, Wilts.

Rey. H. Cholmely, M. a. to the rectory of
Hemstead, with Lessingham, Norfolk.

Rey. R. Todd, to be Domestio Chaplain
to Lord Palmerston. :

Rey. G. Musgrave, M.a. has been nomi-
nated Assistant-Minjster to the New Dis-
trict Church of All Souls’, St. Mary-le-
bone.

Rey. W. Villers, M.A is appointed Mi-
nister of the New Chapel of Kiddermin-
ster.

Rey. Spencer Madan, M.A. to the vicarage
of Batheaston, Somersetshire. ~

Rey T. Dyer, M.A, has been appointed
Domestic Chaplain to Lord Teynham.

Rey. J, Lewis, M.A, to hold by dispen-

sation;

376

sation the rectory of Rivenhall, with the
rectory of Ingatestone, and the perpetual
curacy of Buttersburg, annexed.

Rey. J. Manchester, to the lectureship
of Selby.

Rev. Cranby L. Kerby, 11.2. by dis-
pensation, to hold one of the portions of
Bampton, with the rectory Talmer in
Oxford. :

Northumberland and Durham—WNorfotk.

(Noy. 1,

Rey. J. H. Seymour, B.A. to the yicar-
age of Horley-cum-Homton, Oxfordshire.

Rey. J. A. Park has been appointed
Domestic Chaplain to the Hon. Mr. Jus-
tice Park.

Rey. J. Hoste, M.a. to the perpetual
curacy of Windling, Norfolk.

Rey. Dr. Ingram, to the rectory of Gar-
sington.

PROVINCIAL - OCCURRENCES,

WITH ALL THE MARRIAGES AND DEATHS;
Furnishing the Domestic and Family History of England for thé last Twenty-seven Years.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM.
HE corporation of Newcastle have
voted a second subscription of 105l.
towards the building for the Literary and
Philosophical Society.

A mineral spring, which resembles, but is
considered stronger than Harrowgate water,
has been lately discovered near Whitby.

The tolls of the iron bridge at Sunderland
were lately let for the sum of 2,710/. per
annum, being upwards of 500/..a-year more
than they had previously been let for.

Marvied.| At Newcastle upon Tyne, on
the 11th, Mr. R, Usher, to Miss dakksons of
Low Kiswick.

At Darlington, Mr. C, Brown, to F. J.
Hind.

At Berwick, Mr. M. Mather, jun., to Miss
S. Marshall.

Died.| At Seaton Carew, 74, T. Back-
house, esq. of West Lodge, near Darlington.

At Darlington, the wife of J. Pease, esq.,
one of the Society of Friends.

CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND.

Married.| At Carlisle, Mr. J. Graham, to
Miss C. Calvert, both of this place.—J.
Blacklock, to Mary Cragg.—Mr. W. Col-
quhoun, to Sarah, daughter of Mr. Whar-
ton.—Mr. R. Imrie, to Jane, eldest daughter
of Mr. J. Shylan, Newton Stewart.—Mr. J.
Hodgson, to Sarah, eldest daughter of Mr.
J. Carruthers, English-str.—Mr. E. James,
to Miss M. Brown, of Kirkhampton.—W.
P. Blakey, esq.; to Alice, eldest daughter of
J.B. Hardisty, esq. of Myrtle Grove, near
Keswick.

At Penrith, Mr. J. Gibson, to Miss A.
Hodgson.—Mr. R.. Monkhouse, to Mrs. H.
Hopes.

At Dissington, Mr. J. Thompson, to
Miss M. A. Addison.

At Wetheral Shields, Mr. C. Slater, to
Miss Robinson.—Mr. J. Bell, of Nook,
Irthington, to Nancy, daughter of Mr. J.
Boustead, of Beanlands.

At Gretna,- E. §. Wardley, to M.
M‘Greevy.—Mr. E. Hewertson, of Strick-
land Ketel, to Miss D. Bowsher, of. Kendal,
—Mr. J. Wilkinson, to Miss M. Clarke.—
Mr. J. Swanwaller, to Miss J. Kendall, of
Broughton.—Mr.. S.. Irving, to Miss E,
Sword ; both of Longtown.

Died. ] At Whitehaven, 32, Miss. S.
ena ee one of the Society of Relends.
—87 Mrs, M : Bowman.

At Carlisle, 77, Mr. M. -Johnstone,
Annetwell-street. —71, Mr. B. Holmes,
English-street.—27, Mr. T. Cron.

At Threlkeld, 88, Mrs. M. Bell, wi-
dow.
At Kendal, 77, Mrs. S, Postlethwaite.—

26, Agnes, wife of J. King.—78, Dorothy,
wife of Mr. J. Garnett.

At Kingmoor, 69, Susannah, wife of
Mr. J. Mitchinson.

At Linstock, 77, Mr. H. Bishoprigg.

At Penrith, 72, Mr. N. Routledge.

At Melkinthorpe, 86, Mr. T, Laycock.

At Maryport, 58, Mr. J. Whiteside.—
Mr. J. Selkirk.

At Seaton-hall, Bootle, 39, Mr. T, Wood.

At Swinside, 30, Mrs. E. Burnyeat.

At Rourah, in Lamplugh, 36, Mr, W.
Kitchen.

At Whitehaven, 65, Mr. T. Stubbs,—48,
Jane, the wife of Mr. J. Wales.

At Kendal, 26, Agnes, wife of Mr. J.
King.—27, Miss 8. Cookson.—58, Mrs.
D. Taylor.—56, Miss A. Pedder.—72;
Mr. W.- Fisher.

At Wad-cragg, in Embleton, 68, Mr. J,
Rothery.— Hannah, second daughter of Mr,
J. Bowman, of Bramery.

YORKSHIRE, }

It is reported that the. Duke of Devon-
shire bas it in contemplation to build a
magnificent mansion at Londesborough, near
Market-Weighton, in this county.

The commissioners of the parish of Myton,
in the town of Hull, have contracted with
the British Gas-light Company to light. with
coal-gas for twenty-one years,

The authorities of Sculcoates have con-

tracted with the same company, to light
that parish with coal-gas for fourteen
years.
Married.] At Wath, the Rev. T. Com-
meline, of Miserden, Gloucestershire, to
Anne Frances, second daughter of the Rev.
B. Newton, rector of Wath.

At Halifax, Mr. D. Farrar, 90, who had
been a disconsolate widower seven weeks, to
Mrs. Machel, of Batley, a blooming widow
of 25, after a tedious courtship of one hour
and fifty-nine minutes. .

pk Aged 54, the lady of Sir Ht
Lawson, of Brough-hall, York, bart., and
daughter of the late H. Fermor, esq.

At Wentworth Castle, 68, Mrs. Vernon,
widow of the late H, Vernon, esq. of Hilton,

Staffordshire, _

1824.)
Staffordshire, and of Wentworth Castle, in
Yorkshire.

At Harrowgate, Major H. Bishop, Ist
Provisional Battalion, late of the 64th regt.
._ At Easingwold, 70, Mrs. Miller of
Whitby.

Mr. Sadler, jun., the aeronaut, was killed
on the 5th of October, by an accident in the
descent of his balloon near Blackburn. The
balloon drove against a tree, and Mr. Sadler
was thrown out of the car at a height of
about thirty yards. His skull was frac-
tured, and several of his ribs were broken.
The servant who accompanied him was much
hurt, and had his arm fractured. The bal-
loon was some days afterwards picked up at
‘sea.

LANCASHIRE.

The labourers engaged in excavating the
bed of Wallasey Pool, for the purpose of
making a wet dock, have lately discovered
several fine stags’ horns in the most perfect
state of preservation, which is surprising,
when we consider the length of time they
must necessarily have been buried. It is
probable, that what is now termed Wallasey
Pool was formerly part of ‘a wood or forest,
as in the neighbourhood the remains of large
trees are frequently found at different depths
below the surface, and also out of the ground.
These vegetable remains are of a very dark
colour ; some as black as coal, and so hard
that the farmers™ used them as gate-posts.
The horns were found nearly 30 feet below
the bed of the pool. It is stated that the
workmen have also discovered evident traces
of an ancient road having existed 20 or 30
feet below the bed of the Wallasey Pool.

A dreadful accident happened at a cotton
factory, near Oldfield-road, in Salford, Man-
chester,on' Thursday week.— Several hundreds
of persons were employed in the mill at the
time the iron beam which propped the floor
of the fifth story suddenly broke in two.
Every floor was broken througlr by the
weight, and machinery, iron, bricks, and
flags, all went in one congregated mass. It
is ascertained that 21 persons at least have
been killed, and about 13 or 14 badly
wounded. The individuals killed were prin-
cipally females.

Married.| At Everton, near Liverpool,
the Rey. J. Furnival, B. A. of Upton-upon-
Severn, to Jane, eldest daughter of C, Strand,
esq. of Liverpool. /,

Died.| At Liverpool, R. Gregson, the
Lancashire pugilist, known in the London
ring as the antagonist of Gulley.

At Manchester, 80, Mr. W. Carter.

At Elmgrove, 68, J. T. Swainson, esq.,
F.A. and LS.

At Toxteth-park, Mrs. Roscoe, wife of
W. Roscoe, esq.

At Holland-grove, 64, Jane, relict of J.
Hodson, esq. of Wigan. '

CHESHIRE.

ghee At Lymm, Mr, W. Bawker, to
Miss M. Choley.—Mr. W. Ashworth, of
Middlehan, to Miss Irlham of Lymm.

Montury Mac. No. 402.

Cheshire—Derbyshire—Nottinghanshire.

377.

Died.| Mr. T. Neild, of Oldham.—19
Mr. J. Oyden, of Oldham. —33, T. Hague,
of Stocks—At Congleton, 28, Thos., the
son of the Rev. W. Greenwood, of Stathérn,
Leicestershire. — At Tarvin, the Rev. J.
Oldershaw, D.C.L., 27 years vicat of that
place, and a magistrate for Cheshire,—66,

‘Mrs. H. Gee, of Portwood.

DERBYSHIRE,

Married.| At Repton, Mr. T. Yates,
Postern-house, Staffordshire, to Miss M.
Measham, Brookend.—Mr. W. Wildgoose,
to Miss H. Smith, both of Matlock.

At Ockbrook, Mr. R. Dowman, to Letitia,
youngest daughter of Mr. J. Stead, Gom-
mersall, Yorkshire.

Died.| E. Evans, esq. of Yeldersey-house,
near Ashborne.—62, S. Bellott, esq.— Mr
F. Milner.—23, Miss S. Hill, of Ashborne.—
65, Mr. T. Staley, of Butterley-park.

At Spondon, 81, Mr. B. Williamson.—
17, H. Ford, Friargate—63, Mr. J. Alsopp.
—77, Mr. F. Redfern.

On 22d ult., at Allestry, 58, Mr. J. Wall.
—66, Catharine, wife of Mr. T. Cholerton,
joiner, Chaddesden. v .

At Belper, Mr. J. Monck.—Mr. W.
Land. —In Sudbury, 39, Mr. T. Bathew.

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE,

Matrimony, like every thing eise, flourishes
to a degree unprecedented in Nottingham.
On one Sunday ‘he names of 104 candidates
were published at St. Mary’s church! In
the short space of eight months one thousand
baptisms have been registered at the same
church.

Married.] Mr. J. Grantham, to Miss E.
Longshaw; Mr. E. Taylor, to Miss E. .
Shaw; Mr. J. Wilde, to Miss M. Wood;
Mr. J. Grantham, to Miss H. Hibbert;
Mr. S. Higginbottom, to Miss E. Berry;
Mr. R. Williams, to: Miss S. Wordley ;
Mr. W. Lee, to Miss H. Wood; Mr. G.
Poyzer, to Miss M. Smith; Mr. C. Smith,
to Miss M. Proctor; Mr. J. Parrot, to Miss
M.' Riley; Mr. J. Osborne, to Miss S.
Harvey; Mr. W. Holmes, to Miss E.
Gerves; Mr. G. Glew, to Miss A. Paling;
Mr. T. Screton, to Miss C. E. Porter ; Mr.
G. Lees, to Mrs. S. Coates; Mr. P. Timms,
to Miss A. Wesson; Mr.J. Dobbs, to Miss
S. Atkinson; Mr. T. Thatcher, to Miss A.
Cheetham; Mr. T. Wright, to Miss H.
Bishop; Mr. J. Brammer, to Miss: M.
Britton; Mr. J. P. Gaskin, to Miss M.
Abbott ; Mr. 8. Maul, to Miss K. Thomp-
son; Mr. G. Harston, to Miss C. Cade;
Mr. W. Wright, to Miss C. Brown; Mr.
J. Kingston, to Miss L. Edgar; Mr. E.
Dance, to Miss M. A. Jackson; Mr. T.
Cooper, to Miss J. M. Bamford; Mr. T.
Smith, to Miss A. Allcock; Mr. W. Fox,
to Miss M. Mellors; Mr. W. G. Daft, to
Miss E. Heywood; Mr. T, Hewardine, to
Miss S. Riley; Mr. S. Cropper, to Hannah,
daughter of Mr. Africanus; Mr. M. Warren,
to Miss M. Harris ; Mr. A. Martin, to Miss
8. Wright; Mr. G. Mather, to Miss H.
Saxelby; Mr. &. Hind, to Miss F', Neep

3c Mr

378.

Mr. W. Bishop, to Miss M. Hall; Mr. J.
Jackson, to Miss H. Fletcher; Mr. J. Free-
man, to Miss H. Alison; Mr. J. Hind, to
Miss E. Waine: all of Nottingham.”

_At Scrooby, near Bawtry, A. Gordon, esq.,
late of the 33d regt., to Henrietta, youngest

daughter of G. Spiller, esq., deputy com=
missioner general.—At Glenn Magna, H. F.

Coleinan, esq. of Leicester, to Eliza, young-
est daughter of G. Cooper, gent.— At St.
Margaret’s, Mr. G. Harrison, of Great
Oxendon, Northamptonshire, to Elizabeth,
daughter of W. Harris, gent., Leicester.—
Mr. Cardinal, to Catharine, youngest daugh-
ter of Mr. Hunt, both of Leicester.— At
Long Claxton, Leicestershire, W. Smith, of
Ingleby-hill, eldest son of Mr. Smith, of
Swarkstone Lowes, to Sarah Harriet, only
daughter of Mr. Briggs, of Alvaston, Der-
byshire.—At Mayfield, Mr. W. Hoon, Ash-
bourne, to Miss C. Jackson.— At Chester-
field, Mr. Warhurst, to Mrs. Kitchen.—
Mr. Booker, to Miss Clarke, of the Hagg,
Staveley. —Mr. W. Goodall, of Rodsley, to
}aiss M. Ratcliff.— At Rampton, Mr. Turner,
to Miss Levick, of the same place.—At
Sntton cum Lound, near East Retford, Mr.
R. Robinson, 70, to Miss E. Cobb, 19, both
of Lound.

Died.| At Nottingham, 19, Miss M. Bre-
ton.—78, Mr. W. Linney.—28, Mr. J.
Spatford.—15, Mary, daughter of Mr. J.
Mumby.— At Newark, 19, Mr. J. Cooper.—
At the same place, 72, Mrs. Harrison, of
Carleton-le-Mooreland.

LINCOLNSHIRE.

Marricd.| Marmaduke eldest son of W.
Graburn, esq., of Kingsforth-house, Bar-
ton, to Theresa Mary, eldest daughter of
J. M. Bromehead, esq.

At Martin, near Horncastle, Thos. Cal-
vert, eldestson of Mr. Beasley, of Thrus-
sington, to Sarah, youngest daughter of Mr.
Oldham, of Martin.

At Gainsboro’, Mr. Clayton to Mrs. Torr.

At Grimsby, Mr. J. Hume, of Hull, to
Miss Willerton, daughter of Mr. R. Wil-
lerton, of Hamburgh.

At Grantham, Mr. R. Seaman, of Spittle-
gate, to Mrs. M. Smith, of the former place.
Although barely in the prime of life, this is
the third time the gay bride has been led to
the hymenea! altar,

At Dyke, near Bourn, Mr. J. Beusley,
of Thorpe, near Melton, to Mrs. Brittain.

At Swineshead, Mr. J. Sleight to Miss
Watson.

Died.| Rev. S. White, D.C.L. ,75, vicar
of Lenton, Lincolnshire, and rector of Co-
nington, Huntingdonshire. — At Stamford,
6¢, Mr. J. Lumly, sen —At Ketton, Mr.
B. Oliver.—Mr. R. Lockwood, jun.. of Ay-
ston, near Uppingham, son of Mr. W.
Lockwood, of Wing. 59, Ann, wife of Mr.
T. Giles, of Penkirk.—At Grantham, Mr.

TT. Wilson—Mr. C. Smalley, late of Gran-
thaw, 28.—At Portsmouth, $6, Edward,
son of Mr. Botterill.—50, Mrs, Hose, wife
of Mr. Hose, of Donington.—Mrs. Coul-
sen, wife of Mr. Coulson, of Sutton St.

Lincolnshire, Leicester and Rutland, Staffordshire, &c.

[Nov. I,

James.—At Barton upon Humber, Mr.
Whitehead. —86, Mr. C. Epworth, of Grims-
by.—53, Mr. R. Brocklesby, of Grimsbys
24, Miss E. Nevil.—At Hull. 23, Sarah
,second daughter of Mr. B. Dunn, of Holm-
by.—Mrs. Rawson, wife of Mr. Rawson,
of Wheatholms, South Clifton, Notts.—
Mrs. F. Balgay, sister of J. Balgay, esq.,
of Duffield.

At Wainfleet, All Saints, Mr. W. Comins.
_ At Langton, near Spilsby, Mr. G. Has-
tings.

At Alford, Miss A. Goose.

At Belleau, near Alford, 57, Mr. T.
Mackinder.

At Middle Rasen, 96, Mr. Darnill, —
Mrs. A. Duckle.

LEICESTER AND RUTLAND.

Married.| At Ashby-de-la Zouch. Mr. C.
Hill, to Mrs. E. Storer—Mr. W. ‘Cope, to
Miss C. Terry.— Mr. E. Dewsbury, to Miss
M. Fox.—Mr. J. May, to Miss S. Harvey ;
Mr. J. Haslam, to Miss M. Rose; Mr. G.
Kirk, to Miss H. Ingham; Mr. J. Slater,
to Miss S. Wood ; Mr. J. N. Holbrook, to
Miss A. Burton; Mr. T. Chapel, to Miss
S. Murden; Mr. G. Thompson, to Miss A.
Orme —Mr. J. Frost, to Miss S. Cheetham ;
Mr. W. Gilbert, to Miss M. A. Wild.

At Shenton, Mr. J. Whyatt, jun., to Miss
S. Brummitt.—Mr. J. D. Smith, to Miss A.
Palmer, of New Shenton.—Mr. G. Smith,
to Miss Talbot.—Mr. R. Robinson, 70, to
Miss E. Cobb, aged 19.

At Rampton, Mr. ‘Turner, to Miss Levick.

At Hinckley, Mr. J. Glover, to Miss H.
Scotton.

Died.| Mr. W. Whetstone, 59, Northgate-
street, Leicester.— Eliza, wife of J. Ryley,
gent.—70, Mrs, Brewitt, wife of Mr. W.
G. Brewitt.

At Sheepshead, H. West, 33. This poor
man had been without sustenance for six
weeks and four days; that is, from Monday,
Aug. 9, to the day of his death, except that
on the 27th and 28th of Aug., the vicars of
the parish prevailed on him to take some
food; and he also took a little from a lady
who visited him on those days, but the quan-
tity altogether was so small, that it would
not have fed an infant for one meal! He
did not speak before he died, and he had
altogether been almost eight months without
once uttering a word! and he had not had
an evacuation for nearly :six weeks! The
cause of poor West’s indisposition is not
known; he was always considered a harm-
less inoffensive man, but inclined to be of a
melancholy cast of mind. He-was interred
on Sunday in the parish church, attended by
a large concourse of spectators. ;

At Ashby Parva, Leicestershire, Mr. Dand.

STAFFORDSHIRE, :
‘ Died.] L. Clutterbuck, esq.; of the Ford-
house, H. M.’s deputy-lieutenant for that
county.—At Dennis, 88, T, Hill, esq.

WARWICKSHIRE. .

A public meeting of the Catholics of the
midland counties was lately held at Birming-

2

1924.]

ham, for the purpose of forn+ing an Associa-
t'on in connection with’that in town. ‘The
substance of the resolutions was to approve
of the British Catholic Association, arid to
protest against the taking any oath, making
any declaration, or submitting to any ar-
rangement that may in the remotest degrce
affect the free exercise of their religion; but
at the same time they held themselves ready
to take any oath that might be approved of
bytheir ecclesiastical superiors.

The projectors of the Liverpool and Bir-
mingham Rail-road state; in their prospectus,
that “ the line of the projected rail-way is in-
tended to pass from Birmingham through the
centre of the Staffordshire colleries and iron-
works, close to Wolverhampton, from thence
to Newport, to Turnhill, to the west of Nant-
wich, near Chester, and from thence to the
river Mersey. - There. will be branch roads
to Dudley and Stourbridge, to the Shropshire
canal and iron-works, and to the Staffordshire
potteries and Chester.

Married.) At Stratford-upon-Avon, the
Rey. J. Peglar, M.A., to Harriet, the only
daughter of the Rev. J. Davenport, D.D.,
vicar of that ‘place.

Died.] Susanna, 72, the wife of Sir R.
Peel, bt. She expired 2t the house of her
nephew, Edw. Willis, esq.— Nathaniel Ar-
thur, third son of Nath. Wathen. esq., of
Stroud.

SHROPSHIRE,

Married.| At Haughton, Mr. G. Bar-
per, to Miss M, Abbotts, both of that village.
The bridezroom’s mother, who was violently
opposed to the match, attended the cere-
mony, and by her furious conduct interrupt.
ed the proceedings, until the churchwardens
antl overseers interposed, and restrained her
warmth ,by binding her with handcuffs.

At Kinver, W. Dunn, esq., of Worces-
ter, to Elizabeth Hammond, daughter of
the late J. H. Sinith, esq.

WORCESTERSHIRE.

A permanent subscription library has been
lately established at Stourport ; it has met
with the best success, and bids fair to be
of lasting advantage to the town and neigh-
bourhood.

The following account shews the receipts
for tickets, and the number of persons who
attended: the Worcester Musical Meeting.
—Amount of the collections at the Cathe-
dral, forthe charity, were £828. 11s. 11}d.,
exceeding by about £3, the sum collected
in 1821,—The receipts for the tickets for
the three days were £2,957. 10s. 6/., ex-
ceeding by nearly £700. those of 1821.

Married.) At Evesham, C. R. Pole, esq.,
of Harley-street, London, to Anne Eliza,
daughter of E: Rudge, esq:, of Ab-
bey Manor-house.—Mr. J. W. Roberts, of
Kidderminster, to Miss J. Parkes, of Wor-
cester-street, Birmingham. ‘
- Died.) Edwin, 7, the eldest son of - Mr.
E. Allies, of Westbury.— 74. 'T. Webb,
esq., of Kitwell-house, near Hales Owen.—
W.. Powell, esq, clerk of the peace, and

Shropshire—Worcestershire—Herefordshire, &c.

379

one of the treasurers of the county of
Brecon —At Kingston, 83, Benj. Thomas,
esa., M.D.

At Worcester, 74, Mr. C. Yarnold; of
this city.—Mary, 35, the wife of Mr. T.
Sanders, of this city—Mrs. S, Page, 75,
of Harvington.

HEREFORDSHIRE.

Married.| At Leominster, Mr. W. New-
man, to Elizabeth, second daughter of the
late J. Tudor, esq.— Mr. J. Evans, to Miss
L. Watkins. —Mr. J. Davis, of Mudley, to
Miss M. Cock, of Abbeydon.= Mr. J.
Vaughan, to Miss H. H. Hill.

At Woolhope, Mr. Pritchard, to Miss
C. Howell. :

Died.| My. Saunders, 83, formerly of the
Round-hill, Spetchley, in this county.—
Mr. W. Ward, 35.—Mary, third daughter
of the late Mr. J. Taylor, of Tillingtou.—
Mr. W. Garston, of Hereford.

GLOUCESTERSHIRE AND MONMOUTH.

In the ancient church of the adjoining
parish of Westbury-upon-Trym, a new
organ, built by subscription, by Mr. Smith
of Bristol, has just been erected. The vene-
rable church of Westbury was anciently a
collegiate one, in which, in centuries long
since departed, Wickliffe held preferment, and
of which the great Canynge of St. Mary
Redcliffe was Dean.

Married] Mr. G. Long, to Miss Mat-
thews ; botb of Hucclecote.— At Sandhurst,
T. W. Workman, of Stroud, to Miss E.
Smallcoinbe.—Mr, T. Cheatle, of Burford,
to Ann Elizabeth, eldest daughter of H. J.
North, esq. of Woodstock.—At Chipping
Sodbury, the Rev. D. Jones, Brecon, to
Miss Katharine Veel, of Alkerstone-house,—
Mr. T. Portrage, to Mrs. Summers, late of
Berkeley.—S. Gruttanelli, Professor of Me-
dicine in the Imperial University of Siena,
to Mary Ann, daughter of the late L. Rowe,
esq. of Brentford, and niece of the Rev. J.
Rowe, of Bristol.—At Liverpool, Mr. E.
Davies, to Miss M. Hulme, of Bristol.—
Mr. H. K. Whithorn, of Tewkesbury, to
Miss S. Boughton, of Westbury-on-Severn.
—Mr. J. Jones, jun, of Skethrog, Brecon.
sbire, to Miss ©. Wilkins, of Swansea,—At
Usk, Mr. W. Powell. son of the Rev. Mr.
Powell of Monmouth, to M: S., third
daughter of Mr. T. L. Barron of Usk —
Mr. Byers, to Miss Vick.—At Westbury-
upon-Trim, Mr. W. Nation, to Miss Sheriff,
of Kingsdown.—Mr. J. Fowler, of Pens-
ford, to Miss Carter, of the same place.—
Mr. J. Carter, to Miss Fowler, of Pens-
ford. : :

Died.| At Mr, Freame’s, 53, Mrs. E. “J.
Dayis.—At Kingsholm Cottage, the infant
daughter of the Rev. H. C. H. Hawkins. —
24,’ Elizabeth, wife of J. Ballinger, esq. of
Chalford.— At Mitcheldean, George, eldest
son of the Rev. G. Chapman, and grandson
of the late G- Chapman, esq., alderman of
Bath.—At Usk, 74, Mr. 'T. Morgan.—
Mrs. Mumford, wife of Mr. W. Mumford,
of Kemerton, near Tewkesbary.—74, Mrs.

3C 2 Higgins

380

esq. of Merridale-house.— At Ironbridge-
house, Chester, the Rev. J. Vialls, minister
of the Unitarian chapel in Bristol,—Mr. J.
Jefferyes, son of the late Rev. Mr. Jefferyes,
many years vicar of Castle and Birtsmorton,
in the county of Worcester.— Wm. Edward,
infant son of Mr. E. Turner, of Barton-
terrace, . Gloucester.—At Cainscross, 22,
Mary Ann, eldest daughter of the late Mr.
J. Saunders, Stroud.—61, Mrs. A. Jones, of
Newent.—55, Mr. R. Meaby, of the Old
Park.—Jane, youngest daughter of Mr. J.
Allies, of Bristol—At Chipping Sodbury,
34, Mr. S. S. White.—At Orleans, 24,
Sarah, the beloved wife of J. W. Walters,
esq. of Barnwood-house.
OXFORDSHIRE.

A short time since, part of a Roman villa

was opened at Wiggenton, in a field belong-
ing to George Webb, esq. of Broughton
Castle, when a room 20 feet long and 14
wide, was completely uncovered, and a great
portion of the tessellated pavement was found
neatly perfect. There are other remains
scattered over a considerable extent, which
have not yet been examined.
_ Married.| At Brightnell, J. B. Parry,
esq. of Lincoln’s Inn, to Miss A. Fane,
daughter of J. Fane, esq., M.P. for the
county.—At Wendlebury, the Rey. C. W.
Stocker, M.A., Fellow of St. John’s Col-
lege, to Frances Anna, second daughter of
the Rev. G. Dupuis, rector of Wendlebury.
—At Somerton, W. W. Hewett, M.D.,
fourth son of W. N. W. Hewett, esq., to
Snsan Moore, second daughter of the Rev.
Dr. Braddy, Chaplain in Ordinary to His
Majesty, and Rector of Somerton, Hartest
eum Boxted, and Stansfield, in the county
of Suffolk.—At Banbury, A. Peyton, esq.
of Birmingham, to Elizabeth, youngest
daughter of 'F. Cobb, esq. of Banbury.—
Mr. G. Heard, to Miss Barrett.— At Stone-
house chapel, Lieut. P. Morris, r.n., to
Miss Wilson, of Union-street.

Died.| At Broughton-castle, Mrs. Wheat-
ly, widow of the late J, Wheatly, esq.—
32, Elizabeth, third daughter of the late Mr.
T. Simmons, of St. Giles’s, Oxford.—84,
Mr. T. Martin, of Littlemore.— At Bicester,
46, Mrs. M. Jennings, wife of Mr. T. Jen-
nings.—53, Mr. W.. Foster—At Banbury,
Mrs. King, sen., mother to the late J. King,
esq. of Wickham Park,—Elizabeth, wife of
Mr. M. Merrick, of Devizes. —E. Payne,
esq. of Thame.—72, Mr. J. Port, of King-
ston Blount.—41, Elizabeth, wife of Mr.
G. Benham.—Mr. C. G. Jerram, Fellow of
Wadham College, Oxford, and son of the
Rey. C. Jerram, vicar of Chobham. ~

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE AND BERKSHIRE.

Married.] At Ardington, Berks, Mr. J.
Reeves, of Ginge, to Miss M. Whitehorn,
of Ardington Wick.—At Radcliffe, Bucks,
Mr. E. Lines, of Hillesden, to Miss Smith,
of Chackmore.

_ Died. 62, Mr. W. Compton, of Bury
Farm, Great Missenden.—At Aylesbury,

Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire and Berkshire, &c.
Higgins.— At Cheltenham, T. B. Herrick,,

[Nov. }

Mrs. Chitty, wicow of the Rev. G. Chitty.—

At ‘Thornton-hall, the seat of Sir-T’. Shep-
pard, the Rev. Mr. Turnor, father of Lady
Sheppard.—68, Mr. F. Goode, grocer,—’
71, Sophia Maria, relict of J. M. Parratt,
esq., late of Maidenhead.— At Brentford,
84, G. Burche :t,esq.—At Windsor, Sir F.
H.Bathurs —Av Hendred, Berks, 66, Mrs.
T. Metcalfe.

HEREFORDSHIRE AND BEDFORDSHIRE.

A lad named Thomas, aged 16, residing
with his mother at Watford, requested her to
let him have his best clothes to go toa party,
which she refused, when he seized a carving-
knife from the kitehen dresser, and cut his
throat so as to Sever the windpipe. Surgicat
assistance was instantly procured, and the
wound sewed up, but the rash youth still’
continues in a very alarming state.

A fire at Stevenage on the 2I'st ult. burnt
five houses to the ground.

Herts Savings Bank. — Sept. 18.—Cash
received, 180,254/. 16s. Gd.; returned to:
depositors, 56,6387. 185. 4d.; invested in
the Bank, 103,377/. 5s. 10d.; in hand,
2381. 12s. 4d.

Married.| At Meppershall, J. Kane, m.v.
of Winchester, to Barbara, eldest’ daughter
of the late T. Poynter, of the manor-house,
Meppershall.— At St. Jehn’s church, Bed-
ford, Capt. Brown, to Frances, younger
daughter of J. M. Sharpe, esq., of the island’
of Grenada.— At Rickmansworth, W. Wells,
esq., to Ann, eldest daughter of R. Pinder,
esq.

Died.| At Ware, Sarah, relict of the late
N. Humfrey, esq.—At Bishop Stortford,
Sarah, the wife of W. Woodham, esq.

NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

Married.| A. Robertson, m.p., of North-
ampton, to Lucy, only daughter of the late
S. Pell, esq. of Sywel-hall. ‘

Died.| 67, the Rev. R. Blayney, preben-
dary of Sarum, and rector of Pitsford, near
Northampton.

CAMBRIDGE AND HUNTINGDONSHIRES,

Married.| At Brampton, Mr. Dent, land-
steward to Lady O. Sparrow, to Miss Hat-
chett, of that place:—Mr: J: Beale, of St.
Ive’s, to Miss M. Chapman, of Hatfield,
Herts.

NORFOLK,

- In the town of Yarmouth, in Norfolk,
herrings are sold annually to the amount of
40,0001. sterling; but what is still more
extraordinary, shrimps are sent from thence
to London, which produce to the fishermen
8000/. per annum.

The disbursements at the Musieal Festival’
for the benefit of the Norwich Hospital, are
estimated at about 4000/., and the receipts
at nearly 7000/:— 13,087 persons were
present.

Married.| At Letheringsett, Mr. J. Kerry,
of Stoke Holy Cross, to Ann, youngest
daughter of the late Mr. J. Caythorpe, of
Holt. — E. Cooper, esq. of Dereham, to
Harriet, eldest daughter of T. Smyth, esq.

Died.| At Drinkston, 67, the Rev. H:

Patterson,

1824.]

Patteson, rector of Drinkston and Wortham,
and a magistrate of. the Bury Division —
67, the Rev. R. Hall, rector of Ellingham
and Garvestone.— At Gunton-hall, the
Right Hon. Lady Suffield — At Barwick-
house, 71, W. Hoste, esq.— At Happesburg,
Mr. T. Neck, of Camden-street, Camden-
town.—19, Mathias, son of J. Kerrison, esq.
of Wood Bastwick.—In London, Marianne,
wife of Mr. B. Mathews.—24, John Joseph,
eldest son of the Rey. J. Cubitt, of South-
repps.—21, Mr. G. Howes.—Mr. Scott, St.
George’s Plain.— At Wreningham, 35, Mrs.
E. Leeder.—58, Mr. W. Rose.
SUFFOLK.

Married.| At Semer, Allen Maclean, esq.
physician, of Colchester, to Jane, second
daughter of the Rev. C, Cooke.

Died:| At Drinkstou, 67, the Rev. H.
Paterson, rector of Drinkston and Wortham.
—At Hitcham rectory, Elizabeth, relict of
the late D. Webster, esq.

ESSEX.

Married.| At Walthamstow, the Rev. J.
B. Ottley, Fellow of O. Coll., Oxford, to
Caroline, youngest daughter of the late B.
Travers, esq.—At Dedham, G. Round, esq.
of Lexden, to Margaret, daughter of the late
Major-Gen. Borthwick, of Shooter’s-hill,
Kent.—Mr. R. Marsingale, of Writtle, to
Miss S. Fitch, daughter of the late Mr.
Fitch, of More-hall.—At Colchester, Mr.
W. Cattermole, to Miss Charlotte, eldest
daughter of the late G. Rayner. esq.

Died.| 29, Walter, son of the late Rev.
W. H. Reynell, vicar of Hornehurch.—
At Wall Bury, 45, Amelia, wife of J.
Grove, esq.—Mrs. Whinyates, wife of Mr.
Whinyates, Halsted.—T. Leverton, esq.,
one of His Majesty’s Justices of the Peace
for the counties of Surrey, Kent, and Mid-
dlesex, and city of Westminster.— At Stan-
stead, 55, G. Welch, esq.—At Colchester,
80, Lady Marsh, relict of Sir C. Marsh, of
Reading.

KENT.

Married.| At’Chatham, Mr. C. Amos, to
Miss E. Collens.—Mr. B. Satchell, to Miss
M. Ring.— At Graveney, Mr. J. Avary, to
Miss Holtum of Sturry.—At Greenwich,
J. Preston, esq. of Greenwich, to Mary
Ann, daughter of Mr. S. Field, Borough.—
Mr. W. A. Williamson, to Miss E. Winter.
—At Horstead church, the Rev. J. Barlow,
to Cecilia Anne, youngest daughter of E.
Law, esq. of Horsted Place,» Sussex.—At
St. Nicholas church, Mr. J. Boys, of Down
Barton, to Mary, eldest daughter of Mr. J.
Cull, of Ramsgate.—At St. Mary’s church,
Dover, Mr. J. Burvill, to Miss A. Finis —
Mr. J. Russell, to Miss M. Parks.—Mr. T.
Wrotten, to Miss S. Holmes.— Mr. W,
Cotterell, to Miss M. Hudson.—At Folke-
stone, Mr. W. Hart, to Miss S. Boxer.—
At Chatham, Mr. Fullager, of Brompton,
to Miss Summers, of Chelmsford. — At
Preston, Mr. J. Tonge, to Miss Beck, both
of Preston.—At Folkestone, Mr. M. Tay-
lor, to Miss M, Collen,

Suffolkh— Essex — K ent-—Sussex— Hampshire.

‘

381

Died.| At Sutton Valence, Kent, 48,
Mrs. C. Stevenson, late of MKentish-town,
relict of Mr. T. Stevenson, of Maidstone.—
At Ramsgate, 68, the Rev. J. Whitehouse,
formerly of St. Jolin’s College, Cambridge,
rector of Orlinbury, Northamptonshire, and
chaplain to the Duke of Yerk.—At Mar-
gate, 77, Mr. Webster.—At Elham, 94, Mr.
J. Hayward.—At Dover, 90, Elizabeth,
widow of the late Mr. J. Harvey.—At
Dover, Miss Divers, daughter of Mr: Divers.
—At Whitstable, 38, the wife of Mr. Hum-
phrey.—At Dover, 37, Mr, E. Tomlin.—
At Lenham, 65, Mr, Luscock.~-At Egerton,
Mrs. Epps, of Lenham.—In London, Mrs,
Wood; ‘relict of the late Mr. S. Wood, of
Canterbury.—At Copperhurst, 99, Mr. H.
Tilbe.—At Graves, Mr. Colden.—At Can-
terbury, 19, John, eldest son of Mr. Bate-
man,—85, Mrs. A. Hooper, Ramsgate.—
65, Mr. J. Letchford, of Maidstone—At
Hearne, 61, Mr. Whiddett.—56, Mr. Slo-
man, sen., of Maidstone-—Mr. A. Marsh,
of Chatham.— On the Dane, John-field,
Dr. Jacques.—At Folkestone, 66, Mrs. F.
Baker, widow.—In St. Paul’s, Canterbury,
68, Mr. J. Mathews.—In Wincheap, Can-
terbury, 28, Mrs. C. White.—At Van Die-
man’s Land, Mr. R. Watson, of Faversham.
—In London, at an advanced age, Mrs.
Loftie, relict cf W. Loftie, esq.

SUSSEX. .

Married.| At Brighton, J. R. Mayo,-esq.
of Yeovil, to Miss P. W. Randall, of. the
former place —At Horstead, the Rev. J.
Barlow, of Hatherton, Devon, to Cecilia
Anne, youngest daughter of E. Law, esq.
of Horstead-place.—At Brighton, R. Brut-~
ton, esq. of Old Broad-st., to Ann, eldest
daughter of J. Merceron, of Bethnal-green.

Died.| At Winchelsea, 75, E. Dawes, esq,
—12, Laura, second daughter of Mr. Jolliffe,
of Crewkerne.— At Chichester, Capt. M‘Iver,
of the 98th regt.—At Petworth, 82,
Russell, gent., who cut his throat when in.
a fit of derangement.

HAMPSHIRE.

A magnificent present has been made to
the parish church of All Saints, Southamp-
ton, by W. Chamberlayne, esq., one of the
representatives of the town, of a picture
representing the raising of the daughter of
Jairus :—its value is £700.

Married.| On the 30th ult., at Holy
Rood Church, T. W. Burk, esq., of Ware=
ham, Dorset, to Harriet, eldest daughter of

Mr. J. Lomer, merchant, of Southampton.

At North Stoneham, Mr. M. Fowler’, of
Southampton, to Sarah Ann, eldest daugh-
ter of Mr. King, Swathling.

At Winchester, J. Kane, m.p., to Bar-
bara eldest daughter of the late T. Poynter;
esq., of the Manor-house, Meppershall,
Bedfordshire.

At Kingston, W. E. Gowland, esq., of
the Excise Office, London, to Eliz. Har-
riet, daughter of W. Jenkins, esq., of. the
Navy Pay-office, Portsmouth:

382

Died.| At Lee, near Romsey, 56, Mary,
the lady of the Rev. N. Fletcher.

At’ Sumper-house, 74, Hants, B. Bul-
lock, .esq.

At Farnham, Hants., Mrs. S. Smith.

At Wherwell Priory, Hants, 2, Elfrida
Henrietta Susanna, daughter of Col. Iron-
monger.

At Farringdon, near Alton, E. Woods,
esq., one of the oldest acting magistrates,
and deputy lieutenant of the county of Hants.
—Sarah, 69, the wife of Mr. N. Bossum.—
Thomas, 22, youngest son of Mr. C. Sharp,
of Romsey.—Mr. W. Rose, of the Royal
Hospital, Haslar. This gentleman was mar-
tied to Miss Ertehnieh, only three weeks
since.

At Gosport, 80, T. Hoskins, esq.

At Amport, 27, F. Marwood, esq., of
Lincoln’s- Inn, and son of the Rev. C. Mar-
wood, Canon Residentiary, of Chichester.

WILTSHIRE.

An exhibition took place of the ancient
sport of hawking in the neighbourhood of
Amesbury : from the success of the experi-
ment, and the gratification it afforded, we
should not be surprised if it were to expe-
rience a temporary revival.

The extent of the Turnpike Trusts in the

county of Wilts is 503 miles, the expendi-
ture on which is 27,283/., and the income
28,286/., being about an annual saving of
one thousand pounds.
‘ Married.] Mr. Compton, of Tollard Royal,
to Miss White, only daughter of Mr. R.
White, of Handley, Dorset —At Poole, R.
Colman, esq., of Wimbledon, to Hannah,
eldest daughter of R. Were, esq , of the
former place.—At Salisbury, Mr. Morris,
of Romsey, to Miss E. Prince, of the former
place.— At Corsham, G. Smith, aged 15, to
Honour Slumber, aged thirteen years and
nine months.— At Fisherton, Mr. H. North-
over, to Miss J. Penny.—Mr. R. Coney, of
New Sarum, to Louisa Jane, eldest daugh-
ter of Mr. W. Dalley, of Rudge.— At Chil-
comb, near Winchester, Mary, eldest daugh-
ter of E. Deall Bridger, esq., of New Bar-
ton, to E. Lomer, cf Southampton.—Mr. T.
Young, to Miss M. Letty, both of Poole.—
Mr. I. Charlton, to Mary-Ann, eldest daugh-
ter of Mr.-J. Cooper, of Truxodill.

Died.| At Wedhampton, Ellen, daughter
of Mr. P. Hayward, of Blandford.—70,
Mary, relict of the late J. Ogden, esq.—73,
at Pewsham, the wife of Mr. Deane.—76,
the relict of the late J. Rolles, esq., of this
town.— Miss B. Harrison; 86.—Mr. Green-
hill, of Farley, Trowbridge. —At Witlocks-
worthy, near Kingsbridge, W. Square, esq.—
J. Yerbury, esq., of Beleomb Brook House,
near Bradford —At Bradford, ‘R. Hooper,
esq., 72:— Miss Cox, eldest daughter of the
Rey. C. B. Cox, of Newton-house, Hunger-
ford.— At an advanced age, at her house in
Beaufort-buildings, ‘Mrs.-Pinckney, relict
of Wm. ‘Pinckney, esq., formerly of Wood-
fall, Marlborougb.— At his farm near Chip-
penham, Mr. Buckland.—C. Ingram, of Up-
ton Lovell.--At Britford-cottage,near Salis-

Wiltshire—Somersetshire. ~

[Nov. 1

bury, W. Smith, esq., late of the Royal
Waggon Train.—Mrs. Smith, wife of Mr.
F. Smith, of Fisherton Anger.—At Cors-
ham, 86, Mrs. Balch, mother of Mr. J. Balch.
—Ann, wife of Mr. H. Fricker, of Trow-
bridge.

SOMERSETSHIRE.

The tolls upon the Bath Turnpike Trust
were lately let by auction for £14,140 per
annum, an advance upon the receipts of last
year of £1741!

As a proof of the increasing commercial
interest of the town of Yeovil, the Turnpike
Tolls of the several gates regently let an ad-
vance of upwards of £400 on the last year’ s
rental.

Married.) At Tiverton, the Rev. J. Pitt-
man, rector of Portlock, to Catharine, eldest
daughter of the late Rev: H. Northcote, rec-
tor of Upton Pyne.—At Thorn, Falcon, near
Taunton, the Rev. J. Browne Hawkins, M.A.

‘late of Bitteswell, near Lutterworth, Leices-

tershire, to Miss Whitmore, of Perry Hill,
Sydenham, third daughter of Mr. Whit="
more, of Westerham.—At Taunton, Mr. J/
Gear, to Miss A Fowler, both of Taunton.
—At Havant, Mr. G. Artar, to Mrs. Sains-'
bury.—At Bath, by the Hon. and Rey, E.
Pellew, W. Lucas, esq., of Westbury, Glou-
cestershire, to Jane, youngest daughter of
the late Capt. J. Smith, R. N.—At Bath, Mr.
W. Evans, to Miss A. Dole.—At Bathwicky
R. Miles, esq., of _Mordon House, Wilts,
to Sarah Margaret, second daughter of.
the late R. Wilsome, esq., of Purton House.
—At Martock, Mr. E. Perren, to Miss
Pulman, both of that place.-—At’ Tiver-
of Clifton, son of J

ton, T. Hill, esq..
Hill, esq., of Walthamstow, to Amelia
Ann Maria, youngest daughter of Mrs.

M‘Geachy, of 'Tiverton.—Mr. Geo. Ham-
ley, of Grosvenor-place, to Harriet, third
daughter of Mr. John Hewlett, of Bed-
minster.—J. R. Mayo, of Yeovil, to Miss
Randall, ef Brighton.— At Wells, the Rey.
G. Rous, rector of Laverton, to Jane, second
daughter of R. Newcombe, esq., of Burcott
House.— At Combliay, B. Crabb, esq.,. of
Tellisford, to Ellen, daughter of the late Mr.
J. Willis, of Wellow.

Died.| Mr. Northam, of Taunton.—At
Bath, 65, the Rt. Rev. C. Sughrue, p.n.,
Catholic Lord Bishop of Adfert and Agha.
doe, co.-Kerry, Ireland.—At Keynsham,
Mr. Wm. Loverbury, 64.—At Hilperton,
Mrs. Blake, wife of Mr. S. H: Blake. — Mrs:
Warner, wife of Mr. Jenathan Warner, of
North Petherton.— At Taunton, Mr. J. Daw;
one of. the Society of Friends.— At. East
Coker, Mrs. Sarah Batten.— The infant son
of Horatio Davis, esq., of Westmoreland cot-
tage.— At his brother’s lodgings in Frome,
Mr. C. Slade, 25—Elwyn, the infant son of
B. Gaby, esq., solicitor, of this\city.—At
Taunton, Mrs. Webber.—Mrs. Simpson, of
Wellington. —At Cheddar, 25, Mr. J. Haw-
kins. —The Hon. Sarah Jones, youngest sis-
ter to the late Viscount) Ranelagh.—At.
Middlehill, 64, ai Noble, At -Bridge«

water,

1824.]

water, 58, Capt. W. Lowther.—Mr. Hart-
nell, Bridgewater,—Susan, fourth daughter
of Mrs. Thornthwaite, Kingsmead Terrace.
—Mr. J. Edwards, 65, at his son-in-law’s
house, R. Manley.—60, T. Winter, esq., of
Ashpriors, near Taunton.—Mr. Smallcombe,
93.— At Freshford, Mr. T. Ward, 80.—Sud-
denly, Mr. E. Kelly, of Kingston.—The
relict of Mr. R. Hawkins, attorney, of Bris-
tol.—80, Mrs. A. Bayley, of London.
DORSETSHIRE.

Married.] At Pentridge, Mr T. Page, of
Wimborne, minister, to Miss Chambers.—
Mr. T. Young, to Miss Martha Letty.

Died. | Mrs. Rolles, of Poole, 76.— Miss
Barbara Harrison, 86.—At Charminster, 50,
Ann, wife of Mr. T. Green.

DEVONSHIRE.

It is stated that the diminution on the
Assessed Taxes, for the last year, in the
county of Devon alone, amounts to nearly
fifty thousand pounds (£49,869).

The Trustees of the Ashburton Turn-
pike will proceed immediately with a new
line of road, at Bickington, by which the
distance ‘from Plymouth to Exeter will be
lessened, and two dangerous hills avoided.
There will not be any increase of toll.

Married.| At Budleigh, Dr. P. M. La-
tham, to Diana, youngest danghter of the
Hon. G. A. Chetwynd Stapleton.— At St.
Thomas’ Church, Lieut. Hewett, of the
Royal Veterans, to Miss Scanes, of the same
parish ; the veteran was 78, and his bride
only 32.—At Stoke, Mr. W. Clark, to Miss
Sarah Miall, of Devonport.—Mr. S. May-
nard, to Miss Wolridge, of Devonport.—
At Plymouth, Mr. T. Ham, to Miss Ham,
both of that place. —At Charles Church, by
the Rev. Dr. Hawker, Mr. S. Maynard, to
Miss H. Woolridge.—Mr. J. Skardon, to
Miss N. Hennah.—Mr. W. Clark, jun., of
James-st. (Devonport) to Miss Miall, eldest
daughter of Mr. Miall, of Market-street.—
Major H. Yarde, of the H.E.I.C.S. to Mrs,
Hill, eldest daughter of Mr. Bond, of Churd-
leigh.— At Bovey Tracey, R. Walters, esq.,
of “Newcastle-upon- Tyne, to Eliza, daugh-
ter of the late R. Hole, esq., of Stickwick-
house. —At Paignton, Mr. Bensley, of Tor.
quay, to Miss M. Eastley, daughter of J.
Eastley, esq., of Paignton.— At Budleigh,
the Rev. J. Horsey, to Mrs. Brake, relict
of the late Mr. S. Brake.—At Sidmouth,
T. Magrath, esq., M.v., of Biggleswade,
Bedfordshire, to Caroline, only daughter of
the late Gen. Barnett.—At Poole, R. Cole-
man, esq., of Wimbledon, Surrey, to Han-
nab, eldest daughter of R. Were, esq.—Mr.
P. Slade, of Torquay, to Miss Matthews, of
the same plice.

1 Dicd.| At Creedy, Sir J. Davie, Bart., 26 ;
Sir John is succeeded in his title by Col,
now Sir H. Davie. —At Exmouth, 29, Wil.
liam, the youngest son of W. Marsh, esq.,
of Orpington, Kent.—lt, Baker, esq., of
Barham, Herts.—At Berry, near Totness,
Mrs. Perigel.— Anne, wife of F. Berry, esq.,
of Barnstaple. —48, Mr. W. Thorne, of

Dorsetshire—Devonshire— Cornwall— Wales.

383

Barnstaple. —In Higher-st., 37, Mrs. Fice,
wife of Mr. Fice.— At Torpoint, 82, J. Pope,
esq., formerly of the E.I. Company’ Ss ser-
vice/—2Me, Purdew, 52, Stone-house.—In
Devonport, 42, Mrs. Rundle, Boot-lane ;
43, Mr. Walkey, Dock-wall ; 90, Mrs. Fos-
ter, Duke st. ; 66, Mrs. Knightson; Pem-
broke-st.— At St. Sidweli’s, Exeter, Frances,
wife of Mr. Hillier, 55.—Elizabeth Stevens,
88; Mary Rowe, 89; Jane Baker, 83;
Jane Hawkins, of Allhallow’s, 93; Sarah
Potter, 96.—At Lapford, the Rev. Wm. Rad-
ford, many years rector of that parish and
of Nymet Rowland.—In Summerland-place,
Exeter, J. G. J. Heinzelmann, Esq.—Anne,
the wife of Mr. Francis Berry, of Barn-
staple.—55, Mrs. White, wife of Mr. White,
Exeter.— Mrs. Sarah Potter, 96.
CORNWALL.

Married.| At Camelford, Mr. H.Pethick,
to Miss Mary Rabey.—At Heiston, Mr.
Read, to Mrs. Drew.—S. Drew, to Miss
Read, sister of Mr. Read.—At Lantegloss,
Mr. H. Pethick, jun., to Miss M. Rudy.—
At Falmouth, Mr, F. Treleaven, to Miss
C. Roberts.— At Kenwyn, Mr. B. Robins,
to Miss B. Robins.

Died.| Lately, at Burlawn, near Bodmin,
Mr. Stephen Bate.— At Liskeard, Mr. R.
Rabey, sadler.—At Penzance, Mr. E.Jones.
—At Truro, Mr. J. Dean, engineer to the
Balden Tin Company.—At St. Just, Mr.
Millett.— At Lostwithiel, Miss M. Drew. —
At Restronguet, Capt. Jones, of the brig
Hope.—At Camborne, Mrs, Teague.— Capt.
J. Tucker.

WALES.

King’s Silver in Wales.—We have been
favoured with a scale of Fines.and Reco-
veries, paid under the name of “ King’s
Silver,” antecedent and subsequent to the
passing of the Welsh Judicatnre Act; and
we feel great pleasure in giving publicity
to an enactment productive of great and
positive advantages to such as have entailed
property, and which must be interesting to
all classes in the Principality.

King’s Silver now demanded. £. s. d.
On fine to bar entail., on rent per

cent, oa Wats ~ hee ao 2 OO
On do. to ‘bar dower (to ‘claim the

diminution an affidavit is neces-.

sary) on rent per cent......... 113 4
On recoveries on rent per cent.... 210 0
King’s Silver demanded lLefore the Se 4th

Geo. IV.
On fine to bar entail, on per cent. 16 6 0
On do. to bar Gaver, on rent per

cent. .... wietvistid a ia'a: Wate cs yl0f9's 16 0 0

On recoveries, on rent per cent... 6 3 0

“The? following fact will, perhaps, make
the benefit of this part of the act more ob-
vious. <A fine was levied at the last Great
Sessions, for Pembrokeshire to bar dower,
and there was paid as King’s Silver about
£63.; the amount before the act passed
would have been £663, occasioning, of
course, a saving of £600. to the owner of

the estate.
A me-

384

A melancholy and fatal accident tuok

place the week before last at Dowlas iron-
works, near Merthyr Tydvil, Glamorgan-
shire, by the bursting of a steam-engine
boiler (a crown or round one of 34 ‘feet
diameter) the top of which, not less than
five toms weight, was blown to the height
of about 70 feet, and fell with tremendous
force upon the roof of the building, bury-
ing in its ruinsaH the workmen who were
under, one of whom was killed on the spot;
seven have since died, and three or four
others are so sertously injured that their
recovery is.considered ¢oubtful.—Shrewsbury
Chronicle.
. Ancient Relic.— About a fortnight since,
some workmen employed in the improve-
ments carrying on at Sandywell Park, the
seat of W. Lawrence, esq., dug up, at some
distance from the surface, a very curious
relic of antiquity—being evidently the head
of a ‘ bwyelt-arvan,”’ or ancient British bat-
tle-axe. It is about five inches in length,
one and a half in breadth in the centre,
but upwards of three inches in the sweep of
the axe; and of nearly half an inch thick-
ness at the most solid part. It retains the
marks of rude carving, and the broad end
slopes down to a thin sharp edge.

Mayried.|. In Glamorganshire, T. W.
Booker, esq-, of Pentych, to Jane Anne,
only daughter of the late J, Coghlan, esq.—
F. R. Lee, esq., of Barnstaple, Devonshire,
to Harriet Eves, eldest daughter of Dr. Ex-
ton, of Peterchurch, Herefordshire. — W-
Powell, esq., of Monmouth, to Mary So-
phia, third daughter of J. L. Baron, esq.,
of Usk, Monmouthshire.—R. Philip, eld-
est son of R. Tyrwhitt, esq., of Nantyr-hall,
Denbighshire, Recorder of Chester, to Ca-
therine Wigly, daughter of H. St. John, esq.,
of Hornsey.—D. Canton, esq., of Lawren-
ny, Pembrokeshire, to Mary, youngest
daughter of the late J. Phelps, esq-, of Cres~
well Quay.

Died.] Tat Glasbury House; Radnorshire,
Mrs, B. Hughes, 79.—At Abergavenny,
Martha,.wife, of the late Capt. R. Saunders,
R.N., of Pitchcot, Buckinghamshire, 76.—
At Brecknoek, the Rev. D. ‘Williams, LL.B.
82.

SCOTLAND.

Hawick School of Arts.—On the 16th ult.
Mr. Wilson, a.m., from the present insti-
tution in Edinburgh, concluded his course
of Lectures on the Elements of Physical
Science.” These Lectures have been attend-
ed throughout by upwards of two hundred
individuals, chiefly journeymen, tradesmen,
and apprentices, who have evinced a zeal in
the acquisition of scientific knowledge,
equally honorable to themselves and grati-
fying to the founders and directors of the
institution.

~ Aberdeen.—A grant of £2,000 has been
received from Government, for the repairs
of King’s College, Aberdeen. The Duke
of Gordon, the Chancellor, has “subscribed
£400; the Earl of Aberdeen, the Lord

Scotland—Ireland.

{ Nov. 1,

Rector, thas subscribed £250, and this ex-
ample has been liberally followed by the
resident members of the University.

Married.) At Gretna Green, C, Vaughan,
esq., of Dublin, to Emily, only daughter
and heiress tothe late Capt. J. Coleridge,
R.N.. A property of upwards of £20,000,
accumulated by her late father in the West
Indies, was one of the. bride’s slightest at-
tractions.— At Riccarton House, W. Kaye,
esq., Middle Temple, to Mary Cecilia,
eldest daughter of James Gibson Craig, esq.,
of Riccarton, Mid-Lothian.— At Mintiaac.
the Rev. J. Wood, m.a., to Annabella,
second daughter ef Capt. Bryden.— At Con-
tent, Mr. J. Gibson, lately farmer in Auchin-
loch parish, to Mrs. A. Meikle, of Ayr.
The bride has attained the age of 73, and
the bridegroom 82.— At Guernsey, J. Cock-
burn, esq., of Scotland, to Mary Louisa,
eldest daughter of the late W. Corbin,, esq.,
and grand-daughter of the late N. Corbyn,
es
rt Died.J—At Gastonni, in Greece, Lord C.
Murray, youngest son of the Duke of Athol.
This excellent and high-spirited young man
was a volunteer in the glorious cause of the
Greeks. Not many months ago he left Eng-
land to assist in the regeneration of that illus-
trious people. Next to that of Lord Byron,
his loss will be the greatest that Greece has’
suffered from the stroke of death among its
foreign friends,

IRELAND.

A quarry of most beautiful green marble
has been within the last six months dis-
covered on the estate of John d’Arcy, Esq.,
of Clifton Castle, in the county of Galway.

A territcrial survey is about to commence
in Ireland, for the purpose of effecting a
more equal apportionment of the local bur-
thens of that country.

The number of licensed spirit retailrrs in
Ireland, for the year 1823, was 10,855 5 of
grocers, 6,023; brewers, ‘205+; chandlers,
721; coachmakers, 59; goldsmiths, 47;
maltsters, 250; and the ‘timber of gallons
of spirits made, was 2,052,792.

Married. | Lord H. Seymour Moore, only
brother of the Marg. of Drogheda, to Mary,
second daughter of Sir H. Parnell, Bart.,
M.P. for the Queen’s county, and niece of
the Marquis of Bute and the Earl of Por-
tarlington.—At Booterstown, near Dublin,
Mr. Gilbert Wakefield Macmuirdo, of Hack-
ney, Middlesex, to Charlotte Eliza, daugh-
ter of the late Geo. Ball, esq., of Castle-
Bellingham, county of Lowth, Ireland,

Died, |—At Killalo, 80, the ee J. Martin,
who upwards of fifty years officiated as reader
in the cathedral of that Diocese. — At Kilcar-
berry, Clondalkin, Cecilia, relict of Can-
trell Phillips, esq., nephew to Lord New-
port, Chancellor of Ireland, and of his bro-
ther, the Earl of Roden.—At Kilmurry,
Treland, the seat of the Rt. Hon. the Chief
Justice. of the Court of King’s Bench,
C. Fox, esq., barrister, son of the late Judge
Fox, and son-in-law to the Chief Justice.

THE

MONTHLY MAGAZINE.

[ Price 2s.

No. 493. ]

TOPIC OF THE MONTH.
._Mr. Fauntireroy, Punisument by
Deatu, and the BANKING SYSTEM.

NHE stoppage and ultimate bank-
ruptcy of Messrs. Marsh and Co,

in Berner’s-street was w circumstance, in
itself, sufficient to produce a more than
nine-days’ sensation. Though not bankers
of the first order, with respect to the
gross amount of capital entrusted to
their care, the customers of the firm,
in point of number, were perhaps more
numerous than those of several of the
banking-houses, which stand foremost in
the ranks of wholesale estimation. A
large proportion, also, of those whose
interests were affected were probably of
those descriptions to whom the loss,
or the temporary privation even, of their
hundreds, or their thousands, was of
more consequence, both to their present
eredit, and their future prospects, than
the tens of thousands, and hundreds of
thousands, of those great capitalists and
proprietors, whose securities and rent-
rolls are vested in the hands, and trusted
to the management of the supposed Cree-
suses of the banking trade. They were
bankers, in fact, in whose hands what
monied men would call “small sums”
were kept: that is to say, with whom
tradespeople, and others of the middle
orders of society, were in the habit of
entrusting’ the whole of that floating
eapital which their credit or their con-
cerns rendered it necessary should: be
always at command; but which it was nei-
ther safe nor convenient to keep in their
own bureaus. The number of families,
therefore, whom the sudden stagnation
of these resources must have thrown into
perplexing difficulties, or overwhelmed
with dismay, could not but be very con-
siderable; as the dejected and anxious
countenances of the multitude gathered
around the doors, the day after the sus-
pension of payment was declared, suffi-
ciently evinced: and: when the second-
ary and remote action upon those who,
in the complicated chain of trading con-
nexion, were implicated with the imme-
diate sufferers, is considered, it cannot
be at all surprising, that a very exten-
sive emotion should have been awaken-
ed. Nor, when it is recollected how
many banking-houses there are in this

Montuty Mac. No. 403.

DECEMBER 1, 1824.

metropolis similarly situated, with re-
spect to the description of their tran-
sactions, and standing in no respect
upon any higher grounds of credit and
reputation, than the, firm of Marsh and
Co. had, for several, years maintained,
will it seem other than in the course of
things, that an eager run of alarm and
apprehension should be made upon the
minor banking-houses, in general; and
that one in particular (though deficient,
perhaps, in nothing but immediately-
availing resources to answer such unex-
pected demands), should have been obli-
ged, a few days after, to follow the omi-
nous example of avowing a temporary
inability to answer such importunate
claims. The wonder is rather, that more
were not reduced to the same dilemma.

But these were, in reality, the slight-
est of the causes, which excited the ge-
neral interest and discussion “ The ex-
traordinary conduct of the partner, Mr.
Fauntleroy” (to adopt the language of
the firm itself, in the public announce-
ment of their temporary suspension of
payments), which was the immediate,
and, for a while, supposed to be the
only, cause of failure, gave a direction
to the general sympathy, more honour-
able perhaps to the social character of
the public, than consoling to the con-
scious feelings of those to whom it
was directed. “ It was the crime of
an individual,” it was said, “ not
the default of the general firm, that had
produced the calamity, whatever might be
its extent; and the partners were joint
victims, not principals. or voluntary
agents, in the ruin.” Nor were there
wanting among the suffering creditors
themselves, those, who expressed more
compassion. for three. respectable: fami-
lies, hurled from esteem and affluence
to. distress and degradation, than. for
their own pecuniary embarrassments and,
losses. his

The part that was taken, through the,
medium of the public press, to extend,
this feeling, is so fresh in remembrance,
that it need not here be noticed, if it,
werenot for the importance of warning
the public against the uses that may be,
made, as-they are attempted to be made,,
of every discrepancy of that important
organ, of its conduct ia this partietilar.

3D The

386

The rival .eagerness, of the. numerous
agents of that press to seize upon-every

flying rumour, that can gratify the”

avidity, “both of the great vulgar and
the small,’ for mysterious anecdote,
personality, and chit-chat (rather, per-
haps, than malignant) slander, did most
assuredly, for a while, blacken, much
beyond the measure of equity and truth,
the character of the unfortunate cul-
prit. Accumulated charges of profligacy
‘and prodigality were heaped upon the
character of Mr. Fauntleroy, sufficient
to have broken the backs of all the
banking firms in the metropolis. To
support his luxurious prodigalities, it
was supposed, the enormous and un-
doubted forgeries had been committed ;
and Messrs. Marsh, Stracey, and Gra-
ham, together with all who had confided
in them, were involved in ruin, by the
unprincipled dissipation of the managing
and confidential partner; who had ap-
pealed to forgery, when other resources
failed, to supply his criminal indul-
gences.

To suspect those partners of having
been accessory to the dissemination of
these statements, would be as unautho-
rized, as it would be uncharitable; but
surely it may not be improper to inquire
whether, if they knew them to be untrue,
they were not called upon, to discourage
and contradict them? If the press was
misled by gaping newsgatherers, who, like
the spies of a distempered government,
must have credulity or invention to
make out a tale, if they mean to get
‘bread by telling,—it was as open to them
to confute the exaggerations, as it was,
to the gleaners and glossers of the ran-
dom gossip of @lubs and coffee-houses,
to give them ephemeral currency.

But, perhaps, they may answer (for
they might answer truly) that it was
better to leave misrepresentation to its
natural course—to let the lie of the day
gossip itself out of breath ; for that Mr.
Fauntleroy, in the end, would be any
thing rather than injured by the ex-
aggerated colourings of his crime.

That such has been the result, is
sufficiently. obvious: that such must,
ultimately, be the case with respect to
all the aberrations of a free press, re-
collection and reflection will demon-
strate: it is only inasmuch as it is not
free, that the press can be permanently
or ultimately injurious, even to those
whom it wrongfully assails: for the day
of reaction, if it be free, is sure to
come; when the very wrongs it has
committed will become graces.

. Whence, but from this very cause, it

Topic of the Month.—Mr. Fauntleroy,

[Dec. 1,

may confidently be demanded, has arisen
that very general and very liberal sym-
pathy expressed for the impending fate

_of Mr. Fauntleroy ?

Far be it from the thought of every
friend to the essential justice of hu-
manity, when the life of a fellow being
is at stake, to step between the plead-
ing pity of the public, however excited,
and the attribute of mercy which “ be-
comes the throned monarch better than
his crown,” and to which that sympathy
appeals. But, assuredly, it may be
said, without detriment to such appeal,
which may be urged upon more co-
gent principles, that there is nothing, in
the naked case of Mr. Fauntleroy to
distinguish it so broadly from those of
many a wretched victim, who has been
quietly resigned to the merciless pe-
nalty of a sanguinary law, without a
sigh or an effort in his behalf, except
from private and personal connections.
It would be absurd to suppose, ‘that
the extent of the injury resulting from
the crime, is the cause of the extensive
sympathy exerted in favour of the cri-
minal.. Whence, then, has arisen this
extraordinary sympathy, but primarily
from those very exaggerations which
the enemies of the public press, on
every such occasion, would use as an
argument for its suppression. It can-
not be said that they had any in-
fluence in procuring the conviction.
The Attorney-General found no _po-
litical motive for availing himself of
the prejudices excited; he repelled and
discarded them, therefore, in a man-
ner which, it is hoped, willbe remembered
as a precedent on all future occasions
whatever ; and nothing could be more
candid and dispassionate than the whole
proceedings. Mr. Fauntleroy, in fact,
was convicted, as far as the forgery*
was at issue, upon “his own evidence.
He had most strangely recorded against
himself, that he had committed a mass
of forgeries, which should make the
Bank smart for having injured the cre-
dit of his house. Let the Bank Direc-
tors beware, that in pursuing their vic-
tim to execution, they mingle, in their
turn, no feeling of retaliative revenge.
Some of them, perhaps, are members of
the Bible Society; or,:at least, occa-
sionally say their prayers—Let them
remember, that in that short and beau-

tiful

* The verdict, from technical considera-
tions, was of necessity taken upon the ut-
tering. But the argument refers not to the
technicalities, but the general merits, -of
the case, ' :

1824)

Punishment by Death,

tiful formula, dictated by the author of
their religion, and which sums up in a
few words every thing, perhaps, which a
Christian ought to pray for, there is a
clause of covenant,—“ forgive us our
trespasses, as we forgive them that
trespass against wus ;’’? and let them re-
member that every man who pursues
revenge (whether as an individual or a
corporationist), every time that he pro-
nounces this prayer, pronounces his
own condemnation.

But to return to the cause of the
general sympathy in behalf of the un-
happy convict.—

It became evident from the circum-
stances, which came out upon the trial,
that the character of Mr. Fauntleroy had
been much traduced—that his crime, at
least, was free from many of the aggra-
vations imputed, by previous rumour ;
and it is now sufficiently notorious, that
a part at least, of his plea of palliation
is substantiated; that the monies pro-
cured by his forgeries, were not, as had
been rumoured, profligately wasted in
debauchery and extravagance, but were
regularly paid in to the general stock,
to support the else tottering credit of
the concern. Hence, to the creditors
of the firm, the aspect of the onus of
moral responsibility, for the default, be-
comes essentially altered ; and a ques-
tion naturally arises, whether it was pos-
sible that the partners could be ignorant
that something wrong was going on ?—
that the large sums of money, by which
their credit was, successively, bolstered,
were, to say the least, mysteriously ob-
tained: whatever reasons they might
have for not inquiring into the nature
of the mystery. The public, in the
mean time, in commiseration for the
calumnies which had aggravated so
unmercifully the offences of the cri-
minal, extend their sympathies from
the aggravation to the crime itself;
and by a reaction natural to the in-
nate, though sometimes slumbering,
benevolence of the human breast, finding
that the offender has not been so guilty
as they imagined, forego their resext-
ment for the proven guilt.

Nor does the current of considerate
inquiry pause even here. General con-
clusions, “of great pith and moment,”
are, not unfrequently, the results of the
attention excited by individual occur-
rences. The eyes of the public seemed
to have opened, at last, to the convic-
tion, to which reason and humanity
ought never to have been blind, ‘that
the punishment awarded is too heavy,

and the Banking System. 387

and disproportioned* to the offence :+
while the press itself, partaking ot the
reaction, urges on the prayer of mercy
and forbearance; and chimes in with,
and diffuses, the general sentiment, that
those only who have shed. the blood of
man, should pay the price of atonement
with their blood.

This then, and not any peculiarity,
in the particular: case itself, is the true
ground of petition for the life of Mr.
Fauntleroy.

The necessary limits of this essay
render it impracticable te enter, at large,
into all the important considerations
involved in the general subject; or to
amplify upon the axioms, however ca-
pable of illustration,—that all unneces-
sary punishments by death are no other
than legalised murders ;—that murders,
by the law, are, in fact, much more
enormous and atrocious stains upon
national character, than murders against
the law;—that the latter are the
crimes of individuals only ; the former
are the crimes of the state; and, as far as
the nation can be regarded as assenting
to such laws, are the crimes of the na-
tion at large.

But the best way, perhaps, for the
petitioners to fortify their plea is, by ap-
peal, not to Scripture and Christianity
(more talked of than reverenced in mat-
ters of government and legislation !)
but to the politician’s creed, expediency.
This is, in fact, and, perhaps, for ever
must be, while states and legislation Jast
the load-star of judicial enactment. Our’
constitutional lawyers well know, though’
the surly lexicographer, who still from
the sepulchre dogmatizes over our lan-
guage did not,t that the object of punish-

ment

* It was justly observed in a morning
paper (the Herald) of the 18th, that the
moral offence of forging a deed or bond, or
other written instrument, is in no respect,
at all greater than the stock-jobbing trick of
forging foreign news-papers, or printed do-
cuments and despatches, to defraud the
buyers and sellers in the Stock Exchange.
The turpitude undoubtedly is just the same.
The objects in both instances are fraud and
robbery : nor can reason, or morality, diseri-
minate or suggest a difference, whether the
plunder: be perpetrated by stationer’s or
by printer’s ink.

+ “ Whoso sheddeth man’s blood, by
man shall his blood be shed.” We know of
no other law of punishment by death, that
can exist, in a truly Christian country.

{ See the miserable misinterpretation of
the word punishment im Johnson’s. Dic~
tionary.

3D 2

888
ment is not reyenge, or even atone-
ment, but prevention, “ You are not
hanged,” said the judge to a remon-
strating convict, “ for stealing a sheep ;
but you are hanged that sheep may not
be stolen.”

The question then resolves itself into
this, “ Does experience of the past, or
does what we know of the prospective
passions and apprehensions of human
nature, indicate that the punishment of
death is an adequate, or the most likely
preventive of the crime of forgery?” To
the first part of this inquiry, the reply
is obvious. Forgery has increased, and
is increasing in despite of the sanguinary
seyerity of the law;* and the crime,
always, of necessity, confined to the
comparatively educated classes, has kept
climbing upwards, in the midst of in-
éreasing executions, till it has tainted
some of almost the best families in the
nation. It is a crime of gentlemen.
And though, in all sane and moral
estimation, the higher the rank of the
offender, the more atrocious and unpar-
donable the offence ; yet, /egislating for
prevention, we should consider only
the motives of apprehension that are
likely to be operative on the classes to
whom the legislative prevention is to
apply. Now, is the fear of death, the
most powerful of preventive motives in
the minds of gentlemen? Should we
acknowledge as a gentleman, or as
worthy of gentlemanly association, the
man whom we believed to be as much
in dread of death, as of a life of branded
infamy and degradation ?

_ It may be true indeed that, when it
comes to the pinch—when the execu-
tioner and vital extinetion are immedi-
ately before our eyes,—that the instinct-
ive shrinking—the fearful clinging to mere
consciousness and sensation, which be-
long to the frailty of our nature, may
bow almost the proudest spirit; and

life, upon almost any terms, may appear
preferable to immediate dissolution.
** For who would lose,

““Tho’ full of pain, this intellectual being,
“Those thoughts that wander through eter-

nity ?”’+

But for objects that are viewed in
prospective distance, we have different
and more reasoning eyes; and to the
educated mind, familiar to the proud

* In Scotland, where it is not punished
with death, it is much less frequent.

+ Which thoughts, by the way, in the
generality of cases, when the crisis is at
hand, may naturally enough increase the
horror of dying.

Topic of the Month.— Mr. Fauntleroy, &c. &c.

[Dec. 1,

decencies and respectful distinctions of
society, to die, to cease to be, to bid
an eternal farewell to the embarrass-
ments and anxieties that surround us—
to the privations, the expulsion from
the accustomed sphere of association
that menace us, appears but a trifle, in
comparison with the degrading toil, the
branded front, the stigmatizing fetters,
the felon’s sordid garb, the wretched
pallet, the noisome dungeon, and, worst
of all, the contemptuous exposure and
brutified assimilation, to which a less
sanguinary code might condemn the
educated and sensitive offender, It is,
in fact, to avoid the /esser degradation,
that the offence of forgery is frequently.
committed—that it was, as it appears,
committed in the’ case in question.
How horrible to imagination the greater
which reason would therefore commend
as the expedient of preventive legisla-
tion.

But there are still other subjects con-
nected with the case under discussion,
which, as far as the security of property
is concerned, are scarcely less important,
and, in political consequence, may, per-
haps, be more widely operative, than
that which has preceded, is, in refer-
ence to moral justice and humanity :
the subjects of the banking system, as
regulated and acted upon, at this time;
and of the projected association or
joint-stock combination of land-holders
and capitalists, already talked of, as
likely to arise out of the recent failures,

The latter part of this subject it is
impossible now to enter upon; though
it involves considerations of the deepest
importance, which, perhaps, there may
be occasion to resume more particu-
larly hereafter, Neither can the former
part be discussed with the amplitude it
demands, at the end of so long an article,
as the present. But, assuredly, the
question ought seriously to be weighed,
whether the failure of a London banker,
or of any of those bankers who pay no
interest on the money deposited for
safe custody in their hands, ought to be
placed by the law of the land on the
footing of ordinary bankruptcies?

Where two, three, or four per cent, is
given by the country banker, (and. there
have been some, who haye even prof-
fered five), they become no longer the
mere trustees and agents of their eus-
tomers, but, to all intents and purposes,
traders, who deal in money, upon the ‘
implied, common-sense condition, that
they should use the borrowed capital,
for the use, of which they pay, in specu-

lations

1824.}

lations from which a still higher interest
may be expected; and are entitled,
undoubtedly, to the same commiseration
and lenity, when their ventures fail, as
dealers of any other description. But the
banker who proffers no interest for the
money entrusted to his care, stands in
a very different point of view. He has
no right to speculate with a capital
which is not his own, and was never
lent to him for the purpose of specu-
lation: nay, to speak with due cor-
rectness, was never /enf at all. It is
merely put into his hands upon an
implied stipulation that it shall be forth-
coming, whenever occasion shall call for
it. The only profit, therefore, which he
has any right to make from it, for the
support of his establishment, and the
remuneration of his care and trouble, is
that which may be derived from the dis-
count of short bills, with good and safe
endorsements, and other like securities,
that can be available on brief notice, in
such proportions as to answer all pro-
bable demands. And is not this enough?
—to make that legal interest, upon the
capital of others, which the fair-dealing
capitalist (for we say nothing of the
gamblers in stocks and loans) is content
to make of his own. If they confined
themselves to this honest and implied
use of the money trusted to their care,
and were content to live, as other deal-
ers who have common prudence and
honesty do, within the compass of their
regular incomes and profits; a hard run,
from panic or other exigence, might
sometimes, indeed, occasion a tempo-
rary stoppage; but absolute default and
bankruptcy never could ensue, But if,
on the contrary, they launch into ex-
trayagant and hazardous speculations,
or live in a style of expensive prodi-
gality, as if the capital they are en-
trusted with was their own, are they
not swindling adventurers, and violators
of their trust? and ought they not,
when failure consequently results, to be
treated as other swindlers and violators
of trusts are treated ?—to be punished
as criminals, instead of being protected
and commiserated as victims of mistaken
calculation and the vicissitudes of for-
tune ?

{Such are Such were (we
change the tense with a trembling and re-
gretful hand) Such were some of the
considerations which appeared to belong to
the leading topic of the month: for we had
little apprehension of an immediate execu-
tion—at any rate before the final examina-
tions under the bankruptcy had taken place ;

Spirit and Mercurial Thermometers compared.

389

and we stop the press to crowd in our
apology, when it is impossible to withdraw

or replace the article. ] ers
Se.
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine,
Sir:

4 ica appearance in that interesting
department of your Magazine, the
“© Spirit of Philosophical Discovery,’’
p. 339, of the results of a series of ex-
periments made by M. Flanguergues,
and published by M. Zach, for com-
paring the simultaneous indications of
a spirit and a mercurial thermometer,
when alike exposed to different tempe-
ratures, induces me to request to recall
the recollection of your early readers to
your seventeenth volume, p. 313;
wherein is recorded the chief results of
a series of experiments for a similar pur-
pose, which I caused to be made in the
open air, in the sun, during the forenoon,
ranging from 12° to 853° of Farenheit,
at Woburn, Bedfordshire, between the
13th of February 1801 and Ist of March
1802 (the day preceding the loss of the
great Duke of Bedford); during which
period, 1,152 comparative observations
were very carefully registered, viz. at
9h. a.m., 12h, and at 3h, 6h, and 9h,
p.M.; but with occasional omissions,
on Sundays, and some other occasions :
—from whence it appeared, that, on
only 197 occasions, or 17 per cent. of
the whole, were the two thermometers
found exactly coinciding, At 262 other
times, or near 23 per cent. of the whole,
the spirit stood higher than the mercury,
but very rarely to the extent of 3°;
and on 693 others of these occasions, or
60 per cent. ‘of the whole, the spirit
was the lowest, on 53 of these occa-
sions, to. an extent exceeding 23°; and,
on one occasion, amounting to 64°,
which the mercury stood higher than
the spirit. On no one day through the
whole period were the two thermo-
meters found agreeing at the five hours
of registry: on one day only did the
mercury always stand highest ; and only
on four other days did it stand lowest,
at each of the times of registering.

I mention not here, this recapitulation
of my former paper, from any idea that
my observations can vie in accuracy,
deficient also as they are in range, with
the observatious in p. 339; but in order
to mention, that, the differences indi-
cated daily and hourly by my two ther-
mometers, gave ine not the least indica-
tion of any law of expansion, differing in
the two fluids: but on the contrary,
these differences seemed explainable id

the

390

the different facility or quickness with
which the expansions or the contrac-
tions of the fluids took place ; the spirit
thermometer not indicating a change of
temperature, until some time after it
had taken place, as compared with the
mercurial one; and the conclusion, I
came to, has received confirmation, from
the opinion M. Flanguergues has given
in p. 340, viz. that spirit thermometers
are totally unfit for nice or delicate ex-
periments; they are, for the reasons I
have stated, not even fit for the gardner’s
purposes, to which they are still often
applied ; and doubtless they have occa-
sioned the over-heating and the over-
cooling of many hot-houses and conser-
vatories, by not, timely, shewing the
changes towards these states of inju-
rious extreme, which were in progress,
through too brisk, or too slow a fire, in
the stove.

I much wish some correspondent,
who has access to the details of M.
Flanguergues’s apparatus and experi-
ments, would inform us, whether due
caper were in every case used, to

eep the temperature stationary, until
the indication of the spirit thermometer
had approached as near to that of ‘the
mercurial one as they would approach:
for without these precautions had been
used, but little reliance can, I apprehend,
be placed on the results. — Yours, &c.
Howland Street, Joun Farey.
3d Nov. 1824.
- ———ae————
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine:
Sir:
Cc any of your correspondents
inform me, either by letter, or
through the pages of your Magazine,
at what time a portrait painter, of the
name of B. Short, practised his art?
The dresses in the pictures, in my pos-
session, painted by him, represent those
worn in the reigns of King William, or
Queen Anne.—I am, &c.
High Wycombe, James G. Taxem.
30th Oct. 1824.
—=zarae—
For the Monthly Magazine.
On the Orntc1n of Parer-Money.*
ARCO POLO, the celebrated
Venetian traveller, was the first
who made Europe: acquainted with the
existence of paper-money, which the
Mongols, masters of China, used at
that period. They introduced it sub-
sequently into Persia, where their notes
were called djaoo, or djaw, a word evi-
dently derived from the Chinese tshao,

* From the Journal Asiatique.

On the Origin of Paper Moncey.

[Dec. I,

which signifies the same thing. It is

‘composed of the characters kin metal,

and shao little, expressing want of
(coined) metal.

It has’ been asserted the Mongols
were the inventors of this financial con-
trivance; but the result of Mr. Kla-
proth’s researches on this subject, laid
before the French Asiatic Society. seems
to prove, beyond contradiction, that the
Chinese themselves were the original
inventors.

According to this account, the first
trace of it appears in the year 119
before Christ, during the reign of the
Emperor Oo-tee, of the dynasty of the
Han. The ministers of this monarch,
in order to cover the increased expense
of the state, introduced the phee-pee, or
valties in skin. These were pieces of
skin of certain white stags, which were
kept in the inner park of the palace.
They were one Chinese foot square, and
were ornamented with very delicate
paintings and embroidery. Every great
personage, on waiting on the emperor,
was obliged to cover with one of these
skins the tablet which they held before

‘their faces, in the presence of the Son of

heaven. The price of these phee-pee
was about £12. 10s.; but it does not
appear that they ever served as a circu-
lating medium.

Ma tooan lin mentions that between
the years 605 and 617, of our era, the
general confusion in China had arrived
at such a pitch, that a variety of things,
such as bits of iron, cloth and paste-
board, were used instead of money.*

At the beginning of the reign of the
Emperor Heean Tsoong (about 807 after
Christ), copper coin having become ex-
tremely rare, the prohibition against
using vessels and utensils, of this metal,
was renewed.t At the same time, the
merchants arriving in the capital, and
indeed all the rich families, were obliged
to deposit their cash in the public trea-.

sury ;

* And now dried cow-dung‘and sand,
mixed; 7,000 of which fragile wafers, strung
together, go for an European ducat ; this
change, we are informed, merchants are
obliged to obtain ; and the Chinese are so
precise, that if one be broken, it must be
replaced from another set.—Ep.

+ The cause of the frequent scarcity of
copper in China, originated principally from
its being manufactured into images of Foee,
and the saints of that religion. Indeed, as
often as this religion was persecuted, cop-
per coin was seen to re-appear in large
quantities, ar

1824.

sury; and to accept, in lieu of it, bills,
which were put in circulation, under
the name of feg thsian, flying money.
However,’ before the lapse of three
years, they were compelled to suppress
the use of this paper, in the capital; con-
fining it to the provinces.

During the reign of Thai Tsoo, who
ascended the throne about the year
960, paper-money was, then, so much in
request, that in 997, the quantity in cir-
culation was reckoned to amount to
1,700,000 ounces of gold; to which, in
1021, the value of 1,130,000 ounces
was added.

Tt was, however, in the country of
Shoo, now the province of Szu-tshahooan,
that real paper-money, i. e. assignates,
which assumed the place of money,
without being guaranteed by any depo-
sit whatever, was introduced by Tshang
Yoong, in lieu of the iron coin, which
was felt too heavy and inconvenient.*
They were called Tshee-see. During
the reign of Thin Tsoong (from 997 till
1022), a kind of paper was current,
called Kiao-tsu, or changes. They were
payable, every three years; and each
was equal, in value, to one ounce of
pure silver. Sixteen of the richest
houses had undertaken the manage-
ment of this financial operation; but
they, at last, failed, and gave occasion to
a great many law-suits. Upon this the
emperor prohibited private individuals
from issuing paper-money, and esta-
blished a government bank at Y-tsheoo.
In the year 1032, there were 1,256,340
ounces in Kiao-tsu in circulation. In
1068, it was found, that there were
forged ones among them; and the same
punishment was decreed against the
forgers as against those who might
forge the government seal. Subse-
quently, and at various periods, Kiao-tsu
banks were established in various pro-
vinces of the empire. The notes of
one province had no currency in ano-
ther. Often, too, the terms of repay-
ment, and the mode of their circnlation,
were changed.

In 1131, under the Emperor Kao
Tsoung,'a paper-currency, under the de-
nomination of Kooan-tsu (treasury bills),
was emitted, to such a degree, that it
caused the people to murmur, In 1160,
still under the same Emperor, another

* The first iron coin was introduced, into
China, by the rebel Koong Sun Shoo, who died,
thirty-six years after Christ. His example
was, however, not followed, till the year
524, since which time, it has been frequently
m ployed,

On the Origin of Paper Money,

391

species of paper was created, called
Hoei-tsu, or “ conventions,’ worth from
200 to 1000 farthings, of which, in
six years’ time, an amount of nearly
44,000,000 of ounces, in value, was put
into circulation. Besides these, there
were the Kiao-tsu, and several kinds of
provincial notes, which all together went
on increasing so much under the dynasty
of the Soang, that they continued losing
in value, and the price of provisions
rose, to a frightful height, notwithstand-
ing all the shifts and contrivances of the
government, to keep up the nominal
value of their paper.

During the course of the 12th cen-
tury, China was conquered by the Toon-
goosians, who formed a new dynasty,
under the name of Kin. It may be
supposed that the long wars impove-

- vished the country, and thus the new

monarchs were likewise compelled to
have recourse to paper-money, of which
they created a species on the same plan
as the Kiao-tsu. Their value was of
100,300,700,900 and 1,000 pieces of
copper. The notes were exchanged
every seven years for fresh ones, on
which occasion the government deducted
fifteen pieces of copper in every 1,000,
to cover the banking expenses.

During the latter half of the 13th
century, the Mongols became masters
of China, and founded the dynasty of
Yooan, which reigned from 1279 till
1367. Even before the entire subjection
of China, their monarchs introduced
paper money among the Mongols. But
it was not till 1287, that they established
a new species of this circulating medium
in China, under the name of Pao-tshhao,
or precious paper-money. From this
time the quantity of paper went on in-
creasing. A note of 1000 pieces of
copper, of the years 1264 to 1294, re-
placed those of 5000, of the years 1250
to 63; and of those, of the years 1305
to 1311, 1000 pieces again replaced 5000
of the former. They were worth an
ounce of pure silver, and the tenth part
of an ounce of gold. By these constant
changes, and the increase of paper-
money, the country was at last entirely
ruined, and the Mongols compelled to
leave it.

The very poverty of the country, how-
ever, obliged the succeeding dynasty of
the Shing rather to increase than dimi-
nish the T'shhao ; and they even went so
far, as to prohibit the use of gold, silver,
and other precious things, as means of
traffic. Nevertheless, the paper declined
so much, that. the people gave no more

~~ than

992

than 13,000 copper pieces for 17,000 of
paper; and in 1448, no more than three
pieces of copper were given for a Tshhao
of 1000; and this paper must, at last,
have entirely disappeared, since history
mentions it no more, after the year 1455.
The Mandshoos, who have succeeded
the Shing, being still ignorant of the
golden rule, that the more a country is
in debt, the richer and happier it is,
have never attempted to introduce paper
money.

In Japan, paper-money seems to have
been introduced between 1319 and 1331,
and is called Kamee-zenee. It has, how-
ever, never supplanted there the metal
currency, and always represented a high
value. It was yet in use fifty or sixty
years ago ; but, it is not certain, that it
ts so still. Vee das

——

For the Monthly Magazine.

Apvantaces of Curar Corrrg-Suoprs.
HATEVER tends to increase
the stock of knowledge amongst
the great body of the people, I consider,
ought to be encouraged. The Mecha-
nics’ Institute has been much applauded
and much condemned; but I cannot
help considering, that whatever may be
its defects, information must, at any rate,
be afforded to some, and few can be the
worse for it. With this impression, I
became a subscriber, although no mecha-
nic, and, at present, I see no cause to
regret my subscription.

But looking, generally, at the causes,
which have led to the increasing inclina-
tion for obtaining information among
mechanics in general, I cannot but con-
sider the establishment of coffee-houses,
I mean economical tea and coffee-houses,
as having made a great change in the
moral habits of the working classes.
Residing myself a short distance from
town, while my business calls me, daily,
to yarious parts. of London, I find these
houses highly serviceable. Some months
since, for the first time, I entered one
of them, in St. Martin’s-le-Grand, and
found two rooms quite full of various
descriptions of persons, taking coffee,
and reading books and papers of every.
description, without any charge but 13d.
or 2d. for a cup of coffee. :

Another, called the Surry, in Union-
street, Borough, with a very superior
room, has a library of five or six hun-
dred volumes, of the best works, at the
service of any one, who. calls for a cup
of coffee, for‘ which he is charged 13d.
On the tables, I found seven or eight
daily papers, besides pamphlets sufficient

Advantages of Cheap Coffee Shops.

[ Dec. 1,
to amuse forty or fifty persons, who
were so engaged when I first called. J
also attended a discussion on some
question of machinery, and felt highly
pleased at the arguments used.

Another house in Clerkenwell is
opened on the same plan, also one in
St. Clement’s Church-yard, in the Strand;
and it is proper to observe, that the re-
freshments, in each, are excellent.

Now,Sir, these houses are, every night,
filled, chiefly with mechanics and the
middling classes, who here gain informa-
tion at a cheap rate, instead of attending
public-houses, formerly the only resort
for young men. These facilities, which
are daily increasing, in unison with the
Mechanics’ Institute, must at any rate
give a taste for knowledge, which, I
doubt not, in time, will establish a supe-
rior character for sobriety and talent
amongst our mechanics.—Your’s, &c.

A Town TRAVELLER.

Peckham, 16th August 1824.

[Our correspondent encloses the prospec-
tus of one of these coffee-houses (in Union-
street), where coffee is furnished at 13d. a-
cup, or 3d. a-pint; and all other breakfast
items in the same reasonable proportion ;
while four daily and eight weekly news-
papers, and thirty-eight weekly and monthly
publications, are furnished, gratis, for the
amusement of the customers, together with
a library of 500 volumes, including even
such works as Rees’s Cyclopedia, in forty-
five volumes ; Annual Registers from 1758,
&c. &e. We regret that we cannot afford
the space for inserting it entire. But we
have since learnt that other of these cheap
coffee-houses carry their intellectual accom-
modations to an equal extent.—ED. ]

——<————
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
Sir:

elt Oy me to request of any of

your numerous. correspondents,
such information as they may be able
to afford, relative to the origin and
life of Edward Latymer, who founded
schools at Edmonton and Hammer- »
smith, for the education and clothing of
boys belonging to those. towns.

In the deed of gift, by which he en.
dowed the Edmonton School, which
bears date the 20th of March, 1624, he
is described as late of London, gentle-
man, and Sir Hugh Mydelton, Bart., is
one of the trustees named therein ;
Edward Latymer may, therefore, be
presuned to have been well known in
his day’ (noscitur e sociis) ; a communi-
cation through the medium of your very
excellent magazine will oblige

A Trustee or LatyMER’s SCHOOL.
Edmonton, 30th Oct. 1824.

1824.]

For the Monthly Magazine.

Mr. Rowcrorz’s Account of his Joun-
wey from Monte Vineo to Vatpa-
raiso: in two Letters toM. Arrwoop,
Esq. M.P.

AVING arrived.at Monte Video on
the 3lst March, I am now at the
foot of the first or lower range of the

Andes, near this city, with the snows of

the lofty range peeping over them; a

large valley or ravine ranging between

them. To-morrow or next day I depend
to set out, to mount and surmount these
hills and snows, and to descend to St.

Jago, in Chili; a passage on mules,

without house-shelter, of about 300

miles, and expect to arrive at St. Jago in

Six, seven, or eight days, if not impeded

by snow storms, which now, on the ap-

proach of winter, may detain me in the
cayerns some days; but I think not.

The weather is very fine, clear, calm,

and warm; and the fine grapes here only

waiting one or two mild frosty nights,
to ripen them for a general gathering.

I was this day in a noble vineyard of

7,000 stout, standard, full-leaved, round-

headed, bushy vines; each carrying thirty

to fifty pounds of fine grapes, of which
they make, badly, a middling wine, like

Cape wine or Teneriffe.

_ Inclinations to the o/d system of habits,
manners, religion, &c., still prevail in
this state; and the young people, re-
formers, and creole and foreign impro-
yers, are for the present put down by
the old school of opinions; but as the
women are now learning to read and
count, and to read French too, and as
the young men slip away to the schools
and colleges of Buenos Ayres, America,
and England, it is thought they will
soon import the notions, follies, vices,
and reformations of these countries, and
add them to their own. :

An English cabinet-maker here offers
to make them chairs and tables, which
they bave hardly yet seen; but the
Catholics declare they will be heretic,
and that they cannot go to heaven on
them; while John Bull swears, that if
he were to become ever so good a
Catholic, he could not make them better,
nor be himself a better Christian than
London porter and gin have made him
already ; and so the chairs and tables
are not made.

A Lancasterian school is ‘abolished,
and a subscription library is dispersed,
to save it from burning, A Dr, G. (a
navy surgeon) is here, withbalf-pay. He
has moved much for four years, but is
now put down; nor will they take either

Mowrury Mae, No. 403.

Mr. Roweroft's Account of his Journey to Valparaiso.

393.

his advice or physic. He expects he must
quit ; and being scientifie and botanical,
wants to go to Lima. He is of Greenock.
Some Scotch may come here, and do
well in agriculture.

This is the paradise for phthisis, asth-
ma, Consumption, and pulmonary fret-
fulness of the lungs and sternum. An
arid mountain land and sandy clay, irri-
gated by water from mountain torrents,
grows every thing well; but the natives
are troubled by the disease of the goitre
a good deal. In all this country, for
1,000 miles across, there is not one pane
of glass and hardly a dozen windows
(wind-doors), nor any hole in any three-
foot sand-mud wall, for a rat to creep
in or out of, but the open common
door. yen the house of the Governor
of San Luis (a long shed of one story)
had no other orifice, for a room of sixty
feet long, but the door of entrance; and
there seemed no want of light, though
the door was not six feet high, and the
arched room more than twenty-six,

Birmingham and Shefield send little
here; and when a creole postilion sees
our nails break, and not bend into circles,
and our English iron, made at Buenos
Ayres, suap on the road at every jerk,
he exclaims, “ Muy malo!” and is per-
haps right.

All this 900 miles is, soberly con-
sidered, as to commerce, power, or poli-
tics, at this day, 2 “ terra non,” a nullity:
neither population nor products worth
a tusk, or the handie of an old bayonet.
What it may be, 300 years hence, if a
second Contucius should arise, I cannot
say; nor do I quarrel with our preparing,
now, to be its shopkeeping slayes then;
as we are to others at this time.

Inclosed is a bank-paper dollar of
Buenos Ayres—necessary in a country
where silver abounds and grows for
export only. Little plate is now seen
here in common, and a very few bad iron
or pewter spoons. About 400,000 dol-
lars only are said to be now issued.
The poor people, as usual, cling hard to
a few solid dollars, and are afraid of
every thing else in the country; even
local silver coin and small old divisions
of the dollars. These will pass little,
if at all, beyond the precincts of the
city; and they, with the other larger.
notes of the bank, occasion an agio of
3 per tola, in buying silver with them,
The silver dollar at Buenos Ayres. is
3s. 8d, only~at which I bought all I
wanted for a bill at sixty days’ sight on
London, ay

Expect to set out to-morrow (Satur-

3 HE day),

394

day). A snow-storm is now on the
mountains. The vineyards here are quite
intoxicating ; and the grapes now beau-
tiful. One, in the bed of an old moun-
tain torrent, has a perpendicular bank
of even soil of sand and clay, of thirty
feet deep, and still a good bottom, and
is a pretty sight. They have got the
poplar in one walk sixty-six feet high, in
Jess than ten years; and the willow—
both which suit them; and the peach-
tree for fuel, and the fig-tree; but no
timber. The vegetation very strong,
wherever they can haye the water of
irrigation, with which this town and
district abounds.

The town is now, both men and
women, divided into parties, for power,
influence, politics, religion, reform, go-
vernment, alliance, and improvement ;
which injures their quiet society: for
they are naturally placid, easily con-
tent, and fond of society; having but
little to do but to eat, drink, sleep, and
game.

The Indians south of the river Dia-
mante, which is south of the Tunuyan,
are now in the town on good terms.
I shall see them to-morrow morning.
By treaty, when a party comes here,
they are allowed three days provision
for themselves and their horses, They
like the fruits and productions of Men-
doza; but will not take the trouble to
plant them. They will differ but little
in manner and appearance from the
Spanish Creole.

Colonists, fit to be useful in labour
and agriculture, could be transported
from Buenos Ayres to this place for the
small sum of five dollars each, by the
muleteers, on their returning unloaded
mules and horses ; and be fed all the way,
900 miles, making the way in about
sixteen days.

I was fourteen days on the road, going
seventy miles about, and being detained
two half days, and one four hours, work-
ing very hard all the way, and sleeping
on the moor two nights; which is better
than the accommodation any post house
(hut) on the whole road can afford : and
there are no others. Milk, eggs, bread,
and even beef, are seldom to be had on
the road; and Ihave not beens able to
swallow two ounces of this beef since
I landed. Mutton is a curiosity, for
which I am looking to-day to carry into
the mountains.

The people I find gentle, honest,
proud, polite; and all courteous, and
well-mannered in speech and address.
Their condition very destitute of all

Mr. Rowcroft's Account of his Journey to Valparaiso.

[Dec. 1,

accommodation, and much overloaded
with dirt, and disfigured by rags and
half-nakedness in their every day ap-
pearance; but I think they must, on the
whole, be better off than our poor
Welch and Irish; and that they have
more means than they shew; as they
have much more leisure and indolence
than is good for them.

Every variety of pasture, common,
moor, fen, sand, stony and _plashing
land, is met with; all wild with rank
tufty grapes, thistles, brambles, mimosas,
and acacias—indeed a land of thorns,
of which a prickly pear, in all its varie-
ties, including iis gigantic forms, is the
emperor. The whole was baked to a
brick in the dry fine weather in which 1
passed it, which added to my torture in
a carriage without springs. The horses
are a sadly ill-used and degraded set of
beings: what we call galloways. Our
Whitechapel butchers would soon de-
spise them. The oxen are better; but
their beef is tougher, as they cure it,
than hide leather.

This is the country to teach tem-
perance, abstinence, plain living, and
coarse feeding. All seem to use these, of
all classes. Figs, fruits dried, wine, &c.
&e. are carried on droves of hundreds
of horses and mules 900 miles across to
Buenos Ayres.

We must not attach a false impor-
tance to the present state of the lands
south of the river Plate, and east of the
Andes. They would be fitter spots for
the Chinese and the Irish, Scotch,
Welch, Germans, Swiss, and Piedmon-
tese, to colonize, than either New Hol-
land or Van Diemen’s Land; but they
cannot get them: and under Spanish
prejudices and reglementos are perhaps
best away; though the sky and soil in-
vites much. Heaven seems to be con-
nected with this earth, and the moun-
tains the step to it; they have, however,
slight shocks of earthquakes here.

The city of San Luis, the central
spot of this line, contains 500 inhabi-
tants, and the district round about
1,500 more, on a large breadth. The
houses every where of thick mud walls,
and no windows whatever—none seem
wanted. Palaces and fine houses are
white-washed; which is deemed a high
finish enough. But all that the Spaniards
do is spacious—has room. They are not
cribbed so close as we are.

Seeing and being known at Buenos
Ayres have been useful. It is the con-
necting point for Chili, Lima, Mendoza,
and Paraguay, on which much turns

ee just

1824.]

just now ; and they are the most active,
speculative, competent, and capable
people on this continent. I know
nothing of England since f left it; and
am anxious about it.—Yours, &c.
Tuos. Rowcrort.

Mendoza, April 22, 1822.

P.S. My batteredand aching ribs hardly
allow me to sit up; but I go about ; and
to sit seven long days on a climbing
mule will not ease them.

St. Jago de Chile,
30 leagues from Valparaiso.

I wave reached this place this day,
after a severe labour of nine days and
nights in the open air, in unexpected
snows, across the Andes, from Men-
doza; after fourteen days’ of unremit-
ting gallopping for nearly 1,000 miles,
across the Pampus from Buenos Ayres.
We hear here of large French squadrons
at Rioand Monte Video; and nothing but
very dismal accounts from Lima. This
country, too, is said to be discontented
and uneasy. The expedition against the
island of Chiloe has failed. The people
are chiefly of Indian race, and strongly
attached to their Romish priests and
religion, and Spanish king. The coun-
try is a woody morass, and attempted,
they say, at a season impracticable for
inilitary operations.

I have frequently complained of the
wretched and useless quality of all the
cutlery of Birmingham and Sheffield,
from Teneriffe to Rio, Monte Video, and
Buenos Ayres; and here I find it as
bad, or worse: but to-day am told that
I am mistaken; that nearly all I have
seen any where, and all here, is German,
from Antwerp chiefly ; and the country
so crammed with this German and Fle-
mish rubbish, that there is xo room for
English. It is the same with their arms,
or military equipments: all or mostly
German; and, my informant thinks, all
very bad. A cargo of German and of
English muskets were lately here on
sale together, and at the same price:
the German were preferred, only because
they were longer in the barrel.

Trade is called very, very dull and
contracted here, owing to the interrup-
tions to circulation, transit, and con-
sumption. I think Birmingham and
Sheffield, on some good plan, with some
energy, might do more than they do all
through here. A knife I carry with
several instruments cost, I suppose, at
Birmingham (whence I had it), about
8s. to 10s., would, they say, be worth
here an ounce of gold, (£3. 10s.) Few,
however, could be sold; and a small

Mr. Rowcroft's Account of his Journey to Valparaiso.

395

parcel would bring them to four or five
dollars, 15s, to 20s.

No reading-room or coffee-house, and
no-English papersto be seen here, but in
private hands. I have seen no one yet,
and know nothing of England since the
Ist of January.

Buenos Ayres was worth my observa-
tion; and so, I expect, will be this place °
and country. ‘The solitudes I have
passed through, for nearly 1,200 miles,
are more curious to observe than inte-
resting or instructive in any way, People
are of more consequence than sand or
stones ; however high the one may fly,
or the others rear their rugged fronts.
The sand flies here as dry as dust can
be, at the edge of and over the snows,
on the steppes of the mountains

All through this country, the rope, or
string of ox-hide, serves the place of
nails, and binds all their sticks together.
The carpenter, the bricklayer, and the
tailor are nearly unknown among them.
Mud and boughs, bushes and brambles,
ox-horns and ox-hides, serve them for
all purposes. The destitution of any
race of savages can hardly be much
greater; but still the women, and the
men too, have English calicoes and
printed cottons for their Sunday wear.
All want and all use woollens much;
and the chief, or only domestic industry
and ingenuity, is to spin and weave their
own wool into blankets, petticoats,
“ ponebos,” and saddle-cloths.

This is their harvest of grapes, figs,
India corn, wheat, Chili pepper, potatoes,
peaches, and apples; and is this year a
fine one for grapes, after a very hot
summer, which we felt severely at Rio
de Janiero. From the 25th of March, at
Monte Video, to this day, I have not
seen more than one pailful of water, in
forty days. The sun, moon, and stars
have been my constant companions in
all their utmost intensity of brightness :
of these, eleven nights have been passed
in the open air.

An unexpected snow of five days,
very early, between the 17th and 23d of
April, closed the mountain tracks, and
made my passage, from the 27th to the
30th, very difficult, precarious, and ha~
zardous. Several mules with loads and
in saddles, fell down the precipices; but
only one was killed outright. My ser-
vant’s mule fell down the steep ; but he,
though a negro of courage, young, and
active, and a good horseman, had fortu-
nately quitted her, through fear, five
minutes before. The common pass or
track of the “ cumbre,’ or summit, was
closed, and we had to scale an unusual

3 E 3 and

396
and difficult height, which, thanks to
our mules, we effected. My black,
twenty-three years of age, strong, and
six feet high, walked this, and did not ex-
pect me to get through safely with the
mules. Idonot regret the pain, privations,
and fatigue, though I cannot make out
clearly to you that they are repaid to
me; and the expense also, though for
nine days I had no use for money, a
razor, or anapkin. The solitude of the
Andes, for so long a course, is frightful.

We saw some guanoroes in small
herds, and caught one heavier than a
deer of common size; the flesh like full-
grown Essex veal. I did not taste it,
and can eat no flesh yet on this conti-
nent. Two hard eggs served me for
nearly sixty hours ; and when I came to
the third, I cculd not eat a half of it.
But I learned to smoke and to relish a
segar, which would do you good touse.
I did not feel the thirst or cold F was
told to expect at all. The blindness of
the excessive light of the sun on snow,
below and above, fell on me from three
to five minutes only. Many have suffered
much more.

The wonder, surprise, grandeur, cu-
fiosity, difficulty, and danger were alt
less than description had made them ;
but something there was of all, which
by many would have been much mag-
nified.

The accounts of the large French
squadron, in the South Atlantic, just re-
ceived here excite much speculation, as
they had, in the expectation of them,
a aoe on the other side. The
‘English here (tiot many) form little
association or connexion together, be-
yond private acquaintance, and are said
to compete too eagerly, and to detract
much from their general weight by the
reciprocal degradation of each other.
There is no “ factory feeling” among
them; every one for himself. I am not
sure that this is important, nor know
how it can be avoided or remedied, but
fancy I should like to find or forma
different feeling, or at least seeming, at
Lima.

Will the extraordinary end unexpected
évents of /ast year in Spain lessen the
attachment, which still continues much
here to the connexion, rule,~supersti-
tions, and priesthood of Old Spain? A
few months more should shew this a
little—The cotton trade, perhaps of
Glasgow and Paisley chiefly, appear to
me to have their warehouses and agents,
or shops and shopmen, in these coun-
tries, much the same as in Watling-street,

Rémarks on Metropolitan Auctions.

(Gee. 1,

Aldermanbury, and Oxford-street ; and
to sell much on the plan and price of
the ticket-shops; but my observation is:
not close enough to be quite sure that
this is general.

# * % * * #

I have nothing of mine since I left
England; and, after almost a starvation
of nearly five weeks, am stronger than
ever; as a ride of sixty miles yesterday
on a cart-horse and a foundered hack
proves. These miles were gallopped
(with an interval of twenty minutes to
dine on stale bread and rotten tongue,
in the road-rut), in four hours. Then I
stopped in the dark, to sup on one egg,
and lie down on the mud floor Of a hut
of dry boughs and brambles, with aw
ox-hide door, and an open space neat tt,
which let m the mountain breeze to far
a pan of wood ashes, and to drive away
the smoke of the segar which I took on
my mattress. Three eggs were the whole
stock of the village, (Colina, twenty miles
from the capital). No milk, bread, or
cheese to be had, nor even grapes. In-
dian corn only. The price of the coun-
try is eight, ten, or twelve eggs for the
eighth part of a dollar—53d. or 6d. Per-
haps this is the price to strangers; T
suspect they are never sold to any one
else. Ten or twenty pounds of good
grapes for 23d. or 3d., ‘but very few
buyers, if any. The dogs eat grapes
freely, picking them carefully from the

stalk ! Your’s, &e.
3d May 1824. T. Rowcrort.
—<

For the Monthty Magazine.
On Mrtrororitan Auctions.
N auction is no new subject to de-
scant upon. Buyers of bargains
were well ridiculed in the Speetator ;
and the eagerness of ladies (and gen-
tlemen, too, for that matter), at a sale,
when anxious to possess themselves of
any article on which they had set their
hearts, even bidding upon themselves,
has before now furnished writers for
the public eye with the means of amuse-
ment for their readers.

Unquestionably there is considerable
pleasure to be derived from attending
an auetion, by a close observer, who
goes there without the intention of
purchasing, and who moreover is reso-
lute enough not to be caught with @
great bargain. The quick, ready eye of
the auctioneer ; his wit, if he has any,
and for which there is great scope,
though some of the present race are
dull enough ;—the contrast in the be-
haviour of his audience ;—the cool and

apparently

1824.}

apparently indifferent manner of the
old attendants and good judges ;~the
precipitation of the young and inexpe-
rienced ;—the plots, counterplots, and
manceuvres of various parties in the
room to outwit each other in bidding
for and procuring what they are in
want of;—the remarks and opinions,
right or wrong, of the talkative portion
of the company ;—the absolute sway of
the auctioneer during the period of his
éwaltation,—are all fraught with much
that is interesting and entertaining.

I have often smiled to see the pretty
little tricks of some of the thorough-
paced and well-known attendants at
sales, to prevent dealers in the same
commodity from knowmg when they
make a bid. These people seldom bid
vivd voce; for they will contrive to get
between their opponent and the auc-
tioneer, keeping an eye upon each,
taking eare that the oné towards the
auctioneet is not out of sight of the
other bidder ; with this eye they wink
their bids most dextercusly, while the
opposing party will be looking about,
and wondering who is bidding against
him ;—others do the thing with a silent
nod;—another sort get quite out of
sight, behind the pulpit, and tug at the
auctioneer’s coat-tail at every bid, to
the great danger of his skirts, each pull
going for sixpence, a shilling, or half-a-
crown, as the case may be ;—and others
again will get on one side of the ham-
mer-armed gentleman, and poke some
part of his body with the end of a pen-
cil, for the same purpose. With these,
and with sundry other sorts of *‘ inex-
plicable dumb show,” which is expli-
cable enough to the auctioneer, I have
seen great quantities of goods bought
and sold: but there is still another sort,
who go even nearer the wind than all
these, and who, after looking at the
goods, will leave a list of prices with
the salesman or his clerk, who will buy
for them, and then declare the name,
when the party is not even in the
room; but, in this case, they must be
well able to trust the auctioneer, who
would otherwise run them up to the
extent of their price.

My last remark reminds me of a sad
trick of very many auctioneers—that of
running, as it is called. If they see a
person eager and apparently determined
to possess any article, they will run
upon them; that is, declare higher bid-
dings, without, in fact, having any—
thus urging them on; and they will do
the same, if any thing is likely to go at

Remarks on Metropolitan Auctions.

397

what they think too low a price. This,
they would say, was fair to their em-
ployers; but it is hardly fair to the
public. Ihave many times seen an atie-
tioneer caught in his own trap, in this
running system, being obliged to knock
it down to his own surreptitious bid at
last: he then either declares some fic«
titious name, or, pretending the buyer
will not declare himself, puts up the lot
again.

This, and the system of rigging, are
the bane of sales, and are known to be
detested by the honourable members of
the trade. To many this rigging wilk
want. a little explanation :—It is when
one man, or a set of men, make up an
entire sale, or part of one; for all sales
nearly are, more or less, mixed in this
way: but’ in some it is carried to a
shameful length. The goods, where
there is a rig, whether furniture or
otherwise, are generally either damages,
or got up on purpose, in a shabby but
showy way; and the owners of them,
or their puffers (persons sent to keep
up the price), are mingled with the
company, watching and seeking whom
they may devour; and, unfortunately,
they are often respectable-looking per-
sons, and have even females amongst
them; for, alas! females are their prin-
cipal prey on these occasions. If a
lady seems desirous of any lot, she is
marked down as a sportsman marks his
game; and one will insinuate that the
article is cheap at such or such a price,
while another will keeping bidding upon
the lady. They will sometimes even
affect to be generous, and tell the dupe,
after having got a good price, that if she
wants the lot, they will give it up to
her, and so forth. It is inealeulable
how much is done in this way, espe-
cially at the west end of the town, and
principally in furniture, as could be
avowed by numberless sufferers. One
caution I can give persons against these’
sham sales, if they happen to read the
advertisements in the papers; which is,
that such advertisements are generally
more flowery than others, though most
of them are flowery enough; and you
are invariably told, that you may have
catalogues at the place of sale, and at
the auctioneers ; but where these auc-~
tioueers reside is never stated. When-
ever this is the case, that sale is. a rig,
depend on it.

When there is a genuine sale, whether
of furniture or other goods, the dealers
in the article, whatever it ‘may be, ge-
nerally join together to purchase, mak-.

Ing,

398

ing, in fact, a sort of combination
among themselves td keep the prices
down; and this is, perhaps, the only
good reason that can be given in defence
of an auctioneer’s running, as men-
tioned before. But it is not always that
he is aware of the existence of this
combination, for each of the parties
will in turn bid for the lots; but then
he will never be opposed by the rest of
his associates: of course, by this means
they frequently get articles much cheaper
than if they were in opposition to each
other. It is technically called being in
the cab: and after the sale is over the
whole party will retire to a tavern, and
proceed to knock out—another technical
term for putting up the lots again
among themselves, for they all mark
their catalogues; and in this way many
a poor Jew and Gentile will get their
pound or two in a day without, in fact,
really purchasing any thing. They are
admitted into the cad by the large buyers,
upon the same principle that the In-
dians are said to worship the devil—
that of fear; for these men possess
judgment, if not money, and would,
therefore, if not admitted, make the
others pay larger prices. When the
knock out or second sale is over, the
increase given upon the whole of the
lots is collected, cast up, and equally
divided amongst the whole of the
arty.

It is hardly worth mentioning the
mock auctions of glass, china, tea-cad-
dies, &c., which are held in shops in
our most public streets; for almost
every child is aware of the gross and
barefaced impositions practised at these
places, where the public is cheated of
its money, and government of its
duty.

A very curious sort of sale, common
in the metropolis, is that of pawnbro-
kers’ pledges, though even into these
other property is often introduced ;
this sort of sale is principally curious
from the very odd mixture of articles
in a lot, which having been pawned to-
gether to raise money, are obliged by
act of parliament to be sold together ;
take for instance the following lots from
a catalogue which is laying by me:

“ A patch-work quilt, a coat, and two
bibles.

A pair of trousers, a set of fire-irons, and
a petticoat.

A pair of boots, a table-cloth, and a
necklace.

A shirt, a table-spoon, and an opera-
glass.

Shenstone and the Leasowes.

[Dec. 1,

A silk scarf, and. a drawing in a gilt
frame.

A Dutch clock, a rug, and two snuff-

boxes.”’
And these are but a few strange mix-
tures; for much stranger medleys than
these might be easily picked out, ad
infinitum, from the catalogues of Eddes,
Robins, and Machin. Many of the at-
tendants at these sales are the children
of Israel, who are dealers in every
thing, from the most costly watch or
article of jewellery, to the very lowest
and most worthless description of cast-
off clothing; all of which, the very best
and the very worst, may be seen at
pledge sales. At these sales the king’s
duty of five per cent. is paid by the
buyer; and I have often thought that
the clerk’s perquisites, at the end of a
large sale, arising from the fractions of
duty, must be considerable.

In winding up these desultory re-
marks on auctions, &c., I can only say
that whoever ventures into a sale-room
should not only have money in their
pockets, but judgment in their heads,
or they most infallibly run a great risk
of being cheated either by others or
themselves. J.M.L.

—<—>———

For the Monthly Magazine.
SHENsTONE and the LEasoweEs.
OR some time I have been endea-
vouring to obtain some such infor-

mation respecting the Leasowes,* or
Shenstone’s Walks, as would at once be
gratifying to my own feelings, and ac-
ceptable to the public. It was my wish
to trace the general history of this inte-
resting domain, from the time when it
acquired its celebrity under the plastic
hands of our pastoral bard; including
its changes of proprietorship, and the
attentions bestowed, or the neglects per-
mitted, by each individual, up to the
present time ; and to add whatever anec-
dotes I might be able to coliect, relating
personally to the object of my venera-
tion. But I have not succeeded so as
to satisfy my curiosity, excepting as to
the routine of dates; and a few scanty
observations may serve, till better from
some other quarter, shall claim more
deserved attention. It is now but two
years short of half a century since I first
beheld this charming retreat of the

muses ;

* Leasowe, a common provincial term,
is of Saxon origin, is‘often found in legal
documents, and was never:before, perhaps,
so classically applied as in this instance,
For these hints I am indebted to a friend.

—E

y
1824.]

muses; and no one day in the course of
my eventful and protracted life, presents
to my imagination so many vivid and
welcome recollections. At that time
Shenstone had been dead about fourteen
years; and nearly the same length of
time had been given to his progressive
embellishments. I was then in my fif-
teenth year; and the spot itself bore
some analogy to a blooming female of
that age, advancing to loveliness and
maturity. The sudden and unexpected
burst of the expansive view from Muck-
low-hill, which forms a part of the walks,
prepared my mind for the enjoyment of
what was to follow; and though, in after
times, I have visited Richmond, Green-
wich, Hagley, Envil, Chatsworth, Mat-
lock, and Hawkestone, yet none of these
captivating spots seemed to possess half
the beauties which my young fancy so
exquisitely enjoyed in this juvenile ex-
cursion.

I had read Shenstone’s poems with
eagerness and delight; their simplicity
rendered them intelligible to my youth-
ful capacity, and their beauty had en-
gaged my admiration—but I had seen
no description of the Leasowes; nor
had we any guide, to create an artificial
excitement, by pointing out their real
or imaginary charms. Every change in
the scenery, and every one of the orna-
mental objects. or inscriptions, came
upon us unexpected and gratifying: and
all the fabled perfections of Arcadia
seemed here to be more than realized.
I felt the most ardent admiration for
the man who could produce such a
magical influence in my mind; and the
moral feelings, excited by these commen-
taries upon the book of nature, were
too exquisite to be ever obliterated.
The natural beauties of the place were
conspicuous and captivating; and the
nice adaptation of the embellishments—
the sweet appropriation of the inscrip-
tions,—all conspired to produce an
intensity of delight, and the most enthu-
siastic emotions.*

We refreshed at the new inn, at the
entrance of Hales Owen, a short mile
from the Leasowes, and which was then
occupied by the “blythe and bonny”
Betty Taylor; who, after a fifty-four

* As the Leasowes, while existing in all
their beauty, have been so amply described
in publications of easy access, our corre-
spondent will, we hope, excuse their omis-
sion, as well as some other curtailments,
which necessary attention to variety in our
miscellany render indispensable.—Ep,

Shenstone and the Leasowes.

399
years’ residence, died July 12, 1822,
and was succeeded by her widowed
daughter, the respectable Mrs. Birch.
For many years a good Sunday ordinary
was provided for the visiting excursion-
ists; and at other times, civility, good
fare, and moderate charges, were, I be-
lieve, the standing rules of the house.
Shenstone died February 11, 1763, and
was succeeded in the possession of the
estate by Edward Horne, Esq., who
erected the new mansion on the site of
the old one, and completed it about the
year 1776. He also built the hot-house
and walled in the garden, and quitted
the premises June 1789. His successor
was the gay and hospitable Major Francis
Halliday; he made considerable addi-
tions to the house and the out-offices,
and the elegant circular stone portico
at the entrance was of his construction.
He also built an elegant hermitage in
the high wood, ornamented with stained
glass windows, furnace cinders, cow-
heel bones, horses’ teeth, &c. What-
ever might be the merits of this struc-
ture, it certainly did not correspond
with the classical purity and chaste
decorations which so well characterized
every effort of the “farmer bard.” The
Major died June 6, 1794, at the early
age of forty-five, and has a sumptuous
monument erected to his memory in
Hales Owen church, close by the side of
the simple and unobtrusive urn, record-
ing the spot where Shenstone’s remains
are deposited. In June 1795, Edward
Butler Hartopp, Esq. became the owner
of the estate, and held possession till
July 1800, when it was transferred to
Charles Hamilton, Esq., and he becom-
ing insolvent in 1807, it passed into the
hands of Matthias Attwood, Esq., who
continues to hold it at the present time.
Each of these gentlemen, I believe, with
the exception of the last, kept up the
spirit of the place, by a close attention
to the requisite repairs, and the corre-
sponding neatness which Shenstone had
introduced and so well maintained; but
the uncertainty of Mr. Attwood’s tenure,
being only on mortgage, or want of in-
clination, or both, occasioned the whole
to sink into a state of ruin and desola-
tion. Scarcely any traces can now be
found that indicate the masterly hand of
the inimitable projector; and the choked
rivulets, the annoying swamps, the track-
less paths, the entangled trees, the flut-
ter, ancle deep, of decayed leaves, the
mutilated figures, the obliterated inserip-
tions, and the half-closed entrances—all
unite to sicken the heart that heretofore
was

400

‘was wont to be exhilarated ‘to rapture.
The original expenses once incurred, a
very little effort might have preserved
those beauties, which now, perhaps, will
be for eyer lost. The improvements can
‘no longer be distinguished, and the
natural graces are sunk far below their
original standard, in consequence of a
ruthless and irretrievable encroachment.

About thirty years ago, the Netherton
canal was projected, which was ulti-
mately to cross the Leasowes by means
of an immense embankment, and thus
to despoil the place of one of its princi-
pal attractions. Had Shenstone lived
to have witnessed this commercial inno-
yation, it must have embittered his re-
maining days, or perhaps have termi-
nated them by a broken heart. The
canal was finished, and received the
first laden boat, April 21, 1798; the
embankment is 462 yards long, in a
wawng line; its greatest height at the
centre, twenty-three yards. I have been
told that Major Halliday was negociat-
ing with the managers of the concern to
have an elegant aqueduct constructed,
instead of the solid embankment; but
that his decease happening at the time,
they took advantage of the suspended
opposition, and pushed on the work,
regardless of the irreparable injury to
the sacred spot. Had such an erection
been constructed as that at Chirk, in
the same county, or that of the Pont y
Cysylltan for the Ellesmere canal, where
it crosses the yale of Llangollen, with
all its grandeur of effect, it would still
have been sadly ont of place. But in
its present state, a lofty and gloomy
embankment, without any relief to the
eye, entirely cutting off one-half of the
grounds, the distant view of Hales Owen,
and the adjoining scenery ; the evil, in a
picturesque point of view, has no miti-
gation.

Mucklow-hill is generally rated at a
mile in length, and is very steep; sup-
posing the rise to be three inches to a
yard, this will give a total elevation of
146 yards; on this ascent are the Leas-
owes situated, taking a portion from
each extremity, so as to leave about
three-quarters of a mile tor their extent,
They run parallel with the turnpike
road, contain about 115 acres, and an
irregular walk, nearly bounding the
estate, is about two miles in length,
The general character of the whole may
be thus comprized : the house is situated
near the middle, the land above it con-
tains an irregular glen or chasm running
nearly down the middle, and below it

Shenstone and the Leasowes.

(Dec. 1,
the whole swells into a more open ex-
panse, where a few excavations and
mounds of no great magnitude might
collect the water into pools or reser-
voirs, suited to the limited size of the
whole. Shenstone’s excellent taste im-
proved these natural advantages, in a
style uniting elegance with economy);
he made it a.complete “ ferme ornée;”
but still it was a farm chiefly dedicated
to utility. Perhaps about one-eighth or
a sixth part might be allotted. to orna-

-ment, and of this some portion might

be considered as unavailable for pur-
poses of agriculture, being on the slop-
ing sides of the glades.

The present house is a spacious and
noble edifice, and its appearance, from
the valley or from Hales Owen is com-
manding and majestic ; but it wants the
charm of the original dwelling. It is
the abode of the gentleman, rather than
the retreat of the philosopher. Its mag-
nitude is beyond the proyiortionate size
of the estate; as its establishment could
not be supported by the profits of its
agricultural produce. It wants the cha-
racteristic snugness which harmonized
so well with the taste of the poet. Be-
fore this change, all was consistency and
correctness. Others had exceeded (and
among them his neighbour Lyttleton)
in elegant and costly displays of exube-
rant beauty and talent, suited to their
gorgeous and splendid establishments ;
but to estimate their merits by their
magnitude, would be reversing the order
of sober reality. On viewing many of
the extensive and useless domains with
which the country abounds, with. their
sumptuous palaces and decorations, the
friend of mankind can hardly repel the
idea of their being, perhaps, in some
period of their history, purchased by
the oppression of the labouring poor—
by the venal sacrifice of the public liber-
ty—by the traffic of human carnage.
The possessor may be free from the
slightest shade of umputation; but the
proprietary monopoly remains to be felt
as one of the remote causes of priyation
and distress,

I know not if there be any engraving
or drawing extant of the original dwell-
ing attached to the estate: it would be
interesting, as exhibiting the connexion
of the whole, under the correct eye and
sound judgment of the owner. Nor
have I ever seen any sketches of the
general features of the spot, or of the
special beauties so luxuriantly scattered
around. Itis the more to be desired,
that whatever memorials there may be

0

1824.)
of this description, should be collected
and preserved; as there is too much
reason to apprehend, that ina very few
years, every vestige of these fascinating
embellishments will be totally oblite-
rated; and whut was once so interesting
and lovely, shall have no record but
vague and unsatisfactory description.
By the bye, is there any portrait of
Shenstone to be found?* On the 2d
of June 1795, the estate came under the
hammer of Mr. Christie, in Pall-mall ;
when Mr. Hartepp, from his taking pos-
session, I suppose to have been the
purchaser. Among the many allure-
ments held out to the public, one was
“ That there were capital seams of coal
of great value, under the whole of the
estate, and which had lately been in part
ascertained ; that in some parts the coal
crops out to the surface; and that a
neighbouring celliery, distant but about
a mile, contains a stratum not less than
seven yards thick.” In addition to these
lucrative advantages, even the abomi-
nable canal itself is held out as “ facili-
tating the intercourse with the first mart
in the world, without injury to the beau-
ties of the place.”’ Bravo, Mr. Christie!
Sad prognostications these of the future
destiny of the genii here abiding!
Haunts of Apollo and the muses, and ot
the rural deities—of sylphs, elves, and
fairies ! to be ransacked with more than
Vandal desolation, and become the abode
of the d.formed Vulcan and the sordi
Plutus !
The talent, the energies, and the so-
cial character of Shenstone, have never,
I think, been fully scrutinized, nor faith-
fully appreciated. A popular, but ano-
nymous, novel of the day, under the
title of “ Columella, or the distressed
Anchorite,” held him up by implication
as a proper subject for banter and ridi-
cule; with the idea of his being a pee-
vish discontented bachelor, instead of a
rural gentleman, or a contemplative
philosopher. And his redoubtable bio-
grapher Dr. Johnson has, by the un-
Sparing use of inuendo and surmise,
tinged the mental portrait of the bard
with his accustomed splenetic gloom.
Surely no man was ever less qualified
by natural disposition to sit in judgment
on his admired contemporary. The
contrast between them in taste and en-
dowments was extreme. The one an

* The portrait of Shenstone is no “de-
sideratum.”” Jt not only exists, but there
is an engraving from it in Bell’s British
Poets, and other editions of Shenstone’s
works.—Ep.

Montuty Mac. No. 403,

.

Shenstone.and the Leasowes.

401

ardent admirer of the beautiful and un-
cloying simplicity of Nature; the other
as artificial a composition of pedantic
dogmatism and prejudice as can well be
imagined. It does not appear that
Johnson was personally acquainted with
him, or that he had ever seen his charm-
ing retreat: or if he had seen it, would
it have possessed any charms for his
singular mind, at once so capacious and
so contracted? ‘ Whether,” says he,
* to plant a walk in undulating curves,
and to place a bench at every turn
where there is an object to catch the
view; to make water ‘run where it will
be heard, and to stagnate it where it
will be seen; to leave intervals where
the eye will be pleased, and to thicken
the plantation where there is something
to be hidden; demands any great powers
of mind, I will not inquire; perhaps a
sullen and surly spectator may think
such performances rather the sport than
the business of human reason.” John-
son, however, admits (but almost as
though not coming from himself), “that
the improvements were made with such
judgment of fancy, as made his little
domain the envy of the great, and the
admiration of the skilful; a place to be
visited by travellers, and copied by
designers.”

There is one broad insinuation, which
certainly ought not to have appeared
unless supported by something more
than conjecture. “ In time,” says the
biographer, “ his expenses brought cla-
mours about him, that overpowered the
lamb’s bleat and the linnet’s song ; and
his groves were haunted by beings very
different from fawns and fairies.” There
is no reason to assert that he was in-
jured by his expenses. It is true, that
his friend Dodsley represents him “ as
a man of great tenderness and genc-
rosity, kind to all who were within his
influence ; but once offended, not easily
appeased; inattentive to economy and
careless of his expenses ;” this we may
admit as coming. from one who knew
him; but it will not authorize a stran-
ger to go to such conclusions as the
surly biographer has drawn.

Whether Gray was intimate with
Shenstone, I cannot: tell, but the pro-
bability, at least, is that he knew him»;
and Johnson brings him forward to ex-
claim, “ Poor man! he was always
wishing for money, for fame, and other
distinctions ; and his whole philosophy
consisted in living against his will in
retirement, and in a place. which his
taste had adorned: but which he only

3 F nejoyed

402

enjoyed when people of note came to
s3e and commend it: his correspon-
dence is about nothing else but this
place and his own writings, with two
or three neighbouring clergymen, who
wrote verses too.’? Well may the pro-
verb say, “ deliver me from my friends
and T’ll take care of my enemies.” Was
it a stain on the understanding of Shen-
stone to wish for fame and distinction ?

Milton was, I suppose, a blockhead

when he talks of

Those other two, equall’d with me in fate,

So were I equall’d with them in renown !

Of Shenstone’s powers as a poet, I
shall say but little. But in this respect

I agree with Johnson, that the School

Mistress is the most pleasing of his

productions ; and I think it quite suffi-

cient to entitle him to a conspicuous
niche in the Pantheon of the British

Muses. Could Johnson’ himself have

written it half so well? could Burns have

done it better? But whatever merits may
now or hereafter be justly awarded himas
avotary of the Muses, they are much
more than equalled, in my humble opi-
nion, by the combined qualifications
displayed in adorning the Leasowes.
The inscriptions alone, though so play-
ful or classical, owe their bewitching
interest to time, place, and circum-
stance, which are altogether so inimit-
ably interwoven. It was his unrivalled
skill to have united utility with embel-
lishment, in a degree which no future
imitator will perhaps ever attain. The
man seemed made for the spot, and its
beauties were half created by him.
Other places may be found supe-
rior to this in extent and romantic
sublimity, and perhaps equal in the
milder graces of softness and distant
variety ; but till other Shenstones shall
arisé to adorn them with equal dis-
plays of refined intellect, the Leasowes
(had they remained as left by him)
would still have been unrivalled.
Yours, &c.
Jas. Luckceck.

——

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine,
Sir: :
BSERVING that the greatest. at-

tention is invariably paid in your
valuable miscellany to every subject that
is in any way calculated to promote the
welfare of society; and that the Monthly

Magazine is a repository of many useful

facts connected. with, that. highly-im-

portant. and. \ill-understood . ‘science,

Education, I venture’ to address’ to

you a few ideas, drawn from experience,

October 24.

On the Advantages of Literary Societies.

[ Dee. 1,

ona portion of that extensive subject
which has been’ noticed in several of
your later numbers; namely, Literary
Societies.

As the most useful discoveries of
every kind have at first met with oppo-
sition, it is not surprising that literary
societies, composed chiefly of young
men, who meet occasionally for the pur-
pose of mutual instruction, by lectures
and discussions, should meet with some
opposition. We can forgive our grand-
mothers, poor old souls, for railing at
things they have neither been used to,
nor understand; but we can hardly
listen without astonishment to persons
esteemed respectable, while they delaim
against spouting-shops, as they con
temptuously term them, which, they
say, merely fill young heads with self-
conceit and love of wrangling. For
others to be wiser than themselves, is
considered a crime by many; and the
real cause of much of the existing dis-
like to these institutions arises, I appre-
hend, no less from the knowledge they
impart to their members, than from the
power they afford them of conveying
it forcibly to others. So far from de-
bating societies tending to foster con-
ceit, they evidently have a directly oppo-
site tendency, Indeed, I know few
means more effectual to take the con-
ceit out of a young man (to use a coarse
though expressive term), than a society
of equals, by whom the manner, no
less than the matter, of his discourse
will be thoroughly examined. Impu-
dence will still less be tolerated in such
societies; and I do not find that a love.
of wrangling is at all conspicuous
among their members.

In the present defective state of Edu-
cation, Literary Societies of this de-
scription are a necessary supplement to
scholastic pursuits. What does a youth
of sixteen or eighteen know? what can
he do, when he comes from what is
called a respectable school? “He can
write a stiff hand, perform mechanically
a few simple operations of Arithmetic,
repeat Murray’s English Grammar by
heart, without knowing the meaning of
a sentence of it, and ‘translate, with
difficulty, an easy French senténce. {fhe
have been at a public school, he knows,
at-eighteen, nothing’ on earth but the
hard ‘words of two “dead Languages,
which’ ‘he‘takes’ twelve years to learn,
and one to forget. “If hé go to’'a col-
lege, in many cases he will learn nothing ;
or if he‘do ‘study, and study ‘hard ‘too,
he only increases his stock of hard

words ;

1824.)

words ; perhaps learns a little Mathe-
matics, a little bad Logic, and very
questionable Moral Philosophy. He is
then a man in body, but necessarily a
child in, other respects, never having
had occasion to use. any faculty of
the mind, except Memory. In short,
modern Education comprizes only a few
of what ought to be secondary objects
of attention, and teaches them ill be-
sides. There are many exceptions, no
doubt, in individuals, and (in one or
two instances in the kingdom) in
schools; but the general rule is what
I haye laid down. Qur Schools and
Colleges were commenced by Monks for
the education of monks, and under
monks they still continue. It is painful
to one’s feelings to be forced to speak
in such terms of one of the most im-
portant institutions of our country ; but
those disinterested persons who have
had the greatest experience, will be the
first to allow and lament their truth.

Whatever, therefore, is most useful
for a man to know, he must learn after
he has finished his Education. His du-
ties as a husband and parent, a profes-
sional man and citizen, must either be
aequired intuitively, or learnt from the
experience of ages; if not, they will be
performed without principle, or altoge-
ther neglected; for to the due per-
formance of them his scholastic educa-
tion can afford him no clue, Now, it is
the very sciences that relate to these
most important duties that form the
usual questions and lectures in Literary
Societies. Aman must read and think,
if he would become a creditable mem-
ber of them; and they teach him to do
both.

A young man, unaccustomed to use
his faculties, can seldom learn to use
them properly, by conversation alone, as
then he has constantly an opportunity
of changing the topic, of being. silent,
or of resorting to common place. Neither
will he best learn, at first, to train. his
faculties by reading; for independent of
it being a difficult art, requiring some
preliminary knowledge before it can be
rendered useful or, pleasant, there is a
want of life and animation about it, and,
to beginners, an excess of method.
Literary Societies are, not. subject to
these defects : they, possess the anima-
tion and_yariety of, conversation with
the solidity and method of good. read-
ings, Indeed, the, variety, of Speakers,
who each bring their different opinions,
experience, reading, and reasoning upon
the subject under discussion, joined to

On the Advantages of Literary Societies.

403

the animation of the Contest, cannot
fail in some degree of arousing the most
torpid, fixing the most changeable, and
even instructing the best informed. We
read only on one side of a question ;
but we must listen to all. The solitary
student embraces one particular study,
and cultivates one faculty of the mind
only, frequently to the destruction of
the rest ; but, in these societies, subjects
of every kind come under our notice,
and the faculties of the mind are all
employed. We are under no tempta-
tion to admit trifles, or to hazard rash
and inconsiderate opinions: we have a
weekly inducement to think and to
read, and an opportunity of being con-
firmed in. our opinions, if they are right,
and corrected, if they are wrong.

Neither is the art of addressing others
a mean attainment; and it can certainly
only be acquired early and properly in
such societies. Public speaking forms
great part of the. professional duties of
the Pulpit and the Bar. To the Senator
is it indispensable; and that man must
be low indeed in the Scale of Society,
who does not occasionally require it,
and who feels not, and is not justly
considered superior, to those who can-"
not express their thoughts to others.

The correct habits of reasoning thus
acquired are applicable to every subject
that can come before us; and so far
from deserting us in the affairs of life,
when we leave our societies, are con-
stantly increasing by our future observa-
tion and practice.

The moral advantages of these Lite-
rary Societies are seldom adverted to;
yet I think they will be apparent, on a
moment’s consideration. His _profes-
sion is not enough for a young man: he
must have amusements. Some persons
prefer drinking, gambling, debauchery,
or idleness.* We are of opinion that:
knowledge and morality are usually
joined, and endeavour to make them
both our chief amusements. We also
learn to govern our tempers and passions
by listening with patience while our
most favourite opinions are doubted,
disputed, or proved to be erroneous,
and to treat with politeness all who are
around us:

Thus, although we cannot help having
received.a bad Education, which is our

misfortune,

* There are those, perhaps, who have_
reasons (of the two evils) why they should
be preferred ; but they are not of the classes
to whom our correspondent addresses him-
sel} —IEp,

3F2

404
misfortune, not our fault, yet we are
highly culpable, if, being sensible of our
defects, we do not take the best means
mm our power to correct them. Under
such circumstances, do these Societies
hold out to us their friendly aid; and
the modest: beginner who. strives after
improvement, may be confident of re-
ceiving every attention in his earliest
and most imperfeet attempts to address
them, and may learn much as a silent
hearer.
- These Societies still present another
advantage over every species of Scho-
lJastic Education. In them we stand
alone, equally responsible for our words
and actions; neither under the birch
and guidance of the pedagogue, nor the
more indulgent guardianship of our re-
lations and friends. Here we first learn
to be men.» To ignorance of the vital
subjects, which form the life and soul of
such Societies, may we attribute the lax
morals and still laxer politics of the
present day, and also that flickering
brightness in one subject that we fre-
quently. see individuals possess, while
they are in profound ignorance of every
thing else, and which serves, like a
taper in the gloom, only to make their
darkness more conspicuous; and even
the brightness of Genius, unbalanced by
such principles and knowledge, is little
better than -the ignis fatuus, whose
-brilliancy leads its admirers astray.
; G.*
eee ae eae
For the Monthly Magazine.

Remarkable Phenomena of Lunar and
Sorar Rarngows.

T appears by an article in the Edin-

. burgh Star, and which has been
copied into some of the London prints,
that a remarkably fine specimen of that
rare phenomenon, the lunar rainbow,
was seen at Middleton, twelve miles
west of Edinburgh, on Friday the .1st
of October, about ten o’clock in the
evening.

The day and the hour (it is observed)
determine of course the position of the

'* We have received another communi-
cation on this same subject, or nearly so,
from another correspondent, which it was
our intention to have inserted till this came
into our hand. As the quest of. variety
forbids the insertion of both, we have, con-
trary to our usual practice, adopted the
longest: among other reasons, because the
subject is treated upon more general prin-
ciples, and affords a better field for discus-
sion. We should suppose that our corres-
pondent “ G.” cannot expect that all his
positiv us should escape controversy.— Eb.

Remarkable Phenomena of Lunar and Solar Rainbows.

(Dec. 1,

moon, as well as that of the rainbow. The
beautiful meteor, when first observed, was
fully formed, and the segment of a circle,
which it described on a rather thick cloudy
sky, every where distinctly and even
strongly marked. It began to fade in a
minute or two after being first seen, and
had totally vanished in about the space of
three minutes. The writer has not wit-
nessed any solar rainbow the formation of
which was so uniform and regular: but it
had not the noble expansion of arch which
distinguishes that meteor; and being of a
dull sort of white, displayed no where its
variety and brilliancy of colours. It may
be observed, ‘however, that owing to the
surrounding darkness, the lunar rainbow,
though by no means so striking an object,
as that produced by the sun, is a far more
singular, and much more imposing spec-
tacle.

The writer then proceeds to observe,
that “the unfrequency* of this meteoric
phenomenon has occasioned it to at-
tract the notice of philosophers :” some
observations on which have been handed
down from remote, as well as from
more recent times.

Aristotle. is said to have seen two lunar
rainbows in his time. Several other au-
thors, such as Gemma, Frisius, Sennert,
Snellius, and Dr. Plot, are said to have
witnessed the same phenomenon. It is
suspected, indeed, that some of these wri-
ters have been mistaken, and have handed
down to us, in place of lunar rainbows,
halos merely, or crowns round the moon,
spectacles by no means rare. But since
the beginning of the last century, observa-
tions much more certain have been made,
which prove that. the moon sometimes en-
joys the privileges of the sun. According
to the Phil. Trans. No. 331, there was
seen, in 1711, a lunar rainbow, well colour-
ed and yell defined, in the county of Der-
by. M. Weidler saw one in 1719, weak
indeed, and in which the colours could
hardly be discerned. _M. Muschenbrook
saw one also in 1729, but no other colour
except white was discernible. A yellow
lunar rainbow was seen at Isselstein in
1736. It is mentioned, in fine, in the
journal of Trevoux, of the month of Au-
gust, 1738, that one had recently been seen
at Dijon, very well coloured, only not pos-
sessed of the same variety of tint as those
formed by the sun.

The publication of the aboye particu-
lars has occasioned another recent oc-
currence of this rare phenomenon to
be also recorded. It occurred, as it
seems, six days only after that which
was observed in the neighbourhood of

- Edinburgh, when the observer was en-

tering the town of Arras in the diligence
from

* T leave the Scotticism as I found it.

1824.) >

from Cambray, at about eight o’clock
in the evening of the 7th of October ;
and was “as vivid and distinct in: its
colours, and as perfect in the segment
of the circle which it formed, as any
solar rainbow which the writer had ever
seen. There was also a second one
fainter, as if it were the shadow or. re-
flection of the other.” This splendid
meteor was produced, we are told, as
indeed might be naturally inferred, on
a thick rain cloud, which passed over
the travellers as they entered the town;
the moon, to the best of the writer’s
recollection, being at an elevation of
forty-five degrees from the horizon.

But notwithstanding the reappear-
ance of this beautiful phenomenon,
twice in the course of six days, I
am perfectly satisfied that it must be
a phenomenon of such rare occur-
rence as to be worthy of particular re-
cord: since, though for many years of
my life, and at several different periods,
I have been in the habit of indulging a
meditative mood in nocturnal rambles,
‘and sometimes for whole nights to-
gether, it never but once presented it-
self to my observation. The instance
in which it did occur was at the begin-
ning of the autumn of 1797, between
the hours, I should suppose, of ten and
eleven; and the moon, then at full,
being, apparently, in about the same

oint of elevation as in the instance of
its appearance in the neighbourhood of
Arras. The point from which I ob-
served it was the middle of Durdham
Down, in the neighbourhood of Bristol.
The arch, though of smaller span than
usually described by the solar bow, was
very complete, and apparently very near
to the full extent of a semi-circle. The
prismatic colours, though by no means
so vivid, were as perfectly discriminated
and as finely graduated as those of the
customary rainbow; and it was accom-
panied, as the solar bow pretty gene-
rally is, by an interior duplication of
arch, more faintly reflected, and at the
usual comparative distance. As I am
not in the habit of recording meteoro-
logical phenomena, I took no particu-
lar note of the duration of this appear-
ance; but it was certainly by no means
so transient as those are described to
have been in the notices to which J
haye alluded.

In speaking of these phenomena, my
recollection naturally recurs to another,
and, as it appears, to me, still more
extraordinary variety of the rainbow,
which occurred during the latter part of

Remarkable Phenomena of Lunar and Solar Rainbows.

405

the summer, or beginning of the autumn
of the last year, and of which I am not
aware that any public notice has. been
taken: neither did I myself make any
memorandum of it at the time. The
object was, however, too extraordinary,
and too beautifully sublime, for the
remembrance ever to be obliterated from
the tablet of the imagination. It was:
at the hour when, after a day of mist
and rain, the sun was verging within a
few degrees of the western horizon, and
when the sky in the opposite direction
was heavy with dun and dusky rolling
clouds, while the vapours in the southern
and south-western direction were deeply
tinged with varied gradations of tawny
and orange—that my attention was drawn.
to the phenomenon to which IJ allude =
shamely, a beautiful expanse of rainbow,
forming as complete a segment of a
circle as ever in any other instance I
had witnessed; and of wider span than
I ever remember to have seen in one so
high above the horizon, and describing
so large a portion of a circle: while, at
the same time, the breadth of the stripe,
if I may so describe it, of this meteoric
arch appeared to be considerably beyond

what is usual in ordinary occurrence.
But. it was in the colouring of this
beautiful meteor that its awful singu-
larity principally consisted. Diversities
of tint were indeed as conspicuous as in
ordinary instances, and the places where
the usual colours would be looked for,
seemed to be as clearly marked; but
instead of the’ prismatic varieties of
contrasting hues melting and harmo-
nizing into each other with evanescent
gradation, the varieties exhibited in
the bow I am describing consisted
only of different shades of orange, tawny
and red: without the slightest tendency
to violet. Within the expanse of this
burning arch (for such it appeared to be)
was another of more faint reflection,—
the shadow, as it may be called, of the
one described: while the portion of aérial
hemisphere included within this double
span, from the fainter hue of the dun-
nish yellow with which the vapours were
uniformly tinted, presented the idea of
perspective distance; as though this
duplicated arch were but the external
and interior portal or gateway of the
proximate wall of vapours, opening to a
more remote horizon. The duration of
this phenomenon was considerable : how
many minutes, I will not venture to sug-
gest; but it was long enough for me,
after having gazed at it myself for some
time with a thrilling and awful delight,
to

£06

to collect the members of my family
together from different parts of the pre-
mises, to participate with me in. the
contemplation of an aérial exhibition so
splendid and so extraordinary.

The effect, indeed, was most: singu-
larly grand and impressive: so much
so, that I could not help considering
it, as worthy to have found a. place
among the sublimities of the northern
Edda, as one of the indications of that
approaching Twilight of the Gods, when
every thing is to yield to Surtur the
black, the demon of consuming fire;
and when the sun, the moon, and the
deities themselves, are to be swallowed
by the enormous jaws of the Wolf Fen-
rir, to make, way for a new and more
splendid creation. How easily might
the Scald, or any other believer in that
rudely wild, but magnificent scheme of
superstition, have imagined, while gazing
upon this phenomenon, that Bifrost (by
which name the rainbow was by them
distinguished), the beautiful arch by
traversing which the gods held inter-
course -with. the race of mortals, was
already fired, and the twilight of desola-
tion begun. N. B.C.

———
For the Monthly Magazine.

The Rars of Herovores.
OTHING is more astonishing in
history, considering the limited

communication that existed among the
nations of antiquity, than the universal
diffusion of the same fables and super-
stitions among them, while the know-
ledge they respectively possessed scarce-
ly ever spread beyond the limits of their
different empires... The more our ac-
quaintance with the nations of middle
Asia, extends the more we find this
truth verified; and the reader will,
therefore, not be surprised to perceive
a version of the singular Egyptian rat
story, related by Herodotus, contained
in the ancient annals of Khotan, in Little
Bokhara, transmitted by the Chinese ;
and a translation of which has been,re-
cently. published in Paris by M. Abel
Rémusat.

The following is, the story of Hero-
dotus :

At the death of Aausin, he was succeeded
by a priest of Vulcan, named Sethon, This
king greatly neglected. the order of the war-
riors, When, soon after, a numerous army,
commanded by Sanacharib, king of the As-
syriaris and Arabs, came to attack Egypt,
none of the’ Egyptian warriors would march.
The priest-king, alarmed’ at this refusal,
and uncertain what resolution he was to
take, entered into the temple of Vulean,

The Rats of Herodotus.

[Dee. 1,

and bewailed at the foot of the statue of
the god, the misfortunes that threatened
him. While he was uttering his complaints,
sleep fell on him, and he dreamed that he
saw the god standing by the side of him,
and who, encouraging him, told him that
with the help he was about. to receive he
should have nothing to fear from the Arab
army. ‘The king, trusting to this vision,
assembled all those who consented to fol-
low him, and marched towards, Pelusium,
which is the point from which Egypt may
be entered, having with him, no. scJdiers,
but a mob of merchants, artists, ad trades-
men. He had scarcely arrived, when an
infinite number of field rats spread in the
enemy's camp, and in the course of one
night gnawed so completely the strings. of
their bows, their quivers, and even the
straps of their helmets, that the army, de-
prived of every species of arms, was com-
pelled on the next day to take flight ;. and,
being followed by the Egyptians, lost a
great many people. In commemoration of
this event we see, in the temple of Vulcan,
a stone statue representing Sethon with a
rat in his hand, with the inscription ; “ On
seeing me, learn to reverence the gods.”

The Chinese story is rather more
curious, in as much as it tells us about
a king of the rats, who makes the, pro-
mise of assistance in his own person.
But au fait

A yery numerous army of Heeoang-nov
(Turks) was invading the kingdom of
Khotan. The king of this country was
too weak to oppose such an enemy. He
therefore ordered a sacrifice to be offered
to the rats of the desert, and begged them
to be his auxiliaries. The same night’ he
saw in his dream a large rat, which said
tohim: ‘you have claimed our assistance ;
prepare your troops to fight a_battle,.to-
morrow, and you shall be victorious!” The
next morning the king attacked the THee-
oang-noo unawares. These, thus suddenly
roused, ‘hastened to mount their horses, and
put on their armour; but it was found that
the harness of their horses, the clothes of
the soldiers, the strings of thei bows, the
straps of their cuirasses, in short every
thing made of wool or linen, had been com-
pletely gnawed and torn to: pieces by) the
rats. Thus deprived of the means of de-
fence, they fell under the blows of their
enemies. Their general was killed, and
the whole army taken prisoners. The king
of Khotan, wishing to show his gratitude
for so important a service, built a temple,
offered. sacrifices, and since that ‘time the
people never ceased to make ‘offerings
in it.* i SAG

These

* Since the country was conquered by
the Mohammedan Turks, and subjected to
their religion, this worship of rats has, of
course, ceased. D0 2

1824.]
These desezt rats seem to be formid-
able creatures, and we ought not to
wonder. if they had devoured the whole
camp, soldiers and all. For among
many stoties of their voracity men-
tioned by travellers, we remember. one
in particular, which would have stag-
gered our faith, did it not come from
a respectable authority, .M. Klaproth
tells us, that during his residence at
Irkutsk, in Siberia, in 1806, a report
was received from the commandant of
Ockoisk, to, the effect, that an innumer-
able host of vats, having crossed the
sea, had-devoured not only all the con-
tents,of the government ‘store-houses,
but the store-houses themselves. This
is certainly: a most wonderful story;
and although it is well known, that
almost all the edifices in Siberia are
built of wood, still even that is a sub-

stance too hard to be swallowed.*

VaZe
en
For the Monthly Magazine.
On the Music- of Anciznr GREECE
and Rome.

| Papin and often as the subject of
' this communication to your excel-
lent miscellany has been discussed, there
still remains much to be said by those
whose profession or taste, or both, have
led them to its due consideration, Even
the writers of this description have not
exhausted, though they may have thrown
considerable light on, a topic so inte-
resting. to the musical antiquary, and

all real lovers of the harmouic art.
That the ancient Greek music was,
in many respects, very limited, is beyond
all doubt; and that it included little, if
any, of what we deem science, elegance,
and taste... We. gain some intelligence
respecting this particular, from the ma-
nifest, fact, that the poet was generally
hisiown musician, If it be asked, how
it was, that, notwithstanding the con-
stant union of the two arts in the same
individual, music had an effect,in Greece
that it never produced elsewhere; the
answer is, that simple and undebauched
as were the minds of the Greeks, their
music was equally so. Its attributes
were principally confined to loudness
and. softness, rapidity and slowness ;
and of melody, it) possessed scarcely
more than rhythmus and a diversity of
modes. Hence, the inferior as valk as
the higher ranks were qualified to under-
stand, and take am interest’ in, its’ tones
and transitions, and to be susceptible of
* That is, in great quantities: for it is
notori0us that rats do swallow some.—Eb.

On the Music of Ancient Greece and Rome.

407
its intended impressions. To thesé
causes of the effects of which we read,
are to be added the power of habit, the
dignity then universally given to music,
and the great and important occasions
on which it was constantly deemed
worthy of being employed. The public
weight, the impassioned urgency, the
national interest, connected with its
performance, acted unceasingly on the
minds, as well as on the nerves, of men,
and the impress of its intonation became,
as it were, vernacular; the peasant and
the artizan, no less than the legislator
and magistrate, were charmed with its
appeals to their sensibility; and’ stocks
and stones, as probably were the lower
orders compared with ‘the refined
classes, we cannot reasonably be sur-
prised, if poetry gratuitously magnified
the effects of the Grecian lyre into a
power to move rocks and trees, and
lead, at the pleasure of the musician, the
wildest savages of the woods “ when he
would, and where.”

It appears, Sir, to me, that the only
proper guide to a just conception of the
Greek music is, perhaps (after all that
has been said and-written on the subject
by the moderns), the evidence of its
effects, as deducible from the accounts
that have come down to us, through
the media of the ancient poets and his-
torians. If this be unsatisfactory, where
shall we seek for better proof? In vain
should we apply to the musicians of
later times, for an illustration of the
subject. Their professional education
constitutes their prejudices, and in re-
gard to this point, obscures, rather than
illumines,' their judgment. ‘The inquiry
involves too extended an information,
demands too profound and distant a
study, to fall-within the mental sphere
of persons whose lives are devoted to
the cultivation of a science, the exercise
of which, unlike that of poetry and
painting, is as independent of political
economy, history, and the beclles-lettres,
as it even is of its own element—the
philosophy of sound.

To whom, then; shall we’ resort for
light on the question respecting the
nature of the Greek music?’ For intel-
ligenee on the ancient state of the
science, must we travel out of the
science? “Yes—to legislators and phi-
losophers we must apply. From them
we Shall learn, that music was the most
dignified when she was the most simple;
that as nature is superior to art, so the
plain, uncomplex compositions of the
Greeks, whether they were harmonical,
Or

408

or purely melodial, transcended in their
effects the productions of the moderns ;
and that, so far as the consideration of
effect is to be admitted into the discus-
sion, their music was superior to ours.
Whatever the precise nature of this
music might be, it is extremely natural
to suppose that, together with the other
arts, it descended to the Romans; yet,
according to Cicero and Quintilian, their
country was not originally indebted to
‘Greece for music, but had a music of
its own. Flutes and harps cheered the
festivals of Numa; the carmina of the
Salii were accompanied by the sounds
of the sacred shields, on which the time
of the melody was beaten ; and Servius
Tullius established a military band, con-
sisting of horns and trumpets. How-
ever, no particular or satisfactory his-
tory of Roman music is to be found;
and whether the want of such a history
be much to be regretted, we may fairly
doubt; for, probably, there would be
little for its author to relate, either
respecting its theory or its practice.
oman music, as an excitation to mirth,
appears, for a long time, to have been
limited to private use. Livy, at the
beginning of his seventh book, speaks of
the ludi scenici, and also more than
insinuates, that music was pious/y em-
ployed, when he tells us, that in the
time of a plague, the Romans sent to
Tuscany for better musicians than their
own, in order to appease the divine
wrath. The inevitable inference from
this circumstance is, that whatever ad-
vance the Romans had then made in
music, was considerably exceeded by the
progress of the Tuscans. This position
is further sanctioned by the discovery,
in modern times, of some musical instru-
ments of ancient Etruria; instruments
apparently superior, in construction and
in effect, to those of Greece and Rome.
To look back upon the music of
ancient Rome, inferior as probably it
was to that of Greece, is to behold an
art charming in its essence and charac-
ter, farther exalted by its rion with the
sublimity of its sacred. sister, Poetry,
and the magnificence by which its public
performance was attended. No spec-
tacle of modern times is comparable to
that of the Roman theatre. We have
nothing that the mind, for a moment,
can place by the side of that splendid
combination of music, poetry, and paint-
ing; dress, dancing, and personation;
which filled the ear, dazzled the eye,
and swelled, decorated, and gave en-
chantment to, the gorgeous scene. Per-

Perpetual Fire on the Shores of the Caspian Sea.

[Dec. 1,

formances in uncovered t!.2atres, capable
of containing scores of thousands of
spectators, required the junction of
almost innumerable instruments; and
the sounds of these were fortified by
metallic vases, and the stupendous or-
ganum hydraulicum, or water organ,
suited, by its magnitude and power, to
the vast area required to be filled. The
dramas represented in thése prodigious
edifices, were so suitable to the dimen-
sions of the stage for which they were
prepared, that all the intended delight
was excited in the multitudinous spec-
tators, and created an applause, the
loudness of which Horace compares to
the sounds of the forest of Garganus,

and to the Tuscan sea roaring in a

storm,

The Roman music, it is obvious, was
of a coarser description, and depended
for its effect, more on the immensity of
its volume, than the music of the Grecks.
It operated more powerfully on the
sense, but had not equal influence upon
the passions ; it was less refined, with-
out compensating that disparity, by vary-
ing and commanding in any superior
degree, either the stronger, or the finer
feelings of our nature.—Y ours, &c.

Oct. 13, 1824. Musicus.

——_——_
For the Monthly Magazine.

The Perretual Fire on the Suores of
the Caspian Sra; from the Memo-
randa of a recent Traveller.

NHIS surprising phenomenon is

found on the peninsula of Ap-
soheron, twenty wersts from Baku, and
is justly considered as the greatest
natural curiosity in the south of Russia.

I visited it. There is the burning de-

sert of Lybia, with subterraneous flames

breaking forth in various places of its
surface, arising from the exhalations of
the naphtha with which it seems to be
every where impregnated. There ‘are
similar fires in other parts of the world,
as for instance, in the Bashkiri Ural,
near the Sudp-Oul (village) on the rivu-
let of Mangishlak (according to Pal-
las), and another on mount Klashna,
near the village of Lapatar, on the

Slanika,in Wallachia; but of these, tra-

dition has preserved the origin, and we

are told, that at some late period, the
lightning having split the superstratum
of the earth, it produced a vent for the
subterraneous vapours, which it kindled
at the same time. Of the origin of the
fires near Baku, however, we have no
clue, and although it is not probable
that they have burned there from the

beginning

1824.]

beginning of the world, their beginning
is hidden in the most remote antiquity.

The sudden appearance of those fires,
in an age when natural causes and ef-
fects were little known or understood,
must of necessity have created the idea
of a miracle, and was perhaps the pri-
mary cause of the adoration of this ele-
ment among the Medes, with whom it
seems to have originated. The blind zeal
of the Moslems has destroyed the myste-
rious receptacles of the sacred element
of the Parsi in the east; the wonderful
fire-pillars of Baku alone have resisted
their depredatory fury. The temple
built over it, and which is probably one
of the most ancient monuments of hu-
man worship in existence, is still pre-
served by the remnants of the ancient
Parsi, or fire worshippers, who, although
scattered over the extensive plains of
Persia and Hindoostan, repair to the
Caspian Sea to offer up their adora-
tions to the symbolical representation
of their creator. But this temple is no
monument of architectural skill; it
consists of a simple square stone build-
ing, with an altar in the centre of it,
from which the sacred fire issues forth,
and illumines with its mysterious flame
the dingy walls that surround it. The
flat roof is supported on four pillars,
likewise enveloped in flames, which-are
conducted into them by means of pipes.
The roof supports a small belfry right
over the altar. In the darkness of the
night this temple may be seen from a
great distance, and its effect is inde-
scribably beautiful.

Within the walls with which this
temple is surrounded are several small
stone houses, and a small garden, the
abodes of eight Parsi monks.* Previous
to their beginning their worship, they
strike once against the bell, after which
they prostrate themselves before the
altar. After having lain there for some
time, they rise, strike again against the
bell, and thus terminate their religious
rites. Previous to their eating or drink-
ing, a part is thrown into the fire; and
as they abstain from all animal food,

* The Europeans call them Guebers,
like all the other worshippers of fire; it is
a corruption of the Persian Giowr, with
which they designate not only the Parsis,
but all others who are not Moslems. ‘Thus
they call the Russians Sare-Giour or Guebr,
i. e. light brown, strangers or idolators,
probably on account of there being fewer
people with black hair among them than
among the natives of Asia.—Note of the
original.

Montuty Mac. No. 403.

_ Perpetual Fire on the Shores of the Caspian Sea.

409

there is nothing disgusting in this cere-
mony. They seem to entertain a great
attachment to animals, especially dogs,
of which they keep a great many, treat-
ing them as companions and friends.
The Parsi are not free from the weak-
ness of considering their religion as the
best, and themselves as the elect of the
Almighty, and the purest of mankind;
and why should they—more than the
votaries of every other religion?’ They
seem, however, to carry the principle of
self-estimation a little farther than other
sects, since they are apprehensive of
contamination even in speaking to
strangers, and endeavour to secure
themselves against it, by muttering cer-
tain prayers during the intervals of .con-
versation. They seemed to be dis-
pleased on our attempting to cook our
provisions near the same fire with them,
and, out of regard to their prejudices,
we removed to another. But even at
this distance they appeared to be fearful
of our impure influence, for in passing
by us with some water they had been
fetching, they. called out Brama/ re-
peatedly. It is possible, however, that
I may wrong them in this instance, and
that it was a sort of worship they offer-
ed to the liquid element, which in an-
cient times, at least, was considered as
a divinity by many of the followers of
Zoroaster. The air in the temple, and
the surrounding precincts, was exceed-
ingly hot, on which account the monks
were almost naked. In former times,
the monks frequently performed singu-
lar vows, such as standing for twelve
months or longer on one leg, or in any
other forced position. These fooleries
have, however, ceased long since. But
still they endeavour to keep the female
sex from access to the holy fire, pro-
bably from a fear of being disturbed
in their religious feelings, or being led
to unholy temptation.

These monks are remarkably clean
in their persons and dwellings. They
seem to be equally exempt from super-
fluity and poverty.. Their cells are also
lighted by the natural gas, which they
easily extinguish by covering the orifice
from which it issues. The garden is on
one side of the enclosure, and its ver-
dure is as pleasing to the eye as its
shady walks are refreshing in the heat
of the surrounding atmosphere, and
forms a pleasing retreat for those re-
cluses.—The naphta which is collected
in the vicinity of this temple produces
to the crown an annual revenue
200,000 rubles. Wee

3G

410
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
Sir, Riis
47 OUR last number contains a paper,
“On the nature and efficacy of a
new principle for improving the sailing
properties of square-rigged Ships,” by
Mr. Miller, on which I beg leave to offer a
few remarks; and, to save room in your
valuable pages, shall number the para-
graphs, so as it may at once apply to the
subject :

Ist.—That “ the rigging of ships has

not undergone any alteration, during
two centuries, on scientific principles,”
may be correct, but the art has certainly
undergone many alterations on experi-
mental principles. ‘
. 2d.—Whether the patent stay-sails
be a real improvement or not, I shall
not attempt to discuss; but the benefit
which would result from being enabled
to do away with them altogether is un-
equivocal, and so likewise is the desir-
ableness of all those improvements which
Mr. Miller enumerates as consequences
of such a change in the usual mode of
rigging ships.

3d.—Mr. Miller in this paragraph
speaks of the lug-sails as if they were
an unknown species of sail, or as if the
great advantages which would result
from being able to substitute them in
lieu of the present sails of ships were
unappreciated; but he subsequently ap-
pears aware that the real state of the
case is the very reverse of these assump-
tions.

4th.—Here Mr. Miller truly observes,
that all the desirable and beneficial pro-
perties of the lug-sail, as here enume-
rated by him, “are well known;’? and
this admission renders it unnecessary to
remark further on it.

5th.—There is no “ new species of
sail” required to be “invented,” for the
reasons here given by Mr. M. himself,
viz., that “if we could free the square-
sail from certain impediments to its
proper set-and action [in ships], that are
caused by the present position of the
stays of the masts, in respect of other
parts of the standing rigging, without
depriving the mast of support; and if
we could substitute a mode of suspend-
ing-and working the square-sail, which
shall enable it to take, upon each tack,
the true set and position of the lug-sail,
without dipping the yard in stays; for
there is not any inherent difference be-
tween those two sails besides that which
results from the different methods in
which they are slung, as the peak or
slope at the head of the lug-sail is not

Reply to Mr. Miller on Square-rigged Ships.

[Dec, },

essential to its proper effect. The cause

and nature of the defects of the square-.

sail, and the principle from which the
lug-sail derives its superior powers, shall
now be explained.”

Gth.—“ The cause and nature of the
defects of the square slung-sail,” as com-
pared with the lug slung-sail, are well

known practically, and not rarely scien-:

tifically: it therefore appears unnecessary
further to remark on that point, since
“ the cause and nature” is, [ think, merely
another name for the “ principle”? from
which the lug slung-sail derives its
superior powers, ’

I never knew any difference of opinion
among able seamen as to the preference
of keeping the weather or lee-leesh (Mr.
Miller says Zift) on a strain or tort—it
being a general custom on board ships
to get the tacks down as much as pos-
sible when close hauled, and in weakly-
manned ships those ropes are frequently
brought to the capstan or windlass to
effect that object.

7th.—The superior advantages de-
rived from the use of a sail slung by the
lug instead of by the middle, is, as Mr.
Miller correctly observes, well known
to mariners; and I therefore pass it
over with repeating, that the advantages
enumerated in paragraph

8th—are certainly derived from the
scientific principle on which it is hung
or slung. The principle, therefore, is
not unknown, or unapplied to practice.

9th.—* The superiority of this prin-
ciple is [both] well understood,” and
also generally adopted, as far as practi-
cable ; and we are not aware of its fur-
ther practicability, although we are so
of its necessity, viz. “to make the point
of suspension, technically called sling
and truss, or halyard and parral, move-
able on the yard; and for making the
lifts adapt their tension to that move-
ment, which, with the traverse of the
sheets of top-sails and top-gallant-sails,
and the removal of impediments from
the standing rigging, to allow the yards
to be braced up to 20° instead of 35° to
40° obliquity, as at present, constitute
the sine qua non for combining, in one
sail, the good properties of the square
slung-sail and the lug slung-sail, free
from their present defects and incon-
veniences.”’ But I cannot find that Mr.
Miller has offered any plan for effectin
this sine gud non. :

10th.—“ The measure of the superio-
rity of the lug-sail over the square-sail,
when close hauled,” is, I say, already
well known and acknowledged. The
practicable

rr —

1824.

practicable obstacles to its adoption are
what remain to be removed. That
square-sails could be made to set as lug-
sails, and work by a simultaneous and
lateral movement,” is very certain; but
the mode of doing that with not much
more labour, and with equal safety, than
by the present mode of slinging and
managing the square-sail, is the great
desideratum.

11th.—That a ship-lugger could dis-
pense with many of the sails at present
used, is correct, as are also Mr. Miller’s
general remarks on stay-sails; but never-
theless we are not a whit nearer to our
object by those remarks.

12th.—The importance of the pro-
posed project, not plan—for Mr. Miller
has not given any new plan—for effect-
ing the forementioned desideratum, is
acknowledged by all. The mode of
effecting the desired improvement is not,
however, supplied by Mr. Miller.

13th.—Whether “it is impossible [or
not], by a dry description, even with the
aid of a plate, to convey an accurate
idea of the technical details of the man-
ner in which the proposed ship-lugger
could be thrown in stays,” we are not
enabled to say; but some details, how-
ever dry, are wanted to satisfy us that
Mr Miller has discovered a practicable
plan for effecting the desired purpose.
It is not sufficient that the lug slung-
sails can be used, and that a ship can be
made to sail faster with them than she
can do at present; but it must be shewn
also, that they can be substituted for the
present square slung-sails, with nearly
equal safety and economy; and I do not
think that Mr. Miller can challenge a
trial of what is as yet unknown to his
competitors. -

14th.—Doubtless, “a full and fair
trial, and the developments of practice,
would refute or obviate [or confirm] all
objections ;” but till Mr. Miller either
makes known his plan to the public, or
puts it in practice himself under a patent
or otherwise, no one can tell what the
results may be.

15th.—In all which Mr. M. states in
this paragraph I cordially agree, but the
“practicability :” that is the point to be
gained or explained.

16th.—I also agree to all this para-
graph, except what is said about a pro-
posed plan, Mr. Miller, I repeat, has
not proposed any new plan for effecting
these desired improvements.

17th.—The directors and managers of
the navy may be indisposed to admit
improvements which originate with hum-

Deer Hunting in South America.

All

ble individuals ; but I nevertheless can-
not see why Mr. Miller should take 2

for granted that his plan would be re-

jected; and I think their adoption of
French or even American models at-
taches no disgrace to them, unless it
could be shewn that they had previously
rejected those models when offered by
native artists. —Yours, &c., J.C.R.
A Masrer Mariner.
—=a>——
Deer Huntine in Souru America.
S the haunts of the fallow-deer or
venays are generally far from the
abodes of men, and as they live in con-
tinual alarm from the depredations of
the host of enemies, beasts and birds of
prey, and even reptiles, that beset them,
but for the extraordinary instinct or
sagacity Nature has endowed them with,
for their preservation, the race must
long since have been extinct. The
impenetrable mountains of the Cordil-
leras are inhabited by immense herds of
these animals; a species of the stag-
kind also sometimes herds amongst
them, though, as there seems a great
aversion to this commixture, it must be
considered as dictated by some neces-
sary or instinctive policy. In those
haunts are also to be met the cabia
montes, or mountain-goat, so much
admired for its symmetry of form and
delicious flavour. The intricate and
steep pathways leading to their couch-
ing haunts are mostly in clefts of rocky
precipices, inaccessible to beasts of prey;
and even a nimble dog can scarcely skip
from rock to rock, to the outposts where
their yidettes are placed. Should any
of them venture, they soon have occa-
sion to repent their temerity.

It is not uncommon to see the jaguar,
the tiger, &c., who have the hardihood
to attack their outposts, hurled by the
butting sentinels, the horned patriarchs
of the flock, down a precipice of five or
six hundred feet: so that, unless im,
pelled by extreme hunger, they never
attack them, except in their more open
pastures. As those ravenous creatures
are dormant during the day, the deer
are then partly secure. At night a
straggler from the community is sure of
its fate; as the jaguars hunt in packs,
and are very quick-sceuted.. One trait
of the South American deer is worthy
of notice. In Europe, a hunted, deer is
driven from amongst the herd, and

_ abandoned to its fate: here, the guar-

dians of the flock succour even a stran-
ger of their community, I apprehend,
that during the fawning season the

3G 2 females

412

females and fawns suffer more than the
males, as the young are obliged to be
deposited in thickets, and the eagle
and vulture are always watching over-
head. The large brown snake is also a
great destroyer of them, but the jaguar
and wild-cat are their worst enemies.
There are about four bucks to one doe
in the herd, which shews what destruc-
tion there must be of the latter. The
colours of the deer are various, and
mostly beautifully dappled upon yellow,
white, and dun. The stag is generally
of a dusky brown. Hunting those ani-
mals is a source both of amusement and
emolument to the Indian tribes in high
latitudes, and they may be said to have
brought it to high perfection. Having
ascertained the haunts of the animals
for about a week, the whole tribe as-
semble before daybreak: some ascend
the highest trees, to mark their pro-
gress; others couch under leaves, so as
to impound them when they betake
themselves to their fastnesses ; then the
whole tribe, men, women, and boys,
stretch over a vast tract of country,
and, assisted by their curs and horns,
make every kind of hideous noises
obliging them to quit their grazing spots
white the dew is on the ground. As
the deer assemble, they form in com-
plete marching order, preceded by the
elder or patriarchs, while the bucks of
the second class bring up the rear, to
protect the females and young, and
repel any attacks. In this manner they
arrive at their haunts; while the Indians
advancing from all directions, prevent
their retreat, by closing up all the em-
bouchures or openings, and while the
deer are forming in battle-array, pre-
pare the instruments of destruction, viz.,
large lances, resinous torches, and nooses
fixed to long poles. The women are
also busy stuffing jaguar and tiger skins.
The Indians having made proper cre-
vices, dug into the grit and brown rock
which form the paths, advance. The
images of the wild beasts are now pre-
sented, to intimidate the deer from
breaking, which the bucks no sooner
perceive than they make a violent effort
to strike them into the gulf,—their ani-
mosity to those beasts being such, that
they often pass or leap over a man to
get at them, The Indians then strike,
and hurl them into the abyss below,
where the women are ready to ham-
string or disable them, before they re-
cover from their stupor. When the
hunters can no longer provoke them to
rush on the stuffed tigers, &c,, they

On M‘Adamizing the Streets of the Metropolis.

[Dec. 1,

make signals to those overhead to throw
lighted flambeaux amongst them. This
causes them to make a desperate effort
to escape, and when the Indians have
hurled a sufficient number down the
precipices, they suffer the females and
the fawns, and some of the bucks, to
escape. Indeed, they seem very n:uch
averse to destroying a doe at all, and
always liberate the doe fawns. In those
excursions they take on an average from
four to five hundred. In taking the
Ciervo Grande, or Large Stag, they sel-
dom get more than from thirty to fifty ;
but cf the mountain-goat they catch an
immense number; they enter the caverns
in the rocks by night, and pursue them
by toreh-light; and frequently yoke a
great many of them together alive, al-
though the flesh loses its flavour from
the effort to domesticate them, and they
scarcely ever lose their native wildness.
A full-grown fallow-deer could be bought
at Valentia for seven pisettos, or about
five shillings British. During the hunt-
ing season, the Creoles sometimes hunt,
but the Indians are more expert.
ices ts
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
Sir:
WAS pleased to see, in your number
published November 1, S. W.’s re-
marks relative to the wild scheme of
M‘Adamizing the streets of this metro-
polis, with all of which I agree, and
sincerely hope, with him, that the mem-
bers of every paving ‘board in London
will “ look before they leap” into so
manifest an absurdity; for what is it
that parishes are called on to do? Why,
truly, to tear up and destroy an excel-
lent granite pavement, which has been
laid down at the expense of many thou-
sands of pounds; this is to be broken
into small pieces, and, with other mate-
rials, made into a road at a fresh (and
by no means smail) expense. We are
told that part of the pavement taken up
may be sold towards paying the cost of
the new road; but if all the London
parishes were mad enough to adopt-this
plan, who, let me ask, would want fine
solid squares of granite, when any bro-
ken bits would do as well.
Thus parishes are modestly asked to
destroy all that they know to be good,
and which it has been the work of many
years to bring to the state of perfec-
tion in which it now is (at least as com-
pared with the pavements of “ the olden
time’”’), and to adopt a new plan, be-
cause Mr. M‘Adam has found it to
answer well in the country! That HE

Jinds

1824.)

Jinds it answer well there can be no
doubt.

But if the roads immediately adjoining
the metropolis that have been M*‘ Adam-~
ized—for that is the term, although the
breaking of stones to form roads. is no
new thing,—what is the present state?
Why, very indifferent indeed, and by no
means such as to induce any man in his
senses to promote the adoption of the
plan in London. The Kingsland road,
which was entirely renovated at an enor-
mous expense, I believe by Mr. M‘Adam
himself, and which was quite a crack
road, is now full of holes innumerable,
and some of the coachmen are not very
nice in their expressions of dissatisfac-
tion against both the plan and the
planner.

Why is it, if the plan is so good that
“he who runs may read,” that the road
to Kensington, and that to the Hast-
India docks, called the Commercial road,
have still the granite pavement in the
middle ; and the road from Whitechapel
church to Bow, on each side of it, wide
enough for carriages to run on, but that
it is feared the immense weights carried
in and about London would soon cut
them to pieces? In the Commercial
road you will invariably see the enor-
mous waggons belonging to the East-
India Company, steadily pursuing their
way along the paved part of the road,
from which they never deviate; and in
bad weather‘you as constantly see, on
the road to Bow, the heavy loads of
hay, manure, &c., travelling on the paved
sides.

Now if this be so, out of London,
how much more would it be the case
within it? Infinitely, I should conceive,
in consequence of the eternal traffic, and
the exceedingly heavy loads perpetually
issuing from the different wharts, ware-
houses, &c.

S.W. has mentioned some of the
objections to this thing being adopted
in the metropolis, such as the filth that
may, and would, collect on the roads,
and the difficulty of crossing in winter
and rainy weather; but he does not
name the intolerable dust of summer,
which would be ten times worse for
tradesmen. But there are other objec-
tions: in the first place, so much more
water would find its way into the high-
ways of London from the houses, courts,
alleys, &c., than in the country high-
ways, that the continual grinding of the
wheels under great weights would quickly
destroy any road but one of solid gra-
nite. Then, say the advocates for this

On M‘Adamizing the Streets of the Metropolis.

413

plan, pave your kennels; really, that
would be but a patchwork business; it
should either be all one thing, or all
another, Again: if the town street-way
should ever become as firmly bound as
a country road, in a few days it may be
expected that some of either the nume-
rous gas or water-pipes, or the drains or
sewers, with which this metropolis is so
widely and so beneficially intersected,
will want repairing or examining; and
on all such occasions the hard road
must be dug up, and in fact destroyed.
But this, we are told, can be easily and
cheaply mended: perhaps so; but it
must be recollected that a long time
will elapse before it will bind again like
the rest ; and in the mean time, you will
have a loose stony road, very unlike the
present pavement :—unless, indeed, that
other scheme, wilder by far even than
this, the subways for all the pipes.to. be
gathered together in one, should be
adopted.

It may be thought a trivial objection by
some, but it might prove otherwise in the
event of a riot, or any other mischievous
mob getting together, or even idle boys
at play, that a quantity of such conve-
nient-sized stones for throwing should
be suffered in London; woe be to plate-
glass and other windows, if they are.

With respect to St. James’s-square,
&c., it must be recollected, even if there
it should answer, that the traffic in and
about it bears no sort of comparison
with that in the majority of the streets
of London; and if a bridge or two
should be found to do well with such a
road, the objections with regard to the
variety of pipes, &c., and the frequent flow
of water in the streets, will not apply to
the bridges, which have no water except
from the heavens or the water-carts,
aud the gas-pipes, if any, are carried
outside the balustrades: so that they
would be no precedents for the streets.

T quite agree with S.W., that Mr.
M‘Adam, or his agents, have greatly
improved some of the country roads ;
but I cannot but wish that he would be
content with improving them, and leave
London the enjoyment of a good gra-
nite pavement.—I am, &c.

J.M,L.

[We insert this letter, because we think
the subject of such importance to the com-
fort of the metropolis, that it ought to be
fully investigated and understood, before it
is too late for inquiry. But we trust that
our correspondent’s objections will not, all
of them, remain unanswered.— ED. |

To

414

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
Sir:
HEN at Bath in 1816, my phy-
sician, the late eminent Dr. Ca-
leb Parry, father of Captain Parry, of
nautical celebrity, one day told me that
he had had for a patient Louris XVIIL.,
then just restored to the throne of his
ancestors, and now recently deceased.

The ewiled Louis came to Bath an
immense size, labouring under a violent
paroxysm of the gout, and agonizing at
every pore! Dr, Parry examined every
symptom of the royal sufferer, and asked
him “ how his appetite was ?”” His Ma-
jesty replied, ‘“ Very good—vyery good:
I eat as much as rour!’” With this
answer his physician was satisfied.

Dr. Parry then prescribed a severe
course of diet and physic, which reduced
him greatly in bulk; and at the end of
six weeks, he was completely reco-
vered. The physician calling to take
leave, was told by him, that he wanted
to put an advertisement into the Bath
papers; which Dr. Parry said very po-
litely, he would see properly inserted.
“The advertisement,’ said the king,
“ shall be short, and may run thus :—
*Losr ! great part of my belly—(strok-
ing down his waistccat with a smile).
Whoever finds it, and brings it back to
its owner, shall be duly rewarded.’ ”
The doctor laughed, enjoyed this little
ebullition of pleasantry, and they parted
with mutual satisfaction. The French
monarch doubtless recovered what he
had lost without the aid of an adver-
tisement, and, re-indulging his voracious
appetite, preserved his august rotundity
to the end of his days !

Islington, Oct. 4, 1824.
————

For the Monthly Magazine.
On the ABotrTIon of SLaveRy.
[We have taken great liberties of cur-
tailment, &c. with the following article ;
- but for the ideas in general, we are in-
debted to a long neglected communication
~.of our correspondent, Mr. James Luck-
cock ; which but for its extreme length
we conceive would not have been so long
neglected. ]

PPRESSION and monopoly must
needs enlist fraud and prevarica-
tion into their service, to give the sem-
blance of justice to their proceedings.
Let us take the subject of Slavery as a
case in point; and what a wide field of
casuisty and benighted wandering is
presented to our imagination by the
advocates for its continuance! while
the public ardour is almost stultified to
indifference by the unnecessary conces-

Joun Evans.

On the Abolition of Slavery.

[ Dec. I,

sions of the avowed abolitionists. And
while, on the one hand, every feeling
of humanity and religion is made a mat-
ter of derision ; is it not, on the other,
too easily admitted, that the question
may fairly be put into the scale of
calculation, and pounds, shillings, and
pence, be the umpires of human misery,
and of human life! Shame on such
perversion! Let the appeal be made
to the principles of humanity and moral
feeling; and then let the decision be
pronounced. The unblushing pretence
for the continuance of this satire upon
civilization is the necessity for the pre-
servation of property, acquired by law-
sanctioned means, and thereforé gua-
ranteed by public faith. But will any of
these sticklers for what they choose to
call property, exhibit a scale of com-
parison between claims of pecuniary
profit, and their right in life and limb ?

You say you have some thousand
pounds vested in the purchased pro-
perty of slaves, and you are not to be
robbed of this with impunity. But
has not every human being an inherent
property in his own limbs and faculties,
inalienable at any rate but by his own
consent? Which is the better title,
that which God hath given? or which
man hath usurped? « Before you at-
tempt to maintain the difficult position
in favour of a property in slaves, have
the goodness to state how much pro-
perty of the benefit of property to your-
self shall be considered as an equiva-
lent to a certain portion of misery to
others? Will you steal or kill a man
rather than loose a thousand pounds,
which cannot be preserved without theft
or murder? This is bringing the argu-
ment within comprehension; but who
does not see that five hundred, or even
fifty pounds, or even ten, is more to
one person than a thousand is to ano-
ther. Why then should it not be justi-
fiable to secure the fifty or the ten by
the same principle of act and reason as
the other? And why not by the kid-
napping and murder of white men as
well as black ?

But after all, does the necessity exist
for such a monstrous and cruel alterna-
tive; and has Providence so consti-
tuted the affairs of mankind, that we
have no choice between right and
wrong? or has society fallen into that
state that there is no such thing as re-
conciling together the security of pro-
perty with the principles of justice and
humanity 2? Would not religion, phi-
losophy, and common sense, rather

alike

1824.]

alike pronounce that where there is
neither justice nor humanity in any
specific claim or holding, there can be
no property.

There are four distinct species of
property vested, it is said, in the West-
Indian planter—his estate, the build-
ings erected npon it, the utensils and
stock engaged, and the slaves employed
in the cultivation. The three first are
protected by the universal consent of
society. Our question is only about
the last: and it is a question of right as
to its foundations. To prove that the
law never had a right to create or sanc-
tion such a property. Have individuals
a right to become wiser and better by
experience; and is the law of necessity
condemned to remain stationary in ig-
norance and error? If it was wicked,
oppressive, tyrannous, and murderous
two centuries, must it continue still in
spite of conviction of its own enormity,
wickedly to oppress, to tyrannise, and
murder? Man, individual man, if he
hath done a wrong, is not only permit-
ted, but called upon, when the wrong is
demonstrated, to make reparation ; or if
this be impossible, at least to relinquish
for the future his wrongful course.
Hath the law no such privilege or duty ?
But to insist that the emancipation of
the slaves, would be robbing the owner
of his property, is certainly a wrong
conclusion, Why has he purchased
them ?—to secure a succession of la-
bour; but if this succession of labour
could be equally or even better secured
to him by some other means, where
would be the injustice of compelling
him to relinquish a claim which violates
every principle of honour and_hu-
manity 2 Suppose one estate to re-
quire twenty slaves to keep it in full trim,
another ten, and another five; and that
these numbers were in the exact pro-
portion to the extent of the lands so
occupied ; the owners are answerable to
the laws of nature and to their country
for providing them with lodgings, food,
and raiment, as long as they live, whe-
ther capable of labour or not. Where
then can be the difference which should
create such consternation and alarm;
if, instead of paying them in produce,
and confining them to a certain spot,
and to a certain master, they were to
be paid in money, and left to their own
choice as to their employers? This is
the sum and substance of the dilem-
ma; for if all were emancipated to-day,
they must seek employment to-morrow.
They may revel with delight in burying

On the Abolition of Slavery.

415

their shackles, but a few short hours
must terminate their delirium of joy,
and the next diurnal appearance of the
sun must witness their return to volun-
tary labour, or they must sink in dis-
tress and famine. There can be no
other alternative. The planters who
were known to have been kind to their
slaves would, of course, have the first
choice of the free labourers; while
others of a different character and repu-
tation, would feel the necessity for more
attention to the comfort and well-being
of their dependants. If some addition
must necessarily be made to the ex-
penses of the maintenance of freemen
instead of slaves, would not the in-
creased quantity of voluntary labour be
more than equivalent to the sacrifice?
Were nothing at stake but the policy
of the thing, what should we expect
from the management of that man who
should prefer the sluggish and forced
application of hopeless servitude to the

cheerful toil of grateful independence ?
To assert that no difficulties exist, or
that what there may be are few and
trivial; would be to betray no small
degree of ignorant presumption; but to
admit them to the extent which has
been so confidently assumed, argues no
less weakness, or culpable inattention.
So much for the injustice so clamour-
ously alleged against the manumission
of the present race of slaves. Let us
next inquire as to the safety of the
measure of a gradual but complete abo-
lition. In all societies of mankind, the
immense majority must ever consist of
the labouring classes ; no improvements
in the arts of civilization will ever
enable the many to subsist in a state of
idleness ; and while the few are enjoy-
ing the full benefit of their own arti-
ficial arrangements, it is their interest
as well as their duty to endeavour to
make the mass comfortable and satisfied
with their allotment. This principle
will apply under every climate, and
every form of government. Perhaps it
would be too much to say that no po-
pular insurrection ever took place but
what was provoked by injustice or op-
pression: but assuredly it never was
general or formidable where there was
no such provocation. Remove then the
cause if you wish the effect to cease;
and if you would ensure the safety of
the whites, where the black population
is so imminently superior in numbers,
resort to kindness, and renounce op-
pression. Let it be remembered that
resentment is nearly akin to the best
affections

416

affections of the heart. Resistance to
oppression is the law of nature; but
gratitude, where it is merited, may be
admitted to be almost as powerful a
principle. Why then, especially while
we have the power so completely in our
own hands, should we fear the expe-
riment of an immediate progressive
movement towards amelioration and
emancipation. While the laws, the mi-
litary, the police, the intelligence, are
all on our side; what should we have
then which we have not now to fear ?

It would be the most arrogant folly in
an humble individual, far removed from
all responsibilities and connections with
public life, to attempt to enter into a
detail of particulars which must from
necessity be beyond the reach of his
intelligence; but every one may under-
stand and recommend general princi-
ples: and this is all I meddle with. I
leave to others, more competent, the
proportions and the precautions of the
progressive emancipation ; and I con-
cede, without reluctance, the admission,
that the welfare alike of the masters
and the enslaved demands that it should
be progressive.

June 26th, 1823.

—<>—
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

Sir:

N your magazine for August last,

“ Theta” laid his sentiments before
you “ on the Celebration of Marriage,”
and put the following questions :—
“ Now, Sir, if mzrriage has no visible
sign or ceremony ordained of God, who
has ordained the religious forms with
which it is now celebrated ?”’ As the
consciences, not only of Unitarians, but
of many other respectable members of
society, are connected with this en-
quiry, I beg to submit my humble senti-
ments thereon. By the clergy and laity
it is, I believe, generally admitted that
marriage is a civil contract; but, whe-
ther it be or not, unquestionably the law
of the land recognizes it as such. It is
not pretended that any religious forms
were used upon the occasion before
Pope Innocent III. who, in his piety
and zeal for the church, enjoined a re-
ligious ceremony on marriage. In pro-
cess of time, his cowsins in England, in
furtherance of their Christian views,
converted the civil into a religious rite.
But as we are commanded “ not to re-
ceive for doctrine the commandments
of men,” we as Christians should return
the borrowed scraps to the Vatican,

On the Celebration of Marriage.

[ Dec. 1,

—should regard the injunction of Paul
more than the legends of the Pope, and
expunge the marriage ritual,—at least
so much thereof as cannot be reconciled
to the feelings of weak minds. By so
doing, we may merrily “ marry and be
given in marriage,” like our forefathers
and foremothers, before the introduc-
tion of popecraft and_priestcraft.—
“ Theta” asks, “ Why marriage is not
put on the same footing with every
other reculaticn for the well-being of
society ?” Were he to put twenty
“ why’s,” he would, in return, have as
many “ wherefore’s.” If the ceremony
consisted in, “ Wilt thou have me to
be thy husband,” “ and thou me to be
thy wife,” with a “ yes,” or “ amen,” the
marriage, according to the usage in the
good primitive patriarchial times, aye,
and by the law of this land, would bind
the parties, man and wife, as effectual
as Pope Innocent’s rodomontade. But
then—ah! whatthen? Why then,

“ The—man that makes a merchandize

of heay’n,—
The—man that sells,—e’en to his pray’rs
and blessings, —

would, like Demetrius, plead for the
workmen who made silver models for
Diana’s temple. Now,

“« Money, being the common scale

Of things by measure, weight, and tale,
In all the affairs of church and state,
Is both the balance and the weight.”

I propose, for the consideration of all
whom it may concern, that the present
religious ritual be no longer used, and
that a short form, treating the marriage
as a civil ceremony, be substituted;
that, in lieu of the marriage-fee now
payable to the clergyman, he should be
paid double for his attendance to wit-
ness the contract and registry thereof,
in 2 proper book of record. By adopt-
ing this plan, the consciences of the
clergy would be quieted, the scruples of
matrimonial candidates removed, and
cburch and state mutually benefited.
Tota,
Hermit’s Hut, South Petherton,
28th October 1824.
—<——
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
Sir:
HOPE the attention of some of
your humane and valuable corres-
pondents will be drawn to the subject of
the many Common Stock Associations
which are at this time forming in the
metropolis, and apparently throughout
the nation: such in particular as Bread
and

1

1824.)

and Flour Companies, Washing Com-
panies, Milk Companies, &c. &c. Be-
lieve me, Sir, however specious may be
the professions and prospectuses circu-
lated by the projectors of these combi-
nations, there are many more conside-
rations, and those of deep and vital
importance to the future interests and
moral and political condition of the
great body of the people, and, indeed, of
the state itself, in the most. comprehen-
sive sense of the term, to be weighed
with reference to these projected asso-
ciations, before they can be wisely
countenanced by the humane and dis-
interested, than appears to be gene-
rally supposed. With respect to the
washing and milk confederacies in par-
ticular (even supposing there were no
tendencies of a political nature), the
mere reflection that they strike at the
already too contracted means of honest
livelihood for indigent females, would, I
should hope, occasion some pause and
doubt before they are patronized, in
many more than the individual who
hereto subscribes himself with deep-
felt sympathy,
Tue Farenp or Woman.
—<z—_.

THE PHILOSOPHY OF CONTEM-

PORARY CRITICISM.

NO. XXXIX.
The Edinburgh, Quarterly, and West-
minster Reviews.

We. are not quite sure that the

very title of this article of ours
is not open to some cavil. It may be
questioned, perhaps, whether it be pos-
sible that philosophy (the honest quest
of wisdom and of truth) can, systema-
tically at least, have much to do with
periodical contemporary criticism. Other
considerations, connected in a thousand
ways with the interests, the passions,
and the prejudices of parties, publish-
ers and contributors, cannot well fail,
in the present state of society, and the
very nature of things, to have a domi-
nant influence in the conduct of every
journal devoted to such an object. In
short, criticism, and in such forms most
especially, has become a trade : as honest
a trade, perhaps, as any other; but it
were an absurdity to expect that it
should be more so. To say nothing
of the biases of bookselling proprietors,
as to the articles in the market that
should or should not be pressed upon
the attention of the public; or thetrade-
like eye to the classes of customers, with
reference to political, religious, philo-
sophical, and other opinions, whom it is

Montury Mac. No. 403.

Philosophy of Contemporary Criticism —No. XX XIX.

417

their interest to sooth and please ;—to
say nothing either of personal friend-
ships and personal enmities (strong both
against the impartiality of contemporary
judgment) in the critical scribes them-=
selves,—the culprit authors whom they
arraign at their tribunals are summoned
to take their trials, at best, before a jury
of their rivals and competitors. In
this, however, as in other respects,
we must be content to take the evil
with the good; and we have no inten-
tion at present of entering into minute
calculations, and striking a_ balance
between the debtor and creditor side
of the account. Periodical Reviews, at
any rate, constitute a prominent feature
in the operative literature of the times.
They have an influence upon the intel-
lectual advancement, or the intellectual
stagnation of the age; and implicate
themselves so much with the social eco-
nomy of mind, that although, in some of
our recent numbers, they appear to have
been forgotten, it is by no means our
intention that they should escape ob-
servance. We cannot indeed, as here-
tofore, allot a separate apartment in our
monthly domicile to every quarterly
visitant. They have become, of late,
too numerous for so distinct an accom-
modation; and we shall therefore take
the liberty of occasionally inviting some
two or three of them together: and, to
say the truth, we may sometimes be
disposed to indulge the mischievous
propensity of purposely bringing those’
together, who are least likely to be
pleased by such intimate association.
In the present instance, for example, we’
bring together the occupants of the three
extremities of that politico-critical tri-
angle which we are glad to find at last
completed.

The thinking and half-thinking part
of the community, it is notorious find
perhaps we ought to add, that much
more numerous portion of our popula-
tion, who parrot it, without any thinking
at all), have long been divided into three
political parties, to wit,—that of the
Courtly, or Official Aristocracy, who look
not to the opinions of the people, and
lean for power, for profit and distinc-
tion, upon the favour of the throne;
that of the ea-official or temporizing
Aristocracy, who would have both
throne and people dependent upon
them, and therefore cajole the latter that
they may overawe the former; and
that of the Radical Reformers, who, so
far from regarding themselves as the
property either of the aristocracy or of

3H the

4138

the throne, consider the people to be
the nation, and the functionaries their
responsible trustees ; and contend there-
fore for the right of choosing, for them-
selves, those representatives or deputies,
who are to be entrusted with the pro-
tection of their persons, properties, and
privileges, and with the enforcement of
that responsibility without which the offi-
cial functionaries, they contend, instead
of trustees, must inevitably become their
task-masters.* But although each of
these three distinct parties have long had
a voice, though not an equal one, in what
may.be called the Lower-House represen-
tation of the diurnal and weekly press,
yet in the Upper Assembly of Periodical
Criticism the oracles of the two former,
till very lately, have alone been heard,
The desideratum in the periodical re-
presentation of the political mind of the
country is now, however, supplied by
The Westminster Review, which has
boldly commenced its censorial opera-
tions, by arraigning the conduct, and
analyzing the principles of its elder
competitors, previous to its own intru-
sion into that publicity of station in
which, heretofore, its antagonists had
claimed an exclusive, and, if the West-
minster Reviewer can make his grounds
of accusation good, in some degree a
collusive rivalry.

Under the head of periodical litera-
ture (Arr. IX. of the fourth number,
published in October), the Westminster
thus characterizes its two aristocratical
opponents,—the courtly, and the tempo-
rizing; or, in other words, the Quarterly
and Edinburgh Reviews.

“ Agreeing in subservience to all those-

motives which spring from the importunate
demand of immediate success, and to all
those which spring from the important cir-
cumstance of their being addressed chiefly
to the aristocracy, and aiming chiefly at

* We have made no mention of the hack-
nied distinctions of Whig and Tory, because
in fact those distinctions seem to be going
almost as much out of fashion in phraseology
as they long have been in practical relation

to the essentials of political principle. ’

Among those who still affect to call them-
selves Whigs, there are some who, in point

of sentiment, belong, more or less, to each’
of the three classes above enumerated. And,

as for Tory, the only distinguished politician,
whom we remember, for along time, to have
taken to himself that name, is Sir Francis
Burdett ; and his acknowledgment of such
an appellation is, of itself, sufficient argu-
ment of its total inapplicability, as a dis-
tinction, to any subject whichis, in the pre-
sent state ‘of affairs, of any vital import-
anee, in political discussion.

Philosophy of Contemporary Criticism.—No. XX XIX.

[ Dee. I,

their approbation and applause, the Edin
burgh and Quarterly Reviews differed, we
saw, in their being addressed to different
sections of the aristocracy, the one to the
section of the ministerialists, the other to
the section of the oppositionists. We shall
see, by the examination of the Quarterly
Review, which wen ow propose to institute,
to what divergence in their lines of opera+
tion, and what diversity of artifice, this ori-
ginal difference gives occasion.”

The writer of the article in question,
however, admits that

“ There are other differences of some im-
portance, which are rather to be regarded.
as incidental. The Quarterly Review (says
he) has always displayed much more of the
character of a bookseller’s catchpenny, than
the Edinburgh. Its main resources have
been books of travels, and books of poetry
and amusement. Books of travels are re-
gularly pillaged of all that is most entertain-
ing in them, to make compilations,” &e.

‘“‘ A majority of the articles in the Edin-
burgh Review proves that they are from
men with ideas; men of stored and culti-
vated minds, even when the reasonings they.
employ are fallacious, and the. conclusions
to be rejected. An article to which similar
praise can be applied, rarely, and at long
intervals, appears in the Quarterly Review.
The writers in that journal are almost
wholly of two sorts, compilers from books,
of travels, and mere Jittérateurs, men who
almost rank with the lowest class of arti-
zans ; who know little of literature, but the
merely mechanical part ; whose highest am-
bition is that of polishing a sentence; and
who, feeling themselves incapable of making
any impression by the weight and import-
ance of their ideas, are perpetually on-the
strain to do so by mere language, pomp and
glitter of expression. We remark another,
and still more radical difference between the
Edinburgh and Quarterly Review. There
is something in the writers in the Edin-
burgh Review, at least some of the most
distinguished of them, which shews that
they are fit for, and have a leaning towards
better things, even when they are lending
themselves to the sinister interest which
assails them. They do not indeed attempt
to go before the public mind, to take the
lead of it; and by doing so, to hasten its
progress; they are too much afraid of
losing favour to adventure any thing like
this. But no sooner do they perceive a
turning in the public mind towards any
thing that is good, than they are commonly
ready to fall in with the happy current, and
have often lent to it additional velocity and
force, The writers in the Quarterly Review
pursue the directly opposite course. They
seem to watch the earliest symptoms of any’
tendency in the public mind towards im-
provement in any shape, in order to fall
upon it with determined hostility.””

How far we agree with our Westmin-
ster contemporary in. these discrimina-:

tions,

¥824.] Philosophy of Contemporary Criticism.—No. XX XIX.

tions, will perhaps be more decorously,
hereafter, manifested: in the notice, we
shall, from time to time, take of the re-
spective publications, than by any formal
declaration here. Having marked, how-
ever, these general outlines of resem-
blance and discrimination between the
great Gog and Magog of the periodical
press, the radical reviewer (according to
whom, “‘ the grand question between the
advocates of power on the one hand,
and of the people on the other,’ is,
whether there is any thing in our insti-
tutions, and how much, which operates
to the detriment of the people, and
ought to be changed?’’) proceeds to
arraign, with considerable ability, and
cogent evidence of quotation, the scur-
rilous, defamatory and incoherent man-
ner in which the Quarterly Review
maintains, or rather’ fulminates, the
negative of this inquiry.

. Having taken as a datum, that the
logic power of abuse, which the cele-
brated Le Clerc, in the treatise prefixed
to his Opera Philosophica, supposes to
be exclusively argumentum theologicum,
is equally argumentum imperiosum, “ the
argument of power, in whatever hands it
be placed ;’’ he proceeds to analyse the
suid philosopher’s sixteen different spe-
cies of argumentum ab invidia ductum,
or the dirt-flinging argument ; and to
shew with what unsparing assumption,
vehemence and effrontery, the Quarter-
ly champion of all that is orderly, digni-
fed and sacred in the organization of a
refined and highly polished state of
society, can use them all.

, We are sorry that our limits do not
enable us to amuse our readers with a
collection of some of the beauties of this
species of logic, collected from the Quar-
terly pages; but, most assuredly, we
should think, that unless the Westmin-
ster Reviewer can be detected of gross
and reiterated forgery, in the quotations
he has inserted, the gentlemen of the

uarterly will, at least, have the pru-
lence to abstain, for the future, from
such phrases, as “ vulgar and contempti-
ble ferocity;”’ “bold bad man;” “ worth-
less crew, who have sold themselves to
work wickedness;” “ignorance and
falsehood ;” “ amazing audacity ;” “ fla-
gitious editor ;” “compounds of igno-
rance, sophistry, and baseness,” &c. &c.,
lest the reader should be, irresistibly,
compelled to imagine, that those gen-
tlemen are thinking of themselves,

But instead of requoting the detected
misrepresentations and scurrilities of
this (Quarterly embellisher of “the Co-
rinthian capital of polished society!”

419

we will take our leave of him, for the
present, by requoting, in his own words,
his creed.

“ All the reasoners, or rather no-reason-
ers, in favour of parliamentary reform, pro-
ceed upon the belief of Mr. Dunning’s and
Mr. Burke’s famous motion, that the influ-
ence of the crown has increased, is inerea-
sing, and ought to be diminished.” But
“the converse of that proposition is now
distinctly to be maintained.”’

Now the converse of the proposition
would be, that “the influence of the
crown had diminished, was diminishing,
and ought to be increased.” But it
seems, that even the Quarterly sophist
himself shrunk, in this instance, from
the effrontery of his own proposition;
and, to shew the sovereignty of his
authority over even the technicalities of
rhetoric, as over the dates and facts of
chronology, for what he calls a converse
he substitutes a parody. “ At present
it is,’ says he, “the influence of the
democracy that has increased, is in-
creasing, and ought to be diminished.”
And in what, according to his own
account, does this increase of influence
consist? Why, in the advantage “ ac-
quired by the publication of the parlia-
mentary debates.” And are we then, to
be told that this is a privilege acquired
since Burke and Dunning’s famous mo-
tion? or that it has been given asa
bonus, or compensation, for the restric-
tions and privations imposed by the Pitt
and Grenville acts, the Six Acts passed
after the Manchester massacre, &c. &c. ?

But enough of Quarterly logic. The
ensuing controversial article in the
Westminster Review, contains a tem-
perate discussion of the principles
advanced by the Edinburgh Review, in
an article on the Disposition of Property
by Will, in which the latter had advo-
cated the expediency and desirableness
of an extension of the monopolizing
claims of primogeniture. The former
maintains, on the contrary, through an
elaborate argument of fifty pages, the
directly opposite opinion, that “an ap-
proximation to equality in the conditions
of the children is much to be desired.”
It will be obvious that almost every
consideration of practical importance in
the opposite theories of aristocratical
anddemocratic politics may be involved
in such a discussion.

Besides this ample review of one of
ifs contemporary reviewers, and ample
controversy with another, the present
number of the Westminster contains an
article, of twenty-one pages, on Ji/l’s
Elements of Political Economy—a sub-

on 2 ject

420

ject, on which the conductors of this
journal seem perfectly at home; another
of thirty-seven, on Brodie’s History of
the British Empire, from the Accession of
Charles I. to the Restoration—another
documentary counterspell against the
insidious sophistry and misrepresenta-
tions of Hume; and, under the title of
Political Fallacies, thirty-two pages more
devoted to a publication made up, by a
friend, from unfinished papers of Jeremy
Bentham, and two Parisian publications
of a similar character—one of them, a
French version of the former. So that
one would think there was no deficiency
of proportion in the quantity of pages
given to subjects protessedly political.
But, though to the general complection
of those politics we have no vast anti+
pathy, we cannot quitecommend the taste
of our Westminster Critics, in dragging
them, again, into a review of Geoffrey
Crayon’s Tales of a Traveller, Nor can
we persuade ourselves to consider the
encouragement of Polite Literature and
the Fine Arts as a mere conspiracy of
“the Somebodys” to keep “ the No-
bodys” in abject distance and degrada-
tion. We should be sorry to see the
cause of Political Reform confoynded
or associated in this country with the
Hebertism, or Vandalism, that makes war
upon eyery thing, which can give splen-
dour, elevation and refinement, to that
leisure and that luxury, which, inevitably,
result from so advanced a state of so-
ciety, as that, in which it is our destiny
to be placed; and which, in fact,
offers, even to the laborious class of
the community, the easiest and the best
remunerated of those employments, upon
which they are to depend for their sub-
sistence. Yet something like this asso-
ciation we see in what we cannot but
regard as an ill-placed tirade against
University education,* and the cultiva-
tions of taste, in the following passage
in particular :

* But as the human mind will employ
itself on something, and no institution less
mischieyous than a Catholic inquisition is
capable of reducing it to total inactivity, a
substitute must be found for useful inquiry.
This substitute is polite literature, and what
are called the fine arts; in other words, the
cultivation of the powers of the imagination,
at the expense, and almost to the destruc-
tion, of the powers of the judgment.”

With respect to the concluding sen-
tence of this paragraph, we happen to
be completely at issue with the West-
minster yeviewer. The great defect of

* Not but what some of the observations,
ou this subject, are sufficiently correct, if
they had been in their proper place.

Philosophy of Contemporary Criticism —No. XXXIX.. [Dec.¥,

modern high education, we conceive to
be, that the culture of the imagination*
is too much neglected; that the atten-
tion is too exclusively confined to the
mechanical, and what are called strict,
sciences, and the consequent manufac-
ture of mediocrity, by. the extinction of
the superior energies of mind. But
thus it is, that those, who devote them-
selves to a particular subject, are apt to
acquire an egotistical notion, that there
is nothing else that is worthy of at-
tention. The classic, the horse-jockey,
and the political economist, are, in this
respect, “of imagination all compact.”
Each of them knows, or thinks he knows,
one thing well, and persuading himself
that there is nothing else to know, looks
down with contempt upon the ignorance
of those who know every thing, but his
own exclusive knowing. But the readers
of the Monthly Magazine, we suspect,
are no such intellectual exclusionists.
They have no objection to a little va-
riety; would like to escape, occasionally,
frompolitics and political economy, even
to belles lettres; to “books of poetry
and amusement’’; to turn, in fact, alter-
nately,

‘From grave to gay, from lively to severe:”*
and, if we cannot find this diversity for
them among our Westminster friends,
would excuse us forseeking it among our
Quarterly enemies.

Before we do this, however, we ought.
to observe, that the Westminster re-
viewer has himself, in a certain degree,
substantiated our criticism in a very-
able and judicious article on Whewell’s
Treatise on Dynamics: a work in which
the profundity of the mere mathemati-
cian is obscured, almost to inutility,
beyond the sphere of scholastic techni-
cality, and, almost, beyond the narrow
circle of his own school (that of Trinity
College, Cambridge), by the justly-cas-
tigated want of the felicities of compo-'
sition: felicities, which, without some:
devotion to polite and general literature;
can rarcly be attained; and, least of all,’
by the laborious plodder in the profound
and technical subtleties of mathematics.
The reviewer, while he does justice to
the general mastery of Mr. W. as far as
relates to his subject, as justly laments,
not only, that his crabbed technicalities
and peculiarities of method (even where
they have not, as in some instances, led

him

* We request the reader not to be so
unetymological in his apprehensions, as to
confound, like Dr. Johnson, the essential
divinity of Imagination with that mere will-
o’-the-wisp, Fancy,

1824.] On the Precautions lately introduced against Hydrophobia.

him to perplexity of process) are calcu-
lated to repel the student; but that a
work, unique in its way, for profundity,
in the range of English mathematical
publications, should, at the same time, be
a disgrace to our language, when brought
into comparison with similar productions
of the continental mathematicians.

The Quarterly Review, for August, is,
indeed, principally made up as its anta-
gonist describes. With the exception
of thirty-seven pages, devoted to the
Essay on Political Economy, in a Sup-
plement to the Encyclopedia Britannica,
thirty-seven more to publications refer-
able to prisons and prison discipline,
nine more to fresh abuse and misrepre-
sentations of Mr. Hone, and thirty-eight
on Mr. Canning, the West Indies and
negro slavery,—the bulk of the 400 pages
must plead guilty to the indictment of
mere belles-lettres disquisition, and at-
tempts at amusement. Of which plea-
sant sin, however, we should not blush
(were their manner as inviting as their
subjects) to avail ourselves in an ensuing
number. —=_-

« For the Monthty Magazine.
Remarks. on the Precautions insti-
tuted against HypRoPHosia.

ONSIDERABLE alarm having for
some time prevailed of the disease
termed hydrophobia, measures have been
taken which have not quite coincided
with the ideas of all persons; and an
ingenious letter has consequently ap-
peared in the Morning Herald on the
subject, showing the impropriety of the
indiscriminate slaughter of all those poor
dogs, who had the misfortune to be found
at large, unmuzzled. The intention, dic-
tating this letter, reflecting more of ho-
nour on its author, than his observa-
tions, would seem to have produced, of
humanity, in those, who have been in-
strumental in issuing this inconsiderate
decree. An instance of this fact has, it
appears, lately occurred at Wigan, in
the case of Mr. Lord’s dog, which had
been wantonly shot, without evincing
the slightest symptoms of hydrophobia,
and by a constable employed for the
purpose of killing dogs. The purest mo-
tives, however, have been alleged to
bave dictated the measure of destroying
these animals, and the act having only
been performed in obedience to higher
authority, no redress could reasonably
be anticipated. Still we do not ques-
tion the purity of the motive ; and we
doubt not the resolution was formed
with violence to the feelings of those
who thought themselves in duty bound

421

to take this step. “ Better to destroy
a million dogs, than suffer one of our
own species to be endangezed !”” This
is the kind of argument used, and by
one, who (judging by his own declara-
tion) is “as fond of his dogs ‘as any
other man.” But let us apply the same
reasoning to things of still less import-
ance, than a poor dumb animal. Per-
sons are, sometimes, crushed to death,
by carriages. The magistrate, therefore,
should issue an order for all carriages
found wandering about the streets, to be
destroyed—certainly less worthy objects
of sympathy, than a favourite and faith-
ful dog. But, admitting the preserva-
tion of the life of a dog to be less va-
luable than a carriage, have these dumb
animals, no rights of their own? and
does not the encouragement, given to
the indulgence of a sanguinary dispo-
sition towards the brute creation, create
greater dangers than we attempt to
spurn? The truth of this will be rea-
dily admitted by all who have watched
the course of cruelty, from “ the tying a
kettle to a dog’s tail, to the commission
of human murder.” I beg to subscribe
myself a stranger to any of the parties,

but a friend to them all.—L.. Gomrertz.
———=

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
Sir:
UMEROUS, interesting, and im-

portant as the communications

relating to the Population of Great
Britain, which have appeared in your
magazine, have been, “ the eternal in-
terest of the subject”? will, I doubt not,
be deemed sufficient to justify a recur-
rence to it, as long as an additional
ray of light can be elicited.

Under such an impression, in despite
of the frivolous taste of the time, and
prevailing repugnance to matter of fact,
I venture to send you a further series
of tabulated statements, every line of
which will be found to supply the means
wherewith ‘ topoint the moral, oradorn
the tale” of history.

The first statement exhibits the an-
nual average number of marriages, bap-
tisms, and burials in each county of
England, in the ten years, 1811-20, com-
pared with the number of each, in the
latter year of that decennial period:
The counties, being arranged in order of
total population, with the numerical
ratio, affixed to each county, will facili-
tate the investigation of the proportions,
On examining this statement with refe-
rence to that of the amount of paro-
chial assessments in each county, as

stated

222

stated, at page 292 in your last number,
it will be seen, that the greatest ratio of
baptisms has been in those counties,
in which the ratio of the parochial assess-
ments has also been the greatest; con-
firming, as far as the facts and experience
go, that pauperism and poverty ge-
nerate the seeds of their own increase,
The counties of Kent, Essex, Norfolk,
Suffolk, Sussex, Lincoln, and Cam-
bridge, will in this respect, be found
deserving of especial attention: the two
latter have been generally considered,
indubitably, unhealthy; but as far as
mortality is concerned, the impression
will be seen to be erroneous. Nor does
the mortality appear to increase in any
of the counties, whieh exhibit an excess
of baptisms, in a ratio corresponding
with that excess. The counties of
Stafford, Warwick, Chester, Durham
and Worcester will be found amongst
those most deserving attention, with re-
ference to the ratio of mortality ;—ex-
cept Middlesex and Lancaster, which
require to be specially considered.

In all the counties previously enume-
rated as exhibiting an excess of bap-
tisms, the ratio of marriages will be
seen to be less than in other counties ;
whereby it is fair to infer, that the excess
of baptisms is the fruit ofa reckless sen-
suality inseparable from misery.

The second statement exhibits the
number of marriages, baptisms, and bu-
rials in all England and Wales, in each
of the first twenty years of the present
century. To draw any just conclusions
from this statement, it will be necessary
to take into consideration the various
special circumstances which occurred
during the period ; transition from war
to peace, extreme fluctuation in the
demand for labour, and still greater
fluctuation in the remuneration for la-
bour, both by diminished rate of wages
and extreme high money prices for all
articles of subsistence, The statement
at page 642 of your fifty-sixth volume
will suffice to denote* the extreme fluc-

* We are rather surprised that so able a
statist as our correspondent, “ N. H.”
should not have preferred the statement of
his data of calculation by reference to the
real or labour price, rather than to the sym-
bolical or money price of the necessaries of
life. The former, is assuredly, the only way
of comiug directly and intelligibly to the
point. All persons know what is meant
by a pound of beef and a pound of bread ;
but there goes more reasoning and more
historical research to understand the mean-
ing of a guinea or a shilling, as applicable to
any afgument onthe progress, retrogression,

Remarks on the Population of Great Britain.

(Dec. 1,
tuation in the money price of subsist-
ence. The year 1799 was the com-
mencement of the second eventful
period which spread universal misery
through the land, and caused a hundred
thousand persons, in the three years
1801-2-3, to’ perish for lack of food ;
whilst the baptisms in 1802-3-4, may be
regarded as a further confirmation (if
further confirmation be wanting) of the
position previously laid down ; viz. that
pauperism and poverty generate the
seed of their own accellerated increase.
The peace of 1802-3 will be seen to
have been remarkable for the increased
number of marriages which followed:
The years 1800 and 1801, however, were
remarkable for the paucity of mar-
tiages; the number in 1800 having
been only 69,851, whilst the annual
average of the five years, 1795-1800;
was 74,898. The merciless avarice of
the purveyors of food, in conjunction
with the artificial money means by
which it was sustained, in the years
1800 and J801, having paralyzed all the
social affections of the great body of the
people, in these two years,

An increase of marriages will in like
manner be seen to have followed the
peace of 1814-15, though not in an equal
ratio to the increase which followed
that of 1802-3. The misery resulting
from the system of commercial pro-
scription which prevailed in 1806-8, will
be seen to have sent 20,000 persons
annually to an untimely grave; and .
the extreme high money price of sub-
sistence in 1812-13 will, in like manner,
also be seen to have added a similar
number to the lists of mortality.

The note which follows this state-
ment, partially explains the cause of the
disproportion of marriages, baptisins
and burials, to the total population of
the metropolis and Lancashire. I have
no_ data of registry relating to Scotland,
to enable me to offer you a similar illus-
tration of the increase and decrease
of the population in that section of the
country ; a circumstance which I regret,
inasmuch as a higher intellectual and
moral character is supposed to prevail
amongst the people at large in Scotland,
than amongst those of England. The
third statement, in some degree, sup-
plies the deficiency of the parish regis-
ter

or condition of mankind, than comes within
the apprehension of one in ten thousand
of those, in whose ears the words may be
sounded, or by whose moutlis they may
be uttered. —Epir.

1824.}

ter return. The ratio of the number of
children, under ten years of age, will
be seen to be less, in Scotland, than
in either England or Wales; and the
variations’ in the different counties
constitute a feature of peculiar in-
terest; the extremes in England being
2,493 males in the metropolis, against
3,147 in Lancashire; and 2,111 females
in the metropolis, against 3,047 in Sus-
sex. In Scotland the minimum of males
was 2,523 in Perth, against 3,131 in
Clackmannan ; and the minimum of fe-
males, 2,091 in Nairn, against 2,847 in
Argyl.

A synopsis, in thirteen gradations, of
the ages of the population of Great
Britain, will serve more distinctly to
mark the cause of the disproportion of
baptisms and burials in the metropolis ;
it will be seen that the immigration, from
all the different parts of the country,
occasions a great excess of population
between the ages of twenty and sixty ;
after which age the proportions decrease
—a circumstance which will justify the
inference of a shorter average duration
of life in the metropolis than in other
parts ofthe country: except Lancashire ;
in which county the proportion, in
10,000 of each sex, between sixty and
seventy years of age, was only 344
males and 351 females. The proportion
of females in Scotland, from twenty to
thirty, is somewhat remarkable.

I have thus far endeavoured to point
out the more prominent features of the
several tabulated statements annexed,
which, I hope, will obtain insertion in the
ensuing number of your magazine, and
that they will, so far, excite an interest,
as to call forth successive observations,
from some of your intelligent readers.

A knowledge of the principle and
power of increase in the human species,
in relation to the principles, means, and
power of supplying their necessities,
their. wants, their comforts, and their
enjoyments, physical and intellectual,
may justly be regarded as the most en-
viable of all human attainments; and it
may be considered as much a matter of
surprize, as of regret, that, during a
period of 6,000 years, no commensu-
rate mind should appear to have been
applied to the subject. It would be an
imputation, indeed, to common sense,
to regard the wretched dogmas, of po-
pulation increasing geometrically, and
subsistence arithmetically, and the na«
tural tendency of societies to press
against the means of subsistence, which
have been attempted to be foisted on

Remarks on the Population of Great Britain.

423

the attention of the public within the
last thirty years, as having the slightest
claim to notice. '
It is obvious, as well.on reflection as
from an appeal to history and all expe-
rience, that, whatever privation commu-
nities, in their local and circumscribed
spheres, may have been exposed to,
nature has never been deficient in the
power to supply the means of relief;
the privation, therefore, must have
resulted from some perversion in the
self-constituted relations of society.

_It is not my intention, on this occa-

sion, to trespass on your pages, by enter-
ing into any detailed elucidation of the
sad consequences resulting to society
from the selfish and perverse conduct of
the few, under whose controul the desti-
nies of the many have, so unhappily,
fallen. As far as the narrow circle
of society in the united kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland is concerned
in the question, the practice of enu-
meration and account, which has been
recently established and acted upon,
may, if duly appreciated and stedfastly
persevered in, lead to the most impor-
tant advantages to mankind at large.

The relative numbers, at the present
time, compared with former periods,
have been a subject of some discus-
sion; it having been pertinaciously as-
serted by some, that on an average of
50 or 100 years, there is no increase;
whilst others have believed in an increase,
to an extent which, if not checked, will
very soon lead to the necessity of eating
one another.

Had the authority of the numbers at
different periods depended exclusively
on the mere data of enumeration, it
might be deemed less entitled to regard
than it is, as supported by the collateral
evidence of the registry of marriages,
baptisms, and burials. These are con-
firmatory of the increase, represented
in p. 641 of Vol. LVI. of your magazine.

The annual average numbers of regis-
tered marriages and registered baptisms,
to every 100 marriages in England and
Wales, since 1754, have been as follows :

Baptisms
Marriages. to 100
Marriages.
Five years ending 1760 52,666 366
Lh Amen ceaaer 1765 59,883 —_
Do. .......-..1770 59,043 361
Do..... 1775 «60,741 —_
Do. ..........1780 64,238 356
DDD. citelel atte -- 1785 66,722 366
Do..........-1790 71,363 359
Do. ..2e.606061795 72,205 353
Do. ......-.+- 180) 74,998 340

Five

424
Baptisms
Marriages. to 100
Martiages,
Five years, ending 1805 83,465 350
Dai raaiiaier ...- 1810 82,953 360
“DO, sie, sees, oe ekos) S012 —_
Do. ....-- «--1820 93,073 369

And the total numbcr of persons, in 1760,
returned at 6,736,000; and in 1820, at
12,218,500. The fluctuation in the num-
ber of baptisms to every 100 marriages,
will be seen to deserve some attention ;
the number against 1820 appearing to be
the. extreme maximum, but which, it is
important to understand, is not the ave-
rage of the ten years 1810-20, but of five
years only, ending 1820; the average of
the ten years, as may be deduced from
either of the two first following state-
ments, appearing to be only 357. Dis-
covering this difference, led me to inves-
tigate the details of each county, in each
of the ten years 1810-20, by which I
discovered that all the counties pre-
viously enumerated, as exhibiting an
excess of baptisms proportionate to the
pressure of the pauper rates, exhibit
also a greater ratio of baptisms during
the last five years of the period, than
during the first five years; but that the
aggregate of England and Wales differed
only as 356 to 359, by which it appears
that the number of 369, for the five
years ending 1820, in the parliamentary
return, is either a miscalculation, or a
literal error of the printer. Such being
the case, it will be seen that the fluctua-
tion in the average number of baptisms
to a marriage, during a period of sixty
years, is very trifling ; the average of the
last thirty years being dess than the ave-
rage of the preceding thirty; and the
five years ending 1800, remarkable as
being the minimum. This evidence may
in some degree be considered as sub-
verting the inference previously deduced,
of pauperism and poverty generating
and accelerating their own increase; or,
admitting this inference, it may be con-
sidered evidence of the pressure of
pauperism and misery not being so great,
as by some has been represented: be it
as it may, time alone can determine. We
are at present too near the commence-
ment of the era of enumerative and
arithmetical investigation, to justify us
in drawing any positive conclusion on
the subject. The alternate excitements,
also, which, from various causes, have
ie ly in Great Britain, during the

ast five and thirty years, have been
such as to produce the most opposite
extremes; so that, whilst poverty and
misery have been progressive, both in

Remarks on the Population of Great Britain.

[Dec. I,

extent and poignancy, on one side, a
counteracting influence has increased on
the other, to such a degree as tended
to preclude the aggregate effect from
being correctly understood.

The generative faculty, however, of
the people of Ireland, Hindostan, and
China, under the most abject condition
of poverty and mental slavery, cannot
be contemplated without exciting fearful
forebodings for the fate of the people of
England. But in taking a comprehen-
sive and philosophical view of the sub-
ject, it will be proper to consider, that
the people of another section of the
globe (the West Indies), living under
circumstances still (if possible) more
degrading, appear to be diminishing in
pumber, in a ratio which, at no very
distant period, will lead to the extinction
of their race.

There is another point, also, which
deserves consideration; which is, that
the average duration of life seems to
diminish in proportion as the generative
tendency increases; and if so, the in-
crease of a population, in the aggregate,
will be much greater at the commence-
ment of the series than in its progress ;
and instead of population increasing
geometrically from any given period to
another given period, the most natural
inference is, that the order of increase
is that of an infinite series, the ratio of
increase decreasing with the progress of
the series; which order of increase I
remember to have seen delightfully ex-
emplified, in some previous number of
your invaluable miscellany,—I think,
about the thirty-fifth or thirty-sixth
volume.*

In thus far trespassing upon your
pages, I beg to be understood as not
having intended to lay down any fixed
rules, or to draw any positive conclu-
sions, relative to the present condition
of society; but merely, as endeavouring
to sketch a general outline, from such:
authentic data as the last returns to’
patliament supply. And as a correct
knowledge of the enumeration and con-
dition of a people is indispensable to a
just administration of their interests, I
hope that what I have offered, on the
subject, will not be deemed either unin-
teresting or unimportant. N. H.

* Ifthe statement in this paragraph can
be satisfactorily demonstrated by induction
and evidence of facts, it will be more effi-
cacious, than allthe answers which yet have
been attempted, for the overthrow of the
demoralizing and dis-humanizing theories
of Malthus. —Eprr.

1824.] Number of Marriages, Baptisms, and Burials, from 1811 to 1820. 425

STATEMENT (No. IV.) Shewing the Annual No. of MarriaGEs, BApTisms, & Bu-
RIALS? in each County of ENGLAND, on an Average of the Ten Years 1811 — 1820
compared with the No. of eachin the latter Year, deduced from the PARISH REGISTER
Returns, made to Parliament in 1821. jt @- The Counties arranged in order of Total
Population, the first Column of Figures denoting the Numerical Ratio thereof by
which the disproportion of Marriages, Baptisms, or Burials, in the several Counties

to each other may be readily perceived. :

——

COUNTIES s_8 MARRIAGES. BAPTISMS. | BURIALS.
of Ss =
ENGLAND, *& es Bopual fennel Agsual
in Order of a verage In venage In verage In
Total Population. == | 9, 18%! | 1890. | Mise, | 1820. | 2785. | (1820.

Middlesex ...... 1144 | 10,947 | 11,482] 26,976 | 28,904] 21,666) 22,699
Lancaster ....+. 1033 8,531 | 9,617 | 27,455 | 29,3481 17,889] 18,298
York, West Riding 801 6,206 | 6,516 | 21,506 | 22,463] 12,2938] 42,822
Devon .... .... 439 3,526 | 3,441] 13,076 | 13,455] 7,213] 7,547
PEE sen shegep ivan 2 AO 3,350 | 3,532] 13,806 | 13,757] 8,517] 8,216

Surrey ............599 2,945 | 3,109] 9,859 | 10,5964 7,432] 7,990
Somerset ........ 335 2,435 | 2,695} 9,580 | 10,502 5,861| 6,616
Norfolk ........... 344 2,575 | 2,736} 10,226 | 11,224] 5,664) 5,949
Stafford ....... .,. +. 342 2,709 | 2,804 4 10,568 | 11,210 6,226 | 6,277

Gloucester ........ 336

2,688 | 3,192] 9,067| 9,743] 5,139] 5,754
BME Ktdns sarin eae ote COO,

1,972 | 2,006} 7,979] 8,157] 4,807] 5,043
Southampton ...... 282 2,456 | 2,116) 8,817 8,752] 4,912] 4,704
LE) Fea 2,089 | 2,291] 8,762] 9,318] 4,637| 4,902
Warwick ........ 274 2,078 | 2,878] 7,435 | 7,539) 5,275] 5,279

pe a 1,989 | 2,041 7,633 B09} 4,053} 4,164

CHESEN, «-|0 oe j-10;0) CIM 2,030 | 2,360} 7,501 BAS2] 4,962] 5,357

Cornwall ........ 257 1,736 | 1,866] 7,461] 8,256] 3,98] 3,915
Sussex, .i....5.. 233 1,578 | 1,6374 6,871] 7,469} 3,280| 3,481
Wilts .;..... scp cop Pee

Durham ........ 208
Salop -+-++- ....., 206
Northumberiand.. 199
York, East Riding 194
Nottingham ...... 187 ,
Worcester ...... «2 184
York, North Riding 184
Leicester ........ 175
Northampton .... 163
Cumberland ......136
Dorset ........ 144
Oxford .... ......134

1,479 | 1,516] 5,822
1,361 | 1,688] 5,854
1,300 | 1,440] 4,587
1,331 | 1,554] 5,360
1,429] 1,523] 5,552
1,318 | 1,465] 5,334
1,242 | 1,266] 5,154
1,337 | 1,430] 4,701
1,235 | 1,3024 4,934
1,030 | 1,019} 4,508

955 | 1,084} 3,906

913 | 955] 3,963

6,317 4 3,774| 3,740
5,024] 3,592] 3,598
4,991} 3,038] 2,981
5,599 | 3,364] 3,287
5,758] 3,240] 3,246
5,791] 3354] 3,503
5,394] 2,943| 3,984
4,703] 2,872] 2,863
4,583] 2,789) 2,877
4,687 | 2,716{ 2,914
4,304] 92,1871 2,505
4,312] 9,999] 2,391

Buckingham .... 134 950 3,752 4,015 2,338} 2,481
Betks .... .... 132 930 5,884 4,031 2,306 2,427
Hertford........ 130 738 3,575 | 3,787] 2,118} 2,291
Cambridge.... .... 122 989 3,749 | 4,141] 2,117] 2,119
Hereford ...... 103 620 2,790 2,832 1,675 1,741
Bedford ...... .... 84 653 2,287 | 2,403.) 1,33 1,426
Monmouth........ 72 458 1,341 1,490 938 938
Westmoreland,..... 51 338 1,489 | 1,663 906| 1,069
Huntingdon........ 49 377 1,363 1,459 790 | % 786
BOVANG pmaan ace tP 129 512 512 299 295
ENGLAND $11,260 86,350 310,026 | 328,250 | 191,097 | 198,634
WALES 717 4,692 15,480 | 15,430 9,902 9,715
ENGLAND & WALES 91,042 325,506 | 343,660 | 200,999 | 208,349
Do. 1801 — 1810. 83,209 287,890 195,019
Merropoiis. 181) — 20 12,060 | 12,787 | 28,490] 30,492) 23,310| 24,367

1,365 | 1,712] 5,884/ 6,878] 3,399] 3,621
1,423 | 1,532] 5,880] 6081] 3385] 3,519

Guernsey, Jersey, Man. 664 679} 2,644! 2,656' 1,438] 1550

Monrury Mac, No. 403. } 3 I STATEMENT

426 Number of Marriages; Baplisms, § Burials in England § Wales. (Dee. 1,

STATEMENT of the No. of Marniaces, Baprisms & Burrats in all ENGLAND ©
& WALES, in each of the first Twenty Years of the present Century : distinguishing
in the Baptisms & Burials, the proportion of Males & Females, according to the re-

- turns made to Parliament from the Registers of 10,453 Parish Churches, 889 Chapels
and 103 Roman Catholic, Quaker and other Societies.

| BAPTISMS. BURIALS.
MAR- | 2 ~ -
YEARS. | Bere | Males. | Female | Total Males. | Female | Total.
>) 1801 67,228 120,521 | 116,508 | 237,029 101,352 .| 103,082 | 204,434
. | 2 90,396 159,889 | 133,948 273,837 99,504 | 100,385 | 199,889
wa 3 94,379 150,220 | 143,888 | 294,108 102,459 | 101,269 | 203,728
23} 4 85,738 150,585 | 144,009 | 294,592 91,558 | 89,539 | 181,177
ol 5 79,586 | 149,333 | 142,868 | 292,201 91,086 | 90,154 | 181,240
S 6 80,755 147,376 | 144,355 | 291,929 92,289 91,163 | 183,452
| if 83,923 153,787 | 146,507 | 300,284 97,996 97,855 | 195,851
2 8 82,248 151,565 | 144,509 | 296,074 102,614 98,149 | 200,763
=) { 9 83,369 152,812 | 147,177 | 299,989 97,394 93,577 -|°191,471
z 1810 84,470 152,591 | 146,262 | 298,853 104,907 | 103,277 | 208,184
4 11 86,389 | 155,671 | 149,186 | 304,857 94,971 93,572 | 188,543
(do) 12 82,066 153,949 | 148,005 | 301,954 95,957 94,445 | 190,402
A 13 83,860 160,685 | 153,747 | 314,432 95,726 92.751 | 186,477
oa 14 92,804 163,282 | 155,524 | 318,806 103,525 | 102,878 | 206,403
15 99,944 | 176,233 | 168,698 | 344,951 99,442 97,966 | 197,408
< 16 91,946 168,801 | 161,398 | 250 199 103,954 | 102,005 | 205,959
17 88,234 169,337 | 162,246 | 331,583 101,040 98,229 | 199,629
18 92,779 169,181 | 162,203 | 331,584 107,724 | 105,900 | 213,624
19 95,571 171,107 | 162,154 | 333,261 106,749 | 106,815 | 213,564
1820 | 96,833 | 176,511 | 167,346 | 543,660 | 104,329 | 104,020 } 208,349 |
1811 7,299 15,561 12,942 26,303 7,691 | 7,815 j - 15,506
2] 12 | 6,611 12,414 12,199 | 24,613 8,023 | 7,962 15,995
Boi. to 7,168 12,654 12,184 | 24,838 8,187 8,592 16,779
= 14 9,104 13,998 13,409 27,407 9,074 | - 9,054 18,128
a) L 15 9,800 15,273 | 14,487 29,760 8,703 8,773 | 17,476
< 16 9,094 14,642 13,808 | 28,456 9,525 | - 9,592 19,177
> 17 8,013 14,082 | 13,573 27,655 9,134 9,053 18,187.
< 18 9,110 14,008 13,563 97,871 19,471 10,574 | 21,045
in| 19 9,602 15,070 13,535 | 28,605 9,199 9,136 | 18,335
1820 9,517 14,976 | 14,372 | 29,248 9,066 9,213 | 18,279
1811 11,549 13,082 13,192 | 26,274 10,604 | 10,119] 20,725
3 12 10,973 13,167 13,177 26,344 11,548 10,890 22,438
2 13 10,705 13,619 | 13,273 | 26,892 11,014} 10,4865] 21,499
1 14 12,368 13,645 13,085 26,723 13,196 12,287 | 25,483
| z \ 15 | 12,695 | 14,805] 14,712] 29,517 11,982 | 11,354] 23,337
5 16] 12,212 | 14,161 | 14,299] 28,460 12,291 | 11,725 | 23,946
a] 17 11,976 15,125 14,751 29,876 11,789 | 11,171] 22,960
& 18| 12,429 | 15,168] 14,922] 30,090 12,250] 11,884] 24,134
= 19] 12,941 | 15,137 | 45,157] 30,294 12,359 | 12,064] 24,493
‘ 1820 12,757 15,434 14,988 | 30,422 12,369 11 998 | 24,367

*_* In drawing any conclusion on the comparitive extent of Mortality in the Metro-
polis and Lancashire, with any of the other Counties, or with England & Wales in
the aggregate it will be proper to consider, that there is a considerable emigration
from all parts of the Country into the Metropolis, and from all the adjoining Counties
into Lancashire, which not only tends to cause an appearance of an excess of Morta-
lity in those two districts, but to diminish it in other Counties in proportion to the
extent of emig-ation from them; the same cause also operates in giving an apparent
disproportionate excess of Marriages in the Metropolis and Lancashire. The Annual
proportion of Marriages, Baptisms, and Burials, in each County, on an average of

the 10 Years 181i - 20, is stated ina following page. The No. in proportion to the
Total Population of England & Wales being as follows. Viz.
Marriages 7.5 in every 1000. Extremes, Hertford 5.6 Middlesex 9.43
Baptisms 28.3 Do. Do. Monmouth 21.3 Kent $1.2
Burials 17.3 Do. Do. Sussex 14. Middlesex 21.3
Annuce average Number of Unentered Marriages 191, Baptisms 2,966, Burials 9.595

1824.]

Variation in the Number of Persons in every 100 Families.

427

STATEMENT (No. V., Saewmg tae variation in the No. of Persons im every 100

: Famiiies in cach of the Counties of GREAT BRITAIN, according to the return
made to Parliament in 1811 & 1821: and also the No. of Children both Male & Fe-

male under 10 Years of Age, in every 10,900 of each Sex in each County in 1821.
_*,* The Counties most remarkable for Exuberance are noted by +, and those most
remarkable for Paucity by —, and the }= denotes a marked disproportion in the No.
of Children to the No. of Persons in a Family.

‘COUNTIES
of
“ENGLAND.

Bedford
Berks

Buckingham ....
Cambridge
Chester

seeeee

Essex
Gloucester.... —
Hereford .... —
Hertford.,......
Huntingdon ....
BBODE 2a et nae ale
Lancaster .... +
Leicester ..
Lincoln“... : 3s.
Middlesex .... —
Monmouth .. ¢3~
Norfolk ...... —
Northampton
Northumberland —
Nottingham ....
Oxford .... 2
Rutland......
Salop ......%=>
Somerset........
Southampton ts
Stafford ...... “8
Suffolk
Surrey......
Sussex |)....00°-+
Warwick .... —
Westmoreland ..
WAHS? Poss o5 oo
Worcester ......
York, E. Riding —
— North Do. —
—— West Do.
ENGLAND.
WALES —=
SCOTLAND.
GREAT BRITAIN.

Ce

Z Z Guernsey
Ea ¢ Jersey ..
a= } Man ..
Merropoiis —

No. of
Persons in

every

100

FaMILigs

isil

1821

No. of Children

in 1821 under 10

Years of Age in
every 10,000
of each Sex.

eS
Maur{ Fema

2,734
2,658
2,686
2,864
2,885
2,703
2,561
2,824
2,599
2,577
2,669
2,848
2,642
2,564
2,742
2,873
2,857
2,916
2,730
2,749
2,313
2,678
2,701
2,688
2,571
2,706
2,697
2,586
2,698
2,589
2,776
2,921
O77
2,560
3,044
2,660
2,651
2,623
2,642
2,606
2,643
2,973
2,712
2,663
2,471
2,615

2,232
2,253
2,590
2,111

COUNTIES
of WALES &
SCOTLAND

Anglesea ......
Brecon ...
Cardigan ......
Cermarthen....
Cernarvon......
Denbigh,
FUNK. BBS e 3
Glamorgan......
Merioneth ......
Montgomery t>
Pembroke......
Radnoriiees od
WALES >

Berwick ........
Bate) oo 9. ct
Caithness + p=
Clackmanan—{=
Dumbarton....+
Dumfries........

Edinburgh......
Elgin ....— %
Fife .... <> iS
Fotfar...;.<,ast/o. =
Haddington— 3=~
Inverness ......
Kincardine....—
Kinross ...... —

Kireudbright ...

Lanark .........
Linlithgow ......
Naim. <.05:..<. —
Ork. & Shet.+33-

Peebles...... +
PEF Joss tee
Renfrew...... +

Ross & Cromarty.
Roxburgh ......
Selkirk
Stirling ........
Sutherland
Wigtoun........
ScorTLanp.

er

3]

No. of
Persons in
every 100
FaMitiés,

1811; 1821

i

479
483
489
491
500
488
500

2,811
2,797
3,094
2,839
2,921
2,650
3,042
2,995
2,693
2,835
2,754
2,652
3,134
2,801

2,869
2,712
2,833
2,644
2,962
2,927
2,629
2,550
3,029
2,951
2,963
2,638
2,623
2,857.
2,523
3,029
2,895
» 2,934
484 3,095
476 | 2,880

494. 2,708
4a) S08.

4é°* Eten
4

MaLe |Pemar

2,979 |

No. of Children
in 1821 under LO
Years of Age in
every
of each Sex.

10,000

428 Synopsis of the Ages of the Population of Great Britain. (Dee. 1,

SYNOPSIS of the Ages of the Poputatron of GREAT BRITAIN, according te the
return made to Parliament in 1821, in thirteen gradations of age; distinguishiug the
Males trom the Females ; and ENnGLAnp, WALES, SCOTLAND & the METROPOLIS
separately. The results being deduced from the No. of 10,000. as a common calculator.

Great-Brirain. ENGLAND Wates Svorcanp METROPOLIS
ernie Seen) Snnnneeennn nS Te ee reel | eS See
Ages Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

1397. | 1216.

1538. | 1444. § 1514. | 1382.) 149% | 1294.

Under 5

5 to 10) 1343. } 1268. 1407. | 1281. 7 1357. | 1177. | 1095. 995,
10 to 15) 1169. | 1056. f 1210. } 1095. f 1247. | 1057. 936. 834,
15 to 20 988. 995. § 1009. | 1003. } 1052. | 1048, 865. 959.
a) te 304 1470. | 1684. | 1433. | 1560. f 1490. | 1769. f 1718. | 2062.
30 to 40 f 1155. | 1210, f 1109. | 1163. } 1995. | 1204, J 1548. | 1567.
40 to 50 o44. | 932.6 } 871.4 | 911.6 [| 895.4 | 937.9 § 1204. | 1092.
5) to 60 | 663.6 | 653.3 | 646.3 | 672.6 | 649.9 | 711.6 | 730.7 | 690.9
60 to 709 447.6 | 458. 474.8 | 535.5 J 458.1 | 502.2 | 353.6 | 388.8
7) to 804 221.9 | 228.2 | 243.6 | 281.4 J 216.3 | 225.5 | 128.5 | 1564
80 to 90] 36.25 | 6485 | 74.09 | 104.8 f 58.22 | 65.18 f 22.47 | S4.64
90 to 100 4.15 5.75 7.a4 | 10.95 6.71 7.42 1-69 3.93.
Above 100 12 -22 09 50 43 60 21 39

10,000. |10,000.

Numer. Radix. 10,000. |10,000. 10,000. {10,000. [10,000. |10,000.

PAUPERISM & PAUPER TAXATION.

Comparative view of the Exrent of PAUPERISM and Pressure of PAUPER TAXA-
TION, at different periods ; shewing the alarming increase of degradation and privation,
on the part of the labouring, and increase of pressure on all the industrious and productive
Classes : -inevitable consequences of petty expediency and a speculative system of Policy.

PAUPER FAMILIES. 1802-3 [1822-15 (1813-14 , 1814-15 | 1821-2
Relieved per- 7 In Workhouse 83.468] 97.223] 94,085| 88,115 ae 2
manently. § Not in Workhouse 336,200] 434,441 | 430,140] 406,887 | 32327
Relieved Occasionally. .....-. : 305,600] 440,249 | 429,770] 400,971 } B,s28
SEE See PE Ree) eres PS Pe
Total No. of Faminres Relieved 7 95,568] 971,913 | 953,915]. 895,773 | 852253
are aw oPtees 2s ae ee =a ve >

Total No. of Faminies in England

and Wales at the different periods i sh iss by ae 2,142,148 2295425
Proportion out of 100 receiving relief | 40 45 44 42 Biisc
Annual rate of relief to each Family a Seets

relieved, dividing the total-sum ex- £5 12 6).£6 16 10] £6 12 0} £610) 25 o a3
pended, by the total No. relieved 5 senses
Scale of subsistence in }bs. of Bread, As Ss
according to the Average price otf 167 109 123 165 aa2e 53
Wheat in each Year. ........ PAS Se PETE AS Set oOe A Dik ona ial
Total Sum expended in eaclht Year —£'4,077,891] 6,656,105] 6,294,584 5,418,045} 6,358,703
Equivalent in Quarters of Wheat 1,209,756] 1,061,458] 1,157,625 | 1,484,615) 2,250,868

Total No. of persons in Friendly Societ 704,550] 824,319! 838,728! $25,459

*,* As great efforts have lately been made to induce the people of England to believe
that their interests were in a career of unexampled prosperity; without here questioning
such pretension, the preceding Statement is simply submitted to their serious reflection,
the most important feature of which is the great proportion of the population receiving
relief: In the return made to Parliament in 1818, page 630*, the proportion receiving relief
on an average of the three Years 1812 — 15 is stated as having been 93 out of every 100
of the total Population, but after distinctly stating in the head of every Column of the
Statistical part of the return, that the No. of Persons relieved, did not include the Chil-

dren of such persons, the proportional of 94 is deduced by dividing the Total Population
by the No. said to have been relieved. ‘ 7 :

1824,}

Extracts from the Jounnat of a Mis-
cellaneous READER.

LUCAN’S PHARSALIA.

EAD A—g—n—n’s MS. volume of

poems, with great interest. Com-

pare his translation of the first 257

hexameters of Lucan into 263 English

heroic lines, with Rowe’s couplet and
tripplet version of 460 lines.

A—g—n—n’s compression renders
him sometimes a little obscure; but his
translation is upon the whole much
more spirited and poetical than Rowe’s
comparative dilation. Rowe, however,
has been very unfairly treated, in one
respect, by the pedantry of criticism.
Whatever may be the disparity between
his dilation and A—g—n—n’s com-
pression, the difference is not so great,
in this respect, between him and the
original, Hexameters extend from four-
teen to sixteen syllables; English he-
roics have only ten .".257 hexameters=
385 English heroics. Rowe has there-
fore but seventy-five lines more than
the just equivalent, i. e. a little better
than one-sixth more syllables than the
original. The manuscript translation is
nearly one-third shorter than the ori-
ginal.

Proceed with Rowe’s translation to
the end of the first book. Find the
charge of paraphrastic dilation still less
sustained. The first book of Lucan’s
Pharsalia contains 695 hexameters=
1,042 English heroics. Rowe’s tran-
slation, therefore, of this whole book
exceeds the original only to the amount
of about 128 heroic = 85 or 86 hexame-
ter lines. That his language is frequently
feeble and unpoetical, is true, and his
versification tame and monotonous:
but what pedantic, uncalculating pre-
judice it is to talk of paraphrase and
feeble dilation, and spinning out one
line into three or four, and the like.
The whole translation, thus far, exceeds
the original by less than one-eighth. It
is true, indeed, that a poet availing
himself of all the compressive energies
and capabilities of the English language,
might have translated the whole into
good heroic verse with one-eighth or
perhaps one-fourth less, instead of one-
eighth more syllables than the Latin:
whatever pedants may say of the com-
parative feebleness, or poetasters may
exhibit of the paraphrastic dilation of
the English langnage.

Of the second book, the following
are some of the best lines of this tran-
slation.

Extracts from the Journal of a Miscellaneous Reader.

429

Hieroaryenics. YV. vy. 343-6.
Then Memphis, e’er the reedy leaf was
known,
Engrav’d her precepts and her arts in stone ;
While animals in various order plae’d,
The learned Hieroglyphic column grac’d.
Suicipgr. V. v. 374-7.
Heroic minds! that can even fate command,
And bid it wait upon a mortal hand;
Who, full of life, forsake it as a feast,
Take what they like, and give the gods the

rest.
Nevurrauiry. 475, 8-82.
Should Heav’n itself be rent with civil
rage*—

Officious Piety would hardly dare

To proffer Jove assistance in the war.

Man unconcerned and humble should re-
main,

Nor seek to know whose arms the conquest
gain:

Jove’s thunder will convince them of his
reign.

Supmission AND Resistance. 553—6.
586. 7.

Anon, they pray that civil rage may cease :

But war shall scourge them for these hopes
of peace ;

And make them know—the present times
afford,

At least while Czsar lives, no safvty like
the sword.+

Ye times to come record the warrior’s praise,

Who lengthen’d out expiring Freedom’s
days. ;

Crepuuity. 618.9

But zealous crowds in ignorance adore ;

And still the less they know, they fear the
more,

Even for such pearls as these there
goes a good deal of scratching. The
book consists of 1,153 lines.

Ancient Intsu Histortes, Vor. 1.
cer’s State of Ireland.

Tanist, Tanistry, the particle tania,
&c. (Lusitania, Britania, &c.) p. 10 to
13. From whatever dialect the Irish
originally had the word tanist, it is evi-
dent that both that and the particles
alluded to, and also tenure, ¢enantry,
tenant, tenement, tain in appertain, &c.
&c., through whatever channels, come
from the same primitive source or root,
having

Spen-

* The line that rhymes with this is re-
commended to the fingers ; for certainly no
mortal ear would willingly have any thing
to do with it—

Should giants once more with the gods engage !!!

+ By the way this is straining a little for
an alerandrine for the alexandrine’s sake.
The syllables at feast weaken, rather than
add to the sense,

430

having one common reference to the
idea of claim, or holding.

Spencer seems to have been suffi-
ciently observant of the abuses ‘and
mischiefs arising out of the old barba-
rous Scythian customs and habits of the
natives; buttohavehad littleregard tothe
oppressions and misgovernment of their
English masters. ‘The misfortune of
Treland has been that little has been
done (if any thing), to give the mass of
the people, or even of the proprietors,
a common interest with the general
Government. They have been left,
and still are left, a prey to the anarchy
of petty interests and local factions.
The new proprietors of certain holds
or districts, or the narrow confederacies
or corporations established in them,
having no sympathy with the popula.
tion, on the one hand, and being held
in no graduated subordination to the
Government, on the other, constitute
a sort of anarchic tyranny, or an anar-
chy of separate tyrannies; yielding, by
tacit compact, a sort of conditional
obedience to the higher functionaries of
the state, so long, and so far, as, accord-
ing to their humour and _ prejudices,
they may deem it consistent with the
interests of their own factious and op-
pressive mastery over the population of
their vicinage. The individual, or the
family, which has become seized of a
monopolized interest in a particular cor-
poration or district, finds and exercises
a sort of arbitrary sovereignty in that
monopoly ; and the same love of power
which renders him a tyrant over the
people, renders him an anarchist with
respect to the general sovereignty of
Laws and Constitution: whose provi-
sions he is perpetually outstepping with
respect to those who are at his mercy ;
and as perpetually evading or pervert-
ing in every thing that affects himself.
The new settler, or proprietor, soon falls
into these habits, as well as the old, and
becomes, by a few years of naturaliza-
tion, as very a Scythian as the best of
them. Lawless habits are congenial to
lawless rapacity and power; and the
master seldom takes much pains to im-
prove the civilization of his slaves. As
for the population at large, what sym-
pathy with the English Government
can they have—or reverence for it?
Tt does nothing for them. Their land-
lords, their tythe proctors, or the cor-
porations that oppress them, are the
only governors they can look to, or know
any. thing about. Their attachments
and their resentments—their obedience

Extracts from the Journal of a Miscellaneous Reader.

[Dec. I,

or their rebellions look no higher.
There is little to remind them whether
it is the King of England or the Cham
of Tartary that claims the general sove-
reignty of the realm.

Lorp Byron’s Doce of Venice.

Some splendid passages, and several
nervous and sententious lines—but.a
very bad, tedious, prosing play, with a
great deal of what is’ called plagiary, in
phrase, in thought, and in situation.
Venice Preserved is constantly brought
to one’s recollection. Much of the ver-
sification is very bad indeed. ‘In read-
ing it aloud one is every now and then
throttled, as it were, by the balk put
upon the voice and organs through the
perpetual transitions of rythmus, and
the vain struggle to read it either. as
verse or as prose. The last scene is
puerile and ridiculous to the last degree,
and occupies precisely the same point
of time with the preceding—so that if
acted, the stage ought to be divided by a
party wall, and the two scenes should
be performed at the same time: for
surely the drama can admit of no retro-
spective action. The character of An-
giolina is finely conceived ;; but it is not
supported with any dramatic effect.
When the deepest pathos would be ex-
pected, she gives Steno and the Senate
a long historical and philosophical lec-
ture; and in the parting scene between
her and the Doge, previous to his exe-
cution, there is nothing touching and
natural but his last speech. In short,
“the Doge of Venice” is equally de-
fective as a play, and as a dramatic
poem. It is interspersed, as might be
expected, with a sufficient portion of
Lord Byron’s moral scepticism, and of
his aristocratical jacobinism : — some
portions of which display all the power
and energy of his style.

The Proruecy of Dante.

“ The measure adopted is the terza
rima of Dante” — the peculiarity of
which is that the alternating rhymes
are so dovetailed one into the other
that the series is never closed, or inter-
rupted from the beginning to the end of
the canto. The first rhymes with the
third; the second with the fourth and
sixth; the fifth with the seventh and
ninth; the eighth with the tenth and
twelfth, and so on—so that the chain is
never broken for 150, or nearly 200
lines together— or whatever number of
lines the canto may contain. There is,
however, some fine poetry in the Pro-

phecy.

1824.]

phecy. The woes of Italy constitute
one Of the subjects upon which Lord
Byron appears to feel.

Sranpinc Army.
Encyc. Brit. Rome 258. (p. 397.)
Standing army of Augustus 25 legions

Original Poetry.

431

170,650. men—i, e. 6,826 in a legion.
I find other authorities make the legion
consist of but 6,666 ; which would give
only 167,650.

Happy Britain! Thine is more than an
Augustan Age!

ORIGINAL POETRY.

za

SONNET,
On the Suggestion of a Continental Excursion,

WRITTEN IN THE SUMMER OF 1822,

ITH no unheedful hand or grudg-
ing toil,
Have Iadorn’dthee, my sequester’d bower,
Hoping in thee to spend the evening hour
Of life’s o’erwearied day: nor of a soil
Ungrateful can I plain; for leaf and
flower
Have thro’ the springtide smil’d;
sun and shower
Matur’d thy summer fruits, and promise
made
Of Autumn’s riper boon; while ’neath your
shade,
My elegant acacias ! I have stray’d,
Woving the healthful breeze, or the sweet
power
That prompts the glowing thought and
tuneful rhyme.
Such joys are thine, my calm, sequester’d

and

home !
And shall I cease beneath thy shades to
roam ;
And trace, with pilgrim step, a foreign
clime ? Jom.
SONG.

I rove thee, love! [ love thee, love !

Thy beauteous form so rare, my love!
Thy hue so fair, thy graceful air ;

For these—for these, I ‘love thee, love !

I love thee, love! I love thee, love!

For all the smiles that lie, my love ;
Enkindling joy in that dark eye

That béams so bright on me, my love!

I love thee, love! I love thee, love!

Thy lips the bulbul’s rose, my love ;
Where fragrance glows, and music flows,

‘And glows and flows for me, my love!

I love thee, love! I love thee, love!

Within those arms to rest, my love;
And on that breast, the phoenix nest,

With fragrance stor’d for me, my love.

But oh! J love, I love thee, love!

For something more divine, my love ;
That soul of thine, where graces shine,

That make thee more than lovely, love.

Yes, yes! I more than love thee, love!
For that diviner part, my love ;

That gentle heart, devoid of art—
For that I more than love thee, love.

THE PARTING OF OTTAVIO
AND BIANCA,
From G. Crayon’s “ Tales of a Traveller,”
BY J. R. PRIOR.
Leave me not yet, Ottavia! fly
O! not sosoon; no! no!
Absence, the mother of a sigh,
Will often wet Bianca’s eye,
To think that thou art parted so.

The ship may be to shoals decoyed ;
Must thou by water go?

A storm, a wreck, thy life destroy’d,

Would leave Biarica’s bosom void:
Then, wherefore leave Bianca so ?

Thou deemest that a sunnier beam
May light and cherish me,—

A daintier lip in Hope’s young stream

Produce a brighter, holier dream :
Ottavio ! that can never be.

Prove false! Ottavio, didst thou say ?
Never while life is free :
Each morning, noon, and evening ray
Will see thine own Bianca pray,
‘To keep my heart alone for thee.

’ Was it for this our hearts have bled,

For this our vows have past ?
For this our passions fasted, fed ?
Ottavia! when Bianca’s dead,

Decide how long my love can last.

Farewell! I'll watch thee to the shore ;
These eyes shall kiss thy sight,

Ottavio !—Thou art gone—before

The flood of fondness drowns me,—v’er
A sad, a passionate delight,

THE NUN.

Lixt lilies on one stem, her fingers join
Her slender hands in attitude divine ;
Her dark soft eyes are shadow’d by the fall
Of a fine pair of brows, Love’s mourning

pall, [ within
Which Faith, Hope’s eldest sister, keeps
Her placid heart so purified of sin:
A pleasing smile surrounds her lip—her

cheek, [ Greek ;
Her forehead, and her nose in shape are
Serene affiance lights her upturn’d eye,
That beams her sweet devotions to the sky:
A black veil drops behind her raven hair ;
Lappets embrace her neck ; her flesh so fair
Shines on her virgin bosom ;—on her head
A cap like snow in laceless care is spread.
Love, peace, and truth unite this pious Nun,
Devoutly duteous to the Eternal Son.

J. R. Prior.

432

EPIC FRAGMENTS.
THE PATRIOTS TOMB.
Honour to him, who in his country’s cause
The sword unsheaths, to vindicate the claims
Of free-born man against Oppression’s might.
What tho’ in battle field, among the brave,
In manhood’s prime he fell ! his better self,
There, where the spirits of the just ascend,
Secure in deathless recompence, survives ;
And from those regions of the bless’d he
hears,
Whene’er towards the rescued world he
bends,
The choral song of generations rise,
Chaunting his bright example, while they
guard
The sacred charter by his blood redeem’d.
He quaffs the incense, feels his heav’n more
bless’d,
And owns the rich reward. The dross of
life—
What is it to the never-perishing ore
Of glory virtue-own’d, and patriot fame!

DEVOTION.

' «€ Go! praise me with thy deeds, and not
thy words !””

Such is the voice of Heav’n—of Heav’n
best serv’d,

When to its proper purposes the soul

Bends its‘ best energies; not when the
chaunt

Of matin song and evening vesper steals

In drowsy monotone from cloister’d cells

Of sainted indolence, where thriftless drones

Feed on the comb they wrought not. Go
then forth ;

(To high pretensions born, to higher called!)

Go to thy proper sphere—the strife of souls,

The camp, the council—to the perilous
breach

Where foreign inundation threats to o’er-
whelm

Thy fainting country —or, o’erwhelming

more,

Where tyrannous Corruption, like a flood,

Breaks through the feeble bounds of Law
and Right,

And desolates the realm. Conspicuous there

Exert thy energies—to rouse—to urge

The ‘dormant soul of patriot worth, and
nerve

The else palsied arm. Be thou (or be ex-
tinct)

The quickening sun—the cheering central
fire

Of life and glory—round whose radiant orb

A nation’s hopes and destinies revolve.

This is the service Heaven of THEE re-
quires :—

For this hath form’d thee—and to this or-
‘dains !

ELOQUENCE OF LOVE.

Love has a silent language of his own,

To every tribe in every region known ;

And his best eloquence is summ’d in this—

A look and sigh that prologue to a kiss.

Original Poetry.

(Dec. 1,
DANISH SONGS AND
BALLADS.
No. I.

BEAR SONG.

Tue squirrel that’s sporting
Amid the dead leaves,
Full oft with its rustle
‘The hunter deceives ;
Who, starting, imagines
That booty is nigh,
And, swelling with pleasure,
His bosom beats high.

‘¢ Now, courage!” he mutters;
And, crouching below
A thunder-split linden,
He waits for his foe:
“ Ha! joy to the hunter!
A monstrous bear
Even now is approaching,
And bids me prepare.

«“ Hark! hark! for the monarch
Of forests ere long
Will breathe out his bellow,
Deep-throated and strong.”
Thus saying, he gazes
Intently around ;
But (death to his wishes !)
Can hear not a sound ;

Except when at moments
The wind rising shrill,
Wafts boughs from the bushes
Across the Jone hill ;
Or save when the squirrel,
>Mid thicket and leaves,
Again with its rustle
The hunter deceives.

HORACE.
Onpr rx. Boox i.
By tHe Hon. H—. W—.

Soracre now is white with snow,
And frozen stands the stream below ;
See! labouring woods along the plain,
Their weighty burthen scarce sustain.
Let’s thaw the frost, and on the heath,
Let crackling wood drive off the cold ;
And come, Croupier, increase our mirth
With your best wine, the four years old.
Then to the Gods consign the rest,
Who calm the tempest-troubled seas.
The aged ash no more opprest,
Rests calmly from the wintry breeze,
Seek not to-morrow’s fate to scan,
But make the most of present hours:
Enjoy love’s pleasures whilst you can,
Ere yet old age your bloom deflowers.
In manly games now take delight ;
And now soft whispering in the night,
The titter of the nymph conceal’d,
Who guards 'the toy she longs to yield.

PATENTS

1924.) [14339

PATENTS FOR MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL
INVENTIONS.

{In an introduction to this department of our work in the October number, p. 241 and

"in p. 244, we took occasion to mention several particulars regarding the nature and
operation of Patents for Inventions, with which the public had seemed but imperfectly
acquainted ; especially as to a supposed sanction, or guarantee of utility, ingenuity or
novelty, or of legal property, which the mere fact of having obtained a patent is sup-
posed to confer; it not being generally known, that in every patent are these words,
viz. “ It is entirely at the hazard of the patentee, whether his said invention is new, or
will have the desired success.” The Crown, therefore, guarantees nothing; it merely
grants a prayed-for monopoly for fourteen years, on condition of enrolling a complete
specification; which then lays the patent open to be infringed, and even repealed
altogether, at the suit of any one who can prove any thing claimed in the specification,
or that is described therein, and not expressly disclaimed; which is old, or already has
been used ; as also, in case of it appearing from the verdict of a jury, that the thing is
useless, or that the specification is not sufficiently clear and explicit to enable the public
to understand and use the invention, immediately on the expiration of the patent, in all
respects as ‘beneficially as the patentee may have. done. . Towards enabling the public
to avail itself of this important right, we shall publish henceforward the dates and titles,
and often other particulars concerning the patents expiring in the month which our publi-
cation bears: also, before the usual period of enrolling the specifications, we intend
giving a complete monthly list of New Patents granted; and as to the Patents which,
for their apparent wiilities, we select, to lay an abridgement, or the substance of their
specifications, before our readers. ] s

a

To Joun Vattance; of Brighton, in
Sussex, for an improved Method of
Freezing Water, or producing Ice in
large Quantities.—1st January 1824.

HE principle of this invention con-

sists in,passing a current: of arti-
ficially dried and rarefied air, over an
extended surface of water, which, by
impinging upon it, carries off the aque-
ous vapours, and with them the heat of
fluidity from the water. The artificial
drying of the air is proposed to be ef-
fected by passing it through a leaden
vessel nearly filled with bullets of the
same metal; on to which bullets con-
centrated sulphuric acid is made occa-
sionally to drop, in order to keep their
surfaces wet, and so expose a very
large surface of the acid to the passing
air, admitted by the same very small
and adjustable aperture in the bottom
of the vessel by which the waste acid
escapes, in order to extract from the air
its aqueous vapour.

The current of this dried air is in-
tended to be produced, through pipes,
to and from the freezing vessel, by
means of two powerful air-pumps work-
ed under water, with alternate strokes,
and used to reduce the pressure in the
vessel to about half an inch of mercury,
and so draw off continually this air and
discharge it, after it has performed its
office of impinging on the surface of the
water, kept at about half an inch deep,
and has saturated itself with moisture
therefrom.

' Moyrury Mac. No. 403.

The first half-inch of water is intended
to rest on the broad flat bottom of a
cylindrical vessel, of sufficient capacity ;
and when this water is become ice, a
second half-inch is to be introduced
upon this ice, and this frozen in its
turn: then more water to the like
thickness is to be admitted, and so on,
until the vessel is as nearly filled with
solid ice as the apparatus next to be
described will admit.

In order to cause the dry air to im-
pinge on the centre of the surface of
the water, and to sweep over every part
of it, towards the circumference, a
loosely-fitted piston plate, rather hollow.
upwards m the middle, and having a
long hollow piston-rod, is suspended
almost at the smallest distance possible
above the water’s surface. _ It is down
through this hollow rod that. the dry
air is admitted, and passes up round the
edges of the plate to the suction-pipe
of the air-pump, which enters the freez~
ing vessel just under its close-fitting and
yet moveable lid. In the centre of this
lid is a stuffing-box, through which the
hollow piston-rod slides upwards the
space of half an inch, previous to ad-
mitting each fresh quantity of water.
The upper end of the piston-rod slides
through another stuffing-box into, the
pipe (or connecting vessel) coming from.
the vallast vessel. When the piston.
plate has arrived almost at the top of
the freezing vessel, the pumps cease
working and the lid is unfastened, and,

3K with

434

with the piston, is drawn up out of the
way so that the ice can-be broken up
out of the vessel, and applied to the
confectioner’s or other uses, or to be
stored in an ice-house.

The patentee directs thick small plates
of glass to be cemented air-tight into
the lid of the vessel, and into the piston-
plate, in corresponding situations, in
order that the operator may see when
the water has become frozen. This,
however, and some other parts of the
apparatus in detail, appear to us not so
far perfected as to be beyond the reach
of material improvement. We hope
that these will be timely made by the
patentee himself, and not by infringers.

To Witt1am and Joun CricutTon, of

Manchester, Lancashire, for an Im-

provement in the Cylinders used in

Carding Engines, and other Machines

for preparing Cotton or Wool, or any

other fibrous Substances for being Spun.

—18th March, 1823.

Tue principle of this invention con-
sists in the inlaying of bars of wood in
the surfaces of smoothly-turned hard
composition cylinders, in order to be
enabled to affix the card-leathers on to
such cylinders by nails or tacks, driven
through their edges into the wood, at
the same time that the backs of the
cards themselves rest on the composi-
tion, instead of having recourse to
screws, or to screw-pins and nuts, pass-
ing through the entire coat of the com«
position cylinders, heretofore in use, for
fixing on their cards.

An axis, carrying those cast-iron
wheels, the outer ones at the distance
of the length of the intended cylinder
and the other. intermediate, forms the
carcase or framing of the cylinder; and
its surface is formed of sheet-iron affixed
round the same, in the manner usual
for receiving an entire coating of com-
position: but the patentee provides a
number of long and very shallow trays
of cast-iron, adapted to the width of
the cards to the length of the cylinder,
and to its curvature, and these he affixes
firmly on to the sheet-iron cylinder by
copper rivets, not touching each other,
but leaving between them spaces of
about an inch wide, into which spaces
bars of wood, of somewhat’ greater
thickness than the height of the trays,
and closely fitted in between them, and
are secured by screws to the sheet-iron
cylinder; the outside ofthe cylinder is then
carefully painted with white-lead and oil,
and when become dry the laying on of

Patents for Mechanical and Chemical Inventions.

[Dee. I,

the composition is commenced, with a
hard brush, laying it evenly over all the
bottoms and edges of the trays: this
being done in a warm room, this first
coat of composition will soon become
dry ; and then another coat is laid on
and dried, and so on, until the trays
are quite filled up with ,composition,
and their edges also thickly covered
thereby, nearly or quite equalling the
bars. of wood in height.

The whole surface having become
dry and hard, the cylinder is removed,
and laid by its necks in lathe-bearings,
and is rotated by a handle during the
turning down of its surface, by proper
tools, to the exact intended diameter,
and with a perfectly smooth surface,
partly composed of longitudinal bars of
wood, but principally of a composition
not liable to expand, shrink, or soften
by changes of the weather, which were
the evils formerly experienced, when
wooden and other. coverings for card
cylinders were used or tried.

The. composition which is used, but
not claimed by the patentees, is pre-
pared by boiling a mixture of common
glue and whitening with white-lead
paint and linseed oil, to the consistency
of a thick paint.

Upon these improved cylinders the
leathers’ of the sheets of cards are
fastened by nails or tacks, as was _prac-
tised with wooden cylinders. When, by
the repeated changing of the cards as
they wear out, any of the bars of wood
become too full of rail holes to answer
their purpose, they may be: unscrewed
and removed, and if great eare is used,
without chipping up the composition;
and then other similar bars may be in-
serted in their places, and planed down
even with the composition: in long
cylinders the bars of wood are usually
made in two lengths for the conve-
nience of these occasional replacings.
To Jarvis Boot, of Nottingham, in that

County, for his Apparatus and Method

for Singeing of Lace, to rémove' the

loose Fibres of the Threads.—13th

December, 1823. ;

Tuts is the third patent extant for
accomplishing the object last mentioned,
viz., Mr. Hall’s, in 1817, by means of
the flame of a’ gas-light, and Mr. Don-
kin’s, in September 1823, by! means of
atmospheric air heated to ignition; so
great 1s the quantity of lace now made
on machines, and requiring singeing
amongst its finishing operations.

The present invention consists in ap-

plying

1824.]
Plying an asbestos wick to a spirit-lamp,
and so moderating the heat of the spi-
rits, and degree of flame, that the same
may be used in the singeing of lace,
passed rapidly over it. The asbestos
fibres, in short pieces, about half an
inch wide, are evenly spread, and fas-
tened between two long thin silver
plates, perforated with numerous small
holes, for admitting the spirit to every
part of the long wick thus formed. This
wick is inserted into a long and very
narrow spirit-holder, fed by numerous
small pipes, which rise up through cold
water, contained in a long condensing
vessel; the water in which condenser
surrounds the sides of the spirit-holder,
in order to keep the temperature of the
ere below the boiling point, except
ong the top of the wick, after a lighted
taper has been applied to inflame it,
The supply of spirits for the lamp is

Spirit of Philosophical Discovery.

435

kept in an interior urn, surrounded by
another filled with cold water, and ele-
vated rather above the level of the wick
of the lamp. The spirit passes down
from this urn, through a pipe furnished
with a regulating stop-cock, and entering
the lower part of the condenser, con-
nected with the various small pipes
therein, ascending to the spirit-holder,
which have been mentioned above.

The length of the wick is adapted to
the width of the pieces of lace intended
to be singed; the several pieces are
stitched together, into one long web of
lace, which is wound on a roller; from
which itis re-wound on to a secondroller,
passing in the interim over the flame of
the wick, at a height above it, and with
a velocity, regulated by experience in
the use of previous singeing apparatus ;
the present patentee laying no claim,
but to the wick and the spirit-cooler.

[We omitted to state, in our last number, that, owing to the illness of the late King,
and the delay in appointing the Regent, no Patents were granted in the months of
November or December 1810, or in January 1811, so as to be now in the course of

expiring.

Of New Patents, only one was granted in the month of September last, viz. on the
16th, to Mr. Neville, or Nivell (for the carelessness of official copyists have given it
both ways); the title of which patent was, through inadvertence, given in our last

mumber, p. 396, instead of this place. ]

6 Ree ee ee

SPIRIT OF

PHILOSOPHICAL DISCOVERY, AND OF THE
VARIOUS SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS.

——<—=a—_

‘BG VHE Duration of Day-light, andthe Length
of Candle-light, on any given day or
night in the year, in the southern parts of
England, are readily obtained from a useful
small pamphlet, by Mr. Bevan, sold by J.
Richardson; which contains the average
mean, or clock-ltime, of lighting candles in
our houses in the evening, and of extinguish-
ing them in the morning, of every day ;
which, on many occasions, may be useful
toknow. The equation of time produces
in these tables some curious anomalies ; as,
for instance, there is, in December, eighteen
days’ interyal between the earliest period of
lighting, viz. 4h. 26m. on the 12th; and
the datest period of extinguishing, viz. 7h.
31m. on the 30th; on which latter day,
the time of lighting has increased 9m. from
itsminimum. In June thereare onlyfourdays
between the earliest period of extinguishing,
viz. 2h. 58m. on the 19th, and the latest
period of lighting, viz. 9h. 4m. on the
24th. The lightings, at six o'clock, take
place February 24th and October 5th ; and
the 6h. extinguishings, on the 9th of March
and 19th of October; the intervals being,
in the spring, thirteen or fourteen days ;
and, in the autumn, fourteen days. On the
3d of March, and on the llth of October,

candles are lighted and extinguished at the
same clock-time, viz. 6h. 12m. in the
former, and 5h. 47 m. in the latter season ;
and the candle-light and the day-light are
in each case just 12h. later. On the 2Ist
of June occurs the longest day-light, of 18h.
6m., and the shortest candlelight, of dh.
54m. ; and on the 26th of December, the
shortest day-light, of 9h. 2m., and. the
longest candle-light, of 14h. 58m.

Velocity of Sound.—Recent experiments
made in France, at two distant stations,
where cannon were fired, and the flash and
sound observed at the other station, gave
on the average, at the temperature of 50°
of Farnheit, 1106.3 English feet per se-
cond, But these observations are lesssa-
tisfactory, in all respects, than those made
in 1793 to 1796 in the East-Indies, and
lately published by Mr. John Goldingham ;
the mean of ali whose observations is
1142.3 feet per second, or almost exactly
the velocity assigned by Newton. Mr. G,
found, however, that each month’s otser-
vations gave a different mean velocity, yary-
ing from 1099 feet, in December, to 1164
feet, in July; the average temperature
being then 794°, and 86%° of Farnh. ; the
general mean yelogity of 1142 feet oceur-

3K 2 ring,

436 :

ring, with a temperature of about 844°, in
the first decade of April, and again in the
last decade of September.

Mr. Goldingham has further found, from
numerous combinations of his obseryations,
made when the air was calm, that for each
degree of increase of temperature, 1.2 feet
may be allowed, in the velocity of sound,
for a second ; for each degree of the hygro-
meter towards dampness, 1.4 feet; and for
each rise of one-tenth of an inch of the
mercury in the barometer, 9.2 feet. Mak-
ing these the bases of calculation, he finds
the mean difference of the velocity, between
a calm and a moderate breeze of wind, to
be nearly 10 feet in a second; and by com-
paring other results together, a difference
of about 214 feet in a second, or 1275 ina’
minute, is found between, the wind being
in the direction of the motion of sound, or
opposed to it. :
; As to the recent French observations
abovementioned, they furnish us only with
the temperature, which was 343° lower
than in the East-Indies, when the general
or Newtonian mean of 1142 feet was ob-
seryed ; to which, applying Mr. G.’s rule,
34,5+1.2+1106.3= 1148.7 feet per second,
would be the French velocity, at 843° of
Farnh., without taking either barometer
or hygrometer into the account. An ac-
count of Dr. Gregory’s very able experi-
ment has already appeared in our August
number, page 50.

The Specific Heat of the Gases has been the
subject of an elaborate course of experi-
ments by Mr. W. T. Hayeraft, the parti-
culars of which have lately appeared in the
tenth volume of the Transactions of the
Royal Society of Edinburgh, (see also the
Phil. Mag., Nos. 317 and 318). The ap-
paratus used on this occasion is said to
have been ingeniously contrived and well
executed ; but the drawing is so bad,* and
its description so lame and defective, as
to be with the utmost difficulty under-
stood: it seems, however, to have been
used by Mr. H. with great care, and atten-
tion to accuracy. His results are,—First,
That the specific heats of all the gases expe-
rimented upon, are to each other, when
carefully dried, invertly as their specific gra-
vities ;—Secondly, That aqueous vapour, in
combination with any gas, increases its ca-
pacity for heat, probably in the same arith-
metically increasing ratio as the expansive
force of the mixture is thereby increased ;
and,—Thirdly, That the mixed gas expelled
from the human lungs in respiration, has
the remarkable property of agreeing with
atmospheric air in its capacity for heat, ex-
cept between 95° and 100}° of Farnh. ,

* We netice this circumstance, because of the
frequent occurrence of plates, in the transactions
of our learned societies, from drawings, inadequate
to explain the subjects depicted. We may men-
tion the engravings of Captain Kater’s admirably
contrived pendulum apparatus, as in this predica-
ment. Few, ifany, readers haye been able to un-
derstand them. : :

Spirit of Philosophical Discovery.

[Dee. 4;

in which. range alone, so essential to the
supply of animal heat, the specific heat of
the respired air is less than that inspired !

The insensible Causes operative in the Dis-
solution of Salts, and in Capillary Attraction,
which hitherto have escaped the observa-
tion of philosophers, have, by M. Bee-
querel, lately been referred to electrical
currents, which he has succeeded in ren-
dering visible, through the extreme sensi-
bility of his galyanometer; a number of
which instruments he can so dispose, that
each mzy coneur to the general effect of
augmenting, in an indefinite degree, the
indications of currents of the electric fluid.

Comparative Illuminating Power of Gases,
made from Coal and from Oil.—The over-
rated estimate of light procurable (accord-
to several writers) from oil gas as compared -

. with coal gas, as unity, from 3.0 to 1.8.

times, by Dr. Fyfe, in our October number,
p- 337, has been further reduced by Profes-
sor Leslie to 1.5, in consequence of a’
course of comparative’ experiments, ‘by
means of -his photometer, on the oil-gas
delivered by Mr. Milne to his customers
in Edinburgh, and that delivered by the
Edinburgh coal-gas company. It is, how-—
ever, remarked by Dr. Fyfe, that, Mr.
Milne’s apparatus being out of repair, his’
gas was, at the period of the professor’s
experiments, below its usual average qua-
lity.

The Adjusting and Ascertaining of the Rates
of any Number of Chronometers on board of
Ships lying in a Harbour, may be effected
with ease, according to a method lately
pointed out by the Rev. F. Fellows, as fol-
lows; viz. A spot on the shore should be
selected, near to and visible from the an-*
chorage of the ships in harbour ; and there-
on an observatory should be provided, and :
furnished with a good clock, and with a-
transit instrument for its adjustment; or, -
in place of the latter, a good sextant and
artificial horizon may suffice. Ina window
of this observatory, visible from every ship, »
a powerful Argand’s lamp should be pro-
vided, and furnished with a shade or shut-
ter, which can, by means of a wire and
bell-pull near to the clock, be either drawn
up or let down, so as instantly to intercept
and exclude the light of the lamp from the .
ships.. Then, the clock being .in adjust-
ment to the mean time of the place, at
some hour previously agreed on, say one ,
or two hours after sun-set, the lamp being
previously burning, and the observer watch-
ing the clock, at the instant the hands in-
dicate the hour, the shade should be inter-
posed, and the light hid from the ships for
the space of a quarter or half a minute:
then the light should be exhibited again,
until the instant the hands arrive at five
minutes, when it should again be obscured
for a like space, and then exhibited again, :
until the hands exactly indicate 10m. ; and
so on, for a longer or shorter period, ” 4

eac

1824.] >

each evening, according to the greater or
less number of chronometers that may want
comparing, and the number of repetitions
of observations for each, which it may be
found necessary to provide for. On board
the ships the chronometers will best be
compared in the cabin, where they are kept,
by an observer watching the progress of
the second-hand, until the instant that a
person over-head on the deck stamps with
his foot, as a signal that the observatory
light has disappeared. or greater security
against mistakes of 5m., or of any other
constant distance of time, at which the lamp
might be hid from view, it might be well to
use three different intervals, viz. 4m, 5m,
and 6m. between the darkening signals ;
that is, to obscure the lamp at Om, 4m,
9m, 15m, 19m, 24m, 30m, &c. of the
clock.

Improvements in Naval Architecture engage
the sedulous attention of the present Lords
of the Admiralty. ‘Three new sloops of
war, the Orestes, Phylades, and the Cham-
pion, each constructed and rigged accord-
ing to the plans of as many projectors of
improvements in naval tactics, arrived at
Spithead on the 3d of November, after an
experimental cruise from Torbay; the lat-
ter of these vessels, on the plan of Captain
Hayes, having been found decidedly the
superior in nearing the wind, possessing, at
the same time, far the greatest stowage-room,
and having been proved to strain the least
in bad weather. Further comparative trials
of the sloops are, however, intended, after
the two former have been docked, and un-
dergone those repairs and alterations which
are judged necessary by their projectors,
but.of which the latter sloop is thought. to
stand in no need

Ship-building without Ribs.—The City of

Rochester East Indiaman, of about 600
tons burthen, Jately launched from the
yard of Messrs. Brindley and Co. at Ro-
ehester, but built by Messrs. Macqueen
and Palmer, has her bottom and sides con-
sisting wholly of planks, in separate thick-
nesses, worked fore and aft; the planks of
one thickness covering the joints or seams
ef the other, alternately. Under the last
coating or outside planking, hoop-ribs of
iron are let in, at proper distances, crossing
at right angles the planking of the bottom,
sides, and deck; and these hoops, being
firmly secured inside the ship by secrew-
nuts, the whole is combined in the strongest
manner possible,

Reflecting Mirrors for Naval Light-houses,
were the invention of Captain Hutchinson,
dock-master at Liverpool, who, in 1763,
erected there (the first which were in use)
small ones of tinned plate, soldered toge-
ther; and larger ones, as far as twelve feet
diameter, of wood, lined with numerous
plates of looking-glass.

Professor Barlow's Corrective of the Local

Attraction on a Ship's Compass, which con~.

Spirit of Philosophical Discovery.

437

sists in the admirably simple expedient of
placing a flat round plate of iron in such
a fixed position, near to a ship’s compass,
that its attraction on the needle shall, in
every possible position of the ship’s head,’
exactly correct the great and uncertain
deviation from the magnetic meridian, which’
the iron materials and utensils on ‘board
would otherwise occasion, is coming fast
into use, not in this country only, but in’
the Russian and other foreign navies. — As
expressive of the sense which the Trinity’
Board entertain of the great value of Mr.
Barlow’s discovery, they have lately pre-
sented him with £200, accompanied by a
most flattering letter. In the road of Cron-
stadt, Admirals Heyden and Krusenstern,
of the Russian navy, experimented upon
one of Barlow’s compasses, “ made by’
Messrs. Gilbert, and found the deviation
thereby corrected, within a quarter ofa de-»
gree, on every position of the ship’s head. —
Phil. Mag. No. 318. ;

That the Diurnal Variation of the Magnetic’
Weedle becomes nothing on the Magnetic Bqua-
tor, has been inferred by M. Arago, from am
extensive series of observations on the mag->
netic variation made by M. Duperrey, and:
submitted to him for examination.

The Electro-magnetical Experiments of Mr. .
William Sturgeon of Woolwich, detailed in .
numbers 312 and 318 of the “ Philosophi-
cal Magazine,” shew, that a magnetic bar, -
mounted freely on an axis passing through
its two poles, and in this state subjected to’
currents of electricity, passing from its
equator or middle point towards each pole,*
is thereby caused to revolve on its axis; so’
also, if the magnet be fixed, and a system
of wires connected like the meridians’on a*
globe, be freely mounted on an axis, pass-—
ing through the magnet’s poles, and the
wires be electrified from the equator to?
each pole: im such case, the system of
wires will revolve round the magnetic axis. -
From whence Mr. Sturgeon seems almost
disposed to reyive the hypothesis of Dr..
Halley, who supposed the earth to contain
a spherical magnet, which rotated within
the shell which we inhabit! At the same
time that he (Mr. S.) indicates an inge-
nious, and far more probable , hypothesis,
viz. that the solar heat, acting principally.
on the equatorial parts of the earth, gene-
rates there vast quantities of the electrical ’
fluid, which flow continually and equally
towards each of the poles of the earth ; ac-’
cording to which, if the earth constituted a
vast magnet, the results of his experiments
(alluded to above) would shew the proba-'
bility, that the diurnal rotation of the earth, —
and also the constant parallelism of its axis,
might be accounted for.

The Glow-worm shines more intensely in
Oxygen Gas than in atmospheric air, not be-
cause an actual combustion of its luminous
parts takes place, but because of the stimu-

lus which the oxygenous gas presents fi
the

438
the peculiar organs of these insects, by
which they are at will enabled to evolve
light; but the source of which light is yet
but imperfectly understood.

A transparent Variety of Quartz which re-
flects no Light, but appears perfectly black on
its newly-fractured surface, has been dis-
covered by Dr. Brewster; who after im-
mersing it in oil, of similar refractive power
with the quartz, found this blackness to
disappear, after it had resisted the action of
various strong acids applied hot; but on
taking it out and clearing it from the -oil,
its former properties perfectly returned.
At length the doctor was led to conclude,
that the blackness of the surface arose from
the fractured surface being composed of
short slendet filaments of quartz, so exceed-
ingly small in diameter, as probably not to
exceed one-fourth of the thickness of the
thinnest soap bubble, or *000,000,3 of an
inch! and, from its minuteness, unable to
reflect a single ray of the strongest light.

. Castorina, or the peculiar Principle of Cas-
tor, has, by the analysis of M. Bizio, been
obtained, in the form of small prismatic
acicular chrystals, some lines in length,
diaphronous and white. In ether these
chrystals dissolve very readily ; when heated,
they appear to boil and emit vapours, which
burn brilliantly in the open air; distilled in
close vessels, the usual products of vegetable
substances are obtained from these chrys-
tals, without any trace of their animal’origin.

A Native Oil of Laurel, possessing very
nearly similar properties to distilled spirits
of turpentine, is said to issue copiously on
incision, from the stem of a species of laurel
tree, which grows wild in South America,
between the rivers Oronooko and Parime :
if this be the case, which is said hardly to
exceed alcohol in specific gravity, to be
colourless, and of an aromatic odour, might
become a profitable object of commerce.

The pretended New Metal Tychiwm.—The
president of the Royal Society has ascer-
tained iron to be the cause of the equivocal
appearances exhibited by the argentiferous
specimens transmitted to him under this
new name.

_ Colouring Trinkets of Jeweller’s Gold, so as
to give them the appearance of pure gold, is
effected by boiling the articles for a proper
length of time in a dilute acid; by which,
on the surface, and for a small depth be-
neath it, the alloy of copper is dissolved,
leaving a thin spongy casing of pure gold
on the surface, which occasions while
new the rich frosted appearance such
trinkets exhibit ; but owing to the softness
and porosity of the surface so obtained, un-
less afterwards burnished, articles so co-
loured ‘scratch and wear dull very rapidly.
Dr. Macculloch, in Dr. Brewster’s new
journal, No. 1, recommends a boiling so-
lution of ammonia in water for such ‘co-
louring. oHy 1

Spirit of Philosophical Discovery.

[Dec. 1,

A Remedy for the Barrenness of Pear- Trees
has been discovered by the Rev. G. Swaine :
as has long been known with early beans,
hautbois, strawberries, cucumbers, and
melons, the bunches of flowers, or corym-
bus of the pear, usually contains a greater
number of florets than {the plant has
strength properly to mature; and the re-
medy in each case is to extirpate several of
the uppermost florets as soon as they ap-
pear. A beurre pear-tree, which previously
had been barren, upon which Mr. S., who
left only the three lower florets of each
bunch, ripened fruit from almost every one
of these reserved florets. The process failed,
however, with a gansell’s bergamot, whose
barrenness appeared, on investigation, to’
arise from the polar being shed before the
anthers were ready for impregnation. The
patronage of our Horticultural Societies,’
has already done wonders towards improy-
ing useful vegetables and fruits, and more;
may be expected from their laudable en-
deavours.

A very destructive Wood-boring small con-
staceous Insect (the limnoria terebrans of Dr.
Leach), has been detailed by Mr. Robert
Stevenson, as quickly destroying oak, black
birch, Memel and Norway fir piles, driven
in the sea, on the skirts of the Bell Rock,
in Scotland; but, fortunately, it appeared
that teak-wood piles, driven by the side of
the above, were left untouched. Hence
Mr. S. advises, that sea-lock gates, and
pile-work in the sea, should be constructed of
teak-wood, in order to avoid the fate of the
lock-gates, but a few years ago erected, on
the Crinan Canal, and of the piers of the
timber bridge at Montrose harbour.

A Substitute for Oak Bark in Tanning has
been found in New South Wales, in the
bark of two species of Mimora trees, which
is much used at Sidney, and some other
places in that colony. In England, the
supply of oak bark is so inadequate to the
demand, that the tanneries, in the vicinity of
London alone, use, annually, from 7 to
8,000 tons of foreign bark from France and
the Netherlands, at the expense of about
£14 per ton; attempts are therefore mak-
ing by Mr. T. Kent, under the patronage of
the Society of Arts, to condense, in New
South Wales, the active principles of the
mimosa bark, into a soft or solid extract.
Two tons of such extract have been im-
ported, and it has been found, by Mr.
Brewin, and other Bermondsey tanners,
that a given weight of mimora extract, will
tan as much leather as four to five times
the same weight of oak bark of average
quality.

Red Snow. — Professor Hgardh, in a letter
to Dr. Hooper (Journ. Scien.), ‘seems to
have ascertained that the Red Snow ‘Observed
by Captain Parry is an Alga, which he calls
Rotococcus nivalis ; and that it may be found
not only on all the Alps, or high mountains,
in the spring, but~also on limestone, during

the

1824.}

the summer, in Sweden. It was first no-
ticed by Linnzeus, and described as a lichen
by Baron Wrangel. But Prof. H. having
had the opportunity of comparing the lichen
and the red-snow from the Arctic expedi-
tion, found them to be absolutely the same
substance. ‘There is consequently no longer
any reason to suppose the colour of the
snow owing to any animalcule.

Heat of the Prismatic Rays.—M. See-
beck, of the Berlin Academy of Sciences,
by a series of very accurate experiments on
the comparative heating properties of the
colorific rays of the spectrum, has found,
that throughout the whole extent of the
coloured surface, the mercury of the ther-
mometer became raised. It was least af-
fected in the limits of the violet; it gradu-
ally increased through the blue and the
green; and under different media, as water,
alcohol, and oil of turpentine, the heat was
at its maximum in the yellow rays. In
other substances, as a solution of sal-am-
moniac, or muriate of mercury, or sulphuric
acid, and a few others, the greatest heat
was attained in the orange portion of the
spectrum. M. Seebeck found the greatest
heat through a prism of crown glass, or of
common white glass, in the middle of the
red rays; and through flint glass the maxi-
mum heat was just at the verge, or scarcely
beyond the well-defined red rays, after which
the heat rapidly declines. Contrary to the
observations of some preceding philoso-
phers, who have assigned the maximum
heat to the region beyond the coloured rays,
M. Seebeck found the muriate of silver a
very beautiful and delicate agent in these
experiments. They are not only interest-
ing, from the correction which they afford
to former experiments on the decomposition
of the solar beam, but as proving the inti-
mate connexion which exists between light
and chemical agency.

Prussic Acid.—It has been long known
that the Prussic acid constituted one of the
most powerful poisons with which we are
acquainted, owing to its violent attraction
for oxygen. A physician of Jena, M. J. T.
Becker, has recently proved by an elaborate
series of experiments, that its deleterious
agency on vegetable life is no less certain.
Grains and seeds of various kinds, on being
steeped a short time in a solution of this
acid, have their germinating properties de-
stroyed. And a portion of this liquid being
applied to the roots of a living plant, speed-
ily destroys vegetation. These facts might
lead to a very interesting problem con-
nected with agricultural chemistry.

Substitute for Silver.—Dr. Geitner, a prac-
tical chemist at Schneeburg in Upper Sax-
ony, has invented a compound metal, which
is described as having all the valuable pro-
perties of silver. It bears a high polish, is
malleable and ductile, and neither subject
to corrode nor tarnish. It has already been
employed with advantage in the manufac-

Spirit of Philosophical Discovery.

439

ture of various articles usually made of
plate; and, according to the German jour-
nals, bids fair to supply its place in a great
variety of manufactures.

Natural History.—Mons. P. Huber (son
of M. Huber, already well known for his
profound researches on the habits and eco-
nomy of ants) has recently made some in-
teresting observations on the wild or solitary
bee, apis auruleuta, which is much smaller
than the ordinary hive bees, and found prin-
cipally in low or moist meadows. M.
Huber having noticed one of these little
animals carrying a slip of straw which ap-
peared too heavy for it, had the curiosity to
watch its progress, till it deposited its load
on a small heap of similar materials. Some
others followed, laden with grains of black
sand, and others succeeded, bringing por-
tions of the flowers and leaves of the poten-
tial rampante. Mr. Huber discovered the
nest of one of these little animals to be a
snail-shell, the aperture of which was care-
fully concealed by layers of straw, leaves,
and cement. In the interior of this was
found a series of partitions, built with mud
and small particles of stone, one behind the
other. In some of these chambers a green
substance was observed, which, probably,
formed the recent food of the little inhabi-
tant; in a farther compartment was found a
portion of honey, and at the remote end of
the shell two eggs. M. Huber intends
publishing an. account of his researches on
these interesting and industrious little ani-
mals.

Capillary Steam-engine.—The new steam-
engine, invented by an American mechanic,
with a capillary tube instead of the ordinary
boiler, is described in the American journals
as infinitely more economical in its use than
any other high-pressure engine. ~The gene-
rator of the steam consists of about 100 feet _
of copper tube, one-fourth of an inch dia-
meter, arranged in coils like a cable tier, so
as to form a sort of hollow cone about thirty
inches high, the bottom being about
twenty inches, and the top one-half that
diameter; the pipe being placed in a brick
furnace. The water enters at the top of
the capillary pipe, and in passing down its
coils becomes converted into steam, and
escapes into a steam chamber connected
with the bottom. From the labour per-
formed by this engine during several weeks’
trial, the elasticity of the steam was esti-
mated at about 90 to 100 Ibs. on the square
inch. But from the very small risk of ex-
plosion, or rather bursting (for the aperture
of the pipe being so small, an explosion can
scarcely occur), the inventor calculates that
the steam might be used with perfect safety
at double that degree of pressure. It is
calewlated also, that greater economy in
point of fuel will be obtained by having a
longer range of capillary tubes, so as to
enable the bottom to be heated almost red
hot, if requisite, whilst the upper coils of

the

440
the pipe would be little above the tempera-
ture of the jet of water supplied to the head
of the pipe by the water-pump. It is,
however, necessary to employ rain-water,
or river-water without any calcareous mat-
ter in suspension; otherwise there would
be great probability of the pipe being choked
up. In the course of these experiments,
the inventor several times burst the tube of
the generator, but the effect could scarcely
be perceived by a spectator. This capillary

British Legislation.

(Dec. I,

engine seems to be in a great measure only
an improvement on the plan of Mr. Perkins.
‘According to the American account of this
capillary engine, the saving both of bulk
and weight of materials is very considerable,
the weight of all the apparatus not exceed-
ing the rate of twenty pounds for each
single-horse power. ‘The smoke is also
consumed in this engine, by which a greater
economy of fuel is effected.

BRITISH LEGISLATION.

AcTS PassED in the FIrTH YEAR Of the REIGN of GEORGE THE FOURTH, or in the
FIFTH SESSION of the SEVENTH PARLIAMENT of the UNITED KINGDOM.
—= a

AP. CVI. An Act to enlarge and

extend the Power of the Judges of

the several Courts of Great Sessions in

Wales, and to amend the Laws relating
to the same.

This act gives a power to parties con-
cerned in suits pending in the courts of
Great Session, to obtain subpcenas to com-
pel the attendance of witnesses, residing
beyond the jurisdiction, by application to
the Court of Exchequer at Westminster,
and makes such witnesses liable to the same
penalty for nonattendance, as they would
incur if the cause were pending in the
Exchequer; but it continues to the marshal
of the Courts of Great Session, the power
to issue subpoenas w hich he now possesses.

It recites, that it is expedient, for the
better and more perfect administration of
justice in Wales, that the superior courts at
Westminster should have the power of
granting new trials of causes tried at the
several Great Sessions ; and, for this pur-
pose, enacts, That it shall be lawful for any
party dissatisfied with a verdict or nonsuit,
obtained or given against him in any court
of Great Session, to apply, by motion, to
the Court of King’s Bench, Common Pleas,
or Exchequer, sitting in banco, for a rule to
shew cause why a new trial should not be
had, or a nonsuit or contrary verdict entered,
in the same manner as if the cause had
been tried at the assizes by virtue of a
record of such court ; and in case the court
shall make the rule absolute, as they are
empowered to do, the successful party may
obtain a stay of proceedings, by delivering
an office copy of the rule to the proper
officer of the Court of Great Session, and
the action shall, when a new trial is granted,
again proceed to trial; or if the rule be for
entering a nonsuit or a verdict, judgment
shall be entered accordingly.

A transcript of the record on which such
motion is founded, certified by the protho-
notary of the Court of Great Session, is to
be transmitted to the court in which the
application is made, which transcript is to
be granted by the officer on payment of the
usual fee. The costs of the application are

in the discretion of the court in which it is
made ; but the power now possessed by the
courts of Great Session, to grant new trials,
&c., is still to remain unaltered; and no
stay of judgment or execution in those
courts is to be allowed, unless the party
dissatisfied shall enter into recognizance to
the successful party, in such sum as the
Court of Great Sessions shall fix, to make
and prosecute his application to the court
above, and to pay the debt, damages and
costs, adjudged in the court below, and also
the costs of the delay, in case of failure.
Upon such recognizance being taken, pro-
ceedings shall be stayed till the motion is
decided. This provision is specially applied
to writs of dower and actions of eyectment,
and, with respect to these, it is further
enacted, That in case no application shall
be made, or being made shall fail, a writ
shall issue from the Court of Great Session,
to inquire of mesne profits received or
waste committed in the interval, upon the
return, whereof judgment shall be given
and execution awarded for the sum assessed,
and costs of the inquiry.

After a number of provisions, to facilitate
the due return of writs within the jurisdic-
tion; to extend the power of judges, for the
examination of witnesses beyond its limits ;
to give authority for issuing executions
from one county Of Wales to another; and
to enable the suitors of the courts of Great
Session to enforce their orders in England
by process from the courts of Westminster ;
the statute goes on to repeal so much of
the 13th Geo. III. c. 51, as related to ac-
tions arising in Wales, and tried in the
nearest county of England. By that statute,
passed to discourage the practice of com-
mencing frivolous suits in his Majesty’s
courts at Westminster, in causes of action
arising within the dominion of Wales, it
was enacted, That where, in any personal
action, arising in Wales and tried in Eng-
land, the plaintiff shall not recover to the
amount of £10, on certificate of the judge,
or suggestion on the record, that the de-
fendant was resident in Wales when served
with process, judgment of nensuit should

be

1824.)

be entered, and the defendant should be
entitled to his costs, as if the verdict had
been given in his favour, unless the judge
should certify that the title of land was in
question, or that the action was fit to be
tried in England. This provision is now
repealed; but it is re-enacted, with an ex-
tension of the sum which a plaintiff must

-recover, to fifty pounds, and with the addi-

tion, that the plaintiff shall be for ever
barred from bringing any action in any court,
for the same cause. The act farther reserves
to the judge who may try any Welsh cause
in an English county, the power of except-
ing a plaintiff from its operation, by certify-
ing on the back of the record, that the title
or freehold of land came in question, or
that the cause was further to be tried in
England.

To prevent the expense and delay at-
tendant on the issuing of writs of certiorari,
for the removal of causes from the courts of
Great Session into the courts at Westmin-
ster, the act provides, that no such writ
shall issue unless seven days’ notice shall
be previously given to the opposite party,
and unless sufficient canse for the removal
be shewn to the court in which the applica-
tion is made; and that the costs of the ap-

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

44.1

plication shall be in the discretion.of the
court.

After regulating fines and recoveries in
Wales, the act provides, that no person
shall be compellable to serve as a petit
Juryman in any court of Great Session,
unless he possess an estate of freehold or
copyhold, of the clear yearly value of £8;
or an estate for life, or term of ninety-nine
years, of the clear yearly value of £15.

Cap. CIX. An Act to enable the Earl
Marshal and his Deputy to execute the

duties of their office, without previously
taking or subscribing certain Oaths or
Declarations.

This statute enacts, That it shall be law-
ful for the Earl Marshal, or his deputy for
the time being, to execute all the duties of
his or their office or offices, without pre-
viously taking, making, or subscribing any
declaration or oath, save and except the
oath of allegiance, and the oath for the due
performance of the duties of these offices.

1t also ratifies all the acts done by the
Earl Marshal or his deputy, without having
previously taken or subscribed any declara-
tion on oath, except the oath of allegiance
and of office.

VARIETIES, LITERARY AND MISCELLANEOUS ;
Including Notices of Works in hand, Domestic and Foreign.

——a———_

UR countryman, Dr. Oudney, who
was attached to the African expe-

dition under Major Denham, has fallen a

sacrifice to the horrid climate at Sondan.
Mr. Toole was also another victim to
the dysentery, when they arrived at the
kingdom of Bournou. Fears are also
entertained for Lieutenant Clapperton,
who (very improperly) was proceeding

alone in aroute to Sondan, making a

circuit to meet his fellow travellers.
The enterprizing French traveller, M. de
Beaufort, is also pursuing his journey on
the banks of the Gambia. In a letter
to M. Jomard, dated between the Sene-
gal and Gambia rivers in April last, he
states: that he has been very successful
in his collections of plants and natural
history, and has made numerous expe-
riments on atmospheric electricity, on
the different levels of the country he
passed through, and on geological facts.
He sends home for analysis some shea
or sute-ulou butter, which the natives
prepare from vegetables, together with
an oil from the butter of a vocility of
the palm tree, which the author has
not been able to refer to any of the
Known genera ; the fruit is a drupa with
avery thin coating, and contains an
‘alkaline substance, from which the na-
““Montury Maa. No, 403.

tives prepare a kind of soap. He bears
testimony to the accuracy of the lamen-
ted Mungo Park, in his description of
the Fang Jang, which produces an explo-
sion, when the fruit is arrived at ma-
turity ; at which time, it is so highly in-
flammable as to require a great degree
of caution in collecting and transporting
itin any quantity. De Beaufort des-
cribes the Gambia, as a river having a
very deep channel; and, however asto-
nishing, it appears to be very nearly
horizontal one hundred and twenty leagues
from its mouth: at a town called Kou-
kougou, where the flux and reflux of the
tide was distinctly visible, though the
water is, in that part, so shallow as to
admit only of causeways: contrary to the
general opinion, he did not find the cli-
mate very productive of poisonous plants.
It is gratifying to the English reader,
and no less honourable to this distin-
guished French traveller, to find bim thus
speaking of the unfortunate Bowdich,
“TI am indebted to the generosity of Mr.
Bowdich, for most of the instruments
with which I have been furnished ; he
feels so ardent a zeal for science, that
he gratuitously sent me all the mstru-
ments I could require.’ . We fervently
wish M. de Beaufort a more fortunate

3.1L issue

442

issue than that of his friend and fellow
traveller. The geographical position of
some of the small islands had been
incorrectly laid down by former navi-
gators. The weather continuing re-
markably fine during the navigation of
the numerous and dangerous passages
of this archipelago, Mr. Duferry and
his assistants were enabled to make the
most detailed surveys of the coasts, and
in-‘many instances'to make astronomical
and magnetic observations on shore,
notwithstanding these islands are mostly
inhabited by savage tribes of very great
ferocity. Ina second letter, dated the
17th Oct. 1823, at Mattavei, after des-
cribing a successful and remarkably
healthy voyage, the writer gives a very
gratifying account of the improvement
of the savages of Otaheite, by the un-
remitted exertions of the English mis-
sionaries, the greater part of the in-
habitants being, as far as may be judged
from appearances, converted to Chris-
tianity ; during the last fonr years, the
most intelligent of the natives have been
sufficiently educated to assist the mis-
sionaries in the conversion and civiliza-
tion of their countrymen, many of the
smaller islands even shewing an exam-
ple to Otaheite in the work of civiliza-
tion. The writer, however, adds that,
according to the opinion of many per-
sons, the missionaries had carried their
pretensions too far, so as to reduce the
people to a state of slavery, under pre-
tence of rendering them civilized ; inter-
fering. even with the most innocent
sports and customs, and condemning
those who are refractory, in these res-
pects, to labour on the high roads.

The decay of new line-of-battle ships
has been attributed to the practice of
felling the timber in the spring, in order
to obtain the bark ; this object may be at-
tained by stripping the tree in the spring,
and letting it stand till winter, for the
use of the navy—as the timber becomes
harder and drier, and much improved in
quality by the length of time it stands.
These advantages would be increased,
if.a scale of premiums were to be pro-
posed in proportion to this; and by the
flattening of the roofs, in the cover-
ings used while ships are building,
a greater circulation of air would be
produced, and a consequently benefi-
cial effect on the timbers.

A Metropolitan New Milk Company
has been formed, in the vicinity of
Islington, and already sends round
its milk to most parts of the town,
in covered cans, locked up, so that

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

[Dec. 1,

their carriers cannot add watery mix-
tures (of flour and treacle, as is almost
universal) for its adulteration : they also
send round cream under the like pre-
cautions; and to the poor in their
vicinity sell the skimmed milk, retail,
at a low price. [See an Article in cor-
respondence of this month, p. 416.]

In consequence of the environs of
London becoming so very extensive,
great inconyenience is daily felt through
the present mode of delivery of let-
ters “off the stones,’ where there is
a continuation of neighbourhood. The
parishes surrounding London have
signed a petition to Parliament, praying
for an extension of the limits of the
delivery. The reasonable cause of the
application, gives every reason to hope
that no impediment will be thrown in
the way of complying with the prayer
of the petition. The arrangement
prayed for must cause a great increase
of revenue, by a greater number of
letters being circulated, and by a free
delivery of newspapers to the envi-
rons. ;

From the returns just printed by order
of Parliament, it appears that the popu-
lation of Ireland amounts to 6,801,827 :
Males, 3,341,926 ; Females, 3,459,901.
The number of persons chiefly employed
in agriculture is stated at 1,138,069 ;
those engaged in trade, manufac-
ture, or handicraft, at 1,170,044. The
population of Dublin is stated to be

227,335.

Mr. Thelwall, whose success in re-

‘moving the most afflicting impediments

of speech, and in cultivating the higher
accomplishments of Elocution, is so
well known, has quitted once more the
retirement m which for some years he
has been living at North Brixton, and
has removed to Pall-Mall East, where
he purposes to resume his professional
pursuits.

The average price of Wheat, through-
out France, on the 31st of last July,
was 35s. per quarter ; in England it was,
at the same time, 59s. 9d. The average
price of Oats was 14s. 9d. per quarter
in France, and 26s. 7d. in England.
The average price of Rye varies from
14s. 10d. to 25s. 3d. per quarter in
France, whilst in England the average
is 41s. 1d.

A meeting was held on the 13th ult.
at the house of P. Moore, Esq. M.P.,
when it was unanimously agreed that
the public integrity and private virtues
of the late John Cartwright were most
highly deserving of some lasting testi-

testimonial

1824.]

monial of esteem, and that a subscrip-
tion for a suitable monument should be
immediately opened. The names of the
following gentlemen already appear upon
the committee:—Peter Moore, Esq.
M.P.; D. Sykes, Esq. M.P.; Rev. Dr.
§. Parr; Dr. J.B Gilchrist; R. Sykes,
Esq.: 5. Peach, Esq.; P. Walker, Esq. ;
T. Northmore, Esq.; C. Dickenson,
Esq.; Dr. Harrison; Colonel Kirk; R.
Slade, Esq.; T. L. Hodges, Esq.; H.E.
Strickland, Esq.; W. Mason, Esq. ;
G. Kinlock, Esq.; J. S. Buckingham,
Esq.; Hon. H. G. Bennet, M.P.; Joseph
Hume, Esq. M.P. ; Charles Wyatt, Esq. ;
Gen. Long; R. M. Beverley, Esq.;
— Henning, Esq. For a domestic or
private memorial of this upright, bene-
volent, and perseveringly consistent
veteran, in the championship, of what he
regarded as the constitutional rights
and liberties of his country, the very
interesting portrait of the venerable
Major, in his 8]st year, drawn and en-
graved by Mr. H. Meyer, will be held,
of conrse,in high and popular estimation.
{In the Biographical Notice of this dis-
tinguished character (p. 278 of the Monthly
Magazine for October last), there are two
slight inaccuracies which we wish to rectify.
He did not, as might be inferred from the
words, “left his paternal roof, to engage in
the service of Frederick the Great, King of
Prussia,” ever join the army of that sove-
reign ; he only set out from home witb that
intention. It is also not correct that the
worthy major was “ provoked by insults
from the Lord Lieutenant to resign the
office of Major of the Nottinghamshire
Militia ;” the fact being that ‘‘ advantage
was taken of an old act of parliament to de-
clare one of the m jors a supernumerary.’’ |
Mr. John White, the district sur-
veyor of Mary-le-bone, under the metro-
polis Building Act, 25 Geo, III., has
publicly stated, that in 17 years up to
17th of Nov. last, only 16 houses and
buildings had been consumed by fire iu
Mary-le-bone, out of an average num-
ber of 8,300 inhabited houses, or only
one in 8,819, annually ! At these sixteen
fires, only two houses communicated
the fire from one to the other, as Mr.
W. believes, viz. a floor-cloth manu-
factory, and Lady Huntingdon’s chapel.

Mr. Mantex1, of Castle-place, Lewes,
has discovered in the sand-stone of
Sussex the teeth of an herbivorous
reptile, of enormous magnitude. These
teeth agree, more closely, with those of
the Iguana of Barbadoes, and the West
Indies, than with those of any of the
other recent lacertz; a circumstance
which has induced Mr. M. to propose

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

443

distinguishing this fossil monster by the
name of Iguano-saurus. WVertebre, ribs,
thigh-bones, and other detached parts
of the skeletons of gigantic lacerte,
have also been discovered in the same
strata; some of which belong to the
Megalo-saurus of Stonesfield, described
by Professor Buckland ; and others, in
all probability, to the Iguano-saurus.
A portion of a thigh-bone, in Mr. M.’s
collection, must, upon a moderate com-
putation, have belonged to.an individual
nearly sixty feet long, and as high as an
elephant! In Mr. Mantell’s expected
work on the fossils of Tilgate Forest
(which will include the history of the
fossils of the sandstone from Hastings
to Horsham), these interesting relics
of a former world will be figured and
described.

The employments of the people of
Canara province, in Southern India,
being Roman Catholics, have thus lately
been stated, from a census, taken in
1815, viz.

Husbandmen (and gardeners) 378,644

Drawers of toddy from the

palm-tree ...... at SBE 45,626
Vegetable sellers .......... 537
WHS SPNers wettest se ores 133
Fishermen......... 5 eae 22,397
Butchers Or Ue. Pe 16
Sugar manufacturers ...... . 916
Salt manufacturers.......... 2,304

Oil dealers and manufacturers 5,923
Weavers (including 165 of

SIIES) «.«.stojs,0.s)eseus seta 4,851
1S fe eee F 8
SANOES co stenig opie sy asexain ese 921
SHGEITAKUTS: <font se tee one eree 1,397
Matmakers .....,......-: 900
Carpenters ........ Pha «6,813
Bricklayers 2k. totems 374
Lime-makers ......+-.... 229
Stone-carvers........+0.500 23
IIASA wat cietcsis, ofa. cutin'aene. das of 41]
Pottery manufacturers...... 6,084
BIACRSINItHS: «<p sates stieese pulaOd
Coppersmiths ....... PMA 581
Goldsmiths...... cradieicicee 9,412
Refiners of precious metals. . 9
Terra Japonica manufacturers 87
Cogar manufacturers..... Atk 94
SRVAGEYS stare’ sc ies» ac let fea oe 25,828
Porters, or bearers ofburthens 94,907
SEYVADES eat ice css ne « Ags 16,488
Washerwomen........ Arig é 5,566
RAL DELS. sis. « asset pop ie Bisi°- « sh, oy) SOD
Unemployed persons (includ-

ing priests 3, children and

Aged)... ..e.+.ce-ceuis. 7,802
IMUsicians:...<.ccc-y case ss eat
Dancing girls.....- B. 5b 1,026
Beggars..,-+eeeccsesseees 2,087

Total.... 654,121
Music,

3L2

44.4,

Music.—The concert pitch, or degree
of acuteness to which instruments are
now tuned to. play in concerts, has
lately been ascertained, in the “ Harmo-
nicon,’ No. 22, to be such, that the
note flat D, below the lowest line of the
treble stave (bearing the G cleff on its
second line), is just eight octaves above
an imaginary note (because inaudible),
coinciding in its pulses or. vibrations
with the swings of a seconds pendulum,
of mean time, at London; which first
note, accordingly, makes vibrations in
1”, equivalent to the eighth power of 2,
or 256 vibrations. The note next below
this, on the Tenor or Mean Cleff line,
or ©, a leger-line below the treble, and
the same above the Bass stave, being a
major Semitone lower, whose ratio: is
+23 which fraction, multiplied by 256,
gives 240 vibrations in one second, for
this C note, as the general standard for
comparing the acuteness or gravity of
other Notes of the Scale.

The Royal Tapestries, made by order
of Pope LeoX. for our Henry VIII. from
the immortal Cartoons of Raphael, and
sold by order of the Commonwealth,
in 1650, with the private property of
Charles I., have, within these few weeks,
been restored to us. They were ob-
tained by Mr. Tupper, our Consul in
Spain, from a palace of the Duke of
Alva’s, and are now to be seen in Mr.
Bullock’s Egyptian Hall. What adds
to the value of this acquisition is, that
there are two subjects more than are.at
Hampton Court, viz. the Conversion of

t. Paul, and Christ giving the Key to
St. Peter. The whole are strikingly
curious.

The Newspaper Press. —It is not an ex-
treme calculation to state that there are,
upon the eight morning papers, and the six
evening papers published in London, at
Jeast 120 literary gentlemen, receiving
weekly salaries to the amount of 6002. ex-
clusive of those who are paid for their com-
munications. If, to the daily papers, weadd
about forty Sunday papers, and papers pub-
lished twice or thrice during the week, we
shall make a weekly sum total, for literary
services upon the establishments, exclusive
of what is paid for in another way, of about
1,000/. ; and if we add, to this amount, the
sums paid, by the whole of them, to prin-
ters, publishers, and others, in the way of
regular salary, we shall have an increase of
at least 1,500/. making a weekly sum of
2,500/. or 130,0007. per annum, paid bythe
London newspaper press, in salaries only ;
and to this we may add, at least 1,200/.
weekly, or 62,4007. per annum, for the re-
maining expences, exclusive of stamps and

Literary and: Miscellaneous Intelligence.

[Dec. 1,

paper, making altogether nearly 200,000/.
per annum. With respect to the number
of persons employed upon the . London
Newspapers, directly and indirectly, taking
in editors, reporters, publishers, printers,
pressmen, and others, deriving from them
their subsistence, we are quite able to state
it, at the very lowest. at 1,500, many of
whom derive emoluments which enable
them to live as gentlemen, whilst none are
without a handsome competence ; for itis a
fact, that, in no employment, are persons
paid more liberally than upon newspapers.
The compositors have, upon morning pa-
pers, each 2/. 8s. weekly, and upon evening
papers, 2/. 3s. 6d. ; and the pressmen are
paid equally well, although their labour has
been much diminished by the introduction
of printing machines, instead of presses.
When we come to add to the list of London
papers, those which are printed in the
country, and in Ireland and Scotland, we
shall and the account still more enormous.
The number of these may be taken broadly
at 235, most of which appear once a-week,
a few daily, and some twice or thrice a-week.
Sometimes there are 240 provincial papers,
at others 230: we take the average, there-
fore, at 235; but from the increasing intel-
lectual wants of the people, we may safely.
expect that the number will be soon 250,
Each of these papers has an editor or pub-
lisher, and from three to six men and boys,
as compositors and pressmen.
amount of salaries paid, upon these establish-
ments, must be about 1,800/., or 92,6002.
annually ; and the other expences of the
establishments may be about 1,0002. weekly,
or 52,000/. annually, all, of course, exclu-
sive of stamps and paper. We now come
to the circulation of the newspapers. The
daily morning and evening papers, with
those published twice or three times in the
week, amount to at least 40,000 daily, or
240,000 weekly ; and the Sunday papers to
between 50 and 60,000, making altogether
about 300,000 weekly.—If to this we add
the circulation of the provincial press, we
shall have a striking proof of the state of
intellect in this country.—Many of the
country newspapers publish two or three
thousand copies, but others not more than
four or five hundred. Considering, how-
ever, that several appear more than once a-
week, we do not think we can be charged
with exaggeration if we say that they throw
off weekly 200,000 copies, making alto-
gether five hundred thousand copies. Let
this number be compared with our popu-
lation, and then say whether England is not
an intellectual country. Of this number,
of course, some thousand copies go abroad,
but they amount to little compared with
the gross circulation. Five hundred thou-
sand copies require one thousand reams of
paper, which, on an average of 35s. per
ream, would make 1,750/. weekly, or
91,000/. per annum. _ Thus we have ‘ex-
pended by the London press annually,

exclusive

The weekly

REE

1824.]

exclusive of stamps and

PAPEL de waciala ics ria! £200,000 00
Provincial press, ditto.... 93,600 00
>aper 91,000 006

Five bundred thousand
stamps, at 4d. each, with
20/. percent. discount off, 336,666 13 4

Forming a total of .. £721,266 13 4*

We have here more than seven hundred
thousand pounds sterling, exclusive of ad-
vertisements+, expended by the newspaper
press annually, of which about 360,000.
go to the Government for stamps and the
excise duty on paper.

The first volume of a work under the
title of “ Lord Byron,” written by a
Madame Belloc, has just appeared at
Paris. The object of it appears to be
to make the French public better ac-
quainted with the history, character,
and works of the Noble Author.

An English translation of M. Mol-
lien’s Voyage dans la République de
Colombia, in 1822-3, is, we understand,
in some forwardness. M. Mollien is
distinguished by his researches in Africa
in 1818. His present work not only
embraces a lively description of this
interesting province, together with an
historic sketch of the Revolution; but,
gives an account of the industry, trade,
and agriculture of its inhabitants; and
of their manners, habits, moral and so-
cial condition, &c.

A Collection of the MS. Remains, in
Prose and Verse, of the late Rev. Chas.
Wolfe, of Trinity College, Dublin, is
preparing for publication, by his College
Companion, Mr. G. Downes.

In the lists of works announced as at
this time in the press, we are glad to
recognize Progressive Lessons; or, Har-
ry and Lucy concluded, by Maria
Epcewortu. Among the writers of
the present generation, we hold this
lady as one of the greatest (we think
we might say the greatest) benefactresses
of society. Her various works are ap-
plicable to the educational development
and cultivation of the human mind, from
the first dawnings of infant intellect to

* Since the above was written, the offh-
cial returns of 1821 have been put into our
hands, by which we find that the total
number, of newspaper stamps, issued in that
year was 24,779,786, and the stamp duty
412,9961. 8s. 8d.; but by taking off the
discount of twenty per cent., as is done in
our calculation, the difference between that
and the official return is very trifling.

+ The amount paid by newspapers for
advertisements is very great.

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

445

the period of its full maturity; and
while those of her works which, from
the kind of interest they are calculated
to excite, seem only to be addressed to
the imagination, and designed for the
amusement of the novel-reading youth
of both sexes, have a powerful tendency
to enlarge the understanding and im-
prove the heart; those apparently more
humble productions, so admirably adapt-
ed to the circle of the nursery, may be
read with interest and profit by the
scholar and the parent of the most culti-
vated mind and maturest judgment.

Alaric A. Watts, Esq., Editor of the
Literary Souvenir, has also in the press,
about to be publishéd in one thick vol.
8vo., closely but elegantly printed, a
compilation, to be called the Poetical
Album ; or, Register of Modern Fugi-
tive Poetry, original and select. It is
to be adorned with an elegant vignette
title-page, representing the Fountain of
Caskely, from a design of W. H. Wil-
liams, Esq., of Edinburgh. An Appen-
dix is to be added, comprizing notices
of the periodical publications from which
the compilation is principally to be made;
and care is to be taken not to include.
any of those poems that have been col-
lected together into volumes.

L. E. L. the fair authoress of the Im-
provisatrice, has in the press the Trou-
badour, the Spanish Maiden, and other
Poems. i [

A Miniature Edition of the Novels
and Romances of the Author of Wa-
verly is about to be published, in 7 vols.
18mo. with engraved titles and frontis-
pieces by eminent Artists. :

Maps and Plans, illustrative of He-
rodotus, Thucydides, and Xenophon,
chiefly selected from Rennell, D’Anville,
Anacharsis, and Gaib, is in preparation,
which will be carefully compared, we

‘are informed, with the authors they are

intended to illustrate ; and such altera-
tions and corrections are to be made,
as a diligent perusal of those works may
prove to be requisite. The names of
various ‘places are also to be inserted,
which have been entirely unnoticed by
other geographers.

A new Edition of ‘Grey’s Memoria
Technica, is printing at Oxford.

In the course of the present month
will be published, an Estimate of the
true Value of Vaccination, as a Security
against the Small Pox. By T.M.
GREENHOW.

The following are also expected to
issue from the press in a few days:

The Mechanic’s Encyclopedia; or,

General

446
General Dietionary of Arts, Manufac-
tures, and Practical Science. In 8 vols.
post 8vo., with numerous engravings.

Encyclopedia for Youth; or, a Sum-
mary of General Literature, Arts, and
Sciences. In 4 vols. post 8vo. With
Engravings. executed on Steel.

Part III. of Bibliotheca Glouces-
trensis, will soon appear; the Editor,
having obtained much additional in-
formation of value, has delayed the pub-
lication to ayail himself of it. The
work is expected to be completed next
spring.

Lectures on the Lord’s Prayer; with
two Discourses on interesting and im-
portant subjects. By the Rev. Luxe
Brooker, LL.D., F.R.S.L., and Vicar of
Dudley.
~ An Original System of Cookery and
Confectionary, comprizing the varieties
of English and Foreign Practice, found-
ed on more than thirty years’ practical
experience in families of the first dis-
tinction. By Conrapr Cooke. 12mo.
with numerous illustrative Engravings.
What a promise of profound and va-
luable accession to the inestimable
science of gormandizing! Here glut-
tony may learn to gorge itself into gout
and apoplexy, in all the different ways,
we suppose, of all the nations of the
earth. And how interestingly pictu-
fesque must be the embellishments !
How delightfully instructive !

A Supplement to the London Cata-
logue, containing a list of the books pub-
lished in London, and those altered in
size and price, from October 1822 to
October 1824.

In the department of the Fine Arts,
Engravings are announced of
_ Wilkie’s Piper. By E. Smrvu.

E. L. Eastlake’s Brigand Chief, a
pair. By W. Say.

The Tempting Present. By T. Woop-
warpD, W.R. Smirn, and J. H. Rosry-
SON,

No. III. of Viewsin Provence and on
the Rhone. Engraved by W. B. and
G. Cooke, and J. C. Allen; from Draw-
ings by P. Dewint, after the Original
Sketches by J. Hucues, Esq., of Oriel
College, Oxford. Also

No, III. of the Rivers of England,
from Drawings by T. M.W.Turner, and
the late T.Girtin. And

No. IV. of Gems of Art.

A London Antiquary is about to
publish Chronicles of London Bridge ;
comprizing a complete history of that
ancient and interesting Structure, from

Literary ‘and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

(Dec. J,
its earliest mention in the British An-
nals, to the commencement of the New
Edifice in 1824.

A Voice from India, in answer to the
Reformers of England. By Captain
Seely, Author of the “ Wonders of
Elora,” &c. &c.

A volume of Poems. By Mr. D. L.
Richardson, of the Bengal Army.

The Good Nurse; or, Hints for the
Management of the Sick and Lying-in
Chamber, and the Nursery, By a Lady.
Dedicated, by permission, to Mrs. Pris-
cilla Wakefield. 1 vol. 12mo,

Papyro-Plastics is a pleasing little
book for children, on the Art of Mo-
delling in Paper. The object is to make
neat representations, in paper, of any
given object, on a small scale, and it is
performed by drawing, cutting, folding,
and painting. The instructions in draw-
ing are so arranged, as to convey some
of the elementary problems in geometry,
while the cutting and folding completes
the given forms of chairs, tables, and
other articles of furniture; houses, cof-
tages, bridges, windmills, &c. Itis an
ingenious and instructive amusement;
the idea of which, we perceive, is from
the German.

The Parliamentary Speeches of Lord
Byron. have been printed, from the
copies prepared by his Lordship for
publication. They are only three. The
first delivered 27th February, 1812, on
the “ Frame Work Bill,” which he cha-
racterized (as, perhaps, some other of
those, prepared by the employing and
representations of the employing classes
for the restriction and regulation of the
employed, might also be characterized)
as “ fit only to be carried into effect by a
jury of butchers, with a Judge Jeffreys
to direct them ;”’ the next, April 21, of
the same year, on the Earl of Donough-
more’s motion on the Catholic Claims ;
and the other on presenting Major
Cartwright’s petition for Parliamentary
Reform.

Among the annual and periodical
publications, which, though they have
no pretensions to literature, have the
distinction of great and almost uniyer-
sal utility, it would be censurable to
have overlooked Boyle’s Court Guide,
which we understand will be ready for
delivery to booksellers and the public
on the 3d of December. This very
convenient little volume, published in
so small a compass, as scarcely to be an
incumbrance to the pocket of a tempo-
vary visitor of the metropolis, and
generally bound up with a sufficient
degree

1824.]

degree of neatness, to be rather an
ornament than otherwise to the bou-
doir of a lady of fashion, was first pro-
jected by the late Mr. Boyle, in the
year 1792, and has been progressive-
ly improved, by him during his life-
time, and since by his family, in whom
the property continues to be vested,
till it has become not only a very con-
venient, but an almost indispensable
accommodation to what may be called
the visiting or fashionable world, It
is not less useful to tradespeople and
others, who have any occasional tran-
sactions with the upper classes of so-
ciety: while to the foreigner, or the
sojourner from the country, it is a safe
and sure guide, to all persons of that
description whom they may have occa-
sion to call upon; as by a double ar-
rangement, first by streets and numbers
of the houses, and afterwards by an al-
phabetical list of names, with their pro-
per titles and descriptions, elaborately
corrected in every successive edition of
December and April, the name and di-
rection of every person of fashion and
fortune, every private gentleman and
lady, and.every professional man, re-
siding, for the time, in the western divi-
sion of the town, as also in the respec-
tive inns of court, &c., may instantly be
found.

The following works are also: prepar-
ing for publication :

The Writer’s Clerk; or, the Humours

of the Scottish Metropolis. 3 vols.
A Tale of Paraguay. By RosertT
Soutury, LL.D., &c. &e. 1 vol. 12mo.

A Treatise on the Steam Engine; His-
torical, Practical, and Descriptive. By
Joun Farey, Junior, Engineer. With il-
lustrative Plates and Cuts. 1 vol. 4to.

A Voyage performed in the Years 1822-
23-24; containing an Examination of the
Antarctic Sea to the 74th Degree of Lati-
tude: and a Visit to Terra del Fuego, with
a particular Account of the Inhabitants.
By James WEDDELL, Esq. 1 vol. 8vo.

Mr. Freip (late Chief Justice of New
South Wales) is about to publish a small
Collection of Geographical Papers, by va-
rious hands, respecting that Colony.

The Natural and Artificial Wonders of
the United Kingdoms of Great Britain and
Treland. By the Rey. J, Gotpsmiru, Au-
thor of the “‘ Grammar of British Geogra-
phy.” 3 vols.

Domestic Duties; or, Instructions to
Young Married Ladies on the Management
of their Household, and the Regulations
of their Conduct in the various Relations
and Duties of Married Life. By Mrs.
Frances Parkes. 1 vol. post 8vo.

Fire-side Scenes. By the Author of

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence:

4A7

Bachelor. and Married Man, &e. &e, 3
vols. 12mo.

A Compendium of Medical Theory and
Practice, founded on Dr. Cullen’s Noso-
logy, which will be given as a Text Book,
and a Translation annexed. By D. UN-
wins, M.D. 1 vol. 12me.

Medico-Chirurgical Transactions pub-
lished by the Medical and Chirurgical So-
ciety of London. Vol. XIII., Part L.,
with Plates.

Muscologia Britannica ; containing the
Mosses of Great Britain and Ireland, sys-
tematically arranged and described; with
Plates, illustrative of the Character of the
Genera and Species. By WiLLram Jack-
son Hooker, F.R.S., A.S.L., &c. ; and
Tuomas Taytor, M.D., M.R.I.A., and
F.L.S., &e. 8vo. with Plates. :

A Catalogue of the Shells contained in
the Collection of the late Earl of Tanker-
ville, arranged according to the Lamarckian
Conchological System, and accompanied by
the characters of such species as are hither-
to undescribed. By G. B. Sowersy,
F.L.S., &e. :

Queen Hynde, an Epic Poem. By
James Hoce, Author of the “ Queen’s
Wake,” “ Poetic Mirror,’ “ Pilgrims o
the Sun,” &e. 1 vol. 8yo. .

FRANCE.

- . It appears that earthquakes were pre-

valent in several places, very remote
from each other, during the month of
August last,.and may probably be all
referred to one common origin. In
the Alps, a traveller felt several shocks
during the night of the 12th of August.
At San Pietro, in the grand duchy of
Tuscany, several shocks of earthquake
were also felt at the time, and for a day
and night subsequent. The greater por-
tion of the shocks were faint, though
sufficient to set the church bells in
motion. In one instance, a wall was
thrown down by the concussion. Ac-
counts from the south of France men-
tion the occurrence of earthquakes about
the same period in the Eastern Pyre-
nees.—A_ vessel arrived at maneiiles,
from the Canaries, brought details re-
specting a volcano which has burst forth
in the Island Lancerotto.

Some organic remains have been re-
cently found in France, near the river
Isoire, in a more advanced stage of
petrefaction than any previously observ-
ed by naturalists, embedded in strata,
principally of pumice-stone, or lava,
They consist of some large fragments
of bone completely converted into car-
bonate of lime; some pieces of stag-
horn converted into agate, and the jaw-
bone, teeth, &c. of some unknown spe-
cies of stag or elk. Below the layer of
tufa or lava, Count de Laizer, who

found

448

found these remains, also discovered a
tooth of the mammoth or mastadon,
embedded in shell limestone. Though
the whole of the south-east part of
France presents undoubted traces of
volcanic agency, even tradition is silent
respecting their occurrence.

Among the statistical researches re-
garding Paris, recently published, the
following suicides will afford a fair op-
portunity of comparing it with those of
‘England. According to the estimate of
‘the deaths during 1819 and 1821, it
‘was remarked that mortality amongst
males up to 25 years, is greater than
‘amongst females ; and that from this age
up to 50, there die more women than
men. It is reckoned that more women
than men arrive at advanced age. In
1821, 348 suicides were attempted ; in
244 of these cases death ensued.

As a proof of the great attention,

manifested by the French government,
to the improvement of the Arts and
operative Science in France, a valuable
work is now in the course of publication
in periodical numbers, containing an ab-
stract of all the existing French patents,
with the period of their'expiration, ac-
companied by observations on their
practical utility and value, in the various
departments of the Arts. The work
appears under the immediate auspices
of the Minister of the Interior.
_ The propelling of musket-balls by
‘steam was practised ten years ago by
M. Girard, who, for the defence of Paris
against the allies, prepared a_ boiler
mounted on a carriage, and an appa-
ratus attached; such that, on turning
a handle, six barrels received balls and
-steam, at the same time, and discharged
180 shots per minute. Several of these
machines are said to have been found
by the allies, and destroyed on their
getting possession of the place.

Ancient Samnite coins, and the vases,
in fragments, in which they had been
contained, were lately dug up, on the
felling of a very ancient oak in the forest
of Ardennes :' the coining of these pieces
‘is conjectured to have been 1,028 years
prior to the Christian era, or in the reign
of David over the Israelites.

EGYPT.

The celebrated Prussian traveller,
Baron Riipple, though frustrated in the
plan. of his route, suggested by his last
communication, by the reverses in the
affairs of Mohamed Ali Pasha, has at
length been enabled, under an escort
‘from the army of that chieftain, to cross
to the eastern bank of the Nile, from

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

[Dec. I,

the vicinity of Kurgos, and proceeding
over a desert plain, near the village ot
Durkah, formed chiefly of alluvial mud,
and covered with brambles and rushes,
discovered in many places the remains
of camels, &c., indicative of former cul-
ture and population. He also discovered
in the neighbourhood of a deserted
village, lately occupied by the Arabs,
some shafts of columns, whose capitals
adorned with heads of Isis, &c. indicated
them to have ,been a portion of some
ruined temple. He discovered also, to
the east of these, several groups of
sepulchres of various forms; one of
which he describes as distinguished by
its peculiar figure, having a base pro-
jecting stone, 20 feet square and 6 high,
surmounted by a tower of prismatic
form, 15 feet high, adorned with Egyp-
tian sculpture, representing the apotheo-
sis of the defunct; the attitudes and
drapery of some of the figures in which
he considers as so superior to every
thing he had previously seen in Egypt
or Nubia, and approaching so near to
the Grecian style, that, contrary to
generally received opinion, he conceives
them to be of more recent date than
those of Meroé. The Baron has also
been very assiduous in making astrono-
mical observations, for which the fine
atmosphere of Nubia is very favour-
able; but he found the great heat of
the climate affect the accuracy of his
instruments very materially. His pro-
gress has been attended with great dan-
gers; and the fate of his companion,
Mr. Hey, who preceded him in the as-
cent of the river, is very doubtful. The
courage, zeal, and perseverance of Baron
Riipple, should he survive the perils of
his venturous travel, promise important
obligations to science.
ITALY.

Remains at Pompeii.-A pamphlet
has been recently published at Leipzig,
entitled De locis Pompeianis ad Rem
Medicam facientibus, in which the au-
thor, M. Cheulant, describes the proba-
ble state of the medical art, at Pompeii,
at the period of its destruction, from
the surgical instruments and medical
apparatus found, by which he detected
the ruins of the Temple of Esculapius.
It is remarkable how nearly many of
them resembled those now in use.

Professor Cazzeri presented, recently,
to the Society of the Georfili of Flo-
rence, a branch of the cotyledon coccinea
in full vegetation, although it had been
detached trom the plant sixteen months,
and had remained: by- chanee during -the

whole

1824.}

whole of this period wrapped up in
a paper, and placed ina dark place that
was very dry.

SICILY.

€ome amateurs of natural science
have just founded at Catana, in Sicily,
an academy (Academia giornia di Sci-
enze Naturale).. Their object is to dif-
fuse a taste for the study of physics, to
remark and describe the products of
Sicily, and to form a cabinet of indi-
genous and exotic natural history. It
publishes, every six months, a volume of
its memoirs. There has also appeared
at Palermo, for some time past, a Jour-
nal‘of Sciences, Letters, and Arts.

SWEDEN.

Bernadotte appears to understand the

science of government, at least, as well
as any of his legitimate cousins of Eu-
rope. In a late edict, respecting Public
Education, he has shewn his sagacity in
an eminent degree.
- By a circular, addressed to the con-
sistery courts of the Swedish church,
the principals are required to select
only such persons for the office of
churehwarden (and parish instructor),
as shall be capable of teaching by the
Lancasterian system: to replace the
Curates, who are stated to be far more
numerous than necessary for religious
purposes or economy, by well-instruc-
ted schoolmasters, to economise the
fees of church livings, and the funds
now engrossed by the clergy, and. ren-
der such funds available for the pur-
pose of Public Education. Prince Oscar,
eldest son of the king, had been elected
to serve the cffice of chancellor to the
universities both of Upsal. and Lund.
The latter, at the solicitation of the
whole senate, on account of the zeal
displayed by him in discharging the
duties of the office at Upsal.

The grand canal of Gothiand, which
is to unite the North Sea with the Bal-
tic without having to pass the Sound,
is also proceedingly rapidly, in its exe-
cution, under the auspices of the govern-
ment, which has adopted the policy of
Louis XIV. in thus employing the mili-

_tary, in time of peace. The section of
the country is favourable to the design
in the great canal of Sweden, there
being two intervening lakes between
the Baltic and Gottenburgh, and. the
North Sea, where it terminates.. The
distance is about 200 English miles, of
which nearly a fifth part is: already ex-
eavated. The actual distance saved by
this canal, in the Baltic navigation, will
be 500 to 600 miles.

Moxrury Mac. No, 403.

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

449

GERMANY. r

_ The German periodicals speak of
their late favourite writer Vander Velde,
a native of Breslau in Silesia, as the
Walter Scott of German Literature. He
adopted the plan of incorporating the
history of his country with the texture
of romance. At the period of his de-
cease, he was engaged in a work of
great interest, connected with the early
history of the North of Germany. The
death of this eminent writer is. con-
sidered a national loss, from the heighth
of his reputation in historical and dra-
matic literature.

Three Fragments of’ Aulus Gellius
and Cicero, are.said to have been dis-
covered, in an ancient German abbey.

RUSSIA.

The Russian Government maintains,
at Pekin, a permanent mission of Greek
Ecclesiastics, who are relieved every ten
years, and on their return employed as
interpreters, or as professors of the
Chinese and Mantchou languages in the
Universities.

The Russian Commodore, M. de
Krusenstern, has published, at Peters-
burgh, the first part of his Atlas of the
South Seas, executed at the expense of
government. ‘The extreme delicacy of
the engravings, as well as the neaincss
and elegance of the type, confer the
greatest honour on the three Russian
artists who have executed this portion
of the work. The Atlas is accompanied
by a volume in 4to. containing explana-
tory memoirs, besides a great number
of nautical remarks on the wiuds and
currents in the South Seas. Admiral
Krusenstern has written to Professor
Barlow, of Woolwich, a very satisfac-
tory and complimentary letter on the
result of some experiments made on a
ship of the Russian navy, at Cronstadt,
with the guard, plate for correcting the
errors of the mariner’s compass needle
from the local attraction of the ship’s
guns and other iron stores; and the
Russian government, in’ consequence,
have given orders for all their ships to
be furnished with correcting compass
plates, similar to those now fitting up
for the ships of our navy, aad many. of
our merchant ships.

SWISS. CANTONS, ;

At.a late meeting of the students in
theology, the Bishop of Basle delivered
an exhortation to the pupils of the
Catholic persuasion, admonished them
to “ preserve amity and good feeling
with their Protestant class fellows, un-
der pain of being refused ordination.”

3M Y ; In

450

In the course of his patriotic address
he took occasion to enlarge on “ the
“ benefits resulting to society, from

New Music and the Drana.

[Dec. 1,

banishing the system of making prose-
lytes in religious matters, under the
cover of education.”

NEW MUSIC AND THE DRAMA.

——a

The Ninth Number of “ Irish Melodies,”
words by T. Moore, Esq., accompaniments,
§c. by H. R. Bishop. Power.

YFHNOIS number is quite equal to any
of its predecessors, both in the
spirit of the poetry and the taste Mr.
Bishop has displayed in the adaptation.
* Quick, we live but a second,” is in the
best anacreontic style. “ Fairest put
on awhile,” asa Duetto; and “ Sing,
sing, music was given,” as a trio (for
two trebles and a bass) are very pleasing
arrangements for the domestic musical
circle. Some of the accompaniments
of these national airs have no great
claim to originality, though in every in-
stance Mr. Bishop has shewn his usual
judgment in the transformation.

Journal Hebdomedaire, 26 Nos. in 1 Vol. 25s.
Boosey and Co.

We consider this work asa little trea-
sure to our musical friends, both as
cheap and classical. It contains a se-
lection of the best French vaudevilles
and canzonettes, by Ledesma and Pian-
tadina ; two first-rate composers, whose
names are unfortunately but little known
in this country (though we have occa-
sionally met with a MS, in the higher
circle of our acquaintance, which has
been much prized): it also contains a
number of waltzes and marches, by the
best German composers. The work
might perhaps be considered of too light
a nature, were not that character amply
redeemed by several airs of Beethoven
and Wollank, and a magnificent chorale
by Kuhlaw.

A Selection of Sacred Music, Nos. 61, 62,
63, 64. Latrobe. 1s. Gd. each. Birchall
and Co.

The musical world are much indebted
to Messrs. Novello and Latrobe for in-
troducing to their acquaintance some of
the finest continental church composers,
whose names probably we should never
have known were it not for the works
before us. Though Mr. L. has proceeded
as far as the 64th No., we do not per-
ceive any diminution of his energies.
The selection of the last four Numbers
is uniformly good, and contains pieces
by Haydn, Graun, Durante, Borri, Gaens-
b&cher, Hasse, and Serini.

We give the preference to a chorus

and solos by Gaensbacher, a fugue by
Graun (English words), and a “ Sum
in Medio,” by Serini, which is very simi-
lar in style to Leonardi da Vinci's cele-
brated air, to which Mr. Bishop is under
some obligations.

** Child of the Sun,” scena with a bass voice.

B. G. Gibsone. Boosey and Clementi.

In the composition before us the au-
thor has followed the German model,
which is all the rage at the present day—
that of rendering the orchestral accom-
paniments a prominent feature, There
is a considerable portion of originality
in the allegro movement, and the recita-
tive is very spirited, though the accom-
paniment of the latter part is rather
unconnected. But judging of this com-
position as the work of a young com-
peser, lt contains sufficient merit to give
promise of his becoming one of our best
orchestral composers.

“ Variations on the Yager Chorus.” Kalk-
brenner. ds. Clementi and Co.

Very brilliant and not too difficult ;
we should give the preference to the
third and fifth (adagio) variations: the
short introductory movement which pre-
cedes the subject is very simple, but
produces an excellent effect.

“ Variations on the Yager Chorus.” C. M.
Weber. 2s. 6d. Goulding.

These variations are so unlike what
we have seen of Mr. Weber’s: piano-
forte compositions, that we should be
almost inclined from the internal . evi-
dence to doubt the fact of that gentle-
man having written them, were it not
for the respectability of the house. They
are easier than Kalkbrenner’s, but de-
cidedly inferior.

Fantasie for the Pianoforte, in which is intro-
duced Rossini’s admired Prayer in Zelmira,
with Flute Accompaniments. Pio Cianchet-
tini. 4s. Chappell.

A most beautiful composition. The
flute (though professedly ad libitum) is
firmly arranged, and carries on a species
of conversation with the pianoforte,
which is well managed. There are some
very peculiar and fine harmonies in the
introduction,

Le Carillon de Village, Piancforte and Flute.

. Latour. 48. Chappell and Co.

Very brilliant and not difficult; the

piano-

ak Des

1824.)
pianoforte and flute take the variations
alternately, and are of equal difficulty :
the introduction is rather heavy, and the
return to the tonic in the fourth bar of
the tema should not have taken place

till the beginning of the fifth. The flute
bar lays well under the hand.
German Air with Variations. Sam. Webb.
2s, Gd. Clementi.
Introduction and Rondo. B. Blythe. Mus.
Bac. Oxon. 1s. Goulding.

Air from Der Firieschiitz, as a Rondo. Mad-

dison. Is. 6d. Williams.

We have placed these airs as they
stand in our estimation. Mr. Webb is
so far the superior, that it perhaps should
not have been placed in the group, but
they are all pleasing.

Select dirs from the Frieschiitz. -4s. Bru-

guier. 45. Goulding.

Duet from Pietro [ Eremita.

3s. Chappell.

Frieschiitz. Burrowes. 4s,
Clemenii.

Select Airs from Frieschiitz. Book I. Bur-

rowes. 4s. Clementi.

These are all pleasing arrangements,
and adapted to improve the taste of the
rising generation.

Overture to the Frieschiits for Pianoforte,
Harp, Flute, and Violoncello. By Bochsa.
This is the most effective arrange-

ment of the overture we have yet seen.

The pianoforte is principal, but the ef-

fects are skilfully divided. The harp is

less prominent than we are accustomed
to,see it in Mr. Bochsa’s compositions.

Favourite dirs from Ricciardo and Zoraide,
for Harp, Pianoforte, Flute and Violon-
cello. By N.C. Bochsa. 10s. Gd. Chap-
pell and Co.

Very sweetly arranged.

Characteristic Duet for the Pianoforte, with
Accompaniment for a Harp, by N. C. Boch-
sa, in which is introduced “ Charlie is
my Darling.” 6s. Goulding.

Mr. Bochsa scarcely seems to have
known his own mind in this production ;
he calls the harp an accompaniment ;
and in the first movement it is a mere
shadow of one; but he has given the
theme and one variation to it completely
obligato. It is altogether a strange
piece: the first movement is quite in a
dramatic style, but it wants variety, and
is too long by one half.

S. Webb.

Overture Der

DRURY-LANE.
Tardy as this theatre was in commencing,
this year, its winter operations, the results
of unusual deliberation appear to have been
more conspicuous in the parade of splen-
dour, than in taste or judgment. The ex-
pensive pageant of Lhe lying Courser, not-

New Music and the Drama.

ASI

withstanding its beautiful scenery and gor-
geous troop of cavalry, has had but a very
short, and, to all appearance, unprofitable
career; and the more than “ thrice-told
tale,” Der Freischiitz, which was performed
here, for the first time, on Wednesday the
10th, though somewhat more meritorious (if
the term merit ought indeed, at all, to be ap-
plied to melodramatic things of this sort ata
national theatre) ; yet, coming in at the lag-
end, as it were, for the gleaning rather than
the harvest of wonder-gazing curiosity, it has
but indifferently atoned for the disappointed
expectations of the preceding show. Dra-
matic amphibii of this kind are, in fact, below
the analysis of criticism ; and, reserving our
censorship for more classical novelties, if
any such should happen to be presented for
our notice, we shall satisfy ourselves, on
this occasion, with merely obserying, that
the Drury-lane version of this German
monstrosity has one pre-eminence over all
its predecessors,—namely, that it preserves
more entirely (though not, as professed in
the advertisements, absolutely so) the ori-
ginal music,—which constitutes, after all, the
only genuine charm of the performance,
Even from this, however, there was a con-
siderable drawback, in the change of the
key in which some of the songs were set,
in order to accommodate them to the yoice
of Mr. Horn, to whom they were assigned,
This transposition (as might be expected)
proved but a Jame expedient. It was im-
possible for any auditor, who has a spark of
music in his soul, to be Midas-eared enough
not to perceive, that the pitch was out of
unison with the character of the composi-
tion. It is but justice, also, to the adaptor
of the piece (Mr. Soane), to say, that,
though he marred the catastrophe even to
unintelligible confusion, he contrived to
throw a degree of human interest into one;
at least, of the scenes of this goblin extrava-
ganza. The struggle between the demoniac
remorse and repentant sympathy of Caspar,
and the double visitation of the demon
crossing his way, first, as he is preparing to
kneel in prayer, and again, as he is attempt-
ing to depart and join the penitent hymn in
the sanctuary, are well imagined; and, in
the hands of a genuine actor, might have
produced a very powerful effect: but these
are not conceptions to be entrusted to the
execution of a mere singer ; and though Mr.
Horn did more than from him we should’
have expected, it was lamentably below
what the situation required. It was a
passage for Kean, in the day of his best’
energies. 4

The best accessions to the strength of the’
company, yet exhibited, are, Miss Grap-
DON, from the Edinburgh Theatre, who has
sung, with considerable eclat. the characters’
of Susanna, in “ The Marriage of Figaro,”
and of Linda,—for so now is called the
heroine of the goblinism we have been’
describing ; we wish we could say, she’
has acted them also; —and Mrs. YAres

3M 2 (formerly

452
formerly Miss Brunton}, who has played,
im a very pleasing and lady-like style, Pio-
lante in *‘ The Wonder,” and Miss Hard-
castle, in Goldsmith’s “She Stoops to Con-
quer.’’ The latter is indeed a very delight-
ful little actress, who knows how to do
justice to highly comic situation, without
trespassing on the delicacy of sex; and who
has the rare merit of seeming to have stu-
died nature more than the school. We
never witnessed, even in real life, more
natural emotion than she assumed as Vio-
lante, in that scene with Don Felix, in which
the embarrassment of her secret, which
friendship forbids her to betray, and his
jealous reproaches, produce those tears
which subdue, at once, her own affected
indifference, and the angry suspicions and
resolution of her lover.

Little has, as yet, been attempted here, in
the line of the genuine drama. Mr. Mac-
ready (upon the new system, it seems, of
temporary engagements and high premiums
by the night) has again appeared i in Macbeth.
But, inimitable as this performeris, in several
characters of no subordinate description,
the sublime and high heroic of Shakspeare
is evidently not his forte; and the aspiring
and tyrannical, but conscience -haunted,
Thane, is one of his feeblest delineations.
He has played, also, Leontes in “‘ The Win-
ter’s Tale ;”’ his representation of the last
scene of which, where the social emotions
haye their scope, is one of the finest pieces
of acting on the stage.

COVENT-GARDEN THEATRE
has presented us with two very acceptable
noyelties,—a successful adaptation of one of
the racy comedies of the olden time—Row-
ley’s ‘‘ City Wonder, or a Woman never
Vexed ;”’ or, as it is new-baptised, ‘‘ Wo-
man never Vexed, or the Widow of
Cornhill ;’’ and a new actress, Mrs. SLo-
MAN, who,—though by no means equal in
physical power and energy to Miss O’ Neill,
is not very much behind her in the natural
expression of more tender pathos.

The former of these was produced for
the first time on Lord Mayor’s day, and
concluded with a Lord Mayor's pageant of
the old time, as in took place in the year
1444, and a royal and civic assemblage at
Guildhall. It is strongly marked with the
merits, and alloyed with some of the usual
defects, of the dramas of the age of Eliza-
beth:—passages of great poetical beauty,
with some of daring hyperbole; striking
contrasts of character, with what must now
appear as quaint, and occasionally oyer-
strained, peculiarities of humour and of
phrase; and sudden vicissitudes of fortune,
with passions and emotions which border,
occasionally, on the province of tragedy,
mingled: with a considerable portion of the
ludicrous and droll. Like most of the old
comic and mixed dramas (not excepting
even those of Shakspeare), it has one essen-
tial improbability on which the main action
hinges; but grant to the poet (as you do to

New Music and the Drania.
the algebraist) this assumed datum, and alt

(Dec. f

the results are natural enough. ‘Thus, Shak-
speare makes no scruple of supposing that, if
a young lady do but disguise herself in boy’s
apparel, neither her father nor her lover will
know her, even in the most familiar inter-
course ;* and Rowley would have us believe,
thatarich and handsome widow could make
open love to a pennyless profligate and
gamester in the street,—that, for her soul’s
sake, she may haye something to vex her,
in the ruin she expects from his extrava-
gance. As for her disappointment, in the
result, as the character of the runagate is
delineated, it is natural enough. The vola-
tile spirit, who was a dicer and reyeller in
his desperate poverty, might be sobered by
the sudden possession of wealth, and its
concomitant and solid comforts. The play,
upon the whole, bating the heayy, and at
once negligent and artificial monotony of
Young, in the relentless and afterwards
ruined old merchant, Foster, was well acted.
Miss Chester, in the cheerful archness of
the widow, and Miss Lacy, in Mrs. Fos-
ter, the termagant wife of the old mer-
chant, were equally happy. The latter we
never knew to act so well. And .C.
Kemble (frequently asadmirable in comedy
as he is sometimes lamentable in tragedy),
performed Stephen Foster in his very best
style. The piece was perfectly and deserved-
ly successful.

With respect to Mrs. Sloman, she ‘has
played three characters, — Belvidera, in
“‘ Venice Preserved; Mrs. Haller, in
“ The Stranger;’”’ and Isabella, in “ The
Fatal Marriage:” and although, from the
apparent consciousness of comparative defi-
ciency of physical power, she has judiciously
given to some of the scenes and passages of
each a comparative under-tone; yet, the
expressive sweetness of her voice, and the
clearness of her enunciation, together with
the general correctness of her conception,
render her a very valuable acquisition in the
present state of the tragic dramatic corps ;
and it is evident that she is winning her
way to deserved popularity.

THE HAYMARKET

closed a rather protracted season on Mon-
the 15th, with considerably more eclat
than it commenced. We have had more of
the genuine drama of late, and the attend-
ance has seemed to justify the opinion, that
the taste of the town is not so depraved in
its dramatic taste, as the advocates for farce
and pageantry would have us_ believe.
Among the novelties of this latter part of
the season, Mr. HamBLin has played, suc-
cessively, Hamlet, Rob Roy, Joseph Surface,
Falkiand, and Captain Irwin. He has some
merit,—a good figure, and a countenance ca-
pable of considerable expression ; and appears
to haye a susceptibility of dramatic emo-

_ tion ; ~

* Our modern dramatists pursue the same path

with less excuse, the disguises cf modern dress
being su mucl: less complete.

1824. ]

tion; but he has the misfortune of a husky
hoarseness of voice, the ill effect of which
he aggravates by that species of audible
inspiration called the tragedy-pump, and by
the measured formality of an over-pompous
delivery. Mrs. Hampiin has also made
her appearance as Julia, in “The Rivals,”
Miss Woburn, in “ Every One has his
Fault,” &c. In the latter, especially, she
shewed herself to have respectable qualifi-
cations for the line of genteel sentimental
comedy. ‘That best pattern of natural act-
ing, in characters of rustic archness and
simple naiveté, Miss Kelly, has also re-
appeared, though not always in the parts
most suited to her talent. In Charlotte, for
example, in “ The Hypocrite,” admirable
as her acting is, she wants the easy fa-
shionable elegance which constitutes an
essential part of the charm of the cha-
racter. A Miss Grorcr has also made
a very successful début here as Susanna, in
“ The Marriage of Figaro,” and has repeated
the favourable impression she made, as a
vocalist, on that occasion, successively in
Polly, in “ The Beggar’s Opera,” and in
Rosina, in the musical afterpiece of that
name.- Her voice is sweet and flexible ;
and her musical proficiency, though not
equal to that of some of our prime favour-
ites, is, apparently, not inconsiderable ; and
she has the good taste not to pretend to
brilliancy and display, beyond her endow-
ments. The most finished and beautiful of
all her efforts was the echo song, not very
consistently introduced into the character of
Rosina. She gave the echo notes in a sort
of musical ventriloquy, which had an effect

Literary and Critical Proémium.

453

we do not remember ever to have heard
surpassed. Her principal deficiency as a
singer appears to be in power and volume,
as it is called; which would, probably, be
felt still more at the larger theatres. But
she should remember, that an operatical
performer should not only sing, but act;
and that, especially as her speaking-voice is
pleasing, and her enunciation distinct and
clear, she ought, in justice to herself, her
author, and her audience, not to give the
dialogue of her parts with such pointless
negligence, as if she thought the words and
sentences of the scene were nothing more
than a highway-path, that was to be hurried
over in her way to the airs and songs,
MINOR THEATRES.

It would be unjust, in this instance, to
pass, in silence, the ADELPHI and SuRRY
Theatres: since the latter has produced, in
fact, the best contrived, and, which may appear
extraordinary, the best acted version of the
eternal Der Frieschiitz yet exhibited; and
the former, in Valmondi, has not only shewn
that we can manage a scene’of goblin ter-
rors without German assistance, but that,
even in so comparatively a contracted
sphere, the illusions of scenic trick and
magic can be as well kept up, and a long
and imposing procession (we allude parti-
cularly to an autode fé presented there)
can be even more completely arranged and
managed, especially in uninterrupted con-
tinuity, than we have yet seen accomplished
at either of the larger houses. It is time
these melo-dramatic raree-shows were left
to their proper sphere ; and that our national
theatres returned to the legitimate drama.

NEW BOOKS PUBLISHED IN NOVEMBER:

WITH AN HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL PROEMIUM.

Authors or Publishers, desirous of seeing an early Notice of their Works, are
requested to transmit Copies before the 18th of the Month.

———=

HE publications of this month pre-
sent little, either. in literature or
science, to furnish matter for an interesting
article of preliminary criticism. Philosophy
slumbers, and the Muse is mute; and His-
tory boasts not of her instructive volumes.
The Novelists alone are garrulous; and,
even they, are not affluent in the treasures
of amusive excitement. If the press, how-
ever, be idle, or employ itself only upon
triflés, neither the fault nor the repose is
ours. The time of periodical expectation
is arrived; our columns must have their
wonted fullness; and the labour of research
is not the less because there is little to be
found. We must satisfy ourselves, and
endeayour (which is the same thing) to
satisfy our readers, by using what there is.
If the place of polite literature, and of
memoir and biography, be supplied by mere
ana and chit-chat (for it scarcely amounts
even to anecdote) about Lord Byron, we

must gossip about him too: on what every

body is talking, we must not be silent.
Conversations of Lord Byron; noted dur-
ing a Residence with his Lordship at Pisa, in
the years 1821 and 1822, by Thomas Medwin,
Esq., of the Light Dragoons, Author of
“ Ahasuerus the Wanderer,” large Svo.—If
we regret, in some degree, the suppression
of the autobiography of Lord Byron, and
call, rather, in question the right of abso-
lutely destroying, how proper soever it
might have been fora while to withhold, the
memoirs which so extraordinary a man had
thought fit to prepare of himself, we can by
no means approve of the present attempt
to supply the avidity and amuse the curio-
sity which that suppression has. left unsa~
tisfied. It is not every man, even of trans-
cendant abilities, whose conversations de-
serve, or are fit, to be recorded, or the
record of which ‘will furnish a tolerable
picture of his mind ; still less is eyery inti-
mate

454

mate companion qualified to make such
record. The dull self-sufficiency of Bos-
well, indeed, could make an amusive
and interesting book of the sayings of Dr.
Johnson; and perhaps that very dulness
and self-sufficiency were among the causes
why it was made so well: for Johnson
was a pregnant, but deliberate sentence-
maker; a man of pith and phrase, not of
rambling and loquacious vivacity. He was
always on his. tripos, delivering oracles ;
and what he spoke always appeared, at
jeast, to be the result of settled thought,
10t of the ephemeral humour of the moment.
tt had generally passion and prejudice
mough ; but the passion was phlegmatic,
1ot volatile, and the prejudice was syste-
matic and coherent. His opinions were
not, here and there and eyery where, fixed to
no object, and of no certain colour; nor,
egotist as he was in the appreciation of his
own dogmas, were himself and his writings
his own eternal theme. He spoke in print,
in sentences already revised; and his con-
versations, if such they may be called,
needed neither selection nor arrangement ;
all that was requisite was a sort of short-
hand writer at his elbow, with a pencil and
note-book in his pocket ; and volumes were
soon collected, with which, however falla-
cious in axiom, and illiberal in sentiment,
moral decency was never in danger of
being shocked, or the imagination conta-
minated by libertine confessions and_ licen-
tious anecdote. But it is not every man,
even, of equal or superior genius, who talks
like Dr. Johnson ; and the picture of whose
mind could, therefore, be preserved in the
fac-similies of a Boswell. What of the
character or opinions, for example, could
thus haye been known of such a man
as Joln Horne Tooke ?—whose habit
it was frequently to talk, not to reveal, but
to hide his opinions ; to effect by loquacity,
what others endeavour to obtain by silence,
and to conceal his sentiments in such a
throng of opposite paradoxes, that it was im-
possible for the listener to separate the real
from the assumed. But others there are,
and not a few (and we suspect Lord Byron
to have been occasionally of the number),
who converse, neither for the purpose of re-
vealingnor disguising their opinions; neither
for the purpose of information nor of delu-
sion; but for the sake of the recreation of
conversing,—to give wings to the hour,
and conviviality to the board, and to say
whatever may be uppermost or amusing.
Conversations like these are often the most
pleasurable for the time; but they, most
assuredly, are neither the most profitable,
nor the most interesting to posterity.
Habits of this deseription haye an in-
evitable tendeney to render us but little
attentive to fidelity of statement, even in
anecdote and narration. Imagination (or
the fancy rather and humour of the moment, )
mingles with every idea that suggests itself,
and every incident that recurs ; till the mind

Literary and Critical Proémium.

[Bec. I,

itself, looking to no results; pereeiyes not
how much, that is passing across it, ismatter
ofmemory, and what of mere suggestion and
embellishment ; while not unfrequently the
mere occurrence of a rhetorical figure, a
well-turned sentence, a striking antithesis,
or an epigrammatic point, supersedes at
once all attention to veracity, and all
consciousness of deviation. Such, we sus-
pect, at best, are many of the conversations
before us. Supposing, even, that Cap-
tain Medwin had the rare accuracy of me~
mory, by which, without the assistance of
the short-hand writer, such conversations
as those of Lord Byron could be faith-
fully recorded ;—supposing even that he
had himself no portion of that habitude,
from which few are entirely exempt, of
listening at the same time to his own ima-
ginations and the conversation which
others are addressing to him, and being
afterwards incapable of separating the ,one
from the other ;*—certain, at any rate, it
appears to be, whether the deviations.be in
the record, or in the conyersations them-
selves, that all, that is here set down, is not
true in fact, any more than all, that is
opinion, is worthy to be inserted among the
canons of criticism. Many of the circum-
stances relative to the conduct of Mr. Mur-
ray, for example, have been clearly refuted
by the deliberate evidence of Lord Byron’s
own letters, in a little pamphlet (Notes on
Captain Medwin’s Conversations of Lord
Byron) which has been widely circulated ;
and our veneration for Shakespeare and
Milton will not be much shaken by eyen
Lord Byron’s adjudication, whether after his
first, second, third, or fourth bottle (for, he is
made to tell us he was a four-bottle man),
or after his pint of gin (which, he is also made
to tell us, is the genuine draught of inspira-
tion), that the former, as “‘ an actor, knew
all the tricks of the trade, yet had but little fame
in his day ;"’ that ‘“* few of what are called
Shakespeare’s plays are exclusively so!”’ that
*‘at this distance of time, so many works
of that period being lost, we cannot sepa-
rate what really is, from what is not, his
own ;”’+ that ‘* many of his Comedies are
insufferable to read, much more to see ;’’
that “one can hardly find ten lines toge-
ther without some gross violation of taste,
decency,” &e. or by his speaking with little
more respect of the Paradise Lost, of the
other, and yet afterwards feeling himself
“too happy in being coupled in any way

; with

* The proportion is not small of those who never
listen to any thing else but their own imagina-
lions; who hear, while others are conversing to
them, only the suggestions of their own. prepos-
sessions, and yet repeat them afterwards with the
same undoubting confidence, és if they had been
really the faets and sentiments that had been de-
livered to them. So much for the general confi-
dence that is to be given to recorded conversa-
tions!

+ Wermight ask (as a sufficient answer to this),
how much we can find in the works of others that
are not lost, that could be suspected #f being Shakes
speare’s ? - } ?

1824. ]

with Milton,” and wishing that his critics
may “ find any points of comparison be-
tween them.” In short, judging from this
book, and from other circumstances also,
it might almost be doubted whether Lord
Byron, great and wonderful genius as he
was, could be said, on many of the subjects
he spoke and wrote about, to have any opi-
nions at all: whether what are called so,
were not frequently mere humours—whence
their frequent contradictions and inconsis-
tencies. Even his loye of liberty, ardent
and vehement as it was, appears to have
been more a sentiment than a_princi-
ple—the restlessness of an impetuous,
aspiring, and dissatisfied spirit, than a clear
considerate estimate of the nature and
value of human rights. Witness some of
his conversations with Colonel Stanhope in
Greece, and his hostility to the liberty of
the press. The avowed aristocracy of
his temper considered, and the egotism of
his personal feelings, it may even be doubt-
ed, after all, if the species of popular com-
motion his threatful prophecies were per-
petually pointing at, had really taken place,
whether, after sounding himself the tocsin,
he might not ultimately have been found in
the camp of the Olligarcks. But this re-
flection properly belongs to another and
more valuable document, of which here-
after. For the publication of the ‘“‘ Conver-
sations”’ before us, we confess ourselves at
a loss to find any other motive than that of
making up a book which was sure to sell:
unless it be the egotistical habit of gossip-
ing and tittle tattling, whether with tongue
or pen, about whomsoever, or whatsoever
has a name or a fashion in the world.

Certain it is, that the reputation of
Lord Byron, either moral or intellectual,
has nothing to gain from these conversa-
tions ; nor have they even so many points
or flashes of redeeming brilliancy, as we
should have expected. Several of the
habits, they reveal, are at least degrading ;
some of the confessions not a little revolting ;
and many of the opinions (respecting the
sex in particular), to us disgusting. And as
upon the whole they place the most potent
genius, and greatest poet of his age upon a
lower, rather than a higher, grade, it would
have been wiser and kinder to have left
us to make our estimate of him from his
works, than to have called in the aid of the
“* Conversations.”

Recollections of the Life of Lord Byron,
from the year 1808 to the end of 1814; exhi-
biting his early Character and Opinions, de-
tailing the Progress of his Literary Career,
and including various unpublished passages
of his®Works. Taken from authentic Docu-
ments in the possession of the Author. Ry
the late R. C. Dallas, Esq. To which is
prefixed, an Account of the Circumstances
leading to the suppression of Lord Byron’s
Correspondence with the Author, and his
Letters to his Mother, lately announced for
publication.—Vere is title-page enough, or

Literary and Critical Proémiunt.

455
the deuce is init; and enough have we
also of the prefixed account, &c. Ninety-
seven pages prosed through in the preli-
minary statement on the hardship of pre-
venting a book-maker from publishing the
private and confidential correspondence of
a celebrated character, as soon as the breath
was out of his body, without consulting the
feelings of friends or relations, whose
names and circumstances must inevitably,
in a certain degree, be implicated in the
proposed disclosures. We know not what
impression this tedious tale may make upon
others ; but it has by no means disposed us
to dissent from the proposition of the exe-
cutor, Mr. Hobhouse, that no man of ho-
nour and feeling could for a moment enter-
tain such an idea. To the “ Recollec-
tions,” however, we haye no such objec-
tion: could they be relieved from the
heavy sermonizing egotism which swells
the bulk without augmenting the informa-
tion ; an interesting volume of about one-
third or fourth of the present bulk might
be made from them, which might assist, in
some degree, in elucidating the character,
and the history of the progress of the
character, which the disgusting “‘ Conver-
sations,” if they have not discoloured,
have, at least, almost exclusively, placed in
the most unfavourable point of view.
Even Mr. Dallas’s work, indeed, is no
unqualified panegyric ; nor does it attempt
to extenuate, either the moral defects, or
the capricious passions and humours of
the illustrious poet; but it traces them,
judiciously, to the original source in the
isolation of his childhood and early youth
from the domestic endearments of relative
association and intercourse ; and, through
their progressive development by the in-
toxicating influence of flattery and adula-
tion. It is curious that with respect to
the critical judgements in particular (favour-
able or sarcastic) of his Lordship, m. this
work, whieh we were looking. for,.-but
which had not issued from the press; while
we were writing the preceding article, Mr.
Dallas should have taken essentially the
same view that we have done ; i..e. that
they were the language of his humowrs not
of his opinions.

“ Tt is impossible,’ says: he, ‘‘ not to

erceive that his feelings rather than his
judgment guided his pen; and, sometimes
he seems indifferent whether it should con-
vey praise or blame.”

Mr. D. gives some curious instances of
this from the variations in the different co
pies of “ English Bards and Scotch Re-
viewers.” Thus, among other instances,
in the first copy Smyth is one of the dis-
gracers of “hoary Granta,” and the re-
deeming honour is ascribed alone to Hodg-

son.
j But

“ Tho printer’s condescend the press to soil
With odes by Smyth, and epic songs by Hoyle.”

* For Granta’s name *
Let Hodgeon’s genius plead, and save her fame!”

456

But before it went to the press the stigma
of dulness was removed from the brow of
Smyth, and he becomes half sharer in the
redeeming glory of the vandal university.

“« Tho? printers condescend the press to soil
With rhyme by Hoare, and epic blank by Hoyle.”

S» sunk.in dulness, and so lost in shame
That Smyth and Hodgson scarce redeem thy
« fame.’’

But as a still more striking instance of
this caprice of splenetic humour, which
renders satiric criticism something worse
than mockery, before Lord Carlisle offend-
ed him he was the very Apollo of the
peerage :.
~ «© On one alone Apollo deigns to smile

And crowns a new Roscoinmon in Carlisle.”

But after the resentment of the satirist
was excited, the case was entirely reversed
—Apollo and the Muse

“ No more will clear with renovating smile
The paralytic paling of Carlisle ;"—
, and-he is recommended, at the end of a
long tirade of . contemptuous ridicule for his
pulings from “ puny boyhood” to “ grey
hairs,’ to case his volumes in congenial
calf :
*€ Yes! doff that covering where morocco shines,
And hang a calf skin on those recreant lines.”*

But let any man well read in the poetry
of the age, and who has a taste and judg-
ment of his own, read the whole poem ; and,
admirable as it is in wit and pungency of
satire, ask himself seriously whether praise
and censure are not alike scattered through
the whole as spleen ? partiality, or the hu-
mour of the hour, might dictate, frequently
without the least regard to the merits or
demerits of the parties. But we must take
our leaye of Mr. Dallas’s ‘‘ Recollections,”’
by acknowledging, that though in bulk it is
but-a book-making sort of concern, the rea-
der who knows how to pick his way, through
publications of this description, may gather
information and amusement from it, to re-
ward his pains.

Greece, in 1823.and 1824; being a series
of Letters and other Documents an the»Greck
Revolution, written during a Visit to that
Country. By the Hon. Col, Leicester Stan-
hope, &c. 8yo., is a publication of much
more sterling value, and entitled to a much
larger portion of attention than we could
have found space to have given to it, even
if we had allotted to it the whole of our
literary proémium. Its contents are docu-
Ments and materials towards a very impor-
tant part of a very important history; and
reflect the highest honour not only upon
the writer but upon the Greek Committee,
whose. very active and. very enlightened
agent he was; and to whom the. letters
that form the, principal part of these. con-
tents were addressed. They hold out very
promising and gratifying prospects of the
ultimate issue of that glorious struggle in
which the redemption and the future fate
of “that birth-place of all-existing mind,” —

Literary and Critical Proémium.

[Dec. 1,
that country of earliest and most generous
admiration depends. The interest of this

work is not, however, of a mere ephemeral ,

description, and we lay it, therefore, aside
for the present, in the storehouse of those
materials, from which we haye it in con-
templation to prepare for ourreaders a very
different and much more comprehensive
supplement to our present volume, than
those with which the preceding half-yearly
collections have usually been closed.

The | Scrap-Book, Vol. I1., by John
M‘Diarmid, is justly described in the title-
page, ‘ A Collection of Amusing:and. Strik-
ing Pieces in Prose and Verse.’’. ‘They
are exclusively selected from modern au-
thors, and exhibit. a sufficient: extent of
variety to be alluring to those readers:who
prefer light reading, of this description, to
the trouble of selecting, for themselves, fram
more voluminous compositions. . The ori-
ginal contributions, by the Editor, are not
inferior to the selections.

We recommend to the particular atten-
tion of our readers, a small closely-printed
tract, entitled, Summary of the Report of a
Select Committee, appointed to inquire into the
causes which have led to the extensive depre-
ciation or ‘reduction of the’ Remuneration for
Labour in Great Britain, and the extreme pri-
vation and calamitous distress consequent
thereon. We know not a subject, which
demands a more prompt and effective con-
sideration, either from the philanthropist or
the politician. As nothing can be more
demonstrable than the concluding axiom of
this summary, ‘‘ That labour, and. labour
alone, constitutes the only real wealth of a
nation ; and nothing can be more: clear than
that; as long as the artizans. and, labourers
of the country produce the same quantity
of commodity, the nation is just as rich,
valuing the total produce of the «soil at
240,000,000. of farthings, as it is valuing it
at £24,0,000,000 :” so it is, as undoubtedly
an imperative duty, for those who enjoy the
advantages of that labour, to take care that
the labourers have their proper remunera-
tion, calculated, not by.the denomination of
money, but by reference to the quantum of
the produce of their labour. requisite for
their healthful and comfortable support.

James Forbes, a Tale founded :on Facts,
1 vol. 8v0.—This little unpretending work
is apparently designed and well calculated
for the instruction of the youth leaving his
school-desk for that of the counting-house ;
and endeayours to. point out»the danger
incurred. by the too. presumptuous opinion
of capabilities .to resist the temptations
which, at that particular peried of life; sur-
round us. It, is, therefore, of a: religious
character, though untainted -by fanaticism
or bigotry. _ The incidents are of every-day
occurrence ; and we think the author might
have dwelt more on one of the «principal
causes of the melancholy catastrophe of the
tale—and pointed out to parents and: tutors
the dangerous tendency of a practice, often

originally

a

824)

gnginally indulged without any evil inten-
tion, of imitating the different hand-writings
which come before them.

Of The Confessions of a Gamester, a simi-
lar volume, and not improbably from the
same pen, we cannot speak quite so fayour-
ably. It appears to us in the light of a
lamentable sophism, calculated to produce
the directly opposite effects from those de-
signed. It traces the progress of the sup-
posed confessionist through all the vices
and all the vicissitudes connected with the
gaming table, till it places him in a state of
opulence, which he enjoys to his eightieth
year. An example of prosperous atrocity,
to which we conceive the editorial post-
script, or additional chapter, describing the
miserably remorseful, but impenitent, death-
bed of the successful reprobate, with all the
dilation of sermonismg commentary, can
operate but as a very feeble antidote. To
the reader who has a due sense either of
religious or moral principle, this addition is
perfectly unnecessary. ‘To him who is des-
titute of both, it will be subject only of scoff
and ridicule.
Friendship’s Offering ; or the Annual Re-
membrancer: a Christmas Present, or New-
Year’s Gift for 1825,—is one of those pretty
literary toys which have come into fashion
by imitation of the French; and though in
the external case, or toy part of the present,
we may not yet quite equal them, in the
interior, both in taste and utility of literary
selection, and in the beauty of picturesque
embellishment, we leave them far behind.
The new-year’s gift before us is all, and
more than all, that from the nature of the
thing could be looked for. The engravings
and vignettes, twenty-six in number, are all
of them prettily, and some of them very
beautifully executed ; and when we mention
among the artists who have contributed the
original designs, the names of Stothard and
Westall, and add that two of the other
plates are copied from fine pictures by
Murillo and Sir Joshua Reynolds, no more
need be said upon this subject. Topo-
graphical notices accompany the views of
‘Constantinople, St. Petersburgh, Berne,
and Naples; and literary contributions are
added from the pens of Mrs. Opie and Miss
Edgeworth ; together with no scanty por-
tion of pretty poetry. The articles of this
description furnished by L. E. L. (the Zm-
provisatrice /) are entitled to a more distin-
guishing epithet, and would not disgrace
even the most classical seléction of Engiish
‘poetry. We would hint to this lady (for
she is as worthy of the friendly su ions
of criticism as many of those yn iy claim
to more yoluminotis reputation), that blank
‘yerse admits not either imperfect lines or
the licentious Alexandrine ; and in fact re-
“quires more attention to the perfectness of
its rhythmus than compositions that call in
the aid of rhyme. ’

The Literary Souvenir, or Cabinet of Poetry
aml Romance ; edited by Alaric A. Watts,
~“Montury Mac. No. 403,

Literary and Criiical Proémium.

457

is another of those elegant intellectual toys,
as they may be called, designed fora Christ-
mas, New-year’s, or anniversary gift, which
we are glad to see superseding in some
degree the mere toys and trinkets which
used alone to be devoted to such services.
It pretends not to that species of informa-
tion which, by the graver sort of censors, is
exclusively considered as useful ; but in that
species of utility which consists in minister-
ing to mental recreation, and the gratifica-
tion of taste and sentiment, it may be said
to abound to the extent of its necessary
limits. The engravings by Heath, Baker,
&c., from drawings by Fielding, Nasi,
Brockedon, Corbould, &c., are very beauti-
ful, and the printing and getting-up alto-
gether in a style of elegance commensurate
both with these embellishments and with
the literature they accompany. Of this we
need only mention the names of Campbell,
Montgomery, Maturin, Bowles, Byron, Mrs.
Hemans, Mrs. Opie, and L. EK. L., the
Improvisatrice, as among the distinguished
contributors, to bespeak the attention of the
fair and the gallant present-makers to the
Literary Souvenir.

Hommage aux Dames.—This little work
is of the same description as the “ New
Year’s Gift,” and replete with beautiful
little engravingr, poetry; and tales: of
course, the name specifies the object ; and
We assure onr gentle readers that they will
be amply gratified by the perusal.

Rothelan ; a Romance of the English His-
tories, by the Author of Annals of the Parish,
&c. &c., among the imitations which have
been attempted of the voluminous Great
Unknown, is one of the best class. But
why should Mr. Galt be an imitator at all?
The system of antiquarian romance-making
has its advantages, and had its attractions ;
and Sir W.S. (of course we must not write
the unknown name at length) was admira-
bly qualified both by talents and attainments
to support the masquerade of antiquity, he
undertook to exhibit in his sometimes sutfi-
ciently extravagant legends. But we sus-
péet that the tale has already been told too
often, and begins to tire, in spite of all the
Jukour to give it variety, even in the mouth
of the original teller; and it would be wis-
aom, we suspect, in writers of real talent to
endeavour to strike out a path of their own,
and leaye the Author of Waverly to write
himself down at his leisure, without their
assistance. The author before us, how-
eyer, seems to think it necessary, not only
to tread in the path of a successful prede-
cessor, but to carry his imitation so far as
to count the same number of steps. “ The
manuscript of Rothelan,”’ he tells us, “not
being sufficient to fill three volumes, three
additional tales haye been added,” to com-
plete what we suppose has come to be ¢on-
sidered as an orthodox number in the new
mystification of novelulogy. Perhaps, in the
Row, it might have been deemed little less
than a practical heresy to have added thirty

3.N or

458:

or forty pages to each of the precedent vols.
of about 300, and thus brought a Romance of
the English Histories into the compass of two.
But we beg Mr. G.’s pardon ; the imitation,
we perceive, is to be carried still further.
These three volumes are only the com-
mencement of a series. We are to have
another three vols. ; and another, and an-
other, and another, &c. &c. But with all
our admission of the talents of Mr. G. (and
they are of no mean description), we can-
not promise him that we shall follow either
him or his great prototype through all the
series he may thus lengthen out. There is
yet another point of imitation, —namely, the
bad English of the Great Unknown: at any
rate, we think it would have been as well
not to have let the imitation, in this respect,
stare the reader in the face, from the very
title-page. Will the author be kind enough
to tell us, or will any body else, for we
should be much obliged to them, what is
the meanihg of “a Romance of the English
Histories?”’ An English historical romance,
or a Romance from English history, or @
Romance founded on English history, would
be phraseology we could understand ; but
really a Romance of the. English Histories,
is gunshot beyond the sphere of our com-
prehension : especially, as it is evidently no
part of the design of the writer to bundle all
the English histories into one Romance ; as
the use of the comprehensive article THE, if
it is admitted to have any meaning, seems
to indicate. In fact, one of the evils with
which our literature seems to be menaced
by this inundation of Scottified novellizing,
is a tendency to barbarize the English
language. Let the Great Unknown and his
northern followers reserve, at least, their
Scotticisms for their Scottish characters, and
not, by introducing them into their narra-
tive also and their title-pages, mystify or
Scottify us into a practical ignorance of the
beautifully discriminative signification of our
auxiliaries and particles. This would be
“clipping (or, cripling rather) the wings of
our Hermes” with a vengeance.

_. Alice Allen, and other Tales. 8vo. By
Alexander Wilson.— Why it should be called
Alice Allen, in preference to any other
name, we have yet to learn, unless because
that is the first tale inthe book. It can-
not be that it is the best. But best or
worst are out of the question ; tly are all
alike—strange and abortive efforts at the
pathetic and the whimsical. The style is
stiff and harsh; and, from the specimen of
this first volume, we sincerely hope Mr.
Wilson will not find leisure for another.

Decision, a Tale, in 1 vol. 12mo.; by Mrs.
Hofland.—This lady has favoured us again
with another volume ; but, although written
in her usual flow of smooth and easy style,
it is less happy m conception than any of
her former works. She appears to us to
have forgotten the sex of her heroine, and

.to have mistaken obstinacy for decision ; at

_Jeast, such was the impression the principal

List of New Publications. for November.

[Dec. 1

incidents left upon our'minds: -We are the
more surprised at this, as Mrs. Hofland is
a lady, the general tendency of whose works -
and the truth with which she “ holds the
mirror up to nature,” deservedly rank her
with those benevolent enlighteners of the.
youthful mind, Mrs. Barbauld and “Miss
Edgeworth. We strongly recommend a
revision of pp. 64 to 66, in particular.

Gilmore, or the Last Lockinge, in 3 vols. 8yo.
—The descriptive scenery of this work is
beautiful ; but there is rather too much of
it. The principal characters should act a
little more, and reflect a little less. The
author is also too fond of placing his
“* figures in the distance ;”” so that the cu-
riosity of the reader is raised to know
whether it is a figure of fun, ora figure of
fright, or a numerical figure. It generally
turns out, however, to be some expected
lover, mistress, servant, or friend, who is
made a “ figure’’ of on the occasion.

<a
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
AGRICULTURE,

Hortus Gramineus Woburnensis ; or, an
Account of the Results of various Experi-
ments on the Produce and Fattening Pro-
perties of different Grasses, and other
Plants, used as the Food of the more valu-
able domestic Animals; instituted by John
Duke of Bedford. To which is added an
Appendix, pointing out the different Grasses
best adapted for the Manufacture of Leghorn
Bonnets, &c. By G. Sinclaia, F.L:8., F.H.S.
Royal 8yo, ;

Practical Remarks on the _Management
and Improvement of Grass Land, as far as
relites to Irrigation, Winter-flooding, and
Drainage ; in a Letter to the Land-owners,
&e., of the County of Essex. By C. C.
Western, Esq., M.P. 8yo.

ANTIQUITIES. .

The History and Antiquities of the Parish
and Palace of Lambeth; by J. Allan. Ato.
and Syo. .

EDUCATION.

An Epitome of the History, Laws, and
Religion of Greece, designed for the use of
Young Persons. By J. Stackhouse, Mem-
ber of the Literary and Philosophical Soci-
ety of Liverpool, Author of “ Lectures on
the Ancient Remains of Britain,”and other
works. 12mo. 4s. 6d.

A Key to the Exercises of Wanostrocht’s
Latin Grammar. By A, Kennedy. 12mo.
2s. 6d. : :

A Key to the Spanish Language, and
Conversation ; containing Idioms and Ex-
pressions on a variety of Subjects with an
Introduction to the Spanish Grammar, the
whole arranged in such a manner as to en-
able the student to acquire a speedy know-
ledge of the Spanish Language, and parti-

-ecularly adapted for Travellers. By D. E.

Delara. 18mo. 2s. 6d, boards.
Education at Home. 12mo. 2s.
An Attempt to Illustrate the Rules of

_English Grammar, and to explain the Na-

ture

824.]
’ ture and Uses of the several Particles.
12mo. 3s. boards.

Bonnycastle’s Introductiou to Algebra.
Thirteenth Edition. 12mo. 4s. bound.

Synoptic Tables of the Spanish Gram-
mar, and of all the difficulties which the
Spanish Language can present. By M.
Fernandez, 3s. on Sheet, and 4s. 6d. in case.

The Theory of Composition ; with exam-
ples in Latin, Prose and Verse, freely
translated into English: for the Assistance
of Youth. By R. Burnside, A.M. 12mo.
4s. 6d. boards.

Universal Stenography; or, A New,
Easy, and Practical System of Short-hand,
whereby a Person may acquire the Method
of correctly reporting Debates, Lectures,
and Sermons. For the Use of Schools and
Priyate Tuition. By William Harding,
Teacher of the Art. Illustrated with Five
elegant Engravings. Second Edition, cor-
rected and enlarged, with a New Alphabet,
by the late eminent W. Blair, Esq. M.A.
(now first published from his Manuscripts. )
12mo. 3s.

Stackhouse’s History of Greece.
4s.'6d. :

FINE ARTS.

British Galleries of Art; being a Series
of Descriptive and Critical Notices of the
principal Works of Art, in Painting and
Sculpture, now existing in England: ar-
ranged under the heads of the different
public and private Galleries in which they
are to be found.

; _ GEOGRAPHY.

Colombia ; its present state, in respect of
Climate, Soil, Productions, Population,
Government, Commerce, Revenue, Manu-
factures, Arts, Literature, Manners, Edu-
cation, and inducements to Emigration ;
with an original Map and Itineraries, partly
from Spanish surveys, partly from actual
obseryation. By Col.-Francis Hall, Author
of “ Letters from France,’ &c. S8yo. 7s.

Geography Illustrated on a Popular Plan,
for the Use of Schools and Young Persons.
With thirty-five Engravings. By the Rey.
J. Goldsmith. _A New Edition. 12mo.

HISTORY.

History of Roman Literature, from the
earliest Period to the Augustan Age. By
John Dunlop, Esq., Author of the His-
tory of Fiction. The Second Edition. In
2 vols. 8yo. £1 11s. 6d. boards.

HORTICULTURE.

The Fruit-Grower’s Instructor; or, a
Practical Treatise on Fruit-Trees, from the
Nursery to Maturity, with a Description
and Enumeration of all the best Fruits now
in cultivation. By G. Bliss, Gardener.
8vo. 6s.

_ Pomarium Brittanicum; or, an Histo-
rical and Botanical Account of Fruits cul-
tivated in Great Britain. By H. Phillips,
F.A.A. 3d Edition, 8vo. 10s. 6d.

LAW, CONVEYANCING, &c.

A Selection of Precedents from the best
Modern Manuscript Collections and Drafts

12mo.

New Books published in November.

459

of Actual Practice; with general Common
Forms and Variations, adapted to all the
circumstances usually occurring ; forming a
System of Conveyancing: with Disserta-
tions and practical Notes. By W. M.
Blythewood, Esq. of Lincoln’s Inn, Bar-
rister at Law. 3 vols. £3, 6s.

An Abstract to the Acts relative fo the
Customs and Excise, passed in 5th George
IV.; forming a Supplement to the Laws
and Duties of the Customs and Excise.
By Robt. Ellis, of the Long Room, Cus-
tom-House. 8yo. 2s. 6d. sewed.

MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

The Lectures of Sir Astley Cooper, Bart.
F.R.S. onthe Principle and Practice of
Surgery; with additional notes and cases
by Frederick Tyrrell, Esq. 1 vol. 8vo.
10s. 6d. boards.

Official Report on the Fever which ap-
peared on board H.M.S. Bann, on the
Coast of Africa, and amongst the detach-
ment of Royal Marines, forming the Garri-
son of the Island of Ascension, in the year
1823. By Wm. Bennet, M.D.

The London Dispensatory. By Anthony
Todd Thompson, F.L.S. In one large
vol. 8yo. (revised and altered according to
the last Edition of the London and Edin-
burgh Pharmacopzias) the 4th Edition.
15s. boards.

A Practical. Treatise on Hemorrhoids,
or Piles, Strictures, and other important
Diseases ‘of the Rectum and Anus. By
George Calvert. 8vo. 8s. 6d.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Greece in 1823 and 1824; bemg a Series
of Letters and Documents on the Greek
Revolution, written during a visit to that
country. By the Hon. Col. Leicester Stan-
hope. Illustrated with several curious Fac-
similes. ‘To which is added, ‘‘ The Life
of Mustapha Ali.” 8yvo. 13s.

An Account of the Colony of Van Die-
man’s Land; principally designed for the
use of Emigrants. _ By Edward - Carr.
12mo. 5s.

Remarkable Events in the History of

' Man; consisting of the Narrative of Three

Hundred of the most interesting Adyen-
tures, &c. &e. By the Rey. Joshua Watts,
D.D., Rector of Welby, Hants. _Embel-
lished with coloured engravings. 10s. 6d.

Views on the Rhine, in Belgium’ and
Holland; from Drawings by Capt. Batty,
of the Grenadier Guards, F.R.s.

An Essay on Instinct, and its Physical
and Moral Relations ; by T. Hancock, M.p.
8vo. 128. -. i

The Dictionary of English Quotations,
Part IIJ., containing Quotations. 12mo.
7s. 6d. ; f

The History of Moses; being a conti-
nuation of Scripture Stories. New Edition.
Royal 18mo, 3s. 6d. ;

The Encyclopedia Metropolitana, Part

. XIII.

The Zoological Journal, to be continued

Quarterly; conducted by Thomas Bell, Esq.
a

460

F.L.s.; John George Children; Esq., F.n. &
L.s.; James De Earl Sowerby, Esq., F.L-S. ;
and G. B, Sowerby, F.L.s. No. III. 10s.

Journal of the Private Life and Conyer-
sations of the Emperor Napoleon at Saint
Helena, By the Count de Las Cases. A
New Edition. In 4yols, 8vo. £2 12s.

Register of the Arts and Sciences, Vol.
I., containing a correct Account of several
hundred of the most important and interest-
ing Inventions, Discoveries, and Processes.
Illustrated with upwards of one hundred
Engravings. 8vo. 6s. 6d.

Remarks on the intended Restoration of
the Parthenon of Athens, as the National
Monument of Scotland. Syo. 5s. boards.

The Contributions of Q.Q. to a perio.
dical Work; with some Pieces not befre,
published. By the late Jane Taylor. 2 vols
12mo. 9s. boards.

Reports on Friendly Societies. S8yo. 6s.

Illustrations, Critical, Historical, Bio-
graphical, and Miscellaneous, of Novels by
the Author of Waverly. By the Rey.
Richard Warner, Rector of Great Chal-
field; Wilts. 3 vols. 12mo. £1 8s. boards.

Illustrations to Wiffin’s Tasso. Part I.
8vo. 2]s.

The East-India Military Calender (Part
the First and Part the Second) contaming
the Services of General and Field Officers
of the Indian Army. By the editor of the
Royal Military Calender, in 2 large 4to.
Price £5 extra bourds, or £2 10s. each

part. hci te)

Smith’s Letter to the Magistrates otf
York. 8yo. Is.

A Discourse on the Comparative Merits
of Scott and Byron, as writer of Poetry.
8vo. 3s. stitched.

Elegant Extracts ; or, Useful and En-
tertaining Passages in Prose. A New
Edition. Royal 8vo. 15s.

Meditations on Advancing Years and
Old Age. 12mo. 3s. 6d.

A View of the Intellectual Powers of
Man; with Observations on their Cultiva-
tion, adapted to the present State of this
Country. Read in the Literary and Phi-
losophical Society of Liverpool, 20th Nov.
1818. Fourth Edition. 8vo. 5s. stitched.

Dryden’s Virgil. A New Edition. 24mo.
4s. boards.

Elegant Extracts; or, Useful and En-
tertaining Pieces of Poetry. A New
Edition. Royal 8vo. 15s.

A Catalogue (delivered gratis) of the
Bibles, New Testaments, Common Prayers,
and Psalters, published by Mr. Bagster in
various languages, with their prices.

NOVELS AND ROMANCES.
James Forbes; a Tale, crown 8yo. 7s.
The Two Mothers, or Memoirs of the

New Books published in Novembers

(Dec. 1,
Last Century; by the author of “ Eurma
and her Nurse; ‘“ Margaret. Whyte,”
&e. &e. 8vo. 5s,

Saragossa; or, The Houses of Castillo
and De Amo: a Romance. By E. A.
Archer. 4 vols. 12mo, #1 6s. ‘

Lights and Shadows of Scottish Life. A
Selection from the Papers of the late Arthur
Austin. The Fourth Edition. Post 8vo.
10s. 6d.

Tales of Modern Days. By Elizabeth
Barber, Author of “ Dangerous Errors,”
and ‘ Influence and Example,” 12mo. 6s.

The Mirven Family ; or, Christian Prin-
ciple developed rn Early Life ; handsomely
printed in 12mo. 6s.

POLITICS.

A Discourse on the Rise, Progress,
Peculiar Objects, and Importance of Poli-
tical Economy; containing an Outline of a
Course of Lectures on the Principles and
Doctrines of that Science. By J. R. M‘Cul-
loch, Esq. Syo. 45s.

THEOLOGY.

Four Editions of the New. TrstaMENTs,
beautifully printed of the pocket size :—
I. Greek, with the English on opposite pages.
II. Greek, with the Latin opposite.
III. Latin, with the English opposite.
IV. French, with the English opposite.

A Catalogue (delivered gratis) of the
Bibles, New Testaments, Common Prayers,
and Psalters, published by Mr. Bagster in
various Languages, with their prices.

A Manual for the Sick; contaming Pray-
ers and a Selection of Psalms ; arranged in
stich a manner as may render the reading of
them to the Sick more convenient and
advantageous. By the Rev. Thos. Hun-
tingford, a.m. 18mo, 2s. 6d.

Family Conversations on the Evidences
and Discoyeries of Reyelation, 18mo. 3s.
bound.

Lectures on the Lord’s Prayers, with
two Discourses on interesting and import-
ant subjects; by the Rey. Sirke Booker,
Vicar of Dudley, &c. 12mo,

Familiar Illustrations of the Principal
Evidences, and Design of Christianity. By
Maria Hack. 18mo. 3s, boards.

Selections from the Works of Archbishop
Leighton ; with a brief Sketch of his Life,
by the Rev. W. Wilson, D.D., Fellow of
Queen’s College, Oxford. Second Edition,
with a Portrait, 3s, 6d. boards. .— :

The Duty of Family Prayer ; a Sermon,
by C. J. Blomfield, p.p. (now Bishop of-
Chester), Rector of St. Botolph’s, Bishops--
gate. 8vo. Is. ‘ .

A Manual of Family Prayer, by the Lord
Bishop of Chester. 18mo. Is. 6d.; and on
fine paper, 3s.

BANKRUPTS

1824.

{ 461 ]

ALPHABETICAL List OF BANKRUPTCIES, annownced between the 20th of September and the
a 20th of October 1824.; extracted from the London Gazettes.

BANKRUPTCIES. [This Month 105.]

Solicitors’ Names are in Parentheses.

BRAHAMS, L. of Mansell-street, Goodman’s-
fields, merchant. (Novcl, Great Ormond-street
Allison, J. Church-street, Camberwell, coachmaster,
(Carpenter, Furnival’s-inn
Badcock, J. St. John’s-street, bootmaker. (Farden,
New-inn
Baker, C. Ratcliff-highway, grocer. (Baddeley,
London street, Goodman’s- fields
Banks, R. Paddington, Mary-le-bone, tailor. (Far-
ris, Surrey-street
Barnes, T. and H. Wentworth, New Corn Exchange,
Mark-lane, millers. (Shiers, St. George’s-place,
New-road
Beech, J. Newcastle-under-Lyme, carrier. (Fenton,
Newcast!e-under-Lyme, and Barber, Fetter-lane
Bennett, Blandford Forum, Dorset, wine-merchant.
(Moore, Blandford,and Chisholm, Lincola’s-inn-
fields ’
Biggs, G. Bradford, Wilts, clothier. (Cruiksbanks,
Bath ; and Corbett, Hart-street, Bloomsbury
Biggs, H. Blandford Forum, Dorset, mercer. (San-
dys and Co., Crane-court, Pleet-street
Birt, G. Pickett-street, tea-dealer. (Noy and Hard-
stone, Great Tower-street
Boswell, F.S. Surand, shopkeeper. (Hamilton and
Twining, Berwick-street, Soho
Brook, J. jate of Choppards in Wooldall, Kirkbur-
ton, York, clothier. (Battye and Co., Chancery-
lane
Browne, J. H. Clapham, linen-draper.
Size-lane
Brown, J. Rochdale, Lancaster, innholder. (White-
head, Manchester, and Applesby, Gray’s-inu-sy.
Buncombe, R. Mile-end New-town, ceal and potato
dealer. (Birkét and Taylor, Cloak-lane
Byers, E. Prince’s-stieet, Suhio, whalebone mer-
chant. (Collins, Great Knight Rider-street, Doc-
tors’ Commons
Capon, G: Oxford-street, upholsterer. (Woodward,
Furnival’s.inn
Chanceller, D. jun. Stowe Upland, Suffolk, maltster.
Chant, J.B Somerton, Somerset, grocer. (Nicholls,
Great W inchester-street
Clark, W.. Speldhurst-street, Burton-crescent, coal-
merchant and lath-render. (J. D. Pinero, Char-
lotte-street, Fitzroy-square
Clark, W. Kingston-upon-Hull, seedsman and coal
merchant. (J. Taylor, Clement’s-inn
Cooke, J. Bristol, brightsmith. (Williams and
White, Lincoln’s-inn
Couper, F, East Derham, Norfolk, grocer. (Bar-
ber, Fetter-lane
Craig, J. Austinfriars-passage, merchant. (Franch,
Union:court, Brond-street
Croose, J. Cheltenham, tallow-chandler. (Wil-
liams and White, Lincoln’s-iin
Dauncey, J. of Coaley Mills Uley, Glocestershire,
woollen manufacturer. (Hutchison, Crown-court,
Threadneedle-street
Dawes, J. Oxford-street, orange-merchant. (Abra-
ham, Great Marlborough-street
Desay J. Blackburn, bookseller. (Edleston,
Blackburn; and Clark and Co,, Chance
Dring, T. Bristol, brewer,
Bread-street, Cpeapalde, ;
Drury, R. and G. Thompson, both Jate of New
Park-street, Southwark, but now of Luke-street,
Finstury-square, and Turnham-green, brewers.
(Hindmarsh, Crescent, Jewin street, Cripplegate
Eade, C. Stourmarket, Suffolk, grocer. (Marriott,
Stourmarket; and Slade and Jones, John-street,
Bedford-row
Ellis, A. Hackney,
b man, ater aera 2
argues, F. P. Berwick-street, Solio, printer. (Ro-
Bi nson, of ig F< A ‘ we R I
auntleroy, H. Berner’s-street, ker. °
Old Broad-stteet (Gordons
Foxton, R. Norton Grange, Durham, common
brewer. (Perkins and Frampton, Holborn.court

(Jones,

( vy lane
(Bourdillon and Hewit,

France, T. Paddington, timber-merchaut. (Saxon
and Hooper, Temple
Francis, R. Wellelose-square, hatmaker. (Brown

and Martin, Commercial sale rooms, Mincing-lane
Garduer, C. Mile-end-road, merchant, (Wil lame,
Copthall-court, Throgmorton strect

rosters (Ashley and Good=

Gibson, J. Cambridge, dealer. (Robinson, Half-
moun-street, Piccadilly

Greening, W. Hampstead, carpenter. (Saunders
and Bailey, Charlotte-street, Fitzroy-square

Guyer, J. Woolwich, tailor, (Brutton, Old Broad-
street

Hassall, W. Newgate-street, hatter.
Walbrook

Haddon, T. South Burton-mews, Berkeley-squarey
stable keeper. (Bull, Carlton chambers, Regent-
street

Hickson, M. Manchester, tailor.
Co., Bedford -row

Hide, R. High-street, Bloomsbury, bedstead-maker.
(Digeum, Litue Distaff-lane, Doctors? Commons

Hill, W, Greenfield, Flint, paper-manufacturer.
(Kay. Manchester

Hippon, W. Earlscourt, Dewsbury, York, merchant.
‘(Fisher and Sudlow, Thavies-inn

Hodgson, J. late of Bath, auctioneer,
and Barron, Essex-street, Strand

Holman, J. New Mills, Glossop, victualler.
inton, Middle Temple

Hoskins, R. Manchester, merchant. (Bracken-
bury, Manchester; and Hurd and Johnson, Temple

Hunt, T. Heaton Norris, Lancashire, and Stock-
port, Cheshire, cotton-spinner. (Hurdand John-
son, Temple

Huntingdon, J. Skinner-street, jeweller.
Ely-place

Hyatt, W. Dorset-street, Manchester-square, uphol-
sierer, (Harvey and Wilson, Lincoln’s-inn-fields

Ingham, J. Aldgate, woollen-draper. (Tanner, New
Basinghall-street ‘

Jackson, S. G. Loughborough, Leicestershire, corn
merchant. (Messrs. Adlington, Gregory, and
Faulkener, Bedford-row

Johnson, P. Woolwich, linen-draper. (Nokes, Sta-
ples-inn

Johnstone, T. O. Great Queen-street, Lincoln’s-inn-
fields, dealer in music. (Bromley, Coptiial-court

King, T. Crofton, Northumberland, ship-owner.
(Bell and Broderick, Bow Churchyard, Cheapside

Lee, P. C. and W. Ballard, Hammersmith, linen-
draper, (Jones, Size-lane

Levy, H. Rathbone-place, glass-dealer.

hitecross-street

Lewis, J. Bristol, merchant. (Cooke and Bengough,
Bristol ; and Buusfield, Chatham-place

Lloyd, F. Great Surrey-eiteet, Blackfriars-road,
malt-factor. (Cranch, Umon-court, Broad-street

Macmillac, J. Liverpool, merchant. (Battye, Chan-
cery-lane ‘

Mannall, W. Great Wild-street, Linculn’s-inn-fields,
baker. (Shiers, St. George’s-place, New-road

Marsdall, T. Basinghall-street, Blackwell-hall, fac-
tor, (Knight and Fyson, Basinghall-street

Marsh, W., J. H. Stracey, H. Fauntleroy, and G. E.
Graham, Berner’s-street, bankers. (Seymour,
Portiand-street, Cavendish-square

gu Hideeal W. Stepney, builder, (Lewis, Crutched

riars .

Mathews, T. and W. Bingham, Kingston-upon-
Hull, drapers, (Clay and Thompson, Manchester;
and Adiington and Co., Bedford. row

May, N. Stepney, builder. (Hutchinson, Crown-
court, Threadn eedle-street

Neverd, W. Brunswick-street, Hackney-road, bakers
(Hudson, Winkworth-buildings, City-road

Oldfield, J. Westholm, Somerset, tanner.
dillon and Hewitt, Bread-street, Cheapside ;

Oldham, J. Bristol, woollen araper. (Osborn and
Ward, Bristol; and Meredith, Lincoln’s-inn

Oliver, T. Park-place, Regent’s-park, stage-master.
(Halleth, Northumberland-street, New-road

Parker, C. Bristol, tailor, (Vizard and Blower,
Lincoln’s-inn :

Pilkington, W.G, Ilford, victualler. (Gray, Tyson-
place, Kingsland-road :

Preston, W. Newcastle npon-Tyne, broker. (Spen-
cer, Newcastle-upon-Tyne ; and Swayne and Co.,
Frederick’s-place

Rackham, J. Strand, bookseller. (Roche, Charles-
street, Covent-garden

Radclyffe, E. High Holborn, carver and gilder,
(Rogers and Son, Manchester. buildings 4

Ryall, W.and T. Upper Berkeley-street West, stone
masons. (Allen and Co,, Carlis!e-street, Soho

Sanders, W. Wood-street, Cheapside, ribbon manu-
facturer. (Sheppard and Co., Cloak-lane ‘

Seagrim

(Richardson,

(Addington and

(Nethersoles

Mack -

(Reeves,

(Norton,

(Bour-

462

Seagrim, J. jan, Wilton, Wilts, carpet manulactu-
rer.. (Tanner, Salisbury, and Emly, Temple

Sell, J. George-street, Tower-hill, cheesemonger.
(Tanner, New Basinghallestreet

Shepherd, W. Sloane-terrace, Chelsea, plumber.
(Pasmore, King’s-arms-yard, Coleman street

Simpson, N,, Shelton, Stafford, manufacturer of
earthenware. (Plant, Newcastle-under-Lyme ;
and Harvey and Wilson, Lincoln’s-inn-fields

Soloman, M. Great Prescott-street, hardwareman.
(Hutchison, Crown-court, Threadneedle-street

Sparks, J. M. Mount-place, Whitechapel, merchant.
(Lewis, Crutched-friars

Spencer, J. M. Chipping Wycombe, Bucks, coach-
master. (Lovell, Holborn-court

Starling, T. Islington, bookseller.
nard’s-inn

Stevens, W.H. Islington, dealer in earthenware,
(C. Reeves, Ely-place 4

Stewart, D. and W. M‘Adam, Trowbridge, tea-
dealers. (Perkins and Frampton, Gray’s-inn

Strachan, A. Liverpool, master-mariner. (Orted and
Co., Liverpool; and Lowe, Southampton-build-

(Jones, Bar-

ings
Stanton; G. Brighton, carpenter. (Faithful, Brigh-
ton; and Faithful, Birchin-lane
Styring, C. jun. Sheffield, dealer, (Brookfield, Shef-

List of Bankrupts and Dividends.

(Dec. 1,

Tibbert, R. Stepney, cheesemonger. (Baddeley,
Leman- street, Guodman’s-fields |

Tickner, J. late of Fitcham, Surrey,'and of Brighton,
Sussex, now of Padnel-corner, Essex; horse-dealer.
(1), Jones, Size-Inne

Valle, W. Newington-causeway, draper. (Gate and
Hardwick, Cateaton-street

Vincent, J. Trowbridge, Wilts, clothier,
Bristol ; and Dix, Symond’s-inn

Warden, J. of New Sarum, Wilts, money-scrivener.
(C, Luxmore, Red Lion-square.
Watson, G. Lancaster, innkeeper. (Keightley, Liver-
pool; and Keigttley, jun., Hare-court, Temple
Wignall, C. Liverpool, turpentine-dealer. (Taylor
and Roscoe, Temple

Winkles, R. sen, and R. W. Winkles, jun., Isling-

_ ton, coal-merchants. (Shiers, St. George’s-place,
New-road

Wood, T. Birchin-lane, merchant. (Lavie and Co,,
Frederick-place, Old Jewry r

Woolley, H. sen. of Winster, Derbyshire, grocer
and draper. (W. Roberts, Exchequer Office, So-
merset-place ; Messrs. Swathenham and Andrew,
Wuksworth, Derbyshire; and Mr. Flint, Uttoxe-
ter, Staffordshire

Wroots, R. and Joseph Adkins, Great Titchfield-
street, linen-drapers. (Cook and Wright, Lin-
coln’s-inn-fields

(Fruvkis,

field; and Tilson and Preston, Coleman-street

Adams, J. Union-street, South-
wark, Dec, 4
Adams, T. Preston Bagot, War-
wickshire, Nov. 26
Adcock, J..St. Mary Axe, Nov. 16
Alloway, J. Rotherhithe, Surrey,
Oct. 90
Andrews, W. Stamford, Nov, 22
Ansel, J; Filkins, Oxford, Dec. 7
Archer, J. King’s Lynn, Norfolk,
Nov. 97
Bardwell, G. Bungay, Nov. 22
Barrett, W. Cardiff, Dec. 11
Bath, W. Copenhagen-house, Is-
. lington, Nov, 23
Becher, C. G. eshbaty, Nov. 20
Bell, J. Hathersett, Norfolk, Dec.7
Bennett, G. and J, LitUe Eccles-
ton, Lancaster, Dec. 14 é
Benson, J.R. Artillery-place, Fins-
a ee Dec, 11
Bidder, T. Ilfracombe, - Devon-
shire, Nov, 15
Blackband, G,. Gnosall, Stafford,
Dec, (4
Blackley, E. Wood street, Cheap-
side, Nov. 20
Blackmore, ‘E, Henrietta-street,
Covent-garden, Nov, 20
Blackmor, E. Henrietta-street,
Jan. 8
Bowring, J. G, Fenchurch-build-
_ ings, Nev. 20
Bracewell, J,
Dec. 8
Bradshaw, J. and R, “ancaster,
Nov. 25
Breit, R. Temple-place, Black-
friars, Dec. 7
Brett, W,. Stone; Staffordshire,
Dec. 4
Bromley, J. Circus-street, New-
road, Marylebone, Nov. 20
Broughall, R. Little Ness, Salup,
Dec. 16
| aed G, Lambeth, Nov. 27
uchanan, D, and R, Benn, Liver-
pool, Nov. 29
Buin, E, Hermitage-place, St,
John’s-street, Noy. 30 ‘
Burden, F.and T. Henley in Har-
_den, Warwick,. Nov. 26
Burgess, J. Trowbridge, Wilts,
Nov,27
Burminster, J. W. New London-
street, Nov, 93
Bury, H, Austinfriars, Nov. 16
Cannon, J. Liverpool, Nov. 20
Chabert, P. Pentonville; Dect 4
Clark, J. P. Drayton, Warwick,
Nov. 97
Clough and Co, Liverpoul, Nov, 18

Bramley, York,

DIVIDENDS.

Cleghorn, W. Ratcliff-highway,
Dec. 11

Collier, J. Rathbone-place, Nov.18

Cossart, J.J. and P., Clements-
lane, Dee. 11

Cowie, J. Genrge-street, City,
Dec. 4

Crowther, W, Charles-street, Mid-
dlesex-hospital, Nov. 16

Dale, G. Holborn, Nov. 27

Dann, G. Linton, Kent, Nov. 13

Daubney, Fortsea, Nov. 20

Devey, H. F., T. Tickell, and J.
Saunders, Gold’s-hill, Stafford,
Nov. 99 ’

Dew, W. Praed-street, Padding-
ton, Dec. 4

Drabwell, J. Gieat Russell.street,
Dec..4

Drake, Lewisham, Nov. 27

Drew, T. Exeter, and Hili’s-court,

@ St. Sidweil’s, Devonshire, Noy.

20
Eldershaw, J. Hampton, Nov. 30
Ellaby, T. Emberton, Bucking-

ham, Dec. 6
Englidow, Stockton, Durham,
Nov. 25

Enoch, J. Birmingham, Dec. 14

Falkner, F. Manchester, Dec. 15

Fisher, C. York, Dec. 7

Fles, L, M. Bury-court, St. Mary
Axe, Nov. 7

Fletcher, J.and Co. Eccles, Dec. 6

Forbes, W. Gateshead, Durham,
Dec, 6 é

Foster, J. Tring, Hertford, Dec. 11

Gardener, G,
Noy. 97

George, J. M. Horsham, Nov. 20

Gibson, J. Liverpool, Dec. 11

Gome::all, J. and B. Leeds, Nov.90

Gomersall, J. and Co. Deighton,
York, Dec. 8

Goodeve, W. D, Winthorne Min-
ster, Dorset, Nov. 27

Goulden, C, Dilham, Norfolk,
Dec. 6

Hamilton and Co, New. City-
chambers, Nov, 6

Hargreaves, W. White Ash, within
het govshere tig Lancashire, Nov.
1 ;

Harris, F. and $8. Grove, Bristol,
Dec. 11
Harris, T.
Nov. 96
Harrop, J. George-yard, Nov. 30
Baviland, W. Plymouth, Nov. 23
Uawkridge, C. Knaresboroagh,
Dec, 15 .

St. John’s-street,

Haselor, Warwick,

Hodge, W. Great Herm tage-
street, Nov. 16

Hodgson, T. Newgate-sir. Dec. 7

Holl, T. Piccadilly; Nov. 20° -

Honeyselt, W. Dalston, Dec. 18

Hooper, J. Tooley-street, Nov, 23

Hould, S. Laytonstone, Essex,
Noy, 30 : . a

Humphreys, S, Charlotte-street,
Poriland-place, Nov. 27

Humphreys, W. Billesden,, Lei-
cestershire, Nov. 24

Hutton, J. Abchurctryatd, Nov. 13

Ilirgworth, J. and J. Knowles,
Leeds, Dec. 8

Johnson, N. B. Birmingham,
Dec. 8 “

Kanifeck, P. Bristol, Dec. 6

Ketcher, N. Bradwell, Essex,
Nov. 97 Ae

Laing, G. Dunster-court, Nov, 16

Langhorn, H. and W. Bradsford,
Bucklersbury, Nov. 93

Lea, W. and J. F. Paternoster-
tow, Noy. 3 .

Lincoln, J. Norwich, Dec. 6

Lloyd, G. Cumberland-street,
Marylebone, Dec. 4

Longster, G. Highbury-terrace,
Nov. 27

Lowe, J. Birmingham, Dee. 9

Lush, J. and W. High Holborn,

Dec. 18
Derby,

Lyne, J.
Dec. 8

Mackay. J. Warwick-street, Gol-
den-square, Dec. 4

Mackenzie, A. Lime-street, Nov.
13

Martin, J. Bolton, Dec. 9

Mason, J. Manchester, Dec. 7

Matson, W. and C, Water-lane,
Nov. 27 : Ss

Mawson, G. Bradford, York, Noy.
1

Sunmondley,

7
.Miller, T. Frome, Silwood, Dec. 7

Minot, P. and C. Crease, Philpot-
lane, Nov. 23

Moline, S. Billeter-lane, Nov. 20

Mott, W.R, Brighton, Nov, 2+

Murray, W. Pall-mall-ct, Nov. 16

Nelson, W.Jewin-crescent, Noy.23

Norris, T. Bartholomew-close, .
Nov..20 hh,

Norton, D. S. Uxbridge, Nov, 20

Oakley, G.; and J. Evens, Old
Ronud-street, Dec. 4 t

Oliphant,, J. Cockspun-street,
‘Nov. 20 .

Palmer, Ts, Guttér-lane, Nov. 30

Payn,T. and J.D. Catyaton-street,
Nov, 16

1824.)

Pelham, J. sen. Chart, near Maid-
stone, Noy. 6

Peters, J..Dorking, Dec. 4

Pigram, J. Maidstone, Nov. 16

Pilling, J. and W. Mirfield, York;
Dec. 16 ;

Ponting, T. Bedminster, Somer-
set, Dec. 9

Ramsey, T. St. Mary Hill, Nov. 27

Richardson, J. Holborn, Nov. 20

Ridsdale, F. Leeds, and W. Ha-
milton, Finsbury-place, Nov. 20

Roberts, G. Wapping, Nov. 23

Roberison, J. Old Broad-street,
Dec. 4

Roper, J. Norwich, Dec, 6

Sandisun, W. Cork-street, Bur-
lington-gardens, Nov. 23

Scott, W. Pall-mall, Nov. 30

Sedger, S. P. Maidstone, Nov. 27

Shackle, J. Milk-street, Cheap-
side, Nov. 27

Sims, B. St. Ann’s-lare, Nov. 16

Smith, A. Beech-street, Nov. 16

Medical Report.

Smith, E. Green Lettuce-lane,
Nov. 20 ;
Southbrook, C.
Dec. 4
Spurrier, J.
Nov. 23
Stewart, Bishopsgate-str., Dec. 7
Stodhart, R. and M. Strand, Dec.4
Stonebridge, W. Colchester, Es-
sex, Nov. 97 ,
Street, J.P. and W. Bucklersbury,
Nov. 27
Stubb, T. J. Preston, and J.
Sparke, Botolph-lane, Nov. 27 ~
Taylor, J. Shetheld, Dec. 13
Telford and Arundell, Liverpool,
Nov, 13°
Tennent, T. Liverpool, Novy. 20°
Teulon, fT. Warrenston, Dec. 11
Thomas, P. Mitre-court, Cheap-
side, Nov 30
Tollett, W. Plymouth-dock, Dee.
14

Ww. B.

Covent-garden,

Enfield highway,

Tonge, G. East-India

463.

Chambers, Leadenhall-street,

Nov. 20

Townsend, E, Maiden-lane, Co-
vent-garden, Noy. 20

Turnbull, W. Oxford-street, Dec. 7

mlurner, J. Fleet-street, Nov. 13

Underwood,H.Cheltenham, Noy,23

Walwvyn, R. Wood-street, Cheap-
side, Nov. 27

Welsby, W. Manchester, Nov. 17

Wetherberd, C. Liverpool, Dec. 1

Whinfield, J. and T. Thompson,
Gateshead, Nouv. 9

Whitmore, F. jun, Fulham, Dec. 4

Wilson, R. Bow-lane, Nov. 16

Wood, J. Cardiff, Noy. 17.

Wood, H.W. and Co. Working-
ton, Dec. 18

Woollis, J. Woolwich, Dec. 18

Wright, J. Russell-street, Blooms-
bury, Dec. 7

Yeoman, B. Frome, Somerset,
Nov. 16

Zimmer, J. Welbeck str. Nov. 1

MEDICAL REPORT.

Repvort of DisrasEs and Casuattties occurring in the public or private Practice of
the Physician who has the care of the Western District of the City Dispensary.

EVER has not only been frequent
during the past month, but in some
instances it has proved fatal ; and among its
victims is to be numbered one of the able
physicians to the fever institution ; an indi-
vidual whose premature death has excited
a considerable sensation through the ranks
of the faculty generally, and a more than
ordinary measure of regretful remembrance
in the minds of all (and the present writer
was one of them) who had the happiness
of his acquaintance. :
As an officer of the fever infirmary, it
will be naturally inferred that he became the
subject of contagious influence in the dis-
charge of his duties at that establishment.
To ascertain whether this was or was not
the case, the reporter applied for informa-
tion to another medical friend, who stands
deservedly high in public estimation as an
elegant writer and ingenious reasoner on
febrile disorders. The answer of the_indi-
vidual referred to was the following: “‘ What
were the circumstances of Dr. Cleverley’s
death I am not aware, for I did not attend
him ; but I am strongly inclined to believe,
that there is no such thing as taking the
contagion of typhus. I verily believe that
the disorder is produced in each individual,
not by communication, but mal-aria.”’
If this statement of an eminent physician
should excite the surprise of those accus-
tomed to consider the communicable nature
of fever as an established fact, what will
they think of Dr. Machan’s obstinacy in
anti-contagious credence, who made a jour-
ney to Constantinople for the express pur-
pose of visiting and prescribing in the pest
houses of that city during the prevalence of
“plague ;. who fell ill of the distemper in the
course of his fearless investigation; who

recovered hardly from its malignant viru-
lence ; who at length returned to this coun-
try, and shortly issued two bulky volumes
for the avowed purpose of proving that even
plague itself is not a contagious disease.

To these extremes of opinion on either
side, the writer of these essays has never
been able to subscribe. He «has before
stated, and his opinion on this head will in
in a few days. be given to the public in a
more detailed form*—that he differs in’ opi-
nion both from the contagionist and anti-
contagionist. He is at the same time both,
and neither. It would appear. to his con-
ception that almost all diseases possess
some degree of communicating: power, but
that the contagionist draws out their spe-
cific lines of demarcation and divergence
with a boldness of pencil beyond nature ;
and that it is from an insufficient apprecia-
tion of time, place, and circumstance on the
oue hand, and from a systematic blindness
to the staring facts of contagion on the
other, that the booksellers’ shelves continue
to be crowded with volumes of unavail-
ing controversy. Respeeting a question,
however, on which wise men have so widely
differed, it will be deemed unbecoming to
assume an air of dogmatism: this the re-
porter is ever indeed sincerely desirous to
avoid, whatever may be thought of the suc-
cess attending his attempts.

A case of much interest has recently pre-
sented itself; it was'a species of croup, in
which it was deemed justifiable to order an
opening imto the windpipe; although the
recommendation was given with but the

faintest

* Ina little work just ready for publication, b
Longman, entitled * A Compendium of Theoreti-
cal and Practical Medicine.”

464

faintest hope of success, and notwithstand-

ing that the ultimate event was whfayour- °

able, the partial and present success with
which the operation was attended, may be
almost taken in proof, that under some cir-

Monthly Agricultural Report. \

[ Dec. 3,

cumstances of menaced suffecation from’
this dread disorder, it may be had recourse
to with propriety and effect! ~‘

we SOWING, BED.
Bedford Row, Nov. 26, 1824.»

MONTHLY AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

——

UR. late prospect of an amendment
in the weather has failed, and the low
lands continue to be deluged to the entire

prevention, in many parts, of those agricul-_

tural operations propey to the season. On
the continent also, the farmers are in the
same unfortunate predicament. The pre-
sent month being usually the latest in the
autumn, for the commission of wheat seed
to the earth, a considerable portion of the
_ business of sowing will necessarily stand
over to January and the beginning of Fe-
bruary. This is by no means the sum of
the injury. The perpetual redundance of
moisture has favoured the production of
myriads of slugs, which have already been
most injuriously busy with the young
wheats, on the low lands and sodden clays.
Such a state of the weather, also, in au-
tumn, is generally followed by the pest of
svire-worms in the spring. The early sown
wheat on dry and healthy lands vegetated
quickly, and is a strong and forward crop ;
that on poor soils and cold infertile clays,
is weak, of an unhealthy colour, and much
thinned by the vermin. In some exposed
districts, the turnips have been singularly
affected by the almost constant gales of
wind; they have been blown to the earth,
the bulbs half uncovered, and so much of
the fibrous roots destroyed, as to leave
little probable hope of farther increase in
the weight of the erop. The excess of
moisture, moreover, must deteriorate the
quality of the common turnip; and they
will be fortunate, who have a considerable
breadth of the rutabaga or Swedish turnip,
whieh, from its firmer texture, will pro-
bably be better able to resist the redun-
dancy of moisture. However, in general,
the turnip crop never exhibited a finer ap-
pearance. In backward situations, part of
the out-crop was abroad as late as the first
week of this month, much of it harvested
with difficulty, and the whole of very low
quality. A great portion of the c’over
seed is umnsaleable at very low market,
but that of the oil-mills. Preparing the
heavy lands for wheat-sowing has been
laborious and expensive.” The grass, sa-
turated indeed with moisture, thence re-
duced in its feeding quality, and in many
places dangerous for sheep stock, conti-
nues in immense abundance , and it being

a similar case with all kinds of autumnal
food for live stock, every species holds
price in a most extraordinary degree.
Milch cows, in calvers and syicklers, haye
fetched the highest prices that have been
heard of during many years; Twenty and
twenty-five shillings have’ been given for
store pigs, three monthspold. Horses, the
good ones especially, never in great plenty,
haye known no autumnal reduction of
price. Good sized yearling cast colts, and
yearling racers, are ready money at a very
high figure. The exportation from Ireland
to our opposite coasts, of cattle, sheep,
and some horses, has of late been very
brisk; and the Irish stock is said to be
much improved. The price of wheat has
again had perhaps a temporary adyance,
from the inclemency of the weather, the
demand for seeds, and the opinions of spe-
culators: good barley must, at any rate,
remain dear until we are relieved by another
crop; in consequence we must expect to
eat our bread and drink our beer at a high
price, which certainly will not tend to
check the usual adulteration of the latter ;
a matter however of little moment, since
it is a fact, that a vast majority of the peo-
ple of this country ever have, and still do,
prefer the adulterated beverage, to that
which is the simple and genuine product of
malt and hops. Wool of ready sale and
advancing. There seems some degree of
improvement in the condition of the la-
bourers in husbandry. Hay bears a high
price, considering the great quantity on
hand. The warm, dry, and fertile districts,
are in a far better situation with respect to
quantity and quality of produce and success
in harvest and seed time, than is to be un-
derstood from the general tenour of this re-
port. In Scotland, both harvest and wheat
sowing may be considered fortunate.

Smithfield :—Beef, 3s. 4d. to 4s. 4d.—
Veal, 4s. 6d. to 5s. 8d.—Mutton,. 4s. Od.
to 4s. 6d. ——Pork, 4s..6d. to 5s. 8d.— Bath
Bacon, 5s. 10d.—TIrish do, .5s, ,

Corn Exchange :— Wheat, 52s. to 80s.—
Barley, 35s. to 55s.—Oats, 22s. to 35s.—
Bread, (London), 11d. the loaf of 4lb.—
Hay, 60s. Od: to 100s.—Clover: do. 75s. to
126s.—Straw 33s. to 45s.

Coals in the Pool; 36s.°9d. to 46s. "3d:

Middleser, 22d Nov. E ‘

MONTHLY

[ 465. J.

MONTHLY PRICE-CURRENT.

—=>_—-

1824.)
Atmonps :—Sweet, percwt. 14/ to 14/.5s.
TRWMED Ci tate et eee te wise Habla Blease
Mia ee: Sk bs aaa Be per ton 13/.
Asuzs :— Quebec Pot....... percwt. 33s.

United States............ 39s. to 40s.
Quebec Pearl....,......- 39s. to 40s.

Barua :—Teneriffe, p’ ton, 17/.10s.to 182.
Carthagena............ 21d..to 220; Os.
PAUICAM GES cscs Gala + dalse oO tah a%s of obee
SSCINY? Noses w.eee,e 181.108. to 192.

Brimstone :—
Rough .... per ton 62. 10s. to 6/. 12s. 6d.

Cocoa :—
West-Indian. .. per cwt .. 2/. 15s. to 4l.
BrIMdad. . «..<:0.0:s:sh0\s .. 3l. 10s.to 47. 5s.
Aeberiadays; .:srs:e-wnsie «> -- dl, to 4/. 10s,

ROAR ACCAS ang wi an walla « + spi o7.26) \(MONE.)

Correr:—Jamaica Triage.... 50s. to 53s,

Jamaica, good..... seeres. 608. to 64s.
- -, fine ............ 80s. to B5s.
——-, very fine........ 86s. to 100s.
Mamma NS. Ss 60s. to 89s.
MICTINCE... 2a 0s ces . Suaene 60s. to 75s.
CorrTon :— ;

West. India; common, per lb. 8d. to 9d.
CTT A aE 9d.to 1ld.
Berbice .......... -.... 9d. to 103d.
Demerara... i vac> -> op o--- Jad~ t0 Lid:
Sea Island....... Seathe.e aekee tO ls. 7a.
New Orleans ............ 8d. to 1ld.

Georgia Bowed .......... 74d. to 9d.
Bahia... 2. or ees «eee. 10d. to Lld.
Maranham......... +... 10d. to lid,
PRAT iene t= weeeee 4d. to 10d
Mina..... «eee 73d. to 10d.

ere scene

Pernambucco........... - Ild. to 12d.
Surat.. oc eee- ced 9d. to 73d.
Madras ...... es ccecss se O90 tO Ghd.
-Bengal ............+++0.. Jd. tO 6%,
Bourbon...... pe senecst. OG. LON Lag.
DOIYADAT «oo as cee 9 «2° 73d. to Bid.

Egyptian .............. 94d. to 103d.
Curranrs........ per cwt. 102s. to 107s.

Fics, Turkey ............+.. 505. to 635.
Frax, Riga...... ..+-per ton 471. to 54/.
POTMANG. 1. poie a oe vo ee cece ne 0.0.sg AON
Petersburgh .......... «-.. 471. to 491.
Hemr:—Riga............05 421. to 431.

Petersburgh...... 372. 10s. to 371. 15s.

, halfclean........34l. 10s.
Iron—Petersburgh.. .+.0.... 24l. to 251.
British Bar ....ecveees eo. ie, 13I. 105.

* Ixpico:—

Caracea Floras.. per lb. 10s. to 11s. 6d.
Sobra.... «.. 9s. Od. to 9s. 6d.
East-India ........ 9s. 6d. to 13s. Od.
Oms:—Palm: :...).« att aire) per cwt. 26s.
Whale, Cape, in bond, perton...... 247.
Gato oto) orais mobavialayvis: cone 0 ee. 481.
Lucea.......... per jar 82. 15s. to 91.
Florence..... ... half-chest 27s. to 24s.
Pimento (in Bond) .... per lb. 83d. to 9d.
Perrer, do. .....4. od. to 6d.
Rice :—FEast-India.. per cwt. 13s. to 16s.
Carolina ........ weises lee udass tO, O48:
= SOLE gotnfe Ke aie fs 3ls. Gd.
Spirits (in Bond) :—
Brandy, Cogniac, p.gall. 2s.8d. to 2s.10d.
, Bourdeaux.... 2s. 3d. to 2s. 4d.
SCT OW AS iin aps sour) sles ass ls. 8d. to 1s. 9d.
Rum, Jamaica ...... ls. 10d. to 2s. 6d.
» Leward Island .. 1s. 4d.to ls. 6d.

ace seeens

Suecars:—Jamaica .. per cwt. 54s. to 70s. ,
Demerara, &c............-. 63s. to 66s,
St. Kitts, Antigua, &c..... 52s. to 58s,

Refined, on board for exportation :
Large Lumps.. .. per cwt. 34s. to 41s.
Good and middling ..... 36s. to 41s.
Patent fine Loaves,..... 40s. to 54y.
Tattow, Russia,..........- per cwt. 35s. ,

Tar, Archangel, per barrel. . 15s. 6d. to 16s.
Stockholm...... 15s. 9d. to 16s.

Pea, (£.-India Company’s prices): .
Bohea ...... perlb. 2s. 4d. to 2s. 53d.

_ Congo.............. 2s. Gd. to 3s. 6d.
Souchong ..........-+ 3s. 10d. to 5s.
Campoi ....... waeee 35. 4d, to 3s. 10s.
Twankay...........+ 35. 5d.to 3s. 6d.
Hyson............ 3s. 10d, to 5s. 10d,
Gunpowder.......... 5s. 8d. to 7s.4d.

Tosacco (in Bond) :-—
Maryland, fine yellow,per lb. 1s.6d.to2s.0d_
Fine colour .,.........- 5d. to ls. 3d. .
Light Brown ......
Wire, sone} nnn ga ase °

Wire (in Bond) :—
Old Port ........ per pipe 42/. to 46/.
New 0.6) o's:sjas.cspargine iar tosur.
Lisbon ,.... a ap ecioielalsise occ) Abe tO. Gury
Madeira eee gol. to Jol.
Calcavello .......2++++- SOI. to 400.
Sherry............per butt 30/7. to 602,
Teneriffe ........ per pipe 22/. to 28.
Claret........ per hogshead 25/. to 50/.
Spanish, Red,

per ton of 252 gallons.. 12/, to 132.

MONTHLY COMMERCIAL REPORT.

oneness _caieeene
(0TTON.—The demand for Cotton both in London and Liverpool has been most exten-
sive, owing chiefly to the damage sustained to the crop in the United States ; since which
time tlhe great increase in the manufacture, and consequent extensive demand by the Trade,
has been the cause of the brisk markets. A great quantity has also been purchased on specu~
lation. In London, in one week, 10,000 bags have been purchased, and at Liverpool nearly
30,000 bags within the same period, ‘Ihe advance has been from 1s. 2d. to 1s, 3d. perlbs weight
Montuty Mac.—No. 403. 3 0 and

(Dec. I,

At Manchester, all is bustle

466 Political Affairsin November.

and many holders of the article will not sell at this advance.
and the orders for South America are extensive.

Sugar.—The Sugar Market continues steady at our quotations. The purchases have been
very considerable, and about 1s. Od. per cwt. edvance, since cur last report, has taken place.
In refined goods, there has been a considerable demand for the Grocers: five crushed is in
demand, but is very scarce. Havannah Sugars for export are in little demand ; and,
consequently, prices are nominal.

Coffee.—The market for this article has been very heavy, anda reduction of price for
middling and fine Demeraras of 6s. Od. to 8s. 0d. per ewt. has taken place. Quantities
of St. Domingos are pressed on the market ; and the expected arrival of large quantities thence,
has greatly depressed the Sales ; -but very little British plantation coffee has heen exhibited.
The Berbice has suffered an equal decline in price with that of the Demeraras.

Rum, Brandy, and Hollands—The Rum market continues. firm: no Leeward Islands
offered under 1s. 4d.—Jamaica’s steady at our quotation.—Brandy has adyanced to 2s, 9d.
and stiff in the market: little or no demand for Hollands, and large quantities in Bond,

Stock of West-India produce in the warehouses :—

Sugar, 42,712 Hogsheads | Coffee, 12,224 Casks ] Rum, 39,303 Puncheons
3,473 Tierces 29,470 Bags 1,273 Hogsheads

Oils. —The price of Oil now depends upon the sales and purchases of specuiarors,
Greenland for present use, £25 per ton, and for distant delivery, £24.

* Tallow.—The market ‘is: extremely heavy, and new Candle Tallow may he purchased
at 35s. per cwt,

Silk. —The demand for Spitalfields has been considerable,.and an adyanoe of 1s. per Ib:
on all kinds of silk has taken place.

Spices. — At the East-India Company’s Sale, Cinnamon of good and fine quality went off
briskly, but for middling aud inferior qualities there was no demand. Nutmegs obtained
full prices, and speculations have been made in the article. Mace sold steadily: about half
the quantity offered, found purchasers. Cloves, the few packages of privilege went off at
high prices.

Saltpetre—The consumption of this article is very great: the Company sold 555 tons
of 1000, at 6d. to 1s. 6d. above the taxed prices,

Tobacco. — Fine qualities are in demand, and command full prices, but low descriptions
are not called for.. > - mete

Course of Exchange.—Amsterdam, 12 2.—Hamburgh, 37 0.— Paris, 25 45.—An-
twerp, 12 3.— Rotterdam, 12.3.— Bourdeaux, 25 45.— Vienna, 10 2.—Madrid, 363—
Cadiz, 354—Gibraltar, 31.._Leghorn, 481—Genoa, 444}—Naples, 383—Lisbon, 503—
Oporto. 50%—Dublin, 94—Cork, 93 @ 94

The 3 per Cent. Reduced, 954; 3 per Cent. Consols, 952; 4 per Cent. 1822, 1083 ;
New 34—101 to 1013,;. Bank Stock, 2314. :

Gold in bars, 3/. 17s. ‘6d. per oz.—New doubloons, 0/. Os. —Silver in bars, 5s..0d.4

Premiums on Shares'and Canals, and Joint Stock Companies, at the Office of Wotrr and
Epmonvs.—Barnsley Canat, 320/.— Birmingham, 370/.—Derby, 160/.—Ellesmere and
Chester, 107/.—Erewash, 00/.—Forth and Clyde, 600/.— Grand Junction, 3052; — Leeds
and Liverpool, 570/.—Mersey and Irwell, 1000/.—Neath, 400/.——Nottingham, 300/.—Ox-
ford, 900/.—Stafford and Worcester, 950.—Trent and Mersey, 2250/.— Alliance British
and Foreign, 20/. Os. — Guardian, 20/. 0s —Hope, 6/.—Sun Fire, 2201.—Gas Licur
Chartered Company, 74/.—City Gas Light Company, 1635/.—Pheenix or South Lon--
don, 162. pr.—Leeds, 210/.— Liverpool, 2501.

POLITICAL AFFAIRS IN OCTOBER.

— a

' GREAT BRITAIN.
bask: materials for political animad-
version are not many. Taking the
system as it is, there is but little ground
of complaint, just at present, for the
mode of its administration. The coun-
try is breathing for awhile, both, in some
degree, from the weight of exaction re-
sulting from the prodigality of a hideous
war-system, and altogether from the
agitations of party rancour and conten-
tion; and though there are circumstances
with relation to the general condition
of the labouring classes, both in the
aguicultural and manufacturing districts,

which demand the serious attention,
alike of the philanthropist and the en-
lightened politician, we defer our obser-
vations on this head till the eve of the
meeting of parliament.

In the mean time, the improvements
of the metropolis, both in splendour of
aspect and convenience of accommoda-
tion, are rapidly proceeding: our public
roads are expanding and improving, also;
and in all that affects the higher and
more fortunate classes of society, or
ministers to the appearances of national
grandeur and prosperity, civilization, as
it is called, is advancing proudly. Thus

much

1812.]

much of the immediate island of Britain.
We wish we could extend our eyes
across the channel which divides from
us an important and integral part of the
empire, and speak with the same tran-
quillity of

IRELAND.

But here, on the contrary, we sec,

with the most serious apprehensions, all

‘ the ingredients of the most fearful spe-
cies of commotion, already in ferment,
almost in outrageous ebullition.

The infatuated delays and prevarica-
tions on the question of emancipating
the Catholics feosentelalitis at least of
the whole population) from stigmatising
disqualifications, is a system of policy,
for which, sooner or later, it is to be
feared, we must pay the bitter price.
Not that the emancipation, as it is called,
would have redressed the deep-seated
and grievous wrongs of ill-fated Ireland:
but it would have disarmed the factious
of their most stimulating pretences. It
would have taken both from the priestly
and the political agitator, one, the great-
est, hold they at present have on the
passions of the populace; and it would
thus have left the really politic and
benevolent at liberty, more calmly to
consider what can and must be done
for the general melioration of the con-
dition of the people. Instead of this,
Qrangeism (only another name for the
tyranny of corporation monopoly,) and
invidious distinction, have been permit-
ted to aggravate all the sources of dis-
union and discontent; and the officious
zeal of proselytizing interference, by
‘thrusting the translated Bible into Ca-
tholic circulation, has given occasion
for the renewal of those public disputa-
tions and aggregate controversies, which
seldom fail to precipitate religious par-
ties into outrage and insurrection, and
which have already been productive of
such excesses as must make a truly
Christian spirit tremble for the conse-
quences, ae

THE CONTINENT.

The Holy Alliance has been for some
time so quiet in its operations, as to
appear almost passive in the occurrences

Obituary-df the Month.

467

(or no: occurrences) of the European
world. There have been no appear-
ances, however, of the slightest tendency
to relinquish any portion of their design
of harmonizing the whoie polity and
condition of the world according to
their own legitimate scale; though
Greece and South America seein to
intrude some awkward crotchets in
their way.
FRANCE

seems to be little affected in her line of
policy, domestic or foreign, by the. ac-
cession of a new king. She is prepar-
ing, it seems, in earnest, to withdraw a
portion of her troops from the Penin-
sula: but a Cordon Sanitaire will, of
course, always, somewhere or other, be
in a state of watchfulness, if the health
of “Brother Ferdinand” should require
attention.

SPAIN
continues afflicted with all the evils
which an imbecile government, an igno-
ble aristocracy, and a bigoted priest-
hood, can inflict on an ignorant popu-
lation:—all. the evils, in short, of the
worst species of anarchy,—the anarchy
provoked and urged by the very power
and authority (authority powerless to
all other purposes) by which it should
be controlled.

SOUTH AMERICA,
in the whole of the larger extent to
which the name is popularly given,—
the unanglicised portion of the new
continent,—seems everywhere (though
with some vicissitudes) making advances
in the establishment of her independ-
ence, and the organization of republican
governments.

GREECE,

also, continues to look up; while her
enemy, the Turk, must begin, we should
think, almost to despair of ever becou-
ing again her master. Legislation, and
political and general knowledge, are in
an obvious state of progression among
the reyolted Greeks ; and Freedom may
again lift up her stately head, adorned
and defended by the crest of Minerva,
in the venerable sanctity of Athens.

OBITUARY OF THE MONTH.

—=_=z>- ——

Tue Rev. R. C. Matorin.
VHNHIS eccentric character was undoubt-
edly a man of genius, though it mani-
fested itself, even in his most successful
efforts, more in the extravagancies of an over-
Weaning imagination, than in the refine-
ments of a correct taste or the coherency

of intellectual power. His conduct and
deportment as a man corresponded with his
character as an author. Both were strongly
marked with the same affectation and eccen-

2 of

468

of bewilderingness even in the brightest
sallies, whetherin his intercourse with man-
kind or with the muse.

Before the tragedy of Bertram was pro-
duced at Drury-lane Theatre, and received
with such distinguished approbation, Mr.
Maturin was the humble, unknown, and
unnoticed curate of St. Peter’s, Dublin ;
from which he derived a stated income of
£70, or at the utmost £100, per annum.
In the same unostentatious corer of the
splendid Church Establishment of Ireland,
he died on Saturday, October 30, 1824.
Mr. Maturin, however, was at no period
dependent upon the emoluments of his cu-
racy. Before the dramatic performance
already mentioned conferred éclat upon his
name and works, he had published one or
two noyels, which obtained an ordinary
rank in the catalogues of our circulating
libraries, although they afforded as little
profitas fame to their author; and he be-
sides prepared a few young gentlemen to
pass the entrance examinations of Trinity
College, who for that purpose resided with
him in his house, York-street, Dublin. But
notwithstanding these combined resources,
Mr. Maturin’s aspirations surpassed them;
and, like men of talent in general, whose
purses are mostly disproportionate to their
desires, he was constantly beset with duns
and difficulties. Still these sublunary trifles
had even then no serious effect upon
the Rey. Gentleman’s conceit of his own
importance. The persons calling at No. —
York-street, on indifferent business, or the
creditor who, “ for the last time,’’ demand-
ed an audience, was ushered into an apart-
ment studiously indicative of the owner’s
several pursuits, and having waited a suffi-
ciently fashionable time, was received, an-
swered, and dismissed with a sovereign
air of superiority which was, at least, as
much calculated to surprise'as to satisfy.
The curate of St. Peter’s, in short, though
at that period not a very young man, was,
as he ever after remained, exceedingly vain
both of his person and accomplishments ;
and as his income would not allow him to
attract attention by the splendour of his
dress and manners, he seldom failed to do
so by their singularity. Mr. Maturin was
a tall, slender, but well-proportioned, and
on the whole, a good figure, which he
took care to display in a well-made black
coat, tightly buttoned, and some odd
light-coloured stocking-web pantaloons,
surmounted in winter by a coat of prodi-
gious dimensions, gracefully thrown on, so
as not to obscure the symmetry it affected
to protect. This tame exhibition, however,
of an elegant form in the street, the church,
or the drawing-room, did not, suffice. The
Reverend Gentleman sang and danced, and
prided himself on performing the move-
. ments and evolutions of the quadrille, cer-
tainly better than any other divine of the

Obituary of the Month.

{Dec 1,

Established Church, and equal to any pri-
vate lay gentleman of the three kingdoms.
It often happened, too, that Mr. Maturin,
either laboured under an attack of gout, or
met with some accident, which compelled
the use of aslipper or a bandage, on one
foot or one leg, and by an unaccountable
congruity of mischances, he was uniformly
compelled on these occasions to appear in
the public thoroughfares of Dublin, where
the melancholy spectacle of a beautiful limb
in pain never failed to excite the sighs and
sympathies of all the interesting persons
who passed, as well as to prompt their
curiosity to make audible remarks or inqui-
ries respecting the possessor.

The effect upon a person of this tempera-
ment of the unexpected success of Bertram
led to some untoward consequences. The
profits of the representation, and the copy-
right of that tragedy, exceeded, perhaps,
one thousand pounds, while the praises be-
stowed upon its author by critics of all
classes, convinced Mr. Maturin that he had
only to sit down and concoct. any number
of plays he pleased, each yielding hima
pecuniary return, at least equal to the first.
He had, therefore, scarcely arrived in Dub-
lin with his full-blown dramatie honours
and riches, when tradesmen of all hues and
callings were ordered to York-street, to
paint, furnish, and decorate, with suitable
taste and splendour, the mansion of the
great new-born tragic poet of Ireland. The
Reverend Gentleman’s proceedings in other
respects, of course, took a’ corresponding
spring. Unfortunately the brightest hopes
of genius are often the most fallacious, and
so it proved in the present instance. A
few months produced a second tragedy,
which failed, and with it not only. faded
away the dreams of prosperity, in which the
author of Bertram so fondly indulged, but
his house was assailed by importunate cre-
ditors, who lodged executions, and every
other disagreeable sort of legal inmates in
that abode of genius and merit. Time ena-
bled Mr. Maturin gradually to extricate
himself from these embarrassments, ‘and
having thus had the wings of his ambition
somewhat shortened, he in future pursued
a safer flight. His eccentricities, however,
remained in their former vigour, and in the
coteries of Lady Morgan, or the romantic
solitudes of Wicklow, the vain oddities of
the curate of St. Peter’s continued as re-
markable as during the height of his tragic
triumphs. Of late years his pen was chiefly
employed on works of romance, in which
he evinced great powers of imagination and
fecundity of language, with evident and la-
mentable carelessness in the application of
both. He wrote, in fact, for money, not
for fame, and succeeded in drawing a con-
siderable revenue from the sale of his pro.
ductions, :

INCIDENTS,

1824.}

[ 469 ]

INCIDENTS, MARRIAGES, anp DEATHS, 1x anp near LONDON, &c.
With Biographical Memoirs of distinguished Characters recently deceased.

CHRONOLOGY OF THE MONTH.

CT. 21. -A fire broke out on the pre-
mises of Mr. Cooper, baker and flour-
factor, Hammersmith, which were reduced to

a heap of ruins. The furniture and stock of
considerable value were entirely destroyed.

Workmen have commenced pulling down
six or eight houses at the corner of St.
James’s-street and Piccadilly, upon the site
of which is to be built a most magnificent
hotel.

The restoration of the east end of St.
Saviour’s church, Southwark, has been just
completed, and forms a splendid ornament
in the access to the new London-bridge on
the Borough side. Considerable part of the
buildings between the church and the river
are now about to be removed for an abut-
ment to the new bridge, and to widen the
future street to which the new bridge will
join, and the ancient and magnificent edifice
will be- fully exhibited to the view of the
public.

25. A fire broke out in the extensive
premises of Messrs. Tite and Co, Russia
matting warehousemen, Fenchurch-street,
which were entirely destroyed, with several
adjoining houses.

27. A fine new iron-gate was this day
erected at the south end of the entrance to
St. James’s Park from Spring Gardens.

The iron railing of the statue of Achilles,
in Hyde Park, is now complete and tho-
roughly painted.

Noy. 17. In the evening, a violent explo-
sion of gas took place in the shop of Mr.
Barret, grocer, in Fetter-lane, owing to a
leaking from the gas-pipes, the smell of
which had been unheeded, a precaution
which never should be disregarded, but the
gas-man immediately sent for. It demolished
windows, doors, and goods to some amount,
and set fire to a part of the shop, but was
soon extinguished ; Mr. Barret, though in
the midst of the explosion, escaped unhurt.

At ameeting of the committee appoint-
ed for the purpose of taking into conside-
ration the plan proposed by Lieut.-Colonel
Trench, for making a quay on the north
bank of the river Thames, at London, held
on the 2d of November, it was resolved to
carry the undertaking into effect. £611,000
is considered an adequate sum, which is to
be subscribed in £100 shares. Mr. Philip
Wyatt is to be architect, and Mr. Rennie
engineer.

The Columbus, the largest ship ever seen
in England, arrived at Blackwall from North
America, laden with red and white pine
timber, to the amount of 3,600 tons! Her
length being 300 feet, her flat bottom 53
feet, her deck 50} feet wide, and the depth
of her hold 30 feet: her sides straight and
flat, with a similar triangular head and stern,
and four masts.

—=

Amongst the improvements in the metro-
politan parks, a carriage drive is now mak-
ing, with spacious footpaths, from Cumber-
land-gate at the top of Oxford-street, to the
door at Kensington gardens at the N.E.
corner; which door, heretofore, was not
like the other entrances, accessible by car-
Tiages.

At the top of. Portland-place, a com-
modious archway has been constructed
under the new road, so that such of the
inhabitants as haye keys and permission to
walk in the garden of Regent’s Crescent,
can now pass into and enjoy the walks in
the Regent-square garden, on the opposite
side of the New Road. Handsome gravel-
led walks are also making within the south-
western part of the park, for the accommo-
dation of the noble terraces, which over-
look this delightful part of the Regent’s-
Park. b

The great Irish road by way of Holy-
head, at its starting from London, soon en-
counters a summit on the late Finchley-com-
mon, which must, according to the late
report of Mr. Telford, still retain its great
elevation of 338 feet above the Thames level
at high water: this very considerable ascent
from the stones-ends in Tottenham-court-
road and other streets, the very: able and
experienced road engineer proposes to pave
with granite, in part of its width, for the
use of heavy carriages, as has lately been
done on the Mile-end road, and others of
the metropolitan approaches.

A tunnel under the Thames from Green-
wich, has been announced as in contempla-
tion ; but the site and mode of construction
have not transpired: -in the marsh below
Greenwich (according to Mr. Farey) it is
perfectly practicable to construct a tunnel, or
archway, by open excavation, with a secure
and water-tight covering, suited in level and
shape for the future bed of the river, which
would then be turned that way, in a straight-
ened course; and in order to conduct. the
road from the north end of this tunnel into
the east end of Poplar village, an embank-
ment across the present channel might be
made, with the spare stuff of the exca-
vations. :

The City Philosophical Society, which
was established in 1808 in Dorset-street,
Salisbury-square, has lately removed to
more spacious premises, No. 448, Holborn-
bars; where this valuable library is depo-
sited, and where their lectures take place
every Wednesday evening at 8 o’clock.

The autograph of Edward the Black
Prince, which antiquaries have been in
search of for many years, has at length been
found on the roll of the Artillery Company,
where the names and hand writing of some
of the most illustrious patriots and heroes
of early times are inscribed. The wage

ant

470

and antiquity of this company entitle it to a
distinction greater thanit has yet received.

A leaf of a most valuable and ancient
manuscript, entitled the ““ Exon Domesday
Book,” preserved among the records and
charters of the Dean and Chapter of Exe-
ter, was restored to its proper place, having
been accidentally found at some distance in
the county, after being missing, it is said,
upwards of a century. About eight years
since, the above MS. was printed in 500
pages, folio, ina supplement to the Exche-
quer Great Domesday Book; when the
learned editor and antiquary, Henry Ellis,
Esq., had occasion to regret, in his preface,
the imperfection caused by the lost leaf.

A yery extraordinary discoyery has been
made by T, Northmore, Esq. during some
geological investigations in the neighbour-
hood of Torquay. In the celebrated ca-
vern of Kent’s Hole, he has found under
the staluymitic incrustation, buried in the
moulds, several teeth of the hyena, wild
boar, wolf, and various bones of other ani-
mals not yet identified.

It does not appear to be generally known,
that by an act passed in the last Session of
Parliament, a total alteration will take place
on the Ist of May next, in the legal weights
and measures of the kingdom; the object
of the act is to establish an uniform system,
to enforce which penalties are enacted
against those who sell goods by any other
standard.

MARRIED.

At St. George’s, Hanover-sq. Captain
Webster to the only daughter of Samuel
Reddington, esq.

At St. George’s, Bloomsbury, George
Waugh, esq. jun. of Gray’s Inn, to Miss
Charlotte Esther Slade, of Kenton-st.

At St. George’s, Bloomsbury, Francis
Barchard, esq. to Margaret Jane, eldest
daughter of the Hon. Elphinstone Piggott.

John, second son of John Lea, esq., of
the Lakes, near Kidderminster, to Ann
Maria, second daughter of George Simcox,
esq., of Harborne, Staffordshire.

At St. Mary-le-bone church, Henry, son
of the Hon. Matthew Fortescue, to Caro-
line, daughter of the Right Hon. Sir Henry
Russell, Bart.

John Hildyard, Esq. of Lincoln’s Inn, to
Jane, youngest daughter of Lord John
Townsend.

At St. James’s’ church, Piccadilly, W.
Cartwright, esq. Chancery-lane, to Mary
Ann, daughter of William Winkworth, esq.
of Marlborough-st.

At the Friend’s meeting-house at Croy-
don, Ford Barelay, esq. of Clapham-com-
mon, banker, to Esther, third daughter of
William Foster Reynolds, esq. of Carshal-
ton-house, Surrey.

At Croydon, the Rev. Edward Serscold
Pearce, only son of the late Dean of Ely,
to Georgiana, second daughter of George
Smith, esq., M.-P.

At St. George’s, Queen-square, T. Par-

Marriages in and near London.

[Dec. I,

sons, esq. of Lisbon, to Miss Gymer, of
Red-Lion-square. yo

B. W. Proctor, esq (Barry Cornwall,
the poet) to Ann, eldest daughter of Basil
Montague, esq. of Bedford-sq.

At St. Paul’s, Deptford, Lieut. W. C,
Burbridge, R.N. to Miss Hambly, of Sit-
tingbourne, Kent.

The Rey. C. Day, LL.B. to Sarah, relict
of the Rey. E. Smith, of Folkingham,
Lincolnshire.

R. Fisher, esq. to Miss J. Underwocd,
both of Claremont-terrace, Pentonyille.

Richard Ford, esq. of Gloucester-pl., to
Harriet, daughter of the Earl of Essex,

At Mary-le-bone church, J. Lister Ruge,
esq., eldest son of Sir J. Lister Ruge,
bart., to Miss Arbuthnot, niece to the Rt.
Hon. C. Arbuthnot.

At Kingston, W. E, Gowland, esq.. to
Miss E. H. Jenkins.

At St. George’s, Hanover-sq., C. Mur-
ray, esq. of St. Peter’s college, Cambridge,
to Frederieu Jane, second daughter of the
late F. Groves, esq.

Mr. F. Walton to Sarah, third daughter
of R. Seward, esq., of Hill-house, Newn-
ham, Gloucestershire.

Captain George St.. John Gifford, of
Swansea, to Isabella, daughter of J. Chris-
tie, esq., of Huckingwick.

At Reasington, by the Rey. Archdeacon
Pott, R. Hamilton, esq., of Norwood, to
Mary, only child of J. Mainwaring, esq., of
Chicester-rents, Chancery-lane.

At the British Ambassador’s in Paris,
William Duncan Godfrey, esq., eldest son
of Sir John Godfrey, bart., of Kilecoleman-
abbey, Ireland, to Mary, daughter of John
Coltsmann, esq. of Flesk-castle, Killarney,
county of Kerry.

At Chiswick, Richard Bacon Frank, esq.
of Winthorpe-hall, Nottinghamshire, to
Caroline, second daughter of the Rev,
Samuel Curteis, LL.D. of Heathfield-house,
Turnham-green.

At Croydon, the Rey. Edward Serocold
Pearce, only son of the late Dean of Ely,
to Georgiana Elizabeth, second daughter of
George Smith, Esq. M.P. A

At the Palace, Corfu, on ‘the 19th ult.
Captain Holmes, 90th Light Infantry, to
Amelia, eldest daughter of Major-General
Sir Patrick Ross.

Mr. Brian Maguire, of Cumberland-
lodge, to Sophia, third daughter of Mr,
Dalton, of Windsor-great-park.

Thomas Houghman Sparks, esq., of
Tottenham, to Sarah Davis Pratt, only
daughter of the late Charles Pratt, esq. of
Tottenham.

Francis Gregg, esq., of the Inner-temple,
to Elizabeth Mary, third daughter of the
Rev. J. B. Ferrers, rector of Beddington,
Surrey. is

At the New Church, St. Paneras, the
Rev. C. Day, tL.3. of Folkingham, Lin-
colnshire, to Sarah, relict of the Rev» E.
Smith, of the same place. i

At

1824, }

At Islington, G. Bellairs, esq. of Lei-
cester, to Miss M. Linwood.

Robert Wilcoxen, of Camberwell, to

Lucretia, daughter of Thomas Brockel-
bank, esq., of Deptford.
- At Wandsworth, Surrey, Henry Davies,
esq., of Monmouth, to Mary Ann, youngest
daughter of the late Rev. Thomas Bird, of
Newland, Gloucestershire.

In London, Capt. Thomas Davis, of
Chepstow, to Catherine, second daughter
of Captain J. Parry, of Carnarvon. — —

At the chapel of the British Ambassador,
Paris, Henry R. Bagshawe, esq. second
son of Sir W. Bagshawe, of the Oaks, Der-
byshire, to Catherine Elizabeth, eldest
daughter of John Gunning, esq. late of
Lower Grosyenor-street.

At Fulham Church, Robert Mangles,
esq., of Sunning-hill, Berks, to Charlotte,
third daughter of Rear Admiral Ross
Donnelly, of Sussex-house, Hammersmith.

At St. Mary-la-bonne church, John
Skelton, esq., of Spanish-town, Jamaica, to
Elizabeth Jane, only daughter of Colonel
Pritchard, Royal Artillery.

Frederick George Vandiest, esq. to Miss
Cheesewright. The bridegroom is said to
be the son of a personnage not far removed
from the succession to the throne of these
realms.

At Croydon, the Rey. E. S. Pearne, son
of the late Dean of Ely, to Georgiana,
second daughter of George Smith, esq., M.P.

At St. Andrew’s, Robert Holman, esq.,
to Mary, youngest daughter of the late
William” Holman, esq., of Hayne-house,
Whitestone.

At Richmond, Henry Stanynought, esq.,
to Lucy, second daughter of the late
Willlam Collins, esq.

At St. George’s, Queen-square, T. Par-
sons, esq., of Lisbon, to Miss Gymer, of
Red Lion-sq.

DIED.

The Right Hon. Lady Anne Remmington,
daughter of the late Earl of Winterton,
and grand-daughter of Thomas, Lord
Archer.

At‘her apartments in the Tower, Mrs.
Cochrane, wife of Lieut.-Colonel Cochrane
and daughter of John Wiltshire, esq. of
Shockerwick.

At Greenwich, aged 97, Lieut. G. Spear-
man, ®.N. His commission was dated
September 8, 1757.

At Lambeth, Sarah, relict of J. Lopez,
esq.

Lieut.-General C. Jeafferson.—The late
Lieut-General C. Jeafferson entered the ser-
vice in 1779, in the 18th regiment ; ap-
pointed in 1779 a Lieutenant in the 86th,
and promoted to a company in 1783.
Appointed in 1795 to a company in the
125th regiment. In 1794 appointed Major
by brevet, and in 1793 Lieut-Colonel by
brevet. Received in 1803 the lieut.-colo-
neley of the 4th battalion of Reserve, and
in 1805 the third time on half-pay. Ap-

Marriages and Deaths in and near London.

471

pointed in 1808 to a colonelecy; obtained
in 1811 the rank of Major-General; and
in 182] that of Lieut.-General.

In Grenville-street, Brunswick-sq., the
relict of Thomas Patrick, esq., late of
Buntingford, Herts.

Jahn Blaksley, esq., Bishopsgate-street
within, aged 62.

In Russell-place, the Rev. Anthony Ste-
phen Mathew, aged 91, rector of Broughton
in Northamptonshire, and joint lecturer of
St. Martin-in-the-Fields, which situation
he held for sixty years.

At Islington, aged 71, the Rev. J. F.
Millward.

At Stoke Newington, J. Maddor, esq.

At Greenwich, Mrs. S. Smith, aged 95.

At Long Ditton, Surrey, G. 4. Wylie,
esq., of Nottingham-place, Mary-le-bone.

At the house of S. Smith, esq., M.p.
Berkely-sq., Major-General T.. Carey, of
the 3d regiment of guards.

At Richmond, Mrs. M. Roberts.

At Camberwell, Jane, wife of R. Rolles-
ton, esq., aged 71.

At Hammersmith, aged 47, G. Price,
esq.) Surgeon.

At Upper Montague-street, G. F’. Bulke-
ley, esq.

After a short illness, James Ludlam, esq.,
of Homerton.

At Havre, aged 70, 2. C. Dallas, esq.,
He had acquired a respectable, if not a
distinguished rank, as aman of letters. His
History of the Marooon war, which ap-
peared about the year 1797, was much.
esteemed for the simplicity of its narration,.
and the authenticity of its details. He was:
also the author of several novels, which,
though not the first in that branch of com-
position, are entitled to a praise not always-
due to the first, that of softening without
corrupting the heart. He was a religious.
and just man; in private and domestic
intercourse cheerful, pleasing and unaf=
fected, and his memory will long be en-
deared to his family and his friends. He
was followed to the graye by the British
Consul, and nearly all the respectable inha-
bitants of the place. His last work, the
“ Recollections of Lord Byron,” is re~
viewed in our proémium.

At Athens, Lieut. George James Hare,
H. M.S. Tribune. His remains were in-
terred in the church of the Greek conyent
at Pyreus, with all military honours, at-
tended by the officers and crews of the
squadron, the governor of Athens, and the
bishop and clergy.

At Copenhagen, Mr. Rothe, aged 94, the
father of the bookselling trade in Den-
mark, and most probably of Europe..

Aged 92, the Duke de Brancas Laura-
guais, member of the Academy of Sciences,
Paris. To this nobleman the arts and
sciences are indebted for the discovery of
the decomposition of the diamond,, and for
carrying the manufacture of the porcelain
to a high degree ef perfection. f

0

472

At Bromley, Jahn Butts, esg., of Ken-
sington, and of Board-hill, Sussex.

On his passage from Demerara, Mr. J.
Calder, of Stoke Newington. -

At Endeavour Estate, Jamaica, William
Lothian, esq., much respected.

At Queen’s Elm, Brompton, Liewt.-
Colonel R. James. —At. Walthamstow, Miss
S. Tuckey.—At Tottenham, William Fors-
ter, member of the Society of Friends.

At Richmond, Margaret, second daughter
of the Rey. James Tate.

At Cape Coast Castle, (shortly after his
arrival,) Captain Winter, 2d West-India
regiment.

At Hammersmitth, George Pring, esq.,
surgeon, aged 4:7.

At Stanmore, aged 76, Samuet Martin,
esqg., formerly in the civil service on the
Bombay establisment.

At Moze-hill, Greenwich, agad 66, R.
Dixon, esg.— At Putney, George Moore, esq.,
formerly a partner in the firm of Moore,
Stranger, and Co., Cheapside—At Bromp-
ton, aged 66, Haward Davies, esq., formerly
of H..M. Ist regiment of Life Guards.

After a ahort illness, Miss Caroline Feise,
aged, 25, youngest daughter of G. Feise,
late of Blackheath.—At Great Coram-
street, Dr.:Brodum, well known twenty
years ago as the vendor of the botanical
syrup and neryous cordial, aged 69.—At
Lambeth, Richard Proctor Barlow, esq., of
the. General Post-office.—At Wimbledon,
Elizabeth, second daughter of the late T.
Harvey, esq., of Belmont, near East
Barnet.—Aged 71, Captain James Caldwetl,
formerly of the Bengal Engineers, late
Barrack-master at Chelmsford.

In the island of St. Lucia, Henry Mad-
doch, esq., of Lincoln’s Inn, one of the com-
missioners of legal inquiry in the West-
Indies.

At Mangalore, after an illness of only
two days, the Hon. T. Harris, second son
of Lord Harris.

P. Matravers, esq., of Providencc-row,
Hackney.

_ In Upper Portland-place, Joseph Barretto,
Jun. esq.

At Chelsea, aged 70, W. Leigh, esq., late
of Henwick, Worcester.

Edward Stanley. esq., aged 90, many
years His Majesty’s Consul-General at
Trieste.

Mrs. Jackson, widow of the late William
Jackson, esq. Deputy Commissary General
of the Forces. ’

At his house on Blackheath, Henry
Goodwyn, esq., formerly an eminent brewer
iu. Wapping. The prodigies of arithmetical
calculations which this gentleman per-
formed after his retirement from. business
owing to.almost continual bad health, will
signalize his name. They have been men-
tioned, and the titles of several of his tabular
publications, in p.449 of our fifty-fifth volume.

William Cottee, esq., of Beaumont-place,
Shepherd’s Bush.

Ecclesiastical Promotions.

[Dec. 1,

ECCLESIASTICAL PROMOTIONS. ,

The Rey. W. Birkett, to the vicarage of
South Tawton, Devon.

The Rey. Chancellor Marsh, to the Pre-
bend of Chute and Chisenbury.

The Rey. W. H. Majendie, to the Pre-
bend of Beaminster Prima, both in Salis-
bury Cathedral.

The Rev. R. J. Meade is appointed one
of the Domestic Chaplains to the Earl of
Cork and Orrery.

The Rey. P. Maude is elected Chaplain
of the Bath City Infirmary and Dispensary.

The Rev. F. C. Blackstone, to the
vicarage of Hickfield, Hants.

The Rey. T. Worsley, of Downing Col-
lege, is appointed Chaplain and Classical
Lecturer.

The Rey. R. Faithful, M.a. to the vicar-
age of Warfield, Berks.

The Rey. H. Owen, D.c.L. to the vicar-
age of Redisham, Suffolk.

The Rey. R. Cobbold, M.A. was, on his
own petition, instituted to the united rec-
tories of Wortham Iyerard and Wortham
Jervis, Suffolk.

The Rey. Dr. J. Hunter, to the church
and parish of St. Leonard’s, in the presby-
tery of St. Andrew’s, and county of Fife.

The Rey. J. Amphlett, M.A. to the per-
petual curacy of Wythall, Worcestershire.

The Hon. and Rey. E. S. Keppell, M.a.
to the rectory of Snetterton St. Andrew,
with All Saints, Norfolk.

The Rey. C. E. Hutchinton, a.M. to the
Prebendary of the Cathedral of Chichester.

The Rey. J. R. Roberts, 2.p., Senior
Bursar of Trinity College, to the rectory of
Rotherfield Grays, Oxfordshire.

The Rey. J. P. Roberts, B.A. is appointed
a Chaplain of Christ’s Church.

The Rev. E. Rush, a.m. to the rectory
of Drinkstone, Suffolk.

The Rey. C. V. H. Sumner, appointed
Domestic Chaplain to H.R.H. the Duke
of York.

The Rev. B. Hanbury, a.m. to the
vicarage of Bures St. Mary, with the hamlet
of Bures, Suffolk.

The Rey. H. Goggs, a.B. to the vicarage
of South Creek, Norfolk.

The Rev. J. H. Seymour, 8.A. of Exeter
College, Oxford, to the vicarage of Horley-
cum- Horton.

The Rev. J. Hoste, a.m. to the perpe-
tual curacy of Longham, and to the perpe-
tual curacy of Windling, Norfolk.

The Rey. W. A. Wilson, D.D. to the
rectory of Church Oakley.

The Rey. G. Hume, to the vicarage of
Warminster, Wilts.

The Rev. B. Mitchell, to the vicarage of
Winsford, Somerset.

The Rey. T. Mills, m.a. to the living of
Easton and Bringhurst, in the county of
Leicester.

PROVINCIAL

1824.]} [

PROVINCIAL OCCURRENCES,
WITH ALL THE. MARRIAGES AND DEATHS;

Furnishing the Domestic and Family History of England for the last Twenty-seven Years-
—a——-

: NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM.
FRERUHE Bishop of Durham has made a
third donation of #100 towards de-
fraying the expense incurred by the purchase
and enlargement ofthe Sunderland Parochial
Schools. ‘The total expense of the original
purchases and subsequent enlargement of
these schools, which are calculated to ac-
commodate 800. children, amounts to
£1,716 Is. 5d. The subscriptions raised
to meet this expense amount to £1,475.
Married.| At Bishops-Wearmouth, the

Rev. Mr. Carr, of Darlington, to Miss Ha-
selwoed.—At Gateshead, Mr. C. Hunter,
of Walker, to Miss J. Vickers, of Gateshead.
—Eijimund Craster, esq., capt. of the 15th
Madras reg., grandson of the late Capt.
Campbell, R. N. of Whitley, to Miss Eaton,
daughter of W. Eaton, esq., of The Pole,
Cheshire. —At Hepburn Hall, George John
Vernon, esq., of Sudbury Hall, in the county
of Derby, to Miss Ellison, eldest daughter
of Cuthbert Ellison, esq. m.r. for Newcastle-
upon-Tyne.—At Monk-Wearmouth, onthe
23d ult. Mr. George Swan, surgeon, to Miss
Margaret Coulthard, of London.

. Died.| At Newcastle, E. Craster, esq.,
of Preston, aged 72.— At Bishopwearmouth,
Mr. W. Robson, aged 68.— At North Shields,
Mrs. Margaret Davison, of Camden-strect,
aged 28.—Mrs. Dorothy Todd, of Perey-
square, widow, aged 75.—Slst ult. Mr.
Matthew Greenwood, of Camden street, aged
57.—At Whitehaven, Mr. Howsgill, the ce-
lebrated musical composer.—.\t Newcastle,
the daughter of the late Thomas. Richmond,
esq., of Hope, in the county of Durbam. —
The widow of the Rev. James Waugh,
aged 81.

CUMBERLAND AND WESTSIORELAND.
Married.} At Carlisle, Mr: C. Wannop,

to Miss E> Young.—At Scaleby, Mr. 'T.
Bowman, of Carlisle, to Miss Ann James,
of Sealeby.— At Penrith, Mr. W. Carse, to
Miss Ma:y Hullock.—Mr. Isaac Simson, to
Miss M, Townley.— At Gosforth, the. Rev.
J. Kitchen, to Miss J. Turner.— At White-
haven, Mr. W. Parkinson, to Miss Grears ;
both of Harris. — Mr. J. Bainbridve, to Miss
Ann. Coupland.— At Cannobic, John Tay-
lor, esq., of Lady Hall,; Cumberland, to
Elizabeth, second daughter of Mr. ¥: Avm-
strong, Prior Bank.—Setmurthy; Myr. J.
Drewry, of the firm of D, Oliver & Co.
Newcastle, to Miss Ann Hodson, of Crage,
near Cockermouth.—At ‘Bowness, Robert
Paftindon}esq., of Whitrige, to Miss Buch.
house, of Anthorn.— At Carlisle, Mr. Wan-
nop} Sdlicitor, to Miss Eliz. Young.

» Died. At Cummersdale Mill, near Car-
lisle, Mr. J. Irving, advanced in. years.—
At ‘hitehayen, aged 28, Miss Jane High.—
“Montary Mac, No, 403.

Mr. John Swan.—At Kaswick, aged 56,
Mrs. Eleanor Lancaster.
YORKSHIRE. ;

A singular fact in geology has been lately ‘
disclosed, while boring for soft water, at the
foundry of Messrs Cawood, Leeds. For
the first thirty yards, the boring irons were
not affected in any manner out of the usual
way ; beyond that point they became pos-
sessed of a highly magnetic power, which
continued till the irons had: penetrated to
the depth of sixty yards; afterwards. the
attraction ceased and the. boring is now
proceeding witheut any effect being pro-
duced upon the iron out cf the ordinary
way.

Capt. Wilkinson, of Hull, has been pre-
sented with a superb diamond ring from. the
King of Prussia, in acknowledgement for a
nondescript fish, caught in the North Sea,
presented by Capt. W. for his Majesty’s
Museum. It was offered by Capt. W. to
the British Museum, but refused.

A very handsome parish church, in the
gothic style, has late been erected at Bird-
sall, near Malton, at the sole expense of the
Right Hon. Lord anid Lady Middleton.

Married.| At York, Mr. George Caitle,
silversmith, to the widow of Mr, Whitweli,
of the firm of Barber and Whitwell, York.—
Yhe Rev. William Roliett Payne, of St.
Johns Coll., Cambridge, to Mary, second
daughter of John Williams, esq, of Elm
Grove, Southséa. — Charles John Brandling,
esq., of the 10th Royal Hussars, to Henri-
etta, youngest daughter of Sir George Ar.
mytage, Bart., of MKirklees, * Yorkshire,—
Barnborough, John Fitz Maurice: esq.,
late of the Rifle Brigade, to Frances Maria,
daughter of the Reverend -Henry Wat-
kins, of Barnborough, aud niece to’ Lady
Francis.

Died.| At Wansfurd, R. Mansell, esq.—
At Harrowgate, Maj.-gen. Bishopfirst.—
Malton, aged 40, Mr. Robert Leeson, South
Cave —The Rev. Robert Eliott, Rector of
Huggate and Weldrake, Yorkshire, and
uncle to the Earl of Minto.— Elizabeth
Susannah, daughter of J. Cossin, esq., of
Weymouth, and grand-daughter of the
Dowager Lady Audley.

LANCASHIRE.

A Liverpool and Manchester rail-way
company has been formed, with the professed
design of conveying heavy goods between
these important commercial towns, the dis~
tance of 35 miles, in 4 or 5 hours, instead of
36 hours, the average time, which the pre-—
sent water.conveyance requires, and at about
5s. per ton; instead of 15s. the present ayer-
age freight: from near the Princes’ Dock in
Liverpool, the rail-way is intended to ascend

3 P about

474

about 3 miles in a N.N.E. direction to New
Walton, then strike eastward, and on the
N. of Knowsley Park, enter the coal-field;
and proceed across the same (see p. 252 of
our present yol., and Smith’s geological
map) to near Worsley, and thence (across
the unconformable red Rock, on which the
Jine began) to the western end of Water-
street, in Manchester. The cost of the Act,
of land, and of forming the same to the
proper shape, with bridges, &c., of rails and
laying, of loco-motive engines, and all other
matters of out fit, has been estimated by
Mr. Stephenson, at £400,000, which it is
proposed to raise in £100 shares.

Married.| At Childwall, the Rev. S. W.
Perkins, a.m. Rector of Stockton, Warwick-
shire, to Mary Ann, only daughter of James
Swan, esq., Olive Mount.—The Rev. Wm.
Birkett ,m.a., to Mary, daughter of Samuel
Horrocks, esq. M.p.—At Deane, J. 'T. Sil-
vester, esq., of Chorley, to Miss E, J. Edge,
daughter of the late J. Edge, esq., of Moss-
house, Middle Hilton.—At Rochdale, R.
Entwistle, esq., of Lamblethurn Cottage,
Glamorgan, to Miss Royds, of Moules Ful-
nage, near Rochdale-—At Liverpool, C.
H. Clug, esq., to Miss E. Dawson.—J.
Coupland, esq., to Mary Anne, second
daughter of W. M. Duncan, esq.—At the
Mauritius, Major Marshall, of the 82d regt.,
to Mary, daughter of J. Hervey, esq., of
Ardwick Green.

Died.| At Edge-hill, aged 32, Susannah,
wife of Mr. N. W. Blundell.—At Beau-
mont Cote Hall, 55, Thomas Butler, esq.,
eldest son of the Rev. Thomas Butler,
Recter of Bentham and Whittington.—
G. Haigh, esq., of Brinscale Hall.—At
Kirkham, Edward King, esq., late Vice-
chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, and
brother to the Lord Bishop of Rochester.

: CHESHIRE.

The Marple.and Laughton Junction Ca-
nal, between the Peat Forest and the Trent
and Mersey canals, at these two points, at
about 23 miles of direct distance apart, in a
S,S.W: direction, was determined on by a
meeting lately held at Macclesfield; em-
bracing collateral branches to that thriving
town, and also to Stockport: great part of
the proposed shares were subscribed for, and
a bill ordered to be prepared for the next
Session of Parliament.

Married.} At Chester, Mr. T. Rowe, to
Miss Johnson.— At Aston, Mr. R. J. Parry,
of Birmingham, to Miss Warner, of Bir-
mingham,— At Overton, Mr. S. Henry, of
Chester, to Miss J. Farral, of Frodsham.

« Dird.| At Knutsford, aged 34, J. Mag-
man, esq., R.M.—57, Mary, the wife of Abel
Hyde, esq., of Stayley, in Cheshire.— 26,
the Rev. Henry Nicholson, curate of Ryton.

DERBYSHIRE.

Excessive Rain happened here on the 11th
and 12th of October, amounting to. near
3 inches of perpendicular depth; which has
not been equalled since the 13th and 14th of
Aug. 1762, according to the Chatsworth

Cheshire—Derbyshire—Nottinghamshire.

[ Dec, },

Register of 50 years standing ; see the county
Report, vol. I. p. 101: the floods near
Derby, were excessively high and destructive.

Married.] At Derby, Mr. Benjamin Red-
shaw, to Miss Collumbell, daughter of Mr,
Wm. Collumbell —At Repton, Robert Gil-
bert, Knt. S. W. to Sarah, relict of the late
Thomas Taylor, esq., of Ridgeway House,
Derbyshire. — At Measham, Thos. Biddulph,
gent. of that place, aged 80, to Miss Ann
Parker, formerly of Repton, aged 40.—
Ilkeston, William Green, gent., to Miss
Sarah, eldest daughter of Mr. Jolin Simpson.
~—Mr. Samuel Bostock, to Miss Elizabeth
Gratton, eldest daughter of the late Mr.
Gratton, formerly of Nottingham.—Mr.
Samuel Groce, of Little Hallam, to Miss
Elizabeth Webster, of Beeston, Nottingham-
shire. — At Derby, Mr. Charles Clayton, to
Miss Ann Hardy, both of Nottingham.—
‘At Derby, Mr. Wm. Bailey, of South Col-
lingham, Nottingh:«mshire, to Miss Hannah
Smith, of Derby.— At Derby, Mr. William
Charles Shardlow, of Manchester, to Miss
Elizabeth Webster Jowett, of Breason, Der-
byshire.—At Thorn, Mr. John Felkin, to
Ann, eldest daughter of the late Mr. Kelvy,
of Gainsborough.— Rev. W. Dewe, to So-
phia, daughter of the late Wm. Godley,
esq. of Chester.

Died.| At Hopwell Hall, T. Pares, esq.—
At Chesterfield, aged 83,.J. Storrs, esq ,
of the Society of Friends. — At Codnor Park,
22, T. Davies, esq.— At Derby, 85, Mrs.
Baker.—At Derby, 74, Mrs. Hatuell.—
At Derby, 40,. Mr. F, Henshaw.—At
Grandfield House, near Losco, Mrs. Kirk-
land.—At Ripley, 36, Miss E. Kirby.—

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.

Married.] At Nottingham, the Rev. D. S.
Tatham, to Miss Rebecca Grayburn, Brands-
burton, Yorkshire.—Mr. Joseph Clayton, tov >
Miss Mary Anne Markham ; Mr. Richard
Farrands, to Miss Anu Wallis; Mr. Wm.
Wilford, to Miss Mary Anne Ward; Mr.
Samuel James, to Miss E. W. Weston, of
Radford; Mr. Samuel Staples, to Miss
Catharine Bradshaw; Mr. Wm. Harby, to
Miss Hannah Edgeley ; Mr. George Moore,
to Miss Maria Varnsvery; Mr. Wm. Ca-
zaby, to Miss Mary Bullen ; Mr. Thomas
Scrimshaw, of Ratcliff, to Mrs. Martha
Allen, Nottingham; R. B. Frank, esq., of
Winthorp Hall, Notts, to Caroline, second
daughter of the Rev. S. Curteis, t1.p., of
Turnham Green.—At Ashby-de-la Zouch,
Samuel Booth, gent., of Nottingham, to
Miss Mary Moss, of the Ivanhoe Baths,
Ashby; Rev. J. W. Brooks, of Retford, to
Sarah, daughter of John Fearby, esq., of
Poppleton Lodge, near York; Mr. Robert
Hind, of Radford, to Miss Anne Machin ;
Mr. Robert Byrne, to Miss Susannah But-
ler; Mr. David Smith, to Miss Jess; Mr.
Edward Brown, to Miss Elizabeth Bingham ;
Mr. Hugh Allison, to Miss Anne Wilkin-
son; Mr. Henry Cross, to Miss Sarah Bery ;
Mr. Wm. Gambol, to Miss Anne Inman ;
Mr. Wm. Rayall, to Miss Anne Rainbow ;

Mr.

1824.)

Mr. Jolin Raworth, to Miss Elizabeth
Whetton.— At Halam, Mr. Smith, South-
well, to Miss Hind, niece of Captain Car-
ding, of Newhall, in thiscounty.— At New-
ark, Mr. Jaines Lacy Wyan, to Miss Mary
Chapman.—At West Retford, Mr. John
Milnes, of Aston, in the county of York, to
Miss Ann Smith, of the former place.

Died.| At Nottingham, in the 6Ist year
of his age, Mr. William Huthwaite.—8Q,
Mrs. Luscombe.—20, Miss Knight, eldest
daughter of Mr. Knight.—Mr. Wm. Dar-
ker, Broad-marsh. —19, Miss Emma Cut-
ler.—17; Miss Ann Jackson.—s0, Chris-
tiana Elliott.—74, Mr. George Hazard.—
21, Ann, the wife of Mr. Robert Hancock.—
72, Mr. Geo. Rogers.—63, Miss Mary
Bestwick.—At Beeston, Elizabeth Hood,
relict of Mr. James Hood, in the 76th year
of her age.—At Chilwell, 48, Mrs. Witham.
=-At Colnwick, aged 54, Mr. George Neal,
—At Lound Hall, near East Retford, 64,
Thomas Faulkner, m.p.— At Newark,
64, Charles Smart, esq. He was author of
the Complete Angler, Selection of Poems,
&e. &e.— At East Markham, 25, Mr. Jo-
seph Stanniland.—Mrs. Boote, relict of the
Jate Thomas Boote, esq. of this town.—At
Carlton, 18, Miss Sarah Parker.— At Lan-
gar, 79, the Rev. Edward Gregory.—At
Mansfield, 25, Margaret, youngest daughter
of Mr. Peter Wood.

LINCOLNSHIRE.

Married.| The Rev. J. Gedge, m.a. Vicar
of Humberston, and Domestic Chaplain to
Earl Stanhope, to Harriet, fourth daughter
of the late Rev. Wm. Thorold, of Weelsby
House, Lincolnshire.—At Rothley, John
Lee, gent., of Pinner Park, Middlesex, to
Ann, only daughter of the late John New-
boldt, gent., of the former place—John
Baker, esq., of Loughton Lodge, Essex, to
Miss Beard, only daughter of the Iate Mr.
Samuel Beard, of Stavely, Derbyshire.—

LEICESTER AND RUTLAND.

Married.) John, second son of J. Lea,
esq. of the Lakes, near Kidderminster, to
Anna Maria, second daughter of Geo. Sim-
cox, esq., of Harborne, Staffordshire. —At
Barwell, Mr. Harris, of Leicester, to Miss
Riley, of Red Hall.—At Leicester, Mr.
Brown, to Miss S. Crosham.— At Leicester,
W. C. B. Cave, esq., to Miss M. Eccles, of
Eccles, Laneashire—At Leicester, Mr. G.
C. Lever, of Nottingham, to Miss Wood-
ford, of Goverton, Nottingham.

Died.| Marston Buzzard, esq., 62, of
Lutterworth, Leicestershire — At Leicester,
Clara, daughter of Mr. Pagel.— At Syston,
4), Johanna, relict of the late’ J. W. Wood-
cock, esq.

STAFFORDSHIRE.

Married.| At Wolverhampton, Mr. F. C.
Proctor, to Catharine, daughter of the late
R. Price, esq., of Bilston,— Mr, W. Under-
Will, of Wednesbury, to Mrs. Woodward,
of Bilston,—Mr. G. Bullock, of Wednes-
bury, to Miss E. ‘Thomas.—At Harborne,
J. Lea, esq., of the Lakes, near Kiddermin-

Lincolnshire, Leicester and Rutland, Staffordshire, Sc.

ATS

ster, to Anna Maria, second daughter of G.
Simeox, esq., of Harborne.—At Walsall,
H. C. Windle, esq., to Martha, daughter
of R. Jesson, esq., of the same place.

Died.| At Litchfield, 86, Jane, relict of
the Rey. B. Hutchinson, M.F.R.S., Rector
of Holywell.— At West Bromwich, J. Jesse.
—At Harborne, Mr. T.C. Sharpe.— At
Wolverhampton, Mr. S. Whittle.—Mr. P.
Thompson, of | Newcastle.—At Wolver-
hampton, 54, Mr. J. Mason.

WARWICKSHIRE. :

Married.| At Birmingham, “Mr. J.
Shackel, to Miss Pattison, of Dale-end.—
The Rey. H. W. Sitwell, Rector of Lea-
mington, Hastings, to Sophia, daughter of
C. J. Wheeler, esq.—At Edgbarton, Mr.
R. C. Rutter, of Kennilworth, to Miss
Ford, of Birmingham.— At Birmingham,
Mr. H. E. Price, to Miss A. Heath.— At
Warwick, Mr. Turnbull, to Miss S.
Chaplin.

Died.] Lately, in the West Indies, Lieut.
Thomas Stewkeley Shuckburgh, of his
Majesty’s ship Helicon, second son of the
late Sir Stewkeley Shuckburgh, Bart., of
Shuckburgh Park, in the county of ‘War- -
wick, and brother to the present Baronet.—
Lately, at Warsley Green, Wm. Villars,
esq., the senior magistrate of Birmingham,
—At Birmingham, Mr. J. Horton.—42,
Mrs. Price.

SHROPSHIRE.

Married.| At Shrewsbury, Mr. Shaw, of
€udnor, to Mrs. Bussoutt, of Shrewsbury.
— Henry Parker, m.p., of Overton, to Ma-
rianne, eldest daughter of Dr. Darwin, of
Shrewsbury.— At West Broonwich, Mr. G,
Bullock, of Wednesbury, to Miss E. Tho-
mas. :

Died.| At Ween, 81, Mrs. Ann Phillips,
relict of the Rev. G. Phillips, late of White-
church,—74, Mrs. Walmsley, of Edstaston
Park, near-Ween. had

WORCESTERSHIRE.

Married.) Mr. R. Knight, of Strensham,
to Mrs. Joyce, Barton-street, Tewkesbury :
the bridegroom is in his 88th year, and the
bride in her 76th ; and this is the third time
the former has been at the hymenial altar,
and the second appearance there of the latter.
—At Kempsey, near Worcester, Jas: Lewis,
esq., of Cardiff, to Charlotte, eldest daughter
of Sir J. Homfray, of Boulogne-sur-Mer,
France. OH

Died.) W. Villers, esq., of’. Waresby
Green, at an advanced age.—At Worcester,
31, Mrs. Read.— At Rose-hill, near Wor-
cester, 81, Mrs. Wither.—Suddenly, 63,
the Rev. T. Thomas, late curate of Castle-
morton, Worcesiershire. — At Ash-grove,
Great Malvern, 16, Jessy Ann, daughter of
KR. Phillipps, esq., of the park, near Man-
chester.—87, at Blakeshall, near Kidder-
minister, J. Smith, esq.

HEREFORDSHIRE.

Married.) At Mudley, Mr, Jallep, to
Miss M. Williams.—At Munsley, Mr. W.
Janney, to Msg. Janwood.

3P2

476
es.) At Holmer Lodge, near Here-
ford, Elizabeth, wife of J. Rogers, esq.—

At Hereford, 23, Miss I.
Newburns, Bromyard, Mr, Edw. James.—
At Ross, 78, the Rev. T. King. —At the
Parsonage-house, Upton Bishop, 84, Mrs.
Prosser.—At Ross, 79, Mrs. Phillipps, mo-
ther of the Rev. Dr. Phillipps, of Whit-
church, Herefordshire.—In a field near his
residence at Ross, Lieut. Simpkins, r.v.—
At Holme Lodge, Elizabeth, wife of Capt.
Rogers.
GLOUCESTER AND MONMOUTH.

Lately, the gardener employed in the
shrubberies of Marl Hill, the seat of R.
Capper, esq., dug up a small coin, about the
size of an old farthing, which on inspection
proved to be a piece of money coined in
Cheltenham upwards of two centuries ago.
On one side is inscribed round the edge,
*¢ John Moxon,’’ and in the centre, “ His
halfe-penny,’? and on the reverse, “ In
Cheltenham, 1567,’ and in the centre the
initials, “J..M.’ It is in perfect pre-
servation.

Married.| “At Bristol, the Rey. H. E.
Shew, a.z., of Worcester college, Oxford,
to Elizabeth, daughter of C. L. Harford,
esq., of Clifton.—The Rev. J. Saunders,
to Mrs. Protheroe, widow of T. Protheroe,
esq., of Usk.—The Rev. T. Whitts, of
Tiverton, Devon, to Miss Veryurd, of
Bristol.— Wm. Cox, esq., of the Mount,
Tnchbrook, Gloucestershire, to Ellen, only
child of Nath, Clarkson, esq.—At Bod-
dington, T. Neale, esq, of Lincoln’s-inn,
to Miss Blagdon, of Northcote-house,
Devon.— At Stratton, J. Cripps, esq., to
Miss E. A. Cooke, of Lodgemore.— At
Avening, the Rey. H. Newbury, of Hug-
born, Berks, to Miss E. Day, of Nails-
worth,— At Cheltenham, Mr. D. Eich-
baum, to Miss J. W. Griesbach. ~J. Spen-
cer, esq., of QOak-hill, Somerset, to Mrs.
C. Llewellyn, late of Preston.—At Framp-
ton, R. Tucker, esq., of Winterbourne-
house, to Miss M. A. Parker, of Frampton
Terrace.—[ At Wandsworth, Surrey, H. Da-
vis, esq, of Monmouth, to Mary Ann,
daughter of the Rev. T. Birch, of New-
land, Gloucester.|—Edwin Mutlow, esq.,
surgeon, of Tewkesbury, to Mary, second
daughter of T. P. White, esq

Died.| At Clifton, Miss Jane Copper.—
At Clifton-bill, T. Powell, esq.—At the
Hotwells,y Mrs. Ann Orde, sister of the
late, and aunt to the present, Lord Bolton.
At Clifton, Mary, wife of R. E. Case,
esq., of Bristol—At Bristol, 17, Sarah,
daughter of the late G. James, esq., of
Clirow, Radnorshire.—Miss K. Ludlow.—
Mr. C. Hooper.—Miss Clarke, of the So-
ciety of Friends.—Sir J. B. Lamb, Bart.
82, Mrs. Dunbar.—Mr. T.. Brock.

OXFORDSHIRE.

The Roman discoverers at. Wiggington,
mentioned at p. 380 of our last, have been
further successful in disinterring various
brass coins of the lower empire, none of

Oxfordshire, Buckinghamslire and Berkshire, &c. °

Gwalter.— At

[Dees :t;

which are however in a fine state of preser-
vation, although curious.

Niarried.| At Aston Rowant, the Hon.
Wm. Rodney, to Eliza Anne, youngest
daughter of the late T. Brown, esq—Mr.
Robert Hawks, of Cheltenham, to Sarah,
second daughter) of Mr. Geo, Fisher, of
St. Ebbe’s.

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE AND BERKSHIRE.

Married.] Pascoe St. Leger Grenfell,
esq., of Taplow-house, to Catharine Anne,
eldest daughter of Jas, Du Pre, esq., of
Wilton Park, Bucks.

Died.| 88, Lieut. Wm. Brown, on the
retired list of the late Royal Invalids, and
one of his Majesty’s Poor Knights of the
Windsor. In consequence of a wound re-
ceived in Germany early in the Seven Years’
war, when serving as a volunteer in the
20th regt., he suffered amputation of a leg,
Notwithstanding this privation, he was ac-
tively employed in America during the
whole of the revolutionary war, was present
at the siege of Charlestown, Bermuda, and
various other actions, and was twice wound-
ed.—Lately, at Ivinghoe Aston, Bucks,
97, Mrs. James, widow of the late Mr. Jno.
James, farmer. She was mother of 17
children, nine of whom survive her; the
eldest 78, and the youngest 52. She was
carried to the grave by six of her grandsons,
the pall being supported by six of her
grand..daugbters, -She has left a numerous
progeny, the amount of which, including
children, grand-children, great grand-chil..
dren, and great great grand-children we
hear, exceeds 100.—88, Elizabeth, _ re-
lict of _Robert Ashfield.—Reading, Mrs,
Lamb, wife of Mr. J. G. Lamb.— Windsor,
58, Mr. Wm. Grey, one of the lay-clerks
of St. George’s chapel.

HERTFORD AND BEDFORD.

Married.] St. Mary’s, Bedford, John
Amery, esq. to Anna Dorothy, eldest daugh-
ter of W. Foster, esq. of the same place.

Died.) At Bedford, 21, William Henry; se-
condson of Mr. Alderman Wing.— At Pot-
ton, of a general paralysis, 72, Mrs. Rugely,
sole heiress of the late William Payne, gent.
of Biggleswade, and relict of Matthew
Rugely, esq.— Mrs. Sarah Kenyon, of Sal-
ford, 30, widow of the late Rev. Robert
Kenyon.

~

NORTHAMPTON.

Married.] At Daventry, E.S. Burton, esq.
to Anna Maria, eldest daughter of the late.
C. Watkins, esq.—At Weston on the Wel-
land, Mr. G. Smith of Nottingham, to Miss
S. Talbot, of Morton on Welland.—Lieut.
Williams, 44th regt., to Anne, daughter of
John Bruton, esq. of Houghton-house,
Northampton.

Died.]| An interesting funeral lately took
place at Wittering, a village three miles
south of Stamford. The individual whose
remains were consigned to the earth was in
life no less a personage than Henry Boswell,
well known as the father or king of the gip-
sles resorting to that part of the one

The

1824.]

The old man was encamped on Southorpe
Heath, with several of his family and sub-
jects, on the Sunday preceding, when death
put an end to his reign and his earthly wan-
derings. He had been ill for a few days; but
his complaint was really a decay of nature,
for the patriarch was nearly a hundred years
of age. The corpse continued in the camp
on the heath for five days,—those. who had
been with him in his last moments expect-
ing that many others of his family and de-
pendents would, on information of his death,
come to offer their homage at his funeral ;
but something prevented this, and it was
d:emed necessary to inter the corpse on the
sixth day. A decent coffin had been provided,
aud the obsequies were conducted with great
decorum. The body was deposited in Wit-
tering church-yard, where the service was
read by the Rev. William Wing. On
Wednesday tlie gipsy camp broke up from
Seuthorpe ; on which occasion those who
had composed it went to the church-yard to
pay the last tribute of affection at the grave
of Boswell, and a very impressive scene of
silent unaffected grief was witnessed. The
old man is said to have died in very affluent
circumstances, and to haye pessessed estates
in several parts of England.

CAMBRIDGE AND HUNTINGDON.

Thomas Le Blane, esq., uu.p., Master
of Trinity-Hall, has been elected Vice-
Chancellor of this university for the year
ensuing.

Married.| At Kimbolton, the Rev. T.
Hosking, 2.pv., Rector of Kempstone, and
of Basford, Notts, to Miss Blount.—The
Kev. Thos. Durham, m. a., Fellow of Ca-
therme Hall, Cambridge, to Louisa, eldest
daughter of the Rev. Dawson Warren, Vicar
of Edmonton.

Died.| At March, Cambridgeshire, Eli-
zabeth Ann, the wife of John King Farlow,
esq. of Ely-place, Holborn.

NORFOLK.

The Rev. Jas. Hoste, a. »., has become
licensed to the perpetual Curacy of Longham,
and to the perpetual Curacy of Wendling ;
patron T, W. Coke, esq. m.r.

The Hon. and Rey. E. Southwell Kep-
pell, a.m., is preferred to the Rectory of
Quiddenham; patron the Earl of Albemarle.

The Rey. H. Goggs, a.x., to the Vicar-
age of South Creek; patron, H. Goggs, of
Whissonsett.

Married.| At Lakenham, Norfolk, Wil-
liam Bragge, esq., Capt. 3d Light Dragoons,
to Margaret, second daughter of J. G. Spar-
row, esq., of Gosfield Place, Essex.—At
Ingoldisthorpe, 70, Rey. Wm. Davy, Rec-
tor of Stanfield and Sandringham,

SUFFOLK.

Married.| The Rey. H. March, of Bun-
gay, to Caroline, daughter of Mr. John
Sewell.—Mr. T. West, of Leiston, Suffolk,
to Elizabeth, eldest daughter of the late Mr.
Francis A. Horney, Colchester.

Died.\ At Dullingham House, near New-

Suffolk —Essex— Kent — Sussex— Hampshire, &c.

477

market, Lt. Gen. Jeaffreason, 63.— N. Spar-
row, esq. of Peacock-hall, Suffolk, —57, Mrs.
Cobbold, wife of John Cobbold, esq. of the
Holy Welis, Ipswich.

ESSEX.

Married] At all Saints, Malden, Essex,
Mr. William Peters, said to be descended
from the famous Hugh Peters, of Oliver
Cromwell’s time, to Mrs. Mary Wells. The
united ages of this young couple amount to
157 years—the one being 79, the other 78.
—At Colchester, W. Scott, esq. of Brighton,
to Miss Carter of East-Bridge, Colchester.
—At Mistley, W. Silke, esq. of Manning-
tree, to Mrs. Harrison.

Died.| Mrs. Elizabeth Frost, youngest
daughter of Doctor Frost, m.v. late of Had-
leigh, Suffolk. It is lamentable to relate,
that after affliction of upwards of 15 years’
duration, borne with exemplary resignation
by this unfortunate lady, her clothes caught
fire and she was so severely burned, as to
survive the accident only a few hours.

KENT,

Married.] At Hythe, Kent, Capt. Davies
Smith, of the Royal Engineers, to Mary,
youngest daughter of Thomas Lancoy, esq.
—Hen. Dawson, esq. to Mrs. Laugher, late
of Islington, Birmingham,.—At Chatham,
Mr. T. E. Wootten, of Newington Butts,
Surry, to Elizabeth, daughter of J. Weekes,
esq. Dock-yard, Chatham.

Died.| At Squerries, Westerham, Kent,
Sir Nathaniel Dukinfieid, Bart. of Stanlake,
Berks.—At St. Paul’s Cray, Kent, Mr. S.
Brooker, 66.—At Margate, Dowager Lady
Dryden, of Cannons-Ashby, Northampton-
shire.—At Sandgate, Sophia wife of Henry
Merrik Hoare, esq. of York-place, Portman-
square. —Mr. James Wordsworth, 19, Mid-
shipman of H. M.’s Ship Prince Regent, son
of Robert Wordsworth, esq. collector of cus-
toms at Harwich, accidentally drowned at
Chatham.

SUSSEX.

During the uncommonly low neap tides
of the last month, the Qwers Rocks, situate ~
six miles S. E, of Selsea Bill, were in part
laid dry; a circumstance which has not oc-
curred, in the day-time at least, within the
last 60 years, ;

Married.| At Storrington, — Dellarlein,
jun. esq. to Emma, eldest daughter of the
late C. Dennet, esq., of Soho Square.

Died.| At Brighton, 64, Susanna, of
Turnham Green.—At Chichester, Lieut.
Col, George Munro Popham, C.B. of the
Hon. East India Company’s service.

HAMPSHIRE.

The ** Portsmouth and London,” or more
properly the Wey and Arren Canal, which
was opened for barges in September 1816,
and has turned out an unprofitable concern,
has, by certain speculators, lately been pro-
posed to be widened and deepened, so as to
render it a ship canal.

Marricd| At St, Leonard’s, Hythe, Capt.
Davies Smith, Royal Engineers, to Mary,
youngest daughter of Thomas Lancey, esq.

-— At

478

—At All Saints Church, Southampton,
Joseph Wilkinson Archley, esq. (Royal
Art.) to Miss Henrietta Catherine Fairfax.—
At Southampton, Rev. C. Jackson, fellow of
New College, Oxford, to Miss Arabella,
Knightley.— At Southampton, James Gaunt-
lett, esq. of Winchester, to Ellen Bellfield.
—At the Isle of Wight, Robert Hawthorne,
esq. of Gower-street, London, to Agatha W.
B. Shedden, second daughter of R. Shedden,
esq. of Spring Hill, Isle of Wight.— At
Fareham, Capt. Eastwood, R. N. to Louisa,
daughter of John Pooke, esq. of that place.

Died.| At Porchester, J. Tackle, esq.
—18, Elizabeth,daughter of Chas. Dodd, esq.
of Baddesley—Anne, the wife of Mr.
Joseph Martin. —At Winchester, Miss M.
A. Fletcher.— At Southampton, Miss S. A.
Reynolds.— Walter, son of the late Walter
Godfrey, esq. of Lee, near Romsey.—The
lady of Lieut. Henry Downes, R.N., at his
lodgings in Vincent-walk, Southampton :
she retired to rest on Friday evening in per-
fect health ; but the violation of disease was so
sudden as to render medical aid ineffectual.
‘They were married only on the previous
Tuesday.

WILTSHIRE.

Married.| The Rev. R. F. St. Barbe,
Rector of Stockton, Wilts, to Harriet, only
daughter of T. Money, esq. of Lincoln.

Died.] At Salisbury, 61, Miss Chisholm ;
and Mr. Charles Porter, wool-stapler.—79,
Caroline, widow of Mr. Thos. Whittaker,
of Bratton.— Mr. Swayne, of Devizes, 66.

SOMERSETSHIRE,

A cavern, which promises to, be of much
geological interest, has been lately disco-
covered on the Mendip Hills, near Banwell,
120 feet Welow the surface of the earth.
The soil which covers its floor is replete
with the bones of quadrupeds ; the remains
which have yet been found consist prin-
cipally of the ox and the deer, but some im-
perfect canine teeth, apparently of the
hyena, have also been discovered. From
the close analogy of the spot with the other
caverns which have been found most pro-
ductive of quadrupedal remains, and from
the circumstance that all the teeth of an
elephant were formerly discovered in a si-
milar fissure, about three miles distant,
upon Hutton Hill, there is every reason
to believe that further examination would be
well repaid. The bones procured from
Hutton Hill were collected by the late Rev.
Mr. Calcott, and are preserved in the Bristol
library. It is understood that the curator of
that establishment is at present engaged in
an examination of this interesting spot.

Married.| At Weston super Mure, the
Rey. W. Deeve, to Suphia, daughter of the
late W. Godley, esq., of Chester. — At
Bridgewater, Mr. R. Halman, of Brighton,
to Mrs. Perkins.—Capt. W. Dingley, to
Miss Hanah Mallie, of Comb St. Nicholas.
—At Bathwick, G. Monkland, esq., of
Donnington, Berks, to Ann Catherine,
widow of the late Edw. Surtees, esq, of

Wiltshire Somersetshire—Dorsetshire—Devonshire.

[Dec. I,

Seatonburn, Northumberland. — At Bath,
Capt. Day, late of the 49th regt., to Kim.
Hartsinek, only child of Jan. Casper Hart-
sinck, esq., of Forefield-house, Lyncombe,
Bath.

Died.] At Taunton, 59, R. Shaw, esq.,
brother of B, Shaw, esq., one of the part-
ners in the banking-house of Sir John
Perring and Co.— Mary Ann, second
daughter of J. H. Chichester, esq., of
Stoke-house and Northover.—Jas. Ludlam,
esq., of Haselbury.—At Bath, Eliz., wife
of the Rev. Barr Dudding.—In Park-st.,
Miss Selina Pye.—-At Rocke-house, Capt.
Menzies Duncan, late of the Bengal In-
fantry.—18, John William, son of the late
T. Rodie, esq., of Liverpool.—76, Mr.
Boyce.—Mrs. Warrier, relict of the late G.
Warriner, esq., of Conock-House, Wilts.
—70, Sarah, relict of the late Mr. C. Pal-
mer, of this city.—74, Mr. Jessop, builder,
of Bath.—Hannah, wife of Thos. Wood-
forde, esq., of the Crescent, Taunton.—
52, Wm. May, esq., of Bridgewater.—
At Bath, Eliza, wife of the Rev. B. Dud-
ding.—At South Cadbury, the Rev. W.
Marsh, rector of Weston Bamfylde, Bath.—
At Sanigar, Berkeley, 63, Wm. Pearce,
esq.— Rev. Edw. Whitley, Vicar of Stowey-
—At Croscombe, 101, Mr. Samp. Sage.

DORSETSHIRE.

The Rev. Rich, Cutler, m.a., is elected
master of the Grammar School, Dorchester,
vice the Rey. Evan Davies, resigned.

Married.| At Powerstock, Mr. A. Whit-
tle, of Langton Herring, to Miss M. Pal-
mer, of Nettlecombe.—At Frampton, R.
Tucker, esq., of Winterbourne House, to
Mary Ann, daughter of W. Parker, esq.;
of Frampton farm.

Died.| At Weymouth, 42, Mr. J. M.
Fooks.—86, Mrs. S. Fowler.—Mrs. War-
rence, relict of the late G. Warriner, esq.;
of Conock House, in this county.—At De-
vizes, 69, Mr. Swaine.

DEVONSHIRE,

The Rev. J. Jacob, xi.n., of Devonport,
is appointed by the Rev. Chancellor Martin
a surrogate for granting marriage-licences.

Oct..21, the newly erected church at Ex-
mouth was consecrated by the Bishop of
the diocese,.in the presence of upwards of
8,000 persons. 270 charity children were
afterwards regaled by Lord Rolle with
roast-beef and plum-pudding.

It is worthy of remark,. that the number
of churches in the diocese of Exeter (of
course including Devon and Cornwall) was
last year seven hundred and one, and that
the number of dissenting places of worship
was exactly the same.

Married.] At Ilfracombe, the Rev. Mar-
cus G. Beresford, son of the Bishop of
Kilmore, to Mary, widow of the late Rich.
Digby, esq.—At Whimple, Devon,» ir
Gregory A. Lewis, of the Middle Temple,
barrister, to Elizabeth Caroline, eldest
daughter of the late Wm. Buller, esq., of
Maidwell-hall, Northampton.—At Bide-

ford,

1824..]
ford, — Stoly, esq., of Torrington, to Miss
Clyde, daughter of J. Clyne, esq., of Butt
Gardens, Bideford, Devon.— At Plymouth,
the Rev. M. S. Alexander, to Miss De-
borah Levy, late of Stonehouse. — At
Whimple, Sir G. Lewis, to Miss E. C,
Buller, of Maidwell, Northamptonshire.—
Mr. Dridge, Jun., of Kingford, to Miss
Arthur, of Tavistock.— At Heavitree, Lieut.
col. C. Plenderheath, c.s., to Hannah
Winslow, eldest daughter of the late J. B.
de Paiba, esq.—At Chudleigh, J, D. Al-
lengham, esq., of the 24th dragoons, to
Margaret, eldest daughter of G. Barring-
ton, esq., of East Dulwich.—At Stone.
house, Gen. Pampaluna, to Susan, daughter
of Mr. G. D. Davis.

Died.] At Forynay, Catherine Maria,
wife of the Hon. A. A. H. Hutchinson.—
At Plymouth, 48, Capt. John Weeks, r. n.
—In Bedford Crescent, Exeter, Anne,
widow of the Rey. W. Woolcomb, late
rector of East Worlington,—At Honiton,
90, Mrs. Grace Flood, and, 75, Mrs. E.
Lott. The former was the youngest of three
widow sisters, whose united ages amounted
to 281 years.—Suddenly, at Dartmouth,
Miss Woolcott, daughter of the late Capt.
Woolcott.—Mr. Jas. Mackenzie Fooks. —
At Pinhoe, 80, Mrs. Eliza. Phillips, sister
of Mr.- Alderman Phillips, of Exeter.—
—At Tickbury, Hartland, J. Haynes, esq.
—At Cloveley, 79, Capt. G. Bryant. —At
Manaton, Devon, 75, the Rev. Wm. Car-
withen, forty-four years rector of that pa-
rish.— At Rackenford, near Tiverton, 76,
W. Barnes, esq.—19, Basil, only son of
the Rev. R. Marriott, rector of Ipplepen.
—At Berry Vicarage, 72, Jaquette, widow
of Rear- Admiral Sir T. Lewis, Bart. — At
Plymouth, Mrs. Hares.—At Stonehouse,
92, Mrs. Honseul, relict of the Rev. B.M.
Honseul.—At Davenport, Miss E. Rutter,
daughter of the late Rev. J. Rutter, of
Littleborough, Lancashire.— At Sidmouth,
24, the Rev. Rob. Anstice, s.a., son of
Josiah Anstice, esq.

CORNWALL.

Lieut. H. C. Goldsmith, of the Nimble
cutter, has succeeded in placing the Logan
Rock in its former position. The first at-
tempt was in the presence of 3,000 spec-
tators; on the second, further efforts were
made, and on the third, the laborious task
was completed, and so successfully, that
the immense stone logs to and fro exactly
as before. Not the slightest accident oc-
curred during the experiment. :

Married.| At Stoke, the Rev. E. Bridge,
Aa. curate of Southhill, to Miss Tho.
mazin ‘Tucker. — At Penzance, Mr. H.
Reynolds, to Miss Symons.—At St. Teath,
Mr. W. Hockin, to Miss Webb,—At La-
morran, Laura, eldest daughter of the Rev
W. Curgenven, rector of that parish, to Mr.
J. Jeffery, of Cuscarne, near Redruth. — At
St. Hillary, Mr. Richard Jago, jun., of the
Mount, to Miss H. Pemberthy, of Lelant.

Died.| At Truro, 85, G. Thomas, esq.—

ee Wales— Scotland.

479

At Bosworgy, near St. Columb, Mr, W.

Drewe.—At Penryth, 100, Mrs. Helston,

—At East Looe, Cornwall, the Rev. M. W.

Bennet.—At West Trevaith, in Gwenap,

43, Capt. John Tregoning, of Wheal Gor-

land Mine.—At Peurose, 80, Mrs. Billing.
WALES.

The site for Sir Thomas Picton’s monu-
ment is now definitely settled, and a num-
ber of labourers are employed in widening
the road near it, The spot fixed upon is the
summit of a hill called Penllwyn-y-witch,
about 100 yards beyond the western extre-
mity of Carmarthen, on the high road, and
which commands an extensive prospect in
every direction.

Married.| At Newtown, Montgomery-
shire, Mr, Williams, to Mrs. Baynton, of
Kington, Hereford.—At Gludestry, Rad-
norshire, Mr. P. Bate, of Harpton, to Miss
C. Lewis, of Hengoed.— At Llanyblodwel, .
the Rev. W. A. Jones, Vicar of Llaur-
haiade, to Sarah Anne, daughter of the
Rey. S. Stute, of Llanyblodwel.—Capt. G.
St. John Gifford, of Swansea, to Isabella,
daughter of J. Christie, esq., of Hackney-
wick, Middlesex.— At Motlify, J. Thomas,
esq., of Nant Cottage, near Llandile, to
Ann, only daughter of W. Jones, esq., of
Gurrey, Carmarthenshire.— At Brecknock,
Edward, son of W. J. Parkes, esq., of
Walton, Somerset, to Eleanor Mary,
daughter of Capt. M. Malbon, r. n.—Jas.
Prosser Snead, esq., of Brecon, to Eliza-
beth, youngest daughter of the late Jonathan
Dixon, esq., of Ashford, in that county.—
At Lanthetty, Brecnocshire, J. P. Snead,
esq., banker, of Brecon, to Elizabeth,
youngest daughter of the late Jonathan -
Dixon, esq., of Ashford.

Died.| At Pembroke, 72, Mrs. Ann
Mansel, sister of the late Lord Bishop
of Bristol—Rev. Mr. Jones, Vicar of
Llanboidy, Carmarthenshire. — 20, Mary,
eldest daughter of the late Rev. Wm.
Davies, of Talgarth, Brecnocshire.—-At
Brecon, 10, Emily, youngest daughter
of Thos. Mayhery, esq.—At Hay-Castle,
Brecnocshire, after a few days illness, Cathe-
rine, fourth daughter of the Rev. W. Allen.
—79, the wife of Alex. Raby, esq., Fur-
nace, Llanelly, Glamorganshire.

SCOTLAND.

The Caledonian Canal has so far succeed-
ed, that in August last 121 vessels navigated
some parts of it: several with wool, passing
from Hull to Liverpool; others to and from
Dumfries, Belfast, Londonderry or Liver-
pool, Newcastle, &c., with lime, slates,
freestone, salt, herrings, staves, deals, &c.
Three steam packets pass through from
Inverness to’ Glasgow: the works are how-
ever not yet completed, and some part of the
line is intended to be laid dry next summer,
and deepened for 18 feet water, when the
Jargest merchant vessels will pass from sea
to sea through this maguificent canal.

At Locker Mill, near Kilbarchan, a pe-
trifying spring has been discovered, which

has

sa°5

480 Treland— Answer to Correspondents. os Lies
has excited considerable ti iy at Willian F Moon ggicaif nlinigige| of the
bay eee cy ap if. edu- parisiof-Atinan. 7.4 F
tiful’specimens” of “petrified mosses, “Mixed rE REDAN Dermonnenemnnnnnanns
with hyndstongue and other vegetable sub- Population of Ireland.—Summary from
stanées, haye been found upon the bank on. ~ réturns Of 1821—not yet printed } Ing Z
which the water drops. ster, there are 1,785,763 inhabitants— Mun-

“The remaiiis of a whale have been found ~ ster, 2;005,365.—Ulster, 2,007,095 and
four, feet deep, under, the coarse clay at in Connaught, 1,053,918, — Total indreland,
Blair-drummond, ona part of the property 6,846,949. ere pay og
that had been covered © with moss. The Married. W. Godfrey, esq.,¢ Hestog of
propriétor intends to remove the bones to ‘Sir “John ‘Godfrey,’ bart.,” of “Kile an
Edinburgh) to be placed in the museum. Abbey, to Mary, datighter oF J! Colfsmath,

Married.] (At Langhom, John Nichol, — esq., of Flesk Castle,’ Killarney. At St.
esq., Cwritdr) to Miss’ Agnes Little. —At Audien’s Church, Dublin, William; Muglits,
Gretna-Green, Lieut. Williams, (sonof R. esq., 63d reg., nephew, ,of the Jate| William
Williams; esq; barrister), to Ann, only Vaughan, esq.,, to Anne, reli¢t. of : James
daughter of John Benton, esq-, of Houghton Coghlan, esq. BERN. sini oa ‘tan
House, Northampton, Died,| At Eelfast, the Rev. De MMul-

Died,] At Dupplin Castle, only child of len, Roman_ Catholic Bishop ‘of Down and
Lieut.-Gen. Sir Thomas and Lady Ham- Connor.—Lately, at Malahide, 98) J. Haig,
mond 2 At’ Mousewald, Dumfries-shire, esq. s1.p. late physician’ to’ thé Forees ‘ut
the Rev. Jacob “Dickson, minister of that Cork. This truly skilful’ and zealous" offi-
parish, at avery advaneed agei— Rev. Peter cer, began his career‘under: Adm. ‘Saunders,
Young) 49,miristér/of the SecessionChurch, in the Mediterranean, where (although’then
in Jedburgh:-sAt Gladswood,'70, nearMel- a very young man), he had suflicient; nerve
rose.J» Hilly:.esqu of, Walthamstow.—At to innoculate the Dey of ‘Algiers... The
Losset,; House,,-Argyleton,, Capt. James Emperor of Morocco. was also his patient.
Nash; R.N. of. Farnham.—At Langholm, Dr. Haig served his country in the reigns of

Mr. W.. Recutfon.—At Baxter’s Cross, near George II, III, and TV.—At Ballinrobe,

Maxwell’s ‘Town, J. Finlay, esq, late of Mary, wife of J. Mc Robert, esq!’m.».
Dumfries—At Annan Manse, 42, Rev. surgeon of the {Oth Hussars.) 1) S97

if (4viafon

f°" WNSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.” * % 0%
_. We. have -to; acknowledge the favour of a beautiful collection of Danish songs’ and
ballads, of which a specimen will be seen among the poetical articles of: the»piresent
month. . One, or more, of these very interesting translations will appear in’edch suc-
ceeding number. di areictr tinned ot iT
We do not insert the verses of our Edmonton correspondent, for this reason,—that as
our Own éars ie¥er yet could be reconciled to an alternation of blank and rh pming lites
which thtows every response to the distance of sixteen syllables, we suspec ‘tha ‘there
may be some of our readers whose ears are in the same predicament. Either let tis have
rhyme,:or no rhyme,» No half-and-half measures in what pretends to be poetiyy ol! i gilt
“An Old: Reader” puts.a question to us, which, without inquiry in other iquarters, we
cannot answer....Perhaps it may not be impossible fora Constant\ Reader tor conjecture
why we are not, as yct, quite off-hand at such responses. 5% i besueetl degd
Jj. K. invades’ the proyince of the pulpit rather too. much, for. oun; purposes9ekis
communication is, therefore, left for him at the publishers’. srordce anid
- We suspect that our correspondent. W, R. meant to laugh at us for, the exter tto which
the controversy about the “ Beggay’s Petition”’ has been carried in our pages. _ We should
suppose, that fey of our readers would care very much who was the author of ‘sueli
stanzas as the following, in the poem communicated, as proving themselves, ’ y internit
evidence, to be from the same pen as the petition :— FRU US, TCA
: . *« A poor old man Once went to wood, ” mig Yipee vols
“ Distress’d far want of fucl ; . pine. § ae
“Tat he might thaw his languid blood, SEF R SMSOUEE OAL ep

“ And boil his siraple gruel.” fre 3 mada oF

And yet this is the best stanza of the whole nine ; for, lackadaisical as it is, it willyran of,
the tongue.) If the other stanzas would have done the same, we would haye printed the,
whole,.asia ‘good, quiz on the pathos of simpleness. ye eee

* Ye smock-frock’d cottager, mousse Uoinw
«* Placing your pottager aj Dik solbpevcsy
MM PH Gabe Yi ; ; “Upon the whste-scoured shelf,” ; 5 ee Hi t4.,
is not a pottage, eitlier in poetical or grammatical seasoning, suited to our palate.” ie
will,:therefore,, be returned to the cook, when called for. Ur A61)7 GIOG, OIe Best }
“’ Several-yaluable articles, that came too late for the’ present month, -are reserved Mur!
future insertion ; Others, as not equally to our ‘purpose, ‘are left at*the publishers, ‘ve!
retuned, ‘Our Correspondents’ are” requested to’ remember, ‘that communications not?
post-paid will never come to ‘hand : . bat we should be obliged:to allthose avho shaye;mots
to make use of the General! Postyiifthey would: remeniber «to Wite only on,one} side of,
the paper. Those: writers who haye had no immediate,connexiontwith the press,can, hay,
no conception of the difference this makes in the trouble of Editors and the printers, 1 ¢
NB. The Meteorological Report, for want of direct address to the publishers, Came 160 tte.

J

THE
MONTHLY MAGAZINE.

No. 404. |

JANUARY 1, 1825.

[Price 2s.

TOPIC OF THE MONTH.

: HAT its Tue Toric or Tue

Monrn? or rather, what has
been? for the month, the December
month, is sliding fast away ; and before
these lucubrations meet the public eye,
it will be gone, and, with it, gone the
year! They will be gone—the fraction
and the integer of that brief span, ad-
measured in the periodic calendar, will
have mingled with the retrospective tide
of those have been “ to-morrows, and
to-morrows , and to-morrows,” which,
as our great dramatic moralist expresses
it, “ creeps in this petty space from
day to day,” lighting us “ the way to
dusty death.”

But, for our moon-span. record—what
is the Topic ?. Has it one?—for it is
not every month that furnishes atopic, to
which the discriminative, the compre-
hensive, the identifying article can pro-
perly be affixed. There is not always
one, among the brood of marvels, which,

“ Like Aaron’s serpent, swallows up the
pests?”

It is a wonder of morethan ordinary birth
which lives through one-third of the de-
signated period, At the beginning, we
should have said ‘it was the decision of
the Judges upon the subject of Police
Reports; though the priority might,
perhaps, with fearful reasoning, have
been disputed by the apprehension of
consequences in Ireland, from the con-
flicting rashness of theological contro-
versy—intemperately urged, and as in-
temperately~- encountered. But both
these topics have passed, for awhile,

away: they have not diced, however ;,

they only sleep: they must awake
again, and public attention must awaken
to them. It may not be long before we
are called upon to blow the trumpet in
that direction ; but it shall be that
which summons to the tribunal of in-
vestigation and judgment; not that
which urges to the field of conflict,

These are both vital questions : the one.

involving the rights of conscience, and

the hopes of peace and civilization, in a

moiety of the realm; the other affecting

some of the dearest liberties and secu-

rities of the whole. There will be no

lack of matter for the elucidation of
Montaty Mac. No, 404.

either of these topics, when the day of
opportune discussion shall arrive. In
the mean time our admonition is, to
those who have leisure for meditation
or means of research,—look well to the
facts, and their consequences, of past
experience; and beware of bigotted
animosities, of secret inquisitions, and
of lions’ mouths,

The forces upon conscience in the

marriage ritual, and the anomaly of
making the temporary profession of a
specific creed the only medium of re-
demption from concubinage and bas-
tardy, in a country which comprizes all
creeds, and talks of toleration, has per-
haps been the predominant topic with a
portion of the community, and may
come again into more ‘general discus-
sion: but enough of this, for the pre-
sent, will probably be found in other
departments of this miscellany; and,
perhaps, among our correspondents, the
topic is not likely to slumber. . _
_ The circumstances and disclosures of
a-recent trial constitute apparently the
prevailing topic of the day; and:may do
so- till itis drowned in.the wassail cup,
amid the festivities of the season, Jollity,
and good cheer, with all to whom the
MEANS ‘are not denied, must then, for
awhile, be the object and the theme;
and as George Alexander Stephens, of
merry memory, expresses it,

“ The only matter we shall mind,

Is he who drinks or drinks not.’

Upon the topic alluded to, however,
it were easy to be tempted to expatiate :
it is not easy to avoid pondering upon
it, and with some depth of feeling ; and
there is much, perhaps, that ought to be
said. . But the. ground ..is. delicate ; for
it is personal ground, and net readily to
be trod without verging towards the
domain that belongs to the tittle-tattle
of scandal. Much will be said, from a va-
riety of motives, that it were better should
die in silence. ‘The pages of the M. M.,
however, must not be stained with
apologies for such transactions as have
been revealed in this investigation, Nor
must we trample on the fallen. Sex and
beauty, however betrayed to degrada-
tion, have still some hold upon a manly

sympathy ; and a daughter’s attachment
3Q to

482

to her parents,#—a mother’s reluctance
to he separated, for.ever, from her chil-
dren, have something in them that
breathes of atoning grace; and if they
do not exactly “ plead like angels trum-
pet-tongued,” against all condemnation,
they may justify, at least, the tear that
drops upon the fouler part of the re-
cord, and wash away some blackness
from the offence. But what shall we
say of the parents themselves ?—of the
father, who should be the jealous guar-
dian—the mother, who should be the
watchful nurse, of a daughter’s purity ?
——The pen falls from our hands! We
cannot enter into the disgusting detail !

And has there been no other topic,
then, for the month of December, worthy
of memorial descant ?—nothing beyond
an execution or a suicide ?~a police
report, the bankruptcy of a gaming-
house hell, or the scaring of a horse
by 8 wooden conspiracy between Punch
and his Wife and the Baker ?+

* It /appears from the letters which Colo-
nel Berkeley has deemed it neeessary to
publish; for his own justification, that Miss
Foote ‘would not give up her parents, even
to become, his wife,’’. We are glad, for the
honour of manhood, that Colonel Berkeley
could defend, in some degree at least, his
gallantry. Had his conduct been such as, till
the publication of these documents, it ap-
péared, his would have been even the black-
est name in’ the calendar. How much or
how little soever of seduction there might
be in the first instance, he who hath been
to any maiden that which, according to the
righteous law of Moses, would have made
her indissolubly his wife, and could after-
wards, not,only not conceal, but, volunta -
rily and officiously disclose, the tender
familiarities that had passed between them,
must sink, in all generous estimation, be-
low the rank of manhood, and should
herd only with the vilest of the vile. Per-
haps, even as the matter now stands, a little
more forbearance would have added more
to the generosity, than it would have de-
tracted from the correctness of the transac-
tion.

Because an accident, (rather a serious
one) happened to occur the other day, by a
horse taking fright at the squeaking of Mr.
Punch, some of those strait-waistcoat-mong-
ers, who are always ready to cry outfor general
laws and restrictions, on the pretence of
partial inconveniences, are for having our
merry old friend put down, by act of parlia-
ment,—or “actof police!” For our parts
we are not disposed to part so lightly with
this only remaining) relie of the ancient
drama, and saered mysteries of our fore-
fathers. We would have Pontius) Pilate
(especially as the Pope himself, and. all
his cardinals, have been pleased to spare

The Topieof the Month.

[Jan. tb,

Yes—there is .a,.topic, pot: only: for
the month, but for months, and months
to come;—a_ topic, which attracts) the
attention, and employs the speculations’
of many, and onght to be inquired Antoj
till it is understood, . by, all;--a topic;
which involves considerations little, caned
for, perhaps, by many, and comprehend-
ed in their consequences. by very, very
few;—a topic, in some, of, its ramifica-
tions, as menacing to, the. social, and
moral interests of the community, in the
event of successful speculation,:as, ‘in’
others, to the property, of deluded indi-

viduals,

him, and the very puritans could. not,
quite knock the brains out of his mirth-
making wooden scull!)—We would have
him still play off his traditionary tricks, to the.
end of time, without let, suit, or hinderance,
either from the legislators of St. Stephen’s,’
or the beadles of St. James’s or St. Luke's’;
maugre all the startlish bits of blood which
the former may occasionally bestride, or all
the magisterial authority the latter-may. be
so fond of shewing. We have asort of con-
stitutional affection for Mr. Punch, we:
freely confess ; and think him quite as en-
tertaining, and nearly as rational a buffoon,
as those whom we go occasionally, with
wives and daughters, in their best bibs and
tuckers, to be amused with; in our great
national theatres; or as those, even, who’
sometimes exhibit in still higher and. still
graver places: and we would not have hlm
put down, We see no reason why; the:
poor penny, or, pennyless children. of our
humble mechanics should not have their
Mr. Punch, from his itinerant theatre of
three-feet square, to amuse them in the
streets,—as well as the Eton holiday chil-
dren, and the opulent grown babies, ‘of
either sex, who accompany them, should
have theirs in the gay, great areas of
Covent-garden and Drury-lane, or of any
other theatre. Nor do we-see any reason
why a new gagging-bill should be framed,
to stop the mouth of this legitimate descen-
dant of the sacred drama, because he hap-
pened once to scare horse and rider out
of their senses, to the breaking of a leg or
so, more than why a prohibitory law should
be passed against balance-rollers to the
drop-curtains of Theatres Royal, because
poor Miss Povey. happened to be almost
knocked o’ the head by one of them ‘on
Wednesday night last; or against the-
gigs and blood horses of the bueks or
dandies of haut ton, -because, we ence
happened to see a poor woman almost,
dashed to pieces by the broken pole with,
which one of these startlish bits of blood
was tearing away, in the fury of his panic
speed, up 'Grosvenor-place. No, no! we
must) not have our’ old’ friend Mr. Punch”
put down, im compliment toa startled ~
horse ! r ; ROT)

Ds

1825.)

viduals; in the eventual explosion of the
bubbles.) We allude, of course, to those
joint Stoek Companies which are at this
time’endemic in the money-market of
the: Steck’ Exchange ; are spreading in
every direction, and etasping at the mo-
nopoly’ of aliiost every species of con-
eern. 3

“This: is a topie to which our attention
hasbeen ‘for some time seriously di-
fected; upon which we have already be-
fore us more communications than we
have had time to read, and have col-
lected, from various quarters, facts and
documents as bases for the calculations
by which part of the subject must be
illustrated ; and, if attention to other
arrangements necessary to the further-
ance of those improvements, which, we
trust, it will be apparent are in progress
in this, miscellany; had afforded leisure
to digest the materials accumulated, we
should have ‘entered upon it in the pre-
sent number: But these circumstances,
together ‘with the want of space, com-
pel us to adjourn to. the next the expo-
sure of a system of moonlight specula-
tion, which, in filling the pockets of
projectors at the expense of unhappy
dupes, beats the philosopher’s stone all
to nothing, and puts to shame the fables
of fairy gold and the wonders of Pro-

spero’s wand. A
2
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
Sir?

N this speculating, scheming, ac-
quiescing, and unthinking age, in
which the periodical: press has become
a pandering.,instrument to every pre-
vailing scheme, and to every assertion
emanating from the authority of money
influence, as well as to every prurient
and vicious taste, I have, I believe, in
common with the greater portion of the
readers of the Monthly Magazine, been
in the habit of viewing it as an honour-
able and distinguished exception to the
prevailing perversion, and time-serving
character, of the press in general. It
has, therefore, been with pain that I
have noticed, in the two or three last
numbers of your work, a destitution of
that characteristic ‘of “ thinking’ for
yourself,” which has, from its very
commencement, ‘formed its peculiar,
interesting, and most important fea-
ture.

‘Tam no. flatterer: nor do I mean to
say that, in thinking, diflerently, you
alone haye always thought correctly;
but,dogmatical and erroncous as your
inferences and conclusions: have, some-

Observations on Editorial Responsibility.

483

timés, been, they have never failed to
throw additional light, on the subject to
which they referred.

I beg to be understood, as not. at all
applying these observations to that part
of your publication, composed of the
communications of your correspondents,
but exclusively to that part, for which it
is usual to consider the Editor, alone,
responsible: and in this department
there are three articles in your Novem-
ber number, to which I cannot refrain
from re-directing your attention. The
first is at page 359, relating to a pam-
phlet of Mr. Say; the second (p. 360)
relating to what you haye been pleased
to term (by copying) the Poyais bubdle ;
and the third, at page 370, under the
head of * Political Affairs.”

The first, relating to Mr. Say, has
been copied nearly verbatim from a daily
paper, as unworthy for the asserting and
presuming tone, in which it promulgates
Its dogmas, as it is for the insolent
tone, in which it so frequently indulges
against individuals... It is not, however;
to the privilege of availing of matter or
of information, which may ‘appear'in
any cotemporary publication, of which
I complain: with that I have’ no tight
to interfere; nor do IT make the pre-
tension:—it is to the utter unwor-
thiness of the subjects, that I wish my
observations to be considered as apply-
ing. Mr. Say is held forth, as “ one,of
the ablest political economists’ in’ Hu-
rope,” (on the continent, you have ex-
pressed it): it is true that’the ternr
“ political economist”’ is somewhat of
undefined import, respecting which no
two persons will be found to agrée, if
two'ever can bé found to give any de-
finition at all—which, by the bye, judg-
ing from all that we have seen and
heard on the subject, is, problematical.
Assuming, however, that, by. political
economist is, meant one who under-
stands the relations and the right admi-
nistration of the varied interests. of
society : if, confornvable to this position,
Mr. Say’s understanding is to be judged,
it is hardly possible to adduce a stronger
instancé of presumption and false con-
clusion than that which he has exhi-
bited in the pamphlet adyerted to.
~ Mr. Say’s conclusion is, that, by the
possession. of India, the East-India
Company lose two millions, more ‘or
less, annually; whilst-its' servants gain,
perhaps, to the amount of half a mil-
lion. In d¥awing’ this’ conclusion, Mr.
Say’s understanding has obviously been
confined to the mete governing relation

3 Q 2 to

484

of India with England, mixed up with
confused ideas about India bonds.’ ‘The
absolute result, to England, from its, re-
lation, with India, on. an average of the
last ten to fifteen years, has not been less
than from, five to six or seven millions
pounds sterling per annum; that is,
there has been an excess of the products
of. the soil and labour of India, to the
money, value above stated, annually im-
ported into England, beyond the value
of what has been, exported from Eng-
land to:India,, If Mr. Say has thought
at all, of, the induction of the products
of India into England, he has thought of
it, in.a trading sense; but the induction
does. not take place, entirely, on trading
principles, but on principles which vir-
tually resolve themselves into tribute,
though, without the name or imputation
of tribute... I could make this part of
the subject more clear and satisfactory
by, amplification; but it would exceed
the, limits. of your columns to do it
justice ;,-I must,. therefore, forbear en-
larging uponit.,

With respect to the Poyais question,
I shall.say, but. little ; I notice it, as a
mere.echo. from. the same unworthy
source, from which the preceding article
was derived. OF either party, involved
in the question, I know nothing. The
question at issue, however, seems to be
this: -Two parties come in collision
with each other, one stronger than the
other; the weaker party charge the
stronger with depredation committed :
and what follows? The party accused
institute an inyestigation of the charges
alleged against them, and report them-
selves not guilty. May be so. But I
jnust say, and I doubt not but that, on
reflection, you will concur with me in
thinking, that a grosser insult was never
offered to common sense and the under-
standings of Englishmen, than to hold
up a party reporting themselves inno-
cent of charges alleged against them, as
a proof of the charges being unfounded,
and thereby subjecting the complaining
party to the most unqualified invective.
Moreover, compare the Poyais ‘adven-
ture with that to South Africa, or to
the Spanish loan in 1823, “ Fair play’s
a jewel.”

The article under the head of “ Po-
litical Affairs,” being of the most ge-
neral nature, merits more earnest re-
gard. It is not a mere echo of one ;
for the same expressions have resounded

from one end of the kingdom to the

other, and graced or disgraced (it re-
mains to be seen which) the columns of

Observations on Editorial Responsibility.

(Jan,
every existing " periodical” publication.
pretending to generalization / ands ifthe
axiom be just, “that, what every body
says is true, must be true?” you’ =
perhaps’ plead’ truth in’ arrést ‘of Gud
ment ; but’ the inférencds aiid eonelw-
sions, which you have Urawn frei eer
tain items, are not ‘triie. © "You ‘Say'that
the account of the last quarters: teve-
nue is replete with matter for universal
congratulation: that the augmentation .
in the Customs is—so! much ;' ‘and! that
they bear unquestionable testimony-to
the increasing comfort’ of the’ British
people. Would to God that‘it were 86'!
—but it is not. It is ‘true’ ‘that’ the
commercial operations of the'last twelve
or eighteen months exeéed’ in- extent
those of any former -period : but’ what
doesit prove? Commerce’is ever long
stationary ; it has made the same ‘order
of advance, times'and oft, “and, with
every alternation, left the great body of
the British people involyed in ‘deeper
and still deeper misery ; and, assurédly,
the next alteration will be’ more’ fatal
than any of the preceding 9) 9°) 08
The following is a list of the!several
articles which produced’the iereasé of
Custom’s duty in the last year, 012." /
Timber, Deals, &e2 J.) 0s. £242,500
Coals and Coastways:...+/ .131;600

Cotton Wool .... 2... .5..017770,000
Sheep’s dows... scwiend [58,000
Hemp ..... waidees Lp oe 38,000,
Ashes and Barilla ......- (94,000
Barks Oak, & a0: 5,ele <farep- mer Ah etu:
Turpentine .....-.+2...-- ,, 16,000
Mahogany ....-.,2--ee++ 13,000
Indigo..... nta'e’s och els oreia’s ova CUNEO IORT

TOTAL. ... 200244 1. £E68E500
440,000

Sugar Os) oh. FE. IG! 2 p

Molasses *¢ 2.¢006).283 20.ybod1 dee
heese and Butter...... 4. 15,200
Wine ..... ejeecey Setesiegtier vIOt NON
Raisins: cmavsisersqe temas oe
Oranges and. Lemons,......,... 10,270

Torat ..22 2.4.0) £1,273,770

Nor what is there, in the first division
of these articles, that implies’ dny ‘in-
crease of comfort to the British’ people.
The vast increase in’ sugar, ona primé
facie view of the subject, does’ seem’ to
imply something like an’‘incréasé’ of
comfort, but it is fallacious, for large as
the increase may seem, ‘on'the preceding
year, it only excééds the year. 1817 by
54,9287, and the’ year 1808) sifice’ when
the number of consumers/have increased
nearly 30 per cent., it only exceeds: by
202,4667, which is only’ 5 ‘percent #and
further, the amount’ of ‘duty paid!is'not

evidence

1829.1]

eyidlence.9 consumption ;, the ruingusly
Joywiprice. of sugar.to. the grower, and the

conyiction, on the, part of the. dealer,
that the price, of the commodity cannot
be, dower, may. have, led to an accession
of stock;.in. the hand, of the dealers, and
ane mouth’s consumption, only, is more
,than, sufficient to, account. for, all the
excess‘ of duty,.in the latter year. The
jsame; cause, .of, increased stock in the
-hand of dealers, aided by the renewed
operation of paper money credit, will
account, for all;the accession of duty
which has, taken. place, on all articles, in
both Customs, and Excise, without any
increase of consumption, With respect
to., the. increase_on coals, it is only
,53,552/.. more than in 1818, and the
Ancreased consumption for gas, since
_that.year,-is more than sufficient to ac-
count,for the increase, without an addi-
tional spark of fire to comfort the British
people ; and as. regards the increase of
duty on timber, it may be remembered
that, in 1821, the rate of duty on timber
‘from Europe was, reduced 10s. per load,
and that from, America charged with
/10s.,-per; load, which previously | was
i duty. free :, now., the proportion from
America is, as 3 to. 1.from Europe, so
that,.on-a fair investigation, the increase
of (duty, on. timber, is seen to resolve
itself into .an increase of rate and in-
eréased burthen of taxation, and resolv-
ing itself, as all taxation does, however
indirect and: insidious its operation,
ito labour and the products of labour.
The Most opposite conclusions to those
which you have laid down, will, on a
full and fair investigation of the subject
im question, prove to be just and true;
that is, as far as the comforts of the
great body of the people are concerned ;
that‘partial interests will be promoted,
aad alternate expansion or advance

of commercial operations, is. a matter
of course, being a consequence inse-
parable from the speculative principle on
which the financial and commercial
polity of the,country is founded. An
attentive examination of the article,
inserted, at pages. 335-6 of that
number, will in itself suffice to shew,
as far as the extensive branch of manu-
facture, there adyerted to,.is concerned,

_. that, instead of.an increase of comfort

Observations on Editorial Responsibility.

485

dulge the hope of what I have said suf-
ficing, to any great extent, to allay the
mistake and delusion which so univer-
sally prevails, relating to. the political
and social condition of. the British
people. But if I should “succeed in
bringing back the Monthly Magazine to
its wonted habitude, in all cases, and ‘on
all subjects of paramount importance,
* of thinking for itself?” my object will
be accomplished, and’ future’ opportu-
nity may occur for more ample and
satisfactory elucidation and proof of
the various positions here, in such
general terms, advanced. A. L.'L.

res [We are equally obliged to this
correspondent for his judicious remarks
on the arithmetical sophistry of official
exposés of revenual prosperity, and
for his merited castigation of an unpre-
cedented transcription of leading’ arti-
cles from a newspaper, into those depart-
ments of a miscellany which ought’ to
breathe the original sentiments and’ de-
liberate convictions of the Editor’s 'owu
mind. We embrace, with promptitude,
the opportunity thus afforded of as-
suring our readers, that there is not,
at present, any likelihood of ‘the recur-
rence of any such cause of complaint.
The portion of our Miscellany allotted
to correspondence, is open, of course,
to liberal controversy; and may, and
should present, occasionally, not only
great diversity, but absolute contrarieties
of opinion: for we know of no sub-
ject or question (however settled our
own opinions concerning it may be)
upon which “hear both sides” is not
a good maxim. For opinions and sen-
timents coming in this epistolary shape,
we acknowledge no _responsibility—ex-
cept the responsibility of discretion, in
the avoidance of topics inconsistent
with the general plan and object of
our publication—sueh for example, as
might give to it either a theological or
anti-theological —a metaphysically spe-
culative, rather than a practically useful
character. Barring such ‘subjects of
probable offence to public feeling, and
such as might lead us too far from the
direct and obyious paths of usefulness,
thecorrespondence portions of our pages
are, we repeat, open to the utmost

freedom of discussion ; and for the sen-
timents therein, as A.U.L. has liberally
admitted, we are in no respect answer-"
able—unless so far as we may render
ourselyes so, by avowed concession
or comment. But in the editorial de-
partments, whether ctitical or political,

i Swe

.,to the British people,, their increased.
, energy resolyes itself into, an increase
» 0f exertion and. Jabour,, for diminished
toreward....To. substantiate, to demon-
, (Station, the yarious positions which I
Lohave, here advanced, would. ences the
jodimits, of your miscellany,, nor do 1 in-

VoT9bTy

486
we hold it an imperious obligation, that
nothing, except in the shape of ac-
knowledged and illustrative quotation,
shall) appear, ‘but what originates. in
our own research, and is conformable
with our ‘own judgment and con-
viction! But Editors of magazines,
and other periodicals, have a body
politic ‘as well as a body natural :—
officially, indeed, like kings, they never
die, till the state itself dissolves. . Sy/-
vanus Urban still continues to live
the Methusalem life of centuries; and
Mr. Editor of the Monthly Magazine
hopes to be alike immortal. But what-
ever may be the lot of the body politic,
the body natural is liable to mutation
and mortality: and, perhaps, it may
be sufficiently apparent, without either
tolling bell or trumpet proclamation,
that one or two such demises have, with-
in a short time, occurred in our maga-
zine state; atid as, in our present person,
according to the established example of
greater potentates, we commence our
accessional career with liberal promises
of restoring whatever was good, im-
proving whatever was improvable, and
reforming whatever was censurable, in
all former administrations of our office ;
so we request of the whole of our good
peopie, correspondents, subscribers, and
readers in general, not to lay to our
charge any of the offences of our pre-
decessors, or to suspect us of being
capable of drawing into precedent any
the least, of the mal-practices of any of
the former administrators of our edi-
torial functions. To our correspon-
dent A.L.L., in particular, we readily
concede all his objections. Whatever
may be our opinion of the Poyais pro-
ject and expedition, we cannot admit
that an acquittal of an accused party
by a tribunal of the accused, is to them
any acquittal at all, or throws any satis-
factory light whatever upon the sub-
ject of accusation. Neither do we give
our implicit consent. to the conclu-
siveness of that logical induction which
is attempted to be arithmetically drawn
from custom-house returns, and fiscal
details and calculations. We do not
admit that revenual amounts, and what
is even called national prosperity, are
inevitably identified. Still less do we
admit, that what is called national pros-
perity —#. e. the increasing opulence of
the already opulent classes—necessarily
includes. the idea \of ‘the increasing
comfort and bettered accommodation
of the people: for the days are’ yet
too recent ‘to be forgotten we should

>

Comparative Expenses of Toll Roads in different Counties,

(Jan, 1,

be glad, to be. conyineed, that.,eyen,
yet, they have, passed, entirely awaysh
when these two assumed concomitants
were directly in inyerse, progression,
when the miseries. and privations ofthe
people increased, .in parallel proportion
to the augmentation of the rent-rolls of
proprietors, and the profits of capitalists.
But these are topics which; no, one, .we:
believe, is more capable of demonstra-
tively illustrating than, our\conrespon-
dent A.L.L, himself; «Tov his’ cate and
elucidation we recommend: and ‘resign
them, with the unqualified ‘admission,
that the proof of real and genuine na-
tional prosperity must be demonstrated,
not by the reported increase of revenue
from customs and taxation, but from
authenticated facts of the condition,
comfort and accommodation of. the
great mass, or industrious classes of the
community.—Ep1rT.]
——— ;
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
Sir: roibod
ILL you allow-me; through the
medium of your widely ¢ircu-
lated publication, to request some accu-
rate information respecting nie
Samuel Ward, Master of Sydney

College, Cambridge, afterwards Bishop ;

but of what Diocese, I am not. aware.
Thomas Goad, D. D.; and
Walter Balcanqual, B. D.; who: wer

three of the Theologians sent to the

Synod of Dort, at the commencement

of the 17th century ?

Yours; &c.' | Q.
——a— 7
For the Monthly Magazine.

On the ComMpARAtiIvE EXPENSES, of
Toit Roans in different CouxTuEs ;
—and Queries on M‘Apamizine
SvTREETs. d

PAPER lately printed: by order

A of the House of Commons, ¢on-

tains important information respecting

the extent of turnpike roads in edch ot
the several English counties, and in

Scotland and in: Wales, with the cor-

responding annual revenue and expen-

diture of each: but the official table of
these particulars contains, no column
shewing the same expenditure per mile.

I have, therefore, been at the. paims) to

calculate these with care, and) have

altered the arrangement. of the table
from an alphabetical one, to a classifica-
tion of the several countiés, and’ éach
principal division and total of ouf island,
in the order of the comparative-expen=——
siveness of its public roads. , This tableyy
follows below, and will, T think, need no

i

explanation

b

1825.] + Comparative Expenses of Toll Roads in different Counties.

explanation beyond mentioning, that
thelAtimbers mm’ the second column ex-
préss' pounds sterling and cents of a
pound (wherein, consequently, the units
which follow the dot express two shil-
lings each’ exactly, and those in the
second place, twopence-halfpenny each—
sufficiently near for practical purposes:
thus £149. 14s,, and £144. 8s, 5d., are

487.

the two first sums, &c.) Also, the num-
bers in columns four and fiye express
pounds; and in the latter column, +
prefixed to a sum expresses.a sunplus
beyond the expenditure in the preceding
column; and — so_prefixed;: denotes a
deficiency (i. e. an excess of this'expen-
diture) above the year’s income, from
tolls, statute-duty, or compositions,

A ‘COMPARATIVE VIEW of the averAce EXpENsE PER MILE, of maintaining

the: TurNnrikE Roaps ‘in the different Counties and Kingdoms of Great Britain,
iin the: Year ending October 1823, the Length of Road, the Total Expense, and
_or the Excess or Defect of Income above or below the Expense.

-Br '

s
synovay COUNTIES, &c. aaoNtie.
mn &. Cents.

PUEEETEW! s'ate o! ais istole's ots 9° spa.’ 149-70
UL UIS ea Waa a | 14442
Lancaster........ LL 5 12589
MEOW Gi iste alee sone re : 102709
Essex. 2. 95°77
Bedford...... oa staan oa 72°22

¢) Northampton: ..)c..5 0.2... 71:09
PMUSSCK cera «4 13Qn¥.« 3 «5151S 70°92
NT hc aor telnet 4 cr, 69°89
Bronte don <5 aca xpcieine 68°99
Tier eae ae Ve Hae 60°97
LLL OO RE 5 ope pets cay 58°28
WWECESCCY co cece See's caress 54°85
Maditesee! (1G 2. 3262901) 54°81

' EncLanp—40 Counties...... 54°68
o@ambridge.... ee... 0000. 53°07
> otSomerseth. isn ieee set's 50°06
| GrEat Briraiw—84 Counties 48.79
MIQUE 50.0.0, , 0:4. dmb 168 AGUS « 47°28
NS Mie ater sin'ana)) ieee 46°81
Chester Ses matinee 44°12
TCICESEET, SK on oper aici one 43°95
IPIPHAN Met are’e n'a’ 5 oe 2,08 43°62
WRUULO Ss. ccs ess ms 42°78
210 ABA ANGS sie AD ha aaa 42°37
Scorranp—32 Counties...... 42°32
BEMIS cso Gishejeis al 5ceae 37°81
Nottingham ...... inate 36°17
HOW apwiek 65.2). 10. sietiosed 36°09
Gloucester. isis. se eese es 35°11

. Hants... am hineay nate cf> 33°87
MAN es re pole clon wink, 0 32°11
19) 1 a ea ae 31°61
POs ieee se ec tk, 31°60
WRAP cece sat cicnacy 29°85
Cumberland’. 20. 03.0... 28°62
Northumberland. ......... 26°80
Worfolk 21a. obs 26°16
Covmypalls. 36 929.0880) 24°98
(Hilerbhord . 183. tisk. 2205 23°39
Monmouth, ...6s esse... 22°59
PAOD Is a ot ssneclonsiododals n@at0s
do Westmoreland, ...« «/.0s,99)»+ 21°70
Wates—12 Counties......,: 16°18

; Income
Miles ial Expenditure. oe : he we :
£ &.
281 42,066 + 2,140
170 24,551 — 2,255
640 80,574 — 2,829
615 62,784 —. 7,571,
247 23,655 + 3,612
248 17,993 _ 10 |
358 25,450 — 7,783
616 43,688 —11,470
1,426 99,658 —11,476
146 10,073 — 1,965
246 14,998 +: +186
342 19,930 +. 945
758 41,574 + 154k
157. 86,050..| + 9,505
18,329 1,002,194 +45,215
278 14,754 + 2,409
756 37,845 + 4,800
24,531 1,196,925 +17,791
319 15,082 + 336
583 27,289 + 997
348 15,354 + 4,969
445 19,556 — 1,233
359 15,660 + 3,562:
627 26,820 + 2,320
537 22,752 + 1,813
3,611 152,820 —23,185
783, 29,603 — 215
301 10,887 . + 1,942
460 16,559 + 3,887
897 31,494 “| +20,064
797 26,992 — 357
18 578 — 112
568 17,952 — 4,736
279 8,815 + 776
347 10,357 — 168
215 6,153 | + »338
4,99 13,372 — 287
271 7,090 + 3,322
312 7,792 + 931
540 12,630 + LOI
315 7,116 — 1145
930 20,485 — 780
284 6,163 — 132
2,591 41,911 — 4,239

Cee ee ee ee ee

ale | . . .
The Very great, and in some cases ex- column two; as, for instance, it appears
cessive, difference of expense per mile that every mile of roadin Surrey costs as

for maintaining the roads, is visible in

much, annually, as 94 juiles doin Wales!
\ The

488 Comparative Expenses of Toll Roads in different Counties.

The seventeen -English counties last»

mentioned inthe Table; from Devon to
Westmoreland inclusive, average only
£29:44 per ‘mile; whilst the first five
counties’ therein, ‘from Surrey to Essex
inclusive, average £123.57: so that each
mile in the first enumerated five coun-
ties, costs very nearly 52 times as much
as one’ mile in the latter seventeen
counties! But'what seems to me the
most extraordinary result of this Table
is, to seé the roads in Lancashire (al-
though hard limestone abounds in its
northern parts) exceeding in expense
per mile, the average of the roads in the
four counties surrounding the metropo-
lis; while, at the same time, these suf-
fer the greatest degree of wear (Middle-
sex excepted, whose expenses seem
moderate)’'of any roads in the whole
kingdom: these four counties are, at
the same ‘time, the very worst circum-
stanced in the whole island, for pro-
curing, cheaply, materials of sufficient
hardness and durability for the repair of
the main roads; the brittleness of flints,
the only sufficiently hard material they
possess (except a very few blue cores of
the Kentish rag-stone, about } Maidstone,
and an equally limited quantity of the
weald-clay marble, in the southern parts
of Kent and Surrey), renders these sili-
cious nodules, especially when shattered
and partly perished in the gravel-pits,
quite unable to resist great pressure
from the wheels of heayy carriages,
without being crushed down into minute
splinters, to ‘be removed from the road
as sand: as has long happened on the
main roads about Stratford in Essex, to
the extent of ten inches or more thick
annually, of this flinty gravel, quite clean
sifted !
What also places the enormity of
this Lancashire road expenditure in an
eqn if not a yet more striking point
view, is, a comparison of it with the
expenditure of Cheshire, which adjoins
it upon its whole southern end, and is,
in my estimation, the county the next
worst circumstanced as to road materials,
after the counties I have already men-
tioned, and the others in the south-east
part. of . ‘England, and on the eastern
coast :* . even this unfavourably. -circum-

. These “counties were forced nearly to

rely on’ brittle ‘flinty gravel for their roads,’

before the great modern improvements, here,
of importing, by ships or canals, hard and
tough guarry-stones, to be> broken small for
the roads; the Jatter a practice, throughout
most of the northern English counties (see
Derbyshire Report, vol. iii. pp. 260, 278,
&c.) of thirty to forty years’ standing, and

(Jan *4;

stanced ‘county (Cheshire); pegs has
but one’ small limestone-quarry Within
its extensive’ bounds, and wire
quarries of stone sufficiently hard
tough for roads, expends on 2/85 miles
of Toad, no more money than the Ran
cashire people and travellers ate charved
for one mile of ‘road, onthe averavet!
Lastly, as compared with Yorkshire; on
its eastern border, the’ two cotinties
being, as ‘to stone, about on! a’pary"we
find the Lancashire expense little ‘short
of double the other, per vate? to afbbise

In searching. for the cause
anomaly, are we to glance at
malous mode of. nominating i =,
stracy? From whence, accord ing
some, have seemed to ‘have. “grown, its 4
apparent irresponsibility.. ). o20nm Sat 9

Why do the Gloucestershire: trustees)
continue a. rate,of tolls, so» highs,as) to»
leave them. a.surplus, considerably: ex-
ceeding the aggregate aan lnaees Great
Britain, and almost, balf,the aggregate
surplus of England? The above,and)
other queries and considerations willj L.
doubt not, strike many, of .youmy able,
correspondents, whose sentiments») J;
should much like to read onmthissinte-
resting subject.—I am:your’ss&¢,)

Joun Fanry, Mineral Satveyors

Howland-street; 2d Now] Bea aiohaerd
d? soriw fenud

P.S.—I beg to-ask some of yourdegal,
readers, who may happen:to:be:conver-)
sant with the provisions:of the Metno=
polis Paving Act, the 57 Geo. THoiex29))
and with the local acts for the collecting:
of rates for, and the laying downaind:
maintaining, the pavement in London,+)
whether the persons now madly, bent: on
taking-up and destroying. the: 5
stones, in order to make carriagesroads)
(wholly without the provisions of these!
acts) of the pavep« streets, squaresy&es)
(which alone these acts embrace); are)
not acting wegally (as well as mostrinjus
riously, as observed in ps 301/of: your,
last volume), so as to subject themselves!
to indictments or criminal informations:
for their acts? As-also, whether: the;
payers of rates, in’ any of: the (districts
where this destruction of materialsy pur~
chased ‘by former rates;/is: going on;
have not herein‘a good ground of |
against future rates; on the ‘groundof
misapplication — of _ money so‘toube:
raised ? atetagas YoTting va

«RBA

pursued a as s long - scores} 9 of: podseraaherks
trom whom this good practice, Hei

rowed :,.yet, the. public mistakenly
its praises and emoluments on an in

as being its inventor.

18206) |
ved (Bar the Monthy Magazine.\yo9 001:
cidtQn the, Txevrsrrion of) Spare joc
Fy pt a pe Lof aSpaitie was: -an:
«i, Instivution;.of.a news species; it,
had: nos model, in}, the, whole -history.of
the, world,,and .is;not to, be-compared
ith apy vther.civil.or ecclesiastical tri-
bunal,.., Various, sorts...of, inquisitions
haye.existed, since -+human reason dared
to,;serutinige, opinions which were held
sagreds, singe seeptics,,and ianoyators
eared. in the worlds,but.not till the
middle of the thirteenth century, when
some instances of. heresy terrified the
Histarehy. “Tnnocent III. erected, in
behalf of that hierarchy, an exclusive
tribunal, and separated, in an unnatural
manner, the priestly government from
the executive power, In order to make
it the more certain, that neither human
feeling’ nor any bribe’should soften the
rigour ofits statutes, Innocent took the
admivistration of the ‘sacred office from
the bishops and: secular ‘clergy, who
clang’ to! humanity by the ties of social
lifeyand placed it in the hands of monks
a degenerated *class'of the human race,
who solemnly) renounce the sacred dic-
tates of nature, and devote themselves
as ithe’ servile creatures’ of the Roman
see. Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal
and France |successively received at sha
Franciscan; monk, presided. at tke’ tri-
bunal when the horrible judgment was
pronounced onthe Templars; and only
few 'states:have succeeded either in ex-
eluding the ‘Inquisition entirely from
théirdoniinions, or insubmitting it to the
civil:mibhorities:’ The Netherlands re-
mhained/free untilithe reign of Charles V.;
for its)(bishops exercised the spiritual
contronl, and only in extraordinary cases
ied) eitherston the: holy office at
min Germany, or to that in Paris.
But/the Inquisition’ we are now treating
of sprang up inthe west of Europe, dif-
ferent invits origin; and different in its
nature from-all the rest. The last throne
of the! Moors was destroyed in the fAf-
teerith‘century; and the Saracen wor-
ship was’ obliged:to give place to the
derating success Of the Chris-
tians/» \\However, the Christian faith
was, at'this period, but recently founded,
and, »eonsequently; not: firmly ‘esta’
blished in that infant kingdom ; and:in:
the! conflict of heterogeneous laws »and
manners, the various creeds) were; not
yet entirely separated ; and though#the,
sword~ of persecution had» driven-many-
thobeand families into Africa, Savefary
ter part of thie popelation;| faseis!
By a beloved “native” climate, eH!
OWTHEY MEO NG 49408

voinni Mtemarks an thendinguisition of Spavir,

~ 2 499

deayoured, to-trée (themselves from that
dreadiul. necessity, by'8 dissembled-con-
vefsions-but-continiked) to serve. either:
Mahomet; or’: Moses; at-\the -Christian
altar. So lonsas there wéeressomewho.-,
turned, their, prayers \towards Mecea,,.;
Grenada, was not: considered. as -con?
quered ;, and.as long as.anew, Christian, |;
continued. to be a Jew;:ora Mahometan, ~.
in the recesses of his, housejihe was ne,.,
more a sure Subject. to, the), crown than,,,
tothe Roman-see. ‘It was not,sufficient
to force upon that repugnant people.the ,
outward form. of a-new ereed,.or (to
unite them to the victorious .church.by
the weak bands of ceremony; but ~it
was thought necessary to, root-out, the
old zeligion, and to.-overeome,a, stnb-
born.-inelination, whose seat. was in
their manners, laws,. and. language,. by...
the habits. of .several centuries,.and 5
which was fostered.by the remembrances; ,
of their native soil,and.sky.. If it.was,,
the wish. of the church to gain.a com-.,
plete victory over the opposite mode of «
worship, and. ensure. its conquest from),
every relapse, if was necessary to under-,
mine the very foundation on which the
old. creed»was erected, aud to destroy
the whole frame of moral character to
which that belief was intimately joined :
—to root it out from. the inmost re-
cesses of the heart; to obliterate its
vestiges in the circle of social life, cause
every remembrance of it to die away,
and, if possible, even to destroy the ,
very susceptibility for its restoration.
Country and family, conscience and ho~
nour, the sacred feelings of society and
nature, are always the first and last
associations with which religion mingles _
itself—from which it receives, and to
which it gives strength. This~ union
was now to be dissolved, and the. old
religion torn away from the fibres of
nature to which it clung. The. Inquisi-
tion was accordingly formed, which, in
order to distinguish it from ‘the other
tribunals known by that name, I shall
call the “‘ Spanish Inquisition.” Tt had
the Cardinal Ximenes for its founder.
A dominican monk, named Torquimada, '
first ascended its sanguinary throne,
established its statutes, and, ‘this
legacy, has entailed an eternal male-
diction on his order. The vows of the”
Inquisition, are in, effect, to, debase
reason, aud .to assassinate the, mind:,
ity instruments are terror and disgrace 5,
every. passion: is in) its pay, andats net,
is. épread in every resort: of enjoyment,
Of sotiety/d>even solitide)ismotrex-)
cluded from it) and ‘the fear ofits omni,
“aeRO 7 : Jov ,modef o presence

490

presence holds,freedom <in chains; even
in -the inmost recesses.of the soules won
Allbtheinstinets: of humanity are sub-
jeeted;:to) faith, «to; which -all-the: ties
whieh menchold sacred: must: give .way;
Allthe claims on his,species are lost:to
the: heretic, who. forfeits the rights of
nature by the slightest deviation from
the Catholic. church... A. modest doubt
as:to, the infallibility of the Pope is pu-
nished as patricide, and considered: as
imfamous, asthe crime against nature.
The‘ judgments: of this tribunal are like
the fumes of the pestilence. Eyen the
inanimate things, which belong to the
heretic are cursed. . The victims of the
Inquisition have no escape, Its sen-
tenees are executed even. on the dead,
and on their effigies; and the grave is no
refuge from its atrocious vengeance. The
presumption of its judgments can only
be:.excelled bythe ferocity with which
they. are, executed. | By. coupling *the
ridiculous -with the horrible, and by
amusing the eye with the singular pomp
and. ritual, of its processions, the Inqui-
sition endeavours to weaken the effect
of compassion, and pervert the feelings
of sympathy into scorn and disdain,
With. a solemn pomp it leads the cul-
prit. to, the place of execution, a san-
guine banner waving at the head of the
procession, A; general, concord of all
the, bells) accompanies the, parade; at
the head .of which the priests, in their
mass garments, are singing holy songs,
The convicted, sinner follows, in yellow
clothes decorated with images of black
devils: .on, his, head he has a paper cap,
which, terminates, in'a human figure,
with disgusting demoas flying around it,
while flames are issuing forth. . Turning
from him, as condemned for ever, the
image of a.crucified Saviour is -carried;
indicating, by the position, in which it
is held, that the culprit has no part in
man’s salvation... To the stake and the
fageot belong his sensitive body, and to
hell his immortal soul. His mouth is
gagged, that he may not relieve his pain
by lamentation, or excite pity by a nar-
ration, of his sufferings, or be able to
divulge the secrets, of the holy. office.
Next to the. convict. comes the priest-
hood in their sacred vestments; then the
magistrates, and nobility; and the fa-
thers, who have) been his. judges, com-
plete the dreadful. procession,...The be-
holder.imagines.he sees a corpse, led to
the grave; and yet it \is.a_living man,
whose torments.are intended to afford a
dreadful, entertainment..to the people.,
Such executions were usually kept for

Remarks onthe Inguisition\of Spain.

(Janel,

holidays ; for, which, purpose many mir
serable. victims; were. collected topetber
in the dungeons. of |the, holy.office,in
order, to solemnize, the act) by the numy
ber sacrificed», Qn;such occasions,, even
kings were, present, sitting) uncoy.
on lower chairs than, these, of the grand
inquisitor. Who, would: not, tremble
before .a _ tribunal ; inthe. presence, of
which even majesty, sinks, into; sybordi-
neupnit io garoqnnds da tne
The great reyolution, .in.,.the yfait!
brought about by Luther pW ay
caused to the Catholic, church the, same
emergencies which formerly gaye, rise to
that tribunal ; and that which was, oris
ginally intended to free the small, king-
dom of Grenada from the seanty.rems
nants of the Saracens andthe. Jews,
became now necessary in, the whole of
Catholic Christendom.. The inquisitions
of Portugal, Italy and Germany. ac-
cepted the form of that of Spain. ,; It;
followed the Europeans. into India, and
erected a terrible tribunal at, Goa, the.
inhuman. proceedings of . which. terrify.
us even by their description, Wherever,
the Inquisition. sets. its foot, devastation
soon follows: but in no, part of. the.
world did it rage so much: as; in. Spain.
The victims which the Inquisition.has,
murdered may’ be forgotten; new. genes
rations of men have replaced: again, the.
ravages of persecution; so. may they. the.
countries which have. been laid, waste.
and depopulated: but, centuries .may,
pass away before the. vestiges of this,
demoralizing institution will, disappear,
from the Spanish climate. It has stopped;
an ingenious, and. enterprizing nation: In),
its career to perfection, —has. banished,
genius from a country which, once. it,
eminently inhabited,—and. has left. bes.,
hind, in the spirit.of that nation,.a st lit
ness which reigns, over the, grave:--a,
nation, destined .by nature. to begeeel,
in the bounties of a luxurious .climate,.
but counter-doomed, by the. gloomy tyes)
ranny of superstitious cruelty, to. mourn,
in distrust, in, sullenness, and. privation;,,
In the year 1522,, Charles...) for the,
first time ordered an inquisitor. into, Tas
bant.. ,Some, priests, were given to-him.,
as, assistants; but.the, inquisitor hi tele
was, a. civilian... After, the, death .of |
Adrian VI. his,successor, Clement VIL,.
ordered. three. inquisitors for all the pro-,,
vinces of the Netherlands; but Paul III...
reduced the number to two, who.re>,;
mained..in,,that.country;,till, the com- ~
mencemeant, of the disturbances; Inthe;
year, 1530 \the, edicts against, bereti¢s,;
were published, with the (RODSUIERE OTR

ani

$925.4,
bakin: ‘the” various ‘corjo~
fations) and? which’ diets’ were “the
Stoutid-work' of ‘all ‘that’ followed. © In
ps thet 1550, Charles V. imagined hiin-
Selfundeé¥ the necessity, from the rapid
increase’ of the sectarians, of renewing
atid ‘strengthening those edicts. ° It was
Oi that octasion that the city of An-
Werp opposed the Inquisition, and had
thé Good fortune’ to eseape its grasp.
But the character of the Inquisition in
the*Netherlands, mm compliance with the
gtifitis of that cotintry, was rather more
htimanée; ‘and’ had not, until then, any
foreigners, ‘still’ less a Dominican monk
for its governor. It had for’ its guide
mas edicts which every one knew ; and,
OWirig'to ‘that, the Inquisition was less
objécted’ to, because its proceedings
Were less arbitrary, and not so much
involved in mystery ‘as the Spanish:
though ‘the former was sufficiently cruel
it its judgments. F
~'But it was’ the wish of Philip to pre-
pure the way for a genuine’ Spanish In-
uisition in’ the Netherlands, because he
corisidered it’ as ‘the best means to
destroy the spirit of that nation, and to
prepare it’ for a despotic government.
He n by insisting on’ the religious
decrees of ‘his father, and’ by enlarging
thé’ power of the Inquisition progres-
sively, and’ making its proceedings still
more’ arbitrary and independent of the
civil jurisdictions : ‘so that the tribunal
of the Netherlands soon wanted nothing
more than the name of the Spanish In-
juisition, and a Dominican monk at its
ad, to become completely what Philip
desired.’ Mere suspicion was enough
to tear away ‘a citizen from the protec-
tion of the municipal laws, and from the
ciréle’of his family; and the slightest
mony justified the application of the
torture.’ Whoever fell into that pit
néver rose again. The maternal care
of’ justice “extended to him no more.
Out of the pale of the world, malice and
madness pronounced judgment on the
victiin; ‘his’ accuser never known to
hit’; and seldom even his crime. The
critiinal was to be forced to find out his
trespass ; and in the agony of pain on
the’ rack; or in’ the weariness of ‘the
lofig imprisonment in*’which he was bu-
ried alivé; he was miade to’confess crimes
vin perhaps were never committed ;
least had never been known to his

j Cad

ithe estates of the convict were con-
ed; informers’ were encouraged, by

tenders of pardon and reward. No pri-

vilege;'no" divil ‘jurisdiction; was avail-"

Pub

On Meteorological Inquiries.

491
able against the holy power. ‘ The civil
powers had no other share ‘in the ‘pro-
ceedings, ‘but submissively ‘to> exécute
the sentence.’ The temporal happiness,
andthe life*of the most innocent, were
placed in’ the hands of every wretch.
Every concealed enemy, ‘every repiner,
every expectant, had now the> most
dangerous allurements'to an impercep=
tible sacrifice and infallible’ revenge:
The security of friendship, the frank-
ness of conversation, was at an end; all
the ties of relationship, and’ even those
of love, were loosened. An infectious
suspicion poisoned social life ; and the
apprehession of a spy, glared in every
look, and paralyzed every tongue. No
one could’ be trusted; and all that is
held sacred amongst men sunk’ im the
unmanned estimation of the subjects of
the Inquisition. :
These horrors, it may be ‘said, have
partly passed away ; and perhaps, even
in Spain, they cannot be quite renewed;
but, as the system of espionage is con=
ducted on the same principle as that! of
the abominable Inquisition, and/as ‘it is
at present so much used ‘as an‘instru-"
ment by continental despots, it behoves
the English, whose prosperity, as a free
and commercial people, cai only exist
while the freedom of ‘social confidence
shall remain inviolate, to. be on’°their
guard, and use their utmost’ diligence,
througi the medium of the press, and
the influence of their popular represén=
tation, to exclude every measure whith
might tend to the prevalence of that
system of espionage, which, to say the
best of it, is but the political spawn of
that theological Jaga Naut, the Spanish”
Inquisition. ,
— a
For the Monthly Magazine:
On MeEtrorotogicat Inquiries.
6 hee science of Meteorology appears
to be acquiring, gradually, that de-
gree of attention from ‘sciéntific men,
which its’ great importance ‘demands.
It is obvious that calculations respect-
ing the probable occurrence of any Spe-
cies of atmospheric phenomena, must,
at the very best, be attended with great
anomalies. Such’an infinite variety of
circumstances operate in producing the’
changes to which our proverbially
changeable climate is subject, that it is
not surprizing hypothesis should suc-
ceed hypothesis, and new theories be_
substituted for old ones, in accounting
for the various anomalies which con-
stantly occur, and which, in reality,
may be said to battle’ all calculation.
3R2 Nothing

492

Nothing but a long series, of simulta-
neous observations, mude with great at-
tention by persons in various parts of
the Kingdom, and. subsequently: com-:
pated and collated, can be of much
avail in caleulating the probability. of
any peculiar state of the weather at any
given period. And even deductions of
this nature ‘are liable to be disturbed,
however accurately they may be made,
by unforeseen changes and inscrutable
modifications:

That.a mere change of temperature
is the immediate agent (or parent) of
many of the atmospherical phenomena,
has’ been long known to every person
who is moderately conversant with me-
teorological inquiries: but the modus
operandi’ of this agent has not been so
clearly’ defined as might have been
wished.’ Some’ believing the agency of
heat-or cold to be only plus or minus of
the same substance, and simply operating
by mechanical agency ; whilst others
allow a certain’ degree of chemical
agency to the operations of heat or
cold; ‘as’ either of these extremes pre-
vail in-our atmospheric medium.

That the quantity of aqueous vapour
held. in solution by the atmosphere
bears a certain degree of relation to the
temperature of the air at any given pe-
riod, is so well known, as to render it
unnecessary to offer any exemplification.
But with respect to the influence of the
hygrometrie state of the atmosphere upon
the minimum temperature of the night,
a Mr. Anderson, of Perth, has lately
made a communication to the Edinburgh
Philosophical Journal, from which I
shall beg leave to offer a few extracts.

This gentleman claims the honour of
having first pointed out to the public

this coincidence between the state of-

moisture and the minimum tempera-
ture, some years back, in the Edinburgh
Encyclopedia. Without disputing this
claim (though some little doubt exists
on the subject), I shall render him the
justice, which the sagacity of his present
remarks entitle him to, by giving his
own words :

“ In the case of the daily change of tem-
perature, there is some interval between the
maximum and the minimum condition,
which may be regarded as the temperature
belonging to the season of the year; and
though that point is not, at all times,
equally distant from the extremes between
which. it oscillates, it seldom departs far
from. their mean.point, If this mean were
to rise.and sink regularly, as the. year ad-
yanced and declined, without. being subject
to daily fluctuation, the quantity of moisture

On Meteorological Inquiries.

(Jan.1,

_ existing. in, the atmosphere, at) any given

time, might be determined bye the ‘therma-.
meter alone, with considerable p CISION, AS.
it would generally be less than the. uantity
corresponding to the mean ua and
seldom greater than’ that Which bélongs to
the minimum temperature’; the’ latter set-
ting limits: to the ‘acctmiulation’ of (watery
vapour in the'atmosphere y while the'former
no less effectually secures it against a state
of long-continued dryness. -|,The) truth: of
these assertions will be readily, perceived,
by a comparison of; the .minimum, tempera-
ture with the point of deposition, jor, the
temperature at, which the moisture existing
in the atmosphere would begin to deposit
itself.” "4

Mr. Anderson then proceeds:to, shew,
that the quantity of, humidity) inthe
air, from along series of observations,
and taking the mean ‘temperature: of
each separate month, follows inyariably.
the order of the temperature: and that
the coincidence between )the,, minimum
temperature. of the night, and the point
of condensation, of aqueous vapours
at all times sufficiently nearto (warrant
the conclusion, that they are dependent
on each other; thewariation between the
point of deposition and the lowest tempe-
ralure of the night not exceeding 1°
Farenheit, taking the .average.of the
twelve months. ; “pee

Mr. Anderson estimates the quantity
of atmospheric vapour, in the, summer
months, at somewhat more than double
that of the winter months; being, on
an average of the whole year, 1814
grains in 100 cubic inches of air. It is
also obvious, that during the autuninal
months, the atmosphere is more highly
charged with vapour than during the
opposite months of the spring, owing to
the sun’s influence on evaporation durin
the summer months. The usual au-
tumnal rains, therefore, may be con-
sidered only as a condensation of the
excess of vapour raised by the high
temperature of the summer quarter.” —

Mr. Anderson next proceeds, to. exa-
mine the phenomena which result from
the conversion of, water. into;,vapour,
and vice versa, as a corroboration of his
views with regard to the coincidence of
the point of condensation and the mi-
nimum temperature. AF OF HONIRG

Mr. A. satisfactorily | shews, ‘that
although the reduction of temperature
uniformly lessens the capacity of com-
mon air for aqueous vapour, yet at a.
certain point (which is that: of deposit

‘of the vapour), a reaction takes. place;

the vapour, as. it. becomes ‘condensed
into the liquid state, giving'off.a consi=
: derable

1825.]

derable portion ‘of heat to ‘the citcum-
afibient air.*.' There is, by this means,
a very beautiful series of compensating
oper: tions constantly going on in our
atmosphere ; the effect.of which, is, to
preserye,us from,any of the extremes of
heat,,.or, cold, moisture’ or excessive
drought.') Many of Mr. Anderson’s re-
marks appear ‘very judicious, and con-
firmed: by ‘his.-own observations and
others; but ‘they are too long to allow
of! extracting more than one or two
general inferences :—That the greatest
cold ‘during the night should always
happen when the atmosphere is in its
driest state; and conversely, when the
airis extremely humid, there should be
very ‘little difference between the tem-
perature of the day and the night :—and
that;'by ‘attending to the hygrometric
state‘of the’air in the evening, there is
no! diffieulty in predicting the minimum
temperature of the ensuing night, the
deviation very seldom being beyond the
limitsowithin' which the nicest thermo-
metrical observations are usually made.
srsbnsq A. Z.

——

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
, SOIR:
FTER all that has been effected by
& learning and industry, towards the
preanshon of a perfectly faithful trans-
lation of the Scriptures, such a transla-
lation. still remains a desideratum. Of
all. existing books, the Oid and New
: estaments are those,a true and _ per-
spicuous rendering of the sense of which
is of, more importance than a correct
version of any. other volumes; and,
therefore, I am anxious to persuade the
Sang members of the church of Eng-
Yan ; of the necessity of such a version;
and cannot, in my own opinion, convey
my sentiments rargugn a more eligible
medium than that of your respectable
and aelrcidaloied miscellany.
During the long reign of darkness
spread over the Western World by the

Fos BS Oe PEPE | ae See

‘© Various experiments prove the quan-
tity of heat yiven out by the condensation
of atmospheric air; and the amount of this
disengaged heat is always greater in pro-
portion to the humidity of the air. That
the quantity of heat given out by the con-
sation of vapour into rain is a powerful
agent in maintaining an equilibrium tempe-
ture in the atmosphere, there can be no
foubt ; and we see no reason why it may
pag ent when the condensation is
emely rapid, to produce light as well as
heat) arid thus occasion atmospheric elec-
tricity, or lightning. ”

New Transtation of the Scriptures.

493

Goths and. Vandals, the, knowledge of
the Hebrew tongue was. confined. to a
despised. people, to whose. ancestors it
had been vernacular; yet it had no, rea-
son to complain of particular neglect ;
it did but undergo the common fate of
literature; or, perhaps, indeed, had par-
ticular advantages in being preserved
and cultivated, for peculiar. reasons, by
a peculiar people, at a. time. when,
amongst Christians in general, religion
had been separated from learning ; and,
according to well-authenticated ac-
counts, a knowledge of the Greek ren-
dered a man suspected, and an acquaint-
ance with the Hebrew amounted. to
heresy.

In consequence of this state of things,
it was a considerable time ere the Chris-
tian world was awakened to the neces-
sity of inquiring into. the language of
Scripture.

For the first fair interpretation of the
holy volumes, England was indebted to
the labours of. Wickliffe, who, by the
way, was content to translate. from a
version couched in a humble dialeet and
style; and, at the commencement of the
Reformation, little more, indeed, was
aimed at, than to interpret the text of
the Bible, as exhibited in the Jewish
editions. For a considerable period,
translators did not aspire to the effecting
any emendation of the misrepresented
original, either by the collation of manu-
scripts, or the happy and temperate
exercise cf even conjectural criticism.
At a somewhat later period, however,
what might be called the national ver-
sion was so improved by a new revisal,
as to give it a more decided superiority
over two others then partially in use;
which object was fully attained. When
this emendation, or rather new version,
appeared, it was found to be, compara-
tively, faithful, animated, and perspicu-
ous; and it is not averring too much to
say, that while it served the cause of
religion, it added something of weight
and dignity to the English language.

But while the happy consequence of
this improved interpretation is acknow-
ledged, we have reason to regret, that
it has been allowed to supersede the
necessity of more closely consulting the
original. The Hebrew language, for a
considerable period, was, at best, but
negligently cultivated, and had too un-
settled a station among theological stu-
dies. It was, in fact, more attended to
by the ardour of the Puritans, a sect not
over-qualified to recommend any species
of knowledge; but whose attachment

to

494
to any particular proyince of learning
would. rather |throw upon it.a degree of
discredit; and, render: it obnoxious to
the | prejudices ‘and: the: raillery of men
ofssounder and ‘purer principles. | Since
that ‘time, however, no church has pro-
duced more'annotators and illustrators
of sacred literature, than those of whom
our own communion can boast. What
their enlightened labours have achieved
in the way of scriptural elucidation, has
been, of an importance, to impose an
obligation upon the divines of the pre-
sent age, to perform something more.
Such»a task is necessary, if not indis-
pensable. When the existing version
was produced, the manuscript copies of
the Old Testament had not been ex-
amined; neither had the collateral dia-
lects of the Oriental tongues been much
studied, The Arabic was introduced
into. Europe, by. Erpenius of Leyden,
and into England by Pocecke, who was
a fellow-traveller with the former, and
brought back, with him a knowledge of
the Hastern tongues, that has never been
surpassed. “This circumstance, alone,
afforded a great advantage, since the
traits! observable in the* Arabic and
Persian poetry exist also in the He-
bréw.

‘Another advantage enjoyed. by the
present times is, that ancient versions
of the Bible, and parts of the Bible, have
since. appeared ;. such as the Samaritan
and Persian versions of the Pentateuch,
and the Arabic and Syrian versions of
the Old Testament. Moreover, the
knowledge of Eastern customs has been
- familiarized, by which many passages in
the Scriptures have, frem time to time,
received the most satisfactory explana-
tions. To this favourable circumstance
is to be added the fact, that much Ori-
ental criticism has been frequently and
judiciously applied to.the elucidation of
the sacred text; that scarcely any part
of Scripture has been without its critic,
commentator, and paraphrast. These
are new adyantages; but new advantages
bring along with them new demands—
new duties. The benefits already pro-
duced, are benefits only as they may be
made preparatory to the final correction
of existing impurities, and to the pro-
duction of a translation of Holy Writ,
more perfect than that which we now
POSSESS. ee Ly

With all the respect due to our, an-
cient translation, I cannot,.Sir, but press
the necessity of a new version; not a ver-
sion. ‘hak anid apjovate,.in any point,
the general opinion and (practice of. the

New T; vanslation of the Scriptures.

rJan. 1,
members. of the: Church. of agian
but a version, that all, men, especially
scholars, will rejoice to see; a version
with emendations and illustrations, that
will cast their informing rays on many
doubtful passages, restore to; others
their original dignity, and impart, to the
general mind, a light adequate to the
dissipation of every obscurity.. A work
of such importance would be. under-
taken with the greatest propriety, where
it would be undertaken with the greatest
safety,—I mean, in one of our universi-
ties; seminaries always steady in their
attachment to primitive truth, and the

real

* With all submission to our learned ¢or-
respondent, we do not see what, “ innovation,
(or non-innovation) .on the opinions ;and

- practice of the church of England,” has to

do with the subject. His object, we pre-
sume, is a faithful translation of the Serip-
tures ; not the bolstering up of any parti~
cular creed. If any part of the popular (or,
as it may he called, orthodox) translation'is
unfaithful to the sense of the original, let it;
for truth’s sake, and truth’s alone, be;:cor-
rected by more enlightened revision, ;—no
matter what existing or hereditary opinions
may be confirmed or, shaken—what.prac-
tices prolonged or abrogated—what establish-
ments rise or fall. The priests of the tem-
ple may be anxious for the pillars of Ephe-
sus, and the offerings of the altar; but the
only pillars the conscientious worshipper
should be anxious abott, are those of the
temple of truth; the only solicitude about
offerings, should be that they be pure, and
no other than. those which, the, Deity: has”
required. But there is another species of
imnoyation, which we should seriously de-

precate in the projected new yersion so

frequently recommended—innovation upon
the pure simplicity of our biblical dialect,

We should be very sorry to see it Johnson-"
ized, or classicalized, or in any respect new-
fangled. As it stands, it is as’ beautiful as¥
it is venerable ; if homely, yet subime, im!
naked and expressive Anglicism ;;worthy to!

give and to preserve, as for centuries it, has }
preserved, a basis of stability to a noble.
language. Ifa revision be necessary, let it

be a revision only; not a mew cast and _
moulding of the style and composition. —
Where there are errors in the’ translated —
text, let those errors be corrected ; and Tet.”
the idiom of the corrections harmonize with
the simplicity of the established yersic
But against any attempt to supersede, in”
the main, the. long and justly-venetated
olden, text, our protest shall be Toud and”
firm.. For that, as the best’ ay against’?
the torrent of innovation, which else must

progressively overwhelm our noble Jan-—
guage, our x eReR shall ie rs it
immortal !”—Ep. 1S" .q

1825. a
real interest of their country’s esta-
b hed reli ion. And, besides this pow-
rfl rééommetdation, where does the
apparatuS of Sacred Criticism so amply
exist: as’ at Oxford. or Cambridge ?
Where do rare and curious works, in
various languages, and tending to the il-
lustration of Scripture, soamply abound,
as in those depositaries of literary trea-
sures? And when is learning so use-
fully and laudably employed, as when
applied to the universal advantage of
society, in the department of its highest
interest? In what does knowledge so
well demonstrate its worth, as in the
utility of which it is made the parent ?
and what utility can exceed that which
is connected with the future existence
to which we are taught to look, and
without a view of which, our’ present
abode would be but the dwelling of
dreariness, sorrow, and despair ?

Impressed with these sentiments—
conyinced of the good that would result
from.a more accurate translation of the
Seriptures,—especially now, that the
Bible’ is. so. industriously . circulated
among the labouring classes of society,—
I could not, Sir, but deem it far from
unserviceable, to offer a few arguments
in fayour of an’ undertaking which,
I am sensible, thousands would rejoice
to see realized, and by which, we all
know, millions would be benefited.

Crericus.
; —_

voc Mor the Monthly Magazine.

On'the Uritrty of DEsatine Socretizs.
HE communication respecting the
“St. Alban’s Literary Society, con-

tained in the last number* of your maga-
zine, seems to require some further
illustration, I therefore take the liberty

of addressing to. you an extract of a

short, essay, entitled as above, which
was read.a few evenings, ago in a Lon-
don diterary society of which I have
the honour: to be a member, and which,

I hope; you will feel. no objection to

insert,

“Tf I were asked, what is the utility of
such a society as your’s ? I would answer,
in, the first place, It is an intellectual re-
creation ; a, rational, and, in most, cases, a
cheap amusement, In the second, it is
an exercise of our faculties ; it sharpens
our attention; it practices our memory ; it
es us to collect, arrange, and method-
ur thoughts, In the third, it increases
' knowledge, by adding to it some of that
ssessed by our associates, and by fre-

p. Bi

On the’ Utility of Debating Societies.

en SF eae Re SY Ts OER SBE ST Pe
are Monthly Magazine for October;

495

quently inducing us to search for informa-
tion, in those sources ‘which’ otherwise we
might'“never have ‘explored. Lastly; it
teaches us diffidence im our opinions; and,
consequently, modesty. «It -is natural for
young people to be ‘wise in their own con=
ceit :’ we are but too apt to form hasty nds
tions on matters of science, belles-lettres,
philosophy, religion, or politics, either from
the instruction which'we received in our
infancy, or from books, newspapers, casual
conyersations, &c. In a thousand ¢ases to
one, an opinion enters our mind acciden-
tally, and there takes its residence, uncon-
tradicted and undisturbed, often to the end
of our lives, without our ever having had an
opportunity of examining on what ground
it is-founded, or, indeed, if there exist any
foundation for it at all. If the subject hap-
pens to be brought up in company, we are
prone to decide upon it er cathedrd, and are
startled if our notions are called inte ques-
tion: they are our notions, and therefore
we feel ourselves bound to defend’ them
tooth and nail, and generally make up’ by
blustering for our want of argument. A

“Now I conceive, that, in this point of
view, a Debating Society is of infinite’ bel:
nefit to an individual.. “Whether we bring’
a subject forward ourselves, or it be introu
duced by another, we are bound: to give it:
some consideration before we. venture to:
speak upon it. The matter, whateyer. it
be, is shaped into a single question; and
whichever side we take, we must search
for grounds of our support, and bring our.
ideas together in regular connexion: and’
there being no interlocution, and therefore
little to excite our passions, we shall’ more
readily discover, that we-often had no suffi
cient reason for the opinions we have held :
in short, that every question has ‘more sides
than one. Such an experiment, frequently,
repeated, will make us humble and modest,
We shall begin to doubt our own wisdom ;
we shall learn to suspect that, as we had
been mistaken in some matters, we might,
by possibility, also be mistaken in others :
and this consideration may lead us either to
re-consider our opinions in general, or at
least to moderate our warmth in defending
them ; every one of which will be a step
towards the acquisition of truth and our
own improvement,”

In conclusion, I beg to add, that, by
the rules of our institution, as by those
of the St. Alban’s Society, party politics
and religious controversy are excluded
from our discussions ; but with the dif.
ference, that we have hitherto adhered
to our rules, and the gentlemen of St.
Alban’s have not. I do not blame the
gentlemen for liking the discussion of’
such topics as the Liberty of the Press,
and the Disabilities of Roma Cache
lics ; but I am at a loss to discover how.
they can be discussed without party po-

496

litics and religious controversy forming
part of the discussion. I do not know
whether any such societies, ever before
existed in St. Alban’s; but in London
and elsewhere, experience has shewn
that questions like these are the rocks
upon which most societies cf this kind
have split: and ifthe gentlemen of St.
Alban’s, or any other gentlemen who
may have formed, or may yet form them-
selves into debating societies, are really
desirous of improving themselves, let
me humbly warn them to discard such
questions for the future. They will find
the field of science and literature and
philosophy, ample enough for their, <is-
cussions for fifty years to come, without
ever touching upon religion or politics.
Hadlow Street, 4th Oct, 1824.

———<—>—

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
Sir:

HJNCLOSED I have sent you a
second communication from the

St. Alban’s Literary Society, which I

should feel obliged by your either in-

serting, or noticing in your Answers to

Correspondents.— Your’s respectfully,

J. Harris, Jun,
St. Alban’s, 12th Oct. 1824.

On the Love of Lire.

From the earliest periods of infancy
down. to the second childhood of decre-
pitude, the love of life teaches us to
exert our faculties for our preservation
and well-being. From the moment that
the babe is presented to the breast of
its mother to the latest hour of weak
and debilitated age, when it receives
assistance and nourishment from chil-
dren’s children; throughout all the vari-
ations of youth, manhood, and de-
cay, the love of life never forsakes us ;
but, in every situation, and under every
circumstance, teaches us to cherish
and preserve our frame. Children rarely
think of death, and never but with ap-
prehension and dismay; and it is
equally true, that, for the most part,
the old regard it with a childish fear :

“ The tree of deepest root is found
Least willing still to quit the ground.”

I must own, that it has often been to
me amatter of much surprize to wit-
ness men, grey, and bent with the
weight of years, without a seeming
‘comfort ‘upon earth, and almost’ with-
out a sensé or faculty to’ enjoy one,
clinging to life with all an infant’s fond-
ness. From this I have been convinced,
that the Love of Life is an innate qua-
lity of the strongest and most enduring

Essay on the Love of Life.

(Jane,

power. It is.inseparable from existence :
and I am of. opinion, Hee enemies
the influence of the most. perplexing anc
distressing circumstances, howsoever we
may affect to. despise our ,lives,>we
should resign'them, were they toybe:de-
manded, with sorrow and reluetanee, |
I concur, with Byron in the.opinion,
that laurel oF
“ The yery. suicide, {
Lets out impatiently the rushing, breath,,
Less from disgust of life, than. dread of
death.” EPMA oe
In sickness also, and! bodily: calamity,
when the thread of existence »seems
almost severed by the pangs of disease ;
when fever breathes its burning’ pesti-
lence through every pore, aiid mature
groans in the convulsions of pains éven
then, when to -be nothing, would seem
“a consummation deyoutly to -be wish-
ed,” we still, cling to .existence, ‘and
pray, not for the oblivion of the-grave,
but for the renewal. of health, and the
prolongation of life, )> ovo) ou) jen’
And when, ‘at length, indisposition
loosens his debilitating: grasp, and: the
sufferer recovers strength sufficient ‘to
quit his sickly couch and:walk-abroad,
how sweet and » refreshing’ «does: the
meanest natural object appear!
“ See the wretch, that long has tost’
On the’ thorny bed of pain,’
At length repair his vigour lost,
And breathe and walkagain 9: ”
The meanest flow’ret of the vale,
The simple note that swells the gale,
The common sun, the air; the, skies, ;
To him are opening ,paradise.”’",, (4.
It is evident that the love of ‘life in-
cludes, in some measure, ‘the idea of
happiness, and the desire. to attain iv:
for happiness is the essence of. desire’;
and we consequently cling to‘those‘ob-
jects which can give us either*imme-
diate or promise us future pleasure/ “It
is from the same principle of’ action
that the sensualist continually cherishes
and gratifies his appetites, and the mo-
ralist chastens and governs them, ‘and
practices self-denial. Both are’ equally
influenced by the love'of life; although
the one is content with a calm’and last-

;

Who are so desirous of pleasure or

existence, and of the ‘pleasures derivable

from it. We feel as though we were
“created

1825.],
created only to be Happy, and seék the
abodes'of pleasute:A8 disposition or dim
cumstarice sifgpest: “Phe ills we'so lately
endiveW are ‘then ‘forgotten, or reniem-
bered-ofly to°eive'a zest to present en-
jopment) (“Weare satisfied with our-
selves; “and Ut peace’ with others. | Na-
turerwears: a! livelier robe; the sun
seems to laugh in his brightness, and
the clouds’are'tiiged with an imagina-
tive Histre the light of paradise s¢ems
tobe openiig through them, as they re-
flect to our excited senses the glow of
loveiand the golden smile of joy.

cobpewasthis* simple ‘consciousness of
existence; mingled with the delight de-
rived fromthe observation and conteni-
plation of nature, that caused the wisest
ofvkings® to exclaim,’ “Truly the light
is*sweéetj\ and ‘a’ pleasant thing it is for

theveyds toy behold the sun.” And I
think there*is not’a reflecting being in
the world whovhath not felt, though he
may not have expressed the same.

That the love of life should beget the
ideavof immortality, is notin the least
degree ssurprisingy ‘We naturally wish
to continue whatever’ affords’ us plea-
surescandfrom thence the opinion of
immaterial» existence has originated :
for we are-convineed by experience of
the destruction of the body, and are con-
sequently, impelled to consider the mind
as a separate and independent being.
Whether the idea of a life hereafter be
merely«a visionary ‘delusion of the wish
—a~recoiling from “ the secret dread
awd fiwatd™ horror of falling into no-
thing”—or whether it be an emanation
of 40nie innate’ principle, or intuitive
cons¢iousiiess;of the human mind, I
will not-presume either to affirm or to
disengs.\« My»belief is in the latter opi-
niong and certam Iam that such a be-
liefsis»oindividually. consolatory, and
aniversall{ beneficial.
coMilton, in his immortal poem, gives
us the following advice from
the angelMichael
‘* Norlove thy life, nor hate : but what thou
yilenfivest, "nye 31
Live well. how long or short, permit to
reel Meawene? sow coos
To. liye,well, we must live virtuously :
which is our interest ‘as well as our duty,
knowing that real andJasting happiness,
»which is ‘our -“ being’s end and aim,” is
sincompatible with aught but virtue. Our
\wery-love, of life should be in-proportion
»pnly.to our means. of rendering benefit
-to, others ; whichis indeed. the truest
é 3, of gratification to ourselves, (For
4 _ sclish, pleasure ‘is equal, to the
»s)Montuty Mac. No, 404.

Manners, Condition, &c: of Women in South America.

the lips of ©

slippers, the :trailing waste, of, fold-
35

497

exertise of charity and goodwill? indeed,
what luxury to that of doing good ? The
pompous’ ‘tributes’ even’ of universal
fame and flattery, are nothing ‘in compa-
rison with the’ silent applause* of the
heart. °°! @) 1803
St. Alban’s, 23d Sept. 1824.0) 809%
Manners, Conprrion, and Cmaracriin,
of Women in Sour AMERICA. (90
/&°S there are three distinct: tribes in
South America, the usages, eus-
toms, and manners, as well as the fea+
tures, of the women, must’ differ’ most
materially. Perhaps there is more 'simi-+
larity in the mode of treatment adopted
by the Spaniard, the African negro, and
South American Indian, towards’ their
women, than in any other part:of their
characteristics, —as the women are more
properly slaves to them than’ -compa-
nions. The Spaniard leaves “all the
drudgery of his House to his wife, while

ech

He lolls at ease in his hammock; smoking.

The negro, if he’ may be suffered’ to re-
main idle, cares not'swhat labour ‘his
wife is put to; and the Indian looks ‘on
woman as ofa species inferior to hitw in
every respect, and, if he chance to lose
her, gives himself very little'trouble to
find her again, unless she has any of his
children with her.’ Happier in this than
either the Spaniard or the negro, he is
not plagued by the demon of jealousy.
As their treatment by the* men must
influence the conduct of womien, sonie
of the disgusting usages and custonis
among them may properly be placed to
this account. The Spanish women, ‘by
nature graceful in person, and endearing
in native disposition, regular in feature,
and expressive in countenance; from
contemptuous neglect, become slovenly,
disregardful,' and inanimate: so that
there is, at present, very little affinity
between the ladies of Old Spain ‘and
those in South America, either°m per-
son or manners. Perhaps their inter-
course with negroes and people of colour
may in some degree account for this.
As the Spanish children are nursed by
negresses, they necessarily imbibe some
portion. of their» character. || The first
feeling of an Englishman, in coming in
contact with the South American wo-
men, is disgust, Contrasted with the
elegant neatness of his own fair country-
women, he views the stiff, stately, trans-
atlantic females, as) beings almost, of
another order. |A want) of taste and
fitness. in their apparel, au awkward gait,
owing, perhaps, to, the, constant use,of

ing

498

img and plaited drapery behind, andthe
long scarfs which they wear over their
heads, give them a very: grotesque, and;
at the same time, gloomy and fanatical
appearance; while the neglect of ablu-
tion is. but too visible on their hands
and faces... The greasy aliments and
oils, and quantities of garlick, used in
their cookery, make their breath as little
attractive as their appearance : so that,
excepting their dark expressive eyes,
and the melting plaintiveness of their
voices, the Spanish women of America
have very little one can admire. Their
musical acquirements are mostly con-
fined to the guitar.

There are some exceptions, however,
to those general remarks, and in many
parts of South America are to be seen
very pretty women; especially in high
latitudes, or cold regions. There are
several towns on the Cordilleras, from
Coro to Cumana, where beauty holds
her empire. But a very fatal disease
visits those high latitudes, called there
the godos, or goitres, which disfigures
many of them. Latitude, or climate,
however, does not alone decide. The
women of Caraccas are reputed hand-
some, while those of La Guayra are
coarse, dark, and ordinary, although the
distance is not more than two days’
journey. In Merida the women are
handsome; although those of Maracaibo
are very ordinary, which: is not more
than four or five days’ journey distant.
In Valentia, again, they are ordinary;
although, in. its immediate vicinity, they
are quite different. One moral feature,
however, in general characterizes them,
that is, generosity. As they are removed
from the negro caste, they are more
affable; as the characteristic ferocity of
the negro is visible in every caste that
approaches his dingy hue. The intro-
duction of this unhappy class into South
America, and perhaps into every region
into which they have been transported,
has entailed a seemingly uneradicable
brand on the offspring of those, whose
tyrannous injustice has sought to build
the superstructure of rapacious opulence
upon their enthralled and agonising
labour.

It is equally perceptible in those tribes
of Indians who have allowed the negro
to intermarry with them. For instance,
the Laneros are the fiercest, most in-
tractable, and treacherous race on Terra
Firma, and the negro .women have
scarcely an amiable trait in their cha-
racter; while, on the contrary, the
Indians of Bocca Montana, Carache,

Danish Traditions and Superstitions,

(Jansd,
and) many other swandéring tribesjrare
mild, docile, and) tractable; and/otheir
women generous and obliging. Perhaps
the best idea of the: peoplesmay; be Had
from naming the principal towns with
the leading features» of their women;
For instance, in Bogota, the women are
ordinary, clumsy, and ‘inclined <to what:
we frenchify into the affected term; ez’
bonne point; and are not) over-nice «in
their amours. In Carthagena, they are
somewhat _better-looking, » though) not
much more virtuous. In Santa Martha;
very ordinary; in Baranguilla and Sava-
nilla, the same; in Turbace, a little :bet-
ter; in Portobello, ugly, ill-natured; and
savage; in Porto Cavello, obliging, but
ordinary; Cumana, the same,and mostly
women of colour; in Rio de la Lacha,
disgusting, but free from goitres ;in
Alvalea, tolerably handsome and obli-
ging; in Angostura, and along the Ori-
noco, very ordinary, inclined to! black in
general, with most of the peculiarities of
that hue. | In fact, along the sea-coast,
the women are not comparable to the
women of the interior in person or dis-
position; as the heat of low situations
seems to have its influence over the dis+
position as well as the person,
a
For the Monthly Magazine:

Danisu Trapitionsand SUPERSTITIONS,
(Continued from No. 399, p. 22. oe

The Daneman’s Hope.

N the year 1219, when King Walde-
mar fought with the heathen Lif-
landers, in order to force them tothe
Christian . faith, Archbishop Andreas,
stood like Moses of old. upon a, high
mountain, and prayed to Heaven, with
extended arms, for the success. of ‘the
Danish weapons. It is reported, that
as long as he was able to hold his. arms
in the air, the Danes conquered, but,
whenever he let his arms, sink, fromold
age and weakness, the heathens had the
advantage. The priests, therefore, who
were around him, supported,-his arms
until the battle was over... Another
wonderful circumstance) occurred, for
the Danish standard being Jost in.the
heat of the action, there fell from: Hea-
ven a crimson-banner, .on, which | was
painted. a white cross, a. sight,.which
very much. contributed to the success of
the Christians, ..They,,preserved ,the
banner for a long time, and. called, it
“ The Daneman’s, Hope,”,.for it: was
their furm__belief,, that... wherever. they
fought under. it the, victory would:be
theirs: On the spot where the above-
mentioned

1825,

mentioned battlétook place, the town
of Wolmer was‘erected.
eqedio Holger the Dane.
h«Evety onewho: has read the chronicle
of Holger the:Dane; knows that he was
giventas a hostage® by his father, King
Goetterick; to theEmperorCharlemagne,
whom he ‘served in the war against: the
Saracens. |) -He ‘afterwards: accompanied
the Emperor to the land:of India, where
hesater of :acfruit which madé his, body
imperishable ; so that although he died
in France, he has since then appeared
at different ‘times: It is reported that
whenever the Danish armies march
against: their foes, he is seem striding
before them*with his mighty shield, in
order«to: lead them to victory and
renown.
The Dragons in Syngbye Church-yard.

In former days two Dragons had their
nest in’ Syngbye Church-yard. It once
happened, during service time, that they
had**a furious) battle with .each other
before the church door, and made such
a noise, that a soldier rushed out witha
drawnsword: to drive them away, but
the Dragons’ spitting their poison upon
him, ~he ‘almost: immediately expired.
The people who were in the church at
the time, dared not-go- out of the door,
because the largest of the Dragons had
laid itself down before it; they therefore
broke through the wall onthe north side,
where the church-door is at present.

One of the Dragons shortly afterwards
died of the wounds it had received from
its companion, but the other still in-
fested the church-yard, to the great
annoyance of all those who went near
it; and itis said that once, when a
christening took place in the church,
the Dragon went in and devoured the
child. The people in the neighbourhood
a. bred up a bull-calf, and fed
it with milk and wheaten bread, and
when it was'become so big and strong
that they thought it would be a match

for the ‘Dragon,’ they led it into the ’

church-yard: » The combat instantly be-
gan, and ended by the reptile being
slain ; but the bull was so injured by
its venom that he did not long survive.

In Syngbyechurch-yard is a stone, on
which a savage bull'is engraven : it is
said that the animal lies buried beneath
this‘stone. In the church, likewise, are
many pictures and images which repre-
sent this ‘story.

“The Wierd Wanderer of Jutland.

‘A very long time ago, aman was seen
in’ Jutland, who wore tattered clothes,
rodé upon a little ‘horse, and whose

Danish Traditions and Superstitions.

499

stitrups were formed of wood, after a
clumsy fashion.» When he was asked
whence jhe | came, and where he was
going, he generally replied “from
Vendsyssel, over to Hymmersyssel, or
about there.” He made several pro-
phecies;and said, concerning a rock at
Mae, -“ thorns shall grow through the
clefts of that rock, and among those
thorns a magpie shall build her nest,
bring up her young, and then fly away;””
all which came to pass as he had. said.
He further prophecied, that when the
magpie was flown away, there would
come to Vendsyssel a hostile army, and
that most part of the district would be
laid waste; that the women would be
animated with men’s courage, and wonld
fight the foes; but when he was asked.
what would then happen, he. replied
* the end will follow.”

At Aalborg he prophecied something
to the town-bailiff, which the latter did
not approve of, and so caused himito be
whipped. | Then the man_prophecied
again, saying, “ that as surely as his
blood had. flowed down his. back,so
surely should the bailiff’s blood run down
the kennel of Aalborg,” And. it-hap-
pened as he had foretold; for once;
when there was a riot in the: place, the
people killed the bailiff in the street.

Concerning the: brook of Haseriis,
which at that time did not run through
Aalborg, he prophecied that the time
would come when it should run through
the midst: of the town; which likewise
came to pass. He went once to Vol-
strup, in the district of Slonum, and
having, according to custom, passed the
night in a barn, and tied his horse out
before it, he rode the next morning to
the Sessions Hall, and the judge asking
him ; “ how shall it go with me ?”’ he re-
ceived for answer, “ thou shalt die in
a barn.”’ And it did not turn)our better,
for the judge was reduced to poverty,
and had no other shelter in his~ last
moments, Once, when several boys
mocked this same prophet, and one of
them flung a barrel stave at him, he
shook his head, and told the boy that a
stave should cost him his life. Some
time after this very boy fell down from
an apple tree upon a paling of barrel
staves, where he perished. . This strange
just man would only take sufficient alms
to support him for the day, and thus he
wandered from place to place.

Swend Felling.

Swend Felling was a renowned hero
born in Hadsherred. We served fora
long time at the castle of Aakier. As

352 the

500

the roads at that period were’ infested
with trolds, elves, and ‘fiendish creas
tures, who were at war with all Christian
people, he was employed as letter-car+
rier, on account of his great courage.
Once’as*he'was passing over the heath
of Halm; an elf came to hin’ from out
of Jels-hill, and entreated Swend to
assist him in a battle which he was about
to fight ‘with the ‘still-trold of Borru-
meéassai.' Swend Felling readily agreed,
and at the same time; boasted that he
was ‘sufficiently strong and powerful to
do ‘any thing; whereupon the elf flung
at his feet‘a weighty iron bar, and told
him to try his strength upon that; but
he could not lift it, although he exerted
himself to the utmost. The elf then
held ‘out to-him a drinking-horn, and
told him’ to drink; and when Swend
had drank a little, he was able to lift
the bar, and when ‘he had ‘drank some
more; it became still lighter to him; but
when he had emptied the horn, he
wielded the bar like a switch between
his fingers, and'shewed the elf that he
had now the strength of twelve men.
The elf then bade him proceed along
the road; and when he met a black and
a red bull fighting, he must belabour
the black bull with all his might, and
drive'it away from the red one. Swend
Felling did as he was commanded; and
when he had put the black bull to flight,
he discovered that it was the trold
from Borrumeshoi, and that the red one
was the Jel’s-hill ‘elf, who, 'to reward
him: for ‘his assistance, allowed him,
thenceforward, to retain the strength of
twelve men; but told him, that if ever
he discovered ‘to any person how he
came by it, he'‘should instantly, as a
punishment, be afflicted with the appe-
tite of twelve'men.

From ‘that 'time the whole Jand rung
with’ the fame ‘of Swend > Felling’s
strength, which he displayed in various
instances. ‘We are informed, that once,
being angry with the ploughman, he
flung him‘so high into the air, that he
fell upon the house-roof. The Lord of
Aakier hearing of this feat, called Swend
Felling before him, and inquired ‘how
he became possessed of such supernatu-
ral strength. -But Swend, who remem-
bered ‘the words of the elf, refused to
inform his‘master; until the latter had
sworn that he would always provide
him with as much food as he wanted.
He then discovered the secret; and
from that moment, according to the elf’s
prediction, he ate. and. drank, sufficient
for twelve men: . ‘They still preserve at

On Cruelty to Dogs...) 0

(Janedy

Aakier a large tub out ofswhiebshe, used,
to eat, and they call it. Swend)Kelling’s
porridge-tubs>) There is likewise an,im-
mense battle-axe;/ with whieh,jhe, could.
fell: the stoutest oak, atia blow, Before:
the castle is an aged:linden, with asring
in it; to which he boundshis,horse,;, «,/

Some historians; give an) entirely difs
ferent account’ of Swead Felling, and
say that he was \deseended, from, the
giants of Johnheim.>-By, the, town, of
Sheenstrup is: a hill called ,,Slaybierg,
where he was accustomed to, sit, while,
he washed his feet and-hands in, the seay.
which is about half-a furlong.distant.
At Holm, the country-people, cooked
his food, and brought it~ him |in, large
brewing coppers. After his death, -he
was burned at Dalhoi, between Loms.
and Holmstrup.

( To be continued.)

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
Sir, j
HE witling may ridicule, andthe un-
feeling contemn, the efforts, made
by Mr. Martin to restrain those wanton
acts of barbarity towards the brute cre-
ation, which are the opprobrium. of the
British metropolis. root”
Whether penal statutes .bave a ten-
dency to diminish crime, is a question
regarding which much diversity, of opi-
nion prevails; be that however as, it
may, every attempt to lessen, or expose
the horrid enormities alluded to, de-
serves the approbation. of every friend
of benevolence. But I fear, unless those
sinks of vice and cruelty—those licensed:
dens for baiting animals, be abolished
by the strong arm of the law,.and_ the
influential ranks of society, the wealthy
and the titled, cease to. countenance by
their presence scenes at which huma-
nity shudders, individual exertion must
prove of little avail in lessening the
evil complained of. — sik
I was led into, these, reflections: by
witnessing a few days ago, in.Clarendon
Square, an atrocious instance of cruelty
to a poodle dog; the poor-animal had
evidently lost. its master, and, while I
stood admiring the sagacity with which
the faithful creature was. running;to and
fro, endeavouring:to scent out his foot-
steps, the cry of.a-mad_dog arose, when
instantly a group of people,\,consisting
of butchers’-boys, bricklayers’-labourers,
paviors, and the whole, idle-populatien
of theneighbourhood, collected together,
hooting and pelting it with any missiles
that lay in their.way.., The terrified dog
leaped into the area of a house to aaae
is

1825)

his’ péersecutors,° but the door being
closed against ‘him, the mob collected
round;” and’ bringing water from the
pump; dashed it over the railing. By a
desperate effort, the poor deluged animal
cleared ‘the wall,:and rushing through
the crowd; orice more sought refuge in
the area‘of a house in the Polygon, inha-
bited by' the Rev) Mri Webster. This
gentleman andhis family, however, being
from'home, the crowd met with no mo-
lestation in consummating their brutal
work, which they accomplished by lite-
rally stoning the animal to death.

T endeavoured ‘to intercede with one
of the most active among them, but was
answered by a torrent of low slang, in-
dicative of a kind of savage exultation
in ‘the work of cruelty going forward ;
and which convinced me that female
interference was wholly unavailing.

I add with regret, that a gentleman,
apparently an officer in the British ser-
vice, who inhabits an adjoining house in
the Polygon; viewed the scene from his
window with the most complete sang
froid.

‘IT am no pretender to over-refined or
sickly sentiment, yet I confess the groans
of the poor animal rung in my ears long
after I retreated from the scene of bru-
tality.

The ery of Hydrophobia seems to me
a watch-word to sanction the most cruel
and indiscriminate persecution. of the
canine race: for canine madness is ac-
knowledged, by competent judges, to be
a disease of much more rare occurrence
than is generally imagined ; but should
even popular terror demand a sacrifice
of a ‘suspicious or stray animal, surely
humanity requires that they should be
shot by some persons authorized for
that purpose, and! not that an indiscri-
minate license be allowed to the idle
and disorderly, to raise the hue and cry
against every dog they meet.

The’ hope that the above detail may
meet the eye of some one able and com-
petent to discountenance similar acts of
cruelty, has induced me to solicit a place
for itin your widely disseminated journal.

\ T remain, Sir,

A Farenp to tar Becre Creation.
Lindon, 1th Sept. 1824.

, Ww anim
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

hognas
] HAVE heard and read, that a com-

LR be aay: .

tent knowledge of our glorious
and excéllent constitution may be form-
ed, by ‘Consulting: Magtia’ Charta, the
Bill of Rights, and what is ‘called ‘the

Magna Charia and the Bill of Rights.

501

Act of Settlement. This I have done,
but; I must. confess, not with all the
satisfaction that I had anticipated. The
first of those documents appears better
calculated to shew the darkness, injus-
tice, and slavery of the age in which it
was written, than to enlighten the pre-
sent. The two latter contain some in-
teresting matter, but worded in so vague
and undefined a manner, that they may
be looked upon rather as an outline, or
parts of a foundation, on which a con-
stitution, might be built, than a constitu-
tion in themselves. Some of the best
things contained in those far-famed do-
cuments seem either to be repealed, or,
at least, not to be acted upon in the pre-
sent day. I shall at present only men-
tion one instance. The Bill of Rights
says expressly, that excessive fines ought
not to be imposed, nor excessive bail
required, nor cruel and unusual punish-
ments inflicted, But, how are we to
explain the word excessive, so as to. put
the provision out of the reach and mis-
application of caprice or party-spirit ?
And will any one pretend that excessive
fines have not been, and are not imposed,
contrary to the intent and meaning of
the bill? If the word means any thing,
it must mean, that no person shall, in
any case, be fined beyond his means;’or
rather, that the fine shall, at least, be
less than all that he is worth. Would
it not, then, have been better to have
expressed the meaning in some such
definite terms? Vague and general terms
in laws are snares, not. protections, for
the people: because, while they will
naturally interpret them favourably, and
according to common sense; judges, if
corrupt, time-serving, or prejudiced, may
and will interpret them according to the
views and passions of the party who
hold the powers of government. Magna
Charta says distinctly, that “every free-
man shall be fined according to his
fault; that no fine shall be levied on
him to his utter ruin; even a villain or
rustic shall not by any fine be bereaved
of his carts, ploughs, and instruments of
husbandry.”’* If this boasted charter
be still:in, force, how are we to account
for the vindictive, excessive, and abso-
lutely crushing fines, to several of which
it would not be difficult to. refer: fines
which it was notorious the parties never

could

* Surely this sentence alone, if it con-
tained nothing else, ought to have secured
to this famous instrument somewhat more
respect than our correspondent seems dis-
posed to treat it with.—Ep. ‘

502

could have it in their power to pay, and
which, consequently, involved them in
utter ruin, and doomed them to impri-
sonment for life,—contrary to Magna
Charta and the Bill of Rights; and, I
may add, to justice and common sense.
But, Sir, is there any redress for these
violations of, what we call, our constitu-
tion? If not, do Magna Charta and
the other written documents, about
which we are frequently so eloquent,
give us practically any constitution at
all? B.

——

‘For the Monthly Magazine.

A Cueto the rurunE Discovery of
JuNIUS.
ee singular good fortune of this
newspaper writer, who, with a
solitary volume: of letters, has earned an
imperishable reputation, whilst. such a
voluminous list of the learned and really
useful class. have written only to be
forgotten, is a signal proof of the resist-
less power of eloquence over the human
mind, and of. the enchantment of a
naturally elegant and polished diction.
The'successful concealment of Junius,
who: he was, for is must be now out of
question, hasbeen a subject to draw
out, and enthusiastically engage,as many
grey goose quills as any of those con-
nectéd with the deepest human interest.
Indeed; his concealment during the se-
verab years he was writing, and raising
such’ an: insatiable curiosity in the
public, is an example of unshaken firm-
ness of mind, caution, and favouring
fortune, little short of miraculous. He
was, however, at length identified by a
few; indeed, how could a man of such
exquisite qualifications, natural and ac-
quiréd, and of talents of such a peculiar
order, elude the keen researches of a
court so ‘vitally interested in his dis-
covery,/and remain utterly and for ever
unknown? His letters suddenly ceased,*
to the astonishment and deep regret of
his fascinated fellow citizens ; and to my
intensely felt disappointment, of which
I have, even at this distance of time, a
vivid recollection.

It soon came abroad: that, not mor-
tality, but a cause next in’ degree of
efficiency, had deprived the English
people of the services of Junius. He
had been discoveréd, it was universally
believed, and. such overtures made to

* Notwithstanding which, .we. consider

the assumed fact of the discovery, and con-,
sequently all, thatis built upon. It, as very,

apocryphal.—Ep.

Clue to the future Discovery of Junius.

; [Jane 1,
him, ‘as his virtue could “not*forego.
Both parties probably, for: obvious rea~
sons, concurred that the most inviolable
secrecy should form’the leading article’
of the treaty; and this has’ ‘beenob-
served with a fidelity almost>/unex-
ampled. We. have «in’ this’ ‘treaty’ an
illustrious example of the.placability of:
royal resentment,’ however’ powertully«
excited, to intimidation and dearer‘in=
terests. The court followed, “as might:
be expected, the royal course; and ally
the asperities raised by the namecof
Junius, seemed to be smoothed'down’
to the most forbearing and philosophic!
state of acquiescence. 8. iesoito

But even exciusive of the: fact of 'a :
treaty, it seems the barest of all°bare
possibilities that, the Lords’ North;
Shelburne, and Germaine, the Duke of:
Grafton, and many others who willibe
readily understood, could possibly re~
main unacquainted with the person and:
station of the author of Junius. Ano-
ther, the most potent ’of all improba-
bilities, is, that all the’ ‘relative docu-
ments should be destroyed, and that the
men themselves should remain ‘with
sealed lips, even to ‘every friend and:
connection. Is it possible ‘that’the late;
Duke of Grafton, who declared publicly)
he knew who Junius’ was, ‘and«enter+
tained an utter contempt for the .man,
should suffer such a ‘secret, to die with.
him? What adequate motive could he
possibly. have. for its concealment ?
It appears thus a legitimate, sequitur,
that the means yet remain for unrayel-;\
ling the mystery. lo

‘But as to the various: persons’ to.
whom the composition of these precious!
letters has been ascribed, the very mode
in which the pretended discoverers have
treated the subject, is a clear indication’
that they merely meditated a successful
guess. 228 Jaommti ted? |

Parson Horne, certamly. one ofthe |
best informed men of his political, day;, |
could do no more than) guess) at; the,»
person of his antagonist.* Is this,>at:

098 Slast°e

® We are sorry to find our correspondent —
applying to the late John Horne Tooke,
the sneering appellation of Parson Horne,
Though not quite the diyinity which some —
of his admirers would make of him, Horne
Tooke was one of the. intellectual sli -
his day; and, among the higher-and better

informed, of adverse-politicians, meee
affected to sneer, fearedand respected, eye! +
while they scoffed; and, if they analyzed.
their own sensations,| would have ath Ha
bist _S

f

We

more of envy than of scorn in the moti

1825.])

lagty»:destined), to, prove an’ iron-mask
secret? anddis:the real. person to.escape
unknowmin-the erowd. of those who.are
retiting fromthe world ?

From-the- peculiar style. and spirit of
the,letters,; the impression on my mind
isjethat-Junius was an Irishman. At
the sameé-time, the’mature knowledge of
man andof the world displayed in every

we, and their. didactic cast, are clear
indications that their author must have
passed. the-middle age. The evidence
i8equally clear of his. proficiency in
legal, knowledge, and familiarity with
the conduct of both military and civil
official affairs; and that a connexion
withthe higher political classes, afforded
him early ihtelligence of court intrigues
and maneeuvres. ‘The style of Junius,
his commanding eloquence, terseness of
expression, the beautiful harmony and
singular'cadence of his sentences, seemed
likely to. work a revolution in the tone
of English composition.. The announce-
ment, of his, celebrated letter to the
King, for a certain day in November
1769, set all-our politicians and literary
aspirants mad. ‘The coffee-rooms, were
actually besieged on the important day,
and the waiters bribed for the earliest
perusal of the Public Advertiser! That
pompous, sentence,—“ The name of
Stuart, of itself, is only contemptible :

of their affected derision. With respect to
his knowledge of the author of Junius:
though we have heard some persons say
that he was used to declare, * he knew who
Junius was,” we are much disposed to doubt
of his ever having made such an assertion 5
and we: believe’ we may venture to affirm
that he never named any person as. the
author, of the letters so signed: — we
know, that, he would frequently declare,
with an air of confident authority, not only
that. none of the persons named by pre-
tended discoverers was the real author, but
that it most assuredly never would be known
who was. He professed also to hold it as an
article of political conscience, binding upon
every man of honour, who might happen, from
any confidential circumstance, to be in pos-
session of any secret of such description, to
take care that no document should be left
behind him, by means of which it could
transpire. Into the refinement or the vali-
dity of the political casuistry of this maxim,
we do not enter; nor do we think it requi-
site to inquire how far he might or might
not mean thereby to insinuate, that he was
himself in possession of the secret, or “that
he could an’ if he would,” &c. ; but we lave
£00d reason to believe, that this is the sam
of all that the author of the Diversions of
bs iad declared upon the subject.

i

Clue to the future. Discovery of Junius.

503

armed. with the sovereign authority,
their principles are formidable,”—has
made a thousand literary coxcombs.
All, however qualified, must now imitate
the style of Junius: and the “ mistaken
notion” superyened, that the proper
Junian style must consist entirely of
short sentences. Hence, from inferior
pens, those hopping, inharmonious, dis-
jointed sentences, by which the sense
was broken into so many distinct frag-
ments, that the mind of the reader could
with difficulty collect and unite them
into an intelligible whole. The truth,
however, is, that Junius made the best
possible use of his short sentences, in-
termixing them most: judiciously with
the long. Junius should have been the
translator of Tacitus : not Gordon, who
burlesqued his style; nor Murphy; who
merely transfused his sense, but let:the
spirit evaporate.

‘In the newspaper contention between
the two political rivals, Horne seems to.
have had, substantially; the best of! the
argument; but Junius, as might) be ex=:
pected, bore away the palm of public
applause. Not that Horne was a poles.
mie of inferior literary attainment, but
that he wished to make a nearer ap-
proach to political truth and real utility
than accorded with the conceptions .of
the vulgar mass, high or low,—always
superficial, or always hypocritical. ‘The
politics of Junius graduated exactly with
the reigning fashion. He was an excel-
lent second to Lord Chatham, that.
“prince (as he has been styled by a
certain professor) of all political bug-
bears, that pit into which all England
fell’ Whatever may have been the
original motives of Junius, his) tactics
consisted merely of political badgering,
and in ringing the changes on the Bri-
tish constitution, and the technicalities
and peculiarities of its legal code. The
simple and invariable object,—a removal
of one set of ministers, to make way
for another. From his writings, much
of the principles of morals may be
learned, little of the principles of poli-
tics. The latter were in those days
seen through a dusky medium in Eng-
land, with all her mighty boast of en-
lightened liberty. They were then
secretly brewing in France and in Ame-
rica, awaiting the development of the.
American and French Revolutions. In,
this profound study, the illiterate Paine,
on his shop-board, had made a greater
progress’ than the academic Junius:
Junius was not deemed a fluent writer.
He professes to adopt an ornamented

style,

504

style, and the dabor lime is visible in his
every sentence. 1

It is pleasant, at this time of day, to
con over the boast of Wilkes, that it
had taken him but a year and half to
write down one ministry, and that even
less time would suffice him to despatch
their successors! Alas! tempora mu-
tantur, politici etiam mutantur in illis.
How many Wilkeses and Junii, allowing
that we possess any such, and how long
a time, would be required. to write down
our present ministers! The first copy
I ever possessed of the letters of Junius
was published in 1772. It lately fell
into my hands, in looking over a parcel
of old books. I had made, I perceive,
marginal notes in it, one of which I re-
quest permission to transcribe. In the
celebrated and cauterizing letter to Lord
Mansfield, dated November 14, 1770,
Junius remarks, “ Even in matters of
private property, we see the same bias
and inclination to depart from the deci-
sions of your predecessors, which you
certainly ought to receive as evidence of
the common law.” On this passage I
have noted, at what period I know not,
as follows, “ This is certainly most
questionable doctrine, leading to a sla-
vish dependence of mind in a judge, and
perpetuating all the prejudices and
errors of antiquity. Besides, is not the
judgment of a successor of equal value
with that of his predecessor?” Our
juris positi will not, I apprehend, hold
in much estimation my legal crudities.
: CoaisTANEUs.

P.S.—I last year conversed with a
widow gentlewoman, with whom, in
1770, a private secretary of Mr. Burke
boarded and lodged. It was in Hatton-
garden, This gentleman, according to
the widow’s account, was in the con-
stant habit of carrying vast quantities of
MSS. to his principal, who, he insisted,
among his intimates, was the writer of
the Letters of Junius.

{We do not think our correspondent has
done much towards furnisliing the promised
clue. Nor would his reference to his pre-
sent Majesty, to Lord Lansdowne, the
Duke of Grafton, the present Lord Mans-
field, &c., in one of the passages, which, for
the sake of brevity, we have omitted, in our
opinion, stand in much stead in this respect.
But his observations are valuable, in more
points of view than one ; and, with apology
for the liberty of necessary curtailments, we
give them thankful and ready insertion.—
Fn]

Dr. Aikin and the Fordyces.

[Jan.1,;
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
Sir,
R. Aikin, the original Editor I
believe of the M. M. we are in-
formed in his biography, served his ap-
renticeship in an apothecary’s shop at
ppingham, in the county of Rutland;
and it is not a little surprising, that that
same shop should have been the prolific
hive from whence have issued, in regu-
lar succession, no fewer than six dis-
tinguished characters. The first of
these was William Fordyce, who, shortly
after his arrival in England, settled at
Uppingham. After a short residence
there, he emigrated to London, where
he commenced physician, and was after-
wards knighted. But before his evacua-
tion of his post at Uppingham, he
shewed himself a prudent tactician, by
establishing a brother securely in his
place. This brother soon followed the
example of resigning his situation at
Uppingham to a younger brother, and
proceeding to the metropolis, where
he also commenced physician with
tolerable success. The other brother
followed in the same track, and with
the like successful termination, To
him succeeded another aspirant, more
remarkable than them all; who, as
soon as he had accumulated a sum
which he thought sufficient for his
medical début in the metropolis, set off,
with his diploma in his pocket; but on
his arrival in town, either through fai-
lure of his finances, or some other
cause, he changed his ground, and en-
gaged himself as clerk in a banking-
house, or in the counting-house of a
merchant ; this was no less a personage
than Fordyce the banker. But to
return to the shop at Uppingham.
Fordyce the last having no brother to
succeed him, the shop was transferred
to a relation, Maxwel Garthshore, who
held it I believe some years, but after-
wards emigrated to London, where he
had considerable business as a physician
and accoucheur; with him Aikin served
his apprenticeship, and I have reason to
think that, for a short time at least,
he occupied the shop. It is worthy of
remark, that there are few families in
which so many individuals, living at the
same time, have been distinguished by
their talents and acquirements, as the
two families of of Fordyce and Aikin.
Besides the brothers mentioned above,
there was the author of “ Sermons to
Young Women,” a writer of consider-
able eminence in his day; andalsoa
sixth brother, who was lost early in life,
on

1825.] Conduct aud Defeat of General Morillo at Margarita.

on the voast -* Holland. He was a
-young..man_.of the, greatest promise,
dai acted much celebrity by his
** System of moral Philosophy,” and
other writings. Of the, Aikins it is
unnecessary to speak, their. merits
and literary reputation, are universally
Known. | | Iam, Sir, &c. &c.

Soy ——=_>__- ;
a! For the Monthly Magazine.

Interestine Parricuranrs of the Con-
.puct and Dereat of Genrrat Mo-

~ RILLo aé Marcarira.
GREEN. seems to be the princi-
/_ pal feature that marked the ca-
reer.of the Spanish generals from Pe-
nario down to the arch traitor Morillo,
whose atrocious conduct and perfidious
policy. to, the poor inhabitants of Mar-
garita merits. universal execration, -al-
though ‘it ..is..but. partially known. in
Europe... Having Janded_.at.Pompatai,
on. the, island of Margarita, he got pos-
session ofthe fortresses, at the head of
seven thousand men. Perhaps there are
few. places better fortified. by nature and
art., It forms, an, amphitheatre around
a safe and, commodious harbour. On
the eastern, side.is‘an, eighteen-gun bat-
tery; in front, a.twenty-four-gun. bat-
tery ;.on..the west, a six-gun battery;
and on the pinnacle»ofa lofty hill, com-
manding, ‘the harbour and. every ap-
proach .to;the town, is an eighteen-
gun, battery with heavy ordnance. A
person might well suppose, that a force
consisting .of seven thousand picked
troops, with such resources, were not to
be\conquered,by a population of twenty
thousand half-naked savages ; but love of
jiberty,and hatred of the persecutions of
animplacable enemy produce emanations
of genius and.exertion, where all advan-
tages:of culture and information seem
to be denied. .Morillo began his career
of bloodshed, by summoning the better
sort of creole inhabitants to Pompatai.
Some: appeared to the summons, and
were. made., prisoners and put to
death, without form of trial. On the
inhabitants of this little island he levied
contributions of ten thousand rations
each day, until: every ox on the island
but three was slaughtered,.and every
sheep, but ten, which the inhabitants
petitioned might be spared to propagate
the species; but they received a sarcastic
reply, that as he, meant to put them to
death, as. rebels, they would not want
fodd... This menace was accompanied
by, a detachment of! four thousand men
to the city of Alvalea, or La Ciudad, by
which name it is better known, who

Montuty Mac. No. 404.

505

pillaged and burnt the little paradise,
of about eight hundred houses, uniformly
built round a neat square, in the midst
of the island. On each side of it were
meandering rivers, encircling sayannahs,
and fertile plantations. It was the
see, or residence of a bishop, who lost
his life there. After plundering and
demolishing the, city, and putting such
of the inhabitants as they could over-
take to the sword, they. rioted and
feasted in sight of the ruins of their
vandalism for ten days ; after which they
marched to. Port le Mar, which they
also demolished, and the little towns of
Tonseca, Clepasso, and Parawatchee.
The half-naked inhabitants, driven to
despair by these cruelties, herded to-
gether in the impenetrable mountains
onthenorthern district of the island; and:
began. offensive operations by. lying in
wait for the Spaniards, and, reducing

their numbers ; every, bush, concealing

an enraged enemy (man, woman; or boy)
to the vandal Spaniard... The, Creoles
now secured the only:pass on the island,
by which Nortey, Juan, Greego, and St.
John could be attacked (on the top of a
high hill on the mountain path,) by. the
incredible labour. of digging ,a chasm
across the road, so as to prevent, the
enemy crossing. Men, women, and boys,
working incessantly, cut through , a
granite rock in the space of seven days
and nights, while the indolent Spaniards
were carousing and feasting. Morillo
now marched to attack Nortey, but
found, to his inexpressible surprise, that
the Creoles had encompassed ‘the hill,
and were determined to dispute the
pass; which he, however, seemed de-
termined to carry, cost what it would,
With this view he commenced the at-
tack by a heavy fire of musquetry, and
drove the Creoles behind their entrench-
ments, following close after them, but
was repulsed in a manner quite as un-
expected as novel; stones of an incre-
dible weight. being hurled and: rolled
down the declivity with such velocity,
as to tear up the slope, and crush and
bear every thing before them in’ a mass
of frightful destruction. In this one
attack ‘he lost four hundred of his
choicest troops, together with arms and
ammunition. He renewed it next morn-
ing, with as little success. Finding his
efforts vain and the pass impracticable,
hereturnedto Pompatai, with the loss of
seven hundred of his men; harassed, as
he marched along, by a victorious enemy,
close couched in the thicket, and quite
invisible to his men. Morillo now find-

Eb ing

506
ing that his cruelty and imprudence had
spirited up and embodied an invincible
enemy, had recourse to stratagems and
negociations, with as little success : his
perfidy and cruelty being fresh in their
memories. Hisimpolicyin burning the city
was also evident, as the inhabitants had
now nothing to lose but theirlives, which
he had rendered valueless, except for
revenge. Bribes, threats, menaces, had
no effect. After four months inactivity,
sickness, want of provisions, and per-
petual watching, the yellow or epidemic
fevér raging also among his ranks, with
unabated virulence, during the rainy
months, and carrying off from fifteen to
twenty men a day, he determined to
cut a passage on the southern side of
the island, about eighteen English miles
in length. He began, and continued this
herculean task for the space often days,
incessantly labouring day and night,
until he found himself at the foot ofa
high mountain between Parawatchee
and Juan Grugo, at the head of four
thousand men, attacked on every side by
an infuriated mob, that kept galling the
workmen. This rabble force Morillo,in the
morning, seemed to despise, and ordered
the pioneers to continue working at the
road; but finding the action getting
hotter towards noon, he had to muster
every soldier to oppose ‘them, which
he effected with the loss of about
two hundred, being nearly equal on
both sides. The poor Creole natives
had no arms nor ammunition, but
what they took from their. enemies,
amounting to about seven hundred
muskets; and having little discipline,
but what they learned, a few!months be-
fore, from a few French refugees, then in
the island, belonging to the dismembered
army of Napoleon: the use of a firelock
being unknown, and prohibited to them
by the Spanish laws. General Morillo
had to contend with savages half naked;
but savages enthusiastic, vindictive, and
brave; for on the following afternoon
- they assembled to the number of seven
thousand, including women and boys,
and began a fierce attack, which lasted
until midnight, when the Spaniards be-
gan to give way. The women mingled
in the affray, with long knives, and such
weapons as they could find. A French
officer (General Pino’s brother) gives
the following account of that midnight
‘of horrors :—“Apollyon, the prince of
devils, could hardly imagine any thing
more horrible than this night’s engage-
ment presented to the affrighted spec-
tator: a dark dismal night, the fright-

Conduct and Defeat of General Morillo at Margarita.

[Jan. 1,
ful savage yells of the assailants, the
shrieks of the wounded, and groans of
the dying, joimed to the tumble of such
of the Spaniards as fell into their hands,
and were hurried to the brink of a
frightful precipice, called the Valley of
Sculls and Bones, and thence precipi-
tated into this frightful gulf, within
about fifteen yards of the. scene of ac-
tion!” This lasted until four the next
morning, when Morillo rallied his men,
and formed about two miles from the
scene of action, leaving the victorious
Creoles in quiet possession of the valley.
As neither party seemed disposed to
renew the attack, he thought it prudent
to decamp about twelve in the forenoon,
leaving about six hundred of his unfor-
tunate companions behind to perpetuate
his disgrace, and whose bleached bones
are piled up, as a melancholy trophy to
the victors. He was now pursued to
the very walls of the fortresses, by the
victorious foe he so lately despised.
He now, but too late, thought proper
to abandon a spot, where the hand of
God and man seemed combined to
punish his perfidy; carrying with him
less than three thousand half-famished
soldiers, the remnant of seven thousand
chosen men who accompanied him from
Old Spain; and leaving the fortresses
and guns to the victorious Creoles.
They, very prudently, spiked and de-
stroyed the guns, demolished the forti-
fications, and determined to run the
chance of a protracted warfare, in pre-
ference to confining themselves to the
town. Morillo embarked for the Spa-
nish Main; on which stage he acted his
tragical part, unequalled by any barba-
rian of ancient or modern history.
Description of the Island of Margarita.

Margarita is a beautiful fertile island,
clothed in eternal verdure, and presents
to the eye of the approaching beholder
a second Eden; but is very partially
cultivated, owing to the events of the
late struggles for liberty, and, hitherto,
the insecurity of property, added to the
indolence habitual to the natives, who
are more addicted to feasting, dancing,
carousals, and music, than to habits of
industry: as eight or ten days’ labour
will suffice to produce the year’s neces-
saries.

Society and Manners.—The people,
like the Old Spaniards, are frugal, tem-
perate, and abstemious; addicted to
card-playing and cock-fighting. As the
greater part are mulattoes or people of
colour, their religion may be said to be
a commixture of Romish and heathenish
mummery,

1825. ]
mummery, derived from the different
castes that gave them birth. The most
remarkable features in the character of
these people are bravery and generosity,
to which I may add pride, vanity, and
superstition. The whiter cavalieros
affect to treat their blacker brethren
with arrogant superiority. These are
also determined not to be behind hand
in retaliating on their less sable com-
panions.

Towns.—La Ciudad, or the City of
Alvalea, the capital, is rapidly rebuild-
ing, and is the residence of the governor
and bishop, also of the principal inhabi-
tants; possessing wood, water, and every
other conveniency to build. The only
river on the island runs through it;
although it is asserted by geographers,
that there are other rivers, but they
are only stagnant pools.

Soil and Climate.—The soil is incredi-
bly fertile, and well adapted to the
growth of all tropical plants, perhaps
superior to any of the West-India islands;
but the little trade here does not stimu-
late the natives, being principally carried
on, via St. Thomas’s, by the Northern
Yankees; as Great Britain, by a strange
oversight, is paying very little attention
to cultivating a good understanding with
the New Western hemisphere.

Commerce.—Sugar, coffee, rum, and
all other West-India products, may be
had at Juan Griego, on more reasonable
terms than in any of our British West-
India colonies, in return for our manu-
factures, &c.

The present population is estimated
at twenty thousand, being an increase
of eight thousand since the year 1815.
The militia of the island amounts to
eight thousand, capable of carrying arms,
every male being enrolled, from sixteen
to sixty. As riflemen, or sharpshooters,
they excel; and are well adapted to
defend their own country. Their fide-
lity to the cause of independence and
freedom is as proverbial as their impla-
cable hatred to the Spaniards, all over
the Spanish Main, where they fought.

The climate of Margarita is unhealthy,
and ill adapted to Europeans; owing,
perhaps, to the exhalations and vapours
arising from the low, fenny parts of the
island, and the prickly pear and bramble-
bush by which it is overrun, From its
fertility, medical men have given it as
their opinion, that better cultivation
would produce valuable and salutary
erops.

Comparative View of French and English Agriculture.

507
For the Monthly Magazine. .
Comparative View of French and English

Agriculture: principally suggested by

the perusal of an Article in the Revue

Encycrorepique (No. 69), on the

“Annales Agricoles, par M. Dombasle.”

T must excite the surprise of those

who reside any length of time in
France, to witness the imperfect state of
agriculture in that country, and the rude
methods by which the necessary labour
of cultivation is performed, when com-
pared with the agricultural operations of
the best farming districts of England.
Various causes might be assigned as
having contributed to the defective sys-
tem of agriculture in France. Ist, The
operation of the feudal system previous
to the Revolution, by which the occupy-
ing farmer was placed in a station very
little removed from that of a serf to the
soil. 2d, The severe exactions of the
clergy. 3dly, The numerous holidays
according to the Romish calendar, so
productive of idle habits among the pea-
santry. And, 4thly, The state of abject
ignorance in which the lower classes are
kept, by the policy of the Roman Catho-
lic dispensation.

It would require more space, Mr.
Editor, than your miscellaneous columns
could afford, to examine the operation
of each of these impediments to agricul-
tural improvement. I shall therefore
dismiss the three former causes in a few
words; considering the latter view of
the question as one of the greatest im-
portance in the present state of France.

The French Revolution must be ad-
mitted as having produced, among its
many horrors, a considerable ameliora-
tion in the condition of the inferior
classes.

With the abolition of the tythe sys-
tem, also succeeded (to a certain extent)
the abolition of the Romish holidays, or
rather the necessity for observing such
days, by devoting them to idleness, ac-
cording to the discipline of the Romish
church.

But although, in addition to these
advantages, the sale of the national
domains had the effect of creating a
numerous, and perhaps a valuable, class
of landholders ; yet the abolition of the
primogeniture law in France, though a
very specious measure in the first in-
stance, is now beginning to operate most
seriously on the state of society in
France; the infinite subdivision of pro-
perty produced by this system, rendering
the smaller classes of land-owners even
too poor to cultivate their own lands.

3$T 2 But

508

But the greatest impediment to all
improvement, whether in. agriculture or
any of the other useful arts, is the
lamentable state of ignorance in which
the inferior classes of society are kept,
by the discipline of the Romish hie-
rarchy. ’

The prohibition of all education, ex-
eept such as shall emanate from its
own pastors, has had the effect of keep-
ing the peasantry in a state of igno-
rance approaching to barbarism. France
abounds with able writers and compilers
of treatises in almost every branch of
science and art; but it is of little avail
for the French savans to propose theo-
ries and publish learned dissertations, if
they be not applicable or intelligible to
the great mass of the community. That
this is the fact, with regard to many of
the mechanical and operative arts, in
France, is perfectly well known. But
probably in no other department does
it prevail to so great an extent as in
that of Agriculture. It is not, however,
the want of industry or.of proper imple-
ments, so much as the obstinate adher-
ence to old systems, which makes the
French farmer so much inferior to the
English, in rendering a given portion of
land available to the greatest possible
extent. The ordinary French farmer
is too ignorant to be aware of
the importance of what an_ English
farmer considers only as the first rudi-
ments of his art,—the alternate course
of creps. ‘But as the writer of the arti-
cle in the Revue is the best authority
that can be adduced on this subject, I
shall here beg leave to quote a few of
his remarks. ‘

By way of recommending an improved
system of cultivation to his countrymen,
he observes, f

“‘ That the system of alternate cultivation
has now been adopted nearly forty years in
the major portion of Great Britain. It has
also extended to several parts of Germany ;
and, that its adoption has been invariably
followed by a great increase of the popula-
tion, and of national riches.”.... “ That
instead of producing bread only, according
to the old system, year after year, with a
diminishing product in all cases, after the
first breaking up of the land, the new mode
of culture yields a variety of products, more
agreeable, more substantial, and in greater
abundance.”

Speaking of England, he farther ob-
serves,

‘“‘ That many enlightened men are appre-
hensive of a superabundant produce! The
opulence of the agriculturists ; the easy cir-
eumstances of their agents; and the generah

Comparative View of French and English Agriculture. [{Jan.1,

amelioration of the condition of the lower
class of society*, in England, evidently
prove the great advantages of the improved
mode of agriculture. Why then should, we
be the last to profit by it? Is it not asto-
nishing, whilst the English, who obtained,
in the first instance, the mode of alternate
cultivation from Flanders (one of our own
provinces), and who have followed it with
such decided advantages for the last forty
years, that this mode of cultivation should
be nearly forgotten among us, ‘and “scarcely
ever adopted even in Flanders, its. birth-
place !” j

The writer then proceeds to give the
following reasons why there is so much
difference in the adoption of improved
methods of cultivation by the two
nations :—

“The Flemish farmer (labourer) is the
best working farmer in Europe: but he is
scarcely ever able to read or write. All his
knowledge has been derived from his fore-
fathers, from whose methods of working, he
never ventures to deviate. Place him ina
new situation, or on a different kind of soil,
where the maxims he has acquired are in-
applicable, and he becomes quite embar-
rassed, and incapable of proceeding. The
English cultivators, bcing better educated,
do not confine themselyes to a servile imi-
tation. The facts presented to them by the
Flemish methods, they have educated into a
regular system. They have, in short, formed
a complete Theory of the art, and, at the
same time, put it in practice; while their
numerous publications haye contributed to
disseminate its advantages among all classes
of society who are capable of reading.”

The writer then states some of the
advantages to be derived. from what he
calls the new system of culture, and
again takes occasion to state that the
principal cause which has _ hitherto
operated to retard the progress of agri-
cultural improvements, “and which still
exists,” is, that “ education has made
such very little progress among the class
of cultivators.’ But that “many rea-
sons exist to render the present period
very favourable to the advancement of
agriculture in France.”

These extracts would alone suffice to
shew theaccuracy of thc previous remark,
as to the primary cause of the low state ,
of agriculture in France,—the absence
of all kinds of education among the
peasantry. But as the preceding re-
marks formed part of a review of the
“ Annals of Agriculture,” recently pub-
lished by M. Dombasle, which work

refers

* We should be glad to see this improve-
ment. in the condition of the lower class of
agriculturists.—Eb,

1825.]

refers chiefly to his own practice on a
farm at Roville near Nancy, undertaken
for the laudable purpose of shewing the
most improved methods of cultivation
to his countrymen: it may not be amiss
to give a short outline of his plan.

Some of the inhabitants of Roville
(being fully aware of the superior state
of agriculture in England), about: two
years since, formed a joint-stock com-
pany, for the patriotic purpose of esta-
blishing a kind of pattern or model farm
¢ ferme exemplaire). The capital, sub-
scribed for this purpose, was, what would
be considered small by an English farmer,
only 45,000 fr. (about £2,000), divided
into ninety shares. A long lease was
granted by a liberal land-proprietor, at a
fair average rent, and the land put under
the superintendance of M. Dombasle.

The situation, in which this gentleman
stands, is that of a farmer who borrows
all the capital that may be requisite; for
which he pays 5 per cent. interest. It
willno doubt excite the envy ofall those,
who are disposed to view an enterprize
of the kind as an interested speculation;
but it will at least solve the question,
still undetermined by most persons,
whether, under a good system of manage-
ment, in all its details, agriculture is
capable of repaying the interest of the
capital which it employs, and at the
same time afford a tolerable profit to the
cultivator. To determine this important
problem, M. Dombasle (who is a man of
fortune, talent, and also a member of
the Academy) has agreed to devote the
remainder of his life. It is his intention
to publish an annual detailed report of
his “model farm,’ comprehending the
practice and theory of the art combined,

Although this philanthropic scheme
of Mr. D. is highly praiseworthy, and
calculated, to have a beneficial result, to
a certain extent, it is quite obvious to
every one, who has witnessed the almost
uniform obstinacy and disinclination of
the ordinary labourer to adopt any new
mode of practice, that its effects can be
but very limited, unless education were
at the same time extended to the pea-
santry. If M. Dombasle could prevail
on the French clergy and government
to sanction the dissemination of instruc-
tion throughout the population of
France, as it is, at present, in Great Bri-
tain, another generation would render
their peasantry many grades higher, not
only in agriculture, but in all the other
useful arts.

_ The fertility of the soil in France is, in

the aggregate, much superior to that of

Mr. Howell on Skeleton Towers.

509

England. And if a proper system were
adopted, by the use of better agricultural
implements, and the rotation of crops,
according to the English plan, France
might increase the produce of her soil
from twenty to fifty per cent. in value.
But the extreme ignorance of the French
peasant, and the apathy of the greater
portion of the land-owners, renders them
equally insensible to the advantages
which might be derived from a superior
mode of cultivation. The English, and,
more especially, the Scottish farmer,
however humble in circumstances, knows
something of the principles on which
the science of agriculture depends; but
the French farmer, owing to the total
want of education, is utterly unconscious
both of the principles and the practice
of agriculture, excepting such modes of
operation, as have been handed down
from generation to generation, by his
ferefathers,
—=p——

Lo the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

Sir:

At an early period of life, I spent
some time at Lyme Regis, in Dor-
setshire. This, with other associations
of having relations resident there, has
rendered the late calamitous account
in the public papers of the recent da-
mage done to the town and cob by the

late tempests quite interesting to me.
Large sums of the public money have
been, from time to time, liberally granted
by Parliament, to render the harbour
secure and commodious. I have viewed
the erections for this purpose with
some curiosity; and although it was the
general opinion that the cob would
have been capable of resisting the ut-
most force of the sea, I always thought
that it would not prove adequate to its
intended purpose. As this opinion has
proved to be too well founded, I will
venture to give an idea to the next en-
gineer that may be employed; and
should he not think it applicable in this -
particular situation, probably it may
prove of some use at some other place.
Experience has repeatedly proved, that
solid, well connected, massy walls are
quite inadequate to resist the force of a
tempestuous sea: I therefore propose .
the erection of skeleton towers or cones,
constructed of cast-iron ribs, connected
together by circular pieces of the’ same
material, having their stone foundations
upon a common level with the beach.
Large masses of stone may be placed in
the interstices round the foundation, by

way of additional security.

A suc-

510 ,

A succession of skeleton towers may
be placed at proper distances, which
may be braced together so as to form a
quay on their tops, where it may be
thought requisite or convenient. I pro-
pose a sufficient number of these towers
to be placed in advance of such solid
masonry as may be thought indispen-
sable to the safety of the shipping.
These towers, by permitting the sea to
pass in some degree through them,
would not be so liable to be overthrown
by its force as a solid wall, yet would,
I imagine, break the mass of water, so
as to render its fury harmless.—Your’s,
&e. Tuomas Howe tt.

Clare Street, Bristol, 6th Dec. 1824.

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
Sir:
= requesting you to give publicity
to this letter, I flatter myself that
common humanity will, as on similar
occasions, insure your assent, as it in-
duces me to inyite attention to a sub-
ject which I hope will interest your
readers in general ; those, especially, who
are connected with the navigation of the
German Ocean.

Having no immediate concern myself
in either foreign or coasting trade, some
apology might be necessary, were it not
that the disastrous consequences of the
late turbulent weather must have ex-

ited emotions of pity in all. However
remote, by inland residence, from the
scene of suffering, humanity cannot fail
to commiserate the distresses recorded
in the daily papers, or to sympathize in
the anxiety for promoting any design
which may contribute to obviate the
perils by sea upon our eastern coast.

They whose interests are deeply in-
volved in commercial pursuits which
expose the navigator to all the horrors
of frequent tempest, in the neighbour-
hood of shoresalways numbered amongst
the most dangerous, and so often fatal
to their fellow-creatures, need no de-
scription, I should hope, of the loss of
property from vessels stranded or in-
gulphed, to stimulate their exertions
in behalf of such an object. By the ex-
ertions of intrepid boatmen, and by the
aid of Captain Manby’s apparatus, many
lives have been happily saved ; but it is
melancholy ‘a relate what numbers are
too often “exposed to wreck, in the
neighbourhood of those shores, beyond
the reach of such assistance.

We daily and hourly hear many la-
mentations, that between Harwicu and
the Humsgr there is no HARBOUR to

Projected Harbour at Lake Lothing.

(Jan. 1,

which vessels in impending danger can
resort. But lamentation availeth no-
thing; and whilst, with submission to
Divine ProvipENCE, we endeayour to
check the progress of epidemic disorders,
why do we not employ the means within
the sphere of human abilities to prevent
the increase of shipwrecks? The sub-
ject of this oft re-echoed lamentation
ought, years ago, to have been obviated.

Some little time since, a project was
formed for opening a passage from
Lowestoff to Norwich. Whether that
design was rational or irrational is of no
importance to the present object; but
in the discussion of that subject, evi-
dence was elicited that Lowestoff Roads
are more tenable in a storm than those
of Yarmouth ; and that a capacious har-
bour, well-adapted for a considerable
number of vessels, might be formed in
Lake Lothing.* An application to Par-
liament cannot fail of meeting its appro-
bation; and the expense of forming
the harbour is, from all the information
I have received, too inconsiderable to
be put in competition with the loss of
lives and property from the want of it ;
and merchants and mariners possess the
means of ascertaining the practicability
of the design, and its competency to the
end proposed.

Let that fact be well ascertained, and
all maritime towns connected with the
traffic and navigation of those coasts,
will readily co-operate in the effort for
providing such a place of refuge. No
opposition can be apprehended from the
Lords of the Admiralty, or from the
Masters and Brothers of the Trinity
House;—from the under-writers at
Lloyd’s, or the merchants and mariners

trading

* Lake Lothing is a fine iece of water,
upwards of a mile and a quarter in length,
situated about half a mile to the southward
of the town of Lowestoff, on the coast of
Suffolk. Its average width is from 270 to
290 yards, containing at least 160 acres
of water. Its average depth, in the middle,
is about ten feet ; and this might be regu-
lated by flood-gates, and by taking advan-
tage of the tides, so as to be made deeper,
if required. Its narrowest end, to the high
water-mark of spring tides, is less than
400 yards.

It has been declared by a person com-
petent to judge of the subject, and perfectly
acquainted with the spot, to be well formed
by nature for a harbour, whether considered
as to its size, depth, surrounding shore, con-
tiguity to the sea, and comparative height or
level of its surface with that of the sea at
high or low water. : :

1825.]

trading along the coast of Norfolk.—
Your’s respectfully, | F. Drummonp.
Rosary, Norwich, 7th Dec. 1824.
——<=—
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
Sir:
J SHALL be greatly obliged if you
will allow me to present to the pub-
lic the successful result of an experi-
ment of truly vital importance. Chance
has discovered to me that oil, taken
frequently and for a considerable time,
has magical powers in alleviating the
pangs of child-birth. Perhaps a detail
of this experiment will, therefore, be
acceptable. One day I sat ruminating,
almost in despair, on an approaching
event, of which past experience had
made me dread the recurrence. Vague
rumours had reached me that oil was
found beneficial in certain circum-
stances, in the mitigation of acute pains,
but I never could learn why. Seek-
ing for information on a subject so inte-
resting, I turned over the leaves of an old
medical book, written by the celebrated
Dr. Radcliffe, physician to Queen Anne.
I wished to know in what diseases oil
was prescribed, and wherefore? My
attention was instantly riveted by the
very curious remarks Dr. R. makes in
various places on the salutary effects of
oily medicines in that painful disease
the stone. I immediately determined
to try its effects in my own case; and
every day, for six months, I took a
large table spoonful of Florence oil.
Only a mother can judge of my anxiety
during this interval, or of my delight
when, at the crisis, a considerable alle-
viation of the usual suffering was the
happy consequence. The faculty will,
perhaps, forgive a simple woman for
daring to peep into their books, espe-
cially if a successful experiment has
been the result. Itis not, however, to
be supposed that skilful practitioners
would try- on such authority new
experiments on those whose lives are
entrusted to their care. But as, in five
different instances, and on two separate
subjects, I have proved it to be as effica-
cious as it is a safe and simple remedy
or alleviation, I venture to recom-
mend it to professional adoption. The
remembrance of the cruel fate of our
dear and lamented Princess would
alone be sufficient to give importance
to every discovery and consideration
connected with this subject. It is im-
possible to give here more explicit in-
formation on this subject, without de-
parting from that reserve which, in a

Mr. Klaproth’s Appreciation of the Asiatic Researches.

511

station purely private, best becomes our
sex; but I cannot think that I should
discharge my duty to society if I suf-
fered the knowledge of a fact capable of
such extensive application to perish
with me. :

[We think it necessary to state, whatever
may be thought of the practical value of
this communication, that we are in posses-
sion of the real and respectable name of the
lady by whom we are favoured with this
communication ; andhave ascertained, upon
authority equally respectable, that as on the
one hand there are not even the remotest
possibilities of any personal interests con-
nected with the statement, so upon the
other the facts described are considered in
the circle of her immediate friends as of
equal authenticity and importance.—ED. |

——=
Mr. Kuarrorn’s Apprecration of the
Astatic HisTorIAns.

HE history of ancient nations natu-
rally divides itself into three parts :
1. Mythological, which contains a portion
of truth, enveloped in an impenetrable
veil of fables and allegories, commonly
referring to astronomical periods, calcu-
lated at an early time, and subsequently
transformed into dynasties of heroes.
2. Uncertain History, in which the facts
are true, or at least are not improbable,
and the personages real, but the chro-
nology either unnoted or unascertained.
3. True History, in which the facts and
the chronology are clearly recorded.
This latter, however, begins but very
late, among most Asiatic nations: it
does so, generally, only when writing
becomes prevalent—when the caste of
the priesthood has fallen into decay,
and science has risen to control the

power of rulers.

Among the Mohammedan nations of
Asia, viz. the Arabs, the Turks, and the
Persians, religion has destroyed the
whole of ancient history; agreeably to
the principle, not only that whatever is
not conformable to the Koran is untrue,
but that it is even an impiety to be-
lieve it.

The real history of the Arabs scarcely
advances to the fifth century of our era;
it connects itself with the traditions of
the Old Testament, and farther on is
lost in fabulous uncertainty. Even their
own writers of sense reject most of the
facts previous to Mohammed, from
whose time their history may be said to
begin.

Persia was conquered by the Arabs
during the seventh century, and sub-
jected to the Mohammedan religion.
The ‘fire-worship was destroyed, me

wit

512

with it almostiall the historical records
of earlier, dates. .\The history ofthe
Sassunides; the last dynasty of the Per-
sians, from the year 227 to 65) of'Christ,
hasbeen’ preserved in: some “state’ of
purity ‘by’ the indigenous: writers, al-
though’ its: chronology. is. not very cer-
tain,/and: the: facts: are of little impor-
tance,\' The Mohammedan history of the
Parthian, and) Persian dynasties, ‘from
the death of Alexander ‘till about the
third: century’of our era, is a mere list
of Kings, and that very imperfect, unac-
companied by any chronology. Nor do
we find’among the Greeks any thing
like satisfactory information concerning
that period.

The history‘of the Persian sovereigns,
from Cyrus to. Darius or Alexander, is
entirely disfigured by the native writers,
and completely deficient in dates. Thus
they miuke Alexander a son of Darius,
atid of a daughter of Philip of Macedo-
dia, Who, after having been married to
Darius, was sent back to her father,
owing tothe badness of her breath.
Previous, to,Cyrus, they place the my-
thological dynasty of the Pishdadi, which
begins with .Kaioomarath, who is taken,
by some for Adam, by: others for Noah,
and by others, again, for a grandson of
Shem.

The almost exclusive source of those
histories is the great poem of Firdusy,
Shah-naméh, which was composed about
the beginning of the eleventh century of
our own era, and for which the author
pretends to have consulted the books of
the fire-worshippers and of the Greeks.
But, nevertheless, the native Persian his-
tory is‘as irreconcileable to the latter,
as it is with the few uncertain historical
remains that are met with in the books
of the Parsi in India.

_, The nations of the Turkish race who
have embraced the Mohammedan reli-
gion, and with it the use of the Arabic
characters, have no dated historical
monument. previous to. that. period.
The annals of the various dynasties
which they’ founded. in Persia, Asia
Minor and Egypt, were, for the most
part, composed in Arabic or Persian, by
natives of those countries; and only the
Ottomans, now reigning in Constantino-
ple, possess historical works in their
native language,
= During the: reign of .Gazan Khan in
Persia, at the end.of the, 13th, and at
thei beginning of the 14th centuries of
our era, Khodja-Rashid wrote, by his
orders, a history’of the Mongol nation,
founded, on one hand,:on the ancient

Mr. Klaproth’'s Appreciation of the, Asiatic Researches. (Jan. 1,

Monigol documents.then inthe archives;
and,on the ‘other,’ onthe traditionsstill
current among the people. | This/is;the
Djama’a Attavarikh,an extremelyyvalu-
able work, which-is'the only source from
which subsequent Mohammedan writers
have drawn their/information respecting
the Mongols; Turks’ and Chinese. ,Un-
fortunately, however, the author, like
all other historians’of his religion, could
not avoid mixing up with his Mongol
materials the Hebrew traditions that are
received by the Mohammedans; and the
result is a universal; confusion;:'which
makes the work nearly useless for: his-
tory. Abool Ghazi Bahadoor Khan, who
in 1663 made a Turkish) extract of
Khodja-Rashid’s work, and continued: it
in an abridged form, has: increased this
confusion: still more. » His work; how-
ever, of which there are two»bad trans-
lations, is trust-worthy invall that con-
cerns the history of the TDurco-Moham-
medan ‘dynasties,
Among ‘the few Turkish tribes who
are not Mohammedans, and who: have
remained in their ancient ‘seats:in Asia,
no historical document whatever /exists,
at least’ none of which we ‘have any
knowledge. + ent bolarlada:¢
Among ‘the Hindoos, religion. has
destroyed’ every: historicals monument.
Considering this life: as but a transitory
period of pain and trials, they-regard:its
events as unworthy of being preserved.
Plunged in the contemplation of: myste-
rious’ formule, ‘all their efforts are idi-
rected by a total annihilation/of all moral
faculties, to carry back ‘thei spirif:into
the bosom of the Universal: Soul:from
which it emanated.’ This’ is) the cause
why the English have not«been!able,to
discover in India*any historical, work
written’in the primitive language of the
country; for the histories of the ‘Mo=
hammedan dynasties which have reigned
in the country, are written, for the:most
part, either in Persian or the Hindosta-
nee. Some of the-Hindoo epic poems,
such as the Mahabarata\and the Rama-
yana, have some historical subject for
their basis; but it)is so eriveloped in
fable, and their chronology is ‘so.defee-
tive, that'with the utmost labour nothing
can be obtained from them ‘but a few.
bare conjectures. They speak, however,
evidently, of some conquerors who had
come from ithe ‘north, and: gradually
driven the: aborigines of’ the Peninsula,
who''were probably of theynegro race,
before ‘them, ‘till’ they compelledothem
to take'refnge on the island. of ‘Ceylon.
These conquerors are incarnations’ “e
the

1825.]

the divinity, who descend from the
Himalaya mountains, subduing giants
and eyilgenii.. Thejr astronomical tables,
as has been lately proved, are of a com-
paratively recent period,

There are, however, some very pure
sources from which a Hindoo history
and chronology might be drawn, viz, the
innumerable ancient inscriptions which
are found in all parts of the country.
They have, for the most part, been col-
lected by the late Colonel Mackenzie,
and are now in the hands of the Hast-
India Company, A publication of them
would be more valuable than of all the
Védas and Pooranas taken together, of
which a few specimens are sufficient to
give us an opinion, The same observa-
tions, that I have just made on the his-
torical chasm among the Hiadoos, may
be equally applied to all the nations
who have embraced their religion, unless
where its effects were counteracted by
Chinese civilization. The Tibetans, how-
ever, seem to have historical documents,
as high as the beginning of our era, At
that period, the religion of Buddha was
introduced into Tibet, and with it the
art of writing, without which history is
impossible. But the history of a nation
so secluded as the Tibetans, between
their steep mountains and deserts, would
be of little interest to the general history
of the human race, were it not that
Tibetan priests introduced their religion
among the savage nations of modern
Asia, and thus humanized a set of bar-
barians. Thus, Tibet has, by a purified
branch of the religion of Hindoostan,
tamed the character of the Mongols,
formerly the rayagers of the world. It
is true that the worship of Buddha had
spread before to Kashgar, Khotan, and
other countries of central Asia; but
the inyasions,of the hordes coming from
the East, and subsequently the progress
of Islamism, had caused it to disappear
from among them again.

» (To be continued.)

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
Sin:
KNOW that your motto is Salus
populi.suprema lex, and, that you
will freely give admission to any recipe
that will restore or support it into your
excellent and widely-spread Miscel-
lany. 1 wish to direct your attention
to the condition of Ireland, and_ re-
commend a prescription for its cure.
That country forms no small or mean
of the strength of the empire: yet
it is generally neglected, or its com-
Montuty Mac.—No. 404.

Remarks on the present State of Ireland.

513

plaints attended to in a manner that
only serves farther to expose them,
without a hope, even, that commen-
surate good will ever be afforded, | Tra-
vellers into the south, without being
masters of the art, can depict scenes
that would harrow up the soul; they
can shew whole families without habita-
tions, or the youth of the country in
crowds, congregated from want of em-
ployment, dropping successively to the
earth, destitute of what the English
peasant would turn from—the exclusive
potatoe meal.* It is impossible for the
human mind to conceive all the varieties
of wretchedness that the forlorn Irish
endure, and often patiently. It has
been said, and it is believed, that the
government of England turns a deaf ear
to their petitions: they have seen this

in

* If this were always to be lad, and
they had clothes, however coarse and mean,
to protect them from inclemencies of
the weather, and fuel for the hearths of
their chimneyless, mud-built cabins, their
condition would not, by them, be thought
deplorable; for the potato is a wholesome
and nutritious root, and it is to be ques-
tioned whether the Irish peasant would
exchange it for our wheaten bread. But
we have seen them thronging both the
streets and roads, shivering in such wretched
shreds and strips of filthy rags (women and
men), as rendered, their state even more
obscene than nakedness; receiving with
hungry avidity, yet sharing with fraternal
sympathy among their equally miserable
compatriots, the offal leaves of vegetables
and the parings of potatoes, from the chari-
table door. And we have collected, on the
spot, in the respective neighbourhoods of
Dublin, Cork, Limerick, &c., the well-
attested facts of whole families of these our
wretched brethren, haying existed, or drag-
ged on, rather, the decrepid and miserable
shadow of existence, week after week, with
no other food or sustenance than the weeds
and nettles they could gather from the dikes
and hedges, to boil in their else useless
skillets. And yet this was not at the time
of that great dearth, as it was called, when
we, on this happier side of the Channel,
were, at the same instant, receiving ‘ship-
Joads of every species of edible produce,
from the estates and lands of Ireland, and
subscribing our shillings and our pounds
to redeem from the extremity of famine
the very peasantry by whose toil the ex-
portable superfluity had been produced.—
Oh! “there is something rotten in the state
of Ireland,” which neither the repeal of the
proseriptive and degrading Catholic restric-
tions, nor the specific of our correspondent,
how, desirable soever both may be, can
efficiently remedy.—Enprr.

3 U

514

Remarks on the present State of Ireland.

Jan, 1,

ey ea byl ‘ae | (orem
in the Parliamentary refusal’ of Catholic’ faistress Stil?’ more the alread , ost dis-

Emancipation, and: they believevall the
rests / All. theix. wretchedness, alli-their
privations, all, their, miseries,.are attfi-
buted,|-to.; this, alleged callosity ;. and
with, this’ general, belief, it, cannot be
expected that. tame. or ready, obedience
to the \laws,| that) have been, made, or
may; be.made,, will, be given. Intelli-
gence, reaches the remotest cabins ; re-
_port, fromthe chagrin of the disappointed
Aggregate) Catholic Body, impetuously
rushes. into. every habitation; and the
slight of -the English Parliament is
howled in every village. “ They might
if they would,” it is exclaimed, “ re-
lieve poor Ireland; but they will not:
and yet. they expect obedience and re-
spect... It is the wish of every Irishman
-to be second to none in the empire, to
be'equal’ with any or all other subjects
under’the same dominion. They be-
lieve, if the Parliament will not grant
them ‘what is’ merely conscientious, and
costs nothing, it will not extend any
part of the public treasure, to their re-
lief or improyement,”... But the English
Goyerament is not exclusively to blame:
the cause of the greatest:afiliction of that
fine country, blessed as it is with a soil
that assures abundance to industry, is
the numerous absentees from it. Here,
here is the chief cause of the evil, or the
chief evils which afflict them. The poor
peasant trembles as often as his rent
day is seen in the prospect; he per-
ceives the rack renter’s agent, with looks
truly indicative of the barbarous feeling
within, demanding, not merely at the
cabin doer, or that: of the small farm-
house, his claim—but on the floor, on his
miserable hearth; and the’ harsh sound
ereeps through his veins, unmans him,
and bereaves him of all courage. The
general cry, in return, is, “I have it not
yet; have patience; consider my chil-
der, my ould father, or mother, there
in the corner; I will pay you shortly;
I havea trifle due, or I am about to
sell part.of my stock, or ahorse, or a
cow, and will freely give you the whole.
Pray have mercy, and be kind to me.”
The absentee-men hear nothing of this, or
any thing like it. With the hardly-earned
produce of their tenantry, they are, or
may be, now revelling, with hearts light
and careless; among. the Monsieurs of
the continent; or, perhaps, among their
female relations, unlearning the true
Irish disposition, and imbibing those pro-
pelniciye which, when they do. think of
onouring ‘their country: by ayvisit, will
‘serve only !as so many moral:plagues,’ to
| § ae > igio/ | fact

rw .4Ai6q-9

tressed. ic Shame on the! men! who pau.

perize the ‘beings: who ought £6be dear
to them; asso many links of the sane
chain,—as_ So. many: ‘members? of the
saifie large family! bso? yaors199 og86
Mr. Editor, in this country ‘you know
nothing of the ‘consequencés' of the
desertion of it by the: edueated,by' the
intelligent and proprietary classes :\you
may lose a few, and they ‘may’ be
spared, but your aggregate’ intelligétice
and wealth stay with you; and’ dispetise
again, in some sort, to the commiuitiity,
what the common labour! produces “for
them from the soil. But} alas} it'is' fot
so with poor Ireland. Her proprietors.
wander over every region, dissipating
in riot, ostentation and extravagance,
what is wrung from the misery Of their
tenantry, and the exhaustion “of ‘their
estates. Can these wandering ‘prodi-
gals, like the prodigal ‘in’ the ‘parable,
cast an eye to their country and’ Hot
turn self-accusers,’ in’ language like “the
following : “ All this endurance, ‘alf ‘this
misery, this affliction, ‘18 justly ‘attri-
buted to us; we'nvight have prevented
all, or the greater ‘part; by‘our presence,
our influence, our exaniplée.’"We might
have instructed and enriched “the Trish ,
mind, and made ‘it’ ¢o-equal ‘with the
most enlightened’ of’ the world. “We
grieve; we ‘will hasten’ to °6ur ‘6wn
domiciles, our own ‘hearths } ‘spend our
rents among’ our’ too long deserted
tenants, and rescue them from 'the ‘gripe
of proctors, and pettyfog¢ers, and nitd-
dle men.” Peasantry of Ireland! cease
to blame the English Government’ for
its apathy: continue to blame’ rathér
your own absentees, ‘intil you perceive *
the effects of something like the ‘above
lamentation ! fONSTRISSIFOMS "(See
In short, Sir, IE cannot better” con-
clude than in the language‘of my Ho
Norbury, the Irish judge, in giving #' late
charge to the grand jury of Westmeath,
“ T consider,” said he, “ ti tienlies
as the great curse’ of Ireland: ‘they will,
however, come sneaking back again, and
you will, of course, ‘use’ them ¢ivilly ;
but don’t forget to» tellothem what ‘you
have been domg while they weré absent
—above' all, don’t forget’ to: tell them
that they have been the ‘chief “cause ‘of
it alli: e.5 of the disturbances, €xecu-
tions, &c. iS gninedh Hiss
eee ol) 0) Sermo
To the Editor of ithe Monthly Magazine.
) oStr x unit sastriser sd3 mot
Bs paragraph lately ipanewspaper,
B® itappewrs that/accoupley whose
1Of » es bormtereban of deanvonds /hetetes

niece t ybsoile adit o106 On, the Ms Adamizing Systents ,

names (ifsmamed }id «row forgetyzand
therefore, far myopresent | purpose; will
‘suppese te dave ybeen Boaz aud:Ruth,
attended, at; ehurch::to: hear the mar-
riage ceremony read ‘to| them by: a War-
aviekshire yelergyman; swho' proceeded
therewithy ands itomust) be» presumed
withall, clerical grayity, ’till the produc-
tion: ofthe hoop of gold, a paltry ring,”
at which the) Warwickshire lad. and lass,
“withisweet butsileat intercourse, looked
and. smiled, a,look:and smile to brutes
denied??—-Far was it,-at that fatal mo-
ment from, their thoughts,

“Phatwhiles Jove holds us out the bow! of
ip SJoys 19

pag ria reach.our Jips, ’tis dash’d with
ei Salk x9

By some, left-handed god,”

«(Dale of woe.!) ‘« The parson skrew’d

his.face.into,,a-gloomy smile,” cast off

‘his.holy garb, withheld the pious bene-
diction.and,amen, and.so, unwedded, left
the.melancholy pair... Charity. would
hope, that, Boaz,and Ruth contemplated
a,union agreeably, with the divinejinjunc-
ion ;,.and.,.which;.would have. been ef-
but, for, clerical-interposition—an
ipterposition, which,no Oxonian — or
‘Cantab ever read.of, in the sacred page.
‘Boaz and Ruth might have married like
their namesakes of, old, but, in the pre-
sent constitution .of society, some civil
ceremony is.indispensably necessary, and
might, therefore, be. observed, without
subjecting parties to the violation of con-
science, or whimsies of a clerical casuist.
_And now, Mr. Editor, whilst I have pen
in hand, and an. inkling for scribbling,
low, me, toistate what. in the marriage
“ceremony,,of. the Church of England
seems to, border, closely upon idolatry,
viz., the declaration of the husband: to
XA “‘ with my body I thee wor-
ip:”?,, Had I. met with such language
he em of Tom Paine, I should

.

have been appalled, and have inferred
thatthe infidel was at his gibes. But
there is a faculty in some persons,

«9 plese Who! ean with ease,

Twist wordsand meanings as they please—”
and I. have been told by some of this
tribe, that “ worship,’ in a canonical
sense, may either import adoration of the
Supreme Burne, or civility and respect
toa, Wire. Sf the tern has so equivo-
calla meaning, applicable, in a different
sense to the Almighty, and to a frail
creaturé) ought it not, to: be expunged
from the marriage ritual; to, ease the
consciences .of those who way, not i gall
instances: baye .quite epinenen Sand
sulitikty enough to understand a canoni-

3o15

cal doubleentendré 20Tn additiow to this
worship .of) the! lady; she! must have a
dowry;ad libitum, ov by wholesale 3 that
Is‘to' say, for'so the saying is}/she’shall
be “endowed with! “all his!‘ worldly
goods”) notwithstanding that ‘the law-
yer, a few«hours before churching time,
may have taken pretty good care to're-
serve the most part of such goods for
the said husband’s use: Don’t you thiuk,.
Mr. Editor, that this is, with a witness,

“« Playing the changes upon cases

As plain as noses upon faces?”

Tue Hermit.
South Petherton, 27th. Nov, 1824.

(We wish our merry hermit'(whom per-
haps it might not be’ quite improper to re-
mind that it is possible to be more merry
than wise) had subjoined, atileast imja-note,
the particulars of the incident to ,whieh, he
refers: for, either in the; text, OR .at..the

foot of the page, we are disposed, to, think

that the facts, in every history, (whatever
flourishes the histbrian may ‘choose to in-
‘dulge in) should be made intelligible. ‘We
have’ some_rémembrance “of having’ latély
met, in the daily papers, with more imstancés
than one of what appeared to us*a species
of diseased » conscientiousness; | or; as) Dr.
Johnson would , have» said,--serrpudosity,
about this same marriage ritual, both.on, the
part of the couples and the clergymen ;,and
of rather alarming inconyeniencies,, in a
moral point of view, that have resulted from
them. If these had been simply and plainly
quoted, it might have given a more obvious
inference to the merry mockery of our cor-
respondent. Jn the hope, however,’ that
the incidents, alluded to, maybe sufficiently
in the memory of our readers to make that
inference apparent, we give place tO. a part
of the hermit’s pleasantries.—Eb. },

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
Sir: yon
CCORDING .to.your invitatiowin

p. 413 of- your Magazine for, this
month, J. cheerfully, forward) you. my
mite of .-contribution, on) the, new
road-making, or M‘Adamizing) system.

J.M.1L.’s echoing animadversion,, on

the statement. of Mr, M‘Adam’s: finding

the plan answer, well, in the country,

“ That ux sinds\it answer well, there.can

be no doubt,” I,must say, understand-

ing, as, every body must, the feeling
which could dictate this repetition, that

I, am, persuaded, whatever the, little

spirit.of jealousy or envy may prompt

to the detraction of such) a man,! poste-
rity, (human and) animal, if; the) latter
could,) will unite: to erect a monwnent
to hiny far more worthy of) attraction
than the Achilles of Hyde-park, with all

Suey the

516

the tears of the ‘widow and fatherlets
which?it decordss!2 tloisiw x suwsiolo. Io

Yous must know,! Mr> Editor; «our
little, pleasant: towmof Woburny:within
the last six! months, has: undergone the
_operation | of » M‘Adamizing.. At: first,
some’ of! my)neighbours were grievously
displeased that the:good old large stones
should be taken up and broken in
_pieces :—stones, which one of the Dukes
of Bedford, nearly a century ago, at his
own expense, caused to be brought from
that land:of which Mr. M‘Adam is an
ornament. On their removal, many,
very many, hard words were uttered,
and mtich ¢clamour about “ dust in sum-
mer! and mud- in’ winter ;” the only
objections of any moment T have neard
produced. Winter ‘comes; and, sure
enough; as it approached, we had mud
in’abundance : but good broad scrapers
removéd it'to the sides, and then all
was clean again. Then stages and wag-
gons were 'in perpetual progress, and on
the rains descending, their pressure
brought up thick mud again. This being
removed, another layer of the broken
granite was thrown thiily on; and now,
we have had no ‘scraping, to the sides of
the'road, for nearly a month past: and
though, so far as wet weather is con-
cerned, we have had as much winter as
we may reasonably expect, we have little
more than a ¢hin dirt on the surface,
not deserving notice. Allis hard and
smooth, and carriages bowl along in a
delightful style.

There is, Sir, one of your correspon-
dents, whose name I am happy to see, in
your pages of this month—Mr. Farey.
He knows Woburn, and the materials,
round it, for road-making, well. To that
gentleman, Woburn is much indebted
for very many useful improvements,
when he was steward under the late
“Great Duke of Bedford.” To Mr. F.
we are obliged for our neat and commo-
dious footpaths, begun and completed
at no expense, I believe, but the mere
labour, Not less useftl is Mr: M‘Adam
likely to' be to us. May prosperity
attend them both, and every improver
of his country, whether he may excavate
toads below, or cover them above!

And pray, Mr. Editor, can we have any
roads without labour? or permanently
good roads, without temporary inconve-
nience? You know well the metropolis,
that place of my birth—what would be
the condition of its streets, were it not
for! the constant employ of its scaven-
gers? Now, only let:us wait, anu «ive
the new system a fair trial’y and P shall

B'sApeTalidnas

(Wael,

beimrich mistaken if, invalbyour Tondon,
as well as country streets, we havel mot
less of dust to ‘subdtep andy niad! to!ire-

move.” For when) in suthmerpourwater-

‘carts come into actionythe advanitageof
the new overthe oldroads andstreets
will be apparent; for as:water’ fallsoon
the granite dust, one of theistrongest of
cements, it will fill:up’ the interstices,
and bind, in*one immovable '!mass; | the
small angular pieces! below.’ -Livitig, !as
I do, directly fronting the: main«street,
being six yards across, the ustiab width,
I believe, of the M‘Adamroads! inthe
country, I have watched ‘itscondition
every day. You are aware, Sir, thatWo-
burn is on the high-road to Manchester
and Liverpool; consequently, we have
great numbers of stage-coaches ‘passing
day and night—not. less! than. ‘twenty-
four in the twenty-four hours): Now;as
all these coaches, withereat numbers‘of
other carriages, have narrow!‘wheéls, it
is notorions ‘how adapted thep-are; to
cut through the ‘hardest road,' running,
as they do, exactly on the ‘same track;
yet have we hardly the’ marks! of ithe
wheels, much less 2wés, ‘between: here
and Dunstable, although we) hadiithem
so plentifully befores: will) ot sme
Sincerely wishing, that, in every/sense,
we may all be in the practice of mending
our ways, I am, Sir, a reader frome the
beginning of your useful magazine:
W:Castrevin.
Woburn, Dec.7, 1824. id

[The facts of this letter are valuable, as
far as they go ; and some obvious inferences
may be drawn from them respecting ‘the
streets of London: but they do atut ‘meet
all the objections of our correspondent,
J.M.L. And again we inyite attention:to
the pro and con of the ucal.questions— Ea, |

rt nwo vid Io

For the Monthly Magazine. \, .,,
L’AvE ITALIANA Gy os aibyi
HE Italian bee, notwithstanding the
redolency of her own_,chmate,,4s
sipping sweets again from the blossoms
of our Parnassus; and to, shew .the
fondness of her emulation, seeks, honey
from the thyme that grows upon, our
very loftiest heights. i): isl bowel

The London press has just, ushered
into the world an. Italian’s, homage to
the sublimest of our poetss coc ae ain

Il Paradiso \Perduto, di Matvony: Ver-
sione Italiana di Gurpo Sorentt. \Can-
tos I, IL;\and) TLE. ‘9:\1 to ~olosty: on
Ow all the poetical works ofvour lit-

euage, the Paradise Lost of *Miltén

séems likely to be best ‘adaptedtothe -
genius and taste of Italy. ‘The English
poet

1825.)
poetiulites)soimuch; of Italian ‘softness
with, his unrivalled grandeur and! subli-
ity; thatweare surprized the attempt,
toigivein faithful translation of his works
intedtalian:; verse,,has not been more
frequent, anil,more, successful: for we
are-far) from admitting that dignity and
subkimity iare inconsistent with the soft
ain of Htaly, or with the genius and sweet
melody of her language: as the Inferno
of Dante, the Gerusalemme of. Tasso,
and ithe dramasjof Alfieri, indeed, might
sufficicntly_testify.

As the translation of Felice Mariot-
tin is the: only previous Italian version
to/ which we ean, at present, turn,—and
we are not disposed. to draw critical
comparisons; upon, the authority of
passing impressions and vague remem-
branees,—~it) is to) that alone that we
refer im any comparative estimate of the
translation by Sorelli, now before us.

Mariottini, in: his t’anslation, though
it possesses considerable merit, does not
adhere: to the text. of his author with
theserupulous fidelity:necessary to do
perfect: justice to the ideas and graces

of thes original z\.and we confess that, in

a-translation, we could~ sooner excuse
some little dilation: of phraseology (if
that-were necessary) than suffer a par-
tidle of the thought and feeling, or what
wmight be -ealled the: mental idiom of the
original, to:be lost.

_ The work befere us, has, however, we
think, taken something more than the
utmost, of justifiable latitude, in this
respect. .Not) that we can accuse the
translator of any interpolation of thought
or, imagery; in this he has been suffi-
ciently guarded. Heseems to have erred
more from the want of that prompt and
copious familiarity with the resources
of his own language (which is, indeed,
to the translator, in general, even a more
indispensable requisite than an equally
exténsive familiarity with the entire vo-
cabulary “of the language from which
he translates), than trom any misappre-
hension of his author. Indeed, he seems
to have a just idea of the duties of a
tYanslator in this respect, and has. fol-
lowed his author with a simple’ fidelity
very rarely tobe met itt vi Wipe

We imuist, However, instance one slight
misapprehension in the very outset. —
Tihie first hetiistich of our divine Hard,
upon the fine discrimination of which
the whole of the thedlogical nioral of
his poem, in jreality, turns, is thus Pen-
Maths jo. seb, nish id. | ane
’ vyoDsw Wubi pritniee Y invbedien ya.”
mene ; MuapT )

L' Ape Kahana,

517
This igiving ;the epithet 'to!man; instead
of obedience ; which chahges:theisénsevof
the author.—“ The, disobediencecof the
Sitst man, instéadoof man’s vfirsty disabe-
dience.’* And. again, further! -on,a‘he
turns) Leviathan: intoja whales Mariot-
tini seems to have understood 'thisibet-
ter, as he has renderediit

“ Leviatan, Ja marina’ belya,” (the sea-

beast). 49991

+ ty
Such instances are, however, very rare:
indeed, our quotation“of , these;twover-
bal instances may; in-some degree; sug-
gest the general correctness of the whole
translation. + It is'seldom that) a: trans-
lator leaves us leisure for such miero-
scopic animadyersion. do
The versification (as far as an English
ear may’ be allowed to judge) appears; to
be smooth and. easy ; the style is, chaste
and perspicuous, and there are many
passages of sweetness and pathose,.dn
the loftier fights, the. translator ;fre-
quently wants force and, steeagth;of
pinion. ' His Janguage- does; not; dar-
monize, sufficiently, with. the, boldness
and grandeur ‘of the original concep-
tion. His imagination does (not warm
and kindle; enongh, with the! primeval
fire. His thoughts do not breathe;deep
enough; and his words do »not burn.
For instance; in that fine passage of
Milton,» stir On
* Round he throws his baleful eyes,
That witness’d huge affliction and
may, ’— Psa Tmaorh;

Said

‘dis-
the translator’s apprehension evaporates

in, mperagee: rerrners

“ In giro gli oechi sconsolati ei. manda;

Testimoni di duolo sterminato :”;
which would have been correct-enough
had Milton only. said, -‘Arewnd, he
throws his disconsolate eyes, witnesses
of excessive grief.” ff jo odhT aye
Again :—

* According to the theological system ‘of
Milton, and which runs through the whole
work, it was ‘not the first man only who
sinned in the disobedience of Adam 4 it was
man. altogether, aggregate, man,—- man,
without discriminative article, or, epithet,—
the whole incipient human xace, who, in the
person of their universal progenitor, volun-
tarily disobeyed. Hence the original ‘sm
itt Which, upon this hypothesis, we are all
born, Upon this principle it is ‘that Milton
rests, throu@hout, his system of ethics ‘aid
theology, and “justifies the ways of God to
inau.”’ A/niore serious thistake, therefore,
trifling, as, i¢ appears, the. tranglator could
not have fallen into, imdevetwort ‘o4hg

518
gelit syt 1) 98, AMAp. te

LEY vase teatro!

mi idesolati,”’ © -
certainly derogates from the original, by
want of the personification.

‘We must notice, also, some of the
miost Aagrant instances of dilation; The
passage beginning,

“ Say, muse, their names. first. known,

who first,” &e.

consisting, in, Milton, of sixteen lines, is
rendered 4 into twenty-three of the Ita-
lian; ..though, the heroic lines of the
translation are from two to fiye syllables
longer than ours, . Again, these three
lines, —
“<< Thus they
Breathing united force, with fixed thought
ov’d on in silence to soft pipes, that
charm’d
hei “painful § Steps o’er the burnt soil,” —
us, rendered i into six:
onsthado atio .efiPacitumi
» Non altrimentic progredian costo1o
|, /Spirando-ardireunanime, e pensiero
;,/Saluno, incommutabile al concento
Che. dolcissimo, fea non disastrosi
arere i malageyoli lor passi
“Sul suol combusto,”””

~ Having, thus, noticed what we think
reprehensible, both,in, individual inad-
yertencies. and more general faultiness
of execution, we will proceed to the
more pleasant part of | criticism, and
give.a few passages, with the beauty as
wellas. the fidelity of which we have
been much pleased: and then, regret-
ting that.our columns will not:allow us
to quote; more. liberally, we will take
~ our leave,: forthe present, of Signor
Sorelli;, sincerely hoping soon to be
favoured with, the continuation of. this
valuable work, which we feel assured
will not diminish in.interest.as it pro-
ceeds; as some. of the ensuing books
contain passages of sweetness and ten-
derness of which the Italian language
is so susceptible, and which the trans-
lator appears well calculated to. render
with all the justness of requisite fecling.

. Satan’s. first, speech. to. Beelzebub is
thus REBEL rendered :%.,

a If thot beest he; but O how fall’n!
how chang’
From nee who in the happy realms) of
light

Cloth’d with. transcendent brightness, did
rs outshine
Mytiads, tho’ ‘bright ! if he, whom mutual
WF Teaene, @
United thoughts and counsels, equal hope
as hazard ‘in the glorious enterprize;

id of Ceti ereicienn: wes XL.

[an
K ead 1Uu0 OF Tloedt
AG : 1 desso, « a

"
Tu hese ‘ Mi on coin “Hecadt uto ta
Da quel dissimigliante'; Ce fe Sat
Beati della luce in transcendenté” > viet
Fulgor vestito, le migliaja viricesti! ”
In isplendor ! ‘Se:quello a mecongdinte”
A’ tempi andati in alleanza alterna |1))9°0
Nei pensier, ne’ consigliy in egtial spenié;
E nel:cimento all” alta impresa; or need.
Nella stessa ruina a pari Sstrettolod oidyy
Dalla miseria! in’ qual abisso olpvedi! |)
Da quale elevazza traboceatic” « yisvidl)
Again the speech, — she eae
‘* Fallen cherub, to Be. weak is aol:
rable, Ie
Doing or suffering ; but ofthis 1s) sure?
To do aught good never will be our task;
But ever to-do ill oursole delight; ‘/
As being the atitniarpsien his: high olla :
Whom we resisty”’)5:/) &° ,t9beaw19
is not only, beautiful; but somewhat
more compressive than usualyssie> oli

L’ esser debole agendo 9) sofferendo, ‘
Ell’ é miseria, o cherubin caduto.! —
Ma tieni indubitato, che ben fare... ,
Non mai sara compito nostro ; e sola
Porrem mai sempre nel mal far la gio} 5, ‘
Come contrario al-grado. dicolui,
Che per noi si repugna.”,
Space will not allow us to: do more: thats
refer to the passage, inthe second canto,
describing Satan rising to undertake the
perilous expedition i in quest of the new
world,—* Infra gli eletti’? &e. (Canto TI.
p- 56); the Invocation to Light; at the
commencement of the third canto; and
also the Adoration of the Angels, in the
same book,-~“ Non si tosto cessato ebbe
PEterno,” &c. (Canto Ul., p.. 97); which
are all faithfully and beautifull ren-
dered, and we hope will be sough nts. by
our reader s, In Signor’ Sorelli’ $ ‘ow
pages.

rq Jud

—— : ists
bs the Monthly ‘Masgane: at
THE PHILOSOPHY, OF CONTEMG

PORARY CRIT Teale o
NO« XLe 19 ite

The Quarterly, Edinburgh; aut
Universal Reviews:

by yreyeomnnc , perhaps; cplibeetbsasls
of the political philosophy (or
philoso-fy, as) Vanbushel, would: have
orthoépised it !), of ont three! arch: res
viewers, we! turn ‘our: attention, as we
promised, to their “literatism, .commen-
cing with the Quarterly. The first ‘arti
cle, of» this pisnohie which presents
itself

Join’d with meonce; now misery, hath joint
Tn -equal.rnin «into what pit thou seest |")
From what height fallen.”

1825}.
yf BE | fen
itself to our observation, is a review of

eyrich’s, Critical Inquiry into Ancient
ig8 2 0 Re . o> No: C. t to

rmour, from the Norman Conques
the Reign. of Charles £I.; which is thus
introduced: 3

“ There-is- no branch of antiquarian re-
search»more interesting in itself, ‘or: more
useful ,for-historical illustration, than the
study ofthe armour, of ‘the middle ages.
The,;subject: awakens’ every association
which belongs to the olden.time of romance.
It isjinterwoyen with all the splendour of
chivalry; the,dinvof Paynim. battle, the
alarums of feudal combats, and the festive
but perilous encounter of the courtly joust
and tournament.» Among those monumen-
tal effigies, which are, frequently, our only
records of armour, some cross-legged figure,
inithevaisles of our venerable cathedrals,
will occasionally recall the memory of the
heroic enthusiasm’and mistaken piety of the
crusader, and conduct us, in idea, through
his toilsome march and deadly/conflict with
the Saracen :,at: such a,moment, his :con-
tempt of suffering and of danger ; his sacri-
fice of home and kindred; his ready endu-
rance of torture and death,—rise at once
before us, and forbid us from censuring, with
seyerity the madness of his enterprise. Or,
if we turn to the rude paintings and illumi-
nated MSS. of the times, for armorial cos-
tume; the ‘well-foughten’ fields of honour,
the glittering) array of ‘steel-clad warriors,
the: solemn display: of judicial battle, the
gayer lists, for, trial. of knightly. skill and
“Jadye-love;’ the baronial. hall, the min-
strelsy, the mask, the banquet, and the ball,
spring up. before us in dazzling and fantastic
Be Bi. Lid
_, In this preliminary paragraph there is
quite enough, we suppose, of that pic-
tutesque. sentence-making which con-
stitutes fine writing, to please a majority
of that class of readers to whom the
reviewer appeals: nor do we object to
it on that account. It is no unfitting
prologue to the anti-historic sentimen-
tality about “the Age of Chivalry,”
which ensues.’ But the flourish about

“eminent “interest and utility,” &c.,
has become so mere a commonplace, in
almost every article, on almost every
subject, withthe manufacturers of criti-
cal disquisition, that it may fairly be
questioned, whether, in nine instances
out of ‘ten, itis to be regarded as an
instinctive recurrence of technical cant,
or a make-weight quantity, to eke out
the measure: of the page. Its. obtrusive
frequency reminds us of ‘the advertise-
ments of Steers’s, Opodeldoc, which
used, heretofore, to make» their regular
appearance in one or other of the news-
papers every day, from Christmas’ to
Midsummer, and from Midstimmer' td
Christmay agaity—beginning always with
pty

Philosoph 'y of Contemporary, Criticism.—No. XL.

519

the same specific words, “ At this par-
ticular season of :the; year, when,” &c.

The costume of ancient armory is,
undoubtedly, an amusing subject of an-
tiquarian research ; but what.is.there in
it, more than in multitudes of other
topics, to entitle it to any vaunted pre-
eminence of utility or interest? ,

But it is not in this assumntion, of
imaginary ‘importance alone. that’ the
writer manifests his taste. It is con-
Spicuous. also, in’ the peculiar inteligi-
bility of his. metaphors.’ Take, for ‘ex-
ample, the first sentence of his ‘second
paragraph :—

“ But, dispelling the illusions of fancy, it
is by reducing the inquiry into the changes
of armour to the standard of sober reason,
that the subject acquires ‘its historical
value.” F

Reducing inquiry to a standard,,ap-
pears to us, we confess, rather an extra-
ordinary process. Conducting ‘inquiry
according to the:dictates, or in obedience
to the principles, &c. of ‘sober ‘réason,
would be modes of expression we could
understand. But inquiry, we’ should
suppose, includes the idea of process,
or progression; and to reduce progres-
sion to a standard, does, to our appre-
hension, appear about as comprehensible
as “a progressive standing still.” Nor
are we, among other novelties of meta-
phorical’ compost spread over these
pages, much more delighted, either with
the euphony of diction, or the chiar’os-
curo of imagery in the sentence, when
we are told, that “the illustrious indi-
vidual at the head ‘of the Ordnanee,”
is “ the last person who should be: in-
indifferent to the preservation’ of our
military records, to which his ‘own
achievements have given their crowning
splendour.” ative

Achievements may indeed confer’ a
crown of splendour upon individuals, or
upon institutions—but here, Splendour
herself becomes the active agent in the
coronation; and crowns—what ? why
Records! Such slips of the pen, the
customary results of perpetual quest of
the flowery and ornamental, might per-
haps be excused in any but a belles-
lettres critic, especially if glossed over
by any redeeming grace of euphonous
collocation; but, “his own achievements
have given their crowning’ splendour,”
flows with as little felicity of utterance
to the ear, as could well be contrived,
in the structure of any sentence involy-
ing so large a proportion of liquid. ele-
ments. >: fpnaniap tales) Sout

The article, however, is, not without

its

520
its merits», and, in, the justice, of, me
followipenassagg NP teh ly,g01 Oh 3

if Since, th: ic Age, as
never pines a ol an era. cr hae

sively, miitary,,,as as that t which is,compre-
hended. between the tenth and the fifteenth
centuriess) Almost every order of society
mingled in the work of slaughter., Mo-
narehs, ‘nobles};and ‘the. inferior. proprietors
of the Soil, found.im camps their eommon
theatre of action; and free cities .poured
forth bands of. armed burghers to protect
theix’ harvests, or manned their walls with
artizans, ‘who enjoyed security within them,
by no “other tenure than their own good
swords.”

Aprecious picture, undoubtedly, of
that'spléndid’ “age of feudal chivalry”
whiéh' is gone’ for ever!” when mo-
narths, nobles, &c:; were but so many
captains 6f constituted banditti, and

rape and spoil were privilege “and
clory';when ' merchants: and’ traders
hat io! other defence’ fighinst those illus:
trious ‘depredators: but “their own good
swords? 4nd “the” London’ apprentices
(lightly as,.in these piping days of tr ad-
i ha “democratic, civilization, we may
estimate city) yalour,) were obliged to
issue fortlt; severy .nlow and then, in
armed battalia;! and. drub the. chival-
rous young nobility into good manners,

In ‘the ‘passage that immediately fol-
lows (a palpable imitation, almost 4
paraphrastic plagiarism, from Gibbon)
there is) more of ‘séntimentalized ro-
mance than of the result of a -philoso-
phic’spirit of historical research :

“During this long and turbulent period,
the influence of the softer sex tempered the
passiort for arms; amd the fierce and brutal
spirit of »fetidal “anarchy .;.was . gradually
calmed; and’ humanized,by the progress of
romantic;sentiment. ; It is.a_trite observa-
tion,.that .we-are, indebted for the, polished
courtesy. of modern society to,.the institu-
tions of chivalry.”2_.<

J’o those who, in compliment to°an
aristocracy priding itself in tracing ail
tenure, and distinction _ of ‘descent | to
acquisition by the Norman sword, affect
to.disdain all, historical research. “beyond
the gloomy . and desolating epoch of the
conquest, ‘this may sound plausible
enough. ‘But a’ better acquaintance
with Saxon and’ Northern Antiquities
out demonstrate; that it is for the
a ‘and Oppression, alone, of chival-
ry, that es He indebted to fendal as-
sunyption ani grman. usurpation ; not
for chivalry itsclf,, That it was from the
northern nations, even in their remote
and! otherwise sbarbarous' ages,, that we
derived that ht tianizing respect for the
softer ‘sex, which tempered and» “miti-

Philosophy of Contemporary Criticism —No, XL: C

‘and beauty, if he -had-given hima
‘(the volume before us, as pvelly
-produetions, contains amany,-proofs.to,the

gated.
Ea alain A

_Neither.is.the rewiewwers 1
honest; wren pay te

nagement Geile aout be
cient “of all

the immortal glories. ‘of |
tiers and, Agincourt,” wey
indeed, clad. in. complete s
mounted on ‘horseback, actopeden 7 saa
quently, at) the easy» pricesof: aviittle>
horse-flesh: and a few “braises“of. hise
impenetrable armour, the*splendouts-of*
the triumph; but it was’ Lede tee
of the hambler population, “almost 1O8t
clusively Saxon, that the ¢ atch
embodied—by whom, in. almo pe
obstinate. and memorable ;
victory. was purchased. » ¢).:
If we had space for. weooal ml
extracts, at second-hand; we ane
low the Quarterly compiler: —
successive articles’ on History
of a Voyuge to’ the China’ 52
Voyages dans la Grande Pre
Smyth's descriptive’ Memoir of and
its Islands ; the Travels tags 6j
Schmidtmeyer, Maria Graham; aed ‘
Basil Hall in Chili, and to the Os zt
that Country, and Peri and Me
Mengin’s View of Modern’ Esy
toire de ? Egypt sous le Gow mene
de Mohammed-Aly ), &c. &e.’ But

is yet another number of this uae
arrear; and till it shall make -

appearance, we must look Tor

to other sources. 9 LCD OCEAY
2 adits ma ewer

Of the’ superiority: a .our,
last to the ion sore a
point of talent, oyer its Quatterly rz 3
as well in elegant, as profoun
ture, exemplifications might be given in.
abundance, from a very judicious, as,
well as liberal criticism, on the Posthu-.

‘mous Poems of Perey Bysshe« She
‘We must confine ourselves: to the
Towing? Sant

eS RET a ais 2B

“ Pee we grant, cpoates. anil
its own, - but it. eo Mt, out of ye
materials... Mr.» Shelley.is..the.. ee
his own poetry—out of,nothing.: -
he is deficient in the true, sources: ie
it play.

contrary). -But.with him, faneys will, sea

price, predominated, over,and

natural. influences: ofethingss

no respect fer: anaibcety that. didnot. strain
alt vy zat wo tthe

1825.

and was not sublimed into a high spirit of
metaphysical philosophy: Instead of giv-
ing a language to thought, or lending the
heatt’a tongue, he utters dark sayings, and
deals:in allegories and riddles. His muse
offers her services to clothe shadowy doubts,
~nidl inscrutable difficulties in a robe. of glit-

ing words, and to turn nature into a
bali para He mistook the nature
of the poet’s calling, which should be
guided by involuntary, not by voluntary
impulses. He shook off, as an heroic and
praiseworthy act, the trammels of sense,
custom, ‘and sympathy, and became the
creature: of his own will. He was ‘all
air,’ disdaining the bars and ties of mortal

mould. . He ransacked his brain for incon-

ities, and believed in whatever was in-
credible, _ The colours of his style, for their
gaudy, changeful, startling effect, resemble
the display of fire-works in the dark, and
liké them have neither durability, nor keep-
ing, nor discriminative form. Yet Mr. Shelly,
with all his faults, was a man of genius;
and we lament that uncontrollable violence
of temperament which gaye it a forced and
false direction.”

We had extracted much more largely
from this splendid and highly poetical
—pethaps, for criticism, rather too
poetical article; but we are admonished
by space, and by the recollection that
the object, in. this instance also, has
fallen. rather too much into retrospect :
for there has been another number of
“ The Edinburgh,” also, for a long time
due.* ..We turn, therefore, to the more
two-month oracle,
¢ Universal. Review ; or Chronicle
‘the Literature of all Nations. No. V.
,this new intruder on the province of

eal criticism, our attention was
drawn by the somewhat suspicious com-
mendation of the Rev. T. F. Dibdin, of
-prejudice and bibliomanical re-
now; who in his mis-nomered “ Library
Noy mrt or young man’s guide, &c.
i the choice of a library,”+ charac-
tevin itthus :—
~* Tt has at ast arrived, but too late for
our present: he more especially
as the whole of its articles are of a political
east; and we have said enough of Edin-
yurgh Review politics ,
» 4+ Tt ought certainly to have been called
© igh Church Library Companion; or
bigot’s guide, and old. bigot’s com-
“in forming an orthodor library :’’ for
ng can exceed the conscientious scru-
88 of Mr. Dibdin, in excluding,’

from’ riotice, every publication, new or old,

that t be unpalatable to the high-toned
of church and state. In» his
of the periodical publications.
ofthe day, even the Monthly Magazine
“Mowrnry Mace. No. 404.

Philosophy of Contemporary Criticism.—No. XL.
thé'ihitelléet, as well as fire the imagination,

521
“The plan of this review is excellent. It

gives after ‘the sober and sensible plan of
the old and new Memoirs of Literature, pub-

lished about a century ago, a brief analysis,

with a few pertinent remarks, of each
article : so as to leave the reader, generally,
to draw his own conclusions from the facts
adduced.”

Now, this is a promise (if strictly ad-
hered to) in the true‘spirit of the philo-
sophy of criticism : for the popular prac-
tice, however profitable to the doers, of
making the title-page of a book, a mere
catch text, for a long and desultory es-
Say upon a general subject, is neither
more nor less than a species of critical
quackery. But Mr. Dibdin’s commen-
dation stops not here; and what imme-
diately follows, “ seem’d to throw omi-
nous conjecture,” upon the laudability
of process and purpose first ascribed.
The second number, (the last then pub-
lished) he informs. us, Jays, before him—.

“ Among the larger articles, at page 239,
of this number, is a reyiew of the Deformed
Transformed of Lord Byron. The prelimi-
nary remarks are penned with great vigour
and unsparing severity against the ‘immoral
unpatriotic cast of the latter effusions of that
noble Lord :—and with justice.”

And in a note upon this note, having
mentioned with like commendation, the
severity of condemnation in the Edin-
burgh Magazine, this High Pope Literary,
or Guide Infallible to library collection
and youthful: study, oracularly pro-
nounces that

* Tn short to chink, or speak otherwise [of
the effusions of Lord Byron] were a spe-
cies of stultification.”’

This is a mode ‘of analyzing and
stating facts, and then '“ leaving» us.
to draw our own conclusions,” which, if
consistently pursued by the commended
reviewers, could not fail of being exceed-
ingly edifying.—But it is time for us to
tirn to the Review itself.

ee |
was too dangerously liberal, to be so muclt
as mentioned : although even Blackwood’s.
Magazine so honestly avows that this was
the identical publication which first set. the
example, and gave the impulse to the pub-
lie mind, which brought the periodical press
out of the thraldom of frivolous regi ba
set the example of rational utility to the
compilers and composers of magazines in
general; and thus became the efficient
cause of that high respectability to whieh
publications of this description have’ sinee
aspired.—[See Blackwood’s Magazine! forDe-
cember, p. 523, &e.} ‘There are other heads, :
also, under which this guide, tothe collee~
tion of a library, has not been, less, pro+
scriptively cautious in, his‘enumerations, »,

3X

522

It is true that in the number before us,
there is much less of .discursive dis-
quisition than it has been, of late, the
fashion, to, indulge in; and ja, larger
portion: of, the respective. articles is
made,up of, quotations, and an approx-
imation, towards critical analysis... But
the opinions, of the reviewers are not,
therefore, always, less imperative,—nor
their judgments less decisive. A strong
bias,upon. certain subjects, is every-
where conspicuous: a spirit that per-
vades the whole. . But whether this, be
the genuine spirit, of the philosophy of
criticism, or the anti-philosophical spirit
of .a, certain party, ow: readers shall
have an.opportunity of “ drawing their
own conclusions.”

The “ Universal” gentlemen have not
yet done with Lord Byron. Captain
Medwin’s “ Conversations,’ and Mr.
Dallas’s “ Recollections,” give them an
opportunity of putting in their claim for
a second course.of Mr. Dibdin’s palata-
ble commendation.

With their judgment, on the publica-
tions. in question, we have no quarrel.
They differ not much in the main from
those delivered in our last Proémium ;
and we are, as has been seen, no unqua-
lified panegyrists of Lord Byron,—no
apologists for the occasional perversions
of his very extraordinary powers, and
that disregard of the moral’ decencies
and social sympathies of life, too fre-
quently apparent in ad/ his works. But
let us see how he is spoken of by this
analyzing reviewer.

* For the last half-dozen years, the world
had grown siek of Lord Byron, | His end-
less, careless, and monotonous distresses ;
his reckless: resignation. to the torrent of
calamity. that. was perpetually drenching
him; his heart regularly broken afresh for
the publishing season,—had fatigued even
the young sympathies of the boarding-
schools, and general sempstresship* of the
land. “With the more mattire class of cog-
noscenti, all mention of his Lordship had
long dropped away;—he was. an exhausted
subject. Several years liad elapsed since
he had. rung the. last endurable changes
upon metaphysics and blasphemy. The
polite ear was tired of ‘ Goddess Nature,’
andthe loveliness of Atheism; the agonies
of the noble writer himself, and the injured
virtues of the devil.’—‘* The public mind
of England might have laughed at his sor-
rows, and despised his unbelief,—the one

the length and teeth-crashing cacophony of
the name, we suppose, of German discip-
line and extraction. i

Philosophy of Contemporary. Criticism.—No. XL.
.yulgar absurdity; but, its wore

Feed,
incurable
disdain was foynded on the bitterness,
meanness, and duplicity of the. individual ;
the low malevolence with which he made it
the business.of his life to insult the woman
whom he was bound to protect and honour,
and on whose. property, he .was actually
living; the heartless and_ silly acrimony
with which he Jibelled his country,; and the
demoralized and contemptible exteet ‘of his
domestic life. The varnish and charlatanry
with which no) man was more 'stitdiotis of
investing his character, should\ bey stripped
off, and: this clever and contemptible peer
should be seen no longer. in-his,oyn ;thea-
trical costume.” His 34

Is this, we should ask, the’ manner in
which an analytical critic should have
spoken, even of Lord Byron?—who,
whatever else he was, and however he
occasionally misused his talent, was un-
questionably one of the first geniuses, if
not the first, of his age. Is. this an
analysis of the publications of Captain
Medwin and Mr, Dallas?) In short, is
it the language of criticism ? or the lan-
guage of Billingsgate? ey

But this is not the only instance. in
which a spirit very different from what
we should designate as the spirit of ana-
lytical criticism appears to be manifested,
We pass the bitter and inhuman railings
against the miserable peasantry of Ireland
(dragged, without provocation or neces-
sity [p. 261], into a review of Geoffrey
Crayon’s Tales of a Traveller), with a
mere admonition to the party, for whom
this railing reviewer obviously writes,
that whatever that poor, famished and
degraded peasantry are, it is misgovern-
ment that has made them, and’ that
keeps them such. Nor will we stop to
analyze the consistency which, (in the
article on Venice under the Yoke of
France and Austria, by a Lady of Rank),
at once admits (p. 331), that the crimes
of Italy result from its being “an Aus-
trian helot at this hour,” and “ every-
where present the most revolting evi-
dence of the lamentable efficacy of
ignorance and despotism in degrading
the human character,” and yet (in ten-
derness, we suppose, to the cause!) de-
nies its sympathies to the dolours of the
enslaved. We must pass on, at on¢e, to
the evidences of that theological spirit
which the prophetic eye of Mr. Dibdin
foresaw was to peryade this Review ;
and which he undoubtedly regarded as
the very essence of “ pertinent remark
and fair critical analysis.” - See Art.
XVIL., Hodgson’s Letters from North
America, p. 400.

Mr.

1825.
“Mr, ,Hodgson’s picture of the state of
religion in America, is, on the whole, dis-
couraging.’’—“‘ His description of the pro-
gress of Unitaniarism, indicates the approach
of a period, when it will require all the
vigour of the orthodor church to withstand
the torrent.” [Mr. Wyndham’s vigour be-
yond the law, perhaps!!!]__“* They have no
Established Cnurch,—no bishops in their
stalls,—no prohibitory law on piety!” es
, Doleful state} doleful prospect ! The
‘people of Americavare:left at liberty to
worship God according to. the dictates
of their own reason, or their own con-
sciences! and the Universal Reviewer
‘apprehends. ‘that, wherever this is the
casé, theprogress of reason and con-
science will be too strong for orthodoxy,
and overthrow the Universal Church!!!

“America is, on the one hand, the very
sanctuary of the Shakers, the Jumpers, the
Tremblers, the’ Meminonites, the Divers,
the Swedenborgians, the Dunkers,’’ &c.
* On the other hand, in the high places of
America, the fashion is FREETHINKING! a
well-behaved civility to Christianity, and
as well-behaved a rejection of all its charac-
teristic doctrines; a frigid alienation from
its life, and knowledge, and hope. Who
does not know, that the first University of
America, the Oxford of the New World,
is all but professedly Unirartan? And
who, but the little rotund personage, that
sits in all, his sacred swathes, in the front
of his own caricature of the Epistles of St.
Paul, as proud as any Episcopus that ever
sat within his cathedral, will venture to call
Unitarianism, Christianity ?”

_ Now, in our_apprehension (to say
nothing of the degrading buffoonery and
personality of the concluding sentence),
this, instead of analytical criticism, is
neither more nor less than downright
dogmatical bigotry. We say nothing of
the truth or the delusion of Unitarian-
ism, or of Trinitarianism. But the par-
tizans.of both, we conceive, draw their
opinions (according to the degrees and
sources of their information, and their
own comprehension of the evidence)
from what they consider.as the true his-
tory, and understand to have been the
actual doctrines of Christ. If the his-
torical evidence which satisfies the rea-
son.of one party, as to the authenticity
of certain chapters or passages, convinces
the reason of the other that they are

interpolations; or.if certain passages’

appear to the understandings of these

AILS j a

Philosophy of Contemporary Criticism.—No. XL.

523

to bear one signification, and to those

another, still each is Christian, according

‘to his own apprehension of the religion

taught by Christ; and, if either has a

right to deny to his opponent the Chris-

tian appellation, the right of retort re--
verts to the opponent, also; and every

sect has an equal claim to the doamatical

assumption of exclusive infallibility; and

may anathematize, a8 anti-christian, ‘all’
who do not understand, or, perhaps, '
without any understanding at all) be-

lieve, just as much, and just in the same

manner, as the anathematizers them-

selves believe.

It would ‘be unjust’ to take leave of
the Universal Review without admitting
that it has articles, unstained’ by theo-
logical or political digression, ~which
manifest correctness of taste, ‘and ele:
gance of erudition—

“ High, ina purer sphere, they shine afar !’”

With the review of Wirrrn’s Jerusalem:
Delivered, in particular, we were much
gratified. The vindication of the Ita-
lian poets (of the first order) fromthe
charge of attachment to tinsel’ conceit,
brought upon them by the interpolated
conceits of their English translators,
appears to us as just as it is liberal;
and, indeed, the whole article is a beati-
tiful specimen of acute and tasteful cri-
ticism. We were sorry, however, to
meet, in such an article, an: instance,
though but a single one, of that new-
fangled affectation of disjunctive con-
struction, of late so frequent among the.
sickly secondaries of tasteful refinement ,
and fine writing; and which mars the
conclusion of the ensuing sentence.

“ We do not disguise from Mr. W. that
these defects are extremely serious, and
that to persist in them, in his second vo-
lume, will be to utterly extinguish the value
of his work.”” i

Why not “utterly to, extinguish,”’ or
“ to extinguish utterly.” . This affecta-
tion of separating the sign of the infi-
nitive mood from its verb, of which it
is in fact a syllable, was first introduced,
we believe, or at least first popularised,
by Dr. Drake, in his “ Literary Hours,”
and has since been rapidly gaining
ground; but cannot be too strongly
reprobated, or too cautiously avoided.

3X2 be
ORIGINAL

[ 524 J (Jamel,
RIQING i ’ neo 1 1i—,ox Iltw IT brdA
a or “ORIGINAL POETRY: K. soqaislw sorts tododW

ixeq2 od? eoousARDEL.® gil-s20 lid W
Wii sylph-likeform beforemy eye
‘Y> Yo Plits on the breeze and fans the skies,
With, more, than: youth’s elastic grace,
And more, than yirgin’s, heaven of face,
On glittering pinions lightly born,
nsparent, with the hues of morn ;
ith star-like eye and glance sublime,
‘That. faroutspan. the arch of time ;
And thoughts that breathe to mortal ears
The speaking music of the spheres ;
That, floating on the enamour’d gale,
Awake the song, of wood and dale?
Some‘creature, sure, with form:endu’d
In:nature’s more extatic mood,
When, wearied with her earthy toil,
She peopled:some ethereal isle
With essences, that no alloy
Of perishable‘dust annoy ;
Yet gaveiawhile to flutter here--
A sample ofthat purer sphere,
Where into perfect life are brought
The teemings of her happier thought,—
Hes sprighting task, with power endu’d
e chains of matter to elude:
To glide, to flit, to swim, to fly,
Dive through the fire, or tread the sky,
Ride the curl’d clouds or billowy foam,
And on the thought-swift lightning roam!
Yea—in that cheek’s transparent hue,
And in that eye’s celestial blue,
And in that shape’s ethereal mould,
The sphere-born spirit, I behold!

Téll-me, thou. airy fleeting form,
Whose agile step outwings the storm,
When didthat volant foot of thine
Revisit last the ocean. brine ?

When, underneath the oozy bed,

The sea-nymphs’ cave of coral tread ?

Or on the moon-beam lightly stray,

Or stars that pave the milky way ?—

And whither now, thou dainty sprite,
Wing’st thou, arid whence, thy airy flight ?
What star, what meteor gave thee birth?
And whence thy mission here on earth?

«“ Whence I am, and where I go,
Wondering mortal, would’st thou know ?
To the Swan of Avon, I,

Born by a daughter of the sky :—

She who touch’d, in elder time,

One blind old. man with, warmth sublime,
And one more near ;, but gave my sire,
In manhood’s prime, her whole desire.

Taught by them the spheres to roam,

I make the elements my home.
When the wind that heaves the deep
Rocks the ship-hoy to his sleep,
To his‘slumbers oft I seem

Imag’d in some’glorious dream:
Then I climb:the:slippery shroud, '
While the winds are:piping loud:

* The general idea, and several of the lines of
this -poem,--have been taken. from an article
found: .among the long-neglected. correspondence
of the Monthly, Magazines) }, sesboo") Love

On'the sea’ for’ pastiniés Ps! vio) ebrodqod®
Make my cradled canopy ; id ozslliv oAT
Int the conch’s re-echoing shell!’ eo7'3 mls9
Seeking oft a tunefubeelliy 2 197s DeolD
Whence the sailor’s’startled-eary |v T bof
Seems the méermaid’s song'to healt, vorlto0V!
Threatful of the tempest near; 5 54.4 oT
Or on halcyon waye Tsleep,) vs:tocy ygT
Smoothly sailing, o’er the deep F [/.42-— yor
And when stars are clear,,0r/S@lem op.o.09
Winds at peace, or wildly met, iin. vy
Love I still to haunt the shoremy) 4.(..59y
> Midst.the murmur, or the roar ; ie
Tripping light with printless feet,

O’er the yellow sands, tomeet.
Or chace the ebbing wave’s retreat, “1!!!
Swift as wishes, then I fly n2 wiles
To the distant bounds:that:lievs bivpi! 24)!
>» Twixt the round: earth:and the-skyi 5 4

Or from where yon highest states ii0
Guides serene her'twinkling cary:o/5 od) 0}
To the unfathom’d depths below, ,. . 5
Where the pearl and coral grow Be il ibe
Nor the flooding lustre shun
Where now dips the wearied.sun,
While the broad wave, glory drest, —..
Woos him to her burning breast. ~~
Soon these feet shall kiss.the'wavery i oi!
Where his Indian votaries lave.’ i
There perchance, at‘evening»hour, «1 4
Cradled in the fragrant‘flower oo/T 1!

To whose bloom, from: many-a spray; (2 4
Night-birds tune the enamour’d lay,ry....97
Shrouded safe from mortal views (5 ps sooj02
Free I sip the honied dew ; eo
While the bee, on busy.wings .-.; 4.77
Soothes me with his murmurings, \...)54..57

«‘ ¢ Where the bee sips, there sip I,’
On his fragrant couch-Flie,
Or in Orient or the West:
But the cowslip love I bests. . ...,.
Where, by Avon’s haunted stream, <5...
Wove the bard my spell-wrought dream. —
‘ On the bat’s wing there I fly,”
Chaunting my witch-song merrily; ..,
While each woodland, brake and dell,
‘ Ding-dong, ding-dong, ding-dong bell,” ,
Echo’s the harp of Ariel. ere
“ See, I wave my roseate wings! - .
Now my spirit soaring sings, Magis
© Merrily, merrily, shall, I live now
‘ Under the blossom that hangs on’ the
boug reels 50 o IWe oe

Ve

stil

il2es
: NO!}\:on YBS! of) oi signet
Away; Love, with thy soft-denying;—= <7
Beauty: decays on! Sorrow’s: stems: o!)i')
Tears are but drops which yield to,sighing :
Why should thy bosom nourish,them ?
The hour is gone, and I wall go oo. yon iy
Whether thou whisper Yes / or—No/
The.spring)is flowing, o'er the-fountain,: 7
. The-sun,and shadow: seek their, rests bn A
The wind has travell’d past theimountain,—
Doyes found. the-seat-of peace their, nest :

18954)
And I will go,—for I can‘ guess |
Whether thou whisper No / rae et

Shepherds their infants’, lips,are, pressing,
The village bell.an, echo. finds ; inl
Calm gives the,ocean’s. waves her blessing, :
Cloud after cloud,round.evening winds:
And I will go—and. I, will go.
Whether thou whisper Yes /..or—WNo /

Thy father in:his’cot is sitting,
Thy mother looks for our return ;
Say—shall I plead our cause, befitting
Hearts which So truly love and burn ? *
Thy smiling ‘blushes bid me guess
Whether thou whisper No! or— Yes /
J. R. Prior.

TOF

—

THE VOYAGE. OF SHADOWS.

Tue sky so calm, so blue'and deep,

Like liquid crystal'seems to sleep ;
Andythe:moon’s white boat
Carries'shadow’s afloat

To the clouds” recumbent steep.

Anchor’d in space “with a voyage so light,
The air so sweet’ and the scene so bright,
ni sun’s rays shine _
a halo ‘divine,
As ah seek’ the island of Night.

The Evening, Star, Aheir dutiful guide,
Smiles in the-zenith' of beauty and pride ;
And she leads them:to-rest
In Time’s:natural breast,
Away from the whelming tide.

Thus Hope, and her favourites, Joy and Peace,
Sojourn thro” cares, which intrude, but cease;
For the higher they go,
The less feelings of woe
Embitter their fond release.
: J. R. Prior.

ELEGY,
BY RICHARD WOODEHESON, ESQ.,
Late Vinerian Professor, and Fellow of Mag-
"” Galen College, Oxford.
Farr is the freshness of our youthful days,
While Ho pe and Fancy blend their golden

Avil’ Heap prospects giddy raptures raise :
But faded new are all my youthful dreams.

Fair is these scene which glads the owner’s
sight, .
In_fe ertile fields of rural wealth secure !
or riches, well dispens’d, give pure delight:
Delight, my niggard means might ne’er
assure,

Bright is the lustre of patrician birth,
The-ermin’d robe; hereditary fame,—
Titles andrank bestow’d on patriot worth !
- But no’ distinctions Beat ‘my humble
71 namie.” Atl

Mapry spe lot of duties iin temperate

cr mal wt oe still the “a
nature-nu SI e" lough'

~~ lyweaeh ta a “fever Lara Al ont
But oven health ‘deserts sity fragile frame.

eg es
Boppy pete fate, whom cheerfulness of
f pe

525

«tA wakes to breathe the clear empyreal air ;

While rose-lip’d Joy’ perfumes the spark.
ro (ding: bowl!» we TAHY we
Butdash’dtny cup with titteroaisane

Could’ Tthesé varibus blessings'all unite

Youth, riches, health, and Hen wo
and birth,

light ?— ve
The dearer guerdon of my Delia’ $ rt

ON THE
DEATH OF A DAUGHTER.
I saw a little playful girl
Blow bubbles ona summer’s day,
And laugh’d, with her, to:see them shirl
Up in the air so-round and:gay :.::9,'\"'
Ah! me, how beautiful were they !
All tinted witha thousand dyes
Reflected from the sunny skiesy) -194 99)
And bright'as morning dew in: Maye :

Alas! they were as frail as fair ;
For scarcely could the. damsel ae f
“© Oh! father, father! quick, Jook there?’
But they would burst, and mock the sae
Leaving it * fixed on vacancy.””
And such, thought I, are all our toys)
Our brightest hopes. and dearest joys:
They rise, they glitter, burst, and die! !

Prophetic truth! within a week,
~ | saw that maiden on her ‘bier 3 7
And on her cold and lifeless cheek,
In silence, drop’d a sacred tear.— ~
Oh! Ellen, Ellen, ever dear! *
Could nought avert thy early doom?’
And has the dark and silent tomb
Thus clos’d upon thy brief career? |’

Tis even so! that fragrant breath ~
Is from its goodly mansion fled :

Fair flower! the cruel frost of death ©
Lies cold upon thy, beauteous head.
But thou shalt burst thy wintry bed :

Come Faith, come Hope Uae bting

Visions of that eternal spring __
Which shall reanimate the dea

Bridport Hall. J ITcH.

THE BRIDAL :—a Fragment. —

“ Buxsr is the influence of the nuptial’bond,

When Virtue twines the knot !—when onal

minds, Y

Urged by ascendance of congenial stars; —”

With equal freedom blend!—O Sex! fore-

doom’d

To xule by. meekness, and with forceless

power Jes

Guide the tough sinew, or the stubborn will

Bend to thy, geniak sovereignty |), what OW

To thee and thy benignant sympathies: » « |

The lordly pride of man!' Nor ever dwell, :

Stern rectitude and glory sosecures, | jon >

As when propitious rea lights the torch;

That sheds-i its i ApMepice o’er-a vires. bed.

atslide SR there tee) ete sh tN L geste — att

Se Pred, An thebingthodgy of ou northernvane

cestors, the Goddess of Love avid Mariage’ 9) be

[526]
BRITISH LEGISLATION.

{Jane 4,

1O. .esvald
mw. 1 Dboesis-
earl

ACTS PASSED in the’ FIFTH YEAR of the REIGN of GEORGE ane rounrH, “OF in’ the

_. FIFTH SESSION of the SEVENTH, PARLIAMENT of the UNITED iINGDOM.
i

AP. CXIUIL.. An Act to Amend and
_ Consolidate. the, Laws relating to
the Abolition of the Slave Trade.

This aet begins by reciting, that it is ex-
pedient that the various enactments, relating
to slavery and. the slave trade, should be
consolidated and amended, and proceeds to
repeal all the statutes previously in force
on the subject, and to make other provisions
in their stead.

The statute then makes it unlawful, ex-
cept in the cases afterwards specified, to
do any of the following acts relating to
slaves :—

1. To purchase, trade in, barter, or con-
traet for slaves, or persons intended to be
dealt with as slaves,

2. To carry away or remove, or contract
for the carrying-away or removing, or con-
tracting for slaves, or persons to be used
as‘ slaves.

3. To import, or contract for importing,
or to ship, receive, or detain on board any
vessel, slaves, or persons to be dealt with
in that character.

4. To fit out, navigate, or take to freight
or hire, or contract for, any vessel for pur-
poses relative to the objects, previously de-
clared unlawful.

5. To lend or advance money, or become
security for such loan, or contract for such
loan, or the supply of goods, to be employed
in purposes declared unlawful; or to be-
come guarantee for agents employed in ac-
complishing objects or executing contracts
previously forbidden ; or to engage as part-
ner, agent, or otherwise, in such purposes.

6. To ship, lade, or receive on board any
vessel, money, goods, or effects, to be em-
ployed i in accomplishing objects or creating
contracts declared illegal.

7. To take the command, or to navigate,
or enter on board, any vessel, in any capa-
city, knowing tbat it is to be employed in
any of the purposes forbidden by the statute.

8. To insure, or contract for insuring,
slaves, or any property to be employed in
the execution of purposes forbidden by the
statute.

‘In subsequent parts of the statute, all
these acts, except the entering on board a
slave ship as a petty officer, seaman, or
marine, are made felonies, punishable with
transportation, for a term not exceeding
fourteen years, or with imprisonment and
hard labour, for a term not less than three
years, nor exceeding five years, at the dis-
cretion of the court, in which the offender
shall be corivicted. And the offence of
serving, or contracting” ‘to serve, in the sub-
ordinate capacities referred to, is made
punishable asa misdemeanor, not only in
the parties themselves, but in their aiders

219(

2¢

and procurers, with imprisonment fi fo ip tet
not exceeding two years. "The ¢o onveying
or shipping of slaves, or persoris intended
to be used as slaves, on the high seas, arid’
within the jurisdiction of ‘the “Admiralty, is
made piracy, and punishable, a8 sich, witli
death, and forfeiture of goods er kt
Besides these criminal enact ents, th
dealing in slaves, or contracting” et
them, and the shipping them, are ea
subject to a penalty of £100 for every per-,
son so dealt with, one moiety to the king,
and the other to the informer, All ia
fitted out for the purposes of the slaye
are declared subject to forfeiture, with all
effects on board which may belong to. their
owners. Parties advancing money or goods,
or giving security or becoming ntee
for such purposes, are made liable to forfeit
double the value of the loan, or of the money
which they agree to secure. Persons ship-
ping, or contracting to ship, money or goods,
to assist in accomplishing, the objects de-
clared illegal, are subjected to a similar
penalty.. Insurers of slaves, or property
employed illegally; in reference to them, are
liable to a penalty of £100, and to the for-
feiture of treble the premium, and the insu-
rance is declared void. It is also provide
that the criminal enactments shall not a
feet the right of informers to’ sue for penal-
ties. Offences committed on the high seas
are to be tried in courts of Admiralty ; other
offences, by commission under 46 Geo. ITT.;
but\all offences may be tried in Middlesex.
Suits for penalties must be brought within
five years ; but slaves illegally imported may
be condemned as forfeited at any period.

None of the provisions of the act are to
apply to trading in slaves “Tawfully being”
within any colony or place belonging to his
Majesty, in case the contract or transfer
shall be made with the true intent of work-
ing the slaves within the same colony.
Such slaves may also be removed, by land,
or coastwise, from one part of an island to
another, and from one island to another,
within the same goyernment, by special
licence from the Governor. His. Majesty
also, by Order.in Council, may,, till July
1827, authorize the removal of slaves from
one island in the West Indies to another,
making regulations for their benefit, and
taking security from their masters for the
due performance of such regulations, Con-
vict-slaves may be , pursuant ‘to
their sentence; domestic slaves may, after
due entry and certificate, attend was
ters by sea; and slaves generally inay de
employed in navigation, fishing, or, atthe
order of the Commander-in-Chief, ‘im the.
military or naval service, without any lia-
bility under the statute.

Slaves,

1829.]

Slaves, or persons detained as «slaves,
seized in war, are to be forfeited, to” his

Majesty as prizes, for the purpose of divest-_.

ing) all right,..yhich may be .claimed by
others; they.are not, however, to be treated
as slavés, ‘but may, by order of the King in
‘ouncil, be entered into the army or navy,
aod apprentices for seven years; and
persons so apprenticed, in case of ill-usage,
may. £0, before the nearest judge of a Vice-
Ity.court, who may, if the case be
substantiated, fine the master in any sum

not exceeding £100, and cancel the inden-.

tures. A bounty, not exceeding £20 for
each, person, may be paid to the ‘captors’ of
slaves in war; £10 to every commander of
a vessel who may seize slaves illegally dealt
with at Sea; and £7. 10s. to every other
person by whose exertions slaves so dealt
with shall be forfeited.

The enactments of 59 Geo. ITT. c. 120,
respecting the appointment of a Registrar
of Colonial Slaves, his office, salary and
duties,” and thé registry of slaves under his

eontroul, are recited and re-enacted in the
F ms ‘of that statute.

‘The act then recites, at length, the treaty
with’ Portagar of 22d January, 1815; the
treaty” with: Portugal of 28th July, 1817;
the. additional articles, to the convention

Spirit of Philosophical Discovery.

527
with Portugal, dated 15th March, 1823 ;
the treaty with Spain, 23d September, 1817,
and_additional articles ; and the treaty with
the Netherlands, 4th May, 1818, with sub-
sequent. explanatory _articles,—all relative
to. the abolition of the slave trade; and
enacts the provisions, of several former, sta-
tutes, for empowering the crown to appoint
commissioners, judges, and arbitrators, to
examine and decide on all eases of detention,
seizure and capture, according to the stipu-
lations of those treaties. The act, then,
provides for the appointment of a secretary
to the commission courts; for the filling wp
vacancies in the commission, by Governors
of colonies; and for granting bounties on
forfeitures, declared in those courts, on the
same principle with the bounties on con-
demnations, in courts of Admiralty. When
judgment shall be given against the captor,
the treasurer may direct the payment. of
costs and damages: though his liability shall
continue. Returns of all seizures are, once
in six months, to be made to the Lords of
the Treasury.

The operation of this act commences ' Ist,
January, 1825.

This statute is the last act, of general
importance or interest, passed during the
session.

“SPIRIT OF" PHILOSOPHICAL DISCOVERY,

AND OF THE

VARIOUS SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS.

=a

NHE Revolution.of Double Stars, one of

_ them round the,other, has now been
placed. beyond any. doubt, by the observa-
tions,,of ML. Sturvye of Dorpart, and Pro-
fessor, Amici of Modena, following up the
observations which were so ably began by
M. Mayer in 1756, and by M. Herschel in
1781. The double star in Bootes, marked
4 being of the sixth and the seventh or

th magnitudes, R. ase. 14h. 58m.,
del. 48° 21’ N., appears from the observa-
tions upon. its angle of position, made in
1781 and in 1819, to have experienced at
least one revolution in thirty-eight years :
a period so short, that we trust one or more
young astronomers will henceforward direct
their attention to the making of such fre-

quent and exact observations on these two

stars, as may afford them a confident hope
of being able. to succeed in deducing the
magnitude and position of the orbits of the
he ie star in this case. The double star
pentarius, marked "70, of the fourth
seventh magnitudes, R.asc. 17h. 56m.
deel 2° BY, has, since 1779, changed its
ngle of pos ition. three-fourths ofa circle,
nearing periodic. time to be about forty
m._a,very elliptical. orbit, as appears
Geen inequality of ‘its, motion, at

j di periods. In Ursa major, the double
star} Sy
magnitudes, Will. probably, coxiplete @ revo~

lution inabout sixty, years, im a veryyellip-,

. of the-fourth or. fifth and the sixth .

tical orbit. These seem amongst the short-
est periods yet assignable to the revolu-
tions of the double stars. An abstract of
M. Sturve’s observations may be seen” in
Jameson’s Edinburgh Philosophical Jour-
nal, No. 18.

Phosphorescent Surfaces of the Moon and
Planets occasion their Light, in great part at
least, and not mere reflection from the sun.
This has lately been concluded by Professor
Leslie, after an able investigation of the
subject, inserted in Jameson’s Edinburgh
Philosophical Journal, No. 22. The light
from the sun, falling on the moon’s surface,
is, the Professor thinks, almost, entirely
absorbed, and exerts there a power to cause
the projection of a still greater quantity of
luminous particles, which had previously
lain combined with the substance; which
substance he supposes somewhat to re-
semble the Bolognian stone, or sulphate of
barytes, the subject of so much wonder near
two centuries ago.

The Laws of Radiation from heated Bodies
have been sought for, by Mr, W. Ritchie, in a
course of experiments, which are at de-
tailed in Jameson’s Philosophical our-
nal, No. 22; his conclusions are, thaf the
quantity of "the radiant heat from, the sur-
face of a body, is directly as its capaci . for
caloric, and inversely-as its traction ; thus
the metals, having a_powertu attraction for

caloric,

528

aed iN aloe ga
he Hatch 4
ack Fe and, paper,
ow Ci
ly from their. surfaces.

from the
the same

it i ui it‘with € every Mie degree of

yeloci increasing order, until it
vel it at of light ; it being probable
‘that merely caloric, moying with a

Tes t velocity.

ie Extraordinary Effeets of Refraction—Cap-
- tain, William Scoresby; junior, in his nine-
_feenth, voyages; in 1821, on the northern
Whale, fishery, when.-at 160 English miles
-Mistant fromthe east coast of West Green-
Jandy, distinetly saw;, for several hours’ :to-
gether, certain cliffs. and coast-lands of the
_Same,,-of which, himself and, another-per-
son onyboard took; notes, and made careful
_sketches,, without being-aware at the time,
paid to, fhe inaccuracy, of:the charts as: to
mgitudes,,.of the great, distance they were
‘om. any land... In: ,his near approach, to,
a ee of this. part. of the Greenland
-coast.in 1922,. Capt. Scoresby, was enabled
arly...to identify. Home’s , Foreland..as
one ofthe points so observed the year be-
fo and’ bythe concurrence, as to longi-
ba of his astronomical. observation and
bis; chronometers.in both instances, -to
establish, the, fact of a refraction, so un-
usually. exceeding one-twelfth of the inter-
to 8200 of, distance, as to be equivalent
to, 8,500 feet.in height of the clitis. seen!
horizontal refraction being. in this case
34-47” greater, than. its mean quantity, or
full one fourth of the intercepted are, in-
stead of one-twelfth. Mr. Hood’s arctic
obseryations, recorded in page 77, seem to
offer an‘explanation of the great degree of
cold: prevailing. when these unusual refrac-
tions have been observed. |, Another equal-
ly, or More) Surprising thing happened to
Captain, Seoresby, ‘junior, whens near to
Cape. Lister, onthe Greenland coast ; he
and the crew Saw out to sea-ward, the ‘dis-
tinct. inverted image of a ship under sail in
the clear sky, when no ship was in the least
visible » and, by the aid of a good telescope;
was. enabled to ascertain, by the number
and. shapes of the sails, and the general
rigging of the rial ship, that the Fame,
commanded by his father, gave rise to the
appearance; and the circumstances were,
minutely;so noted:down... And accordingly,
some days after;. falling-in with his: father’s
rip, and comparing his journal of sailing,
the-same was fully proved: to be the case :
and,the fact: swas ulso: ascertained, that the
Lame was, sidhe time, seventeen miles be-
yond; the sun's: visible-horizon, and at a
direct, distanceof» ear: thirty ‘miles... On
thet el ole app ou -on some other ocea=
soit at Goeth

—_ of Song gp Discovery.

sions, x Captain, { ae:
rae of his it nae when thetenion
f§ #4 caer ein tae

tions mS caloric, with “n
ic to, Ja- °

. wnt
ae ies, BRE. ely a ye ‘atte

the dear att of. Jae a y
ice floating ‘on’ other distant *
enable Capt. S. to 4 int
had to steer, or’ force his Ww:
soonest: to escape” from’ thie’ ice’ itito’
water. i“ a 10 C48 taetone

¥ idyied at ynistionl
The. sDateotion’ é Arseriery: 4 iismotes

Dr. Robert; mire ay
acceptable.service ;.to» thei,
publishing, in,.a Jate-.edanbuuigh

Journal, | the result of, pte serene
of experiments, ee ee
erring’ tests, by, ec r meny 3°

of arsenic dissolved,in 8,00Qyparts,of either
broth, tea, or coffee, wil anenentengeaneats
porter, port-wines &Xc¢y-and.taken ip’
stomach, .and there,mixed “the.antimal
fluids,. may -he deteatedys /Stream,of; sulx
phurated hydrogen: gas thrown.ayp througlt
the suspected. matter,» previously, diluted
and prepared according to directions which
he gives, and. with, whieh; doubtless,every
medical. man,,-will. aequaint ,himselfpas
the agent. by. which.this effectivessepas
ration. of the .arsenie ;is, _performed:s
precipitated matter is. then, ‘ied lak
flux added, and as much. of. the omaixture
inserted into a glass tube, closed atsits
lower end but open at top, ut ;
inches Jong aid oad é-fo oe
inch ‘diameter, as will’
half an ‘inch from’ the’ eats

then is to be heated” wt

when sorn the arsenic) if

will be seen linin the |
tube, witha metalic stéel-! i Alin OF Crust
the characters of ‘which’ crust ate $0 ire
nutely described, “dand~ 7 t
henceforward, it isto be “hope

culties of medical evidence hye “ery
guilt more certainly’ puitished;”"

picions removed front the'inno tho kas
“ye lee SAY ge

| The Depth of Water produced by: Dé;
Vivieres inthe: department: of Ardéche ire
France, during the year’ 1823, *haseheew
very carefully ascertained) ‘by MiaeBlau-
gergues! On 125 ‘mornings: »
quantities of dew. fell, whicl nevertheless
amounted to only °242 Frenéh inehesyors
the 1-152°5th part of «the depth: of» rainy
which fell there (on: 132:days )» iets ae
year, and amounted. to:36+-90\4
least depth.of dew fell in:Marelt ‘
andthe greatest, in October: \tadplien eae
fewest dewy mornings. were; 2:ini Janus
ary;.and the meosty())}%iny
Pi is’ areenuentinr sir iprr sooerd

tifgind’ yfdiemeiopete

; if (nro

1925.)

ate ler are pene it the Bib. Univ.,
wal, Bt iS a

‘The S AMicrations of the Level of the Sea, as

“ ad. “with the Land, which seem conti-
‘igher by many feet, and then declining
ain with
Siicctle
é eriods of time, have rather sur-
isfied by the theoretic assurances of

ving on, (see our 56th vol, p. 200),

} similar slowness, so as to return

singly Tek overlooked. by philosophers,
abeken, geologists, that the waters have

aters rising slowly and progressively,
to. the same level after con-
who in this instance appear to have been

been u uniformly, but with extreme slowness,
Cactine in height, ever since a period

highest*mountains were covered
ipaens ? Briencrona, with a view to-

establishing data for future compa-

Yon’ this interesting subject, was at
great pains, in the year 1820, to'select thirty
points on as’ many solid rocks, situated in
different partsof the Baltic sea, and thereon
deeply ‘to “engrave and’ designate lines
marking the le level of that ‘sea. IM. Holt-

wey we.

strom’ conceives, however, and has stated in
not taken previously to ascertain a mean
height of the water, which these lines should
bestowed much pains on this subject in
Scotland, finds; that the arithmetic mean
two consecutive tides, is in most places, a
stationary point for being marked and
_ to'future comparisons as to the rise or fall

orese sea.”
a nt at. Alford, in Aberdeenshire,
N.). situated near to the south-
of Aurora is common, and
southward of which it only occasion-

AP.

us phenomenon, the subject of a long
1 connected series of observations, his
in. al ge > number of Jameson’s Edinburgh
Phil. . ; the most novel and impor-
nous pencils of rays, which occasion the
Aurora, proceed yertically from the earth,
compact, which is:comparatively: thin i its
dimensions northward: and southward, but
east to west, at right angles to the magnetic
meridian. «This luminous stratum, when
into a luminous arch: this appa-
rent arch, and the stratum oceasioning it,
tinually in apparent motion ; moving parallel
to itself; sometimes to the southward, and
this motion is very swift, and the arch pro-
portionably bright; on one evening, an

the Bull. Univ., that'the requisite care was
haye indicated.’ Mr. Stevenson, who has
between the highest and lowest states of
} from time to time, with a view

Or econs ora, Borealis, The Rey. J. -Farquhar-
of the terrestrial. zone, wherein

has made this hitherto mys-

from. which are given at length

tant of these ‘inferences are, that the lumi-
or nearly so, in a stratum, more or less
which stretches a great way in length from
compact, is, by the principles of perspective,
instead of being stationary, is almost con-
at others reeeding- northward :. occasionally

Mowrnty Mac. No. 404,

Spirit of Philosophical Discovery.
“apparent arch of Atirora, first noticed 45° N.

529

of: the zenith of “Alford, in “half an hour's
time had reached 30° y S. of the zenith,
and then became indistinct: at other times,
and moré usually, the arch was faint, and
had a very slow motion southward or ‘north-
ward, so that the brightness and miotion
are concluded to have a close connection.
A brilliant arch of d4urora, which Was
visible to a part of Scotland, and great part
of England, ‘as far south as Croydon in
Surrey, on the evening of the. 17th of Octo-
ber 1819, was observed by Mr. Farey, in
Borrowdale, i in Cumberland, to haye a. simi-
lar motion southward and again northward,
to those which are mentioned above. See
the Phil. Mag. vol. 54, p. 828. "Our esteem-
ed correspondent Mr. W. Pitt, of Cailisle,
(see vol. 49, p. 10), was not alike favourably
circumstanced, in a very deep’ valley, for
noticing the southward’ and’ northward
motion of this luminous arch.» ‘In aceord-
ance with Mr: Hood’s arctic observations,
mentioned ‘ia p. 77 of vol. 56;°Mr. Par-
quharson considers the usual’ régiori ‘of the
Aurora Borealis to’ he; above’ and iinme-
diately contiguous’ to that, in which’ the
clouds are forming, at the time of its appear-
ance: on one oceasion’ last ‘year, he saw
an Aurora’and a Cloud-come into Contact’;
the latter, for a short period, became lumi
nous in consequence, but the adjacent part
of the Aurora vanished simultaneously.

The meteorological and curious, amongst
our readers, will, we trust, vigilantly direct
their attention to such conspicuous Aurora
as May appear, in orderto make and record
observations on | the southward or north-
ward motion of any luminous arch which
may be formed. See Dr. -Thieneman’s
opinion on cs phenomenon in p. 234 of
this yol.

Pretended Parallel Roads, or natural ter-
races, surrounding, in level directions, the
skirts of mountains, composed: of aliost
vertical rocky strata, such as those of Glen
Roy in Seotland, have lately been observed
by Captain Basil Hall, in the: valley of
Coquimbo, in Chili, in South’ America, and.
are described, in his voyage: thither.. When
the modern fancies which-ascribe these ap-
pearances to beaches, at the margins of a
succession of aucient lakes on the spots;
shall have followed, as justly they deserve,
the fate of the former whims, which con-
$idered them: as sportive roads of ancient
giants. !—and when the. stratification‘of both
kinds, the regular and the transverse (the
latter by some called) stratula) of moun=
tains, has ‘been more strictly attended’ to,
without bias from preconceived theories,
this phenomenon will (in a less obtrusive
form than in Glen Roy) be found novery
unéommon one: the upper parts of some of
the» slaty hills near Snowdon, in North
Wales, exhibit this double stratification, viz.
almost vertical and horizontal at the’ ‘same
time, an instance of which is shewn i in the

3 ¥ Annals

530:

iv. p. 412.

The. Shocks of Earthquakes felt at Sea ‘are.

phenomena which, promise, to, throw.con-
siderable, light on; the cause of these shocks,
in case that captains of ships would he
careful and particular to note correctly the
place of the ship, the’ time, and other cir-
cumstances of the shocks, and communicate
the same for early publication in some sci-
entific or literary journal. The ship Layton,
on her voyage from London to Bombay, on
the 27th of July 1823, in lat. 35° 19'S.,
not far from Tristan d’ Acunha, at 113 P.M.,
experienced a shock which awoke every one
sleeping on board. The motion was tremu-
lous, like thatof.a ship forced over a wreck
or arock: of coral, and-accompanied by a
hissitig ‘noise : on examination, the ship's
bottom had experienced no injury. what-
ever. 0 On ‘the following. night, at half-past
two; another and amore violent shock was
felfjiand! lasted a few. seconds, but net so
long as the first.shock,, On the 3lst, after
hayitig Tin five or six degrees eastward, the
Dutchbrig » Phelentait, bound to» Batavia,
was spoken with, in. lat. 36° 51’ S., whose
master reported that ‘the first of the above
shocks had been felt; but not the second,
on bdatd: his vessel; but, unfortunately,
neither the place of the ship or time of oc-
currénce liave been published.

SPHE Nearchus, bound from South Ame-
rica to Caleutta, in’ May 1823, experienced
a vidlent shock “at sea; which lasted near
four minutes ; but no other particulars have
been ‘publicly stated.

The ship Orpheus, on her voyage from
London to Ceylon, on the 10th of February
1823, at fifteen minutes past one P.M., in
lat. 1° 10’ N., long. 84° & E., when steer-
ing N,N,W., at the rate of five miles per
hour; with alittle swellfrom the S.S.E., the
crew felt a motion, as)if»the ship was run-
ning:over-they ground, or-some other solid
substance’y and at) the same time, during
sixty:toisixty-five seconds, heard.a confused
grinding tremulous noise, affecting the ship
in’ every part: they sounded, with twenty
fathoms ‘of line, up ‘and down,, but .felt, no
ground.'« The ship kept upright, in her way
through the water, and answered the helm,
and therefore had not. struck, nor did she
make any: water,in consequence of the
shocks experienced, although the first of
them was so violent as to unship one of thé
compass cards in the binnacle., At five
minutes past two-P.M. of the same day,
being in Jat. 1°-15/.N., and, long. 84° 4/, E..,
another. shock. was: experienced, much
slighter than the first; and about,three P.M.
a third, ,which: was only just perceptible.
See our 56th volume; p. 5953.

Caltanisetta, tz Sicily, has hitherto escaped
the destructive shocks of the ‘earthquakes,
which have successively ruined most other
places in’ its neighbourhood; and this cir-
cimstance has been conjectured to arise

Spirit.of Philosophical Discovery...
“ Annals of Philosophy,” Seconil Series?

sso ADs ds,
fron? a! temdrkable fisstite) OF! CREE Hr the!
ets which extends from the mud Foleane
of “Ferrdpilatas several miles) t6 the lheigie ’
pourhood “of Ste Petronilivy! whieh “eracky™
during thé ‘shocks! /in“other parts ‘of thes
island; opens; to the “extéht oP Ghe “to tt"
feet in width, and thus; prébablyy harmidselyp’
dischargés the ‘stéain'! or ther elastic Wase
pours, which, but for thisventawotld aece
quire, from ‘the ‘subterraiieviis fires OF these?
parts, sufficient foreé! to'shakesthenr de
structively. |’ On’the® last? violent® eruption
of mud,-in Marelh..1823,.the) fissure, opened
as-usual, and no furthe: mischief ensued 3,
Meteorie Stones of Ayeiakzh hse ve valor
these fell in March’ last; near tothe Hitaee!
of this name, in the papal doniinions’? Torta:
reports, like thunder, preceded: their, fall.
The largest of these stones; weighing 12 lhs.3,
has fortunately been conveyed) to, the, Ob-,
servatory of Bologna; :and jis, there -pre-

serve(. 199)

Astronomy. —The: fature perihelion of,
Mr. Pond’s comet has‘ been ‘ ¢aletlated; by
Professor Enche, of Seebetg, near Gotha;
from which it appears that if Will be‘most
clearly visible on the 14th of August 1825."
Dr. Westphal, in a communication from
Dongola, 4° 19/ with the ‘tropic’ of Cuiteety
observes that it is impossible for an’/inkia/
bitant of our northern tegiotis’ to: form’ &
conception of the magnificence and Splen4
dour of the southern firmament. “Byen' the
smallest star sparkles with extraordinary
radiance, and the large ones blaze witha
dazzling brilliancy. The'zodiacallightjevery ,
morning and evening, is like the reflection
of an immense fire ; the effect ‘of which’ is
heightened to an inconceivable‘ degree’by
the splendour of the five southerm constel-
lations. ING) veo
Black Tea.—The Chinese, it appears,
from recent experiments, ‘have a mode of
adulterating black tea, by means ‘of se

particles, or minute crystals of magneti
iron; sometimes to such ‘a degree, thai
parts of the leaves may be lifted by a magnet.
These ‘particles may. occasionally be jde-
tected at the bottom of a tea-cup.\oijo9 os

Preserving Birds. —Tt has bééen ascértairied
by M. Temmick, Director lof thé “Dutth
Museum, that © placing’ ‘a Small! wooden
basin, containing tallow, ‘in -edeh ‘case, ‘is
more effectual’ in preserving birds. from’ ‘the
attacks of minute insects than éithéréam-
phor or Russian leather. © (77!) & ned

Fossil Bones.—The discovery of fossilated
remains of unexpected animals, aa subestiat
of the earth, seems to be the ‘principal fee -
tural result of the geological, researches of
the present day. Count de Laiser, President
of the Mineralogical and Botanical Academy
of Auvergne, ‘has taken;from: the 'great-pla-
teau of basalt and ‘tuffa, between the two
rivers of Corezeé, ‘and which is entirely :com-
posed° of "pumice and: trachitez}> bones« of
very large animals, completely transformed

into

1825.

into vdttionate’ of lime ; an antler of stag’s
horn, transformed into jagate ;;,and,out of, a,
layer-of, pumice-sand,, under. the tuffa, some
teethy, the, jaw-bone,and.two- horns belong-
ing to, large unknown. species of stag or
elkjjand a, great quantity.;.of:other fossil
-bones ;, aS, also,a grinder of the mammoth,
found. a. little lower. in the, testaceous, lime-
stone,, betwveen;the. tuffa.and the primitive
soil, [This,is the first discovery, we) believe,
of, organized,terrestrial bodies under antient
tuffa and basalt,)and may throw great light
onthe, relative ages of ancient, volcanos.

* “Quadrature of the Circle.—The Institute
of France* havedecided that this is an im-
possible and vain research, and exhort the
Jearned, accordingly, to apply themselves to
other subjects,

‘The Citing’ of ‘hard. Steel by means of. soft
Tron, formed into ‘a round thin flat ‘plate,
and niotintéd on a lathe spindle, mentioned
in’our 56th vol. :p:270, has been the sub-
ject of experiment by MM. Darier and
Calladon,\;;vho found, that with.a less ve-
locitythan, thirty-four feet,and a half per
second, given to, theocircumference, of the
‘soft,iren plate; the,samehad no action on
hardesteel.;,from which,point, as the.ve-
locity inexeased, the action commenced.and
increased; uatil,,with, seventy feet velocity;
the steel was, most,.rapidly worn away,
without the iron being affected; from which,
and)several..other experiments, they. ,con-
elude,,.that the force. of, percussion: of. the
Whirling jron displaces.and tears off the
Particles, of steel.(as,.happens in striking a
light. with a flint and steel) and. that this
effect, ».so.,,useful .in .sawing hard. steel
Plate; to, any required. shape, or.in sawing
out. slits), in) it, is, not, occasioned by. the
softening of the; steel,,as some had sup-
posed. . With velocities from 130 to. 200
feet per second, they found the soft iron
edge to act rapidly on a rock crystal pre-
sen ed to it, and on agate, but the cut sur-
ee of these were too, uneven and rough
to, promise any adyantage to the lapidary
from this mode.of acting.
“Grey cast Irony when hot, is proof against
the action of Sulphur.—Colonel A. Evans
has made. this, discovery, after having ex-
perimentally proved, that wrought iron or
steel, when heated and presented to a roll
of brimstone, are almost instantly pene-
trated by the latter ; plates of these metals,
more than half an inch thick, were in Jess
than a quarter of a minute, perforated with
round holes, the size of the brimstone roll.
“Mia crucible of grey cast iron, the Colonel
‘foulid that he could fuse seraps of malleable
iron’ or''stee?''with ‘sulphur, without’ the
“infix rise a ot
NiIsoiest acting AC alt ins fhe aka ” fi
qalor Sproducing\ a) Dranght of dir, out)of
thet diokd of) anshipsoor outdo a mine shaft,
yen the top ofea chimneys Jiable,to.smoke,
~itdiaz been recommended, bys Capt Warren,
tonsbeast! of @iwindessail; windstounk; of cowl,
Gaortotene? yistelquios

“+0

Spirit of Philosophical Discovery.

53]

having a close: and rounded. back presented
to the, wind, to insert there a wide-mouthed
trumpet-shaped open tube, which shall, in-
stead of excluding the wind from the top,
conduct a condensed and brisk, stream of
air over the top of the pipe, shaft) or chim-
ney, Whose dratight’ it is necessary torin-
crease. 3

Practical rules, by which manufacturers
may ascertain the Strength. of their Bleaching
Powders, the chloride of lime, have been
abstracted by. Mr. Brand in his Journal
of Science, No. 35, from a paper on the °
subject, drawn up by. Mr. Gay Lussae,. tor
the use of the French bleachers ; we regret
that our space will not admit of giving these
rules.

The Boiling Heats of Saturated) Solutions
of thirty-four of the most important» saline
bodies, have. been’ determined > with great
care by’ Mr. T. Griffiths, . and) published
in Brand’s Journal ‘of oScience,:(No..35,
together withthe per-centage ‘of! idry: salt,
in most of them; we extract thefollowing!: :
Name of Salt. Bone 8 Forty eh aege ’

Acetate of sodac. «6 256% « «9:60

Muriate of'soda ».. 224. %.~4430. ...,

Sulphate of, magnesia 222 |y.).40.909. 0,

Adum aii sem sid. +220. eis slo Pol Ors

Sulphate of,iron.: . .}216). 095 +-645 <.

Sulphate of soda... <5 213 2.4 0-0) 31:5,
The first and last of the. salts, here, men-
tioned are also the extremes,as. to tempera-
ture in the table. referred, to.;, the extremes,
therein, as, to proportions of dry salt, are as
follows, viz. tunica 16

Boiling Point, Dry,Saltgn,
Farnh. , . > 100 pty.

Rochelle salt ..+... 240°... 90

Nitrate of potassa ...238 +25... 74%.

Acetate of copper »..-214 «2... «.1675

Tartarate of potassa 214 ...... 95 —

The Absorption into the Veins and: Arteries,
and consequent circulation: through» the
bodies of animals, of whatever. substances,
either liquid, gaseous,’ or: in‘a state of va-
pour, as kept for.a space of time, imimme-
diate contact, either withthe external orthe
internal surfaces of living bodies; wasy some
time ago, the subject of an elaborate course
of experiments and observations, by. Dr.) F.
Majendie, at: Paris, the details’ of which
were read before the Academy of Sciences:;

lot

Name of Salt.

from which it results, that the rapidity and

copiousness of the absorption is dependent
on the fullness of © the blood eirculating
at the time through the absorbent. vessel,
(See our 57th vol., p. 18). In a plethoric
state, no absorption, or ‘a very faint one,
takes place; but on beginning to empty the
vessels by bleeding, absorption commences
and inéreases, accordingly as the plethorads
removed, (See our present volume; p. 78).

»Itappears,. from, the. yery curious experi-

ments of Dr..M.,. that. absorption dees, not

tale place ‘im consequence. of any.attraction
or affinity. between the blood and the ab-

3X 2 sorbent

532
sorbent matters 5 and probably, as appears
to us, the effect may arise.im consequence
of what, M, Venturi denominated 'the-/ateral
communication of motion, ‘exerted -'by,,co-
lumns;_of,-moying) fluids); especially as,the
doctor found the absorption not to be, de-
pendant on, the life .of the animal. ||We
strongly, recommend, the perusal of M. Ma-
jendie’s memoirs to, “every medical, man: a
translation of itappears in No,8,of Silliman’s
American Journal,

i Electrical “Currents may be variously ex-
citedi-In galvanic circuits; a watery fluid
is} ‘as’ is Wwell®known, interposed between
solid“¢onductors: and hence Messrs. Fou-
rier and Oersted propose to call this the
hydro-clectric circuit. The recent discovery
of M. ‘Scebeck, wherein an electric current
is excited ina cireuit, formed exclusively of
solid'conductors, merely by disturbing the
equilibriam ‘of temperature of its parts, by
heating or cooling them, locally: this they
ae tial to name’ the thermo-electric circuit.

Patents for Mechanical and Chemical Inventions.

(Janel, 4
More, recently,: M. | Debereinet Hast aigco-
vered'\that solid condiietors’of iplatiniarni,
with; interposed! hydrogen «pass alacant
powerful electrical:|current # to whieh’ last
mode, of excitation;:perhaps; by + Of dis-
tinction, the term gasco-clectric circuit “May
not! be inapplicable. Phe #iéPnbvelectitc
circuit, wnder its various ‘mddifichtions}" is
to the number and alternations ‘of the bas
of metal in closé contact; :forining! theseit-
cuit, \and as tothe) places) emndodextiees Of
applying heat or-coldy or both; t6 its varidtis
parts, has been the’subject of “an elabérite
course of experiments, by Messrs? Fotirier
and Oersted, in vol.22 of thevfan, dé\enimniee:
see also the Quarterly Journal of *Seikiive,
No. 31. The gaseo-electric ‘eivéuit (if so
we may denote the very recent’ distovériés
of M. Deebereiner)) has been the es Of
two letters by him’ to<M, oSchweig
which are contained in ‘the’ 'PHil6s0j neal
Magazine, No. 306. See! also our 57th vol,
pe. 957, 4 yobmomsi3

sa} J Dios ov8 wd,
to stis ori

PATENTS FOR MECHANICAL AND cHEiMi¢AL al os

INVENTIONS. sand Yo

eos
iif ne anisi =

oe Lae Wineee of Marylebone» Middlesex ;
fore Floating Breakwater, for protecting a
, Harbouns on Shipping -place.—=15th iemak-

PY AB24n |)

4 SHE principle of this invention consists

Inuusing a series: of large open rafts of
timber, floating on the surface of the sea, and
confining them there by mooring chains, in
order to divide and breax the force of the
waves and swell of the sea, before they
enter.a harbour, shipping-place, or bathing-
place, &e.; and the effect of such a mode of
producing comparatively still water, haying
(as the patentee observes, in. No. 271 of
the. “‘ Repertory of Arts,”) little, if any,
tendency, to cause silt or mud to accumu-
late in a harbour so protected, as almost
invariably ,happens behind. fixed piers. or
breakwaters.

Each individual raft, or frame, is descrited
as. composed. of, eleven beams of tim-
ber, sixteen to eighteen inches square; six
of them of, the Jength of about thirty feet,
and the other five thirty-eight ‘to forty feet
long; the longer beams are disposed paral-
lel to: eachother; two pair of them (touch-
ing.one, another), atthe distance of twenty
feet apart, and the other midway between
these, piers ; and the six shorter beams are
disposed jacross these, parallel-wise, three

‘of them below, and; three of them, above
_the Jong beams: the two.outerones of these
_last, .at.. twenty feet apart, and, the other
intermediate... The -beams-being thus, dis-
posed, fifteen, strong copper Wolts.are passed
through the seyeralplaces,, where three
beams cross and ay upon |.each; other, and
are, firmly secured, by, sereyy-nutsy! or by
riveting ; and the ends ef,the timbers; which

‘Tafts to be disposed at their mdorigs,.

*caltse, becoming» water eee

sd eros

project in pairs, bofne eve volted éXboal
places, are further secured: by Heinip tight
lapped with well-tarred ropes‘! ows ne on

Such are the dimensions and° modé ’6f
attaching together the’ timbers of ‘éaeli@6f
the rafts, which, in)’ medium ®-casés) the
patentee prefers ; but he does*not* ‘iW his
specification appear “to rest™his! Gains” on
any particular dimensions, or! ott'this*Orany
other particular mode~of Nene di or
mooring his rafts. L astaand-0L

In situations where oaly motdnetendized
waves, or degrees of swell; have ‘ever'been
experienced, perhaps rafts only t two timbers
thick at the bolting-places may \ suffice;
and, on the contrary, where stornis of more
than ordinary violence are to” he expected,
or where very still, water is required, other
sets (of two or five'timbers),” to the’ nuii-
ber of one, tivo, Or threé sets, may; be
necessary to be piled up;:in» the -order'bé-
fore mentioned, before “passing the’ Holts
through the whole of .them:;. Oaabaty day
sinking deeper -into»the awater, st oa
also more aboye ‘it, the” Herre Past ‘st
may be sufficiently: broken, by passing ‘over,
through, and under the rafts ; ‘when sécx ely
moored, with their longest sides ‘Opy
the wind, current, ‘or:wavess: dfDenaeveral

certhee

‘separately, O2,,.in-one;0F) qnonensenesor

tiers, and the latter either’ connected:
ther by chains, or ‘not, accor ding as as
situation: may, to;an experienced engineér
‘seem to requires | Tn'ease! sh nds of
wood. being, usedy,.o7).t he. rafts,, drom any
or buoys. must be affixed ta ila Cen
securing at all- times the necessary buoyaney.
General

1825.)

_oo General BentHAm appears’ tordeserve the
honouriof having)-fitst proposed sa! floating
breakwater, tobecomposediof separate floats
of. woods,“ of a triangular;:or rather ‘aprist
matie 5°? to;beusedrin’ protecting Ply-
jneuthherbour,.at-the estimated first'cost
-of;,£201,026. oAind, several) years» after+
awards, Mr3\Davip-Gorpon included ‘in his
Specification.of aipatent, dated 14th January
4$22,; the | descriptionsof what ‘he calls
\f imprayements>on floating’ breakwaters';”
-but,ef his intention to!do so; the title of ‘his
-patents ‘for additions-to:steam-packets and
,etherwessels,’? had,-we submit, given no
-suflicgient, notice, to the crown or to the
PUblise® to Isnvs0l y
y2 Nhore;than.asyear ago, Mr. White put
-himself.to theexpense of constructing three
\Zafts, such as we have described above, and
of.so, securely mooring them, near to the
dock-yardjjin, Dover Bay, in Kent, that
during the, heayy,gales of wind, and some
tremendous seas since experienced, they
haye held fast at their stations, and had
“the effect of breaking the seas, and caus-
ing smooth water for a considerable space
to leeward’? of ‘them; .ds is attested by the
signatures of three pilots and two, naval
captains employed on that coast, in the
Repertory, before quoted: wherein, also,
Mr, White; remarks;::that effective floating
breakwaters may beerected in.any situation,
at one-twentieth, part:,of the: expense of
\stone, erections 5, that:such, will act in any
»state,of jthe.tide,;) and are capable of being
Femoved.to-other situations, in cases where,
uring; Wwars,.too,much facility might be
#iven (by; them, towards. the landing of an
tile-army.pio
10 guitous 1209
Zo Cuartes Macxinrosu, of Crossbasket, in
powbanarkshire »\for preparing « Water-proof
ng ind,,dinstight Fabric of Hemp, Flax,
Saree? TUT UTTITT Eikkt Ort oo Core”
“%* Se our remarks on this subject, in the second
Lédlumn of pf. 244, and the note in p. 242 of this
wolunie, Ifjaswe have suggested, the newly enrolled
pecifications were examiyed by some Competent
Bofahit ‘and the titles of what each patentee has
Wdeseribed “ind claimed (for frequently several, and
pile very iucongruous matters, often are includedin

as

€ same specification) were made oul, as concisely
intelligibiity would admit, for publication in the
Aéudem (Garette;imost usefal information’ would

E Siven to, ingenious persons, whose atten-
turned to.the making of improvements,
Lo!
ied

eqablidlal large. At present, such persons
« pand persiiones! npn ip, to study, only
‘asma rhs . whole number of specifications
epg A Feniia with enpritiige Yelp ‘their
Grawingsy printed ithe ‘* Repertory of Arts,” at
very. irpegular, periods after their enrolment, and
VDL ee
S metimes 50 protracted, that the patents haye first
= BEMIS Mary es :

‘ A
c;

‘

rcelse, Within ahecperiod of two years from the
of enro) ep _an, abstract or condensed ac-
t,dcerompan by reduced engravings of essen-

‘Idiak particulars only, may be tead by such persons,
P ahs fpadend phiartal” dais ike fins

much. correspondence. betwe the ales o|
GedidthantiaAd tle diier UF pauticatios thiron.

Whe; public, eameeg = mach, oriedene ya
9 and. official information. of, the, precise sub-
‘Jet i ppb ay oe granted by

tlie Of6Wh, and’ completed by the ‘specifications,
aia vent bilesi by: the patentcer> as alsoofithe
_ place of en CNL, ACH CASE por lay
8) PAVUUIA hoe tenke leona be ft et for Gonstract-
Thg these talts? — Sey p.438-0f this volume.)
mone

Patents for Mechanical.and Chemical Inventions.

533

LOW pol, Cotton; DLeather, or Paper, &e.—

STR Fine VEZ Vos ees iy os
on The principle 6f iriveritiot Here” eénsists
inouniting torether tw6 thicknesses of the
piven’ fabric, with a! filmi’ OF “cadutehouc
varnish between them! ® 9!) Sasol toi90%
V/The*Endia rubber ‘to be! used Gn the
patent’ process; ‘isi to be ett, or shaveasinte
very thin shreds, and “abdut ‘twelve “otihiées
of it steeped in aboutd Pill of GOalsbilor
artificial naptha, distilled from \the® tar of
the gas-works, ina yessel.,surrounded\ by
steam, for, promoting the, melting_of;,the
elastic gum, into.a thiek,varnish ;; which
latter is to be strained through'awwirej\or
horse-hair, sieve.)> 9.490 Fria “191

Two pieces. of the fabric, to\-be_used,
whether of cloth, silk, &e., .are/now to be
cut to the same size; and each-.one stretehed
flat out/on a frame; and then; by means of
a brush, some of the, elastic. varnishiis; to
be: spread evenly over, one of the surfaces of
each of the.strained fabries; so,as completely
to cover the same ; and the frames are then
to-be'set by, in a dry place free from dust,
until the varnish has,.set; -andcy become
sticky ; when the two varnished ‘surfaces
are to/be applied to each other, and both of
them detached from the frames,

In order to complete the adhesion of the
two fabrics into: one, they should le 'passed
between plain - rollers;» moderately pressed
together, and. afterwards ‘thoroughly dried
in a warm room. The fabric thus prepared
will be found not at all lidble to‘part ‘again,
to be very flexible,'and quite impérvVious to
water or air, and maybe made up into light
outer garments, or applied in’ anyother
way. D OF"

To Joun Ranxty, of New Bond’ street; Mid-
dlesex; for an Alarum in case of Robbery of
Valuable Property, from Coaches and other
Carriages. —I1st’ Nov. 1823. fe. Sa eee

The principle of! this invention’ consists

_in affixing, withinside of the strong box, or

seat of a coach or other carriage; destined
for the carrying of bankers” parcels, or other
smal] things of great value, an ‘alarum-bell
and a notice-latch so‘contrived; ‘that on
the opening of the lid of the box or seat,
whether by means’ of ‘a false’ key, or by
forcing open the same, the bell ‘shall be
rung, and give ‘an alarm. NO
The bell to be ‘used, is Such’an ‘one as is
used for a table-clock, and ‘is’ to be fast

screwed by! its crown’ to‘a’ square’ metal

plate, affixed to the’ side, ‘or’ end, of the
strong box, near to the lock: thereof: to

“which plate is'also to;be ‘affixed a’ strong

curved spring, “provided witha lump ‘of
metal, to act’as a hammer ‘on’ the edge of

‘the bell; and’ the’end of whieh spring must

project ‘about ‘an! inch* beyond the ‘edge ‘of
the bell; and there be bevelled on the wndér
side, like to a spring-lateh* 99) SovoTs:
» Over: the bell'and spring, ’a metal easing
is to be fixed; provided witha mortice,’ for
letting out*the Vevelled’ end Of the spring,
and

534

and allowing of the same standing, when
quiescent, with the hammér/about’ onech
fourth of. an inch distant from the bell:

such mortice being sufficiently ‘long’ and
wide, to allow of thehammer freely: striking
the bell, after being drawn from it asufticient
distance, forigiying the necessary impetus to
the hammer, by;means.of the) notice-latch
presently to be described.

, The casing of, the bell is to be left open,
for, letting.out.the, sound at that end, or
side, the least, accessible to, any means of
stopping. the sound of the bell, after the
box-lid has been opened,

The, notice-latch is of a construction
nearly similar to the spring-latches which
are placed on closet and cupboard doors,
except that it has no handle, passing through
the lid of the box; withinside of which lid
it is to .be affixed, in such a position, that,
on. shutting down, the, lid, the bevel of the
latch may press, against, and pass down
below,, the end of the hammer-spring, and
on. the return. of the springs. to quiescence,
may, rest just,,below, it, ready afterwards,
on, the slightest rising. of, the; lid, to draw
up, with. it the end. of the hammer-spring,
and. on passing. off its. bevel, thereby give
the impetus for striking, the bell,.and, giving
the alarm, required. rm

To us, this, appears a hasty and, ill.
matured contrivance ; because, on the lid
haying been quickly opened, and, the bell
haying received a single stroke: from the
hammer, the thief has only to place a finger
on the end,of the projecting spring, and
thereby press the hammer against the bell,
and hold it there for an instant, to effectu-
ally. prevent further sound from the bell.
A competent artist, such as is now to be
found in the counting-house or workshop,
of a score or two of the mechanicians in,
town, would find no difficulty in construct-
ing a spring-alarum, inside of a strong-box,
near to, and so securely connected with the
hinges of its lid, that. the same could not
be raised without. setting-off the alarum,
which should. continue to ring for several
minutes, without. the possibility of a thief
stopping it, |

PN Patents expire. in. Janwary Y, 1825, |

A List or Parznts. ror New Inren-

TIONS, granted in October 1924.

October 7.—For casting: steel, in an im-
proved method: to Francis H. W. Nrep-
HaM, of David-street, Middlesex.— Six
months allowed for enrolling specification,

7,—For improvements in constructing
steam-engines: to Wa.rer Foreman, of
Bath, Somerset.—Six months,

7.— For improvements in’ making speltery
or zinc: ‘the invention imported by, and the
patent, to, Exeperick Benecxe, of Dept-
ford, Kent, and Danie 'T. and James H,
Seeiee of Fleetmarket,, London. — Six
months. eis

7. For an econoinical method of | zene-
raling sleanry, for engines or, ‘other purposes :
to, Pirunu;AnEone,.of Colet- “place, Middle
ex. Two months. "90"

List of Patents for New Inventions.

y firnacesy oy otherspurpases: tb Gs be ies
Oo

- Jerrreys, of Park-street, Bnst¢

(Jan. 1,

7.—For an improved flue or aisiraasa for

HREY
‘ouces-
tershire.—T'wo months.

Z«—For, improved metal casks or barrels,
for packing goods; to Rozerr DickEnson,
of .Park-street, Southwark, Surrey Six
months.

7.— For improved fines ~eboapess applicable
to other purposes : to. Frayeis;Ricymany ef,
Great Pulteney-street, , Middlesex, — Six
months. rit'sd of bean

7.— For improved machinery. for, making
velvets, and other cut goods ;, the inyention
imported by, and the patent, to,, SrerpHEN
Witson, of Streatham, , Surrey.— = Four
months.

7.—For an improved process, ‘of vinegar
making: to Joun Ham, of West_Coker,
Somerset, —Four months, ri

7.—For improved machinery. : for printing.
ps and other. fabrics to. Marraxnw
Busu, of West-ham, Essex.— Six months.

7.— For transverse spring slides fan truan-
pels, trombones, french-horns, , dc: :., to
Joun Suaw, of Milltown, Pepiseitgotr
Two months.

7.—For improved horse-shoes, aprliabie
to other, cattle: to Joux ,T) Hopgson, of
William -street, - Lambeth, Surrey: = Six,
months, atte. fic

14.—For improyed machinery, for draw-,,
ing, roving and_spinning.of sflax,, ‘wool, or
other fibrous substances; ,to Putup,CHerz,.
of Earle’s-court, Middlesex.—Six, months,

14,—For improved machinery. for clean~
ing, carding, drawing, roving aud, Dk ak
of cotton; to Joux G. Bopnimer,.of Ox foyd-

street, in Manchestet, Lancashire, Six
months,

14, — For De eaeeatn in wheeled. Ait
riages: to James. Gunn, of, Hart-street,,

Middlesex. —Six months. Se
14.— For improved water-proof Chath and,
hats, and other apparel ;,to Wacuam,
Weirz, of Tooley street, Surrey, -—. ‘Six.
months. ,
14,—For improved water-closets,. to Hey-
ry Marriorr, of Fleet-street, London.
Two months. nt da AM
14.— For improvements in. power- dooms.
for various goods: to James Ferrow, of
Manchester, Lancashire.-—Six months...
14.—For continually changing. the. ae
in steam boilers, for preventing the ‘deposition,
of salt, &c., in long steam-vessel voyages :
to Henry Maunsiay and Joseua FORE
of Lambeth, Surrey.—Six months...
21.—For, improved, artificial tie se
Josern Apsprey, of Leeds, Yorks 8
Two months, sortie ‘aT
21,— For improyed fire-eating ishing mar
chinery: to Groxcx Dopp, of t.. Anne’3-
street, Middlesex. —Six months... ed sy ned?
21,—For a machine 4o_give nebo
mations and adver, Fisements, rete. te
lic, instead of pill- sticking +.

Harnis,, of apie; place; tides

Two months... PP ERE RURE

1825.]
tS

299U0

[ 5385 ] |
“LITERATURE, DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN,

OF DECEMBER, 1824.

WYETDS “tO 2

40evaanid pass

WITH A CRITICAL PROEMIUM.

Aithoreor Publishers, desirous of seeing an early’ Notice of their Works, are

Tdsoilgas 2

YHOUGHL the season be not yet ar-
“ tived’when the press should be ex-
pected to be fruitful of splendid and volu-
maious works, on the’ one hand, or those
of inteleétual luxury and hich imagination,
on thééther,' we lave been able to select
fron? those of ‘humble proportions and pre-
tensions, some two or three which appeared
eS unworthy of the attention of our
readers—if not for their budk, for the mag-
nitude of the questions with which, by in-
ference at least, they are connected. To
the friends of humanity and of those prin-
ciples by which alone the interests of hu-
manity can be protected or advanced, every
thing, that relates to the condition of our
fellow-beings in Eastern or in Western In-
ia, will be regarded as important: and as
such we have given a degree of consideration
to one little volume, and to one small pam-
phiet, which works of much greater extent
could otherwise hardly expect in our con-
tracted space : while with respect to those,
that refer, one of them to the salmon fisheries,
and the other the state of the manufacturing
population’ (for they are both of them ques-
tions of right and life), we have oily to la-
ment that we could not extend an equal
degree of ‘attention. To another article
more Connected with the intellectual accom-
plishments of the few, than the claims and
necessities of the many, our predilections
would, nevertheless, have led us into much
more ample examination than we have in-
dujged in: for though our solicitude is pri-
rily for the broad and solid base of the so-
cial edifice, We are not indifferent to the taste-
ful ee inents of the Corinthian capital.
But Pdue examination of ‘the ingenious
work ‘of ‘Mr. Roe would have demanded a
sheet, instead of a column, ofour miscellany;
anid we ‘haye been obliged to confine our-
sélve$ to ‘so Sketchy and partial a review
of his prlnciplés; as, we’ are perfectly aware,
can’ teither do justice to his views of the
subject;! nor our own.
A Voice | om India, in Answer to the Re-
of England. Dedicated by permis-
sion, to the Right Hon. President of the Board
of Control. — By John’ B.° Seely, Captain
im the Bombay Native Infantry, &c. &e.—
The author of the “ Wonders of Elora”
has furnished us with another work, worthy
of 4'‘much more ‘extended consideration
than we have space to give to it. There
is ‘to be examined in it, much to be
itroverted, and much more to be learn-
,» than it appears to have been the in-
tention of the author to teach. “ O that
Ee ey would write a book!” is a
» perhaps, which many a reviewer may

requested to transmit Copies before the 18th of the Month.

————_

have breathed from personal motives—man

a philanthropist might breathe from more
generous considerations. We have more
pleasure, we confess, or at least more in-
tellectual profit, in perusing the arguments
of the opponents, than of the adyocates, of
our principles ; and it is but justice to. say,
that the sentiments manifested in the
“ Voice from India,’” come to us, in some
respects, in the best form they are capable
of—in the frank and temperate language of
a gentleman, and with the manifestations,
at once, of talent and information. \ Yet are
the conclusions’ we should draw from) his
premises, in many respects, directly the re-
verse of those he would wish us to infer.
What would he say’to’us,’ if-upon the hy-
pothesis, that his own mode of reasoning,
as far as it goes, is valid, we should under-
take to demonstrate from his “own data,
that either our possessions in’ India must
he abandoned,* or we ourselves must shortly
cease to be a free nation. But this is a
field too large for us to enter upon, and we
must confine ourselves to a. single point.
The main object of Captain Seely is to sub-
stantiate the proposition, that the freedom
of the press ought not to be, and must not
be permitted to exist in the East- Indies,
because the government of India is, and
must, of necessity, be, arbitrary; and a
despotic government and a free press can-
not exist together. Now to a part, at
least, of the major proposition we cannot
object. The English government of the
East-Indies 7S indisputably an arbitrary
government—a government by the sword
—a government of the victor few over the
yanquished (or the cajoled and defrauded})
many; and the minor proposition, that
despotism and a free press cannot con-
tinue to be co-existent, is equally indis-
putable. If the present system of go-
vernment is ‘to be sustained in India, we
know not, therefore, how we are to deny
the sequitur that a free press must never
there be tolerated. Nay, we will even go
a step further, and say, that if we could

agree

* © Perish Commerce! but Tet the Constitution
live? exclaimed the mad-brained metaphysician—
the. high-court anarchist—tbe sophi-tical dema-
gooue, yndham—himeelf at once the most sub-
tile, and the most headlong evemy, to the constitu-
tion, of his day. ‘* Perish Commerce }) but’ let the
Constitution live!” ‘* Perish our East-India do-
minion 3" if the dilemma were admitted, we would
exclaim, ** but let British freedom live 1? 1)

«“ The lily peace oulshinesthe silver store,
And life is dearer than the golden ore.””

+ Inall cases of subjugation, by such dispropor-.
tioned pumbers, it reqoires neither argument nor
detail to prove that intrigue and treachery muvt
have born a larger share than valour.

536

agree with Capt. S.in another of his con-
clusions (into whieh, ‘however, he appears,
to us, to have sprung, rather, from the as-
sumed grounds of a favourite hypothesis,
than to have climbed by the gradations of a
substantial logic), namely, that the conse-
quences: of such an overthrow of the exist-
ing system of government in India; as he
supposes’ a free press must inevitably
produce, would be the ultimate restoration
of Mohamedan ‘ascendance and tyranny,
with all) its» blood-thirsty and into-
lerant» barbarities, we should be ready to
grant him all that he desires, and say, as
the ‘less hideous alternative, “ Perish the
press of India, and let humanity (even in
its’ present ignorance) live |’? for human
happiness (the happiness of all that is hu-
man !) is, after all, the end ; and even the
press (the precursor and the protector of
liberty) is but the mean of a mean, through
which that end is sought. But it should
seem that, according to Capt. 'S., the sacri-
fice of the press’ alone will not suffice for
that'security of our Indian Government so
‘devoutly to be wished.” Christianity
must be sacrificed also. See p. 63-4.

“Tt is with poignant regret that 1 am
compelled, by my love of truth, to say that
the same observation” (thata free press in
India would be the cause of civil war, revo-
lution, and our final expulsion from the
continent of Asia) “ strictly applies to the
establishment of the Christian faith in
India.”

The author has, indeed, cautiously so in-
woven this sentence with his apprehen-
sions. “ of the country again reverting to
the hands ot the Mussulmans,”’ that, at first
blush, it appears to have prospective re-
ference to their intolerance alone. But
the context will shew that the argument is
general, not particular, and is meant to
convey, to the initiate ear, the dangers of
Christian conversion. For in the very next

ragraph—

** Break down (says he) the great bar-
rier of caste among the people of India,
(that radical principle, be ti remembered, of
Brahmin superstition, which Christian con-
version, most assuredly, would break down! )
and give the people political knowledge,
and.the freedom of using it, and I would
not give a shilling in the pound for all the
India stock, home or foreign |”

What will the Missionary and Bible So-
cieties—the advocates for the diffusion of
that breaker-down of castes — Christian
knowledge, say to this? A fig, they per-
haps might say, for your India stock,
your pagodas, and your rupees: our object
is the salvation of souls, and the meliora-
tion of the state of man. But, then, says
Capt. S., when knowledge and Christianity
have overthrown all the protecting bless-
ings of our ‘arbitrary government of In-
dia ;” then the country inevitably reverts
again “to the hands of the Mussulmans,
and their former blood-thirsty and’ barba-

Literary and Critical Proémium.

(Janel,

rous rule.”” They will “ never ‘tolerate in
their Hindoo: subjects ‘the’ freedom of dis-
cussion and writing ;” they? will never
permit them to profess a néw religion which
they hold in profound contempt, ‘arid ‘treat
with inéffablé abhorrence,” &e., “so that
the Hindoo, in’ losing ‘his “old ‘masters,
would have reason’ to curse the day that
he became enlightened,” ‘&c. © “As' if ‘the
same lights that converted and informed the
93 million Hindoo inhabitarits’ of’ British
India would not reach the eyes of 7 mil-
lion Mohamedans also; or the Clristian-
ized and _ politically-informed ' population,
who had broken to pieces the’ well “com-
pacted power of European sovereignty, and
driven us out of India, would not,’ by’ the
very energies of science and ‘intellect, thus
brought into organized ‘action, havé some
chance, at least, of making “an effective
stand against those former Mohamedan
masters, from whose blood-thirsty and bar-
barous rule our disinterested humanity had,
heretofore, so benignantly redéemed them.
We suspect, however, that Capt. S. may
very reasonably put to rest all his appre-
hensions, political and humane} upon this
part of the subject. We do not believe
that there is much reason’ either to' fear or
to hope, that either Christian missionaries, or
a free press, will, in our time, ‘at least, or
that of our children, make ‘any very alarm-
ing progress in breaking’ down that great
barrier of castes, which Hindoo supersti-
tion has erected, alike, against the doctrines
of the rights of man and’ of the gospel.
His solicitude and his arguments against
both may, therefore, with good reason, and
with equal policy, be exclusively directed to
the preservation of the rupees, pagodas, and
“© India Stock, home and foreign,” which
the wisdom of the present arbitrary go-
yernment of India so benignantly secures
to a small portion of that 45,000 Euro-
peans, by whom the 100,000,000 of natives
are at this time, overawed and governed.
So far as they are confined to this object, we
are by no means confident that either his
premises can be disputed or his ‘conclusions
successfully resisted. With the present
system of government in India, we are much
disposed to admit, that a free press is ut-
terly incompatible. Whether the elements
exist there for a better and more liberal
system we are not at present called upon
to discuss ; but we may venture to pro-
phesy, that, under the auspices of our pre-
sent home system, a much better will not be
adopted. At the same time, we'make our
acknowledgments for. the interesting infor-
mation, of a more general description, which
may be gleaned from this, well-written little
volume :. thinly seattered,: it-is-true, -and
incidentally interspersed, with"an attention
obviously to the selection of such alone as
may serve the ‘purposes of the argument.
But though his pages, if as much as histo-
rical considerations are concerned,® fall-in.
some degree under the censure sof one’

the

1825.)
othe; author's ew mottos, Give me afew
facts; general remarks, ane, ofp little usej?
(Febqmaylithey, be Tread with some: profit,
“even by those, who either do not’ coineide
‘woth [him dn, the opinions, he upholds, or
sfgel cout little ‘interest, im the’ particular
question to which his-arguments refer. 5 ,()
sedThaPrineiples, of Rhythm, both in Speeck
grdi Music ; especially; asijerhibited) in the
Alechanism of, targlisl Verses... By the Revs
Baguarn, Rog, 4.8. There is. much, in
this work, to, challenge.the) attention of the
Jnusigiany the poetyand the. elocutionist;
and: of, ally indeed, who |\would wish to im-
Prove the, grace,.and harmony of their Jan-
Guages dll, Composition, ‘speech, or | song.
"a8 the,authorrvery justly observes,

0 aa area for \time as well as
pk fang 5.,;and ;hence, af poets were good
they «would, be, greater »masters of
\gapabilities of measured, Jangnage.
Ti,,on, the other other hand; yocal. composers
were, well acquainted with the properties of
¢$,,and, with; all..the «various, species

¢ averse, they yould, be, better ;qualitied, to
OF adapt, words to nausie.|; La. proof. of
0G Racer ‘appeal. tothe
instangesof Milton and, Jackson. | What
music) in, the),verses of the former!, what

exprt ‘dn,the.-music of ;the, latter!) It
ie asked, . Af; Shakspeare was.a prac-
maupicatyh £ or Handel,amechanical ver-
Perhaps, even; they might. have been

gain if they,.were,[had been]... We know,
how en, that. the .specified beauties of the
two former sprung from their cultivation. of
both atts ‘ ; beauties, which, it, is. probable,
y wld. sree. have never existed, and

dingly, hold forth encouragement
vig ei example.”

ee of his subject, Mr. Roe

cmc gen and a con-

ee ledge of the principles of

ig ly. canbe, more

1g postulate assumed through

ee th treatise, that in the rhythm

5 and r: Whateyer, modifications,

I, music, song, or bse there

setin Sle TS “At t the same
, We; call not into question the
ul de; crimination of Mr, Roe’s ear,
me a I extent of nicety he lays
to, we eae but acknowledge, that
in some instances, and those not a few, the

se tat sigh bb Rea dd @ soul atuned to music,
nfiden tly in ier from the many beau-

ions, {0 tt, Beal prough his works :
he either some ee edge of its prin-
pea OF an initative Fa Able dl of the beauty of
paves ep equally rede ee Pie mrt

4 inical structure, a the beautifu
Bee Tle Wosene AN hie Nid ene hasty
af las ge That Handel (though his divine

6 part of its charip,, by the
5 Sarat i 4 Hetune toake words of prose) had
= ep

eption of poetic’ Th veaeniies may?

ipyacg ial) bp te ao led Yretvoine om
pas cor dati non rh Pr eeue of
‘sit rh wreatbing ig.

“ie Hii 8 rm anongs usie-br

Disorteince No» 404. mao one

silt

Literary and: Critical Rroémium.

357

notation he hasused would indicate,in him, a
habit of giving, very different quantities, in
the pronuntiation.of certain syliables, rom
thoseywhich we: shouldrégard)as inhetentto
them; These-are differences ofvapplication;
however; ; which donot interféréswithedhis
general, (principle; +: There are- otherspomts
upon which we \could:wish, tobeimore exi
plicit... But this is.not aworksto: Dbecenitiz
cized:in, a; paragraph, or «a! pages, Episothe
result, .of much labour and :réflection}Viard
worthy of..a deliberatecand ample lanalysisy “
We should observe, however;ithat:thesprim
cipal defeets of), Mr..R’sxsystems:hikeithap
of Joshua; Steele, or: ratherof their: devel
lopments of the system, :(foryiim the main,
they are both of) them right), ‘has-arisen.
from.resting| their theory.and its)results on
the basis of musical scien¢e: alone ;+ instead:
of extending theitresearches:to those anaq
tomical, and, physiological -prineiptes, from’
which. the; laws of musical jpropoxtionisate
of necessity? deniveds; andy with waite lavadk
the phenomena! of genuinesharmony, era
ganic. or, instrumentals; fran» the wery: setulae
of our perceptions, must inévitably¢onferm:
Mr. Ri indeed;.from:the wantirof:-this }exa
tended consideration; has deviated in ane
respects, from) coriect.and efficientno
further, thanshis predecessors) ;>Mn, - Stealea:
distinctiom of heavy(A)and Ugit!i(o~) pithe!
Thesis and® Mrsis*of the Greek raniifial!
rians, falls in, as correctly, “withthe alter?
nate’ action and ‘reaction ‘of the primary
organ of vocal impulse, as if it had’ -béen’
anatomically derived; and,” although” ‘the
terms pulsation and reniissivn would ‘have
answered the purpose quite as’ well,—the:
latter distinction referring to organié ‘catises,
the former to the sensible effects, . ‘yet
considering how important it is that“per'
sons; treating of thé’ same: science; should’
make use of the samé terms, as ‘far ab*they:
are found consistent with’ intelligible :disee
crimination, ‘we ‘¢annot but viament! aud?
Mr. R. did not, in this instaneeade
them ; since, by thesmorenthah neeess
refinement © in’ the>' discrimination of the”
degrees and species “of pulsations, which he )
has substituted in their. place, he has meévi-'
tably perplexed what before was simple and
efficient ; and betrayed himself into some in:
consistencies: so much 'so indeed, as to'ren-:
der some of his illustrations apparently incon=
gruous with his general'theory.. According to
him the bar, or cadence, and the foot, are 6c-
casionally to be ascertained’ by a ‘directly
opposite mode of division, or admeasure-
ment in the mind: the former commenting;
always, with the stronger pulse, (the heavy
poise) but the: latter, either with, they
stronger: or weaker, laccording toy accident:
in the arrangement of the ‘line or sentenee,
While according to) the system yof Joshpa)
Steele, and of nature} )the: bar; the cadence;
and the | foot: are always im ‘the stitietest
unison; the. ‘first: being) indicative of pe!
space: or time, a apcostdiof the

BZ } old Sent tet Ta

vioiuds-be

538

of pulsative and remiss sound, produced by
the action and’ re-action of the primary
organ, and the last of the portion of syllabic
utterance, of composition, accompanying
the cadential intonation. Notwithstanding,
however, these and some other defects in
the system of Mr. R., and some other
blemishes, which it would lead us into too
much length to specify, we scruple not to
pronounce the ‘ Principles of Rythm”’ a
yaluable addition to our very scanty stock
of judicious elucidation’ of the science of
rhythmical utterance:—a science to the
cultivation of which the language of Greece
owed so large a portion of its inspiring
harmony ; and the neglect of which, among
ourselves, is one of the principal causes of
that frequent harshness of utterance, and
cacophony of structure, so unjustly regarded
as necessarily inhererit to our mother tongue.
Narrative of the Condition of the Manufac-
turing Population, and the Proceedings of
Government, which led to the State Trials in
Scotland. By Aler, B. Richmond. Miller,
“London.
_ Although the manufacturing districts are,
now, ina state of great activity, and the
population in the enjoyment of comparative
happiness, yet the small volume before us
contains such a mass of evidence respecting
the events that succeeded to the termina-
tion of the late war, and the measures re-
sorted to, by the Government, at that period,
to quell the discontent of a wretched and
Starving population, as to render the work
entitled to the most attentive perusal, both
of the magistracy and the manufacturing
class. ‘The author (who appears to have
been a respectable manufacturer). having
been inculpated in the state prosecutions,
from which he managed to escape by a
temporary self-banishment, finds it neces-
sary, for the justification of his own character,
to publish the narrative of the causes which
led to the discontents, and the share which
he took in managing the correspondence
between the miserable weavers and their
employers in the Glasgow cotton trade.
There appears an air of veracity about all
his statements ; and the greater part are
verified by other accounts published at that
petiod. After mentioning the ineffectual
conferences between the masters and work-
men, with regard to the advance of prices,
and the meetings of large numbers of the
latter, for the purpose of petitioning the
Legislature for some redress of their mise-
ries, he says, “ The opposition of the
magistrates had a direct tendency to stimu-
late them to more severe measures. A
field was procured in the vicinity of Glas-
gow, on the 29th Oct. 1816, which was
attended by more than 40,000 persons.
‘The conduct of the magistrates was there
freely animadverted upon, and the idea
conyeyed by such an assemblage operated
on, the imaginations of the people like a
shock of electricity, inducing them to be-
lieve there was no limit to their power and

Literary and Critical Proémium.

(Janel,
importance,... Had the Magistrates, pos-
sessed little more knowledge of human
nature, and been aware of the consequences
which invariably follow. the line of conduct
they adopted; kad they expressed a little more
sympathy and. commiseration for the sufferings
of « starving people, and allowed ‘places of
meeting, indoors, to discuss their differences _
with their employers, it would haye confined
the proceedings to a different class, and no,
ill result would have happened. But as
the magistrates acted in a similar manner
in many other parts of the country, (Man-
chester to wit!) the people fell into the
hands of a set of illiterate and unprincipled
demagogues, and were precipitated into
measures that served as a pretext for abridg-
ing our general liberties. In the neigh-
bourhood of Glasgow, the want of employ-
ment, and the unprincipled speculation of
the masters, on the price of labour, reduced
the labourers to the lowest misery and
famine. Reckless, hopeless and déspetate,
they considered no change, not anarchy
itself, could render their condition more
wretched,”” The author gives a very im-
partial sketch of the conduct of all the
official characters with whom he held cor-
respondence and had personal interviews at
that period,—as delegate on behalf of the
unfortunate operative weavers; which ac-
count is not very creditable to the integrity
of some of the parties, but which our limits
will not allow us to extract. He repre-
sents the venality of the periodical press,
also, as contributing, in no slight degree, to
augment the discontents of the starving
multitude, by inflaming their passions, in-
stead of soothing their miseriés. He also
traces the progress of the miscreants, who
were employed (like wolves in sheep's
clothing) to betray the multitude into overt
acts of outrage, and then turn round and
become informers; for the purpose of having
a pretence for passing the severe acts of
parliament which, as is well known, followed
these discontents in Scotland and the north
of England. But as the whole narrative is
well-written and worthy of perusal, as it
affects the administration of public affairs
between 1816 and 1820, independent of its
object in vindicating the conduct of the
author, in these transactions, we strongly
recommend it to the notice of the politician
and the philanthropist.

A View of the Salmon and Channel Fishe-
ries, by T. Cornish, Esq., thin 8v0.—Mr.
Cornish is justly entitled to the thanks of
the public for his very laudable and spirited
efforts in exposing the nefarious practice of
destroying salmon, immediately before and
after casting their spawn. He ¢learly and
indisputably shews the urgent necessity for
the interference of the Legislature, to enforce
and make laws for the proper protection of
this valuable fish ; and proves, to conviction,
the cause of the lamentable fact, that’ Sal-
mon, instead of being one of the most plen-
tiful, and consequently the ing aaa TG

es : : et as

1825.]
has bee me one of the scarcest and most
expensive luxuries. This book ought to be
read with interest by all classes. It is high
time the subject should be properly taken
into consideration; and the spontaneous
produce of the waters be so far protected,
as to yield in due portion their auxiliary
assistance to the more toil-wrought fruits
of ‘the earth, in sustaining the life and com-
fort of an increasing and necessitous popu-
lation.

Review of the Quarterly Review; or an
exposure of the erreneous opinions, promul-
gated in that work, on the subject of Colonial
Slavery: being the substance of a series of
letters which appeared in the “ New Times”
of Sept. and Oct. 1824, It may be regarded
as among the extraordinary phenomena of
political literature, that in this interesting
controversy between the principles of
natural liberty and humanity, on the one
side, and the interests of tyranny and rapa-
cious barbarism, on the other, the cause of
oppression should find its advocate, if not
in the person, at least in the co-association
of the author of ‘‘ Wat Tyler,’ while what
may be called the jacobin side of the ques-
tion should have for its organ, the ultra-mo-
narchial press of Dr. Stodart and the “‘ New

Times.”? But with such inconsistencies
we are, in these days, familiar; there are
throngs of writers and bawlers, we are
sorry to say, who only bark for liberty, till
corruption, will stop their mouths with a
sufficient sop ; and there are conspicuous
examples of those who can sympathize with
eyery suffering but that which is at home ;
whose, humanity acts alone with a centri-
fugal force, and with an intensity which
increases in a sort of geometrical ratio
with the distance of its object; who with
the same breath in fact, can argue for the
abolition of slavery in the West-Indies, and
its progressive establishment in Britain.
We, for our part, would have it abolished
every where, and established no. where :
but if we cannot meet with those who will
co-operate upon the principle, in every
direction, we will receive with thanks. and
gratitude eyen the partial assistance which
tends to any one of the points, from what-
eyer direction it may proceed ; and we re-
commend accordingly to the review-reading
public in general, this temperate and gentle-
manly castigation, which the correspondent
of the New Times has given to the apos-
tates and c¢oalescents of the Quarterly
Reyiew., As we haye not space even for
the most brief analysis of the pamphlet
before us (momentously interesting as we
regard the subject), two short extracts
must suffice as indications of the merits of
the controversy :

_ * With a yery imposing gravity, the .re-
viewer next tells us, that ‘those who, ad-
vance facts, of the correctness of which they
are not absolutely certain, allow themselves
a Jatitude very nearly approaching to cri-
mipality.” Thisis, without doubt, avery just

Literary and Critical Proémium.

539
remark, He adds, however, ‘ We are some

times afraid that there are persons, enfaged
in polemical controversy upon this subject,
so hurried on by their detestation of slavery,
so morbidly anxious for its extinction, that
they are disposed to adopt the most danger-
ous of all human principles of action, that
the end may occasionally sanctify the em-
ployment of means which, in, themselves,
and abstractedly taken, cannot be justified.’
Has the reviewer no fear, then, with
respect to those who take the opposite side
in this controversy? Are there no crimi-
nal misrepresentations to be apprehended
on the part of those who love, as well as
on the part of those who detest, slavery ?
no dishonourable means to be suspected
among the partizans of the former, for at-
taining an end which they think important ?
And is it no indication of the partiality of
the reviewer, that he should deem it neces-
sary to preach exclusively to the abolition-
ists, as if they alone were capable of resort-

‘ing to base and unworthy arts to promote

their objects.”

Unfortunately for the Quarterly Re-
viewer, he stands convicted and condemned
in all the penalties of his own sentence :

“ The reviewer, who, it is, plain, never
visited the West-Indies himself, instead of
citing authentic documents, or adducing
unimpeachable testimony. in proof of his
statements, supports them with extracts
from anonymous letters, and with loose and
unauthenticated details, obviously taken
from the mouths of West-Indian planters,
anxious to vindicate themselves in the eyes
of the public.”

Nor is this the worst, that is not only
charged, but apparently proved against this
conscientious apologist of stripesand bonds :
this advocate for the sacred property of a
rapacious few in the blood and bones of
his fellow men.

The Good Nurse, or Hints on the manage-
ment of the Sick and Lying-in Chamber, and
the Nursery. —The above. title shews the
nature of this work, but we would have a
bill of indictment preferred against common
sense, for being found in such company, as
quackery, absurdity, and ignorance: and
we assure our readers, that they are all four
closely connected in this book, which of
course, is likely to do so much the more
mischief. i

The Housekeeper’s Ledger, by Dr. Kitche-
ner.— With all due reverence and precision
of ceremony, we introduce Dr. Kitchener
(M.D.) to our philosophical and scientific
readers. It is well known that our ances-
tors (in gratitude to the capabilities nature
had endowed them withal) took their names
from their several occupations: thus, we
haye ‘Tailors, Smiths, Masons, Bakers,
Butchers, &c. &e. in abundance. This was
a courteous compliment to Nature for her
gifts; but who would have thought of Mrs.
Nature’s condescending to return the compli-
ment, and of her endowing her children with

3Z2 attributes —

540

attributes a¢commodatell to théir destined
names? A’ mixture of philoséphy and
sauce-making, of music and cookery, a
medley of medicine and domestic economy ;
a decoction of original poetry and oculism :
a professor, at once, of butter-melting and of
singing / Start not, reader—all this in one
book—in one man! Here’s-a contributor
to the gratification of the senses! And
whynot? He is cook by name, and cook by
nature. These are dispensations: the rest
are mere mortal acquirements; and a pre-
cious salmagundi they may be supposed to
make—equal to any that his ‘“ Domestic
Oracle” could order to the table. But, not-
withstanding all his eccentricities, Dr. Kit-
chener is reully a useful member of society,
and this last little work will be received, as
an etonomizing obligation, by the thrifty
housewife.

‘Rameses, an Egyptian Tale, 3 vols. 8v0.—
This work possesses considerable merit and
utility ; and though we cannot recommend
the’ story as very amusing, or the style as
among the best specimens of writing, yet
thé* historical notes’ which occupy a large
portion of these volumes, are replete with
valuable and interesting information. The
author represents Egypt as partaking of all
the fertilization ard abundance of its wor-
shippéd god and great benefactor; the ma-
Jestic Nile, and the people as possessing an
extent of Wisdom and learning, and perfee-
tion in the arts and sciences, which makes
the boasted knowledge and experience of
this enlightened age appear almost insignifi-
cant. He adduces sufficient proof, that the
Grecians not only eopied the Egyptians in
minty ‘of their works of art, but in some
Were’ even inferior. * See the description of
“the Labyrinth beyond the Lake Maris,
whieh is composed of twelve courts, all of
which ‘ate covered; six entrances to the
south, and six to the north; one wall en-
eloses the whole ; there are fifteen hundred
apartments above the surface of the ground,
and as many beneath,—in all three thou-
sand. ‘Wonderful ‘as this labyrinth is, the
Lake Maris, near which it stands, is more
extraordinary © still.” — Hrropotus, Ev-
TERPE.

“To those who would dispute the exist-
ence of ‘Egyptian knowledge and science,
an examination (says the Univer. Hist. i.
527) of the details of these wonders, by an
eye-witness, would not be useless. The
Lake Maris, after the drying up of the
canals, and the vast accumulation of its
sands, has still a circumference of a hundred
and fifty miles,” &e.

The obstinate'attachment of this singular,
but otherwise intelligent people, to the
worship of ‘animals, ‘is dlso described: Tn
dia; Chalded; ‘and ‘all other Eastern king-
doms, by degrees identified their mytholory
With’ Sabeism .and ‘Demonolatry; although
lingering ‘traces of animal and serpent wor.
ship still exist in\India, a8 well as through.
out ‘Soxth America; but Beypt ever was

Literary ata Critical Proémiun.

[Jane D,
thé devoted slave of animal ‘syinbdlization,
uiitil: the second century’ of thé Christian
era, which is ac¢outited for from their’ ex-
clusive devotion to the study’ of natural
philosophy. i; x

From the notes alone, were’ it consistent
with the plan of our mistéllany, we’ might
enrich whole pages with-seleétions of alui-
able and interesting information.) °! 0!"

Lasting Impressions, d Novel in 8\vols.,' by
Mrs. Joanna Carey, is ‘a more common-
place production than we should ‘lave &x-
pected from the very respectable name of
the publisher. The author, indeed,''in her
advertisement, gave us reason to hope we
should have a fair field for commendation,
by professing to delineate human charattér
as it is, without cither poetigal- romance, ‘or
ostentatious sentimentality.

But, though this is just what we could
wish for in a novel, yet in the €xecution of
a work of this kind, we do not expect a
prosing loquacity of style, flowery without
being picturesque or imaginative, and senti-
mental without being pathetic; or an as-
semblage of characters and events in which
there is little that bears the stamp of origi-
nality, or that impresses the imagination.
It may have its day among the ephemera of
the circulating library ; but we can promise
it no mote extended vitality.

Herwald De Wake is a romance, in many
degrees, above the ordinary standard. |The
story is dated at the end of the 11th cen-
tury, and the events are supposed to ‘have
taken place in England and Constantinople.
Though the story is imaginative, mariy of
the characters and incidents have réference
to actual events and personages, which
considerably augments the interest. The
cleverest part of the work is that which is
filled with the description of the art and
profligacy of Andronicus Comnenus. It has
all the passionate eloquence, and at the
same time all the wild extrayagance, of
Maturin. The most faulty part is the plot,
in which the multitude and variety of inci-
dents overpower and perplex the compre-
hension. There is, however, in the wild-
ness of the imagination, a great deal of
beauty: and when we are most disposed to
quarrel with the exeursions of the writer,
we are most obliged to admit the power of
his genius. pacts)

Scenes and Thoughts, 8vo:— Although we
find fault with the writing of this volume,
being verbose and flowery ;' yet there’ is
much to compensate for this defect. The
“Scenes” are delineated with ‘natural
truth and precision ; particularly those 'de-
nominated “Home,” the “ Country’ Sun-
day,” and the “Market-day.””' The’ first
of these is certainly as interesting a picture
as could well be drawn; the more espe-
cially a8 there are few of us’who! have not
known the delight of meeting, after a long
absence, a much-loved relation.’ The'style
is ii-imitation of Miss Mitford’sybutiwants
her native’ simplicity; and we strongly ‘sus=
pect

1825] |,

pest, that,seyeral of the scenes (though now
assuming a, new form). have graced the pages
of some)periedical publication.

_Letters,.om, the Character and Poetieal
Genius of Lord Byron. By Sir Egerton
Brydges,.,Bart.,, &e, &c. &e. er. 8vo.—
The first ana second of these letters damped
considerably, the expectations which the
name in the.title page, in combination with
the subject, had conspired to raise. Some
glaring instances of incongruous metaphor,
and figurative obscurity, which had very
little, of the appearance of resulting from
the careless familiarity of epistolary com-
position; together with a sort of desultory
indulgence in.some thing very like common
place, led us to apprehend that we were
about to be entertained with a diffuse sort
of gentlemanly conversation on a critical
subject, such as might do very well over
our wine, when we could have, every now
and then, our own say in return ; but which
might very ill repay our continued atten-
tion, without either wine or alternate chit-
chat to enliven us, through a soliloquy of
457 pages... Had we strained, as far as we
are afraid it has sometimes been strained
by. succeeding critics, the metaphorical
maxim of Dr. Johnson about the leg of
mutton, we should probably, therefore,
without tasting another mouthful, have
condemned the whole joint. But, happily,
we recollected another critical metaphor,
somewhat older, and perhaps quite as pro-
found as that of our surly Aristarchus,
** One, with a flash begins and ends in
smoke, another out of smoke brings glo-
rious fire ;” and we accordingly proceeded.
The result has been the confirmation (for
no one who has not ceased to be familiar
with the wholesome banquet of plain roast
and boiled, can call it a discovery) that
every part of a leg of mutton has not ne-
cessarily the same flavour. The ensuing
Letters of Sir Egerton Brydges, though by
no means free from the blemishes alluded
to, display no ordinary portion of moral
and critical discrimination and good taste,
and ave, in fact, entitled to more attention
than at, present we have space to give
them ; and till we can assign to them the
place they seem to be entitled to in our
crilic-crilicizing pages, we recommend the
volume to the perusal of those who have
either extravagantly overrated, or more ex-
trayagantly deprecated the writings—the
poetry of Lord Byron: that is to say, nine-
tenths, at least, of all the readers, and talkers
about reading, by whom, his name is men-
tioned,

{ For. notices of works in hand, and a cor-
rect and complete list of mew books published
in, December, see Literary Varieties},

“99c° i) Th

ion FOREIGN LITERATURE.

wile FRANCE, |

»| Pae! French press has been fruitful. in
biographies; | some of them) evidently
written, for the. purposes of ambition and

Literary and Critical Proémium,

J4L

party, others, professedly at least, with
more liberal and impartial, views. The
prospectus of the Biographie Barthélemy;
in 10 vols. 8yo., of which 50,000 are said
to have been distributed, has recorded cir-
cumstances respecting book-makers . and
book-speculators, calculated to. expose. the
kind of partnership, by which, they haye
conspired to enrich themselves, at the ex-
pense of truth and justice. _ It professes to
be an édition completée sur celle dela Belgique,
augmentée de 2,000 Articles ; and the Editors
profess themselves advocates for national
glory, independence, constitutional liberty,
and truth: to be neither Republicans, Na-
poleonists, Orleanists, nor Ultras; and
they boast of the large sums of money that
have been rejected by them, in the disdain
of being made instruments of falsification
and deception. Of Madame de Staél, they
speak as having written for and against
both despotism and liberty, democracy and
aristocracy. But upon her haying. given
utterance to.the maxim, that ‘‘ the legiti-
macy of the people is more ancient still than
that of kings,” they exclaim, that “‘ such a
sentence is sufficient to provoke and ex-
cuse all kinds of revolutions!’’ And) in
her Histoire des Dix Ans d’ Exile, they find
proofs, from the beginning to the end, that
she “ was of the Reformed. Religion.”
They athrm, that ‘if Napoleon had con-
descended to encourage the intriguing pride
of this illustrious Genevese, she would haye
negociated for her return to France, witha
panegyric in her hand, full of flattery and
imperial adulation.”” Of Napoleon, who;
in the Editor’s opinion, was “ the greatest
captain of modern times,” and “ the greatest
despot that ever existed,” and ‘‘ who reign-
ed fourteen years over France, and over
the French Reyvolution;’’ ‘‘ who beheld
emperors and kings humble themselves be-
fore him ;’” ‘‘ whose alliance was solicited
by all the monarchs, from the Emperor of
Russia to the Duke of Baden; whom all
the potentates of Europe flattered, admired,
and saluted with the epithet of the great,
and with the name of brother,’ &c,—of
this ‘ giant of revolution,’ they announce
that they will record whatever he has done,
whether it be great, handsome, prodigious,
or useful; that they will mention his faults,
his crimes, his ambition, his despotism—
that despotism which tended to complete
his ruin. We can only add two short ex~
tracts from the prefatory announcement, as
specimens of the spirit of the work:

“ According to our mode of thinking, a
priest, a bishop, who has taken the oath to
all systems, and served all governments en-
gendered by the revolution; who has not
wisdom enough to retire in. due time) from
public affairs, and to manage himself so as.to
secure a last asylum in the national esteem ;
a bishop, who, in, his old age, has a comedy
performed in his castle, being unable to
play it in the theatre of the world; an
ex-priest, who finishes. his :days under

proscription :

542

proscription : such a priest, in’ our mind,
is not a-Statesman, but'an invalid and a dig=
nitary of the revolution.” —See Talleyrand,

“ When one can say with reason, and
with impunity, that Louis XIV. was ‘a
despot, Lonis XV. debauched, Louis XVI.
weak from too much gentleness, it may be
permitted to talk of Eugene Beauharnois,
created Duke of Leutchemberg ; of General
Bernadotte, created King of Sweden; of
Lucien Bonaparté, created Prince of Ca-
sino, &c.,'as history will record.”

La Biographie des Hommes vivans, des
freres Michaud.—This biography is written,
generally, in the spirit of absolute power.
‘The editors have suffered themselves to be
led into decisions dictated by party spirit ;
but the work is impartial when it treats of
the arts and sciences. These biographers
make every one guilty that was engaged in
the French Reyolution. It is to be re-
gretted that they have sometimes drawn
their information from suspicious sources,
and have recorded in their volumes state-
ments notoriously incorrect.

La Biographie Nouvelle des Contemporains.
—This work appears to be directed by a
spirit diametrically opposite to that of the
preceding ; one would think, after reading
it, that there was not to be found in the
French Revolution a single criminal. Con-
siderable errors have been committed in
some of the French articles, and in the
very small number of Spanish in these vo-
lumes. The editors appear to be ignorant
of the state of Spain. They lavish pane-
gyric on those men who have shewn them-
selyes to be double traitors to royalty and
to liberty. This same biography says that
the generals of the war of Spanish indepen-
denee (1808-1813) were only chiefs of a
party, whose bands deliyered themselves
to royalty.

The Dictionnaire Biographique et Histo-
vique, &e. says of Dumourier, vol. 1. p.
472: “being unable to occupy the world
longer with his exploits, he takes up his
pen, and writes a history of his life, a work
remarkable for the excessive vanity which
prevails in it—a true political Proteus.
‘There is no faction for which he has not, at
one time or another, declared himself a par-
tizan.”’

Histoire du Juré, par M. Aignan, Membre
de L’ Institut, is a work of higher value to
the student, the philosopher, and the lover
of freedom. The author endeavours to
demonstrate, that the admirable institution
of juries is natural and inherent to the so-
cial state of mankind; and the Jewish,
Greek, Roman, German, English, and
French histories, have furnished materials
for presenting it under all its shapes and
metamorphoses. He takes a rapid view
of the tribunals of the ancients; and de-
scending to the pleadings of the German
courts of law, describes the effects of the
feudal power on the administration of jus-
tice. | He ‘then presents the jury as mo-

Literary and Critical Proémium.

{Jan 1,
delled in England, follows it to! Ameiida,
and thinks he recognises “it th “Fra AB
spite of the alterations and thutations’to
which it has there been subjugated. ~'The
style is apt and simple, learned and precise.

[We should not quit this article withord' re-
minding our readers that there is an inge-
nious, learned, and valuable, though neglected
work upon the same subject—a thin 40. Prr-
TINGALE. on Juries, which trates the institu-
tion (though not, of course, exactly in’its mo+
dern shape) to Greece antl Rome ; and which,
in Athenian erample, in particular, (as the
Saxon antiquary might more demonstratively
in the practice of our ancestors ) illustrates the
real nature and meaning of that noib- mere
technical appeal to GOD AND THE CouNTRY,
verbally made in our Courts of Judicature. ]

Précis de l Histoire générale de la Com-
pagnie de Jésus, suivi de Monita Secreta, by
Arnold Scheffer.—The author of this book,
alarmed at the great spread, and even re-
establishment of the Jesuits, has ‘brought
together the history of the origin and pro-
gress of this formidable society, down to its
having been publicly denounced in 1773,
together with a detail of its state since that
time. A translation is given ofthe Monita
Secreta, which ‘constitutes the moral’ and
political code of the Jésuits. It is stated
in this, that monarchs and sovereigns must
be made to understand that the ‘Catholic
religion cannot be expected to maintain ‘its
ground, without forming am alliance’ with
politics; which must be effected. with great
seerecy, and by the members of the order
becoming connected with’ the great, to be-
come privy to their most Secret. councils.
It further states, that it is considered im-
portant to the society to excite and keep
up divisions and jealousies among rulers ;
but that, where a determination to be re-
conciled was evident, the reconciliation
should be effected through a Jesuit. ;

Résumé de 0 Histoire de Pologne, par
Leon Thrisse, dwells not so. much on indi-
vidual characters as on that of the nation
collectively, and on the origin, rise, and
fall of the Republic. The author is faith-
ful throughout to his motto, Afalo pericu-
losam libertam quam tutum servitum, —~

Traité de Méchanique Céleste, par Mv te
Marquis de Laplace, tom. 5, 1. xiij,' treats
“* Onthe Oscillations of the Fluids’ coyer-
ing the Planets.”’ After stating briefly the
opinions of other mathematicians on this
difficult subject, the author proceeds to state
his own on the theory of the “de, which he
supports by a great number of experiments
made in the harbour of Brest, during sixteen
years, to ascertain several important’ ele-
ments, which he considers as affecting the
phenomena. He concludes, this volume
with a chapter on the flux and reflux of the
atmosphere, Which ‘this celebrated philo-
sopher presumes. to depend on the ‘three
following causes: ‘ 1st. the diréct influence
of the sun and ingon on the atmosphere.
2d. the periodical rise and fall ‘of the ocean,

which

1829.)
whi tter he considers, as the moying
haan a Pica 3d. the Beatin
phere’s, bei attracted by the ocean, the
figure of which differs periodically... M,
Laplace ;supports his theory, on the varia-
tions of the atmosphere, by observations
made upon the barometer during eight
ee des Sciences Médicales. Bio-
graphic Médicale, tom. 5. . The biographical
portion forms.a supplement to the dic-
tionary, of medical science, already extended
to, 60 yols. Syo.. The present vols. con-
tain. biographical memoirs of Linneus,
Paul Luther, son of the famous reformer
and Catherine de Bord, Morgagni, Para-
celsus, Priestly, Rabelais, &c.

Planches Anatomiques du Corps Hwmain,
eréculées d’aprés les Dimensions naturelles,
accompagnées. lune texte explicative, par le
Docteur Antommarchi, is deseribed in the
report.of M, Duméril to the Académie des
Sciences, as ‘‘a kind of an anatomical pano-
rama,..In some of the plates (of which
the price jis not thrice that of the mere
engravings), although every object is painted
aceording to. its natural colour, and in the
figures whieh are not coloured, the style is
so conceived, that every vein is correctly
and uniformly given, aided by touches and
marks, agreed on, diversified, and always
appropriated to the same organs,”

Ata public sitting of the Société Royale
de Médecine, Chirurgie et Pharmacie de Tou-
louse, 13. Mar,,.1814.—M. Cabiran, the
president, deliyeredan oration on the actual
condition..and progressive advancement of
the sciences, which has been published
there in 8yo. . The proceedings of the so-
ciety for the year, were enumerated by the
secretary, M, Ducasse fils ; and the following
question for 1825 was declared, ‘ To shew
by reasoning and experience, the most
favourable position in which the limb can
be placed in treating a fracture at the neck
of the bone.” The following was proposed
for 1826: ‘ To determine the effect pro-
duced by and upon a man in a state of

wealth and. in sickness, and to shew the
medical properties of the various prepara-
tions of it, both in interior and exterior
application.”’ The value of each prize is

M) francs.
an ry SWITZERLAND AND GERMANY.

Discouns sur V Utilité de la Langue Arabe,

Ce. Dissertation on the Utility of the Arabic

nguage :, delivered on the 16th June 1823,
at the meeting for Promotions in the College of
Geneva ; by Mr. J. Humbert, Professor of
Arabic. . Geneva,

_M, Humbert had already distinguished
himsel _as an oriental scholar, by his An-
thologie Arabe, In the present discourse,
he has united, in succinct, but elegant enu-
meration, all the benefits of the Arabian
literature, He represented it, as a prolific

from which history, from time to time,
May draw intelligence, as well as geography,
morality, poetry, criticism of the sacred
dondvye

Literary and. Critical, Proemium. 543

writings, astronomy, medicine, and all the
sciences. .Jn a discourse so rapidly drawn
up, it would not be difficult to point, out
some errors and some omissions, but;it is
nevertheless, highly, creditable to. the, in-
dustry and erudition of the, author... The
following quotation will enable, the reader
to form a judgment of the manner of the
author: “ The Arabs, during .a,period, of
fifty centuries, haye preserved, .. without
alteration, their usages, their manners,
their customs, and during this protracted
period their language has also remained
unvaried; free in the midst of despotic
nations, the Bedoween has seen the mo-
narchies of Egypt, of Syria, of Chaldea,
pass like shades. The most formidable
conquerors haye driven their cars to the
borders of the desert, but their names haye
scarcely reached him ; he scarcely heard of
the incursions of Alexander, or the fall of
the Persian throne! And when, in still
later years, the Egyptian expedition, con-
ducted a French army to the. frontiers of
Arabia, it found the inhabitants suchas they
have been depicted by ancient authors, greedy
cf plunder, vindictive, cruel, but, at the
same time, hospitable, generous, frugal,
inured to privations of every kind,, never
betraying (tad ) sworn faith, living with all
the members. of their tribe in brotherly
concord. At this day, as in the, day, of
Abraham, every father of a family. renders
justice to his kin; white hairs are vene-
rated ; deliberations are made by the aged,
so that the Arabic word Sheikh. signifies
both lord and old man.”

Médecine Pratique de J. V. Hildebrand,
Professeur de Médecine Clinique & 0 Uni-
versité de Vienne; traduit du Latin, par L,
P. Gauthier, D, M. P. 2 vols. 8vo, gives
the result of M. Hildebrand’s. observations
during his practice in the Hospital at
Vienna. The name of the present professor
bids fair to rank with the great names of
Van Swicten, Stork, De-Haen, &c. his
predecessors in the chair.

Beginselen der Differential-Integral. The
Principles of the Differential. and. Integral
Calculus, and of Variations. La Haye. The
well-known mathematician M. De Gilder,
author of this work, treats this very curious
and interesting subject in a peculiar way ;
commencing with the principles of differ-
ences, and proceeding to the differential
calculus, he demonstrates the connections
of both, and elucidates his method by valu-
able examples.

Weltgeschichte in. Zusamen hangender Er-
sihlung. Universal History, in continued
Narrations, by Fred. Schlosser, is not con-
fined to the history of princes, but. expa-
tiates on the state of society in different
nations. It is concise without obscurity,
dignified without inflation, and may be re-
garded as one of the best specimens of his-
torical writing of the present time,

Der Handel. alo quella des National Ein-
kommens_ betrachtet, Commerce considered

as

544

a
as a source of National Income, ibys Webber
Tiibingen, was written in| consequence ef
a question, proposed by the Academy of
Sciences at Tiibingen. | It displays much) in-
formation on political economy, and advo-
cates unrestricted commerce.

Summanv observationem Anatomicarwm. ac
Physico-chemicarwm.), Padua. By M. Lti-
enne, Gallini—reviews, the various anato-
mic¢al and physico-chemical opinions of dit-
ferent’ physiologists) since 1792, in their
attempts, to explain, the phenomena of life ;
and states)some views of his own.

Annales de UV Academie Gandavennis. Gan-
davi. The various annals of the univer-
sities of Belgium are designed for the
reception of the acts of the Senatus Acade-
micus, and of the inaugural discourses,
with the answers of those’ students who are
successful. Each of the six universities of
the kingdom regularly produces a yolume
yearly,, The government defrays the ex-
penses of publication, and the major part
of the copies are sent to the public libraries,
and to the establishments for instruction.

’ Philosophiske’ og - Historiske Afhandlinger.
Philosophical and Historical Memoirs of’ the
Royad Society of Sciences, Vol. 1. Ato, with
4° Engravings. The Royal Society of
Seiénces at Copenhagen, founded in 1743,
has published’several volumes, in which the
different memoirs on philosophy and history
were combined with those on ‘mathematics
and physics. The philosophical and histori-
cal memoirs are now published separately.
Among the most valuable, in the present
vol. are those by M. Thorlacius, on some of
the ancient divinities; by M. Munter,
Bishop of Lelande, explaining the inscrip-
tien on an ancient Etrusean altar found at
Cortona, as well as a description of some
old oriental coins, and one by M. Kamus,
on. several national pieces of money of
the time of St. Canute. These notices
are accompanied with engravings. MM.
Oersted, professor of physics, and perpetua
secretary to the society, asserts, from the
observations of the latest travellers, that
Greenland possesses more than two hun-
dred plants of a perfect. organization; several
learned naturalists having maintained that
only twenty-four varieties could be met
with,

Archiv for Historie og Geographie, Sc.
Archives of History and Geography. By M.
J. Chr. Rise, 4 vols. 8vo, Copenhagen—is a
judicious compilation, equally entertaining
and instructive. A number appears each
month, three of which form a volume.
Most of the valuable histoxical works,
English, French, and especially German,
are laid under contribution, and the sources,
whence the articles have been obtained,
generally. indicated.

Travels in Nubia. —The celebrated Prus-
sian traveller, Baron Riipple, though frus-
trated in the-plan of his route, suggested by
his last’ communication, bythe reverses in
the affairs ‘of Mohamet*Ali* Pasha, has at

Literary and Critical Proemium.

[Jane 1,

length-been énabled, under an! eseortehomh
the! army of sthat ‘chidttainy toticress! the
eastern’bank ‘of ‘the Nilevfromo thw ovieihity
of Kurgos, and proceeding evéptasdesert
plain near the viliage ‘of Durkah, formed
chiefly of alluyial-mud, and: covered:With
brambles. and: rushes; discovered anvamany
places the remains) of -canals, )&e.,.indieas
tive of former culture and populations: |e
also discovered, in the neighbourhood of )a
deserted village, lately occupied) by, the
Arabs, some shafts of columns,whose;capi+
tals, adorned with heads of Isisy: &e.j-tidi-
cated them to haye been a ‘portion of seme
ruined temple. He discovered, also, to/the
east of these, groups of sepulehres of va-
rious forms, one of which he describes as
distinguished by its peculiar figure, having a
base of protecting stone, twenty feet square
and six high, surmounted by a tower of
prismatic form fifteen, feet. highs, adored
with Egyptian. sculpture, representing the
apotheosis of the defunct ; the attit d
drapery of some of the figures in which,the
considers as far superior to every thing .he
had previously seen in. Egypt, or Nubia,
and approaching. so. near. to, the Greci
style, that, contrary to generally cae
opinion, he conceives them to be of more
recent date than those of Mero’... The
Baron has also been very assiduous. in
making astronomical observations, for which
the fine atmosphere of Nubia is very fa-
vourable ; but he found the great heat of
the climate affect the accuraey of his astro-
nomical instruments very materially. “His
progress has been attended with great'dan-
ger; and the fate of his companion, Mr
Hey, who preceded him in ¢he’ ascent of
the river, is very doubtful.) The eourage;
zeal, and. perseverance of ‘Baron Ripple}
should he survive the perils of his ventarous
travel,’ promise important obligations “to
science. io © 131
RUSSIA, t Jam bes Jem
Russian Poetry. —The young poet; Pusch
kin, has completed a new *work “of ‘about
600 lines, “ The Fountain” of Baktschis+
saaral,”’ which is eonsidered’ as surpassing
all his former, productions.’ M. ‘Ponama-
rew, a bookseller of Moscow; has.givea
3,000 rubles forthe copyright. Puschkin
is a literary phenomenon, who, in. his sthir-
teenth year, while a pupil in the Lyceum
Zarskoe-Selo, composed his _first.distin-
guished poem, ‘* Remembrances: of Zar-
skoe-Selo.”” He is now. scarcély twenty-~
five, yet has composed, besides. a number
of smaller pieces, three considerable poems,
which do honour to the Russian, muse:
and are quite original. ‘The first of these,
“ Russlau and Ljtidmilla,” isa species of
epic, in six cantos, which carries’ us back
into’ the romantic age’ of Russian’ chivalry
and’ magic. The second,’ “Kaw Koskoi
Plennik,”” describes; in’ smaller “eémpass,
but in lively colours, the rude nimners* 6f
the banditti of Caucasus. “Of this, ‘a pias.
terly translation hasbeen: made into” the
rye

1825.}

Genman by Wulfert.. The third is thatwhich
we havesmentioned above; and isin fable
and executiom equally interesting, romantic,
and pathetic. 9!
| AMERICA,
)ThesrAmerican .press;: owing’ to the
cheapness ofthe operation there,’ is in
greatiactivity.°\:Dhe importation: of books
is almost confined to germs for American
editionsy "It isealculated that books, to
the value of between 2 and 3,000,000 dol-
lars))are annually published there ; and not-
withstanding the insecurity of that species
of'property, 125 eopyrights were purchased
between January 1822 and April 1823. Five

are AMIE

New: Music and the Drama.

845

hiindred ‘thousand dollars were invested in
one edition‘of Rees’s Encyclopedia. Nearly
200,000. copies’ of the Waverley novels,
comprising 500,000 volumes, have issued
from the American press, in nine ‘years ;
and 4,000 copies of a late American ‘novel
were disposed of immediately on its publi-
cation. » The itinerant. book-trade-forms a
characteristic feature in’ their ‘literary his-
tory. More than 200 waggons| are’ said to
be employed in it ; 50,000 copies of Weem's
Life of Washington have ‘been mostly dis-
posed of by this mode of circulation." Ma-
gazines, journals, and reviews abound, and
multitudes of newspapers.

POUTY

“NEW. MUSIC AND THE DRAMA:

—=z_ a

Grand’ Concerto, Op. 64. J. Moeschelles,
) "8s. Chappel'and Co.
WHERE is more melody throughout

this concerto, than we generally meet
with’ iit the works of this composer. The
principal subject is in a cantabile style in
Esharp, with occasional brilliant digres-
sions—the adagio in C. major, is less com-
plex than is customary in the German
school. The rondo on the British Grena-
diers’ March, is well worked up, and forms
a spirited conclusion.
Third Grand Concerto, performed at the

Philharmonic. Concert. J. Moeschelles,
. 8s. Chappel. :

This concerto as an origins] composition
ranks much higher than the last, and bears
manifest traces of the, seientific orchestra
and audience for which it was composed :
the instrumental accompaniments are more
difficult and more dispersed through the
body of the work, and the general charac-
ter of the piece is of a superior cast. The
first and last moyements are in G minor,
and are rather scientific than melodious.
The adagio in E flat is extremely beautiful,
but depends: much on the orchestral con-
trasts. . We do not think this concerto will
be so popular with amateurs as the last.

A’ Favowrite French Air with Variations,
Flute ad lib. Latour 3s. Chappel.
Beethoven's Favourite Serenade with Varia-
tions. Kialmark:. 3s. Chappel.

These lessons are about the same scale
of difficulty ; both of the simplest construc-
tion ; consisting of a repetition of brilliant
passages, rather of a common place descrip-
tion, but the general effect is light and
pleasing.

Finale to “la Fée de France’ with Varia-
Ele tions. Czerny 3s. Boosey.

The author characterizes this composi-
tion as being in an easy style, and com-
pared with the wild and almost unplayable

that generally proceeds from Mr.
zerny’s pen, it may be,called so, but it is
more difficult than most of the English
ositions, even of a higher class. It
ontary Maa, No. 404.

is more likely fromthe style, to have a
general circulation than any of his for-
mer works.

Divertimento for the Piano Forte, dedicated
- to Miss Rowet...Gi E. Griffin. 38. 6d.
Clementi and Co. \ :
We recognize the elegant, style of, our
old favourite in almost every passage 5, and
regret, that amongst the massiof new Music
that passes through our hands, we do not
more frequently meet his. name... The
divertimento consists of a larghetto, intro-
duction, in four flats, of a sweet, legato
character, with an arpeggio bass, running
throughout, and an allegro in the seme key,
A flat, very much.broken, and ¢ “Sed be-
tween the hands. The piece al... «Yer is
beautiful, and not too easy for gu - j/prac-
tice without presenting any very terrible
difficulties. :

A Favourite Waltz, with Variations for the
Piano Forte; by all the most eminent
German Composers. 5s. Boosey and Co.
This is a selection of the most celebrated

names, from a work under the same title

which has lately made its appearance in

Vienna, and caused a great interest. The

variations were (we have understood)

procured by some finesse, and without any
party imagining the purpose to which they
were to be applied; which, though not very
agreeable to the persons concerned, is pro-
bably the best manner of forming a correct
estimate of their genuine style. The origi-

‘nal work is on a very large scale, and con-

tains many names quite unknown to the
British public, from ‘which a very judicious
selection has been made; amongst which
are, Beethoven, Czerny, Mozart, jun.
Gelinck, Hummel, Kalkbrenner, Moeschel-
les, Mayseder, Lizt, &c. We have not
room to enter on an analysis, but hope we
have roused the curiosity of our readers to
attempt that task themselves.
PIANO-FORTE; AND, FLUTE. 5,
Operatic Divertimentos, No. 5, fromthe Freis-
chutas by I. G. Klose. 38_ Chappel...
This is a mere arrangement, but it is exe-
4A cuted

546

cuted with judgment ; the flute is generally
an accompaniment, but when it takes a
prominent’ feature, the poimts are well
divided.

Introduction and Airs from Tancredi; by
Dotzauer, arranged for Piano Forte and
Violoncello. W. I. Crowch, 48, Chap-
pel and Co.

This duet is well adapted for the genius
of the respective instruments ; the airs are
leasingly selected, but we think it ill-
judged to make our old friend “ Di tanti”
constitute so large a feature in the compo-
sition’; ‘for, however beautiful the air may
be, it certainly rather palls on the appetite.

HARP.

Ombra Adorata Aspetto. Arranged with bril-
liant Variations and Introduction for the
Harp.

These. variations are designated brilliant
with great justice. The subject is inter-
woyen with the introduction in a very
masterly manner; and the repetition of
the. first strain of the allegro as a codetta
produces,a, good effect, and forms a com-
plete link between the different parts of the
composition:

“©. Amor Possente Numi.” Arranged as a
Duet for Harp and Piano Forte. G.
Holst, 5s. Cocks and’ Co.

‘A“'subject ‘so ‘beautiful could scarcely
fail of forming a pleasing duetto. The sub-
ject is eqtially divided between the perfor-
mers, and both instruments are of easy exe-
cution : we think the effect would have
been much improved ' by filling up the har-
monies a little more.

The. Overture to Der Freischutzx, arranged
as a Duel for Harp and Piano Forte, with
Flute and Violoncello, ad lib, J. Bur-
-rowes. Clementi. 6s.

Mr. B. in order to give a different charac-
ter to his arrangement, has made the harp
principal or nearly so ; it looks yery well
on paper; but we should be happy to
see: Mr. Burrowes perform the harp part,
to conyince us that it is possible. The
flute and violoncello are quite ad lib.

“Whilst inconstant Fortune smiled.’ Duetto
in the play of As You Like it. Bishop. 2s.
Goulding and Co.

The music adapted to this piece by
Bishop,’ though principally composed last
season, has been only introduved to the
public eye by the press within the last
month; and may, therefore, properly come
under our notice. As a whole, it is cer-
tainly very inferior to that for the Comedy of
Errors, and other‘of his adapted plays ; and
we doubt, whether, with the exception of
fhe duet: just named, and a hunting glee,
any piece will-live a twelvemonth. The
first part of the duet is‘sweet and pathetic,
and there. is much ‘originality in’ the alle-
gretto, though not sufficiently dramatic in
the style to be effective on’ the ‘stage.

New Music and the Drama.

{Jan,.1,
Even as the Sun: Glee in As You Like it.
Pricd Ws: 6s' 3) 1098, Tino:
Mr. Bishop has always succeeded ‘in
hunting or 6-8 glees, as the Foresters, Hawk
and Hound, and many ‘others can’ well tes-
tify ; and this though last, is by no means
the least effective : it is as usual for tenor
voices, . The air is pleasing, and the transi-
tions are very beautiful. “>” : vt Ged
Crabbed Age and Youth. Trio in Do. 2s: 6d,
Mr. Stevens’ glee’ on the same ‘subject
is so strikingly beautiful, and so fresh ‘in
the remembrance of every musical’ person,
that we think Mr. B. had’ better have
adapted that to the stage, than’ hazarded
a competition. The last movement is pret-
tily worked up; but it is altogether very
inferior to our old friend. coe ha
“ Then is there Mirth in. Heaven,” Song
in Do. 1s. 6d. subn09 9
A pretty little song in the, style,, of
** should he upbraid;” adapted ,to the
capacity of Master Longhurst :—-had the
poetry been alittle more rational, it, would
have been a favourite, as it ¢pmbines, a
pleasing effect with great facility of.execu-
tion.—

“« Ah me what Eyes.’ Song in ditto: 1s. 6d.
“ Tf Love had lent you,” ditto Ise 6d.
“ Oh Time thow shalt not boast,” ditto. 2s:
None of these songs ‘possess mucli
merit. The two. first-are adapted’ tothe
compass of Miss Tree’s’ voice (a mezzo
soprano). The accompaniment» tothe
third is brilliant, and it contains some*pe-
culiar vocal passages which are’ not’ ‘very
effective. GON

e°The Sparkling Bowl.” Song, in the Farce
of my Uncle Gabriel. Parry. 1s, 6d,

Goulding.

This is the best song, in our opinion, that
Mr. P. has written ; it is fora bass voice,
and has a buoyant jovial effect, that is most
agreeable. ; if

“ The Generous Heart.” Rownd; for three
voices. ditto Parry,|, 1s.. 6d... Gouldings»
Does Mr. Parry call. this) composition ?

We think it cannot, be, necessary tordirect

his attention to Braham’s | ‘| Forget,\Me

Not.” 5 won”

—=

THEATRICAL ‘REVIEW.’ |
DRURY LANE. ule eee
Amon the ‘novelties, produced, at this
theatre, since our last’ notice, there is little
that can add to the reputation of the drama,
or commemorate the taste of the manage-
ment. Parade and splendour, not genius
and intellect, seem still to be the objects, in
requisition ; and the scene-painter and the
dress-maker have /supetseded the. preten-
sions of the poet and the actor, and already
seem to Claim a, sort.of, precedency,eyenein
the daily announcements ofthe placard: As
for the’ poet; ‘indeed,'“he’ has \lofig,"beeh
throw so ‘completely into the rear-of esti-
mation,: that) the higher intelleets*of the
\ “country

1825.]
country feel it necessary to ‘keep aloof from
the stage.” I

_, Wey. 29.——After the wearying repetition
of Der. Freischiitz and his sculls and goblins,
a. mew..grand- Oriental Drama, called
“ Hafed the. Gheber,” was presented, and fa-
vourably received. . It is professedly taken
from “ The Fireworshippers,” the most
interesting portion of -Moore’s “ Lalla
Rookh:’? but, the . dramatist. has so far
deviated from,the story, as to ensure a
happy. catastrophe... Treachery is frustrated,
and. tyranny oyerpowered; and the cham-
pion of liberty (released, from bonds and
dungeons, by the. enamoured daughter of
his remorseless oppressor) asserts the inde-
pendence of his persecuted race, and is
crowned at once by victory and love. There
aré improbabilities enough, of course, in
the conduct of so romantic an adventure,
and plenty of ambiguity to be explained, if
explanations were endurable in so sketchy
a'thing as a mélo-drame. It is more to
the‘purpose that the splendour of proces-
sions, costumes, scenery and decorations,
the gleam of sabres and the combats of gla-
diators gave abundant satisfaction to the
eye 5 andif, Mrs, W. West; in the Princess
Hinda, was not quite so killing, as hereto-
fore, inthe youthful beauty of her form, or
the natural pathos of her voice, the ladies
were, in-some danger from Mr. Wallack’s
Hafed, when he: appeared? in all the gor-
geous, adonizing of Circassian disguise.
The_piece itself is not the worst of its kind:
the dialogue has the merit of being too brief
for weariness ; and it is something, as times
go, that Harley, in Fadiadine, the cowardly
male attendant of a Turkish princess, was
permitted to indulge his native droller
without quite obliterating the effects of his
own good humour and whimsical grimace,
by the protracted dullness of abortive absur-
dities. It requires some tact, at least, if
not some talent, even to write nonsense
endurably ; and of this the author does not
seem to be entirely destitute.+

Dee. 10.— Another afterpiece was brought
forward, under the name of My Uncle Ga-
bricl, described in the advertisement as a
“new operatical farce:” as if the mere
introduction of three or four songs, adapted
to old music, would constitute a farce ope-
ratical. It is a slight, but rather amusing

erformance in its way; the more so, as it
is not long. Half, or three-quarters of an
hour, is duration enough for a mere farce :
if it trespasses much further, it ought to
have something better mingled with it—
some touch of nature or social interest, to
fiat therisible muscles ; lest the grin de-
f each a vev pr laugh become
sh than hilarious, A. strain
‘'@) There are other and more efficient reagons than
Alle supposed inaudible dimensions of our theatres,
Pier conre never toexpect god pla ywritiag—or,

etd, good acting of plays, again. We may make

tlieke tlie wubjcets of Hume fulure essay, :

aft There aré some cyeny who, withitio other talent,
Page Jor wits.

New Music and the Drama.

547

or two. of sweet and original music may
answer» the purpose; but, in the: present
instance, though Mr.J. Parry’s medley over-
ture was a pleasantly arranged selection,
and some of the songs were old acquaintance,
whom we had no objection to meet again
with new faces, Uncle Gabriel owed little of
his favourable reception to the music. In
this, however, Mr. Bedford. (one of the
transplanted vocalists of the season). shewed
that, with a good, though not yery deep, or
very cultivated, bass, he could sing a, jovial
song with éclat: as, indeed, he ought—
for his character (a wine-bibbing, do-nothing-
at-all sort of hanger-on) nephew Scrip, was
evidently introduced for no other purpose.
As for Horne, in the half-pay Lieutenant
Sutton (whose exploits in tricking the old
stock-broker, Gabriel Omnium, out of his
niece and her £20,000 fortune, ‘by the as-
sistance of his bottle companion; Jack
Ready, alias Peter Profile, lias Ben Blister,
alias Uncle Gabriel, constitute'the whole of
the plot)—he had little opportunity of. ad-
vancing his vocal reputation’; and for Miss
Povey (the niece, Ziiza), though ‘she’ las
still two or. three notes of exquisite sweet=
ness, to ring the changes upon, sheis so far
from improving as a, songstress, that, if it
were not for an easy sort of playful pertness
in her manner, which sometimes approaches
towards comic acting, she might be in
danger of idling herself out of public favour.
Knight, in Toby Tacit, a talkative little
hen-pecked inn-keeper, indulged his native
vein of humour; and Mrs. Orger (who
should never trespass beyond this line. of
parts), as the equally talkative Mrs. T.,
helped out the laugh. But Harley, with his
enumerated aliases, was the life of the whole,
and kept the house in good humour, by his
own happy art of being always in good
humour with himself: else we might ob-
serve that, through all his metamorphoses,
it is only in costume that he plays the Pro-
teus ; for, whether Dutch sailor, or English
nabob, bottle companion or itinerant por-
trait painter, Harley will still be Harley :—
twist his face, poke his chin, thrust out his
unnameable in one direction, and strut with
bended knee and prancing foot in the other ;
shake his lips and snap off the ends of his
words, in alternate semi-bass and piping
treble, and laugh with one half of his face,
while he stares and looks bluff with the
other. But though all this, most assuredly,
hath no pretence to be called acting, he
contrives, somehow or other, to make
it very amusing.

The faree was preceded by Sheridan’s
once delightful School for Scandal; but we
scarcely recognized in it, the vein of high
comic humour so, conspicuous in the ori-
ginal acting. Elliston was announced for
Charles; but an, apology, of ill health was
made, and Wallack took the part—a change
in which, there was no loss ; for, though he
did not, play it to the full delineated height
of spirited and elegant vivacity, yet he was

{ y tolerably

i ~

548.

tolerably gentlemanly and very respectable’;
and we \are ‘tired of seeing the! character
slovenlied through, as ‘if there were no dif-
ference'» between’ the accomplished dons
vivans of the youthful days of Sheridan, and
the lounging, lackadaisieal, half-clownish,
egotistical dandies of the present genera-
tion. ©The fashionables' of those days, with
all their follies and their vices, were gentle=
men in theit\ manners ; and we could wish
to see them sfill represented on the stage,
if it! were oily that we might not lose the
remembrance of whet the word gentleman
means... The penalty of the exchange was,
that we were obliged to see Mr. ‘Archer
stalk through the specious and insinuative
sentimentality ef ‘Joseph Surface, like a
clerk through the mechanical business of a
counting:house. Even Mrs. Yates, charm-
ing little actress’ as ‘she is, gave us but a
shetch of Lady Teaxle ; and the high-fashion
belles,» Lavy Sneerwell and Mrs. Candour,
had their places occupied ‘by Mrs. Knight
and ‘Mrs Orger !!! 0A’ Mr. Downe, from
York, attempted Sir Peter Teazle: but the
humour in his doing, seemed principally to
consist ina pr ovincial gait, and an accent half
Yorkshire ‘and half Irish. He was endured,

without audible murmur, to the beginning of

the fifth act; when some hissing brought
him forward to make’a speech ~in which he
complained of a cold, and the great differ-
ence between the text of the play as acted
here and in the country, and craved sus-
pension of judgment till another hearing:
a prayer which the audience readily granted ;
but the manager has not—at least in this
character —and, probably, never will. In the
name of common sense, what has become
of Dowton?. He, though not a Sir Peter
Teazle, would at least substitute something
pleasant and amusing in its place. Tom
Kine must rise from his grave, before we
see the character again in all its fidelity.

In the operatical department, on the Ist
of the month,’ Mr. Sapio (of standard re-
pute as a concert singer) made his début on
thé stage as the Seraskier, in “* The Siege
of Belgrade,” and may be regarded as a
valuable acquisition. As an actor, in this
line, he is not without promise : asa singer,
not an- unworthy successor to Braham.
His voiee has richness and compass; his
tenor notes are full and sweet ;. and _ his fal-
setto is clear, sweet, and discriminate : but
he has the false taste of introducing it some-
times, as in the martial strain “ Love and
honour now conspiring,”’ where it is out
of place.’ His’ physical power does not
appear to’ be equal to his other endow-
ments. It'was put, however, to'very sec
vere ‘trial, by’ numerous encores. “* My
heart with love is beating,’ was eminently
brilliant and expressive ; as was his part of
the duet, “ When thy bosom,” &c. with
Miss Stephens: but in ‘* Confusion! thus
defeated!” and in that alone, he failed.
His début upon the whole. was brilliantly
successful. Miss Stephens, the Lila, was

New Musiciand the Drama.

(J ansT,!

in fine voice, ‘as sweet andclehyag ever
and if asa singer she does) not tiprowejas
an actress she does, beyond all: expectation.
Miss Graddon, in Katherine; shewed? that
she can ‘be less inanimate in more’ serious,
than ‘she has been in lighterpseenésio °Lhre
proper music’ of the ‘character, especially
‘fell me, my heart;’? she sung With’ great
effect; but shewed her want’ of judgment
in the unnecessary and inappropriate! inttoz
duction of Bishop’s “ Wheit ‘indisgrace,”
in which she failed) Bedford’s! Anselm
(another novelty), notwithstanding a°sort
of slovenly lisping thickness ‘in his utterance,
shewed an ability fairly ‘adequate tothe
cast of character: he sung the’ introdueed
“ Sapling Oak” better than we have ‘heard
it since the days of Sedgwick, ©'8!-beo%

Of tragedy we have had'but scanty shes
cimens. Mr. Macready continues: to' play;
in his fine unrivalled style, the lasé aet of
Leontes, in the “* Winter's ‘Fale 3? and-to
shew his incompetency tothe fitfuland
gloomy turbulence of King Juin. Mr. Kean;
of course, like the “other” figure’) ofthe
weather house, cannot come’ out till he
retires. What a bucket-in-the-well system
is this! How can we have'a Stagé while
this is tolerated? Is’ it play-actingy ois it
mono-drama ? He has played, als6, Jacques
in “ As You like it,” and has’ his ad-
mirers in the character : ‘but his melancholy
is too phlegmati¢ for the Tah ae - Shake!
speare.

This beautiful pastoral doriasitic! bphaptas
been re-produced at both houseés--more
marred than mended by’ the’ introduction of
songs, duets and choruses: ‘not that‘it‘is
the most unfitted of Shakespéate’s: plays
for such innovation, but because itis one
that demands high acting: the incompe-
tency to supply which is probably the reason
why recourse has been had to sing-song.
But nothing can compensate for the want
of an adequate Rosalind; and nothing ean
more completely demonstrate the’ general
feeling of the indispensableness of high
acting in this part, —and that, even in'the
* Cuckoo song” itself, so indecoreusly
adopted from “* Love’s Labour Lost,’ no
charm of voice or musical sciénce'can‘atorié
for the absence of such acting, than the°cir-
cumstance that: Miss Tree; at the other
house, (fine vocalist as” she is, and, fur'a
singer, no despicable actress, though not
up to the heights of such a eharactet),' is
the only performer we ever heard sing*that
popular song without being honoured with
an encore. 3290102

But we have stepped, alreudyuémtewheat
unceremoniously, from Drury tooo > 4)

COVENT GARDEN. {11096 Jit

A new tragedy under the name’ of Ree
verina’; or, Téatidan= Love, was produced ‘here
Dee} 3: ‘the jeint* production) of) ‘two
young authors, whom we cannot yet-com:
pliment as the Beaumont and!Fletcheb of
their age. Ti “is founded,’ they inform
ts, “upon the Cabal and Love of the lads

mivable

mirable, Schiller”? with more“ modifica-
tions””.than;improvements,. we should say;
‘« off feeling,|| sentiment, and. character.’’
We see in it as.dittle, of “ the spirit,” as of
“ the letter of ,theoriginal ;’’. and of,“ pas-
sages of-high poetical beauty;,or of a pathos
guagefully, simple, natural; and affecting,”’
none. at) all. Lhesineident of Giana bemg
terrified, into writing a letter, which repre-
sents: her,as.a, faithless wanton, and. into
binding. herself, by solemn oath, neyer to
vindicate her innocence, on which the fatal
eatastrophe hinges, is, as it is here ma~
naged,,so; stupidly impossible, as to put the
broad extinguisher of incredulity, at once,
npomall,;sympathies. and interests with
the. heroine, or. in the fable; while the
broad-farce caricature, Count Gaudentia
(ME. Yates again, with a change only of
costume, fresh from the mess-room of the
exquisites, of the 20th, or 10th, if you
please, in “ Pride shall havea Fall”) as a
prominent instrument for a catastrophe of
death and horrors, is a revolting incon-
gruity, that would disgrace the pen and
jadgment, of .a.school-boy. Is it not
enough) thet our comedy has degenerated
into, farce? must our tragedies become
farces, also?., It were in vain to criticise
the acting) layished on such absurdities:
but it) may be acknowledged that Miss
Lacey,and Miss F. H. Kelly did more for
the respective characters of the rival Prin-
cess and the humble Giana than the writing
deserved ; but, that even Mrs. Davenport
eould_only make, of the gossip Beatrice, a
miserable imitation of the Nurse in ‘“ Ro-
meo and Juliet.”

_ “ King John” has been got up here, also,
with great splendour. It is played in the
true spirit of riyalry at both houses, on the
samenight ; and, if the acting of Shakspeare’s
dramas bas not attraction for the play-
going public, the costumes of the ages and
characters he represents, have. The taylors
and mantua-makers haye the reputation
of performing their parts well; whatever
may be the case with the actors and ac-
tresses... In the only female character of
importance, Drury Lane has undoubtedly
the advantage.. Mrs. Bunn is not, it is
true, a Mrs. Siddons; but she is the best
Lady Constance sve haye. Mrs. Bartley
neither, looks, nor moves, nor speaks the
character... The laboured mechanism of
syliabie-distinctness, the overstrained quan-
tities of monotonous yowels, the precon-
certed transitions from the loudest to the
softest aspiration, upon the same key-note,
vatmot xepresent. the storm.and the melt-
ing shower; the perturbations, the indig-
nant scorn, the fond , affections, the pa-
thetie, bewailings of the high-minded and
agonized, mother, who, sees her loved and
only child hurled. from, the towering pros-
pect ofa,thyone, to captivity and dungeons
ands impéading, death... Mr, Young, also,
must have) pereeiyed, from, the rareness
and sennty feebleness of the plaudits which
atcompanied some of the electrifying pas-

New Music.and:-the'\ Drama.

549

sages /ofhisyauthor, that mere scowling
glamees; from features illumined by no in-
felt» passion, and studied. appropriations, of
attitude. and, motion,,, with a, tedious) for-
tality -of zmetrical) recitation, diversified,
only by, the alternations, of loud: ands soft,
like the beat.of Lord; Monboddo’s. drim,*
cannot communicate. to an\audience the
guileful struggle and the bursting, storm of:
soul, the fearful agitations, the) headlong
humours of a character of mere. passions
and impulses, in such scenes and situations
as Shakspeare has placed him, in;—in
short, that it was Mr. Young who, -from
general estimation, was put up with, where
King John was looked for; not King) Jobm
that was recognised.as identified. inthe
acting of Mr. Young. .C. Kemble’s Fat-
conbridge was the only reputable perform-
ance in the cast :. which, though not exactly
all, perhaps, that Shakspeare meant, in
combination of easy humour and. confident
high-aspiring heroism, is. certainly one of
Mr. K.’s best characters ;. and -one |in
which he distances all rivalry among’ his
contemporaries. . Bennett, in some. parts’
of some of the scenes of. Hubert, shewed
some indications of capabilities for an actor,
if he had discretion enough to ayoid mon=
grel imitations of Kean and Macready, and
those ranting bursts of vociferation with
which, every now,and then, he, “ cleayes:
the general ear.”

Dee. 15.—Mr. Sinclair made his. first
appearance, for the season, as Prince Or-
lando, in ‘‘ The Cabinet.” . He was, in
excellent voice, and paid a little more at-
tention to the dialogue and. business of the
scene than heretofore. His. ‘‘ Polacca,’’
in particular, was beautifully executed,
with more chastity of taste, richer melody
and more skilful transitions, we should’say,
than his precursor, but with less of what
may be. called dramatic expression. He
was compelled to sing it three times. To
all the music, native to the piece, he did
ample justice; but. failed.in the injudi-
ciously introduced melody, “ Belieye me
when all those endearing young charms ;’”
and the feeling seemed to be universal that
it was out.of unison. These arbitrary in-
troductions, without reference to the gene-
ral character of the musi¢ with which they
are to be mingled, cannot be too much dis-
countenanced,

Of the performance of “ The Fair Peni-
tent,” (on the 20th) we have only space to
say, that Mrs. Sloman was as successful in
Célista,as the repulsive nature of the character
could well admit; that Young, in Horatio,
was every where. respectable, and in some
of the scenes and passages, in spight of his
mannerisms, highly effective; and that
Kemble, in Lothario, was quite ,at, home,
But more of this, perhaps, hereafter. ,

* His Lordship eritically maintained, that there
are no other varieties of tone, in the speaking voice,
than those of loud and ‘soft ‘in the) beating of a
drem. Verily some of our actoys) seem to be most
orthodoxly of his Lordship’s erced.

VARIETIES,

[ 550 ] |
LITERARY: AND MISCELLANEOUS}

VARIETIES,

(anJ,

Tneluding ‘Notibes of Works in hand, Domestic and Foreign.

Inprovements At Bricuton. [With
an Engraving on Steel, of the new and
splendid Buildings erecting there, called
Kemp-Towy,]

Pau, , though at the distance

of fifty. miles from the centre of

the; metropolis, has’ now become a
metropolitan suburb ; and, as a branch
of the. vast whole, is maintaining its
due proportion: with the main body.
From a fishing hamlet of two hun-
dred and fifty houses, standing on a
beach a furlong in length, it has,
within a century, or eyen within the
memory of man, expanded into a spa-
cious and magnificent town, with a
frontage.to the sea full three miles in
extent. In A.D. 1700 its population did
not exceed 1,500 souls; and now, in the
season, ‘and ‘its’ season’ continues ten
months out ofthe twelve, it accommo-
dates “at’ least “40,000 residents and
strangers.

The demand for houses has led to
extensions. of the town inland; but as
those are first sought which enjoy a sea
view, plans have lately been adopted
for-extending the town opposite the sea
both to the east and west. This front-
age is now full two miles; but when the
new erections are completed, the marine
promenade, lying directly south, and
protected by the houses from the N.
and N.E. winds, will extend three miles.
Hitherto the line has been interrupted by
some ill-contrived buildings in one part ;
but notice is given of an Act of Parlia-
ment, which, within -a year or two, will
enable the public spirited commissioners
to unite the whole in one unbroken and
matchless esplanade. ‘The immense ex-
tent of buildimgs, at this time, in rapid
progress to the eastward, is on the estate
of Thomas Read Kemp, Esq. M.P. ata
place called Black Rock, and comprises
the most magnificent arrangement of pri-
vate dwellings in the United Kingdom ;
forming, in ‘fact, a new town, to “whieh
the public voice has appropriated the
founder’s name. The whole have a
southern aspect, and include a square,
larger than Grosvenor-square, London,
opening from the centre of a crescent,
whose span (800 feet) is at least 200 feet
greater than that.of the celebrated
Royal Crescent at Bath, and terminated
at both extremities by a wing of 340 feet.
The fronts of the houses,are adorned
with columns, pilasters, and entablatures
of the Corinthian order, surmounted by

corresponding. ballustrades ; and. J
crescent and squares contain inclosur es
and pleasure-grounds, of, many ;.aeres,
which are now railing in,{ with cast-iron,
to a new and elegant) design, and:are to
be laid down with walks; ~lawns;'‘and
plantations. The whole extent of-the
building fagade exceeds three thousand:
feet, in front of which a stone foot-paye-
ment, wider than that in Portland-place,
London, is now forming. The ground,

in the rear of this great work, is ‘distri,
buted into squares of a minor order,
and into shop-streets, stabling, &e,
On the south side of the road, which
extends along the sea, m: front of: the
crescent and its wings, the cliff is‘now
cutting away, and a glacis; descending
15 feet, will be terminated by an €spla-
nade, commanding the most beautiful,
and sheltered prospect of the. ocean
which can well be conceived ; in ‘addi-
tion to which, a lower esplauade, on, the
principle: of that attached to the chain-

pier, will stretch itself along the base of
the cliff, which, at this place, is.at: least.
60 feet high. The access to this: lower
esplanade i is to be by a gradual descent
from the marine parade, at the western
end, and by a spacious’ tunnel ent
through the rock, from thé centre of the
crescent lawn, appropriated to the ex-
clusive use of the surrounding habita-
tions. The site, on which these works
are proceeding, seems to haye,been
formed by nature for some great under-
taking; the towering cliffs rise abruptly
from an almost level beach, and .the
gradual shelving of the land on the sum-
mit lends its powerful influence in pro-
moting the general architectiiral effect.
The influence, which the rapid | progress
of Kemp-Town has had, in raising the
value of the intervening landed roperty,

is beyond example, and the whole will,

in all probability, be. built. upon in the
course of next year. A new. and spa-+
cious chapel-of-ease is. erecting, :pur-
suant to a recent Act of Parliament; and
Major Russell, and other gentlemen of
fortune, are building on’ the nost ex-
tensive ‘scale, the whole involviny “an
expenditure of at least half.a million.
The above. works, and the. others,
of equal magnitude, at the west end of
Brighton, on the estate. of the Rey. Tho-
mas Secure, .are- carried; on under, the
direction of Messrs. Mile and Ressler
architects. '

Dr. Gil-

16 He"
3 Lf,

1825
Dr. Gilchrist’s Lectures on the Hindoos-

tanee and Persian’ (Languages. This | in-,

teresting and original course. of instruction
is principally addressed to gentlemen de-

ed for the army, nayy, and sev eral mili-
as ‘Ciyil institutions of the East-India
Compa

by other pupils desirous of attaining a fami-
liarity-with the'the oriental languages. The
views and principles of the Lecturer are ap-
plicable; ;in fact, \to,a still more extensive
range of educational) and, intellectual pur-
. We will only notice, however, their
tendency, to. facilitate the attainment of
all languages in.general, and to enlarge and
der more accurate the comprehension of
si dwn. ' By leading the student directly
to the syllabic root and etymology, whether
of apparently simple or obviously composite
words;. tracing the analogies between things
and theit symbols, ideas and the sounds
that are to suggest them, and illustrating
the rationale of verbal composition and in-
flection, the, sulject.is simplified, while the
perceptions. are) enlarged,—the primary vo-
cabulary brought into a. smaller compass,
and the labour of the memory consequently
abridged, while the comprehension of the
process, purposes and appliances of lan-
guage, bem Eee at once on the ima-
gination and the understanding, the drud-
gery’ of mechanical detail is in a consider-
able degree abridged; as aggregates become
easily understood when their elements are
already, known..,.In short, the process of
Dr., Gilchrist is not, that of the. technical
grammarian, but of the philosophic reasoner,
who applies analysis where the pedant only
dogi ati ses, and trusts to memory rather as
the result, than appeals to it as the basis of
ntellectual comprehension. The impres-
pa ‘energy with which his instructions are
détivered, ‘and the interrogatory system by
by which he proceeds tend alike to keep the
attention: of his pupils constantly on the
as! oe! consequently to accelerate attain-

7” ar Gilchrist’s “* Theory of, the Tekin
V, or,” appears to deserve more attention
it, has yet met with; which it will,
ably, receive in a future notice of this
ellany.
?.| Boone's Lectures. —On Tuesday,
the auth’ It.;) Mr.’ James Shergold Boone
gave ‘his fourth ‘Lecture upon Universal
Kinowledge-’ These Lectures are styled
““Pancumathia, or a: New Method. of
Knowledge capatile of universal application
ra Jiterature and, the sciences, and adapted
ie most important practical pu usponea of
public and private. life.” His grand
bi le is—-the Unity of Knowledge ;
that the different sciences are as radii “i.
erging from this unity, and forming a cir-
é,—-meeting, theretore, in knowledge, as
in the common point or centre. | Fis defi-
nition of knowledge is, ‘sense acting: upon
batter.”
Mr. Boone projects a new Philosophical
\e f %

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

y’S service; but is attended also

551
Dictionary, or a Vocabulary containing

a/néw. language! for Philosophy,/in which
one word should be suited to one idea, and

one _idea to one word; that.being the only

method to arrive at a precision of expression,
and avoidance of those mistakes ,which
occur in consequence of twenty significa-
tions being appended to one word.

Mr. Boone is M.a., and Student’ -o
Christ Church, Oxford. Having proceet
thither from: the Charter-house in 1817, -he
distinguished himself, by gaining, in the first
term of his residence; a University scholar=
ship, against formidable. competitors,.toge-
ther with the two annual prizes for,Latin
and English verse, to which, after taking his
degree of B.a., he added the, prize, for an
English Essay.

FINE ARTS.

It has been Jong regretted by a judicious
public, that, year after year, the Exhibition
at the Royal’ Academy is’ thronged® with
myriads of portraits, about which none‘but®
the individuals themselves, or their imme+
diate friends, can feel. any interest. «Lhis
circumstance must | tend. very much. to the
disappointment of the public, who, as) a

collective body, are looking for some. object.
of perfection m the higher sphere of taste,
and are, probably, contrasting our apparent
paucity in this department in’ comparison
with. the productions of foreign schools,
and, still more, with those of former days.
But, much as the late practice of ‘our Bri-
tish artists has tended to confirm this com-
plaint, and verify the Abbé Winckelmann’s
ridiculous prejudice, so ably confronted, by
the arguments and practice of the late Pro-
fessor, Barry, we are informed that. the
ensuing exhibition is to. refute the charge ;
it beg understood that several promising
specimens of historical painting are to be
offered to the Somerset-house Committee.
The zeal for building churches has suggested
to an artist of rising reputation, ‘the pro-
duction of a picture calculated’ for an altar)
piece, the subjeet of ;which isotaken: from:
the eighth chapter of St. Matthew’s Gospel,
verse 28. A future opportunity ‘may be
afforded, to offer our remarks. upon, this
production.

We have. great, pleasure in observing,
that Mrs. John Browning, formerly Miss
H. A. E. Jackson, has resumed her pencil
Among the historical paintings of this lady,
‘© Naomi and her Datighters,”’ exhibited at
the British Gallery in 1812, and now in
the possession of the Countess de Grey;
“ Cleopatra dissolving .the» Pearl;’?, and:
* Judith and.her, Maid, going down to, the
Camp of Holofernes,”—will, be, particularly
in the remembrance of the Joyers of the art ;
as will several of the historical, allegorical,
and funcy subjects, as well as portraits, from
the sane pencil, ‘The ‘object of our present
anniouncemenit ‘is ‘a picture from the ' pencil
of Raffuelle; copied by this lady last year in
Florence, and lately brought to this eet

t

552
It is a “ Madonna col. Bambino,” im the
second manner of that great ;masters and,
we are given to, understand, the only copy
ever made. ;,Lhe.original is in the private
collection, of His, Imperial Highness) the
Grand, Duke of; Tuscany, and was ‘held in
such. esteem, by. the lately-deceased. sove-
reign, Herdinand the ‘Third, that\he had a
case; prepared to: move. it, to\ wherever: he
was sojourning. The exclusive privilege of
copying it, was obtained, we understand, by
Mrs. Browning,-only through very ‘‘ espe-
eial favour ;’’ other applications haying been
refused... ‘The. peculiar delicacy expressed
in the face of the Virgin, the playfulness
and attitude of the child, are to be regarded
as.among the characteristic beauties of this
fine, picture;,.and, though we hold it not
decorous, to, criticise that which is not yet
before the public, we may go so far as to.say,
that we, have not, often seen any copy from
this; divine, antisty, which, better) preserved
the characteristic beauties of /his pencil,
On ‘Thursday, 9th:inst, was unwrapped
at the Bristol Institution, :the body of an
Egyptian, mummy,./5.Ehe case, ‘which was
beautifully. covered with hieroglyphics, ex-
hibited rather. the. copper-coloured -counte-
nance .of, a, Nubian,.. than, the expanded
forehead and wide eye-sockets, of an’ Ethio-
pian... Dr... Pritchard, . Dr.
Mr. Richard Smith, surgeon, and Mr. Mil-
ler, the curator, were appointed by the
eommittee to be demonstrators. . The up-
per-paxt of, the shell being removed, there
arosea peculiar, but not unpleasant odour.
The.skin was blackened, and the neck and
one of the hands had been attacked by a pe-
culiar sort .of., coleopterous insect, appa-
rently a dermistis.. In other respects, this
curious. specimen of antiquity was very
perfect, much more so than usual. It was
the body-of a (probably young) female. The
hands were placed straight upon the thighs;
and. not, as,most, frequently happens, across
the bosom. The hair upon the head was
perfeet, of.a-brownish auburn colour, short,
but mof,at all, wearing the character of a
negro’s..,.. The contour of the countenance
strengthened.the, opinion that the subject
belonged to),a province closely bordering
upon.the confines of Egypt. . The cover-
ings of the chest and stomach being re-
moved, exhibited,’ in high preser vation, the
heart and Jungs, and all the intestines. It
was. thought advisable to subject the head
to a more-leisurely and minute observation.
Mr. Smith-then, pointed out-the difference
between bodies preserved | by direct anti-
septics, and -those/ converted by moisture
into: the substance called” adipocere. To
exemplify which, he exhibited from his:mu-
seum, several fine specimens, and aniongst

others, the: heart of | Master, Sheriff; Yea-)
mans, executed:-in Wine Street, «by. Croms

well’s . officer, , Colonel; Fiennes, ‘on ‘the
30th, May, 1643, exhumated in 18145 being
quite, perfect,, after the lapse of (171 years!
Mr.,.Smith. undertook; to: draw: up ame-

hes

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

Gapper, and

(Jan: 1;
moir;-andDr. Pritchard promised'tovead
beforethe: Phildsophical’ and. biteraby)So-'
ciety'a:paper tpow the subject of niummits,
on the 30th: of this'montheuiibuloni esis

: The number of\amerhbers oficthe)Mecha-
nics’ Institution, who have! ‘actually: paid hip
their: subscriptions,1is ‘statede in che! tast
quarterly'report to be sabout 750.5) and jon
the 2@: of: December, » being the anniversary
of its formation; the first stone ofa brilding
for a Theatre and | Lecture-room; iy South-
ampton-buildings, was laidiby Dr. Birkbaék,
the president, who, in addressing thesméet-
ing, observed, that “they hadfoundedatem-
ple wherein man would extend his acquaint:
ance with the universe! ofimind; and acquire
the means of enlarging his dominion: over
the universe of matter; inbavhich»® lite-
rature and the powers of science would ‘be
unfolded to the most: humble inquitersy and
reason be as unbounded as'the regions) of
intellect.”?) The patrons and members)after-
wards dined together at the Crown and
Anchor, Dr. Bitkbeck in the chair‘: several
excellent speeches were made by the ehair-
man, Mr. Brougham, Mr. ‘Hume; &e.

We hear that the Misses) Burford have
nearly completed a most» extensive view <of
the City of Edinburgh, and the-surrounding
country, taken from the summit of Caltom
Hill. This picture is)'mtended, for! the
large circle at Leicester Squaren 39 oi)

We learn with pleasure, that, the: béauti-
ful copy of the: Zodiac-of Dendera;\in Pa-
rian marble, made: by order-of -Buonaparte,
is now in the possession of Mr. Gale, book-
seller, in Bruton Street; Berkeley Square.
This valuable curiosity will shortly; diow-
ever, we trust: be transferred to: st «Bri-
tish Museum. nse

A meeting has been held ‘at Paris for esta-
blishing a Mechanics’ Institution there; «at
which that of Glasgow was highly and:ho+
nourably mentioned: by theegentlemamwho
opened the proceedings. 9 son erine

Polar Land: Expeditions — Lettersy from
York Factory speak very favourablycof! the
condition of the exploring party. \o»Wenison
and partridges especially: abound, and the
people are kept mgood orders by ‘their
ofiicers. Two Esquimauxhayé joined! the
party, one of whom was awith «Captain
Franklin om-the last Arctie : expedition,
where be was ‘a very useful attendant.”
Captain ‘F. -purposes to pursuecthetroute
of the Slave Lake. jiwoms D9)

The contractors: being unable! to supply
a sufficient quantity of! iwon’ pipestin time,
temporary wooden posts ‘have been set'wp/in
Bryanstone-squarer and Oxford-street,; for)
the purpose of ‘condueting the gasito othe!
lamps. + 000,81 tt

Professor’ Buckland’ has published a let-
ter relative to thescave: lately discovered int’
Banwell.: The) Professor statesothesthieks
ness of: the: mass ofsand,| mud,. and slime=:
stones, through which ‘the: bones; lrofnyand
teath; axeachispersédy top bein orte.(
itcninabaate* fig ng Maing lierg om

‘ asidets

vi >A, IVI ¥.UF

1825:} ,
baskets! fullkof (bones have already \beew ex-
tractedy belonging» to, othe ox ‘and. its
tribe svofithe ‘latter: there) are: several: va~
rieties, including the) elk. | There are also
a:fewiportions ofthe: skeleton of a wolf,
and of a! gigantic, bear... The bones are
mostly in a state of preservation, equal to
that bof common: grave! bones; but it: is
clear, from the fact of some of them belong-
ing tothe great extinct species of the bear,
that they are of an antediluvian origin.”’

Mr. W.:Mogford, veterinary surgeon,
lately cut for the stone a valuable horse,
belonging! to: James Veal, Esq., in Devon-
shire » the calculus extracted weighed more
than four ounces ‘and a half. The opera-
tion® succeeded perfectly; and the horse
soon recovered. ’

Itappears from the recent annual report
of the Westcof England Eye Infirmary,
that: 436: cases! have been cured within the
year; of >whom five were blind from cata~
ract. 11) } ‘

. Australasian Agricultural: Company.—A
new! company; under this. title, has just
been incorporated by royal charter, for the
purpose of extending cultivation, and pro-
duemg “wool of the’ finest quality, in New
South Wales» Government has made a
grant of a million ofacres, rent-free, for the
first five years, tothe company.

The excessive rate of tonnage charged on
the: Stroudwater Navigation, and the com-
pany refusing to take 24d. per ton per mile
for-ecoals, and’ so in proportion for other
goods, have induced the spirited manufac-
turers, .who-are sufferers thereby, to pro-
jeet the Stroud and Severn railway, from the
Thaimes‘and Severn canal termination, near
Brinscombe, to the Severn ; with branches
tos Milsworth and to other villages near the
line ;» £40,000 is the estimated expense of.
these works.

Avconspicuous green buoy, the usual de-
nomination of a sunken wreck, has by the
Trinity Board, been placed in the part of
the ‘Thames mouth, called the Cant, on a
sunken, sloop; which endangered vessels in
low: states of the tide, sailing between the
five-fathom channel and the, Nore. From
this) buoy, Minster church bears W. by S.,
and the spile buoy E.S:E.

‘The expenses of the projected railway
from Birmingham to the banks of the Mer-

sey, are found so far to exceed the esti-

mated amount, that the branches to Shrop-
shire; Dudley, and Stourbridge are aban-
doned :, notwithstanding this, it has: been
determined to raise’ a further sum of
£290,000; by the creation of £4,000 addi-
tional shares ; thus increasing the number
from 12,000 to 16,000.

It is proposed to form’ @ rail-road | from

London to Birmingham, connecting at the!

Jatten | splave- with ithe ‘alréady-¢ommienced |

undertaking, ‘the: Birmingham vand ' Livers

pookrail-road:<\ the expense is estimated at

£5,000,000, andsthe nurhber of shares pro“

Pp to be/issued is, 20,000, at: £50! each.
ontuty Mac. No, 404,

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

5535

Measures are’ ‘taking to unite this with
another company at Birmingham, who have
long ago engaged in the same object.

Mr. Wood, of Hawkeshead, has; | with
one or two terriers, killed 125 rats and°one
foulmart within the last’ few weeks’: “he
has calculated that, supposing there’ are
1,300 mills in England and ‘Wales, “and
that each mill contains 150 rats; each’ rat
destroying two ounces of méal a day, the
whole number will consume about 151bs.
per day, or about 5,375 lbs. per year; and
supposing that there are 1,300 towns and
villages, each containing onan average 160
houses, and each two rats, consuming in
the same proportion, making 52,000 Ibs.
Add to which, that, though mice consume
less, yet as their number perhaps is four
times greater, the destruction produced by
them will be about the same : ‘that is to
say, we may calculate upon‘an annual de-
struction of upwards of 100,000 ibs. weight
of meal by domestic vermin’ only.— Query.
How many poor families would this com-
fortably sustain ? , Mato!

Mr. J. Beedel, the celebrated penman ‘of
Ottery St. Mary, whom ‘we ° noticed. a
short time since, is now engased’ ‘in exe.
cuting a number of beatitiful etchings,’ and
various kinds of writing, on a Spacious sheét
of drawing paper, which bid fair to exceed.
any of his former productions as ‘specimens
of penmanship, p

Different languages, to the number of three
thousand and sixty-four, aré in use im‘ ‘di
ferent quarters, states, and districts of the
earth, as_appears from a learned’ work of
M. Aldeling, wherein are arranged ‘and
classed the vocabularies, more or less per-
fect, of 937 Asiatic, 587 European; 276
African, and 1,264 American languages:
and dialects! If all languages’ originated
amongst the constructors of the Tower of-
Babel, as.some contend, what a mighty
confusion must haye attended and’succéed-
ed the conclusion of that work.

A dangerous leakage from thé gas-pipe into
the empty water-pipe, under the pavement of
Gell-street, Lisson Green, took place some
time about the middle of November ; which
on the 19th, and again on the 2d of Deeem-
ber, occasioned most alarming explosions,
on the taking of. candles into cellars, on
both sides of the street, by persons who,
having no gas-pipes in their houses, could
have no suspicion of the caution which,-
nevertheless, all persons ought to use, on.
the smelling of gas in any cellar or close room,
by instantly sending for the gas-man, and
keeping candles carefully from the spot.
The ball-cock of one house-was forcibly
blown off into the water-butt, on happén-~
ing to bring a candle near the pipe’s mouth.
The superintendents. of the laying of gas-
pipes ought, to use the precantion of ram”
ming tempered clay between fheir joints,
and those of the water mains, or the sewer
culverts, when néar each other, for’ pre |
venting other oceurréntes of this’ nature ;

4B and,

554

As and, generally, whenever water ouses u
in the ‘street, or gas is perceived by ‘its
smell'to come out of the joints of the pave-
ment, or out of the Kennel grates, the water
ot thé gas turncocks’ ought to be imme-
diately sent for, and required to do their
duty to the*publi¢ in causing the immediate
stopping of such ‘leaks.

‘The ‘late fire in’ the new buildings of
King’ s Court, Trinity College, Cambridge,
in which were’seen gownsmen and towns-
men; juniors and slip-shod seniors, work-
ing, ‘pell-mell, at pumps and buckets ;
learned ‘professors hurrying across their
¢lassié and scientific arcades with piles of
slop-pails’ on each arm; and buff-jerkined
labourers, swearing at reverend doctors
and masters who stood in the way, but
regardless of such unceremonious address,
gave ‘place,—was ‘checked, indeed wholly
got under, ‘with such admirable prompti-
tude, that perhaps the loss will be covered
by 3 or £400); it will fall, we believe, if he
be! uninsured, on the contractor.

A subseription has been commenced by
his*Majesty, for the widow of Mr. Muss,
the celebrated artist, the royal bounty hav-
ing been defeated by the secret sale of the
Exchequer “bills, which Mr. Fauntleroy
was commissioned to purchase for the de-
ceased artist’s family.

WORKS IN HAND,

La Belle Assemblée, or Court and
Fashionable Magazine, commences a New
Series this month, with Lady Belgraye’s
Portrait, by Sir Thos. Lawrence, P.R.A.;
and promises to form, progressively, a Pic-
ture-gallery of the Female Nobility of Great
Britain.

In the press, the sixth volume of Baron
Humboldt’s work on Colombia, entitled,
“Personal Narrative of Travels in. the
Equinoctial Regions of the New Conti-
nent.” Translated by Helen Maria Wil-
liams, under the immediate inspection of
the author,

‘The Annual Biography and Obituary.
Among the memoirs that will be read with
Sth interest, are those of Lord Erskine;

‘Belzoni; Joseph Marryatt, Esq. ;
esa Russell ; Rey. Thomas Maurice ;
Thomas ‘Edward Bowdich, Esq.; Lord
Byron; the Marquess of Litchfield; Charles

* Grant, Esq.; Sir Ediward Buller; &c. &c.

Memoirs of Elizabeth Stuart, ‘Queen of
Bohemia, Sister of King Charles I.; with
Contemporary Sketches “of Society i in Hol-
land ‘and Germany, including Biographies
of some Distinguished Personages during
the’ 17th century. ‘By Miss Benger.

Memoirs of Moses’ Mindelsohn, the
Jewish Philosopher; including the cele-
brated Correspondence between him and
J. C. Lavater, on the Christian Religion.

‘Delimeations of ‘Gloucestershire ; being
Views of the Principal Seats of Nobility
and Gentry, and other objects of prominent
interést fa that County ; with’ historical and

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

(Jan, t,

descriptive Notices. The drawings to be
made, and the plates engraved, b tee Ts.
Storers; the historical notes’

Brewer, Esq. and dedicated; iy i
sion, to His Graee the Duke | of ‘Bea fort,
Lord Lieutenant of the Cotiiity. at
No. I., for ‘January, of! i”
containing Mathematical and Philo
Essays, and a considerable athe an
Correspondence; conducted” “by, ‘Mi, W
Marrot.

The Second. Volume of Me Wilfén’s
Translation of Tasso, which Was’ ‘destroyed
at the late fire at Mr. _Moyes’s, isa at
press, and will make its appearance, i the
same style of embellishment as’ the’ First
Volume, in about thrée months. ‘~

Thoughts on the Police of England ; With
Observations on the Prevention of- Chime
and the Disposal of Criminals. ‘The ‘Ap.
pendix will contain Tables compiled from
parliamentary and official documents, some
of which are unpublishéd, arranged in the
most convenient form, -

Richard_ Baynes’ General 'Cheap ‘Cata-
logue of Old Books; ‘including many rare
and curious articles, and the most popular
works in the yarious Classes of literature ;
with a large collection of Diyinity and Ser-
mons, English and foreign. 8vo.

On the Advancement of Society, in
Science, Civilization, and Religion. “By
James Douglas, Esq. of Cavers. In 1] yol.
8vo.

The Prosodian Alphabetical Directory ;
or, Ready Guide to the Quantity of ‘eyery
Syllable of the Latin Language. By Wil-
liam Moseley, LL. D.

Also, a Greek Directory, on the same
plan ; and Greek Exercises, on the plan of
the Eton Latin Minora.

Mr. Aaron Arrowsmith will publish in a
few days, Outlines of the World, exemplified
in Forty-five Engrayings of the various
Countries ; on which their Post-roads and
Statistical "Divisions, as well as their Phy-
sical Features, will be cleaily described.
Size of the plates, 12 inches by 9.

Travels in Greece, with Criticdland Ar-
cheological Researches 5 and Maps | ‘and
Engravings of Ancient Monumeitts recently
discovered, by Dr. P. O. Brondstéd, "Agent
of H. M. the King of Denmark,’ at. the
Court of Rome, in’8 Parts, Toyal Ato, | are
announced for publication, -

Mr. Boaden’s Life of J: Po Kembie,
Esq., 2 vol. Syo. ‘will’ ‘be "published in
January.

Mr. ‘Southey has in the press, “* A Tale
of Paraguay,”
logues on various subjects.’ sro

cs Conversations’ on the Evidenees” of
Christianity,” ‘are announced for publi¢a-

tion.
or a New ‘Classic

Fasciculus Poeticus :

Guide to Latin’ Heroic’ Verse, 1 Vol, og :

will be published in Jaimiary. “".
Captain Lyon’ antiounces, ; a Brief Ni Narr,
tive ‘of an Unsuccessful teat eee ak
Siisc

in| vol. I2mo., and ‘Dia-

atte!

EE

ee

185. ik
epu Ba ough, the Welcome, in
ten ae oe in, 1824.)
mio the Administration of
Henry Pelham, .drawn from
the ft SE Ho, He ; .with Private and. Ori-
ging espondence, from 1743 to 1754,

Braliden Hltane, Coxe, EBS, FA. s., , Arch-
deae: ‘of, Wilts, &c., will, shortly be pub-
lished, in 2 vols. 4to,

Dr. Uwins is about to publish “ A.Com-
pendium of Medical Theory and Practice,”
founded on Dr. Cullen's Nosology, in 1 yol.
12mo...,

The Plays of Shirley, now first collected
and, chronologically arranged, with Notes
anda Critical. Essay, by William Gifford,
in 6 vale are nearly ready. _ .-

Dr. Lyall announces for publication early
in | the, month,, Travels in Russia, the Kri-
Bee the; Caucasus and .Georgia, in 2 vols,

te elegant topographical work, entitled
“'Delineations of Gloucestershire’ is an-
nopaces, for, publication.

The Iliad :and Odyssey of Homer, and
the. Works of Virgil, elegantly and correctly

printed,..and faithfully rendered into En-
glish, Prose, with the scanning and copious
Notes, by I. W.,C. Edwards, M.A. is in
the press.

Tales of Ardennes, by H. Derwent Con-
way,,are in the press.

The second volume of Mr. Southey’s
History. of the late War in Spain and Por-
tugal, 4to. is in the press.

Lhe. Gil Blas of the Revolution, from the

French of M. Picard, will shortly be pub-
lished,
_, Sydney. Papers; consisting of an unpub-
lished Journal of the Earl of Leicester and
original Letters of Algernon Sydney, edited
by R, W, Blencowe,. M.a., are preparing
for publication,

The Memoirs of Pierre du Terrail, the
Chevalier de Bayard, the Knight sans peur
et_ sans reproche, 2 vols,, post 8yo., will
shortly be,ready.

Captain, A, Gordon Laing, has in the
press, ‘Travels. through. Ti imamnee, Koo-
ranko, and Soolima Countries, to the
Sources of Rokella and Niger, in 1822,
with a map and plates, 8yo.

Mrs. Taylor, of Ongar, will shortly pub-
lish The Itinerary of a ‘Traveller in the
Wilderness; addressed to those who are
performing the same Journey.

The sixth edition of Pharmacologia, cor-
rected, extended, and continued, by Jolin
aie on Paris, will soon be ready.

r. Paris is: likewise printing the Ele-
ments of Medical Chemistry; embracing
only those, branches of Chemical Science
which are calculated to illustrate or explain
the different Objects of Medecine; and to
furnish a Chemical Grammar to the Au-
si s Pharmac ologias

Anew. Scientific, Journal is about, to, be
ce in. Dublin, under the title of the

nD Philosophical Journal-and Scientific

New Books published 1 in ra eat aes

BY
Reyiew ; the first number of which will
appear atthe beginning + of, March, and. be
continued every half-year.

Gaieties., and. Grayities.,in Prose: and
Verse, by one, of the, Authors’ of the, Rie-
jected, Addresses, are in the press.)

Signs Before Death,.and, Authenticated
Apparitions, . in, one hundred Narratives,
witha fine Engraving after Hogarth, will
be published. on the 4th inst.

A valuable and scientific work, translated
from the original of Dr. Cappadoce. of Am-
sterdam, a conyerted. Jew, will shortly, ap-
pear, which combats, with great vigour,
the -generally-received doctrine, of Vacci-
nation,

Fables and Epigrams; with Essays.on Fable
and Epigram: fromthe German of Lessing,—
should. have had’ more, particular,notice,, if
they had come earlier to hand...At, present,
we have-only time to say, that, as, the first
collection of. these: playful effuslons,of. their
celebrated, author; they; will, be regarded as
a yaluable accession, to, our, stoels of itraris-
lated literature ;; that the )translation . (both
prose and verse), appears tobe well exe-
cuted; that the fables are nearly as,epigram-
matic as the epigrams,themselves; -and
that, of the latter, the complimentary..are
as pointed as the satyric; as the following
examples may shew i—

THE WISE CHILD.
How plain your litule darling says ¢* Mama,”
But still she calls you ‘* Doctor,” not, * Papa.’

One thing is clear : your conscientious rib
Has not yet tauglit the pretty dear to fib.

ON THE STATUE OF CUPID.
Nay, Chloe, gaze not on his form,
Nor think the friendly caution vain ;
Those eyes the marble’s. self may warm,
And look him into life again, ~

Equally too late, for particular animad-
version; came An Essay on Slavery: in
which its unlawfulness is proved from the
Old and New Testament; the state of the
negro slaves is investigated ; and an equi-
table plan for their emancipation is, pro-
posed; together with miscellaneous obser-
vations, on the climate and inhabitants of
Jamaica, By an Eye-witness. We can only,
therefore, thus announce it, with a sincere
wish that the subject may recommend it to
the attention of our readers.

——
NEW PUBLICATIONS.
ANNUAL, WORKS.

The Literary Souvenir, or Cabinet of
Poetry; a Romance. Edited by A. A.
Watts. Ids.

Vriendship’s Offering, or. the Annual
Remembrancer; a Christmas Present, or
New Year’s Gift, for 1625,, 12s.

Dewhirst’s Farmer and Grazier’s Annual
Account-book, folio, 12s.

L’ Annuaire Historique, from Tee. ‘vo.
18s. ’

ARCHITECTURE.

~ Stuart's Dictionary of Architecture, No.
I. 6d.

4 B2

556

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

A Catalogue of Books, with their Sizes,
Prices, and Publishers ; containing thealte-
rations from 1822 to 1824. . 2s. 6d.

Cole’s Bibliographical, Tour from Scar-
porough to the Library of a Philobiblist.—
8vo. 8s. ; large paper, 12s.

Para BIOGRAPHY,

Memoirs of the Life of John Law, of
Lauriston; including an Account of the
Mississippi System. By J.H. Wood, Esq.
12mo.: 6s.

The Cambrian Plutarch, or Memoirs of
Eminent Welshmen. By J. H. Parry, Esq.
8vo. TOs. 6d.

Mounteney’s Inquiry relative to the
Emperor Napoleon. 8vo. 16s.

__ CLASSICS.

Alcestes of Euripides, from the Text of
Monk; with the Scanning Ordo, and a very
literal Translation, by T. W. C. Edwards,
M.A. — Also, by the same Author, the
Orestes, Medea, Heeuba, and Pheenisse
of Euripides; from the Text of Porson.
Likewise, the Prometheus Chained, of
ZEschylus; from the Text of Blomfield.
And the Antigone of Sophocles; from the
Text of Brunck. Price, each play, 8s.

DRAMA.

Ravenna, or Italian Love; a Tragedy.
Svo. 3s. 6d.

‘The Bond; a Dramatic Poem. By Mrs.
Charles Gore. — 8yo, 5s. 6d.

DOMESTIC ECONOMY, AND USEFUL ARTS.

The Housekeeper’s Ledger. By Wil-
fam Kitchener, M.D. Syo. 4s. 6d.

The Art of Brewing, on Scientific Prin-
ciples ; adapted to the use of Brewers and
Private Families. 12mo. 2s. 6d,

Houghton’s Wine-cellar Check-Book,
on an experienced plan. 7s, 6d.

"EDUCATION.

Judices Attici; or, a Guide to the Quan-
tity of the Greek Penultima, 5s.

My Children’s Diary; or, Moral of the
Passing Hour, 6s. 6d.

A’New arid Compendious Grammar of
the Greek Tongue. By W. Bell. Seventh
edition, 4s. 6d.

The Youth’s Best Friend; or, Reading
no longer a Task ; adapted to Children of
the Meanest Capacity. By a Member of
the Royal Society. Is. 3d.

Practical Guide to the Composition and
Application of the English Language. By
Peter Smith, a.m. Post Svo. 12s.

An Introduction to the Metres of the
Greek Tragedians. By a Member of the
University of Oxford.” 8yo. 3s.

Smith’s Art of Drawing. S8vo. 12s.

Sallust; for the Use of Schools. By
John: Dymock. 18mo. 2s. Gd.

FINE ARTS.

Tiustrations to Moore’s, Irish Melodies ; P
consisting of Seven’ Plates, with a Vignette
Title-page ; from Designs by Westall. 5s.; 18
or proofs, Ws. 6d.

Westall’s Illustrations to Rogers’ Pleas
zures of Memory. Syo. 10s.; quarto, 18s.

New Books published in December.

{Jan il,

Ejght Engrayings of the Ruins cecasioned
by the Great Fires in Edinburgh, in d824.
Ts. 6d. Oat aif

HISTORY, {T

Compendium. of the History of Irelauid,
from the Earliest. Periodsto,the Reign of
George I.. By John Lawless, Esq. 12mo.
8vo. 24s,

Rivington’s "Annual Register for 18 23.
8yo. 18s.

History of Waterfield Churela.x Bex
Sisson. Small 8vo, Is.; large pafier,30s.

Beauties of Ancient English. and, Seottish
History. By Caroline Maxwell.|(8vo. 8s.

Memoirs of the Affairs of Europe, from
the Peace of Utrecht. . tos 626.108:

MATHEMATICS. Lie pe

Lunar and Horary Tables,’ for New and

Concise Methods for performing the Calen-

lations necessary for aseértaining the Lon-

gitude, by Lunar Observatious or “Chrono-
meters. Svo. 10s.

MEDICINE AND SURGERY. _
be Forsyth’s Medical Dieticon. 12mg: 6s.
1.

m9

Brown on Cholera Morbus in, British
India. S8vo. 2s. 6d.

Conspectus of Prescriptions. 18mo. 5s.

Beck’s Medical Jurisprudence, Syo. 18s,

Observations on Cancer; comprising Nu-
merous Cases of Cancer in the Breast, Hip
and Face, cured by a Mild Method of Prac-
tice, that immediately alleviates an page
agonizing pain. ‘By T. Graham, )1\.

&e. 2s. 6d. mish
MISCELLANEOUS.

A Second Volume of the Scrap Book.
By John M‘Diarmid. vo. 8s. 6d.

A View of the Present State of the
Salmon aud Channel Fisheries, and of the
Statute Laws by which they are regulated.
By J. Cornish, Esq. 8yo. 6s. 6d.

Debrett’s Baronetage of England, Fith
edition, with new plates. .2 yols. royal
18mo. 28s. are:

NATURAL HISTORY.

The Animal Kingdom enue ‘and
arranged, by Baron Cuvier; with additional
descriptions. By E. Griffith, F-L,8. [5 ~Part
IV. Royal 8vo., 24s. coloured ;
18s. Demy 8v0., plain, 12s, r

- NOVELS AND TALES...

Scenes and Thouglits.
Wink) SEL LUE Ot BR aelad tail pageant pen = 7 ‘

Tales of Irish Life. 2 vols. ]2mo, Be.

The Hermit in Italy. 3 yols.,J2mo. 1$s.

The Modern Athens. | Post 8yo. Qs-¢-,.

Winter Evening Pastimes, ot the Merry ;
Maker’s Companion, By R. meee Fools.
cap 8yo. 4s. 6d.”

Alice ‘Allan, and ‘other Bede
ander Wilson: Post 8yo.

{

: _ Crown \, Bro.

8%

“Walladmoor: translated into the Gern
from: the English of Sir’ Walter, Scotty. and,

now translated from the German into Eng-.
lish. 2 volsi' post 8¥o. 16s. Sctemns} sHIGYE

+

Pi Alex:

Gilmour, or the Lict pis 3 als, ;

: 1825.]

10128 ’ PHILOLOGY. ener
ir Universal Review, or Chronicle of

, the Literature. of all Nations. 5s.
'The Edinburgh Review, No. LX XXI.

Gsioi1} POETRY.
‘Bay Leaves; Stanzas for, Music; and
othér Poems: with ‘a Monody on "Lord

res By T. C. Smith. Foolscap 8yo. 6s.

*|POLITICS AND POLITICAL ECONOMY.

A Voice from India, in Answer to the
Reformers of England. By John B. Seely.
Svo. 7si >

Richmond’s “Narrative of the Condition
of the’ Manufacturing Population. 8vo. 6s.

THEOLOGY.

Acta Apostolorum, yariorum notis tuas
dictionem tum materiam ilustrantibus sum
adjecit, Hastings Robinson, A.M. 8yo.
9s, 6d.

_ «TOPOGRAPHY.

wu Topographical Dictionary of the United
Kingdom. By Benj. Pitts Capper, Esq.
With 47 Maps. 8yo. 30s.

VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.
“Travels among the Arab Tribes, includ-
_ nthe Countries, East of Syria and Pales-

ime! By J.'S. Buckie, Esq... 4to.
£3. 3s.
—=
“FOREIGN VARIETIES.
Fuge -, \FRANCEs

In the list. of New French Patents,
we find the following granted to engineers,
capitalists, ‘&c., of our own country.

o M. Hanchett, of Versailles, and Mr.
Smith, of London, whose domicile at Paris
is in the house of Messrs. Daly and Ro-
binson, ‘Rue de Provence, for the impor-
tation and improvement of an apparatus,
and a process for compressing gas, and for
vases and lamps in which it is compressed
and consumed in lighting, and also for
their valves for allowing the entrance and
escape of gas,

Mr. Badnall, resident at Leck, Stafford-
shire, England, and represented at Paris
by M. ‘Truffant, Rue St. Lazare, a. third
patent of improvement and addition to
the’ patent of importation and improvement
granted to him for fifteen years, for ma-
chines, ‘apparatus, and. processes for tan-
ning, with a saving of time, materials, and
labour, hides and skins of all kinds, by
forcing the tanning liquor through them
by means of pressure.

To Messrs. Fisher and Horton, Engi-
neers and Founders, at West, Bromwich,
Staffordshire. England, . represented by
Mr. Brookes, residing in Paris, at No.

149, "Rue St. Honoré, for the importation

of and improyements in the eonstruction
of, boilers and furnaces e yed in raising
steam for the use of Bs Meh of, all: de-
scriptions.

ITALX- |

THE beautiful. road, of Posilippe, begun
by the French in,1811, is nearly completed
by “the “Austrians. ,
works, tombs have been discoveredy con-

Foreign Literature.

Jn» trenching ‘these*

557

taining: /twns' ‘and’ ékeletons, With money
placed in‘ their moutlis. “In Rome, the ex-
ternal citcular part of the Theatre of Pom-
pey. has been. discovered, corresponding
with many fine’ remains still seen in’ the
vaults of the Palace’ Pio; fraginents of
columns, and a fine mutilated female, sta-
tue,)ten'palms in heighth. Jt was near
this: spot that the Hercules Commodiano,
and the famous Torso, were found, in the
time of Julius II.: and the celebrated co-
lossal statue of Ceres and Melpomene.

The captain of an Ttalian vessel has
brought from a voyage into Lapland, an
antique bark, in very good preseryation,
which had been thrown by a storm on those
coasts, some hundred years. ago._.The prow
of this vessel represents a head of Medusa,
and the poop is adorned with the double
figure of a Satyr. - The'sculptures are yery
well preserved, and seem to belong. to a
celebrated epoch in the’ arts among, the
ancients.

A great reformation is taking place at
Rome, with regard to the general govyern-
ment. The Pope has appointed .a com-
mittee of the ablest lawyers, to draw up a
new code of laws, contained and.published
under three heads :—‘ Reformation-of the
System of Public Administration ;?’ ‘*Re-
formation of the Civil Procedure;” * Re-
formation of the "Tariff of ‘Taxes in Judicial
Proceedings.”

A notice has been published in the oa
dom of Lombardy and Venice, signifying,
that all persons intending to make a pilgri-
mage to Rome next year, on account of the
Jubilee, are to apply for passports to Vienne,
and not to the authorities of the kingdom.
None, it is said, will be granted, except to
persons who are well known, or pilgrims
above all suspicion.

SWITZERLAND.

The Council of State of the Ganeoh 42
Vaud has been induced to prohibit. the well-
known Joseph Schmid, who had directed,
for a long time, the institution of Pestalozzi,
at Yv erdun, from residing in the eanton ;
and has ordered him to quit it in a few
weeks.

RUSSIA.

His Imperial Majesty the Emperor, has
granted an exclusive privilege for ten years,
to Mr. Matthew Clark, Inspector of the
Imperial Iron Foundry, in conjunction with
the house of Messrs. William Griffith and -
Co. inthe City of London, to make oil gas
erections throughout the, Russian domi
nions.

A chain bridge, the first of the kind in!
Russia, is about to be constructed over the
canal of Molkas ; it will be executed after
the designs of Colonel. Dufour, of Geneva,
who has sent to St. Petersburgh a beautiful
model of that which he erected im his own
country last year.

In the department of, Clierson iis ‘esta- =
blished a village of Jews, ervaged in agri-
cultural pursuits, which is recommended as

a model

558

a model to the Jews in Péland.
lage, Jese Nahr,.,in:the vicinity. of; which,
there are six smaller villages. of the same
kind, most of them with Hebrew names,
is inhabited by about fifty families.

The late storms/and inundations haye sa-

crificed many ‘lives at Petersburgh, and de~

stroyed property to. an immense amount:

7,000 dead bodies have. been found, and

upwards ‘of 8,000 persons are still missing.
PERSIA. -

Letters from Shiras announce, that on

the 27th Chawull 1239, which answers to

Medical Report.
‘This vil>*

{Jan. J,

the month’ of! “April 1824’. there ‘had ‘been’
an earthquake; (which. lasted six days and
nights without interruption, and which had
swallowed up more than half of that unfortu-
nate, city,,.and oyerthrew the ptherz Nearly
all the inhabitants fell’yictims to, this, catas-
trophe. y biodton. L.eMAG
Kazroon, a city between Abor, Koh, and
Shiras, was swallowed up; with ‘almost the
whole of its inhabitants, in Consequence. of
the same. earthquake. ‘) All the mountains
surrounding Kazroon ‘are’ Tévelled “by it,
and no trace of them now remains. | ...\).

Bt
f

‘MEDICAL REPORT. ‘end ri |

Rerorr of Diseases and Casuaurizs occurring in the public or private Practice of
the Physician who has the care of the Western District of the City Dispensary. «

HAN affections of the heart, no mala-

dies are more formidable in their aspect
or more diffieult in. theirmanagement ; and
their occurrence in the practice of the Re-
porter fas been of late especially frequent.
Wher the: physician is summoned to dis-
ordéts of this organ, he is immediately called
upon, to.-put! several questions to his judg-
ment and discernment, to get a satisfactory
solution of which implies no inconsiderable
demand’ ‘upon’ skill and experience. You
have first to ascertain. whether the disorder
in question be of the heart itself organically
and. properly, of whether it be a mere sym-
phatic or symptomatic expression of a dis-
order in other parts.» It is next of the
utmost moment to ascertain whether the
irregularities of the organ result from a want
of :propelling energy, from partial spasm in
some portion of. its fibrous. structure, from
fn undue collection of blood in some of its
chambers, from, a species of inflammatory
action either in its membranes or its sub-
stance, or from a fluid poured out. into the
pericardium or lungs. Then, again, it be-
hoves the practitioner to investigate the
evidence of ossification either in the blood-
vessels or in the valves of the heart (a state
‘of parts, by the way, very frequently con-
nected with a gouty diathesis) ; and having
ascertained the nature of the complaint, we
find a further’souree of difficulty in fixing
upon. its precise locality, and this for a very
obyious reason—that the different compart--
ments of the organ exist constantly in such
relative connexion, that one being brought
into morbid being, the other naturally and
necessarily. partakes .of the resulting. dis-
turbance. . As'to practical indications, also,
how often does it become a question of the
most. imperative importance to: decide upon
promptly, whether stimulus, or a subduction
of stimulus, be the demand of the moment ;
and inconsistent as it may at first appear,
youoften meet’ with® cases where the fulfil-
ment of both these indications is almost
simultaneously-required ;» where to uige on

the circulation to, the extremities, ,or..to
equalize the flow of blood, is alone to pre-
serve your patient from dropping into fhe
arms of death; but where this measure, is
best accomplished, in the very first instance,
by opening a yein, and thereby soliciting the
vital fluid away from the centre and source of
circulation. You afterwards add foree to rée-
quest, and in immediate succession to, blood-
letting, rouse, excite, and support: “In this
condition of things it is that, the carbonate
of ammonia often so, happily tells»cas<an
urging and sustaining power. Many deatlis
from collapse might probably. be prevented
by the prompt employment of this important
medicinal ; and in gotity habits it serves, as
the writer believes he has before intimated,
a double purpose: for while its’ stimtlating
agency is exercised upon the nervous. and
fibrous, and vascular excitability, its chemi-
cal influence, as a corrector of acidity, is
brought at the same time efficiently te ope-
rate upon spasms connected with, or perhaps
actually produced by, acidities in the prime
vie. sod bas
All individuals who are conscious ‘of con-
stitutional inclination to irregularities in. the
movements of the heart, ought to’ shun
sedulously every occasion for calling their
passions into more than ordinary excite-
ment; this caution is especially requisite,
since it is those who are the subjects of
cardiac disorder, whose mental. irritability
is the most readily worked upon ;, but
much more is in our power, ini respect.to
the regulation of the mind, than some'are
disposed to admit. Let but. the motive
be of sufficient force, and the forée of passion
will yield; unless insanity have deprivedus
of the freedom of choice: and: what motive
oughtto be more ‘alarmingly sonorous to the
ear of conscience, than the reflection that,
by. giving. theo mastery of» our physical: and
moral constitution into'the hands of passion,
we ‘rush into the embrace of disease, and.
even of) death, with ‘a ‘sort of “suicidal “vo-
lition! vecoo!s 7). OWINS, M. Dy
Bedforil Row; Dec, 28, 1824.

1825.]

[ 559 Jj

ALPHABETICAL List OF BANKRUPTCIES, announced betitéen the 20th of September and the
‘20th of October 1824:; extracted from the London Gaxettes.

BANKRUPTCIES. [This Month 99.]'

8 Solicitors’ Names are in Parentheses.

DAMS, J. Moorfields, cabinet-maker. (Richard-
/\'son, Walbrook

Antrobus, J. Manchestery provision dealer, (Adling-
ton and Co., Bedford-row ; and Houghton, Liver-

oe

Ateuet, J. Gun-street,’ Spitalfields, factor.
Westsstreet,. Finsbury-circus.

Afrowsmith, S, Salford, Lancaster, inn-keeper.
(Redhead, Manchester; and) Milne and Parry
Tempie

Anbrey, H. H. Praed-street, Edgeware-road, wine-
merchant. (Howard, Cook’s-court, Carey-street

Badham, J. Clifton, Gloucester, cabinet-maker.
(Hinton, Bristol; and Hicks and Brakenbridge,
Bartlev’s-buildings

Ball, P. Mevagissey, Cornwall, merchant. (Goode
and-Sons, St. Austell ;:and Goode, Gray’s-inn

Ball, T. St. Stephen in Bramwell, Cornwall, dealer.
(Burnley, Austell ’

Banks, J. and W. Garrod, of Beccles, Suffolk, linen-
drapers. (Messrs.. Bromley, Gray’s-inn-square ;
and Copeman, Chedgrave, Norfolk

Biggs, H. and J. Blandford Forum, mercers. (Til-
Jeard,,Old Jewry...

Bond, C. Gravesend, victualler, (Saunders and Co.,
Upper Thames-street :

Brown, J. Exeter, coachmaker. (Brutton, Exeter;
and Brutton, Old Broad-street '

Berslem, Tf. Abchurch-lane, wine merchant. (Far-
vis, Simrey-street, Strand

Chambers, .L, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, spirit. mer-
chant, Seymour, Neweastle; and Bell and
Brodrick, Bow-charchyara

Clarke, RK. Agnes-place, Waterloo-road, coal mer-
chant, (Dickens, Queen-street

Cooke, G. Manchester, grocer. (J. Mackinson,
Manchester; and W. Mackinson, Middle Tem.
_ple, London;

Coppard, J. sen. of Lower Mitcham, drug grinder.
(Gregson, Lincoln’s-inn-fields

Couchman, S. Throgmorton-street, printer. (Grege
gon, enn Fonuereau, Angel-court, Throgmorton-

“Street °”

Craddock, A. Aibany-road, carpenter. (Brooking,
_ Lombard-street :

Crossley, J. Holborn-bridge, cheesemonger. (Wal-

ker atid Co., Basinghall-street

Danie); J-Bedmitster, carpenter. (Taylor, Bristol ;
and Hurd and Johnson, Temple

Davenport, H. Heywood, Lancaster, grocer. (Baker,
Rochdale; Halsall, Middleton; and Hurd and
Jolinson, ‘Temple

Dimsdale, G. Richmond, Yorkshire, grocer. (Mor-

ton and Williamson, Gray’s-inn-square, London 5

and Peacock, Bedale

Tynete RK; Bell-lane, mustard manufacturer.

(Arnot,

irhet( and Co,, Cloak-lane
twood, W. and R. Crofts, Distaff-lane, paper-
ostainers, (Gray, Tyson-place, Kingsland-road
Faireloih, W, and W. Turk, Great Towery-street,
“wine-merehint. (Young and Gilbert, Mark-lane
Flaheety, @< Bath; tailor. (Jenkins and Abbot, New
Ann, Logdon; and Hale, Bath ;
Frampton, W. Wych-street, victualler. (Mahoney,
OChadcerytane
Franek, Ts Coompton, Lancaster, cotton-spinner,
‘a ¢ am psoD, Manchester; and Ellis and Co., Chan-
‘cervalane
Preem tty So Reading, coach-proprietor. (Hamilton
Apa Eola Kerwick-street; and Smith, Reading
Fuller, J. Bedfordsplace, Commercial-road, slater,
(Baddeley, Lemon-street
Gatuer, W, Margate, bookseller.
Co,, Cloak-lane '
Gibletr, J. Frome, Selwood, clothier. (Miller, Frome ;
arid Hastley,y New Bridye-street, Blackfriars
Gledhill, J, Halifax, merebant.. (Stead, Balifax;
and Walker, Lincoliu’s-inu-fields
Good, W. sen. and W. Good, jun. Hythe, South-
ampton, shipbuilders, (Bicke, Old Broad street
G bur W. Nottingham, draper. (Mesers, Tay-
or, Featherstone-buildings, Loudon; and Payne,
(Nouingham
Grimble, J, Norwich, tailor.| (Sewell and Co,, Nor-
wich; and Tilbury, Falcon-street

D,
B

(Sheppard and

Grimwood, R. Rochester, draper. | (Gates,and) Hard
wick, Cateaton-street Dh

Gritton, P. R. Doncaster, dealer,’ | (Hawkes, Bir-
mingham ; and Ellis and Co., Chancery:late

Gwynne, W. Benton, Sussex, dealer, (Sharp, Upper

‘ North: place, Gray’s-inn-lane

Hart, A. Manchester, dealers. (Ainsworth and
Crossley, Manchester; aud. Milne. and. Parcy,
Temple

Houghton, J. and 8. P. Skinner-street, leathersellers
(Nind and Cotterill, Throgmorton-street

Howell, J. Piccadilly, linendraper. (Jones, Sise-
ane

Hudson, T. Whitehaven, mercer. (Adamson and
Son, Whitehaven ; and Clennell, Staple’s-iun

Huffam,C. Garford-street, Limehouse, shipchandler,
(Steel and Nichol, Queen-street, Cheapside

Hulme, J. Laneaster, victualler. (Creswall, Man-
chester ; and Ellis and Co., Chancery-lane

Jackson, C. Barbican, hatter. (Templer, John-
street, America-square

Jackson, H. W. and W,.W. Beaumont, Great East-
cheap, cutlers, (Ashby and Goodman, Token-
bouse-yard

James, H. J. Cannon-street, stationer, (Williams)
Bond-court, Walbrook teeth ee

Jenkins, W. Christchurch, Southampton, plumber.
(Rowden, Christchurch ; and Hick and Dean,
Gray’s-inn ; 4

Johnson, W. Bedfordbury, draper. (Smith, Basing- .
hall-street

Kite, J.and B. Best, Macclesfield-wharf, Shoreditch,
coal-meschants. (Young and Vallings, ‘St. Mit-
dred’s-court, Poultry :

Lainb, G. Blackwall, merchant.
Cloak-lane $y 077 (1

Lawson, J. Nottingham, hosier. (Percy, Notting-
ham; and Long and Austin, Gray’s-inn

Lee, J. Bocking, innkeeper, (Dark and/Michael,
Redlion-square ; “i

Levy, J. Goodman’s-fields, feather metchant. (Rey-~
nal and Ogle, Austinfriars |. :

Lewin, R. Mansell-street, coal merchant. (Spyer,
Bartholomew-lane :

Lingford, T. Sloane-street, draper. (Gates and
Hardwick, Cateaton-street i }

Lomas, G. Burslem, Stafford, pawnbroker,,. (Ward,
Burstem ; and Wolston, Furnival’s-inn

Lunn, E. and G. Halifax, Yorkshire, chemists,
(Jaques and Battye, New-inn, London ;' and Hol«
royde, Halifax

Mason, G. Northampton, carpenter. (Patten, Hat-
ton-garden ad}

Metz, &. Southampton-street, Strand, bill-broker.
(Hurrick and Stafford, Buckingham-street

Morris, T. Oswestry, mercer. (Minshull and Sabine,
Oswestry ; and John, Palsgrave-place, Temple-bar

O'Hare, J, Chepstow, Monmouth, grocer, (Ballin
Bristol; and Poole and Co., Gray’s-inn-lane

Parker, W. Hampstead-road; builder. © (Paxton,
Bow-churchyard.. ’ ; ;

Phené, W. jun. Fleet-street, confectioner, (Wood,
Bartholomew’s-hospital ;

Phillips, J. Bedford-street, Covent-garden, money-
scrivener. (Beckett, Gulden-square

gi ree J. Shoreditch, grocer. (Robinson, Wal-

rook i { j

Pocock, W. Layton, Essex, cahbinetmaker. (Armory
and Coles, ‘Throgmorton-sireet

Powell, W. Upper North-place, ‘Gray’s:inn-lane-
road, plumber. (Dodd, Caroline-street, Bedford-
square

Radford, 8. Chiswell-street, victualler. (Martineau
and Malten, Carey-street

Rice, ©. Bennett cireus, tailors
Basinghall-street i

Richards, J. Wolverhampton, miller. (Wood, Wol-
verhampton; and Williams and White, Lincoln’s-
inn-fieids

Richards, $. Bristol, boot and shoemaker. (Hinton,
Bristol; and Hicks and Brakenbridge, Bartlett’s-'
buildings ; ’

Rimmer, J. and J, Liverpool, flour and_provyision-
dealers. (Gregory, Liverpool; and John, Pals-
grave-place

Roberts, J, High Holborn, corn-dealer, (Ford,
Great Queen-street, Lincoln’s-inn-fields

Rolfes, W.G. Fenchureh-street, broker, (Dennett
and Co., King’s-arms-yard, Coleman-street

Seward,

(Birkett and Co),

(Tanner, New

.

560

Seward, J. G. Blandford Forum, Dorset, cooper.
(Filch, Union-street, Southwark, London; and
Crabb, Blandford

Shaw, T. Southampton, wine-merchant. (Willis
and Co., Tokenhouse-yard

Sidford, G. sen. Bath, linendraper. (Makinson,
Middle Temple, London; and Hellings, Bath

Sims, C. Crown-court, Broad-street, merchant.
(Nind and Cotterill, Throgmofton-strect

Smith, T. Heaton Norris, Lancashire, and J. Yates,
New-mills, Derby, brass and iron-founders,

~ (Kershaw, Manchester; and Hurd and Johnson,
Temple

Starkey, W. Lower-road, Deptford, butcher.
(Young and Gilbert, Matk-lane

Stephers, W. Alphington and Heavitree, Devon,
builder. (Kingdon and Cann, Colyton ; and Fair-
bank, Staple’s-inn

Temple, W. R: Sowerby, York, wine-merchant,
(Saunders, Stockton-upon-Tees ; and Harris, Nor~
folk-street, Strand

Thomas, J. Liverpool, merchant. (Bulmer, Liver-
* pool; and Maugham and Fothergill, Great James-
street, Bedford-row

Thomas, J. Piccadilly, draper. (Beavan, Clifford-

List of Bankrupts and Dividends.

ie {,

Thompson, G. F. Wood-street, Cheapside, silk-
manufacturer. (Bean, Dyer’s- buildings, Holborn

Townend, J.R. Minories, hat-manufacturer. (Cla-
bon, Mark-lane

Wagstaff, T. Bristol, wharfinger. (Langley, Bristol
aud Rossers, Bartlett’s-buildings

Walker, Bishopsgate - street, lardware-man.

- (Mills, New North-street, Redlion-square “"™°

Weaver, T. Abingdon, Berks, linendraper, (Willis
and Co., Tokenliouse-yard, London ; and Wilson,
Manchester 23 ap

Welch, J. Prince’s-street, Lambeth, leatherscller.
(Watts, Dean-street, Tooley-street

Williams, J. Kentish-town, coachmaker,
and Co., Little St. Thomas Apustle 4

Wills, W, So¥s-row, Hampsiead-road, rectifier,
(Mahoney, Chancery-lane

Wilson, P. Gibson-street, Lambeth. marsh, carpen-
ter. (Patlens, Hation-garden k

Woods, G. £. Walton, Surrey, chemist, (Young
and Gilbert, Mark-lane :

Wragg, T. Islington, brewer,
Carter-lane : : .

Wynne, G. Stafford, shve-manufacturer. (Keen,

" Stafford ; and Williams and White, Lincoln’s-inn

(Stevens

(Stevenson, Great

street, Bond street

‘

Abbott, A. Liverpool, Dec. 28

Armstrong, J» Bristol, Dec. 17

Atkinson,J. Clement’s-lane, Lom-
bard-street, Dec. 18

Atkinson, T, Ludgate-bill, Jan. 4

Austin, R. J, Throgmorton:street,
Jan.8

Bailey, J. Liverpool; Dec. 15

Bainbridge, J. Queen-str., Cheap-
side, Jan. 8

Banks, J. Leeds, Jan. 4

Bannester, B. Southend, Jan. 4

Barton, W. St. Saviour’s church-
yard, Jan, 11

Becher, C.C, Lothibury, Dec. 4, 11

Benson, J. Lancaster, Jan. 14

Rethel, T. Poole, Dec. 20

Bollon, W.and T, Banbury, Ox-
ford, Jan. 5 - ak

Bowmar, J. Goltho, Lincoln, Jan.

20

Brammall, G. Sheffield, Dec. 20

Brown, C., Dundee, Jan. 4

Brown, S. and T. H. Scotts, St.
Mary Hill, Dec. 18

Browne, G. B. John-street, Bed-
ford-row, Dec. 4

Burmester, J,W.ahd C, L.Vidall,
London-street, Dec. 18

Caleott, J. Shoreditch, Jan. 22

Campbell and Co., Old Jewry,
Jan. 4

Cmpams R, Horseleydown-lane,
e :

b. 5
Carey, J. Raquet-court, Dec. 18
Carver,J. Lancing, Sussex, Dec. 94
Carver, J.and W. Peat, Basing-
hall-street, Jan. 15
Chandler, J. Sandwich, Jan, 4
Clarke, R.H. St. Mary Hill, Jan. 8
Cleghorn, W. Ratcliff-highway,
Dec. 18
Colbeck, T. and Co., York, Dec, 18
Coles, W. Mincing-lane, Dec. 18
Cookson, J, Leeds, Dec. 99
Cooke, J. Barnstaple, Jan. 17
Davis, T. Minories, Dec. 18
Dicks, J. London-street, Totten-
ham-court-rond, Jan. 4
Edwards, T. Alton, Southampton,
Dec. 22
Emery, J. Rosoman-street, Dec. 7
Eveleigh, F. Launceston, Dec. 28
Falkner, F. Manchester, Jan. 7

Forsaith, S. Shoreditch, Dec. 18°

Gale, Q. Newgate-market, Dec. 21
Garrod, S, St. Marylebone, Jan.8

DIVIDENDS.

Gibson, J. and S. Foster, Ward..
robe-place, Doctors’-commons,
Dec. 21

Goulder, C. Dilham, Norfolk,
Dec. 27 i. ee

Gower, V. Weathersfield, Essex,
Dec. 23

Grange, J. Piccadilly, Dec. 18

Greaves, J. Sheffield, Dee.t5

Griffiths, A. swansea, Dec. 22

Harten, G. V. Leadenha)ll-street,
Jan. 8 4

Hewitt, T. Carlisle, Dec. 22

Hoiland, H. L. Coventry, Dec. 28

Houlden, R. St. Margarev’s-hall,
Southwark, Jan. ts

Humphries, W. Nuaney, Somer-
set, Dec. 28 _

Hunt, G. Leicester-sqnare, Dec. 98

Jones,C, Welshpool, Montgomery-
shire, Dec, 2)

Jones, E. and J. Norris, Budge-
row, Dec. 18

Lansley, W. Andover, Dec. 29

Large, J. Maiden Bradley, Wilts,
Dec. 15

Lawton, J. Dobcross within Sad-
dleworth, Dec. 20:

Lewis, J. Bristol, Dec. 98

Lewis, T. C. and C. Bevan, High
Holborn, Jan. ¢

Lingard, J. Manchester, Jan. 8

Lloyd, W. sen. and W. Lloyd,
jun. Lower Thames-street, Dec.
18

Lovegrove, R. Aborfield, Jan. 4

Lucas, H, Liverpool, Jan. 11

Lyne, J.'and Co., Finsbury-square,
Jan, 11

Mann, W. of Thompson, Norfolk,
Dec. 18

Maxwell, J. Boston, Jan. 15

Mayor, C. Somerset-street, Port-
man-square, Dec. 28

Meacher, T. Newport Pagnell,
Dec. 30 ;

Mercer, G, Basinghall-st, Jan. 11

Mortimer, J. sen. Cleckheaton,
York, Jan. 7

Murray, W. Pallmall-court, Jan.
15

Nantes, ‘H. Warnford-court,
!hrogmorton-street, Dec. 14

Norris, T. Whitehart-yard, Drury-
lane, Dec. 18

Noyes, J. Tooley-street, Dec. 18

Orme, J. sen. Nottingham, Jan, 25

‘Robertson, J. Ol

Parke, J, Liverpool, Dec. 14

Payn, T. and J. D, Cateaton-str,,
Dec. 7

Peere, J. Liverpoo', Dec. 30

Piercy, J. and R. Suanders, Bir-
mingham, Jan. 7 :

Reed, T. High Holborn, Dee..o!

Richardson, W. Horneastle, Dee«
30 oe

Ridsdale, F. Leeds,, and W. Ha~

milton, Finshury-place,. Jan. 4

Broad-street,

Dec. 18

Salmon, S. Regent-street, ‘Jan- 15,
Sandison, W. Cork-street; Bur-
lington-gardens, Dec, 14,
Scarrow, T. jun. and J. Scarrow,

Carlisle, Dec, 22 :
Sharpus, R. Davies-street, Berke-
ley-square, Dec, 23
Sheath, A. and Co. Boston, Lin-
col, Dec. 23): ws
Sherwin, J. and J, Drake, Gould-
square, Jan, 15 5 mee ead
Shoobridge, G. Cheapside, Jaty. 99°
Simpson, R. Crown-court, Thread-.
needle-street, Jan.4 :
Skidmore, J. Sheffield, Jan. 12
Slaney, M.A. Shitfiall, Dee. 98
Smaliwocd, T. Drayton in Hales,
Dec, 24 tes :
Smith, T. B. and €o., Old Trinity-"
house, Jan. &
Sneade, W. Whitchurch, Dee. 18,
Squire, L. Earith, Huntingdon,
Dec. 28 ;
Sumner, T. Preston, Lancashire,
Dec, 23 *

Thurtell, J. Bradwell, Dees18°
Tephen» J. Great Russell-street,
ec, 18 .

Wakeman, T. Fleetmarket, Jan. 4°
Waterhouse, J. and J. Green,
Ropemakers’-street, Dec, 18
Weaver, H. Bristol, Dec. 22
Whiteside, R. Whitehaven, Dec. 31
Willcocks, T. Bath, Dee. 15 ?
Williams, L.. Fénchurch-street,
Jan. It "
Wilson, M. Newcastle-upon-Tyne,
Dec. 30 ,
Wiltshire, J. Wootton Bassett,
Wilts, Dec.15
Windeatt, T. Bridgetown, Devon,
Jan. 6

“AGRICULTURAL

1825.)

[ 561

]

" “MONTHLY | AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

nae

OS a a
YHE™ ‘continuance, to this “moment, of
_-the équinoctial gales, with deluges of
rain, has baffled all weather-wisdom ; and
could Old" Francis Moore himself encounter
resurrection, he would, under existing cir-
cumstances, searcely veriture to prognos-
tieate.’ Grave countrymen’ say one unto
the other— whence can-all this. rain come
from ?”’ All that we'can say, is, that there
must necessarily be a balance of drought at
some future period. Winter, and its sea-
ye oat frost, are anxiously expected, for
iving firmness to the soil and
gp poor ‘thereon; but a sudden sharp
frost would be attended with perilous con-
sequences, to the wheats particularly, and
to the common turnips, which would be
soon »rotted and» destroyed. It is argued
that,”such deluges of rain having fallen,
little snow.can be expected during the en-
suing winter. ~The public papers still groan
under the recital of losses and damages from
wind and floods ; but, although we of the
exposed parts of this fortunate emporium
of abundance ‘and happiness have suffered
heayily and beyond precedent, our losses
and distress bear no comparison with those
endured.on the continent, more especially
at) St. Petersburgh, where, no doubt,
some who have escaped with life, but the
loss of all that ean render life worth hav-
ing, in the anguish of despair, have cursed
the memory and the commercial cupidity of
the saint and the anointed, who could build
a tity on’a site of such extreme peril. The
present .month affords little to report be-
yond the contents of our last. We have
been. eye-witnesses of such an abundance
of slugs, as we never before beheld in any
season; for the. prevention of this pest,
the weather has throughout been unfavour-
able. The young wheats look. well, ex-
er en ig on lands saturated with moisture,
eré they appear yellow and sickly;
large breadths, also, being devoured by the
slug. In some few districts, perhaps, one
third of the land intended for wheat will
not be sown. Early wheat sowing is of
great importance, . the chances being so
uncertain late in the autumn, or early in
the winter. “The discreparicies in country
letters are curious; men judge as they
feel. «The farmers of distant and poor dis-
tricts insist that the last crop was deficient
both ;in..quantity and quality ; that ..the

ie

JMontury Mag. No, 404.

young ‘wheats look poorly, ‘and: that the
general breadth of wheat sown this year ‘will
be, considerably deficient. ,. Their more for-
tunate brethren tell a ‘directly opposite
story ;, and the fortunate, Scots farmers
vouch the last crop of wheat to be beyond
an average, and generally of prime quality.
The barley and oat crop, even, are said to
prove beyond expectations. Our guess was
right—the Christmas ‘supplies of wheat
have been ample, and. prices have given
way. The same may be said of Smithfield
market. A good shew upon the land, in
the spring, must assuredly reduce. prices,-
which, however remunerating and comfort-
able to the farmer, are still above the wages
of the labourer, notwithstanding some ad-
vance. Cattle have been, and ought to be,
taken to the home fold on’ all wet lands,
where, receiving no benefit, they do much
mischief. The weather has been‘unfavoura-
ble for storing potatoes and ‘other roots,
a beneficial practice. No general rot of
sheep has yet ~ taken) place 5" the ‘marshy
parts of Kent have suffered most. Winter
tares a most productive and advantageous
crop on heavy lands, their culture extend-
ing in some parts, and. totally neglected in
others. . The export trade of horses» has
been carried to an unprecedented extent ;
equally so, the stealing of them: and the
losers, instead of setting theit shoulders to
the wheel, are kneeling to Jove for that re-
medy which can only. come from them-
selves. Hops and long wool are on the
advance. The Christmas, Smithfield mar-
ket and annual cattle shew were more nu-
merously supplied than in. any former
year; and the latter, full to stuffing last
year, seemed to be more than full in the
present. This exhibition is patronized both
hy town and country, evincing the national
taste for the embonpomt, the. oleose and the
luscious.

Smithfield :—Beef, 3s. 5d. to 4s, 8d.—
Mutton, 3s. 2d. to 4s. 4d,—Veal, 3s. 2d.
to 5s. 4d. —Pork, 4s.0d. to: 5s. 8d.—Raw
Fat, 2s. 53d: °

Corn Exchange ;—Wheat, 43s, to '72s.—
Barley, 30s. to 44s.—Oats, 19s. to 30s,—
Bread, (London), }1d. the loaf of 41b.—
Hay, 65s. Od.'to 110s,—Cloyer do. 84s, to
126s.—Straw 36s. to 45s.

Coals in the Pool, 27s. 6d. to 39s. Od. —

Middlesex, Dee, 20.

4C MONTHLY

{[ 562 }

[Jan. 1,

MONTHLY PRICE-CURRENT.

—_———-

Armonps : —Sweet, per cwt. 12/. to 12/.10s.
BHLEL rare oceed isis par aiehe cerieset oly, 10) At-
ALUM Gs aiae con iesiteleis snan ne ee es ath ole

Asnes :— Quebec Pot.....
United States' eos. ee ee eee oe
Quebec Pearl..........0+

Barirra :—Tenerifle........ perton 18d.
Carthagena ...... .. 22l. to 230.
PRCA Eels eiai9io a niefale a vyaistese ls sinin acd,
Sicily woics99 > lol

.. percwt. 36s.
42s.

Brimstone :—
Rough ......

Cocoa :—
West-Indian.....,. per cwt 55s. to 80s.
Trinidadts aioe. oe ... 75s,to. 100s.
Grenada................ 75s. to 100s.
Mardeeann. ay viele Po 208 Oe (none.)

Correr :—Jamaica, Triage... 50s, to 54s.

Jamaica, good,......+++,+ 598, to 60s.
eI cactt's ante a xa nein tn tase
-, very fine.,....,. 82s. to 100s,
Dominica,.,..+..++++++++ 63s, to 90s,
‘Berbice... cy cesereeecere GS, to 80s

Corron:—
West.India, common, per lb. » 8d. to 9d.
Carenadan dais ods sd. debheGditodld.
Berbice. 2) ccaakt ewes. 9d. to 103d.
Demerara. ..0...0-..05. 10d. to 12d.
Sea Island .... .. 13d. to 20d.

weseeeee per ton 6/. 12s.

New Orleans ..........+. 8d. to 17d.
Georgia, Bowed.......... 73d. to 9d.
Bahia... cc..22.5... 10d. to 11 dd,

Maranham............ 105d. to 114d.
Para oiese wh tov len IZM. to LOZ.

SONG. WAN ba eidldaite Odd:
Pernambucco,......... 114d. to 12k.
Sulit. AO. siliaticl . bees 1S gditor7ds
Madrasi..sussseskve0.. 20 53d, to 7d.
Bengali;..ii/..0.\00 1.0... 52d. to 63d.
Bourbon...s.... 050. .0.. 84d. to 12d.
Smyrna y. .sc.saseee ees. Addo to Bhd,
SDyesyelnt ata oy es Se sea 9d. to 10d.

Currants.......... per cwt. 94s. to 100s.
Fics, Turkey emetcanas 50s. to 53s.

Frax, Riga..........per ton 53/. to 541.

Mina .....

Druana...... Seincne co + niitepisansiel 4ag
Petersburgh. 20... 6.,04.00/6 - +. 471. to 491.
Hemp:—Riga........ 005 APR ALN erent:
Petersburgh........ veee 400. to 41.

, half clean......360. to 370.
Tron—Petersburgh...... 23/7. 10s. to 26l.
British Bar .......... 13¢. to 137. 10s.

InpIco:—
Caracca Floras, per lh, 11s.6d. to 12s.6d.
Sobra ............ 10s. 6d, to Lis. 6d.
East-India ........ 10s, 6d, to 15s. Od.
Ous:—Palm .. .. per cwt. 28s. 6d..to, 30s.
Whale, Cape, in bond, perton,....4,.. 25/.
Gallipoli «ot. ofprese « teste o-ccppip haan eaele
Lucca.......... per jar 8l,; Lis. to 90.
Florence...... per half-chest 27s..to 29s.
Pimenvo (in Bond),. ...per lb. 94d. to 93d.
PEPPER, dO... .accicmnd “ete sonpadaototine
Rice :—FEast-India,. per cwt, 17s. to 20s.
Gara) He Rae wae.0 0) 328..t0. 385, 6d
=y OLA. a, « «-ai5]2,0.8 «0404, 0488 TOMS «
Sririrs (in Bond) :— sabe Bak
Brandy, Cogniac, per gall. 2s, 10d, to 3s.
» BOULCEAUX 6s snare aae'a sapere de
Geneva. ......5+.05 ++ 15.10. to. 2s. 6d.
Rum, Jamaica ...... ls. 10d. to 2s. 6d,
» Leeward Island... 2s, 4d. to.2s,. 0d.
Sucar:—Jamaica .. per cwt. 54s. to 70s.
Demerara, &C.... 0. « stee00,;20Sxt0.705.
St. Kitts, Antigua, &c. ...,...55s..to, 63s.
Refined, on board for exportation,;.;
Large Lumps.. ., per cwt. 34s, to. 40s.
Good and middling ...4. «+++, 38s.
Patent fine Loaves....... 48s. to 52s,
Tattow, Russia’.. per ewt, 36s. to 36s. 9d.
Tar, Archangel, per barrel....-.++++ 165.
Stockholm... ¢s2.c<neabybles de scnase ote
Tea, (£.-India Company's prices): ;
Bohea ..... . perlb, 2s. 3d, to 2s. 53d.
Congou Sa.pis aye opejd dpsed Otel WO. aoe Sie
Souchong.......- «. .», 389d, to 4s,10d.
Campoi ... «2+ sj «jae; 2% 4d. to Ss. 10s,
Twankay......,..<+- (0S. 5d; to, 3s, 9d.
Hyson.........-.. 35 10d. to 5s. 10d.
Gunpowder........+ . 5s, 8d. to 7s.4d.
Toxacco (in Bond) :— r
Maryland, fineyellow, perlb, 1s,6d,to 2s.
Fine colour .,.......+«- 5d.fo1s. 3d,
Light Brown ...,....+++- 3d.to 43d.
Virginia ......c00snee 0 Osdnto,6ds,-
Wine (in Bond) :—
Old Port ........ per pipe 42/. to 461.
New dss. scicis:cc:omeerncies ae) DUE tO S60.
Lisbon ..... sl eloiislatia seni. cesses tO, Lees
Madeira... 216.5. dehca/e.d ob atmbok
Calcavello .,.....2+++-... 201. to 40/.
Sherry........++.+per butt, 20/. to 602.
Teneriffe .......- per pipe, 22/. to 28/7.
Claret........ per hogshead 20/, ta 502.
Spanish, Red, avs
per ton of 252 gallons,, '12/. to 182.

MONTHLY COMMERCIAL REPORT..

—=_—— ofl
OT TON.—The arrivals have been very limited, and the demand: has continued yery

‘good during the past month, and _ prices gradually improying :

Sea Islands_haye ad-

vanced 2d, to 3¢.; other American descriptions from 3d. to 4d.; and South . American
from 4d. to 1s. per lb,— At Liverpool the Sales at the advanced price, in one week, amount to
24,800 Bags,—At Manchester, the orders for South America are considerable for manu-
factured goods, and consequently speculation in the raw material of Cotton-Wool is

extensive.

1825.] - Political Affairs in December. 563

Sugar.—The market has commenced with considerable briskness, (in consequence of
intelligence from St. Petersburg of the loss and damage done to Sugars by inundation)
and the importers demand an advance of 2s, per cwt., which was complied with on the
part of Refiners for strong working qualities. The public Sales have been very animated,
and Sugars ofall descriptions have gone off at a considerable advance. Several extensive
contracts have been entered into for refined goods, in consequence of the aforesaid inun-
dation in Russia.

Considerable Sales have been effected in Havannah, Brazil, and East-India Sugars, at a
fult advance of 2s per cwt. since our last report.

Coffees very ‘dull; and the sale of the article quite nominal at present. _ Berbice and
Demerara have’ been bought in, for want of purchasers for exportation ; but Jamaicas sold
freely at ‘our quotation, principally for home consumption.

Rum, Brandy, ‘and Hollands.—The market for these articles continues without any
variation since our last’ report, and rather more languid than could be expected at this
season of the year. Brandies, however, keep up their price, owing to the failure of the
last vintage in France.

Trish Provisions.—The prices, which have been advancing for some time back, are now
on the decline. The imports of butter, for the week ending 15th instant, from Ireland, are
18,795 firkins ; from Holland, 2,750 casks ; and from Hamburgh, 2,884 casks,

Hemp, Flav, and Tallow.—The advance on Hemp, &c., in consequence of the damage it
has sustained by the floods in Russia, is £2 to £3 per ton; and Tallow has advanced 1s.

er cwt. ,
F ‘Commercial affairs have lately improved, and the following articles have advanced 10 to
25 per cent., viz. Indigo, Rice, Gum (Senegal and Barbary), Nutmegs, Pepper, Pimento,
and other Spices, &c., as noted in the value affixed to each respective article in the columns
of Prices. Speculators have shewn an eager inclination to invest extensively in such articles
_ as are low in price, or where the Stocks have been reduced by regular deliveries for Shipping
or Consumption, and the following we think deserving the attention of our speculative
readers, as possessing some claims either to the one character or the other, namely,-Safflower,
Saffron, Pot and Pearl Ashes, Resin, Linseed Oil, Coffee, Cochineal, Tallow, Sugar, and
Opium ; other articles equally favourable may be recommended, but the above occur to us,
at the moment, as likely to afford a remunerative profit.

Course of - Exchange.—Amsterdam, 12 2.—Hamburgh, 37 0.—Paris, 25°15.—An-
twerp, 12 3:— Rotterdam, 12 3—Bourdeaux, 25 45.—Vienna, 10 2.—Madrid, 36—
Cadiz, 354—Gibraltar, 31.—Leghorn, 48}—Genoa, 444—Naples, 39—Lisbon, 51—
Oporto, 512—Dublin, 9}—Cork, 9}.

The 3' per Cent. Reduced, 943; 3 per Cent. Consols, 953; 4 per Cent. 1822, 1073;
New 34—1002 to 101; Bank Stock, 2293, ,

Goldin bars, $/. 17s. 9d. per 0z.—New doubloons, 3. 15s.—Silver in bars, 5s. 94d..

Premiums on Shares and Canals, and Joint Stock Companies, at the Office.of Wowre and
Epmoxpvs.—Barnsley Cana, 345/.— Birmingham, 330/.—Derby, 225/.—Ellesmere and
Chester, 100/.—Erewash, 0/.—Forth and Clyde, 600/.—Grand. Junction, 2901. — Leeds
and Liverpool, 550/.—Mersey and Irwell, 1000/.—Neath, 400/.-—Nottingham, 300/.—Ox-
ford, 900/.—-Stafford and Worcester, 950.—Trent and Mersey, 2,150/.—Alliance British
and ‘Yoreign, 19/.0s.— Guardian, 21/, 10s.—Hope, 6/.—Sun Hire, 220/.-—Gas Licur
Chartered Company, 741.—City Gas Light Company, 165/.—Pheenix or. South Lon-
don, 14/. pr,—Leeds, 210/.— Liverpool, 250/. '

POLITICAL AFFAIRS IN DECEMBER. °

<=

GREAT BRITAIN. tional Law of England, would not have

If Beary of materials for historical
record be, as some have asserted, an
argument. of national happiness, the
preceding has been for England a happy
month, for scarcely an incident has
occurred important enough to be chro-
nicled; and. but. little is presented for
political animadversion. In the Court
of King’s Bench, indeed, a decision, was
pronounced, in the case Duncan v.
Tuwartes and others, proprietors of
the Morning Herald, which any pre-
vious Pra anice we thought ort
possessed. of, concerning the Constitu-

led us to expect; and was supported by
arguments, or axioms rather, which, till
our ignorance was illuminated by the
wisdom of the Bench, we should not
have imagined to be calculated for the
meridian of a country, one of whose
proves: boasts and best securities we
ad always understood it to be, that
every thing connected with the process
and administration of justice should be
as open to the eye of man 4s to that of
heaven, and be submitted to the most
unlimited publicity, It seems, however,
that all our notions in this respect were
4C2 perfectly

564

perfectly erroneous ; —that the ‘plea,
that an alleged libel “consists of nothing
more than a true and correct report of
proceedings which took place publicly
before the justices at Bow-street,” &c.,
is “a bad plea;” that “it is not lawful
for the proprietors of a public journal
to publish an account of proceedings
taken before a magistrate in the way of
inquiry and investigation ;” that “the
room in which such proceedings take
place is either open or not open, as the
magistrate should think fit to direet 77 *
and that the publication of police reports
is “to be looked upon as a violation of
the criminal! jurisprudence of the coun-
try.” All this, of course, must be very
sound law, very just, and very constitu-
tional, in spite of our old-fashioned
notions,—for the Bench has pronounced:
and who shall.call in question the wis-
dom, the :constitutionality, or the up-
right) independence of the English
Bench? \‘The defendants, however, it
seems, are not as satisfied as we are
with such authority, but mean to ap-
peal to the House of Lords. The sub-
ject will therefore, of course, be open to
farther discussion.

_In the mean time, the approaching
meeting of Parliament seems to be
looked forward to with little apparent
interest, though questions of the high-
est importance must necessarily, we
should suppose, be handled during the
sessions: — Negro’ Slavery; the noble
struggles of Greece, and of the South
American Republics; the commercial
interests, as well as the honest sympa-
thies of the country, with respect to
these; the ambitious and evasive policy
of Russia; the lamentable and menacing
state of Ireland; the new Stock Ex-
change system, by which the capital of
this country is becoming subservient to
all the plans of all the governments,
which, at no distant period, perhaps,
may be in open hostility, and make war
upon us with the proceeds of our own
funds; the monopolist combinations
or joint-stock companies, which seem
to threaten the extinction of the
intermediate classes, by taking all trades
and occupations into the hands of a
few great capitalists ; and the speculative
bubbles, so menacing to the property of
deluded individuals, though so profitable
to the first projectors, &c.

* Tt does not appear, however, that the
magistrate, in the instance under discussion,
had given any directions that the room in
which the proceedings were going on should
be considered as not open.

Political Affairs in December.

(Jan. 1,

There has been some talk (though
not distinctively) of new plans of eco-
nomy with respect to the Funds, and a
consequent repeal of several millions of
taxes. Some rumours, also, of changes
in the cabinet,—of the resignation of
Lord Liverpool, and consequent down-
fall-of Mr.Canning. But the latter report,
however originated, has passed away.

IRELAND,

In Ireland, we have viewed with plea-
sure some of the proceedings of the
Catholic Association : especially a very
sensible address to the peasantry, re-
probating all those tumultuary combi-
nations of Whiteboys, Ribbonmen, &c.,
by which the deluded people have so
frequently given pretences for arbitrary
laws and regulations; subjected them-
selves to gibbets and transportations ;
increased, instead of diminishing their
own calamities ; and rendered abortive
the attempts of their more enlightened
friends and advocates, for the redress of
the grievances under which their coun-
try groans.

Mr. O’Connell, however, on the eve-
ning of Monday the 20th December, on
his return from the Committee of this
Catholic Association, was arrested on
the charge of haying used seditious and
inflammatory language. The charge, it
seems, is founded on the-solitary evi-
dence of the report in Saunders’s News
Letter ; the accuracy of which is not
only denied by Mr. ‘O’Connell, and
totally unsupported by the evidence of
any other of the reporters present; but
for the false representations in which
Mr. O’Connell has commenced a pro-
secution against the Editor of that paper.
Mr. O’C., however, is held to bail; and
suspicions are suggested, that this is a
mere manceuvre, to prevent him from
coming to England, on his delegated
mission, to advocate the claims of Ca-
tholic emancipation.

FRANCE.

In France, Charles X, has met the
assembled Chambers,’and made them a
gracious speech ; of which the principal
features are, indemnity to the emigrants
(a prelude, in all probability, to the re-
sumption of the revenues of the clergy),
and the continuance of the major part
of the French Army of Occupation in

SPAIN: —

Which, with a fanatical and besotted
despotism, unworthy of the name of a
government,—as merciless as it is imbe-
cile—destitute, at once, of financial re-
sources, of civil organization and mili-
tary strength, continues to feel, all the

horrors

1825.].

horrors of anarchy, and to tremble in
the breath of every rumour, with all. the
guilty fears of retaliative vengeance.
Guerilla parties of constitutionalizts are
said, with probability, to maintain them-
selves in different parts; and,a report, in
spite of its improbability, seems to have
been believed, of a powerful body of
exiles having Janded from the opposite
coast of Africa, which has been assigned
as the reason for the continuance of the
French,—equally hated, it should seem,
by the Liberal and the Royalist parties.
Such is the permanent pacification of
Europe, effected by the Holy Alliance.
GERMANY AND RUSSIA, :
especially the latter, instead of politics,
present us only the most frightful and
heart-rending details.of devastations by
floods, unprecedented, it should seem,
since the days of Noah, in the history
of the world. On the 19th November,
the city of Petersburg was inundated by
the overflow of the Neva, to such an
extent as must have suggested the ap-
prehension of another universal deluge.
The dépots of merchandise, the public
arsenals, .&c. have been completely
under water, and all their stores de-
stroyed. Ships of great. burthen have
been ‘stranded im the streets, houses
swept down; and but for the general
solidity of the buildings there, it seems
probable that every trace of human
habitation might have been swept away.
Whole villages, in the neighbouring
country, have been. so swept; and it
has even been estimated that 15,000
people have perished; while, from the
almost total destruction of the means of
subsistence, famine seems to stare in the
face of the survivors,

Accounts almost as awful have been
received from some parts of the north of
Germany. In the city of Darmstad, in
particular, the inundations rose so sud-
denly aud so high, that the inhabitants
had no refuge but on their house-tops,
where they sat, in trembling expectation
of being swept away by the augmenting
deluge.

SOUTH AMERICA.

In those extensive portions of South
America, heretofore Spanish, no event
of any decisive or discriminative charac-
ter bas occurred. Ferdinand still keeps
up the farce of. appointing, promoting,
and, conferring ,honours upon nominal
functionaries of Ais. dominions there;

Political Affairs in December.

565

but his warfare, in the way of supplies,
seems to go no further. ”

HAYTI.
The stability of this sable empire, or
republic rather, is again to be menaced,
if we may credit the following extract
of a letter posted at Lloyd’s :—

* Portsmouth, Dec. 25—The Captain of
a merchant-vessel, arrived in’ six weeks
from Barbadoes, reports that the French
had landed 8,000 troops at St: Domingo.”

Population of Hayti.—The original native
population of Hayti, previous to its subju-
gation by the Spaniards, was estimated, by
the Bishop of Las Cases, at 3,000,000.
This race has long been-extinct; and the
island was. divided, in the 17th century,
between the Spaniards and French. So
late as 1798, the Spaniards were estimated
at 110,000 free persons, and 15,000 slaves.
The French, on the contrary, imported
great numbers of slaves from Africa; so
that, in 1726, the population of their part
of the island was estimated at 100,000
negroes, and 30,000 whites. In 1775, it
was estimated by M. Malouet at 300,000
negroes, and 25,000 whites. In 1779, the
numeration, as stated by M. Necker, was
249,098 slaves, 7,055 free persons of colour,
and 32,650 whites ; in all, 288,803 persons.
In 1789, the slaves were estimated, by M.
Moreau de St. Mery, at 452,000; and by
Mr. Bryan Edwards, at 480,000. In the
same year, M. Prieur, in the National
Assembly, calculated the population, ‘in
round numbers, at 500,000 blacks, and
40,000 whites : adding this 540,000, which
is probably rather exaggerated, .to that of
the Spanish part, the utmost amount of the
whole, at the commencement of the revolu-
tion, could not exceed 665,000, By an
actual census, the island, which forms now
one Republic is found to contain 935,335
inbabitants. Thus, we see a free black state,
of nearly a million of souls, possessing an
island which formerly contained three mil-
lions, and which is physically capable of
containing six millions, established in the
immediate vicinity of our most valuable
West-India colony. Its population is in-
creasing rapidly, without the aid of impor-
tation; but that will not, henceforth, be
neglected. The President, Boyer, in a
correspondence, in May last, with the New
York Society for African Colonization, offers
to receive and allot lands, in the course of
the present year, to 6,000 blacks and men
of colour, from the United States; to pay
part of their passage ; and to furnish them
with agricultural implements. He is, at the
same time, promoting. public: instruction,
The armed force of. Hayti is fully. corre-
spondent to its population.

INCIDENTS,

| 566 ]

(Jan. I,

INCIDENTS, MARRIAGES, ann DEATHS, 1x anv near LONDON, &c,
With Biographical Memoirs of distinguished | Characters recently deceased.

—<———

OVEMBER 20,—The case of Henry

Fauntleroy, banker, of Berner’s Street,
who had been found guilty of having forged
a power of attorney; and having uttered the
same, was argued at the grand jury room
at Westminster before the twelve judges,
in consequence! of the existence of doubt,
whether the power of attorney came within
the meaning of the act, for the punishment
of forgery. The hearing was adjourned till
the following day, at the conclusion of
which judgment was not publicly given;
but it'was soon understood that the judges
unanimously held the conviction just.

—22.—A tremendous storm, which
lasted several days, and which it seems in-
vaded all Europe, committed dreadful ra-
vages in all parts of the kingdom ; all the
provincial seaport papers teem with melan-
choly details of shipwrecks, and numerous
deyvastations occasioned by encroachments
of the sea. | Houses have been swept away,
and the inmates carried with them ; sheep
and cattle, horses, pigs, hay, and farming
implements, have sustained a fearful wreck;
—and the whole coast from Falmouth to
Yarmouth in Norfolk, bears evidence of the
extent of the mischief, both at sea and on
land. Lyme, in Dorsetshire, has suffered
a loss of 30,000L ; a man on the Southamp-
ton coach, was blown. off and killed on the
spot; coaches have. been overturned, and
others unable to proceed from the depth of
accumulating water: in fine, desolation
stalked abroad, and marked his course with
indiscriminating and_ unrelenting fury.
Amongst other places, besides those aboye-
mentioned, the following have suffered in a
very great degree: Exeter, Dawlish, Teign-
mouth, Topsham, Axminster, Yeovil, Wa-
terham, Blandford, Christchurch, South-
ampton, Hastings, Yarmouth (Isle of
Wight), Brighton, Shoreham, Margate, &c.
&c. The metropolis felt the effects of the
tempest in only a partial manner, and but
little injury has been done beyond it to the
north and east. Some inland places, how-
ever, felt its effects, and several lives have
been lost.

In Ireland and Scotland the storms and
tempests have also been most disastrous ;
but our limits. prescribe us from entering
into any detail of their effects.

— 24.—Several of the principal inhabi-
tants of St. Bride’s, Fleet Street, met to
adopt measures to prevent, if possible, the
rebuilding of the houses lately destroyed by
fire,. which obstructed the view of that
noble edifice St. Bride’s Church, one of
the finest of Sir C. Wren’s works.. A com-
mittee was appointed, who have our hearty
wishes for their success.

— 28.—The inauguration of the officers

of the London Chemical society, took place
at the City of London Tavern, in the pre-
sence of a large assemblage of ladies and
gentlemen. The chairman informed them
the labours, of the committee for the forma-
tion of the institution had: terminated... Dr.
Birkbeck then took the chair, and)delivered
an eloquent introductory lecture, explana-
tory of the objects of the society, and of'the
general principle of chemistry.

— 30.—Henry Fauntleroy, late partner
in the house of Marsh, Stracey, Fauntleroy
and Graham, underwent the dreadful sen-
tence of the law ; an unusual ¢oncourse of
people attended to witness his execution.

December 2.—The parishes of St. Bo-
tolph Bishopsgate, of St. Gregory, by St.
Paul, of St. Giles, Cripplegate, and St.
Olaves Hart Street, have held meetings
for the purpose of petitioning Parliament
to amend the statute of 37th of Henry
VIII., under which the claim of 2s. 9d.
is made for tithes.

— 3.—A meeting of the Christian Eyi-
dence Society took place at the Crown and
Anchor, for the purpose of discussing reli-
gious topics.

—9.—A new mining company is esta-
tablished under the name of the Imperial
Brazilian Mining Association, capital one
million sterling.

—9.—A new Gas Company haye issued
their prospectus, under the title of the Im-
perial Foreign Gas Company, capital two
millions sterling.

—10.—A meeting was held at Messrs.
Stewarts, Abingdon Street, for the relief of
the suffering inhabitants of the Island of
Portland, at which a committee was ap-
pointed for conducting the subscriptions in
London, and to co-operate with the com-
mittees of Portland and Weymouth,

Dissenters Marriages. —On the 5th of
December at Sf. Stephen, Coleman-street,
Mr. W. Wood, to Miss Sophia Hodges ;
this was the first instance of presenting’ a
protest against the marriage ceremony of
the church, since the rejection of the’ Mar-
quis of Lansdown’s Bill for! the ‘relief of
Protestant Dissenters. The) profest is
grounded on the circumstance of the parties
being Protestant Dissenters, commonly
known by the name of Free-thinking’ Chris-
tians, who, though the marriage ceremony,
as contained in the book of Common
Prayer, is contrary to’their belief, are’com-
pelled to submit to it as the only means of
obtaining a legal marriage. It denies }.
The. Scripture, authority of the Church of
England to ‘impose’ rites and’ ceremonies:
on those who dissent from her community ;
2. The spiritual authority of the mlnister by
whom the marriage ceremony is performed,

believing

* 4825.)

—believing the Jewish priesthood to have
been superseded by Christianity, and none
other to have been instituted by Christ ;
3. It denies the belief of the party in the
doctrine of the Trinity, in the name of which
the’ marriage ceremony is solemnized.

An abstract of the result of the com-
mitments to the last Old Bailey sessions

by the county and city magistrates.
Conv.

Marlborough Street Office.. 31
Bow Street sui 2.00) Ser 2200 9
Hatton Garden .......... 17
Worship Street .......... 17
Whitechapel.....+...2..... Tl
Mary-la-bonne......'...... 11
Queen Squares .0.e e000. 7
Thames Police....se....2. 7
County Magistrates........ 6

Acq.
10

129
Lord Mayorand Aldermen... 28
Of the above cases—

Mr. Justice Bayley tried.........4 6

Mr. Baron: Hullock ............... 5
The Recorder ..... pile te Miedo
The Common Bae ae eee es 64,
Sergeant Arabin .....esesese-2+. 4s
MARRIED.

At St. Ann’s Church, Westmimster, S.
M. Lacy, esq. eldest son of Lieut. Col.
Lacy, of Salkeld’ Lodge, Cumberland, to
Miss Emily Shade, of Soho-square.

At St. George’s, Hanover-square, W. P.
Hamond, esq. of Haling Park, Surrey, to
Margaret, relict of R. Nicholson; esq. of
Bishop’s Wearmouth-green, county-of Dur-
ham.

At St. James’s, the Hon. G. R. Trevor,
son of the Right Hon. Lord John Dynevor,
and M. P., to the Hon. Miss Fitzroy,
daughter of Lord Charles Fitzroy.

At St. Clements church, W. Hunter,

. of Clements Inn, to Catherine Mary,
only daughter of T. Webbe, esq. of Cold-
bath-square.

At Edgeware, the Rey. P. Felip, vicar
of Ledrod, Cardiganshire, to Miss Reed, of
Brockley Hill.

The Rey. T. Raven, B.A. to Susan,
daughter of S. Horrocks, esq. M. P.

At Mary-la-bonne, R. M. Williams, esq.
to Charlotte, daughter and coheiress of the
late W. Horsfall, esq. of Norfolk-street,
Fitzroy-square.

W. Wood, elder son of J. Wood, esq. of
Peale Lodge, Surry, to Ann Ashton,
youngest daughter of Dr. Key, of Lom-
bard-street.

At Streatham, W. Wild, esq. to Eliza-
beth, youngest daughter of J. Harrison,
esq. of Balham.

At St. Pancras» New Church, J. Hom-
frey, esq. of Bedweltz House, Monmouth-
shire, to Margaret Charlotte, second daugh-
ter of the late L. Stable, esq. of Hanover-
street, Hanovcr-square.

At St. George’s, Hanover-square, R.

Marriages and Deaths.—Ecclesiastical Promoious.

567

Williams, esq. of His Majesty’s 44th Regt.
to Ann, only daughter of J. Benton, ‘esq.
of Houghton House, Northamptonshire.

At St. George’s, Hanover-square, E. R.
Daniell, esq. of Lincoln’s-Inn, to Louisa
Catharine, fourth daughter of H. Peters,
esq. of Betchworth Castle, Surrey. :

At Mary-la-bonne Church, R. Jenkins,
esq. to Susannah Elizabeth, daughter of
Sir John Frederick, Bart. of Barwood Park,
Surrey.

At St. Pancras New Church, J. Gurr,
esq: of Kilburn, to Isabella, daughter of the
late Captain Maclean.

At St. George’s Church, Hanover-square,
C. Fitz Adderley, esq..R. N. to Miss S.
Browne Staff, of Chelsea.—W. Reader,
esq- to Parnell, widow of the late R. Ham-
mond, esq. of Twickenham.

At Clapham Church, James, eldest son
of W. Norris, esq. to Ann Elizabeth,
youngest daughter of the late Admiral
Rothwell.

DIED.

At Ashstead, the Right Hon. Lady Eli-
zabeth Ann Brodrick, wife of the Rey. W.
J. Brodrick, and daughter of the Earl of
Cardigan.

Miss Dowding, of Mecklenburgh-square. |

Charlotte, the wife of J. Delafield, esq. of
Camden Hill, Kensington.

At Lysson Grove, near Hackney, 62, T.
Leapingwell, esq.

At Northampton-square, Mrs. 2B. Faul-
kener, relict of the Rey. W. S. Faulkener,
of St. John’s Clerkenwell.

At Esher, Surrey, aged 82, Elizabeth, re-
lict of the late Major Abingdon, of Cobham.

At Copt Hall, Hendon, 7. Nicholl, esq.
formerly Lieut. Col. of the 20th Regt.

In Pall-Mall, aged 4, EF. J. Fitzroy So-
merset, youngest son of Lord Fitzroy
Somerset.

At Westborne Green, Dr. Stephen Pellett,
Senior Licentiate of the Royal College of
Physicians, aged 78.

The Right Hon. Jane Elizabeth, Countess
of Oxford, , aged 51.

At his house in the Regent’s Park, the
Right Hon. Lord Hawke.

At Highbury Terrace, 68, S. Holden, esq.

ECCLESIASTICAL PROMOTIONS.

The Rev. P. N. Shuttleworth, D.D. to
the rectory of Foxley, Wilts.

The Rey. J. Fellowes, M.a. to the rectory
of Brighton, Norfolk.

The Rey. E. Chaplin is appointed morn-
ing reader and evening preacher to the
Hon. Society of Gray’s Inn.

+ The Rey. T. H. iwin, to the rectory of
Bradfield, St. Clare, Suffolk.

The Rey. E. Cartwright, to hold the
vicarage of Lyminster, with the rectory of
Earnly cum Alm Dington, Sussex.

The Rey. E. B. Elliott, M.A. to the vica-
rage of Tuxford, Nottinghamshire.

The Rey. J. Brasse, B.D. to the vicarage
of Stotfold, Bedfordshire.

The Rey. T. Newsome, to hold by dis-

pensation

568

pensation the vicarage of Tottenham High
Cross, with the rectory of Shenley, Herts.

The Rev. Dr. Butcher is appointed Do-
mestic Chaplain to the Marchioness of
Hastings.

The Rev. Jos. Bardgate, M.a. to the
vicarage of Broughton, Yorkshire.

The Rey. J. Gathorne, a.m. to the vicar-
age of Tarvin, Cheshire.

The Rev. E. Griffiths, a.z. to the rectory
of Trentishoe, Devon.

The Rev. A. A. Colville, M.a. to the
perpetual curacy of Market Harborough,
Leicestershire. _

The Rey. D.S. Singer, to the parish church
of Mouswald.

Northumberland—Durham.— Cumberland, 8c.

(Jan. I,

The Rev. J. D. Wingfield, M.a. to the
living of Geashill, in the King’s County,
Treland.

._ The Rev. W. Carwithen, m.a. to the
rectory of Allhallows on the Wall, Exeter.

The Rey. G. Uppill, to the rectory of
Hornblotton, Somerset.

The Rey. L. Clarke, to the vicarage of.
Downton, Wilts. ‘

The Rey. D. Davis, to the vicarage of
Llantarvilly, Carmarthenshire. :

The Rey. O’Killvington, to the vicarage
of Snaith, Yorkshire. P

The Rey. J. Birt, p.p. to the rectory of
St. Alphage, with the vicarage of St. Mary,
Northgate, Canterbury. :

PROVINCIAL OCCURRENCES,

Furnishing the Domestic and Family History of England for the last Twenty-seven Years.
—z—

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM.
HE Tyne vend of Coals for 1823, was
712,560 Newcastle chaldrons.

A Mechanic’s Institution has been formed
at Alnwick, of which the Duke of Northum-
berland is patron, and Lord Grey presi-
dent.

Married.| At Earsdon, Capt. J. Smith,
of North Shields, to Miss Isabella Alder, of
Seaton Sluice. — At Newcastle, H. Stodart,
€sq., R.A., to Jane, youngest daughter of the
late M. Culley, esq., of Wark, Northum-
berland.—At Norton, M. Robinson, esq.,
of the Middle Temple, to Mary Frances,
eldest daughter of H. Stapylton, esq., of
Norton,

Died.| At West Auckland, T.S.Sowerby.
esq-——At Neweastle, 70, Mrs. Pow.—60,
Wm. Kearle, esq.—At Warkworth, 34,
Lieut. T. Werge, r.x.—At Durham, 40,
Mrs. Ann Robinson.—At + Belsay Castle,
the lady of Sir Charles M. L. Monck, Bart.
—At Durham, 83, C. Ebden, esq.—Mr.
J. Thompson, 22, of Farlam Hall, near
Brampton.— At Beacon House, near Sedge-
field, 19, Mrs. E. Adamson.— At Killerby,
near Darlington, Wm. Clark, esq.—At
Morpeth, Delwal Shafts, esq., 56, second
son of the late Sir C. Shafts.— At Sunder-
land, 20, Miss E. B. Hay, daughter of
Capt. Hay.—At Throckley Fell, 102, Ann
Jamieson, She resided at Bambrough 58
years, and was one of the greatest spinners
of the north ; and what is remarkable, she
has for the last twelve months spun upwards
of 40 yards of cloth for the use of her son,
although she has been blind for above three
years ; and it was with great difficulty she
could be kept from her wheelon the morning
of her death.

CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND.
Married.} At Carlisle, Mr. G. Gale, to
Miss M. Blamire, of Kirkandrews-upon-
Eden.

Died.| At Dalham Tower, Westmoreland,
77, D. Wilson, esq.—At Kendal, Mr.
Brigg, editor of the Kendal Gazette.—A.
Dean, 26, Rachael, daughter of the late J.
Hetherington, esq.—At Farlam Hall, near
Brampton, Cumberland, 22, Mrs. Joseph
Thompson.

YORKSHIRE. _

The ceremony of placing the first stone of
the new edifice, to be called the Central
Market, was performed with considerable
eclat at Leeds, the 26th Nov. 1824.

The quantity of oil and whalebone brought
to Hull this fishing season, is, from Green-
land, 871 tuns of oil, and 334 tons of whale-
bone. the produce of 814 fish; from Davis
Straits, 2,346 tuns of oil, and 109% tons of
whalebone. P

Married.| At York, Mr. J. Lee, to Miss
Ward.—aAt Selby, Lieut. H. Pitt, r.m., to
Miss Mary Staniland.—At Knaresbrough,
Mr. Wm. Umpleby, of Heslington, to Miss
M. A. Greaves, of High Harrowgate.— At
Whitby, Mr. R. Watson, to Eliza Grace,
third daughter of John Holt, esq.— At Brad-
ford, the Rev. H. Heap, Vicar of Bradford,
to Hannah, eldest daughter of R. Fawcett,
esq., of Westbrook House, Bradford.—The
Rey. J. Smith, of Kaylingham, to Hannah,
eldest daughter of Mr. J, Collinson, of Scul-
coates.— At Sheffield, Mr. J. Staniforth, to
Eliza, daughter of J. Vickers, esq.

Died.] At Leeds, 37, Sarah, wife of W.
Aldam, esq.; Mary, relict of the late Mr.
Richardson; Mr. Edmund ‘Thompson ;
Mr. Watson.— At Riccale, 41, Mrs. Ayres.
—Stephen Tempest, esq. of Broughton
Hall, near Skipton.—At Leeds, 50, Mrs.
Spence.— At North Allerton, Mrs. E, Wat-
son. ;

LANCASHIRE.

Married.| At. Liverpool, Mr. J. S, Bil-
low, of Nottingham, to Miss M. Coates, of
MandaleHouse, near Stockton.— At Saddle-
worth, T. Mills, .esq., of Wood, to Miss

Hannah

1825.]

Hannah Buckley, of New Barn.—At Man-
chester, Mr, Oldham, of Stockport, to Miss
S. Atkinson, of Swinton.—At Manchester,
Mr. J. B. Sleddon, of Stockport, to Miss
Fearn. —At Liverpool, the Rev. R. Morri-
son, p.D., of China, to Miss Eliza Arm-
*strong.—At Walton Church, H. Clay, esq.,
of Burton, in Staffordshire, to Elizabeth,
-only daughter of the late John Leigh, esq.,
-of Sandhill.— At Rochdale, J. Rudman,esq.,
of Witworth, aged 73, to Miss Hinchcliffe,
‘of Cragge, near Halifax, aged 39.—At Li-
verpool, P. M. Roget, m.p. F.x.s.,to Mary,
-only daughter of J. Hobson, esq.

‘Died.| At Overton, T. Parkinson, esq.—
“At Manchester, 36, the Rev. J. Ashurst.—
At Liverpool, Mary, wife of Mr.- Amery, of
Pool Hall, Cheshire.—At Liverpool, the
Rey. J. Royle, of Bangor,— At Knowles-
lane, in the parish of Ashton-under-line,
Sarah Booth, who, had she lived, until
Christmas last, would have attained the age
of 96 years. She had been twice married.
By her first husband, to whom she was mar-
ried 27 years, she had 14 children, the eldest
of whom, now living, is 75 years old, and
the youngest 56. She was grandmother to
42, great-grandmother to 110, and great-
great-grandmother to 7.—James Walsh,
‘esq., in the 57th year of his age, Inspector
of Aliens at Gravesend, and Captain of the
Flamer, Custom-house-cutter.

CHESHIRE.

A bridge is about to be erected across
the Tame, near Stockport.

Married.| John Marsland, esq., eldest
‘son of 'T. Marsland, esq., of Holly Vale
House, to Farriet, eldest daughter of W.
M. Higginbotham, esq., of Stockport.—At
Chester,’ Mr. J. Roberts, to’ Miss C. Wil-
jiams.—Mr. Oakes, to Miss: Bickley.—At
Davenham, J. Broadhurst, esq., of Nant-
wich, to Ann, eldest daughter of the late R.
Dutton, esq., of Stanthorn Hall.

Died.| At Frodsham, Sarah, relict of
Thos. Urnson, esq., formerly of Swansea,—
Tsaac Ridgeway, esq., of Broom Edge.—
‘Miss E. 'Taylor.— At Chester, Mr. S. Ken
drick.—Mrs, Foulkes.—At ‘Tatten’ Hall,
93, Mr. Samuel Dutton, He was the last
male in a direct line, of the ancient family
of the “ Fiddler” Dutton, so much famed
in the history of Chester. His father con-
cealed that invaluabie piece of music, a
’ fiddle kept as a memorial of the family right
under the hearth-stone, in the malt-kiln at
Broxton Lower Hall, during the rebellion.
—At Chester, R. Travis, esq.—At the Rec-
tory House, Lawton, the Rev. L. Wetten-
hall.—At Chester, R. Williams, esq.

DERBYSHIRE. *

The intended Derbyshire railway will
rise from inclined planes to the summit
level of 1,000 feet above the Cromford Ca-
nal, and then descends 760 to the Peak
Forest Canal. The country being very
mountainous and irregular, embankments
and tunnels will be necessary. The engi-
neer (Mr. Jessop) is confident that the ex-

'*Montrury Mac. No.404.

Cheshire—Derbyshire—Nottinghamshire, §:c.

569
pense will not average more than £4,000 a
mile. It is proposed to use locomotive en-
gines on the inclined planes. The total ex-
pense is stated at £150,000, the probable
revenue at £16,000. ‘The carriage of coals,
lime, stone, timber; and iron, is éaleulated
at one penny per ton per mile, and goods at
two-pence per mile.

Married.| At Duffield, Wm. Hodgkin,
esq., of Belpher, to Mrs. Laander, of Whit-
more Hall-—At Sawley, J. Howitt, esq., to

-Catherine, second daughter of Mr. Lees,
both of Long Eaton.—At Shirland, W. B.

Blackwell, esq., to Susannah, youngest

‘daughter of Mr, J. B. Bryan.

Died.| At Stretton Hall, 20, Mary, wife
of W. C. B. Cave, esq.— At Chesterfield, 77,
R. Milnes, esq.

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.

A society, for the discussion of literary
and scientific subjects has reeently been es-
tablished in the town of Nottingham. The
Rev. R. W. Almond, »1.4._ is the president
of this new institution, and a highly respect-
able committee have undertaken the manage-
ment for the ensuing year. a

Married.| At Nottingham, George Staun-
ton Lynch, esq, of Duras, county of Gal-
way, to Sarah Jane, third daughter of Fran-
cis Hardwick, esq., of this town.—Wm.
Trentham, to Lucy, daughter of Mr. Ber-
rey.—At Southwell, H.P, Hulme, esq.,

-son of the Rey, G. Hulme, of Auley, Wor.

cestershire, to Elizabeth, only daughter of

the late S. Richmond, esq. ,
Died.| At Nottingham, 71, Mrs.Oldknow,

widow of the late Mr. Alderman Joseph

.Oldknow.—At Shirebrook, near Mansfield,

80, Mrs. Heath.— At Marton, near South-
well, 103, Dorothy Fletcher.— At. Mans-
field,83, Mr. R.Shipman.— At Nottingham,
72, Mr. W. Raynor.—Penelope, wife of
the Rey. Quinton Wild, of Costock.
LINCOLNSHIRE,

The late high winds blew down one of the
vanes from the broad tower of Lincoln Ca-
thedral, as well as’ the ponderous ball on
which it stood. The ball fell with: great
force on. the roof of the church, making a
large aperture in the Jead, but was prevented
from going through ‘to the stone groined
roof below by the ‘strength of the rafters,
The vane fell to the ground,near the cloisters,
It is the north-east pinnacle which has thus
suffered,

Married.) At Grantham, R. HF. Thorpe,
esq., of Manchester, to Harriet, fourth
daugliter of the late John Manners, esq.

Died.} Mrs. Bonney, widow. of the Rey.
H. Bonney, Prebendary of Lincoln.—<At
Coningsby, 71, Mr. Hill.

LEICESTER AND RUTLAND,

Married| At, Leicester, J. Clarke, esq,, of
New Parks, to Sarah, only daughter of J.
Cottman, esq., of Leicester.—At Nether
Broughton, ‘Lhomas, eldest. son of Thomas
Stone, esq., of Barrow-upon-Soar, to: Miss
Park, grand-daughter of R, Hall, esq.—
At Loughborough, Mr. Swan, to. Mrs,

4D Peck,

570

Peck—At Castle Donington, at the
Friends’ Meeting-house, J. Whitehead, ‘to
Hannah, eldest daughter of the: late G,
Bot;:and ‘widow of C. Watson, of Notting-
hant.

Died-} At the Parsonage House, Saxby,
79. the Rev. J. Sharpe, rector of that pa-
rish—At Leicester, T. Holl, esq.—Jane,
the wife of Mr. J. Barret.

STAFFORDSHIRE.

Died.| At Harbourn, 38, J. Freeman,
esq.—62, Samuel Phillips, esq., of Hey-
bridge, near Uttoxeter.— At the Heamies,
near Eccleshall, 29, Mr. T. Jenkinson, late
of Shrewsbury.—At Uttoxeter, 65, W-
Warner, esq.
ik, WARWICKSHIRE.

Married.| At. Birmingham, J. Miles,
esq., of Wolverhampton, to Ann, second
daughter of Baron’ Thompson, of Chapel
-Ash.—Mr. J. Hawkins, to Miss Wood.—
At Southam, H. T. Chamberlayne, esq., of
Stoney Thorpe, to Mary, only: child of E,
-Tomes, Esq.

Died.| Elizabeth Isabella, wife of the
Rev. Egerton Aden Bagot, of Pope Hayes.
—At Clopton House, 75, John Clopton,
esq., the:last male descendant of the ancient
families of Clopton and Ingram, of Wol-
ford.At_ “Leamington, Sophia, eldest
daughter of Sir Geo. Pigot, Bart., of Pat-
shull.—At Stratford-upon-Avon, Frances
Isabella, wife of the Rev. J. T. Jones.—
380, Thomas Beach, esq., of Spark Hill,
near Birmingham.

: SHROPSHIRE-

Married.] At Stapleton, Mr. J. Eddowes,
of Almond. Park, to Susannah, eldest
daughter of Mr. W. Oakley.

Died.| Wm. Holt Davison, esq., of the
Brand, near’ Market Drayton.—The Rev.
R. Robertson, master of the free grammar
school. at. Hales Owen.—Ann, youngest
daughter of the late Rich. Wynn, esq., of
Cricketh.—At Kilsall, near Shiffnall, 36,
Elizabeth, wife of T. Bishton, esq.—At
Shrewsbury, 100, Mr. J..Hutchkiss.— At
Ludlow, 80, Anne, relict of J. Ekins, p.p,
formerly Dean of Carlisle, &c. &c.

WORCESTERSHIRE,

Extensive new Salt- Works are erecting

at Droitwich, and the trade of that ancient
borough appears to be greatly on the in-
crease. A toll-free market is to be esta-
blished, from which many advantages will
accrue to the town and neighbourhood.
» The new line of road’ between Evesham
and Worcester is now completed : it passes
for six miles along the bank. of tl:e Avon,
through one of the most picturesque and
delightful vallies inal) the south of our
island. ‘

+ A-beautiful new edifice, St. George’s
chapel, in Kidderminster (erected partly by
the aid’ ‘of parliament, ‘but chiefly: by: the
munificent subscriptions of the inhabitants),
was lately opened’ for divine worship, “when
two very appropriate sermons were~ preach-
.ed.°:The chapel was crowded: to excess ‘at

StL .
>

Staffordshire —Warwickshire—Shropshire, §c.

[Jan. 1,

both services, and the collections at the doors

‘amounted to £141. 3s. 4d. There are near-
“ly 1,500 free'sittings for the poor. :

The Library at Stourport, though, but
yet in the third year from its commence-
ment, has acquired a considerable number
of volumes. The Cyclopedia of Rees, the
historical romances’ of the author of Wa-
verley, the entire works of Addison, John-
son, Pope, and Swift; Roman History of Gib-
bon, Plutarch’s Lives, Cumberland’s Bri-
tish Drama, and various publications in the
departments of History, Travéls, Biography,
Natural History, Literary Journals, Re-
views, &c. &c. adorn its shelves.

Married.) At Hallow, Mr. R. Walker,
to Hester, daughter of John ‘Walker, esq.,
of Fox-hill Hermitage, Gloucestershire.—
At Droitwich, Mr. T. G. Curtler, to Anne
Maria, daughter of Mr. Ricketts. J

Died.| At Hanbury,.101, Mr. Jas.
Yates.—At Ledgeberrow, near Evesham,
81, the Rev. J. Roberts.—At. Worcester,
Mrs. Fermer, relict of H. Fermer, esq., of
Friterell, Oxfordshire.

HEREFORDSHIRE.

The quantity of eyder produced in Here-
fordshire this season does not exceed one-
third of that of last year. A proportionate
advance in price has consequently ‘taken
place. ‘

The city of Hereford has teen inundated
with the most tremendous flood remembered
for many years, by the overflowing of the
Wye. The cellars have all been filled, and
St. Martin’s Street laid entirely under water.

Died.) At Warham, 74, Mrs. Theresa

.Price.—The Rev. T. King, many years

pastor of the Independent’ Congregation in
Ross, 74.—At Leominster, B. Caldwell,
esq.—At the Moor, near Kington, J. L.
Harris, esq., acting magistrate for the
county of Hereford.—At Pengethley, near
Ross, T. F. Turville, esq., of Clifford’s Inn,
London.
GLOUCESTER AND MONMOUTH. |

The following new roads, facilitating the
means of communication between Chelten-
ham and the towns in its vicinity, will
speedily be commenced. A road leading to
Cirencester, through Charlton’ Kings, by
Windlass-hill, avoiding the Birdlip-hills,
A new line of road to Tewkesbury, passing
near Maul’s-end, and avoiding Coombe-hill,
so as to join the Haw-passage road. A road
to Gloucester, commencing with the Colon-
nade, and with the new Painswick road up
to Badgworth-lane, and hence’ crossing the
country to the Golden Pheasant, and enter-
ing upon the present road for the remainder
of the distance. An alteration in the Lon-
don road, by avoiding’ the narrow’ part of
Cudnell. io we

There ‘was a meeting on'the 15th of ‘De-
cember at Bristol, at which “it. was ‘resolved
to issue 16,000 shares, of £50 each, for ‘the
purpose of forming ‘a railway from Bristol
to’ Gloucester, and: thence! to Birmingham ;
and for the purpose/of communicating by
“such

1825.

such means with Sheffield, and thence to
London. The formation of a rail-road from
Bath to Bristol, is also under consideration.

Married.) At Corse, near Gloucester,
Mr. G. R. Hudson, of Bampton, Oxon, to
Frances, third daughter of T. Hulls, esq., of
Corse.—At. Cirencester, Mr. E. Hoare, of
Sheepscombe, near Painswick,to Miss Cooke,
of Cirencester.—At Prestbury, Mr. Hays,
of Tewkesbury, to Miss C. Tolley, of Twi-
ning.—At Bristol, J. Stevens, esq., of
Coombe, near Carmarthen, to Adriana,
eldest daughter of J. Edye, esq.— At New-
ent, the Rev. W. Beale, vicar of Dymock,
to Isabella Bishop, relict of Mr. W. Bishop,
of Worcester,—At Bristol, Capt. Burgh, of
the Bengal Cavalry, to Frances, youngest
daughter.of Colonel Cox, Royal Artillery —
V. B. Webb, esq:, to Miss Toye, of Belle-
vue, Clifton.—At Clifton, P. George, jun.
esq., to Amy, youngest daughter of the
late J.) Whitchurch, esq., of West-town,
Somerset. j

Died.| At Bristol, the Rev. H. Bevan,
vicar of Congresbury, and rector of Whitton,
Radnorshire.—At Clifton, $8, Mary Anne,
wife of _ J. Freeman, esq., of Harborne,
Staffordshire.— Sarah Anne Rachel, eldest
daughter of T. Commeline, esq., Chamber-
lain of Gloucester.— At Gloucester, 18,
Anne, second daughter of T. St. John, esq.—
At Cheltenham, Mrs. Eustace, relict of the
Tate General. Eustace.— At Gloucester, Mr.
W. Luke.—At Cheltenham, Capt. P. Hunt,
R.N.—Captain T. Stopford, R.N.—Mrs.
Kingston, relict of Benj. Kingston, esq.—
At the Hotwells, W.T. Nedham, esq.—
At Caerleon, Monmouthshire, Mrs. Evans,
relict of the Rev. J. Evans, vicar of St:
Wooll’s, Newport.

_ - OXFORDSHIRE.

The nearest road from Oxford to Lon-
don, hy near 33 miles, has comparatively
been little used, om account of the steep
ascent of Stokenchurch Hill; this, and other
minor impediments of the same kind, will
shortly be removed. from this road ; the line
of a new and easy ascent has been staked
out, and tenders received for the immense
removal of earth necessary to carry the
Stokencurch improvement into effect.

On the 31st Oct, the church of the Holy
Trinity, Dorchester, was opened for divine
service. ‘This beautiful fabric was crowded
in every part.

Married.| At Oxford, C.J. Hutton, esq.,
of Magdalen-hall, to Mary, daughter of C.
Medley, esq, of Faringdon, Berks.— At
Oxford, A. Grayson, D,D., Principal of
St. Edmund-hall, to Miss C. Winter.

Died.| At Caversham, Major-General
Powlett.— At Charlewood-park, near Craw-
ley, J. C. Woodbridge, eldest. son of J.
Woodbridge, esq.— At Oxford, 64, Mr. R.
Smith.

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE AND BERKSHIRE:

Murried.) At Marlow, Sir T. F, Free-
mantle, Bart., of Swanbourne, Bucks, to
Miss Nugent, eldest daughter of Sir George

Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire and Berkshire; &c.

571

Nugent, Bart., C,C.B., of Westhorpe-house,
Great Marlow.—W. Moore, esq., of Little-
cot, to Miss M. Fay.—At Sunning-hill,
Berks, H. Raper, esq., of Lincoln’s-inn, to
Georgiana, third daughter of the late J.
Moore, esq., of the 3d Dragoon Guards.

_ Died.] At Bridge Villa, Maidenhead,
Ann Dolly, wife of B. Brocas, esq., of
Wakefield-house, Berks, and of Beaurepaire.
—At Salthill, 32, Anne. Sainthill, wife of
Capt. R. Thew.— At his house in High.str.,
67, Mr. G. Griesbach, late master of the
Queen’s band at Windsor Castle; Mr. Gries~
bach also belonged to the band of musicians
attached to the court of Hanover... He was
sent from Germany, at the age of 22, by his
late Majesty’s orders, to form «part of the
band which the Queen wished to have near
her person. His musical knowledge.was
then extensive; but his late Majesty-kindly
placed him. under ‘the tuition of \the’cele-
brated Cramer, to acquire proficiency .as.a
violinist, on which instrument she beeame a
distinguished performer. . He was, finally
appointed master of the Queen’s band, and
retained this situation: till its dissolution
after the death of the Queen. » As a professor
on the piano-forte, he had the honour: to
count the Princess Charlotte among his
pupils. — At High Wycombe, 81, John
Hollis, esq., long known for his extensive
charities, and liberal benefactions to the in-
digent of every community.—At Hedgerley-
court, 69, Mary, relict of the Rev. R. Mor-
gan, of Jamaica.—At the Rev. J. Beard’s,
Cranfield Rectory, Bedfordshire, Caroline,
youngest daughter of E. Hobson, esq.,,of
Hope-hall, Lancashire.—At Purley, Berks,
T. Canning, esq:, of Lincoln’s-inn.
HERTFORD AND BEDFORD,

Married.] At Shefford,. Bedfordshire, T.
Sandys, esq., to Jane, relict of the late
R. B. Long, esq., of the Manor-house,
Dawlish, Devonshire. ’

Died.| At Totteridge-park, Captain E.
Frost.—At Bishop’s Stortford, W. Wood-
ham, esq.

NORTHAMPTON. :

Died.] 80, Mrs. Bonney, widow of the
Rev. H. K. Bonney, rector of King’s-cliff.—
At Thenford, 77, Mrs. Ingram.

CAMBRIDGE AND HUNTINGDON.

Dec. 10.—The new buildings, called the
“«« King’s Court,” in Trinity College, Cam~-
bridge, caught fire, occasioned. by the stove
being too much heated; but, by the timely
arrival of the engines, it was soon extin-
guished. The damage, which was confined
to the new buildings, is estimated at £500.

Married.| At Wyton, Hunts, J. Peacock,
esq., to Rebecca, only daughter of Mr. Js
Blott, of the Manor-house, Wyton.-—At St.
Ive’s, Hunts, the Rev. Mr, Holland, to
Elizabeth, only daughter of the late Mr. J.
Jennings. — Mr.. Prime, of Eversden,) to
Mies Pitchmarsh, of Wimpole, Cambridge-
shire —The Rev, Mr. -G. Dennis, B.A., to
Mrs. Townsend, relict of Ru W.- Townsend,
esq., late of Tracketes-hall, Boxted, Suffolk.

4D2 The

572

—The Rev. C. Wesley, of Christ’s College,
Cambridge, to Eliza, eldest daughter of J.
Skelton, esq., of Hammersmith.— Mr. H,
Sweetapple, of Foxcot, near Andover, to
Jane, only daughter of J. Moore, esq., of
Littlecot, near Devizes.

Died.| At Little Eversden, Cambridge-
shire, 75, the Rev. P. Heaton, rector of that
parish.— At Cambridge, 21, J. L. Gregson,
son of the late M. Gregson, esq., of Liver-
pool.

NORFOLK.

A company has just been formed, whose
object is to effect a regular communication
between London and Great Yarmouth, by
means of steam vessels; of from 250 to 300.
tons burden.

The members of the Norfolk and Norwich’
Literary Institution are about to form a
Museum of Natural History in Norwich,

Married.| ‘At Lakenham, W. Bragge,
esq., Captain of the 3d, or King’s Own.
Dragoons, to Margaret, second daughter of
J. G. Sparrow, esq., of Gosfield-place, Essex.
—At Norwich, ‘T. M. Keith, esq., to Mari-
anne, eldest daughter of J. Blake, esq.— At
Thorp, near Norwich, J. Ranking, esq., to
Rosa, fifth daughter of Colonel Harvey, of
Thorpe-lodge.

SUFFOLK.

A Mechanical Institute is about to be

established at Ipswich.
ESSEX.

Married.| At Lexden church, G. H.
Errington, esq., to Fanny, eldest daughter
of J. Fletcher Mills, esq., of Lexden-park.

* Died.| At Upminster, Dr. J. H.Wharvie.
—At Pentloe rectory, 31, the Rev. H. T.
Bull, rector of that place—At Purleigh ree-
tory, Francés, wife of the Rev. R. F. Walker.
—At Stratford, Frances Isabella, wife of
the Rev. J. T. Jones. — Frances, wife of J.
Restall, esq., of Wanstead.—At Saffron
Walden, 93, W. Archer, esq.

KENT.

Dec. 9.—A meeting took place at Favers-
ham, on the intended River Stour Nayiga-
tion; when it was agreed to raise the sum
of £33,000, in shares of £23.

Lately, some labourers in the employ of
F. E. Morrice, esq., in the neighbourhood
of Belshanger, dug up a large urn filled
with ashes, and the remains of burnt bones ;
and on another spot, above a quarter of a
mile distant, two smaller urns, of the same
description, placed side by side, and not
above eighteen inches- below the surface of
the ground. One of the smaller ones enly
was preserved entire; the larger, which was
first discovered, having been unfortuvately
much broken by the men. The fragments,
and a great part of its contents, were, how-
ever, afterwards collected. A very large
quantity of ashes, and the remains of bones,
had previously been dug up, nearly half a
mile off, in another direction.

Dec. 2.—A French: transport came into
Dover harbour, having on board fifty French
soldiers from Havre de Grace, destined for

.” Norfolk —Suffolk—Essea— Kent— Sussex.

{Jan. 1;
Martinique ; but, from the late gales, the
ship was drove into this port. As it was
found necessary to have her decks and upper
works caulked, permission was solicited, and
granted, for the troops to occupy a part of
the vacant barracks on the heights ; and it is
an unprecedented occurrence, that the same
number of French and English soldiers are
now quartered together in a British garrison.
The greatest unanimity prevails between
them. :
The Canterbury and Whitstable Rail-way,
was determined on, ata meeting of sub-
scribers, held on the 2d of November; who
propose to raise £50,000, in £50: shares ;
and they calculate, that the tonnage on goods
landed from the Thames at Whitstable, and
passed along such rail-way, will yield them
ample dividends : we wish they may not be
herein disappointed, in common with other
rail-way adventurers, Those whose object is,
to carry coals from the pit, or limestone or
free stone from the quarries, to their respective
markets or shipping places, arealone, per-
haps, secure. ,
Married.| At Charlton, the Rev. R.
Lyneun, a.m., to Elizabeth, second daugh-
ter of Mr. T,. Colsworth, of Blackheath.—
The Rev. W. Barlow, vicar of St. Mary
Breden, Canterbury, to Louisa, ‘second
daughter of the late R. J. Adeane, Babra-=
ham, Cambridgeshire.— At Woolwich, H,
G. Baldero, esq., n.E,, to Louisa, second
daughter of the late A, Lambert, esq.—At
Lee, T. Finlayson, esq., of Demerara, to
Mary Anne, eldest daughter of T. Fennell,
esq.—At Ash, W. Burvill, esq-, of St. Mar.-
garet, near Dover, to Mary Ann, eldest
daughter of Mr, T. Solley, of Richboroughs
near Ash.—At -Woolwich, R. Simpson,
esq., to Sarah Anne, daughter of Major R.
Clarke, k.w.—At Speldhurst, Mr, E. Roe,
of Blandford, Dorset, to Marianne, only
daughter of J. Prince, esq.,. of Tunbridge
Wells.—At Upper Deal, J. Worsfield, of
Dover, to Mary, daughter of H. Belsey,
esq.—At Rochester, J. Hulme, esq., of
Pery Hill Cliff, to Anne, daughter of the
late Col. G.G. Donaldson, of the Guards.
Died.}, At Canterbury, 53, the Rev. T.
Bennett.—At Cale Hill, 84, H. Durell,
esq.— At Langley Farm, 17, Eleanor, eldest
daughter of J. Colville, esq.—— West, esq.,
of Rochester. — At Ashford, 65, Mrs. Rhoda
Ross, relict of the late A. Ross, esq,, of
Gibraltar.—At Milton, 57, J. Walsh, esq.,
Inspector of Aliens at Gravesend.—Mrs,
Petley, wife of J. Petley, esq: - of. Cliffs
End, near Ramsgate,— At Gillingham, Mrs.
Dann, relict of the late R. Dann, esq.
SUSSEX. 34
The workmen employed ia forming the
tunnel under the road.at Kemp-town, Brigh-

ton, discovered numerous teeth and bones, :

which have been ascertained to belong to

the horse and elephant, 3
A: county hospital and sea-bathing infir-
mary is about to be established at Brighton,
which has the leading characters in Sussex
as

1825.]
as its patrons and most liberal supporters.
The Earl of Egremont presided at a meet-

ing ‘on the subject, and subscribed. £2,0003,

Mr. Kemp, £1,000; the Earl of Chichester,
£600; and other noblemen and gentlemen,
contributed liberally to ensure the certainty
of such an institution. ,

- Married.] At Newtimber, H. Butterfield,
esq-, to Miss C. Wigney, of Newtimber-
place.—At Winchelsea, F..G. Spilsbury,
esq., of Ball Huye, near Leek, Staffordshire,
to Eleanor, daughter of J. E, Wright, esq.—
Mr. Philpot, of Brighton, to Miss Clowes,
of Chichester.—At West Dean church, J.
M. Boswell, esq., of St. David’s, Jamaica,
to Sarah, second daughter of R. Saxby, esq.

Died. At ‘Bexhill, 85, Mrs. Ann Moor-
man, of Old-street, London,.— At’ East
Bourne, Lucy, eldest daughter of the Rey.
Sir W. May, Bart., of Darley, in Derby-
shire.—At Hastings, Julia, wife of the Rev.
T. S. Hodges. —At Petworth, G.. Sharpe,
esq.—At Bersted-lodge, near Bognor, 79,
T. Smith, esq.—At Midhurst, 76, W. Bar-
low, esq.—Sir Harry Goring, Bart., of
Highden.—At Brighton, Elizabeth, 34, re-
lict of G. Dunnage, esq.

b HAMPSHIRE.

The corporation of Romsey, at the sug-
gestion of their High Steward, Lord Pal-
merston, have purchased Jand and buildings
of very considerable value, near the church,
for the purpose of making a public walk,
commanding an advantageous view of that
magnificent specimen of Gothic architecture.
His Lordship has munificently subscribed
£100, in aid of the funds of the corporation,
in addition. to his larger donation towards
the fitting up of the ‘own-hall; to which:
Sir Thomas Heathcote, and J. Fleming,
esq., have also very handsomely contributed.

At about two o’clock on Monday, 6th
December, the shock of an earthquake was
felt at Portsmouth and its neighbourhood,
as well as at Chichester and Hayling Island.
It was very sensibly felt by many at the
lower end of the Point at Portsmouth, by
the Custom-house, but more particularly at
Kingstone Cross, ‘The convulsion was so
great there, that one residence was in danger
of being rased to the ground. The plates
and dishes were all in a gingle; such arti-
cles as were suspended moved as a pendu-
lum of a clock, and, indeed, every thing in
the house was in great agitation.

Married.) At Clatford, Henry Luard,
esq., of Blyborough-hall, Lincolnshire, to
Jane, eldest daughter of the late W. Rich.
ards, esq., of Clatford.—C. C, O’ Neil, Cap-
tain of the 44th regiment, to Georgiana
Hood, eldest daughter of T’. Motley, esq.,
of Portsmouth.—At Elinge, T. Griffiths,
esq., of Bartly-house, near Lyndhurst, to
Mrs. Conway, of Southampton.

Died.| At Forten-lodge, near Gosport,
56, IT. B. Barrow, esq.—At West Cowes,
Mrs, Davy, sen., relict of the late J. Davy,
esq.—>At Standbridge, near Romsey, Mr,
B. Fifield.

Hampshire— Wiltshire—Somersetshire.

573

WILTSHIRE,

The extensive cloth manufactory of
Messrs. Cooper, Brothers and Co. at Staver-
ton, near Bradford, Wilts, has been entirely
destroyed by fire. The factory was the largest
in that part of the county, and more than
one thousand persons are now destitute of
the means of obtaining a livelihood in con=
sequence of its destruction.

The magnificent structure, Fonthill Ab-
bey, felt severely the effects of the late tem-
pests; glass to the amount of several hun-
dred pounds was destroyed, and upwards of
300 feet of the battlements was thrown down.

The late storms have been very destruc-
tive on this coast, Weymouth and its vicinity
have felt most severely its dreadful effects ;
several villages totally destroyed, and many
lives: lost. The damage sustained amount
to an immense sum at Lyme, upwards of
£20,000.

Died.| Frances, eldest daughter of James
Sutton, esq., of Salisbury.—Jobn Hodding,
esq,, of Salisbury.

SOMERSETSHIRE.

The late Mrs. Seymour, of Bridgewater,
bequeathed £100 to the Infirmary, and £100
to the poor of the Parish of Westonzoyland.

It is proposed to form a rail. road be-
tween Bath and Bristol, £30,000 are already
subscribed to carry it into execution.

There is an apple-tree in the possession of
Levy Star, esq., in the Parish of Cheddar,
the fruit of which is, when cut, the one half
sweet, the other acid.

The entrance to the lower part of Shepton
Mallet is about to be greatly improved by
the liberality of T. Jenkins, esq., who has
given to the turnpike commissioners a por-
tion of his pleasure.grounds, which will
enable them to throw a bridge over the riyer
in the valleys, and thus avoid the hill.

The Gazette contains a notice of an in-
tended application to Parliament for a Bilt
for preventing a recurrence of injury by
floods in and about the city of Bath.

Married.) At Bath, J. Stephens, esq., of
Coombe, near Carmarthen, to Adriana, el-
dest daughter of the late J. Eyde, esq.—At
Wincanton, K. Prentis, esq., of Rochester,
to Sarah, second daughter of R. Coome,
esq.—At Ilminster, Wm. Speke, esq., to
Georgiana Elizabeth, daughter of W. Han-
ning, esq., of Dillington House, Dorset.—
At Bath, J. H. Ravenshaw, esq.,.of the
Hon. E. 1. C. Civil Service, to Rosa, daugh-
ter of J. Thullier, esq., of Cadif, and of this
city.—Rev. Wm. Carey, to Miss Ann Go-
vett, of Stringston.— At Bath, Major Hagge,
to Maria, daughter of Lieut.-General
Cameron.

Died.| At Bath, Mrs, Pare, relict of S.
Pare, esq., of Barbadoes.—At Bath, 62,
Wm. Perfect, esq., ».p.—At the Rectory
House, Stowey, the Rev. E. Whitley, n..
Rector of Stowey.—At Bath, Mrs. Lyddon,
wife of J. S. Lyddon, esq., of Minehead.—
At Week St. Laurence, 5, Thomas, esq.—
At Bath, Mrs. Benson, relict of the late J.

Benson,

574

Benson, v.p. Prebendary of Canterbury.—
‘At Nowers, Sarah Fisher, wife of Wm.
Ancram, esq.—At Bath, Lieut.-Col. New-
port, of the 9th Hussars.—Capt. R. Duff,
98th Reg.—Mrs. Evans, widow of Col. K.
Evans. —At Col. Shaw’s, Widcombe Cres-
cent, Flora Alicia, wife J. H. Deacon,
esq., of Wimpole St.—At Bath, Mr. F.
Blissett, comedian, many years one of the
most popular actors of the Bath Theatre.
DORSETSHIRE.

Dies ] At Dorchester, the Rev. H. J. Rich-
man, Rector of the parish of the Holy ‘Iri-
nity in that town, and Mrs. Richman, his
wife, Their deaths were occasioned by the
falling of part of the roof of their house, du-
ring the dreadful tempest. A few minutes
before six o’clock a tremendous: crash was
heard: the inmates immediately hastened to
the ,bed-room of Mr. and Mrs. Richman,
but could not open the door. A medical
gentleman (Dr. Cooper) residing in the
same street, was instantly called; and on
his entering, with other persons, the bed-
room, they observed a mass of stones and
rubbish on the bed, on the removal of which
the awful spectacle of two lifeless bodies
presented. itself: the venerable rector and
his amiable wife had both been suffocated.
No mark of violence appeared on either of
them, with the exception of a slight scar on
the fotehead of Mrs, Richman. Dr. Cooper
was of opinion that their death was instan-
taneous.. Mr. Richman was born at Chirist-
church, in Hampshire, and. received his
education at, Winchester College : he after-
wards resided for several years at Poole ; and
on. the resignation of the Rev. J: Cutler, he
was elected Master of the Free Grammar
School in Dorchester, the duties of which
important situation:he discharged with great
ability for a period of twenty-three years ;
during the greater part of which time he also
officiated as curate to the Rev. N. Temple-
man, the rector of the Holy Trinity. On
the death of Mr. Templeman, in the year
1813, . Mr. Richman was presented by the
feoffees to that valuable living. No cler-
gyman_,was ever more zealous in the dis-
charge of the duties of the pastoral office,
and no one could possibly be more loved and
esteemed by his parishioners: he. died in
the 71st year of his age; Mrs. R.was in
her 74th year.—At Spetisbury, Charlotte
Sophia, daughter of G. Smith, esq.—At
Weymouth, 20, Elizabeth Margaret, eldest
daughter of L. Vassall, esq., of Brooke-
house, near Cheppury, Sudbury.— At Wey-
wouth, J. Crouch, esq., of Codford, St.
Peter, Wilts.

DEVONSHIRE. :

, The new. Victualling-office reservoir, to
be constructed. on the hill near the battery
of Stonehouse Point, “is to contain 12,000
tons of water, for the use of shipping at the
port of Plymouth.

. The late storms have been very destruc-
tive.on this coast. -At Star Cross, the da-
mage is estimated at £4,000: at Sidmouth,

- Dorsetshire—Devonshire.—Cornwall.

(Jan. 1

the damage sustained equals £20,000. At
Plymouth, great damage has been sustained,
and, but for the breakwater, the lower part
of Plymouth must have been totally de-
stroyed: the damages to vessels. at this
port exceeds £100,000 3 many vessels, with
their crews, were totally lost.

. A public meeting was lately held at Exe-
ter, to consider the propriety of establish-
ing a new market place, when, after con-
siderable discussion, and some opposition by
those who are interested in a continuance of
the present notorious nuisance, it.was de-
cided that the market should be removed to
some more convenient spot. - At present it
is held on each side of the High Street; and
it is really astonishing that so oppressive
and dangerous a station should so long have
been retained for the purpose,

- Married.|. At Tavistock, Mr. G. Parrott,
to Miss J. Hitchens, eldest daughter of
Capt. J.. Hitchins.—Mr. Durham to Miss
Snell.— At Tavistock, Mr. R. P. Trist, to
Miss Rowe.

Died.] At Exeter, 14, Chester Henry,
eldest son of Dr. Macmollen, of Bridge-
water.—At Plymouth, Mrs. Bowden, wife
of Captain Bowden, x.x.—At Plymouth,
J. Barton, esq.—Mary Ann, second daugh-
ter of J. H. Chichester, esq., of Stoke-house
and Northover—At Exeter, 70, Miss .E.
Osborne.—At Heavitree, near Exeter, 22,
Elizabeth, wife of R. Rawlins, ~ esq. — At
Teignmouth, 88, Mrs. Langmead, relict of
the late P. Langmead, esq., of Hoe-house,
Plymouth. —31, Miss E. Strachan, of De-
vonport.— At Barnstaple, 52, Mrs. M. Troy,
wife of Capt. W. Sheppard, x.n.—At Barn-
staple, 68, W. Marshall, esq.—Mrs. Pike,
relict of S. Pike, esq., Staddon-hill, Apple-
dore.— At Marlborough, 85, W. Smith, esq.
—At Torquay, Medland, eldest daughter
of J. Manley, esq., of Dublin.—Mrs. Ott-
ley, the lady of Colonel Ottley.

; CORNWALL.

At Penzance, the top of the iidchidtish

has been carried away by the late storm, and
the pier seriously injured ; a vessel from
Stockholm was totally lost, ’and all on board
perished: the whole line of this coast is
covered with wrecks.
- Married.| At Gwencap, J. Moore, esq.,
m.p., of Lincoln’s Inn Fields, to’Elizabeth,
daughter of J. Williams, esq,, of Scorrier-
house, Cornwall— At Truro, Capt. Haw-=
kins, k.x., to Mrs. Floyd, of Lemon-st.—
At Penzance, Mr. €. Goldsmith, to Maria
Eliza, daughter of Lieut. Tregurther, r.n,
—At St. Enodor. J. Bamfield, esq., aged
76, to Mary, eldest daughter of Ds ‘Manual,
esq., aged 40.

Died] At the house of A. Pierd, Lost-
withiel, Miss Fortescue; daughter of Ma
Fortescue.— At Lostwithiel, Mr. W. ‘Phat,
—At Bodmin, Mrs. Hough.—At St. Ger:
moe, ‘Capt. T’, Carter.—At Coonib’ s-head,
100, parish of Stokeclimsland, Mr.W. Hart ;
—At Camelford, 63, J. Lawrence, esq.—
At East Looe, J. Keast, esq.

? WALES,
Several parts of Wales, especially in the
neighbourhood of the Severn, have suffered
much from the inundations at the early part
of the month. For some days the mails
were prevented from proceeding, and the
couriers to whom the letter-bags were en-
trusted. were occasionally obliged to swim
their horses oyer the flooded high roads.

The upper arch of the celebrated Devil’s
‘Bridge, near Hafod, Cardiganshire, is broken
down, and impassible by heavy vehicles: a
safe and temporary platform has been placed
for travellers. The lower arch, and indeed
the foundation of this picturesque and ex-
traordinary structure (which is supposed to
haye been built seven centuries ago by the
monks of Strata Florida Abbey), is still se-
cure. The second arch, which overspans
the other, was erected in 1753 at the ex-
pense of the county ; and, in the year 1814,
the patriotic Mr. Johnes of Hafod removed
the lower parapets of crumbling stonework,
and placed in their stead iron hand-rails and
ornaments. ,

Married.] _W. Wood, esq.,. of. Dowlais
iron-works, Glamorganshire, to Margaret,
daughter of the Rev. J. Powell, Lecturer
of Monmouth.—J. Lewis, esq., of Cardiff,
to Charlotte, eldest daughter of Sir J. Hom-
fray, of Boulogne-sur-Mer,—At Llanwinin,
J. Lewis, esq., of Corngafr, to Mary, eldest
daughter of B. Griffiths, esq., of Penhenrhin,
Caermarthenshire.—At Dale, Mr. V. T.
Langworthy, to Mary Ann, eldest daughter
ofthe Rey. J. Upton.— At Morville church,
Pembroke, J. Robinson, esq., to Letitia Ann
Freeman, of Lambston, Pembroke.

Died.|, At Nash, near Cowbridge, Gla-
morganshire, T, Markham, esq.—At Lees-
wood, Hull, county of Flint, 70, the Rey.
W. H. Eyton.—73, T. Jones, esq., of Brin-
tirion.— At Swansea, 37, J. Terry, esq.—
At Lannihangel, near Cowbridge, Glamor-
ganshire, J. Franklin, esq.—At Denbigh, J.
Price, esq.— At Brynllithrig, near St.Asaph,
Margaret, relict of the Rev. P. Whitley.—
At Danyralli Uwyd, near Aberystwith,
Mrs. Hughes, relict of the late J. Hughes,
esq-—At Glasbury, Radnorshire, Mr. J.
Morgan.—D. Davies, esq., of Lampeter.—
At Swansea, Mrs. Collins, relict of the Rev.
J. Collins, Rector of Oswich, Glamorgan-
shire,

SCOTLAND.

The following is a statement of the num-
ber of black cattle and other animals slaugh-
- tered and exposed for sale in Annan mar-
ket, from the 12th Nov. 1825 to the 12th
Noy. 1824; cows and bullocks 358 ;, calves,
236; sheep and lambs, 2,018; and swine,
925.

A prospectus has been issued at Edin-
murah of a projected company of Wool
staplers on a very extensive scale. A capi-
tal £500,000 is to be raised, in. shares of
£25 cach ; and the object of the projectors
is fo buy up all the wool grown in, Scot-
Jand, and submit it to the process of sta-

Wales — Scotland—TIreland. ~

575

pling (sorting) before it is sent to England ;
whereby the Scotch will secure to them-
selves that profit on the stapling of their
wool, which is at present derived by the
English woolstaplers. The wool grown-in
Scotland is estimated in this prospectus at
the annual value of two or three millions
sterling, and of this three-fourths are sent
to England in the raw state, and there
stapled. The profits of stapling are calcu-
lated at thirty per cent. on the cost of the
raw material, and they infer, therefore, that
the Scotch allow others to make ‘a profit of
at least £300,000 a year on an article of
their production, when they might keep all
this profit to themselves.

A joint stock company, under the name
of the Albyn Company, has been started in
Edinburgh, with a capital of £200,000.
Its object is to facilitate the investment of
capital: in fen duties, houses, and other
species of heritable property. It is also pro-
posed to establish a Joint Stock Dairy Com-
pany in Edinburgh.

Old Coins.—A number of ancient silver
coins, in an earthen jar about the size of a
quart, were found lately inthe globe of the
Minster of Inverness, about a foot from the
surface. They consist:of silver pennies of
Henry III, Edward I. and ILI., coined at
London, Lincoln, Canterbury, York, Cam-
bridge, Bristol, Dublin, &c. There are
some of the contemporary Scotch kings,
Alexander IIJ, Robert I, and David TI.
The coins arein good preservation, and the
date of the latest being 1330, they were pro-
bably secreted by the Monks of the Fran-
ciscan Monastery, which stood there during
the invasion of Edward III, who plundered
Inverness in 1336. 4

Five new projects have lately started at
Edinburgh, .viz.. a Porter Brewery Com-
pany, capital £150,000; a Pawnbroking
Company, capital £75,000; a Distillery
for the English Market, capital £200,000 ;
a Glass-making Company, capital£100,000;
aWhale Fishing Company, capital £250,000;
and a company, originally projected in
Glasgow, for making a Rail-way from
Paisley and Glasgow to the City of Edin-
burgh. fii

Married.] At Edinburgh, the Right Hon.
the Earl of Glasgow, to Miss Julia Sinclair,
daughter of Sir John Sinclair, bart.

Died.| At Moffat, Mrs. Lockhead, for-
merly of Glasgow.—At Dumfries, Robert
Whittley, esq.—At Cushet Hill, 66, Dum-
frieshire, T. Davidson, Esq.—At Cupar,
Fife, the Rev. Dr. Geo. Campbell.

IRELAND.

Discoveries of Coals are said to have been
made, by the first. inspections which the new
Irish Mining Company has caused to be
made, at their expense, in the several coun-
ties of Roscommon, Leitrim, and Mayo, (we
wish some correspondent would favour us
with the names and situations of the spots,
and other particulars), and also discoveries
of metallic ores, inthe mountains of Canna-

mara ;

576

‘mara: for the working of all which, the
company are said to have entered into agree-
ments with the land-owners.

The number of students that entered
Trinity College, Dublin, on Monday last,
was 131, anumber unusually large to enter
on one day.

A prospectus has been issued for a pro-
vincial banking company, capital two mil-
lions, in shares of £100 each.

By the late census it appears that there
are, in the city of Dublin, 19,471 females
more than males; in Limerick, 2,811 ; in
Waterford, 2,661; in Belfast, 2,537; in
Galway town, 1,083; and in Ireland, alto-
gether, there are 117,975 women more
than there are men. ‘The only counties in
Treland in which the males outnumber the

Treland.— Answers to Correspondents.

Margaret, wife of Lieut. McDonnell, late
of the 85th Regiment— At Dublin, Mary.
wife of Thomas Tuke, esq, ‘o.p.—At his
house near Clare, 38, the very Rey, Dr.
Doyles, Pastor of Kilbridge and Horseleap,
and Vicar General of the Diocese’ of
Meath.—The Right Rey. Dr. Murphey,
Roman Catholic Bishop of Clogher.—
At Catrick-on Soar, Mary Banks, in the
107th year of her age. She was the wife of
a linen-weaver, and always employed herself
in that branch of manufacture. She enjoyed
her faculties to the last, and was seen at
market for herself a few days prior to her

“decease. ‘She was the mother of many chil-

dren,—one of whom, a son, had made her a
promise, at his father’s decease, not to marry

‘during her lifetime, which promise he faith-

fully discharged. He is now in the 75th
year of his age, and avows his intention to
marry after his mother’s interment.

females, are Kildare, King’s County, Meath,
Kerry, Galway, and Roscommon.
Died.] At Corrofin, county of Clare,

TO CORRESPONDENTS.

We have to apologise to our valuable correspondent, Ir. Hampson, for apparent neg-
lect of his paper on Meteorological Phenomena: it was set: up for insertion in our last,
but was removed, with several other communications, for want of room ; a cireumstance
which escaped the observation of the Editor, till part of the present number, ‘containing
another article on the same subject, was printed off. The requisite attention to variety
obliges us, therefore, however reluctantly, to’ adjourn once more the insertion till the
ensuing month. ,

The reply of 7. L. Williams to Mr. Nelson, which escaped our observation last month,
we purposed to have inserted this: but we found, on perusal, that a mistaken apprehen-
sion of personal hostility had betrayed the writer into a warmth of language which could
not be admitted in our columns: Mr. W. may be assured that, in the article he com-
plains of, there was no intention, on the part of the gentleman he is so angry with, either
to injure his reputation, of wound his feelings. 4

A correspondent, who complains that we did him “ severe juslice” on a former occa
sion, will find that we have paid due attention to his more recent and more finished pro-
duction ; and will, we hope, excuse the liberty we have taken with a single word.

A correspondent, who signs his‘ name (whieh we will be too tender of him to repeat),
has obliged us witha page anda half of foolscap, full of hypercriticism on one of the little
poems of one of our correspondents ; and illustrates his own candour by altering thé
punctuation so as to confound the sense. What impropriety can there be in saying of a
nun, that “ the brows that shadowed her‘dark soft eyes were Loye’s mourning-pall its
or that “ Love was kept, purified of sin) in-her placid heart, by Faith?’ The critic
thinks he could pull the other poem of the sante correspondent to pieces in the same way.
When he sends us any thing half as good, we will insert his criticisms. a

Mr. J. Je Leathivick wishes it to-be made known, that he was not the Edmonton cor-
respondent.whose poem was rejected from our last. ‘The present. Editor neyer even saw
any of Mr. Leathwick’s poetry, and therefore-could not reject it. ¥

“¢ Hints for the Improvement of Mud Carts’’ should have been sent to the scayen-
gers. +n :
In the signature to the letter of inquiry’relative to Short, the portrait-painter, in our
last, for Taxem read TaTEM. : a a gets

~The observations of 4. B. C. of Totness, on 4 passage in Mr. Scoresby’s Voyage to the
Arctic Regions, came too late for the present number, but shall appear in our next. |

We readily comply with the request of Mr. Lewis Gompertz, in stating that the article
inserted,*with his signature, in‘our last, contains extracts only of a longer communication
with which he favoured us, In giving connexion to what we deemed it necessary to
abridge, sume changes in the language may have been inevitable ; we are not conscious
of any alteration of the sentiment. : ; : ae

We lament exceedingly that the two very valuable communications from our statistical
correspondent,—one on the Post-office Revenues, arid the other on the Population of
Sreland,—came so late as to render it utterly impossible for us to give insertion to either
of them this month. We must entreat of our correspondents in, general tobe early in
their communications, as it is impossible for us to do justice either to, them or to our
readers, if our arrangements are not, in a great measure, made before the middle of the
month,

SUPPLEMENTARY NUMBER

to tur FIFTY-EIGHTH VOLUME or tue

MONTHLY MAGAZINE. ~

No. 405.]

JANUARY 31, 1825.

[Price 2s.

REVIEW OF NEW WORKS.

Memotrs of the Arrains of Europe
JSrom the Peact of Utrecut, Thin 4to.
Murray.
HOUGH no name appears in the
title page of this attractive volume,
itis unequivocally attributed, by general
rumour, to the pen of Lord John
Russell, and, as far as we can learn,
there is as little desire as there can be
occasion, for disavowal on the part of
the noble author. We could have
wished, indeed, that his superscription-
had been unequivocally affixed :—that
so distinguished a member of the house
of Russel! had thus given an unreserved
sanction to the manly and generous
sentiments it so freely breathes :—for

although. an argument be not the, more,

logical, an opinion the more valid, ora
fact more‘true, because, advanced: by a
mnan of rank .and: family’; yet itis: re-
ceived with less jealousy, and passes
more current from the stamp’and im-
press of such authority. Tt is liable to
less cayil. in the market. The cry of
jacobinism, radicalism, levelling and
anarchism! or the like is not as easily
raised against a liberal sentiment, or a
just censure of tyranny and, corruption,
when uttered. by the patriot of conspi-
cuous exalted station, as when it issues:
from the dark corners:of obscurity, or
from the lips of the demagogue (as he
must ofcourse be called) who has no-
thing but the justice of his cause or the
validity of his logic to entitle him to
credence or attention. These con-
siderations will, we trust, excuse us
both in the estimation of his lordship
and, the public, ifwe admit for once, the
voice of, general. rumour as evidence in
our critical court, andi treat the work
before us as the production of Lord
John Russell:

Before we enter more particularly
into the analysis of its contents or the
estimation of its merits, we must, how-
ever, observe that, in one respect, the
perusal somewhat disappointed us.
From. the misnomer in the title page
“ affairs of Europe,from the Peace of
Uirecht’ we. expected to have found
-. Monruty Maa. No. 405.

something like a sketch of, or essay to-
wards a history of European affairs,
from the date of that famous treaty to
the present time. But the period em-
braced in this memoir extends in
reality no further than to six or eight
years beyond the death of Louis XIV.:
though the evident object, in an_his-.
torical point of view, is to shew the in-
fluence which the reign and policy of
the Grand Monarch has had upon the
subsequent events which have affected
the destinies of the civilized world.
Relative to these, indeed, many per-
tinent reflections are introduced ; and
many observations suggested well wor-
thy of the serious attention of those
who, in estimating the oceurrences and
expedients of the present, are not. quite
indifferent .to remoter consequences
and tke destinies of the future. Still,
however, ‘the work itself,» considered:
with reference to its facts and epoch,
is a memoir of the court and politics of
the latter days of Louis the Fourteenth ;
and as a book of reference to the moré
methodical historian it is nothing more.
Considered in this point of view, it is,
however, equally interesting and instruc-
tive. It is a supplement..4t, once and
an antidote to Voltaire?s . celebrated,
and seductively amusing “ Age of
Louis XIV.” It exposes both sides of
the tapistry, and shews the base mate-
rials out of which the gaudy glare’ of
the surface has been produced: or,
perhaps, we might have said in more
appropriate metaphor, it detects by its
essay the base materials of ‘fraud and
misery which constitute the base of
that tinsel glare. of frippery and vanity,
which courtiers at least, if not nations
also, are apt. to dignify with the pom-
pous epithets of national glory. It does
more: it is alesson to despots them-
selves (if they are capable of being
taught), as well as to nations, It shews
them, that to enslave their subjects they
must become enslaved themselves. The
labour of the galleys would scarcely be
more insupportable to a generous and
energetic mind, than the: drudgery. of
4 E mechanical

578

mechanical etiquette, and the laborious
duplicity which supported the dignity
of this worshipped king: while the joy-
less arrogance of that mean and sordid
reptile called a courtier, might be chas-
tised and edified by the evidence of that
debasing and heart-gnawing dependence
which is the:inevitable concomitant of
his proud servility.

With reference to our own country,
the publication is judiciously timed.
It is a voice of warning to a court, but
too evidently tending, in its tastes and
propensities, to the “ pride, pomp, and
circumstance” of military despotism ;
and even to the resumption of the very
liveries of courtly servitude and depen-
dence ;*—to a generation but too evi-
dently disposed to confound the splen-
dour of expanding streets and towering
edifices (things in themselves which, if
estimated only at their proper worth,
we neither condemn nor despise) and
the refinements of an ostentatious
luxury (which at best can be enjoyed
but by’a few) with the genuine progress
of civilization—which if real and legiti-
mate must tend to the moral and. in-
tellectual exaltation, and to the im-
proved condition of the whole com-
munity.

But let us not tread in the digressive
path of our contemporaries, and ramble
into a disquisition, while we profess an
analysis. >

Prefixed to this volume, with a laud-
able respect to reference and authori+
ties, is an account of some of the books
quoted: of which we shall particularize
only, and that in the way of extract,
CEuvres de Louis XIV. :—

“ The best edition of this work is in six
volumes, 8yo. It consists of several parts.
One part, but the least important, was placed
in the King’s library at Paris by the Maré-
chal Duc de Noailles, to whomit had been
given by Louis XIV. himself. Another
portion was given by Louis X VL to Gene-
ral Grimoard, the editor of a. part of the
work. Another was given by the Abbé
Sallier, Librarian of the King’s library, to
’ the editor of the Giuvres Mélées of Pelis-
son. With respect to the Memoirs, it seems
to be agreed, that they are in the hand-
writing of Pelisson, who was employed by
the King in 1672, as his historiographer.

* See the orders issued and the prepara-
tions making for the assumption of Civil
uniforms: by which the office to which
every Clerk and functionary belongs, is io
be recorded in the cut and colour of the
coat and cape he wears, and the buttons
with which it is tobe adorned. Why not
give him a shoulder knot also at once.

» Memoirs of the Affairs of

“In page 15 of the copy deposited by
the Duke of Noailles, is the following note,
‘Le roi a mieux mis cet endroit;., je nai
pu bien retenir les termes. précis,..et. puis
avoir oublié d’autres choses ailleurs.’ . It
would appear from this note, that Pelisson
wrote from the King’s dictation, and put
this note in the copy delivered to the King
for his perusal and approbation. , Another
note leads to the same conclusion.’

At the end of the Memoirs for the
year 1661, Pelisson, we are told, has a
very long note, a passage of which is
quoted :-— nok

* From the beginning it would seem that
all was the King’s ; and from the end, that
the reflections at least were chiefly Pelis-
son’s It will perhaps be safe to conclude,
that the King dictated from notes (of which
many are still remaining) the history of the
year; that Pelisson wrote from what he had
heard, adding many of the reflections, and
nearly all the form. Another point to be
considered is, at what time these Memoirs
were composed. Now, at the end of the
first manuscript, p. 100, of the printed edi-
tion, he says, many of his. ancestors have
waited till the end of their lives before they
gave exhortations of this kind to their chil-
dren, but that he writes ‘ lorsque la-vigueur
de’ mon age, la liberté de mon ‘esprit, et’
état florissant de mes affaires ne vous’ per-
mettroient point d’y soupgonner de déguise-
ment ou de les attribuer 4 la vue du péril.”
Speaking of the employment of his: time im
1666, he says, ‘“‘ quand aprés cela, j’avois
quelques momens de reste, je les employois
aux Mémoires que vous lisez maintenant.’
Here then we have the beginning of the
Memoirs; but their completion in their
present form seems'to have taken place long
afterwards ;' for in the year 1661, ‘speaking
of the belief of his taking a prime minister,
he says, “‘ Le temps a fait voir ce-qu’il en
falloit croire, et c’estici-la dixiéme année
que je marche.’ These dates enable us to
add to our estimate of the value of the Me-
moirs. We see that.they were not drawn
up in haste, and given away without revi~
sion. They were the early employment. of
the King in his leisure moments in the year
1666. Pelisson says, in a letter to Louis
XIV. in 1671, ‘ that the King had drawn
him from a state of misfortune and disgrace
nine months before.’ It was soon after
this, probably, he was entrusted with the
Memoirs. They thus come to us, adorned
indeed. by the reflections: of a stranger, but
approved and weighed by Louis. XIV. with
the most scrupulous care.. It.is probable
that he left to his grandson. and successor
more perfect copies, one of which Louis
puts into the hands of General Grimoard-
There are some corrections in the hand of
Louis in the last copy, which shew. that he
adopted them, In speaking ofthe: plan of
giving the crown’ of Poland, the MS: says;
that. what touched: him the most was, that

it

Europe from the Peace of Utregt.

it was ai6pporttinity which seldom occurs
of indkirig'@ present of a crown ; and.Louis
adds, ‘ et de Passurer 4a France.’ Inthe
next page are two other corrections in his
own hand-writing. Upon the whole then
we may conclude, that although these Me-
moirs are, as M. Flassan observes, neither
in the hand-writing nor in the style of Louis,
they are nevertheless composed from notes
of his dictation, and contain sentiments
which he either suggested, or was willing to
adopt as’ his own.”

Thus the pretensions of le Grand
Monirque to a place in the catalogue
of royal authors, seems to be as well
established as those of the present gene-
ration of his i#lustrious descendants.

The introduction to the work itself
breathes no equivocal portion of the
spirit of the philosophical historian. It
commences by calling attention “ to the
difference of the mode in which the
characters of ancient and [of] modern
nations have been formed.”—

“© Ancient cities falling at once into poli
tical society, and requiring forms of govern-
ment to hold them together, were obliged
to appoint some one person, or some body
of persons, to frame regulations for the
conduct of general affairs, and the mainte-
nance of order. These early: legislators
finding themselves thus called upon to
prescribe the institutions of an infant state,
extended their directions to every thing
which might influence the well being of the
commonwealth: manners, dress, food, a-
musements; became an object of public
eare for punishment or reward. The mem-
bers of these communities thus became
attached to the peculiar customs of their
eity; and when attacked by a foreign
enemy they defended themselves with the
more vigour and perseverance, as conquest
implied the loss not.only of liberty, but of
all the habits of their lives, endeared to
them by long prescription and legislative
sanetion. Of the same nature are the
institutions of those. countries where reli-
gion and government walking hand in hand
have: laid down rules for every part of life,
for eating, drinking, washing, sleeping ; such
as the Mahometan nations, the Hindus,
and the Chinese.

The people of modern Europe have been
cast in a different mould. Consisting ori-
ginally of the wild inhabitants of woods,
the bond of society held them but loosely
together, and they ranged over the forest
as unfettered in their actions as the streams
that ran‘ from their mountains, here break-
ing intoa torrent, and there swelling to an
inundation, They are described by one of
the greatest historians of antiquity as fond
of idleness, but hating peace ; eager for war
wheresoever it was to be found, and engaging
willingly in the quarrels of their neighbours :
following as leaders those who displayed

579

the most. valour, «and choosing as. kings
those* whoconld boast the most illustrious
descent: meeting frequently to cousult on
the interests of their. tribe: leaving the
decision of minor concerns to their chiefs,
and reserving the discussion of the greater
for the deliberation of all: paying peculiar
honour to their women, for whom they
willingly risked their lives: regarding with
superstitious reverence the admonitions of
their priests; and worshipping their gods
in groves beneath no other canopy but that
of heaven, and with no other temples than
those which nature had formed. _1t was
one of the consequences of the slight tex-
ture of the frame by which the German
people were held together, that few attri-
butes belonged to the supreme power.”

Hence, also, the author considers as
derived the fewness and simplicity of
our ancient laws, the confinement of pu-
nishments almost exclusively to “ trea-
son(or rather treachery) and cowardice,”
and the right of personal justice and re-
venge; whence “ the law of honour and
the age of chivalry.” —

“ Much .of. this strange mixture of fero-
cious cruelty with refined gallantry, is un-
doubtedly to be attributed to the intercourse
of the Christians with the Moors and the
Arabs: in the wars of Spain and the Cru-
sades were learnt those refinements with
which an eastern imagination had adorned
the exercise of brute force and animal cou-
rage. But, be its origin what it might, the
spirit of chivalry_ produced a system of
manners totally distinct from the govern-
ment, and forming as if were a separate
code which the laws of the state had not -
created and could not suppress. ‘The
member ofan ancient state could hear him-
self grossly abused by his fellow-citizen,
without any obligation. to retaliate, other-
wise than by words: the noble or knight,
of Germany or France was compelled either
to draw his sword against his accuser, or to
lose his character in society. No.form of.
law, no species of tribunal could dispense
with the necessity of revenge: and from
the Bay of Naples to the Mountains of In-,
verness, he who has been wronged ty word.
or deed, thought himself bound to seek
satisfaction in the blood of his adversary.
In Italy and in Scotland, the death of the
aggressor procured by any means was con-
sidered a lawful atonement; and so far
was this principle extended, that not many
years have elapsed sincea judge was slain at
Edinburgh by the party against whom he
had pronounced a legal decision. In other
parts of Europe the practice of single com-
bat was usual, honourable, nay almost in-
dispensable ; and there can be no better

proof
ed .

* Surely his Lordship should have added, “ the
wisest and ablest of those who,” &c: for ‘ illus-
trious birth” was not alone a title to election.

4E2

580
proof of the supremacy of opinion over
law, than the fact that Louis the XIVth,
who affixed the most severe penalties to the
offence of fighting a duel, would, allow no
man in his own regiment to refuse a, chal-
lenge.”

On the subject of the feudal govern-
ments which progressively resulted from
this primitive state of things, his lord-
ship thus expresses himself, p. 13.:—

“ The nobility of Europe formed in every
country but England,” Chis Lordship refers
we presume to Savon England, before the
Norman Conquest; for certainly to the Nor-
man nobility the ewception will not apply—
they, as much as any other, formed] ‘a class
totally distinct from the rest of the commu-
nity; possessed of the fortresses and the
lands of country, the king was their subject
and the people were their slaves ;_cherish-
ing the notion of their own superiority in
power, in valow', and’ in honour, they
treated with the proudest contempt the
laws and the judges who pretended to con-
troul their actions.”

After noticing the very different sta-
tion assigned to women by the institu-
tions of ancient and modern Europe,
the author proceeds to observe that
© another particular in. which modern
states differ most essentially from an-
cient commonwealths is the abolition of
slavery and the principal share in this
abolition is most assuredly very justly
attributed to the influence of Christi-
anity:—to “the opinion that it was
wrong for a Christian to keep a Christian
in slavery.”

“* Alfred, King of England, orders in the
11th section of his laws, that if any person
buy a Christian servant he shall serve six
years, but in the seventh he shall be manu-
mitted. Sir Thomas Smith informs us,
that the clergy neyer ceased preaching a-
gainst the sin’ of retaining Christians in
slavery. In 1067, Pope Alexander the III.
declared in the name of a council, ‘that all
Christians ought to be exempt from servi-
tude.” Political events hastened the
emancipation of the slaves; the cities made
all their inhabitants free in order to increase
their strength against the barons; and the
barons gave freedom to their vassals that
they might not be tempted to take refuge
in the towns.” :

It isa singutar fact in the history of
opinions, that—

“ The. practice of earrying of negroes
from the coast of Africa was commenced
by. the Portuguese at the very period-when
the slavery of Christians was nearly abe-
lished in Europe.”

» Memoirs of the Affairs of

~The observations which ensue on “one
political consequence which tt
ed,” this nevertheless rejoicetl in’ abo-
litton of slavery, bears the strong niark' of
a discriminating and reflecting minc Ber
In modern Europe, ‘to be, free. is mo dis-
tinction; it does not; prevent men. from
being sordid, dependent, totally, pageants
and little better than the cattle of the field :
a new distinction therefore has been ‘desired,
and vanity seeks to be noble, A Strange
result which was not easily to. be foréseen
has followed. The distinction of freedom
induced men to defend liberty ;) tlie distine-
tion of nobility has induced them to deferid
a monopoly of power and privilege; and to
favour a system of political slavery nearly
as degrading to human nature as the, per-,
sonal slavery of ancient republics.” fi

We congratulate ourselves upon such
sentiments flowing from such a source.
The nobility of no country can entirely
become either despised for, its servile
vices, or abhored for its monopolizing ar-
rogance, while distinguished individuals
of its class give currency to such manly
principles. The rapid sketch which fol-
lows is as just as it is comprehensive
and compressive :— 4

“ The elements of all feudal states) were
the same ;.a king, , partly hereditary, ant
partly elected ; .a nobility, sometimes: obe-,
dient and sometimes independent 5.2 gene-
ral assembly of clergy, nobles, and people,
at one time conceding to their sovereign
power incompatible with freedom, and at
another depriving him of the authority ne-
cessary to preserve internal peace. The
kings of France were surpassed iin 1¢al
power by many of their vassals: The kitigs
of Leon ‘and Castile were regularly eleeted
by the Cortes, and the nobility) of, Arragon)
formally claimed the privilege .of;,deposing
their sovereign. _ In those.times wapine,and.
disorder prevailed ; justice could not berob-
tained but at the point of the swords license
was every where, and liberty no where,.
The invasions of royal prerogative ‘were
opposed by the excesses of popular tumult :
commerce and industry were overwhelmed
by feudal rights, and every order’ of ‘the
state acqnired the supreme direction of the
helm of government in turn, only toishew
itself unworthy to retain it.) iow Hon

" 47 } 93 Aw

Upon his Lordship’s ideaof the wisdom.
of “ constructing stable, government.
for the nations of ,Europe:by, anjequit:
able division of the supreme power be-
between the king, the nobles, and the.
people,” scepticism. perhaps, may,be any
duced to make some. pause as, to) the
degree of its practicability, and, sound
reason perhaps will be compelled to, the

silt Senl trca aver conclusion,

Europe from the Peace of Utrecht.

conclusion, that whatever degree, of
practicability it may be capable of, must
be dependant upon the elements and
principles, of, which, and by which the
order of nobility is, composed, If the
king can ennoble at his discretion, the
the drudges of office, the flatterers of
his person. ‘the upholders of his prero-
gative, the ministers of his luxury and
his pleasures—what is to prevent him
from having always a subservient ma-
jority.of noblesse, and practically con-
centrating in, himself two parts, at least,
of. this theoretically three-fold division
of the supreme power. If territorial
possession be the primitive basis of here-
ditary nobility, and the titular patent
of power once obtained, by whatever
means, be inalienably entailed beyond
the taint of imbecility, profligacy, and
abuse, what wisdom or what integrity
is to be expected from its councils, or
what moderation in the exercise of that
influence which rank and territorial pro-
perty never fail to secure to their inhe-
ritor ! what limits to the subserviency,
by which the needy and bankrupted of
such a class may be induced to eke out
the wasted means of supporting. their
ostentatious pretensions? The despo-
tism of the throne and the despotism of
the aristocrasy may have their fluctua-
ations in the struggle of such elements,
but what in either case is likely to be-
comié’ of the theoretical share of the
people in this three-fold division of the
supreme power? Besides—who are the
people in whom this pretended third of
the, supreme, power is to be vested?
Does his lordship include under this
term, the entire whole of the adult po-
pulation ? or, if not, (draw the line of
distinction where we will), under what
denomination are to be classed the rem-
nant of two-legged beings, who are nei-
ther to be ranked among people, lords,
nor kings ?—must we consider them as
mere political machines, as biped auto-
matons, or class them with our beasts of
burthen? Are we to understand, on
the other hand, by the people, only those
who may come into occasional associa-
tion with the nobility, or who stand
within the sphere of their immediate or
incidental influence? If so—what are
the people but the thralls and vassals of
the noblesse ? and what is to become of
the rights and interests of those who
are’ excluded from’ the enumeration ?
This interrogation may sound a little
harsh’ and grating; but the solution of
the enigma they ‘propose, is indispen-
sably necessary ere the proposition be-

|

581

fore us can be understood; and we
must begito be excused from: assenting
to any proposition till at least we can
understand its terms.

We will conceed, however, to his
Lordship, that under the apparent aus-
pices of a system, or. species of govern-
ment explained by something like the
phraseology of his Lordship’s theory,
this country has hitherto happily main-
tained, or rather, from time to time, has
managed to work out for itself a degree
of liberty which surrounding nations (less
jealous, or less fortunate, in the defence
of their ancient immunities), might well
behold with envy: -But whether this
is to be accounted for from the happier
adjustment, or more “ equitable division
of the supreme power between the king,
the nobles, and the people,” at the time
when the former general assault of royal
usurpation, alluded to by his Lordship,
was made upon the rights of the people
is another question:

His Lordship has, indeed, with a few
brief strokes of his pen, correctly and
ably described the characteristics of the
the sovereigns of that day, and by whom
such ‘mighty changes were suddenly
wrought in the relative conditions and
dependences of kings and people.

** In considering the causes of the supre--
macy obtained by monarchs, much also is
to be attributed te the personal qualities of
the sovereigns who reigned towards the
close of the fifteenth century. The kings
of that day were more enlightened than
the nobles of the country, and had much
more knowledge of public affairs than the
inhabitants of cities. Louis the XIth of
France, Henry the VIIth of England, and
Ferdinand of Arragon, most skillfully took
advantage of the period when the nations of
Europe were too much civilized to bear any
longer the anarchy of former ages, but not
sufficiently so to for a regular government
for themselves.” —“‘ Lewis was the most
remarkable for cruelty, Henry for avarice,
and Ferdinand for perfidy. Each succeeded
in his object, but Lewis most fully and com-
pletely. The people of France had been.
already subdued in the preceding reigns,
and it only remained for him to oppress the
nobles. The barons were more divided
from the people in France than in Spain,
and in Spain more than in England,
The states-general of France were soon
blotted out of her government; a mine
was laid in Spain for the destruction of the
Cortes; but neither the subtle artifice of
Henry the VIIth. nor the joyial disposition
of Henry VIIIth, could induce the people
of England to part for ever with their Par-
liaments.”’

All this is specious enough. . But most
assuredly

582
assuredly the facts of history will not
bear out the supposition’ that it was
either the power, or the patriot virtue
of the nobility, or the’ sensitive’ con-
sciousness ‘of an identity of interests
between them and the people that pre-
vented Henry VIII. from doing without
a parliament. The power of the nobi-
lity had been brought into abeyance by
the -confiscations, decapitations, and
slaughters: of the civil wars of York and
Lancaster, and their humiliation had
been completed by the cold-blooded fis-
cal policy of Henry VII.. Henry VIII.
smiled the degenerate remnant of a once
imperious baronage into sycophant-like
servility, or frowned them into extinc-
tion,'as his jollity or the caprice of the
moment dictated; or shortened them
by the head'with as little ceremony as
he did his wifes ; and with as much in-
difference apparently as he dissipated
the treasures which the avarice of his
father. had accumulated, or his own ra-
pacity could seize; and it was not, in
fact, to the. virtues of the nobility, but
to the wices of the king, that the people
of England were indebted for the pre-
servation of what was preserved of their
liberties. Had not his profligate pro-
digality kept pace with his insatiable
tyranny —had he husbanded with fore-
thought and economy what with un-
sparing rapacity he seized, he need never
have even asked the people of England
to part with their parliaments. He might
have ruled of his own will without them ;
and the experiment of governing the
nation by a privy council, and a star-
chamber, need not have been deferred
till the people themselves had become

sufficiently assured in their intelligence ~

and their power to set at defiance both
king and lords: united, when they at-
tempted so unconstitutional an inno-
vation.
permanent purposes of his government

the domains and treasures, of which he

plundered the monks and monasteries,

(and. who, whatever might have been.

their real’yices, and how much soever
we imay rejoice in their suppression,
were-certainly neither more. hypocriti-
cal, more profligate, nor more oppres-
sively intolerant than himself), what, we
should’ be glad’ to know, would have
stood in the way of his despotic will?
But what monks aud abbots reserved
for their own voluptuousness, or dis-
pensed to the blind, the halt, the indi-

gent—perhaps to the idle, of their res

pective neighbourhoods, he wasted at
once upon his more insatiate and osten-

Had he appropriated to the

Memoirs of the Affairs. of

tatious gratifications, or dispensedanvong
the courtly favourites of the hour.o' Amd’
though his dissolute prodigality assured

our redemption ‘from ‘the’ gripe’ of “des="

potism, ‘by’ rendering the’ crown “still
dependent for its reveriues on the votes
of parliament, ‘and his thoughtless pro-
fusion laid the foundations: also” for the
power and oppulenceof the patriot house
of Russell; yet, let us not, inour grati-
tude to that Providence; which has tus

brought good out of evil, sacrificé' our.
reason to a baseless theory, and from’

a present exception, making out a rule
for the past, ascribe events’ to causes
which had not even a shadow of influ=
ence in their production. FOU
In the enquiry, how it happened that
“the period of the revival of letters, to
which we are accustomed to look ‘back
as the commencement~of every liberal
art and civilized ‘institution, should be
in fact the zra of the downfall of *free-
dom, and of the establishment’ of arbi-
trary power?”—and “ how’ it happened
that, at such a time” the people’ of the
continent of Europe’ resigned ‘their an-
cient liberties and prescriptive ‘constitu-
tions with such degrading tameness ?
We give to his Lordship’s solution
a more unhesitating acquiescence.” Un-
influenced here by those ‘natural preju-
dices, that irresistible esprit ‘dw ‘corps,
which links us to rank “and 'élassj“he
looks upon facts with a clear and’ philo-
sophic eye, and beholds ‘at once’ 'the
cause in that * dove (if it be ‘not too

weak a word) of property,” which came’ ”

in upon the nations with the spring-tide
flow of commerce and civilization; ‘and

which taught (a lesson: by the:cupidity °

of the grasping, the ostentatious, and™

the voluptuous, how quickly conned)
that the accumulation of pelr is*more
estimable than the security of rights,
and even concentrates all ‘rights in thé
one sordid idea of such accumulation:—
“ So as the government left their subjects
undisturbed in the enjoyment of, property
and ease, therefore, the community. was.
ready to leave the government to act as if
pleased in matters of political concern.
Hence an indifference prevailed onthe con-
tinent from the beginning of the sixteenth
to the middle of the eighteenth century on-
questions of mere liberty”’ :

What a warning this to. the present

generation! What a picture of the

growing state of feeling in this prospe- ~

rous and most flourishing nation! Hap-

pily, indeed, the diffusion of education ”

and the industry of the press are spread-

ing intelligence, with uncontrollingta-"~

pidity

Europe from the. Peace of Utrecht.
pidity, beyond. the circle of those classes.

to, which the allurements of parade and
luxury,and the | hopes of accumulation
canbe extended; butin the deter classes
of the ,community,.as.they: are courtée-
ously called, (i.e, the better conditioned)
is. not. properly, almost; universally, in
phrase or inference, substituted in the
place,of rights 2, or are not rights them-
selyes. almost exclusively talked of in
reference) tothe. protection and the
encouregement of accumulating pro-
perty. | Splendid, mansions and rolling
carriages, multiplying out of number,
obscure from our eyes the beggary and
wretchedness'of thousands of neglected
labourers ; and even our sympathies are
invited, to. change their reference from
the sufferings of our fellow beings to
pounds (shillings and pence. If con-
flagrations reduce a village, or a factory
to,ashes,,or inundations deluge a track
of. country, the, detail that is dwelt
upon,.is not the nuinber ef wretched
labourers, or manufacturers, with their
dependent families, that are reduced to
want and wretchedness, but the amount
in hundreds, and thousands: of pecuniary
loss that, is, to fall upon-a few “ proprie-
tors.” What, state of mind more favour-
able coulda court or a government
require, which should wish to establish
the pomp ‘of military dominion and the
influence of unawed corruption in the
place. of chartered. liberties, and inhe-
rent.or,traditionary rights ?

With a brief expression of general
approbation, we must hurry through the
succesive sections on the Relations of
Gavernments to each other ; the Balance
of Power ;,the.Law of Nations; and
the, Reformation ;* and must satisfy
ourselyes from the pages they occupy
with the quotation of a single paragraph.

“The whole system of the balance of
power may be considered as having been
subyerted by the partition of Poland. The
suceess of that enterprize put an end at
oncé to tlie’ moral feeling’ and physical
divisions on which the ancient law of Eu-
rope” was founded. Catherine of Russia
despised a code which had been established
and recognized while her empire was still
wholly barbarous ; her neighbour of Prussia,
wealc in territory, unprincipled in conduct,

“We must not, however, neglect to
quote the well-grounded datum, that “ The
Reformation, and the French Revolution,
may be regarded as the great stations from
which future historians will date the events
of.modern. history.’’ The world has not
yet done, nor ever will have done, with the
occasions for remembering and. understand-,
ing both.

.

583

readily joined her; and Maria Theresa, 03
the disgrace of her name, for the misfortune
of Europe, and.to her own unavailing regret,
sanctioned the. destruction \of the law of
nations, which, it has been truly said, had
often before been violated, but) was now
totally overthrown,”’ ;

In the ensuing section on Internal
Government, his Lordship enters freely
into the statement and examination of
“the extent of the authority of kings,
and the inviolability of the law under
which they claimed it.

“ They assumed an absolute right of dis-
posing of the lives and properties of their
subjects by a commission from the Divine
Creator of all things, authorizing them and
their descendants to reign for ever. .This
doctrine was compounded partly of the
slavish maxims of the Roman. Imperial
law; partly of the Jewish dispensation ;
and partly of the precepts found in the
books of revealed religion. The theory of
the Roman law was, that the Emperor held
by various titles all the authority which the
Roman people once divided amongst the
various offices of Consul, Pontifex, Tribune
of the people, Military-Tribune, &c:» ‘The
Jewish dispensation teaches us’ that kings
were selected by heayen itself to. reign over
the Jews. The epistles of St. Paul enjoin
his disciples to obey, and order them, to
preserve inviolate that allegiance which, in
the fervour of enthusiasm, created by a new
revelation, they were probably inclined to
renounce.* Fortified with these authorities,
and supported by the lawyers and clergy of
their dominions, the kings of Europe did
not hesitate to claim.a power which Augus-
tus or Charlemagae, would have: deemed
exorbitant. In England, indeed, this de-
grading dogma, did not long prevail. Lord
Shaftesbury, speaking of it in one of his
speeches, calls it the Laudean doctrine,

but

* The p e of St. Paul, ‘* Let every soul be
subject unto the higher powers. For there is no
power but of God: the powers that be are ordaincd
of God. Whosoever therefore resisteth the power
resisteth the ordinance of God,” has been the source
of the slavish doctrines held by Christian divines in
modern times. Yet upon the slightest examination
the interpretation affixed to it during several centu-
ries of ignorance or bigotry will appear erroneous.
The enemies of Christ wished to impute to him that
his intentions aimed at the destruction of the govern-
ments of the earth in order to substitute his own
power, and even some of his own followers imagined
that by the new dispensation they were not absolved

all civil duties, and were to form part ofa society
constituted on a new basis. Todo away this error,
Christ said, ‘* Render unto Cesar the thi gs which
are Cesar’s:” and with the same view, St. Paul
informed his followers that fien vee absolved from
the duties of allegiance, and that civil government
was an institution approved by God. In short, the
Christian religion left_the guesion of government
exactly where it found it, and by no means introduced
new political maxims. Neither Christ nor his apos-
tles anywhere recommend any particular form of
government as divine, teach that a monarchy is more
sacred than a republic, or abolish the: rights inherent
in mankind of constituting their government in the
form and manner they think best adapted for their
happiness and security. :

584

but in fact, it was anterior to, Laud, and
had been introduced into this. country -by
James the First... It was, received, with
still more favour by the clergy, than by the
lawyers. or soldiers. of the Cavalier.party,
for we nowhere find.it so strongly. professed
as in the speech of the Vice-Chaneellor. of
Cambridge, and the infamous decree. of the

University of Oxford, afterwards ordered to -

be burnt by the common hangman.”

We hope it will not be thought an
unpardonable digression, if we observe
by the way, that this too prevalent pro-
pension of the clergy to servile. polities
and their apparent pliancy to the pur-
poses of arbitrary encroechment and
courtly. corruption is, we verily believe,
the principal cause of that zeal with
which many, not otherwise vicious or
inconsiderate, individuals, co-operate in
the diffusion, of deistical doctrines and
principles .of unbelief... Independently
of the evidences’ of its divine’ original,
in the conclusiveness of which the des-
cription of persons alluded to may pe>-
haps not coincide, the Christian religion
is at any. rate so. superior in moral
beauty. to all other religions or. super-
stitions. of which we. have either pre-
sent evidence. or treasured record: so
much more accordant to the present
habitudes ‘of civilization, and so much
more in unison with every benignant and
every social feeling: ‘while, at the same
time, the whole evidence of record and
observation on the general constitution
and propensions of the human mind so
demonstrably evince that a clinging to
the idea of something supernatural, an
unperishing and unperishable something
upon which the imagination can repose,
is almost» inseparable (in the mass of
mankind at least) from the very power
of thought; that he who can believe
that the mass of the population of any
country can any more liye without a
religion of some sort or other, than
they. can. liye without, bread, has little
reason to laugh at the credulity. of those
who can believe in any creed, how re-
plete scever with dogmas the most in-
congruous to. experience. With. the
evidence for these convictions. before

Memoirs of the Affairs of

dities of some. new system.of supensti-
tion, that»might be preached..to theni.
There is-but one answer. to this:that we
have ever heard; and the clergy, (ifthey
wish. to-silence-the zeal.of .nbelievers),
would. do well to consider. it. It is—
that religion is made a stalking horse.for
political purposes : .that. the sermons
of the clergy, their pamphlets. and their
two-penny tracts arethe- servile doctrines
of adulation to the powers that bes, and
that they render the pretended*sanetity
of their function subservient:to the op-
pressor, instead of protective to the op-
pressed. Whilst such ‘are the purposes
to which the profession of religion is
perverted, the friend of man, confound-
ing the use with the abuse, may be the
enemy of religion; reform the abuse of
such perversion,.and, every, friend. of
man will- be the friend.of .Christianity
also. But to return to the :memoir— »
“ This theoty, as despotic and as “estruc-
tive of freedom as the theocratic dogma of
the Turkish sultans, is nowhere tobe found
so positively and expressly laid down as in
the writings of Lewis the XIVth. He
founded his supreme power not on the Jaivs
of his kingdom, or the consent of the nation,
but on the doctrine that. kings were ap-
pointed and.maintained in their thrones by
God himself. | In speaking to luis son of the
reverence due to religion, he says: ‘To
tell you the truth, my son, we-are wanting
not only in justice, but in prudence, when
we are wanting in veneration for him of
whom weare only the lieutenants. Our sub-
mission for him, is the rule and the example
of that which is due to us. ‘The armies,
the councils, all human industry, would be
weak means. of maintaining us upon the
throne, if every one. believed that. he had
the same right as we, and did not revere a
superior power, of which ours) is <a) part.
The public homage which we render to this
invisible: power might justly be styled the
first and most, important part of our policy,
if it were not that it ought to haye amotiye
more noble and more disinterested.” ””
We believe it is perfectly unnecessary
in our pages to follow.the arguments by
which the noble confutes the doctrines
of the royal author; brands them as giv-
ing sanction to the atrocities.of “blood

_ and -vice,”” to “robbery, and. murder. ;”

and as no less. injurious to Divine Pro-
vidence than. degrading to human. na-
ture; while; at the same time; he /ex-
poses their inapplicable absurdity, ‘by
tracing the successive’ usurpations*and

dae SEH TAR aQE dispensations

"If he was not, indeed,’a bastant’ of Co-
ral’ Mazarine’s, ‘and *the “man iv thé fron
mask, the real heir fo the throne 2" =

Luropefrom the Peace of Utrecht.

di'’spensations “with » this’ divine right,

‘which “made way for the present, (at
that rate wnhallowed and illegitimate),
dynasty of the Bourbons, of which this
sate grand monarque was the sometime
representative.—[See note, p. 584.)

‘© When the Merovingian kings had be-
€ome so contemptible as to fall entirely un-
der the authority of the mayor of the palace,
Pepin sent to the Pope to propose to him,
as @ case of conscience, whether it were fit,
in the present situation of Europe, that a
man incapable of reigning, should hold in
France;the rank of king, whilst the royal
power. was exercised: by another, who made
aright use of it. The Pope answered, that
it was better to give the title of king to him
who exercised the authority. In conse-
-quence of this decision, Childeric and his
son Were imprisoned in a monastery, and
Pepin assumed the crown. Little more
than a hundred years after this, we find the
chief of the second race confessing that he
held his crown by the authority of the bishops.
In a manifesto against the Archbishop of
Sens and others, who had revolted, he said,
“I ought not to have been deposed before
{had been judged by the bishops, who gave
me the royal unction ; they are the thrones
of God, and I have always submitted my-
self, as I am still ready to do, to their cor-
rection.” At length another revolution
deposed the dynasty of Charlemagne : Hugh
Gapet seized the throne, and made prisoner
Charles of Lorrain, the legitimate heir.

“ These events undoubtedly throw some
doubts upon the infallibility of the monar-
chical dogma. Lewis indeed alleges that
Hugh Capet took possession of the crown
with the approbation of Providence ; but it
is not clear why an enterprize sanctioned
by divine authority In the 10th century,
should never again be repeated without ex-
citing the divine displeasure.”

The author, after discussing through
several pages the reasons and causes
why the very circumstance of a prince,
being educated for arbitrary power,
should render him the more unfit or
incapable to exercise it with wisdom
and benignity, proceeds to the “still
more important branch of the inquiry—

“ Whether, in spite of these defeincts
the rulers, the people under them enjoyed
the benefits which are reasonably to be ex-

ed from a mild and just government ?”

“ The objects of men in suffering the re-
straints of civil government are chiefly the
following :—First; to obtain protection
against the violence of the members of their
own. society. Secondly; to obtain means
of. protection against the violence of other
societies or states. ‘These are the primary
ends, of all government... But as all power
leads directly to abuse, there come to be
other ends equally necessary to be obtained,

Monvniy Mac. No. 405,

O85

in order to protect the community from the
very ‘government which they themselves
maintain and support for the purposes of
defence and security. The two principal
of these are; the one, that no other res-
traints be’ imposed than those which are
necessary to provide for the safety of the
citizen and the state; and the other, that
no other distinctions be made between dif-
ferent classes of the people than such as
have in them more of benefit to the society
at large, than of injury to those who are
deprived ofthem. In these two conditions
consist liberty and equality; I mean civil
liberty, and equality in the eye of the law.

“Now these conditions were not ob-
served in the absolute monarchies of Europe.
Generally speaking, they had the following
glaring defects :—Fitst. Justice was not
fairly done between man’ and man; but
either partially exercised, or basely sold, to
the great injury of the people at’ large.—
Second. The money that was raised to pro-
vide for the expenses of justice, and of de-
fending the state against foreign enemies,
was squandered among the yilest of the na-
tion, bestowed on sycophants, knayes and
harlots ; wasted in dress, riot and debau-
chery.—Third. Persons were placed in the
most impertant situations, charged with the
conduct of armies, or the management of ne-
gociations, without any qualification but in-
terest and subserviency.— Fourth. Powers,
which the experience of other governments
had shewn not to be necessary, were exer-
cised by princes, and. their ministers; for
instance—the power of imprisoning and
otherwise destroying the subject at will; a
power grievous in its application, and pecu-
liarly liable to abuse.—Fifth. Restraints
were placed upon the freedom and industry
of the people by the most oppressive and
unwise regulations; by dividing them into
different little states’ independent, of each
other; by grinding. and destructive taxes ;
by absurd laws on commerce and manufac-
tures: by controlling the liberty of speech
and writing; and by religious persecutions.
—Sixth. Unjust, cruel, and invidious dis-
tinctions were made between different
classes, by giving to one class a monopoly
of the benefits, and an exemption from the
burthens of the state. At the same time
these distinctions, dearly purchased as they
were, were of no advantage to the commu-
nity, for they were only to be obtained by
means of political corruption or worse vices.

* Such being the fanlts of these govern-
ments, 1:0 sooner had the people become
enlightened in any one of the nations which
lived under them, than they asked for a
reform. Jt was evident indeed to all saga-
cious minds long before the event happened,
that it was impossible to allow the people
to become instructed, without very great
alterations in the administration of the
state. There were but two ways open for
preventing a collision between the people —

4 ¥F and

586

and their sovereign. The first was that
adopted by the government ‘of Spain, ‘viz.
to close all. the avenues ito knowledge, to
bury, the people in utter. darkness, to pre-
vent, their, discayering (the nature of the
prison..in swhich they,were confined... Lhe
second method was to reform in time. to
grant what justice, honesty, and knowledge
required, and refuse the rest.”

We need hardly say that these re-
flections lead ‘immediately to some ob-
servations on the French Revolution.
In 3hese there are some remarks just
upon: the whole, though perhaps not
quite untainted with some tinge of the
prejudices of rank on the composition
of revolutionary parties. Nothing ‘cer-
tainly can be more’ true than “ that
there.ave two: very different classes of
men» who are anxious promoters of re-
form in:states; ‘the one composed out
of the best, the other out of the worst
of amation2’

Tt is inthe filling up of the outlines of
thisisketch: that we suspect a little dis-
colouring.

“ The former class consists of men of ar-
dent. philanthropy, of studious habits, of
pure’and simple manners, who in all the
faults of a government see only the vice of
institutions, and adopt with eager and dan-
gerous. facility the belief, that if laws were
wise,,,. mankind would be virtuous. Irre-
concileable enemies to crime, they are al-
ways prepared to throw every reproach
upon the rulers of the world, and to indulge
the flattermg dream, that if the seat of
power were in the people at large, bad pas-
sions would never be allowed to have sway.”

We do not believe that “a dream so
flattering’ ever entered the imagination
of such philanthropists... _It would be a
dreamy.;sort; of . philosophy, indeed,
which supposed that the multitude were
incapable of bad passions, But Despots
and Oligarchs have their bad passions
too. They have, also, selfish interests to
goad, and are liable to be goaded bythose
bad passions : frequently directly oppo-
site to the interests~of the multitude.
They have their sophistical.artifices
also, to inflame and play off the bad
passions of one part of that multitude
against another part, till the interests
of both may be made their prey. It is
possible therefore, for aman “ of ardent
philanthropy, .of . studious habits, and
simple manners’. to: believe, without
being quite a dreamer, that the interests
of all may be quite as, safely, entrusted
to the passions of all ——. who, if they
go wrong, _must, be. themselves, the
sufferers—as.to the uncontrolled: pas-

Memoirs of the Affairs of

of

sions of a despot, or a handful {9

Oligarchs; who haveoften an interest, of
their own in doing the. wrong, whe
pernicious. consequences. are, tQ,<laht
upon others, while the: profit.onlyrer
mains to them, It. is possible fora
philosopher to believe, “withdut® ‘the
phantasin of a ‘dream’ to! prompt’ him,
that, the good of the whole being (the
only legitimate ‘cnd of’ governmient,
even the very selfishness of the tespec-
tive individuals who ‘compose ’ that
whole, when balanced ‘and “counter-
balanced, and summed up into ‘an ag-
gregate of results, may amount to the’
general benefit desired; _ while the 'self-'
ishness of a select, or self constituted”
few, (whether it be the blood of heredi-
tary nobility, or the blood of officia
clerkship, that feeds their passions and_
flows through their veins,)can only be
likely by a similar process of arithmeé--
tical calculation, to give, ‘as the amount,
the aggregate interest of that’ few,
which might happen, ‘and’ frequently
does happen, to be in direct opposition’
to the interest of ‘thé excluded ‘multi--
tude; who are, nevertheless,’ to be -
governed by the decision, “If it had”
pleased the Alaiighty to create ‘a Hier-
archy of angels, all purity, prescience, —
and benevolence, to fill the functions
and wear the trappings of nobility, the
case might, indeed, have been different ;
and madness, not philosophy, could
alone have dreamed of calling in ‘the °
suffrages of the people: But, the en-—
lightened author of ‘this’ memoir’ reed”
not be reminded, that even’ “of our -
English Oligarchy, all are not Russels ; ’
or that even the Russels themselves, _
endeared as the name has been'to the
remembrances of more than @ century, —
are yet but mortal; and aré suse tible’
to the passions, to the prejudices, and
the partialities of mortality. But let us’
proceed to the countéfpart’ ‘of the:
picture. Rage prbie eA
“ The second class consists of men of 2. ;
far different description. All who ist a low
rank beara malignant’ envy to their supe-
riors ; all who by a loose and profligate life
have lost their credit and their’ éharacter!;”"
all who from a passion for ‘excitement are!”
in want of dreadful events and cruebrevoli-'
tions to give them emotions, swelk the ranks”:
of this. numerous ‘body... Men, like; these

. hate the superiority of virtue still more.than;

that of birth and_ property, and are more

dissatisfied with the prospect of a people .
remaining tranquil under reformed wing
and wise fulers, than with the sway a
cient abuses, and vicious tyratits. st
come like *faries upon the seenés of tévolu- |

OO teal”

*

Europe from the Peace of Utrecht.

ion, breathing discord and distrust into the
REDE eople, who, awakened from
their former slumbers, are at these times,
tod apt to‘Sée ‘a tytant in Whoever aspires
to"eonduct then.”
‘He must have shut, his, eyes, indeed,
to, the. evidences. of experience, who
does not. admit, that men of every one
of the descriptions here enumerated do,
in, reality, even in this country, swell
the heterogeneous ranks of the nume-
rous, body of reformers. But is there
not in fact, some: strange admixture of
fallacy. and prejudice veiled even be-
neath the yery truism of, this, descrip-
tion? His Lordship, be it remembered,
has divided the reformers into. but two
classes; ,and he has described them
both. Unhappy, indeed, is | this coun-
try, and worse than desperate are the
prospects of all reform, if there be in
reality no other. But let us proceed to
the analysis,
‘That “men of low rank” there un-
doubtedly are, who “ bear a malignant
envy, to their, superiors,” cannot. be
rationally denied : for men of all ranks.
are liable to envy ;,and sometimes, it
may even be found in the assemblies of
Oligarchs, and_in. tlre Courts. of Kings.
But does not his Lordship.mean to in-
sinuate—nay, did not his ewn. preju-
dices seeretly whisper to .him while, he
wrote this sentence, that all. men of
inferior: rank who. profess. themselves
reformers, do so from such malignant
enyy ? if SO, We must venture to dissent
from.so sweeping a.censure;,and to call
in_ question the impartiality, of his Lord-
ship’s judgment, and his, knowledge. of
human nature,.There are minds. of
unsullied. pu in humble, as well, as
in exalted stations: morals, as, well, as
intellects, that soar above the sordid
destiny of birth and_ occupation ; that
plu e themselves in higher attributes
amid the wrecks and frowns of fortune:
that belong, in fact, to Nature’s own
nobility, though their lot is among ple-
bians. Shall such men be forbidden to
be reformers, lest their aspirations in.
behalf, of truth and justice, and the
rights and duties of universal benevo-
lenee, should doomthem to be classed
andiconfounded with those, who, from
thedowness of their rank alone, bear a.
malignant erivy to those above them ?
Nay, may’ not the charge of malig-
nafit' envy be sometimes hurled. back,

upon the superiors, themselves 2-—Not
up Ay éhe noble, author, of , this, highly, i
aie; ind, , generally... speaking,

cre

truly, liberal and patriotic memoir,

587
Nothiagcan be further from our thoughts
than:a personality. ‘But we would wish
the; eyes of his'Lordship*to’be open to
the failings a8 well ‘as the virtues of ‘his
own class';'and to the virtués as well’as
the vices of those beneath him, Is there
never any such thing as a_malignant—
a proscriptive, a persecuting envy on
the part of the superior clésses, when
they behold the bursts \of intellect, or
of any thing like popular talent. espe-
cially, in those whom fortunehas placed
at an humble distance below them?
—when any portion of that popular at-
tention which they have fondly sup-
posed belongs, as.an exclusive property,
to their exalted birth and: high educa-
tion, is claimed. and extorted by some
mere child of incident and nature—who
has neither the patent of birth, nor the
certificate of education to ‘recommend
him ?—and who, nevertheless, has‘'too
much independence to’ waste the torch
enkindled at heaven’s own fires*in’the
smoke and incense of subserviency' and
adulation ? ]
That men there are, also, such’ as: the
text describes, “who hate the superiority:
of virtue. still. more than that: of birth
and property,” is equally a lamentable
truth. They are to be found in ‘all
ranks, in all parties, and under all deno-
minations. ‘There is, perhaps, no other
species of superiority, when it happens
to manifest itself, which has so many
and such bitter haters. Such men,
not only when they. come on. the
scenes of revolution, but when_ they
burst into any popular assembly, or
mingle in any discussion designed
for the public good, come indeed “ like
furies, and breathe nothing but discord
and distrust.” But all who breathe dis-
trust of popular or party leaders, are
not necessarily of this description. Un-
limited confidence is not the necessary
virtue of an honest patriot: nor are
even exalted rank and more exalted
name, indisputable pledges of unassaila-
ble integrity. Experience of the past
does not justify the conclusion—either
that every profession is necessarily sin-
cere, atthe time when it is made; or
that the sincerity with which it’ was
professed, is an indubitable’ guarantee
for the fulness of after performance.
The good that ‘was intended when the
power was only in prospect, is some-

_times rendered powerless by the very

possession of power; and thie’ mostdis-
interested patriot thay, soniétimes doubt, |’
whether he should’ encourage or alarm
the confidence of a trusting public.

AF 2 Yet

588

Yet he: who is doubted,! wilkipersnade)
himself that. he:is-injured); and,'in the!
irritability of ‘that persuasion, will'seek:
for; and will apply the harshest and'the
worst' of motives his suspicions’ cain
suggest, to the opponent who has ques-
tioned his. We would recommend to
the noble author a revision of these
paragraphs,, with a. stroke or two of
more distinct discrimination, before he
proceeds.to a second edition, It were
pity, that: in any part of so valuable a
work, and breathing as it does so many
noble'sentiments, he should either iis-
understand himself, or be misunder-
stood, °
© With the consideration of the French
Reyolution, he mingles that of Spain ;
and makes them part of a general argu-
ment. ‘The justice of the following re-
flections will scarcely be called in ques-
tion.......

$I haye) said ‘that | the »government. of
Spain pushed. the theory of despotism to its
furthest-consequences, and prohibited know-
ledge with an intuitive instinct that .know-
ledge was its worst enemy. But the remedy
which) excluded the disease killed the pa-
tient. «All virtue, (ali activity, all industry,
languished for want of excitement. The
blast of the Inquisition, like the fire of Ve-
suvius,'seized-a people at their occupation,
and fixed them for ever motionless, and life-
less''to the place at which it found them.
The Spaniards were. stopped in their pro-
gress to civilization, and the beginning of
the nineteenth century found them as little
advanced in the arts of life as they had been
at the end of the sixteenth.
constraint (alluding to the tyranny of the
Inquisition) every thing languished; the
earth was untilled,; manufactures neglected ;
there were no canals, few roads passable for
carriages, No political knowledge, no at-
tempt at. improvement... But worse than
this, every thing like virtue. was under-
mined inall but the very lowest orders, by
the corruption of a government despotic and
feeble. | Hence there was no strength in the
armies, no vigour in the ceuncils, no ho-
nesty among the aristocracy, no energy in
the public mind of Spain.

“Thus it was proved, that if in France
a despotic government was overthrown by
the progress of knowledge, in Spain a des-
potic: government destroyed itself by the
exclusion of knowledge... A..people that is
instructed destroys its despotism: a, des-
potism that prevents instruction ruins the
people which obeys’ it: +: Thus in modern
Europe either:anation shakes off arbitrary
monarchy, or arbitrary ;menarchy, wastes
and consumes the,independent existence of
a nation.” ) | 1 PS sen UR on pa

As arising out. ofthe pretences sug-
gested by the French Revolution, and

In this general

Memoirs.of the Affairs of vo.

connected: with) the} subject: of other) res
volutious::attempteds{and pethaps line:
pending), “the author next proceeds'to:
examine the New? Lai of Nations piof
which’ thé text is’ thus’ stated® fron? the’
manifesto TG ec AaB
Germany and_ the ‘King “of Prusia,
August 4, 1792.5, seni? fareih Sich Strah

“« The supreme.authority:in Bramce being
perpetual’ and ‘indivisible; the: king) could
neither: be deprived) nor:woluntarily:divest
himself of any of the prerogatives of royalty;
because he is obliged:to transmit them with
his own crown tovhis successors.?)i11Loity

“ He could'be dethroned :ohly by: anyab-
dication.’” |‘ The'essential condition;of the
validity of such an act: wouldbeia fulband
entire liberty, which ‘did: not exist; and
which it is perfectly notorious./his most
Christian: Majesty never enjoyed.’’s goog «

“© The manifesto of ‘the . Duke of Bruns-
wick was in strict! conformity ‘with ithe
theory of his masters; and: death was threat-
ened to all who ‘adhered to: the government
of their own country, :\in).preference tose
monarch seated onthe throne) byoa foreign
enemy. » Every one) knows! the: fate:of the
Duke of Brunswick’s) army 3)otlie: doctrine
of the allies; which, ifisuecessfil, would
have’ subverted: all: law sand ‘liberty; «was
swept away along witheit.’sl) js borfous!

If the paragraphs: that /inmediately
follow be acceptable’ to’ the” politieal
historian, the first in ‘order ‘Will’ be
scarcely less so to the nae ite
literature, for the ingenious and. elc
quent parallel it draws between R
seau and ‘Edmund, Burke;, a, parallel
so provokingly just \as..one. would
almost think sufficient.to imaké * the
philosopher (as he has been ‘éalled)iiof
Beaconsfield” start from his shrowd‘in
one of his metaphorical exacerbations
of indignant fury. seh ea wa

“ Unhappily, England joined, th bugh

is more fraught with feeling ; if Bak Str

prises and carries away by his splendid dic-

tion, Rousseau seems more mau as

been more successful in Sent ing, tha

d: ap do

o.
all

painted with brilliant Rare Aa
hi nS, He
~ + ¢ 1S: . fi

LHS Papi for

f Be
nothing. . Both Rousseau and, !

knew ,neyer, had existed;

Sie

-

Europe fromthe Peace of Utrecht.

his i favousitto ilious the: happinessoofian>
ageibf chiviley, whoseibest features live jorly:
in rowianceq Therone called upon the world
imits mawhood to regret that period. of cits,
infaney whep-arts, were; unknown, and, the
ide ld. epeasts were the only covering
ang 3 the- other, endeay oured to re-
ore and to preserve the. remains of the
dark and dismal times of the'middle ages,
when Europe was’ barbarous and misérable.
Yetboth»these authors could call to their
assistance:the soundest’ maxims of reason ;
thésmost profound doctrines of philosophy :
Rousseat ‘availed’ himself of sentiments
which nattrecinspires, and good sense ap-
proves 5; Burke ‘combined with his most ex-
tispeculations; the most solemn de-

visions! of law, andthe: practical lessons
whicli adong contest for liberty had taught
toan enlightened nation. «Thus each had
peal for yhis\:proselytes, I fear I must
svictims.»:' France, seduced by the

er neat of the: Swiss philosopher, sunk into
the imostabominable vices im attempting to
realize an unattainable pitch of virtue: Eng-
dand, srovzing:atithe trumpet of the Irish
‘orator, Inade war upon a neighbouring coun-
because their people had become too
frantic and too wicked to be amicably treated
iwvith. Thus, atthe close’ of the eighteenth
eeentury,: when the oracles of Delphi were
laughed at, the leaves’ of ‘the Sybi_ consi-
dered, fabulous, and.our rude ancestors de-
ised for, following the call, of Peter the
Hermit ; a death and havoc made their har-

st in every quarter of the world, because
2 vo most enlightened nations of Europe
ohed themsélyes to the guidance of
plendid énclrasidsts, of whom the one
Jévidently insane; and the other totally

o wanting in°sourid diseretion:

on) “ Dusust now’ pass over an eventful pe-
\aiods || The wat between the revolution and
nitheold monarchies; after lasting a few years,
_ suddenly, changed its shape, and became a
contest between one man at the head of
France, and the rest of Europe, led by
ngland.” For twenty years, Napoleon Bo-
oe made the destiny of the civilized
World. ‘His life will’stand in history, like
“isth imus between two great ages, and

“not less memorable than either of them.
: The, eat eet acai of this extraordinary man
t, in his time, to occupy the
he raat of ‘Eitrope ; to assist or op-
rae ojééts Was the o¢cupation of the
Ee hi arts, thé wisest heads, of all the
gmat Op Brurope. oN that’ he has been
gine sete eis Pusy with its own

~ in vie ons n, and every individual
pint Ric own peciliar project, or

i ea ai a igs zement.

Ee

ibe

{

pate Hof Vienna Was’ not
bi grits ache tide of reform which

was sett ake rap an
2} ie cag int digester

Bates nea “each Cular 80

eit 1 bse det of ere

rset om)

rong ia ae sila slaves, thai “the *

089
long'promised deliverance of Europe, ef-
fected: by rmighty: sovereigns./« The. mo-
narchs;| and: their, - -ministers;). seemed. to
imagine. that they had got rid. of the people,
and, popular revolutions for. ever; and. had
nothing moré to do than to divide the: spoil.
They distributed among | themselyés. terri-
toriés and towns, and the souls of. men, as
if it were so much gold and silver which
they had captured as lawful plunder,
“The revolutions of Spain’and’ Naples,
however, roused the Allied Monarchs from
their stupor, and obliged them to: disclose
their real intentions towards, the people. of
Europe. Theseare, to be, gathered. from
their declarations with regard toSpainjand
Naples ; the latter, especially, being a weak
power, they did not hesitate to disclose at
once all their sentiments towards her.

_ “ The following then may be stated as
the principal articles. of the new law of
nations.

1. The monarchial principle ‘Tejects
every institution which is not determined
upon;'and: accomplished by the gine
himself of his own free will’ —

2. ©The Allied Powers ¢ exercise an’ un-
doubted right when they consider: of >med-
sures of. precaution against states:in’ which
the overthrow ‘of the ‘government effected
by rebellion, even considered ‘as an exam-
ple, must give oceasion toa hostile: atti -
tude.’—

3. The powers havea right of xen
ing a ‘spirit of discontent ‘and’ bitterness,
dispositions hostile to their government,
and a passionate desire of political: innova-
tion,’ existing ‘ amidst all classes of people,”
in aforeign nation, to be the work of '‘ a
sect working in the dark,’ the changes
which result from it, ‘a revolt ;? and “m-
stitutions sanctioned by a national ‘parlia-
ment to be ‘'no less in contradiction to the
character than to the’ wanates of that foreign
nation.—

4. ‘ The powers asst a right. ‘ to:pnt-an
end by a common ‘effort to the result ‘of
such changes.’

“ While the sovereigns put forth this new
system of international law, they at the
same time declared they were friendly to
the introduction, in a legal manner, of
‘institutions conformable to the progress
of civilization and the wants of the age.’
The whole of their doctrine, however, with
respect to the legal manner of introducing
new institutions, is contained in the last
circular dispatch; dated from Laybach, and
expressed in a mannor which, _ not clear,
is yet intelligible.”

For the: curious specimens of royal
logic contained in this notorious docu-
ment; we refer our readers to the ame-
Moir itself, p: 56, &c.' A ‘single para-
graph, as comprising in fact, the’ essence
of the whole, shall suffice for ‘our pure
poset-o79

a ‘Useful

390 :
“ Useful or necessary . changes _in, Jegis-

lation, and in the administration of states, ;

ought only to emanate from’ the free will
andthe intelligent ‘and well-weighéd con-'
viction’ of those: whom God hes rendered
responsible for ‘power.

““ Before I proceed,” says our author,
** to examine the new code, it may be well
to mention, that’,the Diet- of - Frankfort,
consisting - of ministers from all Germany,
the peculiar land of the law of nations,
made a voluntary declaration respecting this
last paper, “that they were of one mind
in revering in all its parts the beautiful mo-
nument of their equity and love of order,
which these soverigns have erected for the
permanent consolation of all well-inten-
tionedimen.” Surely it is time to examine
closely the scope of a practical doctrine
promulgated by sovereigns who command
a million of armed men, and approyed of
by. the representatives of the jurists of
Europe.

“Ti the first place then, it is the evident
tendenicy, of this new law of nations, to
prevent the improvement, of mankind pre-
cisely where that improvement is most re-
quired. | We ,haye seen that kings, | if
entrusted with an unlimited prerogative,
are liable to a more than a common. share
of human error and weakness. But ona
par with their ignorance and debasement
will be their resistance to rational. innova~-
tion ; and thus, as a direct corollary from
the dey code, it follows that a king will
retain his absolute power in proportion to
his unfitness to exercise it, and that he is
to have at his disposal the lives and pro-
perties of millions of human beings, simply
because he is incapable of conducting a
good government, and totally deprived of
the , knowledge, benevolence, and vigour
necessary to reform a bad one.’

What is. called the monarchical prin;
ciple therefore is, an expedient for clos-
ing all bright prospects of improvement
to the hunian race, a provision for per-
perpetual despotism, a law for eternal
ignorance, a decree on the part of the
sovereigns of Europe to prevent all hope
of redemption from the rule of tyran-
ny, bigory, and vice. _ It can be compared
to nothing but the vision of the genius of
the Stornly Cape supposed to have appear-
ed to the adventurous Vasco di Gama, and
forbidden. with dreadful menaces, all fur-
ther progress in the discovery of new seas,
and the. unclosing of new prospects to
mankind,”

Having examined. with equal-freedom
* theipure and generous principles”? of
the magnanimous Alexander’s state
paper of remonstrance to the Spaniard’s
and ‘the: undisguised assumption ‘of
Pritts Metternieh’s Austriat manifesto,
or letter to"Baron Berstett, in which he
complains of some

eran” Princes

Memoirs of the Affairs of.

im va SH

haying: given constitutions: sits hei?
people, and: advisesnotonlya stewdy’
fast adherence to wit! is’ Hed |
but the récovery ‘of What’ ‘hasbeen ost,
Lio vd Hw

our atithor thus proceeds +— eit na A

« While the means propose d by, the |so-
vereigns are thus inefficient, for, the purpose
of promoting improvement, they are mighty
and almost irresistible for the, purpose of
preventing it. If a people worn out, by
suffering, at length rise. against their ie
ers, and demand a constitution, in the only,
way it can be demanded with,effect,, widen
licet, in arms, the allied monarchs; havea,
million of troops ready. to, restore, meena y
authority.

** Let us now’ pass’ to Sits obseatias
that flow from the adoption of principles so
absurd and tyrannical.: They are,\as) might
have been expected, in, contradiction.to the».
maxims of common. sense, dangerous, te the |,
repose of Europe, hostile, to, the rights, of ,
nations, and lead directly to a general con-
fusion of all interests, laws, principles,, and
securities. A nation is to be incapable of
deciding for itself upon its own grievances
and wants. A sovereign at a Eee
miles distance is to pronounce an infall
judgment upon them. | A congress is tobe’!
held in. Moravia or) Carinthia or ‘Lom
bardy, to discuss what. are, the: bestreme+°"
dies for the abuses of powerat, Naples: ory>
Madrid, Three absolute sovereigns are to
decide infallibly on. the various, forms, and.
regulations of free government... ‘T’ a :
nets of Vienna, St. Petersburg, and.
are to be entitled to judge, without : al i
of the real sentiments of the! ee ee
Genoa and Cadiz. Armies? of ©

Cossacks are to be marched from the’ tool uh

savage parts of the globe, to ‘reform veivi

lized. nations, and. put. down imall extremi='9 >

ties of Europe the.example, of, revolutions
effected by military force.

are the penalties to be pronounced a against, ...

legislative assembles which do not conf

in their political institutions to the coe

of Muscovy, Brandenburgh, and B ae :
“Jt is impossible to say how far 's High a

doctrine as this may be carried? '‘The'pre- te: Tf

sent sovereigns of Russia, | Austtia, “and'°"
Prussia, are not immortal.:)9 It vis quite iui"
certain whether their, successors. may! noti:)'!

have still. more extrayagant notions of theron

omnipotence of, legiti ate monarchy, and jj +.

the duty of, passive. obedience is lore 18

the example of their progenitors b

them, they can pricniate, PO, mee

justlee of forcing op inions BA ce
nations at the ppt PED the. eee BK
tions, on ‘the « ot ther} hand, d sei,

coming, or. rem aining.. free,.¥ 4
they haye no chance of success unless ey

can

Excommunica (
tion, forfeiture, servitude, and proscription,. 35

al
we

Europe from the Peace of Utrecht.

can excite the subjects of despotie monarchs
to,ask at,the-same time: for liberal institas'

wae Theix, only ;hope of; remaining, im)

will.be|to excite insurrection
sr hus, the whole. family, of | Eu-
e ahee ina dreadful species
of oi marked with all the calamities
of °éivil War. Bld0d will flow not only in
the field) but oi the’ scaffold, and the victo-
rious party’ will’ join ‘the insolence of a
foreign enemy, to the rancour of a domestic
faction: Suéh i is the'lmelancholy prospect
whith ‘the imistaken’ policy of the allies
opens to Eurdpe.’ They are about to re-
new the seenes of horror with which the
bigotry of Philip the II. and Charles the
IXth afflicted etn’ during the progress
of ba Réfor mation,’
From the free quotations we have
thus. made; and especially from the
last paragraph, it,is apparent, and an
attentive.reference to. the work itself
will render, it. still more conspicuous,
that. the noble author contemplates a
lows and sanguinary strug:
ultimate ‘breaking up of ‘all the esta-
plished: ‘governments and systems of

government in Europe, as among the |

probable consequences of the arbitrary
principles. and measures of the, federa-
ag aN fa SIS. commonly called the

Holy Alli: iance;, and under this impres-

sion,, naturally, enough proceeds to the.

consideration of the various sthemes of
revolution*and’ government, that may

eventually be meditated or attempted.
With the habits of mind and associa-
tion,” néééssarily resulting from the
Meatish of the imputed author,

rank
nd considering property as
ails which, the governments

pective. states of Europe rest, <

it oie that he should contemplate
with, sufficient horror the idea of a
deniocratic tevolution. This abhorrence
doesnot, however, betray him into any
intemperance ‘of invéctive or denun-
be hg treats the subject quite as
cal om the prejudices of rank
cof ‘be expected; and, although we
opinion. t that the. picture, in some
oi atures, isa, little overcharged,
and very, much.,suspect that no small
part,of the, injustice and cruelty to
whichitis represented: that one descrip-
tionoof/persons* would be thereby ex-
posed) is at this en time inflicted upon
other ‘classes by th
part jalitigs of ailating systems,” yet are

eg ‘and w

i rime the dnsbpreehted' Classes
:

n ess, ‘appearance of

whi

woul 2

ele, and the -

€ corruptions and

“oli garchy system, _

a9}

we by no means disposed to enter into
controversy upon these points. We
have no greater taste for democratic re-
volution than his Lordship; and per-
fectly, agree with, him, thatthe, results
of past “experiments offer but little en-
couragement to the idea of their repe-
tition.

But proceeds his Lordship :—

“' On the other hand what do the agents
of the old arbitrary monarchies propose to
themselves by their obstinate. resistance to
the spirit, the sense, and knowledge of the
age? Do they believe they can stop the
progress of man towards civilization? That
they can debar the people of Europe from
representative governments and a free press,
any more than they can conceal from them —
a knowledge of gas-lights, stage-coaches,
and cheap cottons? — Do they suppose that
any inquisition which the humanity of this
age wiil bear can prevent the ardent youth
of the present generation from reading
Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, and LOUS=
seau? But even this would be insufficient ;

-they must prohibit Plato, Demosthenes,

Thucydides, Cicero, and Livy.
make braye men, cowards; learned men,
ignorant ; active men, indolent honest
men, knaves ; before they can hope to ‘suc- }
ceed in’the task of giving to baséness, igno-
rance, imbecility, and depravity, the govern-
ment, of the rest of mankind. They must
annihilate England, cut off all intercourse
with America, and obliterate history itself
before they can finally and completely suc-
ceed. But this is impossible. Men are
not now to be debarred from reading and
thinking ; and wherever there is a man who
reads, and thinks, there they will haye an
enemy. Wherever there is a Society, ora.
club, called by whatever name, and for what-
ever purpose brought together, there they
will find a band of adversaries. _ Warned by
their common danger, the friends of know-
ledge, of humanity, and of freedom, will
unite together, and recognise each other by

They must

- the signs of their common feeling for the

dignity of human nature. At the approach

of a danger which menaces_ to swallow up

all we have, and all we hope for. in this
world, the prudent will become enterpris -
ing; the tranquii will be agitated; the mo-_,
derate impetuous ; the loyal, rebels. Sooner
than allow the dark ages to return, thou-
sands, and tens of thousands are_ready to
sacrifice their lives with joy. They will
ask for no peace but acc ompanied with free-
dom. They will watch by night and fight
by day... ‘They will organize’ oadeng in

their

Sheareit oar pasewereererrre res eo

’ of the community, than evon against & de-

16 eh é for agi ‘of “bepgaring |
milli” ree ne afi asily be brought

moéeratic revolution. They were not) the
millions who were beggared| bythe Brench
revolution, .. how , hard. s0ever, may - mae
been the lot of many hundreds.

5f2

their convivial meetings, and make con-
spiracy their proféssion and their pleasure.
"Phe ayatiptthves ‘Of ge “fiien' will AMY “thelr
magazities ‘with’ arms; and’ the renown ‘of
having saved’ theit ‘country from slavery,
will be thé “only honours and 'titles hich
they will aspire: "What Shall withisfatid mén
“to whom freedom’ shall make'victory doubly
dear; atid the love’ of glory shallYender
‘death indifferent?" "8 oon ome om

© But even if the contest should end as
the wars.of the Reformation ended by the
triumph of one party in some countries and
of the other in others, what will the sove-
reigns-who shall have preserved their arbi-
trary power have gained? The countries
where reform triumphs will have the ad-
vantage which England and Holland in the
sventeenth century had over Spain and
Italy... Success in excluding what are called
revolutionary doctrines will be accompanied
by the loss of national strength and national
importance. The nations which are not
sufficiently enlightened to admit freedom
into their, goyernment, or too corrupt to
cheek the abuses which despotism has en-
gendered, must be contented to sit on a
lower. form among the powers of Europe.
Ttawas ‘by succeeding in all their objects,
by- repressing innovation, by extirpating op-
position, that the government of Spain ef-
fected the ruin of their country, and reduced
that mighty: empire to poverty and insig-
nificance.» In the same way the ministers
of the despotic states of Europe, in pre-
serving absolute power to their masters,
are preparing the cup of bitterness to. the
nations they misgovern.””

The quotations we have made from
this introduction to the Memoirs before
us, will sufficiently evince both the
ability with which it is written, and the
spirit of liberality that breathes through
it. Many axioms and sentences of com-
prehensive pith and point might also
be selected. from it worthy of being
treasured in remembrance. Thus to
the objection, that. certain countries
which have been long. oppressed _ by
tyranny haye become.unfit for. liberty,
it isanswered that—

‘© It would indeed be a hopeless case for
mankind if despotism were thus allowed to
take advantage of its own wrong, and to
bring the evidence of its crimes as the title-
deeds of its right.”

‘And again:—

“ ‘When I am asked if such a nation is
fit to be free, I ask in return, Is any man
fit to be a despot?” ‘ ;

Upon the subject of the violences
and outrages of rebellion and revolu-
tion, we have the following candid and
judicious observation. ~~

““Undoubtedly upon the heads of those
who provoke a people to rebellion’ must
full the crimes of that rebellion; he who

Greece, in 1823 and 1824.

gives an example of cruelty and _injustiec
must not coniplain if it rebowtids

self.” 72 svorkt (acin susal? syvetio
~ And the following reflection tipoir'the
same subject is ‘as justias itis Tiberalys

“YOY GS Og aR ee Pa 3 Sms £ fo pT
neon dee dt be, o} te 3

éxcessts Of a peo ie th

‘ed down, ‘and4 Rea? they spréad’ in-
‘definite alarm at thé time, and-are ¥ecd déd
to future ages. ‘The*ctimes ‘of @espotisn,

on the other hand} are- the gfeatéF part6t
them performed in darkness; ‘the Sanié haifa
which takes the’ life of the patriét; “arrests
the pen of the historian. The surface“6f
despotism is smooth ; the world knows not
how many victims are languishing in “its
prisons, or how many of its subjects are
swept away by its unjust decrees.. Thou-
sands of human beings may have'saerifieed
their lives to the fears-of a tyrant, and no
one have known it; let’ a’ revolution take
place, and a convicted conspirator suffer
without the forms of law, the whol ld
resounds with complaint and indignation,” :
We have. confined ourselyes..to. the
introductory part of the work, as. most
important; though that which. follows
may be most amusive. ret
—=———- 2
Greece, in 1823 and 1824. _
AY HEN, in our Magazine for Dec.
_ [Vol.58, No.403, p. 456,] we no-
ticed the letters of Col. Stanhope, and
paid them the tribute of applause to which
they were entitled, we promised such
further extracts for our Supplement,-as
might tend to illustrate the affairs and
prospects of Greece. We proceed with
pleasure to the fulfilment of that engage~"
ment ; for we agree completely with Co-
lonel Stanhope, that “ the name’ of
Greece is calculated to awaken in every.
bosom, feelings of the. most pl 23
and_improving (we. should add,
the most animating) kind :”2.z S¥M>»
patize no less in.the,exultati yy ee
** Roused from the apathy of their
borne suffering, they at once burst asu
the massy chains with which their tyra
had loaded them, and, strong in the mz .
ty of regenerated freedom, Greecée* once’
more lifted up her head ;”* that “ her infidel”
oppressors fied before her néwly-awakened ©
and irtesistible enérgies, ‘and=in the course’”
of-a single campaign, the surface of Greece ~
was almost entirely freed from the locusts.
who had so long devastated her plains.**

A passage in the VIIIth, and atiother in
the IXth letter,may beadmitted*as ilus-"
trative in some degree of the cautious®
and calculating policy both of the-Rus-°

_ sian and British nation (as nations) with:®
‘ respect to this Christian’ strt

dom against Turkish. tyranny, and.op-
pression : happily, however, in the latter,
a. aM Vonrpote

Greece, @ in "1823 and 1824.

aot Ghough. thete:- one * calculating. seliats
Gane there also) there are individuals

ho.¢an.act inlependently, upon more |

princi First, for. the. im-

te ai
le pon the mind. of. rope.
hut tag i a
t 3 sel Ley. in

¥iew towards Greece. I have endeavoured
to. impress. a.contrary. conviction, founded
on.our. interest... So.long as-Greece could
be. kept down. by: the. Porte, the British go-
.fernment sanctioned..her oppression. But
the moment she freed. herself, and. the. ques-
tion: was whether she. was to become. asub-
stantiye state or to be, added to Russia, no
doubt could,.remain on the mind. of. any
‘statesman: efor itnevercould be the. interest
of England.to i inerease.that. vast empire by
adding to her, wealth, and Saising her into
an-impeortant. nayal power,”

cate ‘Otlier passage (p. '29) will Mie
a Russia also, however jesuitically
atious nay be'the conduct of the au-
elt ay cabinet, there’ are hearts
that ‘can be ‘interested 1 in the Grecian
cause.
“ You may rely son the following fact.
year ASk. there has been a socie~
ablished at. Moscow, the . objeét of
has “been ‘to. revolutionize Greece.
a lent’s “fiime ‘is Nicolo Paximaii.
fs members, named Anastasio Jor-
mtributed 25,009 rubles” There
Se toneinn ‘another party of Greeks who
Were oppdsed:toithe' society, and who wish-
editor Cheeleits progress. This faction per-
; that-he*had acted foolish-
yan gi
adya

the-money, as-it-would not .be
, expended ; andthe. young
ctive im judgment, acceded
Sy and ae on the Com-
it.

to papel eit Fanny.
nali explained that. it was a voluntary
yotedto the service of his country.

y. coul ; decide the question,-and-re-
seit,to St. Petersburg. The answer
y zeceived was, that if the imten-

tienneak the Go Committee were not hostile to
nt, they were at full
interests of their

eo pester to veins Greeks them-
selyes, the above extract will shew, that
even, in, exile;they are not without their...
intrigtes, and, factions. The following...
extshet: ease, the. vonth letter weal, shew.
Yer mg tiny wre ) Josqasr
“Cotoutt ‘Kn etyoall, sin
uagucebe ae Sapa in

Monrury Mac. No. 405.

by, avaxiee or, low ambition...

of, hy. all Europeans :, they, —

stan

593

body ¢ as, “devoid of ‘public Mirtue, and actuated

The, legislative
ye always acted wi ith, “prea discre-
. The armies.and Raa Mts ul’ spoken
however, pos-
2 LS RIE

body,
tion,

sess this redeeming ‘quality,
uccessful., The

ably. s

<prumates have many
of them exercised power under the Turks,
and are, generally, vicious and; sere of
honour. _ The. clergy are illi rat nat
distinguished for their moral lity. ‘Bat wha
is most impoftant i is the character OF he
people. They are said to possess many.of
the vices of Asiatic nations ;. but. they are
sensible, shrewd, discriminating, anxious to
acquire knowledge, and attached to the le-
gislative body. M. Paraidi, Mayrocordato’s
secretary, called on me yesterday. He told
me that Colocotroni. had filled ‘Napoli di
Romania with his friends; that 1 the legisla-
tive assembly had, in consequence ya ted
it, and had settled at Argos. The.
tive body adhered to, Colocotroni. oi
the secretary, that while. the ‘government
remained in this. state, of arate they could
expect. no loan.” E

_ The ensuing.letterxecor ds.(p. 34, ome
28 Novy.) anaval victory:of-the Greeks:

‘“ The following .account:Ofsa naval-vie=
tory may be relied: on: The Greek» fieet,
consisting of nine vessels, commanded by
Miautis, attacked eleven--Turkishi:ships;
near the: Island:ef “Skiatho: «Theyforght
for six»hours, .‘LThe-resultavas glorious 'to
the “Greeks, who took; ome \corvette» of>
twenty-foursgans, ‘three. -brigs; and» ones
transport. Two of the remaiding ships:they:
burnt, four they drove. on shore, and,one
only escaped.”

A little further on, Colonel S. shewe
that the Greeks.can fight. by land also,
as well as by sea. .

“ The first defence of Missolonghi,. with,
only 500. men,.was wonderful, and its sue-
cessful result most important. This for-_
tress has now some works, and its second
defence, therefore, is’ Tess ‘extrac
The Turks attacked it with 24,000° men.
They 16st ‘by wounds and’ sickriess 3000,’
The ‘defence: of Anatolico, which is:in the: ’
neighbourhood, was also admirable. « «Pre-
vious-to the siege of this place, it had al-
ways been supplied with water froma dis-.
tance. During the siege, howeyer, a shell.
fell in the centre of the place, and out.
gushed a spring of water, ‘from-which the.
inhabitants have ever since been supplied.
Whether this is amiracle or a falsehood,
priests and historians must ‘decide.” '

We will bring together some other in-,
es,of what may,perhaps_be called
the. ficrceness of Grecian. valour; the.
more especially. as the, sceptical or insi-
dious part of the ‘daily. pier. is_ rather
fond.of depreciating (perhaps Aisne
ignaresron) sa: this, respect, N38 ’

aracter mont 4 tecle §

4 G

Purkis

594.

“ A Turkish brig was pursued. by a. num-
ber of Greek ships-on the 10th, and, after
2 gallant running fight, driven on a rock
near Ithaca. ‘THe Greeks rifled the sink-
ing ship, and pursued ‘forty-eight Turks
who sought a refugé on the shore. Some
were killed }’some escaped. The brig had
250,000 piastres on board, for the payment
of the soldiers at Patras. Letters address-
ed to Ustif Pacha, the commandait, and
others, stated that the troops had had no
pay for eighteen months, and that the
Porte, during that period, had not given
them wherewithal to pay the barbers for
shaving them. Usuff Pacha’s bills, for the
payment of provisions, had been rejected at
Constantinople. The commandant of
Coron applied to the Porte for cannoneers
and ammunition. The reply was, that they
had ‘not cannoneers eyen to supply the
fleet ; but that’ they would send a supply of
ammunition. ‘
4 Oy the 10th December, a Greek ves-
sQ)Swith twenty men, attacked a Turicish
vessel with ‘seventy mén ‘on-board. The
latter Was proceeding from ‘Patras to Pre-
vesa, with persons who ‘had fled on account
of ‘the, disordets’ which’ prevail at Patras.
‘The ‘fight Wwas'so obstinate that the Turkish
yassel went down : seven men were taken
up ind saved, and some reached the shore,
but most of them: were killed.”
What a picture does the former of
these narratives exhibit of the helpless
and exhausted state of the Turkish Em-
pire. Should (which is not unlikely) the
Pacha of Egypt, seize the tempting occa-
sion for revolt, how near to its dissolu-
tion must be that gorgeous and detest-
able despotism. The vulture, however,
is ready to prey upon the carease.
In p. 57, we have further illustrations
of this state of things.
“The troops of the Pacha of Scutari, that
retired-from Missolonghi, have been refused
provisions by the Albanians, and haye Jost
many men in fighting to obtain them. Sili-
dar Poda has reyolted against Omer Pacha,
declaring that he will acknowledge none
but Ismael-Bey, the grandson of Ali Pacha,
as goyernor of Albania. Aga Mouhourdar,
another iufluential chief, bas also declared
for Ismael Bey.. Omer Pacha has quitted
Prevesa to attack these two. chiefs, and
that place and Arta are left defenceless. In
a word, the-Albanians are engaged in a
civil-war.fayourable to Greece; and the
Pacha of Scutari will not be tempted to
make another.journey to Missolonghi,”’
The -Xlith letter: mtzoduces-1us_. to
Prince Mavrocordato, whom Colonel S.
‘found surrounded with: military-chiefs,

primates, “and © others;?* and:-develops
‘Coloxel Stanhope’s views of thedeside-
rata for the fital’ success of Grecian

diberation. °°" Bee SH MUG 701

Greece; in 1823, and 1824.

and said that we had detived the Bréat fea-
tures of our military systém from the Gree
and Romans; and T regretted ‘that ‘While
they preserved) the heroic: spirit of itheir an-
céstors, they neglected ito: eultivate: that
system of close co-opefation which distin~
guished their phalanxes, iand)gave them
such a decided superiority over-their foreign
enemies. I then adverted tothe /\establish-,
ment of .a free press, of posts, of hospitals,
of schools, &c. . 1 endeavoured: to, repre-;
sent the fatal effects, of the disunion which
prevails in the government, and which in-,
jures public credit, commerce, and all ami-,
cable eonnexions, and is calculated: to excite
the ambition and to promote, the success. of
their enemies. I ‘strongly urged) the. ner
cessity of attacking Patras, the Castles, and
Lepanto, the conquest of which would se-
cure the Morea, deprivethe enemy.of the
Gulph, and -probably. put the Turkish fleet
in their possession, ‘The,means, which.I
proposed for their, adoption ..were.these,
namely, 1,000 irregulars, a corps of five
German artillery-men;isix twelve or €igh-
teen pounders, two bombs, and Patry,:,vithy
‘his infernal fires.”?! fy 0 danas’ off?
Nor. does Colonel. S. neglects the “op-
poriunity here or elsewhere of.eyincing
how completely he regards. Mr,,Bens
tham, not only: as “ the very chiefest, of
the apostles” of liberty, but as the wri-
ter whose pen, if the issues of it can but
be freely diffused through the medium
of translation among. the;.people..of
Greece, is to be as potent for theix,eman=
cipation as arms and loans and Pagry’s
infernal fires.” We find hiny according-
ly in Letter XV, &c. &c. full of‘activity
in establishing the press, arranging’and
urging to publication the Greek Chroni
cle, which was to be commenced on the
first day of the year 1824, and re dered
the organ both in Greek, and jac
the Bentham priaciples of constitutiona
liberty. In the same letter; however,
in which he states that “ Messolonghi-is
quiet, and Mavrocordato, the» primates
and the people, are well disposedito fur-
ther good measures,” he likewise adds
“© Jn the Morea I am informed that little
or nothing can’ be done ;, but of this I am
by no means conyinced. . “* Nous verrons
The administration of the police is i ce
hands of the Primates and t bee ie
rather justice exists not atvall. ’'Feuda'
prevails in all its wilderness.” *” Jorisg

-Golonel §.’s solicitude abor 1 aes
as the following extract will she s
gles with eyery thing ‘And wi sl
censure this,2 Who does ot ive
that when the two great interests OP po-
litical, freedom _and_ national ‘i .
ence, .aré, concentrated in one

280 4) (M10 3

“ T then spoke of a coustitutional force,

Greece, in’ 1823 and 824.

point of action, the/cngine of snost po-

pular.excitement.and information, js, in,
fagty theamost,potent engine of the wan?

~ffeEweritso change every noment.» The!)
Turkishifieetis retiring into» port,+Since I:

lastiaddrésséd you):Iohave had another hot
fight'in defenceof the:press. » Dr. Meyer
calledicon' smeitoo say that Bentham’s re-
marks'could:notiappear in the prospectus.
I,told‘him that they must, or I would re-
tire fron)my connection with him and his
press.’ ‘They haye appeared. You will
judge of the importance of the impression
which this passage must make on men about
to’ legislate’ on’ the measure, and on the
measure, and/ ona’ people about to stare
and’ wonder at something new.
“SS The legislative “body is settled at
Cranidi, ‘opposite to ‘Spetzia.’ - There the
may deliberate safely. .Ulysses-has ea
catisto; in’ Negropont. No place .of
rength now rémains there inthe hands of
the Turks but the capital.”

‘What follows is already familiar to
the’ public: but what pen can dip into
the record of this epoch of the struggle
of Grecian liberty, and leave unregarded
an incident connected with the name of
Byron.

“Tord Byron’s two servants haye just
arrived here, and have brought me a letter
from ‘his Lordship. He and Count Gamba
set of in two vessels from Cefalonia. They
went to Zante, and thence proceeded for
Missolonchi, with their bills of lading made
out for! Calamata. Just as they were com-
ing into, port, out, came the Turkish fleet,
Gamba was taken. by. a frigate, and convey-
ed to, Patras. The Zante Government will
demand, his restoration, and that of our

“press, &e.. Lord Byron had a narrow es-
cape, He got into Scrofus, a little island,
a few hours’ sail. Thither I have sent two
Sint boats, anda company of Suliots, so

vat he’ yay “come by sea or land, as he
pleases. He will be here to-morrow. If
he lad not come, we had, need have prayed
fordairnweather ; for both, fleet and army
are hungry and inactive.”

“Mie XX Letter, 3d Jan. 1824, gives
dn account of the meeting of the pri-
mates and Capitani of Western Greece
in the yard of the seraglio at Missolonghi,
‘an Nhe conciliatory speech of Prince
Mavrocordato, which congratulates“ the
patriot warriors who had driven the
enemy, with great loss from their soil,
‘and thereby saved Missolonghi and Pe-
loporiesus from pestilence,death and ruin;
and exhorts them to like patriotic union
SHADE ‘themselves. It states also'the

ceedings and admirable con-
age of the exe, bt lle
ef. on, (p. 68, as frequently in former

Au Glia

595

lettters) gives’a'very different’ picture of
another branch of thé States “99

“The executive, after much fencing, have
at Jast had a fray with. the lezislative body.
The story. isjas follows: The legislative
body expelled Count Metaxa from the exé-
cutive, for absenting himself from his duties
without permission, and Jeaying only two
members, who could not form.a quorum, to”
pass laws, &e. They then named a succes-
sor. The minister of finance was, in. like”
manner, displaced, for haying, without any
authority, established a salt-monopoly : four
representatiyes were also dismissed for not
attending their duties when called on, at
Napoli, to do. so. The executive, irritated
at these acts of justice, sent, Niketas and
young Colocotroni, with two hundred men,
to Argos, to explain. matters, On their ar-
Tival they proceeded. to the house of assem-
bly. The members had just terminated
their sitting. Two. of. them,,in going, out,
met, this armed. body, and conducted them
into the senate, which was soon filled, with
soldiers... They were questioned as to their
conduet in remoying ,Metaxa and. the
finance’ minister, from their offices. They,
in reply, contended against, the neglect ,of
sacred duties, monopolies, and arbitrary
power. © Niketas then said, he would make
the law with his, sword, and have a military
government. It was at length agreed, that
the assembly should meet to consider ‘the
message in the afternoon. | Meanwhile the
soldiers siezed the archives of the legislative
body. The moment the members heard of
this outrage, they ordered the Capitani, at
the head of the police, to recover.the, ar-
chives This order was obeyed with admi-
rable courage and address.

The executive body is hateful to the
People: they wished not to see a monopoly
of power ; but a monopoly of salt came still
more home to their feelings. They rose in
favour of their representatives. The tyrants
retired. The legislative body then removed
to Cranidi. There they issued a proclama-
tion, protesting against this lawless act, and
threatening to prosecute the violators of the
constitution. The people of. Hydra, the
great naval state, have addressed both bo-

dies in a becoming strain on this subject,

and the assembly here will follow the ex-
ample. Two days before the receipt of
this intelligence, Colocotroni addressed se-
veral of the Capitani at Missolonghi, and
called upon them to meet him at Gastouni,
to form an efficient “military government
The letter was read aloud at the general
assembly. The people murmured, and not
a voice was raised in favour of the proposi-
tion.” : sind
The ensning letter. informs us, that
“, After, Zukaropulo, had. recovered

e
-avehives; by direetion,of the legislative, a
the troops sought, Londos, ,,

‘ortunately
for him, he was out, but they pilla sed his
house. ‘The members of the Aepatitive

4G2 body

596

body then) assembled. at the »vice-president’s
house,,and; resolved) to defend) themselves
there. 1Dhe, troops » retired ;!-and; con the
following, day, the famous Colocotroni made
his. appearance. ; Ele ‘cursed, the senators,
and called them.all Lurks. = /‘Dwodays after
this, onthe 12th. of December, ithe exe-
cutive met some. of the menibers of ‘the
legislative body near Napoli. The former
declared themselves innocent of the affair
at Argos.”’, The postseript.adds, ‘* Lord
Byron. has this moment arrived. He was
received with military honours and popular
applause. ,.His Lordship had a narrow
escape, havi ing passed close to a Turkish
frigate. He thinks they must have taken
his.yessel for a brilot, . The sailors say his
Lordship,conducted himself with admirable
coolness.”

‘We ‘will pursue this subject of the
'ateugle between the Legislative and
Colocéotronian Executive.

“<The congress here have done much
good. ‘They have agreed to limit their foree
to 2,500 men in Western Greece, which
.consists of. twelve cantons. . They have
also resolved to nominate a military coun-
cil of three, who are to remain with the go-
‘Yernment, and are to be the channel of com-
igunication between it and the army. All
‘the revenues, instead of being seized by the
_Capitani. for the payment. of their troops,
_are.to be, placed 1 in the, coffers of the go-
verninent, “This will enable them. to pay
and control the army, and put the constitu-
, tion inforce. Eastern Greece has resolved
to follow the measures adopted by the Con-
gress at Missolonghi, and Ulysses will sup-
port them. Thus our prospect brightens.
Eastern and Western Greece are united int
the work of improvement, and the people
in the Morea are disgusted with the salt-
monopoly and the disunion which prevails
amongst the chiefs, and in their govern-
ment. . The expedition to Lepanto will
certainly. take place. Lord Byron, who is
soldier-nidd, will accompany it with his
500. 2: ¥

“ After the attack’ made upon the le-
gislative body at Argos, and the attempt
-tnade to rob them of their archives, two
proclamations have been issued by the exe-
cutive. The first of these contained a de-
fence of their’ conduct, but expressed no
regret for what’ had’ happened; and the
second called on the representatives of the
nation to send deputies to confer with them,
and to settle their differences. ‘The legis-
lative body, finding; however, that, under
the mask of conciliation, the disorders went

on encreasing, resolved on changing the .

members of the executive in toto. Colo-
cotroni had, some time back, sent in his
resignation; but this he was wont to do
when ina sullen mood; Metaxa had been
‘dismissed’ for“ “absenting’ ‘himself from his
‘'dtities, and the other three tiembets were,
T trust, tried and judged ‘singly, and ac-

ming language,
: partiality.and injustice. » Tawilljrelate'to-yeu

Greeceyin 1823 and 1824.

cording to ‘the Warigtiage Of thie’ ednstitution-
‘Phe newly ¢hosen execitive ened ©
Giorgio Condutiotti, the president's of!

nioti Botesi; an ddinital $ ‘of Jean” a Rig
a clever but’ intriguéing Wlitician's And “of
Nicolo Londros, ‘of ‘Petras ; the ‘five shots
ber is not yet riamed.’ The islands’ approw

thesé measures’; and’ all here “seem
tertain the same feeling? 'q05su!

ogy Paso

“to id

oned

When the new exechtitid ‘body. were
sworn in, every thing went on quietly ;
and the ex-members wé ate told; when
they received the account of” their fall,
felt like fish within the influence of a
blazing light—amazed—stupified lost.” _
There were. factions. it seems of .many
kinds, domestic and foreign—in- Greece
and for Greece ; and many, mouths were
open for a crown.» Mavrocordato ‘it:is

more than suggested, could have ‘relish-
ed one, but that a more’ moderate and
more popular course, was better accomi-
modated to the com arative mediocrity
of his powers. e Moreots,” Dr.
Tindall (just aug from, Ather ) says,

* are. crying: out fora but h ¢ must
be a foreigner... Bernadotte is, mentioned.
Why not the Duke of Sussex ?”” Others,
it seems, were foriour Prince of:Saxe-
Cobourg. ©The »Chevaliers:' Mustoxidi
(p. 16;-17,) thinks that’ Austria, England
and Russia, might “placé the ‘so ‘of the
late King of Sweden on’ the’ thr ne’ ‘of
Greece.” Colonel S. however’ thinks
that “the Mogul, circumcised, and then
baptised, might be quite as acceptable to
the commonwealth.” The republican
star, it seems, is likely there to maintain
the ascendant; and certainly there séems
nothing in the proceedings’ of Colonel
8. likely to bedim its influence; when
the Russian Diplomatis accused him of
a design to Anglicise the Greeks, “ we
would rather Americanise them ! 1» Was
his frank reply. He has his fears, how-
ever (p. 100,) that “ the sovereigns, in
their great and infinite goodness, will
send aruler of their cast;” and that, “ if
the Emperor of the North should send
a rugged Russian bear, .there are those
that would embrace it.?)\)0-due 90)

But there is a‘subject’ in ghia the
honour of this country (at least it gene-
rosity) is implicated, which we titist, not
pass over in silencé, Wé fara’ \ back
therefore, to p. a2 for Colne, ‘S's ac-
count of it, tito bas

“ Sir T. Maitland has! tenes ‘elites
tion, complaining of: the: conduct. of some
Greek ships. § ®'Phis document ’ is? couched
in unbeco } and ina lspiriteof

the. cireumstances%of the two easés.|, 02's
“ The

e)

Greece,.in' 1823 and. 1824.

- if, Bhe, Greeks fleet, in.gomg from. Hydra
to Missolonghi,,fell.in with,.a Turkish. brig
nean Scrofus,;.... hey: chased, her.) -She be -
haved gallantly, and. at Jength.ran on a rock
near,Ithaca.,;)'The Greeks, sent,.a, boat, to
seize. and rifle. their; prize.,.;, The Turks
qnade for. the shore; aud trom the shore fired
and. killed Nichola .Bulugo. and,..wounded
Pano Triandophilo,,.both Spetzioss., .The
Greeks upon this followed the Turks on
shore, and killed. and wounded some of
then, The Greek commandants did all in
‘heir. power, to, prevent their sailors from
going; om.shore, and exerted themselves. to
ha sten their return, The crime, therefore,
of Turks and Greeks was nearly the same;
—Hoth violoted the laws of neutrality and
‘of quarantine!“ But Sir T. M. launches all
his thunders against the Greeks, and talks
Of their having been commanded by “ un
€erto nominate Principe Mavrocordato,” but
who,did not command the fleet.

oo“ -The,jother.case was, that of a trader

and the quarantine: Jaws were broken by a
(pirate. And for these acts Sir’T. Maitland
-falminates against the: Greek nation. When
‘will this, man cease to perseeute a people
_gloriously. struggling for their lives and
liberties ?”’
Jn. his. XX VIF Letter, Colonel Stan-
hope gives the following account of the
existing state of Greece.
Greece is) divided into cantons and sub-
cantons. The are under the immediate
governments of prefeets and sub-prefects.
Each commupity elects a president, who
is under the primate of the district, and
‘both are directed by the sub-prefect. In
every cantonand, sub-canton there is a
court of justice. The prefect communi-
“gates th the minister SF the home depart-
“ment. © Tn each eanton there is a secretary-
‘general, ‘afinanée-minister, a war-minister,
bao naval-minister and captain of the port
where required, and a minister of police.
The sub-cantons hiave analogous establish-
«jnents.,,, Each conmaunity elects three per-
_ Sons, who. represent the government, and
pact. Bes the sub-prefect, There isa
Justice of the peace in each canton, In
, sub-canton there is a eourt consisting
Of three jtdges! or commercial, political,
and criminal affairs. ‘These courts are pro-
<visional; » In -each eanton there isa tribunal
of five, called, Bribupals des Armes. 'Khe

hgustice of the peace decides all matters not ,

’ hoexceeding:| one: Inundred;! piastires::\o those
vunder filty: piasttes are not appealabldiey che

also judges all petty \cases of mssault,.and
oat LL) ~

597

all questions: ‘concerning: irrigation. » ‘He
carinot:séatence to more than threemonths’
imprisonment, and:has ‘the power of chang-
ing bodily punishment into a°fiie) Which
must not exceed 150 piastres. \ Froiti these
judgments there is no appeal.’ ‘Each jus-
tice of ‘the’ peace has ‘a secretary arid a re-
gistrar. No prosecution’'¢an take © place
without a written’ statement, ‘All sénteneés
must be given in public and in writing, OIF
the parties are not’ satisfied with the ‘sen-
tence, they must’ immediately write'down
their intention to appeal’ on ‘the brief.
The first tribunals decide political, commer-
cial, and criminal affairs, and, ‘also; \éases
of appeal from the justices of the peace.
In these courts all pleas'and answers’ must
be in writing; their sentences’ are’ not defi-
nitive, but are liable to revision by the ‘Tri-
bunals of Appeal. The, Fribunals,of Appeal
judge all cases of appeal from the. first
tribunals. The sentences of these courts,
on commercial and political affairs, not ex-
ceeding 4,000 piastres, are final’; but, when
they exceed that sum, an appeaf lies.ta the
General ‘Tribunals of Greece. “Tn ériminal
‘eases the sentences of ‘the’ 'Pribuials “Of
Appeal are not appealable, except sentence
of decapitation be awarded, in ‘which tase,
reference may be made to’ the "General
Tribunal. Each community has a notary,
who must be approved by the goverriment.
All money contracts must be mate if his
presence, and both parties must come be-
fore him for that purpose. He must, also,
attend those who wish to make their wills,
and notify the physical aud moral state of
the testators.””

Inthe same letter, follows an account
of a military riot.

“ Some Suliots insisted upon taking up
their quarters in the house of burghuw
Resistance was made, and several persons
were wounded. The fray over, a townsmans.
went to Prince Mavrocordato to, demand
redress, Presently after, a corps of Suliots
went to him, forthe same purpose I met
them on my road home from Dr. Meyer's.
The burghur on his way was questioned. by
Dr. Meyer. He was narrating the events
of the fray, when a Suliot passed, and shot
him dead. The Prince assembled the
military chiefs, and insisted on. thein deliyer-
ing up the malefactors to justice... They
shuffled, argued, and finally consented.
Wonder not at this fray; wonder, rather,
that 5,000 undisciplined, ill-paid, . armed
soldiers, from different quarters, should
have been here nearly a month, should haye
consented to a reduction of their force, and
should, under these .cirewmstances;y have

- departed without having been guilty of any
o@utrage,”’ ay

© woud Byron took 500 of these, Subiots
olnto obs @wn, Pay « an hacanes t aie
chiefs Bytithey were found very: un-

tractable

598
tractable auxiliaries, as difficult to be
got rid,of,as to. keepin order; 500. it
seems, receive ‘rations for, 1,200, which
isoaTurkish custom, very-apt,to mislead
people with respeet:to. the»strength: of
their armies 1}

\We:pass' over the petulanciés and int
consistencies of Lord Byron on'the sub-
ject.of the liberty..of the press, and his
Sparrings with ColoneFStanhope on that
subject. Enoughhas been made of them
in the daily prints.’ The XXX Letter
offers sketches more worthy of remem-
brance. :

* The Capitani being the most powerful
and influential men in Greece, I will give
you a short account of one of them, named
Stonari, . This chief lives at a village called
Kutchino, near the river Aspropotamos, in
Thrace. A portion of his property lies in
the plain, and the rest in the mountains.
He possesses about one hundred and twen-
ty villages, and each of these contains,
upon an average, about seventy families.
The people of the mountains are chiefly
occupied with their herds. Stonari him -
self has about 7 or 8,000 head of cattle, and
his family altogether own e2bout 5,00,000.
They consist of horses, oxen, cows, sheep,
and goats, but chiefly of the two latter.
The flocks remain.seven months in the
mountains, and the rest of the year in the
plains. The Capitano lets out his cattle to
herdsmen, who are bound to give him

- two pounds of butter, two pounds of cheese,
two pounds of wool, and one-~ piastre.
Each family has from fifty to one hundred
and fifty head of cattle, and they generally
clear a small tract of ground and cultivate
it. They do not belong to Stonari, but, are
held by the cultivators, who pay one-third
of their rent to the Turks, one-third to the
Capitano,, and one-third for the mainte-
nance ofthe soldiers.

“* The peasantry live ill. They have
eighty-nine fast-days in the year, in addi-
tion to the regular fasts, which are every
Friday, and Saturday. On other days they
eat cheese, butter, and bread; and on
Sundays and festivals meat. The women
are treated like slaves, and perform all the
hard Jabour. [he Capitani and Primates
pay little more respect to their wives than
to their vassals. "When a stranger appears,
the women kiss his hand, and bring him
water. | They do not appear at table with
their lords.

“The inferior Capitani, under. Stonari,
each receives the dues of three or. four
familes, and each commands a certain num-
ber of men.

“The regular soldiers under Stonari
amount to 400. | He could muster, 3,000
more from among the peasantry,» They
are paid only during three months in, the
year: the first class receive twenty piastres
per month ; the second, fifteen; and the
third, twelve. They live well, and eat

Greece, tn 1823 and 1824:

twice a day bread and meat. They teceive:
their rations from the owners of the hodtises:
where they dwell. ~'Phéy are” fathishea®
with ammunition, and didesité Snake shoes
of from the Capitanojobuii/they/findstheir’,
Ownarms. and ¢lothese« | ‘Dhey are subject. ;
ed to no military discipiline or punishment,»
and can quit their chief at pleastre.... } V Any
on a march, the officers, of the yillages
through which they pass, must furnish theny
with quarters, and the owners of the houses"
where they lodge, must’ provide’thém Avith,
food and whatever they demand’ if thé
do not, they are sure to be, ill-tvgated., The
troops cannot, howeyer;.remain aboye three;
or four days in the same village... . ‘Lhere,,
isa Primate in each village. These, Pri,
mates are under-the control of the Capitani,,
who are the princes of the country.) Lach
village is generally provided with; two,.or
three priests, who receive from, 100 to
600 piastres yearly. The people are yery
religious, and fear their pastors.» There
are several monasteries in Stonari’s district,
but no nunneries. In the Morea there. are
two nunneries. The Priests-are not gene-
rally rich. Justice there is none. .The
Priests, the Primates, or the; Capitani, de-
cide arbitrarily in all'cases.; The wives of
the soldiers remain in the villages: during
their husband’s absence, to look after their
families and flocks.”’ tin

As the protracted abode of Colonel
Stanhope at Missolonghi is drawing’ to
a close, it is fit we should’ state, in his
own words, the object of his mission, ~

“The first great object of the, Greek
Committee in England is to give that, civil,
and military knowledge to Greek) of which
she has been deprived under the satanic
government of the Turks.” CTa5v0R

And for all this, though other means
were far from being neglected, Colonel
S. seems to have had particular reliatige
on the influence of a free press; for the
establishment of which he seems to, haye
laboured with indefatigable, enthusi ran
and relative to which, inp. 114, we, find
him thus exulting. t 2qoou mister

** The press now Hourishes. wher the!
good work commenced, all parties: ‘talked
of its being inapplicable to a rude state'of
society, and other common placés ‘equally’
unfounded in reason and experience. ~ Now.
all are interested about it, and may write
for it: nay, such is the rage for it, that
the English insist upon. my leaving’ one of
the presses, in order that they manly publish
a Frank newspaper here, for the ‘islands,
for England, and for America. — Count
Gamba is named as the editor : the aftiéles
will be in. English, French, Ttalian, “aiid
German: the contributors, young’ titer
engaged in the cause. Lord’ in’ Witt
contribute Jargely in both money and )tiiat"
ter. The editor of the German Chroniéle,
with his usual liberality, has offered, ae

,

é Greece, in 1823 and 1824.

80/, a-year, to furnish 100 numbers weekly. . -

He sa wl publish it though ‘it’ shoulil
He gb am Tibels against himself.”?

-Ow the 2hst Feb. 1824, Colonel S
aie ‘from! Missolonghi_ on. his wa y
o Athens; and the notices of his tour,
brig they are, would be far perhaps,
from the least amusing part of his cor-
respondence ; but. that other matters are
more in cue to our purpose.
On the 6th March he thus writes from
Athens to Lord Byron.

* Yesterday, a public meeting took place,
for the purpose of choosing three persons
to’'serve as magistrates for Athens. The
persons were “named: their respective
merits were canvassed, and they were then
ballotted for, and chosen by universal suf-

2 "This day; another meeting took place
for the piitpose of choosing three judges;
I “attended the assembly held in the square,
oP osite the pert. Odysseus, with others,

was ‘Seated on the hustings... Opposite
sfafids ‘an old ‘tree, surrounded with a
broad Seat,from’ which’ the magistrates
alldressed “the “people, expldined the ob-
jects for’ which’ ‘they were assembled, and
désired' them to name their judges. A free
débate’ then’ took’ place, it laste long, be-
camé more ‘and’ more animated, and, at
last, much difference of opinion existing,
dsballoh was demanded, and the judges
were chosen.

| Ihaye been constantly with Odysseus.
He a yery strong mind, a good heart,
and is brave as his “sword ; he isa doing
man; he’ governs with a strong arm, and is
the onily man‘in'Gréece that can preserve
order ‘He puts, however, complete con-
fidénee in the people. He is for a strong
government, for constitutional rights, and
for vigorous efforts against the enemy. He
professes himself of no faction, neither of

si nti’s, nor of Colocotroni’s, nor of

yrocordato’s ; neither of the Primates,
nor of the Capitani, nor of the foreign
king f faction. | He speaks of them all in the
pore undisguised manner. He likes good

igners, is friendly toa small body of
foreign troops, and courts instruction. He
has, established two schools here, and has

allowed me to set the press at work. He.

complains that the press of Missolonghi
does not insert articles that do not suit the
politics of the editor. He wishes every
Intelligent Greek in Europe to proceed to
Greece; and wrote to Coray and others, a
back, to come to this country, to aid
OTRAS of their government, their

a . These Jetters were not ' for-
warde “ig the dissentions whieh
ta iF ni de he will now despatch

ay request, Tle thinks Bambas

Pa bist HM ipiotit sui ‘and has agreed 'to
ess him, and to Solieit hid’ presenee’ it
PECL. p short, condiderhig, his edurei-
Fane Ba and He soit an whith

tot .borsiio er Brodi
Ag

* Greece.”

599

he, has been, surrounded, he is a most ev-
traordinary man. ?

’ “Odysseus is most ‘anxious’ to unite the
interests of Eastern and Western Greece,

for which purpose’ he is desirous of imme-

- diatel forming: a congress at) Salona.” o)

Of this hero. of modern»Athens, he
thus speaks agam in. his» letter of ait
11th to Mr. Bowring—

* The Chief Odysseus has been a moun-
tain robber, has never bowed in bondage to
the Turks, has served under Ali Pacha,
has. been chosen Governor of Eastern
Greece, has refused to give up Athens toa
weak government, and has lately sympathis-
ed with the people, and taken the liberal
course in polities. Te is a brave soldier,
has great power, and promotes public liber-
ty. Just such a man Greece requires,”

The following passage will explain’ ia
some degree the state of parties with
whose discards Greece has had to sttug-
gle, aod may perhaps. still have, as well
as with Turkish tyranny.

‘ Greece is split into factions,’ which are
enrolled into’ two great parties.’ ‘|The one
consists of “Mavrocordato, the” islands) a
large portion of the legislative body, of the
Primates, and of flie - people: » The other
consists of Ipsilanti, Petrombey,'‘Coloco-
troni, and the principal ‘part of the ‘soldiery,
&e. Oilysseus professes’ neutrality, “but
leans to the latter party.’ ’Mavrocordato
is a good man, but ‘eannct go straight.
He is, secretly, for a mild monarchy. A
thing’as easy to’ be obtained in Greece as
a mild tigerarchy. His followers’ mean
differently, but mean well. © Ipsilanti is, in
mind and body, a slug, but still has shown
more public virtue than any other man in
His party are for military pre-
dominance and democracy. In short, the
revolution has clubbed the Greeks. Still,
I have no doubt that order will be restored,
and that stregth and liberty will be the
result.”

On this subject Colonel S. is still
more explicit in his letter from Salona
to Mr. Bentham (4th May).

“* The state of Greece is not easily con-
veyed to the mind of a foreigner. The
society is formed, Ist, of the Primates, who
lean to oligarchy, or ‘Turkish principles of
government; 2dly, of the captains, who
profess democratical notions, but who are,
in reality, for power and plunder; and lastly,
of the people, who are irreproachable in
character, and of course desire to have a
proper weight in the constitution, The
people of the Peloponnesus are much under
the influence of the civil and military oli-
garchies. © Those of Mastern and Western
‘Greece are’ chiefly under the ‘eaptainsyo Of
these Odysseusis the most influential.o dis
father WeVer bowed to: the (/Lurkishi yokes
he was @ freeman anda robbers) “Odysseus
me Fh 2 glt » dtookameelf

600

himself was brought up by the famous ty-
rant Ali Pacha. He is shrewd and am-
bitious, and has played the tyrant, !but ‘is

now persuaded that the road to fame and

wealth is by pursuing

ports the people and the republic. Negrs,
“who once signed his sentence of death, is
now his minister. Of the islands, Hydra
and Spezia are under the influence of some
rich oligarchs, supported by the rabble, and
Ipsara is purely demccratic,
** The parties may be said to be three,
Ist. There is Mayrocordato, the oligarchs
of the islands, and some of those of the
Peloponnesus, and the, legislative body.
These are for order and a mild despotism,
either under a foreign king, or otherwise.
This faction stood high, but must now
‘change its principles or lose its power.
‘2dly, There is Colocotroni, and some of
the captains, and some of the oligarchs of
the Morea, who are for power and plunder,
This party is going down hill at a gallop.
And, 3dly, there is Ipsilanti, Odysseus,
Nepris,/and the mass who are now begin-
“ning to embrace republican notions, finding
that they cannot otherwise maintain their
power.”

Eas

VAN DIEMEN’S LAND.

Cannibalism.—On the 14th of June,
Alexander Pierce, a convict, was tried at
Hobart Town, for the murder of a fellow-
prisoner, named Thomas Cox, in the
month of November, 1823. He was found
guilty, and hanged on the Monday after,
previously to which he made the following
horrible confession to a Catholic minister :

“¢T was born in the county of Ferma-
nagh, in the north of Ireland. In the
twenty-sixth year of my age, I was con-
victed of stealing six pairs of shoes, and
received sentence to be transported for se-
ven years. [I arrived in Van Dieman’s
Land, on board the ship Castle Forbes,
from Sydney; was assigned as servant to
John Bellenger, with whom I remained
about nine months ; was then, from mis-
conduct, returned to the government su-
perintendent. A few months after, I was
assigned to a man named Cane, a consta-
ble, and staid with him only sixteen weeks,
when an occasion obliged him to take
me before the magistrates, who ordered
that I should receive fifty lashes in the
usual way, and again be returned to
crown Jabour. Afterwards, I was placed
to serve a Mr. Seattergood, of New Nor-
folk, from whom I absconded -into the
woods, and joined Laughton, Saunders,
Latten, and Atkinson, who were then at
large ; staid with them three months, and
surrendered myself, by a proclamation
issued by the Lieut.governor, and was
pardoned. ~ Shortly afterwards I forged

Several orders, upon which JI obtained

‘ discovered, ‘T'was ‘Agam* i

Greece, in 1823 and 1824.

property. On hearin

fs]

the. fraud was
to re-
fturnjinto the woods. But, after three or

_four months, I was taken by a part
48th regiment, brought to H
tried for the forgeries, found guilty, an¢

sent to the’ Perial Settlement at Macquar-
rie Harbour for the remainder of my sen-
tence. I was not there more than a month
before I made my escapé with seven others,
namely— Dalton, Traverse, Badman, Ma-
thews, Greenhill, Brown, and Cornelius.
We kept altogether for ten days, during
which time we had no food but our kan-
garoo skin jackets, which we ate, being
nearly exhausted with hunger and fatigue.
On the eleventh night we began'to consult
what was best to be done for our preser-
vation, and made up our minds to a
dreadful result.

«‘ In the morning we missed three of
our companions—Dalton, Cornelius, and
Brown, we concluded had left us.witly the
intention of going back, if possible. We
then drew cuts which of us five should die ;
it fell to Badman’s lot. I went with one
of the others,to-collect.dry..wood..to.make
a fire, during which time Traverse had
succeeded in killing Badman, and had
begun to cut him up. “We dressed part of
the flesh immediately, and continued to
use it as long as it lasted. We then drew
cuts again, and it fell to the fate of Ma-
thews. Traverse and: Greenhill killed him
with an axe, cut. the flesh from. his,bones,
carried it on, and lived upon it as long as
it lasted. By the time it was all eat, Tra-
verse, through fatigue, fell lame in_his
knee, so much so, that he could not pro-
ceed. Greenhill proposed that I should
kill him, which I agreed to. We then
made the best of our way, carrying the
flesh of Traverse between us, in the hope
of reaching the eastern settlements ‘while
it lasted. We did not, however, suceeed,
and I perceived Greenhill always carried
the axe, and thought be watched an oppor-
tunity to kill me. I was always. on, my.
guard, and succeeded, when he fell asleep
to get the axe, with which, I immediately
despatched him, made a meal, and car-
ried all the remaining flesh with me to
feed upon.”

[To cut short this tale of horrors, we
will briefly add, that in spite of all these .
crimes, he was soon after in want of food,
and subsisted many days on grass and’ net-
tle tops. At length he wastaken, and re-
turned to the Penal Settlement,» but: he
escaped again with Thomas Cox ; -they
quarrelled, and he killed Cox with an axe,
ate part of bim that night, and cut the
greatest part of his flesh up. to carry,with ,
him, but soon after his heart failed him, -
and he surrendered himself, carrying
piece of his confederate’s flesh to the c om -
mandant, to shew that he was dead, | 1
afterwards conducted:a party to the place

where he left his remains.]

[ 601

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=™

Gener Remarks 0 onthe W Pouabhen: §e.,
, observed at. Carlisle during the Year
1824... |
_ January.— The weather, during this

month, »was, on the whole, remarkably

mild for the season ;"some short inter-

valsof moderate frost occurred, but

no ‘snow fell here during ‘the month,

Which” is ‘avery “uncommon circim-

stance in ‘this climate.
February.—Was 2 continuation of

the, same unseasonably mild weather
experienced last month; the thermo-
meter, excepting on the 5th; when it
wase232,-was never.so.low-as ‘the freez-
ingspointsPhe! weather was generally
for;: theequantityof rain~ little’ more
thamithree*quarters ‘of-ant inch 5 in the
part® of thé movith,’ sofie” light
showers ot hi ‘and’ sleet. :
- Was ‘perfectly “the reverse

ans ‘preceding months: it was
extremely cold, with frequent heavy
whi he, snow, and sleet ; the snow
fell here sometimes covered the

for two or three days; the 2.50

e es in the column of rain is chiefly

melted hail. and snow; some intervals

of: severe frost occurred; on the morn-
ing of the 4th, the~ thermometer. was

249; and: on’ the: morning of the 31st

25°, ‘arid the averdge’39°8 is Tower than

cithér of the ‘two! precéditig® months.
(i iminense qtiantit Hot appeared
aR € mount ns, | fee the month.”

e weather continued most

nngeasonably ,cold, ath a gr ong. patel

Montuty Mag.

I
i

cael “48: 2]

Annual Mean :

react

7, saa 174 201} 1

;

ing winds and showers of sya hail,
and sleet, till the 19th, when the sur-
rounding mountains™ were often per-
fectly white; we had some very intense
frost, in the nights; on the 11th the
thermometer. was 26°, and frequently
three or four degrees below. freezing ;
the last twelve days were mild»and
pleasant, with light refreshing showers.

May. — The temperature of this
month was remarkably variable—the
first ten days were generally ‘mild and
pleasant; it afterwards continued yery
cold and ungenial till the 93d, and, on
the mornings. of the, 21st, and. 22d, the
thermometer was tO. degrees : below
freezing, and. strong»ice,was,.observed ;
the remainder .of ‘thexmonth: was very
inild and pleasant—thelweather ven, 6n
the whole, very droughty.: "1915 0:

Tune continied very “droughty” ahd
unfavourable for the’ ¢rops; the ‘first
eight days were extremely warm and
brilliant; on the 8th the thermometer
was as high as 78°: it afterwards was
inost unseasonably cold, and. generally
very gloomy, with strong parching east-
erly winds;' on the 25th we badia very
heavy rain, and also-on the 29th, with
thunder and vivid lightning. The aver-
age temperature 56 avery? ai ‘for the
season. ~~

Jiily.—The weather, in the ese «ache
Fountied, ‘during this month, saree a

ingly favourable for the crops, t é mild
peyeaiane rains which fell i in Pathe former

alf_of the meng ene e e e very | warm
Ber AES et dvithw* and

i ‘.

602

and brilliant sunshine afterwards, gave
us a prospect of an abundant harvest.
The hay crop was very productive,’ and
nearly secured at the end of the month,
August. —The_first_three weeks of
this month were in general showery; on
the 18th, thunder was heard ata dis-
tance, accompanied with heavy rain;
the last ten days of the month were
fair and extremely fine for the harvest,
which commenced here about the mid-
dle of the month.
_ September.—The former part of this
month was exceedingly sultry, with
heayy showers; on the 2d, the thermo-
meter, at noon, was 75°, and the aver-
age 68°; in the night we had much thun-
der and lightning, In the latter part
of.the month we had some very fine
weather, which, in this county, nearly
finished'‘a very abundant harvest. On
the mornings of the 27th and 28th we
were visited with “severe frost, when
the thermometer was 3° below freezing,
and snow. was seen on the mountains.
‘| October.—During this month we ex-
perienced violent changes of tempera-
ture. The first nine days were humid
and most oppressively sultry; on the
10th, it became extremely cold, with
showers of hail, and frost in the nights.
On the morning of the 16th the ther-
mometer was as low as 26°, and on the
morning of the 18th we had a heavy
fall of snow, which amounted to five or
six inches in depth, when all the sur-
rounding mountains were perfectly
white. On the 19th the temperature
changed again to unseasonable mild-
ness, which, excepting some trifling
variations, continued to the end of the
month; during this latter period we
had some very heavy falls of rain.
November. — This month was ex-
tremely wet and stormy; the winds,
which were generally westerly, fre-
quently blew most violent hurricanes.
The sudden changes of temperature,
and also the rapid falling and rising of
the mercury in the barometer, were
very remarkable; the changes of tem-
perature, at times, amounted to up-
wards of thirty degrees in twenty-four
hours, and the falling or rising of the
mercury in the barometer upwards of
one-tenth of an inch in an hour. We
had only five fair days; some showers
of snow, hail; and sleet occurred, with
frosty nights, and snow was often ob-
served on the tops of the surrounding
mountains.
December commenced with a heavy
fall of \snow about seven ‘inches’ in
odepth ; it was succeeded’ by a ‘few days

Carlisle and Manchester Meteorological Tables.

of intense frost; on the morning of the
5th the thermometer was 15°; on the
following morning it was 409, Avie ave
had, a heayy fall of mild rain, which
soon dissolved the snow, and cansed
the rivers here to overflow their banks |
to a considerable extent. The weather:
afterwards, excepting some trifling in-/
tervals of moderate frost, was; during
the whole. of the month, very mild,’
moist, and gloomy, and, at times, ex-)
tremely wet and stormy; on the 20th,
Qist, 22d, 25th, and 26th; we hadmest -
violent hurricanes from the south-west, |
with torrents of rain and sleet; ‘Which
swelled the rivers here beyond raid
banks to,a greater extent than has been»
witnessed. here for many-years. The:
last two days of the month were. ex-
tremely.stormy, when the wind .frem
the south-west blew in dreadful gusts.)
In the Monthly Magazines for, Fe-
bruary 1821, was given a general meteo- |
rological summary for-the—last twenty
years, and the general ayerage up to)
this period is nearly the same, except;
ing the quantity of ram; the average of
the last four years has increased “two
inches. WaiePrrr.
Carlisle, January 2, 18252-°! :
SS
STATE OF THE WEATHEW ATSS
MANCHESTER, 1q 4
The quantity of rain that has» fallen
iu this neighbourhood -during the: last
four months is great, we believe, almost
beyond precedent, amounting, accordimg
to the observations of Mr. John Dalton,:
to no less than 24°660 inches up ‘tothe
26th of December. Tlie following are
the particulars :—
In September .........-
In October ....0¢ 05 000%
In November ........+. 5°510
In December (to the 26t
inclusive)

5-440) itches:

Total, «see 246690
Mr. Dalton’s observations’ not- having
been completed to a later date than the
26th, we have procured. from another
gentleman a statement of the rain that
has fallen since that day, and find that
it amounts to 1°015 inches, making a
total in four months of more than 253)
inches —a prodigious quantity,- when it
is considered that the average fall of
rain for a year in this: town is_ about
34 inches, and in London, only about

22 inches ; of course, also, this rain -has

produced frequent floods in) all the
rivers of the neighbourhood; but ‘they
have: been- more: remarkable for their
frequency than their height.» :.i/csq-)

ABSTRACT

[603 }

ABSTRACT of a METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER for the Year, 1824,
At HIGH WYCOMBE.

General Observations on the Weather
made at. High Wycombe during the
Year 1824.

January.—The year commenced with
a heavy gale of wind: at south-west,
which produced a change, and the ther-
mometerstood below the freezing point
for several nights’ following; little rain
fell untib the latter part of the month,
which was variable; but its general cha-
raeter fine and mild. Snow fell twice,
but not:to Jay upon the ground.

Webruary:— The first twelve days
were generally fine; the latter part of
the month dull and heavy, and the
quantity of rain greater than usual.
Snow fell but twice, and only once to
lay upon the ground, but it disappeared
in a fewhours.

March.—=Was remarkably wet, rain
having fallen on fifteen different days ;
on the 22d'the rain; mixed with some
little snow, measured nearly an inch;
and the whole month might be deemed
colt for the season, the thermometer
only once ‘standing at temperate, at 3
p. Mijand generally much’ below that
height-at ‘that hour.

‘ Aprit.—Theve was a considerable fall
of rain on’ the Ist, more than one-
fourth of the whole: quantity in the
month, which was rather above. the
average, « Snow, to the depth of three-
foirrths of an inch, fell, on the night af
the! 10th ; a greater quantity than ha
fallen daring. the: menanpetinet mean
temperature lowe» ~

YHAToa Lr

| et pee:
Thermomete) Barometer. || Rain. cs 84
biigunt f } fang re : i | «| West,'East,
Wisdababae ine A et ; “| } oe S. WuUN. Be}?
Highest.) Lowest. Mean. || Highest.} Lowest. | Mean. } Ins. Dels, BF be Si et
H \ | | 1 nasdeat|
e- 0 1 ! | al
§ January:|. |.5225:| 21-00;| 35:59 || 30°33 ,:28°37 | 29°79 || 1175 | 12. |194).12
/ Relenarye 5125, | 23°50.) 37:24 || 30°25 | 28°63 | 2965. || 3:456 |.19 | 13 | 16
{ March. ... |. 55:00 | 23°50 | 37-78 || 80°07 | 28°85 | 29°61 | 3:168 | 15 | 18 | 13
_April.. 62°50-| 26°00 | 42-48 || 30°23 | 28-92 | 29-66 || 2°693 | 17 | 15 | 15
May...,. | 70°25 | 27°25 | 48:00 || 80°38 | 29-29 | 29°72 | 3-187.) 10 | .9 | 22
June . 73°50 | 35°50 | 52°99 || 30°09 | 28°96 | 29°62 | 3-638 | 15 | 11 | 19
July.. 78-00 | 39°00") 58°12 |) 80°24 | 29°31 | 29°74 || 1-631 110 | 231°. 8
Augast 77°00 | 3900 | 57-34 || 30°12 | 29°33 | 29°67 | 2°875"| 15/17 474
‘Beptembet| 80°00 }'27-75 | 54-26 |} 29°99 | 2911 |: 29°62 | 3-487 | 17 2h 19
October. :' || 63°75"| 24°50) | 46-99 «|| 29°89 | 28°63 | 29°37 18-852 | 17 | 26 hddop
November /1'55°50/| 24°50 | 43-24 || 29°89 | 28°27 | 29°37 || 4-287 |. 20 [027 4.3
December 53°50-|, 24°00 | 39:30 |} 30°17 | 28°77 | 29°56. || 3:850.|19.| 23.1 8}
Annual Mean.. 46'11 || Annual Mean |} 29°61 | 37,299 186) 222 144

May.—So much rain has not fallen
in the month of May since 1818—on the
15th nearly two inches fell, and there
was a severe frost on the following
night; the range of the thermometer
was 43°, the extremes being 70°25 and
27°25.

June. — The temperature . of this
month, never reached summer heat, and
the quantity of rain was much greater
than I have observed during the last

. eight years ; being more than double the

average of this month for the seven
years preceding: the month. might,
therefore, be deemed wet and cold,

July. —Was distinguished by one of
the heaviest storms of thunder and
lightning, on the 14th, that has been
_ experienced for some years ;. the storm,
which was preceded by a thick heavy
lurid sky and extreme darkness, com-
menced about 10 a.M., and. continued
with little intermission until late in the
night; the electric fluid passed down
the chimney of a house. building close
to this town, but did no damage ;,no
hail fell here, although: there, was much
within a few miles;. the remainder. of
ae month was generally fine but not

ot.

August.—The mean temperature was
not above that of the two last years,
and although the quantity, of rain, was
more than usual, and so wet an August
has not, been, observed, since 1817,) yet
as therain mostly fellin the night, and
the days were,-fine,. the harvest, )pro-

4H2 ceeded

604

ceeded advantageously,
seen once on the, 20th,

September. On the 2d, the, thermo-
meter, reached its greatest-height during
the year, 80°, but fell; on, the night. of
the 28th, four degrees and a,half below
the freezing, point; this was|an \ex-
treme of, cold seldom, experienced, so
early in the year; the quantity, of rain
was_also very great, yet the mean tem-
perature, was, higher than that of the
same month in the two preceding years.
. October.— Rain fell, frequently during
the month, onthe 10th, something more
than.an. inch; indeed the weather
throughout may be denominated wet
and dull, the fine days being very few.

November.— There were many fine
days in, the month, and, some heayy
gales of wind, particularly on the 23d,

Lightning was

at, south; the quantity of rain three»

times as much as in the month of No-
vember, last, year, but the mean. tem-
perature, and mean height, of the ba-
rometer were much the same.

December.—Snow tell once, in the
month, onthe night of the 3d, but in
a, very) trifling quantity, and was suc-
ceeded by rain, during a large portion
of the following day; the quantity of
rain, for the whole month, greater than
in December last year, which was a wet
month, some few days extremely fine
and mild; the mean temperature and
mean height of the barometer above
that of the same month last year.

The statement is made to conform to
the-plan observed by Mr. Pitt, of Car-
lisle, and may prove beneficial by shew-
ing the different temperatures, &c., at
such distant stations.

Jamus G. TavEM.

‘High Wycombe, Jan. 6, 1825.

———
MerrorotocicaL REPORT FOR
Hoxton.

Sir: I again send you an account of
the weather for the past year, as a se-
quel to my last, p. 33, vol. 57, viz.

January, 1824,—Began warm, the
first week thermom. at 48°, with some
rain; the remainder of the month dry
and frosty with little exception ; there
were three or four thick foggy days; the
mornings and evenings throughout hazy,
but the sun frequently very clear at
noon.

‘February—Was pretty uniform -for
the first fortnight, neither wet nor dry,
but. damp from night. mists; one morn-
ing a little snow, the first this year, but
barely enough to cover the ground ; the
last-fortnight, excepting ‘two or’ three

Meteorological Report for Hoxton.

days; was wet/and cold);)a Jitthe: more
snow. fell,‘but the rainbaving prierspos+
session, it could not day. tigad 0
The first weelv in ‘AZarch was almix-
ture of wet) and dry, from sharp: svind-
frost, and rain and a‘trifling snow); lse-
cond week, ‘boisterously windy (many
shipwrecks), and cold with ailittle snow ;
on the 13th: was a shower of snow with
hail, succeeded by a clap of | thunder:at
three o’clock p.m.; the:}7th; and two) or
three following days, were ‘beautiful,
warm, and growing, from: which tine
the cold increased; and on the 22d iwas
a great fall of snow for two honrs, which,
as before, could not lay bleakowinds
with frequent flying showers /of «rain,
hail, and snow, nearly made up ‘the rest
of the month, which) ended: dry ‘and
frosty. GSE
The first fortnight in April brought
cold and searching N. E.-winds; in'ge+
neral dry, frequently fine and cleaviat
noon, excepting the 11th being asnowy
morning, a great) deal fell but soon
dissolved. © *Spring~ begat ~ with» ‘this
month, but summer-weather with the
Easter weck, being exceedingly fine and
temperate; the latter part wasowarm
and showery ;: left off fires.- scj-tle
May—Opened wet, cool, andovery
changeable, took to our fires again; it
continued lowery and ungeuial, together
with blighting winds from N. E. to W.: :
fruit much injured;, then succeeded ,
three days of continued heavy rain,
which so penetrated every house, and
inundated various parts in and around
the metropolis, as to leave mapvy hauses
under water, with other, evils attending
such floodings.; ‘a little fair weather was
the conclusion. Hf
June--Began fair, the Whitsun holi-
days beautifully fine, clear and warm,
was then followed by a cool nipping ait,
with frequent rains, wind very often in
E, and N. E., bringing a deal of blight,
in fact, altogether it was a more cold,
wet, and unpleasant June, than for
many years. sti
July ~For about the first threeweeks,
was directly the reverse weather, being
delightfully fine, and became. (except-
ing a day or two) sultry and close,'with
scarcely a motion of air; which ‘there-
fore, produced, on Wednesday the 14th,
as great a storm of thunder, lightning,
and rain, from nine o’clock p.m., till past
one o’clock the next, morning as.1s pets
haps remembered ;, the lightning began
in the S., veered round to, the By.an
so alternately). keeping -up; continued
and \vast sheet-flashes, “blinding: youdor
a mo-

ToiBs ison

Miscellaneous Intelligence:

amonient; at.times ibwas very vivids
It:ceased) for vabout half an hour, only
to begin with) renewed) vigour'; | “the
clouds then openéd over) the metropo-
lisyimands poured! down) their torrents,
and; the othunder rolling awfully accom-
panied by: equally» alarming flashes of
lightning ;\ the injury sustained around
the, suburbs and im. the neighbouring
counties;|' between, the two points of
action, \is:very great; from this the wea-
ther became» temperate and agreeable,
till the s¢eond week in
eAugustWhich was unsettled, be-
tween wet,:cold; and warmth, at last
thei Jong wished for change arrived, it
became»very watin‘and dry, with a clear
sky and delightful serenity, thus con-
tinuing ‘through to the first part of
September —In which were some very
hotdays, the reniainder of the month was
rather changeable and: cool, but rather
finesaltogether ; very heavy dews then
came-on; refreshing and prolonging till
latethe:summer verdure.
‘October—For first fortnight very
déwy;!then some: rain, and: a few days
sharp frost, to the end was mild and
temperate, though changeable; dusk at
half-past five o'clock.
November—For the first week was
figyoed ABit
WF ote
hobsovs0-

nis’

605
very fine’ with a healthy-coolness ; Lord
Mayor’s Day the'same;'but'a wet even~
ing ‘the’ next “fortnight “remarkably
warm, with’ a great: deal of ‘rain,’ and
heavy dews'and fogs, nvorning aid éeven-
ing; a few fine days followed ;> again
wet and very boisterous (taken in all'I
never knew a milder November, the air
being soft). :
December —Was a continuation’ of
the same rough weather at first, exeept-
ing now and then a sharpish frost, ‘and
sometimes a fine day ; but to the end of
the third week, the rain that had fallen
was considerable indeed; stormy ‘and
boisterous winds westerly, &c., great
inundations on the coast of Cornwall,
with ruin to numbers; subscriptions
raised for them; the western coast of
Europe suffered equally. with us, at
last; the year closed with an inclination
to clear up. ft
The principal feature therefore of the
year, has been the quantity of rain,'and
that so alternately, doing great injury,
causing rather a scarcity of fruit, and
that indifferent; the intervention’ of
warm weather for the harvest was for-
tunate. Your’s, &c. N.
Jan. 24, 1825.

aS

, MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

—=z>

She rage. for speculation seems rather to
icine enn to diminish, and will perhaps
go On in an accelerated ratio, until it re-
é¢ive Some severe check by one or two
grand schemes failing. Many of the new
undertakings are decidedly useful and. rea~
sonable:;- none, however, have started up
insuch sudden, abundance) as projects for
making) rail-roads ; their, use, even upon
a,small scale, had till lately been con-
fined to.a few mining and manufacturing
districts ; the discovery, however, of the
moveable steam-engine, having rendered
théir application easy for much more ex-
tensive purposes, their utility began to be
shown by mer of science, and the public
$0) quickly perceived it, that seven or
eight) rail-ways, in different parts of the
island, were immediately planned, and asso-
ciations ,are now, forming to furnish the
funds required... Che facility which this
new, application, of science will give. to
in rnal, commerce is prodigious; not only
will goods be conveyed,’ from one part of
fhe country’ to another, at a rate four’ or

ve’ times! as rapid’ as they could be’ tratis-

ited by vahals, bub the speed of travellers,
rede ds'i0 wow iatinjmail-couches; may be
morecthan: doubleds> Am idea > las; ybeen

wun a

given of a steam-coach to carry passengers
twenty miles an hour on a rail-way. A
gallery seven feet high and eight wide,
formed into ten separate galleries, cf ten
feet long each, connected together by joints,
to allow the train to bend where the road
turns ; for as to the coach, there are’ con-
trivances for a common communication and
for a general sitting place or promenade,
two of the rooms being set apart for cook-
ing, stores, and various accommodations ;
the other eight would lodge 100 passen-
gérs, whose weight, with that. of their
luggage, might be twelve tons, the coach
itself twelve more, and that of the locomo-
tive machine eight, making in the whole
32 tons.

Among all. the new projects and. inven-
tions with which this age teems, there is
not one which seems to present such a
boundless prospect of improvement as the
general introduction of rail-ways for com-
mercial communication. Such a new power
of loco-motion ¢annot be introduced with-
out effecting a vast change in the state’ of
society. | With so great a facility and cele-
vity of communication, the’ provincial towns:
of an vextensive: empire would become! so
many suburbs of the metropolis; or rather

the

606

the effect would be similar to. that, of col-
lecting the whole inhabitants of a country
into. one'-city. ‘+; Commodities, inventions,
discoveries, opinions, feelings) would. cireu-
culate, with a rapidity hitherto unknown ;
and, above all, the, personal, intercourse. of
man with man would be prodigiously in-
creased. 2

Struck with the contrast, which our city
church-yards present, to the burial ground of
Pére la Chaise, near Paris, a scheme has
been projected by some individuals for a
receptacle of the dead, on a large scale in
the. vicinity of London. They propose to
give it the name of the Necropolis, or city
of the dead, and mean that it should: be
laid out in a style, which, for solemnity,
taste and magnificence, may surpass any
thing yet undertaken. It is a mistake to
suppose that church-yards are the only
proper places for Christian burial. On the
contrary, the origin of their use in England
is not-of earlier date than the year 750.

The concentrated rough pyroligneous acid
is recommended as the best mode of giving
the smoky taste to hams, beef, &c- After the
meat has been properly salted it should be
hung up to drain for twenty-four hours, then
with a brush, such as is used for oiling
harness, dipped in, the acid, rub the meat
well all over, and hang it up in an airy dry
place ; one application is sufficient, but a
second or third will produce a more power-
ful Westphalia favour. The flavour thus
obtained is more delicate, the meat less
liable to become rancid; and the sacrifice
of a few minutes produces all the effect of
the common methods of smoking.

New Naval Uniform.— A long order has
lately been issued, for effecting a change in
the uniform of the Navy; a branch of our
service, which, in every point of view, both
within and without, required, we conceive,
as little alteration as any thing in the uni-
verse, Could the spirits of the Rodneys, the
Howes; the Duncans, and the Nelsons re-
visit the gangway of a three-decker, how
little would they applaud this apparent
imovation. ~There has appeared of late
years, in some quarter or other, too great
a disposition to interfere in trifling matters
like this. The dress of the army has un-
dergone alterations innumerable ; some of
them certainly very praiseworthy, but the
greater part of them very much the reverse.
No one but must approve of the abolition
of the enormous cock’d hat and heavy
larded pigtails which used'to disfigure the
household troops; and had the alterations
stopped at similar reforms, no one could
have objected to’ them. But when we look
at the frippery and expense which have
been introduced into some of the cavalry
regiments, a stranger would be ‘half in-
clined to suppose that the worshipful com-
pany) of merchant. tailors had actually ob-
tainedia footing in the Government, and

Miscellaneous Intelligence.

‘

had migrated) from. their) ancient hall in.

Fhreadneedie-street to Downing-street

i (fh .SVerniis
and the Horse Guards<{ \Thisi foolérysiit:
would seem, ‘is not; to stép: here, butithe
rage for costume isstabe extended: tothe,
civil, magistrates of »the:crowms; arid j:thes
whole tribe cf Commissioners, ‘Auditors,
Secretaries, Clerks, Inspectors, &c.j lare to
form a party coloured corpsy:) 000.8 duos
Intended New Civil Uniform.-—An order)
for a New Uniform to be worn by the: Civil)
Establishments is expected from the Trea=
sury. The following has: been determined:
on for one of the departments in ‘Somerset: !
place :—Commissioners.—= Plain Tue coats:
double-breasted, gilt buttons, withthe royal:
arms ; yellow waistcoat, with buttons like:
those on the coat; Oxford mixture Wel-
lington pantaloons. N.B.-The chairman,
to have the skirts of his coat lined ‘with,
yellow serge.— Inspectors: — Plain. blue sins
gle-breasted coat, yellow waistcoat; Oxford,
mixture pantaloons. Buttons the same as
the Commissioners. —Senior Hraminers;.
Isf Class. — Plain blue single-breasted) coat,
yellow waistcoat, Oxford mixture trousers;
gilt buttons, with a crown, encircled bya
garter, bearing the name. of. the establish-
ment. Four broad black silk bars.on the)
cuff of the coat.—Senior HExaminers,) 2d
Class. —The same ; three bars on the euff.
—Junior Examiners.—The same ; two bars
on the cuff.—Assistanis—The same; one
bar on the cuff.—Secretary.—Same as In=
spectors, with the addition of two broad
black silk bars on the cuff, placed K+-
Secrelary’s Department.—Same as the Exa-
miners, with whom they rank, except the
bars on the. cuff, which are to be similar to
the Secretary’s, but rather narrower”
Office-keepers, Messengers, and Porter.—
Scarlet coat, single-breasted ; blue waist-
coat, light mixture trousers, made very
full; gilt buttons, having G.r. and the
office to which they belong, thereon — Any
person appearing at the office out of uni-
form, on and after the 5th of April next,
to forfeit one day’s pay—January 1825." ©
We hear that three life-boats, built for
the use of the Royal National Institution’
for the Preservation of Shipwrecked Ma-
riners, are now lying at. the Tobacco-
grounds, Rotherhithe, for inspection, pre~
paratory to their being removed to Brighton,
Newhaven and Biddeford. We learn also”
that seven more boats are nearly com-
pleted for that institution. ie bhideninx
The old College of Physicians im War
wick-lane is to be pulled down. ‘“Thé new?
college‘at the extremity of Pall Mall Bast;°
begins to assume a handsome appearances 1
The long dead park wall, leading from:
Hyde Park Corner towards Knightsbridge,,.
is about to be removed and xeplaced by iron»
railings, like those separating St. James's.
Park from Piccadilly. Bass ig Nd ct
The State Carriage and Equpage of. ‘The’
King ‘of Portugal. — Messrs." Bushnell

Honywilk and Co. the coach tide
Berners’-street, havé'lateély ‘fished! §

nificent carriage, similar to our King’s State
? Carriage,

Seeley's Voice from India.

Carriage, and which is intended for his Ma-
jesty(the King bf. Portugal. i
o (Previous to 1817; the number of works
_ printed ino Russia did) not exceed 4,000——
about ithe same number as is annually con-
tained !in the-catalogues of the fair at Leip-
si¢.o This number! is now augmented to
about 8,000.. Thereappear, at present, fifteen
periodical “papers in.) the four provinces of
the’ Baltic; only three of these papers are
“inothe latigaage of the primitive inhabitants
ofthese countries; they have principally
) forctheir object’ the advancement of civili-
zation. The editors of two popular Livo-
nian journals ‘are: two. clergyman - of this
_ country of the names of Masing and Watson.

‘A/foyalproclamation has just been issued
im Hanover, distinctly repealing the pro-
vision Of the German confederation of 1815,
in the: following terms: “The several
professors sof the’ Christian faith enjoy a
perfect equality of civil and political rights
inthe :kingdom.”’ . In conformity with the
said article, the motion of a predominant
and) ef a merely tolerated church is en-
tirely abolished.

British Mining Associalion.—A project has
been started inthe city under the abovename
for the purpose of working the mines of
Cornwall. The capital said to be Sra
isonly £400,000. ;

An oak tree, about 300-years old, is now
growing onthe Rey. Thomas Wekl’s:manor
at/Wool. , Its trunk is hollow, about 30
feet in height, and through this cavity a fine
bireh’ tree has sprung up, the branches of
which)appear above the top of the oak.

One of the most remarkable moral phe-
*nemena, in the history of society, is un-

607

doubtedly the rapid extension of education
and knowledge; in this country; among the
people; at the-present days) ‘The vast' in-
crease not ‘merely of publications-of various
kinds sent forth:from the press, and espe-
cially of periodical publications and news
papers~incalculably exceeding the imerease
of population, within a/few years, proves’
that the habit, as well as the faculty: of
reading has gained upon what’ may '-be
called the multitude. A new impulse has
recently been given to the popular intellect,
by the establishment: of schools of Science
and the useful Arts. It is unnecessary to
point out to any person who has at all at-
tended to what is going on in the world,
the rapid progress of these institutions, and
the progress especially of scientific educa-
tion among the working artizansin the
large towns of England and Scotland: But
the working people are not' merely acquir-
ing knowledge— they are communicating it,
and to those in a condition above! them,
The cheap publications, conveying know=
ledge of science and the useful’ arts, pub-
lished in London; not only have’ the merit
of ingenuity, and of useful and ‘curious in-
formation, but are distinguished: by a grace
of style and a-propriety of tone which
shames and rebukes works and authors of
much higher pretension. In’ fact, the
common people are rapidly usurping’ that
knowledge which used to be the preroga-
tive of those of higher station. We find
the working artisans’ appropriating. the
theory and practice of arithmetic, geometry,
mechanics, physics and chemistry—and
what remains after this but poetry, specula-
tion, and the mere luxuries of literature.

REVIEW OF NEW WORKS—Continued.

A Voice from Inpia, §c.
SEELy.
if our Review of the general argu-
ment of this rather important, and
highly interesting little work (Vol. 58,
No, 404, p. 535-6), we intimated, that,
independently of the political object of
the author, some information of more
general interest, might be gleaned from
S pages. Of this description, we con-
sider every thing that is connected with
the population of British India, the
classes;;or castes into which that
population is divided, the comparative
numbers of European residents and
native inhabitants, and the description
of moral and. political character, likely
té'be formed and nurtured by tempo-
rary residence there. We extract, there-
fore, whatever appears most calculated
ue light upon this range of in-
And, first of the composite po-
ea ah. Arata India,

232

By Capt.

\
VOL ITT

—<

“The Indian community may be divided
into three classes ; the first, and of course
the largest part, is the natives, Hindoos and
Mussulmans—the former being about fif-
teen to one of the latter. Among the
native population is a sprinkling of
Jews, Arabs, Armenians, and Parsees,
with afew Chinese. The second class is
composed of the officers, civil and military,
of his Majesty and the East India Com-
pany’s service, and gentlemen of the legal
profession. The third class consists of the
European community, all of whom are, or
ought to be, licensed according to Act of
Parliament. |. These. consist of free mer-
chants and free mariners, and persons who
are smuggled. out. by being borne on the
ship’s books as seamen, &c., and allowed
to depart on the ship’s arrival. Probably
the most numerous: paxt of the, third class
are the last-mentioned persons, who have
deserted from the East India shipping.\. »

* They go out to India under certain re-
strictions, and, while there, must conform
tothe orders and regulations of the dsr

R ment,

608

ment, ‘as'established “by the British Tieeis:
lature in Englands they-are consequently
ever’ dissatisfied, and anxious to throw off
the ‘nécessary restraint’ and surveillance in
whick theyare placed ;*but that which most
excites their” displeasure, and offen gives
rise’ to misbehaviour and reproach, on the
part of the licensed settler ‘or deserter, ‘is,
that they are not permitted to go’ up the
country to colonize,‘ or form locations in
the interior; neither can they enter into the
service of a native prince, buy land, or lend
money at ‘usury ‘to the ative princes ; all
these just restrictions they fancy are grievan-
tes, and’ although they ~went to India with
the® certainty ‘of experiencing them, still
they tmagine they are free men, and ought
to do-as’ they please.** “Possessing the na-
tural energies of the English character,
improved ‘by education,*and stimulated by
ambition andpoverty, nothing would be
easier ‘for the adventurer than to embroil
the native-princes in war, and at a fitting
season’ bring them into our territories, or
aida hostile power. Those who know
the ‘dissipated “habits of ‘the Mussulman
princes’ areaware, ‘that..to chtain money
they would not-hesitate to pay one hundred
per cent: for if; and to defray the interest,
would, in'the most unmercifnl manner, rack-
rent their territories to the last rupee, all of
which ‘evil ‘must ‘fall upon the lower
orders: oki ;

India, says our author, is a conquered
country, where our niviieri¢al strength
is nothing :—a position thus si istained
in the Appendix, No IV.:

It will be seen by the following Statistical Table
from a French paper, on the Geography of Hindoo-
stan, what was the probable amount of 1 Semaine in
1820. I think our native subjects, with the subjects
of our allies, may be fairly estimated oe the round
sum of 100,000,000. The British j in India of every

denomination (including the King’s regiments,) may

be calculated at nearly 45,000.

“ British Possessions: Inhabitants. aaare

~ Bengal, Bahar, and Benares: -39,000,000 — 162,000
Augmentation since 1795>- -18,000,000 148,00)

Gurwhal, .Kumaon, and the
country between the Sut-
ledge and the Jumna ip.

500,000 18,000

Under the Presidency of Ben-

51 alec SS FESS 57;500,000 328,000
Under Madras - 15,000,000 154,000
Under Bombay 2,500,000 11,000
Territories of the Deccan, &c.

acquired since 1815, and not ¥

united to any Presidency -- 8,000,000 60,000

83,000,000 553,000

* This is a tolerably direct confession, by the way,
that in the-very act of going to India an Englishman
engages to bot the principles and feelings of a free-
man behind him. When such princi ip es and feel-
ings haye once been yoluntarily resigned and habitu-
=; disusedy'can they be taken up again at pleasure ?

if not, ought any person who has served an ap-
prenticeship of voluntary slav
se Feo al to hold’any-
ate pew ‘in this free country ?—Edit.

+. The British Papulagon are subdivided by the

author into four ¢ ses, viz. the Civil Functionaries ;
*2d, Military Officers; 3d,’ Gentlemen of the legal
profession, and .substantial. Merchants; and 4th,
peer oires in any ine of life by whith they can
in the means of subsistence. —

¥

in India, to be ever
ce of political trust

» Séeley’s\ Voice: from Indias...

as and TNR AEM ‘ fe19109", 5
The Rajah of Nai gpore | sha
oThe King of Oude = <4. ur “unm 90,0000!)
» The Guicowar - sitters + ore ByO005 ne
The Rajah of Mysore-- 3,000, ri
The Rayah ofSattarah «166150 ere
oe ees vin gd Ra)

ahs of Jeypore, ickaneer. Se TR
Re. Holkar, the Seiks, the the ~ 5 eR ear es
Row of Cutch, andia mule 9 Shy oyoes
tiplicity of other native) tng ojeno yd

chiefs, Une. English pro-_ A iat
tection: «:+- ++ pore 15;000;000 “283, ann

o® 5005 $5,500000 "535.000 000,

«« Independent States =

The Rajah of Nepaut-+ =, ood ee
Po Rajah of Lahore - rrBy cH

ANG = «= cnn e marca d ns si eee
The Dominions of Scindiah a sim.

eS
oe Bo 4

T - eT mass of this i
pulation, the author asserts *
fear of contradiction, are
pleased with our rules but eo rN iepcal

“ Tam far from admitting thatithere re
not thousands of able, aspiring, andediscon-
tented natives, of edneation enditank,..;ho
would gladly join in any n measure aa pro>
mised to displace British power,”
informed of the opimions of each other, seis
time of going to work, how to set” about
it, their own physical strength, and "the
great resources of the country, our diséom-
fiture and final annihilation would be ‘far
more speedily accomplished ‘than/ our rise
to prosperity and be er has been.” In
the revolutions which haye taken place in
India, and in the establishment. of :our
extensive power, it will be evident to, very
thinking mind that thousands of intelligent
and respectable men haye necessarily, tes
in their fortunes: can it be doubted for.a
moment that they would not, readily seize
the opportunity of rising and_aggran
themselves; or, In other words, that ,
change to the old natiye tule, | bse
being assistants in the publie- service,-
would become deputies, imstead of, depu-
ties becoming principals? In: subordinate
cases they would exchange from the ssér-
vant to the master; and’ that: man) who
now, in consideration. of: his decayed: re-
spectability or the’ former: services..of; his
family, receives a pension, would, in) the
course of political events, expeet/ito «be
enabled, by the “happy change,’>)toypay
pensions himself. All thosenobles, minis;
ters, and others, who held to the old court
at. Delhi, the countless scions .of royalty,
and thousands of other dependents, weuld
look with delight and enthusiasm) tothe re- ~
establishment of themselves and followers: ?

“ There is a numerous and important
class of persons among the native commu-
nity to whom we must now allude, viz« the
native officers employed by the, oe.
in ciyil capacities, These,.peaple,
education and, employment, are for,
most part a superior body of meny n-
trusted with responsive duties, They

; if it KU Vi

Captain Seely's Voice from India.

generally possess great influence in their
distticts, and their public situations give
them a command and weight that we in
this” country, where nothing of caste, and
still less of the usages of India, are known,
can have no just conception of.” —‘ There
is also a respectable but inferior class of
natiye public officers. They are intimately,
by caste and religious feeling, identified
with the body of people mentioned in the
last chapter ; and without their assistance,
I do not hesitate to say, that the gov emn-
ment could not conduct its operations.”

“Another portion of our Indian sub-
jects, is the fine and well disciplined native
army of nearly 200,000 men, all bound
together uy ties of caste. These men have
always looked upon us with notions almost
bordering on veneration; they are high-
minded but obedient, strongly attached,
because they are well treated and their
religious prejudices respected; loyal, be-
cause they believe us to be humane, just,
and powerful ; and they have not been told
otherwise.”’

‘Capt. Seely seems to make but a
very low estimate of the Christian civili-
zation, which colonization and free
intercourse between Europeans and the
native Indians would produce; and it
is evident that, by a side wind, through-
out, he alludes, also, to the enlighten-
ing influence of Christian missionary-
ship.*

“What an addition it. will be to the
rural economy of the now happy Hindoo

age, where a crime or riot does not
happen once in half a century, to see a
tread-mill with half a dozen enlightened
and reformed Hindoo females, performing
their lazy evolutions! Happy, thrice
happy. change .”—“ The plenteousness and
cheapness of the ardent spirits made in
India, and those of an inferior kind being

»*® In page 156, indeed, the author speaks |

outplainly upon this subject. “ Make the
Hindoos as enlightened as ourselves, and
make them half or imperfect converts to
Christianity, our expulsion must follow.”
And again, in page 161: “ It is a melan-
choly and undeniable fact, that, although
the Hindoos are heathens, and are daily
bespattered. by hyper-cant with false
charges and foul appellations, they are more
sober, chaste, and kind-hearted than the
like orders of people in England. There is
less crime and vice in Calcutta, containing
350,000 inhabitants, than will be found to
exist among 350,000 people in this coun-
‘try ; a people, too, who are educated, and
boast of their morality. 1 will take upon
myself to say, that upon a reference to tlie
calendar and police, there shall be found
‘more. atrocious actions and conyictions
recorded in London, than in the whole
kingdom of Bengal, including the city of
"Caleuttas”

Monrury Maa. No, 405.

609
procurable in abundance by merely tapping
the date, the cocoa nut, and other trees,
would furnish the dissclute European with
the greatest seduction to vice and, erime
ready at his hands; and the attractive qua-
lities of the pretty Hindoo female (a far
different creature in manners, morals, and
temper to the heavy, uncouth, and mascu-
line female peasant of Europe) would cause

unspeakable horrors; for rather than they’

would submit to pollution, they would
destroy themselves by hundreds, and their
daughters would cheerfully follow their ex-
ample.” —‘‘ What are the natives to gain
by being newly fashioned? — Are they
only to receive our very few virtues, and
reject our numerous vices? At present
they have few, very | few evil propensities,
and still fewer vices.’

“* There is a class of society in India to

whom I haye not at all alluded, because, .

during the present century, neither their
numerical strength nor importance gives
them a preponderating weight in the com-
munity. I need hardly say I alludeto Indo-
Britons, or half-castes, the offspring . of
European fathers, and native mothers,”’—

“* Some attention has of late been bestowed
upon them, and no one more than myself
applauds the wisdom and liberality of a late
act of government, by which they may pos-
sess land in any part of our territories,
Most of these persons receive a good, edu-
cation, are intelligent, and inherit from
their fathers some portion of the energy
and enterprise of the English character. I
am by no means unwilling to admit but
that there are many who have a keen sense
of the disregard with which they are
treated, and are impatient and dissatisfied
with their station ir society.” —“ They are
high-minded from their accomplishments ;
proud, because their progenitors, probably,
have filled high situations; confident of
their powers, from the English blood that
flows in their veins. With these qualities

‘tltey possess in the admixture of blood the

address, industry, and acuteness of the
native ; the latter qualities are sharpened
and improved by their English education
and habits ; altogether it may be supposed
that they are vastly superior to the natives,
and many of them but little inferior to their
European ancestors; in short, there is
much to admire in their character, and
much to be lamented in their political
situation,” —-“* They are rapidly increas-
ing.”

The following are subjects fit for the
satyric, and the tragic drama.

“ There are monsters that I have known,
who, after begetting native children, and
accumulating large fortunes, haye qunitted
India for ever, leaving their offspring tatally
unprovided for; have arrived in England,
have married an Englishwoman, bought a
large estate, and dashed away’ splendidly,
quite forgetting that their children in Tadia,

4]

to

‘

610

to whom they had given) a) wretched ,exis-
tence, were in want.of bread, or paupers.on
society, ~ whilst, the, parent, teyelled in
luxury and.dissipation—, ,
«« Would look gay, and smile against his conscience,”
When.a youth, and returning from my
first voyage to India, I was earnestly im-
plored by a young gentleman of irreproach-
able charatter to wait on his father, an old
Indian of lar¢e fortune, at + Park; in
the county of B ———, and represent: his
distressed situation, with three legitimate
children, and @ salary, as a cranny (clerk),
of only sixty rupees a month. “He had
attained, by his own industry, a good edu-
cation; this, probably, in his distressed
situation, increased, rather than assuaged,
the anguish of his mind. On my arrival
in England, I went down to the Park; it
was not half a day’s journey,—but the
affectionate father, the tender parent, was
not to be seen. That rebuff would not
suit the ardour of my temperament, and I
insisted ‘upon seeing him, and at last suc-
ceeded. | After # short) private conversa-
tion (for he did not wish his dear wife and
dear: children ‘to know of his. misdeeds. in
India), ‘he, made an engagement to meet
me. in Baker-street; to this he honourably
pledged himself, and as honourably broke
his engagement. I did not fail, young as
I ‘then’ was, 'to favour him with my senti-
ments, On my return to India, finding the
ill suecess of my mission with the other,
his son retired from the room where we
had been sitting, and blew his brains out
with a pistol.—I will give another instance
of baseness and cruelty; and I am not
without hopes that these facts may lead to
a beneficial and practicable result. A per-
son of large fortune (it would be an insult
to humanity to say a gentleman) was retir-
ing from India; and his son and daughter,
having received their education in England,
had imbibed with their knowledge some
portion of our spirit, and they insisted that
their fond and doating parent’ (in) which
character ‘he chose to: appear while in
India), shouid leave 40,000 rupees; for
their joint lives, in ‘his agent’s hands, the
interest of which they were! to draw for
their mutual benefit monthly. This was
regularly done for a year and upwards ; but
the young man having obtained a trifling
situation, and the father in England finding
that his dear English wife spent his dear
sicca rupees rather fast, he drew out of the
agent’s hands the 40,000 rupees, and wrote
to his dear'son, ‘ that now he had got em-
ployment he could maintain himself and
sister genteely.’’ Great God ! will mons-
ters like these have the impudence to eall
themselves Christians and gentlemen /”

The proposal. of Capt. S. with
reference, to, this subject does him
honour... Those, who have the, power,
are dishonoured if they, do not adopt
atites i 32 f

_ A Short Extract from, the, Life of General. Mina.

or.judge; or a.general, a licens

any other, person,) shall be. allowed to’ take
his final leave of India until he, has, to’
satisfaction, of the gayernment, mailé at
provision, according to, his means, for his

offspring by native. women.

We will close our quotations syith a.
paragraph or two upon the, subject, of
the native troops. naa

“ Tell them ‘that: it was the decided
intention of their rulers: tocconvert/them,to
Christianity, and. they would,instantly cut
the throats of the yery officers whom, they
now love and respect ;”?. if.this was not.the
case, I would forfeit every.thing I possess
on the issue.”’—** The Siphauees love their
officers ; they are regularly paid, humanely
treated, and their religious customs respected ;
no jnsult is ever offered to their’ women,
and in their old age they have a ertain ‘pro-
yision. But that which most excites their
admiration, is that they know) :even)-their
European ofiicers are liable to be tried and
punished for any |. axbitrary,, act towards
them, or misconduct in, the discharge, of
their duties. With the natiye princes they
knew they were certain, of nothing but
oppression, and being robbed of. their
miserable pay by some knaye or other’ in
office. Of their courage and faithfulness
we have bad repeated proofs, as far back’ as
Lord Clive’s time : when his’ Europeans
deserted him, the native soldiery remaimed
faithful. At the late battles at, Poonaand
Nagpore, both of which were sanguinary,
and their result doubtfulfor two days,,.our
Siphauees remained firm ; and it cannot be
too often repeated,, that at neither of these
places was there a single soldier of his
Majesty’s army; all were our own native
soldiers, and the odds were 100 to 1 against
us. With the Peishwa the battle was, if
possible, more admirable ‘for the honour
and character of the Bombay-army; the
majority of the troops were his: own subjects,
recruited in his own: districts ; to these. he
offered rewards and inducements) to, quit
their colours, nay, he went so faras)to, vow
vengeance against their wives and. families
resident in his own villages ; but. it, was all
unavailing,” in .yttitel

io That no, European, (be he. a gpverno

IIDOTISG

The most interesting parts of this
book, in our estimation at least, are the
slight incidental glimpses we catch in it
of native Indian character... .:.).4

véoke reiaibinaal
A short Exrract from the Lire. of

Generar Mina... Published, by, Him-

self. uit djiw
ft bed this little volume>ofi-only:one

hundred and ‘seven pages (ineluding

the Spanish and English ‘versions is
prefixed the following advertisement?

<The sacred-objects to-which; I, destine

the

A Short Extract Srom the Life of General Mina. ,

the produce Of this book oblige me to de-
clate, that. T will not permit its being re-
printed without my sanction, by any person,
I likewise hope, that the delicacy of the
Seapine. toe of the Public Papers
will take this notice into consideration.
: “ ‘Eespoz y Mina.”
© ‘Understanding, of course, the spirit
of this admonition as equally addressed
to the periodical and to the diurnal
press;) and*fully,coufident, that the ob-
jécts’alluded too can» be no: other than
such '@8'°are’ truly honourable to an
heroié and éxalted mind, we neverthe-
less ‘Conceive that we should be acting
rather in hostility than in unison with
the furtherance of those motives, should
we. give so unqualified an interpretation
to, the, injunction, as to preclude such
notices-and extracts as may be calcu-
lated»to.xexcite attention to a work,
which; they more it is known, will be
likely to be the more widely circulated.
Prom it’ we learn that General Mina
was born of honest but humble parents
at Idozin, a village of Navarre, in 1781 ;
that he devoted himself to the care of
the little farm, which constituted the
patrimony of his family, till he was 26;
that excited bythe treacherous inva-
sionof Napoleon, he enlisted, as a com-
mon soldier, in Doyle’s battalion ; be-
came shortly the elected chief of seven
Guerrillas; was immediately after named
‘Commander-in-Chief of the Guerrillas of
Navarre, by the Junta of Aragon; and
became, by successive promotions un-
der the Regency, independent Com-
mandant General of High Aragon to
the left of the Ebro,in 1812. Relative
to the use, he made of this authority
he speaks as follows:

* Immediately after I was named Com-
mander-in-Chief of the Guerrillas of Na-
‘vatre, I disarmed all those who were at the
ead of them, and particularly one named
Echeverria. This man, under the mask
‘of “Guerrillero, with from 600 to 700 in-
fantry, and about 200 cavalry, was the
terror of the villages, which he plundered
and oppressed in a. thousand ways; which
obliged them to complain to me concern-
ing him. In consequence, I proceeded
to Estella on the 13th of July 1810, and
having myself arrested him, in a house
where hie was at the time, though my force
‘was considerably inferior to his, I caused
Hint on the same day to be shot, together
with three of his principal accomplices ; and
)Tcinebrporated: his soldiers with those» I
seOmmanded, who. did not execed at that
time, 400 men of, all arms. — During. this
caippaign, I gave battle, or. sustained the
attack (without reckoning small encoun-
tess) it 143 regular or occasional ‘actions ;”

611

of the most distinguished yof which he
gives a list in alphabeticalorder/So. again
we find himin p.43, with the same prompt
and vigorous. policy ‘augmenting “his
forces that should protect, by ‘suppréss-
ing the disorders’ that ‘distracted the
country’ :

‘© When I was named, Commandant-Ge-
neral of High Aragon, my first.care was, to
clear that country of the bands, of armed
men who harassed it in various. ways under
pretence of carrying on the war there; and
after having established a system. like that
in Navarre, I formed three, battalions, of
infantry, and two squadrons of cayalry,
which served to augment my, forces.’’,

For the essential services which, with
such, apparently inadequate means, he
rendered, during that. war of indepen-
dence which placed the. ungrateful
Ferdinand on the throne, we must. refer
the reader to the brief and simple state-
ments in the work itselfs;but one.or
two passages, as particularly character-
istic, we cannot resist the temptation
of extracting. [His own force; it should ©
be noted, was, at the time he’ is speak-
ing of, only about 3,000 men.)

“ T kept in check in Navarre 26,000 men
for the space of 53 days, who otherwise
would have assisted at the battle of Sala-
manea, as they were on their march to
join Marmont’s Army; and by. cutting

‘down the bridges, and breaking. up. the

roads, I prevented the advance of 80 pie ces
of artillery, which would otherwise haye
been employed in that battle.”

After enumerating a series of facts
of a similar description, he thus pro-
ceeds:

“ The French, rendered furious by the
disasters they experienced in Navarre, and
by their fruitless attempts to exterminate
my troops, haying begun a horrible mode
of warfare upon-me in 1811, hanging and
shooting every soldier and officer of mine
who fell into their hands, as also the
friends of the volunteers who served with
me, and carrying off to France a great
number of families; I published on_ the
14th of December. the same year, a solemn
Declaration, composed of 23 Articles, the
first of which ran thus: Jn Navarre, a war
of extermination, without quarter, is declared
against the I'rench Army, without distinction
of soldiers or chiefs, not, excepting the Em-
peror of the French... And this sort of war-
fare Icarried. on for some time, keeping al-
ways in the valley of Koncal a.great depot -
of prisoners, so that if the enemy hung or
shot one of my officers, I did the ‘same
with four of his; if one of my ‘soldiers,’ I
did the same with twenty of his.'. In this
iianner I succeeded in terrifying him, and
obliged him to propose to me the cessation

12

62
of sa,atzocious a system,,.whichavasiiae-
cordingly agreed to.?hs igs roi

Again ;
voffel neven suffered @ surprise, < Once,:on
the 284 Aprils 1812, at break of day, having
been sold bythe: Partizan: Malcarado,swho
had:previcusly made his arrangements! with
General -Panetier; and had avithdrawn, the
advanced gnard from before Robres, I saw
myself surrounded in the’ town by 1,000
infantry and 200-cavalry,.and was attacked
by; five hussars at the very door of the
house where I lodged; I defended myself
from these latter with the bar of the door,
the only weapon I had at hand, while my
attendant, Louis*Gaston, was saddling my
horse: and mounting immediately, with
his assistance, I. sallied forth, charged
them, followed them up! the street, cut off
an arm of one of them at. one blow, imme-
diately collected some, of my men, charged
the enemy, several times, rescued many of
my soldiers and officers who had been made
prisoners, and continued the contes for
more than three-quarters of an hour, in
order ‘that the ‘remainder might escape.
This Louis Gaston I always retain about
my person: asa friends The next day I
caused Malearado and. his attendant to be
shot; while, three Alcaldes and a parish
priest, likewise concerned in the plot, were
hanging.

«A price was set upon my head by the
enemy from the, end of 1811 till the con-
clusion of the war.”

At the beginning of 1813, the govern-
ment added to his military command
the office of Political Chief; and for the
services performed in his respective
civil and military capacities, peace being
concluded, King Ferdinand, who had
entered Madrid, invited him to court
in July 1814—where, however, his pa-
triotic sentiments and advice appear to
have rendered him an object of jealousy
and intrigue; one of the machinations,
connected with which, occasioned the
desertion of 2,500 men from the regi-
ments of the division of Navarre; and
furnished the pretence for a RoyalOrder,
commanding his immediate presence
there to bring the deserters to trial. A
simple proclamation, however, as soon
as he reached Navarre, brought them
back to their colours. The General thus

oceeds :

**T still continued to command the divi-
sion, until my attempt upon Pampeluna on
the night of the 25th of September—with
the object, whieh Iwill now disclose for
the :first ‘time, ‘of proclaiming the Consti-
tution and the Cortes. (as. the Government
confessed, in its, statement; of, my, seryices)
—rendering it impossible for me,to remain
any, longer in. Spain, I crossed. oyer,into
France on the 4th .of October, of. the said
year, 1814. . Unhappy moment which. se-

A, Short) Extract foram the Life 6f General Minas \\

pavated me from my nativeblandp muh from
my, braye;, companions, in armsy:;Wwheohad
enabled, .me,-to | give, it so{ marydays, of
glory... Eternal praise be to, their mames,}!”
Towhich:wesay, Amemdihd ort diiv °

From October, 4502844,> tb ebruary
22,1820, her temainéed «any exiléiiin
France’ and: otherccountriesijo! oly bar”

In March 1815; Napoleon, leaving the
Island of Elba; entered Franeé; I imme-
diately demanded my passport: foroSwitzer-
land, which. was, denied ;me, three, several
times. Napoleon. wished,,,to.. draw ;,me
oyer to his service ;. his agents, made, me
proposals sufficiently, enticing —— so . en-
ticing that they might have induced a man
to waver. But Napoleon had beén. an
enemy to my country: I could not’ come
to terms with him: I Jefé! Bar-sur. Aube,
without a passport, at break of day on'the
29th of May, and the same night an .ofticer
sent by him, arrived there to:conduct!me
to his presence. My escape; wasiso pre-
cipitate, that I lost even my baggage, and
set foot on the Swiss territory just asthe
Gendarmes, who were in. pursuit,of, me,
had come within pxstol-shot.”’

The exploits of this’ venerated icham-~
pion of a holy cause, during the war of
liberty, are more fresh ‘in’ general “re-
membrance. Relative to these, how-
ever, we will extract the brief particu-
lars he has supplied us with relative to
the siege of Seo de Urgel: ., j... - suv

‘* In this blockade, whieh lasted '74-days,
against a numerous, fanatical,: and resolute
garrison, whose proyisions/and, ammunition
were immense ; Wwithout.one single cannon
to oppose to 46, mounted pieces.ofartillery.s
in a miserable and barren countzy.;,ini the
sharpest and. most, rigorous »season ;.-.my
men. almost, naked, and. sometimes evem
without a due supply of, food, caused. by.
the difficulty of . communication 5), having
to cover an extremely. rugged, and,Jong -
line, for doing which six times the number
of men would searcely.,be, sufficient; and,
lastly, presenting to. the world the, extra
ordinary example of, the -besiegers being)
of the same number as the -besieged, ; still
in the end constancy and heroism were: \vie-
torious, and 600, profligates | andi,robbers ~
taken out of the prisons,..;who;foxmed: the)
greater part of the faction of. the ringleader,
Romagosa, the defender ofthe fortresses:
of Urgel, expiated, their. crimes;,on./the,
morning of the evacuation,’ by their, death)
upon the field.” m1. doidw uwebsbd

Briefly and simply'as the facts of’his'
situation at Barcelona, the final'séene"
of his patriotic:exertions, are described
in) ps 93, theyoare such asocannot> fail)
deeply itovaffect thezegenerous heart.
Deprived) of -manyo.of shis\sbrave .comx) -
panions in arms,: who were either killed:
or. made prisoners; stretched,on theibed

of

Hatkett’s Historical, Notes\on the Indians of North America.

sof: decrepitedey iand«disease;'o brought
tupon himby the fatieues” and" incle-
‘mn eviélesito' Which he had beet exposed ;
he HAW to Conténd; ‘at the’ same time,
“ with the strength ’of the enemy with-
ont,and dvs imancenvres cand intrigues
owithin;: with ‘thei.enthusiasm) of! some
~and the dejection of others ; and, lastly,
awith, the _most,.urgent and absolute
want:”| -Almost destitute, of all pecu-
niary Tesources ‘cut off from all com-
munication with the Government, even
while *that’ government could yet be
‘said’ to" exist, the army remaining with
hii reduced’ to about 6,000 men, his
constancy and firmness enabled him
not, only to inflict. frequent retribution
on, | the. -besiegers,, by repeated. sallies,
but,.to, preserve, public. tranquillity, li-
berty, and/national independence, with-
gn the: sphere’ of his» command, ‘to the
last extremity:
©" “At Tast; when the Constitutional Go-
Yernment was dissolved, with the Cortes ;
the King restored to absolute power ; and
when the enemy’s army, reinforced by the
5th: corps;| under the command of Marshal
Lauriston, was. threatening a formidable
arte the only places. in Cataluna which
ontinued to deferd themselves, Barcelona,
varragona, and Hostalrich ; what was to
be done? ‘To prolong the defence of them
Was next’ to impossible ; hope there was
none ; and to bury ourselves in their ruins
was absolutely useless. These strong and
afflicting ‘motives obliged me to conclude
with Marshal Moncey, for the occupation
of those ‘three places, the treaty of the Ist
of (November; 1823; a treaty worthy of
the brave'men of the First Army of Opera-
tions, ‘worthy of the inhabitants of those
cities, and which may be ranked among the
most honourable on record. According to
its stipulations, the French brig of war Le
Cuirassier, was placed at my disposal, to
convey ‘me, together with the officers and
individuals that were able to follow me, to
whatever port of England I should fix
upon: and having embarked with them on
the night of the 7th of November, and re-
ceiving every attention during the voyage,
Poarrived at’ Plymouth, where I Janded on
the! 30th’of that month, amidst expressions
of publi¢ feeling ‘as flattering as they were
a ising to me. ‘The same were after-
s'lavished‘on'me ‘at every place where
Pitegipaned to be known till my arrival in
London, which I entered, and inhabited
forjthe first) four days without any one
Knowing, its?”

b We» shall: vequniiite our extracts, as
the! exiled:hero and patriot himself con-
cludes, witha passage that must give a
proud, though: mélancholy, sporgssce acm
tovevery truly British heart.

bd Rebovered) now! from an my! physieait

10

613

sufferings, I bear ‘up’ with my second emi-
gration in this capitals)’ whére, “notwith-
standing the desire I feel, and ‘have re-
peatedly expressed,’ of living invan!obscure
and »retired manner, ‘I still continue: to “re-
ceive increasing marks of attention, honour,
and regard, and ‘to experience uninterrupt-
edly those traits of nobleness, of generosity
and yirtue, which are peculiar 'to a free: and
a great/people.”’
—=——

Hisrorrcat Nores respecting the Ex-
pians of NorrH America. By T.
Harxerr, Esq. _ In] yol. large 8vo.
T is not to be, understood that this

work is a compilation of notes,

made from a journal, during a residence
or travels of Mr. Halkett among’ the
Indians, but’ extracts‘ madé° from’ the
works of the various missionaries (with
one or two exceptions) that have taken
up their abode among them; and three-
fourths of these are > from the earliest
visitors. , So, that, as. far,as they tend
to shew. the mistaken,;means,.at first
adopted. by: governments, andindivi-
duals, to civilize and instruct! /our-un-
fortunate brethren, they have a certain
degree of interest.’ But it is to be la-
mented, that Mr. H. had not confined
himself more to the present methods
resorted to for the furtherance of this
great end. It is true that he clearly
evinces to us, that the means, hereto-
fore tried have failed, and that after a
lapse of 300 years, a most numerous,
happy, and, in their wild-wood sove-
reignty, powerful people, are reduced
to about 50,000 souls—a fifth part of
which, notwithstanding all the Paaeiee
of the French and English Govern-
ments, colonists and missionaries, have
received no more civilization than the
doubtful name of Christian has be-
stowed upon them: we say doubtful
—because the docile, tractable, and
yielding habits of these people (partly
natural, and partly owing to their cer-
tain knowledge, from experience, of the
exterminating power which our cwwili-
zation has given us over them) lead
them often to make professions, and
listen to and acknowledge doctrines
which, among themselves, they laugh
at, and deny. To shew how. far. their
condescension, their politeness, or their
policy will lead them, we; may,, quote
the following passage from the work:

* Tt has’ been already noticed, that the
first mission of the Jesuits into the interior
country was! in’ the year 1634; and, with
regard to the result of their early exertions,
we carinot refer to’a better authority than
Charlevoix. |The Indians have been seen

to

614

together; with) an: assidtity and” solemnity
which) made it be supposed they entertained
a‘sincere desire to learn ‘and’ emibrace' the
truths of:Christianity’ but'they would sud-
denlyrefram from ‘coming to church, 'say-

ing coolly to the missionary, ’* You had no’

one’ to pray with you ; I took compassion
upon’ you in’ your ‘solitude, ‘and kept you
company.’ Others ‘at’ present are willing
to render “you the same’ service, I there-
fore’ take my leave.” ‘This fact, Charlevoix
says,’ he learned’ from a missionary, to
whom the circumstance happened at Mi-
chillimakinaec’; and. that he also had read,
in some of their accounts, that several of
the Indians had even carried their com-
plaisance so far as to request and receive
the rites of baptism, performing for some
time the Christian duties; after which
they declared they had done all this only
to please the priest, who was pressing them
to ‘change.-their religion.”—Hist. de la
Nouvelle France, liviv.

The commencement of this volume
tends to place the Indian character in
a far more humane and superior light
than our philanthropic civilizers of ig-
norant savages would give them credit
for. It represents them as being a
brave, candid, generous, hospitable, and
peaceful people, highly intellectual, pa-
tiently enduring the worst of privations,
affectionate husbands and fathers, and
extremely ingenious; these qualities, it
must be recollected, are allowed them
by those who have lived among them
for years. And why not then have left
them so? they were then most happy.
—But no—our zeal for the salvation of
their souls, or the possession of their
soil, made us ardent to undertake their
civilization and conversion, and mark
the means we took:

“* In the year 1789, the American. Gene-
ral Knox gave an. entertainment at New
York, to a number of Indian chiefs, sa-
chems, and warriors. Before dinner, se-
veral of these walked from the apartment,
where they were assembled, to the baleony
in front of the house, from which there was
a commanding view of the city and its har-
bour, of the East and North Rivers, and
of the island upon which New York now
stands, and which, at the first settlement of
the Dutch, got the name of Manhattan.
On returning into the room, the Indians
seemed dejected, and their principal chief
more so than the rest. _ This was observed
by Géneral Knox, who kindly asked if any
thing had happened to distress him. ‘ Bro-
ther,” replied the chief, ‘I will tell you. I
have been looking at your beautiful city,
the great water, your fine country, and I
see how happy you all are. But then, I
could not help thinking that’ this fine cous-

Halkett’s Historical’ Notes 6n the Indians of North America.
to attend our churches,” says he, ‘for years”

try) afd this*#reat watery were rie Gtits*’
Oui¥ ancestors lived héte 3 ‘they enjoyed i"
as their own’ in ‘peace? Ht Was’ 'the Pitt VF
the Great Spirit to them Gind°¢hen® chile |
dren: At length ‘the White ijieople' éame®
in’a great canoe! ‘They askéd'6nly to ‘Tet °
them tie if to'a treé, that the waters might”
not carry it away. ” They then "sdid-that'
some of their people were “sick; and they
asked permission to land them and -put’
them under the shade of thé trees!!! The
ice afterwards came, and'they ould ‘not go
away. They then begged apiece ef ground”
to build Wigwams: for the winter ‘this ‘we -
granted. -They then asked for “some” corn:
to keep them from starving: we furnished
it to them, and they ‘promised to depart!
when the i¢e was gone. ‘When the ice’
was gone, we fold’ them they must? now!
depart; but they pointed to their big ‘guns:
round their wigwams, and said’ they would:
stay; and we could) not!’ make “them go!
away. ‘Afterwards more ®¢arne.’* “They
brought with them ‘intoxicating /and* de-~
structive liquors, of which the! Indians be+
came very fond. They’ persuaded usi to
sell them ‘some land and) finally; they
drove us back, from time ‘to time, into’'the
wilderness. They lave destroyed’ the
game ; our people have wasted away’; ‘and
pow we live miserable and wretched}! while
the White people are enjoying’ ourfine and
beautiful country. It is this, Brother} that
makes me sorry.’”’ 2 OWS PRRIDIML

But mark the. moral consequences, of
our civilized intercourse:

“« Of the numerous vices imported from
the Old World into the ‘New, there’ is
none which has proved so great a scourge
to the Indians as the intemperate’ use’ of
spirituous liquors. To the’ Freneh,’ the
Dutch, the Swedes, the British, and, in
later times, to the Americans of the United
States, have the North Américan Indians
been indebted for the pernicious ‘effects
which intoxicating liquors’ have produced
among them. IOMTSVOR 10

“ That the baneful and destructive’ Sys-
tem of disposing of spirits to the’ Indians
had always prevailed in full force, is not’ to
be controverted ; and the’ practice not only
tended to increase their natural ferocity ‘in
time of war, but to prevent their improve-
mént in time of peace. Those who have
witnessed the effects of intoxication” only
upon Europeans, can scarcely form anade-
quate notion of the frenzy with which'a
North American Indian is infuriated when
under the influence ‘of liquor: ‘In’ that
state, every savage passion, which’ nature
or habit has implanted in him, is let'loose.
He will then, with equal indifference; Shed
the blood of friend or foe; will ''sacrifice
his nearest and dearest conhexio me
dering without compunction, or the slightest
cause of offence, his parents, his ‘bretlirén,
his wife, or his offspring. Whet'tle fitof
insanity has passed, and the’ unforttitiate

wretch

Halkett's, Historical Notes.on.the Indians of North America.
wretch -has, recovered, his, reason, he, la-,

ments, in, yajn the misery, which; his, own
funy has entailed upon. him ;, but while; he
justly aseribes,to the; European. the. blame
of, haying, supplied him, with, what, caused
such odesolation,he, will not, scruple to
seize the. first,opportunity.of again obtain-
ing,jit,), and ,plunging, with. headlong. infa-
tuation, into.new-scenes, of riot and blood.
shed. bis cuosl
o;The.French missionary, Le Jeune, in
one of,his early reports from. Canada to the
superior jof.,his.,order, in France, observes,
“ Our interpreter, told me, that the Indians,
belonging to .atribe, of whom one is now
im. prison for . killing,.a, Frenchman, re-
proach, us extremely ;. saying it was the
liguor,,not the; Indian, that, committed, the
rourder.,,,./ Send your wine and brandy. to
prison,’ they | exclaimed,‘ it is these, and
not we, jyvho,do;the mischief.’’ In, the
report for the subsequent year, the same
Ymissionary, remarks ;. ‘ Sinee the arrival. of
the, Buropeans..the Indians. haye become
such drunkards, that, although they perceive
very. clearly, that, the use of spirituous li-
quor, is | \depopulating their country, and,
although they themselves, complain of this,
yet, they. cannot abstain from drinking it,
They die in great numbers in, consequence;
and indeed, I,am, surprised that many of
them. resist, its, mortal effects so long as
they do; because, if you give to a couple
of Indians two or three bottles of brandy,
they will sit down, and without eating any
thing, will drink, the one ‘after the other,
till they have emptied the contents of the
whole,’,,,At. another place, he observes:
«There are many, orphans among these
people, for since they, have addicted them-
selves, to, the use, of spirituous liquors, there
is, great mortality among them ; and these
poor children are dispersed among the
cabins of their.relations, by whom they. are
taken care, of as if they were their own
offspring.’ ”
»“ Boucher, who long held the situation
of governor of Three Rivers, in Canada,
remarks, that, ‘ Those Indians who have
communication with the Europeans, almost
always. become drunkards; which causes
much mischief amongst us, many of those
who, had been converted having again. re-
lapsed, The Jesuit.fathers have done all
in,their, power to. check the evil. The
sayages drink for the sole purpose of be-
coming intoxicated; and when once they
begin, they would part, with every thing
they. possess for a bottle of brandy in order
to get drunk.’ Monsieur, Denys, who was
governor, of. a large, district towards. the
mouth. of: the , river , St. Lawrence, ,and
Nova. Scotia, thus expresses himself on the
same subject :—-* In their drinking enter-
tainments,, they are never, satisfied. unless
sthey. get,,completely and brutally intoxi-
ed;,anc, they, think, they ¢annot have
; enough,, without... haying... beat, and
noeked, each other to, pieces... The wo-

dotervy

615

men,.,upon these .oceasions,, often. take
away, the,.guns, . hatchets,.,, daggers, ‘and
knives,),, This. they.are, allowed todo. if
the drinking has not, begun, otherwise the
women, would | not. venture). to go) into,
their-cabins,,, When they have thus taken
away the weapons, the women sometimes
go, into the woods, where) they: conceal
themselves, with their, children, not, ven-
turing to appear. until the. effects .of the
debauch is past ; and.in the course of which.
the men generally fight and beat, each other
with the poles that support their bark tents
or lodges.’ ””

Then we have introduced the small-
pox, and that, with the aid we hu-
manely lent one nation (by our forces)
to exterminate another, to us, entirely
unoffending party; and, the, Christian
use we made (as spies).of those ser-
vants of God that were admitted. among
them, as messengers of peace, to. teach
them the way to Him; has urged.on
pretty effectually the civilizing work of
extermination. And thus it is that
innumerable tribes of our fellow-beings,
who covered a space of many thousands
of miles, are, in the year 1825, reduced
(and are reducing daily, more and more),
to 50,000. Good God, what —is the popu-
lation of a continent reduced to 50,000—
to less than the number of the inhabi-
tants of some of our suburbian parishes,
Is it thus we proffer them a religion
of peace and benevolence, and profess
to teach them brotherly love and good
will to all, and point them the path to
heaven? We boast that that religion
has civilized Europe; and that the pu-
rity of it, among ourselves, has made
us more powerful and civilized than all
other nations; and yet, with the words’
of that religion in our mouths, and with
the profession of diffusing its blessings
among poor ignorant savages, not con-
version but depopulation’ has’ marked
our footsteps: nor ours alone—the
states of North America’ continue to
follow, in their national independence,
the example we taught them in their
state of colonization.

But we will let Dr. Morse, in_ his
Indian Report to the American, Go-
vernment. in 1820, shew the. state to
which our suffering brethren. are re-
duced; and the remembrance they: have
of the causes of their desolation.

“ Tt cannot be doubted, indeed, but that
the, Indians, for successive _ generations,
have looked upon the Whites as, a fraudu-
lent, unjust, and immoral race ;, preaching
what they did not practice,.and oyerreach-
ing their red brethren upon every occasion,
and by all the. means in. their power. bid

nee

616 Halketi’s Historical Notes.on.

need not; therefore; be surprised, te find
that; the’ Indians, do, not, seruple, even; at
the present day, to express, through, their
dine, their decided reluctance. to receive
the, instructions | of the missionaries : and
this fact ought to operate as an indispen-
sable ground for using the utmost Caution
in‘évery endeavour to convert them.

‘There’ is a’ passage’ in Dr. Morse’s In-
dian Report to the American Government,
which, appears, closely connected with this
subject. The zealous and beneyolent feel-
ings of that writer have naturally made
him very sanguine with regard to the mea-
sures he has suggested for the improve-
ment of the. Indians; but can it escape
observation, that in the very first speech
which, he addressed to them in_conse-
quence: of his mission (in June 1820),
while he was holding out to that unfortu-
nate race his cheering prospects of the fu-
ture, most. melancholy—-may we not add
most galling—were the truths told to them
of the past!

**< Brothers, your father, the President
of the United States, with whom I have
conversed on the present state of the In-
dians who live ‘under his jurisdiction, and
with many pious Christians also, far and
near, are thinking of you for good; and are
now engaged in devising together the best
means to promote your welfare. We per-
ceive that your numbers and your strength
are diminishing; that, from being a nu-
merous and powerful people, spread over a
wide and fertile country, in which was
plenty of game for your support, you have
become few and feeble; that you possess
but. small tracts of land, compared with
what your fathers possessed ; and your
game, on which you formerly depended
upon for your support, is gone. We see
that there is no place on earth where you
and your brethren can go and dwell, un-
molested, in the state in which your fa-
thers lived. We see that you cannot many
years longer live in any part of the United
States. in the hunter-state. The white
people will push their settlements in every
direction, and destroy your game and take
away your best lands. You have not
strength to defend yourselves, were you
disposed to make war with the white peo-
ple: they have become too powerful to be
resisted, or restrained in their course.

**« In these circumstances, your father,
the president, and the good white people,
extensively feel for you. We perceive that
you are cast down and discouraged, that
you are perplexed, and ‘know not what to
do. | Your,situation, and that of your red
brethren generally, .has lately excited .an
unusual interest. I,am authorised to say
to you, that the American nation, the ciyil
as Well as the religious part of it, are now
ready to extend to you the hand of sincere
friendship, to aid you in rising from your
depressed state;~ and inthe best ways
which can be devised; ‘to ‘save you from

the: Indians.of North America.

that rain ‘which, seems), inevitablesin your,
present course, and to ‘cause youyto share»
with us‘all the blessings; both, civil and,
religious; which (we;ourselves enjoyysn We’
fully believe; from the. recent, events:\,0f,
Providence, that God has-great blessings in,
store for you, and the: rest) ,of-your red)
brethren in-our country; if, you/will ‘aceepty
them: and that you may yet ‘see good:
days, according to the. days:im;whiely you
have seen eyil.’ This»is) our ‘most ;ardent;
desire. Let not. then your spirits. sink,
within you. Hope in-God, whojis able to
save and to bless yous ‘Trust in-him and,
he will not leave you,;but will.,be the;
health of your countenance;.a refuge from,
all your troubles, a present help;in ame ‘of
need.’ ” ae

The result of this conference: was by.
no means satisfactory: Captain Pol+
lard, indeed (a chief of the mock-con=
verted Senecas), acknowledged, that
such was their situation that they» ust
have the gospel; and_ stated, ‘that,
“houses for religious worship,.and for
schools, were built. among ‘for.
their use 5 and that when once. built
they remain.” But Saguoaha; or Red-
Jacket, refused to give an immediate
answer; but some months after» trans-
mitted to the governor and“ state““of
New York a speech, in which the fol-
lowing are some of the grievances cont
plained of:

“ The first subject to which we aotakd
call the attention of the governor, is the
depredation daily committed by the white
people upon the most valuable. timber on
our reservations. This has been a subject
of complaint for many years: but now, ard
particularly at this season of the year, it: has
become an alarming evil, and calls: for the
immediate interposition of the governensin
our behalf. agit

“ Our next subject of complaint is the
frequent theft of our horses and ‘cattle :by
the whites, and their habit of taking and
using them when they please, and without
our leave. These are evils which'seem to
increase upon us, and call loudly for pa
dress.

“ Another evil arising from the preMare
of the whites upon us, and our unavoidable
communication with them, is the frequency
with which our Indians are thrown into
gaol, and that too for the most. tsfing
causes. This is yery galling to our “feel
ings, and should not be allowed *to”
extent to which our white “neighbours; i
order to gratify their’ bad Line nd
carry this practice. SEES Het

* In our hunting and fishitie; “t00, “we
are greatly interrupted: our venison “is
stolen from the trees where we haye hung
it to be reclaimed after, the_c
hunting camps have Geen fire
we have been warned that, wey 5 i

Original Account of Pernambuco.

longer "be*perinitted* to pursue the deer in’

those’ forests’ which were so Jatelyour)

own. 'Dhelfish whichjoin tie Buffalo and
‘Ponnewanto Créeks, used to supply -us®
withfood; arenow, by thedams and other’
Obsteudtions of the-white people, prevented

from Tiultiplying; and we are’ almost °en=:

Geapaispeved sal at accustomed subte-
nianeée. ©
msy Our! great’ father’ the president, an
réeommended "to our*young men to be in-
dustriotis} “to plough,and' to sow. ‘This
we have done; and we are thankful for the
advice} and forthe means he has afforded
us of °carrying it intoeffect: we are hap-
pier ‘in consequence of it.

““But another thing recommended to us
lias created great confusion amongst us,

and is making»us a.guarrelsome and divided

people 5,and. that, is. the introduction of
a eaclisn, into,eur nation. . These Black-
robes* contrive. to. get consent of some of
the Indians. to, preach among us ; and
enever this is the case, confusion and
disorder are sure to follow, and the en-
croachment of the whites upon our land is
the invariable consequence.
must not think Nard of me for speaking
thus’ of the preachers. I have~ observed
their progress, and when I look back to
see what has taken place of old, I perceive
that. whenever they came among the In-
dians, they were. forerunners of “their dis-
persion; that they introduced the white
people on their lands, by whom they were
robbed and plundered of their property ;
andthat the Indians were sure to dwindle
and decrease; and be driven back, in pro-
portion to the number of preachers that
came among them.”
When Mr. Mahew, about the middle
of the seventeenth century, requested per-
mission of a Narraganset sachem to preach
to his Indians, the chief replied, —‘ Go and
teach the English to be good first.’ ~ And
when Dr. Boudinot, a corresponding mem-
ber of the Scottish Society for the Propa-
gation of Christianity, made a similar at-
tempt in the Delaware nation, the chiefs
that ‘when the whites had re-
stored their black people to freedom and
happiness, the red men would Jisten to
their missionaries.’ ’”
~~ Mr. Halkett next alludes to the mis-
taken efforts of our missionaries to
Convert the Indians; and clearly shews
oi if they really ‘wish to lead these
bon peome to a knowledge of Jesus
Christ, sects must co-operate; the
atholic must. not anathematize. the
stants, and the Protestant must
not traduce and ridicule the Catholics,
and then the poor savage will not reply
to the instructions of the missionary,

“+ The ye Indian appellation for the
les.
a _, Mostuty Mac. No. 405.

The governor

625.
‘How! can agree withoyou'when you
do riot agree ainong yourselves * pe Bat:
if if is “Only devout’ submission to "the
will of God ‘they wish to’ ‘teach’ thet,
the following prayer of a miserable In-
dian, after the loss’ of his wife, and.
child, might shew, that they. are not,, of
themselves; of, necessity, yary maneh out
of the way of truths: / : Oya

“ O Great Spirit, who governest the! Sun
and the Moon, who created ‘the elk) the”
otter, and the beaver, be appeased, and do
not any -longer continue enraged ‘against’
me. Be content with the ‘misfortunes I
have suffered. I had a wife—thou hast
taken her from me. I had a child, whom
I loved as myself —it is gone, for so’ was
thy pleasure. Is that not enough?’ Be-
stow on me henceforward as much good
as I now experience evil; or, if thou art
not satisfied with what I now suffer,’ make
me die, for in this state Tecan live no longer.”

But we will conclude (our gpate “not
permitting further extracts), by recom-
mending the book itself to the attention.
of our readers, as replete with, interest,
and fruitful.of instruction, with respect,
to the very different system’ whichwmust;
be pursued, if ever we hope effectually:
to introduce either Christianity or eivi=

_ lization’ among these’ almost exterini-

nated natives of the woods and wilds of
America. ——
For the Monthly Magazine, .......

OnicinaL Account of PernaMBuco, i

the Brazits; from a» Manuseript

“—V oyage to the Brazils and Mediter=

ranean,” performed in the year 1810.
ee great jealousy which the Portu-

guese have observed, from time

immemorial, in. all. their. commercial
dealings, has. ever induced them. to prow
hibit foreigners visiting this coast; and,
before the period when: the Prince Re.
genie emigrated, with his court, to Rio

aneiro, if any foreign ‘vessel was dis+
covered upon it, she was liable to con-
fiscation, and her crew to imprisonment.
But, since this has taken place, as man-
kind in general go from one extreme to
the other, we have had free access to all
their ports; and, to say. the truth, we
are now allowed, like the Jews in Tur-
key, to monopolize nearly the whole of
their trade, even the coasting part of it;
Previous to this event, we were sa little
acquainted with the Brazils, that, in
most of our maps, this place is called
“ Olinda, or Pernambuco,” though they
are, in fact, two separate and distinct
places,—the first a city, and the second
a populous town, distant. from. each
other at least three miles, ,

4K Pernambuco

626 Original Account
Pernambuco is a large ‘ahd populous
town, Containing about 60,600 people,
ald cafries' ‘on a treat? foreign’ and! do-
mesti¢ tradé. The coast near it is very
low ; and the country, well clothed with
woods in perpetual verdure, contrasted
with the white cottages scattered along
the shore, the Indians fishing in their
jungadas or canoes, and the beautiful
serene sky, afford to the European, as
he ‘approaches it, a most pleasing pro-
spéct. ‘The town stands on a great ex-
tent of ground, and many of the houses
aré well built, chiefly of stone. The
streets are ‘wide ‘and spacious, the
churches are'truly magnificent, and the
images they Contain are immensely yalu-
able. It is supposed that the religious
form one-eighth part of the population,
and of the continual crowd passing
through the streets, they make no small
portion. | These people are ‘dvessed ac-
cording to the orders they profess, Car-
thusians, Greyfriars, &e. One of these
érders, the. Carmelites, is particularly
distinguishable, not only by being exter-
hally clothed very well, but by their fair
round bellies; which appear to be, in
general, well lined, and much of the
same cut with that of Sir John Falstaff.
Nearly half of the inhabitants are slaves
imported from Angola, who are very
humanely treated by the Portuguese,
and make good and faithful servants.
There is a market appropriated pur-
posely to these unfortunate beings,
where two or three hundred are com-
monly seen huddled together, squatted
on their hams like monkies, and com-
pletely in cuerpo. They are thus ex-
posed for sale, having been previously
rubbed over with a spécies of oil, which
gives them 2 glossy appearance ; and, in
addition, are decorated with bead neck-
laces and bracelets, to set them off te
advantage. They seem to regard white
people as 2 superior sort of beings, and
look on one as he passes with a most
vacant stare. ‘Pernambuco stands on
two islands, and is connected together
by two bridges, one of which is a most
beautiful structure, built by the Dutch,
when they took ‘this place from the
Portuguese, in 1670. It consists of
fifteen arches, under which runs astrong
and rapid river, that comes many hun-
dred miles down the country. On’either
side of this bridge are shops’ full of
European mérchandize, particularly Eng-
lish manufactures, or, as they are called
by the Portuguese, “ fazendas Tnglesas:”
Tt is only in the middle that a person
knows he is ‘on’ a’ bridges’ “He then

of Pernambuco.
beholds ‘an ‘opening, which) during “the
day,is often full of passengetezenjoying
the cool refreshing brééze that comes
down ‘the river; and enjoying ‘the prot
speet; which, from ‘this’ ‘spot, is" triily
delightfal. The vivér’is' seen owitding
up as far as Olinda, ‘whieh is Seated ‘on
a hill. On either bank’ are’ beautiful
white cottages, intermixed with! aian-
grove and cocoa-trees, anid fruitful vine
yards. The Indians are seen paddling
down the river, with theif anwidld
canoes; the fishermen ‘ak eRe habit
drying their nets: while Natiré,' dis-
playing her gayest verdure, 'gives ‘alto*
gether a cowp-d’ wil whieh it is impossit
ble to describe. ‘The other is a very
long wooden bridge, in which there’ is
nothing at all remarkable, more than
being quite open to the breeze down
the river; on which aecount it is muéh
resorted to in the evening, especially by
the English. © '
Most of the houses in Pernambuco
are lofty ; and, instead of glass windows,
have green lattices, which have a pretty
effect, especially as all their houses’ ate
white, and frequently surrounded with
beautiful evergreens. All these windows
are prominent, not unlike the’ Eliza.
bethan windows seen in some of-our old
country towns. During the’ morning,
the better sort of Portuguese’ are*séén
leaning out of them, muffled up it their
long cloaks, and exhibiting’ a ‘genuine
picture of indolence. They never’ live
on the ground-floor, which is commonly
used for cellars or shops. The ladies
are only seen towards the evening, peep-
ing through the lattices, very few ever
appearing in the streets, and then closely
veiled, and in a kind of curtaited/ hem-
mock, carried by two slaves‘ on'a'long
pele. They are remarkably partiabto
the English, which oecasions niuch | jea-
lousy; though Ido not think the Port-
guese are so much ‘addicted’ to: this
passion as they are represented to be.
There are a good many coffee-houses
here, which are known by.a siall round
board with Casa de’ Caffé: written aipon
it. The principal one is kept by priest,
and is the common resort of)! alb’the
merchants, serving them as’an ex¢hange.
Good wine, sangaree, and) a> toleral le
breakfast, can be procured heré! atvall
hours of the day; and! the billiard land
backgammon tables are wellrequented,
especially on!aiSunday. iyi of! tavo
The Portuguese’ merchants ‘arecrich
and respectable. In all their-transactions,
paymentis madeat the time of purchase :.
they have no idea of creditzo Most ohour
' English

Original,.dccount of Pernunbuca-

English, merchants are young men, sent
out, as,agents from houses in England;
they,.are.a very,.wild set... It always

ared .a;mystery,to,me, how, they
contrived,to live,in such a gay style on
a,trifling commission; but I have inva-
Mably,, remarked, that, English agents
abroad. dive much superior to their, em-
ployers,at home;,and, while the latter
become, bankrupts, they, in general, get

eS j
_) Lhe. harbour of Pernambuco is won-
derfully, convenient, It is formed. by a
natural. pier, extending, in a direct line,
many. .miles;:,this, is..a, coral reef, so
exactly, straight, and. even, that one
would almost.imagine it the work of
art... (The, vyessels.lie, alongside each
other, in, tiers, moored. head and stern,
about half. piste!-shot. from. the shore,
and.close to, this. reef, which, at high-
water spring tides, is nearly on a level
with the surface of the sea, and forms
an, excellent barrier.
lat..89, South; consequently, the heat is
excessive, the thermometer. frequently
being at,90° in| the shade, During the
night it is always calm, with a good deal
of Jightning, , About nine in the morn-
ing, the sea-breeze comes gradually in,
which. is, strongest about noon, when by
degrees it dies away into a, calm, that
generally. takes place towards sunset.

Pernambuco 1s, very well fortified in
appearance, but it would in reality make
& poor resistance. No one can conceive
such, a,set, of ragged fellows as their
soldiers; no two of whom are dressed in

the same uniform. An officer on duty,
with his guard, would form an admirable
gxoup for such a pencil as Hogarth’s.

Lhey can raise about, 5,000, military,
eomprizing the militia; however, the
‘greatest part of these are blacks.

.» The govemor of Pernambuco is gene-

rally ‘a Portuguese nobleman, and, lives

inogreat state, A few one comes every
two or three years from Rio Janeiro.

»» Phe churches at Pernambuco are very
large buildings; they, contain, some ex-
cellent paintings, and, each of them hes

a nuinber of chancels, or chapels, dedi-
cated to: particular saints, which on eer-
tain days are, ornamented with flowers.
‘They are quite open, haying no, pews,
and the people either stand or kneel.
/All ave very richly furnished,, One large
iconsecrated Jamp is continually, burning

over the high altar, and also a, great
dpumber of tapersin candlesticks, about
seven or-eight \feet high; some,of; them
of massyo silver.) Lhe glimmering: of
these candles at noon-day has a curious

latlood

This place is in-

627
and) rather, solemn, effect... "Tbe, doors
ane, genevally open, and.a good many
people are seem on their knees.at pray-
ers, before,..the,.different saints, others
receiving the sacrament, some, confess-
ing, and, padres, (pmiests)., gliding from
one door to.another, or traversing, with
a sitent sanctified deportiment, the dif-
ferent parts.of the church. 'Uhe con-
fessional chairs, of which there are gene-
rally six or eight in a church, are made
very large and high, so that the priest
is not seen. Those who wish to con-
fess (mostly women) go singly, and
kneeling down opposite a lattice-wark
in the side of it, ease their burthened
consciences, and get absolution. Besides
the church itself, there are always, under
the same roof, apartments for the padres,
in which, they have their cells, and a
large room, where they, dine, together.
There .are numbers of, helpless .old
women, who, live, constantly im; the
churches, and are subsisted by what, is
left at the tables of the, priests, who
have the character, of being very hospi-
table to, foreigners; for a trifling sum
they will not only shew the relics of
their churches, but also where the most
beautiful and courteous. ladies reside,

I cannot say how the religious are
supported, but great numbers are always
seen in the streets, dressed in their
robes, soliciting alms; for which pur-
pose, they carry a small square. box,
with the figure of Christ, or some _par-
ticular saint, painted upon it. I ob-
served, that notwithstanding they con-
sider the English as heretics, they do.
vot scruple to return a benediction for
their money; and if_a Portuguese and
an, Englishman are standing together in,
the street, they will never fail to. accost
the Englishman first, In every street
there are different images.of the Virgin
Mary and the saints, which on, particular
days are exposed to view, superbly illn-
minated with a number of large candles.
About eight in the eyening, the children
in the neighbourhood assembie round
them, and. sing hymns: this has a
pleasing effect, especially as thet keep
time. with great exactness, and haye a
person to direct them, who rings a little
bell whilst they are singing particular
parts.

Twice every, day, about ten in, the
morning, and seven inthe evening, at
the tolling ofa bell, every, thing in, an
instant, is atja stand. .Men, women, a
children, whether in the, streets or t
houses, instantly, pull, off, their hats,
cross themselves; and say a Rar ArANet.

4K 2 his

628

This continues about a, minutes At, the
second tolling, every thing goes. on again
as.usual, _ During this time. a particular
part of the mass is being performed. in
the grand church. | Although this has a
striking effect, the positions;, peaple are
sometimes caught in, are very Judicrous:
it appears alniost the instantaneous ef-
fect of magic. It was my good fortune
to be_ there during Lent, which is most
rigidly observed. . The illuminations on
the churches, fireworks and processions,
during Easter, surpass any thing of the
kind I ever -heard of: it is impossible
not to be sensibly struck with the im-
mense value of the images displayed on
the occasion.

‘Whenever a slave happens to die
before he’is baptised, they do not allow
him burial, but his body is thrown down
on the sea shore, a little below the
town, where it is left a prey to bustards
and. wild beasts. In a walk along the
beach to Olinda, I saw no less than five
of these bodies laying a little above high
water mark; the birds flock round
them like the crows in England round
a dead horse.

The Portuguese have but few amuse-
ments. The principal one I saw, was
the theatre, which was only opened one
night, when the Governor honoured it
with his. presence. A number of sol-
diers patroled the different parts of the
house to preserve order. Every thing
passed on very well, until about the
middle, when a song being feebly en-
cored by two or three Portuguese in
the’ pit, an officer ordered silence in a
very peremptory voice, which not ac-
cording with the ideas of some English
captains, they resumed the ery of encore,
in which most of the Portuguese (thus
encouraged) ventured to join, A com-
motion took place—the play finished—
the guard was called. in, through whieh
_ our countrymen effected a safe retreat,
leaving their allies in the pit to be sur-
rounded, made prisoners, and carried to
the enard-house. The next day they
weré released by the Governer, who

graciously condescended to pardon
them. The theatre was never re-
opened.

Pernambuco is seated on very low
ground, and quite surrounded by water,
consequently intermittent rivers are very
common. There is only one. hospital,
which consists of a very large room,
with about thirty beds on each side,
filled with wretches suffering under. the

midst loathsome diseases. A man stands.

at the door to solicit the charity of pas-

Original, Account, of Pernambucde coc

sengers. .When.a, patient, dies he ds laid
ona table, witha iplate on his breast,
for money, te bury, him; there are efter,
four or five-bodies at ya time,; Great
numbers of slaves dies of, small-poxs
on. their first importation, and still more,
from the fever.;.'The. country;).a.fews
miles from. the. town, .is,fu of .thiels
impenetrable woods, dreadfully,infested,
with, wild beasts and reptiles, especially,
snakes, for the bite of which,there.is no,
cure, but death inevitably follows. inia
few hours. bynes ate ait saa
This country also abounds with the
most beautiful birds; some of which are
as red-as scarlet, and -sing ;delightfully.,
Macaws and parrots are also very, comr.
mon, nearly every house, haying one or.
two-at the door, and as_ they often.set
each other a chattering througl.a, whole,
street, they. make such a, din that..an
Englishman would think, he had got into,
a Welch market... In regard. to, the;
fishes on this, coast, they_ane very nu-
merous. The riyer, near. Pernambueo,,
abounds with alligators, which are often;
very destructive; and that extraordinary,
fish the’ torpedo is frequently caught:
here. The electric power is so strong»
in this fish, that even. the dine, that.
catches him, conyeys.a slight shock,;. .;
Olinda is seated on a small hill,,on;
the summit of which is a large monas-.
tery. The town is small, and though
most of the merchants of Pernambuco;
have seats here, it is nevertheless very;
thinly peopled. The houses. are beaus
tiful white buildings, interspersed, .with
delightful gardens; rising as they do;
one above another, on the side of the,
hill, it is seen a great way off at. sea.
Tt contains little more than two monas--
teries and a nunnery, with a few poor.
people dependent on them. The church»
of the monastery on the hill being open,,
we entered to view its curiosities, . In,
the middle of it lay the body of a black;
woman for interment. The images and,
gilt cornices were very grand., You.
can have no possible. conception, of the;
magnificence some of these places ex
hibit. We observed a large curtain that
concealed something—we wished:to see
it—the slave who attended: us at.firsty
hesitated, but on -looking round, ;and
perceiving none of the padres near,,che
ventured to draw it up. . _Itpwasaanest
valuable crucifix of gold, as large,as lif:
whilst describing its value, a priest-came.,
in—the slave, struck with terror, fell. on,
his knees, and implored his pardon,
perceived it was of;no avail, and there-
fore had. recourse to; artifice Peneare”

Importance of the Sevenceof” Political’ Economy.

tie! poor felidw feAaemne? 'T told him’!
was a! Ronish WHholie” and ‘by good
ta had'a gold ctoss fora brooth
pene bosom," T ‘showed it him’; ‘on
ehhe pardoned the slave, atid shewed
pees that Wé Had ‘not previously seen,
Specially" some exqnisite paintings on
is subjects." You cannot imagine
ai ore’ romantic’ situation, or one which
coifiinands a mure'lovely prospect than
this © monastery, ‘especially the church,
which’ is’ the’ highest object | on this
part of the. coast, and is visible far at
sea The” ‘Portuguese are an honest
well-behaved ‘people, remarkably at-
tached to’ the ‘English, but they are
passionate. in the extreme, and murders
are very ‘common—not for plunder, but
: ré¥etige,” or'on ‘sudden quarrel. One
day 'T witnessed one of these take place,
Which ‘almost chilled my blood. Hap-
pening to 20 down to the cotton wharf,
Psaw two men fighting; one of them
gave ‘the other a severe blow on the
breast; which exasperated him so much,
that he immediately drew a knife and
cat his sdyersary across the abdomen,
The'unfottinate man expired in about
fivé’ minutes, while the assassin took
sanctuary i ina neighbouring church, and
in about a week “afterwards I saw him
166kin¢ at’ Some English hardware in a
shop: Window. It is too expensive for
any one to undertake to bring a criminal
to jsti¢e' for a capital crime, and if he
has taken sanctuary it is of no use.
The Portuguese are sober, and tolerably
indistrions. | Their seamen are remark-
ably good and faithful, and for English
merchants, preferable to any other fo-
consists of gold, silver, diamonds, sugar,
cotton, hides, ipecacuanha, sarsaparilla,
7 other valuable commodities ; but
Po greater part of these articles are not
Test-Indian possessions,the produce
Hes is nearly similar, but inferior
bro Bia the Brazils.
—
PotiricAr Economy and Popuation.
Puslnivontaxce of the Science of
‘OUR Magazine embracing all sub-
4 jects” of importance, and being
request your insertion of the following
obsefyations!
“the! (erm politiéal“econdmist is ‘Some-
ie, ba

réigners. The produce of the Brazils

ic, rum, molasses, coffee, ginger, and

ttable eto England, on account of

ree ality, and double the price of that

9° For the’ Monthli/ ron eila!

OLITICAL Economy.

opie to ‘discussion, I am induced to

Rewriter iit the! last “numb: tr ‘pays,

629
What” of* undéfiried import, . ‘féspecting
which no two ‘persons will be found to
degree, if two ever can be found to give
any definition at all, which by the. bye,
fraeine! from all that wr have seen and
heard ‘on the ‘subject, is problemati-
eal.” This is, to be sure, a sad exam-
ple of ignorance in one who assumes
to teach others.

The whole of the article of your cor-
respondent is founded on assumptions,
and if analyzed would be found to be
wholly erroneous. He says, “ assum-
ing, however, that, by political econo-
mist, is meant, one who understands the

relations and the right administr ation of

the varied interests of society’:”’—Here he
gives a definition, not his own, but one
that all political economists agree in,
and have long agreed in, although it has
not on every occasion ‘been expressed
in the same words. All agree, how-
ever, that political economy js distinct
from politics in the usual acceptation
of this word. Monsieur Say, who cer-
tainly is “one of the ablest political
economists in’ Europe,” and_ one who
has, by his works, been the mean of
propagating a knowledge of the science
to a very considerable extent, says,
“ Politics, which is properly the name
of the science by which societies are
organized, has long been confounded
with political economy, which teaches
how wealth is formed, distributed, and con-
sumed.” Traité d’economie politique,
1814. 2d Ed. Discours Préliminaire,
Mr. Ricardo will be found to agree
with this definition. Mr. Ricardo, who
wrote his invaluable book since Mons.
Say published his second edition, avail-
ed himself of the further information
which had been elicited, and assisted
still further to perfect the ‘science of
political economy.

Mr. Mill, in his “ Elemenis of Poli-
tical Economy,” says, “the science of
political economy divides itself into
two grand inquiries, that which relates
to production, and that which relates
to consumption ; the laws of distribu-
tion constitute an intermediate in-
quiry between that which relates to
production, and that which relates to
consumption.” Thus it appears, . that
the three most eminent writers agree
with one another, and with your. cor=
respondent : they ’ making the defini-
tions to consist in words more precise 5
he his definition less precise, but more,
general. If, however, nothing » more
were implied, by | your SoTeaR RD ent
than a definition of the words sini
ca

630

cal Heonomy,’, the subject would: hardly
beoworth:2 remark 3: but. itis: plain that
he means:to:be understood as:express-
ing icontempt ifor: the / science itself.
Thetevis great inconsistency «i this;
fat, according to ‘his:own: definition, it
iscaiscience of the greatest unportance
to mankind:

His inconsistency is not, however,
uncommon: men bred up in prejudices
cannot easily shake them off, and, if I
do not greatly mistake, your corre-
spondent has been so bred; and, from
the style of his article, has, with all his
prejudices about him, arrived at an age
-when men generally assume a tone of
authority, whieh is but too often the
enemy to an increase of knowledge.

/The man of forty. is not very likely to
become. a convert to new discoveries,
which are directly opposed to his long-
established’ prejudices... Some men are
capable. of acquiring new ideas at.any
age; but: these are few in number. The
generality of mankind, when they arrive
atan-age at which it'has been usual to
suppose a man’s opinions. are fixed, are
seldom’ capable of entertaining new
ideas, and consequently prone to con-
demn what they consider an innova-
tion. No sooner is a discovery made, or
au old-one applied in a way different to
that to which they have been accustom-
ed, than they condemn it ; and the rea-
son is, that they cannot associate it with
their old ideas, and cannot, therefore,
understand it. If, for instance, you
tell them, that a certain circumstance
has been overlooked in a demonstration
to which they have been accustomed,
and that the demonstration is conse-
quently erroneous, they will seldom be
able to understand you. Certain words
which have called up certain ideas will
still excite those ideas; these) will be
associated with other ideas as usual, and
from this association they-will be unable
to extricate themselves. They cannot
break the association: and any attempt
to. take in new ideas must, inevitably,
in such‘a man, produce centusion. He
is, therefore, net teachable; he calls
out nonsense, simply because he cannot
comprehend. The task, the perform-
ance of which, to him, would be exces-
sively painful, is laid aside, and if
among others he find the least va-
riance, on eyen the most unimportant
point, he consoles himself with a delu-
Sion, and says, on this subject'no two
agree. 0 49ol 19.03 GF

“It ig; then, with political economy as -

'

it has ‘been with other sciences.'\ Im-

Importance of theScience of Political Economy:

provements’ hawe gentrallyi« been -re-
ceived with reluctance:is\ Dhéiold ires
jected them from prejudice ; und «they
were acknowledged. only becanseuthese
were ‘younger -persons:whoseothirst fey
knowledgeswas greater, andswhose pres
judices were weaker than those of\their
elders. d; ovsd ,omis
Mr. McCulloch, dn ‘his: excellent

“ Discourse on the rise, progress; (pecus
har objects and -importancecof\ political
economy,” gives a short account ofthe
opinions which prevailed from the ear-
liest times to the present day ;.and he
explains the causes whicly ‘sufficiently
account for the late rise in this ‘science;
and the little attention paidite itp to
avery recent period?” Incpage:8;, he.
says, : [ .2oiuesser
“ Tt is clear, however,’ that? these who
distrust the conclusions of ‘politicahecono-
my, because of the variety of systems:that
have been advanced.ta expldin thé phe>
nomena, about which it.is.conxyersant, might,
on the same ground, distrust the, cenglu,
sions of almost every other science. ; The
discrepancy between, the various systems
that have successively been sanctionéd by
the ablest physicians,’ chemists, ‘naturél
philosephers and morilists, is quite’ as
great as the. discrepancy’ between’ “those
advanced by the ablest political economiste.
But who would therefore conclude, that
medicine, chemistry, | natural, philosophy
and morals, rest on no solid foundation ?.or
that they are incapable of presenting, us
with a system of well-established and
consentaneous truths? We do, n eee se
our assent to the demonstrations.o: ewan
and La Place, because they are subversive
of the hypotheses’ of Tycho Brahe, tnd
Des Cartes; and why should we refuse
our_assent to the demonstrations of’ Sniith
and Ricardo, because they have subverted
the false theories that were previously) dd>
vanced respecting the sources and. the dis-
tribution of wealth? Political economy has
not been exempted from, the common fate
of the other sciences. None of, them was
instantaneously carried to perzection ; more
or Iess of error has always insinuated ttschf
Into the speculations of the earliest '¢ulti-
vators. But the errors, with whieh politieal
economy was formerly infested,"have-now
nearly disappeared; and a very fewobser-
vations will suffice to shew that-it really.
admits of as much certainty un itsiconclas
sions as any science founded on, fact | and
experiment can possibly do,” ron. yd bas
Had political economy been welkvum=
derstood by our legislators, fifty’ years
ago} it is ‘quite. impossible tosaycto
what an-extent the wealth—and_pros-
perity of this..country would, have an-
creased, J do .not.:meax by’ prospansty,
the having even a large number’ of pert
sons

Importance of the Science of Political Economy.

sons in-a state-of comparative affluence,
and another large;number ini poverty;
buti a state in'iwhich noone need'be in
absolute poverty.:) To this state a com-
petent:knowledge-of the ‘science of poli-
tical economy, and: of the principle. of
population; fifty: years) ago, might, by this
time, have brought us. It is to this
scieheer that wenowe: the relaxation’ of
our«pernicious navigation laws — the
new mode of registering ships—the opi-
nions which, at length, begin to prevail
against) the abominable. corn-laws*—the
nepeal-of the laws against the emigration
of artizans—the repeal of the laws against
combinations of workmen—the repeal of
the laws which prohibited the exportation
of| wool,and’ many other wholesome
measures. To an ignorance of this
science, we; owe our multitude of ab-
surd, laws; which nothing: but a know-
ledge: of political economy can‘extir=
pate, but which, most’ certainly, as this
Enowledge spréads, ‘will ‘gradually be
extirpated. ‘To expect good laws from
the best of men, who are ignorant of
the seien of political economy, is
to expect what is utterly impossible,
Without a competent knowledge of
this\,science,, legislation must continue
to be, what i¢ has, until very lately, been
=-4 game of) expedients, embarrassing
anid: eonfounding the community, load-
ing ‘the’ statute ‘book with pernicious
and contradictory laws, impeding coni-

of astonishment to our better-instruct-
éd progeny.

‘A wise legislator ‘said some months
ago, that he could not give his assent
to the dotttines of Mr. Ricardo; for as
Mr. Ricardo had shewn that Adam
Smith was incorreet, so some other
person might shew that Mr, Ricardo
was incorrect, Here was much such
an. assertion as that used by your corre-
spondent: “They disagree among them-
selves, so I will not take the trouble
tolascertain what'the facts of the case
really are} but will condemn the whole,
and by my example, persuade others to
remdin, as d.am; ignorant.’ This is not,
however, ‘the way. in which a good or a
wise man; would proceed, Such a man
AO -
1 On which subject, see more in) the
Topic; of the Month, im our ‘number fo
Feb; 19 Woli duIKyopills asv9 porved orl

ior

631
would say, “Here is a science; ora pre-
tended science, about which men‘seem
interested; I will therefore examime it);
will ascertain what are its/merits or its
demerits : if it be really useful, I wilhdo
my best to promote it; but if, om the
contrary, it be pernicious, I will expose
it. I will shew in what particulars it is
erroneous and pernicious, and thus guard
people against it.” Tea

No one has done this in respect ito
the science of political economy; and
yet, if its doctrines be erroneous, there
cannot be much difficulty in exposing
them. It is now three years since the
first edition of “ Hiements or PoLrris
caL Economy, by James Miny,) Author
of the Histcry of British India,” was
published. A very large number of the
book has been sold, and no: oneohas
been found to controvert the principles
maintained im that small book. It treats
of Labour, Capital, Rent, Wages, Profit;
Commerce, Trade, Taxatiom and Popus
lation. It explains the nature ofeach
of those important subjects, and. shews
their bearing on each other. Its demons
strations are clear and convincing, and
are calculated to do unspeakable service
to mankind.

On a subject of such vast importance,
it is not too much to ask. those. who.
deny it, to refute the doctrines contained
in Mr. Mill’s book. For instance, a
head might be selected, thus:-— _.

Rent of Land. Political economists
say, that the price of corn, and other
farm-produce, is regulated by land which
pays no Rent. This, Mr. Mill demon-
strates. ,

Waces of Labour, then, he says, are
regulated by the “ proportion between
population and capital !”

Prorirs. He defines the word, shews
how profits arise, and how they are
affected by wages,

Taxes. He shews how these operate
to injure a nation, how they affect trade
and commerce: and thus he goes on
through his subject.

If, then, the doctrines he teaches in
the school of Political Economy—if
these, the received and acknowledged
doctrines, be erroneous, nothing can, be
so easy as a logical. refutation, and
nothing can be more useful. ri

If the political) economists, arein
error, expose that error, and put an end
to it, . Surely it would be much wiser
to, do this, than to decry the science, by
vague generalities, or oppose it, by
practical, matters, which, proye, nothing
against jt.» w agodtagh 4

TABLE OF REFERENCE...»
For Suture Articles. on Political | Ee

grit GF ata
PropuenivE Oceupation 3: ma I ve
EFFECTIVE % patlaiod
“Analysis ah a Semmes: C8) AAV"
of the Occupation of _— Teaching 5\ ‘ "= Mo . a ;
SOCIETY 4 Service 6 hATMOMAA |
nein UNPRODUCTIVE Pare oT earawl iol
NUMBER — POPULATION | Inerrective YT cnaamotaa |
r PASSIVE AgeT chalk ahaa
i Passiveness 8) | ©"

(Rivers & Seas — Fishery 1

| Woods & Forests Fuel § Material for Manufacture 1
Pasture — ood § Do. isn ia &O

The Soil Tillage 1)» - na Vades

—Apriculiure Horticatiare ; — Food 1 jaa ae

TT

PRODUCTION
DISTRIBUTION 3

) — Ornament 2
-. § — Fueli1 1G"
; a ; — Material for Manufacture 1 PARAS
Necessity
MANUFACTURES 2 J Utility
— Articles a | Ornament
Luxury
(Buyers&Serters § Internal Commodities
| Merchants § Dealers in? External Do.
A ‘GENTS — Commission, Factorage, Brokerage
| ( Rivers tye
INTERCHANGE 44 | By Water ae
Carriers 2 phe

CONSUMPTION

Canals 4
Carts, Waggons Amey:
L Land ; Coaches Ny)
Household ey
Casual InrANT — Elementary, Progressive: we

§ casa i Calling © 599
) Legal ‘ Physical : Handicraft ‘
d Professiona
sania 1 “(sat ADULT
L

Mechanics ‘a
Judicial

Teachers
Periesive

EDUCATION 5

Intellectual) Professors itd
Atiuinment pois
ah Sores
Intrinsic, or... ¢
Non- Intrinste’ +>
Ust, Token of interc Byuis cS
una PROFITS ce \ABusg, Trading Commodity _.
State Fn Se
Mortgage (ieee ; Oxen i

Mental ' J Practitioners
Protective

Subjugative
Lands

hie Houses os
d 5

'S SERVICE 68

PROPERTY ;
Casualties

INCY
\ tant ot NS
— eo

Passiv

| Annuities yo Bonds aie Horse ht)
Public Works te Air- Wind
Bankrepts yee Water Ay
sated ta Insolvent BG ee Seaany
ourts of Reques Gas
CREDITOR Arbitration MecnanicaL Machinery
biplntenciaes of Rights
0 of Paupers7 ‘
Compursory Do. of Roads, Watch, Lights &c. _
Pie Punishment of Crime oni
re) wi Public Institutions — Charitable pein
VOLUNTARY ; Private Aid -~ Charity ch tie
f Swindling New
fae Forgery q ei ( DEMocraTicaL — Electwe

AB Ww

Theft 7, \ ARISTOCRATICAL Representa

| ECCLESIASTICAL, Tithes&e.. 5S < Oucarcarar Self Elective
[ror Courts Martial OF ) Monancura Limited ec. ~ fo

JURISPRUDENCE 7

NAVAL, Conrt of Admirality © (Ulnwprra,— Absolute ~
Moral Efiect'— Education 7 ee
PREVENTIVE t Vigilance — Judicious ‘Police wig “e 9 a.
Fine «5 Xe The terms’ Capital; Stock, Value, "
J imprisonment Wealth, Wages, Labour, Colonies,
Banishment Exchange > Money, Taxation, will be.»
_ Forfeiture duly noticed. ‘

RETRIBUTIVE

Statistical Tables, for future reference. 625

BT AT EME, aS Piceaten Value of Mercnannpize Imported into all the Ports -of

the UNITED KINGDOM of GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND, from all parts of
the WORLD, in, each of the six YEARS, 1817—1822, distinguishing the several
Countries from whence Jmported, and the proportion from each,respective Country.
COUNTRIES ——

from whence 1817. 1818. ) 1819. 1820. | | 18244 1822.
IMPORTED. —{-—————_—-————|—————--————_

West Inpizs ....| 8,326,927 | 8,608,790 | 8,188,540 | 8,354,512] 8,367,477.| 8,019,764
East Do. & CHINA! 7,687,278 | 7,337,690 | 7,537,563 | 7,562,648 | 6,233,570] 5,106,400
Whale Fishery, | 332,734 444,520 398,405 $51,703 537,443 362,464
Total W. & E. Ind.|.————_ | —_______|—_____—_}|—_____ a
China § Fishery. |16,346,939 |16,391,000 |16,124,508 |16,468,863 |15,138,490 | 13,488,628
GERMANY .,....| | 687,997} 1,265,910 $ 576,067] 641,527] 617,218| 728,068
ITALY ......++| 751,162] 1,306,457| 972,647] 839,799] 981,590} 1,176,246
RUSSIA ........| 25244,365 | 2,904,326] 2,589,922 | 2,542,533] 1,963,079] 2,619,576
HOLLAND ...40%|) 740,044] 1,206,278] 635,279} 593,361, 805,850]. 889,206
PortucaL& Ma. 632,482 768,180 509,572 465,273 480,609 546,173
GIBRALTAR .... 51,442 61,210 14,572 29,145 83,830] . - 56,704
Spain & CanaRi.| 1,034,071] 1,333,930] 875,392] 971,512] 974,172] 934,938
FLANDERS ......| 122,498] 571,903] 203,856 99,199} 145,339] 260,125
PR ESREA, 4.0. c:0:0:9:010 821,565 | 1,426,412 | 624,195 729,683 357 357 542,573
FRANCE ........| 527,866| 1,162,424] 649,012] 775,132] 865,617! 878,273
TURKEY .... «| 188,904} 381,796] 266,548} © 426,685] 375,630] 396,382
DENMARE .,..-.| 158,670 376,364. 170,786 141,230 42,112 43,710
SWEDEN .....05+| 151,691] 214,479) 164,800} 117,705| 109,680] 137,470
NoRWAY ...... 78,911 119,927 101,900 47 037 58,260 83,881
MALTA ......++| 19,916 61,420] — 83,270 21,265 17,397] * 18,509
Ionian Isles.....| 58,212 89,196 49,618 95,318 86,194 86,422
Tota Europe &| 8,265,694 |13,250,220| 8,480,367 | 8,536,405} 7,963,936] 9,398,257
U.S. of AMERICA) 3,315,197 | 3,663,484 | 2,840,372 | 3,860,878] 3,831,057] 4,161,542
BRAZILS.......++| 817,222] 1,080,543| 952,202] 1,294,025] 1,181,858] 1,047,526
For. West Indies) 758,043} 850,042] 774,117 | 798,620] 956,554| 566,414
South AMERICA 126,316 400,568 290,645 233,710 332,364) 493,705
Bri. N. AMERICA 694,010 787,996 889,783 949,655 948,072 918,357
New HoLtanp 50 5,112 6,900 5,030} 22,640] 16,592
Cape of G. Hope | 167,582} 196,225 81,094] 81,590] 86,167] 114,685
Coast of AFRICA 180,273 | 158,865] 179,548 95,920]. 221,757| 166,080
British Istes* ..! 148,680] 159,579] 151,680] 144,178] 151,837] 154,010
Prize Goons, &c.| 14,288 11,557 2,584 2,068 2,978 4,966
Total AMERICA, |--—————|---—_-. | -- F) RSS Sie Se et od oS
Avrica, &c.} 6,221,664] 7,243,970] 6,131,934 | 7,465,677 | 7,735,293] 7,643,779
Grand TOTAL. [30,834,330 |36,885,182 {50,776,810 [32,470,945 |30,837,712 [30,530,673
Propo. into Freland| 917,979 | 1,065,384] 1,121,920 | 953,054). 4,113,540 } 1,128,856

*,* The above, and four following Statements, have been compiled from a return made to
Parliament in the Session of 1824, (Paper No. 274.) and the results which they exhibit
ure so extraordinary, as to excite in the mind of most persons an utter disregard, by their
apparent incredibility. It will be seen by the fifth following Statement, that in:the six

ears 1817—1822, the Official Value of the EXPORTS to EUROPE are represent-
ed as exceeding the Official Value of the IMPORTS from thence, by the enormous and
incredible Amount of £ 110,654,070!!!. Is the fact really so, and if so, how, has the ex-
cess of Export been equalized? It is not the mere display of Figures and Amounts, although
sufficiently interesting in themselves, that is the object of these Illustrations ; but by analysis
and demonstration, to ascertain and to exhibit the nature and tendency of the Commercial
relations of GREAT BRITAIN with the several Nations of the World, in an intelligible
and conclusive point of view. It seems desirable, therefore, in the first place, to shew what is
meant by the term Official Value, which implies a fixed Value. assigned as far back. as
1694, to each article Imported and Exported, and may therefore be considered as denoting
QuANTITY, rather than Value, and may or may not have a relation to the CURRENT
VALUE of the present time. In addition to the Imports ipecyies in the American Division
of the above Statement a considerable quantity of Produce is’s ipped direct from thence tothe
Continent of EUROPE on British Account, by which it may be eRe p the external
Commercial relations of GREAT BRITAIN are somewhat less ruinous ‘than represented
in the following Statements; as regards the transactions with South America the Brazils &
Foreign West Indies, it may be so, but, it is important to know that sahatecen additional ad-
vantages may accrue by indirect means to a part, makes the aggregate result worse, rather
than better; the advantage of the one part being only an nation Svom some other part.

TIaTsAF

MonTMLy MG. No. 4052. jon 41

625 Statistical Tables for future reference.

UNITED KINGDOM. of Great Brriatn & IRELAND, 2D, trom, thence
to all parts ofthe ‘WORLD, in each of the Six Years, 1817 — 1822, distinguishing, the
several: Countries to»which Exportéd, and the proportion to edch feauerts eee a
COUNERIEG 2xe=—— a ea WETS
towhich 1817.) 1818." | 1819. 1822,
EXPORTED fsa hi ee ae oa
‘Bri. West Indies | 6,632,708 | 5,717,216 | 4,395,914[ 4,244,312
East Do. § China| 2,462,948 | 2,684,410 | 1,999,481 | 2,978,457
Whale Fishery 7 1,050

Total Ist. Class 3

STATEMENT of the Oficit Vatie of the PROD Ce Gh a of the

1829. 1821. ,

486
8,596,525"

7,220,819

9,095,743 | 8,401,626 | 6,394,695 7;696,300

Germany .),...'| 5,443,889] 5,830,948 | 5,582,158 | 6,908,477 | 6,316.998 | 6,497,435
Htaly .......1 | 2,499,346 | 3,395,475 | 3,204,165 | 3,157,972 | 2,886,197 | 4,575,470
Russia ...../.. | 2,259,668 | 2,309,473 | 1,630,393 | 2,519.907 | 1,524,747 | 823,987
Holland ...... || 1,186,996 | 1,055,478 '| 1,158,129 | 1,210,454 | 1,068,316 | 1,216,496
Portugal Az. § M.| 1,657,184) 1,370,655) 1,523,907 | 1,808,879 2,595,385 | 2,650,851
Gibraltar ...... | 997,282] 671,282} 921,008] 1,534,094] 1,581,709 | 2,437,258
Spain & Canaries} 521,136] 408,481| 427,929] 513,688] 318,400} 417,182
Flanders ...... | 622,935| 698,519| 693,335] 692,532] 863,549 | 1,000,108
Prussia ...... 531,583] 547,718'| 443,054] 708,281} 362,586 | 366,283
Prange... )443. 596,753} 318,864 | 248,078] 334,067] 382,404} 346,271
Porkey. tS 503,536] 882,136 | 652,459| 787,850} 497,343) 904,522
Denmark ......| 265,508] 188,270} 184,923] 171,869] 164,967] 182,916
Sweden ........ 36,744) 41,504) 41,591 30,653} 32,287) 35,471
Norway ....... 43,063 83,836 65,761 66,253 65,381 54,098
Malta §....)5.!, - | 730,413] 557,133] 444,056] 440,499] 294,291] 394,966
fonian Isles... ... 2134) 11,145 5,974 14,041 6,806 9,187

Total 2nd. Class. |17,898,172 |18,370,953 {17,226,912 |20,899,447 |18,961,367'21,912,500

U.S. of America | 6,640,394 | 8,578,990 | 4,375,409| 4,020,043} 6,619,678] 7,312,10
Brazils ........ | 2,268,896 | ‘3,159,897 | 1,864,309] 2,233,133} 2,115,503 | 1,919,491
For. West Indies | 1,811,754] 1,173,794 | 1,096,629] 1,191,906] 1,517,328 |'1,282,95¢
South America 708,001} 758,161] 408,746] 885,985] 1,118,105 | 1,948,907
Bri. N, America | 1,111,832] 1,382,661 | 1,611,907] 1,283,975 | 1,076,857 | 1,314,397
New Holland 14,129 9,618} 40,914] 85,129] 100,878 |. (181,426
Cape of G.Hope | 218,854} 175,339] 159,037] 224,764] 261,400} 176,711
Coast of Africa 137,342| 150,641] 131,561] 130,995] 206,071 | ‘282,341
Guern. Jers. Man} 206,378} 225,711] 224,053] 215,004] 258,998] 259,389

—— ——___.

13,117,688 |15,914,814 | 9,912,567 [10,270,936 |13,274,817 [14,627,734
40,111,497 |42,687,392 (33,534,176 |38,391,202 [40,832,711 |44,237,533
702,442| 778,082] 674,397] 614,779 | 1,052,842'| 563,703

8,826,482 | 9,075,744 | 8,377,768 | 8,923,563 | 8,497,471 | 7,578,610.
763,800 | 1,006,033} 853,042 | 1,019,570] 1,099,377 | 1,085,276

Total 3rd. Class
Tora. B.& I.P }
§ Manufactures
Colonial 1 Class
& Foreign }2 Do.
Produce }3 Do.
Grand Total of
EXPORTS. |50,404,111 [53,547,250 ]43,439,360 |48,947,115 '51,462,400 [53,464,122 '

*,* As regards the Real Value of the products IMPORTED, (Vide preceding note)
on referring to the Statement of the Value assigned to each article Imported, in each of
the Ten Years 1814—1223, it will be seen, that Silk, Cotton-Wool, Sheep & Lamb's
Wool, Flax, Hemp, Tallow, Timber Deals, &c. Wines, Hides & Skins, and the unenume-
rated articles, constitute the bulk of the uggregate amount assigned to the articles Impor-
ted from all parts except from British Possessions in the West and East Indies, China,
and the Fisheries ; the Imports from which, as will be shewn hereafter, do nut in the slight-
est degree tend to equalize the excess of Exports to any of the other parts of the World.

As a guide to the actual Real Value of the articles specified above, the actual Quantities |
of each in, tale, weight, and measure, will be found specified in following Statements, and
in succeeding Statements there will be found a specification of the Amount of Customs Duty
levied on each article Imported, with the rate at which each article is charged with duty,
whereby the actual Quantities, and thereby the actual Real Values, may be ascertained. '

Although the present Money Value of most of the articles enumerated above will be seen
in several instances very considerably to exceed the Value assigned to them in the Statement
o& Official Valves of each article Imported in eachsof the Ten Years 1814—1823, theaggre-
gate Real Value will prove not materially, if at all, to exceed the aggregate of the Official
Value cs represented in the preceding Statement ;,. that 2s,,.in, s0.far.as tt constitutes an...

2a

EQUIVALENT against the Real Value of Conunodities EXPORTED,»

—— | | - | |

Statistical Tables for future reference. 627

ITED KINGDOM of Great Britain Ireland, EXPORTED fiom thence

rf “the WOR LD, in each of the six Years 18171822, distinguishing: the seve-

TATEMENT of the Declared REAL: VALUE.of the PRODUCE & MANUFACTURE
of tie UNI ‘ED. clar UE. of the PRODUCE & MA Ss
ral’ Gountrie

8 to which Ex orted, and the proportion te each respective CounTRY: >"
Pops 8 FS A a oa ie haa aL te ai ans, tienda ner ar eee
‘to which 1817. | 1818. 1819. 1820. 1821. \.1822.
Bri. West Indies 5,840,200], 6,021,626) 4,841,252 |» 4,197,761) 4,320,586 | \ 3,439,817
East Do. § CHINA| 3,705,964}. 3,863,131 | 2,653,527}. 3,693,168] 4,151,678}, 3,771,222
Whale Fishery 15 1,034. 384 N

8,472,648

Total isé. Class. | 9,596,177}. 9,884,757 | 7,494,779] 7,891,963 7,211,038
Germany... +» | 5,433,010] 6,176,270] 5,646,569} 6,110,356] 5,282,279) 5,234,920
Ttaly ye. seen, |, 2,240,987 | 3,147,648) 2,692,797 | 2,441,958 2,161,860] 3,137,698
Russia. age em 3,045,475] 2,844,635]. 1,793,681], 2,672,214]. 1,590,719 837,678
Holland ......... |. 1,337,693] 1,187,042] 1,118,427! 1,118,108} 947,416] 1,011,395
Portugal Az. § Ma:| 1,888,507} 1,555,428} 1,642,714} 1,668,130 | 2,153,321). 1,890,150
Gibraltar........ 861,128]. 674,72], 790,961} 1,191,095}. 1,217,983] 1,660,352
Spain Sthe Canaries|. 727,888] 602,493] 583,033]. 626,194! 324,504. 395,643
Flanders ,......» 731,660]. 757,787|. 654,568}. 632,694), 723,174]. 801,097
Prussia ......4+ 518,530], . 513,874]... 386,755} 499,409} 274,449 234,185,
France .......»,. |,,1,003,487 |. 369,504} 299,493}, 390,744 458,244 4373009.
Turkey ....- 206 |-. 451,299}... 806,531} 537,335]. 551,792), 360,214 52a,574
Malta, ......++ 509,870| -- 464,306]. 344,126]. 257,040}. 198,637] 1 229;540
Tonian Isles... «+. 9,395. 14,057 4,796 12,658 6,511 9,240
Denmark. ...... 250,834) 189,889]. 177,410]. 164,277), 135,403 429,235
Sweden ........ |... 43,831 52,883 47,630 33,440 82,015, 35,4413
Norway...---.. |, 47,054 86,874 70,337 6. ,Ag4 58,705 |o.\0) 43,948
TorAL 2nd. Class. | 19,093,574 |19,439,382 | 16,790,652 |.18,429,504.|15,903,442 |. 16,601,562
U. S. of America-.|. 6,930,360] 9,451,010] 4,929,816} 3;875,286| -6,214,875}, 6,865,263)
Brazils .......+» 2,034,696 |. 3,180,542] 1,937,330] 2,401,030 |,.1,858,357 | 1,523,812
For. West Indies. |. 1,279,782| 1,169,610| 892,307], 939,782} 1,050,778 868,041
South America | 616,642] 815,115] 438,998]. 820,261 | 1,083,880} 1,642,903
Bri. N- America 1,515,317| 1,768,153] 2,020,061] 1,559,104} 1,141,278) 1,338,903
Newdeland Eee 19,422}, 13,546 61,492] 117,123) 126,114 213,574
Cape of Good Hope, 260,541] 215,707 183,584] 248,182] 280,683]) 176,677
Coast of Africa . 145,818]. 174,879] 132,710}. 145,117 |... 201,435 208,267

1G Jer,& Man | 326,500] 355,731} 329,670] _ 296,602], 324,728 315,052

——-. —-

TorAt Sed. Class, | 13,129,077 | 17,144,395 | 10,925,967 | 10,102,496 | 12,282,128 | 13,162,491)
Granp TOTAL, } 44,818,828] 46,468,535 135,211,401 | 36,423,963 |36,658,217 | 36,965}093

|e EA
yt Tlie above Values are founded on the Declaration of the Shippers at the time of Shi oe
ping, bat.as disregard to correctness involves no serious: responsibility or penalty, their
aceuracy is of ‘course to a certain extent questionable. It will prove however on a tho-
roughinvestigation of the subject, that the actual state of the Commercial relation of Great
Btitain) is, in reality worse, than in these Ilfustrations itis made to'appear. The Declara-
ion of Vulue, was first established at the commencement of the Year 1798, on the pre-
xtof levying aduty to defray the expences of Convoy, consequently as the Valuation
was subject to an ad valorem charge that was as long as the Convoy Duty was continue
in itself, a sufficient check to.an over valuation, from 1798 to 1816, therefore, when the
Convoy Duty ceased, the REAL Money or Invoiced VALUE of the Products & Manu-
s ures Exported in the Eighteen Years 1798 — 1815, somewhat exceeded the Declared
lue as represented in the Custom House Returns to Parliament, from which these Ti-
lustrations have been compiled; whilst, the inherent disposition of all trading persons to
make. the ntmost appearance in their trading transactions, will justify the inference, of
the. Declared Value somewhat exceeding the REAL or Invoiced VALUE, since 1816
ot la duty ceased ; consequently the DEPRECIATION in Money Value
since 1816, may be considered gyeater than it is represented in the statement of Annual
Depreciation of Value since 1798. ) gus
7 The Depreciation represented in the next following Statement, dt is important to understand does
vat upp ta the STANDARD of nhs | el the Ten Yeurs \793— 1807, but tothe Value PFABNE a res
ly, the Year oo oa to the eréut revulsion arising fromthe sudden transition of a state of nce
after-a state of War, unparalleled alike in energy andextent, and when wpon every just
of ution, itt was fair. to infer after a. dcpreciation, of .£ 25,775,562 % Annum, had resulted asa
consequence of the ap rones petty expediency and speculation by which the War had been sustained,
sométling like’ an equitilriuin und reciprocity in the external commercial relations of the "eral
Nations of the Worla'would lidde bien established. ; : eas oa

628 Siatistical' Tables. for future: reference?

afement:

of Imports) of MERCHANDIZE EXPORTED from the UNITED BOM of
; ’ 6

said ‘six Years ; the eacess of Export to EUROPE and:AMERICA, over and above the

STATEMENT of the Oficial Vulue (which implies Quantity, — Vide ned to
GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND, to all parts of the Wortp in each of thé six
1817+ 1822, distinguishing the several Countries to. which Exported; ad ae oa
to-each respective Countty,shewing also-the Total Amount of Imports in ‘each of the
amount of IMPORTS from thence; and a hypothetical Illustration of ‘theways and
means whereby the Commercial party obtain EQUIVALENTS for that Excess, at the

Expence of the productive labour, and distress and privation of the Artizans-and La-
‘bourers of: GREAT BRITAIN. 5 ere

COUNTRIES a ;,
to which 1817. 1818. 1819. 1820. 1821.- [ “1822.
EXPORTED. |——¢—|—_—_¢—- — |—_ £ —| + ¢ | -++ 4
Bri. West Indies | 7,015,591| 5,989,707 | 4,692,414] 4,555,775| 5,311,772] 4;370,100

East. Do. & Cuin | 2,779,626} 3,186,982) 2,373,913] 3,273,817] 4,313,047 | 3,886,950
Whale Fishery 2,888 3,020 2,945 5,006 4,549] 2,953
Total W.& East J —— In:
Indies & Fishery. | 9,798,105] 9,179,708] 7,069,272] 7,834,598] 9,629,368 8,260,003

ryt

Import from Do. |16,346,739| 16,391,000 | 16,124,508 | 16,468,863

15,138,490 | 13,488,628

U.S. of Amunica| 6,715,629] 8,723,430] 4,449,143[ 4,079,541| 6,805,050] 7,560,862
Braz ...... | 2,284,569| 3.191,621| 1,896,316| 2,279,931| 2,137,221| 1,974,560
For. West Inpres| 1,823,287 | 1,509,752] 1,145,322| 1,297,313] 1,584,930] 1,332,568
South AMERICA 735,344 850,944] 431,616 917,916| 1,210,825] 2,016,277
Bri. Ni America|’ 1,491,118 | 1,865,861| 2,072,575] 1,758,928] 1,464,705] 1,597,251
New Hottann 16,640 10,423 48,814 119,005 114,609] ~ 219,786
Cape of G. Hope |) 253,161| 206,238] 179,508] 256,878] 300,956| _ 245,156
Coust of AFRICA 242 584 273,649 243,507 309,568 383,301 436,893
Guern. Jer. Man 269,059 288,926 298,606 312,108 372,597 329,648

Total N. & South
America Africa &c

Imports. from Do.| 6,221,664| 7,243,979] 6,131,934] 7,465,677 | 7,735,293 7,643,779
3.8 Dy Go. Bills} 3,000,000] 3,000,000] 3,000,000] 3,000,000 | 3,000,000 }»'3,000,000
= '§ (. Buurron| 1,000,000] 2,000,000} 1,000,000] 824,783} 2,500,000 3,500,000
es oe hee 2,000,000 | 2,500,000 igen
£8 \advin §Gra| 1,659,729] 2,176,165 rt
as Depreciatio. 633,473 9,047 | 1,138,901} 1,589,230
Balance x £ | 13,881,393 | 16,920,144| 10,765,407 | 11,299,507 | 14,374,194] 15,733,009
To EUROPE |—————_|—_—_|—__|_ a
Germany ...... | 8,126,980] 8,686,145] 8,409,624] 9,898,154] 8,571,365). 9,038,537
Italy ........ | 2,942,917] 4,288,961] 3,806,349] 3,767,622] 3,994,819]. 5,280,575
Russia..........-| 2,759,456| 2,820,813] 2,037,267] 3,669,064] 2,099,441| 1,220,148
Holland........ | 2,580,563} 2,047,089] 2,292,040] 2 047,612| 1,957,022} 2,013,324
Portugal Az § Ma.| 1,730,968] 1,483,501] 1,631,033] 1,912,597| 2,711,899] 2,774,608
Gibraltar ...... | 1,322,726] 911,915] 1,124,618] 1,781,074] 1,885,711] 2,869,425
Spain § Canaries 707,184} 616,849] 678,400] 684,336]. 426,691) 522,342
Flanders ........| 1,844,182]. 1,922,099]. 1,771,528] 1,542,331} 1,925,940] 1,844,821
Prussia ........ | 1,078,355| 1,064,743] 982,541] 1,317,180}. 921,741]. 767,611
France ........ | 1,651,015] 1,196,777| 982,857] 1,163,881] 1,419,505] » 1,185,421
Turkey ..0s45 4. 599,228] 1,061,811] 767,467] 961,746]. 583,017] 972,447
Miilfa ied t csc 772,959]. 674,878] 565,941] 528,433] 355,724) 479,733
Ionian Isles. .«.. 2,135] 13,220 6,207 14,041 7,478) 13,235

Denmark ......

Sweden........ | 151,509}, 137,501] 161,328] 126,660| 184,532| © 131,544
Norway.....+- 78,155| 142,700 99,367 99,704] 94,858} 79,679
Fotal Europe. | 26,724,614 | 27,446,697 | 25,604,680 | 29,823,009 | 27,458,838 | 29,491,111
Imports from Do. | 8,265,694) 13,250,220} 8,480,367 | 8,536,405 | 7,963,936 | 9,398,257
Excess. of Exeort|—————_|—___—__|_ —_——
Equalizd as follows] 18,458,920 | 14,196,477 | 17,124.313 | 21,286,604 | 19,494,902 |'20,092,854
viz, Governt. Bills} 1,500,000} 1,500,000} 1,500,000} 1,500,000} 1,500,000'}° 1,500,000
_. Absentee Do.| 5,000,000] 5,000,000] 5,000,000} 5,000,000] 5,000,000} 5,000,000
Foreign Stock D. | 2.:000,000 “1 -2'900,000} 3,400,000 5,000,000
Be ieee siae ¢ | 5:000,000] 5,000,009 ' ee
DepreciationinVa| | | 1,586,830 | 3,865,797 |-4;924,3871°%, 766458
Defileation’' ~~" 4,958,920) 2,696,477)" 9,037,483)|"'8,920;807'| “4,670,565 AN go6-F16
sped NCEo Tait Lo tereaeuny |yrasiois lai waded | PaQOa Os ae SES
‘National Loss ¢3-118,458,920 [14,196,477 ' 175194,913 21,986,604) 19/494,902 } 40,009,054

376,383 |.

13,881,393.| 16,920,144 | 10,765,407 | 11,290,507

377,696| - 288,123

y

we

308,576

14,374,193 | 15,733,009

319,191} © 297,80

a y
n

Stutisticat, Tables, for, future reference. 629

STATEMENT of the TOTAL Official Value of MERCHANDIZE EXPORTED from,
an f TED into all the Ports of the United Kingdom of GREAT BRITAIN &

; 5 during the Six Years1817 —1822, distinguishing the proportion cf Value
= from the several Countries of the WORLD ; shewing also the Excess of Value
ail RTED over and above the Value IMPORTED, from each respective COUNTRY
Colonial ) TOTAL | TOTAL | EXCESS .

ot svods bus z9v0 AGL a itisn Pre:
cas COUNTRIE duce & Manu-
sit ts .2e factures.

Foreign Value Value of Value
ho | EXPORTED.| IMPORTED. | EXPORTED

ovis gr cwssiolien Sg ea igiine sigig cee

£

1,880,901 | 31,935,759 | 49,866,010] 17,930,251
2,463,709 | 19,842,877 | 41,465,149 | $21,652,272
19,816 21,359| 2,627,269] = 2,605,910

: British West Indies 30,054,858
East Indies & CHINA | 17,349,168
The Whale FISHERY 1,543

Total West, &'Bast Indies, |. «3.1...
China, and Whale Fishery. 47,405,569

g
4,364,426 | 51,769,995 | 93,958,428 | 42,188,433

United States of America} 37,546,621, 787,033 { 38,333,654 21,672,530 | 16,661,124
Brazils .....¢4...2e00] 13,561,234 | 202,273] 13,763,507 | 6,373,376] 7,390,131
Foreign West Indies 8,374,370 | 318,802] 8,693,172] 4,703,790] 3,989,382

South America ........] 5,828,905 335,016 | 6,163,921

1,877,308 | 4,286,613
Brisish North America | 7,781,629} 2,468,819 | 10,250,448

5,187,873 5,062,575

New Holland ........ 431,294 97,182 528,476 56,324 472,152
Cape uf Good Hope ....] 1,216,105 235,791 | 1,451,896 657 ,343 794,553
Coast of Africa’:....... 988,351 900,567 | 1,888,918] 1,002,433 886,485
Guernsey, J ersey & Man} 1,389,533 481,412 1,870,945 909,964 960,984

Total North & South America

For. W. Indies, Africa &c. | 77,118,042 } 5,826,895 | 82,944,937 | 42,440,944] 40,603.99

Germany ...,........ | 36,579,905 ; 16,150,302 | 52,730,207 | 4,517,719{ 148,212,488
Italy ...........2.++4 | 19,718,625 | 4,362,615 | 24,081,240 | 6,027,901] » 18,053,339.
Russia ...,.......... | 11,068,175 | 3,487,950 | 14,556,125 | 14,860,801 | £8 Contra

Holland ......,..... | 6,895,869 | 6,041,780| 12,937,649 | 4,870,018'| . 8,067,631
Portagal Azores §Ma | 11,606,861| 637,742] 12,244,603] 3,402,289)» oben

Gibraltar ;>- “[deira| 8,142,633 | 1,752,835] 9,895,468 236003 15,952,662
Spains the Canary Isles | 2,606,816 | 1,028,982| 3,635,798} 6,124,015 Fu,
Flanders .........4.« | 4,570,978 | 6,279,912 | 10,850,890] 1,402,920] 9,447,970
Prussia .............5| 2,959,505} 3,172,626] 6,132,131] 4,501,715 | 1,630,416
France ........+2.++4| 2,226,437 | 5,373,013] 7,599,450] 4,851,324 | 2,748,196
Turkey :..s.e..2.-.. | 4,227,646 | 717,872] 4,945,518] 2,034,945 | 2,910,573
Malta......-...--+- | 2,861,288 | - 516,334] 3,377,622] 221,777 0 9 247 a9
Donian Isles:...255 04%. 49,287 7,028 56,315} 464,960 ie.

Denmark ............| 1,158,453] 809,194] 1,967,647 | 932,872 | 1,034,775
Swedem «was «ices 2.6 218,250| 674,811] 893,061] 895,825 | Contra
Norway .«s.s.ss-s.. | 378,392| 216,068] 594,460] 489,916 104,544

Total EUROPE p= {115,269,351 | 51,228,833 |166,498,184 | 55,895,900 | 110,602,984
ito all Forei @ .
Which incur'a National Loss 192,387,393 | 57,055,728 249,443,121 | 98,336,844 | 151,106,280

*,°In addition to the returns received from the Brazils &c. directly home, very considerable Shipments
of produce to Europe are made on british account, which may make the transactions with that Divisi-.
on somewhat less unfavorable ; but the aggregate result is made worse rather than better, inas much
' as it adds to the excess to BUROPE and thereby renders the LOSS more aggravating by its inequality.
HYPOTHETICAL ILLUSTRATION of the way inwhich the EXCESS of EXPORT
__tepresented in the preceding Statement is EQUALIZED to the Commercial party, whilst it
~ resolves itself into NATIONAL LOSS, to the Amount in six Yeurs of t3~ £ 151,106,280

BILLS drawn on Account of Government, on the Treasury, Paymaster of
»» the Forces, Commissioners of the Navy, Army, Navy and Colonial Agents > 18,000,000
© from British North America, West Indies, New Holland, C. of G. Hope &c.
BULLION from South America, West Indies, and the United States of America.10,824,783
+) Undue advance in COTTON and COFFEE, in the Years 1817 - 1818 4,500,000
ei Do, Do. GRAIN and FLOUR, from the U. S. of America. in Do. 3,832,884
DEPRECIATION in the Value of the Products of British Industry and
» LABOUR subsequent to 1818, from the Value in the Year 1817, which was ue 3,346,329
«0 @ Depreciation of £ 25,775,562 Compared with the average Value of the Ten )——————
000,06 BALANCE of American &c. Division [ Years 1798 — 1807. £ 40,503,996
o BILLS drawn on Account of Government, at Gibraltar, Malta, Ionian Isles &c. 9,000,000
Do. on Account of ABSENTEE and TRAVELLING EXPENDITURE. 30,000,000
Do. Do. FOREIGN LOANS!!! 12,400,000
ates advance in GRAIN, TALLOW, FLAX, SILK, &c. in the Yrs. 1817-18 10,000,000
»DEPRECIATION in the Value of Products exported to RUROPE since } 48,143,102
1818, x Vide — Depreciation above, and its progression in preceding and ng gel
»DEFALCATIONS, Bepkouied, Insolvency, Compromise, tfillowing Sta. $1,050,182

BALANCE European Division ¢9- £ 110,602,284, © TOTAL .f 151,106,280

630 Statistical Tables for future reference.

TABLE (O) showing the Quantity of MERCHANDIZE ExPpoRTED from) and
ImMporTED into Great BrivaiN in each year since 1783, distinguishing, the’
Proportions'Exported to the East Indies and Chinaand the West Indies, from the

‘ “Proportion Exported fo all other Parts of the World; and showing also the excess or
waste of the Producéts of the Britislt Artizan.and Labourer in each, Year: Tanne (S))
showing the Quantity Imported in each Year from the East Indies and China and

from the West Indies.

EXPORTS. Excess ot
: As equivalents}Exports, as-per
t against the cols. Nos. 3
East Indies British All other Total. Amounts in and 5,
and China. | West Indies Parts. col. No, 3, a
een ye 9, 3. 4, 5. 6.
~ & 8 £ F - £ el
1784 os 1,370,066 “° 15,101,491 8,871,105 4 4,200,000
1785 oe 1,255,528 . 16,117,169 § 9,221,087 |r 4,200,000"
»17686 oe 1,536,063 16,305,866 § 9,185,995 | 4,400,000:
1787 : 1,733,265 16,869,789 | 10,689,858 |. 4,600,000
1788 o- 1,766,454 o* 17,472,238 § 10,484,860 |. 5,000,000
(1789 oe 1,763,937 .- 19,340,549 7 10,552,153 | 7,000,000
1790 oe 1,986,201 +. 20,120,121 | 12,090,089 | 6,500,000:
, 791 oe 2,649,066 “* 22,731,995 ¥ 12,280,051 | 7,000,000
31792 703,168 | 2,922,141 9.| 90,844,913: | 24,467,206 § 12,774,735 8,067,176"
{1798 et ° 763,168 2,695,422.| 16,218,096} 19,676,686 11,365,536 |, 4,852,560:
VW9404 0 9BF,754-} 5,652,762.) 20,490,930") 25,111,446 13,047,803 | 7,343,127
11795. |' °958,313.) 2,460,888 | 21,428,138 | 24,847,539 12,876,788 |» 8,551,350)
11796 © ||'1,093,697 |} 3,220,668 | 23,702,703 | 28,026,068 15,874,286 | 7,828,417
1797 976,583 |} 3,143,878 | 92,195,252 | 26,515,713 9 1 2,800,685 | 9,394,567
1798 898,048 55,197,913 | 24,194,068 | 30,290,029 14,818,998 | 9:575,0609
11799 1,092,656 | 5,943,501 | 26,604,200 33,640,357 | 16,403,115 | 10,201,087 |
£1800 1,261,824 || 4,082,100 | 32,776,196 | 38,120,120 18,275,820 14,500,376 .
1801 | 1,481,271 | 4,373,218 | 31,982,367 | 57,786,856 | 18,956,605 | 13,025,7629
(1802 1,584,465 | 3,878,594 | 35,948,909 | 41,411,966 17,145,764 |:48,804, 135 Me
11803 1,6 6,086 2,344,647 | 27,537,762 | 31,578,495 7 15,606,902, : 11;930,8605
1804 1,499,855 | 4,229,025 | 28,722,487 34,451,567 916,397,631 | 12;324,R568
1805 1,526,920 | 3,800,782 | 29,627,143 34,954,845 | 17,636,785 | 11,990,360
1806 1,605,078 | 4,705,200 | 30,216,906 | 36,527,1 84 f 16,355,004 | 4 3,861,902
1807 1,776,413 | 4,536,563 | 28,253,595 34,566,571 | 17,487,342 10,766,253
1808 1,833,657 | 5,850,773 | 26,869,836 54,554,267 # 15,067,608 | 11,802,228
1809: 1,487,998 5,902,686 | 42,896,216 | 50,286,900 § 22,798,767 | 20,097,449 F
1810 1,555,296 | 4,579,289 | $9,755,274 45,869,859 § 28,256,096 11,479,178 fe
4811 1,529,568 | 4,001,000 | 26,979,005 82,409,671 § 16,178,160 } 10,700,845
1812 so 4,740,216 -* 43,243,172 § 15,804,907 | 22,000,000
1813 es oe o- 48,000.000 § 15,000,000 } 27,000,000
1814 1,696,404 | 6,284,355 | 44,477,641 52,358,398 | 13,620,000 | 30,857 641
1815 °°} 2,054,566 | 6,862,571 | 48,503,499 57,420,456 § 14,000,000 | 3 503,499 Ds
1816 | ¥,185,641 | 4,559,665.) 41,470,879 | 48,216,185 | 10,000,000 | 31,470,6
1817 2,779,625 | 6,762,069 | 39,962,974 49,504,668 4 14,000,000 | 25,962,974 4°.
1818 8,185,750 | 5,784,554 | 45,828,013 52,798,327 | 20,124,862 [994,121,711 Fo"
1819 | 2,472,982 | 4,490,010 | 55,839,819 | 42,802,811 | 14,229,668 | 22,147,515 '
1820 3,229,841 | 4,347,043 | 40,766,208 | 48,345,062 | 15,943,908 |.25,329,300 fr
1821 4,393,047 | 5,069,372 | 41,415,565 | 50,797,982 5 14,400,000 | 27,015,563
18v2 3,886,950 | 4,145,463 | 44,758,005 | 52,770,418 § 16,000,000 | 28,738,005
182 1

IMPORTS,

etme =

The Amounts in Col. No. 3, of this Statement, have been deduced, by deducting the

Amotn's in Cols. 1 and 2 from the Totals in Col. No. 4, and Col. No. 8, of Table S,. .

will show that the Amounts in Col. No. 5 of this Table exhibit all that has been:
received against the Amounts in Col. No, 5. There being no authentic return for the.
East Indies and China prior to 1792, occasions the Amounts in Col. No. 6, for the first

eight:years, to be assumed; but the general accuracy of the account is not ‘affected ’”

thereby

prema. mete

Statistical Tables for future reference. 631

TABLE(P)° showing the “‘Increasep Quantity of. Britisu Propvucr can
MANUFACTURES EXPORTED in each year since 1797, and thei Depreciation it
Valueisince- 1807, at the Expense of the Artizan and Labourer, in the Reduction» of
their: Wages without.any corresponding Equivaient ; and the stationary Quantity: of
Imports‘as'a consequence of the bulk of the People being precluded. from, consuming
them,

| & 2 jf Quanti of |
_| BritishProduce..and- ree passin end
Manufactures Expuried: Value Bp ee nce
if oe which the Annual Excess E25 dgciions vel
: Quantities | Depreciation | of Quantity | =—~+ cee 4 a dor
should have | in Value, exported. 9] ‘s bo iy Ba |
obtained, S513 leumptionsatter
_Quantity. | Real Vatue. 2s deducting the
‘ ¥ . 4 “ }Propoition re-

exported.—7. !

£ d.
1798}19,672,503 |33,148,682 It deserves to be noticed, in reference 0}17,240,490
1799\24,084,213 |38,942,498 | to these ten years, that although the re- 017,281,288
1800/24,304,284 |39,471,203 orgy for labour — eke one- 0116,754,768
1801195.719.980 141.7 354 all, there was no material alteration in ) aren

pene, yrera the value of their products until 1808; Tart 20,796,060
1802/27 ,012,108 |48,500,683 f the variation resolving itself into atransfer 16 0 (16,971,996
1805/22,252,102 |40,100,870 § of the fair reward for labour to profits; | 11 0 {18,674,599
1804'23,934,292 |40,349,642 the quantity exported annually averages 11. 0 118,692,908
1805)25,003,308 |41,068,942 | £24457,271. and the value £40,707.491. | 9 ytao 395,108:
1806|27,403,653 |43,242,176 upon which data the calculations below 0419,715,381-

1807/25,190,762 |40,479,865 | °°? founded.

2 4
188|26,692,288 |40,881,671 | 44,977,204| 4,095,533
1809/35, 107,439 |50;242,761 | 59,156,950| 8,914,683)
1810 34,940,550 |49,975,634 | 58,875,740] 8,900,106
1g11.24,109,931 134,917,281 | 40,625,864 5,708,583
1812\31,243,362 |43,657,864 | 5%,645,882| 8,988,018
1813 32,000,000 |43,000,000 | 545000,000) 11,000,000
1814)33,200,580 |43,447,37¢ | 55,943,845) 12,496,473
1815)41,712,002 |49,653,245 | 70,285,814| 20,632,569
1816|34,774,520 |40,328,940 | 58,595,975| 18,267,035
1817|39,235,397 |40,337,118 | 66,112,670] 25,775,562
1818)41,963,527 |45,188,250 | 70,709,640] 25,521,391
1819|32,923,575 |34,248,495 4 55,477,084] 21,228,600
1820/37 818,036 |55,568,670 | 63,724.580| 28,155,710
1821|40, 194,893 |35,826,082 | 67,729,446] 31,903,364
1822143,558,490 |36,176,897 | 73,397,195| 37,220,298

Aggregate depreciation in the 15 years, }

yi 7 0f19,412,556

2,105,352 4 6 6 121,769,958-

4,920,773] 9 ;

4,914,389 | 10°

3,131,062] 6

5,013,009} &

6,164,900} 7

7,096,693}13 013,462,952

11,879,597] 6 616,113,619
4
4
5
4
4
5
4

} 0 120,351,624
0 416,598,984

_

10,544,239} 4 012,933,255
14,995,397 0 {19,647,049
14,813,597 6 [24,983,998
12,346,524 019,775,664
16,447,826 6 [20,992,765
18,669,993 0}19, 122,084
21,842,724 0|20,189,879

1808-22, o11 comparison of average va-
lue of previous 10 years, 1798-1807
Do. do. compared with the years 1802-3

957,259,242|154,865,936] 4 0
326,808,387|182,893,944

*,* It will be seen, on mature reflection, that this Statement does not apply to the general question of
excess of export over and above the amount of import, but shows in itself an excess of quantity exported
asa ie aicce of a depreciation in value effected at the expense of the operative artizan, by areduc-
tion in the rate of his wages. It is true that, as value and price are mere relative terme, having no signifi-
ation or definite meaning in themselves when applied to the affairs of nations, had the quantity of imports
increased in a corresponding degree (o the increased quantity of British produce and manufactures exported,
tne difference in value would then have been of no importance; but it will beseen, by col. No.7, that if due
allowance be made for the increased quantity of raw material of manufactures, which has been re-exported
under the head of British produce and manufactures, instead of under the head of colonial and foreign pro-
duce, that the quantity of colonial and foreign productions imported and retained for home consumption, in
the foor last years 1819-22, bas actuaily been less than it was in the four years 1758-1801, thereby demonstra-
ting a sacrifice or waste of the productions of the British artizan and Jabourer ‘and at their exclusive expense,)
of no lessan amountot value in the fifteen years 1798-1522 thin 257,259,242. in comparison withthe average
value uf the produce of their labour during the ten years 1798-1807, and of £328,808 387. if compared with
the value of the produce of their labourin the years 1802-3; and, was the comparison to be made against
the value) of the produce of their labour during the fourteen years 1784-97, the sacrifice or waste would
rove to be not less than to 460,000,000 ; but, as there was no authentic return of the real value of
Brvcish produce and manufactures exported prior to 1798, when a duty was levied under the pretext of
defraying the expenses of convoy, the case is submitted to rest On the resulis which the authenticity of the
documents that have annually been laid before Parliament, since the period of 1798, alone exhibit,

632 Staistieal Tables for future reference.

STATEMENT shewing the Annvat VARIATION ‘in the STATE and Conprrion of
GREAT BRITAIN, as regards her Commerce, Manufactures, Taxation, aud Pano-
CHIAL ASSESSMENTS, on an Average of each five Years, since the general Peace in 1783.

COLONTAL& FOREIGN oii

Propvucs from and to | Manufactures EXPORTED Der P tas We py
all parts of the World } ———_—___—__——_. “ 4 his

British Produce and

exc pt freland.;

oe memrenine Value or Re ; «|, Parochial
YEARS. Imported. | Reexported. | or Saran, Vatue. TA mt : lp gah
1782 | 9,714,000 | NoReturn | 9,919,000 > There wasno | 47,000,000 | 2,000,000
1784— 88] 16,633,910 | 4,584,139 | 11,989,172 (authenticre- | 48 990,000 | 2,167,748
9a 93 | 19,070,282 | 5,703,102 | 15,961,865 ( Vaiue prior | 18,000,000 2 Nv authentic
93— 7 | 21,696,756] 8,203,209 | 16,592,222 to 1798. 19,601,738 § these periods
8 —1803 | 29,578,490 | 11,631,550 | 23,840,865 | 40,322,381 | 33,670,195 | 5,300,000
1804— 9] 30,100,807 | 10,340,564 | 27,231,957 | 43,594,050 | 55,888,192 | 6,500,000
10— 15 | 32,181,483 | 15,181,555 32,867,738 44,471,855 | 67,959,000 | 8,500,000
16— 21 | 30,501,500 | 10,925,516 | 37,818,325 | 37,865,836 | 55,400,088 | 8,545,672 |
1822 | 29,401,807 | 9,211,928 | 43,558,490 | 36,176,897 | 54,974,243 | 7,761,441
1823 | 34,544,246 | 8,588,966 | 43,144,466 | 34,691,124 | 52,948,542 6,898,153

RT RRA RAE EA A AR RR RE
*,° The above Statement exhibits a considerable diminution in the Money Amount of both Taxes and Pa-
rochial Assessments, but, resolving itself, as ali TAXATION does, into labour, and the products of labour
the Taxation of 1823, both State and Parochial, will, on a fair investigation be seen to be greater than that
¥ any Year during the WAR. YP The Accounts of Parochial Assesments are made up to Easter in cach
Year. In the above Statement the Accounts end at Easter in the Year affixed, but in the Statement below

at Easter in the following Year. _ .
COMPARATIVE VIEW of the Increase and Extent of Pauperism and Crime in
ENGLAND & WALES, at different Periods since 1748; and Statement shewing the
Total Amount of Parish Assessments, and the Proportion thereof expended for the Relief
of PAUPERS, and the EquivaLenT of that Amount in Quarters of Wheat, according to
the Average Price of Wheat in each Year ; The No. of Committals for CRIME in England
& Wales; The total Amount of TAXES in GREAT BRITAIN, and of British Propucs

and, Manuractrures Exported therefrom in each Year since 1811.» si

Total | S/sa8dax 33%.

mount of | Ex SRL SS $ Sf

gy ke f Jor Retisp. Soy < 2s os 33 SS38
years. | Assesment | ofPaupers Sse 38 sR 32 £85
~| ——£—— |— £€—_| ses |sscss| §S | TAXES. | Beds
1749 | 730,135} 689,971 Rl aesae|° §. |oe osgss
76 | 1,720,316 | 1,521,732 SSS S| 5S | 11,000,000] Sesx
84 | 2,167,748 | 1,912.94] brace | en Neve} A ONO OOO eee 2
1803 | 5,348,204 | 4,077,891 | s56/5d | 1,443,101 38,511,812 | 22,252,102
12 | 8,640,842 | 6,656,105 | 125/5 | 1,061,438 | 6,576 | 64,752,025 | si248 a
13 | 8,388,974 | 6,294,584 | 108/9 | 1,197,625 | 7,164 | 68,302,859 | 32,000,000
14 | 7,457,676 | 5,418,845 | 73/3 | 1,484,615] 6,390 | 70,240,312 | $3,299,589
15 | 6,937,425 | 5,724,506} 64/4 | 1,779,639 | 7,818 | 71,203,141 | 41,712,002
16 | 8,128,418 | 6,918,217 | 75/10 | 1,824,584 | 9,091 | 62,426,506 | 34,774,520
17 | 9,320,440 | 7,890,148 | 94/9 | 1,665,467 | 13,932 | 52,135,739 | 39,235,397
18 | 8,932,185 | 7,531,650 | 84/1 | 1,791,472 | 13,567 | 53,937,318 | 41,963,527
19 | 8,719,655 | 7,329,594 | 73/0 | 2,008,408 | 14,254 | 53,238,914 | 32,923,575
1820 | 8,411,893 | 6,958,445 | 65/7 | 2,122,016 | 13,710 | 55,132,077 | 39,818,036
1 | 7,761,444 | 6,358,703 | 56/6 | 2,250,868 | 13,115 | 55,530,072 | 40,194,893
2 | 6,898,153 | 5,773,096 | 43/3 | 2,669,762 54,974,143 | 43,558,490
3 52,948,542 | 43,144,466

a Re RR EL SEE, RRS SSRIS PE I RR A ENE

rr in Surther illustration of the fuct, of the burthen of TAXATION having increased, notwithstanding
the diminution in the MONEY AMOUNT, and of all Taxation, however indirect and insidious its
operation, and however remote its effect may be, ultimately resolving
products of Labour, the DEPRECIATION in the Value of British Produce and Manufactures
EX PORTED, will be scen to present itself in strong confirmation of the fact, it will be seen, that
since 1803, whilst the QUANTITY annually Exported has nearly doubled, the Value is upwards of
£ 4,000,000 ¥ Annum less, and the aggregate Depreciation in 1823, comparing the Value with the Ave-
rage-Value of the six Years 1798 — 1803, upwards of £ 37,000,000. And in the Summary of a Report
of a SELECT COMMITTEE of ARTIZANS, appointed in 1823 “to enquire into the causes which have |
sed to the extensive depreciation or reduction in the remuneration for labowr, and the CALAMITOUS
DISTRESS consegeunt thereupon,’ it is shewn, that as TAXATION progressively increased, the remu-
neration for LABOUR as progressively decreased, and that the aggregate increase of Taxation, corres-
ponds exactly with the aggregate decrease in theRemuneration for Labour, and proves toDEMONSTRA-
TION, that not only direct Taxation; but that all subsistence, and all Income acquired by any other
means than productive occupation, resolve themselves into an abstraction from the fair reward due to
productive labour. Estimating therefore the pressure of Taxation either by its Amount in GOLD,
which in1819, after an interval of one and Twenty Years, without any Standard at all, was again
made the Standard of Value for all commodity, or by Commodities themsetves, the pressure of TAX
ATION in 1823 will prove greater than that of 1815, which was the maximum of Money Amount, ,

itself into LABOUR and the |

vy Statistical .Tables for future reference. 633

waverowateAMPORTATION & RE-EXPORTATION of SUGAR, dag RY
«*> ‘STAPEMENT of the Quantity of SUGAR, Imported into all the Ports of GREAT-
°°) © BRITATN" from all parts of the World, in each of the Seventeen Years 1807-1823
om 'distinguishiiig the proportion Imported from the British Colonies and Possessions in
the West Indies & South America and the East Indies, from the proportion Impert-
ed from all other Parts: The Annual Average Prise (exclusive of Duty ) according
__ to the Weekly Returns made to the London Gazette, The total Annual Value of the
dni ny Quantity Imported from the British West Indies, according to the aforesaid Return
‘of price : and the Rate of Duty 4? Cwt. in each Year. soon

AEE | ore OCT IMPORTED from ANNUAL
f British | East.) {Al Other Average, Total “Rate.
| Yeats] West Indies.| Indies. Parts. TOTAL. Price.- Value. of Duty

6 —!— Cuts. —|— Cwts.—|—Cuts.—|—-Cwts._—|—¥ Cut,—|— £ 1—¥ Cwt.—
1807 | 3,490,130 } 118,586 32,594 | 3,641,310 | 33/113 | 5,923,290 2
' 8 | 3,455,832 | 72,587 | 225,066 | 3,753,485 | 38/6 6,642,477 a7]

>) 9 | 3,394,185 | 26,200 | 580,813 | “4,001,198 | 43/53 7,875,100 § |
»-48L0 | 3,771,060 ) 49,240 | 988,363 | 4,808,663 | 46/10 8,830,565 | 27] 29]
11 | 3,647,142 | 20,522 | 250,079 | 3,917,543 | 36/54 6,646,636 i a”
» 42 | 3,551,449 | 72,886 | 139,088 | 3,763,423 | 42/03 7,480,233
~~ "135| 3,500,000 | 50,000 | 450,000 | 4,000,000 } 58/13 9,900,000
| 44 | 3,403,793} 49,849 | 581,681 | 4,035,328 | 73/44 | 12,484,714 30
“15 | 3,493,116 | 125,629 | 366,027 | 3,987,782 | 61/104 | 10,803,184. ¢~ I
16 | 3,440,595 | 127,203 | 192,780 | 3,760,548 | 48/63 8,354,121
17 | 3,563,741 | 125,894 | 105,916 | 3;795,530 | 49/8 8,849,956 27]
18 | 3,665,520 |°-162,395. | 138,032 } 3,965,940 } 50/ 9,163,800 «| 30/
- 19 |! 3,785,434 | 205,527 | 86,048 | 4,077,009 | 41/4 7,823,221 || | 28]
_. 1820 | 3,623,319 | 277,228 | 162,994 | 4,063,541 | 36/24 6,355,944
-_... 1, ] 3,734,292 |. 269,162 } 197,402 | 4,200,856 | 33/24 6,200,480 27]

_ 2 | 3,303,698 | 226,476 | 112,953 | 3,643,122 | 31/0} | 5,124,174

Tons +4 .
STATEMENT of the Quantity of SUGAR Re- exported from GREAT BRITAIN
“to all parts" of the World, in each of the above mention’d 17 Years 1807 - 1823. dis-
~” tingtiishing the several proportions, of British West India, East India, Foreign,and
ky Refined, the Refined in the Total being converted into Raw at the rate of 34 Cut.
of Raw for every 20 ’Cwt. of Refin’d. and shewing also the Quantity absorbed for

~ Home Consumption, and the Amount of Customs Duty paid on the same in each Year

hat RE-EXPORTED. : ear

Linn Bal 2b { Brisish East
Years. | West Ind. India. | Foreign. Refined TOTAL. |\Consumption. \Customs Duty.
| Cwts. —|— Guts. —|— Cuts. —|— Cwts. —|—_Cuts. £-

1807-| 596,856 | 20,398 | 42,657 | 413,960 | 1,363,642 8,194,589
<1 244,315 | 49,061 | 60,983 | 327,243 | 910,672 3,818,316
6 -9'| 976,334 | 16,887 | 420,226 | 460,732 | 1,496,661 3,246,586
» 4810} 90,480 | 7,095 | 519,320 | 413,208 | 1,319,349 3,014,074"
44 | 275,991 | 4,032 | 239,153 | 100,946 | 690,869 2,868,232
42} 310,803 | 6,964 | 356,546 | 284,617 | 1,158,192 . 3,580,224

~ 13 | 430,500 | 10,000 | 410,000 ; 450,000 | 1,615,500
44 | 553,771 | 41,311 | 462,958. | 555,335 | 2,002,105
45 | 401,152 | 68,422 | 311,418 | 609,247 | 1,906,711
"46 | 377,149 | 102,056 | 191,803 | 584,182 } 1,663,617
Sar | 258,265 | 95,494 | 132,937 | 697,085. | 1,671,740
"4B. | 267,602 | 110,323 | 108,688 | 711,185 | 1,695,627
* 8 49 | 218,384] 88,214 | 102,709 | 525,219 | 1,302,179
"4820 | 179,402 | 186,603 | 138,207 | 679,561 | 1,659,556
~~ 4 | 149,203 | 147,283 | 186,325 | 645,357 | 1,579,919
> @ } 170,983 | 102,467 | 137,707 | 374,784 | 1,048,297

1,766,167 | 3,149,170
1,809,029 | 3,090,620
2,145,553 | 3,166,852
“2,929,160 | 3,967,154
1,432,535 | 2,331,472
2,375,064 | 3,507,845
9,497,744 | 3,477,771
2,558,665 | 3,660,567
2,484,407 | 3,579,412

1

prode oe-yet eae ; 4,022,782
wre A) irate aping sk ‘ement shews the principal. Total From Bririsu PLAN-

Vey Sc. in ti est Indies from whence the TAriONs, in the West Indies > 3,303,698 Cwt.
Imports were derived in 1822. Viz. — & South America.

cee rom JaMatca, veces sees 2,918,718 Cut. From the Bast Inoies & Cuina 226,476

Ci DEMEMARA.. woee ove 530,049. Do. Havannan. veseee 79,929

4, St Vinemnrse 42+ +. 261,160 y Do. BRAZILS. sie. ss.) 83,024

S ccky. beteipn, AOMBNAD Aey 14 swolles e's 100,178
waite BINA DADs «. 64) Vee oe oe 178,401 Total from all Parts tn 1922, 3,648,197 Cut.

igen? — BARBAVDOES. cere ones 156,682
2 AU oner British West Ind.Pla, 563,521

» Reemritee *

at

MonTHiy Mac. No, 405 4M

634 Statistical Tables for future reference.

STATEMENT of the Quantity, iw fis:-weight'6f SHELP§ DA MBS WOOL Tihperted
into all the Ports of GREAT BRifALN, trom all parts of the WORLD, im eachiof the
seven Years 1816— 1822, ‘distinguishing the several Countries: from whence isported,

‘and't ¢ ‘proportion from each respeetive Country, The: Oficiul,-andhe estimated Rea;

. Value thereof, and the Amount of Customs Duty paid thereon in each ‘of thie said@77YV ears.
yee A epee rier near er ee et a eda a am

COU NTREIAS from \--; 1816. 1517. 1818. 1819. 1saws Po sBHEM GRbS
thence IMPORTED. pallet wry ——ibs. — s.— | ——lbs. — ater Shs. SPs be
Germany sevevenee- cn} 2516095 | 3816467 | 8,192,237 | 4,489,179 | 59113,442 8,615,529) 9i,125, E14
s » |. 2,058,097 | 6,282,073 | 8,760,627 | 5,523,951 | 2,536,229)| © 6,968,927 $05,991,208
( . 221,595} > 770,344 | 2,129,677] 998,644 |) 230,919 |) 2B 4% 673,
221,015 | 911,352 | 1,094,441 136,589 | 186,051 |. 310,587 1. 618,607
New South Wales .... 13,911 | mone | ~ 86,525 74,284 99415 | 17 433 | * 438,493
ph Bae SOAR i 103,231 19,128 56,082] 158,352 2815 ; ‘L \23-917
Cape of Good Hope 9,623 12,083 14,481 20,655 13,869 |, Baas |. | 46,581
Worth of Barope ....° 359,422 232,070 | 1,409,085 971,981 196,242 98.297 | 27
Portugal...... mp 493,277 729,243 | 1,409,490 | 1,808,251 95,157 | ° 118,573") 128,
Turkey ... hy, 26,321 66,692 656,979 348,602 189,584 293376) $53
Bueones Ayres ss... 106,454 23,707 294,712 1109595 | 63,759 | hoorv05] ( -\iomas
United Sta.of America 43,465 | 148,904} 268,596 57,851 698'| Soon Ries 9 fytz0
All other foreign parts 133,709} 89,622 | 207,707 | 391,192 { 37,013 | 30,847,] 125,815
Tréland ..002i0...,. 593,307 | | 654,421 | 1,653,737 89,370] 254,628 45,276 |. 26 ‘4
Gaernsey Jersey & Man 1,570 9,934 31,610 5,974 19,015 |, 9,106} "14,031
=e SS Lie 25 afr 5 cate a1 . On, “2. aout : a ee ed
TOTAL ibs. 8,117,869 | 14,715,843 | 26,405,486 | 16,190,343 | 10,043,746 78,090,048 ; 19,323,170
Gfficial Value £ 316,130} 617,216 | 1,017,006 | 692,346 | 375,497 | GT¥,754 |) = 699,725
Estinuted Real. Do. #£ 750,000 1,400,000 | 2,400,000 | 1,300,000 809,000 res sate
Customs Duty £ >» 26,567 49,196 $7,135 63,895 |. ISL8G1| 393,413}; 402,

STATEMENT of the Quantity (in Number of Gallons) of WINE, Imported into.all the
Ports of GREAT BRITALN, trom all parts of the WORLD, in each of the four Years
1819 — 1822, Compared with the Quantity Imported in each of the three Years 1801-3
distineuiyhing ihe several Countries in which produced, and the proportion of each, >

1801. 1802. 1803. 1819, } 1820. 482i. | Awe2.
ee = | - —
Portugal os v«7,224,678 | 5,349,803 | 6,976,106 | 2,598,459 2,670,783.

3,047,386 | 3,733,274
Spain seeeee 1,996,670 | 1,342,021 | 1,731,674 | 1,099,698 | 1,084,344 | 1,080,220 | 1,579,777
Dindeiva ....- 296,638 |. 377,471 | 394,129| 736,872 |. 659,608| 607,742| 515,714
The Canaries 9427 34,574 28,726} 397,710) 269,971 225,015 } ) 204,123
France... s+. 631,757 | 311,596 | 364,149] 388,938}. 274,899}..266,4334; 300,654
The Riiine ., 26,694 28,858 14,658 30,363 52,881
C..Ge Hope. vee 11,5238 4,027 3,370] 415,505] 485,160
Sicily Avie BE 9 15 3,733 14,106 41,589] 231,725] 263,285
TOTAL. 4—
Gullons. 9,801,120 | 7,662,617 | 9,554,201 | 5,898,732 | 5,740,930 | 6,079,50246
eajorted ‘ 4,012,874] 668,084] 639,554] 968,467 | 1,165,516 | 1,310,300 11,039,916

——

Quaantity by

PS 2 Engl. 7,130,412 | 6,554,181 | 7,945,309 | 5,435,883 | 4,753,391} 4,853,215
ES Sevid. 835,465] 308,975 | 515,734] 463,091) 341,844} . 373,366 | 1451,616

& = S$ Iretan. 1,493,016 | 2,398,890 | 1,836,429| 647,574] 557,530] 678,559 613,488
Amt.£uglund£ 828,759} 612,358 | 917,911] 1,011,054] — 875,304
Customs Duty 1,054,657 | 1,120,066 | 1,073,738] 816,442] $22,199
Do. Kreland 208,342] 377,006] 305,652] 220,200] 183,540

Y Bond 2,800,938 | 1,239,239 | 2,206,350 | 5,946,292 | 5,446,990 |'55502;726 16,175,515
Stock § Dealers 4,520,117 | 5,168,525 | 6,001,026 | 4,865,479 '| 5,075,048 | 447 86,237 45,090,541

857,250 | 889,670

of GREAT BRITAIN since 1801, of about 35 4f Cent., the Importation of WINE has de-
creased one-third, and, if to the diminished Quantity Imported, the increased Qu tity

ot 5 LS e; B %
seen to be very considerably below the Current Value of several Yeur's past, Wh 2 Is another

question worth attention, The line Customs Duty above applies to Great Britain, but the _

Statisticul Tables for future reference. 635

») SPATEMENT ofthe | Quantity. of WOOD,— Timber, Deals; Amported into all the .
of? toPorts of GREAT BRITAIN, in the Year 1824, specitying the various kinds, the seve-
_botvoralCountries from whence Imported, andthe) proportion from each respective, Country
ost fandalsothe‘amount of ‘Customs Duty; paid on each description, in each of the Three

vie {¥ears 1821, 1822, 1823.

BP NURLRS. Norway, {Sweden} Russia| Prassia | America | TOTAL CUSTOMS DUTY,

J ‘ions —— ——- See | ee eo eae ee ors ) ath eer
2s.) Deals — ...4,525 | 3,419 | 5,562 Sate) " ee a, en aie
ae “Do.ends. 3,688 |1,164| 1,429] 1,152. § 2994). 7/433 ¢ 491,432 | 542,646 613,965
> Battens 1, 3956 427 | 1,038 84 a 4,203 72-857 | 104.760
ae Do. eds, 1,034|,°188|.109| 7 $999] saga. 47798 | 72:89 ad
“Be<( Handspikes 33) 10} 117 4 203 364 504 887) 1,116
‘e8 Ooreusi. | ORI -24400.09g 3 219 281} 1,122| 1,061], Aytog
ome: Spars..,, 656] 34) 90} 14 174] 966| included with Masts yards Sc
22) Staves... 110,137 | 41,169] 51,307 | 42,493| 49,813 | 44,326
> Fath- , Firewood 414) 75{ 106 6 762} 1,364| with Balks, &c. 2,867
Bnd Edthygood 46] 35) 920| 2,147] 6,048) 9,196] 20,693] 26,114 | 29,163
UU Be tdi. 2/208 sap 1,880] 304] 4,240] 10,108! 19,051 20,07 | 20,934
“ Do. a ue 12in. 1,178 288 5,474 6,959 a AS
Se e) Fir, 15, ise Sgr 5,867 165,473. | 271,016 |362,158 § 328,139 | 452,818 i Oo
= Oak 47| 9,408] 9,501] 33,8401 12,210, 15,024
Teas Amb bi- hoy 942 49| 15,118 | 16,109 yee 14,036 | 15,008
ws Page Boards, Planks, §c. chiefly from Prussia: 24,477 | 15,027 | 22,625
Ihe Y @ yy ee |
cust “Total Amount east DUTY, in 1818 £ 1,202,631 1,023,467 4 207,376 1,449,890
pigs ‘Total Official Values ~>- Do. ~ 565,060 ° 602, 425 7609,150 | ‘672; "204

sated of the Quantity of FLAX Imported into all the Ports of GREAT BRI-
SPAIN, in each of the four Years 1818, 1819, 1820, and 1822, and also of the Quantity
~~ of HEMP, and ‘TALLOW Imported in the latter Year, the Amount of Customs Duti Yy
* paid, and the Official Value assigned to each article, according to the accounts annually
presented: to Parliament.

%00 Proportion in 1822 into Ireland 4,314] 17,826 | 26,900
‘°° Do, into GREAT BRITAIN f 602,824 | 668,627 | 778,338
‘6 Aanount of Customs Duty 8691} 8,322| 7,868} | 13,061 } 234,320 | 116,019
000.4% Official Value £ 844,079 | 795,078 | 763,479] | 1,197,290 | 509,034 | 827,721
a e of Duty Y Cut. bd. |. 9/2d. 3/2d.

vernne Kmguning Price 52 to 73} ) 48 to 52/| | 4 43 t052/ | 37 to52/ | 35t054]

——

2). £0 COUNTRIES FLAX. in the Year 1822:

i \” from whence —_—_—_—- - ; roma

°S IMPORTED. 1818. 1819. | 1820. Flax Hemp | Tallow
1e teee—, tee - Cwts. - | - Cwts. - | - Cwts.-| | - Cwts. - | = Cwts. -|| - Cwts. —
eee Russia 2.0... ..+2% 1 285,275 | 330,093 | 313,823] | 416,944 | 583,760 | 788,033
> a 48,280 | 26,000} 32,294 43,270 5,316 19
Vc, sre om Joerg ese 4) 56,442 | 1 §2,995 33, 014 | 83,255 , 619 1,294
ore MEGS seseeceeee | 24,966 4,577 1 1544 51,384. 15 814
COP MRRADECE 55 sss 5d Ie 9,976 467 33 1,870 2,868 2,361
oro} Bealy |. 202 i205 « « seies 104 18,794 289
os) An ape pee | wees 1,350 594 764 314 5,082 {| 12,428
3,888 ———— | - = t—— | -———_—._ | -—-_——.
1G, 458 “TOTAL | 426,288 | 404,728 | 381,407 | 607,138 | 686,454| 805,238

yeh MEAN Bala Ral cilah site EE EL i iS Bi

Official Value assigned to the above articles, will i seen to be at the rate of about —

The 0 Cywt. for Fi lax, 18/ 4 Cwt. for Hemp, and 21/ 4 Cwt. for Tallow, which rate whe
red with the consuming prices exhibited above, muy seem considerably below the Real
) rt Value, und as such when viewed in conjunction with the undervaluation of Wool,
mh aa See exhibited i in preceding Statements, they may seem in some measure to subvert the
‘ vole lusion drawn in the Statement Hypothetically Equalizing the excess of Value Exported,

ravioust; expressed, it will be seen by the sequel of these Illustrations, thut although

articles will prove to be considerably undervalued, the aepregate Real Valae of the Im-

a 80 far 095 constitute fair and legitimate Equivalents in Eachange for Commo-
mi fs a4

i d wilt prove uot materially if at all to exteed the aggregate Official Value

+ ? Aig eB instance as regard; Vquivalent. — The Conswning value of the Tim-

ie hate d will prove to exceed £ 4,000,000 Wf’ Annum but the value is mainly

" vai ihe Dut ys & Chinen a Freight,uone of which ath the Freight ve For Hats wert

can any SS TSN Sear the value EXPORT

Al cdee aorbeg wn

635

Statistical Tables for future reference.

_, ») STATEMENT ofithe EXCISE. REVEN UE of GREAT BRITAIN’ (1! <

in each of the seven Years 1817 — 1823. sav 9

1817. 1818.
dascaa pinta PSS EEN
Aavtions —~ —— —— ——|) 251,452 | 275,906
Beer —— — | 2,669,163 | 3,038,779
x Malt* > —~ —— | 2,093,077 | 3,196,241
ra Hops $= —~ —— | “80,756 | 115,164
a Spirits } British. | 2,762,924 } 3,312,258
Foreign. | 2,277,090 | 2,266,848
Bricks & Tiles —— 250,180 | 320,350
Candles —— a“ 353,822 366,729
Cocoa & Coffee. ———- —— 135,040 122,826
Cyder & Perry —— 22,915 12,120
Glass - 746,663 927,282
Hides & Skins* (Leather) —| 647,135] 689,243
Licences —| 648,303} 702,980
aper 469,926 | 543,162
Pepper® e—
Printed Calicoes & Paper 1,164,838 | 1,567,453
Salt* —— 1,523,190 | 1,568,492
Soap — 1,005,724 | 1,042,630
Starch Gt 34,736 60,554
Stone Bottles — 827 2,692
Sweets oe 9,750 15.378
ea 2,830,203 | 3,173,879
Tobacco*® 1,483,042 | 1,486,522
Vinegar ———- 9 ——_-——— 37,937 40,658
Wine ( vide Customs )) ———} 1,153,332 1,288,840

ire —
Fines & Forfeitures

9,633
16.600

oa

Clerk of Petty Incid. 124,000

ce

€ FI Receiver General
sa

os Billsnotdue —-~

22,911,118

Discharged as follows viz.
02 8) ) BESEere. od. soles 57,340 58,389
S| Glass... 373,389 | 410,130
= -3& | Leather ee] 47,354] 45,971
6h S&S Papers. i. weceestes 22,172] 24,320
BOaq, ( Printed Callicoes 824,668 | 1,079,603
mids Scape... dew 32,320 32,491

fy | Wines. .......-.06. | 48,781 | 48,744
a All other articles 73,562 62,333

if Allowances —— —— 153,427 82,365
Repayments for Over-Entries 12,807 105703

Salaries & Allowances — | 1,004,138

Day Pay to Weighers, &c,
Special Services ——
x. of Country Sittings
Tradesmen’s Bills ——
Rent & Rates of Offices —|
Law Charges ——- ——
Stationery & Postage —

Superannuations ——
Rewards to Offic. for Seiz.
Do, & Ex.of Public Sales
Miscellaneous Payments
CRUIZING Department.
Warehousing
Treasurers of Co.for Corn Retu.|
*Incidental Payments ——
= if? PENsIONS
© ) Bounties for pro. Fisher.
24 Salaries attending do.

49,636
112,608

55,278
46,224

Charges of Management.

=

Courts of Session, &c.
Kings Hereditary Reve.
Pay ments into? ENGLAND '18,396,401 (21,330,746
£ixrchequer. § SCOTLAND} 1,391,500 | 1,611,500
BALANCES 124,030 159,564

Total Discharge of INcomk. |22,911;116 |26,287,198

Proportion SCOTLAND | 1,970,901 | 2,200,000

3,006,732 4 2,907,076
2,799,113

2,867,288

2,485,202 | 2,529,587 | 2,485,755
374,377 | | 330,258} 313,760
370,295] 375,748] 400,930
219,737 | 404,557 | 352,122

62,968] 65,190] 38,723
958,466 | 801,483] 816,714

6,163,268 |25,960,422

26,287,198 |26,119,987

1,027,863 | 1,030,197

&? There was no return of the Charges of Manage-
ment in detail prior to 1822, in the Session of Parli-
ament of which Year a Committee was appointed to
revise the form of the National Accounts, since when
the form in some cases has been altered, and as re-
gards detail, the accounts are in general sufficiently

amplified, but as regards arrangement and order,
nothing can be worse. *,* In 1819 additional duties
_ were laid on Mat & Tosacco, calculated to produce
£ 3,190,000 ¥ Annum., and CorvEE, Cocoa, PEPPER,
&Tosacco, which previously were charged also
with CUSTOMS Duty,€iz 1819 were wholly trans-
Jerred to the EXCISH, and in 1822 the additional
duty on Matt, half of the duty on Hives & SKINs,
and thirteen fifteenths of the duty on Saut, was re-
pealed, the whole of the Salt on the 5th Jan. 1825.

1,492,840 24,742,242 24,781,957
1,551,000 | 1,628,961 | 1,800,458 | 1,725,000)

26,119,987 |29,492,030 |29,931,215 31,006,740
2,138 680 | 2,225,726) 2,498,972 | 2\380,160

XP. Of the £14,000” Annum PENSIONS, £9,000 are paid to the Duke of GRAFTON, w,

onlt- te HBS
LO 2 gi

277,202 245,407

4,937 ,660
419,130
3,110,715

349,020

661,300 656,870

680,474 | 720,474] 699,286
516,157 524,189} 558,323
26,342 142,098 144,967

1,601,040
1,603,467

1,748,506

159,564

38,605
333,446
49,439
22,493
877,832
40,852
43,034
69,174

88,544
12,921

1,053,025 | 1,059,302. .

58,934
39,315

61,913
34,492

61,827
35,983

160,390

122,464 | 1,694,350-}. 1,608,475

'29,176,50
eel

also £4,700 ¥ Annum out of the Revenue of the POST OF FICE, of the remainder of t

£3,000 was granted to an

arlof BATH, as far back as 1694, now received by

14,090,
Lord Meiboume, ane

Charles Toone, Esq. by virtue of purchase, the remaining £2,000 was granted to Henry Nassau Seigneur
D’auverquerque in 1796, now received by Earl Cowper, by virtue of purchase. .

Statistical Tables for: future reference. 637

STATEMENT oof the Gross Receipt of the STAMP. DUTIES, of ‘GERAT: BRITAIN
in each of the seven Years 1817 — 1823; shewing the proportion of Gross Receipt
weeat TLAND in 1823, and.the-proportion-of Nett-Proceeds in each Year,

coor and adetuived Statement of the expence attending the Collection of the same.

, ; be ie aaa f : =—£ £—|— 4 >
: eeds: Law Proceedings &e 2,222,415 |2,311,076 |2,203,837 }2,112,776 \2,095,393 2,062,262 |2,059,350 |) 177,906
ci 980,920 | 893,713 | 875,037 | 889,887 | 960,616 |1,053,958 | 981,242.) 50,359
robates ..seassise+->es| 695,340] 711,580 | 720,365 | 763,562 | 796,657
sills of Exchange & Prom-| 795,940} 845,750 | 738,975 | 697,506 | 691,335
Receipts 4 ..« fissory Notes| 207,530} 208,362.) 205,254) 204.887 | 199,225
~ Newspapers ......--++++-| 363,284] 367,740} 384,141} 440,228 |, 414,370
Advertisements ........ --| 133,018 |. 137,020 |. 139;139] 140,190 | 142,061
Fire Instirances ......,.-.-| 597,592 | 604,442) 617,128 | 609,143 | 621,362

631,207 |. 637,349 |\) 24,846
Stage Goaches....--..+.-.| 264,666 | 256,104| 260,543 | 273,447 | 279,602 | 311,234 | 345,823 | 10,826
Post Horses . .-! 243,853 | 224,828 | 239,940 |. 245,954 | 242,703 | 242,334 |. 261,873 | none
Race Do. .. 1,020} 1,073 903} 1,035 | 1,004| . 1,046}. 1,507 140
Gold & Silver Plate .. 86,006 | 102,020] 97,390} 86,750 | 81,329] 83,700 |. 86,215} 4,736

~ Medicine & Medicine Li- | 41,195} . 44,325 | 37,942} 39,227 | 40,109] _ 39,926. . 38,518
Alimanacks ...... [cences’| 32,752 | 33,320| 33,434] 32,739| 33,016] 32,453 |. 30,550 55

yu 843]. 1,059 844 826 |» 1,026 75L,| |» 796 38
215201 | 22,641] 22,445] 21,369] 21,347 | 21,180 }-22,007
Fe, Les 771 612 714 664 830| 1,663] ~-1,309
Lottery Stamps ......-...) 4,475 | 4,065] 4,435] 4,103 | 4,825 | 3,591} 2,962

6,564,461 |6,626,811 |6,634,722 |6,720,932-|-469,134
130,136 | .136,635°|, 100,962... 95,545 7
19,450 | 22,100,| 24,637-} 24,019. “ooo

6,760,639 |6,582,353
149,376 | 133,487
20,422 | 16,582

“Total Gross Receipt 6 692,821
“3a of Country Distribu-} 157,486
& 5’) ‘late Do. since 1800° 22,515
= 8)) ‘Imprest’’s....5...>

= 50 100 1,110 2,886 3,714 7646- ToS
ASC Bills notdue ..-...] 34,513 | 39,057] 52,798} 46,754 } 48,166, | 189,525: }..232,560}" ) 9
Total, Sum to be accounted {6,907,395 [6,969,494 (6,785,210 (6,761,912 6,336,598 )6,953,561 7,080,703 ~~

~-} on Deeds; &e; ~ MF} 44,039 | 14,326] 13,284] 12,648 | 12,550} 12,692 69'12,929'}5).106.50
23 Probates........ 7177 ‘T5134 7,905 8,234 8,601 8,008 9,027}
= 8 Bills of Excha &c. 5,607 6,154 4,552 4,217 4,259 4,268 4,416
fi z Receipts ......¢04 © 19,633 |, 9,743 9,530. 9,230 $8,893 8,791 8,279 |) :
38 Newspapers aseese] 68,439 69Al1 72,462 83,534 78,616 76,281 78,043 4,060
3a Fire Insurances 27,409 | 27,747 | 28,281 27,876 | 28,516 29,011 29,301 1,242
BS | Medicines’...... | 4,323 4,864 4,003 4,063 4,319 4,265 4,174
o 4. Almanacks ...... 1,258 1,532 1,781 1,783 1,289 1,535 1,489 :
Zz} Gold&Silver Plate] 2,135 2,542 2,416] , 2,156] 4 2,023 2,057 2,137 17
A Bt Cards..0.... 2.05. a NE 332 313 ; 312]. ~ 310 323.4
: Race Horses......J- - 50] "+ 53 “52 50 49 SLAs) Owe 8
Drawhback on Plate Export. 9,855 9,547 | 10,104] 11,742] 10,266

Parebment Paper & Blanks 26,402-} 29,457 28,283 28,592 26,605 26,293 28,315

1,090 2,538 2,410 7,807 | - 1,445 4,830 1379

Probates ......}- 8,018 7,473 | 17,858] 19,577 |, 31,418: | 32,432] . 34,759
Ineidents ....::))-- - 240 50 81

ba Y Gentagero ‘Gone ie There was no return of the Charges of Mana 48,086 | Teas 4.088

: 3 Z : ; 70,279 | 63,917} 11,714
; _ gement in detail prior to 1822,in which Year ; i ,
S 3. ede stds Sills. ss an alteration in the form of the National Ac- tees aise en
Rents & Rates of Ol,” Coumts took place ; the proportionof charge for 570 | os 657 725
{ Law Charges...... * Scotland is for the Year 1321 there Haine, NOTE 4 560 * 4,334 4,495
é 3 Stationary & Postages - turn of the proportion for 13822. The Amount : d

Superannnations .... Sor Ireland is in addition to Great Britain,
Incidents.........+ |. 170,938 4. 177,507 | 201,272) 176,034, 183,768 11,435 | 15,682 } 1,572
Payments into pene lone 5,974,624 15,955,772 |5,713,679 |5,706,599 5,670,391 15,770,302 | a9 gay
EXCHEQUER § Scotlana| 412,800 | 435,500} 466,850 } 444,750 | 438,250 2HO ee
BALANCES 208,905 | 202,927 | 196,340 | 208,011 | 318,010 | 359,770 | 333,863

—-——_ |—— + + | ———

Total Disposal of Income £ 6,907,385 |6,969,494 6,785,210 |6,760,802 |6,833,712 6,953,561 {7,980,703
Gross Produce of [reiand | 563,916 | 556,067 | 514,526) 448,089) 438145] 458,176 | 481,592
Nett. Do. Do. 506,391 |} 495,182) 468,581 } 398,557 | 386,981 | 410,143! 425,484

—HBO—

* .* There are 68 Country Distributors of SYAMPS in England & Waies, and 26 in/Scote '
land, who receive collectively, asis shewn above, about £65,000 4? Annum. The Rate at
which the exaction was made, prior to the 5th. of April 1822 was.4 qf Cent. since that date
the rate in England & Wales has been 4 4f” Cent. where the Distribution has. not exceeded
£10,000 4 Annum. and for every Sum after the first £10,000 and under £ 20,000 3
Cent. and for every Swn above £ 20,000 and under £ 30,000, 2} a Cent. and for every
Stim above £ 30,000 2 4? Cent. In Scotland with the exception of Edinburgh & Glasgow’
which are on the same terms as in England § Wales, the Rate is 6 af Cent. In addition to
this emolument the Distributors derive a further benefit by trading with the Money, a mea-

te pe eestor in various ways to the public weal! and as, since the facility of intercourse
of all parts of the Country with the MEvRoPOLAS, the medium of the 96. Distributors tends
rather to retard than promote the convenience of the pubile, it ought to be instantly and, un
conditionally dispansed with.) seitenog Xo Suki YO COR! anOOTE BANE
St a -

; , “Sh wt OUODOI II
’ ) yet 5} , vot ss N v 7

638°" Statistical Tables for future’ reference.
vooee STATEMENT EV-ENUE of the POST OFFICE of the UNITED, KINGDOM) ¢ y),
ML GREAT BRITALN ond IRELAND, cu cach of the Seven Vearn It 1a
“Th i Le no oo

S969 oie be bu Besa!

Gt

Unpaid Letters outwards, Paid Letters inwards, Ship Letters, &c. Charged to they) bot 90S; N47. 570
Country-Postmasters by the General’ Office in London” svesecsvevesesessseeseseeeys vadig
Unpaid Letters inwards. and Raid Letters outwards.at Do. s.. seeded 0 , 410,619
Bye, and Cross Road Letters i. cas ssernterecseeracdecensectanncencescrentnchentye 613,33 /520,196
Letters charged to the Postmasters in the West Indies and British North America, .. 12 | (45,109
Passage Money and Freight of Specie by the Packets ....c.ieeestsescvenreqesecteecss. 18; _ 46,624
Misceilaneous Receipts (£ 43,600 City Bonds sold in 1822) \:,c2..ssseeekseeecole cease 50,451} 4,598
TOTAL RECEIPT £ £ £ Basin Asoka ea —
within each Year ( GENERAL 1,462,164 | 1,494,343 | 1,495,174 1,450,138 { 1,431,419 Talon 1,443,745
NGLAND TWOPENNY. 93,215 06,407 99,043 100,255 89,825" 100,7 9 | 105,138
,& WALES. Frenorr 190,169] | 196,517} 179,774 | 168,666 } 159,170 |": 164,226} 178,212
Letters from England to Ireland 51,674 54,422 54,811 55,215 55,208 |» 52,792 | 53,771
Total Gross SCOTLAND 185,419 186,690 199,236 184,533 179,397 184,143 184,601 -
Receiptin? IRELAND 192,065 | 190,769 | 188,986 | 185,872] 187,120} 186,204} 188,826
TOTAL —————_— |~—j— | qqjrytyqjjq_—-—\——_—
; UNITED KINGDOM u £ 2,154,695 | 2,222,148 | 2,295,960 | 2,144,679 | 2,122)139 see | pean
4 Ountry Post Masters te f : A 26,
interne ReceiverGeneral 156079} 143,684| 150,630 | 159,730] 3532 | 3078 6 316
Bills not due 76,674 |. 72,847
Receiver General & Dep. in Ireland | 29,351 30,075 35,204 36,798 -39,318| 41,863 45,982
2,375,149

Total Sum to be accounted for £ 2,340,026 } 2,401,807 } 2,397,794 | 2,341,227 | 2,296,581 | 2,369,558
Discharged as stated below Te Fh ety eee ae ISTE OR ET Os ri
%e* Ona fair examination of the above Statement, it will be seen, that notwithstanding the reiterated
assertions during the two last Years, of the Country being in a career of unexampled Prosperity; the
Revenue of the Post Office, affords no evidence of any such Prosperity, on the contrary, if the increas-
ed rate of Postage since 1805 be taken into account, the number of Letters passing through the Post-
Office hiuth not increased since that time, a period of Twenty Years. — Vide Statement of the Income
and Expenditure of the Government in each Year since 1792, — prefixed. POF The £13,700 P2Nsions
charged below £ 5,000 are paid to the Duke of Marlborough, £ 4,700 to the Duke of Grafton, (Vide Lxcise)
and the remaining £ 4,000 to the Heirs of the Duke of Schomberg. >

ee a \Soees se 4a %

ENGLAND 66,794 58,800 53,355 52,455 54,688 50,665, 54,569

Pe ont sind dg: | Scortann { 11,270] 11,149 | 10,937 | 11,718 | 11,146 | 10,693 | "10,145
es $C.) Trevan 13,504| 12,936 } 11,346 12,442 | 11,592°| ©» 12323744) 11,598}

Salaries to Officers, Clerks, Sorters, Carriers, &c. London and Edinburgh 64,387 62,671
Wages & Country Post Masters, and Agents Great Britain and Colonies 71,026, 73,204
Allowances Officers, Clerks, Sorters, and Carriers of the Two-penny Department _ , 30,625 |* one
8 Riding and other Charges of the Country Postmasters in Great Britain ,...... 00 53,115 | 0 93,081
«= & | Do. Do. of the Two-penny Department ........ceeceeeeecees owinle oleo.s g’etsis 2,365 }\ 2,877
Sa Do. Do. ofthe Postmasters in Canada, Nove Scotia, and Jamaica.......- 6,641 | _._9,200
§ 3 | Amount paid for Tolls of Mail Coaches \.......ceseeeeeeere RE Ba oor 14,150 | 14,804
= S | Transit Postage through Foreign Countries ........... K 12,311 '}) 11,063
ss 2,034)! 2142

Paid to Masters of Ships for Ship Letters ....2....00+

* er 3 was no return of the oo E
ges of Management more in detuil 32 *
a a A 4 : & | Rent, Taxes, and Tithes of Offices He.
prior to'1822. — Vide'Note to Sta. Ze» | anount paid for Law Charges © -

*

Mileage to Mail Coaches, and Wages to Guards .......ce.ccecseceeececsecsees | 64,374

for ttnel fit te, igttes a Cr eet 4& Stationery, Printing, and Postage t
Tee a@ pa Sone oe tel of 4. / Superannuation Allowances ...... owes 9,289 9,992
the NEW POST OFFICE but the 2 © | Allowances for Offices, & Fees abolished 5,157 5,125
Amount is not specified. Ss Commissioners of the Holyhead Road 6,192 weha
Payments on account of New Post Office 90,000 2000 9,000 14,000 22,700 |’
INCIDENTS. Vide note above £ 453,822} 375,727 | 376,149 | 388,258 | 383,849 2,707 | 3,051
107,430 100,542 102,141

Charges of Managemt. Ireland | 133,210 127,451 122,006 111,833
- PENSIONS EP 13;700 |. “13,700 13,700 135700 13,700 13,700!) 12,700
2 British 69,061 81,570 80,272 78,424
PACKETS Trish 14,454 14,382 14,731 14,059. 12,600 } 26,895
14,764 16,792 17,3388 15,389 15,558 |
1,334,000 | 1,334,000 '} 1,473,000 | x9e.000 1,318,000: | 1,359,000.| 1,387,000
57,231 46,154 53,538 69,077 | 65,539 69,231 .. ee
154,654} 157,117 165,941 136,636 | 139,576 | 174,874) 168,389
30,975 36,204 36,798 39,318 |. 41,968" 45,982) - 45,377

2,378,149

Payments into 16, Britain
EXCHEQUER Treland

BALANCES § Get Bian

Tota) Discharge of INCOME,

2,340,026 | 2,401,807 | 2,397,794 | 2,341,227 | 2,296,481 | 2,369,253,

Teh

*,” The General Department x the POST OFFICE in LONDON employs about 200\ Superintendants,
Clerks, and Sorters, 220 in Delivering. The Twopenny Department, about 50, Clerks and. Sorters, ane
agreat Number tu: Delivering. The Foreign Department, about 20 Clerks and Sorters and 34 in de-
sivering. The General Offices in EDINBURGH and DUBLIN employ @ proportionute nibinber of
persons, There are Sit Deputy Postmasters in England & Wales, 273%in Scotland; and Alpinveeland
most of whom have their Sub-azents for collateral distribution. Lwenty:one Caaches upd fours Leave
London every evening ( except Sundays ) with about 40,000 Letters and 20,000 Newspapers, RY Le
corresponding Number of Coaches arrive with nearly the same number of Letters. or Disths ; 3
every morning i London, to maintain this order of distribution ‘and interchange of corPespondente
between: London and alt partsof the Country, requires ubout 85| Coaches arid “2,000 Horses, and the
Cross distribution about the same number, ta which, 500 additional Horses may be addelt, as 0 by
Bye Posts, forming a Total of about 170 Coaches, 4,500 Horses, and 3,000 persons constantly engaged
th the Distribution of Letters in GREAT BRITAIN: ~~ hy NOTE C -asclsebeteson S00

d of er YscodiastloD Yo -enitd
SOs oy LIOPMHORA ont « wsY dors ai ataamyast
‘ FH canis) to sotogats

Statistical Tables for fulure \reference. 639

STATEMENT ‘shewing the Number of ‘edelr Tteni of Assésinent, under'the | Assesed
____ Taxes in'the Year ending april the 5, 1822, according to a return made’ to Parli-
qe ament.in the Session of that. Year, and also the Amount of the Assesment under each

ral ive-head, in each of the Two Y ears 1822 and 1823. according to the accounts

se.@nnually, presented to Parliament. :
28.0 By the Act of 38. Geo. 3. c. 00. the Lund Tax ef Great BRITAIN Amount of
\tohich reas previously Annutl, was made perpetual at £ 4,037,627 4? Y Gross Reeeipt in
. Annwn,since which period up to the 5th. of Jan, 1822 £714,362 4F 1822. | 1823,

»- Annumiof Land Tax has beenrcdeemed, by canceiling: £:29,819,089 ff —————>= | - nn

of 34 Cent Stock, the annual Dividend of which was «6 fF 774,575 1,186,464) 1,210,128 -

*\ According to the returns made to Parliament in 1821 the Total No.
210. oth HOUSES Inhubited in Grear Bairian in that Year was :
+ 2,429,630out of which 492,182 were churged with Duty under thes 1,223,070 }.1,264,136
| Assesed Taxes, and 214,239 Furm Hous:s exempt by Statute, the ;
“umount of the Assésinent in 1821 (£ 1,264,754
oc The No. of Houses subject to Window Duty in 1821 was 968,008 7 aay BG
‘and thé Assesment £ 2,578,580 and 681,496 Cottages — Exempt. | 2,490,200, 2,068,046
-*,* According to a return made to Parliament in 1824, 437,626 out of the 492,182 Houses
‘charged with Duty were in England & Wales, and ont of that Number there were 35,703
* rated at £50 to £110 ¥ Annum, 4,910 at £ 110 to £ 160 ¥ Annum, and 3,527 only at £150 '
-® Annum and upwards. —Vide Monthly Magazine p. 299, Vol. LY.

The following is a Statement of Number { Amt. of Duty
_allthe other Ltems of Assesment Assesed | Assesment) Pad
‘under the Assesed Taxes in 1821 j—-f£-—— |---£-——

“oy = oO 210 ; %
Servants ( Schedule No.1). «+e. | 85,344 | 319,087 4 292,170 ; 565,140} 4dd 68s

~ Do. , ‘Do. BIZ HRA > 201,737 | 253,626 } 252,468
Four Whceled Carviages ...... 17,406 | 213,298 | 195,505
Do. Do. Modified ........ |] 9. 142 493 450
Two Wheeled Carriages ...... 25,921, | 196,236 | 179,866
Stage Coaches— Vide also Stunws 7,062 74,667 68,458 <~ 529,896; 446,728
BPR CUTCNIS | aac se ct canes 19,3'9 | 44,726 | 40,995
Carriage Makers:i.......j0.0% 605 274 254

WeDo) HSeierg 2. HSV 4,234 3,398 3,114

: 3 Ho 1 ee © 2-99
Riding or Pleasure Horses... | 178,337 | 648,226 pipe) Gso778| $27,297 °

Do. Do. Modified .... 13,080 | 29,280 | 26,807
OO. AO Hire) ods eee csulews 1,500] 4,312 | 3,952 ¢
Bice Horses keds seee eee a ee 674 | 1,998] 1,775 2 161,071! 106,293
“Horses & Mules ............ | 168,052 | 147,518 | 139,045
“Do. usedin Husbandry... } 479,399 | 387,573 | 353,242 § po nana }
‘Do. Do. Modified %....... | 336,260 | 61,763 |. 84,197 9 7tREat
13,793} 12,67

arse eaters |. ee es 1,001 | 13,900 | 12,740 °|
TIQES, bean tewadons es cemsalieitee| Sk2sa11-} 169,247) 155,059 vt
Packs of Hounds ......6.00.- | 72 2,592 2,376 } HS; 48 foods
iar VHOWRET © less. . olsth Sats 29,199 | 34,308 | 31,446 31,108| 27,48
Atmorial Bearings .......... | 22,627 | 44,843 | 41,102 43,111] 44,020
Game Certificates ..scveeee. | 44,497 | 143,927 | 131,821 137,175| 139,674
Comp dsition Duty... 6. eeeeee ees oiled ohsie sip avetonty +o" pire lanerey yx 34,165 |. 39,670

vote Jenene Le

2,260,999 ! 6,541,296

Arrears, Income Daty, Property Duty, NC. server eevee ere ee | 12,162 28,995

oY
‘Total Gross Receipts within each Year.........++. £7,961 ,498

Ay

mS © Charges of Collection of LAN D & ASSESSED TAXES:
Salaries & Allowances to Officers & Clerks of Office in London

8 : 70,011 1" 99,017,
a fientdee Receivers General, Collectors, & Clerks to Comm | 172,002} | 135,562
_ Do. to, Surveyors for Increases made by them, Kc. os eens es » 26,046: $4,799
Day Pay & Wayes to Extra Clerks, Porters &C. eee dese eens | 6,144 5,922

“Allowances for Travelling Chatges.. 2... ...ee seer eee Poe
Tradesmen’s Bilis, Coals, Candles; &C. wc eee ceeeeseceserces
Rates; Taxes, and Tithes . ssc cece ee er cece tec eene se bveebieds

921 797

Dediwt Costs reccived of the prosecuted in England £ 3,925

onery, Postage, Carriage, XC. -yeneverer rere enen cece nan 22,186 19,289:
Superannuiatons, and Allowances tor Offices and Fees abolish’ 15,113) 12,014

Charges attentlant on passing ‘the Accdjnts of the Receivers Ge, |) 4,373) 4,

lowances under Land, Tax Kedesption Acts and other Incid, 6 BVO} econ Ob

litia and: Deserters W avrants, Volunteers: |, 30,622. $9g928

the Gross Receipt J.
not constituting Re af .

; payments of Land Tax Redeemed .... 6,056 6,004

Chas. of Collection( “to, of Taxes erroneously Charged .. .. 2,860 505

Payments in each Year into the EXCHEQUER. £ 7,556,892 | 6,994,008 | 6,188,871

Proportion of Gross Receipt in each Year in Scotland 505,587 | 463,014, 424,091

Py bn ts Ath) Wg (Ni Mi
Payments out of Asupschiation of Stipends'to Scotch Clergy | ©" 10,102) °°" 93639.
0

6,548) 11,691 ©

112}. 407°
Law Charges, England £9,644. Scotland £11,527. Total 21,171 8,477 | 8,768

W ahd Bridges in Scotlind sy .ee8.t |. 12,66L4. 1, 06,948

640 Statistical Tables for future reference.

STATEMENT sliowing thé.Gross AwNnvAL Incomes ‘ofthe 2941)883 Famities
composing the PoPULATION of GREAT Britain, according to the RETURN made
10 PARLIAMENT in 1821; the Families divided into 28 Classes, showing the Annual
Income of each Class, and its Order of Application; undér the Four several Heads
of Expenditure in Agriculture or Natural Production; Artificial or Manufactured

ov Production 3Taxes, Rates, &c.; and Surplus... yo. soot moot gramne oft)
a TES ay © ¥ “ ve ee aq P » deme At ture A
ras 5 916 Application of Income for °°) Pw wi ep
Rate-of | j cricwiture, | artificial ‘Taxes, Sh harangeter
tol dno =f ncome'} os Natural ” Manufactured P anpes: : 94.8 He
No.) Families:| per-Ann, | Production. | Production. ang Tithes, surplus. P Porar) oP
; 1. ai Bs 3. 4. 5. 2 6.20.0 1 op senile
a) pti 2 z£ £- An aadeanie
me i | 11,000,000] 3 = 21,000,000} 3,500,000 500,00! coy 25,000, 000 "
“7 2 | 600,000| 2S 17,500,000 2,000,000} 500,000! ,£52 | 20,000,000},
“4. 3] 400,000) = 3 50] 16,500,000] 3,000,000! ~—_ 500,000] 22> 120,000,000) .
4°} 300,000|2 2 66} 16,500,000 igual 500,000} 82% 190,000,000
5]. 200,000 & 100} 16,500,000] 3,000,000! 500,000! = | 20,000,000

-]... Line of demarcation between distress and privation, and subsisting comfort,......-
100,000 200}.12,500,000| 5,000,000] 1,500,000) »1,000,000] 20,000,000};
; 300] 10,000,000! 7,000,000] 2,000,000} ..1,000,000} 20,000,000
_ 400} 9,000,000) 7,000,000} 3,000,000}. 1,000,000}-20,000;000})
500] 7,000,000} 8,000,000} 4,000,000} 1,000,000} 20,000,000)»
600] 6,500,000]. 8,500,000} 4,000,000] . 1,000,000}.20,000,000
700}. 6,000,000] 8,000,000} 5,000,000} 1,000,000} 20,000,000}:
~ 800] 5,000,000) 8,000,000} 5,000,000} 2,000,000}. 20,000,000} »
900}. $,000,000} 8,000,000} 5,000,000} 2,000,000} 20,000,000}.
4 {,,,;-20,0001 Z 1000} 5,000,000, 8,000,000] 5,000,000]. 2,000,000} 20,000,000} »
Line of demarcation between subsisting comfort, and more than sufficiency. *
15 13,333 150 £,000,000] ..9,090,000] 4,000,000 2,000,000} 20,000,000

> ar
ubsisting comfort

is
=
Sr
Ss

16 | 10,000| = ,; 2000}, 5,000,000} 9,000,000} 4,000,000] 2,000,000} 20,000,000
17 8,000] 2500] .. 5,000,000] 10,000,000] 4,000,000} 1,000,000} 20,000,000
18 6,666| @ ‘5 3000] 5,000,006] 10,000,000} 4,000,000}. 1,000,000} 20,000,000)
19 5,710| 5 © 3500] 5,000,000) 11,000,000} 3,000,000] 1,000,090} 20,000,000

20 5,000|= % 4000} 4,000,000} 12,000,000] 3,000,000} 1,000,000} 20,000,000
21 3,000! 5000] 2,500,000} 9,000,000] 2,500,000] 1,000,an0} 15,000,000
Line of demarcarion between more than sufficiency, and extreme snperfluity.

22 2,000|E 7,500} 1,500,000) sospnO 2,500,000|. 750,000$ 15,000,000

93 1,000|2 15,000} 1,000,000! 11,250,000] 2,000,000} 750,000! 15,000,000
24 500|3 24,000] 1,000,000} 9,500,000] 1,090,000} _ 500,000)-12;000,000
25 200/% 30,000} » 500,000} 4,500,000} 500,000] 500,000} 6,000,000
26 4100/2 50,000} 300,000] 3,900,000! — 300,000} ~~ 500,0004 5,000,000

150,000} 3,000,000} —100,00Q| 500,000f 3,759,000

27 50/2 75,000 )
100,000) 2,600,000} 100,000} ~~ 500,000f 3,300,006

2a | ~-3dig 200,001

(as ee ee
Potal|2,941,383 £163}24.0,000;000)147,000,000) 68,000,000 25,000,0007

80,000,000

Gross produce of soil, 2 ; op
40,000,000 acres, at 6/.. § 240,000,000 sw ails hee alae

The Classification; and Annual Incomes of the Populationof GREAT BRITAIN, inthe preceding State
ment have been deduced from the three following assumed facts, Viz. — The total Number of Families, the
Number of productive Acres of Land, and the Actual Money Amount of Taxation, as stated in Column
No. 6, every other part of the Statement is entirely hypothetical ; but it will be seen, that the sum of the hypo-
thecated details, constitute the exact sum of the assumed facts, consequently if any one Itemas either under or
over rated, something must be taken from one Item to add to another, and the best proof of me near approxi.
mation to correctness of all the details will be that of enquiring, if something be subtra rom one item to
which must it be added? or vice versa. Having thus established the near approximation to correctness of the
details, the inferences deducible from the Statement at large will be as. follow, Viz.-That,however minrtely di-
versified, aud subdivided the modes of production -may be, all Produce resolves itself into two elemental parts
Viz. Natural prodtice or the produce for subsistence; and Artificial produce or the prod ‘or comfort and
enjoyment; and that whatever Money Value is assigned to the aggregate supply of the Prodtice for subsistence
as the primary elemental portion of production; of necessity governs the Money Valite and, unt of the ag-
gregate supply of all other production, :andrthatras regards’ the vague and absurd notions which have hitherto
eee on the subject of “WATJONAL. WEALTH” the Nation.is obviously, # wich, ste produce of the

oil being the same in quantity and-quality, Valued at six farthings ¥ Acre as it is al x £600 WAcre,

All subsistence and all accumulatiowderived either from Rents, oF the more insidious: direct means of
Annuities, Profits, Profession, Service, or from Taaation. direct orfindirect,orindeed by any means, ex-
cept that of productive labour, are virtually derived from the products of jabowr, copseape ly all accumnlati-
n spclves itself, not into any accessionoF onal Wealth, but intoan-abstrac ithe fair and just
rewa' ue to the labour and skill applied in production, at t! sactace ivation: nswmption. .

Onja full and fair analpeiPGnceth ig ation onthe effects oF ation, it ah ae t its tendency is
to produce a converging ascenganey-and>influencesinaratio Corresponding: withiits aggregate increase, and
that the consequent inseparable from, sch CR pony pe influence, is,.a.progresive:diy’ ce of privation,
distress, and misery, in a ratio inversely"as the ascendancy and fe ®hence CONV ELBE io. i
Sur Stes = 5 r en

e
iii $n =

ae > —— pul

[ 641 ay
vat coke S UBIBCD FOR EURIPIDES:

vi oe a .. | SUGGESTED BY:
aoki lgtsvoe AN HISTORICAL PORTRAIT.
phar. a : a : .
{The ensuing Poem, tong as it is, may, without impropriety, be called an impromptes.

And..though,..in. the estimation of its -merits-or- defects, now that it comes deliberately
before the world, the circumstances under which it was composed are entitled to no kind
of influence,—yet, as a literary anecdote, it may not be impertinent to state them.

_ In a select party, to a domestic concert, at the residence of the Author, during one of
the pauses of instrument and song, the conversation happened to turn upon a portrait of
Ninon de l’Enclos, which was hanging, with some other drawings, in the music room.
The tragical-and-extrordinary, though well attested, incident which grew out-of the cir-
cumstdnce of her unfading beauty, was related by one of the party, when a gentleman,
well known for his wit and talent both in the regions of verse and prose, and to whose
contributions some of the most respectable periodical publications of the day are much
danas seemed deeply interested ; and exclaimed, with a sort of awful admiration, It

is a subject for Euripides !” . WQS . ¢
‘The exclamation and the tone of feeling in which it was delivered, irresistibly im-
pressed’ the imagination of the author with the fitness of the story to the purposes of
poetry; and instantly taking out his pencil, and withdrawing to the piano-forte, ‘upon
which some sheets of paper happened to be lying, while music and conversation were
flowing around, he wrote, without a single pause, as rapidly as his hand could move, the
effusion here presented. 3
That in transcribing it, some weeks after, with the pen, some inaccuracies of haste
‘been corrected, will be, of course, inferred ; and some few passages there are, par-
ieularly towards the latter end, which, on re-perusal, have been revised and somewhat
altered: but by far the major part of the poem remains as it originally flowed from the
suggestion and impulse of the moment. And perhaps the hurry of the original com-
position may be but too apparent. ] t ;
: a
: ER beauty was not as’ of mortal mould,
} Or blossom of the earth: it was more like
The morning star, that dims all other lights—
f It was so clear and radiant. All around
pe It shed a beaming glory so serene
That the ethereal concave well might joy
In its long lingering. But no star of heaven
} Had such a destiny: for high it rode,
i And at its heighth it stood: it had no wane,
"The years—the generations, they roll’d on;
; And yet it faded not. Successive stars,
: In beauty’s gay horizon came and went;
And bright they blaz’d: but they were stars of the earth—
: Translated flowers, that glitter’d in their sphere
boar For their short hour, and faded. But not such
: Was her perennial charm: it faded not;
; But, 2s exempt from mortal circumstance,
_..Defied the wreck of time.——Such was Ninon !—
ee A name fantastic Gallia’still reveres !
evil And while. the rival beauties of the court
Ants Journey’d from smiles to wrinkles, she alone
Still held her course in youth and jollity—
Tn jollity and youth! and never thought
But of youth’s joyfulness ;—its gay parade,
Its revels, and its softer languishments :—
= ute Heedless of all beside : for in her heart
“That moral beauty that sweet sanctity
That constitutes the soul’s true loveliness,
» -- And makes immortal fragrance, ’mid the wreck _
“Of featural bloom and outward semblances, ie}
~ -»- «» Had not-such residence’as might beseem= =
“owe © A vision of such brightness :—earthly there.
stn eet sr ver lai, i, a den. Pacns, oiaate mana, ry
“Who. never yet, in deed or thought,-hast broken:
Thy vestal-woven bond—yet with thy blame
. Mingle some pity : weigh her frailties well
With her seducements, ere with rigid taunt
— (Mi neeey ey Man Nn ADK am eT

A Subject. Sor Euripides : suggested by

And prudish maledictign t ou. dost point Tada ee
Thy saintly censure :—for_ he very air) °° apie 84 ie
That breath’d around her; yea, the morning. iles,”* eB

The ether, and the elements themselves B95 ire
That fed her lamp of beauty, to her sense

Whisper’d of nought dut sense, and sense-

And flattery, like an incense cloud, roll’d round ; cn
And adoration of.all lips and eyes ~ ee ba A
Made of that beauty a divinity, oie ia

To whose blue veins the nectar cup supplied iin
A liquid flame, pampering unaw’d desire 5H
To full voluptuousness. And thus she lov’d, yaa
And was belov’d, for the brief extacies aT
The soul has little share in. And as years : ss)
Wore not her youth, her mirror (telling still ve
Of roses and of dimples) warn’d her not oT
Of Time’s maturity, nor of the thoughts sie
Maturity should ripen. Fancy, still, fers
And gay Imagination, kept alive ile
Each juvenile propension—till she learn’d, a
At length, what dire calamity it were, rae
Amid this perishable and changeful world, 1y

To suffer immortality :—to survive wcnoes
Our generations in perennial bloom, ge hea
And be as one with a successive race, 4
In endless renovation. Yes! she found gat =
The unfading rose that ting’d her fairest cheek
A judgment, not a boon ;—a fatal snare,
Entangling in such woes, as to redeem

By sallow age and bleer deformity,

Were cheap-bought blessedness.

What time that rose
Had bloom’d triumphant thrice the accustom’d date i
Of Beauty’s short-liv’d flower, within the sphere A,
Of her attractions came.a dark-hair’d youth, ay?
Graceful in mien, and, comely in his form, }
And, as herself, right beauteous : but that that i
Which in her sex is melting witchery, 25
In him was high command. For sleek and soft, 5

Were firmness and impressive dignity, rE
His brow, so arch’d! but from his eye there. beam’d.
An animating fire that seem’d to burn b‘eas9e 3
With consciousness of estimation high, 1 o+ 30k
And tameless energy. dbo
The youth had rov'd , 10
Through distant regions: from his earliest years ud
(He could not tell how early!) so estrang’d 4
From home and kindred, that he had forgot
All parentage—all knowledge of a home, A
Or of his early nurture. For his means . ‘ei.
The ravens fed him; or a providence 3}
To him alike mysterious: for the hand, , voll
Was never seen that shower’d its bounties on him, °* “
And yet he walk’d in sunshine; and his spirit, moaQ
Buoyant in bold adventure, had wrought out
Its own advancement. He was high in fame; 2 hek
Laurell’d with many glories, not unbought © 9 98) @ 4
With honourable scar. Nor skilless he |) 9 8°" 0"
In arts of gentler warfare—to entwine ~ Mio. oieiteenl
His laurel with the rose: He hada pulse~ © <9‘ W
That kindled’ at an eye’s Soft blandishment,” © “°° 9 9"

As at a torch the pines’ and rare it was A fhiss;

c >
§

* ail

_oifhe prosperous issues-when his.speech detail’d.... 4
# How in the wreck, the conflict, and the toil, - .

"Aa Historical Portrait. ~~

His speahing lances, and his honey’d tones, » . a: rm
Temper'd to pa ETSY ie

Captive alike. But it was soldier’s love, :
That counts the joys of beauty with the spoils food
By prosperous valour claim’d ;—a boon, not bond !— 5
A braid of flowers, and not a stubborn chain
To hold the heart in thraldom, Fancy-free,
He rov’d from charm to charm ; and felt not yet
The full-sped' shaft of that resistless bow - Dee
That can subdue the mightiest ;—that through shield, —
Gorget, and mail—or the still firmer fence puigesie
Of adamantine pride, impenetrable a
To other weapon,—wings its easy way,
And leaves the barb infix’d, to rankle there—__. he
A shaft of destiny! Heknew it not. _ ny eho
Such wound immedicable he would have deem’d
A legend for romance ; and in his cup, at a
While the smiles mantled.of the nymph he pledg’d, hey
He could see visions still of other forms ie Meas
That might be pledg’d hereafter, . Round hishead
Love play’d a meteor fire—ardent awhile _ ae ac
And restless; but,it penetrated not _ eee aad
The seats of vital function. But not such seg we
Was now his destiny. The-hour was come
When the divinity he sported with — - .
The roseate Boy join’d with the stern-brow’d Fates;
And in the founts—the overflowing founts eh
Of bitterest retribution, bath’d those shafts,

Bated till now with balm. In evil hour

He saw'the fadeless beauty :—saw her such

As strangereye must deem her —fresh in youth,—

As one whom equal years might well inspire

With equal passion :—saw with hope, and lov’d:— > '
Lov’d, and believ’d (what could he less ?) his love 4.
Was not unanswer’d ! for her eye had joy
To look upon him ; and her ear had joy

To listen to him; and her hand to meet

His hand’s°warm pressure. He was welcom’d ever.
It seem’d there was no pleasure for her ‘hours Bids
But to hold converse*with that dark-hair’d youth, Hi
‘And hear his bold adventures :—~as the maid mai, bat
Of Venice listen’d to the adventurous Moor,—
But with less woo’d inquiry... With.a zest .
That seem’d between intreaty and command.
She drew his story from him—weal and woe Se
And seem’d at every tug, of fate to thrill, :
‘As with a self-boyne danger. But when came~ -);

ISaOoracl=

What he,call’d chance, but her-more pantial. thought.
Deem’d the high. virtue of his soul, subdued v
The danger, which in cogent circumstance woud
Had seem’d like-thrice-sur’d fate,— then would she grasp)
His hand with a convulsive eagerness, ee |
And breathe deep thanks, and ask the tale agains). W
Insatiate of the legend.:--which being.told, -.. ° a
With eyes all swimming, and with preastvall sighs, .) U1
She'd sob short,thanks, and;from jis presence tus <0:
To vent some passien upt-to, be, controll’d, daxcd a ia RA
Nor yet, observ’d, indulged.

he

mi

is

et IAHO
+ 383s Ons

aunt

eninion

A Subject, for Euripides: suggested by
bavows b'eoSsIsothis mot love ?””

Exclaim’d the! dark-hair’d.yoath:) S Ts it not!lovintiord'T
“ If not, what stronger passion|?). Thereds nonestn ‘ici
© No passion else than-that which, swells thissheart bao A
“ Could heave the sentient bosom,to.such stormuilime
“ None butpall-mighty, love !”?). And.so,hefeds‘eueq 1u&
(The woe-predestin’d youth !) with meteor hopes io 31
The passion which in heart, and nerve, and reins) )i\mibA
Was raging like a fire ;—a fire which fann’d a A.
And fed with fuel of such vain conceit, i dtiw asd
Was hastening to-deyour him :—-for.there was.
Another passion that he wot not of—
A passion full of wild solicitudes, SEerT
That swell’d the bosom of that beauteous one,
And made her, in its extasies of power
And strong emotion, ever when she saw
That fori. of grace, forgetful of the charm Li
Of her protracted beauty ;. and she dream’d-not,s2 saT
What kind of hopes and tumults she inspir’d
By what she meant no blandishment.

ey

1119°9O

eonale ; Il starr’dihss jed'T

The hour too soon arriy’d that yail’d no, more{+ 55)4 5T
The fatal secret. The impassion’d youth.- .. j32eH’-

Avow’d his!love—his hopes; with kindling warmth, 10

Embracing, press’d upon her sliuddering lip _ RE Ei

A lover’s burning kiss, and would have fore’d | 9.4 9/8

Her seeming coy reluctance to the couch 32410

Of consummation;—when, with resolute shriek,» 50A

Andsstart of horror, bursting from his arms— sett

“ Forbear!” she cried; and with a look might change!

Like dread*Medusa’s, hot desire to stone, 5H
-—Or-dart-an ice-bolt through the boiling veins, oo
s290°0 Held him appall’d; and pointing to the scene ist} se6l-e 10% *
Of many a guilty pleasure, “ Headlong youth!” © ‘edna Jer! on au

She thus exclaim’d, “ the incestuous thought resign.
* Thou littie dream’st that on that very couch
©] cave thee birth !—thy mother !—thou my sow !??')) 4°

Soul-thrill’d awhile he stood. Not more dismay’d
The Thebar, who upon his orbs of light

Aveng’d the sin of destiny, and call’d - A Ms %or
Upon Cytheron’s’mount to cover him, iL ~Wo
And on the wolves and vultures that had spar’d ~ OAV
The wild-wood cradle, where expos’d he lay, + Heinlaaayt

Guilt-doom’d from infancy !

So lost—so wild— 9°. yma.)
The unquench’d incest scorching in his veins—
Moveless awhile he stood, with breath suspent, ree!
And sightless vision glaring on. the void, Sig gi
Or communing with phantoms of the brain
In dreamy desperation: nor awak’d
From trance of horror, but to thoughts as dark— Lae
As direful as his dream. One.glance he gaye— r4 AegyTuwotd
One red, swift glance of frenzy and dismay othe “sand
Upon that couch, and on that matron form, 5x Selarniaa
Of seeming maiden freshness, which had lur’d. 2 4. oy sh gd
His soul so near perdition; and one groan... -.4.4,,5 ie

s20qing sites
~ One bosom-bursting groan, convuls’d, he heav’d,; .., Sonicare
“And yanish’d: for with start so swifthe fled) = sila
b dt seem’d no earthly exit. But where fled ieee
“Bists nét, alas! to him : an anarch 19 asriviloob asiisd sd? nO

pang possess’d him ; and is chithaacler wkepe20 fly .997) 8 aWwOTg
‘Knew not their motion, till he found ‘himself, “° 7) O008F109
‘Yn the chill lonetiess of the night/amid? § 4007 sci rsins yloqnsse
The tangled forest j

Silence

gi chow An Historical Portrait.» -

ovo. Jo'SHence-reign’d around
Through allsthe void of darkness.1'°There he! paus'd;2 <1

List’ning‘the deathful stillness’ forawhiley
And holding commune with it}'as°@ thing?

iv .j0a if

{ UFs

Familiamwith the couneils of despair : i Ie,
But paus’dnot‘long." Reflection could not: chlah-oa of.
It could-not come? the chaos ofthe soub)o1g-o0" eat) .

Admittednot a beam’

’*T was uproar all sq od T

A storm-wreck of disjomted fantasies,’ Ligesi es W
That with its billowy heavings stunn'd the sense,

But not allay*dethe pang.
Vital ;

His state had nought
unless the writhe of agony,—

The lingering tortures of protracting death,
Be vital call’d sand reason was not now,’ ik

Nor guidance of the’will.

Wild—not resolv’d—-) 29.4
Scarce sentient to the impulse, or the’ act ;
With burning brain and bursting heart, he rear’d
The self&deéstroying hand,—and was'no more!‘

Tf she surviv’d, and if the habitudes
Of custom and occasion, and the pride

That conibats with the world’s i inquiring ye

To hide the'bosom’s secret agony,
Restor’d her seeming calm, to float again

On the world’s vanities j—think’st thou (unskilP ay» TA

Her spirit sunk not? Think’st thou, in her breast: dm

She nurs’d no scorpion thought that made her hours!

Of solitude, her pillow’s waking dreams, 19H

And visions of her slumber, worse to endure
Than the still tomb, and loathsome worm that feeds»

Upor the reliques of that form she lov’ d,

But lov’d too late, with all a mother’s care? ?* Bhai

* For a less tragic anecdote of the protracted beauty of Ninon, see ‘Correspondence
in the first number of our 59th volume to be published Feb. 1, 1825. ;

EXTRACTS FROM Sareea AND
bis SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS.

et

Pant of a Memoir on the Mik of the

’ Cow-Trez, By Marrano ve Ri-

vero, and T. B.: Bousstncautr.
Translated from the Spanish.
[From the Edinb. Phil. Journ.]

R. LAET appears to be the first

who has made known, in Europe,
one of the most curious vegetable pro-
ductions of the equinoctial regions,—a
tree which gives a kind of milk entirely
analogous to that of the cow, and
which, for that reason, has been called
Cow-Tree. This singular juice, on ac-
count of its similitude to the milk of
animals, in the place of which, Mr.
Humboldt has seen it used for every
domestic purpose, on the farm: of Bar-
bula,—has been admired by. every” trae
veller.

“ On the barren declivities of arock
grows a tree, whose. leayes are dry and
coriaceous.
searcely enter the rock; for, several

enrsliz

Its thick -ligneous roots.

months in the year, rain n scarcely waters
its fan-shaped ‘leaves..\The branches
appear -dry and dead. «But when an
incision is made in thetrunk, a sweet
and nutritious milk flows from it. It
is at the rising of the sun that the
vegetable liquid runs mast abundantly.
Then the natives and hegroes are seen
to come from all parts, rovided with
vessels, to receive the viii, which be-
comes yellow, and thickens at the sur-
face. Some empty their. vessels under
the same tree; others - carry them. to
their children. It is like a shepherd
distributing to his family the milk of
his flock.”— Humboldt, Yo yage aux Ré-
gions Equinoviales du. Nouveau Conti-
nent, lib, 5, chap X¥1,, page 263 et 264.
if those who possess, these precious
trees near their habitatic nm, drink with
so much pleasure their beneficent juice,
with what delight willthe traveller,
who penetrates in these high mountains,
appease with it BS 8 APE and ste

646

Thus we ‘have seen, on the:road from
Patito. to» Puerto-Cabello, |'all ) these
trees full of incisions, ‘made by ithe
travellers, who seek them with anxiety.
It: would be sufficient, it appears! to! us,
that.this milk could be: used as:an ali-
ment, to value it, and) invite ‘to the
cultivation of the trees which furnish
it; but Nature -has' been pleased: to
make it still more precious and useful :
for;:besides containing so nutricious ‘a
constituent. a8 -fibrin, it also contains,
insabundance, an exquisite kind of wax,
which maybe extracted with great fa-
cility..This vegetable milk possesses
all the physical properties ‘of the milk
of animals; only it-is a little thicker ;
and it: mixes: easily with water.

On the, Mines of Mexico. Communi-
cated. to the Idinburgh. Philosophical
Journal,.by ,a..Gentleman. intimately
_ connected with Mexico.
ov. Al BEGINNING, im the: application of

English machinery, im Spanish » Ame-

rica, «was | made: several. years ago,

steam-engines having been ‘sent out to
the «mines of Potosi -and Peru, and
found to answer extremely well, until
their operation was: suspended by the
political disorders. of the country. At

nt. there are, in London, no less
than three associations formed, “‘ for
aiding in working the mines of Mexico.”

One of these originated in a proposal

of Don Lucas. Alaman, a well-known

public character in Mexico ; who having,
when in Europe, resided chiefly at Pa-
ris; .was'desirous that the first proposal
for a mining company should be issued
in the. French capital, But our south-
ern; neighbours, whatever may be their
prowess in, the field, or their fame in
theory, discover very little enterprize
inmercantile speculation... The attempt
having failed at Paris, was renewed,

under better-auspices, in London, and a

capital of £240,000 was speedily sub-

scribed, the company taking the name
of “ The United’ Mexican Association.”

. Posterior in point of time, but nearly
equal.in, amount of capital, is the Com-
pany called Real del Monte, from the
district containing their mines, which is
situated about sixty miles north of the
city, of Mexico... This Company:is com.
posed; chiéfly;.of proprietors of: Englisly
mines, and is less open to the: publiciat
large, than the third-and greatest of the
three;ithe-Anglo-Mexican, whose. capi-
taluiso@ million «sterling...» Most»of) the
mineé, taken: up,by this:Company*4regin

Guanaxuato, a district of great metallic

Extracts from:Philosophical and Scientific Journals.

wealth, "but! of 'which® the“ nafiie. Wad
hardly: known in Europe; ‘until the ape
pearance, fourteen. yearsago, Of Him’
boldt’s -well “known work?® ‘Coiitfacts!
of partnership, in ‘several ‘of ‘the nifines’
in that district, were ‘made! in 'Mexieds
by individuals, and ‘transferred ‘ih’ bon*
don to 'this Association! The ‘humber
of mines, great and ‘small, is' computed
at no less than’3,000)0"9"02 10 Is92 989

Mexico, different’ from thé ! uncilté
vated provinces ‘of! the’ United! ‘Statés?
being ‘in general ‘bare°of timiber} how} it’
may be ‘asked, can isteata “bé ‘called “in
to aid the labours? of the miner? * Ty
the geological structtre of the ‘mining
districts suchas to “afford a hope of
finding peat, ‘coal, ‘or‘any mineral com’
bustible 2) Failing these; is' the climate
such as to favour the’ growth of parti-
cular kinds of wood, which, when cul
tivated with an almost unlimited’ com:
mand of territorial surface, might sup-
ply the requisite fuel’? On these points’
information is, we understand, ‘at pré-
sent, very anxiously expected. - sia

Extracts from a Memoir? concerning’
the Chinese. By Joun FRANCI8 DAVIS,
Esq., F.r.s., M.R.a.s. [Transactions of
the Royal Asiatic Sotiety: Vol. I-
Part. I.] ee
Tue only ‘direct and positive testi-

mony that we seem to’ possess, out of

China, relating to the first’ origin of the

Chinese nation, exists in ‘the Institutes

of Menu: and T cannot help thinking

that the observations. of Sir W. Jones
on the passage in question are deserv’
ing of great attention. It is there writ-

ten, that “ many families of the. mili-

tary class, having’ gradually’ abandoned

the ordinances of the Veda, and the
company of Brahmens, lived in a staté
of degradation, as the Chinas and some
other nations.’ Thegreat antiquity of
the laws of Menu. isin favour -of:.the
authenticity of the above: testimony
for at theperiodat which Sir: WJ ones
supposes them to have :beenowritten;

(above one thousand:years BiC.); there

can be no doubt ‘whatever. but ithe

Chinese nation was yet in. its<infaneys

and that it could lay no:claim'to the

character of an extensive, united, and’
powerful empire,. until) many centuries
after that date: as I shallsattempt ito
shew, — I content-myself with noticing
in.this,place the. statement, of-one sof
their, own. histories,* \that, twelveshun~

if

“* Sce Morrison’s' Chinese-Chronology'?
p. 52.

Extracts from: Philosophical and Scientific Journals.

deed years, before Christ, “ the Chinese
nation; jas small and feeble, the eastern’
foreigners othat;,.is,..the aborigines;
rhaps,Tartars, between them and
past coast) numerous -andstrong,”’
apd;that the former “gradually obtained:
a,residence in) the,middle of the coun-
trys? namely, in, Honan. It is univer-
sally, admitted | among, themselves; that
the seat of government, was at. first» in
Shen-si,.the north-west part of the pre-
sent.empire,, where the colonists, men-
tioned by. the, Indian Lawgiver, are sup-
posedito have settled, and that they sub-
sequently; carried|.on, wars against a
state; called Yen; in Péehzli, and another
named, 7'si, in Shan-tung, until they suc-

ceeded dn, fixing, themselves in Honan.
«Lhe. opinion, hazarded’ by M. de
Guignes, that,.the Chinese were a co-
y from,Egypt,, seems hardly capable
of being. supported. by. sufficient proof.
Such adistant, and extensive emigration
could not, have taken, place without the
ywledge,.and.. notice, of the nations
inhabiting the vast- countries that inter-
vene; besides which, there exists no
resemblance. between. the: mysterious.
lieroglyphics of Egypt and the Chinese
sharacters,*..which. might, as Sir W.
ones observes,“ have. been contrived
by the first Chinas, or outcast Hindus,
who, either. never, knew, or had forgot-
ten, the.alphabetic character of their
waser, ancestors.” Though M. de Pauw
aud, other learned men have been of
nion that, the Chinese were originally
a.tribe of Tartars, or Scythians, I can-
not-help. thinking that there are some
reasonable, grounds for concluding that
they, were,.a colony from, India, and
it they, owe their present distinctive
character to, their subsequent mixture
with the aborigines of the country, and
the Tartars.

to Sy

eleaying the religion of his country-
menoas ‘he found it, Confucius embo-
died \in ‘sententious maxims the first
principles of morals and of government,
and the purity and excellence of some
of his precepts (whatever may have been
said) to the'contrary by persons ignorant
ofthe language) will bear a comparison
with even those of the gospel. He,
and he only, of the men who have at
times: aspired: to teach the

ae

io® Aearned atid ingenious original atticle
im the M: M.,) Vol. 59; No. 406, to ‘be
published on the first of February 1825,
will. demonstrate, however, that there is
sug resemblunce,—+E prr.

647

Chinese,“ was: truly deserving sof © the
title|of Philosopher’; and‘he alone; dur-
ing'the! revolution of ages, has met with
uniform: veneration. © Guided by °the
lightof reason, he applied the’ energies!
of a powerfub intellect ‘to then Study of
Man, andi grounded ‘his: doctrines son
the fixed’ and immutable /principles? of
humam nature:> His works are at: this
day the Sacred Books of the-Chinese;
and when compared with the evanescent
relics of Fo and of Laou-Keun; confirm:
the superiority of truth over the'fictions
of artful, and the ravings: of fanaticak
teachers. Thus it is that “ opinionun®
delet dies, naturze judicia confirmat.”
Among other points of inquiry relat=
ing to the Chinese, their attainments
in the various branches of human know-
ledge have naturally been the objects of
much curiosity in Europe. With reéspéct
to those arts of life which adniitister
to the wants and enjoyments of ‘mah-
kind, they must: be allowed to: Have
made. a ‘very early and’ considerable.
proficiency, and ‘are even at this: day, in”
many respects, the most skilfuland best:
workmen in the world. Of science,
however, they are; and appear always’
to have been, entirely destitute, The
ancient skill of the» Hindus, in “astro=
nomical and algebraic science, has been
cleatly and ably demonstrated: but no:
proofs have yet occurred that they im=
parted any portion of that skill to the
Chinese. I feel persuaded that, until
the introduction of astronomy into the’
Empire by the Arabians, in the first m=
stance, and subsequently by the Euro=
pean Missionaries, the whole science of
the Chinese consisted in a careful ob+
servation and scrupulous notation of the
eclipses, and other heavenly pheno-
mena. Their ignorance led them to
attach the most important political in-
fluences to the different aspects and
conjunctions of the celestial orbs, and
hence arose the exactness with which
they marked and chronicled them.
Confucius has recorded six and thirty
eclipses of the sun, the greater number
of which have been verified by the cal-
culations of European astronomers :
but the recording an eclipse may prove
the authenticity of historical annals,
while, at the same time, it’ proves
nothing as to the ‘existence of astrono~
mical science. von

Dxrrnactrs of Lavin, from WJ.
Bankes, Esq., containing an Accoun®
of Mr. Linayt’s Expedition to Sen-
i Na’AR,

648

wa’arn, with a Latin Inscription from

MEROE.
(From Brand’s Quarterly Journal of the Royal
Institution. ]
Soughton-hall, Northop, N. W.
Nov. 26, 1824.

My pear Sir.—I have to commu-
nicate to youa piece of intelligence,
which, I am sure, will give you pleasure.
My great traveller, Monsieur Linant,
is at length with me, and has brought
with him, in safety, the harvest of his

journey to Napata and Meroe, and into:

the country beyond Senna’ar. There
are maps and plans of every thing con-
nected with his route, together with a
very detailed journal, and about a
hundred and fifty most beautiful draw-
ings, all extremely detailed and minute,
and some of them upon a very large
scale. I find the ruins at Merde mag-
nificent beyond all expectation; but
what interests me the most in their ap-
pearance is the striking admixture,
which is very visible in them, of the
Persian with the Egyptian style, and
this not in the sculptured subjects only,
but in the architecture also ; no such
resemblance being at all discoverable in
any other ruins of that country, nor any
where lower. down: upon the Nile.
Surely this seems to be a wonderful
confirmation of the tradition mentioned
by Strabo, that Cambyses was the
founder, and called the city Merée, after
the name of a wife or a sister, it was
doubtful which : it seems to me proba-
ble that she was both; and if there be
really any truth in the tradition cited,
the circumstance recorded in the same
passage, that the king carried Egyptians
with him, will very sufficiently account
for the edifice not being pureiy Persian,
but rather of a mixed and grafted style.
The bas-reliefs, however, seem to par-
take more of Persian than of Egyp-
tian details. Strabo says of Cambyses :
“He, together with some Egyptians, ad-
vanced as far as Merde; by which name,
it is said, he designated the island and
city, in remembrance of his sister
Merée—some say his wife—who died
there: and therefore, in honour of her,
he conferred upon them a human
name*]’. And Herodotus states, in his
Thalia, that Cambyses was married to
two of his sisters, though it is plain also,
_ from the same passage, that it was con-

trary to the Persian usage. Josephus,

* Some of ourreaders, of that sex at least
which is not expected to be very familiar
wtih. Greek, will, perhaps, not be displeased
at our having substituted a literal transla-
tion,in the place of the original text.—En.

Eztracts from Philosophical and Scientific Journals.

in that strangechapter of his Antigq. Jud.
where he gives the account of the expe-
dition of Moses: into Aithiopia, speaks
distinctly and positively of the founding
(or re-founding rather, and new namirig)
of Merée, by Cambyses, it having before
had the name of Saba. There isa large
extent of ruin (but without any thing
grand or architectural) at Soba, con-
siderably south of Meroarat, near the
junction of the Bahr el Abiad with the
Abyssinian Nile. These last remains,
however, [ am well persuaded, are not
upon the site of Meroe, and that Me-
roarat is its true situation; the position:
of this agreeing well with the distance
given by the ancient » geographers
to that city from the junetion of the
Astaboras CAtbara) with the’ Nile.

The next observation that I have to
make upon the drawings is in confirma-
tion of the report given by the spies sent
up by Nero, which is preserved in Pliny.
They spoke of the principal temple at
MerGe being dedicated to Ammon
(which is evidently proved by the sculp-
tures on it), and that there were many
lesser temples in the country round
about, which is also true; that the city
was in those days become a small one,’
which is confirmed also by the very
little traces that remain of inferior
buildings, or heaps of rubbish about thé
temple. I had always cherished a faint’
hope that some vestiges might be found
ofthese Roman military spies, the cus-°
tom being very general, of recording’
upon the public edifices all along the’
Nile, even the most ordinary visits.

I was very anxious for any token of
inscription from Merée : there'are some
scraps of Coptic, which are, perhaps,
Christian, and seem to promise nothing”
of interest, of which I have copies; but
there is one also, which, I regret to say,’
seems to have been-very ill copied,
which has a much more inviting appear-
ance: it is certainly in Latin; and,
therefore, I take it for granted, not of,
Christian times. All Egypt furnishes
no more than two or three scanty in=,
stances of inscriptions in Latin; and to.
find this language at Merée is, there-
fore, so unexpected, that I cannot help»
suspecting it to be the work of the trix:
bune, or. of some of his companions,:
sent up by Nero to Merée as spies s/I-
can, however, make very little of ity for”
Linant, seeming to have taken it for’
granted that (because it was cut ima)
slovenly manner) it was of no interesty
has made but a careless copy, instead
of conforming to my injunctions in’

making

Extracts from Philosophical and. Scientific Journals. |

‘of the hand); this; also,does not occur,
‘either in ancient or in modern Egypt,;

makifig $éyeral at different tintes of the
daar? a8} ta nue , : 1%

hei” follow ‘twe copies of an“ In-
se

laerevs ‘wall of the\ great; stair-
cases among the ruins of Meraurat,

robably the ancient Meroe,’ as copied
by®Linant, the other by Mahomet the
old) interpreter and: janissary who ac-
companied him; with an attempt to
detypher the same.] ©
The passage in Pliny, which I have
myreye upon, is this: “ nuper renunci-
avere principi Neroni missi ab eo milites
pretoriani cum’ tribuno ad exploran-
dum.” They brought word that “ 4:di-
ficia oppidi —pauca; regnare foeminam
Candaocen, quod nomen multis jam
annis ad reginas transiit. Delubrum
Hammonis et ibi religiosum, et toto
tractu ‘sacella.” ;
Phe god, whois represented receiving
the offerings upon the columns of the
great temple, has the rams head, as at
Diospolisand at Siwah; and there is
sufficientevidence of the truth of the
remainder of the paragraph in the ves-
tiges-of other religious structures which
remain.) °
‘twas, indeed, this short passage in
Plinysthat gave me so keen an appetite
for having that region well explored.
‘Another accordance with the history
ofta country, about which. we know so
little; has struck me exceedingly : it is
inthe circumstance of the Royal Per-
sofiage*represented in the sepulchral
chapels:attached to the numerous pyra-
mids; with the: diadem, and in the act
either of slaying, or of being presented
tovthe god, being in many instances
female; a-circumstance rarely, if ever,
seemyins Egypt, and seeming to stand
there in proofof the reign of the several
Candaces, whom we read of in history ;
a name which, Pliny says, was common
tothemy and which, doubtiess, was sim-
plysein»ABthiopic, the word signifying
— » Some points are observa-
ble: also in» these figures, which are re-
markable, as being in conformity with
the present »usages and, prejudices of
that barbarous country. The Queen is
r ited .with nails as long as the
ofa bird, a particular never ob-
ble in Egyptian sculptures, neither
isgthere any such modern usage. in
pty but in the upper country about
Senny’ar and Merée this is very general

amongst the women. There is also re-

presented, in the same sculptures, a sort

»which, though worn on one fin-.
nly, basa broad, plate attached to .

itpwhieh ex

across the. whole back
pMomeury

Ac, No, 400,

but is ‘cémnion in the districts: where;

these sculptures occur, with the women,

to this day. Again, the form and out-
line of these Candaces are! very remark-
able, and quite without example, on the
storied buildings, lower down upon the

Nile; the form below. the waist, being | /

almost that of the Hottentot’ Venus,
both as to the hips and behind, Thisis
considered in Abyssinia asa great mark
of distinction and high birth. There
was, when I first went to Jerusalem, an
Abyssinian Princess there, upon,a pil-
erimage, the daughter of a deceased:
King, most remarkably proud «in this
respect, and who piqued herself greatly,
upon it. I have heard.an English Lady,
say, that she could not believe the pecu~
liarity to be natural ‘till she saw the;

lady in the bath. None but the Queens) .

are honoured with this figure in the bas-
reliefs, the female attendants and the
goddesses being as slender and as scanty
as elsewhere upon the Nile.
seem to have been the same as in Egypt,

only there is one with a sort of lotus...
head, that I do not feel well acquainted. .

with ; and the lion-headed Isis has, in
one instance, both her head and_ her,
arms tripled, so as to bear a great affi-
nity to the Indian deities.

The country is not like Egypt, but '

covered with herbage and abounding in
forests, with monkeys leaping and chat-
tering in the branches: this circum-
stance, the historical sculptures lower
down had led me to expect, where the
conqueror (probably Sesostris) is repre-

sented chasing a naked people with flat,_,

noses and thick lips into forests, In, -

which monkeys are sitting, evidently ,

placed there to designate and characte~

rize the country where the event took .

place.
Linant observed no. parrots, though

Pliny very exactly sets down (on the.

authority of the spies) the name of the —
place where they are first found in fol-
lowing the Nile upwards; always taking .

it for granted that Psittacus should be .

so translated, of which I, am by no ,
means sure, Both Linant, . however,
and an attendant. who was with him,
speak in high terms of the beautiful
plumage of many of the birds which.
they saw (several of the skins they haye _
brought with them, but I have not yet
got them from Milford), and of the shrill
cries and discordant notes which pro.»
ceed from them, especially about day-»
break. The This,.so commort in ancient”
4 oO “a Par MP Sry We Ss oO dines?

649 >:

The gods);

>

650

times, but now unknown in Egypt, is
often seen, and is said to frequent the
streets even of Senna’ar (as Alexandria
anciently), in a very confident and do-
mestic manner, at some seasons of the
year, but now in'that when Linant was
residing there. The Guineafow] abounds.

Of'the larger animals, there are
droves of wild elephants, but none in a
reclaimed or domestic state (neither are
there any, I apprehend, in Abyssinia),
Which seems to be very strange in
countries where the people have been
always warlike. The Hippopotamus is
common in the river, and the whips
(called Coorbash) sold in Egypt, are
really manufactured from its hide ; and
not from the elephant’s, as I have heard
pretended at Cairo. This creature is
not of the form in which it appears in
all our plates of natural history; it is
of a much lower and more lengthened
‘proportion, which I had myself imagined
from the skin and remains of that which
T saw (recently killed) at Damietta, in my
last journey. Its cry is a sort of loud
grunting, very hideous and alarming,
especially in the night time; but it is
not considered a ferocious or dangerous
animal: neither did any which Linant
saw exhibit the appearance of those
protruded tusks which are shown in
the pictures of this animal. He saw
some that were of a bay colour, and
had white faces; this possibly may ac-
count for the strange misnomer both
in Greek and in Arabic, of calling a crea~
ture, so very differently shaped, the
river horse.

The abundance of came!s (of course
domestic) is so great, that no meat is
commoner in the market at Senna’ar or
Shandy; those which become unser-
viceable being killed for eating. Wild
swine are found in great numbers
in the moister places, and are eaten
by many of the natives, though Ma-
hommedans, without scruple, who will
also both eat raw meat occasion-
sionally, and drink the warm blood of
living animals. The wild ape goes in
large herds. The giraffe was spoken of
as’ of no very rare occurrence; but
Linant met with none in a wild state ;
he was, however, so lucky as to see one
at Senna/ar, brought thither by the Na-
tives (the same as has been since sent

_ as. a-present to the Grand Seignior, and
is, I apprehend, now alive at Constan-
tinople): this) was at that time very

_ young, and no bigger than a fawn : very
gentle and docile in its disposition : it
then fedupon milk, straddling out its
atyals

Extracts from Philosophical and Scientific Journals.

legs very wide, in order to reach the
ground, which, with so very long.a
neck, one should hardly have thought
necessary, though this has always been
said of it. The natives uniformly spoke
of the Unicorn as'of a real and known
animal, and to the usual description of
its form added, that the hern was
moveable at the creature’s pleasure; a
circumstance which, from. the position
of it, seems impossible. ,

Linant still seems to cast a wistful
eye on the White River, upon which
he had a great desire to have proceeded.
A strange story was told him: by ‘the
Jellabs, and persons who had come
from above, that there is a place, where,
after becoming immensely broad, this
Bahr el Abiad turns and flows to the
westward, which is only possible [?] by
supposing a great lake, out of which
two similar streams proceed, one run-
ning westwards, and one. falling into
the Nile. The Blue river, the Nile of
Bruce (and, in justice to Bruce, we
must add of the people of the country),
is so nearly dry at one season, that
Linant himself crossed it when there
were but a very few inches of water in
the channel, the Bahr el Abiad having
then a full and strong current.

Lava found in the Sands near.
Boulogne.

Rosert Bakreweut, Esq., in a letter
to the Editors of the Philosophical
Magazine, states the following circum-
stances :—When I was at Boulogne in
September last, I was informed that
masses of lava, of different. sizes, were
frequently found on the sands west of
the harbour. M. Dutertre in the lower
town had several specimens, from
which he obligingly broke one to) give
me a part.

The lava is of a darkish gray colour,
porus, but extremely hard, and filled
with grains of olivine ; it -bears a close
resemblance to the lava from the Puy
de Nugerre in Auvergne, described in
the second volume of my Travels in the
Tarentaise, §c., except that the latter
contains no olivine, at least in those
parts where I examined. it. An inquiry
suggests, itself of some importance: in
Geology—Are these masses of lava
which are left on the sands after “high
tides, merely fragments that have been:
thrown out as ballast somewhere on
the coast ? Or are they derived from
voleanic rocks, hitherto unnoticed, in
Britanny or Normandy, which,. like ,
those of Auvergne, may have been

erupted

Extracts from Newspapers.

erupted from beneath the granite, and
intermixed with it on the surface? If
the latter, we may well conceive that

651

fragments brought down by the rivers
might be washed by the tides and cur-
rents as far west as Boulogne.

EXTRACTS FROM NEWSPAPERS.

HE avowed determination of our

Goyernment to acknowledge the in-
dependence of the Columbian, Brazilian,
and Mexican States, will, we trust, justify
us in the estimation of our readers for
compiling from the columns of the Times
Newspaper the following account of the
completion and publication of the Mexican
Constitution. .

Sovereign Constituent Congress. Presidency
of Senor Zavala. Siitiag of Ovtober 4,—

hen the constitution was subscribed by
the members, a deputation appointed for
the purpose was deputed to present it to
the Executive. This commission con-
sisted of Senors Vargas, Guerra, Perez,
Duslonguer, Arguelles, Embides, Casares,
Cabrera, Florriaga, Veliz, Ahamada, Gu-
tierrez, Fernandez del Campo, Paredes,
Alared. Vasquez, Osorez, Valle, Basta-
mente, Escalante, Marquez, Barbabesa,
and the secretaries Viga and Piedra. It
was then decreed, 1. ‘ That without loss of
time, the Goyernment shall proceed to the
solemn publication of the Constitution in
the capital, and communicate it imme-
diately to the governors of the states, and
the political authorities of the territory,
that the same may be done on every point
of Mexico.—2. That the Supreme Execu-
tive Power will regulate the ceremony of
the publication, of which the preceding
article speaks, taking care that it is all con-
ducted with due solemnity.”

“The Supreme Power received with re-
spect the Constitution presented, and ma-
nifested, with enthusiasm, the singular plea-
sure which it felt at seeing the regenera-
tion of their country completed. It de-
elared that it would spare neither labour
nor diligence to cause this fundamental
law to be observed, and was impatient to
receive the order to come and swear to
observe it.

At two o'clock in the afternoon, the
Commission left the Palace of the Sove-
reign Congress with a guard of honour,
amid salyoes of artillery, the ringing of
bells, and the joyful acclamations of the
people. The deputation haying arrived in
the magnificent saloon, where the Execu-
tive Power was waiting them; Senor
Vargas, the president of the deputation,
pronounced a patriotic discourse, to which
General Guadalupe Victoria, President. of
the Supreme Executive Power, replied in
appropriate terms; and the Constitution
was fully ratified, both by the Executive and
the Congress. A manifesto, of great length,
and which does equal credit to the patrio-
tism and the intelligence by which it seems

to have been dictated, was accordingly pub-
lished by the Supreme Executive Power to
the nation; stating that the nation was
ebout to be governed by one President;
explaining the principles of the federal
constitution adopted; the struggles by
which it had been obtained; the duties
of citizens; the necessity of subordina-
tion, &c.

As our limits do not permit us to enter
into the subject at length, suffice it to say,
that the Republic of Mexico has’ adopted
the constitution of the North American
Union, as its general model—that the
Mexican Government is federal—and_ that
the Republic is entitled the United Mexi-
can States. Like the North American
Union, the United Mexican States pos-
sess a general legislative, a general execu-
tive, anda general judicial power, together
with a legislative, executive, and judicial
power for each state. It is the General or
Federal Constitution, embracing and eon-
trolling all the states, which has just been
finished and promulgated. The Provincial
Authorities and Legislatures are still pro-
ceeding with the formation of their separate
codes. The General or Federal Legisla~
ture consists, as in North America, of a
House of Deputies and a Senate. The
election of the former, as in North Ame-
rica, takes place every two years. The
basis of the nomination of Deputies is the
extent of population. A Deputy is to be
elected for every 80,000 souls, or for any
fraction of that number which shall exeeed
40,000. For proportioning the number of
Deputies over the Union, a census of the
population is to be made every ten years.
The Senate is to be composed of two Sena-
tors for every State, chosen by the separate
State Legislatures. The meeting of the
two bodies of Deputies and Senators is
called, as in North America, the Genera]
Congress. It would be needless to the
readers of constitutions to specify the pow-
ers, privileges and duties of the individual
members or collective bodies of these assem-
blies. ‘[he Deputies and Senators are to
be paid for their attendance, by a law which
is to be afterwards passed. The ordinary
session of Congress is every year to begin
on the Ist of January, and to end on the
15th of April. When extraordinary ses-
sions are held, the specific subject of delibe-
ration must be determined in the deeree by
which the legislative bodies are convoked.
The executive power of the Mexican Fedé-
ration is to reside’ in a single person, called
the President of the United. Mexiean
States. This supreme magistrate is to be

4 O02 elected

652

elected by the separate State Legislatures,
each of which is to nominate two candidates
for the Presidency—one of whom, at least,
shall not belong to the state which makes
the return. © The names of these candidates
are to be transmitted to’ the General Con-
gress, which shall declare ® President, the
candidate who unites in his person the
greatest number of votes. The duration of
the President's functions is limited to four
years. A’ Vice-President is likewise elect-
éd in the same manner, and for the same
term, to supply the President’s place, if by
physical “inability, or any other cause, he
should be prevented from discharging the
duties of ‘his office. The powers and pre-
rogatives of the President are similar to
those of the same magistrate in the North
American Union. He appoints or removes
the Secretaries of State; he appoints to
posts inthe army and navy ; he disposes of
the armed force by sea’ and land, in peace or
war, by the! advice of the Congress ; he
convokes the Legislative Bodies to an extra-
ordinary'session ; he provides that justice
be duly administered ; he promulgates the
acts of Congress, and does other acts of su-
preme power. During the recess of Con-
gress, the supreme magistrate is provided
with a’council, consisting of half the mem-
bers’of the Senate, or of a counsellor for
every state of the Union. The judicial
power of the Federation is to reside in a su-
preme: tribunal of justice, and in circuit
courts. The first is to consist of 11 mem-
bers, distributed into three halls or cham-
bers. ‘Lhe members of this supreme tribu-
nal are to be elected, like the President, by
a majority of votes of the different State

Supplementary Varieties.

Legislatures. ‘The duties of ‘this supreme
tribunal are, to take cognizanceés of the dif-
ferences which may arise between'the sepa~
rate states of thé Federation, or between
the authorities of one ‘state and the subjects
of another ; to’settle disputes which may
spring up respecting the construction ‘of the
acts of the Supreme Government ; to ‘de-
cide on the jurisdiction of the separate/tri-
bunals of the Union|; and to judge, without
appeal, in the trial of criminal eases affect-
ing senators, deputies, ambassadors, con-
suls, or any of the higher officers of the Su-
preme Government. This constitutional
act then proceeds to describe the nature; of
the State Goyernments, and. to,/fix the li-
mits of their separate jurisdictions, as they
refer to the general Union. . Each. of these
State Governments moye uncontrolled with-
in its own sphere, and. all partake. of the
movement and obey the influence of the ge-
neral federative system of which | they form
harmonious parts. As Mexico.was once a
colony of Spain, the constitutional act very
properly begins by declaring its indepen-
dence of Spain and eyery other’ Power.: We
are sorry, however, that the Mexican Le-
gislators have been restrained by their situ-
ation, or prevented by their prejudices,
from declaring one theoretic maxim of great
importance—namely, the right’ of) every
man to liberty of conscience; or should
have had the following declaration and enact-
ment, which compose the third article: of
their constitutional act :—‘‘ The religion of
the Mexican nation is, and always shalljbe,
the Catholic Apostolic Roman. religion.
The nation protects it by just and wise
laws, and prohibits the exercise of every other.’”

SUPPLEMENTARY VARIETIES, &c.

——= a

Messrs. Sowerby have circulated propo-
posals for enlarging their library, and re-
moving their Museum of Natural History
to a situation, in some central part of
London, where. it may be connected with
Reading-Rooms, and become of easy refer-
ence. But as this object cannot be attained
without considerable expense, they request
the ce-operation of those friends and loyers
of Natural History who may be inclined to
further these views by annual or other sub-
scriptions towards an establishment, the
utility, of which is generally admitted, and
the want of which has long been felt. The
plan in contemplation is to establish an
annual income to cover the expenses of
purchasing and arranging books and sub-
jects, &c., and the oreupation of the requi-
site premises; in return for which, the
subscribers are to have. constant and free
access to the Museum and Library, or either
separately, and such other privileges as
may be found, expedient. As it is the
plan in contemplation to place the esta-
blishment upon.a usefw, rather than a

magnificent scale, five hundred pounds a
year, it is stated, may be enough to hegin
with: which, it is hoped, may be obtained
‘Sy annual subscriptions of éwa or, three
guineas, and a small deposit for the pur-
chase of books, &c., from each subscriber
at the commencement. As it is not sup-
posed that Laprrs should be exeluded from
the Museum, it has been hinted that a
room may be set apart for comparative
anatomy. The Museum contains an ex-
tensive and arranged collection of British
Minerals, Rocks. Plants, Birds,. Fishes}
Insects, Crustacea, Fossil, and ,Recent
Shells; and a collection of Foreign, Mine-
rals, Fossil, and Recent Shells, and Co-
rals, together with about £400 worth of
books, all held as seeurity for the payment
of certain annuities. nt is¥
Proposals are in cireulation, for publish=
ing by subscription, a print,. representing
the Christmas Cattle Show, at Sadler’s
Repository, to be engraved by an artist of;
eminence, from a, painting by Mr. Walter,
and to be dedicated to the Smithfield Club,
likenesses

Supplementary Varieties.

likenesses of several distinguished Mem-
bers.of which, together with accurate por-
traits of Prize, Cattle, it will contain, The
Print .will be. of the same size with the
Engraying formerly published of the Bed-
ford Sheap Shearing, and will be ready for
delivery, in the course of the ensuing sum-
mer. :
A destructive Whirlwind occurred on the
6th of July 1823, m the north of France,
whose terrific effects have lately been de-
scribed with considerable minuteness in the
“ Bulletin’ Uniyersel ;’’ these effects were
confined to a very narrow strip of country,
extending from Assorwal village, six miles
west-sotlth-west of St. Omers, to Lilliers,
threeleagues distant from Lambre. In most
of its particulars, this is similar to a whirl-
wind which, in the summer of 1780, during
a thunderstorm which occurred in the
night, crossed: Barnes Common and Roe-
hampton Lane, in Surrey, overset a wind-
mill, overturned a large barn, in which were
sleeping a whole’ group of Irish gardener’s
labourers, many of whom were killed, and
did much other damage. Mr. Farey, who
next day viewed this latter scene of desola-
tion, furnishes us with these particulars.

Mangel-wurzel leaves a substitute for syinage.
A correspondent, who writes from Somer-
setshire, inthe Farmer’s Journal, week-
ly newspaper, No. 898, after describing his
practice of some years standing, in growing
the letsom beet, or German root of scarcity,
in the intervals between, and as a second
crop to pease, beans, cabbages, &e., in a
large kitchen garden, for food to his milk-
ing cows, states that he, two or three years
ago, discovered that the young leaves
plucked from the mangel-wurzel plants and
boiled are so perfect a substitute for spi-
nage, that he has left off growing the latter,
with a considerable saving of expense and
trouble.

Liter Sacre; which will contain a
Comparison between the Doctrine of Moral
Philosophy and Scriptural Christianity, in a
series of letters. Vol.1., 8vo. is nearly ready.

Tales of Fault and Feeling. By the
Author of Zeal and Experience ; in 3 vols.
12mo.

A Volume of Poems, by-Mrs. Cannon of
Hungerford, entitled, Maria and St. Flos:
to which is added, A Search after Happi-
ness.

The Astrologer of the Nineteenth Cen-

; containing sixty original designs of
Hieroglyphics, ‘Talismans, and Horoscopes.
Its contents have been collected from MSS.
in the British Museum, the Ashmolean
Musewm at Oxford, the Bodleian Library,
the Libraries at Bristol Cathedral and
Wells. And they comprise, the Ancient
Practice of raising Spirits and invoking the
Dead; Apparitions; Visions; Charms;
Wonderful Secrets; and other subjects
never disclosed since 1590.

Observations on some of the Dialects in
the: West of England, particularly Somer-

653
setshire ; with a Glossary of Words now in
use there, and Poems and other pieces
exemplifying the diaject. By James Jen-
nings, Esq. In crown 8yo.

Christian Letters to a Physician at L—;
also. an Expostulation against Ashdod
Phraseology; and Some Thoughts, on the
Inaptness of the Christian Believer’s Cos-
tume. By Epsilon. 1

Practical Observations on certain. Patho
logical Relations which exist betwixt. the
Kidney, and other Organs of the Human
Body, and miore especially the Brain. . By
J. Fosbroke, Surgeon, Cheltenham.

Among the numerous publications of
the day, a Lapy of Leicester has issued.a
small tract, entitled ‘‘ Immediate, not gra-
dual Abolition.” It is written in a very
bold and nervous style, and, has already
been successful, in many places, in intro-=
ducing the use of East - India’ produce;
which is its immediate aim. M6 563

The Rey, Luxe Booker. has published
a small volume of lectures, ‘On the
Lord’s Prayer; but we fear, unless his
reputation, as a theologian and an author,
rests more securely on, some-of his) former
works, this will not. establish it, to. his
satisfaction. 3

An interesting and important work, en+
titled “‘ Celebrated Trials and Remarkable
Cases of Criminal Jurisprudence,’’ is-an=
nounced for publication in January, imsix
handsome volumes, with Engravings. A:
work of this description, in which the tech-
nical prolixity of the State Trials, and the
ordinary details of the Newgate Calendars
might be avoided, has been long a deside-~
ratum. A collection of rare and valuable
prints and trials, procured, itis said, at con-
siderable expense, is promised in this com-
pilation. The series of trials will extend
from Lord Cobham in 1418, to the present
time ; together with Appendices of Trials
of anterior date, and several curious cases
of Witchcraft.

A Supplemental volume to Pope’s ‘Cor-
respondence, is in a forward state.

Iturbide, the late Emperor of Mexico, is
said to have written a Romance, which has
recently been published at Paris.

A new translation of Bishop Jewell’s
Apology for the Church of England, with
his life, is in the press.

“A corrected Report of Speeches de-
livered at the Meeting for erecting a Monu-
ment to the Memory of the late James
Watt,”’ may be expected in a few days.

Mr. Thomas Pennington, M.a., will
shortly publish “ Former Scenes Renewed ;
or Notes, Classical and Historical, in a
Journey and Residence on the Continent,’
Is.

An Appendix to the Pharmacopia Lon-
dinensis, by Mr. Maugham, is preparing
for publication.

The Minnesinger’s Garland, or Specimens
of the Poetry of the German Minnesinger’s
or Troubadours of the 12th and 13th Cen-
turies :

654

turies: with Historical, Biographical, and
Critical Notices, and engravings. from the
illumined MS. of the Minnesingers, in the
Royal Library at Paris ; is in the press.

A short Narrative of Lord Byron’s last
Journey to Greece, will speedily be pub-
lished,

A.new Monthly work, entitled the Bo-
tanic Garden, or Magazine of Hardy Flower
Plants, cultivated in Great Britain, will
shortly be commenced.

In the course of the month will be pub-
lished “ Memoirs of Moses Mendelshon,
the Jewish Philosopher, including the cor-
respondence between him and Lavater on
the Christian Religion.”’

Sir Egerton Brydges will shortly publish
“ Recollections of Foreign Travels,” in
2 vols. post 8yo.

Vols. 3 and 4. completing Kirby and
Spence’s Introduction to Entomology, with
portraits of the Authors, are nearly ready
for publication,

Travels in South America, in 1819-20-21,
by Alexander Caldcleugh, Esq., are nearly
ready for publication.

Mr. Charles Butler, of Lincoln’s-Inn, is
about to publish “‘ The Book of the Roman
_ Catholie Church, in a series of Letters to
Robert Southey, Esq., on his Book of the
Church.”’

The Peerage and Baronetage Charts for
1825, will be ready in a few days.

‘“* Husband Hunting; or the Mother and
Daughter ;” and ‘“ The Highest Castle
and the Lowest Cave,” are announced for
publication.

Conversations on Geography and Astro-
nomy, with engravings, are in the press.

Miss Benger is about to publish Me-
moirs of Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bo-
hemia, and her unfortunate Family, with
Sketches of Royal and Illustrious Charac-
ters during the Thirty Years’ War,

Mr. Bowdler, the Editor of the Family
Shakspeare, is preparing for the press, an
edition of Gibbon’s Decline and Fall of the
Roman Empire, for Families and Young
Persons, by the omission of objection-
able passages. The Fourth Edition of
Bowdler’s Family Shakspeare is nearly
ready.

The Annual Biography and Obituary for
1824, will be published within the month,
and will contain Memoirs of Charles Grant,
esq. M. P. ; Lord Erskine ; Belzoni; Wil-
son Lowry; Major Cartwright; Capel
Lofft, Esq. ; Thomas E. Bowdich, Esq. ;
Lord Byron ; and other distinguished per-
sons deceased within the year.

Loudon’s Encyclopedia of Agriculture,

-will shortly be published.

A Handbook; or, Concise Dictionary of
Scientific Words and Terms, small 8vo., is
nearly ready.

The Appendix to Captain Parry's Second
Voyage of Discovery, containing the Na-
tural History, &c,, 4to,, will speedily be
published.

Supplementary Varieties.

A Second Series of “ Sayings ane Do-
ings,”’ is nearly ready: — iJard2irk
On the Present State: of the sFaemedt
England, by John Miller, Esq- of Lincoln's

Inn, is in the press. 111 oW - Ad
Notes to assist the Memory. in various
Sciences, are nearly readyeo jan Hors!

The Century of Inyentions of the “Mar-
quis of Worcester, from the. Original. MSS.
with Historical and Explanatory Notes,
and a Biographical Memoir, by, Charles R.
Partington, of the London. Institution,
with Engravings, 12mo., will shortly be
published.

A yolume of Chinese, Moral Maxims,
compiled by John Francis: Davis, _F,R,S.
Member of the Asiatic Society,, is, in the
press.

The third volume of the Orlando Furioso
of Ariosto, translated by William Stewart
Rose, is printing.

Scheller’s Latin Grammar, translated
from the German, with an, Appendix and
Notes, by George Walker, M.a., Head
Master of the Grammar School, Leeds,
2 yols, 8vo., is preparing for put: ‘lication.

Voyage of Discovery in the Interior of
Africa, in I818-19-20 and 21, by Brevyet-
Major Gray, and Staff-Surgeon ochard,
is nearly ready.

Four Voyages of Discovery, undertaken
to complete the Survey of the Western
Coast of New Holland, within the Tropics,
between the years 1817 and 1822, by Phi-
lip Parker King, 8.N., 2 vols. Syo., may
shortly be expected,

Travels in the Hedjaz, by the late John
Lewis Burckhardt, with plates, 4to., are
printing.

Mr. Hugh Campbell, the illustrator. of
Ossian, is “about to publish “ The Rival
Queens, or the Case of Elizabeth, Queen
of England, and Mary, Queen of Scots ;
with a Picture of the Queen of England’s
Amours and Private Life.”

Part 1, of ‘‘ Progressive Geography, for
Children,” is announced for publication in
a few days.

An important work is announced for pub-
lication, entitled “The Science of Agri-
culture explained and elucidated by a Com-
mentary and comparative Inyestigation of
the Principles of Agricultural Chemistry
of Mr. Kirwan and Sir Humphry Davy,
and the Code of Agriculture of Sir Jolin
Sinclair and other Authors on the Subject.
Contents :—Introduction— General View of
the Subject— On breeding or raising Vege-
tables— On breeding and rearing Animals—
On cultivating the Earth— Arrangement
of Chemical Principles—On the Roots of
Plants—On the Use and Office of ‘the
Leayes—On the Rust or Black Blight in
Wheat—On fallowing Land, and paring
and burmning—On Haymaking—On* Or-
chards and Cyder. In 1 vol. 8yo.: fie

The Conway Papers, from the émdetion
of the Marquess of Hertford, are peers:
for publication, in 3 vols. 80.» aon

ribbed

List of New Books.

Illustrations of Conchology, according te
Lamartk, in a series of twenty Engravings,
arenearly ready.

Dr. Wordsworth has in the press,
sewho wrote EIKQN BAZTIAKH,”
considered and answered, in two Letters to
his ‘Grace the Archbishop of Canterbury.

“Fairy ‘Legends and Traditions of the
South of Ireland, with Engravings are al-
most completed.

A beautiful copy of the Zodiac of Den-
derah, in Parian Marble, made by order of
Buonaparte, has lately been brought to
England, and is now in the possession of a
‘bookseller in Bruton Street.

“Mr. Reynolds, the.author of several plea-
sant Comedies, is about to publish his Auto-
biography and Dramatic Recollections,
which will probably be very acceptable to
the lovers of the Drama.
~ “Tawand Lawyers,” with Portraits and
curios Engravings, announced for publi-
eation, in a recent number of our Miscel-
lany, may now be expected in a few days.

The Rey. M. Hussey’s “ Divinity and
Divines,” in three elegant volumes, will
certainly appear within the month.

. Mr. Nicholson’s Operative Mechanic
and Machinist, in a thick yol. 8vo., with
several hundred Engravings, will appear in
a few days.

Popery in 1824: A Circular Letter of
Pope Leo the Twelfth, to all the Patri-
archs, Primates, Archbishops, and Bishops
of the Roman Catholic Church ; and the
Bull of Jubilee, for the Year 1825: trans-
lated from the Original Latin, with an In-
troduction and Notes, will be published in
a few days, m 8y0., price 6d.

The Memoirs of Madame de Genlis are
announced.

The Abductien; or, the Adventures of
Major Sarney, will soon be published.

Every-day Occurrences, 2 vols. 8yo., are
printing. nm

The Marquis de Salvo is printing Lord:

Byron en Italie et en Gréce, ou Apercu de
sa Vie et de ses Ouvrages, d’aprés des
Sources authentiques, accompagné de
Piéces inédites et d'un Tableau littéraire et
politique de ces deux Contrées, in 1 vol.
8yo. :

The Rev. W. L. Bowles is about to pub-
lish a Supplement to his own and Dr,
Warton’s Edition of Pope’s Works.

Mr. Thomas Bewick is preparing a
Work on British Fishes, in the style of his
Works on Quadrupeds and Birds.

; WORKS PUBLISHED.
Blossoms at Christmas ; and First Flow-
ers for the New Year: a Token to remem-
bera Friend. For 1825. Ina case, 12s;
Urania’s Mirror; or a View of the Hea-
vens, ona plan perfectly original. Designed
by.a Lady. . In a box. 28s. plain, or 34s.
coloured,
The Life and Administration of Cardinal

655

Wolsey. By John Galt, Esq. Third Edi-
tion, post 8yo. 10s. 6d.

The Good Nurse; or, Hints on the
Management of the Sick and Dying, in the
Chamber and Nursery. By a Lady. 12mo.

Domestic Duties; or, Instructions to
Young Married Ladies. Post 8vo.. 12s.

' Recollections of » Foreign Travel, on
Life, Literature, and Self-knowledge. By
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GENERAL INDEX

TO THE

FIFTY-EIGHTH VOLUME.

LAST SIX MONTHS OF 1824.

BADIA, M., Spanish General,
‘biographical accountof - - 41
Abolition, gradual, of slavery, proceed-
ings of the society for the - - 341
— of slavery, Mr. Jas. Luckcock
on : - 414
Abrantes, the father me son, Marquis
d’, Portuguese, biographical account
o - = = - 43
Absehtess, Trish, remarks on ~'” - 513
Academy, royal, of science of Paris,
prize es proposed by - ~ 328
Acedo, Spanish advocate, biogra-
phical account of - - - 42
Action, magnetic, on the intensity of - 151
Addison and- Steele, synoptical ac-
count of the papers contributed to

“the Spectator” by = - - - 101
Aerostation, observations on - - 295
Acid, iodous, observationon - - 236
—, cyanic, ————— ~ - ib.

—— gas, sulphurous - =< 10>
, uncombined muriatic - - 237
Arrains, Poxiticat, 78, 180, 272, 370
466, 563
Affections of the heart, observations on 558
of the population of Great Bri-
tain, synopsis of the - - - 428
Agiormel, M., Spanish voyager, bio-
graphical account of - 42
Agriculture, French and oe me com-
parative view of - - 507
Acntcutrvrat Report, 77, 177, 269, 368
464, 561
Aiken, nn and the Sateen: observa~-

- 218
Alexander, Edward, M. D.. epitaph on 217
Montnuiy Mac. No: 405.

‘a ' * - 504
St, Mr. Harris's aecount of
fier, society at

Alexander of Russia, on the inconsis-
tent political conduct of = - - 353
Alienations of mind, observations on - 35
Allum, Mr. Weekes on the oie
zation of - - - 197
America, LETTERS FROM ~ + 306
, North, review of, and extracts «~
from, Halkett’s Historical Notes on
the Indians of - - 613
South, on bunting ‘the bad- °
ger, jacgar, andotterin © - - 321
»—, on organic remains
in - = - - -
, on deer hunting in -

’
4 , on the manners, con~

dition, and character of the women
of - - os = x
Amusements, public, Mr. Luckcock
on = = - - = 16
— of the poor, observations on 482
Anatomy, comparative, Sir E. Home’s
observations on = = - - 388
Angles of crystals, observations on =~ 235
Annuities, life, on the advantages of
raising money by - - - 110
Antiquities of Egypt, observations on- 106
Apr, v ITALIANA - - 516
Apples, on the late abundant crop of - 315

497

Armour, on the changes of - - 519
Ascension of our Saviour, observa-
tions on the 4 - = 37
y aC~

cording to St. Paul - - = 110
Antiquarian, society, emi pro-

ceedings of ~ pl
Arras, report of the voyel society of - 147
Arsenic, on the detection of; as @

poison - 628
Asiatic Societies, aconontial i: « 14?
4 P

INDEX

Assessments parochial, detailed account

of, with tables of the counties - - 289
Auctions, metropolitan, observations on 2396
Aurora Borealis, observationson 70,529
» on the phenomenon of

the - - - 234
Australian maa, Mr. Lewrence’s
observations on == = = 26

Badger, mode of hunting the, in South

America - - - - 321
Bakewell, Mr.; his account of lava found
in the sands near Boulogne - - 650

Balloon, scientificaccount of the ascent
of Mr. Graham and Capt. Beaufoy,
from Islington - - 265
Banks, Mr. W. J., extracts from letters
from, on Linant’s expedition to Sen-
na’ar, \with a’ letter diecniptivs of
Meroe - - 648
Bankaupts, 76, 179, 270, 364, 461, 559,
Bathing in) salt water, on its cure or
hydrophobia 4 |) - - - 315
Baths, salt water, Log for supplying
Londen. with :
“ Bevgar’s petition,”’ Mr: Seber Sy coPy
of, as originally written ~~ a)
Barometer, on the fluctuations of - 234
Benevolence, public,Mr. Luckeock on 15
Berlin, university of, courses for 1623
—1624 - - 4 z
Berries, coffee, experiment upon = 236
Brocrapay, Spanisa & Portusursr 39
Birds, on preserving = - 340, 530
Birmingham musical festival, Mr. J.
Luckcock’s observations on the late 12
account of a projected rail

road between Liverpool and - 283
Blenkinsop Mr., account of his loco- :
motive steam -engine - - 154

Blow-pipes, method of constructing

self-acting, of india-rubber - 109
. improvements of Professor
Gurney in - - - 152
_ Boat, life, suggestions for the improve-
ment of - - - 98
+— steam company, American, ac-
count of - “ ~ 242
Boats open, on the danger of — - - 98

Bodies, heated, on the radiationof ~~ 527
Boleyn, Sir Thomas, description of the

residence of - ee |
Bonaparte, on the early eonilition of = 43
Bones, on the gelatine of = - - 71
Boroughs, observationson = 55

- Bridges constructing, Mr. Hanwell’s S
improved mode of - - - 18

suspension, observations on - 227
Brighton, description of the errs

ments at - 550
Britain and Ritesia, M. de Pratits pa-

rallel. between - “ - 130
+——— and India, on the utility of

steam-packetsibetween = + 199

- -~- Great, ace remarks on

the population of » oe + 42¥

; pee ue of the ages of
the population of »- um

Bryce: Dr., his test of vaccination’. - 70

= 428 |

Brown Mr., observations on his vacuum __ -
“engine - = - 165, 232
Byron, Lord, critical observations on,

his Doge oe Venice - c 430
-—— ——-, on the literary character of |454

Calculi, urinary, new operation on -, 338

Calcutta, account of the Native So-
ciety at - - =,343

Carlise, Mr. Pitt’ erat rol Oem report

at, For 1624 - ~6
Carriages, Mr. Miller, on the construc...
tion of four-wheel - - 301

Cartwright, the late Major, account of
a meeting for the erection of amonu-,, ,
ment to - 443
Catherine II. of Russia, ‘Unpublished
letters of = ve
Cambridge, philosophical society, pro-.

ceedings of the - - 50
Camp of Paulus ZEmylius, neat FMR. A

don, deseription of * - se
Castleden Mr. W., his defence of ‘the,

Macadamizing system a - 5t5

Catholics of Ireland, observations on - 481
Ceremonies, religious, observations | on -
in celebration of marriage - - 416
Charles XII. of Sweden, anecdote of - , 43
Charta, magna, or the bill of rights,
observations on - Ol

Chemical soeiety, Londou, some re

count of . - 347
Chemistry, observations on = - ee ey |
Chinese, extracts from Mr. J.T. Dayis’s

extracts cencerning the —- ~ 646
Christians, account of a new society of, —

at Manchester - - - 155
Channon | the ead okservations

on - = - 609
Chronometer, “Murray? s prize, table of — ~

the.daily rate of - - - 99

used by Capt. Parry, an a r

error respecting « = ie 1

Chronometers, on the accuracy of - 99
——_———, on variations in - 2
Citizens, on the rights of = - - 56
Climate of London, observations on - 234
Clue to the sig discovery of Junius,
ona - - - 502
Coal and oil gas, ‘ coniperaii value of 121
Coffee-shops, on the advantagesof - 392
Colonization, Mr. Lawrence's observa-
tions on * - 26
Colombia, journal of an officer I in the
Irish legion, lately serving in 1, 208, 316
—, on the political and geogra-
~ phical relations of - 2 - 276
College sanscrit, at Catentras rules of
the -
Comes Dias-M. biographical account of 40
ComMeErcisL Reroas, 75, 178, 271, 3 aia
‘465. 562
Committals to prisons, on the number of 228
Common sense, a_ certain important” i
properties uf: gasés'= or
Como, city of, description of = aes!
Comora island, eps ore rif oe
scription of - 2 it
Companiés joint still oBkectRbLAaeR

INDEX.

Confucius, on the maxims of - - 647
vias Cae Count, biographical account
= ~ 49
Consti paseo. of the Mexican States, par-
dys of - = - ~ 651
“ce on the danger of using culina-
» pery: vesstis of = ~ - 237
— sheathing of ships, on the pre-
“seivation of - -|,.225
Caplitieges proceedings of the society
‘of science at, _- - 137

Correa, M., biographical acs of - 39
Corfu, ‘account of the college of -
CorRESPONDENTS, Notices vo - 480,
Cotton, on the natural history of ~
: quantities of, imported from
1402 to 1823, °- - ~ 336
Cow-tree, part. of a. memoir on the milk
of the = * ‘a - 645
Cuiticism, THE Pstosorny oF Con-
_ TEMPORARY, - 30,118,417, 518
—-— onthe title of - - 417
— of allum, Mr. Weekes on
he - - 197
Crystals, 0 on the confirmation of some
to ordinary refraction = -. + 152
,on the angles of . - = 235
Galtucs English, of opium, observa-
_.tions on - 70
Corner Prick ey 271, 369, 465
562
Cutaneous diseases, on the treatment
of - - 318
Czar of Russian 1562, Gingular mis-
“sion sent by the, to Queen Elizabeth 325

Davis s, Mr. J..T., extracts from, his
memoir concerning the Chinese - 646
lay-light, and the length of candle-
light, on the durationof - | - 435

Death, on the punishment of - - 387

Dranuis, Lonpon, 87, 185, 278, 375, 471

567

Debating societies, on the utility of - 495

Deer-hunting in South America, ob-
Servations on - - All

Dew, on thedepth of water peaduced by 528

Sa Rey. T. F.,on his “ Library

Dig - = - 521
talis,-on attaining the essential
ee of “ > - 338

Discovery, Puirosoruicar, Spiniz or 70
; 150, 234, 337, 435, 527
Was new expeditions or yoyages of 348
isédses, on the cure of, by fumigation 258
——-— of trees, observations on = - 294
— cutaneous, the)treatment of - 318
MVJDENDS, 76, 179, 271, 365, 462, 560
ivings English, at the synod of Dort,
y respecting the - ~ 486
vf ie of Venice,’ Lord Byron’s,

. eriticebservations ou. = - 230
Dogs, on cruelty to - 500
Daama,the, 43, 16:3, 266, 359, 450, 546
Drummond Mr, on the projected har-

“bour at Lake Lothin rn - 510
Duelling, proposed code of honour for
‘the regulation of . - “ - 105

Earth, on the dimensions of the - - 133
Earthquake, in. Syria, account of ‘the
application-of the subseription raised
in London for-reliefiof the sufferers
by the - - - 2 49
————. in| India, tremendous ‘in
1819, narrative of . “412
on the shocks of, felt at sea 530
Edinburgh, Antiquarian: society,’ pto=
ceedings of - - me 51
Editorial responsibility, observations on "483
Egypt, sketches: of detached parts of '-106
Egyptians, ancient, -hieroglyphie system” .
- 304

of the).c6t sds
Elizabeth Queen, singular mission ‘of
a Czar of Russia-sentto = 21325
Emigrants, advice to. - - 360
Encampment Roman, Mr. Nelson’s
remarks on the remains of yyy near.
London = - 2/221
England and. France, nem eels 45
on the questionable advantage :
of India.to - - - = 95

and india, on the trade between 484
English in India, wanatural ‘conduct:of)~

the >is - 26 =' 610
Engine, loco-motive tcl Mr. Blen= :
kingop? saccount ef 9) 2154

— gas vacuum, Mr. Brown’s de-
scription of - - ~ 165
—, observations: on Mr.°Brown’s* 232
Epithalamium, and. said to be written

by Lord Montfort, in 1766 + ~ 44
Euripides, subjeet for a poem - 641
Evans Mr. J., his account of an inter-

view between Louis XVIII. and Lr.

Parry of Bath | - - ~414
Evaporation, on the modification of
by pressure * ce weo7d

Expedition, Russian, to the South Pole,“
in 1819—21, account of + B43
Extracts rrom NEwsParErs - = 651

Farey Mr., on the comparative utility

of spirit and mercurial thermometer 389
, on the expenses of high

roads - - = 486
Fauntleroy Mr., on the general sympa-

thy for the late - - += 386
Female: protection society, account of 347
Fire, perpetual, observations on, on

the shores of the Caspian.sea - - 408
Flax, statement of the quantity of, im-

ported into Great Britain in each.

year, 1918, 1620, and 1622 - 655
Foote, Miss, and Col. Berkeley, obser-\'.

vations on their intimacy - - 461
Fordyces, account of the - - 504
Forgery, on the increase of — - «388

Forster, Dr. on the! proportionate res »
fraction of the light of fixed starsiand
planets, with illustrative tables ).—.- 97

Fosbroke, Mr. J. his observations on hy='

drophobia - - - 313
France, on the treatment of insane per-
sons in, » = - ~ 86

and England, “contrast between») 46
——-—, proceedings of the-institute of 445
4P 2

INDEX.

France, on tlie culture of mountain rice
in - - - e147
——, onthe benevolentisocieties in 149
+—, on the treatment of prisonersin 156
} account of! thé death of. Louis”
KVIIL. king of - - +273
Friendly societies, observations on °+ "328
Fumigation, onthe cure of diseases by 258

Gambia'river, observations on = - = 441
Garter, on the origin of the order of the 298
Gas wood, inquiry on the best method

of obtaining - - - 104
—— oiland coal, on the comparative
yalue of - - - - 121
-—— oil, observations on = - 154
—— vacuum engine, Mr. Brown’s de-
scription of - ae - 165
Gases, Common Sense on certain im-
portant. properties of - - 103
» on the specific heat of the -- = 436
——, on the condensation of into li-
quids - - - 152

—, onthe illuminating pawers of = 237
Geological Society; proceedings of the 50
Geology, practical, ee of'a ver-

tieal section in = - 252
Germany, method of i imitatiag the -mi-

neral watersof = - - - 206
Gisborough,” Yorkshire, account of a

promenade near’ ~ - - 16
Glacier, melted by hot water, account

of - - - - 352
Globe, on the temperature of the - 347
Gold and Silver, on the quantities of,

in ancient times - - 249

Gompertz, Mr. on the precautions
against hydrophobia - - 421

Government, Turkish, character of the 296

Graham, Mr. and Capt. Beaufoy, ac-
count of them in a balloon from Is-

lington = - - - 65
Gray,’ Mr. his observations on land
steam conveyance - = 225

Greece in 1623 and 1824, Col. hvieds:
ter Stanhope’s, review of, and extracts
from - - - -

Greece and Rome, ancient, on the mu-

« sic of - - - 407

Gurney, Professor, his improvements
in the blow-pipe = Z

Halifax, marquis of, instance of his pla-
cability - - 44

Halkett, Mr. T., review of, and extracts
from, his Historical Notes on ‘tlie

Indians.of North America - - 613
Hanwell, Mr. his im)\roved mode of
eonstructing bridges - - 18
Harris, Mr..J. jun. his account of the
literary society at St. Alban’s = 218
Hayti,; on the increase of the popula-
tion of < - - 565
Herodotus, observations on the rats of
Hindoos, on Christianizing the - 609
Holland, lord; verses:on-the:late - 45
» Holman, Mr. his observations on his
journey. to Siberia _-

9-339

Home, Sir Everard, his s observations eli
comparative anatom OS) cotnree
Honour, proposed ceo of, for for the Seg “sy 338
lation of duels 1 SUGI2f
Horagé, on the study of’ 9190 KOTRy
Howell; Mr. 'T: observations ‘on’ eae ag
ton towers by = hsqa19ndib s 125
Hydrocephalus, Mr. Seyern,
Hydrophobia, Mr. J. Foaakes oF cy rade
servations on ~ » SLCSSHSITB
Mr. Gompertz oti” t ace
precautions instituted against the 242)

gait od

Ice, on producing, in lar, ee aaa 433
Improvement, enn! ofthe ee

mutual Areal faa
Incipents - 85, 184, mice 469, "866
Incomes, statement of the TO. nelaall ink

of families in Great Britain, in” re2t"%40
India, British, on the ‘ative’ army

in - . "6095! 610
India and Great Britait: on the re!

of steam-packets between =" 199

, on the questionable ‘adwaii-

tage of, to England - - 3
—, on the trade between, and’
England - - - 484
— on the system of government

of - - - 535
Indian chiefs, affecting observations by,

at a dinner given to them by General

(American) Knox, in 1789" - 614
———_——_. prayerofan - ~'617
Indians of North America, Mr. Hatket a

on the x - - #613
, on civilizing the - ~ ibid.
, and moral consequences of

civilized intercourse with = - = ‘614
» on Christianizing the. ~ 616
--, grievances on the — - = ibid.

Indo-Britons, on the character of the - 609
Industry, account of the Society _ for

the Encouragement of = - 263
Inquiries, on meteorulogical ” - “= 491
Inquisition, Spanish, on the ~- — - 489
Insane, on the treatment of the _ - 2d
—___-___—_——_ in France - §36
Institute of France, proceedings of the 145
Iodine, observations on - - 73

Treland, on the unhappy condition of “430
, theological controversy in | ~ 481
Iburbide, ex-emperor of Mexico ac-

count of the capture and death of - 275
Jaguar, mode of hunting the, in South ;

“ America - 323
James II. cee of to: oat Hali-

fax 2 - - 43
and his second “queen, “ace

count of - wig Sem Aa

Johnson, Dr. anecdote of = = 45
characteristical “observa-

tions on - = ods

Judges and the ‘préss, observations on 461
’Funtas, a clue to the future | disco ‘iy
» very of ~ “- a ieeusOe
Juste cick criminal, Shsereationane

0 iq 33 = =
a © sivare oc

; Luckcock, Mr. J. his observations..on

f

INDEX.

Kirghees, account of the - 3,208
Kew-palace, some account of .... 5 44
Klaproth,, Mr, his. appreciation . of
Asiat 7researchés _ = al
Knox, General (American), affecting
observations . made. by Indian chiefs,
opat a dinner-party given by24 in 1789. -, 614
Mateccer, English agricultural, on
.,the lamentable condition of - 264
Ladies, on the mistatements teapecting
ye es bsty - 218
e Tee, Sr Drummorl: ona
rajected. pairs at - « 510
petty seryations on - ~ 58
ancient Sclavonian, observa-
n eo KR 7, 319
yam Edvard, Pe sderabthe dike
0 peter. and Hammersmith schools,
nguiry ‘relative to - - 392
pee on the academy at - - 145
-, college of ~ -/149

Lava found in the sands near Bou-
logne, Mr. Bakewell’s account of - 650

Lawrence, Mr., his observations on

colonization, and the. Australian
jcolonies - = - = 26
Laws, poor, on the execution of the - 9
Leaves, sage, on drying, to resemble
tea = - - -
Leaves of mangel wurzel, a substitute
.for spinage - . - - - 653
eT eceo, excursion from, to Milan - 128
Leech, the medicinal, observations on - 64
Lreisiarion, Bermers 72, 174, 247,245,
440, 526

Lelieur, Capt. his spstpation of Como-
eypra island es - 121
, Letters, several, from | eminent persons

104

124
Life of General Mina, short extract
from - - - - 610
Lime, a muriate of, a stimulant of ~
_. vegetation - sa sae 7
Lions and tigers, account of rencontre
with, and escape from =! - 255

—--, the effect of the human eye on 255
Liveratune, Forricn, = - 343
—————,, Domesiic and Foruien 535
Literary PE ty on the advantages of 402
iverpool, account of a projected rail-
road between and Birmingham - 283
‘London, plan for supplying, with salt
water-baths - 233
, Watks in - - 297
Love of life, observations on - = 496
Louis XVIII. of France, account of °
. the death of > - ni2/73
—_—_—_ —, Mr. J. Evans's account
of an interyiew between, and Dr.
Parry, of Bath - - 414
“‘Lucan’s Pharsalia, observations on a
translation of _ - - - 429

(14

CITT TNS BEIT; 398

\, Stone and the Leasowes — - - 414

n the abolition of slavery
Makadarnlzing versus street # paving, on

the merits of

. the late Birmingham, musical festival
a on Shen

219

Macadamizing the streets of the metro-

polis, observations on - - 412
system, Mr, Castleden—
in defence of the “rod? G0 ~=-645

M‘Culloch,) Mr,, extract}from, his aie
-seourse on Political Economy | 1! ¥ 622
Magnetism, on the mathematical shed wees
ry of - iolayen23S
Maidstone, account of ‘he formation
of a society at, for thereformation ofns >
criminal offenders nos 10 ,1stthSD
Manchester, account of a few: society ea
of Christians at - 3455
, extent of the staple) mahu-—-—
facture at - - » 9128281
Manufactures, cotton, on | the causes of—
the depreciation of the remuneration—~—=
of labour connected with °- 139835
Marriage, on the celebrationofin-") 337416
5 on the harslaolpe on: Unita~. g
rians respecting no ——o3
Maxriaces, Lonnon,, 86, 185; 277, oh
470

=,, baptisms, and’ burials, of sete
tabular statements from: 1812 to: 16205425

Matter gaseous, on plants evolving »~)/ 0339
Measles, observations on cos ssiB'i7
Mepicau Rerort, .73,;. 176;:269, ahitp 463

r ler9n558

Medicine, on the. general: inntility:o£ 258
Memoirs of the Affairs: of » Europe;
from the Peace of Utrecht;' Lord: Ju!)
Russell’s, review of, and extracts
from - ~ = oth
Merchandize, statement of the official.‘
value of, imported into Great Britaim
and Ireland from, in each ofthe
years from 1817 to 1822.) = -
5 Statement of | the official
value of, exported in the same years |
, statement of the official
value of, exported and imported in
the same years, = = s
, table, shewing quantity of
exported from, and imported into; *
Great Britain in each year: since
1783 - - - = 630
Merrororogicat Rerors, 74,176, 267,

368
Meteorological abstract, Mr. Pitt’s,
taken at Carlisle for 1824 = - 601
Milan, exeursion from Lecco to - 128
Milk companies,washing companies,&c. |:
observations on - - 416
Milk of the cow-tree, part of a memoir
on the iS - “ = 645
Mill, Mr., extract from his “ Elements
of Political Economy” || /- +1629
, on his clear demonstrations 623

629

_ Millbank Meyrin prison, account |

of a = 310
Miller, Mr. on the’ sailing properties ‘|

of square rigged ships = 505 209
——, onthe construction of four wheel’

carriages - . +301
Mina, General, ‘short extract fiom the :
life of + ( Ld 2610

—, succbabuedf' his? military
enterprize- - - - 611

-INDEX
Mina, General, on the attempt of Na- Paper money, on the origin of . = - 390
poleon to seduce him - - 612 ‘Paradise Lost,” on Signor Guido So=*
——_; his account of the siege. . relli’s Italian translation of | - 99 ='516
of Seo de Urgel - - - 612 Paris in 1818, number of streets, lanes;)9
— " “of his voyage to, and &e.in | a0 = - 44
arrival in, England - - 613 Parties, political, observations on = 417
Mines of Mexico, on the = - 646 Pas faux, editorial; on alatess: -9911 1482

Mines, salt, of Mevr, account of 150
+ gold. produce of, in modern times 250
Mineral spring at Whitby, account of 276
Minerals, on the production of, artifici-

ally - - - 339
Mining. company of, Ireland, obserya-
tions on the = - - 347

Money, on the advantage of raising, by
life annuities - - - 110
» paper, on theorigin of - 890
Montague, lady Mary Wortley, letters
of

4 + - 130

Mont, Toric, or THE - - 385, 48]

—, Onrruary OF THE - - 467
Monument on Fish-street-hill, obserya-

tion on - > 297

Moon and planets, on the light of -.527
Moscow, account of the university of 148
Mottoes, several - - - 46
Monte Video, Mr. Rowcroft’s account
of his journey from, to Valparaiso - 393
Murillo, general, interesting particulars
of the conduct and defeat of,at Mar-
‘garita - - - 505
Museum at Turin, account of - 256
Museum of natural history, sities a S,
observationson = - - 652
Music, New, review of, 52, 163, 264, 357,
450, 545
——, on. the, of ancient Greece and
Rome - - - 407

Napoleon, on the treacherous duwnfall
of, - - - 69
» last will of - - 160
Needle,- on the diurnal,variations of the
, on the magnetic, or the influ-
ence of iron on the - - 337
Nelson, Mr, his remarks on the remains
of a Roman encampment near Lon-

don - - - 221

Observations, diurnal, remarkon - . 70
Occurrences, Provinciat, 89, 186, 280,
374, 473, 568
Offenders, criminal, account of the for-
mation of a society at Maidstone for
the reformation of - - 190
Officers in the Irish legion, serving in
Columbia journal of, 1, "208, 316
Oil and coal gas, comparative value of 121
Olinda, Pernambuco, description of - 626
Opinions, religious, on persecution for 58
Opium, on English culture of - 70
Otaheite, on the improved condition of
the people of - - - 442
Otter, mode of hunting the, in South
America - - - 324
Oxide, nitrous, test, for - - 339

Packets, ethan, on the utility of, be-
tween Great Britain and India - 199

Parents, New, 54,165; ' 2415 '354,' 433,
£2532
, observations on 4 =)jsreedo e241
Pathology, anatomical, observations‘on 4153
Paulus milius, account of his camp
near London be paths bae.B
Pauperism and crime, comparative view?
of the increase and extent of, in
England ,and. Wales, at different i
periods since 1748 - Pavittencret 4 632
Paving of streets, Mr. Single on the )s+.127
—— Macadamizing versus)

on the merits of - - ~- 210
Penitentiary priray at Millbank, ac- |

count of - = 310
Pernambuco, eeigaeaal account of - 617

5 customs of the inhabitants».
os ties 6 =) 619
——, on the harbour. of> ibid.
» churches and mode of ©

of -

worship at = - - - = abid.
» late religions of = - wid.
»-amusements of .- »= 620

, on the natural products»

of - - = ibid.

» on the characteristics of |
the Portuguese of - - 621
Pensons, Remains of Exunent oeib34
Pharsalia, Lucan’s observations on - 428
Phenomenon, natural, account) of a 29249
Pile, volbaio, observations on = 90 = 235

Pitt, Mr., his meteorological report at!» <

Carlisle for 1624 - - = - 601
Plan to restore the London Workhouse:

to its original purposes a Jasons
Planet, Herschel, on the first ecculpa-

tion of, by the moon - = 171
Planets and fixed Stars, Dr.» Tenteran™

on the proportionate refraction ef the *

light of, with illustrative tables ti +2 97+

Plants, method of desineniig insects ©
on . =

Becoes: Original, 475-1425 43053524
Pole, South, accountiof a Russian ex=
pedition to the, in the La 1819 =" 5:
21° - =, oe B43
Political economy, on the importance»
of the science of =>. -
, extract from «Mr.
\) = 622
ete Mr. M: Culloch.-

) . 622
= table of ileus’ for
future articles on = - ~ 624
economist, on the term
economists, en disagreements»

between . - - = 623
Polyanthuses, on the deadchialaled of, by!

swallows - oh 1S
Poor, on the execution of the: laws: re=*

specting the = ss = i110

Millon -

on - -

= 955°
y.0N gaseous ibacieneabel by. :339):

62159623

~ibjd.

————

INDEX:

Poor, of Ireland, Mr. Luckcock’s ob-
servations on the - 14

Population of Great Britain, statistical
remarks onthe + uy - 421

F p brine of the
=~ 428

. agesofthe -
Post-office, revenue of Great Sissel
~and Ireland in each year, 1617—
1823 = - - - 638
Press, observations on the = = 386
——, Newspaper, on the advantages
to the persons employed on them,
and on its extent of labour - - 444
Prisons, om the number of committals
to. - = - - 228
Produce and manvwfactures, statement
of the official value of the, of Great
Britaln and Ireland, in each year
from: 1817 to 1822 - - - 626
+ —__—_—______—--, statement
of the declared real value of, in ‘the
same years - - 627
; table, shew-
‘ing the increased’ quantity of British,
exported in each year since 1797,
-and their depreciation in value since
1207, 9 ou- - - - 631
Prormium, Criricar, 55, 169, 257, 359
453, 535
Promenade 5 Se ea te Yorkshire,
account of - 16
—— road, the s caeeeeala from
Whitehall to the new London bridge;
observations on = 62
Promotions, ocenshaecndtins 88, 186, 279
375, 472, 567
Prosecutions for religious es ob-
servations on - -_ 58
Pusuications New, 60, 172, 261, 362
458, 555
Pump, new stomach, successful use of 347
Punishment by death, observations on 387

Rail-ways, on the advantages of - 226
Rainbows, solar and lunar, on remar-

ble phenomena of = - 404
Rats of Herodotus, observations on - 406
Rates poor, on paying wages out of - 79
Refraction, extraordinary effects of - 528
Remains, organic, in South America,

‘observations on - - 337
Researches Asiatic, Mr. Klaproth’ s
appreciation of the - - 511
Respiration, on the production of
water in £ - - 338
Revenue, excise, statement of the, in
each year, 1617—1 623 - = 83

Réview Quarterly, review of 30, 417, 518
—— Edinburgh, - - 116,417,514
Westminster - - 418
——— Universal - - - 518
Retiews, periodical, - observations on 417
revenual, on the fallacies of - 462
Rythm, on the principles of | - - 537
Rice, mountain, on the culture of, in ©

Franee 147
Rio’ de la Basha South Americas
deseription of | - wy 2

Ritual marriage, or conscientions ob-
jections to the - - - 481, 515
Roads, high, Mr. my: on the ex-
penses of - - 486
> parallel, tidak vithontt on - 529
Roweroft, Mr. account of his journey
from Monte Video to Valparaiso - 393
Rubber, India, method of constructing
self-acting blow-pipe, of - ~ 109
Russell, Lord J., bis Memoirs of the
Affairs of Burope from the Peace of
Utrecht, review of, and extracts from 577

_ Russia and Britain, M. de Pradts pa-

rallel between - - - 130
Sago, the cultivation of - - lst
Sarcophagus, Egyptian, description

ofa - - - - 351
Saviour, on the ascension of our 37, 111
Schools; at Edmonton and Hammer-

smith, inquiry relative to Edward

Latymer, founder of - - 392
Selavonian language, ancient, observa-

tions on the - - 319
Scott, Mr. J. his copy of the “ Beggar's

Petition,” as originaliy written -

Sea Caspian, perpetual fire, on the

shores of the = - - 408
, on the rise and fall of the - 529
—. mir of pg wr re felt

at - -
Seely, Copeiiny review of his Voice

from India, and extracts from - 607
Senna’ar, extracts from letters from Mr.

W.J. Bankes on Linan’s expedition

to, with a Latin fer from

Meroe - - - 647
Seo de Urgel, Spain, “General Mina’s

account of the siege of - - 612
Serampore, account of the college of - 149.
Sévern, Mr., his observations on rhydro-

cephalus - ~ - 126
Shelly, on the poetry of = - - 526
Shenstone and the cheeses Mr. J.

Luckcock on - 398
Ship, great Canada, pctinalil of the

launch of the - 254
Ships square rigged, Mr. Miller on the

sailing properties of - - - 209

»Teply to Mr. Milleron - - 410

——, Sir H. Davy on the preservation ‘
of the copper sheathing of - - 224
Sharp, the portrait painter, Mr.Tatem’s
inquiry relative to - - - 390
Siberia, Mr. gamers 's observations on
his journey to - - 329
Silks, Bengal raw, on tue selection of 280
Single, Mr. his observations on paving

of streets - - 127
Slavery, negro, on the horrible inburoe.
manities associated with - 157

, proceedings of the wecitty

for the gradual abolition of - 341

; » Mr. J.. Luckeock on the
abolition of - - - 414
Snake, rattle, on taming. - - 169
: , cure of the bite of - - 160

Societtzs, Procerepincs. or Punic, 49.

145, 263, 337

I
Society, Asiatic, proceedings of -
benevolent in France =

friendly, observations on 328.

Society, for mutual improvement, ac-
count of é

Cambridge pbildeepllical, pro-

ceedings of the -

geological, proceedings of -

Edinburgh antiquarian - -
——— of sciences, of Copenhagen -
——— royal, of Arras - - =

literary of St. Alban’s -
for the encouragement of In-

dustry = - - = 5
— London chemical : -
Native at Calcutta - ~

female protection, account of -
debating, on the utility of — -
— literary, on the advantages of -
Sound, on the velocity of ; -- 235,
Spain, Mr. Luckcock on the late pub-

lic benevolence towards - -
Spectator, synoptical account of the

papers contributed to the, by Addison

and Steele = =
Spilsbury Mr. F. G., ou his improve-
ments intanning - - =

Spinage, mangel-w wurzel leaves a substi-
tute for 2s - -
Stamp duties, statement of the gross
receipt of Great Britain in each year,
1817—1823 - . -
Stanhope, Colonel Leicester, review of,
and extracts from, his Greece in 1823
and 1824 - - - -
Stars double, on the revolution of S
State and condition of Great Britain, as
regards her commerce, &c, since
1783 - -
State of a secretary 's plate, by Robt.
Cecil, Earlof Salisbury = - -
States, Tmitdd, on the increasing wealth,
population, and power of the -
States, Mexican, the constitution of the
Steam, Mr. Gray on land conveyance

by - - - £
Steel, on the magnetism of - -
STEPHENSIANA - = 2

Siomach, on disorders of the - _
Streets of the metropolis, on Macada-
Mizing the - - -
Substances, fat animal, analysis of = -
Sufferers by the earthquakes in Syria,
account of the application of the'sub-
scriptions raised in London for the
relief of - =
Sugar, statement of the Seperation
and re-exportation of, from 1807—

1823 - - -
Sun, on the spots on the - ”
Swallows, on the destruction of poly-

anthuses by - - -

Talbots, history of the noble family of

the ~ ~
Tanning, on Mr. F. G. ‘Spilsbury’s

improvements in = -
Tatem, Mr. his inquiry relative to

Short, the portrait painter - -

ND EX.

147
149
543

22

243
653

633
234

18

300

243
390

Tatem, Mr., his observations on the

weather at High Wycombe, in 1824 603
Taxes, assessed, statement shewing the

number of each item of assessment

in 1822, &e. + 8 - 629
Tea, on drying sage leaves, to fodsinblg 104
» black, on the Chinese mode of

adulterating - - - 530
Telescope, water, description ofa = 340
Thermometer, on the comparative ex-

pansion of mercury and spirit of wine,

as applicable to the - - 389
Thermometers, Mr. Farey, on the com-

parative utility of spirit and mereu-

rial = - - 389
Tin Banca, observations on the - 150

‘Tooke, John Hone, characteristical
observations on - | - 454, 503
, on his know-
ledge of Junius - 503

‘Towers skeleton, Mr. Howell on - 509
Trapitions anp Suerrstirions, Da-
NISH, account of. - - 18, 489
Translation of the Scriptures, on the
desirableness of a new - - 498
Tree, olive, on the successful attempts
to naturalize the, in New South
Wales * ue =Ah55
Trees, on diseases in ee - 294
Tricks, stock jobbing, observations on 327
Turin, account of the academy of - 146
——— museum at ~ 256

Unitarians, on the hardships. on, in the
celebration of marriage aa ik BO

Vaccination, Dr. Bryce’s test of - 70

Jan Dieman’s Land, on the attributes

of 29

214

550

652

——., original notes on
Varieties, - 62,154, 248, 346, 441,
Varieties, SUPPLEMENTARY - -
Vegetation, on muriate of lime, as a

stimulant of - - Ss
Vinegar, on the cure of hydrophobia by
Voice from India, Captain Seely’s re-
view of, and extracts from - - 607
Volcanoes, M. Saubaiee on ~ 251

70
251

Wages, on paying, out of the poor-
rates - -
Wales, New South, on the successful
attempts to naturalize the olive tree
in - = - 155
, adventrees in = - 193
———, on popular traditions in» = 195
Water, mineral, of ae eg 4 method of
imitating — - - 206
Water, on production of, in respiration 338
Weather, Mr. Tatemjs observations: hice
the, at High Wycombe, in 1824 -- 600
———., at Hoxton “es 604
Weekes, Mr. his observations ba the
crystalization of alum * = 197
Welfare, public, Mr. Luckeock on + M4
Well, possessing medicinal Properties, |
at Windsor, account of
Whig and tory, is cae on the
terms : - 418

79

INDEX.

Whirlwind; account of a, in France - 653

one near Barnes
common, and Roehampton = ibid.
Whitby, account of a mineral spring at 376

{ Wine, statement of the quantity, in

+!) gallons, imported into Great: Britain
‘ ineach year, 1819 —1822 -- - 434

» Wood, statement of the quantity’ of,
imported into*Great Britain in 1821 635

Wood-gas, inquiry on the best» method
of obtaining © - - /= 104

‘

Wool, sheep and lamb’s, statement of
the quantity imported into Great
Britain in each year, 1816—1822 - 634
Women of South America, on the man-
ners, condition, and character of the 497
Workhouse, London, plan to restore it,
to its original purposes = ay

Yssaoois, account of the = - 169

v6 a - INDEX TO NEW PATENTS

ttwood, T. = improvement in cylin-
__ ders for printing cottons - 54

Boot, . J. for his apparatus and method
of singing lace’ z 2 - 434

“Brown S. for a ppeuieie,- or “gas
_ vacuumengine = - - 165

~ Crighton, Ww. and J. for an ieee

ment in cylinders in machines for —

preparing cotton or wool - - 484

- Fletcher, H. for improvements in tan-
’ ~~ niug hides and skins - ~ 243

~ Gill, R. for improvements in prepar-
* ing skins for rugs - 168
~ Gunby, J. fora substitute for leather - 354

Hase, W. for a new method of con-

stracting mills or machinery, chiefly
applicable to prison-discipline - 245

Pneumatic, or gas vacuum engine
-¢ (Brown). - - - 165

Hopper, T. for improvements in silk-
hats - - = - 54

Jelf, Sir J. for machinery for- working
marble - - - 168

Jongh, M. de, for constructing and

placing a coke oven - 21354
Macintosh, C. for preparing a’ water-
proof wie air-tight fabricofhemp,'&c. 533

Rankin, J.for an alarum, in case of rob-

bery of valuable and other property

from coaches and other carriages = 532
Spilsbury, F. G. for improvements in
tanning = - - - = 243

Valance, J. for an improved method of
producing ice in large quantities | - 483

White, J. for a floating breakwater, for
protecting a harbour or shipping place 532

INDEX TO ENGRAVINGS.

General view of Kemp Town Brighton 550

sony INDEX: TO WORKS REVIEWED.

eek of the colony of Van Dieman’s
. Land (Carr’s) - = - 361
Alice Allen (Wilson’s) - 458
ppl cee} Dictionary of the English
Language ( Booth’s) - sapoD
ni looke, or an Analysis of the Prin-
see" a 5 Structure of Tanguage
”
dix, to Arithmetic [Goeding' 8), - 170
eogareie and Historical Pistanpary
Musicians. - = 859
bee att s Historical “Fables (Hun! 8) 171

mbr: tarch ( Parry), epee B61
tT are iS: (Went
feu 172

Wha ct essions of a.Gamester nie -/467
ontHLY Mac. No. 405.

Conversations of Ld. Byron(Medwin’s) 4! 53
Decision (Hoffland’s) ~
Effigies Poetics - 260
English Grammar (Smith’ s)" ie
— Spelling Book (Eley’s) *- W71
Essay on Christianity (Baldwin’s) -
Excursion through the United States

and Canada - = i256
Five Years’ Residence in the Canadas

(Valbot’s) - > dae 70
Forget Me Not - 4 Bl
Friendship’s Offering .. , >), 457
Gilmore, or the Last Lockinge ~ 458

Good. Nurse, or Hints onthe Manage-
ment of the Sick - ~ 539
Greece, in 1823.and.1824 ino 8) 456

4Q

Herwald De Wake .-

»
INDEX.
Proceedings by Majer-Gen. Codd, re- _

- ~ 540

Historical Essay on the British Domi-

nion in India (Say’s)

=, 359

History of London (Percy Anecdotes) 170

Hommage aux Dames

= - 457

Horatius de Arte Poetica(Aylmer’s) - 57
Housekeeper’s Ledger (Kitchener’s). - 539

ames Forbes -

- 456

Journal of Occurrences during the

Siege of Quebec (Short’s)
of a residence in Ashantee

(Dupuis) -

Lasting Impressions (Carey’s)
Letters (Seward’s, by Harral)

- 174

- - 257
- 540
- 172

Letters on the Character and Poetical
Genius of Lord Byron (Brydge’s) 541

Library Companion (Dibdin’s)
Literary Souvenir (Watts) -
Melodies from the Gaelic( Macpherson’s)169-
Rapports sur lea Fumiga-
tions sulphureuses (Gales)
Memoirs of the Rose

Mémoire et

- 170
- 457

- 258
- - 259

Moments of Forgetfulness (Clare’s) - 261

Narratiye of the Condition of the Ma-
nufacturing Population( Richmond’s)538

Pleasures of Piety, with other Poems

(Richardson’s)

- - 361

Poetical Sketchés (Watt’s) - 56
Political Pentateuch (Fitzwilliam’s) - 58

lative to the Poyais .__ - - 360
Principles of Rhythm (Ree’s) ~ 375
Rameses, an Egy, tian Tale . = 540
Recollections of Lord Byron Avates's) 455 —
Remains by Weston (Blomfield’s) _ - 171
Reyelations of the Dead-Alivé = ha
Review of the Quarterly Reyiew . + 539
Rethelan (Galt’s) + ~ 455
Scenes and Thoughts - - 540
Serap-Book (M‘Diarmid) - > ob?
Second Catechism (Blair’s) - 179
State of Trade (Moreau’s), - ay Ge

Summary of a Report of a Select Com-
mittee on the causes of the Reduc-
tion of Remuneration for Labour - 456-

Tales of a "[tavellér (Irwin’s)

-, 260

Theophrastus, Translation (Howell’s) 59
5

Tour in Germany

on the Continent (Hoge’s)

=

1 59

Topography of all the known Vineyards 257

Typographia (Johnson’s) +
Util

= 260

ify of Fumigating Baths for the‘

Cure of the Gout (Greeni’s)
View, of the Salmon and

INDEX ‘70 Tae NAMES or LIVING AUTHORS, aNpD OTHER PERSONS,
IN THIs 58ra VOLUME.

Abraham, Mr. 235
Adams, Capt. J. 67
Allan, J. 458
Allen, R., A.M. 60
Amores, M. 157
Ansell, Mr. 357
Arago, M. 154; 437
Archer, E; A. 460
Armstrong. Mr.348
Arnault, M. 69

Aspin, J. 349
Auzonac, M. 153
Baillie, M. 656
Ball, J. 655°
Balfour, A. 350
Banks, W. 60

» Mr. 346
Barlow, profess. 437
Bearcroft, W. 173

Beauvilliers, A. 173
Becken, M. 160
Becker, M.J.F. 439
Bedford, J. H. 655
Belfrage, Rev. H. 64

656

Bell, J. 459
Bellingshausen,

Capt. 68

Benger, Miss 654,

849

Bentham, Jer. 173

Beren, Rev. E.; A.
M

i 364
Beresford, Rev. J.
61

Bevan, Mr. 435
Bewick, T. © 655
Bishop, H. 546
Bizio, M. 433
Black, J. 60
Blaine, C. 350

Bland, M.,B.D.173
Bliss, G. 459
Blamfield, Dr., Bp.
of’Chester 460
Blore,E., F.S.A.60
Blythe, B. . 451
Blythewood, W. M.
459

Boaden, Mr. 253
Bochsa, M. N. C.
265,358, 451, 656
Bonney, Rev. H.K.
D. D. 63, 254
Booker, Rev. L.
LL.D. 349, 446,
460, 653

Booth,J., M.D. 262
Borrow, J. 156
Boon, J. S. 551
Bouilly, J. N. 65
Bowdich, Mrs. 156

Bowdler, Mr. 654
Bowles, Rev. W. L.

656
Bowring, J. 263
Boyle, J. 173

Brande, W. T. 252
Brasbridge, J. 349
Brayley, J.W. 63
Brewster, Dr. 438
Britton, Mr. 156
Brooks, Rev. J. W.

62

Brown, Mr. © 250
» De 26

, Re 655
Bruce, K. 61
Bruguere and Sola,
357, 358

Brydges, Sir E. 62
173, 349, 654

Bryce, Dr. 70
Buchannan, T,C.M.

156
Bull, J. 349
—., Rev. J. 263

364
Burton, J. 162

Burgess, S.jun. 156

Burridge, Mr. 350.

Busby, Dr. 63
Butler, M.C. 654

Bygrave, W. 164
Calcott, W. H. 357
Caldcleugh, A. 654
Calvert, G. 459
Campbell, Mr. 348 '
. A. M.,.M.A.
} 263

5 C. EL 566
Campion, Mr. 173
Cannon, Mrs. 653
Carey, Mrs. J:.172
Carmichael, R. 349
Carr, E. 459
Charlton, M. 61
Chevalier, F.,F. R. =
6
sees, M, 1545339
Childien,’ Mr. 241)
Christie, S. A. 235
Christian, Dir R.°
‘ as S28.
Clementi, M. 358
Cochrane J. 6h
- » Capt. 347 2
Coddington, Rey. Hi, -
A.M 61

Colas, M.. 2 .)1068~

Cookie, C. 349; 446

Cooper, H. 350
Coquerel,

Soquerel, M. 157
ae F. 62
Cornish, J, 348
Coxe, frsh: 349
Cr, dock, J J... M,A:;

DA 60
Cidmer, J.D, 358
Crichton, A. 852
Crouch, EB. A. 156
eee Wie 546
Cuvier, Baron 61

72

Desai R, ‘eae
Danglison,f 1d
172, 363

Darcet, M. 71
Davenport, 8S, 61
Dawson, Dr.65, 365
Davis, J. F,, F, R. S,
694
Davy, Sir H. 237
? 248
Deeble, W. 239
Delara, D/E. 458
Dibdin, C. 656
Dochard, Staff Surg.
654
Dowling,D. 173
Downes, G. 252,445
- Dubuc, M. 70
Dumeril, M. 69
Dunlop, J. 459
Dupuis, Jy) 174
Dymock, Mr. 64
Eastmead, ets
Ky
geworth, M445
Ekms,C. Adm, 263

Ellis, H., F-R:8.173 |

ey RR, 459
Evans, Rev, D. 64
—~, J. LL.D. 262
—,R.W. 163
Faner, Rev. A. E.

350.
Faraday, My 153
Farey, Mr. jun. 240

sae : 4

: i 4 7
Fellows, Rev. F, 436
Ferriandez, M.. 459
Field, Mr. 447
Fielding, T. 363
Forbes, Sir W, 262
, J. 262
Forster, M 155
Fosbroke, Mr. el

Fothergill, W. oF
ceur, M. 69
173

y, Rev. Mr.» 348
ee Dr, A. 237
Gatbris, Wt AJM:

’ 64
Galion, M. A73
Galt, J. 65, G55

Gbide/R., A. B. BG2

s

INDEX.

Gaupp, Profess, 159)
Gibson, B. 358, 450

Gilbert, J, 172
Goldingham, Mr.

436
Gower, S$. 173, 249
Gore, C. _ 357

Gray, G, C. 174
=, Brey. Maj.654
Greenhow, T. M445
Green, J. C, 357
Gunagiag, H., A.M.
70
Professor
152
Hack, M. 460
Hall, Col, F. 364
459
Halma, Abhé 162
Hammond, E. 656
Hamilton, Rey, W.,

Gurney,

D. D. 259
Hancock, T., M. D.

« 459
Harris; T.M.,D.D,
363

Hawkins, L.M. 173

in ay) E., ALM.”
655

Harvey, G. 235
Harding, W. 172,

Haycraft, W.T. 4 36

i Heber, Rey. R., Bp,

of Calcutta 362
Hedge, M. A, 61
Henry, Dr. 261, 239
Herber, G. B, 357
Hofland, Mrs, 656
Hogg, J. 349, 447

655
Home, Sir E. 241

338

ea assy J., FR.
447

Howficla, T., M.D.
263

Huber, P. 343
Hughes, T. A. 163
Humboldt, M. 15]
Hummel, M. 358
Huntingford, Rey.
7 460
Hussey, Rev. M. 655
James, W. 262
Jameson, R, 61
Jay, M. 69
Fenver, Dr. 238
Jennings, J. 653
Jeston, J. W. 70
Johnson, Dr. 63
—-—, Dr. JR. 64

Jouy,; M, 69
KatkbrennerM: 358

450
Kennedy, Cae 1-0

Kialmark, 545
King, Woy | 258

Kirby, Rey. . W.,
A,M., F.R.S. 61

Kitchener, W., M.
D. 6

Klose, F.G, 545
Knapton, Mr. 358
Knight, E. 357
Kothinan, Rev. A.

263

Lake, E, 63, 146
Las Cases, Count
per”. 460

Lassére, M. 158
Latour, M. 450, 545
Lang, M.de 160
Latrobe, M. 450
Leake, W. M,,F. R. =

6

Leslie, Profess. 436
Ling, W.T, 358
Love, S. 173
Lussac, M.Gay 337
Macullock, J., M.D.
174, 239, 262
Macpherson, — 173
McChronicle, RR.
656

MeDonnelly, A. 849

Malcolm, J. 64, 263°

652
Maltbrun, M. 363
Mant, A.C. 62, 176
Mantell, Mr, 443
Marion, M.- » 151
Marius, G, J. 163
Mathews, R. 61
wo, G 173
Maude, T.. 6h
McDriamid, J. 64

McArthur, 155°

McDermot, M:. 61
Miller, J. 252, 654
Mills, Mr. 64
, N. 262
Mitchell, J. LL. D.

63, 252
Moeschelles, J. 545
Mogford, W.) 553

Moncrieff, W.T. 364:

Monte, M. 69
Moore, T. 349, 459
yee 262
Moreau, C. 167
Morgan, J. GC. 363

254

More, H.. + 654
Nares, R., A. M.,
F.A.S. 6L

Nash, #.,. R.A. 67

Neale, M. 159

Nelson, 6. 164

Nixon, H.G. 164
Nichols, J. 656
Nieholas, N.H, 363
Nicholson »P. 362,

655

‘Noble, Rev: 8. 556

Norwiens,.M. 69

O’Halloran,T., M.

D, 363
Opie, Mrs. 349, 653.
Orme, W. 63, 266
Owen, R. D. 174 -
Paoli, Dr. 238
Parkes, Mr. F. 156

eA g AAT

Parry, M, H. 349

Payne, J. H. © 60 |

Pemnington, F., A.
M.

653 :

Perceyal, G. 243
Percy, M. 338
Petersdorff, C, 26 2
Phillips, H. aie A. A,

459
Piggott, Rey. §.,
M.A, 364

Pistrncci, . M. 65
Pitman, Rev. J. R.

Poisson, M. 235, 337
Pollock, T. ~~ 235
Poole, .J. 172

Prout, Dr. 237

Reece, R.,M.D. 262
Reeve, S.° 363
Regnioli, M. 338
Rennell, T., B.D.,

F,R.S. 363
Reynolds, Mr. 655
Richardson,” W- 60

———,D.L. 446
Richmond, A.B. 350
538

| Rimbault,S. F163,

- 265%

Ritchie, D 340.
W. 527
Robertson, W., A.M,
172

Roscoe, T. 269
Rose, W.S. 654

Rowbotham, J. .362 °.
Rupple, Baron 448 »

Russell, L. C. 261
Ryland, Rev. H, 656.

Sair, Dr. P.; 150 |

Salvo, Marq. de, 655
Sanderson, J. ..265
Saunders, M.A.173
Scoresby, Capt. W:

jun. 4 628°

Scott, Sir W,..-6L

Seward. J.»5.) 472.

Sealy, Capt. 446
Shaw, S., M.D.263
Shepherd, W. 255
Shrppard, J. 656
Sherwood, Mrs, 261
Short, W. T. P. 174
Shute, H,, M.D. 61
Simpson, A. 263
Sinclair, Sir J. 340
——--—. G., F.LS

FHS. 458

343°
Pleyel, iy: “308. -

Se

Skidamore, T. 71,

153
Skurray, Rev. F., B.
D 656

Slaney; -RoA.<0178
Smith, Rev., P. A.M.

64, 173

We 240
Soane, G. 253
Sola, M. 357
Southey, R., LL.D.
447

Sowerby, G. B., F.
L.S. . 447,652
Spence, Miss 61
Stanhope, Hon. Col.
L. 459

» LS. 656
Stephenson, Mr. 153
Stevenson, R., F.R.

~§.°E. 60, 438
i, edoueGe
Struve, Dr. 65

oo) (EMINENT AND REMARKABLE PERSONS,

Albemarle, Countess
Dowager, 87
Brownlow, Countess
87

Cartwright, Jas. esq.
279

RC.” esq:
471
Franklin, SirW.375

Dallas,

INDEX.

Sturgem, W. 437.
Sutleffe, E. 262
Talbot, E. A. 174

Tayler, C...., .362
—, J. 363
—,T.,M.D. 447

Tegg, T. .172

Thackrah, C. T. 349
Thelwall, J, 442
Thienemann, Dr. 70
Thompson, W. 61
———-, Capt. D.

»F.L.S, "459
Thornton, Rev.J. 62
Thorlwaldssn, seulp-

tor . 68
Topham, Rev. T.656
Tour, M.C. dela 71

Tovey, J. 61,173
Turner, J. M. W.,
R, A: 67

Turpenny, Rey. R,
656

Tyrrell, F. 459
Uwins, Dr. + 156
447

Vincent, M. 69
Wade, J. 265
Walker, G., A.M.
654

Wallace, Capt. 162
Warner, Rev. R.,
64, 460

Watt, R.. M.D. 61
Watts, A. A. 44
—, Rev. J., D.D.
459

Webbe, S. jun. 451
Weber, C.M. 450
Wentworth, G. 61
262

West, Lieut. - 161
Westall,W.A., R.A.
67

Whose Deaths are recorded in this Volume.

Goodwyn, Hen: esq.
472

Grant, Mr. D. © 279
Hampden, Visc-185
John, Vis-

count | 279
Hawke, Lord 567
Knight, R. Payne,
esq. 88

Lauraguais, Duke
de Braneas | 471
Lowry, W. esq. F.
R.S. &c. 87
Macdonald, Alex-
ander Lord 87
Macquarie, Major-
Gen. 87

Western,C.C., M.P.} ©

458
Westmacott, ©. M.

Wiess, C. N. 357
Wiiffen, J. H: -370
White, J...

Williams, W.H2163
———_., T.W. 373
Willis, F., M, Dy 61
—, T. 265
——, Hel. M. 564
Wilson, Rev. W.,; D.
HER.voH ,—-..--460
elses, Dee ie
Wood, J.P: .
Wordsworth, Dr. om

655
Wright, J. 60
Zumstein, M,... 69

‘

Oxford; Countess of
567

Pi ler, SirChris.375
'p» W. esq. 186

ey cham, Lord 279
v’ood, Sir G. Baron
of the Exchequer
87

ECCLESIASTICAL PROMOTIONS.

Adin, Rev. F. 88

Amphlett, Rev. J.,
M.A. 472
Arundell, Rev. W H.
280

Badeey, Rev. J. 375
Bains, Rev. J. 88
Bardgate, Rev. J.S.

M.A. 562
Barns, Rev. J. 88
Bedford, Rev. F.,

A.M. 88
Birt, Rev. J., D.D.
568

Birkett, Rev.W. 472
Blackstone, Rev. F.
Cc. 472
Brasse, Rev.J., B.D.
567
Bromfield, Rev. T.R.,
Mi A. 68

Brown, Rev. J. 88
, Rev. T. 375
Butcher, Rev. Dr.

568
Carew, Rev. T. 186
Cartwright, Rev. E

567
Carwithen, Rev. W.,
M.A. 568

Chaplin, Rev.E. 567
Chichester, Rev. J.

H.J. 186
Cholmely, Rey. H.,

M.A. 375
Clapp, Rev. J. C.

280

Clark, Rev. W.,§ A.

M. ee

, Rev. L. 568
Cobbold, Rey. R.,
M.A. A472

Colville, Rev. A.A.,

M.A 568
Cracknell, Rev. Dr.
186

Crookshank, Rev.G.,
B.A. 280
Daubeny, Rev. A.A.
275

Davis, Rev. D. 5638
Dyer, Rev. T., M.A.
375

Edwards, Rev. E.,
M.A. 88
Elliott, Rev. E. B.,
M.A. 567
Elwin, Rev. T. H.567
Evans, Rey. J. 186
Faithful, Rev. R.

M.A. 472
Fane, Rey. E., M.A.
- 186

Vellowel Rev. D5

MA.) 29567
Fenton, Rev. S. 186
Fetton, Rey. W. C.

279
Fortesque,, Rev. W.,
LL.B. 375

Freke, Re, T.y:-M.
A. 280
French, Rey. W.,

D.D. 375
Gathome, Rey. J.,
A.M. 568
Goggs, Rey. H.,
A.B. 472
Gooden, Rev.W. J.,
AB. 375
Greenall, Rey. G.

H., M.A. ° 68
Griffiths, Rev. E.,
A.B. 568

= 2547
Wilkinson, T... 72}!

Gurney, Rev. W. O.
838
Hamilton,Rev.W.F., —
B.A. 280
Hanbury, Rev. B.,
A.M. 472
Hare, Rev. M. 375
Harriott, Rev. W.,
M.A. 280
Hachard, Rev. J.,
M.A. 280
Hill, Rev.S., B. A.
280
Hodgson, Rev.G.186
a , Rev.C.H.
375
Hoste, Rev.J., M.A.
‘ 376
Houston, Rev. R.R.
: 186
Hume, Rev. G. 472
Hunter, Rev. Dr. J.
472
Hurlock,Rev.W.M.,
M.A. 88
Hutchinson, Reyv.C.
E., A.M. 472
Ingram, Rev.Dr. 376
Jago, Rev. Dr. 280
Jenkins, Rev. D

B.A. 280
Jenkyns, Rev. B.,
D.D. 28

*
IN DE X.
Keppell, Hon. and » Rev. G.,
elev. E.S., M. A. M.A. 373

472
Kerby, Rev. C. L.,

LL.B. 376
Knight, Rev. Mr.
280

Landon, Rev, J. W.
B. 280
Lewis, Rev.J.,M. A.
375

Madan, Rev. S.,
M.A 376
Manchester, Rev. J.
376

Marsh, Rev. C. 472
Matchett, Rev. J. C.
375

Maude, Rev.
472
Merewether, Rev. J.
375

Miller, Rev. F. W.
375

Mills, Rev.T.,M.A.
472

Mirehouse, Rev. T.
H.,M. A. 186
Mitchel], Rev. B.,
M.D. 375
Molineux, Rev. W.,
M.A. 88

Musgrave, Rey. T.,
88

A.M.

Nelson, Rev. ‘T. 280
Newsome, Rev. T.

567

O’Kilvington, Rev.
568

Overton, Rev.J., M.
A 279

Owen, Rev. H., D.

C.L. 472
Palmer. Rev. W. 280
Park, Rev. J. A. 276
Patteson, Rev.W.F.,

B.A. 186
Phelps, Rev. W.,
M.A. 186

Pott, Rev. J. H.,
M.A. 186
Roberts, J. R., B.D.
472

Russell, L. C. 261
Rush,Rev.L., A.M.
472

, J-P.,B.A.472
Rycroft, Rev. H.,
A.M. 88
Salford, Rev. J. C.,
B.A. 186
Singer, Rev. D. T.
568

Seebeck, M. 439
Seymour, Rev.J.H.,
B.A. 376

Sheepshanks, Rev.J.,

M.A. 280
Shuttleworth, Rev.
P.N. 567

Smith, Rev. T. 375
St. Barbe, Rev. Mr.

186

Still, Rev.J., LL.D.
375

Sumner, Rev. C.V.
H. 472
Thurlow, Rev. E.,
LL.B. 375

Todd, Rev. R. 375
Toplis, Rev.J.,B.D.

375

Tuson, Rev. G. B.
286

Uphill, Rev. G. 568
Villers, Rev. W.,
M.A. 375

Vaughan, Rev. T.,
M.A. 86
Wilson, Rev. W.A.,
D.D. 472
Wing, Rev. J. 280
Wingfield, Rev. J.
D., M.A. 568
Wood, Rev. J. P.,
LL.B. 28
Worsley, Rev.T. 47

oa:
“Se

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