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WHITTAKER, AVE-MARIA LANE, 1825. i see ¥ at ye Brat hy +4 <) Phere are several remarkably hand- - some private seats and public buildings, onthe rising grounds on the approach to Sydney; which have a very grand and imposing effect. On the 29th July, we moored in Sednag Cove, and. were at length made acquainted with our final destination, which was, to proceed to the north coast of Australia, and take possession of all the islands and territories com- prized between longitude 129° and 135°, including Apsley and Clarence Straits, Melville and Bathurst Islands, and Port Essington, in the Cobourg Peninsula; and to form a new settle- ment, on the most eligible of any of those places. The next day the ship Countess of Harcourt was chartered, and. the brig Lady Nelson purchased by the Colonial Government, for the pur- pose of conveying troops, stores, provi- sions, convicts, &c. &c.; in short, every thing necessary for the use, or comfort of those who were to embark in the expedition. From this day forward all was bustle, anxiety and eagerness. to earry into effect the necessary repairs and equipment of the ship. So great were the exertions of the officers intheir respective departments, that all the defects were made good, the water, pro- visions and victualling stores, &c. com- pleted, andthe Tamar fully ready for sea by the 12th of August; the Countess of Harcourt and Lady Nelson by the 18th; troops, convicts, &c. embarked by the 21st; and on the 24th we sailed from Port Jackson, the ships Countess of Harcourt and Lady Nelson in com- pany—(the latter in tow)—in execution of our orders, and through passages hitherto very little known, and which had never been navigated except by two or three small vessels—the Tamar being considerably the largest ship that ever attempted it, . The town of Sydney presents the most convincing proofs of the talent and proud. superiority of our country- men, It has hardly existed thirty years, and is now a large, flourishing, well- built town, occupying the sloping sides of two gentle hills, with the intervening valley. The streets are rectangular; the houses, many of them, are elegant, and all are neat, and have the exterior of ‘comfort. - The public buildings are superb, and. would do credit to the Bri- tish, metropolis—and evince the taste and splendid ‘ideas of the late Governor Macquarrie. f Aug. 1; The climate of New South Wales is delightful. Sydney may safely be reckoned the Montpelier of the East. The soil is deep and highly fertile, pro- ducing every thing i in abundance that is to be found in England, and the greater part of all tropical fruits. The neces- sary articles of life, such as beef, mut- ton, poultry, &c. are extremely good, and at moderate prices; and, were I to form the resolution of emigrating, I certainly would become an Australian, in preference to the adoption of any other place I ever saw:—as the rapid advancement of Sydney may be taken as the sure earnest of the immense im- portance this vast and highly interesting colony is destined to attain. During our stay at Sydney, we visited a tribe of Aborigines who had taken up their quarters on the opposite shore— (this was King Bungaree’s, and were found here when the place was first settled). We found them naked, stary- ing wretches, huddled indiscriminately together round a large fire. At first, they were indifferent to our being pre- sent, and appeared unwilling to be roused from their lowly repose: how- ever, by giving them rum and tobacco, of which they are immoderately fond, they were induced to dance, and exhibit themselves. The dance was- savage, licentious and disgusting ; but the most rigid puritan could not take offence, as it was not promiscuous. The men alone danced, whilst the.females sung a wild and monotonous. ditty during the per- formance. It is not known that these wretches venerate any object of worship whatever; and they have not the most distant idea of a future state. Thirty years’ intercourse with Europeans has not effected. the slightest change in their habits or pursuits; as they seem to con- sider the superior enjoyments’ of civi- lized life a poor compensation for the loss of any part of their natural liberty. Political association, the first step in emerging from barbarism, they know nothing of, beyond the mere congrega- tion of families. Though living, per- haps, in the finest climate and most fer- tile soil under the sun, they derive no other sustenance from it than fern roots,” and a few bulbs; and ate often driven, fromthe failure of their . precarious resource—fish, to the most reyolting food, as frogs, lizards, .and larve of insects.—What.an. afflicting contrast does, the melancholy truthof this de- scription; draw between. man »in his natural and civilized state ! (To be continued.) 1825.] For the Monthly Magazine. Mr. Tuetwatw’s Lecturt on the Srruc- ture and Orricrs of the ENuncta- tive Oréans, and the Formation of LireraL ELEMENTS. Distinction of Voice and Enunciation— Vocal Organs alone could not produce Speech—Perfection of these in Singing Birds, §c.— General. Confusion of Language in this respect — Itard’s “ Savage of Aveyron.’ Enunciative Organs defined—Sub-division of Active and Passive Organs. Definition and Offices of the Organs, and Anatomy of . the Elementary Sounds of the English ' Language. The Tongue—its Struc- ture ‘and Offices. The Gums—The Teeth—Lingua-Palatial and Lingua- Dental Sounds. The Uvula—Gutiu- val Elements—Formation and Quali- ties of the Elements —G hard, and K ; Prosodial Observations ; extensible and non-extensible Consonants. The Lips: peculiar Siructure and Sensibility of these in the Human Subject ; Impor- tant Consequences — Massive Insen- sibility of the Lips of Inferior Ani- mals—Imperfect Mimicry. of Loqua- cious Birds, Anatomy of the English Vowels—Labial Consonants. I, COMPLICATION OF SPEECH: —Speech is a phenomenon so. familiar to us, and the process of its attainment has begua so early, that we are seldom led to analize it, or inquire into the nature.of the actions, or the complica- tion of the organs by which it is pro- duced. Add to which, the space of time usually occupied by the pronuncia- tion of its distinguishable parts is so small (about three syllables in or- dinary discourse being pronounced in aisecond), that the mind seems scarcely to have time to detect its component nature, or resolve it into its actual ele- ments. | But» if,; instead of hastily re- garding syllables as) simple efforts of utterance, we proceed to analysis from the first impulses of ‘aspiration to the final production of verbal utterance, we shall’ soon discover a degree of compli- cation in these supposed simple im- pulses, that will remove, at once, all our astonishment at the difficulty which is sometimes’ found in the attainment, Thus; for ‘example, the syllable MAN, whenwell pronounced, comes upon the ear in‘such @ state of uninterrupted en- tireness, that it is generally regarded and received as a simple constantaneous impression. A moment’s recollection The Anatomy of Speech. 5 will, however, enable xis to discover that neither the impulse nor the impression is simple or constantaneous ; that it is composed of three elements, m—a—n,* melted. into, and mingling with each other, it is true, like the prismatic co- lours of the rainbow, at their initial and terminative extremities, but each of them capable of a separate duration, and demanding, under whatever combina- tion, during some part of their con- tinuity, a full and unmingled contra- distinctness and identity. , Formation or Simpte ELEMENTS.— But this is not all: each one of these elements requires for its pronunciation a complication of constantaneous ac- tions; and produces upon the ear a complicated, though constantaneous impression. Thus, for example, each of them requires, in the first instance, a certain modification of the outflowing breath, by the action of the respiratory organs; which, however, of themselves (though a necessary basis of both) can produce neither enunciation nor cog- nizable sound. To this, therefore, must be added a certain consentaneous action of the larynx (properly so called), which, without the co-action of the respiratory organs, could produce no audible effect; but which, with suclr co-operation, is competent to the pro- duction of a murmuring sound: whick is, however, still incompetent to the purposes of syllabic or enunciative ex- pression, without the superaddition of that specifie action of the cartilages surrounding * Here, as in so many other instances,, we have to lament the inadequacy of gra- phic language, to the full illustration of the principles of this science. The enunciative elements have no other symbols, and can haye no other, than the forms of the letters by which they are arbitrarily represented ; and, unfortunately, from our absurd me- thods of initiating youth into the rudiments: of literature, these letters are known, i their individual state, not by their elemental sounds, but only by their names; and if the reader should, in the present instance, pronounce these separated letters, by their nominal indications, instead of their elemen- tal sounds, the demonstration will be im- perfect : em—ay—en, do not spell man, but emayen: not one syllable, but three. Con- sidering the manner in which the alphabet, the first initiatory, and all the spelling les- sons aré taught, instead of its being extra- ordinary that nineteen people out of every twenty should read so badly as they do,— the only wonder is, that children ever learn at all either to read or spell. : Biiaub ia mols ip « sutrowndingstherarynx, ‘hereafter to be partictdarl ysdescribed.*: yeh dren awDonn,') Wuisperinc; anp » Open Srzzcu.—For the formation of an ele- ment: of speech,} there/is still requisite wfurther-action of another distinct class of\organs, (tobe treated of at large in the present lecture, under the title of Enunciative Organs): that is.to say, for the vowel, a ‘certain modification’ of aperture: or cavity, or both, by varied position of the mdveable and flexible parts of the mouth; and for the liquid, or-any other consonant, a specific mo- dification of contact: (with vibration for ‘the liquids: and: semi-liquids, and with- out vibration for the mutes), of some two; orsome pair :(a distinction which will) hereafter ‘appear not to be futile) efi such’ organs’ of enunciation. _ The specific action of the respiratory organs, in concert with thatof the larynx, will produce: vocal sound, which, by co- operation of the cartilages that sur- round the larynx, and, without-enun- clative action, may be measured and modified into the intervals of that spe- cies of tune which belongs to song, or into those slides, or accentual inflections, which constitute the tune of ‘speech: so: that:the tune of speech may be pro- duced; without enunciation, or verbal or syllabic utterance, as completely as the tune. of song without the enuncia- tion of accompanying words. The spe- cific action of the same respiratory or- gans, together with that of the sur- rounding; cartilage, will give (unassisted bythe tuning power of the larynx— that is, without vocal action) the bases of whispered syllables. Co-add to these the proper actions and positions of the enunciative organs of the mouth (which, separately, can produce no audible effect whatever), and you have audible whispering. Superadd, in con- sentaneous action with all the rest, the tunable murmurs of the larynx, and you have the complete utterance either of speech or song, according as your ‘discretion shall measure out that tune by \obvious intervals, or by such rapid /-* Tn the lectures, these and the ensu- “ing propositions were all- successively de- monstrated to the eye and to ‘the ear:* an advantage: which cannot: be preserved ‘in ~the!transeript: a yp crane «oy teUt must, never be lost sight of. by.the skeader, who shall expeet.any practical in- struction frem~ these: discourses, that by Lelement is, universally..intended the sound, not thexame, of the letter. pp Lhe Anatomy of Speech. ({Aug. 1, and-minute;transitions,as have,the effect Ofsslidesia hie CL RE a Cnet ,\CompiicaTED-- VisrnaTtion;,—-Phus, then, it\-appears, from, what has, been here. said, together, with what hasbeen insisted upon in the former lectures, that the. original sounds of the voice, or sonorous vibrations of. the larynx, are varied and modified by several cir- cumstances’ of organic. co-operation); either constantaneous with the impulses of the primary organ, or'so immediately successive as to produce, apparently, a constantaneous or homogeneous effect. These modifymg circumstances are, in the first place, the responses, or sympathetic vibrations of the secondary organs, already described, -the different portions of which -are brought into unison with the larynx; and, in the second place, the co-operation, or su- peraddition of certain more minute and specific impulses, originating in the po- sitions and actions of certain portions of the mouth, and which, also, diffusing themselves in immediate or apparent combination with the impulses of tone and tune, constitute the specific phe- nomena of human speech, Voice alone, therefore, is not speech; nor are the vocal organs; alone, com- petent to the purposes of speech, For these are possessed, in considerable per- fection, by the songster of the grove ; and, to a certain degree at. least, by all the more perfect animals: thut is to say, by all those: which, having*warm blood, are accommodated with the con- sequent apparatus of lungs, for the're- vivification of that blood. There is, in this respect, a geveral confusion of language which is cxceed- ingly inconvenient. Thus one of the translators of Aristotle’s Poetics in- forms us, that “* Suidas relates that Aristotle had a lisping voice’ ?? “and Shakspeare makes Lady Percy: ’say, speaking of the defect of Hotsptt’s enunciation, that “ speaking ~ thick, which nature meant a blemish, becatie the accents of the valiant.” The error, however (as, in parallel instances, is frequently the case) is’ nét merely in the language’; it isa radical mistake of the mind, not sufficiently discriminating the objects of its investi- gation. Thus Dr. Itard (who oughit’'to have been sufficiently aware: of the dis- tincion between voice and enunciation), in his-interesting account. of the Savage of Ayeyron, informs. us (p. 42) that he expressed. -his_ melancholy. feelings * by. feeble: and -plaintive sommelier j ively 1825.) - lively emotions, cries 'of joy,” “ ‘by: (thandeting | ‘peals) of laughter,” (pp. 38, 39 and 55); » and yet he thittks' it’ necessary’ gravely to examiné, whether’ >“ the ‘decal! organs exhibitéd, ' ‘ih their exterior conforma~ tion} any mark of imperfection ?” and whether “ there was: any reason to sus ect it in their ‘internal structure ?”’ And he thinks it necessary to assume the hypothesis of the speedy cure of a wound, which the savage had evidently received in the neck, in order to prove that “ the muscular and cartilaginous parts belonging to the organ of voice had not been divided,” p. 88.* — If they had been so divided, the. phenomena above noticed never could have occurred. In order to account, therefore, in detail, for those phenomena, the general theory of which has already been in part explained; and, to guide the stu- dent to’the perfections, or warn him from the imperfections or defects of enunciation, we must take a particular survey of. that distinct class of organs, to which we are indebted for the dis- tinguishing attribute of our species, the power of communicating our ideas by verbal language. II. CLASSIFICATION AND DE- SCRIPTION OF THE ORGANS OF ENUNCIATION, AND THEIR RE- SPECTIVE FUNCTIONS. Tue Enxunciative Orcans consist of those portions and members of the human mouth, by the motions, positions, and contact of which, the elementary cha- racter of literal sound is superadded to the impulses of voice. These are, in reality, the proper or- gans of speech; the organs—on the deli- cate structure and skilful management of which depend the exclusive privi- lege of intellectual culture and pro- gressive improvability inthe human race. . By these it is, that those con- tradistinct and specific. elements are eventually formed, which, being blended into syllables and articulated into words, become capable of the current impress of general assent and compact; so as _to be converted into definite and com- municable signs, even of the most ab- stract and complicated ideas, as well as of the simplest perceptions of sense and appetite. | They,, may be considered (indepen- dently. of the lower jaw) as five in num- Tae e work | never having fallen into my hands, in the original’ form,’ I havé been under the’ ieeessity of ‘quoting ‘from the translation. a The Anatomy of Speech. 7 “ by ‘shouts, by’ ber (though three of them -are ‘dupli- cated, or pairs)... Threearejactived(the, tongue, the uvula; »and» the; lips), ipens forming their functions by theirodwn proper motion; and two: (the :teeth; and the upper gums, or front»ridge::ofi the mouth connecting the teeth and: palate, or-roof) are passive; having:the elements formed upon them ‘by- thie ad tion of the other organs.+ Tur Toncur. Of these active ors gans, the tongue seems to demand the first attention, from its almost universal employment in the formation of the elements. By its elongations: and entheleicib, and the alternate thickening and flatten- ing of its respective parts, and by their approximation to the other portions of the mouth, it imparts the first charac- teristic or enunciative impulse to almost every element, or literal sound, of which verbal language is composed. For the performance of these func; tions, it has, as far as I have been able to observe (notwithstanding some mis nute ‘differences in length, in thickness; and in ligature), a structure almost uni- versally complete and favourable : com- petent to every purpose, where the will is sufficiently active, and improper. ha- bits have not been contracted from neg- ligence or imitation. It has extreme flexibility ; it is acutely sensitive ; duc- tile to almost all conceivable modifiea- tions of form and attitude; and, finally (if the physical fact may be stated with- out assuming the appearance of more levity than is. consonant. with philoso- phical disquisition), it may be added, that it is indefatigable. Occasionally, indeed, the tongue tires every thing else ; but it is never tired. Bat, extensive as are its functions in the uetuediiors of speech, none of them are independent. Without .co-opera- ration of the other organs, the ‘tongue forms not a single element. The vowela- tive impulses (which it primarily affects, in: concert with the moveable part of the'fleshy. palate, by: enlarging, contract- ing, and’ modifying ‘the .cavity of »the + Wilkins’ (Essay towards a Real Cha- racter) omits the uvula in his enumeration. According to him, the organs by which: ue elements are framed, are— ~ ACTIVE. PAssIVEy! Root acting upon --- ‘ames Pe ened For, erode Palate, ; ‘Top acting upon». - +++ ot ‘Root’ ag ; tnitasty 48 Peeths i515 ae, ot 1er Lip, One Lip.+ Acting against vedes We tosh “Of the 8 Aqueous and Atmospheric Pressure. ‘ mouth), acquire their ultimate contra- ; distinctness from the. precise positions of. thes ates. In -the «guttural, if not nearly; passive to the action of the “pvuLAand velum palati,. it has, at least (where. those organs are perfectly form- _ed) only a common share in the action. Its liquid, semi-liquid, and consonant impulses are produced by contact with ‘The Passive Organs—the Gums and ‘the Teeth. ( To be continued. ) ‘To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Sir: ._A& LLOW me to submit to the con- sideration of your readers some brief observations, relative to your criti- cal remarks on certain passages ‘con- tained in a letter signed “ James Leigh, Chelsea.” ¢ "When, I ask, have “ men that have ascended the highest mountains expe- tienced the gratification of having a part of the load they endured in the valley, removed ?”—it is replied :— * Certainly they have: it is a notorious fact, that the atmosphere is there less dense, the respiration more free, and animal circulation more accelerated,” &c.—Now, I am well aware that. these exhilarating sensations have been expe- rienced by persons that have. ascended mountains, both great and small; but am not conscious that they have been attributable to a perceptible diminution perpendicular pressure. Unless the een made demonstrates that these effects are equivalent, or similar in their operation, to a diminution of superin- cumbent weight, it is no objection to my question whatever. . It is next observed, that “this, how- ever, makes nothing to the question at issue. The water is not, in this respect, like the air. At least, it has not yet been shewn. that it is more dense fifty fathoms deep than near the surface; or, if it be (for that may be a disputed pomt), the exhaustion or sense of op- pression may be attributable to that density, and not necessarily to super- imcumbent weight or perpendicular pressure.”—I am quite at a loss to imagine how the increased density of the fluid (assuming this as a fact, which, by the way, is surely quite incontro- vertible) in which the whale at the bottom of the ocean is immersed, can possibly be considered as the cause of oppression or distress, unless the water were respited by the whale,* which it .* Does our correspondent mean ‘to be [Alug. 1, is not, at least, by fish of the cetaceous genus, the, circulation! of’ thei» blood being very similar,,to that. of. other mammalia, and, eaiseriacdthy, hi are soon suffocated,’ When attempt = respire under the water. ' ‘he eae. ment from the harpoon quickly produces: an expenditure of that’ prtibi Obllait, which the whale carries’ down with it. On my allusion to the ¢ylindrical. vacuum in support of my argument,’ it is objected, “ But the) glass top of the cylinder is here supposed to be a/flat surface—it is, therefore, not equally surrounded, but has to sustain a super- incumbent pressure only. The experi- ment of the vacuum, therefore, to refiite or support the argument of out corre-: spondent, should be made with a sphére or hemisphere, and the glass: should be: every where of equal thickness.”—Yet, if 1 have been unlucky in the choice of my simile, surely it must be acknow- ledged that you have been equally so z for if a whale be not of a cylindrical, ib is certainly not of a spherical form, and: it is only necessary to refer to @ simile. The fact is, that a parallelogramical vacuum. ought to have been alluded to, and then it could not have-been dénied; that the one is “as equally surrounded by the same element” as the other— both having a superincumbent and (if I may be allowed the liberty of coining a word particularly appropriate, for the occasion) a subterincumbent pressure to resist, that is, supposing for a fair trial that the vitreous parallelogram be ‘sus- pended above the earth’s surface. ~~ When I maintain that “ the whale, at the surface of the water, is ‘as much pressed. (i.e. distressingly) as the Whale at the bottom,” I do so on this ground, that if fluids press in every direction, then whatever comes into contact with them must evidently be pressed, ‘al- though not in an equal degree) for, at the bottom, the natural pressure is act- ing in conjunction with, and, at the top, the natural pressure is acting in oppo- sition to, the specific gravity of thé fluid. But whether the incumbent weight be great or small, it is alike unproduétive of any exhaustion to the first, so“ long as the vis ponderis. is not spent in its body, but is transmitted through it to the ground. James LEYGH. — May 10, 1825. _ on eee understood, that there is no mare vesistanee in a dense than in a rarefied medium?=-that. motion or exhaustion would be just.as easy 3 te eT Re Ss in the one as in ay Other? Se gica vee 1825.) For the Monthhy Magazine. Recovery of the FracMents of. Cicero. Be age works of Cicero are insensibly perfected under our eyes, without, in general, attracting much attention: in many of the cities of Europe, the ancient mutilated editions are reprinted with astonishing indifference, as if, in the course of the last ten years, many chappy chances had not made impor- tant additions to the treasures of an- -tiquity. ‘Without, on the present. occasion, Noticing other writers, whose works have been published and republished in our days, Cicero, it will perhaps ap- pear, has gained most by recent acqui- sitions. The restorations, &c. which -MM.. Angelo Mai and Niebuhr ef- fected, both in the republic and the orations of this great ornament of the _ Roman bar, have been long before the -public; and we now solicit the atten- tion of our readers to the discovery of further fragments, which, after long promise, were published at the end of ‘the year 1824, by M. Amédée Peyron, friend of M, Mai’s, after a palimpseste ‘manuscript, in the library of the uni- “versity of Turin (brary mark D.1V.22), ‘and which belonged, like many rare monuments of antiquity, to the mo- ‘nastery of St. Colomban de Bobbio. ' The text of Cicero is here new- “modelled from that of a treatise of St. ‘Auvustin, comprized in the 8th volume ‘of his works—Collatio cum Mazimino, ‘Arianorum Episcopo. In these writ- ‘ings, which appear to be of the twelfth century, M. Peyron has discovered the traces of the ancient text, divided into two columns, and going baek to the third or fourth centuries. . He has given several passages which relate to the fragments, to which additions have al- ady been made by M. Mai; of the ‘orations for Tullius, and for Scaurus, ‘and an oration pronounced in the senate against Clodius. ‘We now have the exordium of the oration for Tullius almost entire. Upon ‘the disputed Unde ci, and the meaning of dolo malo in the Pretorian formula, there are some observations and dis- ‘tinctions, which cannot fail to interest ‘those who wish to dissipate the ob- ty of Roman jurisprudence. The new parts of the oration against Clo- dius, though much less full of interest, have, nevertheless, the advantage of vs Moyrury Maa. No. 413. Fragments of Cicere. ) . completing and explaining the seattered be Lilane 9 remains in the Ambrosian Scholiase ; our regrets are increased coneernitig © the lost details of that political. alter- cation of which we have only wn abridged aceount in the Letters to Atti- cus (I. 16), where indignant hatred, and the gravity of senatorial discussion, often give place to gaiety and raillery, and pointed irony, with which ‘the vengeance of Cicero was satisfied. The portions added to the oration for Scaurus (already known by the com- mentaries of Asconius, and by the frag- ments which we owe to M. Mai) well merit the attention of the learned. The Turin manuscript fully confirms the con- jectures of M. Niebuhr, as to the manner of placing the pages of that of Milan; it also makes us acquainted with a very fine Peroration, of which the grammarians have only preserved a few words, and which, although mutilated, is yet dis- tinguished by a great deal of philosophy and eloquence. Let us not be toe much grieved at finding four gaps, occa- sioned by the loss of seven lines, con- taining twelve or fifteen letters éach, which do not make more than two ordinary pases. In order to. change the size of the book, the sheet of parch- ment has been cut down, and thus the Peroration has been shortened by four columns. By ' The curiosity of all those who havé studied the ancients, will be particularly ° excited by the two fragments which M. Peyron has added to the twelfth and thirteenth’ chapters of the. celebrated oration for Milo, B. Weiske, in an edition of some chosen orations (leipsic, 1807), had already thought he perceived an hiatus in this beautiful work; but he con- sidered it to be in the tenth chapter, Editors, however, differ as to the divi- sion of chapters. - The position of the second fragment, extracted by M. Peyron from the Tu- rin manuscript, is - clearly indicated, since in the same line, though ver short, are several letters of the text ‘with which we are acquainted, and also of the new text; and I confess that it appears difficult not to admit the au- thenticity of them: but I. shall not here examine either this question or those that. follow. Whence comes it that, up to the present time, this pas- sage has not been found ih any manu- ‘seript, even in those of the most an- cient date? Could the author have € given 10 givea Uiferent editions of this as he has done of other works? Might not this fragment »belong to the first oration for - Milo,' the only one. which was_ pro- nouneed, whicli.the short-hand writers shave handed down, and which existed in the time of Ascovius and Quintil- Jian? And as the manuscript proves that this new passage is very similar to the old, may we not consider that this page was nearly the same in the two vorations? Many other questions pre- _sent themselves, but we must leave it to those that have more time to draw conclusions.* * This is the restored passage, in the thir- “teenth chapter, in some copies, the eighth, of the oratien pro Milone, after these w ords of the aucient text, ‘irasci certe non debeo.”” _ The first four words, and half of the fifth, are restored by conjecture: “ Audistis, Judices, quantum Clodio pro-fuerit oceidi “Milonem ; convertite animus nune yicissiin ad Milonem. Quid Milonis intererat inter- fici Clodium? quid erat, cur Milo, non dicam, admitteret, sed optaret? Obstabat in spe. consulatus Miloni Clodius. At eo repugnante fiebat; imo vero eo fiebat Magis ; nec me suffragatore meliore ute~ -batur, quam Clodio. Valebat apud vos, judices, Milonis erga me remque publican ‘meritorum memoria; valebant preces _et Jacryme nostra, quibus ego tui vos miri- “ficé moveri sentiebam ; “sed plus multo vaiebat periculorum impendentinm timor. “Quis enim erat civium, qui sibi solutam *P. Clodii praturam sine maximo rerum no- ‘varum metu propone eret ? Solutam autem ‘fore videbatis.”’ :. [Ye have heard, O judges, how advan- tageous to Clodius would have been the death of Milo: now, again, turn your at- ‘tention to Milo. Of what profit could it ‘be to Milo. that Clodius should be: slain? “Why should. he, I will not say, commit, “but why should he desire the deed? Clo- -dius was an obstacle to Milo in his hope -of obtaining the consulship. Yet, in spite of him, this would be accomplished; yea, truly, through him, it would have been ac- complished ; nor, in my judgment, could he have had a more able auxiliar than that ‘same Clodius.—The recollection, judges, ‘of Milo’s good offices towards me, and to- wards the commonwealth, was of weight with you; our prayers and tears (by which I, at that time, perceived that ye were greatly ‘ moved) prevailed somewhat with you ; but -much more the fear of impending dangers. For what citizen was there, who held out to ‘himself the prospect, of Publius Clodius being pretor, without the greatest appre- hension of commotion? But. ye saw. it _would be thus accomplished, &c.], The rest as in former editions. L'vragments of Cicero. ten without order or method.” . [Aug.!1, I think the. other. fragment, will meet with more Oppositio ys Peyron has compounded it.of anaoal different parts from Quintillian, anda scholiast,, to whom we owe some parts ofan-eration (for'a long time unknown) on the debts of Milo. ‘This is ‘certainly anvunfayour- able presumption ; and, to say thé truth, I should not dare to introduce adoubt- ful text into the magnificent pleading of Cicero, and which would still leave -the passage imperfect. However, as I -invite the learned to pronounce judg- ment in this case, it should, be men- _tioned that M. Peyron wrote from Tu- rin, the 6th February 1825, ia erder to explain how M. Mai, who supplied:the -oration on the debts of Milo, could -Imistake a passage from the note’of a scholiast for one of the text. .7°" is “ You must consider the Ambrosian cor mentary of Milan as the confused oppos - .tion (adversaria) of some grammarian, who has concluded too hastily, and whohas hardly ‘marked the first and last words of the, quo- ‘tation—“ Atque per...de nosir,..omn—,’ ‘he. intending afterwards to insert the entire passage, when he more elaborately com- piled those pages, which he has here writ- These remarks are valuable; but the “text appears too uncertain, too conjec- tural, not to leave a wish for farther jaformation. Nevertheless every friend of letters nist applaud the noble efforts of those ‘diligent investigators, who seck to fer- tilize the lear ned dust of Rome, of Flo- rence, of Milan, of Padua, of, Verona and Turin; and let us:hope: that Italy, ‘sorich in ancient spoils, may yet afford some forgotten memorials of the lapse of ages, that will diffuse new brilliancy on the splendid annals of her aticlent glory. A translation of the new. eroration ‘for Scaurus shall ter minate his. imper- ‘fect notice ; in which I shall endeayour ‘to fill up, either according to conjec- ture, or by the aid of ords, ‘which an- ‘cients have quoted, those gaps and hiatuses, which time or carelessness have left. The orator says: “ To whatever side\I turn, my jeyes,: I find materials for the defence of Aarons Scaurus. The palace which, you, 6 “ever recal ‘the virtues of his father, eis ‘of ‘the senate ;* and. it may be said,” : be He, whose name was fisstivenrtered? in the .censor’s book, was called iSntering ‘Senatus : oa dignity, tine confe no 1825.) | Metellus himself; his maternal grandfather, only placed these-most august divinities be- fore you, in this temple, to obtain, by their interceSsion, the ‘safety of his! grandson, particularly as these! very divinities have often protected the unhappy, who implored their succour, «This! capitol, dignified. by three temples—these magnificent offerings, with» which the father and the son ‘have ornamented the entrance to the sanctuary of the king of gods, of Juno and Minerva, will defend Scaurus. He is, also, defended by the recollection of the high-priest Me- .teilus, who, at the burning of the temple, precipitated himself into the midst of the flames, and thus saved this palladium, con- fided. to’ the mysterious guardianship . of ' Vesta, as the pledge of an immortal em- pire: ~ O that he could be reborn at this instant! assuredly he would reseuc this scion of his illustrious race from the dan- gers that surround him—he, who rescued from devouring flames the sacred image of our Pallas. And thee, M. Scaurus—I have seen thee—I still see thee; it is not only thy remembered image that I have before me, it is thyself—whose noble aspect sad- ens and afilicts me, when my eyes are witness tothe misery of thy son. O that thou couldest, after having been present to my thoughts during this whcle proceed- ing, also fill the minds of our judges, and descend to the bottom of their souls! Yes, thy image alone would be .eloquent for thy son; and thy name, which.all have heard so oft, would, as a sacred canopy, avert the threatened danger. Even those’ who had never seen thee, acknowledged thee to be the noblest citizen of Rome—Py what name shall I invoke thee? Must I reckon thee as man? But thou art not with us— thou art among those who are no more: nay; but thou livest, pure and incorruptible thou livest, in the heart—before the eyes— of every Roman. The soul has nothing mortal— thy body alene could die. In what- soever,place thou art, cast a tutelary glance upon thy son,-inspire his judges with the moderation that enhanced thy glory—pre- serye to our allies a faithful protector, to dur senate one of its most illustrious mem- bers, and to Rome a noble citizen.” me Here, indeed, are beauteous. frag- ments, Let Us again express our hopes, that the Italian literati will pursue, with zeal, their wonderful discovéries, and augment the number of those new- found monuments of ancient Rome, which, being ‘réstored, never again will ie th; which need’ no longer fear the r long surrounded—and which seem, even under our e€yes, to récommence an immortality. 2... no authority, or command, was esteeme the yery highest. ; ; 2 d wS L : y éven more success and unquenched ness. by which they have been so Ciceronian Eragments—Abuse of Ejiscopal Power. I] To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Sr: i Wiyers love of power being inherent. ia - the human race, we ‘cannot. won- der that the superiors in the established church should’ generally manifesta fondness for it, and sometimes aim at its’ extension. « Still, however, there ought. to be bounds, even to episcopal domination. A case lately occurred in my neigh- bourhood, wherein the Bishop of the diocese chose to go, I think, beyond the law. Allow me to ask some ofthe learned readers of your valuable mis- cellany, whether or not Iam right. By 57 Geo. III. section 54, Bishops. are limited in their power of fixing the stipend of a curate, in all churches which the incumbents held previous to 1813, to £75, and the possession of the parsonage as the maximum. Now, a-worthy clergyman in: my neighbourhood, who is; burthened with a large family, has held a small perpe- tual curacy about thirty years: but be- cause, for some reason or other, he was re-appointed to it since the year 1813, the Bishop of the diocese is alienating nearly the whole of the income from him, in order that he may enlarge the salary of the curate ! This appears to. be inconsistent with both equity and humanity : and some of your correspondents learned in the law will perhaps have the goodness to in- form us, whether the second licensing, or re-appointment to the chapel, autho- rizes the Bishop thus to act... Cato. —r- - To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Sir: i your number for June last, which I have just met with, I find a letter “On the Remains of Popery at Oxford.” However this may be, I beg leave to observe — First, That a less portion of sagacity than Detector affects, would never.have confounded the litany: of the English church with the Romish masses for the dead ; - Secondly, That it is very unkind to grudge us tke valuable profits of the annual fine of sixty-three pence; and, Lastly, That he is peculiarly unfortu- nate in the time of his remarks, since the ceremony of Dies Scholastica. no longer exists, having been abolished by convocation in February last... Oxonrensis A.M. 12 To the Hs Deditur of the Monthly Magazine. NOt * 1Sta y fae same aBi GEN 22 O 0 at a your Review of literature in the WLM. for Jannary last, p. 541, you summed up. pretty briefly the angry controversy excited by Mr. Bowles’ edition and life of Pope; and, by the manner. in which you dismissed the subject, seemed to think that it was high time that the word jfinis were affixed to the dispute. As far as relates to the merits or demerits of Mr. Bowles, and some Of. his antagonists in that con- troversy, this is perhaps the case; but as far as relates to Pope himself, and the genuine characteristics of the higher or highest order of poetry, the question may nod awhile, amid the buzz.and hum of more local, or themporary themes, but it..will mot so soon sink into eternal slumber. And yet there. seems to be some.sort of.peril in awakening it again : for: what a heat and hectoring hath there been about it —what tomes of dogmatic logic. and infuriate declamation hath the press groaned withal, upon a differ- ence. of opinion, which, fume and wran- gle as long as we will, can depend alone upon taste and feeling, and different susceptibilities of poetic impression; and which, therefore, can never be brought to the decision of logical demonstration — nor ever needs to be. What occasion there was to make it a theme for factious heart-burnings, and critical (or rather anti-critical) virulance and recrimination (as fierce-as if Arius-and St. Athanasius were again together by the ears about the salvation of souls, or Whigand Tory forthe monopoly of places and pensions), I confess. I. could never understand,. Was there any thing so new and un- heard-of,—so monstrously strange and unprecedentedly heretical in the opi- ions of poor master Bowles, that his cassock should have been torn to rags, and his backfront as much -bescourged,- as.if hejhad been exorcised by a catholic flaxellation, or an Trish picquetting ? ‘The rank to which Pope is entitled, onthe rolls of poetic record, has surely never been regarded as one of the most settled and: incontrovertible. points of literary. faith, His claim~ to be con-. sideredjay-a poet of the very. first order, has indeed been. frequently -asserted,’ but has» never been undisputed; and, fromthe very nature of those percep- tiads. from: svhich.. poetic: predilections: ate derived,-I will venture to prophesy*| thateit mever bwill. «ive Dr, Jchnsen: Rank of Pope'as a Poets. [Auigh (the critical oracleof the servitors of the Row,—and, according tot b-street eonversations:of Medwin;of Lior in himself though hebenhotmiteb}doubts whether to’ giver the! palate. ‘hinoor Dryden + about:whomowe: bave! ceased to make/an equal: fuss¢land, perhaps, the very.circumstance ‘of ‘so! protracted. a dispute many not be undminous of the. ultimate decision: of more: rembte"pos- terity. But what was:there in the very matter of this-diversity. of judgment to provoke all the rancour of personality, or to justify the wrangling © tenacity which has been vented uponiit 2?) What if Mr. Bowles be cf! opinion'(or if you and I should be so:too ?) that Mr, Pope, instead. of belonging to ‘the very. first order of, poets—joint ‘heir with:Homer, Milton, Shakspeare, &c., to thechighest honours of Famé’s: loftiest ‘temple=is' only to be reckoned:among theforemést’ of those secondary favourites who'throng the vestibule, or gather round thesteps of her high altar ?—Is this a sentiment too impiously demoralizing to be suffered to be promulgated?—:must»there be a society for the suppression of. poetical. heresy also?—a Bridge-street: gang of critcial inquisitors, to prosecute: and) hunt us down, because our Parnas- sian creed does not happen to square’ with the assumed orthodoxy of those’ who choose to make of Milton, Pope and Shakspeare, or of Shakspeare, Pope, and Spenser (for even orthodoxy itself seems to waver. on. this:point), 'the*tri+ nig of anglo-poetic adoration?» ut the. curiosity in this controversy: was, to mark, in certain of its individua-) lities, the array of the pros and consj:and to compare the characteristics: of ‘the combatants with those of the-respective’ - causes in which they ‘engaged, ‘That’ Mr. Roscoe, indeed, should uphold ‘the’ supremacy of Pope, is natural enongh, because it is evident, from allvhis:/writ-- ings, that be has. never aspired’ to the meditation of any other model ;—wever indulged in‘ any-of thosé: daring bursts. of energy, which evincedia taste or’sus- ; ceptibility, inconsistent» with the polish- ’ ed elaboration which was at.onee; per-- haps, the mean by which Pope attained. : his ¢leyation, and. the causes whyche climbed no higher... But. that‘ Letd” Byron, with a:mind aceordingwith thato of Pope. in nothing ‘but irascibilityzssi2 who. was all. excursive vividness andi! / daring eccentricity -whose;sforce sand. whose splendour were othdoresaltm af: spontaneous \impulse-—not -oficplabora<: tion— tion--and: who »never,: in-any! one *in- stance,/exéept sin his.“ Baglish Bards and Scotch! Reviewers?” made ithe bard of Twickenham the model by: which he wronghit + thaty he; who, in) fact -be- longed tomo schooloatvalloand least of all-to! that ‘of:Pope; should havefumed and -kindledto ‘such:a degree, when the supremacy of: Pope for if Pope’s be,admitted to be: the:best and highest- ordersof poetry, mostvassuredly it will result; as:jaic conelusion, that Lord Byron’s:is not». Nor is it less extraor- dinary to find; as the:champion of more daring: enérgies—of the high and tow- ering sublimities: of ‘a “Milton, of the daring, and -vigorous irregularities of a Shakspéare, of the imaginative luxu- Flangy ‘of “a And to:«those: whose perceptions: -are more ‘alive to. the graces of polished terseness' than to. thelexpressive:varicties of ‘diseursive = fiGs? Rank of Pope asa Poet. 13 harmony, his versification will appear the very model of ‘perfection. .Nor is it less natural, that to those whose eeptibilities are more alive to. the k: ness of polished wit, and the semblance! of ethical. dignity and intellectuality, than to the vividness of creative image nation, and the towering sublimities ofinvention and emotion, his poetry alto-~ gether should appear to be of the very highest order: for it is of the highest: order which theyean comprehend. But by such I must be permitted to won- der, how Shakspeare and Milton, or Shakspeare and Spenser should be joined with their idol poet in one tri- umvyirate. It would appear to me, that their admiration of these other mighty names must beeither affected, or, at best, traditionary : for I cannot readily. com. prehend how those critics, who can: enter completely into the beauties and sublimities of Milton,—in particular, the’ impassioned:energies of Shakspeare, and: the imaginative creativeness of Spenser, ean place the bard of Twiekenham near- the chair of either. > feat, Fo those, on the contrary, with whom. wit-is not poetry, ethics are not’ the inspirations. of genius, nor the cor ruscations of fancy the sunshine of! imagination—to. those, whose suscep- tibilities. erave and: admire the more. magnificent ‘impressions of the creative and the sublime,—who look. in poetry’ for that daring grasp of thought whi bodies forth. original conceptions, gives, them apparent’ versimilitude, and com~ bines them in one comprehensive action}: which. harmonizes diversity into con=:. sistence, and makes fiction itself an ‘effi-! cient reality ;—to such as are suscepe. tible of the poetry which comprehends. all this, and the mastery of which must; of. necessity, depend not so much on, the elaboration of features. and the ‘polishing of patts, as on the grand: effects. of one mighty and consistent: whole—a created world, not a finely-: finished landscape !—to such Pope-will: always appear-as a master-poet only of the second: order; and some of those’ very particulars, which command the* admiration. of’ his. alorers, may, per? haps, ‘be regarded even among the bles’ mishes which preclude his admission: into the more exalted class. f Not that Pope can justly. be cons, sidered as absolutely defrcient in all the, higher requisites above-enumerated, His». Rape of the: Lock. evinces an.-imaginas; tion at enec brilliant and — ig 14 His\‘sylphs and gnomes have: all. the verisnnilitnde »which poetry requires. The attributes belong to the beings, and the: beings to the world he has created; and their functions seem so necessary to the’ conduct ofthe story, that one wonders how. the action. could. ever have moved on without them. In short, though it is a nature (as it ought to be) of the poet’s own. creation, yet all is natural ; and the entire poem, with the exception only of a few filthy and licen- tious lines, is a perfect sample of the beau. idéal—the very perfeetion of the mock heroic: coherently fanciful and elegantly ludicrous ! : But though there are passages of high poetic beauty in his Hssay on Man, and some eyen that would be no unfit ac- companiments for the highest» descrip- tion of poetic composition, yet we look in vain through all his works for any evidence of a capability of soaring from the playful and elegant to the grand and sublime of imaginative creation: which, if it existed in him, must some- where cr other, one would think, have occasionally peeped forth. No where have we the semblance even of that grasp and comprehension of mind, which could have sustained the characters, or conceived and conducted the extended and important action of the epopee. : The Epistle from Eloisa to Abelard breathes also a strain of passion truly poetical: that is to say, passion, in its intensity, such as souls of the most exquisite sensibility alone can feel, and intellects of the highest capabilities of excitement can alone express. But it is passion only of one description— passion that is mingled with voluptuous feeling: and although this, in the par- ticular poem, is the very reverse of a defect, yet. it is the only. passion of which Pope has any where shewn him- self to be a master. When he would touch a string of more pure and simple pathos, and would awaken sympathy without inflaming desire (as. in. his Blegy on an unfortunate Young Lady), he comparatively fails; and in his im- potent. effort to rival. Dryden in -an ““Qde for Music,” his Orpheus and Euridice do not even exact a sigh. In short, his genius: seems, to have been as little dramatie.as it wasiepic; and the reason, perhaps, after all, why he never commenced. his,long. meditated, and ofien:talked of Ieroic:Poem, was, that task. Rank of Pope as a Poet! he ‘felt himself incompetent to, the. [Auge - But ‘there are sthose who! haye, in ~ reality,; mo, tastereither , for the. lofty sublimity. of the, epic, or the geou and impassioned energy, of the. who © admire,(,or.. think, they, admi even Homer, only becanse they, have been taught in. their schools,and,col- leges that he is :admirable;)and,, be- cause it is a feather in their.caps, to appear to understand him :,.— who prefer the declamation, of Addison’s Cato to the native passion and thrilling emotions of the Macbeth, the; Othello, or the Lear of Shakspeare. By, such will Pope ever continue to be regarded as a poet of the very first order. , But whatever the Medwinean con- versations may have said for.him; of this description, most assuredly, was not Lord Byron, There was «no; water- eruel in his composition ; nor was the polish of art: dearer to him. than, the vigour of nature. Whatthen could it be that made him so hot a Pope-ite?—so hot, indeed, and so hasty, that he could not even look upon the opinion he controverted with discriminating. eyes, and see it ia its proper proportions. . The real question is not. whether images, derived from, artificial objects, and the habitudes and accommodations of an avtificial state of society, are totally unfit for poetry: but whether they were as fit for poetic theme.and illustration, or capable of , exciting as much poetic feeling, as natural. objects and phenomena, and the unsophisti- cated passions and humours of human 3 beings, unshackled by. the. trammels and limits of etiquette, or untamed by the monotony of. civilization, ..Now, ‘the negative of this. question isso. easily maintained, that the wonder) isjjit,ever should have been made.a question., We might add, that the whole life.and, writ-~ ings of Lord Byron himself furnish a sufficient practical ‘answer to his own position,’ How, \upon what, subjects, and: under what circumstances; did his poetic faculties develope‘ them- selves to that« brilliant sceneries they acquired ? Upon what wood they feed? Upon what subjects were they employed? By what habits)ivere | they fostered ? and with what aleserip- tion of images did he’ envbellish them? Were his heroes. and_his- he- roines selected from the groups of din- ner parties and drawing-rooms ?# Were i , sayy i! iovb Set “rfoeecr’ svonr oF wWiersqors roan sh 8 AM < f SBIAS*: n bes 193 1825.] -his metaphors derived from’ doctors -and apothecaries ? - from ‘leather, and prunélio, &c. 2. “Were his images ‘from carpentry ‘and? the trowel’? - Were his assotiations' in’ the’ routine of: courts -and' ceremonies? What comparison is there between the prodictions of his niuse before ‘and after he bad burst _away,; or been driven away, from: all these “associations ?—before ‘and after he had ceased to commune with all the objects. and: all the subjects to which Pope and his writings were in so con- siderable a degree confined ? - Nor is the’ question so much What subjects can be poctitally treated ?—es- pecially if by subject is to be understood the mere object which is to give title to the poem—though there may be something even in this ;—as What is the most poetical manner in which it can be treated ? Not merely whether the subject proposed ‘should be an in-doors or an out-of-doors object—a thing of art and mechanism, or a scene of nature? but, _whether the thoughts, in treating such subject: and illustrating it, shall be con- fined to the chamber, the shop ? and ma- nufactory ? or shall walk abroad among the elements and their phenomena, and gather illustration, and indulge digres- sion among woods and rocks—by_ the ocean and the brooks—from the song - of birds—the niotions of animals—the - ‘feelings, the .vicissitudes, the sorrows, the joys, and the emotions of human beings >—Whether the heart can best be touched with passions or by joint stools)? »—whether the splendour of the drawing- room, and the glitter of chandeliers, can vie in inspiration with the humid light of the’ morning, and the glowing farewell of the evening sun; the span of the aérial'arch, and the boundless spread of the eternal’ ocean ? AVONIAN. ees To ibe Edi or of the winter, the vwarnith sof it invited: iny ‘éolony from theimhiding-place, ‘but not:before even- ing; after which? they.y continued | to skip about) and chirp the greater part of the following iday, when they were com- pelled, * iby the‘returnitig cold; to take wefuge in >their ‘former retreats. They deft the chimney corner on the 28th of May 1807, after a continuance of hot weather, and revisited their winter-resi- ‘denceson the 31st of August.” ‘The precautions taken) by animals awheir “about to enter into: the torpid state, “indicate » the» power of instinct. The frogs: sink “deep' into the mud, ‘to ‘avoid the frost ;, the dippus wraps itself ‘ina clay: cloak ; the land testacea, the helix,’ pups, &ck retire: into creyices, and-form an pagglig rae to exclude the air. An Lorienal reviving froma torpid state is’ an interesting object. 'When the hampster’ passes. ‘from his torpid state, ‘he exhibits’ several curious ‘ap- pearances—he first loses the rigidity of his members, and then makes profound respirations, but at long. intervals; his legs begin to move, he opens his mouth, and — utters’ rattling and disagreeable sounds. — After continuing this opera- tion for some ‘time, he opens his.eyes, and etideavours to raise hiniself on his oe ‘All thesé-movements are still teady and’ reeling, like those of a man ita, state’ of intoxication; but he repeats ‘his: efforts till/he acquires the use of ‘his limbs. “He’then remains in that attitude for some time, as if to noitre, and rest himself after his fatigue!” His “passage froma torpid to a natural ‘state -is* ‘more or- less quick, ae the*temperatures © * © ees a ion*of birds was noticed by 4 earliestnaturalists, and the re- bie" pretision and order of their ‘long beet sources of won- and de ht “to: casual ‘observers. fn ornitholog } 06 ‘individual’ member ofthe famnily hes excited fiore- interest oP-t6r6 Aiscussion “than: the. swallow. its jifimeréion ‘beneath the icy: wave, in ‘winter, owas first-asserted by. the Areh- bishop oF andy thosibh mach ee ne subject ‘is just ARR RS an “description ot. “showers of mice? the — idea hasfound inany me as nan wantagonists:’” Ly bo ia ep Of opinion) that. meted: wiMonruty Mac. No. 413. ‘Hybernation. AA swallowsand ‘martins ayes them- selves ; biit that. swifts, ~ commen European swallows, fat Ni the winter in church-towers, &c. . Many’! naturalists have: maintained the same cpinion. But can it be upheld by one well-attested fact ? If we examine the common seal, we find it every where particularly fitted for flight, and it is certainly one of the most ‘rapid of birds.. Having, then, such immense powers of locomotion, why should it be thought to leave its native air, and sportive joyous circum- volutions for a seven-months’ sojourn in a muddy, watery hole? It has been urged that their flight is unseen; but the minute observer is not less sure of their emigration. At the approach of cold, the swallow skims the fields in such multitudes that hundreds have been counted in a minute; and the difficulties of distance soon vanish when the rapidity of the flight of birds is considered. “ A ‘falcon, belonging ‘to Henry IV. of France, escaped. from Fontainbleau, and in four-and-twenty hours was found at Malta, a computed distance of 1,350 miles; supposing, therefore, that. the falcon was on wing the ‘whole. time, the velocity averages upwards of fifty-six miles an hour : but such birds never fly at night, wherefore, taking the longest day, the flight seems to have equalled seventy-five miles-an hour!” If we calculate that the flight of the swallow equals the rapidity of the falcon, is it marvellous that the bird, which in the morning bade adieu to: its summer nest within our barns, should, in the evening, rest his weary wing far, far beyond our ken ? Tf, however, the swallow, emerged from a watery ‘bed, ‘in spring, its resus- ‘citation would be governed as the ther- mometer ; but this is not the case. Fos: ter says—* I have sometimes seen them as eatly as April 2d, when the mer- cury, in the thermometer, has been*be- low the freezing point: “On the other hand, I have: often taken. notice, that, during a continuance of mild weather, for the space of a fortnight, in the month of April; not so much as one swallow has appeared,”’— Foster on the Swallow, But ‘why should not this bird hyber- “nate, as has been frequently asserted ? ‘Its ‘specific gravity is not sufficient ‘to ‘sink it‘"in“water ; and it disappears’ bé- fore cold could ‘produce tpi a t*can hardly be" volufitary ;’ Wwiten mals-become vorpid, it! is ‘boéHasé ean-no longer he proewred? aead t they D are i f ~48 _aye.80, by necessity; but it is not the _ baine. with the swallow: it loves soft and genial breezes; and almost the first Sharp northern blast, reminds it of its .equinoctial hausts. Adamson, in_ his _ voyage to Senegal, states that four swallows alighted on his vessel in Oc- tober, when fifty leagues from the *“ destined coast ; and that they winter in “Senegal, where they roost on the sands, ~ “but never build. Sir C, Mager relates, ,that on entering the soundings of the . British channel, a large flock of swal- lows covered every rope of his vessel, and appeared “ spent and famished.” Many similar instances could be related, owere it necessary; but the fact of migra- tion seems to be already sufficiently yroven. The point of their migration “ may be concluded to be so far south as to be beyond the reach of cold. Captain Henderson, of the British army, re- “Yates that, in Honduras (where they “remain from October to February) he saw myriads. They roost in the ‘marshes, and rising spirally, in the ‘morning, to great heights, they disperse “to seek their food ; when rising thus, he says, they resemble large columns “of smoke. In the South of France, it is said, they have been seen in December, where they are likewise stated to re- main all the winter. ' Mr. Pearson, some years since, took great pains to ascertain if the swallow became torpid. For this purpose, he confined some in a cage, where, for three or four years, they remained in a perfectly healthful state,—when they died for want of attention during his illness. Various ridiculous assertions have been made, too, respecting other birds. The Rallus Carolinus, it has been as- serted, becomes a frog:—and a farmer of Maryland, in Virginia, has affirmed that he found one, and showed it to one of his labourers, in the very act of transformation :—but this does not prove the fact. Upon the whole, it is not, perhaps, too much to conclude, that a “torpid swallow never yet has had exis- tence, THERMES. = To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Siz: OTWITHSTANDING the “ in- formation” which your correspon- dent S.R.M, “ takes. the liberty” of iving me, through the medium of your ‘Miscellany for this month (vol. lix., p. 512); on the subject of the Armorial” Hybernation—English Heraldics. { Aug. }, Bearings of England, I-venture to re- state the opinion, nay, to assert.it as. a fact, that the ancient ban oe kis nation bore not ja tt ds, I am the more emboldened to do this, as I find myself, countenanced. im the statement by so Da atide rene adept in antiqGarian research. and ».the olden customs of this our island, mili- tary and civil, as Sir, Walter, Scott. In his recent romance, “ The Talis- man,’ (the,.second ,of -his. collection, called the “ Crusaders,” he presents us with the following curious conversa- tion, on the express subject of armorial symbols, at the table of the Archduke of Austria. att L ‘<< The eagle,’ said the expounder of.dark sayings, ‘is the, cognizance, of \ournoble lord the Archduke—of, his,royal.grace, I would say ; and the.eagle flies. the: highest and nearest to the.sun of all the-feathered creation.’ tect “The lion hath taken a spring above the eagle,’ said Conrade, carelessly. , “The Archduke reddened, and: fixed his eyes on the speaker, while the’ spruch- sprecher answered, after a minute’s” con= sideration, ‘ The Lord Marquis will par- don me—a lion cannot fly above an “eagle, because no lion hath got wings.” «<< Except the lion of Saint Mark,' said the jester. ; ““* That is the Venetian’s banner,’ said the Duke; ‘but, assuredly, that: amphi- bious race, half nobles, half merchants, will not dare to place their rank in comparison with ours.’ a ““« Nay, it was not of the Venetian lion © that I spoke,’ said the Marquis of Mont- serrat; ‘but of the three lions pagsant of England—formerly, it is said, they-were leo- pards,. but now they are become. lions, at. all points, and must take precedence of beast, fish, or fowl, or woe worth. the gein- stander.’ ” pepo pe hes By the way, I am _even dis osed. to doubt whether Sir Wilts hale in this instance, taken a little purposed liberty with heraldic, chronology... { cannot find that the ,exact point, of time has been ascertained, when, the herald’s wand transformed the Jeopards into dions; but I much doubt, whether the English banner, floating ,in».the eamp of the Crusaders, , did not, still display the former of these animals ; though it is not, perhaps, ap .impro- bable conjecture, that the change might have taken place. in compliment, ;to Richard’s legendary. exploit,, of..yan- quishing the king of beasts; in. combat ; and that the lion-héarted king.g esthe lion. to _his_country?s_ shield: “pee 2 be with some of your correspondents, 1825.] with black-letter erudition and ancient records, would take upon themselves to illustraté this question, by quotations (if any'sdch tan‘ be'met with) from ob- solete records and authentic archives. In the mean time, T have no difficulty in ‘re“asserting my position, that the Leo- pard Was our ancient bearing : although Tam’ but .- A Tyro in Heraxoics. © Fuly, 201h, 1825. ——— a For the Monthly Magazine. Mecuanics’ InstrrurTEs. [Though our correspondent has assumed + the’ editorial tone, and it is our wish to . preserve the line of discrimination distinct between what we are editorially respon- sible for, and what we only give currency .- to as the sentiments, statements and opinions of others; yet, in the present _ instance, we do not think it necessary * either to alter the pronoun, or require a ‘ signature. We have no objection to being ‘considered as adopting, in this case, what we had not the merit of originating. ] A LETTER has appeared in some 1% of the papers, which was written a short time since, by Mr. Huskisson, to.a gentleman at Liverpool, concerning the objects of these institutions, which appears to us to demand some notice. In this letter Mr. Huskisson says, - “Y¥ have no difficulty in stating, that I consider institutions of this nature as likely to be attended with beneficial results, both to artizans and to the public, if properly regulated, and directed to those objects to which such institutions ought, in my opi- nion, to be limited ; I mean, to the teach- ing ofsuch branches of science as will be of-uSe to mechanics and artizans in the exercise of their respective trades.” _.Now, how, much soever .we may be ‘disposed to applaud. such institutions, for, directing their efforts to the im- provement of, such branches of science -a3, will be of use to mechanics and arti- zans in the exercise of their respective trades, Mr. Huskisson must pardon us for ‘saying, that unless, at the same time, the means shall be applied for enlarging and _ perfecting, or, at least, “improving the human character by the “introduction of general knowledge, so r ftom these institutions . being a ‘benefit, they will, most probably, be a _ciitse to o society in which they are established: for, by Mr. Huskisson’s limitation, they must inevitably tend to ‘sepatate mankind into more distinct - castes atid classes, and render those so separated ‘less ble to perform ‘their “dities as ‘titizens, aid as members of -'the' ‘body ‘politic: Thanks, however, to > Mechanics’ Institutes. + “49 the spirit which is abroad, the recom- mendation of the President of the Board of Trade is not very likely to be impli- citly followed: for we find, in the esta- blishment of. the Mechanics and ‘Ap- prentices. Library at Liverpool, more liberal notions have prevailed. “The books chiefly desirable are those on science and mechanics, history, biogra~ phy, voyages and travels, elementary works, polite literature, and moral and religious pieces. Controversial divinity and party politics are expressly excluded; but stan- dard works on religion, sermons or essays, and approved writings on political economy and legislation, not bearing this character, are admissible. But extravagant romances, and novels calculated to vitiate the minds of youth, are rejected. If any works of fancy be admitted, the committee will be especially vigilant that they shall not be injurious to the mind.” / Now, even here, would be cautio and exclusiveness enough. “But, no: our worthy President does not, it seems, desire the general melioration and en- largement of the understanding of the mechanic population by means of such institutions ; they should be limited to the mere instruction and improvement of each particular craft. And this is the doctrine of a British statesman in the nineteenth century! O ye halcyon days of Galileo, when will ye return? We confess that we are not a little surprised and grieved at this declaration of Mr. Huskisson. : We had hoped that the reign of exclusion and of select interests approached its downfall: but, alas! we are wofully disappointed. We had, indeed, given the President of the Board of Trade credit for more libera- lity than he is willing to accept; we had indeed hoped, that, with a more enlarged foreign policy, our domestic policy would share the same renovating and stimulating excitement. But, somehow or another, it does unfortunately hap- pen, with budding promises on one hand, on the other is held up something to dash them to the earth. The mem- bers of the present ministry take. occa- sional opportunities to blast, or to.con- found many of our most pleasing antici- pations; they seem determined to un- deceive us, and to set bounds to our commendation; they seem determined to tell us that they are not the liberal men we supposed them to be; and that, in our exultation at their freedom from prejudice. and. from fetters, they will still, occasionally bold up their hands, “and rejoice in their suanacles anciheic bonds. D 2 20. jee 2 re preservation of: the copper . sheathing of yessels having re- ceitly become. an object of peculiar interest to the public;.from the valuable experiments of Sir Humphrey Davy, with a view of preventing the corrosion of;copper by sea-water; and the doubt which yet exists in the minds of many nautical and mercantile. men, as to the efficacy of the mode recommended by ‘Sir Humphrey, when submitted to the test of experiinent during long voyages ; I must beg a column or two of your valuable journal to offer a few remarks on the subject; accompanied by some recent facts, of the operation of iron in preventing the oxidation of copper by sea-water, It is not necessary, Mr.Editor, to ac- quaint your mercantile readers, that the destruction of the copper sheathing of shipping forms a very large item in the expenditure of ship-owners ; more espe- cially, in such ships as are employed in navigating the tropical seas—the corro- sion.of the copper being greatly accele- rated. by increase of temperature. In- deed,.a single. voyage to India or the South Seas is all that can be performed with any, degree’ of safety, without re- newing the copper.of a ship’s bottom. Neither is it necessary, here, to state any thing more than the result of the experiments of the President of the~ Royal Society ; undertaken with the view of discovering the law by which the destruction of copper by sea-water. is governed ; and, if possible, to’ prevent or neutralize its chemical agency. These experimeuts are given in detail by their author, in the two last volumes of the Transactions of the Royal Society, to which I beg to recommend such of your readers as may be desirous of following this illustrious‘chemist through his in- genious and profound researches. The results of these experiments are nearly..as follows :—If a polished. sur- face of sheet copper or copper sheathing be suffered to remain in sea-water, even for a few hours, it soon acquires a yel- low tarnish, and. the water becomes clouded, of a greenish-white, and after- wards green. Within twenty-four hours, the copper assumes a greenish hue near the surface, but reddish below, whilst a blue green, precipitate is deposited at the bottom of the liquid, which goes on increasing, if the sea-water be renewed, continually (as in the passage>of a vessel - through the water, or in a current); Preserpittion, of the Capper Sheathing of Vessels. To the Editor of the\Monthly Magazine.” ( Hi ere ~ decreases, if the! experiment bE madé'in (Auge, but this chemical agency,of ‘course, a limited quantity of seawater; "4in' pro- portion as the' water becoities Jess’ Sa- line ; by its muriatic acid uniting with the copper, forming ‘a ‘stib-inutiate ‘of copper ;/ or, as Sir H: Davy calls it, “a hydrated sub-muriate.”’ But the’ /pre- sence’ of atmospheric’ air seems to be essential in this case ;’ for, whef ‘copper was placed ‘in sea-water- which has been deprived of air by boiling, and placed in an exhausted receiver, ‘it underwent no change whatever. , ; Now, in’ order to neutralize’ this agency of sea-water on copper ‘(or, more accurately, the decomposing ac- tion of copper on sea-water), this €mi- nent philosopher suggested thé appliéa- tion of electro-chemical agency,‘or, in other words, of presenting other sub- stances in contact with the copper, which haye a greater attraction than copper for the saline matter of sea- water. Zinc and iron were the metals which offered the best probability’ of success for this object, from’ ‘théir powerful aftraction to oxygen. ' The price of zinc, however, forms an objec- tion to its being employed on a large scale; and, consequently, the: experi- ments of Sir Humphrey were ‘chiefly directed to the application of iron’ to the surface of. the sheathing of ships, so as to destroy, or rather to neutralize, _the action of sea-water. A The most extraordinary fact. result- ing from these experiments is, the small extent of surface of iron which)is’suffi- cient to protect a given surface’ of cops per. Inthe earlier experiments of Sir Humphrey, he allowed» too‘ great” an extent of the: protecting surfaces’ of iron.or zinc; amounting to from one twentieth to one-fiftieth ‘of that of ‘the surface of copper employed: “‘Therob- ject of these electro-chemical’ experi- ments was simply that of rendering the copper into a negative: state,' as’ cém- pared with the ssea-water (it® being slightly positive in» its’ ordinary) state): the smallest. quantity. of ‘iron’ or “zine that would accomplish» this pufpose was found ultimately to be thé best. For it was observed, that! inosome’ of the boats and smaller vesselsyibesides the Comet, steam-boat;:whiclht had been rotected by these:ribs| or’bars%ef “iron donee along the copper fromehead'to stern), though: the:copper was“not»per- ceptibly corroded after. some’: ‘voyage, yet an evil occurred of scarcely less magnitude, so far as the sailing ned the 1825.] the vessel was concerned. © The copper became. covered, with-s barnacles: and other. marine -animaloulz;:in @ greater degree. than, vessels which have the cop- per undefended jo. » its” The -act.seems to be, that the oxida- tion of. the copperjin the-ordinary. way, prevents the, adhesion of these animal- culz ; probably trom, its| poisonous pro+ perties, and,also, from: its resisting the depesit. of any caleareous:er, other ear- thy matter.|,.But when this oxide of copper, is,no longer formed, the surface of the sheathing affords what:may be called a.neutral ground for the resting- place of those marine fungi-and ‘animal- cule, which abound to such-a great ex- tent.-in all the seas of warm» latitudes. It has been: thought advisable, there- fore, from the, practical observations which have been made.on the agency of these, protecting bars of iron to:a ship’s bottom, to proportion their extent of surface (compared with that of the cop- per),.s0.as not entirely: to neutralize the chemicalj\ageney of the, copper on the water; but toallow, a slight or partial oxidation, so.as to repel the adhesion of barnacles, &c, in some degree. In consequence. of ‘this adhesion ‘of marine ,animalcule and. weeds to. the bottem.of-such vessels as have been protected, many persons: who have either a prejudice against: all improve- ment, or are probably» interested in “the old state of things,’ have not hesitated: to.deny the efficacy altogether of the method recommended by Sir H. Davy, for preventing the destruction of copper, sheathing.» But, whatever doubt may have been thrown on the advan- tages of the proposed method previously, must be-nearly,-if notvaltogether re- moyed, by the contents of a paper in the. July, mumber ‘of the “ Annals of Philosophy,” fromthe reports of two gentlemen whose statements cannot ‘ad- mit of a suspicion of want of accuracy. It is; stated,- that: -the Carne Brea Castle,’ one of»the:East-India Com- pany’s: ships, which bas just returned from Galeutta; having been brought into a drydock, was examined by the pro- prietors, Messrs. Wigram, ‘Sir H. Davy, and othemgentlemen ; when every part of her boettomwas found to be bright, and. free |from-adhesions of every kind. The, eopper-was apparently very little, if at, all corroded ; while the iron bands, which are,abont ansinch-and-half thick, are ‘not ao:much corroded but that they will.senve for ope or: two more voyages. Preservation. of the. Coppér Sheathing of Vessels: 22° The proportion of the ‘iron -stirfuce to * that of the copper on this ship owas. from 3,5 to z45: STL Mt A. yacht belonging to Lord Darnley was also ‘protected by iron, in the pro-"” portion of to 735 the surface of copper," in the month. of May 1824. ‘And after‘? being employed in sailing’ during ‘the ” whole summer, her bottom. was found to be free from any kind of adhesions, and the copper apparently untouched, A few barnacles had attached them: selves to the iron bars, which’ were, however, easily rubbed off: but ‘the copper, was in the same: state as when the vessel left the dock. A West-India-man, belonging to Mr. Horsfall of Liverpool, which had been protected by #5 part of iron, fastened by copper bolts on each side her keel, was found, on examination, after a voyage to Demerara and back; to be “ perfectly free’ from any foulness on the copper, though” she lay many weeks in/a*river remark- © ably favourable to the adhesion of para- *- sitical animalculz and weeds.” pote =" Another large ship, belonging to Mr. Sandbach «of Liverpool, which had” wrought-iron bars, fastened by ‘iron “7 spikes, on each side the keel, was over-~ vara; her’ copper was found perfectly scarcely any substances adhering to it, hauled. After two voyages to Deme-?~ free from corrosion, and) there were~ except a very’ few minute barnacles, ” y a near the keel, fore and aft. The iron spikes were, however, so much cor- roded, as to endanger the falling off of * the iron bars; consequently, copper bolts would be preferable for this pur- pose. nt The Dorothy, another Liverpool shi having made one voyage to Bombay and back, the owners had bars of iron, four inches broad and one inch thick, placed along ‘her keel, covering about one-seventieth of the surface of the cop- per, in order to try the experiment whether the copper would bear a second voyage to India; which can seldom be hazarded in the ordinary, way. The ship returned from her second voyage in May last, and, on examination, her copper was found to be little further reduced than at the end of the former voyage ; whilst the iron bats were re- duced about three-fourths of an inch in breadth, and from one-fourth to one- half inch in thickness, though most re- duced within a few feet of the extremit ties of the keel. ~The copper and iron ~~ are however considered to be capable” — rx u fot fi 92 of, sustaining) another voyage without _renewal,;, But the flat part: of the :bot- tom.of this ship from end to end, and from siwcto eight feet in breadth, was covered swith “fleshy barnacles’’ of wncommon length, and a few of the large hard shell “species—balanus tintinabulum. Now ‘it is worthy of remark, that the Carne Brea Castle, before-mentioned, was protected by iron bars amounting only to about +35 of the area of the cop- per; while the Dorothy had about one- seventieth of .iron; and as the bottom of the former ship was found to be per- fectly clean, while the latter (though scarcely corroded by the action of sea- water) was covered with marine animal- cule, after making voyages of nearly similar duration, to the same quarter of the globe,—it is fair to conclude that the Dorothy was over-protected, or, in other words, the electro-chemical agency was so far neutralized, as to enable these parasitical animals to ‘attach themselves with impunity to the copper, and build up their calcareous shélls; or houses, with as much: safety “as on the rocks of the sea-shore.. On the other hand, if there be still allowed a small degree of chemical action to take place between the copper and sea- ‘water, so as to produce a very slight poisonous’ oxidation on the surface, though not sufficient to. corrode the copper in any serious degree, it seems to be fully sufficient to prevent. the at- tachment © of these minute animals. ‘From the instances above-mentioned (and which deserve the fullest confi- dence from the respectable authorities in question), it appears that the protect- ing bars of iron should not form more than about 1°100 of the ship’s sheath- ing, otherwise it will be liable to facili- “tate ‘the deposit of fungi and animal- culz; and on the other -hand, if the iron forms ‘much less than 1150, it is ‘scarcely sufficient to protect the surface ‘of the copper from corrosion. . |Itis possible, however, that the exact proportions, which would be most effi- cient ;under all. circumstances, «can only be determined by future and re- peated observation, by intelligent ship- ‘owners and commanders, after each voyage. For it may be justly inferred, that: different proportions of; protection -would be advisable, whether.a ship be destined to the north seas, or to the “tropical seas, where the chemical action- “between: copper, and sea-water, as_well “jas the production of marine animal and Press of Constantinople. [Aug 1, vegetable life, is so» greatly accelerated by climate. “A considerable period may therefore elapse before the subjectsshall be thoroughly: understood )and, adopted by -practical,mens but; ifthat be the case, it cannot preventrthe! researches of the illustrious chemist‘at the head of the Royal Society, from being considered as among the most valuable discoveries of science, applicable to the useful: arts, which»the present age can boast.: A.A. ——< To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Sir: T is perhaps not generally known, that, among the very few of the arts of civilization adopted by: the Turks, since their establishment in’ Europe, is the art of printing. It: was ‘introduced into their capital. between’ the years 1726 and °1727; and the first: works that issued from the government press of Constantinople were, A: History of the Maritime Wars of the Ottomans, by Hadji Khalfa, and:the well-known Ara- bo-Turkish Dictionary, by! Vancouli ; both published in/ 114] of the Hejira, or 1728, A.C. Four other works were published in the following year; two in ‘1730; two in 1731; one in 1732; one in 1733; one in 1734; two. in’1740; one in 1741 ; one in 1742, and‘one in 1755-56—in all eighteen works, form- ing twenty-five volumes, for the ‘most part treating on history and philology, and translated, or compiled from’ the Arabic, French, or Latin; ‘the latter, of course, by Europeans. Feeble, how- ever, as were these first effortsof an infant press ‘to spread» information among. a barbarous race, they were put a stop to: about this period; not, as was then generally reported*in Enrope, in consequence ofa revolt of the’topy- ists ‘of the ‘capital;'but owing ‘to’ the. death of the director of the establish- ment, > Ibrahim, and of his pupil; Cazi Ibrahim, and the events of the war, among which it was lost sight of. .., However, the:noble art was neglected for the space.of forty-three. years,till it was established: by an ordinance: of*the Sultan Abdul-Hamed. ‘A’ commission was appointed, «in: the year’ 1783$!and under their management, ‘and that °of their successors, no. more than’ fifty works were published in: the ‘space of thirty-six, years, ,viz., from. 1784. to 1820.. Of these, twenty-one aresgnam- Mars, dictionaries, nand:.otheg ther, that no line of distinction is any where to be seen. Thus, for instance, so- lidity, extension and gravity—the quali- ties of mere matter—being united with the lowest degree of vegetation, or the principles of spontaneous growth, com- pose a stone; from whence this vege- tative power, ascending through an in- finite variety of herbs, flowers, plants and trees, to its greatest perfection in. the sensitive plant, joins there the lowest degree of animal life in the shell~ fish which adheres to the wall; and it’ is difficult to distinguish which possesses the greatest share of animation, as’ the one shows its sensibility only by shrink-. ing from the finger, and the other, by. opening to receive the water which sur-. rounds “it.. In the; same, manner;,-this.’ animal life rises from this low:beginning: in the shell-fish, through ‘innumerable: species of ‘insects, fishes, birds «and beasts, to the confines of reason’; where; in the dog, the monkey, and the chim pauzeé or ape, it unites so closely with the lowest degree of that quality; iW man, that they cannot easily be distin=! guished from each other. From ‘this’ lowest degree in the brutal Hottentoty reason, with the assistance of learning’ and sciencé, advances through the oe rious stages. of human understanding, which rise above each, other, til Bacoa,-or a Newton, it-attainsst mit:—Soame-dennings’s- Disquisitians.»; * st T =. viqozetidg to Bhs: 1825.]-_ - This» may» be \epartlyy illustrated, by, the -following» -observations,:--Among animated! | beings,» (bats » are); » the,» link of ~beasts oafid birds; ».the- numerous classitof/dmphibia: conjoin,.beasts and fishesi;;:and wlizards, unite,.them with reptiles.*: »oThe.-humming -bird,, ap- al etd ?, a : ‘1 * © KS faras méchanism is concerned, we: way’ find sévéral illustrations of a regu~ larseale of ‘being in the reptile: tribes. Thus the erocodile may be. said. to, connect the viviparous and oviparous qnadrupeds, as\resembling, in external appearance, the genus manis,-or scaly lizards; the turtles, especially. those with soft coverings, may be. considered as uniting the cetacea and reptiles ; the flying lizards, or dragons, may be said to form the link of connexion be- tween ‘reptiles and birds; the seps and chalcis nearly resemble serpents ; and the siren is so very near the fishes, that-some naturalists. still enumerate it among the finny tribes.’’— Brewster's Encyloped., Art. Herpetology. ' [All this is very true, or at least very specious, as far as relates to links or shades of resemblance, and to approximation, at some point or other, between the respec- tive classes or orders of existence, so as to constitute one consistent and coherent whole: but how does this constitute that whole a chain? ‘The facts brought for- ward in illustration of Pope’s darling hypo- thetical metaphor, to which the splendour .of his reputation has attracted a degree of philosophical (or, rather, anti-philosophi- cal) homage, suggest the idea, not of a simple series of progressive gradations, but a complicated series. of ramifications ; and a ramifying chain would be rather an odd sort of idea—if, indeed, an idea of such an object. could be formed. A ramification of chains may indeed be conceived, and gra- phically illustrated : but it would not be an image of a graduated chain, with one be- ginning and one end, by whatever arrange- ment it might be shewn to implicate and cohere: It would not be an illustration of the idea (if here again a complication of well-chiming words has not been mistaken for an idea) of a series of gradations in whieh there was a midway link between nothing and infinitude. . « Midway from nothing to infinity! ” Whyssis. not every. thing equally midway between these. two incomprehensible ex- tremes-?—a’ mite as much so as aman ?—a mole-hil] as a world ?—a grain of sand as a ees system? What comparative pro- sere be between the smallest ‘nothing ?—between the greatest de? What link so subtile as 6 adhere to the one?—so mighty as to : “the otter? Poetry is never sé aan ical as) wherr'it: dabbles’ in-sys= tems of philosophy,-—Eprr. ] Grasdation of Unwwersal Beings; £9- proaches the nature of i et ages a d the flying fish ‘that of bird Phe Wolypus, the , sea; 34 More correctly represented, Tirhaka’s “name (found at Birkel, Ethiopia) is thus heraldically represented :— » The other discovery of Mr. Salt is the tiame of Sabaco : — / | i, To these may be added — which, though not discoveries, are scarcely of inferior consequence —the names of Rameses me Amun; and his son Ame- Noph, erronecusly called Memnon. The period at which they reigned séems to have formed the brightest period of the Egyptian monarchy. The | * In this case, the cognominal name is preceded: by the patronymic :—the first shield bearing the father’s arms; the second, the son’s. _ : (ta, Egyptian Reoviivches. {Aug. 1, temples bearing the names of these kings, as well as those of Rameses Thothmosis, carry, in their appearance, most convincing proof of their anti- quity. Ipsambul, Karnak, Medinet Abu, and the Memnonium, are glorious ex- amples of the perfection to whieh Egyp- tian architecture attained: In short, the greater part of the older monuments existing are constructed by these two monarchs; and the tombs att Biban El Moluch seem to have been exclusively possessed by their family. aH, “ We have stated, as one difficulty in the way of deciphering, that in order te arrive at a precise knowledge of the mode in which the names of Egyptian personages are written, it is necessary to be acquainted with the signs and figures of the deities, since human cogs nomens are commonly derived from their diviner names..On_ such ‘occas sions, it was customary to substitute the hieroglyphical character, in part, for the phonetic; and sometimes to add and mix the image of the deity among the characters. In order to correct. the vagueness likely to result from this Gif ficulty, Mr. Salt has been at the pains» to collect the hieroglyphical and phos * netic names of the principal Egyptian divinities, who, as we have remarked before, are reducible to eight (the eight caryatides of the courts of the temples): these are, Kneeph, Neith, Ptha, Amun, Phre, Athor, Buto, Mendes. There is nothing new. in this collection: the characteristic symbols of the above deities have long been familiar to the Egyptian antiquarian. The collection is, however, useful. . Mr. Salt concludes with repeating, that the Phonetic System was in use in the early period of the. Egyptian monarchy. This allegation we conceive to be perfectly established. -He pro- ceeds + In two articles, entitled the “ So called Tomb of Psammis,’’ published in the Album, we endeavoured to shew that the tomb discovered by Belzoni, was not that of Psamimis, who was buried at Sais. The name has since been renounced by those who assigned it. We argued that it was the tomb of Sethes Egyptus (by some called Sesostris), the son of the famous Amenoph or Memnon, and grandson of Rameses Me Amun. To this opinion-we ~ adhere. The above testimony of Mr.. Salt _ corroborates our inference. It may be, said, indeed, to be proved by Mr. Bankes’s Table of Abydos ; ‘the armorial bearings: of the buried: monarch standing next in stc- - cession to those of Memnon. pons vat Use othe dead 1825.} _ ceeds to add his belief, that its applica+ tion will not be found confined to the names of gods, kings or places. He adds— “ Two demonstratiye articles, ‘ ta’ ‘ pa,’ masculine and feminine; Hn, the sign ex- pressing of; and Mi, signifying appertain- ing to, have already been discovered ; and I do not hesitate io say, that with a com- plete knowledge of Coptic, and a close ap- Plication to the study in Egypt, a’ person may be able, in no long time, to decypher whole inscriptions.” _ Here we join issue with Mr. Salt and his colleagues in opinion: we think his hope too sanguine; we should hesitate greatly in anticipating such a result; and we are of opinion that it will not be fulfilled. We have before expressed our views on this head in detail. A knowledge of Coptic may furnish a key to the sounds necessary to express names according to the Phonetic Sys- tem: but how can it avail in the deci- phering of images which express ideas and not sounds, as hieroglyphics must ? To extend the Phonetic System further than names, were the same as denying the existence of a hieroglyphical lan- guage altogether. It would be, in other. terms, asserting that the Egyptians had really no other than an alphabetical language,—and that language of the most vague,’confused and complicated “deseription — in which sounds were ex- pressed, not by invariable representative characters, but by various and variable symbols. That “any great progress can’ only be the result of extreme patience and labour,” we believe; and we coneur, also, with Mr. Salt’s other dictum, That it must be “by close oo to the study in Egypt”— that is to say, on the spot. To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. io Sm: WHE last Whitehaven gazette con- tains an account of the presenta- tion of a silver cup, by a respectable party of gentlemen, to a surveyor of the turnpike roads in that neighbourhood ; who it appears had been displaced through the influence of a certain power- ful house, to make way, for the great colossus of roads, Mr. MacAdam; econ- ‘trary to general approbation. _ A few words used by the superseded surveyor on receiving the cup, contains more solid reasoning than all the lengthy articles I have seen published on the subject. “ Road making,” he says, “is something like agriculture. Macadamization. x 85 There is no general rule for either, without exceptions :—Different parts of ~ the road, like different soils, require dif- ferent treatmént; nor will theory alone ever find out the most judicious dis- tinetions, until matured by practical experience.” The. value of well-broken ‘stones upon ‘a road has long been acknow- ledged ; but the limited means possessed by many surveyors, has hitherto pre- vented their more extensive application. It is only to the mode of using them, without any other covering, that’ Mr. MacAdam ean lay any claim to origi- nality : and the obstinate adherence to this plan, in every situation, high and low, hard and soft, is too much like a panacea for every disorder of the human frame. After the irregularly broken stones have adapted their sides and angles to each other, in the most per- fect manner their forms will admit of, still the mass is not without interstices; and those interstices will in time be filled, with nud, soil, dung, or such ad- yentitious substances as are first pre- sented ; and in proportion to the nature of the sub-soil, and. frequency of use, will this filling up be sooner or later effected. If the stones are laid in a low situation, on a soft bottom, and the road much used, the interstices ‘will soon’ be filled up (principally from beneath), and the surface covered with a coat of mud. On the contrary, if they are laid upon a firm foundation, on a rising ground, and the road of little traffic, there they are not pressed down into the substratum, and the small quantity of soil deposited upon the surface, to- gether with the clayey matter produced from the stones by attrition, is gradually washed away ; and a portion of the bro- ken stones are rolled about, till reduced into the form of water-worn pebbles. Now a light covering of fine gravel, or earthy matter, would prevent the abra~ sion of the stones, and bring them much sooner to a solid mass; and having once become fixed, all superfluous matter would’ soon be squeezed out; and I think that after two or three years’ wear, it would puzzle Mr. Mac- Adam himself to point out any defect arising from its being so treated. Mr. MacAdam is old, and no doubt incorri- gible: but some of his pupils, when emancipated ° from the control of the old general, and his less experienced bat not less assuming subalterns, may have sense to adapt their proceedings to circumstances. Your’s, &c. = July 8th 18257 War. F 2 36. _ For the Monthly Magazine. ProcraMME of the Present State of Lirerature, Arts, and Scirnces in __ the Kinepom of Naptes. } deer: political events of the year 1799 form an era of disasters to the kingdom of Naples; from which literature has greatly suffered. The most distinguished men of talent have heen either cut off by the hand of the executioner, destroyed by popular fury, or compelled to seek a miserable shel- ter in foreign lands. In_ the first years of, that terrible epoch, the simplest emanation of the mind was exposed to danger; the search of truth was, more or less, loudly stig- matized, as tending to innovation in the government; and the jealousy of power watched, with so Vandal-like a severity, over all the works of mind, that a high public functionary was known to take great umbrage at the name of Galvanism, thinking it synoni- mous with Calvinism; and another was filled with holy indignation, because a poet had dared to give to dove the pro- scribed epithet of tyrant, The nation still groaned under the fresh remembrance of the evils which had shaken her, when the events of the year 1806 re-awakened better hopes. The natural vivacity of the inhabitants, and their constant devotion to works of art, were first excited by the abolition of all restrictions on the introduction of foreign books. Then, as every one was permitted to inquire into the ex- tent and progress of human knowledge throughout Europe, literature became free and honourable, and youth was eager for instruction, The memories of Vuo and Pontano, of Giannone and Genovesi, of Galiani and Palmieri, of Filangiere and Pagano, and of that crowd of great men, who, at different times, had graced this beautiful portion of Italy, arouse universal emulation, Some boasted of having had for their fellow-citizens Tasso and Sannazzaro— others remembered, with enthusiasm, that the Demosthenes and Pindar, of ancient Latium, had been born under the same sky: all felt, that, as heirs of such noble renown, it was their duty, to their utmost, to maintain it. The French Government, whether from principle or policy, encouraged this disposition, by shewing confidence, and opening the path of power to all who were distinguished by knowledge and experience. And they rendered their conduct still more efficacious, by Past and Present State of Naples. ’ [Aug:-I, instituting public meetings for those who had no means but their talent of making themselves known. Political science and economy, and, consequent~ ly, philosophy and morality, which form their basis, were then cultivated with equal ardour and success. The study of jurisprudence being rendered less intricate and less tedious by the intro- duction of a new civil code; youth had more time for the acquirement of all other kinds of social information; and the employments with which they were often entrusted, in the different branches of civil or financial administration, as- sisted the application, improvement, and extension of their theoretic know- ledge, and induced that_perspicuity which can-only result from practice. This change was prodigious, and, spread rapidly through all classes of society, who, from that moment, seemed animated with new life. State ques- tions, which, till then, were considered as mysteries, reserved for the compre- hension of a few, were, more or less, discussed, and brought within the sphere of the most ordinary under- standing. The nation, compelled to obey a government which, she could not always forget, was foreign, decided harshly on its proceedings, when they were in opposition to her own inte- rests; and the overseer of a parish sometimes understood the subject more rationally than the minister, Circumstances were no less fayour- able to natural science, which, rendered more free by the general impulse, and no longer fearing restraint from the suspicions of superstitious ignorance, aroused the noble ambition of their patrons. Antonio Semeatini, Andria, Petagna, Amantea, and Conigno, the old friend of Haller, still lived. The fame . of these old oracles of medicine was great; but, enfeebled by age, they only shed a languid light, like the rays of the setting sun. Young men of great promise, many of whom had returned from painful exile, rose immediately under their eyes, ready to succeed them in the laudable task of supporting the glory of their country. Vincenzo Se- mentini published the splendid disco- veries of Volta and Galvani, and shewed the wonders of chemical affinity in the: decomposition and recomposition of bodies. Nanula and De Horatii gave new impulse to simple and comparative anatomy; shewing, by means of potent :: injections of mercury, the most hid- , den ramifications of the sanguine and): lymphatic .. 1825.) lymphatic systems of the animal ma- chine. Tenore, who had been ap- pointed Director of the Botanical Gar- den, formed the noble plan of com- piling a Flora Napolitana ; and the re- ception of the first sheets fully proved the esteem which the public entertained of his great knowledge in these mat- ters, Sareone, and gave to light his profound medical observations, in the Antilles and in Egypt, relative to the yellow- fever and the plague. Stellati, by a series of repeated experiments, suc- cessfully opposed the theory of con- tro-stimolo (anti-stimulants), which the learned Italian translator of Darwin’s Zoonomia had attempted to establish. Linguiti, appointed to re-organize a new hospital for the reception of the insane, published the first volume of his researches on this important sub- ject, in which the generous views of a humane mind are even more conspicuous than his vast information. And, in fine, the sale cliniche were re-established under the superintendence of many learned professors of not less worth, who, in- spiring youth with the love of know- ledge, educated them in such a manner as to render them useful to their com- mon country. - Nor were such noble works confined alone to the capital. The Agrarian Societies, which had been formed in the provinces, profiting by the progress of chemistry, proved its application to the practical parts of agriculture and pasturage. Geological and horticultural information was at the same time spread by the observations of many learned naturalists, and upheld by the high and merited reputation of Matteo Tondi. In the same manner, geography, to- pography, and trigonometry prospered, by the learned labours of Galanti, Vis- conti, and Rosati; and the arts of in- dustry, honoured in their theory by such names as Fergola and Flauti, were carefully studied in their application to the different wants of social life—since a society of able artizans, who tra- versed the different provinces by order of the Director of Streets and Bridges, had rendered architecture and hydrau- lies popular. The reports forwarded by them to government, concerning their observations, and the plans of public edifices, which they were deputed to propose, often evinced the noblest con- ceptions of art; and shewed the great pevenes® of the nation in this most use- branch of physical knowledge. Past and Present State of Naples. - Savaresi revived the school of~ 37 The country of Mazzocchi was not likely to neglect the study of archaio- logy ;‘and many able young men ap- plied themselves to enrich it with new and erudite researches. Among these were the learned Avellino, perpetual secretary to the most celebrated aca- demy of this metropolis. The caves of- Pompeii, which at that time employed many hundred men, afforded precious monuments, on which the research of Neapolitan antiquaries was honourably exercised, Two collections of lyric poetry and elegies, by different authors; one pub- lished. on the death of the celebrated Fantoni, and the other on that of the unhappy Rosina Scotti, depicted a series of splendid ideas, and proved with what success poetic harmony was cultivated. This may be proved by the numerous compositions of Ricci, which, though worthy of the neglect into which they have fallen, from their sentiments, only calculated to flatter the passions of the times, and the am-’ bition of the ruling powers, are yet valuable for their purity of style, and the richness of their imagery.- Next, Mazzarella published an ode to Mayer, who himself seems inspired with the’ soul of Parini, and who claims a part of the enthusiasm with which the Medea of that celebrated professor of music animated the public mind. The Marquis de Bianchi ventured to read, in literary societies, some fragments of his unpublished poem on Lorenzo de Medici, in which all admired the noble imagery and: the ancient suavity of’ Italian eloquence. De Ritis made known to many his beautiful attempt at a new translation of Horace, which, for elegance, ingenuity and freshness of style, is hardly, if inferior, to the ori- ginal. tributed, in manuscript, to many of his most intimate friends, his wonderful Poemetti, breathing patriotism ‘and li- berty, which seem designed with the bold touch of Michel Angelo, and fre- quently coloured with the enchanting tints of Albani. There had been formerly many rich monasteries, in whose churches it was the custom, at different times of the year, to celebrate religious fétes, parti- — cularly renowned for the brilliancy and luxury of the music which was executed - Treasures were expended in: therein. The Marquis Nicolai, also, con-: procuring the most renowned masters, and the best instruments and singers ;* and it is easy to judge how much this- contributed 38 contributed to the support of this im- portant branch of the fine arts, Rea- son and policy soon required the .abo- liticn of these monasteries; but the government either could not, or would not, substitute new means of encourage- ment in place of those which the art of music had before received from the religious communities. Thus, no other field being left for music but the theatre, it lost some of its ancient splendour. The emulation of the youth, who had formerly devoted themselves to it, was extinguished, by the fruitless attempt of government to form the many conser- vatorii, which had before existed, into one; the superintendence of which was entrusted to men incapable of regu- lating it in all its parts. Thus, by one of those whimsical circumstances which sometimes throw ridicule over the most serious affairs, the country of Cimarosa and Paesiello was condemned to see, at the head of musical instruction, an old secularized French capuchin, with a soul the most untuned to music of any Midas who has existed from the com- mencement of the world, q Some attempts were made to revive the art of painting: but they either failed, or had not sufficient time to pro- duce effect. The nation, nevertheless, possessed a great miniature painter in the old Zuccari; and one of the’ first painters @ fresco that Italy can boast of in the present day, in the person of Camarrano. Public instruction, with respect to arts and literature, was, meanwhile, the object of general solicitude. Galdi and Coco were especially engrossed in proposing the means of rendering it conducible to general utility; one of these was celebrated as the author of a. History of the Government of Hol- land, and the other as the author of the Travels of Plato in Italy, and a History of the Neapolitan Revolution of 1799. To sustain the public enthusiasm, a periodical work, entitled Biblioteca Ana- litica di Scienze, Litteratura ed Arti, was, for the first time, established in Naples, on a vast and judicious plan. This noble undertaking was afterwards abandoned, for reasons which it is use- less here to state: but its first publica- tions justly excited the applause of all men of information, since it was rich in learned articles, and elegant essays on all the branches of general science. _In the year 1815, the dynasty of the Bourbons regained the throne of Naples: and it must be confessed, that, Past and Present State of Naples, [Aug. 25 so far from arresting the progress of the nation in: literature and scientific re- search, they sought to promote them ~ hy all the means in their power.. They protected the academies, encouraged study, and permitted the importation of foreign books, The nation was, b sides, enriched by the presence of Piagzi, Poli and Zingarelli, whom _ political changes had brought back to the theatre of their former glory. , The fruits of this liberal system were not slow in appearing. Galluppi pub- lished the first volumes of his “ Hssays on Idealism and Kantism.” This work, though written without order, or much elegance of style, is nevertheless rich in profound meditation and accurate analy- sis; and shews its author to be a man versed in the study of classic metaphy- sics, and the deepest subjects of modern philosophy. Jannelli gave to light his “ Thoughts on the Philosophy of His- tory,’ in which the finest effusions of Vuo are, for the first time, divested of the obscurity of language in which that great man had clothed them ;—and are set forth with clearness, discussed with subtlety, and urged with noble freedom. Delfico, the Nestor of Neapolitan litera- ture, ever attentive to encourage know- ledge by example and advice, published his Nuove Ricerche sul Bello, in which the principles of enlightened philosophy form, constantly, the basis for the solu- tion of the most arduous questions of astetich art. 3 The youth of Naples were ardently preparing many other works of different kinds, when the revolution of 1820 drew all talent from literary research, to concentrate it in politics; and to what a degree the people were ab- sorbed in the various branches of social science may be shewn by the innume- rable memoirs and periodical publica- tions, breathing high thoughts, deep learning, and judicious criticism; and dictated by that pure and generous par triotism, which, full of hope for the future, disdains to shed insult and abuse over the disorders of the past. But this picture cannot be continued. The events of 1821] again threw a veil over the moral state of the people. From that time, the historian feels a void he cannot fill: and constrained to pause by the eruptions of aggression and violence, dares hardly_ anticipate the possible results, or say tothe insa- | tiable thirst of dominion, Tantum..,... potuit suadere malorum.~ : 1825. THE LIVING SKELETON. HE reports that have been circu- lated relative to this extraordinary phenomenon have staggered credulity; and even professional gentlemen of much anatomical experience, familiar, as they are,. with the extraordinary ca- prices of nature, and with births of mal- conformation, have not scrupled to ex- press their suspicions, that the whole story was a mere idle fabrication. We have, however, been favoured, by 4 gentleman of high respectability, by whom the phenomenon in question has been seen and examined, with the fol- lowing authentic particulars; by which it will be seen, that even in the most incredible reports that have got abroad, there has been little exaggeration. The subject of our description is a young man of twenty-eight years of age, who has for some time been exhibited from village to village in France, of which country he is native. The cir- cumstance of his preternatural structure and appearance is accounted for by his mother, during her time of pregnancy, having been frightened by the sight of a - skeleton. She died in child-birth; and her infant was brought into the world, though alive, with all the hideous ap- pearances of the object of maternal ter- ror.—A skeleton in appearance, though with all the organs of sense, he was found capable of nutrition, and progres- sive growth in stature ; his faculties, in no respect, appearing, as he advanced in life, deficient ; and, what is still more extraordinary, he is reported never to have had a day’s illness in his life. A Colonel, or Major Williams (for our informant forgets which), hearing of the circumstances, and having ascertained their truth, engaged, as a speculation, with the father of this lusus nature of the human species, for a sum of money, to bring him over to England, for the pur- pose of beinghere exhibited; and, accom- panied by the father and a female rela- tion, he has actually arrived; having borne the fatigue of his journey, and the inconveniences of his voyage, with- out apparent injury or derangement of health. The following are the appear- ances described :— His stature appears to be about five feet seven. His face is sallow and ca- daverous, not entirely destitute of flesh; but such, in this respect, as is usually exhibited in the very last stage of con- sumption; and he has a strong black beard. The rest of his form, with some little exception as to hishands and knees, anda little more as to hjs fect The Living Skeleton.— New Retail Brewers’ Act. 89 exhibits not the least appearance . of muscle, but is that of a mere absolute skeleton, with a skin drawn tight over it; exhibiting otherwise, as in the com- pletely dissected subject, the forms of the dry and naked bones. These are, however, in some réspects, much dis- torted fromthe usual natural direction: The collar-bone rising up to the ears, and the shoulders, though of their cus* tomary breadth, hanging somewhat low. the form of the clavicles, or shoulder+ bones, is distinctly visible, and touch each other behind. Theupper arms aré two inches only in circumference, the lower arms of corresponding thinness; but upon each of them may be seen the traces of a thin vein for the circulation of the blood; the hands, as already ob- served (like the other points of neces- sary exertion) exhibiting some appear- ance of flesh. The trunk, of the usual breadth, is in other respects exceedingly deranged in form. The sternum has entirely given way, and the long ribs have consequently sunk down towards the abdomen, so as to cover and en- tirely conceal the short jribs. This has produced so complete a flattening of the chest, that the depth from the ribs to the spine, atthat part where the sternum should be, is not more than two inches and a-half. Sir Astley Cooper, who has seen him, thinks, we are informed, that it cannot be more than two inches. The hips and thighs, and the whole of the lower extremities, have the same naked skeleton-like appearance, with ex- ception of the feet, which do not appear much smaller than those of other per- sons of the same stature. His motion is, as may be expected, exceedingly awkward, but not particularly feeble; and we need not say, that his whole ap- pearance is horrible, beyond all that the monster-mongers of Der Frieschiitz ex- hibitions have devised for the theatres. —=— -Fo the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Sir: ; ERHAPS a more partial and unjust legislative enactment, in proportion to its limits, does not exist, than that which is contained in a clause of the new Retail Brewers’ Act, which compels that class of tradesmen to shut up the places where they vend their beer, every evening, precisely at nine o’clock. f need not tell you, Sir, that instead of © this said class of tradesmen, who are equally deserving of the protecting hand of the Legislature with their competi- tors who keep licensed public-houses, being put upon an equal’ footing and , chance. 40 ‘chance of gaining public favour with the latter, they are compelled, by this heavy restricting clause, to forego a great por- tion of the trade which would otherwise flow into their hands. And, any one who is acquainted with the nature of a populous working neighbourhood, where these retail brewers are mostly esta- blished, will see the full severity of the evil I am pointing out. Working families seldom get their supper beer, or recreative glass of John Barleycorn, till between the hours of nine and ten; and on Saturday night, which is worth all the week besides, on account of the labouring classes then receiving their wages, and being disposed to recreate a little, the above tradesmen are subject to the mortifying compulsion of closing their doors precisely at nine—and see- ing, that very instant, the whole channel of trade revert into the hands of the publicans. This is unfair: and, hoping you will consider the complaint I now urge, on behalf of these striving and industrious characters, worthy of a place in your widely-extended work, I remain your’s, &e. Enort. a To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Sir: . HNHE following are extracts from Burnet’s History of his Own Times, pp. 170 and 309 * of the original edition; and from which I infer, that secret confession to a priest is a part of the doctrine of the Church of England, and has been actually practised, at least in one instance. “She” (the Duchess of York, and daughter of the Chancellor Clarendon) “was bred to great strictness in religion, and practised secret confession. Morley (Bishop of Winchester) told me he was her confessor. She began at twelve years old, and continued under his direction, till, upon her father’s disgrace, he was put from the court.” I shall be obliged by some one of your correspondents informing me, through your pages, if my inference is correct: and if so, to point out, to what extent does the church require the confession to be made? if absolution follows? and, generally, wherein this confession differs from the doctrine of the Church of Rome ?—Your’s, &c. 26th June 1825. Aw Inquirer. * We quote only the former of the two passages which our correspondent had transcribed, as being sufficient bases for the inquiry ; and the book itself being of such easy access, as not to excuse more than neces- sary transcript in our contracted space.— Enrt. Confesston in the Church of England !—Signor Velluti. { Aug. 1, TOPIC OF THE MONTH. OPERA-HOUSE EXHIBITIONS. Wrru exception to the extreme heat of the weather for six or seven successive days, and the danger there was of its being fatal to Mr. Canning, we are aware of no occur- rence that so well deserves to be regarded as the. Topic of the Month, as the revival of a disgraceful species of exhibition at our Italian Opera House :—the King’s Theatre it is called! but, to the honour of royalty, neither the King nor any of the Royal Family seem to have sanctioned the dis- gusting spectacle. But we will speak of it here, at once, as moral censors, and as theatrical critics, that we may not have to recur to it again in another place. On the 30th of June, Rossi’s heroic Opera, Il €rociato in Egitto (The Crusa- der in Egypt), with the musie of Meyer- beer, was exhibited for the first time; and presented what may be called an accumu- lation of novelties—a new opera ushering in a new performer ; with, still more new, a first appearance for the benefit of the débutant—and that débutant of a descrip- tion to which even the license of our opera-stage has been so long estranged, that it has become a novelty also. The benefit part of the innovation was, how- ever, judicious—if the experiment was to be tried: for there can be no doubt that English prejudice—or, as we should call it, honest English feeling, runs pretty high upon the subject ; and there was, perhaps, no better expedient for disarming hostility, than that of enlisting compassion for the poor degraded being who was to be ex- hibited on the behalf of such a debit. “Pa- tronage (extended, in some instances, we are told, even to coercion, through the de- pendent circles), and a two-fold curio- sity (Signor non signor Velluti, and the reception he was to meet with!) brought a thronged house, even before the rising of the curtain: a crowded pit—in which, how- ever, to the credit of the middle class, there was a much smaller proportion of respectable females than we ever remem- ber to have seen; and boxes, filled with. all the splendour of fashion. Unblushing matrons of high rank, in all the pomp of feathers, tiaras and jewels, with an un- usual display of high-born maidens in their teens, with wreathes of artificial flowers upon their heads, and flickering’ smiles, sufficiently intelligent, wpon their lips, gave to ‘the boards of any theatre. 1825.]’ to the circles, ‘‘ tier above tier,’ the sem- blance of a gala triumph over the decency, taste, and humanity of the age. The opera itself is a splendid speztacle, and was, unequivocally, well received— as, indeed, it merited: for it abounds with fine music— rich in expressive va- riety, in pathos, and in power, and in that thrilling depth of mysterious feeling which characterizes the German school. It was, also, well sustained. Aladino, the Sultan, Sig. Remorini; Palamide, Mme. Caradori; Osmino, Sig. Crivelli; Adriano, Sig. Curioni; and Felicia, Signora Garcia, - wanted nothing to complete the vocal and dramatic corps, but a more natural sub- stitute for the amorous and heroic Knight of Rhodes, Armando; than the tall and at- tenuate imbecility of the Velluti, with its helmet of ‘steel tied under its chin, with a delicate bow of white satin ribbon—like a lady’s morning-cap! There were also changes of novelty and scenic pomp, ele- gant groupings of dancers, and splendid ar- rays of military procession and manceuyre ; and the drama itself, though the incidents are sufficiently incredible, not impeachable of absolute nonsense. - But all this was not, it seems, deemed sufficient to gratify the refinement of opera- tical eyes andears. The taste of the Eng- lish public was to be stigmatized, and its reputation stained; by the hideous impu- tation of reviving, by its patronage, an ab- horrent practice, of which even the most effeminate and voluptuous nations of the Continent have become ashamed. ' The first reception of Signor Velluti sufficiently evinced that, of this thronged’ assembly, all who came for his benefit, did not come with cordiakty. Pity for the in- dividual could not quite suppress the mur- murs of dissatisfaction at the exhibition. Theapplause, however, as might be expected from the patronage exerted, was predomi- nant; and, with indignant shame, we re- cord that, among the most enthusiastic of the applauders, we observed a good many of those young ladies of fashion in the boxes, to whose appearance we have already referred. We do not know, in- deed, when we have seen so many delicate hands beating their snow-white gloves- to pieces in behalf of a new favourite upon But what _ would these young creatures say, if the +. ’ 4 satirist should point them out by name, and delineate the tell-tale expressions of “Montuty Mac. No. 413. Topic of the Month :—Opera Exhibition. 41 countenance .with which the plaudits of many of them were so significantly ac- companied ?- What would they say to such a tale? Or, if it called up a blush of -retrospection on their countenances, what would they have a right to say to the parents who took them there ?—to those parents who intruded upon their young imaginations an exhihition which could not escape explanation, and which must unyeil to the young mind disgusting mysteries, from the taint of which their imaginations ought to have been preserved? -It might have been edifying to hear the dialogues, resulting from the interrogatories of some of the more innocent, between these young ladies and their mammas! But, vehement, beyond the customary ardour of Opera-house decorum, as were the encouraging plaudits of the high fashion- ables, the wonderful tones of the Velluti, with all its: science and execution, did not, any more than the undescribable peculiarity of its unerectable figure, conciliate all its auditors, or prevent the expression, some- times of disgust, and sometimes of a sort of horror; or, at other times, repress the burst of laughter provoked by the contrast between the more than peacock scream of this hero thing, and the fine manly base of Sig. Remorini, in the: Sultan. In short, there is a species of mournful mysticism — a something so unearthly, and still more remote from all that we conceive of hea- ven, in «« That preternatural alt—that piercing cry, That shrilly wails its lost humanity,” - which was calculated to excite a thrill very different from that of pleasure. If it * took the imprisoned soul,” it did not. lap it in Elysium. For us, we freely’ con- fess that the heart sickened, while the ear shrunk from the monstrosity of the tone, and the train of indignant reflections which it conjured up. Nor were we sorry to observe, that, notwithstanding all the ef- forts of patronage, the malcontents were sufficiently numerous to frustrate erent at- tempt at an encore. It is but candid to state, that no part of the dissatisfaction could be ascribed to any want of power or of skill in the Velluti, or in what is called execution—which was certainly, in some instances, what is meant, (when we mean any thing) by the excla- mation, ‘ Astonishing !”’ «and, to those ~ whose ears or whose moral feelings can be reconciled to the species Of voice, it might, G : probably; * 42 probably, be “‘ yery delightful!’’? The most astonishing of all was the part borne by this singer in the finale — particularly “ Disarmi il suo adegno,”’ and in the duetto, “Da questo istante ;’’ on which the ap- plause was very general. It was an extraordinary sight, after the fall of the curtain, to see this mis-repre- sentative of the heroic Knight of Rhodes, in gorgeous panoply, led forward, by the hand, and under the protection of Mme. Caradori, to receive the suffrages of the auditors:—of which, by favour of such association, he seemed, at least, to have a large majority. If the unfortunate being, who is the pro- minent subject of this criticism, were alone the object of consideration, the tone we have assumed might be regarded as austere. and cynieal. But we have an eye to pos- terity, and we haye a feeling for the moral reputation of our country; and we Call upon those persons of bigh rank and sta- tion, under whose patronage, and by whose invitation, this disgraceful exhibition has been made, to cast their glance, also, beyond the voluptuous gratification of the hour, and to participate in that feeling :—at least, to think again before they persevere in ren- dering the prospect of British remunera- tion a temptation to depraved Italian pa- rents to immolate their future offspring to the vampire taste of a perverted sensu- ality—before they hold out the tempta- tions of British opulence, and _ proffer, the lavish remunerations of British pro- digality, as bribes for the renewal of a detestable practice, from which decency revolts, and at which humanity shudders: —a practice (be it remembered) which, if British gold be not lavished to re-encourage, is likely never again to disgrace the Euro- pean world. The Hero—as he is ealled— of Waterloo, is named among those who are most forward in the patronage we are reprobating. But let: even him reflect whether the laurels he claims, as vietor over Napoleon, wi!l receive any additional lustre from the opposition in which this species of patronage would have a tendency to place his and Napoleon’s name. Among the benefits which that Napoleon confer- red upon Italy (and he did, in the midst of all his tyranny and despotic usurpations, confer many), was the discouragement and abolition of that worse than infanticidal practice, by which children were qualified for the’ Velluti scream. » Must this detest- ‘ Topic of the Month :—Opera Exhibition. [Aug. I, able practice, as well as the blessings of Austrian dominion, Bourbon dynasties and Spanish Inquisitions, be restored? — and. restored, also, by Wellington influence, and by British gold? Are the ambition and the tyranny of Napoleon not completely van- quished, till every benefit with which he occasionally modified that tyranny, and atoned for that ambition, are obliterated, and every abuse he proscribed renewed ? But four, we are told, of that unfortunate choir of dishumanized squallers, heretofore so numerous in Italy, at this time survive. Shall we be the people to offer premiums to shameless parents to render them again as numerous as ever? Shall it be a part of our system of legitimacy, to renovate the hideous practice? Shall the sereams of infants,under barbarous immolation rise to heaven, in accusation of the seductive abuse of British wealth, and the unfeeling sensuality of British luxury?—and the maturer screams of the half-vital victims of that immolation record to future genera- tions, that such were among the purposes for which Britain conquered, and to which British liberality was applied ? The subject has been much discussed during the present month. If we have taken it up upon somewhat broader grounds than have generally been assigned to it, and expressed our sentiments strongly, we trust we have placed it in no improper point of view, and that our zeal in the cause of insulted humanity may in some degree excuse, if not fully justify, some occasional warmth in the expression of our sentiments. —But, warmth did we say?’ Na: we have been cold—we haye been coy—we have been reserved! There is a part of the subject still more frightful, upon which we have not—upon which we cannot touch. There are vices which must remain unre- proved, lest the cheek of Innocence should be seorehed by the very breath that dif- fuses the echo of the reproof. By the adepts in the science of -sinning without shame, we shall be understood; and we wish not to unveil to the modest eye of morning, mysteries at which Cotytto her- self would blush! There are reasons enough, in what has been already argued, why the matrons aud the maidens of our isle should shrink from the imputation of coun- tenancing, in public or in private, those squeaking things whom humanity, even while she pities; must yet disown. ‘ [ 43} ORIGINAL POETRY. HORACE—Book III. Ode 20. “TRANSLATED IN THE SAPPHIC MEASURE OF THE ORICINAL, TO PHYRRUS. Do not you see-—more perilous a combat Than of her young yon lioness to plunder, Waits ye? Full soon your arrogance, dismay’d, will Shaun the destruction. Thro’ the surrounding populace she rushes, Fierce to protect her elegant Nezra. Long is your conflict, difficult the toil that Yields her* to either. She, the meanwhile—your recompense and umpire— While ye send forth your javelins in combat, Rends the light-blooming coronal, and smiling Treads on the palm-branch ; Fans her soft ringlets, redolent of perfume, While the fresh breeze plays amorous around her, Fairer than wood-nymph, or the maid who smiles on Jove with the nectar. A.S. * The classical scholar will excuse—the English ear approve—the change of the pronoun here, and of the allusion in the last line-—Eait. PHENOMENA. Hast seen upon tlie mountain’s height, ’ Where wintry snows were shining, A rose-bud in its lustre bright, As on a hed of pure delight, - With fragrant breath reclining ? ‘€ Dull bard !—the mountain’s snowy height, ' Were there the rose reclining, Would chill the breath, the lustre blight— Would quell the soul of gay delight, - On winter’s lap repining. But L have seen as strange a sight :— - On wintry lap reclining, A living rose, more sweet and bright, Breathe forth the soul of pure delight, Nor drooping, nor repining, It sheds around a cheering Tight, Bright as Aurora shining, The rear of darkness put to “fight, When Zephyrs with the Loves unite, ‘The wreaths of Flora twining. The snows of age they are not cold, The wintry hour not glooming, Nor is the pulse of joy controll’d, Where sympathies of mind unfold, In Beauty’s bosom blooming. J.T. re CURELESS GRIEF. Tarn is a grief which never dies— A vulture preying on the heart ; Tn vain persuasive Reason tries, Nor soothes Religion’s balm the smart. *Tis poison at the gushing spring, ‘That with the current must endure. Reflection bears the adder’s sting, _ And more inflames—hut cannot cure, Blue. Anchor Road. Ewan, TRANQUILLITY :— A RECOLLECTION OF MY FIRST APPROACH T0 CROMAC WATER, CUMBERLAND, Tue sun was on the wain—in the mid course Between high noon and twilight—and o’er all That lovely region shed a placid beara Of mitigated splendour—suiting well Its pensive sequestration. Not a sound Of voice or concourse—nor the low of herd, Or bleat of grazing flock, was heard ar ound, Or tratnp of steed. The sheep-bell on the hills Was silent; and the very birds had ceas’d, On wing or spray, their loye-notes. All around— From earth and air and waters—there waa breath’d A spirit of unmix’d ceaaqung So still, that though no whisper of a breeze Disturb’d the pendent foliage, you mighthear The motion of the elements—a song Of silence, that dispos’d the listening soul To meditative quietness, and lull’d Not passions only, but the animal powers, And all their violent feelings: even the pulse Beat with a softer measure, and the breath With a more gentle efflux ebb’d and flow’d, With scarce perceptive impulse: so eutire Was the dominion of Tranquillity ! J.T EPIGRAM. To Ned, who late had lost his wife, The cross-grain’d partner of his life, Will, like true friend in need, appears, And bids hia dry grief’s fruitless teara; “* Por know,” he cries, * ’tis all in vain— You ne’er can fetch her back again.” Quoth Ned, “ Didst never hear, ™ lady ' That folks can weep when ie ore glad? md age Gee G 2 44 HOLY ROOD:— SUGGESTED BY THE VIEW OF THAT RUIN AT THE DIORAMA, © Tuov mouldering pile, of hoar antiquity, Whose sculptur’d walls, and proud-rais’d capitals, Th’ unsparing hand of Time hasrude defac’d; With awe and admiration do [ gaze, As thro’ the broken arch the pale moon gleams, And shedsa mournful radiance o’er the scene: The sickly light, with melancholy beam, Shines on the fallen shaft and marble temb, Richly emblazon’d with heraldic pomp— The silent chamber of the kingly dead. QO! thou grey chronicler of other years! What wonder-working changes hast thou wrought! What silence and what desolation spread ! ’ Neath thy corroding touch the stately dome Lies crumbling in the dust, yet lovely still ; For there's a beauty in thy moss-grown walls, Thy cloister’s gloom, that throws a dubious light, More still and awful, as the shades prevail. Is this the place where Mary held her court, When, thrall’d by beauty, each devoted lord, Low bending, dropp’d the knee ?—in which was horn The prince, foredoom’d to blend the rival crowns ?— Where peal’d the anthem—the mask“d revel reel’d 2— Where gleam’d the assassin-steel ? I cannot gaze , Upon thy prostrate palace-fane, Holyrood! Without the thoughts of other days—iho’ now Far other sounds and-otker voices wake, Tf voice be heard, thy echoes. ‘Thro’ thy aisles, For madrigal and requiem, wails alone The screeching owl: the leaden-winged bat Now leas thy only dance; and yon pale moon, And flickering lamp, that glimmers o’er the grave, . Are all thy torches now. Yet soothing more To Meditation’s eye, than when tliy pomps | Made night outshine the day. ’'Tis beautiful ! And I would roveamidstthy crumbling aisles, But that I fear to startle from ber dream Gf mournful musing, by my echoing step, Yon vestal, watching o’er the funeral flame. J.S. HH. SONNET TO THE SHADE OF BYRON, Tuy heavens were in their glory—every star Beain’d in its golden influence—the sky Shone like a vault of gems—when, from afar, One richer in all radiance woo’d my eye; Peep in its bed of blue it glitter’d on, Like woman deck’d im beauty’s royalty ! Or, if in minds we seek compurison, Who should it eall to thought, great Bard!> but thee— Byron ! first star of that bright galaxy, That sheds its light o’erevery realm andclime, _ And thro’ the eternal void spreads gloriously : The lustre kindled in its nook of time! For thou a world didst make of gardens bright, Where flowers of every hue breathe lovely on the sight. Enort. Blue-Anchor Road, Original Poetry. [Aug. 1, IMITATED FROM ANACREON’S EIZ TO EAP— ODE TO SPRING, Ham, fair returning Spring! thy charms diffuse ! Ye blooming roses, all your sweets exhale! Ye Graces, deck’d with flowers of varied hues, Come haste, descend, and tyead the enamell’d vale! See yonder wave, that whitens in the breeze, Encircling oft the moss-grown rock above! Hark! in yon verdant grove, the sheltering trees Resound the ringdove’sstrains of blissful love! Now, soothing Zephyr glads the coming year; Bright shines the genial sun’s revolving rays ; Tn light fantastic forms the clouds appear, And grateful mortals swell the choir of praise. Haste,then, and bring the rosy sparkling wine; Fill up the spacious bowl within the bow’r; Let fruitful olive ’round the handles twine; Alert and joyful, catch the feeting hour! Bucks, May 2, 1825. G.I. H. TO MY CHILD CECILIA, WHILST SLEEPING. Hart, infant-bud of innocence and health ! Enjoying now soft Slumber’s kindliest calm, Thy pastime o’er. While Sleep, with gentlest stealth, On thy lull’d senses strews her dewy elen Boundin thesoftenchantment of some dream, Upon thy downy pillow thou dost lie; Where ; soon thou’lt ope those ‘laughing eyes,” that beam The mellow blueness of a summer’s sky. Sweet fondling! tho’ thy vision’s light be veil’d, And still’d-the artless music of thy tongue ; The perfume from those ruby lips exhal’d, Thy vermil cheek, with dewy freshness bung, Are light and song—while meekly heaves that breast, Light as young Zephyr’s foot on breathing violets prest. Enokt. Blue-Anchor Road. SONG. O’rr thy lip the young smile may enchant- ingly play, Like the first beam of morn on the rose ; ; And thine eye—oh! what eestacies live in, its ray !— The blue tints of heav’n may diselose. But ’tis not mere beauty we prize in thy face: No—the spell every bosom to bind . Is the light of the soul that illumines. each grace, And the glance’ that discloses the mind. Thy form is as lovely, as graceful and light, As a fond poet’s fancy can raise, When he sinks into slumber, and’ dreams, through the night, Of the lov’d one that hallows his lays. But ’tis not’ mere beauty of person or face Whose spell my fond bosom can bind { O no!—’tisthe soul that illumines each grace, And the glance that discloses the mind. - weds, Ty 1825.] [ 45 SPIRIT OF PHILOSOPHICAL VARIOUS SCIENT ] DISCOVERY, AND OF THE IFIC JOURNALS. —<=z_———- TSHE Southern Motion of some of the fixed Stars, for which, as yet, no cause has been assigned by physical astro- nomers, is still contended for by Mr. Pond, notwithstanding the opposition his former statements, on this head, received from numerous astronomers ; this he has lately done, by presenting to the Royal Society a table of Dr. Brinkley’s (Dublin) obser- vations on sixteen stars, near half of which shew, Mr. P. says, a greater annual de- viation southward, than he (Mr. P.) con- tends for ; and all but three of these stars either shew such deviation, or, at least, are not inconsistent with it; Dr. B.’s three other stars indicate a northern deviation. On determining the Direction of the Meri- dian of observatories. Two papers have lately been read before the Royal Society : one by Professor Woodhouse, detailing the obstacles met with, and the mode ot ob- viating them, cccasioned by temporary ex- - pansion in the metallic supports of the transit instrument of the new Cambridge Observatory, whilst fixing its southern meridian mark on Granchester Steeple, about two miles distant; the other by Mr. Pond, who proposes a telescope mounted on a horizontal axis, or a transit instru- ment, to be, in the first instance, directed to the greatest elongation westward of the pole star; an artificial horizon to be, at the same time, ready for viewing the star, by reflection, through the telescope ; and, also, at a proper and convenient distance, the farther oif the:better, a graduated horizon- tal bar, properly illuminated, to.be tem- porarily fixed, in the telescope’s field of view: then, immediately after observing the star’s greatest elongation, the telescope is to be lowered to observe and note the graduation on the bar, and then further lowered to observe the reflected image of the star, as a check on the verticity of the plane, which the central wire has _tra- versed, between the star and its image. When, by repeating these operations, a point is ascertained, and a staff erected in place of the graduated bar, the same is then to be removed (unless for greater ex- pedition two such are used) to 2 convenient place in tie vertical plane of the pole-star’s yreatest eastern elongation, and the same operations repeated as before; the middle point, then, between these two polar elon- gation-staves, will lie in the northern meri- dian of the telescope ; and the latter distance may be bisected, by careful horizontal mea- surements between the staves, checked by angular measurements. It might be well that astronomers should ascertain, and per- _manently preserve elongation marks, as well as meridian marks, adapted to occa- sional azimuthal checks on the positions of their instruments. It is a point of great importance in con- ducting the trigonometrical survey of a country, to ascertain correctly the direction of the meridian, at each station: for which purpose this mode, suggested by Mr. P. seems very applicable; and, we ven- ture to suggest, in the government survey, which is now commencing in Ireland, that, before the great Theodolite visits each station, to observe the horizontal angles, a good portable transit instrument, and party of surveyors, should, on the spot, select the site of the station, and fix up its elongation staves, at proper distances, north- ward, after very careful, and often-repeat- ed observations, as above mentioned; in order that the bearings of these staves, may be settled by the great Theodolite, with equal accuracy as the surrounding stations. In England, a private of artillery, sent for- wards on foot, with a small telescope in his pocket, selected the sites, and fixed up marks for most of the stations: whence delays and many inconveniences followed, which now may be avoided. Whether the Earth possesses two or four Magnetic Poles is a disputed point, which Professor Hansteen proposes to clear up, by making a journey into Siberia, to search for, and ascertain the exact site of the mag- netic pole, there alleged to be situated ; or, at any rate, by a careful and extensive series of experiments on the variation and dip of the needle, and the magnetic inten- sity in that inhospitable region, to furnish useful dafa for magnetic investigations : also, by pendulum observations, combined with astronomical observations, to supply some much-wanted data, as to the figure of the earth, and the position of places thereon: the climate, natural productions, &c. not to be overlooked; the King of Sweden patronizes this journey, intended of two or three years’ duration. The Local Magnetic Attraction in Steam- Vessels, owing to the greater quantity of iron in their construction, and the different distribution thereof, from other vessels, in their boilers and engines below, and their iron chimnies for smoke and waste steam above the deck, has occasioned Government to employ Mr. Barlow, with the assistance of six of the most advanced of the pupils of the Royal Naval Architectural College at Portsmouth, to experiment fully on the deviations of compasses, differently situated, on board of the Comet steam-vessel (of 237 tons burthen, Jength 115 feet, and breadth twenty-one. tat), with her head in all different positions, with respect to the magnetic meridian, ‘The details. of . these interesting 46 Spirit of Philosophical Discovery. interesting experiments are contained in three tables, printed in No. xxiv. of Jameson’s Edin. Phil. Journal: from these it appears, that a compas fixed in the fore- part of the vessel, fifteen feet eight inches from the large chimney, when the vessel’s head was N.E., shewed a deviation west- ward of 12°31’, and when the head was nearly W. an eastward deviation of 15° 50’, Fortunately, however, it appeared, that, at the binnacle or place of the steering com- pass, the greatest deviations observed were, 3° 55’ westward, with the head near east, and 3° 20/ eastward, with her head nearly west. So accurately now is the principle of local attraction in a vessel known to Mr. Barlow, that he was able, before beginning to observe the compass’s bearings, to select a spot on the deck, at seven feet eight inches distance from the binnacle, where the action of the iron below was so exactly balanced by that of the chimnies above, as to leave a standard compass erected on this spot, very nearly as correct in all its bear- ings, as if no causes of local attraction had been present. The Alteration in the Magnetism of an Tron Body, occasioned by Rotation on an Azis, has been the subject of two elaborate series of experiments, communicated lately to the Royal Society, viz. by Mr.P. Barlow, who operated on a cast-iron shell, of con- siderable thickness, mounted on the maun- drel of a Jathe, and made to revolve on its axis ; and by Mr. S.H. Christie, who caused an iron plate to revolve in its own plane ; and in each instance, striking effects were noticed, on magnetic needles, different from what the same iron bodies in a state of rest would have occasioned, causing them to deviate from the magnetic meridian: ac- cording as the bodies revolved, towards or from the needles, the latter were attracted orrepelled. The germs of some important discoveries relative to terrestrial magnetism seemed partially developed by these experi- ments; but very lately, Messrs. C. Babbage and J. F. Herschell haye expressed an opi- nion to the Society, that the effects may be explained, by supposing, simply, that time is requisite, both for the development and the loss of magnetism: and from their own experiments, on setting in horizontal rota- tation a powerful horse-shoe magnet, and suspending freely over it, successively, masses of copper, zinc, silver, tin, lead, antimony, mercury (in a glass tube), gold, bismuth, and a metalloid of carbon, all of which were found to acquire motion, and to follow the magnet, they conclude, that different metals differ in respect, not only of the time they require, but in the intensity of the force ultimately producible in them. The brevity of the notices published, leave us to conjecture the influence which cur- rents of air, generated by the revolving body or magnet, may or may not have had, in producing the effects noticed. Before our next publication, we hope these doubts [Aug. I, will be cleared up, by fuller statements, and by new and yaried experiments. An Analogy between the Brain, Ova and Semen of animals, has lately been shewn by Sir E. Home, aided by the acute eye and delicate hand of Mr. Baucer, in that freez- ing and subsequent thawing these sub- stances resolves them into apparently simi- lar watery fluids and gelatinous matters. The Dependence of Perceptions by the Senses on Muscular Exertion, particularly as concerns vision, has been the subject of several papers presented lately to the Royal Societies of London and Edinburgh, by Mr. C. Bell; who maintains, that not only are our ideas formed by a comparison of the different signs presented to us through the senses; but there is a power in the body, which, though not called a sense, is superior to all the senses, in the precision which it gives to our perceptions—bestow- ing on ws accurate ideas of distance, of space, of form and substance ;—that the muscular frame, and that sense which we possess of the muscular frame in action, gives us this power;—that the sense of vision in the eye is imperfect, until aided by muscular motion: as the sense of touch in the hand would inform us of nothing, without the motions of the hand ;—that hardness, softness, smoothness and angu- larity are properties of matter, not known to us merely by the sense of touch, but by that sense, aided by the motions of the hand—of which motions we are sensible ;— that the entire and complete exercise of the sense of touch comprehends a compari- son of the exercise of the nerve of touch with the consciousness of, or the sensibility to, the muscular motion which accompanies it. On viewing an object which is very suddenly withdrawn, the image or phantom in the eye is stationary, whilst the eye-ball is at rest; but the slightest exertion of the voluntary muscles of the eye makes a change in the apparent position of that image, whilst actually it is fixed on the same spot of the retina. The eye, with its apparatus of muscles, has the power of conveying the idea of the phantom in dif- ferent positions, according to the operations of its muscles, and independent of the motions of the head or body. Seeing Objects under Water.—The con- troverted opinion, as to whether this is practicable or not, has been revived, in Jameson’s Journal, without any new light being thrown upon it; although nothing is more easy or safe, than for any one to make the experiment for himself. Nearly fill a wash-hand basin with clear water, to which a small proportion of warm water may be added, if the weather be cold; and then, holding the breath, dip the face into the water, two or three inches deep, and hold it there, as long as the want of breath- ing will permit; when it will be found that the eyes can be opened and shut under water, 1825.] water, just as easily, and with no more pain, than in the air; and that the figures painted on the bottom of the basin, or pieces of money, small stones, &c. placed there, may be distinctly seen, and contem- plated with the greatest ease. We recom- mend, that in this way young boys should exercise, and habituate themselves to the holding of their breath in water, before learning to swim and dive. The Increase of Temperature of the Sea- Water at different Depths, in high northern latitudes, was, in May to July 1818, ascer- tained by Captain Franklin as follows, viz. Depths, Temp. of Increase in Latitudes. Sea-Water, of Temp. Fathoms. at Surface. below. 600 .... 76°48’ .... 33° Fahr... 10° Bab. 80) 26: 5. S252 ee So MBN: GO 27 25 ve” BMT Oo ONES Begs) TBO. BB est). oe SO Baa o's 80 26) 80 a2 th oe Det 1D Ol sc: 5 oO via v0, ree ETO V7 66 ee0%9 SY oo oe BA. eee — 0° 15.2... 79 44 .... 34...... —0" Our space will not admit of stating the results of about twenty other trials, at depths from 193 to 21 fathoms: two of these differences amounted to 5°, viz. at 130, and at 103 fathoms of depth; and four of them to 4°, viz. at 198, 120, 119 and 83 fathoms. The first experiment, only, was tried with a bottle; and this may, perhaps, account for the greatness of its result—all the others with a leaden box, with valves, open as the box descended, but closed whilst it was being drawn up in the water. That the Heat of Bodies which do not Shine, will not pass through Transparent Glass, has been shewn by Mr. Baden Powel; also, that such heat acts more on absorptive white surfaces exposed to its radiation than smooth black ones: but the radiant heat of shining hot bodies, part of it, penetrates and passes through glass and other transparent screens ; and acts more on smooth surfaces than on absorptive white ones. The solar heat is of this latter transmissible kind. Luminous Snow, owing, probably, to an excess of electricity in the atmosphere, was witnessed by some persons crossing Loch Awe, in Argyleshire, in a boat, a few years ago, after dark, The appearances lasted for twelve or fifteen minutes, and gradually subsided. An Hygrometer, by Mr. T. Jones, has been contrived, as an improvement on Mr. Daniel’s, whose principle is, to ascertain the temperature at which dew is deposited from the atmosphere. Mr. Jones’s ther- mometer, graduated to Fahrenheit’s scale, has its bulb of a flattened cylindrical form, _ of black glass, of considerable size; the lower end of which bulb turns up, and is exposed to the air whose degree of mois- ture is to be tried; but the rest of the bulb Spirit of Philosophical Discovery 47 is covered with muslin. To use the mstru- ment, this latter is moistened with ether, the sudden evaporation of which cools the bulb and its contained mereury: so that, in a few seconds, dew begins to deposit om the exposed part, at which instant the degree of cold is read off, on the scale attached to the stem of the instrument. The Galvanizing of Fermentable Mixtures has been found by M. Colin to promote the evolution of alcohol. Of a great variety of substances which this gentleman tried as ferments, he found none at all comparable with common yeast, except glairy albumen. Ann. de Chim. A Burying-place in Calcareous Tufa, at Ahmedmygur, in Hindostan, was, in 1821, opened, in digging to repair the subterra- neous part of an aqueduct, when several human skeletons were found, under cir- cumstances less ambiguous, as to whether or not they were fossil or ante- Adamite ske- letons, than the carib skeleton from the tufaceous burying-ground on the west coast of Guadaloupe, on which a keeper of the British Museum strove to raise so much of ignorant wonder, a few years ago.—See our 37th volume, page 23. The extinct large Elk of Ireland, whose. horns and bones are so commonly found. under the peat in the bogs of that country, and mostly upon a shelly marl, haye lately. been shewn, by Mr. T. Weaver and the Rev. Mr. Maunsell, to have lived there in comparatively modern times; the latter gentleman, in examining the skeleton of an elk, before it was removed from its resting place under the bog of Rathcannon, in Limerick county, discovered that one of its ribs had, whilst yet the animal. was living, been perforated. by some sharp- pointed instrument; this, and other cir- cumstances, observed by Mr. Weaver in Kilmegan Bog, near Dundrum village, in Down county, seem to shew, that the early inhabitants of Ireland contributed towards, if they did not occasion, the extinction of this race of gigantic elks, by driving them into lakes, where they were drowned ; such lakes having since been filled entirely up by the growth of peat, and become bogs. The term fossil should, therefore, no longer be applied to the animal’s remains, or to those of any other animals which can be proved ‘to have lived contemporaneously with man, or existing animals. The last of the tidal floods, whose enormous violence moved in or before them enormous masses of gravel and large blocks of stone, and left the same lodged on the sides and tops of hills, in every part of the world (see vol. lvi. pp. 440, 441), completed the extinction,, and occasioned the burial of the. last of those animals to which the term fossil should now be applied: otherwise, we might admit fossil human bones to haye been dug out of a carib’s burial-place, 9 barrow, or even a church. yard. ® ‘ A Vetegable 48 Spirit of Philosophical Discovery. A Vegetable Tallow, extracted by boiling from the fruit of the Vateria Indica tree, growing in Canara province and others on the western coast of the peninsula of India, which sells in Mangalore at about 23d per Ib., and is called by the natives piney tal- low, though not used by them for affording light, but medicinally, in plasters, and as a substitute for tar in paying the bottoms ‘of their boats, has lately been brought to Lon- don, in a very hard and tough cake, and examined and experimented upon by Dr. B. Babington, as related in’ Brande’s ** Journal of Science ;” it is of a whitish yellow colour, and rather greasy to the touch, with some degree of waxiness, al- though when strongly pressed within seve- ral folds of blotting-paper, it communicated elain in a slight degree only to the inner- most fold. At 60° Fahrenheit, the specific gravity of piney tallow is *9260, but at its melting point, 973°, this is decreased, by the expansion of the mass, to ‘8965. It can, with facility, be made into mould candles, which afford as bright a light as the best animal tallow, and without any un- pleasant smell, even when blown out. Finding this substance to mix readily with animal tallow, spermaceti, or wax, the doctor caused several candles to be cast in. the same mould, and with similar wicks, of twelve threads, weighing about 775 grains each, on the average: these candles, in a still apartment, of the temperature 55°, were burned, without snuffing, during one hour, and the losses of weight, by com- bustion, were found to be as follow, viz. 152 grains, halfspermaceti and half piney tallow. 15] ---+-- spermaceti alone. 146 «++ half wax and half spermaceti. 138 «+--+ half wax and half piney tallow. 136 +--+. wax alone. Mi «+--+ *. half tallow and half piney tallow. T04}- +++ + tallow alone (average of 7 exp.) 100 «+++ piney tallow alone. That 23 per cent. more of wax than of ani- mal tallow should, in the same time, be con- sumed in similar candles, seems an unex- pected result: When the doctor used com- mon-rolled wax candles, of the same dia- meter as the others, but with much smaller wicks, the average consumption was ]22 grains, still giving a consumption of wax 10 per:cent. greater than of tallow: but photometric measurements* are here want- ed, for supplying the necessary data for useful economic dedications. ‘The doctor’s analysis of piney tallow, seems to shew its atoms to stand as follows, viz. ten of car- bon, nine of hydrogen, and one of oxygen; in the latter particular, confirming Berza- lius’ hypothesis, as to organized substances containing always one of oxygen. The Snuffing of Candles, although so es- sential to their yielding a proper portion of * In the Phil. Trans. for 1825, p.2, also in Brande’s Jour, of Sci., Yr. W. Retchie’s new Photometer is described, and appears well adapted to its purposes. * [Aug. 1, light, is known to increase their rate of consumption; in order to determine the quantum of this increase, Dr. B. Babing- ton lately experimented on six tallow can- dies, all of them having cotton wicks of twelve threads, from the same ball, and cast in one mould, from similar tallow ; the six candles weighed at first ‘6728 Ibs., or 9°61 of them went to a pound avoirdu- poise: they were all of them lighted at the same time, and snuffed together every ten minutes during one hour, and then, being extinguished, ‘0891 Ibs. of tallow were found to have been consumed ; the same candles. were then lighted again, and burnt during one hour without any snuffing, and, there- by, were found to have decreased in weight. ‘0867 Ibs.; the consumption, “by. snuffing, being increased about 27 per cent. ; an in- crease so trifling, as not to be compared with the increase of light, and avoidance of the nuisance of smoke, which the snufiing occasions. she The preparation of Potash from the green Stalks of Potatoes, has been attempted in France by M. Mollerat; who, on cutting off the stalks immediately before flowering,. and, on other plots, deferring the cutting off. the stalks until two or three months after the flowering, found that the yield of sub- carbonate of potash was, in the first in-, stance, 3'5 times those of the latter cut- tings ; but the yield of potatoes were in the latter cases 9°7 times that of the first ! M. Mollerat found powdered gypsum, used. _ as a manure, considerably to increase the crop of roots, but animal manures princi- pally increased the stalks of potatoes. A Substitute for Indian Ink, equal to it in colour and goodness, may, Professor Jameson says, be prepared by dissolving six parts of good isinglass in twelve parts of boiling water; dissolve also one part of Spanish liquorice in two parts of hot water; mix the two liquors whilst warm, and gra- dually incorporate with them, by means of a wooden spatula, one part of the best iyory black, in very fine powder. heat the mixture in a water-bath, until the water be so nearly all evaporated, that the black paste can be made up into the requi- site forms, and the drying thereof com- pleted. The Electric Powers of Oxalate of Lime seem, according to recent experiments by’ Mr. Faraday, to place this substance at the head of the list of all substances as yet tried, as to its power of becoming posi- tively electrical by friction, although the oxalates of zinc and lead produce none of these effects. - Formic Acid, according to the recent experiments of M. Dobereiner, may be. regarded as constituted of one volume of the vapour of water, and. two volumes of carbonic oxide gas; or, of two atoms of carbon, one of hydrogen, and three of oxygen. PROCEEDINGS Then’ [1825.] [ 49°} - PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES. —— : ROYAL SOCIETY. bm Society met on the 2d, 9th, and 16th of June; on the 2d, a paper by Sir E. Home, Bart., v.p-r.s., was read, containing microscopical observations on the materials of the brain, ova, and testicular secretions of animals, to shew the analogy that exists between them ; and on the 9th, a description of a method of determining the direction of the meridian, by J. Pond, Esq., F.R.s. Ast. Roy.; and by Sir H. Davy, Bart. p.R.s., further researches on the preservation of metals, by electro- chemical means. At this meeting, M. M. Bessel, Encke, Chaptal, Fresnel and Brougniart were elected foreign members. On the 16th, a paper was read on some new compounds of carbon and hydrogen, and on certain other products obtained dur- ing the decomposition of oil by heat, by M. Faraday, F.r.s. On further experi- ments, in respect to M. Aragos’ theory of Magnetism, by C. Babbage, Esq., F-R-S., and J. F. W. Herschel, Esq., F.R.s., and by S. H. Christie, Esq., r.z.s. On-the annual variation of some principal fixed stars, by J. Pond, Esq. Onan improved Hygro- meter, by Mr. J. Jones, communicated by Captain Kater, F.R.s.; and on the func- tions of mortality, and a new mode of determining the value of life, and its contin- gencies, by B. Gompertz, Esq., F.R.S, After which the Society adjourned to the 17th of November. LINNZEAN SOCIETY, On the 7th of June, some communica- tions were read from Lieut. J. H. Davies and C. Wilcox Esq., relative to a species of Mitylus (M. bidens) found in great quantities, adhering to the bottom of H, M. ship Wellesley, built at Bombay, and which has been lying in Portsmouth: harbour, ever since 1816. It seems to be quite naturalized there, and to propagate abundantly. On the 2lst; was read a descriptive catalogue of the ‘Australian birds in the cabinet of the Society, by T. -Horsfield, M.p.F.L.s, and N. A. Vigors, Esq., F.L.s.; in which the writers express their confident expectation, that the deficiency of our knowledge of the _ habits of Australian birds will be in a great ‘measure supplied by the exertions of Mr. M‘Leay. GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. On the 3d of June a paper was read, entitled “ Remarks on quadrupeds imbed- ded in recent alluvial strata,’”’ by C. Lyall, Esq. sec. c.s. In a former communica- tion the author had stated the difficulty he found to explain the circumstances under which these remains were very generally found imbedded in the shell-marle in Scot- Jand ; often at considerable depths, and far from those Jakes in the borders of which the marle is accumulated : he suggests that Mowry Mag. No. 413. : they were lost in attempting to cross the ice: in winter, the water never freezing sufficiently hard above the springs to bear their weight. Cattle, which are lost in bogs and marshes, sink and die in an erect pos- ture, and-are often found with their heads only appearing above the surface of the ground'; when, therefore, a lake in which marle is deposited, is shallow, the quadru- peds which fall through the ice, sink into the marle in the same manner, and perish in an upright posture ; but when the lake is deep and the animals are dead before they reach the bottom, they become enyeloped, in the marle, in any position rather than the vertical. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. May 3d, a paper was read on the con- struction of pine pits, worked by steam, by Mr. W. M‘Murtrie. May 17th, papers were read—On a grape-house, adapted for early forcing, by Mr. A. Wilson, on American fruit-trees which have been transmitted to the gar- den of the Society, by Mr. M. Floy, of New York. On the cultivation of strawberries, by the president. . ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY. , June 10th,—The reading of Mr. F. Baily’s introduction to his new tables, for determin- ing the apparent places of about three- thousand fixed stars, was resumed and com- pleted. This copious introduction com- mences with an historic sketch of the most important tables hitherto published ; after reading this elaborate and interesting paper, the society adjourned to Friday, the 11th of November next, WERNERIAN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, At a late sitting of this society, a letter was read from Mr. J. Fotheringham, giving a general account of the shower of small fishes, supposed to have fallen in the west of Fifeshire, in the summer of 1824. Mr. J. Deuchar communicated some observa- tions on the practicability of applying Mr. Gordon’s portable gas-lamp as a blow-pipe, and exhibiting the experiment of a column of condensed gas supporting a mahogany ball, though striking it at an angle with the horizon. Professor Jameson read an ac- count of the recent discovery of a large portion of a tusk of the mammoth, or fossil British elephant, in a bed of old alluvium, containing also marine-shells, situate near Kilmarnock, in Ayrshire. ‘The secretary read a report, by Mr. A. Blackadder, re- garding the buried forest at Lawrence Park, near Linlithgo. A letter was also read from H. H. Drummond Esq., M.P., relative to a circular perforation existing in a very large stag’s horn, discovered in the great Blair Drummond peat-moss, and to a plug of wood found fitted into it ; circumstances which intimate that this kind 6f stag had 1 héen 50 been domesticated by the ancient inhabi- tants of this district of Scotland. NORTHERN INSTITUTION, A society has just been established at Inverness, for the promotion of science and literature, under the aboye name ; the learn- ing, zeal and activity of many of its mem- bers augur well for the cause of useful and ornamental literature in the north. The following are the office bearers. Presi- dent, His Grace the Duke of Gordon. Non-resident Vice Presidents, Sir G. Mae- kenzie, of Coul, Bart.; W. Fraser Tytler Esq., Sir T. Dick Lauder, Bart.—Resi- dent Vice Presidents, J. Robertson Esq., M.D.,-J- Grant Esq., of Bught, Captain Fraser of Balnain. Mr. Reach, treasurer: Mr. G. Anderson, F.R.s.E., General secre- tary: Mr. Scott, Latin Secratary; Rey. D. Mackenzie, Gaelic secretary; Mr. Mac- kenzie, of Wood-side, Inspector of ancient manuscripts; Mr. Naughton, Curator of the museum. Council, Dr. J. J. Nicoll, Mr. Suter, Junr., Rev. Mr. Clark, Rey. Mr. Fraser Kirkhill, Rev. Mr. Fyvie, Mr. Macbean. ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY. June 4th.—The society received several donations, amongst which were two draw- ings from Sir W. Ouseley; one representing a Nepalese idol, or talisman ; the other, a view of some caves in South Bahar. The secretary read a paper by Dr. W. Ainslie, on the disease elephantiasis, with reference to its present character in India; thanks were voted. Sir J. Philpot and A. Pear- son, Esq. were elected members. 18th,— Donations were reported; from L’ Abbe Dubois, a copy of his recent translation (French) of a work formerly published (though not entire) in English, now en- titled ‘‘ Les Mceurs, Institutions, et Céré- monies des Peuples de 1|’Inde.’”? From M. Von Klaproth, two foreign controver- sial works. A paper was read, entitled Engraphia Sinensis, written by J. F. Davis, Esq., of Canton, being a dissertation on Chinese calligraphy. The rules were illus- trated by examples ; and when printed, will serve as a useful guide to an art, the know- ledge of which is of infinite importance to British interests in China. Mons. Cesar Moreau and A. Reid Esq. were elected members. Col. Doyle communicated his wish to offer to the society a collection of curious arms, &c.; thanks were voted, and the Society adjourned until Novem- ber Sth. CORNISH MINES. Mr. J. Taylor has published a plan for establishing a school in the mines of Corn- wall; and haying the mines properly wrought by intelligent and well instrueted miners ; to establish, at Redruth, three professors, to teach the arts and sciences connected with mining ; and to collect the necessary funds, by an assessment of a penny per ton on the metals raised from the. different mines. Proceedings of Learned Societies. [ Aug. I,, FOREIGN SOCIETIES. FRANCE, Royal Academy of Sciences.—Baron de Humboldt (28th March) presented a specit men of meteoric iron, weighing 3,400 lbs., in the names of M, M. Noeggerath and Bischof; it contains neither chrome, nor carbon, nor manganese ; but nickel and sulphur, and was found on the summit of a hill at Bitburg, near Tréyes (Germany). It is nearly pure iron, by no means brittle, but could only be separated from the mass in thin flakes. In the vicinity large arable fields were found, covered with flags ; where- fore, perhaps, heretofore a smelting furnace, worked by wind, by horses, or by men (for no running water is to be found on the hill) existed on this spot, and thus this mass may have originated. Buta late author says, ‘‘ It is undoubtedly meteoric:” in which opinion he is joined, after various minute analyses, by the above-named gentle- men. It appears that when this mass, the largest hitherto found in Europe (though in America they have been met with, weighing 14,000, 30,000, and even 40,000 pounds), was first noticed, it excited little curiosity, and was bought, by a smith, for a trifling sum; who, with great labour and consider- able expense, had it removed to his forge: the whole was melted and put under the hammer; when, to his great disappoint- ment, it proved to be such miserable stuff, that, fearing to be seen using such an inferior article, he had it buried deep in earth, where, after considerable difficulty, Dr. Neeggerath found it. July 4th—M. Thenard made a yerbal report on the analysis of the mineral watefs of Vichy, by M. Longchamp, the first of the series of analyses of the mineral waters of France, published by the author. It appears that the springs of Vichy contain a much larger proportion of silica than was imagin- ed. In 1750 the temperature of the grand basin was found to be 48 degrees of Reau- mer (140” Fahrenheit); in 1820 it was found to be 45° Reaumer (133° 25 Fahr.), and M. Longchamp only found the waters at 44° 5. M. de la Place interrogated M. Arago on this point, when he observed that the waters of Carlsbadt had not suffered any change in temperature for a much more distant period than 1750; as to.those of Vichy, it is probable that the differences have arisen only from the imperfections of the instruments employed, especially those of 1750. M. Arago communicated a letter from M. Coupter, announcing that he was about to start for Siberia to make observations on the magnetic pole, which is supposed to exist in that. part of the globe. Messrs. Ampére, Arago; and La Place, were appointed to confer with him. M. Pouillet, in the first part of his me- moir 1925.] ‘moir on the causes of electricity in the atmosphere, has attempted to prove that all chemical combinations disengage electric matter, from whence he concluded that vegetation necessarily becomes a_ constant source of the electricity furnished to the atmosphere. In the second part he exa- mines whether chemical decompositions do not also disengage the electric fluid; which is not a necessary consequence of the preceding, fer the contact of two metals disengages electricity, while nothing of the kind is observable on their separa- tion. M. Pouillet has particularly attended to the decompositions which are constantly taking place on the surface of the, globe, frem evaporation. He first examines the effect of simple evaporation. He employed an apparatus, in which the fiuid to be eva- porated is placed in a vessel of platina, and heated by a machine invented by M. Fres- nel;.and found, that perfectly pure water never disengages the least portion of electri- city, whether it be evaporated slowly or quickly ; but when the water is charged with particles of matter foreign to it, holding in solution strontian, chalk, and other solid alkalis, anda liquid alkali (ammonia), in whatever proportion, electricity was always disengaged during evaporation, with this difference, that the solid alkalis communi- eated to the apparatus vitreous electricity, and ammonia resinous electricity. Acetie acid, as well as all other acids, in a state of purity, do not disengage the slightest degree of electricity in evaporation; while a solution of these same acids always disengages elec- tricity; a solution of sulphuric acid [one part, and water 99 parts] proves the fact yery distinctly. . D. Costa read a memoir on the plague at Barcelona; he is an anti-contagionist, and he offers to have the clothes of a person who died of the yellow fever in the Havan- nah, or elsewhere, hermetically sealed up and sent to France ; that he will put them on and wear them at a sitting of the Insti- tute :—that learned body smiled, and po- litely declined such a proof of the non-con- tagion of the yellow fever. - Dr. Montegre, it is said, had a similar idea relative to contagion: he went to St. Domin- go to prove it,—the same packet brought the news of his arrival and death.—[But this proves nothing—except the illogical incon- siderateness of Dr. M.—The result was equally probable, whether the infection were contagious or atmospheric. If the pestilence was spread by the impure im- pregnation of the atmosphere, the Dr. put himself in the way,.of breathing no other » than the infected air; and, if the slightest predisposition existed in his constitution or state of health, the result was to be expected in one case as well as the other. This question is exceedingly embarrassed from Proceedings of Learned Societies. 51 the want of attention to accurate definition. Eprr. ] Geographical Society of Paris, Decem- ber 3, 1824.—A thousand franes (about £40. sterling) was offered to the first traveller who should penetrate to Tombuc- tou, by way of Senegal, and thereby produce positive and exact observations as to the position ef that town, the course of the neighbouring rivers, and the commerce of which it is the centre; secondly, the most satisfactory and precise information with respect to the country comprehended be- tween TFombuctou and Lake Tsaad, the direction and height of the mountains which form the basin of Soudan. Count Orloff consented that the gift of a thou- sand francs, which he had made to the society on the 26th of November 1824, ‘for the encouragement of geographical dis- coveries, should be devoted to the same purpose. Count Chabrol de Crousoul, on the 15th of December following, subscribed a thousand francs for the same. purpose, in the name of the administration of the marine; and in January last, the Baron de Damas subscribed two thousand frances in the name of the administration for foreign affairs; and on the: 19th of Mareh, the Count de Corbiére a thousand francs in the name of the administration of the interior. Several other subscriptions have since been added. The Geographical Society has be- sides resolved to offer a gold medal of the value of two thousand frances, to the traveller who, independently of the conditions already mentioned, shall produce a manuscript narrative, with a geographical map, founded on celestial observations ; study the country with a view to the various objects of physical geography ; observe the nature of the soil, the depth of the wells, their temperature, and that of the springs; the size and rapidity of the rivers, the colour and clear- ness of their waters, and the productions of the countries which they irrigate ; make his remarks on the climate, and, if possible, de- termine in different places the inclination of the compass ; notice the breeds of animals, and make collections in natural history, . especially of fossils, shells and plants; and, when he has arrived at Tombuctou, if he can advance no farther, obtain information as to the roads which lead to Kachnah, to Kaoussa, to Bournou and Lake Tsaad, to Walet, to Tischit, and to the coast of Guinea; collect the most exact itineraries he can procure, and consult the best in- formed inhabitants, with regard to that part of the Dialliba, which he may be unable to see himself ; carefully examine the man- ners, ceremonies, costumes, arms, laws, religion, food, colour, shape, trades, &ce. of the people; form vocabularies of their idioms, and, finally, sketch details of their dwellings, and plans of their towns, &c. H 2 PATENTS Cr $2.53 [Aug. 1, MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL’ INVENTIONS. ; —< > [Zn pursuance of the design announced by the Compiler of this department of our Work, in vol, lviii, p. 241, and further explained in pages 244, 433, 533, &c., of making this as useful to our ingenious, mechanical and manufacturing readers, as the space we cun pos- sibly allot to it will permit,—we have to notice here, the commencement, on the 1st of July, ofa New Title and Series (the Third) of the: Monthly Work, chiefly.on Patents, anony- mously commenced in 1794, and ever since so continued. Instead of ‘‘ The Repertory of Arts,” the same is now denominated “ The Repertory of Patent Inventions ;’? which, besides inserting, as heretofore, verbatim (and with copies of all the drawings, in most cases), the Specifications of a limited number of the Patents, this Number has commenced the plan (heretofore almost exclusively followed by Mr. W. Newton, in his “ London Journal of Arts””) of giving abstracts of recently-enrolled Specifications, and of their accompanying drawings :~ and also (which principally occasions our present notice), “A Compendium of the Law of Patents,” in Parts, separately paged, so as to admit of separate binding.— Reverting to the Abstracts, or “ Abridged Form of Specification,” promised in this New Series, justice requires us to condemn the beginning made, by devoling seven and a half pages to discussion on, and to the representing as, ** an extremely ingenious invention, the best for the purpose yet made public,” (p. 59), what appears to the writer hereof, the very wildest and most impracticable of loco-motive schemes—an associate, as this abstract informs us, PATENTS FOR of the noted Gas-vacuum Engine. | To Francis Drverrux, of Cheapside, London, for certain Improvements on the French Military Mill, used for grinding Wheat and other Articles.— 8th January 1824. HE principle of invention, here, con- sists in attaching the moveable steel plate, answering to the upper mill-stone, in a perfectly firm manner, to the axis on which it revolves; and yet so as to admit of the grinding-plates being set, to move nearer or further from each other, according to the fineness or the coarseness of the meal intended to be produced. This the patentee effects, by affixing the vertically revolving plate to its horizontal axis or spindle, by means of a screw-box or nut, working in a fine screw, cut on the axis. ‘This screw-box being preyented from turning, and altering the set distance of the plates, by means of a ratchet-wheel and its click or pall; which Jatter is lifted out of the teeth, whilst the distance of the plates is being adjusted. All the essential parts of one of these mills are enclosed in a strong rectangular iron box, to one of whose sides the fixed plate (answering to the bed-stone) is firmly attached, by screws, which also serve nicely to adjust this plate, at right-angles to the axis carrying the moveable plate; which axis works in crosses in the two opposite sides of the box, passes through a hole in the centre of the fixed plate, and extends sufficiently far through the sides of the ox, for fixing on winch- handles, or otherwise applying the power which is to actuate the mill. The steel plates are cut with grooves, in the manner ef mill-stones,- and afterwards bardened. The corn to be ground descends gradually, from a hopper fixed over the space between the grinding-plate and the side of the box, and passes through a hole cut for this pur- pose through the plate above the axis, and SO’ gets between the plates and is ground; and the meal, being collected by a hopper within the box, falls out at the bottom’ thereof into a bag or sack, ready to pass to the bolting-mill, or meal-sieves. To Tuomas Marsx, of Charlotte-street, Marylebone, Middlesex, for an Improve- ment in the Art of making Saddles.—20th’ May, 1824. The principle of this improvement con- sists in giving greater elasticity to the seat’ of a riding saddle, by means of stretched: spiral springs, concealed within its stuffing. Small wire-worm springs are to be ex-’ tended from the front to the’ back of the saddle, upon the ordinary packing, by sew- ing their ends to the web, or other cover- ing of the saddle-tree. A coating of cloth is to be put over the springs, left slack in the direction of their length, and, in that state, to be stitched through to the pack- ing, in lines, so as to preserve each spring in its proper place, parallel to another; the usual covering of leather may be now: applied, and the saddle finished in the or- dinary way. To Jacos. PERKINS, of Fleet-street, London, for an improved Method of throwing Shells and other Projectiles. —12th May, 1824. The principle of this invention is the’ enclosing, in a strong chamber of metal, which will bear ahigh temperature without melting, a quantity of water, perfectly filling’ the chamber, aa:d secured therein by a plug of metal of greater fusibility ; so that, on heat~ ing the chamber in a properly constructed furnace, the plug may melt or give way, and allow the highly-heated water to flash » suddenly into steam, and, by its action on the atmosphere, to propel with great force the metallic chamber, and whatever else may be attached to it as a missile. The particular case which the patentee has described, as an application of his prin- ciples above stated, is that of a rocket, ora cylinder of wrought iron, solid and-pointed at 1825.] at one end, and haying a cylindrical hollow through the other part of its length; the open end of this rocket is tapped for a screw-plug of iron, having a small cylindrical hole through its length: into which small hole a fusible plug is driven. the screw-plug projects, and on to it a short cylinder of iron is screwed, having attached to it two long slender iron rods, to act as guides to the motion of the rocket through the air. A furnace is described for heating and discharging these rock- ets, which has a’ straight cylinder of cast-iron, open at both its ends, a little larger within than the outside of the rocket, and passing through the hottest part of the.fire, with such a degree of in- ¢lination upwards as the range of the mis- sile may require: then, the fire being light- ed, and the rocket placed. within the heat- ing cylinder, the discharge will take place’ at the instant when the small fusible plug gives way. Novel, ingenious and important, as some may deem those and other applica- cations of heated water in a confined state, on which Mr. Perkins says so much and does so little to any practical purposes, the writer cannot bring himself to view his throwing warlike missiles, by this means, in any other light than a retrograding from the unfortunately too well esta- blished trade of using gunpowder in pro- pelling instruments of human destruction. A List or tHe Parents which, having beew granted in August 1811, will expire in ' the present Month, viz. Aug. 3.—To P. Durarp, of Hoxton- square, Middlesex: for rendering the light of lamps soft and agreeable to the eye. y 7.—To J. Asuty, of Homerton, Mid- dlesex; for an improved filtering-vessel, tor” water. i ‘ , 7.—To T. Gireerr, of Great Yarmouth, Norfolk : for improved machinery for deliver- ing -bricks, tiles or pottery-ware from their® moulds, i 7—To H.R. Brown, of Edinburgh: for improved wheels, axles, boxes, and other parts of wheel carriages. 7—To W. Tay tor, of Gomersal, York- shire: for a check or stop for wheeled-car- riages’ motion, regulatable by the driver. 7.—To J. Maciony, of London:: for a shearing machine, for cutting the nap of woollen cloths. : -1.—To W. Davis, of Bermondsey-street, Surrey: for a machine for chopping sausage- meat, and other like purposes. 20.—To J: S. Jonven, of Birmingham, Warwickshire: fora new method of glazing hot-houses, green-houses, &c. $ 44 List or Naw Parents, granted in - — May and June 1825.: May 31.—To W.H. James, of Winson- green, near Birmingham: for improvements in apparatus for diving.—Six, months, Lists of Expiring and New Patents. A part of | 53 81.—To J. H. Saprer, of Hoxton, Mid- dlesex: “for an improved power-loom for weaving silk, cotton, linen, &c.—Six months. 31.—To J. F. Lensum and B. Coox, both of Birmingham: for improvements in the ° production and purification of coal-gas.—Six months. 31—To J. CrowvrEr, of New Badford, Nottingham: for improvements on the pusher bobbin-net machine.—Six months. June 6.—To J. Arspren, Leeds: for a new method of making-lime-——Six months. ‘6—To C. Powert, Rochfield, Mon- mouth: for an improved blowing machine.— Six months, 7.—To A. Bernon, of Leicester-square : for improvements in fulling - mills. — Six months. 9.—To M. Poot, Lincoln’s-inn: for an invention for the preparation of cerlain substances for making candles, including a wick peculiarly constructed.—Six months. 9.—To J. Burriver, of Nelson-square, Blackfriars-road: for improvements in brick houses, for their better ventilation. —Six months. 14.—To J. Linpsay, of the Island of Henue, near Guernsey: for improvements in the construction of horse and carriage-ways, and an addition to the wheels to be used thereon.—Six months. 14.—To W.H. James, of Winson-green, Birmingham: for improvements in the con- struction of steam boilers, for steam engines.— Six months, - 18.—To J. Downton, Blackwall: for improvements in water-closets.—Six months. 18.—To W. Mason, Castle-street, Ox- ford-street : for improvements on atle-trees.— Six months. : 18.—To C. Puiurs, of Upnor, Kent: for improvements in the construction of a ship’s compass.—Six months, ] 18.—To G. Arxins, of Drury-lane, and © H. Marzuorr, of Fleet-street : for improve- ments on, and additions to, stoves or grates.— Six months. : ‘ , 18.—To E. Jorpan, Norwich: for a new mode of obtaining power, applicable to machinery,—Six months. 21.—To J. Tuomrson, of Vincent-square, Westminster, and ‘J. Bann, of Halesowen, near Birmingham; for an improved mode of producing steam.—Six months. 21.—To T, Worruincron, jun., and J. Muttins, both of Manchester: for improve- ments in the loom used in weaving tape— Six months. 21.—To R. Corszert, of Glasgow: fora new step or steps for coaches and other car- riages.—Six months. 21.—To P. Brooks, of Shelton in the Potteries, Staffordshire; for an improved composition ‘for making dies, moulds or | matrices:—Six months, 21.—To J. F. Smiru, of Dunstan-hall, Chesterfield, Derby: for improvements in machinery for drawing, roving, spinning, and. - _ doubling cotton, wool; fe.—S!x motths, >); MONTHLY (yet [ Aug. I, MONTHLY REVIEW OF LIT ERATURE, DOMESTIC ; AND FOREIGN. Authors or Publishers, desirous.of seeing an early Notice of their Works, are requested to transmit Copies, if possible, before the 16th of the Month. Suen, «Scene HISTORY of the Conquest of England by the Normans : with its Causes, from. the earliest Period, and its Consequences to the. present Time. Translated from the French of A. Turerry. 3 vols. 8v0.—We shall be happy to see the day, and we be- lieve it is not distant, when English gen- tlemen will begin to study English history at the right end; and, when they are so disposed, here is something like a proper guide. to assist them in commencing their researches. Materials, indeed, for such initiatory study have been, of late, fast ac- cumulating ; and the literary class have, evi-. dently for some time been gradually awaken- ing to,the importance of the earlier periods of our annals. Not that even our pioneers into the antique lore, much less our histori- cal students in general, are yet prepared for the hyperbole of the German critic, Schil- ler, that English history is not worth read- ing after the close of the Saxon epoch; but the time is, we. think, approaching, when we may venture so far to qualify the paradox, as to lay it down as an educa- tional axiom, that the more recent portions of our history are not worth opening #ll we have studied well the Saxon periods. Hitherto, we are aware, the maxim has been exactly the reverse. Even the most educated of our senators, in both houses, have not been ashamed to betray their total ignorance of the history of that ancient portion of the English race, from whom every thing valuable in our institutions, in spirit and essence, originally sprung ; and to remain accordingly unacquainted with the sources and principles of that constitu- tion which, nevertheless, they profess to guard, and presume to modify—ameliorate they, perhaps, would say: and, perhaps, with more accuracy of phraseology than they are themselves aware of. Every thing, by them, is referred to the Norman period. Now and then, perhaps, they may mention the name of Alfred; but it is the Alfred of romance, not the Alfred whom genuine historical research would place before them ; and whose legislative institutions, in gene- ral, are as little understood, as are the limits of his dominion, and the facts, espe- cially, of his early story. With the Nor- man Oppressor, and his legion of feudal robbers, their History of England begins: as if the nation had had no existence, or had. existed without laws, government, principles, or institutions, till the bandits of the continent arrived—the captains of holds and fastnesses—“‘ gentlemen of com- panies,” with their lawless band of depre- dators at their heels. and their captain of captains at their head; and, first, with temporizing violence, and, afterwards, by- the treacheries and cruelties of successive usurpations, seized upon the property of the land, reduced such of the original pro- prietors, as they did not mutilate, or mur- der, to a state of the most degraded sla- very, and gave us the institutions of feu- dalism, and the law of the sword. Such is the origin of our Norman con- stitution. If we would look for any thing better, we must turn (as the descen- dants of those very Normans, a few gene- rations after, were, from time to time, even in their own defence, compelled to turn) to the Saxon epoch. For such direction of our studies, we have had, however, as al- ready. suggested, till lately, but very scanty means of easy or popular access. The second chapter of the second book of Campbell’s “ Political Survey,” [See vo. iis p. 316, &c. 4to. 1774, “ OF the State of this Country under the. Sax- ons, and of their Constitution’’| and the first book of Lord Littleton’s History of Henry II., with the inyaluable notes appended, were — till the appearance of Mr. Tur- ner’s History of the Anglo-Saxons (a book, after all, of not very profound research) — almost the whole public stock of initiatory information upon the subject. They who ~ wished for more extended information (if they had no access to hidden documents. and antiquarian records), had to wade, for scattered and ambiguous scraps, through obscure and uninviting folios, frequently almost as fallacious in their references, as the book-making historians, by whom they have so frequently been mistranscribed, or, without consultation, misquoted from other loose quotations. What wonder, then, if the reader, in general, rested satisfied with the brief and flimsy, but eloquent romance of Hume; and continued to believe the Saxon peried of our story to be as little worthy of attention, as the indolence and the preju- dices of Hume seem to have induced him ‘to regard it? Anglo-Saxon literature and antiquities have, however, at length be- come objects of study among the scholars of our Anglo-Saxon race, The “ antiqui- ties,” &c. of Strutt, though, from their ex- travagant price, rather books of luxury than of general use, had stimulated a curiosity, not eventually confined in its operation, to mere antiquaries :—for the knowledge, at first sequestered in the libraries and pri- vacies of the learned few, finds its way, eventually, into the intellectual atmo- sphere of the age,.and becomes participated by the many. The essence of the expen- sive 1825. sive quarto impregnates. the economical miscellany, and: is breathed through the cheap compilation, and even through the columns of the diurnal sheet, which every man may read for his penny. It begins to be perceived that our Saxon ancestors were not altogether barbarians: that if they shared, with other nations, the rudeness and the violence, the ignorance and the superstition of the dark ages in which they flourished, they were, at any rate, not be- hind them in political wisdom, nor quite so destitute of arts and accommodations, as the desolation in which they were plunged by the savage ferocity of their Norman tyrants, during the centuries that succeeded their subjugation, seemed to exhibit them. In short, Anglo-Saxon his- tory became a subject of literary investiga- tion and curiosity. It commanded even the attention of our Universities. After a delay of seven years, from the time when the proposals for a subscription were first circulated, the Rev. Mr. Ingram, who had been an Anglo-Saxon professor in Oxford, sent abroad his invaluable edition of “ The Saxon Chronicle, with an English Trans- lation, and Notes, critical and explanatory ; a Short Grammar of the Anglo-Saxon Lan- guage,’ &c. &e. which has left, at least, no apology for continuing to retain, in the early sections of our popular English His- tories, many of the absurd and baseless fables and misrepresentations with which, hitherto, they have been’ successively, and without exception, disgraced. Pending the preparation of this authentic and in- estimable work, the first volumes of “A History of England from the first Invasion by the Romans,” {a misnomer, by the way, for there was no Englard prior to the esta- blishment of the Saxons in the island !] had appeared—a continuation of which we shall presently have to notice :—a work evidently written, as history should be written, from original research, and re- ference to primitive documents, and the earliest accessible authorities ; and in which will be found the only tolerably-accurate and authentic sketch of the Saxon period which, hitherto, we have met with in any thing bearing the name of History of Eng- Jand, and calculated for general perusal, The work of M. Thierry, now before us, and from which we may seem so widely to haye digressed, though bearing the mere modest title of “ History” (not “a His- ae. as claiming unity or entireness; or “ the History,” as pretending to specific importance and pre-eminence ; but aspir- ing only to be regarded as a fragment or portion of history relative to the period it treats of % is, with respect to that period, a still more important compilation than even that which we have just commended ; and not the less valuable for coming from a foreign pen, and, therefore, less liable to the prejudices of prepossession and na- tional partialities, Brief as is the sketch Monthly Review of Literature. 55 of the Saxon period, it shews (as, indeed, does every part of the work) the depth and accuracy of a very extended research ;' and breathes throughout not only a learned, but a philosophic spirit, that may justly rank it with the most approved productions of the author’s countryman, Vertot, with a preg- nancy of allusion, and even, occasionally, a poignancy of sarcasm, that approximates to the style and pertinency of our unrivalled Gibbon. M. Thierry is evidently familiar with many authorities, which our verna- cular historians have either overlooked or purposely disregarded; and if he has not disdained occasionally to seek for materials of history in the traditions of bards and minstrels, he has used them as the philo- sophical historian should use such docu- ments, not to dogmatize on the dates and facts they profess to record, but to illus- trate what is obscure in other, not always; perhaps, ‘more authentic records, and pre- sent a more lively picture of the habits and sentiments of the people, and the condition of society in the ages to which they refer. As the object of the author is to trace the causes, and develope the consequences, as well as to record the events of the Nor- man Conquest, he, very properly, does not confine himself to the mere occurrences of the conflict, the preparations for the inva- sion, and the struggle through which the conquest was achieved; nor does he, in his introductory chapters, attach his nar- rative merely to the soil of England. The Normans are as much a portion of his sub- ject as the Anglo-Saxons, and the tribes or nations commingled with them in the composite population of the country. He traces, therefore, with a like discerning spirit, the rise and progress of the Gallo- Norman colony and power; and marks also, with a clearness, in which our histo- rians, in general, have been censurably de- ficient, the circumstances which had intro- duced, and progressively extended, Nor- man influence and Norman innovation into this island, prior to the invasion, and pre- pared, thereby, the way for that conquest which the arms of William had, otherwise, been inadequate to achieve. Our limits do not permit us to enter even into the most brief analysis of these important volumes; to follow the author through his philosophical survey of the rise and progress of the contending nations, the causes which prepared and gave success to ‘the invasion—“ the last territorial conquest that has taken place in the western part of Europe ;” or much less to pursue the nar- rative through the five epochs of that con- quest, from the battle of Hastings, in 1066, to the early part of the thirteenth century, when “ Normandy itself, the country of the kings, the nobles, and the military po- -pulation of England, was separated, by conquest, from the country, to whose con- -querors it had given birth.” Nor can we even be permitted to do justice to she eigh +. 56 eight-and-twenty, introductory. pages, fur- ther than to say, that they contain one of the. most,beautiful specimens of historical disquisition which we ever remember to have seen compressed within so small a compass. We haye quoted one short pas- sage from this introduction in our Supple- ment (see commencement of the article on “the Greek Klephtai,” vol. lix., p. 608) ; and we are free to confess that, if the work had come into our hands before so. large a - portion of that Supplement had been :print- ed off, we should have devoted to it several es. : The translator seems to have done jus- tice to his author. The style is elegant, without affectation of superfluous orna- ment; and, what can rarely be said of modern translations from the French, is pure and genuine English, both in Jan- guage and construction—unpolluted with gallic phraseology or gallic idiom: a praise which cannot always be given even to the elegant Gibbon. A History of England, from the First Invasion by the Romans to the Common- wealth. By Joun Lincarp, D.D. Vol. VI. 4to., containing the Reigns of James £. and Charles I.—This is another of those works whose tardy appearance we lament; as in the Supplement we might have given it a much larger consideration than 1s practi- cable in our monthly number. Here we can do little more than announce its ap- pearance, and bear our testimony. that, to the extent to which we have been enabled to carry our examinations, it appears to be written in the same temperate and candid spirit with the preceding volumes, and with the same apparent diligence in the ‘quest of original documents and authori- ties. We see no reason to withhold our credit from the assertion, when the author says, in the prefixed advertisement to these sheets— In composing them, the writer has scrupulously adhered to his former plan, joining the same distrust of modern, with the same attention to original, au- thorities. It has also been his endeavour to hold, with asteady hand, the balance between the con- tending parties, and to delineate, with equal fidelity, the virtues and vices of the principal actors, whether they supported the pretensions of the crown, or fought for the liberties of the people. Having no political partialities to gratify, he knows not of any temptation, which was likely, in this respect, to seduce him from the straight line of his duty. In repelling the jealousy “ that he may occasionally be swayed by religious pre- possessions,”’ he appeals to the unsatisfac- tory result of Mr. Todd’s attempt to re- scue the memory of Archbishop Cranmer; and we confess ourselves to be of opinion, that few of ‘the hot, or of the politie po- Temics and theologians of those times, of either party, will be much exalted in esti- mation, by the severity of a scrupulous ap- peal to’ authentic documents. The con- tests-of theology? aré- little «calculated; we Monthly Review of Literature, (Aug. T, fear, to , fortify., mtegrity, ‘or .amend ‘the hearts and morals of those who engage in them. And .though, «in’ reading» history, even. where, as in the pages‘ ofeDr. Lin- gard, we ‘see .no reason -to ‘impeach®' the moral candour of the writer, we have ‘als ways an eye, not only to those inevitable partialities with which a man, even un- consciously, inclines: his belief to those of his own party and persuasion, but also to the circumstance, that the documents most favourable to that party are, also, gene- rally speaking, most accessible to the writer ; and therefore we do not, upon all points, go all the length with Dr. Lingard, any more than with any other historian; nor can we yet persuade ourselves, that all his extenuations on one side, or his Jess fa- vourable colourings on the other, are so com- pletely accurate as he himself, we doubt not, believes them to be; yet, we must say, that we have found much more reason to be satisfied with his representations, in general, of these matters, than we have usually been with those of the gene- rality of our previous, though Protestant, historians. In the history of the “Gun- powder-plot, for example, in the present volume (a tempting theme for Catholic partiality), we discover no cloven. foot; and, assuredly, much less appearance of “* extenuating any thing,”’ than we do in other accounts of “ setting down mueh in malice.” Dr. Lingard, naturally enough, “gives more credit than we should do to the auto- biography of a Jesuit’s Journal ; as he had before to the extenuations of Dunstan, in the story of Edwy and Elgiva; but we assure him he does not give a whit less to the Machiavelian artifices, and murdérous calumnies of those crown: lawyers, who, in eases of this deseription, always seem to think that they are feed, not to promote justice, but to shed blood, upon which, like vampires, they are to feed and fatten. Dr.. L.. notices, also, the controversial assault upon him by the Edinburgh . Reviewers, and their ‘ laboured eulogium: ‘upon Hume ;” upon which we shall only say, that Dr. L. can have nothing to fear from the comparison ; and that not all the na- tionality, nor all the talent of the. Edin- burgh Reviewers, can. long uphold the historical reputation of their idohzed coun- tryman. The day is not far distant, when Hume’s' England will be’ only read as an ingenious and eloquent political romance. + But as the volume before us treats also of that important political period, which embraces the rise and progress of the great Civil War between the King and Parlia- ment (usually, but improperly, ealled the Great Rebellion), and‘ terminates with’ the death of the king; our readers will, per- haps, be desirous of knowing with ‘what temper the historian speaks of the event. We close, therefore, our hasty notice (for, of such a’work; we cannot call it a Téview) ; with 1825.) with an extract from his concluding obser- vations. u bak «*Such was the end of the unfortunate Charles Stuart, an awful lesson to the possessors of royalty, to. watch the growth of public opinion, and to mode- rate their pretensions,-in conformity with the rea- sonable desires of their subjects. Had he lived at a more early period, when the sense of wrong was quickly subdued by the habit of submission, his reign would probably have been marked by fewer violations of the national liberties. It was resistance that made him a tyrant. The spirit of the people refused to yield to the encrcachments of authority ; and one act of oppression placed him under the ne- cessity of committing another, till he had revived and enforced all those odious prerogatives, which, though usually claimed, were but sparingly exer- cised, by his predecessofs. For some years his efforts seemed successful: but the Scottish insur- rection revealed the delusion ; he had parted with the real authority ofa king, when he forfeited the con- fidence and affection of his subjects. *©But while we blame the illegal measures of fharles, we ought not to screen from censure the subsequent conduct of his principal opponents. From the moment that war seemed inevitable, they acted as if they thought themselves absolved from all obligations of honour and honesty. They never ceased to inflame the passions of the people by mis- representation and calumny : they exercised a power far more arbitrary and formidable than had ever Been claimed by the king; they punished sum- marily, on mere suspicion, and without attention to the forms of law; and by their committees they established in every county a knot of petty tyrants, who disposed, at will, of the liberty and property of the inhabitants. Such anomalies may perhaps be inseparable from the jealousies, the resentments, and the heart-burnings, which are -engendered in civil commotions: but certain it is, that right and justice had seldom been more wantonly outraged, than they were by those who professel to have drawn the sword in defence of right and justice.” An Inquiry into the present State of the Civil Law of England. By Joun Mitre, Esq. of Lincoln’s-Inn, 8v0.—If the pariia- mentary reformers, with all their zeal and exertions, have done little yet towards opening any prospect of a practical exten- sion of the suifrages of the people; or purify- ing the representation in the House of Commons, those exertions, nevertheless, have not been made in vain. The bold and incessant attacks which haye been made, during the general agitation of the question, upon’ the various departments. of misgovernment, more or less. connected with the present system of a representa- tion, independent of the votes of the people, professed to be represented, have awakened a general spirit of inquiry into the state of the administration of our respective institutions, which has opened the eyes of the nation to many abuses, heretofore pereeived, or regarded only by the in- dividuals who were immediate and per- sonal sufferers by them ; and, eyen by such, but little understood in their causes, and not unfrequently referred to incidental and personal sources, instead of being attributed to Sate and corruptions in the very state and organization of the institu- tions themselves. : * “Moyrity Mac. No, 413. Domestic and Foreign. 57. The case is now, by these means," ésséen= tially altered; and, for meral’ influence on’ the characters of sufferers and complainers themselves, as well as for political purposes of general application and probability of redress, that alteration is equally for the better. Instead. of inflaming our. minds with personal rancour against individuals (as against the professors of the: law, for example, who are really, generally speak- ing, a great deal better than, from the state of the laws themselves, and the established modes of administering them, could ration- ally be expected), we now direct our in- quiries to the nature and organization of the institutions under which those indi- viduals are compelled to act; and imper- fections, absurdities and mischievous in- congruities are laid open in every direction: so glaring, indeed, that individuals and nu- merous masses of people, who would eyen re- coil, with Joyal horror and indignation, from the imputation of being what are politically called Reformers (or, in the cant of courtly _ corruption, Radicals and Jacobins), cannot shut their eyes against them. And it is curious enough, upon some occasions, to hear persons who, from station in life, and the habitudes of association, think them- selves good high church-and-king courtiers, nevertheless express themselves in such terms, relative to such particular parts of the all-lauded institution of things as they are, as, some thirty years ago, might have rendered them suspected of being candi- dates for co-partnership in the honourabl distinction of-safe-custody in his Majesty’s castle——the Tower, or the auxiliary for- tress in the neighbourhood of the Old Bailey. ; Aimong the rest, the abuses (or, to speak more correctly, the absurd forms, processes and constitutions) of certain of our courts of law and equity, with their ridiculous and vexatious fictions and technicalities, ori- ginating in slavish barbarism, and improved into immeasurable worseness by the trick- ‘sical subtleties of modern sophistry, have not escaped severe scrutiny and animad- version ; and, in the volume we are now noticing, we have the testimony and the sentiments of a gentleman (evidently no Jacobin or Radical, but) of the identical profession of the law itself, appealing to the sense of the Legislature and the nation, both as to the extent and nature of the evils com~ plained of, and the necessity of speedy re- dress. - One grand and obstinate obstruc- tion, however, he seems to find in the way and prospect of such remedy; and, as we believe that the generality of those whose attentions have been turned to the subject, and who have noticed the fate,and the manner of the fate, of ali the efforts that have been made to bring the question to fair issue, will be prepared to agree with him on this point, he shall state it in his own words : ‘« Lord Eldgn caine into power at a conjuncture when the decided change which was taking place ip 1 » 4gnte, . the 88. 5, Monthly Review of Literature, (Aug. 1, Sieg Rep Rean wealth, commerce, andpopu- are more documents, beariag the pie es lation of the country, indicated that agreater change aythenticity. . These autobiographies have in our law and legal institutions would soon become irable, than had taken place at any antecedent od of our history. Had he prompted, promoted, of suiperintended this great work, the length of his feign, and extent of his influence, would have ena- bled him to bring it almost, or altogether, to its completion, and thus to have Jeft a monument to his memory, which it falls to the lot of few individuals to have the power of erecting. Unfortunately for the country, and his own reputation, he has pursued a totally opposite course. Feeling that his strength did not lie in the depth and comprehensiveness of his general views, so much as in the extent of his acquaintance with the minutie of precedent and practice, and perceiving also that the surest way of continuing in place is to abstain from all innovation, his love of power, combined with his love of supe- riority, induce him to withhold from all decided improvements himself, and to look with an un- favourable eye on those which were proposed by others. In this course he has invariably persevered. It can hardly be expected that confirmed habits and opinions should be changed at 75.”—** It is probable that, at this moment, Lord Eldon has no conception of the sentiments which are almost universally en- tertained of his judicial administration, either by the persons who frequent his Court, or by those who are capable of judging out of it.”—** It is one of his greatest misfortunes, that through life he has made age, submissiveness, and mediocrity, the passports to his favour, and has as studiously kept aloof from men of liberal and independent minds, as he has kept them aloof from him.”—*‘* With all the knowledge, industry, and sagacity which Lord Eldon possesses, he is even now grievously hindering the law as a sci- ence, and has done an injury to it as a profession which is almost irreparable. While he feels no reluc- tance to testify the sense he entertains of the errors and imperfections of the law and its procedure, with the most unaccountable inconsistency he omits no opportunity of ridiculing and resisting every attempt which is made for its rectification.” The following, however, is, we hope, prophetic : «« The government will at length see the indispen- gable necessity of no longer permitting the obstinacy or procrastination of one man to stand in the way of the wants and wishes of a whole people. The foun- tains of inquiry and discussion have been opened, the streams of information which they are sending forth are augmenting and collecting; and whether he resigns his office or retains it, he must either yield to the current, or with all his doubts aud diffi- culties he Will find himself carried away before it.” Memoirs of Mr. William Veitch, and George Brysson, written by themselves: with other Narratives illustrative of the History of Scotland, from the Restoration to_the ‘Revolution. To which are added, Bio- graphical Sketches and Notes by Tuomas M‘Criz, D.D. 8vo.—To those who are not already satiated with exhibitions, historical and romantic, of the days of the covenant —the reciprocal persecutions of bigotry ‘and fanaticism, and the austere and the licentious mockeries of holy blasphemy and religious immorality—of the saints and the -orthodoxers of church and state, who for _half-a century, in this country, “‘ played the fantastic ape (and tiger too) before high -freaven, and made the angels weep’’—here been written for the self-justification of suf- fering saints, and the exposure of the cruel oppressions of Babylonish Episcopacy ; but, in the eye of considerate reason, they are equally disgraceful to both— equally demon- strative how far the abuses of religious pre tension, under whatever denomination; may operate to the extinction of every moral light of the understanding, and every sym= pathy that should mollify and adorn our na+ ture ; and how far they may minister‘to the selfishness of tyrannic pride, the hist of power, and the exercise of the most ruth- less dominion over the property, persons, feelings, natural affections, and very thoughts of our fellow-men. Verily, in any other point of view, we think our historic shelves are overcrowded already with historic, anecdotic: and biographic lumber relative to the period to which this bulky volume refers. : A Treatise on Christian Doctrine, com- piled from the Holy Scriptures alone. By Joun Mutron. Translated from the original. By Cuantrs R. Sumner, mM. a. Librarian and Historiographer to his Majesty, and Pre- bendary of Canterbury. 4to.— This isa trans- lation of the MS. which was found, by Mr. Lemon, in the Treasury Gallery of White- hall, together with the Latin Letters written ofticially by Milton to foreign princes and states during his secretaryship. As such it will be read with particular interest, by the admirers of the divine bard—-who was, indeed, not less a theologian than a patriot and a poet. The ladies, of course, will be particularly amused and instructed by his matrimonial ,diyinity—his orthodex canons of authority and obedience, and his demon- strations of the divine right of husbands to absolute sovereignty over their wives (‘‘ For the man is not of the woman, but the woman of the man; neither was the man created for the woman, but the woman for the man”—1 Cor. xi. 8& 9.—‘‘T suffer not a woman to teach nor to usurp autherity over the man, but to be in silence!’?— 1 Tim. ii. 12,—*‘‘ Thy desire shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee !’— Gen. iii. 16. &c. &e !!!) but also to have, if it pleaseth them, more wives, at a time, than one. ‘To be serious, this latter is, upon Old Testament grounds, at least, rather a puzzling question for the orthodox; and Milton is not the only English theologian who has upheld, with great learning and by scriptural authority, the christian law- fulness of poligamy. Some thirty or five and thirty years ago, the Rey. Dr. Maddan marred his own promotion in the church by his “* Thelepthora; or a treatise on Female Ruin; but his book has never been answered. Perhaps, however, it re- quires no answer. We need not Moses and the prophets to convince us, in, this country at least, that the. settled order. of society, the well-being of offspring and the happiness 1825.] happiness of the sexual union, are best pro- moted by the devoted singleness of attach- ment, and wdivided affection. The Roman Nights.at the Tomb of the Seipios, translated from the Italian of Verri. 2 Vols, 12mo. These volumes have never before been translated into our language, although, from the historical facts related, and. the reasoning on the results, the vindi- cation and condemnation of many of the actions of the Scipios, &c. so contrary to the received opinion, renders them not only interesting, but highly instructive. And notwithstanding that the translator has been guilty of the timid error of being too lite- ral for the grace of English idiom, and the flattery and politeness of Cicero and Demosthenes become, in his English, some- what bombastic, and- even ridiculous, the work might, by careful revision, assume a respectable station among the Jiterature of - its class; and even as it is, it is worthy of some attention. It is well known on the Continent, there being few languages into which it has not been translated ; which makes it the more to be regretted that it has not fallen into better hands in England. The French Master, containing a French Grammar, with Questions and Ezercises on the different Rules of it,—a Series of French and English Dialogues, and Selection of French Fables, with a small Dictionary, wherein all the words of the Fables are given with their English Significations; by E. Duvarv. 12mo. 2d Ldit. It is truly said, that if good sense be to be found in the progress of a work, strong traces of it will appear in the preface. The author of the present little work (he seems very fear- ful lest, asa grammar, its small size should be an objection ;—bui we do not think that he need be very apprehensive on this ac- eount) has borne this in mind, and we find ‘much pleasure in making short extracts _ from the remarks with which he has’ intro- duced it. “It should never be forgotten, that the grand end of Education, in all its branches, is to teach ideas, not words alone,” whence he concludes, that __* The study of languages is one of the best calculated to form their judgment, by the constant exercise in which it keeps their reasoning faculties.” ” “Having entered upon a brief detail of the contents, he truly observes : _ *‘ It is not possible to give a correct idea of French pronunciation to an English person, by Rules, since “there ‘are sounds in the French language that have Ro equivalent in the English” (and vice verad). pues: Introduction to the Grammar, merely con- tains a French Alphabet, with some account of the “accents and other signs by which thesounds of French letters are influenced.” ~ The remainder of the preface is princi- £ - taken up by a refutation of the modest ion coritained in Mr. Cobbett’s Best French’ Grammars, that “ nothing 1 ate learned from anyother, while every- joiiew oily Wis PISA POR Domestic and Foreign. 99 thing might be gained from his.” Mr. Duvard proclaims “ the writer of thé book called ‘Cobbett’s Grammar,’ totally igno- rant of the language.”’ pein ie This short preface is followed by an.adz dress to his pupils, nearly at the commence- ment of which he states, ‘‘ all.my efforts. to teach will be of little avail, if you do not assist ;’’—he also says to them, that “ if, in translating, they have not made sense, they may be certain they are in the wrong.” Generally speaking, we like this little book: but, perhaps, the author has not always clearly made out his own position. It certainly is curious, after Mr. D. has shown that words, though the same to the eye, have different significations, which is further demonstrated by detailed example,— to find at the end of the volume an adver- tisement of a Dictionary (“ preparing for Press’’) containing this phrase: ‘ Several thousand words and idiotzsms will be added.” We might too disagree with the assertion that, “‘ translating from a foreign language into your own, is a matter of little diffi- culty,’’-—but as the Grammar, which it - precedes, seems well arranged and concise, we will not press the point. Le Trésor de L’ Ecolier Francais ; or the Art of Translating English into French, by means of an English and French Index at the end of the Book, of all the Words con- tained in the Trésor ; being a Compendium of the most useful Words used in Conversa- tion ; in order to acquire both a Theoretical and Practical or Colloquial Knowledge of that’ Language. Ona New System. Unknown to Modern Teachers. A work intended only for those who have learned the first rudiment of that Language ; by Monsieur Louis FEn- WICK DE Porquet, (a Parisian). Chelms- ford. Printed for the Author —and by sub- scription. The author has probably found something wonderfully new and efficacious in his sys- TEM, of which we can perceive no traces :— but, however, we, too, call upon those who have not yet “learned the first rudiments of the language,”’ to beware lest they place too much confidence in this imperceptible dis- covery,—for such it was not intended, and we are apt to think that we only acta friendly part in advising others to seek elsewhere for further information. Theory and Practice of Warming and Ventilating Public Buildings, Dwelling- houses, and Conservatories. 8vo. ‘This is one of that valuable class of works which we always hail with satisfaction, on account of their practical utility to society in general. Although “ the proper management of a fire” is presumed to be well understood by every cook-maid in the kingdom; yet its economical management, and the principles on which the combustion of fuel depends, is either very little known or practised in the ordinary consumption of fuel in our dwel- ling-houses. The ‘author has given us, 60 Monthly: Review under.a popular scientific view, chapters on the nature of different kinds of fuel, so as to enable, every one to estimate the value and salubrity of different species in the process of combustion. Of the effect of artificial lights, and of animal respiration, in deprav- ing the air; with the best means of obviat- ing its deleterious agency. Of the effect of animal and vegetable matter in a state of putrefaction, &c. &c., and which we parti- cularly recommend to the administrators of ‘our local police: as well as the whole of the chapter on the “ Ventilation of Public Buildings.” The second (or-practical) part of the volume (which is illustrated by numerous copper-plate and wood engravings) gives a description of all the various stoves and grates at present in-use, including one of a novel kind and of considerable ingenuity, according to the plate and description—* for the purposes of economizing fuel and pre- venting smoke in dwelling-houses.” The latter portion of the -volume treats of the mode of heating buildings of all kinds by air-flues and by steam-pipes: together with some original remarks on the process of vegetation, and the construction and management of garden-stoves and con- servatories, which are well worthy the perusal of all persons interested. , Inshort, the whole work contains a mass of. valuable information, both theoretical and practical, on a very important branch ,of our domestic and civil economy. ~ A Compendium of Mechanics ; or - Text- book for Engineers, Mill-wrights, Machine- inakers, Founders, Smiths, &c. containing Practical Rules and Tables connected with the Steam-engine, Water-wheel, Force- pumps, and Mechanics in general: also, Examples for each Rule, calculated in com- mon Decimal Arithmetic, which renders this Treatise particularly adapted for the Use of Operative Mechanics. By J. Brunton. With Plates, 2d Edition, Improved and En- larged. Glasgow.—Here, again, we have liberal promise; but it is no part of our intention to co-estimate the works of Mr. Brunton and Mons. Porquet: in short, though not of the class to which the utili- ties of this work are peculiarly addressed, we thank Mr. B. for his very useful little volume, and heartily rejoice that he has been encouraged to persevere in his la- bours; and we sincerely participate his gratification in knowing “that his work has accomplished the end for which it was intended.” “Ai rou Avaxpeovros Qa, nar ta ts Lampous, war ta tov Arxaiou Aenpava. The Odes of Anacreon: with the Fragments of —— and Alceus. Literally Pranslated in English Prose. By ‘PHomaAs OnGER; LL.D.—This neat little volume (rathera monument of Mr. Richard - Paylor’s' typozraphital than Dr. Orger’s MObsIi! 343 yo és n ioe of Literature, [Aug. 1, classicalability) contains the original text of some of the odes and fragments, ‘together with, as’ the title-page has it; ‘a literal prose translation, concerning which the author speaks thus in his brief “‘advertisement,”’ which, therefore, we quote entire— ‘ *« The following translation belng intended for young students, it is hoped the casual reader will admit the necessity of a version purely literal, and overlook the consequent inelegance of the style.” Now, as casual readers, we Do admit this necessity; and, had the version been purely literal, would have overlooked conse- quent inelegance: but, unfortunately, we think that the version, whilé more literaly might have been more elegant. Instances of this might easily be given; but, lest (so doing) we should seem to lay too much stress on verbal differences, let it suffice to say, that Dr. O. does not appear always to enter into the sweet and beautifully simple enthusiasm of the Teian Lyrist. The Country Vicar ; the Bride of Thry- bergh ; and other Poems. 12mo.—If the ’ critic hath really a vivid perception of poetic beauty—of the imaginative and the impassioned,—if he be capable of Juxuriating in the creations of fancy and the emanations of soul and feeling, and hath therewithal a fine perception of rhythmical and euphonic harmony (and if he hath not these, what right has he to criticise poetry?)—how lamentable is his lot, when called to the perusal of 192 pages of crabbed collo- cation and prosing inanity, to which the arrangements of the printer alone assign the semblence. of verse; or in which, at best, doggrel without humour supplies the absence of wit and harmony, and counted fingers endeavour to supply the functions of deficient ears! Could it be wonderful, if, after wading through nine pages without being able to meet with any thing better than ** But, finding all his efforts vain, To drag it when beyond the plain, Since now an ascent rough and high Does in his homeward pathway lie ; He breathless stops,” he should become breathless, and stop too, with some apprehension of being as effec- tually choked, in the attempt to give utter- ance to such versification, as the luckless sheep-stealer who is the subject of this poetical episode, was by the noose with which he had fastened his resisting prey to his own neck. We, however, after takin: a little breath, did venture to proceed ; and although, two pages farther on, our ears were again assailed by the same mis- placed ds. or ass, where (fearful omen !) “« On the left a hanging wood, Conspicuous on an ascent stood,” pr we dragged on with the Country Vicar through about twenty pages more. Then, in- deed, quailing at the prospect of between fifty and sixty other like pages that stil] remained, we even parted company from’ downright vf * fatigue, ie, ——o 1825.) fatigue, and sought) for recreation: in» the lighter paths of lyric andimpromptu: But, alas! the parterre,was.as dull as the high road.. We found no fragrance in the flowers, and the. creaking of a “‘ chimney top’? was the best substitute for the harmony that should have breathed ‘‘ above, below; and all around.” So we ventured once again upon. a prolix ditty, “‘ The Bride of Thry- bergh ;” the versification of which we found almost as harmonious as the name, and the interest of the story almost upon a par with the versification. We got through, how- ever, in some sort of way, almost to the catastrophe where ‘© the wounded knight awoke From sleep which seemed his last, and spoke, As wild he looked the attendants on,— ** Where, where is my Edwina gone?” Here was he interrupted by . | Edwina’s shriek of ecstacy,”— But finding that «« Th’ emotions sweet, which then her breast Withsuch o’erwhelming power possessed, _ Thelovely maiden quite oppressed,” we even left her most ungallantly, with her wounded knight, to her attendants and her hartshorn : —i.e. we shut the book without reading the two remaining pages. We sus- pect that the generality of readers will make shorter work of it. The Maid of the Greek Isle ; Lyrics, &c. 12mo. That the singular genius and splendid reputation of Byron should have produced a new school of poetry was inevitable: al- most eaually was it inevitable that the scholars, in general, should imitate only the defects of the master. His excellencies originated in his extraordinary power, and what may be called his almost equally ex- traordinary adventures. These cannot be taught: they are out of the reach of imita- tion. Itis not merely dishing up the frag- ments of a story of rape and murder, with a Giaour and a Pirate and a Rock, that will make a Byronic poem ; nor the adop- tion of a few oriental names and words that will secure his affluence of imagination ; any more than brewing harsh compounds of “storm-wrought graves,’ and , “ storm- wrought lightnings,’ and ‘“‘storm-scared seagulls,’’ and “ night-shrouded deeds,’’ and ‘“‘night-shrouded brows,” &c., will ive his nervous energy of style; or, than inverted accents, or the disregard of num- _bers and prosodial quantities will transfuse is varied and expressive harmony. The beauties of Byron’s versification resulted from the fine perceptions of his ear; his irregularities, and even negligencies, from his rapidity and careless confidence. What labour of scholarship can imitate these? Of such affiances of prose and nonsense as the oe we might produce instances enough ; “The scream of the storm-scared seagull, Wats ne'er 0 sadly musical!” dat the poet. can. find music in. such screams, it would be unreasonable to look a © Domestic and: Foreign: 61 for it in}his verses. “But ‘let ‘uk’ piveone fer specimen: and without affirming’ that there is nothing better, or flattering the reader that he will find nothing worse;'wé may roundly assert that it is a fair specimen of the author’s style. «* While thus in stirless trance she lay, Like frozen flower on Winter’s day, While heedlessly her arm is thrown Round her conductor’s blood-stain’d one, While with unconscious clasp she press’d Her guiltless, to his guilty breast; _ Like rainbow round the tempest’s wrath.” . The frozen flower on winter’s day, and the rainbow round the tempest’s wrath, are phenomena, we suppose, which the poet has alone beheld ; and both of them undoubtedly were very like ‘a guiltless, -press’d to a guilty breast ;”’ but the substantive usé of the numeral, the ‘‘ conductor’s blood-stain’d one”, for “blood-stain’d arm,” though it cannot boast the same originality, is neither from the school of Byron nor of Scott, (who by the way seems also to be one ‘of our tyro’s models) ! but from the lack-a-daisical one of a very different master, who, witha prosing simpleness all his own, sweetens lengthy. inanities with the barley-sugar of affectation.- fe Of the Lyrics, &c. which follow, the author himself shall be the reviewer. He tell us that * though he certainly wrote nota line of poetry till he was in love, and though love is the pure Castalian spring,” many of these were composed ‘before he knew prosody and composition ;’? that ‘“ they were, of course, critically incorrect, as well as radically poor ;”? and that his ‘friends ° and loves will find they have received no alteration since.’” Nowif this be the case, which we have certainly no disposition to controvert, why are they published ? Is it fair and honest to get seven shillings out of the reader’s pocket by a catching title-page, and then tell him, by a preface in the middle of the book, how it happens that it is not worth reading? Of all authorial sins against common sense and fair dealing, one of the most unpardonable is an apologetical preface. The Troubadour and other Poems. By L. E. L., “‘ Author of the Improvisatrice.” —We confine ourselves, for the present, to the mere announcement of this volume ; for we have not yet had time for a critical perusal, and Miss Landon is worthy of con- siderate animadversion—worthy of having her fame and her talents rescued from the overlaying adulation of those who disgrace, not exalt her, by ill-written panegyrics and indiscriminate adulations—which look to the judicious like interested puffs ;-and’ to herself, if she have not the good taste to ‘despise them, can only act as intoxications of the ear that pervert the inward sense. She has in fact great poetic beauties, but she has also faults ;, and if we. can find time in. our next, we will shew her, how highly we estimate her merits, by the freedom with 62 7 with which we point out to her her “Joanna of Richmond.- A~Poem, in Six Cantos, with Notes. By Siuvester Perry. 12mo. London: Published for the Author, to which is added in manuscript (for private friends)—Published for private friends ! But why then intrude this private publicity upon a poor devil of a reviewer ? ‘We are no private friends whom Mr. Silvester ‘Petyt, or Silvester Daggerwood, or any other Silvester, should expect to wade through between two and three thou- sand lines of measured prose, most regularly dull, with no other atonement than a suc- cession of rhymes, certainly unusually accu- rate, though sometimes degenerating into such mere echoes as pressed and expressed, without venting at least some little anger at such waste of our time. We will give, however, Mr. Petyt’s other friends a single taste of his never-varying style; and, then let them, at their leisure, if so they list, turn to the perusal of the whole. . «© Bewilder'd in the fancies which I dream’d, - wo leagues were pass’d, ’ere one behind me seem’d ; The spot, where dwelt a man esteem’d for worth, Though but a yeoman, and of lowly birth, My steed had gain’d;—his greeting joy express'’d, So well his suit, the valued yeoman press’d, I could not but agree the night to spend Within the cot where liv’d my humble friend.” The Sixth Report of the Committee of the Society for the Improvement of Prison Discipline, and the Reformation of Juvenile Offenders. Thick 8v0.—Though a good deal of moral quackery has mingled with the plans and projects for penitentiaries, the conversion of felons, and regulations and reformation of criminal laws and prison dis- cipline ; and, although it cannot be denied, that in many instances a most undue and pernicious degree of power has been thrown, by new regulations, into the hands of those functionaries likely, almost aboye all others, to abuse it—we mean, of course, whatis most improperly called the unpaid meagistracy—* yet we must be content, in this, as in other matters, to take the evil with the good; and we are thoroughly convinced of the advantages resulting, and likely to result, from the public attention that has been called to these subjects. The report, before us, is entitled to very general regard, both as a well-written memoir upon the history of the progress of criminal jurisprudence in this country, and for the numerous details of local facts, in the Appendix. And no one, we suppose, will call in question the statements in the resolutions of the meeting of the Society— «« That a great number of the Prisons in question, although designed by law for the correction of the offender, are in fact so many public establish- ments for the growth and encouragement of crime, in which humanity is violated, and decency ont - No service so, deat as that ‘which is dohe for Monthly Review of Literature, [ Aug. 1, raged.” And ‘‘ That it is impossible to regard, but with great interest. and compassion, the condition of many hundred boys in the metropolis, ‘who derive their daily subsistence from the commission of crime. That the situation of those who on their discharge from prison are desirous of abandoning théir Vicious courses, but who are perfectly destitute, has: astrong” claim as well on the interests as on the benevolence of the community.” —I——— FOREIGN LITERATURE, &. . FRANCE. Lettre de Fénélon d Louis XVI. Cor- respondence between Fenelon and Louis XIV. with a Fac-simile; by M. A.D. Renovarp; Paris, 1825, 8vo.— This is truly a monument of literary, historical, and political ‘curiosity. Published when doubts of its existence had long prevailed, pub- lished too with every appearance of authen- ticity, a large and vexatious gap in the Works of Fenelon will thus be filled up. “* A piece of this importance, so imperiously demanded by history,” says the editor in his advertisement, “calls for particular care and fidelity in editing, that it may be worthy ofits illustrious author, of the gravity of the subjects treated of, and of the motives by which it has been dictated’ This beau- tiful little volume is embellished with a vignette of Louis XIV., the portrait: of Fenelon, and a very exact fac-simile of the first page of his MS.; but still its principal attraction will be found in the letter itself ofthe Archbishop of Cambray. This letter has hitherto been so little known, that, not- withstanding our extremely circumscribed limits, we will venture to enter into a short detail of its object and plan. Fenelon, little dazzled by the brilliant exploits of Louis, and moved by the complaints of the | people, utters, to one of the most absolute despots that even France has ever groaned under, the whole undisguised truth. After a short exordium, he introduces this ad- dress. “© You were born, Sire, with a heart, just and equitable; but those, among whom you have been educated, have taught you that the art of ruling consisted in suspicious jealousy, estrangement from virtue, dread of excellence and all superior merit, relish for cringing and servile sycophants, haughti- ness, and attention to your own interests alone.’’ The intrigues of courtiers to augment the power of the king; the flagrant injustice, by them unblushingly committed, not only towards their countrymen, but towards . foreigners ; the ancient axioms of govern- ment giving way to the royal caprice; the public robberies, disguised under the name of conquests, defended by pretexts of ridi- culous frivolity; and the real impotence of the prince, surrounded by hosts of bold bad men, who tyrannized” ‘under ‘his namie"; finally the just jealousy, and the league of foreign courts ;—these are the topics” that inspire the Joyal zeal, the: patrio love af Fenelon, @ 2) to ‘Wo 0? wotwslh Ip eyab The 1825.] . The picture given.of the. French interior presents truths still:more: bold, :painted in colours eyen-yet more'sombre’: *© The people---.--is overwhelmed with sickness and despair. Sedition gradually illumes her torch, im every part ;------popular commotion, long un- heard-of, becomes frequent ;-:----you are reduced to the shameful extremity, either of leaving sedition unpunished, and letting it, with impunity, enlarge its ranks, or of inhumanly massacreing those whom you have driven to despair, by tearing from their lips,by imposts for thesupport of war, the bread which they have earned by sweat of brow.” And, amid this deplorable state, the prince remained wilfully blind; he wanted resources, and dared not see; he perceived not his fatal errors; he continued: ignorant of what the world well knew, that the lofty prelate who had: enchained his confidence (Harlay de Chanvallon, archbishop of Paris) was “corrupt, scandalous, incorrigible, false, malignant, artful, inimical to-all. virtue, an offence to good men;’’ that his confessor ( Pere Lachaise) “ dreaded substantial vir- tue, and only loved the loose and immoral ; that he was jealous of his authority... . that he stretched it to its utmost limits,.... that he was duped by those who flattered him and made him little presents,”’ &c. We should, at least, have hoped that Madame de Maintenon and the Duc de Beauvilliers would have undeceived the _ king; “but their feebleness and timidity dishonoured them, and scandalized the whole world....evil, eyil to them that speak not the truth ; evil to you, who are hot worthy to hear the truth.” ' So says the animated bishop of Cambray ; —but we must take our leave of this im- portant document. ITALY. _ Saggio sulla stria delle Mathematiche, &c. —Essay on the History of Mathematics, en- riched with select Biographical Notices, for the use of Youth. By Prof. P. Francuini.— Lucca, 1822, 8v0o.—The great merit of this work is its conciseness. After a brief his- tory of mathematics from the earliest ages, follows a particular account of the arithme- tic of the Greeks, imitated from the Hebrews and Pheenicians ; and, with Cossali, Prof. Franchini agrees that Vieta (master of requests to Queen Margaret of France, born 1540—died 1603) was not the inventor algebra (he only introduced the use of literal symbols for known quantities). He assigns the honour of this invention, after Diophantus (the real inventor, a mathema- tician of Alexandria) and the Arabians, to Leonardo Fibonacio of Pisa, who lived in the twelfth century. Statistics, particularly, and many other sciences, are mentioned with much precision ; and the whole is con- cluded: by biographical notices, in which " many omissions must, of course, be par- tioned. A History of Mathematics, from the a" of Newton to our own, is a desidera- Domestic and Foreign. 63 ; GERMANY. Ne see Geschichte des Ost-Gothischen Reiches tr Ttalien.— History of the kingdom of 'Ostro. goths in Italy. By J. C. F. Manso.— Breslau, 1824, 8v0.—M. Manso has already given many separate dissertations on this subject. The present work commences with a general view of the Western empire, at the time when Theodoric entered Italy ; and proceeds with some general remarks on the Goths, and the extent of the empire of Ostrogoths, and the alliances of Theodoric with the Emperor of Greece, and with other states. The second section is allotted to the political and civil state of Italy, its administration, finance and agriculture. The third treats of the successors of Theo- doric, to the deposition of Theodatus. The fourth, of the misfortunes of the Goths under Vitiges, Ildibad and Eraric, until the accession of Totila and the retreat of Cassiodorus. The jifth completes the history of the Goths; and the sexth treats of the state of Italy:—/iftcen disserta- tions are added, on subjects which could not properly be introduced in the body of the work, and would have overloaded the notes. " Phantasiegemilde.—Fancy Pieces. By Dr. Grorces Darine; 1824.. Francforton the Maine.—This seems to be a work upon the plan of the’novels of Sir Walter Scott, in which the author has introduced the his- torical characters of Francis I., Eleonora queen of Portugal, married to this prince, and Charles the Vth., around whom figure all the eminent knights, ladies, and learned’ men of the French court. The constable Montmorency, the Countess Chateaubriand, the Duchess d’ Etampes, and the Marchio- ness de Canaples, are the principal actors in a court intrigue against the queen and her detested favourites and the constable, who is too susceptible of the beauty and virtues of this princess. Ona more extended plan, courtiers of an inferior order are exhibited : Albert, lute-player to the king, the celebra- ted fool Triboulet, and the astrologer Rollo. The first is attached to Annette, and has for his rival the Portuguese queen’s dwarf Coquelicot. The periodical press of Ger- many extends its instructive efforts to every branch of science, but all we can do here is to notice its activity. DENMARK. Grundtsdk, &c.—A Sketch of Sclavonian Mythology. -By M. InceMann.—Copen- hagen, 1824.—This little pamphlet - was published on the occasion of the public examination of the College of Soroe ; but it has a more general interest: it tends, in conjunction with the author’s late poem, “Waldemar the Great,” to illuminate a very obscure period of northern pri . Spanish Sproglaere, §-c.— Spanish Gram- mar, on a new plan. By M. Rasu.—Co- penhagen, 8vo.—This is the first Spanish Grammar published in the Danish language, and is the work of a man justly iam om 64 from whom other performances are eagerly expected. _ Rotvelsk Lexicon, af Dorph.— Wiburg, (N. Jutland. )—This is a little dictionary of the language of robbers, by means of which they communicate between themselves in speech or writing, whenever occasion re- quires. In Jutland there are still hordes of vagabonds, similar to our gipsies, distin- guished by a language and kind of constitu- tion of their own, and by many customs resembling pagan superstitions. The peo- ple call them Kjelhinger, or rogues, and their language (which seems Egyptian in its’ origin) the language of rogues. This dic- tionary will, perhaps, be a new instrument towards suppressing the disorders caused by these vagabonds. Smaadigte, §c—Fugitive. Poetry. By ~Cxassen-Honn; translated from the Swedish into Danish, by M. Raubec. .Copenhayen, 1824.—Count de Horn, implicated in the conspiracy against Gustavus ITI. of Sweden, was exiled, together with some other dis- tinguished men. Having changed his name to Classen-Horn, he came to Copenhagen to end his days, where he only lived two years. He was respected and beloved by all who knew him ; and was endowed with a mind, at once profound and lively, with extensive knowledge, interesting conversa- tion, and amiable dispositions. He was a profound mathematician, spoke French and German like his native language; was ac- quainted with the antient languages, and the literature of Europe, and was besides a celebrated poet and musician. He published his Fugitive Poetry some years before his death, at Copenhagen, for the amuse- ment of his friends ; and, to be known only by them, instead of his name prefixed his portrait. Of this collection, M. Rahbek has just published a translation. SWEDEN. . Redovisning och Beritseller, §:c. An Ac- count of, and Reports by, the Society for the Advancement of Mutual Instruction, at an Annual General Meeting, on the 19th May, 1824; Stockholm, 8vo. pamph.—This little work, which is addressed to the Society for the Melioration of Elementary Instruction at Paris, contains, 1.a list of those honour- able persons to. whom the direction of the affairs of the society is confided, at the head of which we firid Count Jacques de la Gar- die, Lieutenant General, president ; and M. . Ch. de Rosenstein, Archbishop of Sweden, vice-president ; 2. a list of forty-one ordinary members of the society; 3. an account of the operations of the board of direction; 4. ageneral report of the progress of the society, Since its formation the society has met with zealous and flattering support from the friends of education; but in the years 1823-4, this was peculiarly the case. Many members of the Diet. openly.espoused the Monthly Review of Literature. [Aug. 1; cause, and the king addressed a circular to all the consistory courts of the kingdom, recommending the adoption of the plan; not only in towns, but villages or other localities. A correspondence with Paris, London, Brussels, and Copenhagen has been entered on.;. and, through the good offices. of Dr. Sorensen, Bishop of Chris tiana, with Norway.. A number of ele- mentary tablets, proportioned to the wants of their schools, have been published, and a Manual for the use of Instructors in the Swedish Schools of Mutual Instruction -is in -preparation. Sixty new sehools have been formed, in one of which young girls are clothed, and carefully and religiously in- structed: likewise, an extract of receipts and expenditure, together with a list of the members of the society at the time of meeting, and a discourse by M. Thyxell, keeper of.the records, upon the utility of the system, have been published. RUSSIA, Cours de Littérature, &c.—A Course of Ancient and Modern Literature, containing a complete. Treatise on Poetry, extracted from the best Critiques and Commentators ; enriched with many Quotations and Selections from different Poets, in French, Latin, Greecit, Russian, English, German, Italian, “Spanish and Portuguese. By P. Henniquin.— Moscow, 1821-22, 4 vols. 8vo:—It com- mences with Marmontel’s “ Histoire de la Poésie,” of which M., Hennequin says, that if the perusal alarms the indolent: mind, and leaves it'cold and careless to the real treasures of poetry, he may throw down the book—it is useless to persist—for not only will he never. be a poet, but he will even be too ignoble duly to admire those who are truly great. The author next gives a clear and concise definition of the poetic art : then passes to the origin of poetry, and de- termines the end of poetry to be “ to instruct and amuse at the same time.”” The author points out three faculties, whence result all literary talent, and:which may be called qualities necessary to.a poet: they are mind, imagination, and sentiment; itis their union, in a greater or less-degree, which consti- tutes genius; and M. Hennequin adjudges —that “ mind is the eye of Genius—imagi- nation and sentiment, his wings.”” M. Hennequin concludes his preliminary in- structions by remarks on poetical manners and poetical pictures, referring whateyer re- lates to passion, style and imagery, &c. to his Course of Rhetoric, published at Mos- cow in 1818. . The rest of his workis given to poetry of every description, from the Epic to the Acrostic. This is, perhaps, to descend too low; but the author strongly urges young aspirants in the career of letters to disdain such puerilities ; and, doubtless, only admits them to give @ more complete treatise of poetry. ~~ - - Ju ou. ) 3 sto 10. DOMES T ric «MOST important addition has been { made to:the National Gallery in Pall- Mall; it is aeabinet picture by Correggio, representing the Virgin and child: consider- ing the extreme rarity of this artist’s’ works, any tolerable specimen of his skill would be. an acquisition. How valuable then must a painting be; which is in the very best man- ner of this exquisite master of graceful and delicate expression, and which is moreover in the highest state of preservation! It is altogether unique—at once so beautiful and so original, that, at a glance, even an unpractised eye would. pronounce it the work of a first-rate painter, and that the painter. could be no other than Correggio. There is no other undoubted picture by this artist in this country, except that in the Duke of Wellington’s collection; but that is very inferior to the picture of which we are speaking. The picture, in the National Gallery, which was formerly called a Cor- reggio, is new acknowledged to be a copy, and not a very good one. The present picture was in the Madrid. collection, from which it found its way into the hands of a Dutch dealer, and from him passed into the possession of Casimir Perrier, the eminent. Parisian banker, from whom it was pur- chased at a high price (if any price can be called high for a nonpareil), in order to be placed in the National Gallery, of which it bids fair to continue the brightest gem. It is the picture of which Raphael Mengs speaks with such just enthusiasm. ~ Inerease of Wealth.—In the year 1765, the number of four-wheeled carriages was 12,904; it is now 26,729, besides-45,856 two-wheeled carriages. At the former period, the number of coachmakers in Lon- don was thirty-six, who employed about four thousand men in the different working branches of the manufactory; there are now one hundred and thirty-five, employing fourteen thousand. ’ It is known that the recent discovery of the Miltonian MS. inthe State Paper-oftice, attracted the notice of his Majesty, under whose auspices the work, so long lost to the world, has just been published. We un- derstand that in consequence of this, and other interesting discoveries made within the last few years in the same quarter, his Majesty has been pleased to appoint a com- m to examine the documents in that ‘aluable repository of the records of former times, with a view to, printing the most important of them. The commissioners named are, the Speaker of the House of Commons, Mr. ‘Secretary Peel, Mri’ GC. W. Wynn, Mr. Croker and Mr. Hobhouse. t. Lemon, the deputy keeper of the State per- office, by whom the MS. above men- : tioned was found, is appointed secre- tary to the commission. _ Montuty Maa. No. 412. LP ease VARIETIES, LITERARY AND MISCELLANEOUS, 2° —>—— 1 The Wellin Windsor Great Park hasbeett opened, by command of His Majesty, and’ the wife of one of the keepers ordered to at-’ tend every morning from seven tonine. Iti* is the opinion of the medical gentlemen that ” the water is equal tothe Leamington, and” superior to the Cheltenham. That beautiful avenue, the long walk, is every morning’ thronged with persons frequenting it. French Plays, by the most distinguished performers from Paris, are to be acted next season by subscription at. a new theatre, to be erected at the Argyle Rooms, under the patronage of the most distinguished nobility. Perlet is to be the manager, and Beazeley, of Carlton Chambers, is appointed to con- struct the theatre. Adulteration of Bread and Tea.—Mr. Clark, the operator at Apothecaries’ Hall for the last twenty-two years, was engaged, from the 4th of September till the 28th of February, by the direction of the Lords of the Admiralty, in analyzing 1,467 sacks of flour, which were lying in warehouses at Hull. He took samples from each sack: and in some he found that upwards of a third was plaster of Paris and ground bones, two of the most abominable ingredients, and which the stomach of neither man nor beast is capable of digesting. He sent specimens of this stuff baked, in many of its processes, to the Lords of the Admiralty ; it was almost as black as jet, and required a hatchet to cut it: the person who owned it, and who was about to send it to Spain or Portugal, was fined in the penalty of £10,000. Mr.C. said a mixture of flour was generally thrown in, but the ground bones and plaster of Paris were exceedingly de- ceptious to the’eye, although instantly de- tected by the chemist, as they would im- mediately effervesce upon the application of vinegar or other acid, and affect the nose most powerfully. Mr. Clark has also lately analyzed some Caper Souchong tea, and found there was twenty-five per cent. of lead ore in it. Prof. Buckland seems to have ascertained the fact that hedgehogs prey on snakes, by the following circumstance :—A hedge- hog, which had been for some time in an un- domesticated state in the botanic garden at Oxford, was put into a box, together with a common stake (coluber natrix). The hedgehog was. rolled up at the first meet- ing, and appeared not to see its companion, which was in continual motion, creeping round and round the box, but evincing on its part no inclination to hostility. The Professor then laid the hedgehog on the body of the snake, touching it with that part of the ball where the head and tail meet. The snake proceeded to crawl; the hedgehog started, opened slightly, and, seeing what was under it, gave the snake a ~ bite, then closed as if for defence ; 65 Foreign it sgon opened (in the same way) a second time, and a third, when the back of the snake was quite broken. This done, the hedgehog stood by the snake’s side, and, passing the whole body, successively, through its jaws, cracked and broke the bones, at intervals of half an inch or more: it then placed itself at the tip of the snake’s tail, and began to eat upwafds, as‘ one would a raddish, till about half was eaten, when it ceased from mere repletion: but during the night the remainder was eaten. The number of degrees conferred at the late Cambridge Commencement was un- usually great—it is supposed, from the pro- spect of an approaching election: it is said that upwards of fifty M. A.’s were com- pleted, more than at the same time last year. Barometers.—Mr Daniell has found that air insinuates itself into the vacuum of the best made barometers, by creeping up be- tween the mercury and the glass, and that it will insinuate itself between any fluid and any solid, when it has ngt attraction enough for the former to cause it to wet it. If any gas be confined in a glass jar for a length of time, over mercury, it will make its escape, and its place be occupied by atmos- pheric air; whereas the same gas, if con- fined by water, will be preserved unmixed. Hence the best made barometers -are often studded with air bubbles. To cure this, Mr. Daniell welds a narrow ring of plati- num to the open end of the tube, which is immersed in the cistern.. Boiling mercury amalgamates itself with platinum, and adheres to it when cold, wetting, but not dissolving it, by which ‘means the passage of the air is prevented as effectually as if the whole:tube were wetted by it. FOREIGN. ‘FRANCE. Periodical Literature of France.— Among the numerous journals edited in the French capital, the Revue Encyclopédique ; or, Ana- lysis of the most remarkable productions in Literature, Sciences and the Arts, is unquestionably entitled to the very first rank. It is published in Paris monthly, in the street of St. Michel D’Enfer, and is circu- lated in most of the principal cities and towns of Europe (in London, for example, by M. Rolandi, No. 20, Berners street). It is eonducted upon a new plan, comprizing a complete monthly digest of the state of the science, letters, fine-arts and industry, throughout the world. The 78th No. for June, consisting of 310 pages, which com- pletes the twenty-sixth volume of this valuable collection, contains, among other articles of interest and importance, a learn- éd report (by M. Geoffroy St. Hilaire) upon the zoological relations of a voyage round the world, by M. Freyconet ; a-sketeh of a course of economy -and morality, 4 M. Diserer 3 ens “interesting analysis of the- Varieties. [Aug. 1], various works published in different king- doms, respecting Greece, &c., by M. Sis- mondi. A hundred and forty. new works, American, Danish, English, French, Italian, Russian, Se! +» are noticed ; thus presenting a concise view of the literary and critical opinions of our neighbours, under a variety of circumstances.* Brougham’s Inaugural Discourse—Parry’s Last Days of Lord Byron—Lambeth and the Vati- can—Fairy Legends of Ireland, &c., are treated with much intelligence and impar- tiality. Among the many co-labourers, in the conduct of this work, are found the celebrated names of M.M. Chaptal, C. Du- pin, de Lacépéede, Magendie, Lanjuinais, Champollion, Jullien, J. B. Say, De Ségur, Andrieux, Lemercier, Tissot, Montemont, and many others we cannot here enumerate. The work has already attained to very creditable consideration in France, and well deserves to fix the attention of the English public ; one of our native cotemporaries has said— «* There are only two periodical works in France, which approach within any measurable degree of comparison w:th our leading reviews or magazines. These are, the Revue Encyclopédique and the Revue Européenne; whichiatter, having only started within the last few months, and being also printed in En- glish, we shall not further mention in this place (it has, we understand, already gone to the ‘‘ tomb of the Capulets”). The Revue Encyclopédique enjoys a considerable reputation in the French provinces, and in foreign countries; but its pages are rarely opened in Paris, where the piquant style of the daily jour- nals is more suited to public taste.” Paris.—The daughter of Madame Gai, a young lady of great beauty and accom- plishments, about 19 years of age, bids fair to become the Delphine of Paris; her poetry may be termed complete inspira- tions.. Her mother is well known in the circles of rank and fashion; she was the rival in dress and equipage of Josephine, and, consequently was out of Napoleon’s favour, who could not endure that a banker’s wife should wear jewels as splen- did, and be as much admired as his em- press. : M. Gambart, of the Marseilles observa- tory, on the 19th May discovered a small comet in Cassiopeia. It appeared as a nebula of about 2’ in diameter, round and well defined. Right ascension 20’; de- clination 48° 22’ N. On Ist June, about midnight, its right ascension was 1° 51’, and its declination 73° 29. Thus it ap- pears to move at the rate of 2° a day, in declination. We believe that it has escaped the observations of our English astrono- mers. Electrical Eel —A specimen of the Gym- notus Electricus has lately been examined by the Parisian savans; the greater num- ber * ‘The value of this part of our cotemporaries’ work is greatly increased by the many known names appended to the various articles. —Eait. a4 1825.] Foreign ber were satisfied with a single touch, and consequently a single shock: but one of them, urged by a greater zeal for science, or amore insatiable curiosity, resolved to try the utmost extent of the animal’s powers, and seized it with both his hands : but had quickly reason to repent of his temerity, for he immediately felt a rapidly repeated series of the most violent and successively increasing shocks, which forced him to leap about in a most extraordinary manner, and to utter the most piercing screams; he then fell into convulsions, and either from the violent contraction of the muscles, or from some strange property in the fish, it became impossible to detach it from his grasp, till some person present suggested the plunging his hands in cold water, when the eelimmediately dropped off. Pectic or Coagulating Acitd—This new acid has been discovered by M. H. Bra- connot, and receives its name from its resembling a jelly or gum. It is found in all vegetables, is sensibly acid, and reddens turnsole paper. It is scarcely scluble in cold water, but more so in hot. It is coa- gulated into a transparent and colourless jelly by alcohol, by all the metallic solutions, by lime water, water of barytes, the acids, muriate and sulphate of soda, nitre, &c. It forms, with potash, a very soluble salt, consisting of 85 parts of lead, and 15 of potash. The salt has the remarkable effect of gelatinizing large masses of sugar and water, which renders it of great use to the confectioner. M. Braconnot, in this way, prepared aromatized jellies, perfectly trans- parent and colourless, and very agreeable to the taste and the eye. He also made with rose-water, coloured with a little cochineal, rose jelly of exquisite taste. — Ann. de Chim. pi ITALY. - Aletter from Turin contains an account of an astonishing mechanical genius of that place. His name is Guiseppe Masera ; he was a simple peasant, and born in the vil- lage of Monte-falcone, near Chieri. He spent his youth in feeding sheep, or driving -the plough; and the first discovery of his genius was on his beholding an ancient watch and an old pendule with wooden wheels ; in a short time after which he be- came the village clock-maker, and subse- quently succeeded in making pendules with music, figures, &c.: but one of his most remarkable productions of this nature, was a small throne of polished brass, upon which — was seated King David with his harp, the whole Contained in the head of acane. ‘This achine was wound up as a watch, and produced the sound of an organ with such exactness, and the figure followed the sounds with such accuracy, that it would really be imagined the sounds proceeded from the motion of the fingers. He, however, never hn a lesson in drawing or music. In the ‘composition of this and various other instru- ments, Masera Jamented the want of an Varieties. 67 instrument that could render an indefinite number of airs: to remedy this defect, after a variety of experiments and the most persevering industry, he succeeded in per- fecting an instrument which hus received the name of Musico-Grafo, which has the look of a piano, and which by its internal construction receives whatever air is played upon the keys with a most surprising ex- actness. To this is added another called the Pantasono, which will repeat the notes communicated to it by the Musico- Grafo, and which may with facility be adapted to an organ, or piano. But thisis not his only effort; being very desirous of engraving some musical designs, upon an ivory tablet, he found his hand unable to perform the operation, and applied himself to the inven- tion of an instrument which will highly benefit the art of engraving. By its use the graver directs his tool with so much precision, that he can describe two lines very near approaching yet without the fear of uniting, and with greater nicety than the finest miniature painter can describe the lines in the skin. In addition to these useful inventions, connected with the fine arts, he has communicated to the Royal Arsenal a method of turning and polish- ing gun barrels, ten or twelve at a time, and of polishing all kinds of metals. His majesty has given him an employ in the Royal Arsenal, and an exclusive privilege for twenty years, for the manufacture and sale of his different inventions. GERMANY. The academy at Munich is at variance with the royal schools respecting the pub- lication of the principal Greek and Latin authors; hitherto this privilege has been attached to the schools, which now declare that any monopoly will essentially destroy the interests of commerce. PRUSSIA. Prussian Statistics—The following rather curious details are found in the Annals of M. Campy, for 1817. Pomerania ranks first as to morality, and there, out of 4,760 persons, there is only one criminal. In the towns of Dusseldorf, Cologne, Aix-la- Chapelle, and the country round Munster, there was, on the contrary, one criminal in 400. For 6,432 persons in Pomerania, there was only one thief, and only one for , 3,000 persons in Eastern. Prussia and Silesia; while in Treves and Coblentz, there was one for 800. Where there are most holidays, there are most robberies; but other crimes are not so frequent. DENMARK. , Copenhagen.—A steam vessel, the. ma- chinery of which was entirely formed in this town, on the model of Mr. Perkins, has been built. Though iron is brought from, foreign countries, yet a foundry is established in Copenhagen, which bids fair to rival Mr. Owen’s at Stockholm. - ~ _ The ladies of this town have, for some months past, formed a society, the object 2 of 68 of which is to contribute various useful and ornamental works; the funds for which are distributed among the sufferers from the late inundations. SWEDEN. Stockholm.—The Swedish admiralty are sending commissioners to England to get information respecting the various improve- ments in building vessels, and naval tactics ; they are to receive all necessary aid from our government. NORWAY. Norway.—In March last, a school was opened on the Lancasterian system in the town of Christiana, It is astonishing the extent of information that is spreading all over the world, through the establishment of these schools ; they are rising even in the remotest villages. / Theatrical Review. (Aug. 1, The Horticultural Society of London has lately received, from New South Wales, a fine healthy hive of native bees. They differ materially from the bees of Europe, being infinitely smaller, and, like the Mexi- can, wholly without stings. The honey which they produce is said to be of excel- lent quality, and is distinguished by a peculiar fragrance; it is one of the few products of that singular country which serves as food for the natives. Unicorn.— Mr. Ruppell wrote from the interior of Africa to a friend in Germany, that a native had spontaneously mentioned the existence of an animal which he had seen, about the size of a cow, with a long straight horn growing from its forehead. '‘ THEATRICAL REVIEW. COVENT-GARDEN. HEtragedy of Orestes, of which we took but a slight and hasty notice on its first appearance, has continued to be oecasion- ally repeated, and to be received, though with applause, not with the appearance either of enthusiasm or sympathy, which promises any long career of favour. The actors did their utmost to sustain the in- terest of the representation: but it must be admitted that Miss Lacy, though she delivered several of the passages, and played seyeral scenes of Electra, with ability, does not give, either to the eye or ear, the image of that beau ideal of tragic grace and dignity which we expect in the Grecian heroine; nor can we admit to Mrs. Bart- ley, in Clytemnestra, all the queen-like energy and maternal agitation, to a part which requires something, at least, like the talent which a Siddons would have brought to it, to render it dramatically respectable. Cooper deserves the praise of doing for Pylades, all of which the part is suscep- tible; and Mr. Kemble, who poured all his energy into the part of Orestes, looked, most assuredly, the very Grecian. He must excuse us, however, if we hint, that in several passages, in the scenes especially before his discovery by the tyrant, he in- dulges in more vociferation than is per- fectly consistent with the dignity of the character, however impetuous, or with any consciousness, however irksome, of the situation in which he is placed: such, in- deed, as we cannot but have a feeling, must inevitably have alarmed the palace, and led to the instantaneous discovery of the disguised and pretended bearer of the ashes of Orestes. It is surprising how lit- tle attention is paid by performers to the cultivation of those apparently restrained, but yet powerful tones, which belong to the deep and resolute passions of our na- ture, and are capable of spreading, with forceful impression, through an extensive area, without suggesting the idea of loud- ness. These are the tones, however, which should have belonged to many of those pas- sages to which Mr. Kemble gave all the loudness of yehement yociferation. We cannot but think, also, that in several of the ambiguous speeches (speeches, at least, of which the words have an artful, and even elaborate ambiguity), in the scene where he presents the urn, both the pur- posed ambiguity and the scenic probability were destroyed by the elaborately-marked and obviously-purposed sarcasm—the bit- — ter and rancorous irony of the delivery. His horror at the discovery of having slain his mother was finely acted: though the occurrence itself, by the way, is not, as the play now stands, very intelligibly, or very credibly, made out to the audience. Of Mr. Bennett, in Agystus, we can only repeat, what we have had such frequent occasions to observe, that he shews himself to have the physical powers and endow- ments of an actor, if his taste and judg- ment were but sufficient to lead him to nature, by a path suggested by his own feelings and capabilities, instead of con- descending to be a mannerist and an imi- tator. The winter Theatres have at last closed a most unprecedentedly protracted season. They produced however but little, during that protraction, to require the dis- criminative animadversion of criticism. Both of them got up, at inordinate expense, a pageant of the Coronation of Charles X. We suspect they were bad speculations ; as, notwithstanding the taste and splendour,pro- duced by the respective artists, in costume, scenery, mechanism, &c., public curiosity does not seem to_have been so forcibly ex- cited, 1825.] cited, as to resist for more than a few even- ings the increasing temperature of the atmosphere. The great heats, indeed, came most unopportunely for these dog-day win- ter speculations. They must have had confidence indeed in the doctrine that plagues and desolating fevers are only to be generated by actual contact with persons and apparel imported from Smyrna and Constantinople, who would brave the ma- laria of a crowded winter theatre when the thermometer was at 100°. Covent Garden shut up, therefore, on Tuesday 19th, and Drury Lane, on Thursday 21st July. The recess at both will be short: Covent Garden opens again in the middle of Sep- tember. There will be, we understand, many changes in the company. Among the discharges are Miss Love, whose place is,to be supplied by Mrs. C. Jones; Mrs. Pearce; and Mr. Connor, who is to be succeeded by Mr. Power, of the Adelphi and English Opera. The Haymarket, which, though built for summer ventilation, has been: somewhat annoyed by so long a hot winter, is now in its glory. The temple of laughter-loving farce and humour! its rites, of course, wanted their due splendours, while the officiating high priests were detained in rival regions—but Liston has been for some time in his proper sphere, and Har- ley is now in his train, and Mrs. Gibbs has come again to what may be called her home : W.. Farren has brought his dry humonr also —though we question, for this theatre es- pecially, whether it is a good exchange for the natural jollity of Dowton; or for that strong impassioned acting, either, of which our comedy occasionally admits some mixture; and which, especially, attains most its end by not looking like acting at all. ‘He is however the best Lord Ogleby we have seen since the days of Tom King. Mrs. Glover continues her wise course of Theatrical Review.— Music. 69 accommodating her Jine of eharacters to: her time of life. The appropriate impropriety of Mrs. Malaprop will add to her repu- tation in this way ; and her Mrs. Heidelburgh will support it. Vining continues to im- prove in his line of mercurial and eccen- tric character ; and when put into parts not suited to his vein, has the good sense to walk through them in a quiet respectable way; and not to pervert or caricature, by laboured attempts at what is not in his grasp. But Mme. Vestris is undoubtedly the star of this little sphere. Midas (the first and best of our burlesque operas) has been brought out here in order to shew her: in Apollo; but even in an artist-like point of view, the exhibition is not quite equal to her Ariel; and we have heard her more happy insong. But Midas, as got up here, is altogether a high treat in its way. The English Opera House has opened with unusual éclat. Miss Stephens is her- self a host; and Miss Kelly another. The unrivalled sweetness of the voice of the former, and the inimitable natural acting of the other, cannot fail to produce attrac- tion whenever their efforts are united. We wish, however, that the latter would recol- lect that she has no voice for song, and not break the charm, by ill singing, which she spreads over us by the most perfect acting we ever witnessed. The new opera, Bro- ken Promises has been deservedly very suc- cessful. The piece has itself considerable merit. Independently of the stage’s sweet- est warbler Stephens, it is no small treat to see on the boards at once three perform- ers, acting so completely as if there were no acting in it, as Wrench, Power, and Miss Kelly, in some of the scenes of this drama. Miss Stephens’s engagement is, we believe, at an end. She is to be succeeded by Miss Paton—though not the sweetest, by far the most brilliant vocalist! Braham also re- appears. NEW MUSIC. “ Faustus.”” Goulding, &c.—The music of this drama is a partnership composition of Messrs. Bishop, Horn and Cooke. We regret that Mr. B. admitted any coadju- tors, for there is, with, perhaps, one excep- tion (a Trio, by T. Cooke), so evident a superiority of style in his music, that the common-place style of some of the other pieces quite annoys us. The overture to Faustus, is bold, origi- nal and beautiful, but not a little difficult. __ The opening glee and chorus by Bishop is highly characteristic ; the subject of the little simple ballad, which we named in our last number, is sweetly harmonized, and forms a burthen which connects the open- ing scene with the body of the piece. “ Go, sech some Virgin Heart.” Quar- —<=>—. tetto. H. R. Bishop.—A very elegant composition of a superior order ; the legato accompaniment for a violoneello obligato is beautifully plaintive in the slow move- ment. : “ The Hour is Come that We must Part.’ Ballad. H. R. Bishop.—This, though a pleasing «air, possesses perhaps the least merit of any of Mr. B.’s compositions throughout the opera; there seems a want of tact in the adaptations of the poetry. “ I’m apoor German Scholar.” Song. C. Horn.—Mr. Horn has succeeded well in this air, which is above the common run of humorous songs. There are some parts of it which, we are convinced, Mr. Horn has borrowed, though we cannot exactly point out the source. : “‘ Now 70 “ Now prithee your Laughing give o’er.”” Trio. C. F. Horn.-—Wants originality ; is otherwise not a bad composition. “Lucy Dear.” Song. C. Horn.— Pretty, but common-place. Finale to the First Act.—This, though completely dramatic, is one of the most characteristic and striking scenes in the opera; there are one or two vocal passages of several bars, without accompaniments, which would have been improved by a richer harmony ; with this trifling exception, we approve of: it in toto: the short allegro molto, which winds up the conclusion, is spirited and effective. “A Bachelor he may Shew his Cares.” Quartetto. T. Cooke.—This is the excep- tion we named to the general superiority of Mr. Bishop’s music ; perhaps we ought to confine ourselves to the conclusion of the piece only, for there is a good deal of com- mon-place in the commencement. “ Hearken, Damsel, to Me.” Duet. H. R. Bishop.—In despite of the ludicrous character of the words, Mr. B. has managed to form a very pleasing and somewhat origi- nal duett. , “ Oh Saul! Oh King!’ Scena. H. R. Bishop.—This is a truly elegant song of great capability ; we consider it requires a singer of higher powers of expression than Miss Stephens to do justice to it; the favourite air, with some slight alterations, is introduced with great effect at the end. “ Oh ! not in stately Halls!” Song. W. Fitzpatrick. Edvestoff: —This song possesses great merit ; some of the passages are beautifully melodious, and it is, generally speaking, of a superior class: not that we consider it without defects, but they seem to arise from a propensity of the composer’s which we haye before noticed, of choosing Political Occurrences. [Aug. I, blank verse, or words almost destitute of poetic rythm. Words of this class haye, we allow, when adapted to a sublime sub-- ject and asombre style of music, produced a splendid effect ; but they seem to us most unfortunately incapable of assimilating with tinkling lutes and honeysuckles. Laying aside the prosaic effect produced by this pecu- liarity and an occasional hurrying of the words, the song is extremely fine; the harmonies varied and rich, and the imita- tive accompaniment that pervades almost every part of the song, highly ingenious. ** Ave-Maria.”” Solo and Trio. W. Fitz- patrich.—A very elegant chaste little hymn (perhaps serious song would be a more cor- rect title); very simple and beautiful : we have no doubt of its proving a favourite, whereverit is known. “© Savoyard Glee” in William Tell. H. R. Bishop.—The characteristic peculiari- ties of this glee are almost too strongly marked ; some parts are extremely beautiful, but we are occasionally struck with a ballad- singing twang which grievously annoys our ears. “ Romanza Giovinetto Cavalier.” Meyer- beer.—The subject of this air, which has already become such a favourite, is ex- tremely simple ; not very original, and the general construction is very Rossinitsh— we fear it will become a sad bore, and be ground into our ears by all the organs in the metropolis, as itis just the sort of little pretty melody to please an uncultivated ear. “The Lullaby of the Dove.” J. F. Danneley, Preston.—Mr. Danneley’s song is original, scientific, and in many parts ex- tremely beautiful, but it is too difficult to be at all a saleable song ; few ladies can reach tenths. POLITICAL OCCURRENCES, &c. —<=>—- HERE is so little to say upon this subject at present, that it is hardly worth while to make it a separate head, especially in a miscellany which, though firm and unchanged in its political prin- ciples, has no connection with party in- terests or confederations; and whose conductors, whenever the tranquillity of the times will permit, are more desirous of concentrating their attention to the record and advancement of the progress of intellectual science and the useful and ornamental arts, than of expatiat- ing on the cabals of placemen and place- hunters, and the fugitive gossip of the day. The barrenness of matter of any real import has accordingly occasioned us,,in some instances: of late, to, pass over the ane in complete silence— in fact, to forget it. We have taken. precautions, however, that for the future some brief notice shall be regularly taken of occurrences of this kind, though all we shall in this instance pre- sent, are some few paragraphs of do- mestic and foreign intelligence. The French government is beginning already to shew the kind of use they are disposed to make of the military possession’ of Cadiz. An English fn- gate being about to enter that port, was: stopped by the French guard-ships, and ordered to perform quarantine. The English captain, however, with the’ spirit that characterizes and does-ho= nour to ‘our navy, replied that he was’ about. to enter a Spanish port, and: had’ no directions’ to receive from’ any ‘but Spanish authorities; and entered, “ac- cordingly, 1825.] cordingly, in defiance of French prohi- bition. PARLIAMENTARY DOCUMENTS. -_A table of returns from the Surveyors of the Assessed Taxes has been printed, stating the number of surcharges which each has made within the last two years, with the proportion of those which have been allowed. and disallowed, and the sums of money received by each survey- or on that account. A few instances will show to what an extent this art of tormenting has been carried. In Ches- ter there were 19 surcharges allowed and 36 disallowed. In Cornwall 43 were allowed and 75 disallowed. In Cumberland 27 were allowed, and 81 disallowed. What stronger argument for the repeal of a body of taxes, so little productive in comparison with their pressure ! Tue Report or THE TuRNPIKE Trust Commirres, for inquiring into the State of the Trusts within ten miles of London, states, that indifferent roads, multiplied toll-gates, enormous rates (provokingly and universally mis- applied, rather to the maintenance of clerks and other officers, than to the repair of the roads) have long been sub- jects of complaint: that from the num- ber of separate acts under which the se- veral trusts were created, there has been no general principle of management or control, by which the interests of the public might be protected; the dilapi- dation of the funds, and the consequent heavy debts of many of the trusts; the much larger sum raised than would be necessary to keep the roads in the best repair; that the accounts were in a very confused state ; and that the needless fre- quency of ill-directed repairs, prove the badness of the system. Several trusts in possession of estates still continue to levy tolls, though their necessity has been thereby superseded. The Com- mittee recommend that all the trusts near London should be consolidated under one set of Commissioners. The Duke of York’s mansion, now building, we understand was to have been erected by Mr. Smirke, who was employed and made the design for that re but the royal Duke, dining with the Duke of Wellington, was over- persuaded by him to change his archi- tect, and employ his protegée, Mr. Wyatt; and, without further ceremony, the already-commenced plans of Mr. S. were resigned. There is one consola- Political Occurrences. FL tion in this—it shews that a royal per- sonage may vacillate in his opinion ! IRELAND. The committee of twenty-one, ap- pointed to prepare the plan of a new association for managing Catholic affairs, have unanimously reported upon its de- tails and principles. After reciting the prohibitions of the recent statute, they expressly disavow the prohibited ob- jects, but maintain the necessity of some permanent body to watch over Catholic interests—public and private charity— religious and moral education—building churches—procuring burial grounds— “promotion of science, agriculture, and manufacture—circulation of writings in refutation of charges brought against the Catholics in the last sessions, and completing a census of the population. Aggregate meetings, repeated and mul- tiplied, are henceforth to promote the redress of political grievances—meetings in all the parishes in Ireland on a given day—provincial meetings, and meetings in Dublin for procuring petitions. Carr or Goop Horr.—It is stated that Lord Bathurst has communicated to the Governor, Lord C. Somerset, the long catalogue of accusations against him and intimated the expediency of his Lordship’s return to England to defend himself. Sir Lowry Cole, British Go- vernorat the Isle of France, is to repair to the Cape, and officiate as Governor ad interim. Mr. Greig, editor and pro- prietor of the suppressed newspaper, is to go back immediately, and to re-es- tablish his paper, under the full protec- tion of his Majesty’s Government at home. FRANCE. M. Casimir Perrier, the banker and deputy for Paris, having occasion to go to Grenoble on some family business, was not only cheered at several of the towns through which he passed, but was received at the end of his journey by a procession of between 4 and 5000 per- sons, at the head of which were forty young gentlemen on horseback, and be- tween twenty-five and thirty carriages. Having met the deputy, outside the town, M. Jules Mollien, an advocate, delivered, in the name of his body, a speech, in which he praised the consti- tutional exertions of their visitor, and expressed their hearty congratulations on his arrival among them. M. Perrier made a suitable reply, and was after- wards 72 wards accompanied to his hotel by an j applauding crowd. On his en eeathé town, a pe Si ‘pr sent, occasian,. Thou ‘his 4 or 5000 attendants ,.were.,shouting. “Vive Ca- simir Perrier |”? a commissary of police. stopped ‘him at the gate and demanded his passports-and had the honourable deputy lost the bit of paper which gave him permission to travel in the country of which he is a representative, neither his constitutional character,in the Cham- ber of Deputies, nor the public testimony of his applauding friends, could have procured him admission into Grenoble, PERU. » Bolivar, in his address to the Con- ess of Peru, after informing them that “if the declarations of France can be Believed, she will not be behind Eng- land’ in recognizing Peruvian indepen- dence,” adds the following memorable _ words :—“ On returning to Congress the supreme power which they have de- posited with me, I may be permitted to felicitate the people on freeing them- selves from what is most terrible in the world—from war, by the victory of Aya- cucho, and from despotism, by my re- signation.” He implores the people to proscribe for ever “so dreadful an au- thority,’ and retreats into the humble rank of “an auxiliary soldier,” whose duty calls him to assist in establishing the liberty of Upper Peru, and ensuring the capture of Callao. We confess we know of nothing to equal the subli- mity of this in the records of heroic vir- tue, from the first page of human his- tory to that on which the deeds of this illustrious champion of human liberty are inscribed ! ! ! : - The total defeat of Olanetta, the last of the Spanish generals in Upper Peru, has. been confirmed by. advices. from Bogoat and from Carthagena: two ac- tions were fought, one on the 2d, the other on the 4th of March, in the neighbourhood of La Paz. The dis- persion of the Spanish force was com- plete: Olanetta himself escaped, but had only a few followers with him, and was_ supposed to be making an attempt to cross the continent, with the view of gaining the Brazilian territory. j Iwob-ysoe vee de sdest ni wird yo o:Extract -of a letter. from: Bagota:— ‘$Weshave received .news that General: Bolivar’ has: justescaped assassination. af: ima. His’ ‘secretary’ was ‘assassi-" lg-Vinswi Bie sno-stasws . + TINA wero owen AN Political Occurrences. [Avgch, nated in that city, and, upon examina- ion o it was found that he Ha ec habia with a sharp poniard. hich, must strike, Englishmen as, at” All the cutlers of Lima wer Hn abe prea on ess exam he ot: hc a b-) Perret f Aas ae Pei ENED LWO, PODIBAS. 1's Lys. DFO Aa BOR: Was.» Ned ulna vee »,sorderngi B general enlistment) for! the army,)buty excepting all. slaves’ andi: /black-meny They presented: themselves aceordingly, and the cutler; who’ was ¢oneéedled, easily: knew ‘the’ owner of” the’'two poniards; who, being suddenly’ seized,’ and asked where the two pon’ ards were, answered by confessing his guilt,, and producing one of the. poniards;.and added, that as he could not haye,,been: discovered but by the decree of Provi-: dence, he would declare that he! had been seduced to. that crime bythe Governor ofthe castle of Callao; and that the other poniard-was to be found within the sleeve of the left arm of General Bolivar’s head servant, who was to murder him the night of that very day. The poniard was found as it was said. This story, “told in different ways,” is, in its principal features, detailed, we think, in the second volume of.Co- chrane’s Colombia: the. circumstances: from which it is deduced took place perhaps eight or nine years ago, at St. Domingo; but now afford very interest- ing versions, owing to the hero’s great and deserved popularity. ; NORTH AMERICA, The State Legislature of Georgia -has. assumed a menacing aspect. The-Go- vernor of Georgia had sent a ‘message to the Georgian House of Representatives, charging with impropriety the ‘mterfer= ence exercised by the General Govern- ment, and announcing, that as the’'Geor- gians “had exhausted argument, they! ought to stand by their arms.” A re- port and resolution were founded on.it, couched in the most menacing, and even. warlike terms. The difference whieh. menaces a defection of all the Southern States (including Virginia and South Carolina} from the other members: aan He-m- i prisoned until the ship is sailiwg.. 62 — er | ee MOC) 1825.) vital! 73 | MEDICAL REPORT. a OMPARATIVELY speaking, the metropolis has, during the last month, been healthy. Diseases, it is true, of every kind and character that occurin the climate of Britain, are, in a population so concen- trated as that of London, continually pre- senting themselves to the attention of. the practitioner. The. extraordinary heat of the weather,* during the month, . produced disorders, which owe their development to atmospheric heat. Cases of cholera have occurred, but most of them have been of a mild and manageable character. The high temperature of the air, concurring with influences, which are abundantly furnished in crowded cities, will, itis presumed, ren- der cases of fever more numerous ; at pre- sent, the number of such cases has not exceeded the ratio of the preceding month. The remote causes of fevers being still a question sub judice, the immediate causes of their increase and diminution are, neces- sarily, matters of doubt and mystery. _ The war between the contagionists and non-contagionists still rages ; the reporter, however, with the majority of pathologists in this country, subscribes to the doctrine of contingent. contagion ; that is to say, that ordinary epidemic or endemic fevers do not arise from specific contagion, but thatthey do occasionally, and under particular cireum- stances, diffuse a something which produces a similar disease in the individual who may happen to come within its range.. No de- partment of the study of medicine is more important than the Etiology of Epidemics. The present contagion controversy— the investigations which are connected with it, and the philosophical spirit of research which characterizes the medical inquiries of the present day, may at length effect such precision.in the knowledge of the causes of fevers, as may enable.us to institute rational and efficient measures.for their counter- action and removal. The late Dr. Bate- man shewed that, for nearly one thousand years, small-pox, measles and_ scarlet fever were universally deemed varieties of the same disease, and that “it was not till to- wards the age of enlightened observation, that the distinct character and independent origin of these three contagious disorders, were universally perceived and acknow- . Several cases of vascular fulness in the Pm gtr in the language of the is called ‘‘ determination of blood tothe head,” have occurred; chiefly in indi- * The thermometer, from the 10th tothe 2lst of the month, stood as follows:— July 10th. -- --.639 July 16th..-.. -83° . eo a + +82 — 18. 87 ees 193 avai vl 87 ae A 9 nese Mca hnnrs 72 viduals of an apoplectic diathesis: some of these cases have been caused by an incau- tious, or unavoidable exposure to the intense heat of the sun, and have been good exam- ples of the disease known by the name “ coup de soleil.” A prompt and decided depletory mode of treatment is, in such cases, called for; and a rigid attention to dietetic rules must afterwards be enforced, Amongst children, measles and scarla- tina have been prevalent. It has happened to the Reporter to witness Rubeola occur- ring rather extensively in a large establish- ment of boys, at the distance of a few miles from the metropolis. The discipline of a well-managed school, in a properly chosen locality, is as favourable to the physical as to the moral condition of the scholar ; and in the instances in question, it might almost be said, that a community of habits had en- gendered a community of temperament—a healthful bearing of the body, fayourable to the quick subsidence of disease. It is certain, however, that the mildness of the symptoms, and the success of the reme- dical measures in all of them were circum- stances as satisfactory to the Reporter, as to the parties to whom the youths were en- trusted. JaMEs FIELD. Bolt Court, Fleet-street, July 21, 1825, — | As supplementary to our medical report of the preceding month, we transcribe the following details, though we cannot vouch for the. authorities on which they have been stated.—Epir. } “ During the month of June, disease in the metropolis assumed rather a serious aspect. Of the three principal disorders that are usually prevalent here, there died of fever fifty-two, of measles forty-five, and of casual small-pox, ninety-six; to which eight are to be added who died at the Small-pox Hospital, out of ‘ninety-two patients admitted, of whom fifty-three were discharged well, and thirty-one still remain oncure. Vdccination has been resorted to by five hundred and seventy-six out- patients ; which, added to one thousand nine hundred and eighty since the commence- ment of the present year, amounts to two. thousand five hundred and fifty-six in the first six months; and this we’ mention, as it shows an increase of one thousand one hundréd and eighty beyond the number at this period of the last year. It is remarka- ble, that during the month of June, deaths by fever increased from four to twenty-four ; in the last week, measles from. eleyen to seventeen, and small-pox from twenty-one to twenty-six; which had been, during the four weeks of the month, twenty-six, twenty-three, twenty-one and twenty-six,” L MONTHLY anat pn weather has been ‘most propitious for the hay-harvest, whiich however excéls more in quality than bulk, from the continued drought. ‘The same cause now affects the pastures, eyen the marsh-lands, which have become very short of keep, re- eri the price of store stock. The turnip usbandry has suffered considerably ; great part of the latter sown plants being de- stroyed by the blight insect or beetle ; the strong and early plants also being in great want of rain. This will be a trying season to those, who prefer transplanting Swedish turnips in drought, boasting of that practice as anew discovery, which has so often been triedand abandoned. The late great heats were constantly tempered with breezes, and, within a few days, by chilling easterly winds, Previously to the warm weather setting in, and during the blooming season of the wheat, north-east winds prevailed, and the nights were generally cold and ungenial, iving rise to considerable apprehensions, which since seem to have subsided; a dry summer in this country, being generally favourable to the wheat crop. The other spring crops, barley, oats and pease, are far behind the wheat in luxuriance, and suffer greatly from the want of rain: with many favourable exceptions however, on good lands, and in particular situations. Beans, though short in the haulm, are well podded, and promise to be a general crop. Much of the seed discoloured by blight. Crop of tares large, but, as with the barley, in too many parts, almost smothered by weeds, shewing a most unskilful husbandry. The crop of potatoes most extensive, and the quality expected fine, but the digging them late. Fruit, particularly the apple, has suffered greatly from blight. Hops a ruined crop, with very few localexceptions. The clay-fallows have worked: hard, but with a very. beneficial roasting. In the west and south, no doubt but wheat* harvest has al- - ready commenced, and barley is expected to follow without delay. In the first week of next month harvest will be general, the extreme parts of the north excepted. Oak timber is in considerable demand ; bark of dull sale at £6 to £8 per ton. Fat stock, as lean, has declined somewhat in price ; pork ji in a small degree—the meat markets may be expected lower. Lambs in great plenty. Cows and calyes somewhat re- * “®"This'seemis ‘to have “occurred many Ay since, ‘and“hr many aerye i i ee ‘is of coutse tae > Edite- “ are MONTHLY AGRICU LTURAL REPORT, — cATy OEY Virt i duced in price. A arent sanity of live stock from Ireland to our nearest ports, has had considerable effect in reducing prices. The Irish sheep complained of, as “ordinary and tll-bred. The price of horses somewhat reduced, although yet excessive for those of figure and size. In our last report, the ex- pense of breeding a colt was, by mistake; stated at £190, instead of £120. Corn holds its price, notwithstanding the bonded corn onsale, and itis avowed that there is no present Rapepett of its becoming cheaper, but that a very slight cause might yet en- hance the price. Opinions, at any rate, as to the stock in hand, are diametrically opposite from different quarters ; some accounts deciding the stock of wheat will barely last until the harvest be secured, whilst others are equally confident of a con- siderable surplus of old wheat. We incline to the latter opinion, yet with some sur- prise that markets have remained so steady ; but stocks of all kind are swallowed up by an immense and growing population ; a fact which will forward the views of those who advocate a free corn trade. The accounts ° from Scotland, the West of England, and the Midland Counties, are most gratifying ; in general there seem scarcely any remains of that. querulousness with which the farmers used to be haunted. All+ seém satisfied with their prospects: the Jebourers fully employed at living wages. Looking over alate printed report from a midland county, we were amused, not for the first time, by the opinions of the writer, that, “the smut in wheat originates in want of skill, and that no man need haye smnt un- less he chose it.’” On this we shall only remark, how easily a man may become satisfied with his own limited experience. _ Smithfield ; —Beef, 4s. Od. to 5s. Od.— Mutton, 4s. Od. to 4s. 10d.—Lamb, 4s. 0d, to 5s. 6d.— Veal, 5s. Od. to 5s. 6d.—Pork, 4s.— Dairy fed, 6s.—Bacon, Bath, 5s. 10d. to 6s. a teh, ds. 10d. to 5s.—Rough Fat per stone, 2s. 2d. Corn Exchange :— Wheat, 46s. to 80s.— Barley, 34s. to 42s.—Oats, 23s. to 34s.— Bread (London), 103d. the loaf of 4ibi— Hay, per load; 66s. to 105s.—Clovery ditto, 80s. to 120s.—Straw, 40s. to 51s...) 5 _ Coals in the Pool, 30s. 6d. to, 40s. Rio per ‘Chaldron. imogh eat Middlesex, July 23. hig 2 + When-shall a7 be truly said of Farmers+Alas ! thére are too rhany exceptions, Bait, © * > 1825.], L175. Js MONTHLY COMMERCIAL REPORT. PAOD’ pepe phi ars i ; ay SUGAR.—British Plantation continues in demand, the refiners and: grocers having made extensive purchases ; and prices have advanced full Is. to 2s. per ewt. since our last Report. A sale of Mauritius Sugar:—10,085 bags sold, viz. Good Fine Yellow, 64s. to 65s:; “Brown, 62s. to 63s.; and Ordinary, 59s. 6d. to’ 62s: per ewt. Refined barge Lumps continue scarce, and are in demand at our quotations. Hr Bust-Tidia Suzars.—The quantity brought to sale this week was 14,470 bags. ‘The Bengals were purchased principally by the grocers, at advanced prices, viz. White Bengals, at 36s. to 38s.—Low and Middling, 34s. to 35s. per cwt. Coffee.—The quantity offered by auction this week consisted of 1,200 easks, and 500 bags of British Plantation; 2,700 bags of East-India; and 1,100 bags of Foreign. The fine qualities sold at an advance of Is. to 2s. per ewt., viz. Fine Ordinary, 66s. to 71s.— Low and Middling, 80s. to 86s.—Middling, 92s. to 100s. per cwt-—Domingos still dull in the market.—Mochas sell at 90s. to 105s. per ewt. Cotton.—The late arrival (in a few days) at Liverpool, of upwards of 50,000 bales of Cotton from the United States}has created such a sensation among the spectators in this article, that prices are quite nominal, and the Cotton market at a stand; the holders being firm, and the manufacturers not willing to give the prices demanded. Spirits—Rum is in demand, and the prices'given as per our Price-Current. Brandy and Geneva are in little request. ‘ Dye-Woods—The purchases are extensive, and prices steady. About 300 tons of Jamaica Logwood sold at £8 per ton, and other Dye-woods in proportion. Indigo.— Sales continue to be made at a discount of the last Company’s Sale, of 1s. 6d. to 2s. 3d. per Ib. ‘ Hemp, Flax, and Tallow.—The two former articles continue steady, at the last week’s currency. Yellow Candle Tallow, on the spot, to be bought at 35s. to 35s. 6d.; and to arrive, at 37s. to 37s. 6d. per cwt. : ‘ Hops.—The accounts from the Hop plantations coptinue very unfavourable : the duty is, therefore, £5,000 less this week ; so that it is estimated not to exceed £42,000 this year. Prices of Hops in the market are 10s. to 20s. per ewt. higher. Course of Exchange:-—Amsterdam, 12. 2.—Hamburgh, 36. 10.—Paris, 25.45.—An- twerp, 12. 3.— Rotterdam, 12.3.—Bourdeaux, 25. 45.— Vienna, 9. 56.— Madrid, 363— Cadiz, 864—Gibraltar; $].—Leghorn, 50—Genoa, 453--Naples, 40j—Lisbon, 51— Oporto, 51—Dublin, 91—Cork, 93. eS nigbiiet - The 3 per Cent. Reduced, 921; 3 per Cent. Consols, 933; 4 per Cent. 1822, 1063 ; New 34 per Cents.,-1013; Bank Stock, 2334. ; veneke ae - Prices of Bullion.—¥Foreign Gold in Bars, $l. ‘17s. 103d: per oz.—New: Doubloons, 81.178. 6d.—New Dollars, 4s..113d.—Silver in Bars, Standard, 5s. 03d. » Premiums on Shares and Canals, and Joint Stock Companies; at: the Office of -Epmonps and Wo.re.— Barnsley Canat, 340/.— Birmingham, 340/.— Derby, 2251.— Ellesmere and Chester, 123/.—Erewash, 0.—Forth and Clyde, 550l.—Grand Junction, 3281.— Leeds and Liverpool, 540/.—Mersey and Irwell, 1,150.—Neath, $85/.—Nottingham, 300/ — Oxford, 8002.—Stafford and Worcester, 500/.— T'rent and Mersey, 2,100/.—Alliance British and Voreign, 16/.— Guardian, 19/.15s.—Hope, 5/.17s. 6d.—Sun Fire, 2901.— Gas-Licut apie ‘Company,.65l:—City Gas-Light Company, 160/.—Leeds, 2401.— Liverpool, _ MONTHLY PRICE-CURRENT. Aa ait 10) mh Jor AtMoNDS:— Cocoa :— ) 13078 ©) Sweet, per cwt,.. .... dl 10s. to sl. 14s, West-India...... .. per ewt. O0s. to. £05 Bitterve series. eveAl. tol 10s. 'Prinidad,. 2-40 -2 ees op 4+ 1 785: 10 9Bs. MOE 8 sie? es Per tO VST. Grenadacs:. s-esmvin iy «s+ [08.10 998. sues i—Quebec Pot ...... percwt.33s- . Caraceas...... odes eve es 45s: tO 60s, PUitited States cree re 408. Nae pePeath wesinite nachvaen sorcce teas B48. COFFEE (hx "Bond):— ¥ ; Bawa 7 col). Jamaica sisi... per ewt, 56s..t0.618. Teneriffe s......4.+ perton 17Lto 18. — ==, GO0d pee parses 678, to 71s. Carthagena,......... .. 22h.to.221,.10s. ——, fine... eee oe eee FddeO: 805, WATicane A). sae uiel: Kec Yes a(one?) =) very fire’... 3... 81s. to 100s. Sicily. <4. cece ce eees ne VEL 10s. 1019 pop DOMIDICA +. bye eee seis ..675, 10.10. Burmsronz :—Rough .,...+., per ton 9, Berbice .. vs. eee. ve ee oe! 648: t0/1005. : L 2 * ‘Corton ‘16 Gorron’ Woon (in Bond) s— West India, common, per Ib. iB, te to 1434, -Grenadawevi.. 13d.to-l4ad. a a “Berbice piahnas ieee... 14d. to 172d. pe tee rece ahene shrine to 19d, Sen ‘Island avwei09lh. ooh - 2dd.:to 36d. “New Orleans... Me aac Neat Vd, to 183d. +» Georgia, Bowed . ot nastewiondiad.. to.-bad SAL Act of ttsle ad ataistey ote . 16d. to 17d. Biamanhiana ee . c4;-\vcsipvs @ ole 16d. to 17d. (Para sisie o-sid'e’s, «is! x . +. 154d. to 163d. Mina... ..5./. Pernambucco...... ss desaglind,, 40,-0R8d. .. 17d. to 185d. Surat < .wisids veces pish eee ctes Bl. to Lid. Per ML eted WANS spa, asa-bie cid S 2.0. \fo\e . 2d. to 103d. Berigallge fi wrsienwss oes ee Zid. to 93d. Bourbon : 19d. to 25d. Smyrna 3d. to 14d. Egyptian ........ . 16d, to 174dd. Currants.......... per cwt. 965. to 102s, Fies:—Turkey........ -- 45s. to 60s. Frax:—Riga........ per ton 46/, to 54/. PIVEN lore iste aid die 5 Ni wei ote 481. to 501. Petersburgh ........+-++-- 400. to 51. Heme :—Riga........ per ton 44/. to 45/, Petersburgh ...... sie isieleleisa)( 420, to 407, » half clean .... 36/, to 371. Invico:— Caraccas Floras.... per lb. 7s. to 12s. 9d.- Tron :-— Petersburgh, per ton .... 16/.10s. to 22/. British Bar ..3 i4sehiaed sp vey 141. Oms :—Palm.. ake FUAMUC AGES per cwt. 29s. .. Whale, Cape én Bona) pertun 241. to 25/. -» Galipoli...... SeleRiuine > .. 521. to 531, PESTA SECM Ae cPetera Re gid Sivie Wei ovn hates «nis 241. Lucca ........--.. per jar 24 galls. 9/. _ Florence.. .... per half-chest 27s. to 24s. PrErrer .. + per lb. 54d. to 61d. Pivento (in Bond) ........ 93d. to 10d, Ricre :—East-India .. per ewt, Zls. to 23s. Carolina, new... .,-0.+655- 35s. to 36s. Old Jas) Rs ee Cr [Aug. 1, Gogh pe SP ane 8. ‘to3s.3d. — cadens. wi ni28.) ldvto 281 3d. Geneva Dutch 0+. um, Jamaica see OSs ; Leeward Sess waged oseaeie 42m 2d. to 3s.3d. ( SORE: ‘6d, idiseams sess costo ontiasotls (7 : Famaiday oF yk Ts per cwt. 63s.. ‘to Tbs. Demerara, &c.. sot sieza ions OG, SOrAOS. St. Kitts, Antigua; &e. -4/ 60s.to-7 1s. Refined, on board :-— Levy sa Ads €0.45s. Large Lumps .. 2566.04 Good and Middling .... , 4s, to 48s. Patent Fine Loaves = Sbrbeh te 1505. to 56s. ‘Tatrow :— Russia ......,.«. per cwt. 33s. to 36s. Tar :— Archangel ...... .. per barrel 17s. Stockholanssacisit. 4 VSG Doe GSD ‘Lbs. Tra (E.-India Company’s prices) -— onea ye ess per lb. 2s. 3d. to 2s. 5d. Congon oe ee. 0 oes ayeiay, Sor gies el comely Souchong .........- 3s. 9d. to 4s. 10d. RUBIO! eat antes eters 3s. 4d. to 3s. 10d. SE WAMKAY = 10 ois of s'etsapers 3s. 5d. to 3s. 6d. FXYSOM. «6.0.0 610.20 0.09.0 ac nb, 45g tO dS. Lite Gunpowder.......... 5s. 0d. to Soe 2d. Tosacco (in Bond) :— Maryland, fine yellow, per lb. 2s. to 0 2s. 6d. , fine colour .... 8d. to Js. 10d. , light brown ...... 4d. to dd. VARESE ye, « elare's fois para folelelo ks 2hd. to 74d. Wine (in Bond) :— Old Port, per pipe 138 galls. 42/, to 467, New, ditto; 5,45: sua brorle eyo 251. to 361. Lisbon .. per pipe 140 ditto 20/. to 322 Madeira). to..si0,46j2$. x «+s» 291. to 900. Calcavella ...5%.... eevee 2d, to-40/, Sherry .. per butt 130 ditto 25/. to 60/. Teneriffe.........- per pipe 15/. to 282. Claretife.%'. olatid ied per hhd. 102. to 50/. Spanish Red ,, per 252 galls. 12, to 18/7. yf ALPHABETICAL List OF BANKRUPTCIES, announced between the 23d of June ‘and the 19th of July 1825; extracted from the London Gazettes. BANKRUPTCIES SUPERSEDED. RCHANGELO, C.Gloucester-terrace, Bethnal- Rogge feather-merchant Be hott, Sir Paul, knt. Lypiatt-park, Gloucester- ire, banker and clothier Jeneee E. A. and W.H. Hackey-fields, brewers Dent, F. and J. Mannett, Southampton, linen- drapers. (Hodgson and Ogden, Mildred’s court Lough, M. Minories, and Bridge-house-place, New- “ington Causeway, chemist and druggist. (Alex- ‘ander, Hatton-court, Threadneedle-street Moore, J. Houghton, Cumberland, butter and «merchant. (Blow, Carlisle; and. Birkett, or, a Cox, Cloak-lane, London ee W. late of Shaftsbury, Dorset, chandler and shop-keeker. (Yatman, Arundel ; and Bowles, Chitty, and Chitty, Arundel * Naish, J..Little St. ‘home Apostle, spirit-dealer. (Vincent, Clifford’s-inn Parr J. and R. Mercer, Scotland-road, Liverpool, corn and flour-dealers. ( Lowe, and Hurry, otiverpaale: and J, snd H. Lowe, Southampton- Thomas, H. nee Bedlordsrow 5. ~~ shire ; and ‘Monkhouse, Craven Sil and , Tokenho aoe Finches: a ue sul (Morris and g C7 ant Ano -and- Co. Vaughen, S. Pool, Montgomeryshire, puilder!’ and carpenter. (Griffiths and Corrie, Welchpool; and Milne and Parry, Temple ~ Whittaker, Leeds, common-brewer. (Hargreaves, Leeds ; and Battye and Co. Chancery-lane BANKRUPTCIES. [This Month 64. J Solicitors’ Names are in Parentheses: ft BUXTON, T. Compton, Derbyshire, tanner. Bar ber, Fetter-lane afin Cadogan, J. Water-street, gird et Strand carpenter. eae Dorset air ects “eles Casswell, Geo. jun. organ fen. orth i potatoe-merchant. (B: z Dennis, W.W. Billericay, Essex; ° sngie fa vine Chancery-lane De Pinna, J..S. St. Ann’s-lane, oe ee a (Lane, “Las PR inte Drake, J. Shoreditch, oilmiai’ S Fee i oping ciman (DI a pe mast eae » Raepoeni ti MiGherecol snd-Sony Cant hance aa Gorst, 1823,.]* . Gorst, Wim. Stafford, hideas aa etre, Slgerbury pott and 2 Soe Gunnell, J. atte riage, REE eis ut , New Bridg crea dllack. ime, M. Liverpool, auctioneer.” (chester, ‘Staple’s- a age apni, corn-factor. (Pownall and s, Ol » Chas. “tualer fells (Smith and Martin, Leman-street, Good- Jat 208, a Wawedstiacupon’ Tyne, draper. (W. ilson, Sabon Tunes and Dunn, Princes-street, Jarvis J. Brompton, Kent, tailor. (Lowe and Son, pore ton-buildings, Chancery-lane be rsham, Sussex,. miller. (Steelman, Hite am $ and Dendy and Morphett, Bream’s- dings, Chancery-lane Kilner, . Dorin, ton-street, Clerkenwell, victual- ler. (Birkett, aylor, and Cox, Cloak-lane Lathbury, J. Burton-upon-Trent, Staffordshire, mercer. (Hurd and Johnson, Temple Lucy, J.Y. Paddington-green, hay-salesman. (Lane, Paget adie’ zolden-square Mare, T. T. J. E. and W. Plymouth, ‘smiths. (Sele, Gray’ s-inn Marshall, J. Birmingham, victualler. “Baxter, Gray’s-inn Norton, Geo. White’s-yard, Rosemary-lane, builder. (Donne, Prince’s-street, Spitalfields (Heming and Bankrupts and Dividends. Whitelion- street, Norton Falgate,vic-" vie perricon © J. ev pndae inerchanty | a eee ane oS: Gp eamkihas san Oxrbtdshira’'t ber; afterwards of eiticncas ct Warwiek>* er, and late of | Whitechape! “road, Londijty’ ¢orn- chandler, . (Winter and Williams, grocer te heres J. Stoneham Aspall, Suffolk, grocer. (Gold- , Salisbury- -square, Fleet-street { Shel es, J. Meek Tidvill, Glamorganshire, mer- cer. (Ravenhill and Crook, poultry Street, J." Manchester, Commission-agert. (Bud and Johnston, Temple Sumerfield, T. B. New Crane-wharf, Wapp ing, coal- merchant. (Grace and Stedman, Birch in- lane Swindells, T. Bosden, Cheshire, farmer. (Makin- son, Temple Thackaray, J. Garratt, Lancashire, cotton-spinner. (Milne and Parry, Temple Thewles, R. Huddersfield, ironmonger. Gray’s-inn Wall, E. Hastings, shoe-maker. (Osbaldeston and (Bur- (Lever, Murray, London-street, Fenchurch-street Waring, S. St. John’s-street-road, carpenter. foots, Temple Warpole, W. Carthusian-street, Aldersgate-street, dealer. (Rashbury, Carthusian-street Welchman, J. Trowbridge, Wilts, Paty ai (Short, Bristol; and Williams and White, coln’s-inn Welchman, J. Bristol, linen-draper. (Williams aed wen Lincoln’s-inn Norton, Jas. Brompton, master-mariner. (Raven- Wells, J. Aldbourn, Wilts, corn-dealer... (Few, Ash- hill and Crook, poultry d more and Co., Henrietta-street, Covent-gardon Parkins, T. Borough-road, Southwark, baker. - Wheatley, EP. Leicester- -square, bookseller. (Hurd (Chester, Parsonage-row, Newington Butts, Sur- and Jo inson, Temple rey Winder, E. Manchester, tailor. (Hurd and John- Pearson, T. Redman’s-row, Mile-end Old Town ; son, Temple ‘and’ Cooper's-row, Tower-hill ; merchant. (Hors- Wisdom, J. Uckfield, Sussex, grocer. (Hindmarsh, ley, Nassau-place, Commercial-road East i Crescent, Jewin-street, Cripplegate ; Purser, J. Bowyer-lane, Camberwell, and Hull- Worthington, J. Manchester, draper. (Hurd “and ~ street, St. Lukes, dyer. ford, Cannon-street ACKLAND, H. Leaden)iall-mar- ket, and Birchin-lane, Aug. 6 Amold, W,. J. Idol-lane, Tower- street, J ned Austin, C. Luton, Bedfordshire, ly ’ Baines, B. Canterbury, July 30 Batt, E. J. Backshell, and A. W. Witney, Oxford, Aug. 6 _ Bealey, J, Little Lever, Lanca- shire, Au, Bell, - oe Borkdex-ipen- Tweed, uly Ban a" J. Pocklington, Yorkshire, J.¥F. and T. Bell, Sculcoates, Yorkshire, Aug. 1 by aes J.B. Quadrant, Regent- ate a King's Theatre, Hay- Blunt T. Twickenham, July 30 be es T. Ormskirk, Lancashire, sae G Grae » July 26 G. a waroueh Derby- ‘ire, Bowes i BS Asan July 30.” Bracken, R- and. L.’ Packer’s- court, Coleman-street, July 19 wai 8 H.3 Louth, Lincolnshire, B head, - aN » . Ashton-under- : ead » Man- (Kirkman and Ruther- shire, J DIVIDENDS. Collens, J. and F. Nicholas-lane, Lombard- nl and Brenchley, Kent, July D. *E. July 26 Compton, P. A. Beckenham and Lee, Kent, July 16 Copley, B. and W. Hurst, Don- caster, Aug. 2 Couchman,S. Throgmorton-street, July 30 Cradocke,J. iby a street, West- minster, / Aug 2 Crole, D. Old Broad-street, July28 Cross, W. Liverpool, Aug. 10 Cullingham, H. Kensington, July 26 d Cumming, A. J. Southwark, July 26 Davies, W.Neston, Cheshire, Aug. Islington-road, High-street, 9 ie Docker, Jane, Gt. Russell-strect, Covent-garden, July 30 Douglas, J. Blackburn, shire, Aug. 12 Dowley, J. Willow-street, Bank- side, July 30 Downes,S.Cranbourne-street, silk- mercer, July 30 Drew, T. Exeter, Aug. 6 Driver, J. Knowle-green, Dutton, Lanoaehie, Durham, - Strand, saly P Byballad D,. Hebie-lane, gt Be mund was E, Oswestry, Shrop- hay ia Hackney, ', July 23 Lanca- Au Catherine street, iS», A. hg He inte Elves, J. Canterbury. 42 Barclay » Rt, Farrington, Lanca-- eeu saan ‘and. i r, Bilston dshi , ire; a a esse dialhe A od gy S2uoRee: soaps bast nth A e827TON t \ “Tatching se ries Si con ee coe AL Johnson, Temple Gillbie, N. Denton, Kent, July 12 Gillingham, G. Little Pancras- street, Tottenham-court-road, July 23 Gray, J. Bishopsgate-street with- out, July 30 Greening, W. Hamperate Joy. 23 Halmarack, J. sen. Madel ey, Staf- fordshire, Aug. 2 Higyess C. and J. Old Jewry; July H aaa J. Cambo, Northumber- land, July 21 Herbert, B. "Fiiteshiams Aug. 2 Bee J. Dudley, Worcestershire, Hippo, W. Dewsbury, Y opkshite, Au. ug. 2 Hirst, G. Manchester, July 16 Hobbs, H. Chichester, Aug. 12 Hot eea -Great Hermitage-street, uly 2 Holbrook, J. Derby, July 26» Horne W. and J. Stackhouse, Liverpool, July 29 Hudson, J. Ai pmbate and Wal- worth, July 16 Bynle, Ss. ewcastle-upon-Tyne, w Hamphr s, S. Charlotte-street, Portland-place, July 16 Hunt, R, H. Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, July 30 Hurndale, J. Bristol, Aug. 6° Jackson, T. Wath-upon-Dearne, Yorkshire, July 27 Jay, C. and T. at Burlington- gardens, July 16 Kerbey, O. T. Finch-lane, hae ‘hill, and Merton, Sa _ Kingham, J. Croydon; July46 ingsell, J. Blackwall, Aug. ‘6° ey th Jilly 1998 Ring, ©. 6 rathdeeTy _ ' Bie J. a Bey ° Best, Mh ford and Hammerstith,' J Leeming, 8 Leeming, T. Salford, Lanca- shire, aia we Leigh, J. iueanehor yaa Ber- ‘mondsey, Levitt, J. kivskonsbeica? -Hull; Lone, G. B. Green-lettuce- Jane, July 30 Macdonnell, M. and J, and J. “Bushell, Broad-street, July 26 Mc Kinlay, D. ae M. Belevario, Size-lane, Aug. 9 Mantle, T. Tove July 26 atsh, W., J. H. Stracey, and G. E. Graham, Berners-street, July 23—30 Maxwell, J. Boston, Lincolnshire, July 23 May, Albion-terrace, Stepney, Aug. Melton, M. sen. and T. Melton, Highgate, Aug. 6 wr, T. Billinghurst, Sussex; Middleton, T. Liverpool, July 30 Moray. Vis Ww. ire -row, Shore- Moore, eee son s-square and Martino July 16 North, G. Sheffield, July 28 Norton, D.S. Uxbridge, July 30 Orme, W. Southwark, July 16 Passey, S. High-street, Newington tts i, Antoy Beck, J. over, Hants, July 30 Penn, J. Chepstow, Monmouth- shire, Jul 19. Phillipson, W. Martin’s-lane, Can- non-street, July 28 _ avis, Maidstone, July 16 Piaw, J. New Kent-road, Aug.9 Powell, P. Brighton, July 30 Pugh, G. Sheerness, July 23 Works.in i the Press. Pyke, T. T. He Pe Bridgewater, _ Somerset, Ju uly 2777 MOisN SUT 7 i 8. nhwel sre Ait Hectbhiané, T. Fleet-streét, 'Nug. bob Richards, J E. C. and J, Martin’s- ‘Jane, and Pinpinghat, s July 26 seeded J. and J. Liverpool, July Ronaldson, J. J. Broac-street, July 16 Ross, A. ‘and J. Murray, Leaden- hall-buildings, July 30- Sanders, W. Wood-street, Cheap- side, and Coventry, July 23 Satter, T. Manchester, Aug. 10 Sherratt, T. Birmingham, July 26 Sims, C. Crown-court, Broad- street, July 30 Smith, A. Beech-street, Aug. 6 Smith, T. Heaton Norpich, Lan- cashire,and J. bees ew Mills, Derbyshire, Aug. 2 Sraith, W. W. Holborn-hill, July smith, W. and A. F. Stockton, Durham, Aug. 6 ee 4 ba Piuntinigdon, Sussex, Uy »Sneade, OW. Whitechurch, Shrop-* shire, Aug. 6 Oe J. Kingston-upon-Hull, ug. 3 Sparks, T. and J. Bailey, Chan- dos-street, Aug. 6 Stephens, J. Liverpool, July 30 Stephenson, R.Cottingham, York- shire, and R. Hart, Sculcoates, Yorkshire, Aug. 1 Stevens, W.H. Hedge-row, Isling- ton, July 23 iineeons G, Brigh iton, pes 18 Stracey, J. H. G. E, Graham, Berners-street, July 23 a ee ere (Aug. 2, saeabe, J. Hate, Lincolnshire, aj gtrring, | Jd, fay Tape arte ished Taylor, 'T.,Ashton-und ce, Tho pion, J. i Eee ise Thornke -Lancaghire ve ra, a Dayenh am ‘Cheshire,’ Aug. 1 Walker, L. pnd H. P. Parry, Bris- tol, Aug, 20 Walker, S. Bullwhat Tane, Queen- h ithe, Au 4 Bishopsgate-streat, : Walker, 1 without, Au Waller, J. M. and’ M. ‘Waller,’ ek Pre Birstall, Yorkshire, Ween, 8 ine -place, Black-| friars-road, July Welker, M. Balok fn hie Lelcester- square, July 26 West, W. Bredenbury, Hereford: shire, July 26 r beri ‘W. Southend, ENA. 1 : Whitby, W. and P. Withingtan. Clement’s-lane, Jul - Wilkins, S. Holborn- i uly Wise, C. Standling, Kent, July Wood, J. Birmingham, July Wood, J. Chandos-street, Covent Garden, July 30 Tee cron T. Sheffield, duly Wy Nie H. and W. J. Richardson, bchurch-lane, apt 23 : Young, W. Renard, a , Hermitage, seine : WORKS IN THE PRESS, AND NEW PUBLICATIONS. a WORKS IN THE PRESS. A volume of Sermons by the Rey. Dr. Gordon of Horse Park Chapel, parish of St. Cuthberts, Edinburgh, is announced for, publication in September next. _London’s Encyclopedia of Agriculture, is announced to appear in a few days ; and soon afterwards, No. I. of the ‘‘ Garden- er’s Quarterly Register, and Magazine of Rural and Domestic Improvement,” to be continued quarterly. This work has been generally called for, and is intended to form a focus for gardening discussion and gossip, aeceptable to both practical men and ama- teurs. Dr. Shearman is. preparing for the press Practical Observations on the Nature, Causes and Treatment of Water in: the Brain; viewing this affection as an acci- dental circumstance occurring in various morbid conditions of the system, rather than as a distinct specific disease. In the press, in 1 vol. 8vo., Sketches, Political, Geographical and Statistical, of the united provinces of Rio de la Plata, to which are added a Description of the Mines in that country, and an Appendix, concern- ing the Occupation; of _Montevide, by. the senaps: ‘of Brazil;and. Portugal. _ Preparing { for ‘publication, and dedicated by permission to his Majesty, A Series of aes Engrayings of Hanoverian and Saxon A) ‘ comprizing a complete History of Scenery, from Drawings; by Capt. Batty of the Grenadier Guards, F.R.s. The pub- lication of these. Views will be conducted on the same plan as those of the» Rhine, &ec., and the plates will be engraved by the most eminent Artists. Wood-eut Vignettes: will ornament the head of each Descerip- tion, and the interest of the work will be enhanced by, appropriating for that purpose many of those views, which though not considered of sufficient interest for a cop- per-plate engraving, will be valuable as ex- tending the Illustrations of the ‘Scenery a these countries. Mr. Thomas Roscoe will soon poblien: in a Series of six volumes, The German Novelists. To be printed uniform. with the Italian novelists. Early in July will be published, ‘the Holy War with Infidels, Papists and Socinians, or Visions of Earth, Heaven and Hell, and of the contending powers of ‘Light, and Darkness in the 19th CORED by, Jolin Bunyan Redivivus. apnespatth Dr. Birkbeck has announced, a ‘Grok Dis. play of the Manufacturing and Mechanic Arts of the British Kingdom... Ttsis to appear in Parts, appropriated to particular branches, and the Eibeata Foxpapill: appenn: in afew months. : A London Antiquary announces : pub- lication, . ‘Chronicles of London . e Ar cient : mee BP } 1825.) cient Structure, from its earliest mention in the British Annals, traced through all its various destructions, re-erections, and nu- merous alterations, down to the laying of the first stone of the new Edifice; June 15, 1825. Compiled from the most authentic and valuable sources, both public and pri- vate, consisting of Characters, Ancient His- tories, MS. Records, Original Drawings, Rare Prints and Books, and Official Papers ; and illustrated with many highly finished wood engravings, by the first artists. Mr. Salame announces his own Life ; or an account of his Trayels and Adven- tures from the age of ten to thirty years, with various other subjects hitherto un- published, Mrs. Hemans’s new volume of Poems, entitled the Forest Sanctuary, with Lays of other Lands, is just ready. The Gipsey, a Romance, by John Brown- ing, Esq. from the German of Laun, will be published in a few days. The German Novelists; aseries of Tales, Romances and Novels, selected from vari- ous celebrated authors, by the Translator of Wilheim Meister, &c., are now an- nounced, in 3 vols. small 8yo. Mr. G. P. Scrope announces a Treatise on Voleanoes, and their connection with the History of the Globe. The Life, Diary, and Correspondence of Sir W. Dugdale, by W. Haniper, ésq. F,S.A., will speedily be published. A Picturesque and Topographical Ac- count of Cheltenham and the Vicinity, by the Rey. T. D. Fosbrooke, M.a., ¥F.s. a, with an Account of the Waters, by John Fosbrooke, Surgeon, is nearly ready. The History of Rome, now first trans- lated from the German of B. G. Niebuhr, is announced for publication. _ Sir John Barrington’s Anecdotes of -Treland will shortly be published. ’ The first number of the Pictorial Atlas of History, Chronolegy, and Geography, will be published on the first of August. Instructions for Cavalry Officers, trans- lated from the German of General Count Bismark, by Captain L. Beamish, are ‘nearly ready for publication. _ The Rey. A. Law announces a History of Scotland, from the earliest period to the middle of the ninth century. Mr. Crofton Croker has in the press a new series of Fairy Legends. 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IQs. ~~ TOPOGRAPHY, ~Leigh’s New Pocket Road Book 6k England, Wales, and Scotland. New Edit: 8s., with maps, 12s. VOYAGES AND TRAVELS, A Historical and Descriptive Narrative of Twenty Years’ Residence in South America; containing Travels in Arauco, Chile, Peru, and Columbia. By W. B. Stevenson. 3 vols. 8vo. £2. 2s. > Narrative of a Visit to Brazil, Chile, Peru, and the Sandwich Islands, during the years 1821 and 1822, &e. -By G. F. 7.4 thison, esq. S8vo. 14s. The English in Italy. 3 vols. post Bro, £1. 10s. FINE ARTS, ——7 E broke off, rather abruptly, .our notice of the Royal Exhibition— ‘and with a design of pursuing the subject in the Supplement—but found our space engrossed by other; perhaps more appro-~ priate, matter. ‘The subject’ is now, in some degree, gone by ; and for a while, at least, every one will be thinking of indulging in the scenes of nature, rather than analyzing ‘the rules: of art. Yet it would be some- what unjust, after the attention we.have given to three or four historical pictures in ‘the gallery of Somerset-house, to pass over in uttersilence all the rest. “ The Regent Murray shot by Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh” (W. Allan), is a well- thronged picture of considerable merit, equally creditable in composition and co- louring. The story is well told, and the figures,are quite sufficiently characteristic : the fault, we should say, is, that, for his- -‘torie picture, individual nature is pursued , and assumes the anti-epic sem- cature. Several of the figures ve | t graced the rustic groups of Wilkie, than: the canvas of the historic pailrter — way, Wilkie’s “ Highland Wi we “that- he: “aspires “to- higher. Phan rege on elaim. Ne tre, ton Cees Station ) p went pita ber the sabe yMowiny MAGENG) AB (2% es ine “pencil?” sid abit fe ithe » balcony, i 18 sae aba original stamp of the painter; but it ascends in the scale of being, and is wrought and finished in a much higher style of art, and shews a talent not of necessity confined to that rustic walk, in which nature shews herself only in her rudeness. He who painted the Highland Family, could give grace and dignity to a subject that should require it. Stodart’s ‘ Titania,” though it has many of the cus- tomary graces of that artist, and the never- failing charm of his under-tone shadow, or second light, in particular, is not one of his happiest efforts. _ His fairies have some of them rather a heavy leadenness, and are more impish than fanciful. _ Copper’s “ Bosworth Field,’ which (like Allan’s Death of Murray) presents a multitude of figures on a small scale, has considerable merit, but not of the first order. The story is not ill told; and the figure of Richard isin good action, and exhibits the coura- geous fierceness of the character, but not without some approach to caricature in the person and features; and Richmond is @ tame, considerate kind of et whom upsibibersomilbarifiete ‘Thomson’ iff Juliet” is the best picture we ever saw from ‘his: ‘Preveting® her'as con i ioe ee bod some with the scene ;. but, nt ae ey) ove fawokk 0 va 82 #stent.with the character. She is the love- smitten maiden entire.—‘ Poor smitten — deer! thou hast it in thy heart !”—though perliaps we might say, that the uplifted knee has more of writhing, or of strenuous action, than consorts with the Janguor ju- diciously diffused over every other part. The colouring is in a tone beautifully tem- pered to the subject and the hour—such as one may well imagine would be diffused over the objects by the moonlight of an Italian sky. But the most perfect picture if the whole exhibition, and that in which ‘ve were most deeply interested, is G. Hay- ter’s “Trial of Lord William Russell at the Old Bailey, in 1653.” Nothing can well surpass the skill with which the artist has arranged his very unpromising materials. He has contrived to make even the judges in their costume, and the barristers in their wigs and gowns, picturesque ; and the tech- nical arrangements of the court lose, in his management, their mechanical formality. If we descend to detail, every figure in the multitude assembled and grouped speaks the part he is bearing in the scene ; and the lovely form of Lady Russell, “the virtuous daughter of Southampton,” as she sits at the table beneath the feet of her arraigned husband, with the pen in her hand, to assist him in his trial, and turns her fine-eyes and features up to him, beaming through their ‘sorrows with all the tender attention of a sublime and dignified affection, seizes irre- sistibly upon the heart, and we lose sight ofthe artist in the perfection of his art. ‘We gazed upon it till our eyes were full of that effusion which resembles weeping, as the smile of the heart resembles vacant laughter. We close here : for after dwell- ing upon-this picture; we can remember no ‘more. OBITUARY ms : WILLIAM BROWN, ESQ. “¢RN the 20th instant, in John Street, ‘YF Fitzroy Square, William Brown, Esq-, in the 77th year of hisage. His éalents as a gem engraver will hand down his name, in conjunction with Marchant and Burch, to the latest posterity: his universal phi- anthropy, his unaffected kindness and in- ‘trinsie worth, ‘will be ever remembered by his family ‘and friends, to whom his death ‘is a souree of the most sincere sorrow. _ An early life, Mr. Brown enjoyed the. pa- tronage of the Empress Catherine of Rus- sia, and had an unlimited order for her _ “gabinet, in'which'the principal ‘part of his Obituary of the. Month. ‘or Roman workmanship. “accepted a place in the Stamp Office, [ Aug» 1, Mr. Hortanp—has just finished A View neor Sheffield, which is considered as a chef-d’wuvre ; and which, certainly, pose sesses all the peculiar excéllence for which this artist is so justly celebrated. The per- spective of the immense expanse of country embraced is really a surprising effort of genius ; the distances are softened down with a mellowness and truth of nature, that has rarely been surpassed. The fore- ground is also beautifully : varied, and finished with every attention to precision and effect. The grouping of three rustic figures in the centre, with cattle in the dis- tance, and the smoke arising from the town of Sheffield (which is hid among the hills to the right), give ‘a life to the coup-d’eil truly enchanting. E ZODIAC OF DENDERA. " THE copy of this very extraordinary re- lique of ancient Egyptian art and science, which was. made by order of Napoleon, before the possibility of removing the origi- nal was ascertained, is now exhibiting at No. 47, Leicester-square, and is as beauti- ful as itis curious. There is also in the same exhibition a very large collection of portraits, by artists of all nations, among which are some fine ones by Rubens and by Vandyke: but the Knellers and the Lelys, &c. are numerous. Among the few by modern artists, Gerrard’s Jerome, King of Westphalia, his Queen, and “ Na- poleon in his Robes, on black marble,” are the best. The miniature of Shakspeare, ‘in an oval concave of virgin gold, formerly belonging to the Southampton family,’’ is a highly interesting’ curiosity. sus OF THE MONTH. works are deposited. The French revo- lution having obliged him to quit Paris, whete he was much patronized by the court of Louis XVI, he retumed to England, to find his fayourite art neglected and forgotten, except where the ingenuity of Italian artists could extract from his weal- thy countrymen immense sums, for modern antiques and spurious specimens of Greek Of Burch and ‘Marchant, the former had sheltered him- self in the Royal Academy, of which he was appointed librarian; the latter-had as an engraver of stamps. Under these cou- ae raging circumstances, Mr. Brown still pro- sectited his-art, and engraved a series. of portraits of illustrious, persons of , Great, itain, a part of which are in the posses- sion of his Majesty. _ His last great work was a cameo, on sard-onyx, for the lid of the box presented by the Light Horse Vo- Iunteers to Colonel Herries. ‘ __, BROFESSOR CHARLES-FERDINAND DEGEN, The university of Copenhagen has just sustained a great loss in the person of Professor Charles-Ferdinand Degen, born November 1, 1766. His merit and great knowledge had first caused him to be chosen preceptor to the two princesses and prince Ferdinand, the children of the late prince Ferdinand, uncle to the present ing. Since then M. Degen has filled dif- ferent offices of public instruction, all of which he is honourably remembered. In - 1798 he was created doctor of philosophy ; and, in 1814, appointed professor of ma- thematics to the university of Copenhagen. He published a treaty, in 1817; entitled Canon Pellizanus, sive Tabula simplicissam ‘equationis, &c.; and many of his mémoires may be found in the Acts of the Society of Aris of Copenhagen. REV, JOSEPH COOK. *' The Rev. Joseph Cook, mM. a., Fellow éf Christ College, expired-on the 3d of March last, between Mount Sinai and Tor, on the Red Sea. After spending some years in the university, with the highest credit and honour io himself, he went to * fhe Continent in 1820. Having visited Holland, France, Germany, and Switzer- land, and resided four years in Italy, de. voting his time to the publie performance of his clerical duties at the English chapel at Rome, and that of the ambassador at Naples, and to the study and contemplation of the intéresting objects with which those . @lassical shores abound; and_haying quali- fied himself for a ful! and minute examina- tion’ of those regions—doubly interesting, as being the sources of both sacred and profane history—he set out from Malta in August last, on a tour to Egypt and the Holy Land, accompanied by Dr. Brom- head, of this university, and Mr. Lewis, of the navy. Haying penetrated beyond the second cataract of the Nile, the party re- urned to Cairo, from whence they pro, seeded to Mount Sinai. The fatigues of this journey, the inclemency of the weather, and the priyations inseparable from travel- ling in those countries, so weakened him pepe he left Cairo apparently in per- ct health), that after stopping a few days unable to reach Tor; and, under cir- Sips nab Sinai to reeruit his strength, he O54 Gumstances fraught with the most deep _ and awful interest, expired on his camel in ‘Pass Wady Hebram, near Mount Ser, - bal, to the inexpressible regret of his famil ha ad friends. His remains were deposite t companions in the burying-ground of Obituary of the: Month. 83 a Greek church, near the wells of Elim, a; spot which he had -expressed his’ most. anxious wish to yisit, and which,’ to 1se the words of his friend, Dr. Bromhead, ‘* could he have foreseen his fate, he would, probably have selected as his last earchly, abode.” PW if LIEUTENANT COLONEL COWPER, yA Colonel William Cowper, of the -Bombay, Engineers, entered the Indian army in 1791, with the advantage of an, education at the Military Academy at Woolwich, which had previously been closed against young men destined for the East-India Company’s. service. He soon attracted the notice of Government, by the earnest he gave of the talent, which afterwards placed him, un- aided by. interest, in situations which it sel- dom falls to the let of an individual to fill. He was in consequence appointed Assist- ant to Capt. (now Colonel) Johnson, c.B., who was employed in surveying the coast and interior of Malabar, with whom he continued for several years, until obliged to relinquish the situation from ill-health. He then took the usual routine of duty, dis- tinguishing himself by the correctness and highly finished style of his plans and surveys, and particularly by the accuracy of his esti- mates, till 1804, when he was called to the field as Chief Engineer to the army, which, under the command. of Sir Richard Jones, effected a junction with the. Bengal army before Bhurtpore. A complete sutvey of that portion of Hindostan Proper, which was for the first time traversed by a British army, was the recreation of his active mind, and was gratuitously presented to the Government, as he had neither the esta- blishment nor the allowances usually grant- ed to officers employed in the Survey de- partment. ? Soon after the return of this force to garrison, he was sélected for the national work which will'perpetuate his fame along with that of the naval glory of Great Britain, with which it is so intimately connected. The commanding sea force which it was deemed necessary to keep afloat, during the late apparently interminable war, naturally turned the serious attention of Government to the means of securing an adequate supply of timber, for the enormous expenditure which threatened to desolate our forests, whilst the increasing influence of the French Emperor deprived us of the usual resources on the Continent. In this dilemma, the extensive regions of our Indian empire, with its inexhaustible stores of durable teak wood, appeared to provide an ample remedy. against the approaching evil; and, to avail ourselves of its magazines with the fuliest effect, it was determined to have ing-yessels of eighty guns. — “on nt The local advantages of the island of Bombay, pointed it out as the best’adapted for applying the resources of the East. to the ri pape of the parent state. “But the difficulties which attended the. com: M 2 mencement Bas mehvement of the undertaking had nearly’ eased its abandonment, when Col. Cowper was requested by the Government to super- intend it. After a short deliberation he aceepted the charge; but it was not till after he had commenced his labours, that ° he'was himself aware of the numerous and unexpected difficulties with which he had to contend ; to the world they will remain un- known, but it may be observed that the ordinary studies of a military engineer are not directed to such structures; and that, without the means of reference to scientific experience or books —and wholly dependant on untutored artificers, whom hé was obliged personally to instruct, it is solely to the resources of his powerful mind that the British empire is indebted for one of her most durable and magnificent monuments. After the completion of this splendid achievement, he was selected by the com- mander-in-chief, Sir John Abercrombie, to ~ London Incidents, °° > (Aug. 1, organize and consolidate the Commissariat department of the army, the duties of which’ had previously been dispersed in a variety of confused channels, naturally producing dis- order and inefficiency ; the ill consequences of which were seriously felt in‘all military. equipments. - The utmost success attended every measure entrusted to his judgment and abilities. ’ He returned to his native country with an impaired constitution, in 1817, and retired from the service the following year. Respected by the whole army, esteemed by his numerous acquaintance, and loved by the few who enjoyed his intimacy, and who alone could fully appreciate the unassuming — virtue, honourable feelings, and zealous friendship which distinguished his character through life, he finished his career at the early age of fifty, leaving a widow and three young children—too young, alas! to be sensible of their irreparable loss. Lcemsmththasiatientiataictommiaat INCIDENTS, MARRIAGES, ann DEATHS, iy anp near LONDON. —=— = CHRONOLOGY OF THE MONTH. — ~WUNE 25.—The New College of Phy- @P sicians, in Suffolk-street, Pall-Mall, opened in the presence of the Dukes of York, Sussex, Cambridge, &c. An inau- gural oration in Latin was delivered by Sir H. Halford, president. 27.—A numerous meeting of noblemen and gentlemen took place, to promote a subscription for the sufferers by the late fire in Mortimer-street, &c., Lord R. Seymour in the chair. It appeared that, in addition to the great destruction of houses, no less than 215 men were thrown out of employ- ment, and the greatest number of them lost their working tools ; and 69 families, in which were 166 children, had been left houseless. A subscription commenced for their relief 28.—A meeting took place at the City of London Tavern, at which the Lord Mayor presided, for considering the propriety of establishing an university for the education of the youth of the metropolis, applicable to commercial and professional pursuits : the Lord Mayor in the chair. Several eloquent speeches were delivered commendative of the measure, which was unanimously agreed to. July 1.—The poll for the election of sheriffs for London and Middlesex termi- nated: the numbers stood as follow: Alderman Crowder ---+++++-e-eeetterre 945 Mr. Kelly -+----- +++ . 872 — Dove -- + 455 wee HUT oes cece cere ence cc eceseeecere 287 m— Marten .--s-ce re ceee cece eeceecees 137 — Woolley’: -------0rsseceeereeeeeees 86 2,— At a meeting held at the Freemason’s tavern, the Duke of Sussex in the chair, a society was formed for promoting education © and industry in Canada, by the establish- ment of schools of industry among the Indians and settlers. 4, —The Old Bailey sessions terminated, when twenty prisoners received sentence of death ; sixty-nine were ordered to be im- prisoned for various terms; six to be whipped and discharged ; forty-eight males and five females were sentenced to trans- portation, viz. six for life, three for fourteen years, and forty-four for seven years. 5.—The inhabitants of the parish of St. Mary, Lambeth, petitioned the House of Commons, praying for prevention of cruelty to cattle. —. A destructive fire broke out in the spacious premises of Mr. Purdue, silver- smith and salesman in Great Tothill-street, Westminster, which it destroyed ; and also those of a Mr. Watmore ; of Mr. Wait, feather maker, in Dartmouth-street ; and of Messrs. Hazell, grocers. ‘The loss esti- mated at £10,000. 6.— Parliament prorogued. 7.—A meeting of the Gospel Tract Society held at the London tavern, when scenes ' utterly contrary to the mild spirit of Chris-” tianity took place; an amiable Catholic * priest, and another respectable individual, were expelled by force, and a tract was then made (certainly not from the Christian source) by the supporters, which no doubt will tend to undo all those that have ema-— nated from the press through their means or instrumentality ! 8.—A theatre or lecture-room of the © London Mechanics’ Institution, in South- ampton-buildings, Holborn, opened. The president, Dr. Birkbeck, delivered an in- teresting lecture, and was followed by Mr. - Brougham and the Duke of Sussex, in congratulatory addresses. Twelve hundred i persons were present. © eS EX oo 14.—A fire broke out on’ the estate of" S. Marriot, esq. M.P. at East Acton, owing to 82) Vaso, 1825.) to a-very large hay-rick igniting, in conse- quence of its being over heated.. Before assistance could be rendered, nine other ricks, of equally Jarge dimensions, were included in the devastation, and burnt with unprecedented fury, till the whole of the valuable property was reduced toashes. 19.—The first stone of the splendid mansion intended for the residence of the Duke of York, which is to be erected on the site of the old building, was laid with great splendour, and with the usual for- malities. '20.—A fire broke out in the pianoforte manufactory in Pratt-place, Camden-town, belonging to Messrs. Gunter & Co., of Little Queen-street, Lincoln’s-inn-fields, which nearly destroyed three houses before its progress was arrested. MARRIAGES. R. Currie, esq. to Laura Sophia, daugh- ter of the Hon. J. Woodhouse, M.P. J. Fountaine, esq. to Marian Catherine, daughter of the late W. Hodges, esq. R.A. Mr. J. Lawford, to Augusta Eliza, daughter of C. Wyatt, esq. both of Upper Clapton. At Croydon, D. Birkett, esq. to Jane, daughter of J. Birkett, esq. of Norwood. Capt. E. Nepean, R.N. to Mary, eldest daughter of Capt. Stuart, x.x. of Mon- tague -square. At Islington, C. Charlett, esq. to Miss Martha Jennet Leek, youngest daughter of H. Leek, esq. of the custom-house, Aberystwith. At Kew, Capt. Nooth, late of the Dra- goon-guards, to Emily, daughter of W. Brien, of Great Ormond-street. Colonel de L. Barclay, c.B., of the Gre- nadier-guards, aide-de-camp to the King, to Mrs. Gurney Barclay, of Tillingburne- lodge, Surrey. H. Humphries, esq. of Serle-street, Lincoln’s-inn-fields, to MHiarriett Ancell, eldest daughter of Capt. Fleming, R.M. Portsmouth. Lieut.-Col. G. Higginson, of the Gre- nadier-guards, to the Right Hon. Lady Frances Elizabeth, Needham, third daugh- ter of the Earl of Kilmorey. T. Lichfield, esq. of South Moore, Berks, to Sarah, third daughter of R. Church esq. of the same place. F. D. Danvers, esq. to Charlotte Maria, daughter of J. J. Rawlinson, esq. of Doughty-street. Sir J. V. B. Johnstone, bart. of Hack- ness, Yorkshire, to Louisa Augusta Ver- non, second daughter of the Archbishop of York. G. W. H. Beaumont, esq. of Buckland, Surrey, to Mary Anne, eldest daughter of the Bishop of London. Mr. J. G. Thursfield, of Wednesbury, to Eleanor Mary, eldest daughter of Mr, Hunt, of: Craven-street, Strand, - ar Go? Viet London Marriages and Deaths. ‘- A. Dashwood, esq. son of.Sir H., Dash-.,, 854 wood, bart. of Kirtlington-park, -in :, this.. county, to Hester, daughter of the late, Sir,, J. H. Astley, bart. of Melton, Norfolk, .+.:; L. Lewis, jun. esq. of Camberwell. ; grove, to Mrs. Yarker, widow of the late, Capt. Yarker, R.N., and of Newton-house, | Warwickshire. im At Hackney, G. Palmer, esq. of Wal-,, thamstow, to Miss Elizabeth Leathly, of | Clapton-square. E. A. Lomitz, esq. of Leeds-town, to. Caroline, second daughter of G. Oppen- heimer, esq. of South-street, Finsbury. square, London. Lieut.-Col. Haverfield, of the 43d regt. of light infantry, to Anne, youngest daugh- ter of S. Fisher, M.D. of Johnstone-street. The Hon. G. D. Ryder, second son of... Earl Harrowby, to Lady Georgina Au- gusta Somerset, third daughter of the Duke of Beaufort. An At Hampstead, Chas. son of A. Bacon, esq. of Elcott, Berks, to Caroline, daugh- ter of H. Davidson, esq. of Cayendish- square. The Rev. H. Wetherall, rector of Thrux- ton, Herefordshire, to Harriet Maria, only daughter of E. B. Clive, esq. of Whitfield, in that county. ra T. P. Medwin, esq. of Hartlebury, Worcestershire, to Miss Dodd, late of Lime-street. Duncan, eldest son of H. Davison, esq. of Cavendish-square, to the Hon. E. D. B. Macdonald, second daughter of Lord Mac- donald. At Islington, Mons. P. E. Alletz, to Elizabeth, daughter of the late J. Green, esq. of Highbury-park. Mr. W. P. Tribe, of Mortimer-street, to Miss S. Peake, of High-street, Oxford. At Kensington, H. Mostyn, esq. of Usk, to Miss Bower, of Brompton. The Ear! of Sheffield, to Lady Harriet, ’ daughter of the Earl of Harewood. DEATHS. At Chiswick, 80, Mrs. M. Woodroffe. In York-buildings, New-road, Mary-le- ° bone, 65, Catharine, wife of J. Grant, esq. © At Camberwell, 27, Mr. E. J. Malo. In Bryanstone-square, Mrs. A. C. Boode. At Tottenham-green, J. Patience, esq.” At Spring-gardens, 77, S. Shephard, esq- late of the firm of Messrs. Hancock, Shep- hard, and Rixon. In Grosvenor-place, the Rt. Hon. Lord ° Lilford. C. Cartwright, esq. late accountant- general to the East-India Company. I. Buxton, m.v. formerly physician to the London Hospital. - E. Meyrick, esq. apothecary’ to the Westminster hospital thirty years. 70, Marianne, wife of Gen. E. Stephens, and daughter of the late Sir E., Hulse, bart. ’ of Breamore. Bea tute yeian wis (VSR 86. In York-street, R. Brent, esq. In Lansdown-place, J.‘ Forsyth, esq. Portman-square, 74, At Bethnal-green, 84, W. Millan, esq, ; In Foley-place, 36, J. Burchell, esq. _ At Knightsbridge, 56, Mrs. Goding, wife of T. Goding, esq, At Ditton, Surrey, 87, G. Pears, esq. formerly of Southwark. . In Gloucester-place, Jane, wife of the Hon. Mr. Lumley, of Sulham-house, Berks. Queen’s-buildings, Brompton, 76, W. Warwick. ; At Stafford-house, Turnham-green, 69, T. J. Moore, esq. 22, Caroline, eldest daughter of Col. Wood, and niece of the Marquis of London- derry. . In Manor-street, Chelsea, 78, C. Smith, esq. late of Croydon. In Church-street, Paddington, 82, Mrs. Kerrison, In Heathcote-street, Mrs. S. Bell, late of Scarborough, 82, George, Chalmers, esq. F.R.s, and s.A., chief-clerk of the office of privy- couneil for trade and plantations —He was the author of ‘ Caledonia,” and several other works. In Old Burlington-street, J. Shaw, of Sherwood-lodge, Mitcham-common, Sur- rey. a Upper Gower-street, W. Smith, esq. late Capt. in the Hon. East-India Com- any’s service. At Leigh Rectory, near Reigate, Surrey 58, S. Wilton, esq. 79, J. Dowse, esq. late surgeon of the 11th Royal Veteran Battalion, C..Shepherd, esq. formerly of Bedford- row, and late ef Cobham, Surrey. In Southwark, Mr. J. Mounsey, chemist, of Great Surrey-street, Blackfriars-road. At Berkeley-cottage, Stanmore, Lieut.- general Burne, late commander of the 36th Regt. of Foot. ‘In Upper Gower-street, 70, W. Smith, - esq. late of the East-India Company’s mili- tary service. In Mare-street, Haekney, Mrs. Richard- by, widow of John Richarby, esq. of Grace- church-street. -At. Earlwood, Reigate, 76, Robert Nut- hall, esq. late transfer accountant to the East-India Company. _ In Brunswick square, 68, W. Thomp- son, esq. At Hampstead, 73, S. Hoare, esq. of the firm of Messrs. Hoare, Barnett, and Co. bankers. Lombard-street. -In Upper .Wimpole-street, Mrs. Col- ville, widow of R. Colyilie, esq. of Neutin- hall, Cambridgeshire. In Artillery-place, Finsbury-square, 82, the Rev. A. Rees, D.D, F,R.s. editor of the Cyclopedia, &c. He was for upwards of forty years the pastor of the congregation . of Protestant dissenters of the presbyterian denomination, assembling formerly in the Marriages and Deaths Abroad. (Auge ly Old-Jewry, and latterly in the new chapel in Jewin-street, Aldersgate-street; and. who, for more than ‘half a century, was actively engaged in the administration of some of the principal Dissenting trusts. This. eminent scholar and divine, who long held such a distinguished rank in the eg and scientific world, was a native of Nor Wales, where his father was respected as a dissenting minister. MARRIAGES ABROAD. At Colombo, Ceylon, W. Huxham, esq- of Exeter, to Jemima, eldest daughter ; and C. Brownrigg, esq. only surviving son of Gen. Sir R. Brownrigg, bart. late go- vernor of Ceylon, to S. Moore, youngest daughter of the late Capt. B. Clarke, of 4th Ceylon regt. “4 At Arcot, in the East-Indies, the Rey. J. W. Massie, of the London Missionary Society, to Isabella, daughter of J. Grant, esq. of Avemore, Invernesshire. At Hobart-town, Van Diemen’s Land, Mr. J. Aitkin, Jate first officer of the Aus- tralian- Company’s ship Triton, to Jane; eldest daughter of M. Symon, esq. of Bally- more, county of Armagh. : ' At Calcutta, Lieut. T. B. Macdougel, sub.-assist.-com.-gen., to Miss E. Jackson, niece to R. Jackson, esq. . At Paris, Vise. D’Estampes, of Barne- ville sur Seine, France, to M. Hawkins, daughter of the late C. T. Brereton, esq. of Soho-square. “e- DEATHS ABROAD. Of a jungle-fever, on the river Burrum- poota in Assam, East-Indies, Lieut. F, T. Richardson, interpreter and quarter- master to the 46th regt, Bengal Nat.-Inf. Tle was the eldest son of F. Richardson, esq. of Devonshire-street, Portland-place. At Trinidad, G. son of the late T. Latham, esq. ef Champion-hill. At Ussyerabad, 42, Lieut.col, V- Baines, of the 36th regt. Nat.-Inf. é At Paris, Anne Maria, widow of J. Ald- ridge, esq. of St. Leonard’s-forest, near Horsham, Sussex. ; ; At Aix-les- Bains, in Savoy, 10, Charlotte Augusta Caroline, daughter of Sir. C. Lenton, bart. and niece to the Earl of Lchester. ett In the Mediterranean, C. D. Ryder, second son of the Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry. Mr. Ryder was a midshipman on board his majesty’s ship Naiad, the Hon. Capt. Spencer, and was unfortunately drowned on the coast of Naples, toge with seven sailors, by the swamping of @ boat under his command. : At the Isle of France, G. C. Scott. esq. storekeeper of the ordnance, eldest son of the late Col. G. Scott, of the royal sd _ At Antigua, 33, Capt, Athill, R,N, “enly son of §. Athill, esq. president and com- mander-in-chief of the said island. ECCLESIASTICAL 1825.) | Vino ECCLESIASTICAL PROMOTIONS. 87] a ‘ ti . Tue Rev. M. Evans, vicar of Llangillo;. in the county of Radnor, to the benefice of Builth and Llanddewir’ewm, Brecon. The Rey. W. B. Whitehead, m.a. vicar of Twiverton, has been instituted, by the bishop of the diocese, to the vicarage of Chard, Somerset. The Rev. R. Davies, M.A. to the vicar- age of Connington. . The Rev. S.. Davies, jun. Ba. to the rectory of Bringwyn, Radnorshire. _ Rey. J.S. Henslow, m-.a. of St. John’s College, Cambridge, and professor of mineralogy in that university, appointed, by the king, to the regius professorship of botany. _ The Rey. E. S. Pearce, m.A. of Jesus College, Cambridge, and Fs.a. appointed morning preacher of Hanover-chapel, Re- gent-street. A The Rey. C A. Sage, to the vicarage of St. Peter, Brackley, Northamptonshire, with the chapel of St. James annexed. . The Rev. W. Pochett, M.a. to be prebendary of the cathedral church of Sarum. The Rev. T. Crick, 8.4. to the rectory of Little Thurlow, Norfolk. a Fe The Rev. P. Gurden, 8...to the rectory of Reymerstone, Norfolk. u Rey. H. W. Rawlins, M.a. rector of Staplegrove, has been licensed to the per- petual and augmented curacy of Hill- Bishops. j Rey. J. Cross to be precentor of Bristol Cathedral. Rey. W. Milner to be minor canon of Bristol Cathedral. ; ~The Rey. J._Ion, M.A. rector of Hals- ham .in Holdernesse, to the vicarage of Hemingbrough, in the East Riding of York- shire. = The Rey. C. Sanderson Miller, vicar of Harlow, Essex, and chaplain to the Dow- ager Viscountess Chetwynde, to hold the living of Matching, Essex. The-Rev. F. Woodforde, 8.A.,.instituted to the rectory of Weston Bamfylde, void by the cession of the said F. Woodforde. The Rey. F. Lockey, D.c.L., licensed to the perpetual curacy of Blackford, within the parish of Wedmore: PROVINCIAL OCCURRENCES, WITH THE MARRIAGES AND DEATHS; Furnishing the Domestic and Family History of England for the last Twenty-nine Years. ———— NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. & NUMEROUS and respectable meeting £%% was lately held in the round school, Ches- ter-le-street, Wm. Loraine, esq. in the chair, when several resolutions were adopted for the formation of a Mechanics’ Institute for Chester-le-street and its vicinity. An explosion took place within the month in the Judith pit, belonging to Messrs. W. M. Lamb and Co., situate at Harrington Outside, near Chester-le-street, Durham, when eleven human beings lost their lives, and all the horses down the shaft were de- stroyed. : Married.| At Durham, Thomas P, Robin- son, esq.to Laura, youngest daughter of A. Hammond, esq.—Mr. George Robson, of the Windmill-hills, to Miss Fins Bell, of Newcastle—At Gateshead, Mr. George Watson, to Miss Elizabeth Musgrave— At Kirkheaton, Thomas Wilson, esq., of Huddersfield, to Hannah, daughter of Jos. Beaumont, esq. of Dalton—At Bishop- Wearmouth, Mr, Thomas Hodge, of Sunder- land, to Miss Lydia Wiseman, of Bishop-~ _Wearmouth—Mr. Jas. Bowie, to Miss Eliz. Jane Patrick, both of Berwick—At Belford, Robert Liddel esq. of Leith, to Sarah, eldest daughter of the late John Nisbit, esq. of Ancroft, North Durham— At Stockton, Mr, Proctor, to Miss Slinger, both of the Society of Friends—Mr, George Hornby, of Sun- derland, to Miss Hick, daughter of Mr. Thomas Hick, of Scarborough—Mr. Thos. Brunton, solicitor, to Amelia, youngest daughter of the late Mr. W. Wilkinson. Died.| At Durham, in Old Elvet, Chas. Spearman, esq. one of the magistrates of the eounty of Durham-—At Jesmond, 56, Eliza- beth,’ wife of Mr. C. Stafford—At North Shields, 42, Mr. Edward Baliff; and 37, Ann, wife of Mr. James Storrick—At Bishopwearmouth, 65, Mrs. Elizabeth Hazlewood, widow of the Rev. D. Hasle- wood, of Durham; 44, Sarah, wife of Mr. - Wm. Bell—At Westoe, near South Shields, Henry Heath, esq.—At Sunderland, 40, Mrs. Margaret Clark —43, Mr. John Elliot, of Washington Staiths—At Uvingham, 54, Mrs. Jane Bewick— At Hexam, 66, Miss Mary Leadbitter—At the Parsonage-house, _ Lanchester, 80, Hannah, daughter of ‘the Rev. Joseph Thompson—At Burnopfield, Frances, wife of Mr, Thomas Rippon—At ; » Chatton, 88 Chatton, Mr. John Taylor, at an advanced age—89, Mrs. Barbara Alcock, relict of the late Mr. Samuel Aleock—-At Tynemcuth, 33, Mr. Joho Barras, of Gateshead—On the New-road, near Newcastle, 38, James, eldest son of the late Mr. James Potts, of Berry-hill, near Morpeth—At Wickham, Mrs. Richley, eldest daughter of the late Cuthbert Hunter, esq. of Medomsley, and sister of General Hunter, governor of Pen- dennis-castle—At Darlington, 85, Mr. Robt. Ingledew; 34, Mr. William Boyes—At Welpington, 74, Mrs. Bolam—At the Manse of Wilton, in the vicinity of Hawick, 84, the Rev. Samuel Charters—At Ber- wick, 72, Thomas Waite—At Workington, lately, 57, Mr. William Swinburne. CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND. _ A beautiful and substantial bridge over the Clyde, on the new line of road to Car- lisle, has within the month been opened to the public. It is constructed of durable stone, and consists of one beautiful arch 90 feet span, neatly and substantially built by Mr. Park, from a plan drawn by Mr, Tel- ford. Married.| At Workington, Mr. Peter Waters, to Mrs. Margaret Cowan. Died.| At Carlisle, 58, Mr. Thomas Waugh—At Appleby, William Holmes, esq, of Crosby-ravensworth, senior Captain of the Royal Westmoreland Militia—At Oulton, 79, Mrs. Jane Liddle—At Collier- -row, near Maryport, Mrs. Hastie— At Ellen- boro’, 61, Capt. P. Robinson, of Maryport —At Whitehaven, 70, Ann, wife of Mr. E. Williams, Dawson-place, Duke-street—A. ‘Kendal, 89, Mrs, Elizabeth Whitelock, of Patton ; 58, Miss E. Docker, formerly of Morland—At St. Nicholas, near Carlisle, 80, Mr. J. Studholme—At Wigton, 49, Mrs. Ann Railton—At Drybeck, 37, Mrs. Dixon—At Maryport, 70, Isabella, wife of Mr. T. Huddart— At Workington, 81, Mrs. Martha Younger; 35,-Mrs. Mary Burns. YORKSHIRE. In consequence of the sulphurous mineral waters at Slaitewaite being much resorted to, and found beneficial by the public, the Earl of Dartmouth, on whose estate they spring, has patronized the erection of com- modious buildings for the purpose of warm and cold bathing. The baths were open to the public within the month; and, on the occasion, Mr. Richard Varley, the spirited proprietor, gave a sumptuous entertainment, at the long-room over the baths, tea nume- rous party. An adjourned public meeting for the for- mation of a Mechanics’ Institution at Dews- bury, was held in the school-room of Ebe- nezer Chapel. Thos. Todd, esq., president, was in the chair, and several of the principal: manufactures of the town were present. Mr. Edward Baines, jun., who had been in- vited by the committee to attend the meet- Provincial Occurrences :—Cumberland, Yorkshire, 5c. [ Aug. 1, ing, gave an account of the formation and success of the Leeds Mechanics’ Institution, as well as of other similar societies. The institution was resolved upon. Married.| Sir J. V. B. Johnstone, bart., of Hackness, to Louisa Augusta Vernon, second daughter of the Archbishop of York --T. Wilson, esq. of Huddersfield, to Han- nah, second daughter of J. Beaumont, esq. of Dalton—Mr. J. Gregory, of Wakefield, to Miss Dyson, of Crigglestone—At Doncaster, Capt. Saunders, adjutant of the South West York Yeomanry Cavalry, to Christiana, daughter of the late T. Elston, esq.—At Overton, the Rev. J. Heslop, of Haxby-hall, to Mary, second daughter of E. Place, esq. of Skelton-Grange—The Rev. C,.Wimber- ley, 8.a. son of Mr. Wimberley, of Doncas- ter, to Mary, second daughter of the late General Irvine, of Drum-Castle, Aberdeen- shire—Mr. John Hird, to Miss Cotton, both of Skipton—At Askham Bryant, Mr. T. Routlidge, to Miss Brown, both of Pon- tefract—Mr. M. Wice, of Silcoates, to Miss Haigh, daughter of Mr, J. Haigh, of Wake- field—Mr. S. Haslam, of Willow-house, near Halifax, to Miss Lee, of Beyerley— Mr. J. Drake, of Selby, to Miss Elizabeth Pearson, of York—Mr. J. Lodge, to Mrs. Henrietta Jackson, both of Leeds—Mr. J. Fryer, to Miss S. Bradley, both of Mark-. ington—Mr. M. Binns, of Bradford, to Miss M. Thomas, of Leeds. Died.| At Leeds, Mrs. Hogg—27, Sarah, the wife of Mr. W. Walker—22, Mr. G. Beverley, of Northowram, near Halifax— Mrs. Kemp, wifeof Mr. E. Kemp, of Golds- bro’—44, C. Mayor, esq. of Northowram— At York, Miss Maria Knapton—42, Mr. Cowling, attorney, and coroner for the county, city, ‘and ainsty of York—At Hali- fax, 43, Mr. J. Farrer—Mr. J. Driver— 87, Mr. G. Beecroft, of Thorner—20, Lucy, second daughter of the late Mr. J. Wood, of Pleasant Dairy—At New-house, Hudderstield, Sarah, the youngest daughter ‘of the late Mr. J. Broadbent, of Leeds— . The Rev. Mr. Trickett, Baptist Minister, at Bramley—At Thorp-Arch, 74, the Rev. F, Wilkinson, a.m. vicar of Bardsey and Paxton—At Barnsley, John, the eldest son of John Greenwood, esq.—93, Mrs, Anne Grey, eldest daughter of the late W. Gray, esq. of Newholm—At Woodthorpe, near Wakefield, 64, the Rev. R. Wood, minister of St. John’s church, Wakefield, and many years a very active magistrate and deputy lieutenant for the West-Riding of York- shire—Miss Elizabeth Bronte, daughter of the Rev. P. Bronte, incumbent of Ha- worth. LANCASHIRE. No less than 10,837 vessels entered Liver- pool in the year ending 24th June—836 more than in the year preceding. ; A company was announced, within the month, with a capital of £100,00, to ae Mgrs 1825.) blish a communication between Liverpaol aiid other great commercial towns by tele- graph. ; . A distressing scene took place within the month,” in Oldbam church, when the place was excessively filled. A loud crash was heard on the roof, and the plaster of the ceiling began to fall. It was imme- diately apprehended that the edifice was giving way, and the congregation rushed to the doors and windows, and got out with all possible expedition; several persons were trampied upon and bruised. “Married.| Mr. J. Beaumont, of Man- chester, to Miss S. Monhouse, of Oldham— Mr. J. Kenworthy, of Quilk, Saddleworth, to Miss M. Mann, of Prestwick—Mr. C. Hawkesworth, of Manchester, to Miss S. Mitchell, of Sheffield—The Rev. J. Ack- worth, a.m, to Sarah, daughter of M. Thack- ney, esq. of St. Ann’s-hill, Burley—Mr. R. Dewhurst, to Miss Hardwick, both of Liver- pool—Mr. E. N. Crossley, of Timplerly, to Miss Robinson, of the Lower-horse-farm, near Cheadle— Mr. H. Nelson, to Miss A. Greenwood, both of Blackburn—Mr. Alher- ton, of Manchester, to Miss E. Ramsden, of Lee Bridge-house, near Halifax—Mr. A. Lawne, of Liverpool, to Margaret, daughter of the late J. Kerr, esq. of Grena- da—E. H. Lushington, esq. to Miss Cathe- rine Philips, daughter of the late T. Philips, esq. of Sedgley—Mr. H. H. Fishwick, to Jane, daughter of the late W. Fishwick, esq. both of Numley. Died.| At Lancaster, 63, J. Watson, esq. ; 66, J. Hinde, esq. a magistrate for the county—At Manchester, 80, Mr. P. Young —In Lumber-street, 72, Mr. W. Haigh, late of Huddersfield—In Deansgate, 22, Mr. H, Hiles—In Lever-street, Mr. W. Leigh —At Liverpool, 33, A. Gilfillan, esq.— Rev. T. Edwards, for many years a labo.- rious minister among the Welsh Calvinistic Methodists, Liverpool.—At Rochdale, 82, Mr. T. Collier, painter, second son of the late’ J. Collier, alias ‘Tim Bobbin, author of ~ the “Lancashire Dialect, Remarks on the History of Manchester,” &c.; 74, Mr. J. Lord ; 74, Alice, widow of S. Patten, sen: esq.—At Blackburn, Mr. Cunliffe, sen.— At Pendleton, 78, the Rev. J.: Pedley, m.a. He had been forty -years and: upwards an assistant master at tlie Free Grammar School, Manchester, and for forty-nine years incum- bent curate of St. Thomas’s chapel, Pen- dleton. : igi - * CHESHIRE. ‘large fish was lately observed by some boatmen’ at Runcorn, when the tide was ebbing, to be entangled between twostones. : With some difficulty, they secured it. It attempted to bite the man who held it; they were tlerefore compelled to knock it on, the head It turned out to be 4 young basking shark —the first, we believe, that’ hes eyer been heard of in’ the river Mersey. ' ures about four feet'six inches long. | It was brought to Manchester on the follow- ~Moxrtury Mae. No, 413. Cheshire, Derbyshire, Notttighamshire: ’ 2 Sf ing day, and ‘is now deposited’in the mtisetin’ of the Natural History Society of that town. xi At Little Leigh, a poor woman was dé" livered, within the month, of a child with" two heads, on which the hair was an inch” long, two necks, which unite above’ the shoulders, and four arms, four hands and” fingers beautifully fornied; one body down to the hips, with one umbilical cord or navel ; the organs of generation perfect as in two male children; four thighs, four legs, fect, and toes, all well formed. A short time before birth the accoucheur thought one of the heads shewed symptoms of life. Married.| Mr, G. Williams, of Chester, to Miss J. Watkins, of Shrewsbury— Henry, eldest son of P. Marsland, esq. of Wood Bank, near Stockport, to Maria, ‘second daughter of H. Hollins, esq. of Pleasley— Mr. T. Egerton, to Miss Hussey; Mr, J. Maddox, to Miss Anne Birrom, all of Knutsford. ‘ he Died.| _At Neston, Mrs. Dobsin—At Birkenhead, Ann, widow of S. Humphreys, esq. prothouotary of Chester— At Stocks, in’ Stayley, J. H. Cooke, esq. eldest son of the late Rev. J. Cooke, m.a. of the formcr place. DERBYSHIRE, Married.|_ Mr: A. Harvey, of Derby, to Miss E. Hall, of Mansel-park—Mr. R. Pitman, of Derby, to Miss Holland, of Worksworth—Mr. B. Gillett, of Dalley-’ house, near Balper, to Miss Watson, of Court-house, near Duffield—At Derby, Mr. W. Clifford, of Hegworth, to Miss Wateril!, of Little Chester— The Rev. R.: Wallace, of Chesterfield, to Miss S: Lakin, of Leicester —Mr. Hallam, of Kegworth, to Miss Shep- pard, of Shardlaw—Mr. J. Brown, to Miss A. Turner, both of Barlborough—The Rev. C. H. R. Rodes, m.a. of Balboro’-hall, to. Avna Maria Harriet, youngest daughter of W. Gossip, esq. of Hatfield-house, near Doncaster. . Died.| ‘ At Derby, 80, John Borough, esq.—In the Ashborne-road, Mrs. Jenkin- son—At Chesterfield, Mrs. Snibson; 89, A, L. Maynard, esq.— At Etwall, 24, Mr. W. Bosworth, late of Queen’s-college, Cam- bridge—At Staveley, Mr. W. Flint; 84, Mr. S. Kirk—At Melbourne, Mr. Haines —Mr. R. Bellingham. of Bakewell, late of Bourne, Lincolnshire—At Stoney Middle- ton, Elizabeth, wife of J. A. Shuttleworth, - esq.—At Hulland, 20, Miss Colburn—At Darley abbey, 65, T. W. Swinburne, esq. of Mill-hill-house. ‘ NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. \ A considerable number of persons, natives of Leicester, Loughborough, and Notting- ham, are now living at Calais, where they are employed in the manufacture of lace. ‘They have formed a reading society among them-’ selves, and regularly receive tlie Monthly” Magazine, and several of the London jour-’ nals. They have also established a protes-' tant place of worship, and afford a liberal N salary ‘ 90 salary to their minister, Mr. Liptrot, for- merly a curate of Oadby, near the town of Leicester, for performing service for them every Sunday. Married.| At Nottingham, Mr. A. E. Johnson, to Miss Mary Tootal; Mr, R. Jebb, of Bingham, to Miss Ann Longdon —Mr..S. Flinders, of Woodborough, to Miss Elizabeth Parr, of Arnold; Mr. G. Elliot, to Miss Esther Briggs; Mr. G. Woodward, to Miss Sarah Pimm; Mr. W. Marriot, of Car Colston, to Miss Elizabeth Hall; Mr. J. Broadhead, to Miss Sarah Clarke ; Mr. J. Cash, to Miss Elizabeth Hollis; Mr. J. Richards, to Miss Mary Brunt ; Mr. W. Kirkham, to Miss Rebecca Commory; Mr. R. Speed, to Miss Eliza Golling; Mr. F. Parker, to Miss Ann Chester; Mr. T. Hazledine, to Miss Mary Turner; Mr. T. Fletcher, to Miss Ann Millos; Mr. T. Hind, to Miss Elizabeth Goddard; Mr. W. Gamble, to Miss Eliza- beth Wagstaff, of Snenton; Mr. T. Hall, to Miss Elizabeth Johnson; Mr. J. Huish, to Miss Martha Burge; Mr. J, Sumner, to Miss Jane Hind—At Arnold, Mr. W. Jeffery, to Miss Holmes—At Winthorpe, near Newark, Mr. J. Bradshaw, of Holme, to Miss Sarah Hancock, of Winthorp—Mr. C. Beastal, of Sutton in Ashfield, to Miss A. Clay, of Hardstaff—H. G. Knight, esq., of Ferbeck, to Harriet, daughter of A. Har- dolph, esq., of the Grove, near East Ret- ford. Died.| _At Nottingham, in Bridleswith- gate, 85, E. Towndrow, esq.—On Drury- hill, 60, Mrs. H. Timms—In Long-row, 20, Miss M. Blackhall—At New Snenton, 65, Mrs. R. Towle, of Scarrington—At Ordsall, 88; Mrs. Jetfery—At West Red- ford, 64, Mrs. A. Cutler—At Worksop, 92, Mr. T. Hawson—At Alfreton, the Rey. H. C. Morewood—At Old Basford, 51, Mr. W. Buck—At Newark, 54, Mrs. Glover. LINCOLNSHIRE, Married.|_ Mr. R. Newcomb, of Stam- ford, to Anna Maria, widow of S. Sharp, esq. of Romsey—Mr. J. Roberts, of Filling- ham, to Miss Kirkby, of East Retford. Died.) At_Grantham, Miss E, John- son. LEICESTER AND RUTLAND. Married.| At Thorney-abbey, the Rev. H. Smith, m.a., to Ann, daughter of the late J. Wing, esq.— At Burton Overy, Mr. T. W. Needham, to Eleanor Mary Frances, second daughter of the Rey. H. Woodcock, vicar of Barkby. ; Died.| At Oakham, 55, Mrs. Keal, wi- dow of W. Keal, esq.—Lucy, wife of Mr. Bucknall, of Market Bosworth, STAFFORDSHIRE. _ Married.| _ Captain W. Arden, of Long- croft-hall, to Lettice, daughter of the Rey. J. Watson, of Bunisal—The Rev. Thomas Mulock, to Miss Dinah Mellard, both of Stoke-upon- Trent. Provincial Occurrences :—Lincolnshire, Warwickshire, &c. [AugeI, Died.| At Stourton, 69, Mr. W. Norris, —At an adyanced age, Mr. W. Sherratt— At Rugeley, 85, Mrs. Anne Fletcher, widow of the late Rey. G. Fletcher, of Cubley. WARWICKSHIRE. A news-room, upon an extensive scale, has been opened within the month at Bir- mingham. This, and most of the large com- mercial towns of the kingdom, are making rapid advances in science, in art, and general intelligence. Birmingham will shortly hold no mean rank; as its commerce flourishes, so will its spirit, and consequently its in- telligence and science. ~ Three thousand females, inhabitants of Birmingham, within the month, agreed upon a petition to the House of Commons for the abolition of negro slavery, especially the slavery of children. Married.| At Birmingham, Mr. J. Read- ing, of Edmund-street, to Miss Bardell, of Prospect-row ; Mr. W. Palmer, of Wolver- ton, to Miss H. Brain, of Lillington; Mr. Davis, of Rugby, to Miss S. Neal, of Lutter- worth— At Coventry, Mr. T. Warwick, jun. of High-street, to Mary Anne, daughter of Lieut. W. Taylor, of Bloomsbury-place, Ashted; J. Townsend, esq. of Honington- hall, to Louisa, daughter of the Rey. R. Barnard. | ~ Died.] At Warwick, 35, Mrs. Cooke ; Miss A.'M. Cope; 78, Susannah Baker, a member of the Society of Friends—In Vauxhall-grove, 64, Mr. W. Wright—At Coventry, 64, Dr. Leen—In_ Spon-street, 69, Mrs. Barnes—70, Hannah, relict of J. Frearson, ésq. of London—At Shustoke, 84, E. Croxhall, esq At Smethwick, 87, Mr. J. Stanley—At Clift-house, Mary, wife of S. P. Shawe, esq.—At Leamington, Mrs. Kinnersley, widow of ‘IT, Kinnersley, esq. of Clough-hall. SHROPSHIRE, A mine of lead ore has been lately dis- covered at the Brow-hill, near Ellesmere, the property.of Messrs. Edwards and Wil- liams, by men getting gravel for the turn- pike-road. _Married,| At Chetton, G. P. Aston, ° esq. of Newton, to Mary Ann, youngest daughter of J. Baker, esq. of the Downes ; R. S, Dieken, esq. of Roughton-yilla, to. Miss J. Parker. of Loppington, Died.| At Shrewsbury, 41, Martha, the wite of the Rev. J. Langley; Mr, T. Larty —At Wellington, 64, Mr. Webb—At West- felton, suddenly, 65, Mr. J. Duckett—At Skipton in Corvedale, 90, Mrs. Milner—At Ollerton, 44, Mr. T. Bill, of Birmingham ; 78, the Rev. R, Outlam, rector of Longford. WORCESTERSHIRE, An infant school has been recently esta- blished at Kidderminster, the object of which is to remove poor children of an early age from scenes of vice and idleness. . : ‘Married.| The Rev. D. Davies, m.a. to Jane, daughter of the late R.. Nott, esq., of Worsley— 1825.] Worsley—Mr. J. Cartwright, of Halley- hall, to Miss Pagett, of Kingswinford—J. Taylor, esq. of Moor-green, to Miss E. A. Moseley, of Winterdyne—At Malvern, E. Graham, esq: to Catharine, eldest daughter of Lieut. General Williams. Died.| At Malvern, M. Wise, esq. -of Leamington Priors— At Churchill, 61, of Ascites, or abdominal dropsy, Mrs, Ozen, relict of G. Ozen, esq. of Burrington. During the last four years she underwent the operation of tapping 106 times, and had 1048 quarts of water drawn off !! HEREFORDSHIRE. Married.| At Mordford, David Thomas esq. of Dolgoy, Cardiganshire, to Mary Jane, daughter of the late Mr. J. Nicholls of Hereford—Mr. H. W. Woakes, of Here- ford, to Ann, youngest daughter of Job Lawrence, esq. of Norten—T. P. P. Wight, esq. of Collington, to Mary Maria, widow of Richard Wight, esq.of Tedstane Court— At Leominster, H. Tymbs, esq. of Corner Cop, to Miss Weyman, of Stagbatch. Died.| At Hereford, 50, J. Scudamore Lechmere, esq. of the Court House, Town- hope—At Bishop’s Frome, Mary, widow of the Rey. G. Patrick, vt.3. GLOUCESTER AND MONMOUTH. Another mechanics’ institution has been recently formed at Bristol. ; The Bristol Rail Road Company have Jately determined to carry their line no fur- ther than Worcester, intending to open a communication with Birmingham by the Worcester Canal. Married.|_ Mr. E. Smith, of Bristol, to Ann Bletchley, daughter of the late C. Sumsion, esq. of Colerne—Lieut. F. H: Billamore, of Cheltenham, to Miss Cath. Pruen, of Dursley—J. P. Waldo, esq. of Clifton, to Araminta, second daughter of Samuel Waring, esq. of Springfield, co. Kilkenny, Ireland—At Clifton, E. Nor- wood, esq. of Hertford, to Ejizabeth, youngest daughter of the late J. Ford, esq. of King-street Hall—J. Kendrick, esq. of Cheltenham, to Ann, only daughter of the late Mr. T. Breese; of Great Bridge, Tip- ton—Mr. J. Walwyn, of Cheltenham, to Miss E. A. Boardman, of Warrington—J. Fosbroke, esq. of Cheltenham, to Sophia Louisa, daughter of the late W. Sarel, esq. of Calcutta—At Cirencester, the Rev. T. Keble, u.8., to Elizabeth Jane, eldest daugh- ter of the late Rev. G. Clarke, of Meysey, Hampton—Mr. J. Reid, of Newland Val- ley, to Anne Yerbury, daughter of R. Per- kins, esq. of Penmaen—At Newport, J. Morgan, esq. to Miss Jones—J: Watkins, esq. of Wernycwm, Llanferin, to Anne, second daughter of Mrs. Adams, of Peny- dre, Lianvihangel—Mr. W. Skinner, of South Cerney, to Miss J. Gawn, of Bisley. Died.| At Bristol, 86, W. Acraman, esq. It is ‘worthy of remark, that around Nis vault lie four of his domestics, whose dollected ‘ieriods of service to liim ‘were 160 ‘Herefordshire, Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire, Bucks, &c. 91 years, and his housekeeper, who is now liv- ing, served him 63 years |—Mr .W. Swayne, late apothecary to the Bristol Infimary— At Cheltenham, 67, Sir J. Benn Walsh, bart., of Warfield,. Berkshire, and of Ormath, waite Hall, Cumberland—75, Elizabeth, widow of J. Howes, esq. of Winson—At West-hall, Cheltenham, 28, Sarah, wife of Dr. Butler, of Sackville-street, Dublin— 2, St. James’ Square, Cheltenham, Mrs, Briggs, wife of Dr. B.—At Tewkesbury, 65, Mrs. Lewis—Mrs. Prew—At Stroud, 85, Mr. B: Fisher. OXFORDSHIRE. The Prizes for the year 1825, at Oxford, have been awarded to the following Gentle- men—Latin Verse : Incendiwm Londinense, anno 1666. E.P. Blunt, Scholar of Cor- pus Christi—Latin Essay: De Tribwnicia apud Romanos Potestate. F. Oakley, B.A. Christ Church.—English Essay: ‘‘ Lan- guage in its copiousness and structure, con- sidered as a test of national civilization.”’ J. W. Mylne, z.a. Balliol—Sir R. Newdi- gate’s Prize: English Verse. ‘‘ The Tem- ple of Vesta, at Tivoli.” R. C. Sewell, Demy of Magdalen. A curious specimen of fossil zoology, an enormous nondescript animal, has recently been discovered at Stonesfield, near Oxford. The remains are very imperfect, but it is estimated that this Saurian reptile extended to the length of more than sixty feet, and that its bulk equalled that of an elephant seven feet high ! Married.| The Rev. F. Rowden, 8.0., Rector of Cuxham and Ibstone, to Catha- rine Charlotte, daughter of the Rev. Dr. Benson, Rector of Hampton Poyle and of South Weston. . Died.| At Oxford, 48, Mr. Wm. Cross, B.M., Organist of Christ Church, St. John’s, and the University Chnurch—At Christ Church, 81, The Rev. J. Burton, D.D. chaplain in ordinary to his Majesty, canon of Christ Church, Rector of Over Worton, in Oxfordshire, with the perpetual curacy of Nether Worton' annexed,— At Stanton St. John, 82, Mr. T. Aunting, steward to the last five bishops of Oxford. : BUCKS AND BERKS. ; The Humane Society have lately presented the’ Dispensary of Windsor with a handsome and complete apparatus for the restoration of persons apparently drowned, for the use of that establishment, and the medical gentle- men of Windsor, Married.| At Hurst, near Binfield, Berks, W. Johnson, esq. eldest son of the hon. Judge Johnson, to Ellen Clare Glasse, youngest sister of G. A. Elliott, esq. of Binfield Park, Berks—At Hanney, Cor- nelius Hammans, esq. of Garford, Berks, to Jane, second daughter of the late Mr. Giles; formerly an opulent farmer in’ the said county. ‘ Died.) At Datchet, near Windsor, the Rev. J. Phillips, »1.4., late of the University College, and lecturer of Wyrardsbury. — N 2 HERTFORD 92 Provincial Oceurrences :—Northamptonshire, Cambridge, §c. [Aug.1, HERTFORD AND EEDFORD. A line of railway on the suspension prin- ‘ciple, by Mr. H, R. Palmer, was opened at Cheshunt, in WHertfordshire, within the amonth, for inspection, when a numerous and highly respectable assemblage of spectators attended to witness the carriages in opera- tion. The line of railway runs from the high road at the lower end of the village to the river Lea, and is nearly a mile long. It consists of a single elevated line of surface, supported upon vertical posts of wood, fixed in the ground in a peculiar manner, to render their position secure, : On the 2d of July last, the sum paid into the Herts Savings Bank, amounted to £183,173 155. 7d, of which £68,406 13s. has been. withdrawn; £114,084 Os. 2d. invested ; and there remains in hand £683 2s. 5d, _ Married.| The Rev. W. T. Haddow, AM,, to Eleanor Ann, daughter of Col. Drinkwater, of Palmer’s Lodge, Elstree— At Turvey, the Rev. J. Ayre, of Islington, to Henrietta, daughter of the Rev, L. Rich- mond—At Therfield, the Rev. Chaloner Stanley Leathes, m.a., late of Exeter Col- lege, to Miss Leathes, daughter of the Rev. Isaac Leathes, rector of Mepal-cum-Sutton, Cambridgeshire, Died:| At Watford, 71, Mr. J. Lang- ham—At Wellwyn, 83, Susannah, widow of the Rev. C. Chauncey, of Ayott, St. Peter’s—At Pertenhall, Bedfordshire, 89, the Rey. ‘Thomas Martyn, .p.r.x.s., Regius Professor of Botany in Cambridge Uni- versity, for the long period of 64 years. He was editor of Miller’s Gardeners’ Dic- tionary—At Hadley, Herts, 10, M. Bur- rows, only son of the late J. Burrows, esq, of Gloucester-place. , NORTH A MPTONSHIRE. Married.) ‘tT. Walker, esq. of Peter- borough, to Mary Isabella, daughter of Ed- ward. Jenkins, esq. of . Thorpe-hall—W. Cornwall, esq. vf Barkway, to Miss S. ‘Stallybrass, .of Nuthampstead, Bury—At Cotterstock, the Rev. H. Good, to Anne Maria, daughter of the late C. Beikley, esq. of Bigyen-hall, Norts, Died.| In the Cathedral-close, Peter- borough, 28, Harriet, daughter of J, Spowld- ing, esq.—-At Boughton, 20, H. Isham, esq, eldest son of the Rey. H. C. Isham—At Bulwick-hall, 68, ‘V. Tryon, esq. CAMBRIDGE AND° HUNTINGDONSHIRE. At Cambridge, Sir W. Browne's gold medals were lately adjudged as follows : ‘Greek Ode: W. Selwyn, St. John’s College —Latin Ode: R. Snow, St. John’s Col- lege.—Epigrams: B. H. Kennedy. (a pupil of Dr. Butler’s; -of Shrewsbury), St. John’s College-—Subjects. For the Greek Ode _— . -Avdpiv emipavay macayn tTamos—— For the Latin Ode :—‘‘ dcademia Canta- brigiensis tol novis edificiis ornata,”—For the Greek Epigram :— Tleptooot wevres of *yYdtow Asyor ——— For the Latin Epigram :— Summum. jus, summa injuria.” Married:|. ‘The Rey. W. Harris Parker, of Downing College, Cambridge, to Ann Montagu, relict of the late T. Murthwaite Parker, esq. of Parknook, Cumberland. Died.|. At Cambridge, 66, Mr. Holland —65, Mr. J. Fuller—72, Mr. G. Ives—Ab St. Ives, 39, Mr. W. Paine. } ‘ NORFOLK. Married.| ‘The Rev. J. H. Fisk, of Bracondale, to Miss Eaton, of Norwich—_ At Norwich, the Rev. T. Collyer, to Miss E. A. Ward, of Thelnetham—F,. North, esq. of Rougham, to Janet, eldest daughter of Sir J. Marjoribanks, bart. M.v. Died.|. At Yarmouth, 60, Capt. R. Booth—64, Mrs. M. Harwood—At Ket- teringham-hall, Harriet, wife of N. W. Peach, esq. of Saville-row, London. SUFFOLK, Married.|_| Mr. Martin, to Miss Wood- roffe, bothof Berclee—Mr. J. Mayhew, of Wissett, to Miss H. Spalding, of Hales- worth, Died.] At Bury, Ann, the wife of John Scholes, esq.—At Whickham-market, 45, Alison, daughter of the late Rev. J. Black, of Woodbridge. ESSEX. A quarterly meeting of the trustees and managers of the. Romford Savings’ Bank, was lately held, when the treasurer reported the number of depositors to have been 1870. The sum total now invested in the Bank of England, is £42,249 10s. 8d. ‘fhe total amount of interest, added to the depositors’ accounts, has been £5886. Married.| The Rev. W. Worsley, to Louisa Ann, daughter of the Rev. W, Ben- son Ramsden, of Stainbridge—At Wan- stead, W. Comfort, son of W. Comfort, esq. of Holloway, to Catharine Horner, daughter of the late J. Horner, esq. of Lay- tonstone; and W. Horver, of Laytonstone, to Miss Sarah Comfort—Rev. W. ‘Tower, youngest son of the, late C. Tower, esq. of Weald Hall, to Maria, third daughter of Admiral Sir Eliab Harvey, m.P. : Died.| At Colchester, 36, the Rev. C. T. Keymer, 2.a., late curate of Gosfield— Mr. Lovett—At Tollesbury, Mr. W. Car- rington— At Waltham Abbey, Essex, Emp- son Middleton, esq— At Fordham, ‘T. Sad- ler, esq. late of Breewood Hall, Horkesley —At Walthamstow, 81, B. Gibson, esq.— At St. Lemards’ Nazing, 61, J. Bury,, esq. —At the Grove, Stratford, 83, Ann, widow of the Rev, P. T. Burford, late of Chigwell. KENT. ‘The first stone of a Literary and Philo- sophical Institution was laid within the month, at Canterbury, amidst a numerous body of spectators. The undertaking has been commenced with a spirit that does honour to the intelligent inhabitants of that city. 3 : f A - 1825.) A fine vein of iron-stone has recently been discovered in the Beam Woods adjoin- ing the city of Canterbury—some of it is beautifully impregnated with quartzerystals. In the opinion of practical men, it might be smelted with advantage. Marvied.|_S. Metcalte Latham, esq. of “Dover, to Emily, eldest daughter of J. Larking, esq.—At Chatham, Lieut. R. Lewis Jones, r.N., to Miss Margaret: Ann, daughter of — Millions, esq.— At Ick- ham, B. M. Lucas, esq. of Hasland, Derby- shire, to Eliza, only daughter of the late Capt. J. Wood, r.N., of Brambling-house, Kent. Died.| At Ramsgate, the Rev. C. Pryce, M.A. Vicar of Wellingborough, and one of the Prebendaries of Hereford Cathedral— At Gillingham, 96, Mr. E. Herd, one of the oldest warrant officers of his Majesty’s Navy. He was carpenter of the Nightin- gale sloop of war in the reign of George IL.; was at the taking of Louisbourgh, under Admiral Boscawen, and was superannuated from the 'Thunderer of 74 guns, in the year 1792—At East Langdon, the Rey. I. Del- larney, curate of Charlton—At Woolwich, Sophia Mary, wife of It. W. Roberts, esq. surgeon-general, Royal Artillery, and daughter of the late Sir. G. Bolton, of Tuts- bill, in this county —At Erith, 62, C. Gars- tin, esq. SUSSEX, An interesting experiment is making at Linfield, respecting the instruction of the poor. Some benevolent individuals, con- ceiving that the labour of children might be made to pay for their education, have united, and built school-rooms at the above-named place, of sufficient capacity for 200 boys and 200 girls. During’ one part of the day (from 9 to 12) the children are to be taught reading, writing, and arithmetic. In the other part ( from 2 to 5) the boys will be in- structed (in classes) in agricultural labour, when the weather permits, and in some of the most useful mechanical arts; while the irls will be employed in* needle-work, the duties of the household and dairy, making butter, netting, straw-platting, and every species of domestic industry that will con- tribute to make them valuable servants. _ The bones and-teeth of a gigantic species . of crocodile, together with bones of various species of animals of the order of Sauriens, or lizards, have recently been discovered at ‘Cuckfield, in the stratum called green sand, which lies under the chalk in that county. One of these animals appears, fromits bones, to have been of a most enormous size; not less than sixty feet in length ; its-bulk and height were equal to those of the elephant. It belongs to a species hitherto undescribed. The form of the teeth indicate that it liyed upon vegetables ; the celebrated anatomist Baron Cuvier, who has seen specimens of these teeth, is decidedly of this opinion. _ Married.| At Chichester, the Rev. T, Baker, son of ‘I. Baker, esq. of Ashurst Sussex, Hampshire, Wiltshire, Somersetshire. 93 Lodge, Kent, to Elizabeth Lloyd Carr, third daughter of the Bishop of Chichester— Mr. Turner, to Miss J, Breen, both of Brighton, Died.|_ At Worthing, 73, the Hon. Mrs. Lionel Damer—At Brighton, 92, Mrs. Anu Crofts. HAMPSHIRE, The annual meeting of the Portsmouth and Portsea Literary and’ Philosophiéal Institution, took place within the month, J. Cull, esq. in the chair. The meeting was numerous, and several pleasing and instruc- tive details were delivered. The institution is in an increasingly prosperous state. Married.| Lieut. W. Prowse, r.N., to Miss S, Palmer, of Portsea—At Cowes, Mr. J. Bates, r.n., to Miss H. Deacon— At Kingston, Lieut. W. Gill, x.n., to Miss Beecher, daughter of Capt. Beecher, &.n. —At Overton, the Rev. J. Heslop, of Hax- by-hall, to Mary, the second daughter of E. Place, esq. of Skelton Grange. Died.| At Portsea, 84, Mrs. Woodham —At Alton, 72, Mr. W. Dyer—J. Todd, esq. of Oak-tree cottage, Christchurch—At ‘Twyford Lodge, near Winchester, 66, Sir T. Bertie, Kt., Admiral of the Blue—At Spring hill, Isle of Wight, Catherine, widow of W. Goodrich, esq. WILTSHIRE, The collection of the grass of the crested dog’s-tail kind for making bonnets (says a late Bath chronicle) affords employment to a great number of children in the parish of Box and that neighbourhood. The plait, which is manufactured in this city, is equal in colour and durability, and much superior in texture, to the finest Leghorn. Married.|_ Mr. J. Langridge, of Salis- bury, to Miss A. Holmes, of Bristol—At Malmesbury, Il Conte Emilio Guidéboni Visconti, of Milan, to Frances Sarah, daugh- ter of P. H. Lovell, esq., of Cole-park— The Rev. Wadham Knatchbull, to Louisa Elizabeth, daughter of William Wyndham, esq-, of Dinton—Mr. T. B. Sims, of Hin- don, to Miss A. E. Baxter, of Bristol—Mr. W. Pullen, to Miss E. Figgins, of Trow- bridge—The Rey. Mr. Cornwall, of Avye- bury, to Miss Marler, of Corsham, ~ Died.| At Trowbridge, .Mr. Matthew Willis—At Devizes, Mr. Neate—Mr. Harding—At Hartham-park, Michael Joy, esq., an active magistrate for this county— At Malmesbury, 59, Mary, wife of Thomas Roberts, esq— At Lacock, Mr. Richard Taylor—8s2, the Rev. T. Stockwell, rector of Stratford Toney—At Westbury, 50, Mr. J. Highett—At the Rectory, Collingbourne Ducis, 96, Mrs. Elizabeth Wilson, mother of the Rey. Henry Wilson, rector of the above place—Miss Dowling, of Durrington, sister of Mr. W. Dowling, of; Enford cottage. SOMERSETSHIRE, The spirit of improvement in the western parts of the kingdom is. very actively at 94 work. Two bills have passed in parliament relating to Weymouth: one for the harbour and wharfs, the other for the roads, and also one for the Portland railway. Farther down in the west, there have been bills for the Tavistock and Plymouth road, the Shaldon and Torquay road, the Dawlish and Exeter road, the Liskeard and Looe canal, and the Sidmouth pier. Somersetshire has obtained a road-bill for Crewkerne. Wiltshire has inclosure-bills for Pewsey and Wilton. Berkshire has inclosure-bills for East and West Ilsley and Twyford, and an improve- ment-bill for Newbury, Hampshire has a road-bill for Winchester and Petersfield. In short, the West of England is not behind any part of the kingdom in its activity and enterprize. The great undertaking of the Western Ship-Canal, after a warmly con- tested opposition in the House of Commons, has been sanctioned by an Act of Parlia- ment. Married.| At Bath, George Fursdon, esq. of Fursdon, Devon, to Georgiana, eldest daughter of the late H. G, Alleyne, esq.— At Walcot, the Rev. James King, son of the Bishop of Rochester, to Maria, daughter of the late Hon, Lieut.Col. George Carleton— At Shepton- Mallet, H. Bayly, esq., captain 51st, to Jane, third daughter of William Purlewent, esq. of that place—At Wells, Jeffery Davis, esq., of Green-lane Farm, to Miss Ellen Thompson, late of Milton-house, near Wells, Died.| At King-street, Queen-square, Bath, 83, Mrs. Shuttleworth — 74, Angus Macdonald, esq. mp. of Taunton, and Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh—At Shepton-Mallet, Mrs. Coombs, wife of Mr. Coombs—92, the Rev. J. Jones, for the last $4 years rector of Shipham—At Canington, 57, the Tey. C. H. Bust, vicar of that parish for more than twenty years—At Britton, near Bath, the wife of Captain Lysaght, x.n.— At Bishop’s Lydeard, Mr. J. Hawkins. DORSETSHIRE, Married.| Mr. G. Chitty, jun. of Shaftes- bury, to Miss Bragg, daughter of J. Bragg, esq. of Winterborne Stickland—H. B. Munro, esq. late of Ensham-house, to Lewina, daughter of L. D. G. Tregonville, esq. of Cranborne—At Abbotsburgh, T, Forster, esq. to Sarah Ann, daughter of the Rev. W. A. Barker, M:a. vicar of the former place. Died.| At Weymouth, on the Esplanade, J. B. Vinee, esq. of Devizes. DEVONSHIRE. At an auction held lately, afew miles from, Exeter, acurious illuminated manu- script on vellum was put up, but could find no bidder, and was afterwards purchased by Mr. Shirley Woolmer, of Exeter. It appears tobe the production of Robert de Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln, who lived’ in the 13th century, | and--transcribed in French into a religious poetical romance,: by William: de Widdindune, an Englishman; Provincial Occurrences :— Dorsetshire, Devonshire, [Aug. I, containing upwards of 400 pages, royal . octavo size, beautifully written in black letter, and illustrated with some singular miniature figures. The book is in high preservation. vGege A meeting was lately held at’ Plymouth,’ and a petition to parliament agreed to, pray- ing that the present corn-laws may be al- tered, and that the bill now before tlie peers, for bringing into the market bonded corn, be passed. Some elegant buildings, to be ‘named Trafalgar-place, have been commenced in the immediate vicinity of the town of» Barn- staple. They are designed as residences for families of the highest respectability, and will command an enchanting prospect. A fire lately happened at Clist Honiton, near Exeter, which destroyed the whole village, except two or three housés ; and one hundred and fifty-three individuals, from a comparative state of comfort, have been reduced to the greatest possible distress; sheltered in unoccupied dwellings, barns, stables, &c. in the neighbourhood. A public subscription is now making to relieve them. Married.| Mr. R. Mayne, to Miss Rad- den, both of Exeter—Mr. T.' Fryer, to Miss E. Charlton, of St. Thomas’s, Exeter—Mr. C. Dawe, of King-stteet, to Miss Burn, of North-corner-street, Plymouth—C. Tayler, esq, of Plymouth, to Miss Reed, of Tavistock- street—At Stroke, the Rev. J. Jacob, r1.p. to Maria, daughter of H. J. Johns, esq. of Davenport—Mr. J. Liscombe, to Miss A. Morris, of Plymouth—A. G. Stapleton, esq. to Miss Catherine Bultad, of Fleet— The Rev. E. Rudall, of Crediton, to Miss Cann,daughter of Mr. Cann, solicitor, of Ha= therleigh— At Bishopteignton, A. Rogers, esq. of Caleutta, to Miss Emblyn Edwards Middleton, of Bishopteignton—At Honi- ton, ‘J. Baker, esq: of that place, to’ Miss Pitfield, of Symonsbury—J. Flond, esq. to Miss Charlotte Donndey, both of Honiton: Died.| At Exeter, 80; James White} esq. bencher of Lincoln’s-inn—In North- street, 51, Mr. J. Richards—In Baring Crescent, Anne, wife of the Rev. C. Tucker —The Rev. J. Carrington, prebendary of Exeter cathedral—At Plymouth; in Park- street; the Rey. A. Ellis, a.w.—At Daven- port; Monica Margaret Jennings de Cibat, daughter of Colonel Jennings, of Trafalgar- place, and wife of Don Francisco de Cibat, of the Royal Spanish body-guards, and aide- de-camp of General Mina—In George- street, Mrs. Hulke—In Queen-street, 73; Mrs. Capron—In Prospect-row, 60, Mr'st H. Moore— At Exmouth, 70, John Worthy, esq.— At’ Yalberton, suddenly, H. Browne, esq.—At Penhoe, Mr. J. Waters At Chud- leigh, Mrs. Hellyer—At Moreton-hamp- stead, 59, Mr. J. Gray— At Norley-house, John Arthur, esq. collector‘of the customs at Plymouth—At'” Modburo, Mrs.’ Perring, widow of the Jate’ Philip Perring, esq. of Membland— At’ Ambrdok-cottage, Miss Mi A.-E.: Neyle. Me eRe CORNWALL, 1825.] CORNWALL. The corporation of Penzance have lately replaced a pole on the Geer, a formidable rock in the centre of Mount’s Bay. ‘This most useful sea-mark was fixed under the superintendence of a committee, and in conformity with an ingenious plan suggested by Dr, Penneck. The Redmoor copper mine is about to be effectually wrought by a respectable and opulent company. Several other mining grants on the manor of Stokeclimsland haye been obtained from the lessees of nines and minerals in the duchy ; and there is. every reason to believe that.the upper part of the county will ere long be as great a mining district as the lower part of it, Tt is proposed to establish a school for miners at Redruth, with three professors to teach the arts and sciences connected with mining. Married.| Mr.J. Knight, of Lostwithich, to Miss A. Halls—At St. Malyn, J. G. Thompson, esq. R.N. to Betsey, daughter of J. Harry, esq.— At Probus, Mr. J. Andrew, of Cubert, to Miss B. Rooke; Mr. J. Nicholas, to Miss C. Tresawnor. Died.| At East Looe, 77, Mrs. Thomas —At Bodmin, 68, Mr. Mudge—At Port Isaac, Mr. Pascoe Billing—At St. Minoer, Mr. M. Gummow, suddenly— At South Petherwin, Mr. Rattle—At Rosevick, in St. Keverne, 26, Mr. W, Pascoe. WALES. A.new line of road lately opened, between North and South Wales, has afforded facili- ‘ties to travelling, that cannot fail of being highly beneficial to the trading and commer- cial interests of the principality ; and to give further effect to these advantages, a new post-coach and fly-van have been started to run between the two districts. Married.|_ J. Charlett, esq. to Martha Jerrett Locke, of Aberystwith—The Rev. P,. Williams, of Malidan, Flintshire, to Lydia Sophia, daughter of the Rev. J. Price, rector of Llanfechan, Montgomery: shire—Mr. T. Sheppard, of Foxhole, to Miss E. Davies, of Swansea—W. H. Dea- con, esq. of Long-Cross-house, Glamorgan- shire, to Eliza, daughter of John Bennett, esq. of Laleston—'l’. L. Lloyd, esq. of Wern Newydd, in Cardiganshire, to Anne Eliza, eldest daughter of Evan Davies, esq. of ‘Trevorgan, in the same county—H. M. Ormsby, esq. to Susannah, only daughter of the late Hugh Stodart, esq. of Elwy-place, St. Asaph— At Corwen, J. Jones, of Havod, esq. to Miss Williams, of Plasyn Ddol, both in the county of Merioneth— At Mordiford, D. Thomas, esq. of Dolgoy, Cardiganshire, to Mary Jane, daughter of the late Mr. James Nicholls, of Hereford. Died.| At Swansea, Mr. P. Andrewes —At Lilanelly, 76, Ann, widow of W. Yalden, esq. of Lovington, Hants—At Cartlet-house, Haverford-west, Mrs. Rees— At Carmarthen, 43, the Rev. J. Evans, minister of the Unitarian congregation in Cornwall, Wales, Scotland, Ireland. 95 that town—At Wrexham, W. R. Barber, esq. of Clay-hill, Bushy—72, the Rey. S. Powell, rector of Bryngwyn, Radnorshire— At Baglan, Glamorganshire, 23, J. A. Dighton, son of Major-Gen. Dighton, of the Hon. East-India Company’s service— Rev. C. A. Wighton, vicar of Holt, Den- bighshire. SCOTLAND: A numerous meeting of the Highland Society of Scotland took place lately at Edinburgh, Lord Abercromby in the chair. Many respectable gentlemen were made members; and there was entire unanimity to support the objects of the society. Married.| At Edinburgh, Mr. A. Burr, to Miss Margaret Macgibbon— At the Abbey-hill, Mr. J. Cockburn, to Miss E. Clirehngh—Lieut.-Gen. Sir J. H, Dal- rymple, bart. of Cousland, to Adamina, daughter of the late Viscount Duncan— The Rey. S. Lindsay, of Edinburgh, to Miss G. Anderson, of Peebles—J. R. Sil- bald, esq. of Edinburgh, to Eleanor, dangh- ter of the Rev. J. Greig, of Dalmeny—Mr. T. H. Weir, of Leith, to Miss Arabella Maclagan—At Rothesay, J. Muir, esq. sheriff:substitute of Buteshire, to Miss Douglas, daughter of the late W. Douglas, esq. of Glasgow. Died.| At Edinburgh, Sir W. Ogilvie, bart., heir-male of the family of Boyne, whose claims to the Banff peerage is now in dependence before the House of Lords— Mrs. Margaret Howison, relict of the late Mr, J. Laing, Lawnmarket—Mr. C. Su- therland, Golspie, Sutherlandshire — In North Charlotte-street, J. W. Horne, esq. of the bank of Scotland—At Delvine, Ame- lia Euphemia, daughter of Sir A. M. Mac- kenzie, bart.—At the Manse of Wilton, near Harvick, 83, the Rev. S. Charters, in the fifty-seventh of his ministry—At Edin- burgh, Lady Elizabeth Finch Hatton—In Hill-street, Robert, son of John Gairdner, m.p.—At Langside-house, J. Barram, esq. of Peebles— At West Houses, near Dalkeith, Mr. J. Porteus, Edinburgh— At Anchler- tool, 58, H. Spears, esq.— At the Manse of Roferton, the Rev. J. Hay. IRELAND. At a late meeting of the Catholics of St. Audeon’s parish, Dublin, some opposition was made to a vote of thanks to Mr. O’Con- nell, on account of his “advocacy of the wings.’ Mr. O’Connell, in returning thanks, stated that he never would have approved of the bill for pensioning the clergy, if it had not received the sanction of two of the most venerable and pious of the Roman Catholic Prelates. He also declared that he would never again bring forward or support such a measure, as he now felt con- vinced its effect would be to retard, rather than advance, the Catholic cause. This declaration was received with much applause ; and the meeting separated. _Died.| At Newry, 106, Mrs. Anne Flan- nigan. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS [ 96 J mC WE SADA] ie a EG CoO ACKNOWLEDGMENTS TO CORRESPONDENTS. Peery ng FAs errno tenement eps beam Tne WARES ER BIER ee € so) =o vd agit | ; iMate dy b-fy oA: AO if WE have paid attention, as will be seen, to the extracts from the Journal ept lov H. Ewnts 6n board the Tamar, the commencement of which will be foundsereumprestee* No. We lament that the inadequacy of our limits does not permit us to present, at once, a much larger portion of this original document. It will be continued, however, fromNo. to’ No: without intermission till the whole is completed. , We have, also, as will be seen, many other debts of gratitude (more indeed thas, we h room to acknowledge) to valuable eorrespondents, whose stations and reputation e ied fessional and scientific world are the best testimonials of the enlarged attention wie whi our recent labours have been honoured. As the M. M. was the first to set the example of: what may be truly called the new and improved order of periodical publications, our readers may rest ‘assured that no effort on our parts sliall be spared, to make its future precearnah commensurate with its primitive claim. Wallenstein wants entireness, and therefore wants interest. The lighter artiols From the same correspondent will be found in our columns. nye : A.'L.’s “ Infancy” is rather too infantile, we suspect, for the taste of our readers. 4 ye Pp ; The ingenious demonstrations of A. in further solution of Mr. Davies’ geometrical ro, blem have been put into type, and would have appeared in our present number but tia mistake of the engraver in cutting the figure, which obliges us to defer it to the next. We are much obliged to W.G. P. for the proffer of his elaborate calculation of ‘the. amount of a farthing laid out at compound interest from the birth of our Saviour, &e., but as we nae No intention of depositing any such Piece of money eighteen or ninéteen hin- dred years ago, in order to receive the usurious product at the present time, we advise Mrs PY” to keep both uanicipal and interest to himself. We hope it will be quite sufficient to enable” him to shut up school: though, certainly, it would be a great pity that the rising —— should lose the benefit of being instructed in such useful calculations. W. B.’s ingenious paper on the speculations on the Bed of the Tiber has been set, but” on account of its length and the press of other valuable matter, is obliged to stand over for? our next number. rs Several other approved articles are also in eu waiting for the convenience of future. space, We congratulate ourselves and our readers on the accession of an Italian Correspondent of high literary reputation and attainment. His valuable and elegant communication on the Literature, Arts and Sciences of Naples, we have caused to be carefully translated ; and it enriches our present number. ‘The proffered series of such communications will ‘be highly acceptable. : TLE LYs The original Essay on the Philosophy of Descartes is translated also, but was Hot. in. readiness time enough for the present occasion.” _~ Our readers will perceive that we have procured assistance of ail esse competence. for” the department of the Medical Report. From the known means of this gentleman of ex-, tended information, we trust that this article will from henceforth be found to have increas- © ing interest and importance. BESS Ais! Ai%s - We lament that for two successive months we have been disappointed of our datas: ye Meteorological Report. We will do our best to remedy this deficiency for the futbeg ve A notice of ** No.1 of Engraved Specimens of the Architectural Antiquities. a Se mandy by J. and 1. Le Keux, ¢ afler drawings by Aug. Pugin ;_ the literary, part by Je! ton, F.S.A.” was prepared for the press, but by some inadvertence has been omittes deos | ah The following Articles of Review, though set, have of shieaictasieai adjown want of room ;, Pitman’s Isthmus of Suez ; Nicholson’s Key; Keating’s St... River; - Chambers’s Traditions of Edinburgh ; Stevenson’s. South,. America; J oman | Mightsiy Rennie on Gout, and Leigh’s New Pocket Road- Book of Pnelans ane | Bt, 187) izidO ayes of @ B40 Eire t- haces he "oa Talyo Use aii de et. Has Adah : ered qe a ait PAE GMiriRe Gas SOUS: padkehiqistns oilseed, eioepoteyera Ap averyigiod iirienad ate ise abil soyie : : : ” t . . 3 Hred® THE MONTHLY MAGAZINE. Vol. 60. No. 414. | SEPT. 1, 1825. [ Price 2s. For the Monthly Magazine. The Ben of the Tizzr. qT this day of speculation and schemes to make money breed money—out doing, almost, the outdoings of our forefathers of South-Sea Bubble memory, and others which might be enumerated only to be laughed at or lamented, I have to suggest one, in which there probably will be smalb hazard, great profit, and honour in- finite, unaccompanied by the sad re- flection of the ruin of the luckless many being worked upon the weal of the for- tunate few. What I have to propose, has been seriously meditated by others, long time ago, has recently been undertaken on a limited scale, and was but the other day abandoned as hopeless. Such is, honestly, the state of the question ; nor will I seek to raise ungrounded expections of a happier result, but con- tent myself with setting forth things as they are, and leave their fruition to better heads and longer purses than were possessed by those who tried the experiment, and failed. In the bed of the Tiber, are sup- posed to be buried very many of the remains of Rome’s antiquities, in mar- ble and in brass, in gold and in silver, and in precious stones. If it be pos- sible to bring these to light, one would think they must surely come by means of the wealth and enterprize, the art and science, and the laudable ambition of the English. . May it not be affirmed, without the hazard of contradiction, that few rivers, if any, are so muddy as. is the. Tiber; and, if the world wait _ the efforts of the modern Romans to cleanse it of its accumulated filth, in the view of recovering its buried trea- sures, the world will have long to. wait, und will, at length, be disappointed. If this classic river were only, for the purpose, to be placed, for a season, at the disposal of the British capitalists, at this particular juncture, when. they are.seeking throughout the world for proper objects wherein to employ their snperabundant wealth; the work, were Montuty Mac. No, 414, it never so vast, would be begun and ended in half the time that the bab- bling Italians would settle, even in idea, how to go about it. ~ Could Cardinal Polignac, in the mid- dle of the eighteenth century, have commanded British capital and British enterprize of early in the nineteenth, he had, of a certainty, left the bed of the Tiber, at Rome, as barren of all that was ancient, rich, or rare, as now are our eternally-searched and re-searched book-stalls in England. Cardinal Po- lignac resided, at Rome, many years as ambassador from Louis XV.; and we are informed, that while he was in that city, he entertained a project for turn- ing the course of the Tiber, for a short time, and to dig in the bed of that river for the remains of antiquity, which he supposed had been thrown into it. “In all the civil wars,” said he, “ the party that prevailed threw, into the Tiber, the statues of the opposite party. They must still remain there. I have never heard that any of them have ever een taken out; and they are too heavy materials to be carried away by the stream of the river’? The Cardinal used to complain that he was not rich enough to carry the project into exe- cution, even if the Pope, by whom he was much beloved, would have given him all the necessary powers. Here, “ Ye gentlemen of England who live at home at ease,” with more money than ye know what to do with, and who are about to bury your sur- plus thousands in the mines of Mexico, Peru, Chili, Potosi, and others—here is an opening for your enterprizing spirit, and a most interesting employment for your unproductive capital. Here is a harvest of honour and glory, wealth and immortality. The Pope, now reign- ing, is disposed to grant any reasonable powers to the English, in gratitude for political services; and this exploit. would not only distinguish his pon- tificate, but, would also greatly enrich his treasury, which seldom or never overflows. To the wealth and spirit, the art and science, the learning and taste of the English, ave foreigners indebted “cd their 98 their knowledge of numberless of, their own antiquities, Messieurs Bouyerie avd “Dawkins,; with ‘Mr. Wood, were the, first: touexplore ithe: antrodden path ftocPhlmyra; the ancient city of Tadmor, inbthesdesant; built. by: Queen Zenobia. To’ the last-mentioned gentleman, we lowe the beautiful drawings of its ruins, with | these of | Balbec... At. Hercula- eum, it was the. English who dug up the rarities, which, but for, their exer- tions, had yet lain buried in the dust. To: the Jate Lord Sandwich, Drs. Po- eock and Shaw, Lord Besborough, and others, we are indebted for the know- ledge of. the head of the Nile; and, through the perseverance of our coun- trymen, we shall doubtless, at length, be in possession of that of the Niger. * Such,” ‘saith an intelligent English- man, of the last century, writing from Rome to his friend in London, ‘* such is ‘our reputation for knowledge, that. wher- ever we haye trod the path of inquiry, the natives have thought it the path of interest ; for it was.the generally receiyed opinion that we knéw, more of their own imme- diate country, than they did themselves,— and that we had intelligence of mines, or, at least, of money buried and concealed ever since the times of Rome and Greece, of which they were ignorant, and which occa- sioned our journey so far from Rome. As I happened ‘to be at Naples: when first Herculaneum was disgovered, I should have told you that some leathern bags of beans, answezing exactly to our kidney ones, were found in. several corners of their window- seats: the Romans were yery fond of that kind of supper, as appears by a line of Ho- ce: bb *Oh quando faba Pythagore, &c.’ “ Some English gentlemen were curious enough to sow them on their return ; and, notwithstanding their having been to ap- pearanee dead for so many centuries, yet did they grow and produce. Dr. Lawson tried the experiment in a small garden of his, at Chelsea, and it succeeded.’ This gentleman, then proceeds to say, that it is amazing, Nay, hardly to be believed, that even public money is wanted here, and so thin is their treasury, yet the Pope would never accept the offer of the Jews of a sum searcely to be credited, only to cleanse the bed of the Tiber, and for their pains and ‘expense to have the treasures of plate, of ‘statues, vases, ums, &c., found there. It is very natural to imagine, that. during the many sackings, of Rome by, the Goths and Vandals, .that, every inhabitant, who. was prevented carrying off his valuables, by means of an army of circumyallation, threw every thing into. the river, in Hopes that, when the enemy departed, they might find their treasures again at their leisure. This, however it ‘may be a supposition, is: suffi Bed of the Tiber. [Sept. 1, cient, to this) day, to animate the Jews. to undertake such a design; nor:is it ytd be ‘imagined but; that, the experiment. owould return them .seventy-fold,—as, this. race of people neyer engage but where, they, are sure of success.”’ ~The BRR ind Thusyi in the year 172; wrote this in- telligent traveller to his friend in oa land. re These are fine remarks, even though they may: be a little too sanguine ; yet are they so much in unison with the ideas of Cardinal Polignac, upon the«same subject, as to be almost sufficient’ of themselves: to induce our capitalists to embark in the speculation. Before all things, it is necessary to obtainy through the influence of our Government withthe court of Rome, the Pope’s permission'to turn the stream’ of the Tiber, and/ram- mage her classic mud for its valuable contents, It is thought that these rarities, when found, will be in a: mu- tilated, and otherwise damaged «state and: condition. Be it soz the! specu- lators shall be safe, though the:caleu- lation be not made upon their being, in a great degree, in this derangement ; they need not be alarmed, for there will ever, in Europe, be found wealthy wiseacres, commonly called collectors, who, will buy them up: with avidity: sometimes no less keen for the articles being mutilated and damaged. We live in an age when such speculations, con- ducted with ability, and gold instore, must return, as our COM ya hath said, “ seventy-fold.” It is stated, from Rome, that many people are persuaded, that the: golden candlesticks of Jerusalem will be found whenever the search be thoroughly’and judiciously made. This, however, |'is more than doubtful; it isnot very likely that Titus Vespasian would 'take so little care of these massive’ articles. He was not entitled “The Delight of Mankind,” by the Gentiles, for such negligence. The most prejudiced, un- educated Jew, can scarcely hope that these sacred utensils are there ;° yet, for aught a Christian can reason upon it, he may, and be willing to stake his dear monies on the chances of recovering them. Nay, I have been» told, that there’ are, among: this hapless’ nation, wealthy and enlightened men, who fondly cherish the idea of the: seven golden. candlesticks being yet in’ ex- istence ; ‘and that they, in their pristine form, will sone day see’ the light: of Heaven in full possession ‘of: the chosen people. Profanity apart, it is 1 Pm the 1825.] the fact, perhaps, to conclude, that the golden candlesticks, and» many other articles of holy plate, taken away by Titus and his soldiers, from the ruined Temple of Solomon, were melted down, and made into pieces more suitable to the sideboards of the luxurious Romans; andiin that guise only will the Israelites find, it is to be apprehended, these gol- den candlesticks, and other sacred uten- sils, taken away*by. Titus and his sol- diers from the ruined Temple of So- Jomon. Of a certainty, a very great portion of -all the gold and silver that was ever extracted from the bowels of the earth, was ever smelted, ingotted and barred, coined into money; or manufactured into plate, must be hidden somewhere -and why not a share of it in the bed of the Tiber? Dr. Fryer, a physician, who, in the reign of Charles II.; tra- velled in India, and yas employed on @ mission among the native powers, by the Old East-India Company, remark- ed that,in return for the commodities of India, which were then vended in all parts of the civilized globe, and many others that were not civilized, all the treasure of the world found its way back to that country, and centred there.. ‘‘ The gold and silver,’’ said he, “circulates all the world over; yet, in India, it is hoarded, regis ad exemplum, both by king and people. The King of Visiapour having tanks thereof, un- sealed, for many ages; and the Gentiles hide it, for eternity. So that, though it be not the growth of this country, yet the innate thrift of the Gentiles, and the small occasion for foreign expenses, and this/ humour of laying up their. talent ‘in anapkin, buries the greater part of the treasure of the: world, in India.” ‘This, is, the. only satisfactory clue we have,.to. the knowledge of the over- \whelming fortunes which Lord Clive, ‘and the early freeboters of India, com- monly called, conquerors and nabobs, so suddenly amassed. ‘These tanks, it «appears, of the King of Visiapour, and of sother hoarders, were the golden mean of their immense accumulations—a mean, yperbaps; not. yet quite exhausted, as “may tbe:seen, so. soon as we get pos- ression, of , the almost-conquered king- idom of, Ava, At all. events, without dooking|: into .motives, these stagnant hoards havebeen dispersed among men, as fast) as)theyrhave been found; and the great good arising from the conse- nquent circulations znay Serve, in some mmeasure, to whitc-waslt the crimes of _ wb Bed of the Tiber. ~ -bles, as 99 the plunderers, and save their ‘souls alive. Laas ve It had frequently been, until» posses- sed of this information, a-question with me; what became: of\all the) gold‘ and silver which had; in all time,» been! dug from out of the earth, and wrought into money, plate; and other ‘articles; ‘all over the world, from the deluge’ to this hour? Surely, were all now in use that ever was, the accumulation would be so vast, that almost every man of substance might have the meanést: of his household utensils formed of silver, and every fork or spoon of solid gold. In olden time, but few had any of the precious metals: but those few, in some instances, had a prodigious quantity. In India, as hath been seen, they were hoarded, and the Roman empire teemed with them. In the dark ages,. nearly all that could be gathered..together were applied to pious uses, leaving:not much for kings and princes, and scareely any for the minor nobility. Silver, ‘in- deed, isnow inalmost every hand, though far, all things considered, from’ being plentifully so; but gold is not. Yet silver is perishable, and gold is eyer- lasting. How is it, where. is it, and what has become of it?,. The tanks, in India, are most of them broken, up; and there is not supposed ‘to be,a‘mo- narch remaining in the world with!an overflowing treasury. ~The’ probable fact is, that the greater portion of what is missing of the precious metals, and other valuables, is- concentréd in no particular spot or country, but remains lost and hidden, by accident or design, in many places; and why not some of it at the bottom of the Tiber? The extravagance of the Romans in furni- ture, plate, and jewels, statues; build- -ings and decorations, formany: ‘cen- turies, after they became the conquering masters of the world, exceeded, even to the decline, and almost to the fall of their empire, all and every excess of modern ages, Very many rare and in- estimable works of art, formed of the precious metals, and of exquisite mar- also. comms and) medals and jewels, in all their variety of sorts and -weight and water, which we know were brought to Rome from:other countries , or manufactured: there, are now: not supposed to be in existence upon the face of the carth. Where are they ? At the bottom of the sea, swallowed’u by earthquakes, consumed in fire, Ind- den in_wells, lost in rivers? ? Upon, the discovery, and xapacious 02 bloodthirsty 100 bloodthirsty ‘conquest ‘of ‘South Ame- rica; ‘bythe Spaniards, the incalculable produce ‘ofthe niines of) Mexico, ‘Peru, afid 2Chilipowas? quickly odisseminated, thrdughe"Spain) to alb mations, «Tt\is possible (that the tanks of ‘the King of Visiapours!! and) of:cother hoarders. “of India) Contained ‘much of this treasure; while the preat ‘bulk “of thatowhich pur- chased the commodities of the East for the/Juxtirious/Romans, by some man- nériof. means found its way back again, forthe Romans would be ‘rich, though the rest’ of the world were sacked and plunderéd. “Now, more‘men than Car- dial! Polignac, and ‘the knot of Jews who negociated with the Pope for leave to~turn) the ‘stream of the Tiber, are impressed with the opinion, that no méan portion of ancient Rome’s enor- mous'wealth ‘and rarities are reposing inthe’ bed of that immortal river. More unlikely: things have come to pass, ‘and»more long-lost articles have been “discovered 1mder the waters, than manyhonest’ men have dreamed of finding.’ Less ‘than “twenty years ago, apart ‘of the’ Rochdale canal, in the vicinity of Bengal-street, Manchester, was let) off for the purpose of cleansing it of the mud. Several discoveries of immersed property were made; and not the ‘least’ extraordinary one was, the finding of a ‘bundle, containing the halves of two pound original Bank of England ‘notes, to the amount of some thousands, It was pleasantly remarked by ‘the» bystanders, that this was not the first) time that money had been sunk in canals ; but, that a canal should bei made into a banking concern, ex- elusive of its own banks, was truly original. jo Since that event; as some labourers were ‘cleansing a fish-pond at Hamp- stead, in» Hertfordshire, they found a bottle of sack; covered with mud a yard thick, Qn it were inscribed these words: ‘New Canary, put in to see how long it» would keep good, April 1659, Ri Combe.’ The mouth of the bottle:was\ waxed over, and the wine good; but the, cork was almost decayed. Now; if it be; that there is nothing new under ithe sun, one fact makes the sur- mise: of another resembling it, very pos- sible) When.the Jews have.a great point to gain, they do, not-follow it out by little means.) We, are historically informed, that among the many _ projects to raise money,|.of the prevailing party over Charles the First, was that of introduc- ing the Jews from the Netherlands, and restoring them to an equality of civil and religious rights with the Christians of every persuasion; and that Crom- well was, actually, said to have been in treaty, to..that effect with the Rabbi Menassah Ben Israel, who offered two hundred thousand pounds as a compen- sation for the indulgence. It must be observed, however, that the Rabbi Me- nassah. Ben Israel had the modesty to ask St. Paul’s Church into the bargain as,.a deuceur, but that Noll had the grace to refuse it. This was the fine old building that was burnt in the great fire of 1666, which consumed, at the same time, the greater portion of the city of London. Had Cromwell assented to the.proposal, observes Malcolm, the Jews, might have boasted of a noble synagogue, a second Temple of Solo- mon. . Mr, Malcolm might have gone furtherwithout much hazard of being wrong, He might have said, that they would. have possessed a synagogue as far superior to their Temple of Solomon efolden time, as is the present cathe- dralof St. Paul, to’ what that was, and as St/'Peter’s, at Rome, is now superior toowhat this:is. : »/This:-contession to the Rabbi’s de- mand-—this; change of proprietary had been curious: in another point of view. The most correct antiquaries have agreed) from. indubitable cireumstan- ees; thay the: §t; Paul’s Church which his reveverice had so nearly begged in with his bargain, not only stood on the site, but was)of itselfian addition to the romains/of the Temple of Diana‘of the Rommaris,when masters of Britain. The Jews had then; with some shew of rea- son) believed, and felt, that the hand of Bed of the Tiber. 101 God: Avas; gathering them together; to. the coming of their long-expected,Mes- siah;,to reign: over, themy on! earthy and subdue! the» world's isince; according to; their: [interpretation of the:carsdp:thel; Christians) had followeduipon:the |Gen>, tiles, and» themselves’ upone they Ghriis=/ tians,». What a turh affairs had:taken‘ in} England, were it not;that; Cromwell was endued with grace: sufficient tore+, sist the offer of the crafty. Rabbi;atoa season when money was)so, much» needed to carry on his public measures of patriotism, as well as of) ambition and self-elevation. Had the Jew. ‘pre- vailed, perchance the great fire of Lon- don had never happened, for -Charles and James had never been restored;— ‘and thereby hangs a tale:’ Had theJew, prevailed, the Commonwealth had-been; for aught any wise man could divine to; the contrary, sufficiently, strengthened to have caused the Church of England to have vanished from the face,of the earth ; unless she returned to, the bosom of her parent, the Church of Rome: how beholden, then, is’ the Church).of England to the grace and firmness of Cromwell, These are, indeed, mere airy, dreams and fanciful triflings; which. have little weight with reflecting men... Without, however, assigning St. Paul’s: Church to the Jews, it is clear that they might be safely put into possession of civil rights and commercial advantages, with not the least danger whatever to our establishment in Church or State, or in any thing appertaining to the common- weal. In returning to their views.as regard- ed the cleansing of the Tiber, it may equally be said, that were the Papal government’ to enter into a contract with them to execute the work, no in- jury, no odium, no disgrace could pos- sibly attach to the Pope, either in his spiritual or temporal capacity. Their money will serve for state and worldly purposes as well as the money of other men, and if the English capitalists will not embark in the enterprize, let. the Jews be negociated with, upon the terms they have aforetime proposed; whatso- ever those terms may have been; for nothing more has yet been expressed, than that they offered a sum scarcely to be credited. I would not that their being Jews should impede the work, but would contract with them: as soon asany other body of men. If they pleased, on safe and proper conditions, they should: drain the bogs in Ireland ; and, that performed, remove the God- win 102 win Sands, .or any other undertaking conduciye to the public good, and their ptivate interests, We haye no business with their religion—that is manifestly a matter between God and themselves : while, a8 wise men and sound. politi- clans, 1E is for us to encourage them to amass their monics, by. honourable 0 ; if i . eans,.. When generously confided in, and kindly protected, they would be- come better subjects and better men; and we Christians might, generally speaking, take a lesson from them, if not now even, in the article of common honesty. W.B, re ooo To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine, Sir: iT SHALL feel greatly obliged to any reader of your valuable miscellany, who. will inform me whether, and by whom, the inquiry into the nature of particles, in the English or any other language, so admirably begun by Mr. Horne Tooke, has been continued, either in a dictionary or otherwise. PHILOLOGUS. [Weare not aware that the important inquiry alluded to has since been regu- larly prosecuted, either in. our own or any other language. We should be as happy as our correspondent could be, to see it pushed to its practical extent ; as it is only by tracing these minor (as they iter but comprehensively signi- ficant, fragments of conventional speech to their primary roots, in now chiefly obsolete nouns and verbs, that a complete grammatical apprehension of our language can be acquired, or its expressive energies wielded with a master-skill.. The style of any writer'is only nervous and complete in proportion. to the depth of his feeling of the technically occult signification and powers of these fugitive remains of the olden tongue :—/feeling, we say, as opposed to technical knowledge of their signification ; and we call that signification occult ; for in idiomatic speech and composition, the most Yearned (even of those few who can be said to be learned in their vernacular tongue) are frequently obliged to depend much more upon habitual: feeling in this respect, than upon the assurance of etymological definition. Even the primitive derivation, and consequent significant power, of the specifying article Zhe, has never yet been satisfactorily defined or illustrated—and the consequent frequent abuse and perplexing misapplication of it might be demonstrated by a critical analysis of title-pages alone. We should be obliged by any communi- cations, whether of original discoveries, or collections from works*in, which any inge- nious or erudite explanations may, inciden- tally have been scattered upon the general subject into which Philologus inquires.— Epi. | : Inquiry on Particles. (Sept. 1, For the Monthly Magazine. A Purvosorntcat Revirw of the Cua- “RAcTER and DoctTRINE DESCARTES. A® the. political world is, divided into many parties O©..S@cts ;))80,,also, the realm of thought has, .in,its.varions divisions, crowds .of. upholders, ..who, seeking to support their own. particular views, endeavour to, avail themselves, of the authority of some great name z, and, in fact, the learned, world, too, has,jts blind masses, which need. the; direction of skilful and active leaders, lest they should fall into that dull inertness which draws upon them the odium of such esti+’ mation. Each sect ranges itself, as,it were, under the banners. of, its,own chief, and obeys the impulse alone which he has given: and, thus, it frequently happens, in this regard, as also in mat- ters of religion, that the most. dissen- tient are not the most independent... . There are men who, calling ,them- selves philosophers, disdaining the vul- gar evidence of reality, seek to. clothe themselves in impenetrable clouds, and to be subtly enveloped in obscurity,and mystery. While man and the universe are under their control, they think the grand objects of science cannot be un- derstood, without advancing towards an order of ideas which they regardas so yast and profound, as to be placed aboye or beyond the sphere of human ken, , Pro- ceeding thus by jumps and sudden starts, veiled in pompous words, and incontes- table, because incomprehensible,. prin- ciples, it may truly be said, that, they endeavour, upon the shoulders of, igno- rance, to arrive at knowledge ;.and) to attain the goal of earthly wisdom, by taking, for their starting-post, the hig lest vault of the star-gemmed firmament, ., . It will be perceived, that this species of philosophy cannot. be uuhesitatingly addressed to the reason, of mankind at large; it has,, therefore, more.peculiar need of the assistance of eminent, and unquestioned authority ; to, the;end that adepts, who, restrained. within:..the limits of common sense, can, only, be- lieve, may, also, at leastknow that there are “ men of mighty name,” who-haye undertaken to think for them., In short, they principally avail themselyes: of the names of Plato and of, Proclus, among the ancients; of Descartes and of. Kant, among the moderns. and, surely, these may well inspire confidence,in the;most timid. But may it not be askedCan the name. of , Descartes,.be, seriously ranked with those that are at the head -of this school ? Nothing 1825.}.- Nothing is more hidden than the path.of genius in thediscovery of truth! It commonly arrives at it, almost with- out leaving a vestige of its course.— Searcely' ‘any thing ‘systematic or’ well- confiected: is found in some works of high pretension, more than the artificial a laboured division which the author has’adopted,’ more emphatically to ex- press’ a particular result :—that natural and pleasing arrangement, by which we atrive to’the happiest truths, is over- looked! Thus, while the efforts of talent to'express ‘its ideas are well-known, its manner’ of obtaining them is quite un- known ; and it is as difficult to appre- ciate the value of the clothing of a noble thought, as to determine what is to be referred to mere chance, or to the influence of luminous method. Descartes alone, affords an exception to this observation. Endowed with de- cisive enérgy of character, he instantly perceived the utter uncertainty of all his’ acquisitions—a glance that shook him to his inmost marrow! — but a noble enthusiasm, which prompted him in the quest of truth, quickly urged him to'take that only mean which can have attraction for one who is truly under this influence. Without one moment’s hesitation, he rejected all that the labour of years had taught him — disengaging himself completely from that system of ideal existence of which he‘had, here- tofore, been a strenuous supporter ; and, with unequalled frankness, he again took that. starting-post at which nature, un- sophisticated and unshackled, had ori- gaially placed him. By this step, the yoldhess of which is unexampled in the history of man, he undertook, not to re- arfange, but to re-compose his ideas: and, that ‘he might be entirely un- shackled by doubt, with firm and relent- less determination, he effaced all re- collection of that system which had placed him tottering on the very brink of total ‘vacuity. However, he re- recoiled not. The rectitude and in- tegrity of his heart prompted a kind of provisional’ morality (morale par pro- vision) by which he might be guided during the interregnum to which he had himself condemned his reason: for, could he have wandered so long in dark-~ néss, and not have been dashed against inevitable rocks, before he could dis- cover the solitary guardian-star “by which he might be guided into peace and safety? This was evincing an uncommon de- Philosophy of Descartes. 103°, eree of courage, but the principal mar-’ vel did not consist. in this. The uni-’ verse is an immeasurable sphere, of which the centre is every where—the cir- cumference no where. Man, who finds, without any concurrence of his’ own will, that he is one of its inhabitants,’ goes about hither and thither, uncon- scious'where his first steps are directed: but the difficulty is, having a perception’ of the “ whereabout,” then to choose the path that will lead, undeviatingly, to the end desired. Where, in such a case, should he direct his steps, and-who could guarantee to him such power of gradual advancement that he should’ never go astray, in all the windings of this long labyrinth? ,? Descartes, however, was undisturbed? On every side, his rapid glance pierced: through the clouds and mists which,’ hitherto, had veiled his sight ; and, with confident alacrity, he seized upon the first emanation of real knowledge, and cried, as in a moment of brilliant inspi- ration, Je pense, donc je suis /—I think, then I exist ! Sublime conception, which, as a ray of trembling light, affords the wandering traveller agrateful but imperfect guidance over rugged and! hideous precipices !—' And it is the effort of no ordinary- intelligence, to enter the very depths of analysis, and deduce general principles from the arguments of long calculation : —it is the triumph of genius, whose mighty starts attain to, as it were; pri- meval truth, upon the very confines of nature, without the aid of such myste- - rious guidance. But stay :—let us here examine, more’ precisely, the character of that doctrine of which Descartes may be said'to have sought the deep foundations.—When he used those memorable words, “ I think, then I am,” did he pronounce them in accordance with experimental fact, or rational induction? Let us hope that common experience, inward, instant, luminous and conscious, will do away with the necessity of proving so positive’ a fact, which, in short, nothing can pro- perly explain, because nothing precedes it: itis, in truth, itself the evidence of its own reality—unerringly existing in every breast: which no one, seriously, can refuse to acknowledge. The scep- ticism of Pyrrho, who, unreservedly, says, I know nothing ;—or of Montaigne, who, with more delicate address, ‘asks, What do I know?—do' not contradict’ this truth: Even the madman, .who traces 104 traces not the faculty of reason, knows well enough that he both feels and lives. But this.is not all, The great impor- tance which attaches to this doctrine, arises not only from its truth, but fromits being fundamental. Bacon has proposed to us a Novum Organum, (New Organ) by the exercise of which to remodel the un- derstanding: Descartes has furnished the jirst principle of that very organ, whereby every one may adapt it to his own use. Locke has presented a sur- prising connexion of known and positive facts. Descartes declares that positive and original fact, whence all others take their rise ; and affords a law, by which, without error or confusion, we may enter on and execute a complete analy- sis and synthesis of this almost intermi- nable chain, In a word, Descartes not only has expressed the result of expe- rience, but he has founded an experi- mental school of philosophy ; for it is he who hath laid the foundation-stone of that great building—it is he who hath discovered the whi consistam, the wherein consisteth, of human science ; and were we to erect a temple, consecrated to sci- ence, and open to universal adoration, it would be sufficient to engrave upon the frontispiece, “I Tuink, THEN, I AM,” as pass-words into the fearful " Majesty of its sanctuary. But what is man? Even when en- dowed with genius the most rare, still he is always feeble, always fettered, always finite. The Hercules of our veneration vanishes; the formidable demi-god_be- comes a mere mortal, trembling thing. If the first discovery of meditative reason is, that “ we think,” and therefore that “ we exist”—the second, in the natural course of things, should induce us to examine what it is to think, and what are the conditions imposed upon our evistence. It is then that, from the former evidence of conscience, we arrive at further evidences of the same kind: it is then that science, revealing the un- known by mean of the known, gradually disengages itself from the imposing forms of previous entanglement, by the opera- tion of a series of evident and well-di- gestedtruths. But Descartes, with Bacon, has not sufficiently refiected that, far from its being necessary to add wings to the human understanding, it must rather be restrained in its speed by leaden weights. The -right way has been dis- covered, but'a calm and measured paceis not yet attained: that demands long and. patient devotement, and method, Philosophy of Descartes. [Sept. 1, quietly to unloose those shackles which rude and precipitate strength would burst! Seduced by the impetuosity of his genius, Descartes carelessly resigns himself to all the advantages of his first conceptions. His systematic doubts are hastily laid aside—he finishes by perfect dependance upon higher reasonings. At first, he said, “ He thought,” and ‘‘ he existed ;” now, he speaks of the imma-_, terial nature of the soul, and: of the in- finite essence of Almighty God. And who will dare to question these great truths ?—But, let us not wander from our subject; which is not here to raise or express doubts or certainty on these points. Our endeavour must be, to show whether or not these two ideas possess. an evidence so intuitive, so: universal, as to demand immediate place after that simple mction of our con- science, by which, .with unhesitating’ boldness, we may cry, I think, then, I am! Descartes aimed at no compila- tion of detached maxims: he wished to re-organize the laws of science. It was not enough for him, therefore, to de- clare truths; he wished to show them in intimate and inseparable union—to show that each truth, while it afforded a germ to that which followed, was itself originated by the preceding; while the one passes on from the other, as two follows one, three two, four three, and soon. But when I see this great man, scarcely persuaded_ that he exists—be- cause he thinks, rise at once to the con- sideration of the native principle of thought, without even inquiring what may be the cause or.action of thought ; when I see him endeavour, with more extraordinary audacity, to embody an idea of the Creator, without having, beforehand, conceived that of the crea- ture, which should have been a ladder by which to climb:the heights of scienee ; I have a right to conclude, that he over- steps his own rule—that he has lost the clue his brilliant genius had confided to him; that, instead ‘of a continued chain of truths, each exposing and explaining each, he shows only the broken links of , such chain, thrown hither and thither, in such utter confusion, that, wanting the intermediate links, they connexion seems impossible. For it,does not follow —that, an idea being true, it therefore must be simple, and may be arranged in. any casual order in the intellectual. chain. Thus, while it is true. that nothing simple and intuitive is known res specting God and the soul,—among the philosophers 1825.] philosophers of ancient time, and even of the middle ages, there are no two who precisely agreé in their ideas”’on these points,’ Tt’ must then be’ accorded, that it is to the astonishing march of reason and ‘of civilization, and, may we not also Say, to the influence of revealed pi ee a agreement of sages, on subjects so vast and so profound, is to be attributed: the mere attainments of every-day intelligence could never effect it. Is it not, then, necessary to range them as positive facts, on the sidé of universal consciousness of thought 2 Seat This first step once taken, it is easy to conclude that Descartes would unhesi- tatingly pursue the course. To have forced him patiently and methodically to analyze those abstract ideas by which he was to discover the laws of their formation, would have been to freeze the enthusiasm—to clip the wings of his towering mind! Was it not more agreeable to such a character to consider them as principally irnale? This more expeditious method, which hesitates not fo advance hypothetically the conclu- sion of which demonstration is sought, offered no doubtful hopes of success: it is more poetic than calculating; but it is well known that reason is soon silenced, when imagination is taken cap- tive. Always, then, hastening to the investigation of determinate causes, while he disdained the examination of those known facts which lead to them; is it wonderful that Descartes should, at last, meet with vortices, and strive from such to organize the heavens, the earth, and all the created forms of na- ture? Where then is that excelling system, which, having afforded him such a luminous and well-determined start- ing-post, appeared to promise results so favourable to the advancement of the cause of intellect ? And yet, how strange ! —itis in these very ramblings that certain schools seek a title to rank this great man among their leaders, But let us be just, and impartially ascribe to each his own peculiar share. From what has here- fore been ‘said, it will appear that, in the philosophical life of Descartes, there were two grand: epochs to be noticed: when ‘he, with unwonted. profundity, regarded the uncertainty of human knowledge,—conceived the vast and bold design of overthrowing every pre- vious dogma, that he, with greater order Be “precision, might. re-construct the mn own x Mac. No. 414, Sate! Philosophy of Descartes. 105 whole system,--enyeloped himself in. the abyss of universal doubt, that, in” the’ midst of prejudice and unesttaiahy he might discover truth ;—seized upon, the simple and fundamental law, which" would constitute the first link of his re-” formed chain, and crying I think, then’ Lam / as a trrumphant general, entered* that very universe he had before 80° determinately abandoned; and fixed his’ foot, sure and unerring, upon the elit-" tering threshold of true science. In the” other, when, almost at the moment he’ seemed to have won the wreath he’ sought for, his scarce-formed system’ was forgotten; spontaneously he aban doned the path he seemed so happily to’ have taken ; resumed, unbesitatingly,” the very prejudices which, with so rarée* a courage, he had emerged from; per=" tmaciously sought the hidden principles’ of being, instead of confining himself’ ta’ the beneficial observance of those phe=* nomena derivable from them, and wan-=" dered anew in a perplexed maze of diffi-’ culty and doubt. ot Here we see Descartes as: himself’ and by considering him in this double’ point of view alone, must we—can Wwe," determine to what school his illustrious’ name should be attached ? TESTS Certainly, when he expounds a posi-: tive fact, which is true, because it comes home to every man’s consciousness and, which is primitive, because no other precedes or explains it, he is an Ex- PERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHER, in the most enlarged application of the term. Where-. fore, should any regard him as a Rat10- CINATIVE PuiLosoPuER, this can onlybe when he hazards hypotheses that must be doubtful. Upon this question, issue is joined; and the dilemma seems to be — either to abjure Descartes, or to allow the distinction. In this lattercase, a) devotion almost superstitious is requir, ed, so that the limitations of the dis-, tinction be well marked. Then let the’; school of rational philosophy take Dés-: cartes, in the slumber of his reason, in: the forgetfulness of his own method, in the intemperateness of his conceptions ; and let it, if it will, erect a statue—an honourable trophy of his’ deviations. : The experimental school will ‘ever be proud to acknowledge him’as its most- ulustrious founder, considering him in. all the essence of his genius, in all the majesty of intelligence, in the absence of all those prejudices which at first he. had had the boldness to-discard.: 3.5), 5 L AMS toy Fans 106 > For the pein Magaxine. tiie yosetove Boi? Onothe Ini paawatinc Power, of Kaa rosiioos oi & Om. Gas. yo ERHABPS, no)question. -has . more incdivided «the ‘opinion, of scientific men than that of the illuminating power, -and,'consequently,. the value of the inflammable gases obtained from the distillation, of, oil and coal. It is, in- deed, \caleulated to render the judg- ment, of those gentlemen, who make scientific pursuits a profession, of little weight or authority, either as to oral or written testimony, when we find such extraordinary discrepancies as in the -present case; some authorities having stated the illuminating power of oil-gas to be from three and a half to four times greater than that of coal- gas.* While others, with Professor Leslie at their head, have not allowed oil-gas to exceed coal-gas, i in illuminat- ing power, more than about the ratio of 150 to 100.+ Now, however extraordinary it might at first view appear, both these state- ments may be correct as to the facts deduced from the experiments con- ducted by the respective parties, though they are certainly very far from satis- factory, or even correct, as general statements of the comparative “Wlumi- nating power of the two kinds of gas, considered as an article of general de- mand with the consumer. The fact appears to be, that different parties have undertaken to espouse different interests in the investigation of this important branch of civil economy ; and, in so doing, have, in some mea- sure, sacrificed the dignity of genuine science, by making a sort of ea parte statement of the case, It is well known to every person conversant with the coal-trade, how greatly the quality of different speci- mens of coal varies, and even that ob- tained from the same coal-seam at dif- ferent stations. While some varieties are best adapted for producing coke, others, having less solidity and greater inflammability, are better calculated for affording gas. Not only the quantity, but sie” quality of gas also varies very considerably, from different specimens Of coal; the quantity of sulphur existing * Ann. Phil., vol. vi. p. 404. Experi- Me of Messrs. Davy, Faraday, and Phil- . ps. z. € } ne ’ + Coal-gas° Company’s Report—Jul 1924. wot : Coal and Oil Gases compared. [Sept. 1, in some samples rendering them quite unfit, to. be eh ae fay "een without, . a,, eonsinerenlg ner trouble incurred i in poly render it. fit for use. known, that the variety ie, ist by, or Wigan, Coal, produces gas of: oe superior quality to.that from » New, castle and Durham. coal eee. or ain- deed from any other of the English co ol- lieries; and that the Pa, ‘tn the south of Scotland yield varieties ‘of coal even superior in quality, especially for gas-making, to that of the Lanca- shire coal-field. Now these facts being (it must be presumed) well known to every person in any way ‘connected with gas-works, it. certainly appears very remarkable that scientific men, who undertake experiments to estimate the value of the respective gases, should omit taking these points into their con- sideration. Thus, in the experiments of Messrs. Davy and Co., coal-gas -of inferior quality, or about 400° spec. grav., was compared with oil-gas of the best ‘quality, or above 900; and Mr. Leslie compared the best coal. -gas of the Edinburgh works, about 700. spec. grav., with oil-gas of inferior quality, or but little exceeding a spec. gray. 800. : Although the value, or illuminating power of each species of gas, be not found in exact ratio to the specific gravity — oil-gas having, ceteris payi- bus, greater ‘iWuminating power ; yet, for a general estimate, the density af- fords a pretty fair criterion of the value of each kind of gas: consequently, whenever a comparison is instituted of the respective advantages afforded to the public from the use of either kind, the specific gravity of the gas should al- ways be expressed. It is, therefore, with some ghee I find, in the July number of is Edin- burgh. Philosophical Journal, a more able investigation of this important question than has hitherto been re= sented to. the public. The authors of the paper (Drs. Christison and’ ‘Tur- ner{) appear to have viewed the. ques- tion in all its bearings, during the ela- borate experiments they conducted, determining the comparative ‘value of the two gases. : They selected the photometer of Count Rumford in preference : y the + This report was. ste before the Royal Society of Ediz 1925. of Professor Leslie, for measuring ‘the intensities of the lights; Mr. Leslie’s instrument being affected by nori-tumi- nous ‘heat, Which tenders its indications much) less accurate than the former ingtrument, | _ Lo give even an abstract of the very long and able paper of Drs. C. and T. would be quite inadmissible, Mr. Edi- tor, in your miscellaneous columns ; -but a summiary of some of-the conelu- sions of these gentlemen may be wor- thy the attention of every person em- ploying gas for artificial lights. - From a vast number of trials, it ap- peared that the length of the flame has a most important influence in the pro- duction of light. For as the flame be- ‘comes extended, its light increases in a much greater ratio than the expendi- “ture of gas. Thus, in a coal-gas jet burner, allowing for equal expenditures of gas, a two-inch flame giving a light, which may be called 100 degrees, a three-inch flame gave 109 ; a four-inch flame 131; and a five-inch flame 150. Beyond five inches, however, nothing is gained; on the contrary, the tip of the flame becomes darkened by a part ‘of the gas passing off without being de- composed and consumed. It appears, ‘therefore, that we obtain fifty per cent. more light from a coal-gas jet of five inches in height, than from one that is two inches high, with equal expenditure of gas; and the same proportion holds -good whether we use a :single jet, :or an Argand burner with numerous :aper- tures. . _ Now this fact alone tis certainly one of, the utmost importance, to the ‘public as well as to the.gas companies generally. For it cannot be denied -that an immense waste of gas, or in other, words loss of light, must ensue from limiting the jet in our:street lamps to flame not more ‘than two dnches igh, and in some cases, the three jets exlled the “ cockspur burner,”: have:mot much more thanan inch offlame; above : orifice. It seems beyond a doubt, t the principles on which the com- bustion of gas for the purposes ofillu- aaination depends, have hitherto) been very little understood, even by :thase whose ‘business or profession renders it In @ manner incumbent ‘on them:to be masters of the whole subject. For the principles that govern the combus- tion of gas (and which are now for:the first time. fully developed, through the refined experiments and accurate ‘rea- soning ofithe able chemists before+men- Coal and Oi Gases compared. 107 tioned), are in themselves so obvious to every one moderately conversant with chemical science, as to” leave no doubt whatever with regard to the accuracy of the conclusions) drawn: by.thésé géh- ‘tlemen’; ‘and which may be ‘bri stated thus :— 198 If a gas flame of two inches‘in height, whether issuing from a single jet ora series of holes, be supplied with atmos- pheric air too rapidly, there will bea loss of illuminating -power in conse- quence. » For, although the light will -be vivid in such case, owing to.the copious supply of oxygen fromthe air.s yet the mass of .air from. whence* the oxygen is abstracted -bears so large a proportion’ to the volume of the flame, as to cool the exterior of the jet.of gas below the actual temperature of igni- tion, and will thus prevent its evolu- tion of light. Drs, Christison and: Pur- ner very justly corroborate the opinion of Sir H. Davy, with regard tothe ne- cessity of inflammable gas undergoing -decomposition immediately previous to its combustion, if we wish to have the full benefit of the inflammable substance in giving ott light and heat. eee) It has been satisfactorily shewn, b all the comparative experiments hitherto made.on carburetted hydrogen gas,.that the intensity of the light evolved is always nearly in proportion to \the:den- -sity of the compound gas—or, in other words, in proportion to the quantity of carbon in solution;in the hydrogen. It may be, therefore, clearly inferred, that {the illumination rom our artificial lights (whether gas, wax, oroil)-is-due to the ‘union of the carbon with'the oxygenous ‘portion of the air; and that the hydro- genvhas little agency .in the production .of light, beyond that-of being,the vehicle or menstrunm in whieh the -earbon jis wxetained in a gaseous |form, -and ready for instant combustion. Not only the intensity of the light, but, the duration of the gas also, de- pends-eittirely_on ‘the quantity \of car- bon in suspension: as is sufficiently proved by the durability of ‘oil gas in “compatison with that of coal igasjrand ‘the greater quantity of oxygen required for:consuming)equal portionsthe jarring of the back part of the tongue against the avila: ylinwisa The, word; nememberer, properly pro- ‘nounced, exemplifies the triple ele- mentary power of this ambiguous cha- racter. _ «L, A gliding feathery touch from the point of the tongue against the gums, while a. vOcalized impulse is given to the, breath. from the. larynx, produces the sound belonging to the letter L— the most tunable, perhaps, of all the ele- ments of spoken language.} Y. A slight pressure of the sides of the upswoln tongue against the upper side gums, near the front of the mouth, the apex being at the same time in con- tact with the roots of the lower teeth, and the teeth themselves being slightly opened,{ produces (during a similar impulse of the voice) the initial, or con- sonant Y.9 * Of the varieties of element represented by this individual letter, Dr. D. takes no sort of notice, but simply states, that “If the point of the tongue be pressed to the fore part of the palate, as in forming the letters T, D,; N, S, Z, and air be pushed ‘Wetween, $o as to proditce continued sound, the letter R is formed.” Even the accu- rate Walker'has not defined or discrimi- nated’ the thrééfold power. or elementary 20 paras of the letter r. It is one of #he Rarshnesses ‘of Scottish and of, Irish sg et to confound this discrimina- in, and pronourice in all cases the initial 7 Only ;''as it is ‘One of the still more offen- five peculiaritiés of the Northumbrian bur, to Pronounce only, the guttural or termina- tive’: Or, in fact, to pronounce no 7 at all.* we: aa ‘Tf the retracted tongue be appressed to’ the middle of the palate, as m forming the letters K, Ga, NG, SH, J French, aid ait be’ pushed oyer its edges, so as to produce coritinued sound, the letter L is formed.”—Darwin. _'The reader may bring thie two' anatomical definitions to the test of experiment. + "Phis opening of the jaw is not indis- perisabile’ to the formition of the element ; but it i$) ‘in many states of conformation, at Yeast, Convenient and desirable. § The initial, or consonant Y— That ‘The Anatomy of Speech. 115 Z. The slight contact of a flatter surface against the upper gums, the ) apex both this letter andthe? W, when used initially, ‘in ‘all: but a base! cockney,\‘or a jfuint affected pronunciation, have the, ge~ nuine) power of) the liquid eonsonant, I haye always been convinced, notwithstand- ing all that has been, said.to the contrary. The following disquisition on, the subject will be found in the fourth section of the first edition of Mitford’s Essay upon the Harmony of Language (p.. 46-7). “ It was mentioned, in treating of the vowels, that’ w and y have, as proper vowels, no other power than is possessed by u and 2. They have, however, at the beginning of syllables something very peculiar; and many grammarians have ranked their power, in that situation, among consonant sounds. The Bishop of Oxford, in his grammar, insists, on the contrary, that they have every property of a vowel, and not one of a consonant. We must cer- tainly, in a great measure, admit the learned Bishop’s assertion, that Ee-oo and oo-ill, pronounced slowly, are each two distinct syllables; but with a quick utterance they become precisely you, will, and are each one syllable only. But Mr. S, Johnson inclines to rank the initial w and y among - consonants, because ‘they follow vowels without any hiatus, or difficulty of utter- ance, as frosty winter, rosy youth.’- ence we never add z to the indefinite article be- fore words beginning with y and w, but say a youth, a woman. We may observe farther, that, notwithstanding the extreme slightness of their vowel sound, these let- ters delay the voice in its progress to the succeeding vowel as much as any conso- nant: and they have something in their sound incompatible with a succeeding con- sonant: a vowel must follow. It is gene- rally agreed among the learned, that the Latin v, and the Aolic digamma were no other than our w, and they were always, in yerse at least, esteemed consonants. In the same manner our w and y seem to af- fect quantity merely as consonants, and, therefore, to all poetical purposes, which is all we have to consider here, are con- sonants.” To the reasons here advanced’ may be added, that the sounds given to the Y and W, as initials, cannot be produced without contact and vibration of the enunciative organs: that is to say, without pressure of the lips as preparatory for the W, and of the tongue against the gams, &c., as described in the text for the Y. Dr. Darwin ranks the initial W among the sonisibilant consonants ; though what sibilancy has to do with the utterance of it, I cannot perceive: but his definition of the initial Y appears to be particularly unsa~ tisfactory. 4 “Y, when it begins a word, as in youth. Q2 If 116 The Anatomy of Speech. apex of the tongue, at the same time, - vibrating against the inner surface. of the teeth, produces, with similar, im- pulse, the, hard, and}emphatic Z—as in zeal, zounds,| &o.%,\ _ 4H.,.The middle. ofthe tongue swel- ling a. little higher, towards the’ palate, so as.to withdraw.the point,a little way from.the teeth; the impulse of air being; at the same time, somewhat increased, so as to produce a certain degree of sibilancy, forms the aspirated Z (=ZH) —as in azure, &c. Such are the elements which, for their formation, depend principally upon the management of the tongue in its dif- ferent relations and approximations to the gums; though some of them, it will be obvious, have reference also to its contact with, the other passive organs. » [1.. THE TEETH: organs that are alike,important to. the clear enuncia- tion-of;the|sharper, and the more ob- tuse elements, S=C. The passage of a brisk cur- rent of air between the sharp edges of the_front teeth, while the quiescent tongue remains in a state of proxima- tion, without contact with the same, produce the simple sounds of the S, and C soft, or sibilant.t If the aperture above described (the point of the tongue approximating to the forepart of the palate, as in forming the letters T, D, N, S, Z, R, and leaying an aperture just so large as to prevent sibilancy) be enlarged as much as convenient, and sono- rous air from the larynx be modulated in passing through it, the letter Y is formed.”’ * “Tf in the situation of the tongue and palate, in which the S is formed, a sound be produced in the mouth, as in the letter D, and the sonorous air be forced between them, the sonisibilant letter Z is formed.” —Darwin. ‘ +) “OS. If the point of the tongue be ap- pressed to the forepart of the palate, as in forming the letter T, and the air from the mouth be forced between them, the sibilant letter S, is produced.” —Darwin. In. such position I could form neither Snor, T... With respect to the former, I should suspect it jof being a direction for producing one of the most offensive modi- fications of lisping: The pure S is, indeed, a very. difficult sound to manage with any degree of grace: and its frequent recur- renee,|is) one, of, the, very. few objections against.our e which appear. to. be well founded ah nner by vS in! a,.(considerable degree, abated, -I ‘shall speak heseafter ;.but,, perhaps, of all. the. that sharp complex’ sibilant, which the force of that objection may be, - (Sept. 1, Z. A vocalized impulse of air, through a similar aperture, over | the’ vibrating surface.of ithe tongue, as! it’advances from the-former “attitude towards the . lower’“teeth,’ produces" the Uinibara tively softer “Z, in ais (=a) Ko wwas, maze, Hafex, &e.?) >” sf CH. A gust‘of air over the ipswoln tongue, in an active state,.-while, the apex. retires from i with the lower. teeth (or, in, some icon- formations of. the;»mouth,owith (the lower part of the upper); andjsrushing through a similar:aperture, | produces for which , we expedients that can be resorted to for this purpose, those that give it a sort'of lisping indistinctness (if it were not that such ex- pedients are very popular among’ Jadies) might be regarded as the most offensive. +“ CH, Spanish. If in the above situa- tion of the tongue (the: back part’ of! it ‘ap- pressed to the pendulous) curtain of the palate and uvula}\a sound be produced be- hind, and the senorous air be forced be- tween them, the CH, Spanish, is formed ; which is a sonisibilant letter, the same as CH, Scotch, in the word Buchanan and loch. It is also, perhaps, the Welch gut- tural expressed by the double L, as in Lloyd, Liuellen. It isa simple sound, and ought to have a ‘single character as x .”—Darwin. I have given this element no place in my catalogue, because, in pure English pronunciation, we have now no such sound. The English CH, as in children, church, &e., Dr. D. agrees’ with Walker, Elphin- stone, and other orthoepists, in consider- ing as compounded of TSH. But this: I presume to controvert; at least: I’ know that I can produce the élement, which they thus consider asa triple) compound, by a single action of the tongue in a posi- tion in which I can neither produce ‘Pnor SH. It is true, indeed, that the iitial Ch (the X (Chi) of -the Greek lan- guage) as it stands in the words«ehamber, cherry, chin, chop; church, &c., iis) very nearly correspondent with) the: terminative sound represented by: éch, im the/wwords witch, Dutch, watch, &e, ; buts the simili- tude will, I think, upon more miziute!ana- lysis, be found to result fromthe cireum- stance of the T, in these terminatives; being rendered extremely indistinct, }oryentirely silent, in consequence of the:physical dif_i- culty of the combination ;rather.than from any, positive prefix of the element SY:or any portion }of that element,;to the imitial sound, , when» \correctly,,) or, aspgenerally, pronounced, A. simple. experiment ‘willy I think, demonstrate this, positions «The element T,.as'has been already stated, ean only, be, perfectly produced by placing the tip reylous,, contact: 1825.) we have no genuine character in the English alphabet. (unless: this were the primary,,sound ofthe etter! C) now tip of the tongue.against, the; junction, of the upper gums, and gliding ,it,) with firm presstire, a little way downward upon the teeth; whereas_the sharp,sound of. the M2X) in Chirth, chick, &e., will be found producible” in its highest perfection (so, at least) DP always pronounce it), ‘by placing the tip of thé ‘tongue against ‘the junction ofthe !lower (gums ‘and teeth, and giving the sibilant percussion as ‘the tongue re- tires from that;position’s:so that, in reality, the, pure and perfect. sound, of, T-is so far from being an integral part of the supposed compound Ch= X (Chi) in the class of ini- tials specified, that, perhaps, it is physically impossible to)implicate them ‘together in uninterrupted series. 'T, and the element we represent by SH, can, indeed, follow in such) immediate succession, as to appear to be efliciently implicated; but such succes- sion; I contend, ‘is not the genuine sound of the; English Ch, as will, I think, be ap- patent to any person who shall: perfectly and jattentively pronounce the two com- binations ‘or successions—wit shall, and witch all; oy, adopting the Scottish abbre- viation, w2’ for with, for the sake of a com- bination: and parallel, more obviously in point, from ‘the oral identity of the vowels wit shall, wi? challenge: It must, however, be admitted, that in this, as in several other instances, the position and action of the tongue in the formation of the element must; in some degree; depend upon the interior'form of the mouth, particularly as to, the jaw, whether it be inner or outer hung. * Lam aware that in this suggestion I have the high ‘authority of Mr. Horne Tooke, as well as many others, against me. Guts when we look’ into old writers and old records, and find that) such names as we: mow: write Chester, Manchester, Chi- chester;, &cce2;:o were heretofore uniformly written Cester; Mancester, Cicester, &c., Without.the H ; and find, also, that in the most remote provinces, where the old Anglo: Saxo pronunciation seems to have been, least innovated upon by modern adul- teration or’ refinement, these names are neyeyerthéless, in. this respect, exactly pronounced as we pronounce them—I ean- not: but think that we havea kind of clue to; the: original elementary power of this character: at deast'Lam: sure, that if the etymology of .words would not ‘be thereby obseured) (a:zircumstance to be so awfully regarded:\as to:eheck the zeal of ortho- graplic innovation), it would be a happi- néssin our linguage if the’ letter C were never permitted to’ make: its'' appearance but when this power was tobe assigned to ito In out! present! usage; ‘where -some- times ity has they quality’ of S;'and some- times that of K, und never has any’ pro- The Anatomy of Speech. 117 confounded with § and with K), and which we attempt to indicate by the eompound CH, erik 0 SH.A stream ‘of air over the tongue rather more swoln towards’ the ‘front of the palate; while°the ‘apex' remains in) contact ‘with’ ‘the juncettire ‘of the lower teeth’ and gums,’ producés’ the CH, French,’ or English SH—as’ in chaise; &e.F rar Ba 2 =TH.' By pressing’ the tongue against the upper part of the upper ° teeth, and sliding down the apex till it come in contact with the edges both of these and of the lower, a vocal im- pulse bemg given as the tongue per- forms this motion, we form the forcible sonisibilant heard in the words thee, this, with, &c. By simply advancing the tongue in slight contact between the teeth, without any pressure against the inner surface (the impulse’ of ‘the breath being given as the’ tongue’ re- tires), we produce.the simple sibilant, heard in the words theist, thesis, think, &e.f (To be continued.) perty or attribute of its own, it is nothing but a nuisance. + Here, again, Dr. Darwin is for raising to the top of the roof. ‘‘ If the’ point of the tongue be retracted, and applied to the middle of the palate, as in, forming the let- ter K [Dr. D.’s way of forming the K], and air from the mouth be forced between them, the letter Sh is produced, whieh is a simple sound, and ought to have a smgle character.”’ I will venture to pronounce, that the retraction of the point of the tongue, to any such position, is not neces- sary for the formation of this element ; and with the position of the other parts of the tongue, which I find necessary for forma- tion of K, I certainly cannot at all produce SH. It is, however, assuredly a. single element. $ These are both of them’ simple ele- ments, and it is certainly great pity that we have not for-each of them a single dis- tinct character. They differ from: each other exactly as G and) K, V and F, B and P, D and T; and there is equal reason for their having distinc characters. Mr. Pelham of ‘Boston’( America); in’ his very ingenious “ System of Notation,’’ has proposed. ¢é for the former, and tf for the latter. If innovations» in ‘otn’ ‘alphabetic characters could be seriously thought ‘of as at once practicable and desivable, should prefer the restoration of the ‘Saxon 8 for the stall, and the, Greek ©) for, the capital, ‘sibilant; anded> for'thé Small,» D. for the ‘capital of the sonisibilant)"o" °° 118 Junius and Horne Tooke. To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Sir: N_“ Inquingn,” in, the Monthly ' Magazine for June, gives an anec- dote of Mr. Tooke, respecting)the mys- tericus Author of Junius’s Letters. Whoever the author of those Letters may be, I think he may with more pro- priety be styled Zhe Great. Unknown, than the authors of some popular works of ‘the present day—(authors I say, because I think there.are two eminent and learned men concerned in the com- position of those imaginative works, one of whom has been kept completely1ncoe. for six-and-twenty years). Permit me also to have an opinion on that so much-disputed point about Junius, and to state a circumstance or two, in addi- tion to the numerous positive assertions, conjectures and suppositions, connected with the examination of that almost worn-out subject; as answers. to the question, Who is the Author of Junius’s Letters ? Nearly thirty years ago, Mr. Evans, then‘an eminent bookseller in Pater- noster-row, with whom I was acquainted, told me very confidently, “ That he had a work in the press which would be published in five or six months, when the real Author -of Junius’s Letters would then be known.” This piece of news I communicated to Mr. Tooke shortly after, when we were walking in his garden at Wimbledon. He quickly said, “ No, no, citizen (a very familiar name, at that time, among the friends of freedom, but now obsolete): he knows nothing at all about it—it is a book- seller’s puff!?? From this prompt reply, so decisively given, with some farther conversation on the subject, which has escaped my memory, I was led to believe that he was acquainted with the author. Another circumstance may strengthen the opinion, that Mr. Tooke either was, or did know, the author. When part of Mr. Tooke’s library was to be sold by King and Lochee, in King-street, Coyent-garden—I, being in the auction-room one day, looking at the books, Mr. Lochee said to me, “Step this way, and I will shew you a curiosity!”? A few months before, Mr. Woodfall had published a new volume of Junius’s Letters, and Notes, which he had carefully collected. Among the notes of Junius, there was one short note, desiring Mr, Woodfall, to, send him three copies, without delay, of the [Sept. 1, volunie of Letters which were then printing; and if the index was not ready, to,send them without the; indew: — one copy to, be neatly bound, and:two to be stitched, and covered with marble paper ! These two copies, so, covered, and with- out the index, Mr. Lochee, took. from among some of Mr. Tooke’s books in a book-case, and shewéd them tome. He made sonie observations about the note of Junius, which I have forgotten, and - gave his opinion, that John Horne Tooke was the Author of|Junius’s Letters. I believe it is generally admitted, that, in the controversy betweem the Rev. John Horne and Junius, John Horne triumphed. What Butler :says'in his Reminiscences, does not refute the opi- nion that Tooke was Junius, _ He con- siders the Author of Junius’s Letters not a profound lawyer, from the gross inaccuracy of some of his legal expres- sions. About that time, the Rev. John Horne had resolved to give up his con- nexion with the church, and ito study the law, with the intention’ of being called to the bar:—so that it is very probable, being but young in the pro- fession, there may have been some inaccuracy in his legal expression. But, even when he was a student of law in the Temple, he, by his legal knowledge, preserved a large estate, which was in great jeopardy, to a gentleman of the name of Tooke; and, for performing so essential a service to that gentleman, Mr. Tooke generously presented him with an estate, and caused him to add to the name of Horne that of Tooke. This clearly shews, I think, that if John Horne Tooke was Junius, he was no mean lawyer. Such is the circumstantial evidence I offer, to. prove that Tooke was Junius. It appears to me no. less: valid: than those which have'\ been so ‘roundly asserted, in favour of some others more unlikely. 16 Trot About three months ago, a friend of mine told me, rather. exultingly, that very lately, in searching: among ‘some musty records in a public office, there was discovered a bundle of, manuseripts, apparently of no. consequence; and thrown aside as waste paper) but after- wards, when taken up, wnbound and examined, out started Junius, the long- lost and Great Unknown. My friend was informed, that they are! the very identical manuscript letters of Junius, which have caused so. much discussion, and hitherto, with so undecisiyea result. The bundle was afterwards given \to Mr. Croker —————— 1825.] Croker of the Admiralty, in whose pos- session they are at present. Whether this new discovery will turn out to be any thing else than mere gossip, time, and ‘the good-will of Mr. Croker, must disclose. i Aye el Pinlico, Aug. 10, 1825. ' . & ~ To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Siris0 ween correspondent N. Y. (Aug. No. p. 35,) tells us that “ Mr. Macadama is old,’ It. may be so—for I know no more of him than I do of N.Y., or any other of the alphabet-men, &c. who have assailed him, either through your pages, or those of other periodicals and diurnals, But, would it be amiss if N.Y. would recollect, that the prejudices—aye, and the interests too—with ‘which Mr. Macadam has to contend, are older still; and would, per- haps, be found quite as “incorrigible,” if left to:their own volition, as he? N. Y., I suppose, from. the flippant personality of this association of age and obstinacy, is yet young—if I should say, too young to have learned good manners, I should stand, I think, excused for the retort: for, in the name of com- mon sense and decorum, what: has the age of Mr. Macadam ‘te do with the controversy —unless, indeed, it were advanced in favour of the probability of some experience? That such expe- rience may be liable to some bias, is true—for he has an interest in the ex- tended adoption. of his system, But, have none of his opponents an interest also in the old opponent systems? I will not appeal to you, Sir—it would be indecorous—but I appeal to your readers, whether the! language of some of your correspondents on this subject does not occasionally betray a warmth and inveteracy, that, without any great violation of candour, might be attributed to personal motives?—to feelings of personal. interest?) Might the “ dis- placed” contractor or overseer, whose cause your correspondent N.Y. so warmly, though so covertly, advocates— and whose comprehensive axiom he so eulogistically quotes—if, indeed, N. Y. be not that “displaced” himself !— might not he be suspected of quite as personal and interested a feeling against, _ as Mr. Macadam has for, the newly- adopted steining system?—and may not: he bevas: old,’-and as “incorrigible,” in his prejudices-or his calculations, as the displacer himself?! : ‘Macadamization. 119 But what has the public to do with the age or the youth, or with the mo- tives or the prejudices of cither? The question is—and it has become a qués- tion of mere practical experiment— “Does Mr, Macadam’s plan (where tried) appear to answer?” The piece of the Hammersmith road answers well; St. James’s-square answers well ; Regent-street (with the double-worked crossing of Piccadilly, at the Regent Circus) answers well; — Westminstér Bridge answers well! In every one of these instances of town experiment, every one of the hostile prognostications has been falsified. None of the fore- boded inconveniences have arisen.— Blackfriars Bridge is the only point on which objection still keeps its ground in the face of experiment: and even here, if the plan should, ultimately, not succeed, it would not, perhaps, be diffi- cult to shew, that the failure is attribu- table more to local circumstances, per- taining exclusively to the bridge itself, than to the Macadamizing system.— So much for street, or London town expe- rience. That some modifications of the sys- tem may be required in particular in- stances, where roads are to be formed. upon different bottoms, or subsoils, is very probable; but I'suspect that N.Y.’s will not be found the true panacea; and my philosophy leads me more than to suspect the probability of “clayey matter” being “ produced by the attri- tion of stones,” whether they be of flint, of gravel, or of granite. In short, all I should apprehend, even upon N. Y.’s own shewing, is, that where the bottom or subsoil is soft or clayey, it may re- quire repeated layers, at longer or shorter intervals, before the road will be complete; and that roads of little traffic will be longer consolidating than those that are abundantly rolled down by carriages, carts and broad-wheeled waggons;—that, in the former case, during the two or three first years, the road will require almost half the expense and attention to keep it in repair that the other roads require, and cause almost a tenth part of the annoyance of the old system to the traffic passing over it. In compensation, however, for these grievous disadvantages, I am dis- posed to anticipate, that the same time and traffic which would cut up the roads of the family of the “ Dispossesseds,” will consolidate and bring to perfection those of the Macadams—which, with a constantly-diminishing portion of atten- tion, 120 tion, I expect to find, will be getting better and better, even till N.Y. him- self, however juvenile at present, may have become as “ old,” and, consequent- ly, as “ incorrigible,” as Mr. Macadam himself. In the mean time, permit me to assure your readers, that although, from a feeling of justice and decorum, I have _been called into this controversy by the flippancy of your alphabetic correspon- dent, yet I am, personally at least, no Macadamite, in any other respect than that, as my grandmother confidently as- sures me, I am f ; A Son or Avan. Aug. 5, 1825. ——— To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Sim: HE ordinary method of propagating the strawberry, or what is com- monly called ‘* making new beds,” is to detach and cut off the young plants from the parent roof, in the fall of the year, after they have taken root, and then to set them afresh, in beds prepared for that purpose: so that, by being detach- ed, they have the disadvantage of taking root a second time; and, by being cut off, derive no support by the string from the old root, which would supply more nourishment than the root. This is like weaning an animal before it can take care of itself: the consequence of which practice is, that if the season be unfayourable, one-half of the young plants, and sometimes the whole of them, perish, either by the dry weather or the frost. Under the most favour- able circumstances of weather and season, these young plants, thus trans- planted and severed from the parent stock, and thereby losing the advantage of the nutriment which is communicated by the string, se/dom produce any fruit the first year, or very little, if any. So that it may be stated, generally and cor- rectly, that, under the most auspicious circumstances, there is no crop the jirst year, and sometimes not the second or the third; and very frequently a new plantation is absolutely and altogether necessary before the bed is in a state of perfection ; and even such new planta- tion, and as many as may be made, is subject to the same casualties and fail- ures as the first. In a dry season, per- petual watering is necessary to keep the plant from being scorched up by the sun; and. watering is always trouble- some and inconvenient, and sometimes ' expensive. Cultivation of the Strawberry. [Sept. 1, - Now, instead of following the old way, of making fresh beds by severance: and transplantation, by which, under the most favourable. circumstances, no fruit is obtained the first. year, after such transplantation, to a certainty— and liable to casualties afterwards ; I never transplant the roots at all, and yet I always get the finest, largest and greatest quantity of fruit, in the highest state of perfection, the jirst year :— and, let the weather be what it will, as scorchingly hot as it can be, my new beds never want watering; and, unless the blossom is struck with a blight, which every one knows the strawberry is particularly subject to, I never fail of a-full crop,—the first year being always the most abundant. So that, putting all other circumstances: out of conside- ration, I gain one year by my practice ; which alone is an important desidera- tum (this is an unquestionable fact, should there be no other advantage), besides the superiority of fruit; and have nothing to fear but that blight, which it is impossible to prevent. Now, my plan is simply this: taking Nature as my guide, and preferring her wisdom to that of man; for nature evi- dently intended, that as the young root shoots out from the old, and is nourish- ed and supported by the string; which acts as a pipe to convey it food; instead of cutting off the young plants, and leaving them to perish, or to exist ac- cording to circumstances, by their own strength, I prepare the earth intended Sor the new beds by the side of the old ones, and let such young plants take root of their own accord. This they will quickly do; and, aided by the string, will do it firmly, and early in the season, branching off in all directions: thus in the ‘course of the autumn, I have as much ground as I please filled with strong, healthy, luxuriant roots, capable of standing any sun, from the shelter of the leaves—the severity of any frost, by the strength of the roots—and equal to the product of a full crop the next year : so that my new beds, instead of present- ing naked earth, with a few puny, ‘halt- starved plants, incapable of producing any fruit the following year, shew them- selves in the highest state of luxuriance, verdure and perfection. ‘The conse- quence is obvious. Instead of having no fruit the first year, and without- being subject to the casualties before-men- tioned, I get the largest quantity of the finest fruit the first year, when others get none-—and one moment’s consideration makes _ —— 1825.] makes it evident that it must be so, from the very nature of the thing. In this: method, especial care,’ how- ever, must be’ ‘taken, not to disturb the roots of the offsets, by weeding or other means; because, if this be done,very little advat iwill be’ derived fromit, as the vigour ‘and strength ‘of*the® plant de- pends/entirély upon its taking early root, and thé support! that it’ derives, by: the stringy from the’ old’ stock: — After, therefore, havingonce’ ‘taken root, it should on no account be disturbed. But’ nothing can’ be more preposte- rous than the common practice,—which is, to deprive the’ young plant of the benefit ‘which it’ derives through the string. And such is’ the superiority, even in appearance, of these new or first’ year’s plants, over those of three years old; that I took particular notice, last winter, that whilst my new beds were as green as a leek, the old beds looked as if they were dead. The plants should never be allowed to remain more than three ‘years, but even two: years is quite enough. After three or four years, they cease to throw out any shoots, and then: perish. It is yery well known that all soils are not suitable to the strawberry ; and, in such jas are unpropitious to this fruit, it is in vain to attend to their cultiva- tion. If those who are fond of horti- cultural subjects will try the plan here suggested, I think they will not regret the-experiment. I will mention another fact, to shew its decided advantage; of which I could give ocular demonstration. I have three sets of plants: three, two, one - year old; from some unaccountable cause (as has been the case with the apple this. year), the two first are en- tirely blighted (as has been generally the case); on the new or last year’s beds I have had a fair crop of as fine fruit as ever was seen—and this I attri- bute entirely to the strength and vigour of the new plant over those of the pre- ceding years. Indeed, so thoroughly am I convinced, from ‘experience, and many years’ obseryation, of the superio- rity of this plan over the old, that Iam assured. no strawberry plant ought to exist more than two years. If I could exhibit a set of new beds, which I have already made, this very scorching season, without the aid of one drop of water, no one would hesitate a moment in saying where the advantage lay. re Your’s, &c., G.B.L. Totness, 13th July 1825... Montuty Mage, No, 414. Voyage to Australia, §c. 121 For the Monthly Magazine. Lizut. Ennts’s Journal of a Voyage to New Sourn Waters, AustraLia, Port Essincton, Apstry Straits, §c.* (Continued from p. 4.] 25th August.—Fresh breezes and fine - weather ;)at six a.m. the extremes of the land, from north three-quarters east, to west and by north half-north; nearest part distant eight miles. At noon, Cape Hawke, north-west quarter west, ten miles. Commenced this day running down the coast of Australia, inside the grand barrier reef. 26th.—Port MacQuarrie, west quar- ter-south. To this port, in the neigh- bourhood of the Coal Mine River, con- victs convicted of crimes committed in the colony, and: those detected after having deserted, and others whose, con- duct is incorrigible, are re-transported, closely confined, and kept to hard labour for punishment, At noon, Smokey Cape west two-thirds north, distance five leagues. 2]th.—Strong breezes and squally; at twelve, Mount. Warning west and by south half-south, Cape Byron south, and Cape Danger north and by west half-north ; a southerly current running, at the rate ofa mile and a-half per hour. 28th. * Some parts of the portion of this article inserted in our present number will per- haps, to some of our readers, appear more technical than amusing ; and we had even drawn our pen through the nautical details, with purpose to omit them. But, after perusing the whole, we became convinced that the omission would destroy, in a con- siderable degree, the professional character of the journal, diminish the evidence of authenticity, and render it less practicable for the reader to follow the track of the voyager: and in reality we found, that it was only in this portion that any such omissions could be made. To some, at least, the technical details will be accep~ table ; and to the whole of our readers we may venture to promise, that the descrip- tions of the new settlement, and of the Isle of France, Cape of Good Hope, the Island of St. Helena, with the yisit to Napoleon’s Tomb, &c., in the homeward course, will be an ample atonement for the professional dryness of a small part of what is now presented. For the same reason, of preserving the primitive character of the journal, we have not interfered with ‘the style and language—except in the! corree- tion ef an occasional slip of grammar—but haye left the honest sailor to, tell his. story in his own plain way.—-Eprr. R 122 28th.—Fine pleasant weather. South- east end of Morton Island, west and by north five leagues ; this island stands in the bay of that name, and is so called from a noble fresh-water river which runs into the bay, and was only dis- covered by Lieut. Oxley, of the royal navy, surveyor-general of Australia, about eight months ago. This is cer- tainly the finest country I ever saw: it is scarcely possible to imagine finer scenery. The mountains on the main- land not being less than from fifteen hundred to two thousand feet above the level of the sea, divided by sweeping valleys and plains, clothed with the most delightful verdure ; the hills, to their summits, covered with lofty, and, no doubt, valuable timber. At two P.m., began sounding, which varied to-day from thirty-four to sixty-three fathoms. 29th.—Indian Head west-south-west ten miles ; soundings from forty-three to eighty-five fathoms. 30¢h.—Sounded every half-hour, in from twelve to thirty-eight fathoms, Tunning within a few miles of the main- land. Observed the native fires along the coast : the appearance of the land incomparably fine. At noon, Indian Head bore south south-west, fifteen miles. 31st.—At daylight, Sandy Cape south- west fifteen miles. Saw Round Hill over Bustard Bay, bearing west a quar- ter north, seven or eight leagues. At noon, Cape Capricorn west north-west forty-five miles. At six p.m. Cape Lar- cum south-west half-west ; Peaked- Island north-north-east. Soundings from twelve and a half to seventeen fathoms. lst September, two p.M.—Passed_be- tween Keppel Large Island and the Two Clumps of Hummocks ; at twelve, Island Head west half-south, four miles ; sound- ings from fifteen to twenty fathoms ; leads on both sides constantly going. At half-past eleven p.m. came-to at the Percy Islands, in sixteenfathoms. These are a group of beautiful islands, covered with the finest verdure, tolerably clear of trees, but presenting a great variety of flowering shrubs, &c. The whole of them seem admirably adapted for pas- ture land. We saw no natives, nor do I believe there are any, except occa- sional visitors from the mainland, for the purpose of fishing. It is not at all improbable but these islands will be shortly colonized, as they are within a few days’ sail of Morton Bay, and could be cleared .at a trifling expense ; and Voyage to Australia, §c. ‘the dark. (Sept. 1, probably Morton Bay will one day be- come the capital of Australia, on ac=— count ofits nobleriver, and the fertility of the soil on its banks ‘as well as the salu- brity of the climate, which is equal, aif not superior, to that of Sydnéy:"Onthe second, at day-light, we got under weigh, and bade adieu to the Percy Islands; soundings from twenty-six ‘to’ twenty- nine fathoms. 3d.— Moderate breezes and fine wea- ther. Saw part of the Cumberland Islands, south-east and by south, to south-west and by west ; at eight, sum- mits of Sir James Smith’s Group, south- west and by west, distant twenty-five miles; nearest of the Cumberland Islands north, eighty, and halfwest, eight miles. At six p.m. Gloster Island south, thirty-five, west, eight miles; Hol- born Island, north, fifty-six ; west, four- teen miles; soundings from nineteen to thirty-seven fathoms. 4th.— At six a.m., Cape Upstart, north, sixty-five; west, sixteen miles. At three p.m., saw Palm Island, west- north-west ; at four, Cape Cleveland south-west and by south seven leagues ; Magnetical Island, south . twenty-six, half-west, five miles: at five, passing within three miles to the eastward of the northernmost of the Palm Isles. Six p.m. Point Hillock, south twenty- two, west nine miles; rocky isle of Cape Sandwich, north, sixty-four and half west, six miles. At half-past six, Point Cooper, five miles; at eight, came- to under the lee of the Frankland Islands. Soundings, this day and yes- terday, from twelve and half to nine- teen fathoms. 6th.—Passed Green Island, within a mile and half. Summit of Cape Graf- ton south twenty-one and half east, dis- tance twelve miles. At half-past four shortened sail, and came-to in nineteen fathoms: Snapper Isle north sixty-nine east. : It is impossible to conceive any thing more delightful than our passage thus far, running down the mainland with light six-knot breezes, the water quite smooth, and sailing round beautiful islands during the day, and anchoring, for the most part, every evening; the navigation being too little known, in- tricate and dangerous, to attempt/itin Indeed, so difficult has the passage been, and the islands, rocks and shoals so numerous, from the first, that the junior Lieut. (Roe) had to give” directions for steering the ship from the fore-topsail yard. yw flt io 1825.) The face of the mainland had altered considerably; immense quantities of very white sand being drifted from the beach, on the face of the hills along the coast, for the distance of five hun- dred, miles, giving the appearance of a continued range of large straggling towns.) Still, where the verdure was not..choaked by sand, the vallies held their delightful look ; but the mountains were loaded with amazing masses of detached sand-stone, heaped in piles “one on the other. _The natives continued to light their fires as we advanced along the coast, probably to draw their tribes together. 7th.—Twelve a.m. Isle off Cape Tri- bulation south seventeen west, summit of Cape Flattery, north twelve west thirteen or fourteen leagues; at half-past five came-to in sixteen fathoms, north end of Turtle Reef south and by east half- east; Mount Cook, south-west and by south ; summit of Cape Flattery, north fourteen west. On this island, we went on shore, to procure specimens and to see what the island produced ; we found here cockles of enormous size: Captain Cook mentions that they found some that weighed upwards of fifty pounds ; however we met with none that weighed more than from twenty to twenty-four pounds—the fish of which were excel- lent. 8/h.—This morning being calm, I was sent a-head to an island, to procure any thing the place afforded, but before I had reached the shore the signal of re- call was made, which, however, I thought fit not to see; but when on the point of landing, a shot was fired, which obliged me to return, a good. deal dis- appointed ; but was better pleased when I found that the cause of my recall was, that a party of natives had been dis- coyered from the ship, lurking amongst the bushes where we were to. land; however, we in the boat saw nothing of them. This was the most difficult naviga- tion we had yet met with, the whole sea, as far as the eye could reach, being studded with rocks, their heads just peeping above the water. It was in this place Captain Cook got on shore in the Endeavour. With light breezes and fine weather, running down the coast, we saw several groups of natives, danc- ing and playing all manner of antics. At twelve; summit of Point Look-Out, north eighty-five west. Turtle Island Group north fifty-fivewest, Lizard Island north twenty-nine east. At half-past Voyage to Australia, §c. 123 three, came-to with the best bower. At daylight, weighed and made sail ; soundings from nineand halfto seventeen fathoms. At half-past five, came-to un- der the lee of Howick’s Group ; parties on shore to procure specimens; I was fortunate enough to find beans resem- bling the scarlet runners of England. 10¢h.—Saw several of the natives on the mainland, but not sufficiently near to see what they looked like. At half- past five, came-to in fourteen fathoms ; Cape Melville north-west and by west. At this place Mr. Chartres the assist- ant-surgeon, and myself, went on shore on a very small island, with a sandy beach, in the hope to procure some turtle ; from the smallness of the island, we never imagined we should find na- tives there, and took only one carbine, in the boat. Having searched in vain for turtle, we walked on to make a tour of the island, previous to our going on board, it being nearly dark; but on turning an angle of the wood, we saw a group of Indians, round a blazing fire, not more than forty or fifty yards from us ; the first impression on my mind was to run for it, but recollecting they could easily overtake us, I fired right over their heads to make them run; they started up in amazement, and be- fore they recovered, I had loaded and fired again, when they took to their heels, and darted ‘past us into a thicket with the rapidity of lightning, and we, being well pleased with their activity, scampered off to our boat, This day at noon, Point Foley south- west two miles. 11¢h.—Light breezes and fine wea- ther. At twelve, Cape Melville south, thirty-five east, seven miles; at five forty-five, shortened sail and came-to, Cape Flinders east three-quarters south, Black Island east half-north, current setting to the westward a mile an hour. 12th. —Passed innumerable islands and shoals. At four a.m. bore up for Night Island. At five hauled out to north-east ; at a quarter past five came- to under Sherrard’s Isle. Monday 13th. — Running down the north-east of Australia; Piper’s Island north-west and by west two and half miles; soundings from ten to seventeen fathoms. At fifty minutes past two rounded Cape Grenyille, and steered north-west and by west. Ata quarter past five came to, in ten fathoms, Bird Islands bearing from thirty-nine east to south fifty-four, distance one mile and quarter, R 2 14th. 124 14th.— Weighed and made sail, Cairn Cross Islands south forty east; sound- ings from twelve to thirteen fathoms. At three-quarters past four shortened sail and came-to, in twelve and a quarter fathoms. Mount Adolphus south by east quarter-south, north extreme, north- east and by north; weather, as usual, remarkably fine. 15th. — Running through Torres Straits, lat. 10° 33’, long. 142° 2’ east. At noon, Booby Island, west by south, distance four and half miles. Variation by amplitude, forty, thirty east; sound- ings varying from nineteen to twenty- six fathoms, 16th.—Soundings from sixteen to thirty-four fathoms. 17th.—Cape Wessel west and by south fifty-four miles. — Four. Cape Wessel west twenty miles, passing the edge of the Gulf of Carpentaria. 18%4.—At noon, New-year’s Island north eighty-five, thirty west, distance ninety-two miles. Sunday, 19th.—Croker’s Island west, M‘Clue’s Island north-north-east, dis- tance two and half miles. Monday, 20th—Calm and cloudy; soundings from thirteen to twenty-five ; Smith’s Point south, forty and half west; Cape Croker south seventy-one, east ten miles; at four, forty-five, came-to in Port Essington, Cobourg Peninsula, Australia. Delighted, that after having sailed nearly three thousand miles along the coast of Australia, through a most difficult, dangerous, and hitherto little- known passage, we had arrived in safety at the first point of the intended new settlements—and we immediately pro- ceeded to take possession, in the manner following :— “ The north coast of New Holland, or Australia, contained between the meridian of 129° and 135° east of Greenwich, with all the bays, rivers, harbours, creeks, &c. in, and all the islands laying off, were taken. possession of, in the name and in the right of His Most Excellent Majesty George the Fourth, King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; and His Majesty’s colours hoisted at Port Essing- ton, on the twentieth of September, one thousand eight hundred and twenty-four— by James John Gordon Bremer, Compa- nion of the Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath, Captain of His Majes- ty’s ship Tamar, and Commanding Officer of His: Majesty’s Forces employed on the said coasts. ““ His Majesty’s colonial brig Lady Nel- son, and the British ship Countess of Harcourt, in‘company.” Voyage to Australia, &c. [Sept. 1, 2\st.—Parties on shore in every direction exploring the country, looking; for fresh water, but returned in the evening without success. Buried a bottle, containing a form of taking possession, coins, &c. on a low sandy pomt, ‘south thirty east from the ship; which was named, in consequence, Point Record. 22d.—Parties surveying, others seek- ing water, and another sinking wells: no fresh water to be had. This morning we had a haul of fish more than suffi- cient for every one in the expedition. The only melancholy accident which happened since we left Port Jackson took place this day :—A boat belonging to the Countess of Harcourt, returning to the ship, with twelve persons on board, upset, but was happily discovered from the Tamar; and, by the great ex- ertions of Lieutenant Golding, eight of them were saved. Two soldiers of the 3d regiment, the Captain’s steward of the Harcourt, and a fine lad, the son of a clergyman, an apprentice, were unfor- tunately drowned. For the purpose of performing the ceremony of taking possession, we landed forty marines, and as many officers as could be spared from the ship, on the highest point of land; and, having selected the tallest tree, we soon cleared those around it, and nailed a flag-staff to its top: and the form of taking pos- session being read, the Union Jack was displayed, under a salute of three rounds from the marines on shore, which was returned by a royal salute from the. ships, and three hearty cheers from the respective ships’ companies. It is much easier to conceive, than for me to ex- press, our feelings on this occasion :— to be present at the hoisting of Old England’s flag, for the first time, in such a distant part of the world, and where no European had ever before set foot, creates a sensation not readily described. Port Essington, in lat. 11° 10’, and long. 132° 12’, is a noble harbour,’ and well protected from almost “every wind that blows.” There is good anchorage, in every part, in from five to thirty fathoms ; and it is capable of containing an unlimited number of ships of: any size, in perfect security.. The land is low and uniform, which may, insome measure, account for the scareity of water: however, there is no doubt but plenty might be had, if there had been more time to search for it. Wesaw no natives at this place, but found very recent marks of them wherever we pen an 1825.] and a Malay encampment, which must have been lately inhabited. The parties in quest of water saw several kangaroos of the largest kind, but¢so shy, they could not get within shot of then. The peninsula abounds with parrots, ground doves, pigeons, pheasants, and many other descriptions of birds,of a beautiful plumage. The soil is a deep rich red loam, with every appearance of fertility. The trees are principally of the gum species, and grow to an amazing height, and would square from six inches to two or three feet, and are remarkably hard. Our stay here being so very short, we had but little opportunity of making observations, or penetrating any great distance into the country. (To be continued.) ——s>——— To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Sir: At page 171 of the March number of your very useful and entertain- ing miscellany, is a description of portable rope bridges in India. The description reminded me strongly of the mention of a hide rope bridge, by M. Mollien, in “Travels in the Repub- lic of Colombia,” who, proceeding to the town of La Plata, was delayed on the banks of the river, “,on account of the bridge of communication not being sufficiently commodious for the num- ber” of passengers. “ On each side of the river leather bands are made fast to stakes driven in the ground, and upon this ¢arabita (for thus they call this singular sort of a bridge) is placed a piece of wood, furnished with leather straps, by which the traveller is fastened, and, according to whatever side he wishes to go, is drawn across. The passage, at first, seems rather alarming, and one cannot, without shuddering, find one’s self suspended over an abyss by a few hide ropes, which are very liable to be injured by the rain, and, consequently, to break ; accidents, however, very seldom happen; animals are made to swim across.” The same traveller describes a na- tural bridge at Pandi, about two days journey from Santa Fé de Bogota, the eapital of New Granada, an arch- bishop’s see, with a university. This bridge is formed by a single stone, twenty feet broad, over a stream 363 feet beneath. Among the enormous stones, which have rolled from the summits of the mountains, forming this bridge, one attracted particular atten- tion by its prodigious size, and which, Hide-Rope Bridges. 125 suspended like the key-stone of an arch, “ seems, every moment, threaten- ing to fall with hideous ruin. The in- habitants of the country believe these frightful gulphs to be the entrances to hell,” says M. Mollien, and “the illu- sion is the stronger from the greater part of living creatures avoiding the savage spot; the habitations of man are far removed from it, and all animals seem to dread the fearful noises that are there heard.” Previous to this, the traveller and his companions visited the famous fall of Tequendama; near to which their horses became useless, and leaving them fastened to trees, with the as- sistance of sticks, they descended the muddy paths, up which the woodcut- ters make their oxen drag the wood with which they supply the neighbourhood : the sensations, produced by the first view of this cascade, so dazzled our author, that he could scarcely see the objects around; and was wrapt in mute admiration at seeing the waters of the Bogota precipitate themselves, in a mass, resembling a falling ava- lanche from the top of Chimborazo, over solid rocks that seemed crushed be- neath their weight. Looking “ into the abyss, nothing was perceived but waves of foam continually swallowed up in an ocean of vapour. We were in asto- nishment, and yet only perceived one part of this imposing spectacle, on ac- count of the profound obscurity in which the haze enveloped us. We anxiously wished for a clear day. The waters of the river falling from the frozen heights of the Cordilleras into the foaming gulphs, hollowed out at their base, formed a thick fog, which, raised wp by the sun, whose face it ob- scured, inundated us on all sides. We waited with impatience for the moment when we could admire this wonder of nature which we had come so far to contemplate. It suddenly discovered itself, but only for a few instants. The clouds at length dissipating, we were enabled to take a rapid view,” &c. Perhaps, Sir, you will allow me to add that, whatever may be the interest excited and sustained by the original of M. Mollien’s work, the translator does not appear to have increased it, when clothing his observations in a new garb; yet this publication, and others on similar subjects, will probably be favourably regarded, as throwing a por- tion of new light on Colombian topo- eraphy and history: for M. Mollien combines 126 combines them, together with interest- ing, if faithful, views of men and man- ners in that territory.. Many pleasing and varied extracts might be made, but I will conclude with a paragraph in which the great Colombian General Bolivar is boldly and_perspicuously characterized. “ The management of his troops was the great art of Bolivar ; his partizans have, in their enthusiasm, compared him to Cesar, but he much more nearly resembles Ser- torius.* Like him, he had to reduce a savage people to obedience, and to combat a powerful and experienced nation. The places of contest have a near resemblance : for there were, in this part of America, the same difficulties to surmount (as to the height of the mountains, and the boldness ofthe roads), as there were in Spain during the time of Sertorius. Like him, Bolivar disconcerted his enemies by the rapidity of his marches, by the suddenness of his at- tacks, and by the celerity of his move- ments, which rendered it easy for him to repair his defeats. In the mountains, he displayed the same activity as in the plains, and set an example of sobriety and tem- * Sertorius surpassed not only his con- temporaries, but his countrymen, generally, in affability, clemency, complaisance, and generosity. His first campaign was under the great Marius, against the Teutones and Cimbri, and, in his very first battle, he had the misfortune to lose an eye. Ser- torius, though with expressions of sorrow and concern, accompanied Marius and Cinna in their slaughtering entry into Rome. Sylla proscribed him; but, in Spain, he conducted himself with so much ‘valour and address, as to be regarded as, almost, the sovereign of the country. The Lusitanians, particularly, fevered and loved him; and Sertorius shewed himself not less attentive to their interests, by establishing schools, and educating the children of the country in the polite arts, and the litera- ture of Greece and Rome, than by his military conduct and administration. He maintained much authority by pretending to hold commerce with Heaven, by means of a tame white hind, which he had taught to follow him about, even in the field of battle. The success and popularity of Sertorius, in Spain, alarmed the Roman troops who were sent to crush him—in vain: four armies were insuflicient to do this; and even Metellus and Pompey were driven, with dishonour, from the field. But Per- penna, one of Sertorius’s own officers, con- spired against him; and, at a banquet, having overturned a glass of wine, as a signal, his disaffected comrades rushed for- ward and stabbed their illustrious com- mander— seventy-three years before Christ. Hide- Rope Bridges.—Impure Water. [Sept. 1, perance to his troops, whose numbers were thus increased from those of a small band, until they formed a powerful and. irresist- ible army. But if his military tactics were different from those of the Spaniards,. his conduct was still more so. He knew how to gain the affections of mankind, by par- doning the vanquished, and those who had deserted the cause of their country: thus, too, he increased his numbers.’ The priests even did not refuse him their prayers, for he respected their ministry, which the Spaniards had often despised since their wars with the French; and finally, by flattering the pride of the Ame- ricans (by constantly extolling their valour and intelligence), he, by these encomiums, rendered the disdain, with which the Spa- niards treated them, still more insupport- able. Morillo, therefore, was little de- sirous of encountering, on the banks of the Oronooka, this able chief, endowed with the talents of that William of Nassau, to whom the Low Countries were indebted for their liberation in the reign of Philip IJ. ; and he turned his arms, with more hopes of success, against the Isle of Mar- guerita, peopled by 15,000 men of colour, and commanded by Irismendi, an officer of great bravery.” I do not, Sir, offer this as by any means a complete specimen of M. Mol- lien’s work, in which he endeavours to satisfy the curiosity, which various cir- cumstances have conspired to raise, respecting the lately-revolutionized Re- public of Colombia; but, considering it impossible that all, even of the works really meriting notice, should fall under your eye, I have ventured thus to offer an imperfect mite of assistance to the gentleman who so ably conducts the reviewing department in the Monthly Magazine.—Y ours, &c. ye =O To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Sir: RESIDE in a house where the water which supplies our wants is of ex- ceeding bad quality. When it first comes in, it is so foul and muddy, that we are obliged to wait several hours before we can use it: when it has ac- quired a sufficient transparency to ena- ble us to see half-way towards the bot- tom of the tub, we have the pleasure of viewing shoals of young shrimps’ sport-_ ing themselves in the sediment,and mid-stratum, as one might say, of the water we use to drink. Qy. What-are the best means of remedying this incon- venience, and bringing this element in a healthful pure state to our bana . 1825.] For the Monthly Magazine. Movrrn Heratpry a Fracment of the Ecyrtran Hrerociypaicat Lan- GUAGE. HE whole science of heraldry may be pronounced to be a portion of the Egyptian hieroglyphical language, and tlie,only portion of which we have the key. It represents the names of persons, thei birth, their family, their titles, their alliances, their great actions, by certain signs, imitative or conven- tional. Under this point of view, it is capable of much greater improvement than it has yet undergone; anda shield might be practically made to represent (what the Memonic art fails effectually to do) a synopsis of biography, chrono- logy and history. In proof of the above assertion, one fact is ascertained. The Egyptians cer- tainly distinguished their cities and their tribes by armorial banners, of which re- presentations are extant. Thus, the standard of Leontopolis was a dion—of Lycopolis,; a wolf—of Cynopolis, a dog, &c. &c.; and it may be presumed that individuals were designated in the same manner. Indeed, the nature of the hieroglyphical language seems to re- quire that the names of people should be pictorially represented, as is indeed the case with many instances of modern heraldry ; and if a very common oval figure among the hieroglyphics be, as in all probability it was, a shield, the sur- mise is warranted by the circumstance of figures of animals therein inscribed, among which is often seen the Scarab, said to have been worn on the shields of the Egyptian soldiers. Perhaps the fable of the Chimera originated in this manner. The lion, goat-and dragon appear to have been three rebels (sub- dued by Bellerophon), who were distin- ished as the Lyonses are now a-days, and the Dracos and Capruses were for- - merly, by corresponding crests. The Indians, even now, call each other by similar primitive distinctions, as bear, wolf, dog; and of such aboriginal dis- tinctions, the names of Wolf, Lion, Fox, Buck, Hog, among ourselves, are evidently relies. The words cyon, chien, and canis, have been derived from the priests of Anubis, who were called coen ; or from enu, Mercury himself; Cum- ming, Canning, Cynang, King, are all traceable to the same root, implying wisdom. The pictorial manner in which niany well-known family names are represent- ed in heraldry, is precisely that in which Hieroglyphic Heraldry. 127 they must have been, andno doubt were, depicted in the hieroglyphical language. That a similar process for expressing names was employed by the Egyptians, is clear : for two of the individuals, in the procession represented in Belzoni’s tomb, are characterized by two heraldic distinctions, viz. tench and lapwings, the sound of which, in Coptic, was, beyond a doubt, their names. The truth is, that as the whole science of heraldry is trace- able to the Egyptians, so is, in fact, a great proportion of the heraldic charac- ters now employed; and even the tints to which the heralds limit themselves are the same as those to which the Egyptian artists were limited ; and were in fact, the sacred colours, common at once to the Egyptian, Jewish, Brahmin, and Chaldean priesthood. The patera, the cross, the mullet, the crescent, the dragon, the griffins, the winged horses, the mermen, are all noted Egyptian emblems, of which the third (the mullet) somewhat resembles the Magian pen- toglyph, used by necromancers, and adopted, with the legend ‘health,’ by Antiochus, as his ensign. So the billet and the distaff, conferred on Hugh De- spencer for cowardice, are of Egyptian original. The hammer of the two fami- lies, Mallets and Martels, and which is often seen arranged in threes on Saxon coins, is derivable, either from that of the Saxon god Thor, or from the sacred Tau of the Pheenician, as well as the Egyptian priesthood. The combined heraldic figure composed of a star and a crescent, is also an Egyptian hierogly- phic. This, which by all heralds is con- sidered as a sign of the first bearer hay- ing fought under the red cross, the cru- saders doubtlessly borrowed from simi- lar armorial bearings of the Saracens and Arabs. Indeed, the christian cross itself (i. e. a cross, with the lower mem- ber prolonged), as well as those crosses which are distinguished by the names of St. George and St. Andrew, is fre- quently seen among the hieroglyphics. The lance-rest, represented as in heraldry, and the bridle, appear among the sculptures in the temple of Ten- tyra. Drops of water, among the sym- bolic writers, were expressed in the same shape as in the gouttes of heral- dry; and when coloured of the sacred red (in heraldry, gules), as they appear in the tomb of Psammis, doubtlessly implied the same thing, viz, drops of blood. The scaling-ladders and cre- nated battlements of heraldry are fre- quently to be seen in the Egyptian temples. 128 temples. A sceptre of the most mo- dern kind, surmounted with fleurs-de- lys, is observed. The baronial coro- net, with balls, is also to be seen, In- deed, the coronet of Memnon (at the British Museum), composed of erect serpents and balls, is a near example. So are the bishop’s mitre and the cro sier,, both of which are occasionally carried by Osiris. The pedum is an admitted Egyptian symbol, derived through St. Anthony, the Coptic asce- tic, to the Christian episcopacy. The cross-keys of St. Peter himself be- longed to Horus, Mithra and Hecate, and are of Egyptian invention; from Egypt they descended to the Druids, a cognate branch of the Magian and Memphian priesthood. The symbol of the first Christians was indeed a fish, and thence they were called Pisciculi. The most leading symbol of heraldry, a dragon, was that which figured most among the hieroglyphics. To this source may be traced the famous Ur- gunda of the Mexicans, the great ser- pent depicted on the Chinese banner, and the sea-snake of the Scandinavians. It became a substitute, after Trajan’s Dacian war, for the eagle of the Ro- mans, and passed from them to several European nations. But among none was it so great a favourite as among our British progenitors. It was the banner of the Mercian, East Anglian and West Saxon kings. It was borne by Cadwallo and the kings of Wales, from whom it descended to Henry VII., and by him it was introduced into the English arms. It was. the favourite symbol of the Druids, who built their great temple of Abury in the form of a winged serpent; and, like the Orientals, represented the struggle of good and evil in the universe, un- der the form of two dragons contending for an egg. It was afterwards intro- duced into the armorial bearings of London and Dublin. According to the heralds, it was borne by the Milesian kings of Ireland; and, during the eru- sades, was considered as the symbol of the whole British nation. —— To the Editor of theMonthly Magazine. Rk Bis) 0 i fy your January Number (Vol. lviii. No. 404), a short inquiry is made, respecting some of the divines assembled at Dort, at the commencement of the 17th century; and, hoping to elicit more, I presume to lay before you what miscellaneous information I have Synod of Dort. [Sept. 1, hitherto been able to collect on this subject. Conrad Vorstius,a native of Cologne, studied at Heidelburg, where*he? took the degree of D.D. In'1613; he suc- ceeded Arminius in’ the divinity chair, at Leyden—an appointment so displeas- ing to the Calvinists, that’ James I. of England, caused his book’ De Deo to be publicly burnt in London, and prevailed upon the Sates of Holland to banish the unoffending divine. He found protec- tion in Holstein, and died at Toningen, in 1622. Samuel Ward, D.D., scholar of Christ College, and Fellow of Emanuel,’ was, in 1609, Master of Sydney, in’ the University of Cambridge ;—he was also Archdeacon of Taunton, and Margaret Professor of Divinity:—and so well known as a divine, that he was selected to attend at the Synod of Dort, in 1619; where, it seems, he was induced to relax his former rigid adherence to the doctrines of Calvin. He (Dr. W.) suffered great persecution during the civil war; being not only expelled from his offices in the university, but other- wise treated with such harshness and severity, that his deathis attributed to it; —having ensued, in 1643. It does not appear, as Q. thinks, that he ever was Bishop. , Of Dr. Goad I have been unable to find any account. Walter Balcanqual attended James-I. when he came to England, as chaplain : he took the degree of D.D. at Oxford, and appeared at the Synod of Dort as Scotch representative. He was Master of the Savoy, (1624) Dean of Rochester, and (1639) of Durham. He wrote King Charles’ s Declaration of the Late Tumulis in Scotland ; Epistles concerning the Dodt Synod, &c.—Dr. Balcanqual, also, suf- fered much in the Trovstes, and with difficulty escaped from his persecutors. He died at Chirk Castle, in Denbigh- shire, on Christmas-day, 1645... The Synod of Dort, in 1618-19, was summoned by the States-general «(the provinces of Holland, Utrecht and Over- yssel excepted), Eminent divines’ of the United Provinces, and deputies from the respective churches of England, Scotland, Switzerland, Bremen, Hessia and the Palatinate, met to decide the questions that had arisen between. the Gomarists and Arminians ; and the lat- ter were declared corrupters of the true religion. But the authority of this National Synod was far from being uni- versally acknowledged. The reformed v churches + a eee 1825.] churches in -France,’ at. first disposed favourably to receive the decisions of, this famous synod, in. process of time espoused doctrines differing much from those of the Gomarists, for so the Cal- vinists were then called, on account of Francis. Gomar, Leyden Divinity Pro- fessor, well known for his strong, and able defence of the principles and tenets of the Genevese professor (Calvin); and the churches of Brandenburgh and Bre- men would not consent to be tied down to rules and canons by the Dutch divines. The liberty of private judg- ment with respect to the controverted doctrines of Predestination and Grace, which it was thought the spirit of the Dordrecht divines was adapted to check and suppress, acquired new vigour, in consequence of the arbitrary proceed- ings of this assembly.* , The synod had scarcely. commenced its deliberations, when a dispute on the mode of proceed- ing drove the Arminian party away, and, personally, they took no further share in them. The deliberations, however, re- specting the doctrines of Arminius, were continued; they were condemned, and the upholders of them excommunicated : with how, much justice, let the reader judge. [It is recorded of King James, on another occasion, that he said, Ir 1s OUR CUSTOM TO HEAR BOTH SIDES.] The provinces of Friesland, Zealand, Utrecht, Guelderland and Groningen could not be persuaded to adopt its decisions, which were, in England, op- posed by King James and Archbishop Laud.+ | - A late, and, in some, respects, more satisfactory account, is thus given in Lingard’s History (vol. vi.) :— “The removal of the Professor (Vor- stius) did not restore tranquillity. The remonstrants gradually acquired the ascen- dancy, in the three provinces of Holland, Overyssel and Utrecht; the contra-remon- strants, in those of Guelderland, Zealand, Friesland and Groningen. Each party, true to the intolerant spirit of the age, was eager to employ the civil sword against its theological opponents, and the republic was in danger of being torn into fragments by the violence of men who could not agree on the speculative doctrines of predestina- tion and reprobation. James proposed to the states a national council, as the only remedy to the evil; and the suggestion was as eagerly accepted by one party, as it was haughtily rejected by the other. Both * Ency. Brit. + Buck’s Theol. Dict. Monruty Mac, No. 414. Synod of Dort. 129 were supported in their obstinacy by the political views of their leaders, Barnevelt and Prince Maurice; of whom, the first was charged with a design of restoring the provinces to the Spanish crown; the other, with the project of raising himself to the sovereignty. After a long struggle, the command of the army gave the victory to Maurice;’ he successively changed the magistrates in the towns of Overyssel and Utrecht; and then ventured to arrest his great opponent, Barneyelt, with the two pensioners, Grotius and Hogerbets.{ From that moment, the hope of the Arminians vanished—the magistracy of Holland was reformed, and the synod was appointed to be held at Dort. The Calvinistic churches of Geneva and the Palatinate sent depu- ties; and James, who, as the original ad- viser of the measure, could not refuse his concurrence, commissioned two bishops and two theologians to attend as represen- tatives of the church of England; and a fifth, a Scotsman by birth, but a member of the establishment, as the representative of the kirk of Scotland. It was a. singular spectacle to behold the two prelates sitting as the colleagues of ministers who had not received ordination from the hands of bishops, and voting with men who held episcopacy to be the invention of Satan. They attended the debates, moderated the violence of the disputants, and’ subscribed to the canons, but with this exception, that they protested against the article which reduced to a level the different orders of the hierarchy. The decrees of the synod were ratified with the blood of Barneyelt, who, after a mock and secret trial, was Sacrificed, as a traitor, to the ambition of the prince; and with the more moderate sentence of perpetual imprisonment, pro- nounced on Grotius and Hogerbets: To satisfy the king of England, the synod con- demned the works. of Vorstius; and the reigning party in the States, to preserve the ascendancy, resolved to extirpate their oppanents. Seven hundred families of Arminians were driven into exile, and re- duced to beggary, by the political fanaticism of their brethren and countrymen,” I am sorry, Sir, that I have not been able more completely to satisfy your correspondent’s queries ; and more par- ticularly so, that none of your more able coadjutors have taken up the subject. Perhaps the above may be instrumental in drawing attention to it; in which hope, I will repeat Q.’s inquiries :—he seeks for particular information respect- ing Samuel Ward, Dr. Thomas Goad, and Walter Balcanqual; for which I shall, also, be thankful.—Your’s, &c. t In 1613, Grotius was elected pension-~ ary of Rotterdam. s ~ 130 For the Monthly Magazine. Excursion through Nortu Wats. ‘(Continued from Vol. 59, p. 423.) q rE set off for Oswestry the fol- !< lowing morning, and arrived there a little after one o’clock. The best inn is the Cross Foxes. Oswestry was one of the chief border towns on thé Welch frontier, and witnessed much of the barbarous ferocity of the rough mountaineers, at a period when their actions were but little influenced by any moral obligations. Being, also, one of the principal manors of the Marches of Wales, its inhabitants, during that period of gloom and anar- chy which intervened between the con- quest and the union of the principality, were in a state of continual peril, from the wild and daring incursions of the Welch borderers. And even long sub- sequent to the Union (26 of Henry VIII.), the Oswestrians, and their con- tumacious neighbours, actuated by that terrible enmity, which burnt so long unquenched between them, took every opportunity of plundering one another. Nay, this system of mutual robbery and rapine became generally prevalent throughout the whole extent of the Marches; and it appears to have con- tinued, without any material interrup- tion, to a comparatively late period. Indeed, -the merciless laws enacted against the Welch, after the conquest of the country, and the unendurable op- pression which the Lords Marchers so freely exercised, were not calculated to allay the proud and impetuous ani- mosity of the mountaineers, Thus cir- cumstanced, both parties considered, as goods lawfully. possessed, every thing which they could steal, or otherwise obtain: they, therefore, took such pre- cautions, on both sides, as were most conducive to the preservation of their at The dwellings of the Eng- ish .were surrounded by moats, and defended by palisadoes ; and their cattle driven every night into the -fence thus constructed. For the intimidation of their predatory opponents, a gallows was erected in every frontier manor; and if any Welchman was luckless enough to be captured by the English, he was immediately hanged on the said gallows, and there suspended, in ter- rorenm, ‘till another victim was procured to supply his place, Every town within the Marches had also a horseman ready equipped “ with sworde, buckler and speare,” who was maintained for the Excursion through North Wales. (Sept. 1, express purpose of apprehending these marauders. On the other hand, the Welch trusted for their defence to the intricacies of their deep woods, and to the ruggedness of their mountain ‘fast- nesses ; and put in force the /ea talionis whenever opportunity occurred. These contests and robberies were in full vogue so late as the sixteenth century; and, in 1534, the stewards and constables of Oswestry and Powis Castles entered into a compact, to en- deavour to restrain, in their own dis- tricts, these “ detestable malefacts.” It was accordingly agreed, that if, after a certain day then appointed, any per- son of the one lordship committed felony in the other, he should’ be de- livered up fordue punishment. It does not appear, however, that the exertions of these officers effectually annihilated these licentious practices; for in, the records of the Draper’s Company, at Shrewsbury, there is the following mi- nute :—‘* 25 Elizabeth, anno 1583. Ordered, that no draper set out, for Oswestry market, on Mondays, before six o’clock in the morning, on for- feiture of 6s. 8d.; and that they wear their weapons all the way, and go in company. Not to go over the Welch bridge* till the bell toll six.” It is fur- ther stated, that William Jones, Esq. left to the said company £1. 6s. 8d., to be paid annually, to the vicar of St. Alkmund’s, for reading prayers on Mon- day mornings before the drapers set out for Oswestry market. In this barbarous and turbulent state did the Welch continue long after the reign of Henry VIII., although a sta- tute was then enacted; which admitted them to an equal participation in the laws and privileges of the English. But although the Welch were, at first, obsti- nately adverse to the adoption of the milder manners of their conquerors, the abolition ‘of the severe laws enacted against them in former reigns led them to think more favourably of the Eng- lish, and finally, by associating more amicably with them, to adopt their manners, and imitate their customs. The page of the historian, and the tra- ditions of the country, are now, the _, only * This was an old bridge over, the Severn, at the west entrance. to Shreys- bury. It was defended by a tower at each end, for the prevention of any sudden at- tack from the Welchmen. Its place isnow supplied by a neat modern structure. Eee 1825.] only proofs of their vindictive enmity towards the English, and all traces of their fierce, hostility are. wiped. away. They are, yet, indeed, for the most part —I speak of the peasantry in the re- moter districts of North Wales—a rude and unpolished people; but their con- tumacious turbulence is softened down and transformed into hospitality, and kind, but rugged,. courtesy. But they have not. forgotten the martial deeds and valiant exploits of their forefathers, the narration of which, even now, serves te while away the winter’s evening in the peasant’s cottage. . “ Such themes’ inspire the border-shep- . herd’s tale, When in the gray thatch sounds the fitful e, And constant wheels go round with whirl- ing din, As by red ember-light the damsels spin. Each chaunts, by turns, the song his soul approves, ' Or bears the burthen to the maid he loves. * Still to the surly strain of martial deeds, In“ cadence soft the song of love succeeds ; With tales of ghosts that haunt unhallow’d ground: | While narrowing still the circle closes round ; ; Til, oat pale, from nameless cause of _ fear, Each peasant starts, his neighbour’s voice to hear.” Like all other border-towns of any magnitude, Oswestry was defended by a castle; it was also fortified by four gates and a wall: three of these gates are yet standing—the fourth, with the wall, is destroyed. According to the Welch historians, the castle was found- ed. in 1148, by Meredith ap Bleddyns, Prince of Powis; but the English attri- bute its erection to Alan, a noble Nor- man, who came over with William the Congueror, It was a fortress of great strength and extent, and had its dai- ium, or yard, comprehending that part of the town now called the Bailey-head ; its barbican, or outer gate, where the poor and maimed were usually relieved ; L0¢ be chapel, placed ‘at a short dis- tance from the main entrance, and dedi- eated to St. Nicholas. A curious fact, connected with the early history of this castle, illustrates the rude barbarism of _ the times in rather a forcible manner. In the year 1214, a complaint was made to the Archbishop of Canterbury, by a Welch chieftain, against the constable of Oswestry castle, for compelling him apie to death. two young noblemen, n derogation of their high birth and Excursion through North Wales. 131 lineage ; which disgrace, observes the Welchman, their parents would not have undergone for three hundred pounds sterling! He complains, also, that the said constable, a, despotic worthy im his way, had twice imprisoned sixty of shis men, extorting from each a mark for his liberty. Altogether, there are few, places. in or near Wales more interesting, in a retrospective point of view, than Os- westry. The associations connected with it are, it is true, deeply imbued with bleod and slaughter; but its his- tory. would afford a faithful portrait, horrid and sanguinary though it be, of the state of Wales before its union and perfect incorporation with England. Even its. very name arose from the ashes of a slaughtered prince. In the year 642, a battle was fought near the town (then called Meserfield) by Os- wald, the brave and generous king of Northumberland, and Penda, the fero- cious monarch of Mercia— Oswald was defeated, and fell in the field of battle ; and Penda, with the blood-thirsty bar- barity of the age, fixed his mangled limbs on stakes* as so many trophies of his victory. “ Cujus et abscissum caput abscissosque lacertos Et tribus affixos palis pendere cruentos Pendg, jubet: per quod reliquis exempta relinquat, Terrores manifesta sui, regemque beatum Esse probet miserum; sed causam fallit utramque, Ultor enim fratris minime timet Oswin- sillum, Immo timere facit, nec rex miser, immo beatus Est, qui fonte boni fruitur semel et’ sine fine.” Thus the place was called Tre Oswald, or Oswald’s Town, and, subsequently, Oswestry. As I have several times alluded to the Marches of Wales, an outline of their origin may not be unacceptable to the reader. After William the Nor- man had subdued the Saxons, being well aware of the difficulty of subjugat- ing the Britons in like manner, he gave to several Norman lords as much land on * In No. 1,981 of the Harleian MSS. in the British ‘Museum, is the following note :—‘* There was an old oake. lately standing in Mzsbufie, within the parish of Oswestrie, whereon one of King Oswald’s armes hung, say the neighbonra, by, tra- dition,”’ ' § 2 132 on the borders of Wales as they could “ win from the Welchmen.” By these means‘he provided for the majority of his followers a tolerable portion | of territory, and, by a master-stroke of policy, prevented the Welch from act- ing on the offensive to any very great extent. The lands thus obtained were denominated~ Lordships or Baronies Marches, and were holden, in capite, of the King of England, as of the crown immediate, by serving the sove- reign, in his wars, with a certain num- ber of men. The Lords Marchers were also bound to garrison their castles with sufficient men and muni- tion, “ for keeping the king’s enemies in subjection.” That the Lords Marchers might the better govern the people within their respective baronies, they were endued with such prerogative and authority as were considered most fit for the pur- pose. To this end a kind of palatine court was established in each lordship, with the full power to administer jus- tice, and to execute its decrees, in all the territories dependent upon such lordship.. The king being supreme lord, reference was made to the Eng- lish courts of law, whenever their own jurisdiction failed. In consequence of this policy, a large extent of territory, which had formerly belonged to the Welch, became annexed to England; and, that it might be securely retained by the English, the Lords Marchers were inyested with the most absolute and arbitrary authority. The power of life and death was placed in their hands, and they were neither sparing nor mer- ciful in the exercise of their powerful prerogative. At the conquest of Wales, by Edward I., the power of the Lords Marchers was somewhat restricted; and in the reign of Edward IV., the government of the Marches was vested in a lord president and council, consisting of the chief justice of Chester, and the three other judges of Wales. In cases of extreme importance and emergency, other persons were appointed to decide the question. The Lords Marchers, however, and all their despotism, were abolished by the union. statute (26 Henry VIII.), and their territories be- came annexed partly to England and partly to’ Wales. The president and council were, nevertheless, allowed to hold their offices as before, and their general: coutt was to be held at~Lud- Jow. But, in 1689, their power ceased Doubis on the Contagion of the Plague. [Sept. I, altogether, and the Marches, with the other parts, of the: principality, partici- pated altogether in the government and jurisdiction of Englands’: | 1 ( To be continueds) <0! Ch ee. CUNY To the Editor of the Monthly. Magazine: Sir: 2 4if HOUGH I pretend to no aequire- ments, or means’ of extended ob- servation, that can qualify me to forma decisive opinion upon the subject of contagion, which has so much agitated the scientific, the professional, and’ in- deed the public mind of late; yet’ it is impossible even to glance’ over the adverse arguments of controver- sialists, upon any question of such deep interest especially, without formingsome kind of notion concerning the apparent va}idity of the reasonings, and the bear- ings of the alleged facts upon the one side or the other. Still less can one help bringing into recollection the facts, however few, of one’s own experience, if one has had any, how little soever it may have been, that seem to have any reference to the theories and reasonings by the respective partizans advanced. Of the plague, indeed, properly so’ called, I have had no experience at all. I have had the good fortune never to be in any country in which (during the two centuries of which you and I have seen a part) that horrible pestilence has been able to rear its gorgon head. As the old spinster politicians of Chester said, when reading the terrible deserip- tions of certain hurricanes and erup- tions which had recently desolated cer- tain remote regions, “ Thank God, we have the blessing to live under such a good king and constitution, that no such calamities ever visit us!” And verily, Sir, if plague and pestilence, instead’ of earthquake and tornado, had been the calamities under consideration, your learned and eloquent » correspondent, Dr. Jarrold of Manchester, has gone far to convince me that the loyal old ladies of the City of Antiquities would not have been quite so much out of the'way of reason, in their association of causes and effects: for I do very readily be-+ lieve, that good government, and>ia happy organization and condition of the people, with their concomitants, health-. ful food and habitation, and saswell- cultivated soil, are better physicians for the eradication of pestilence than ever were bred in the college:of ‘licentiates, and better protections’ against its) 1e- appearance 1825.] appearance than all the sanitary laws that ever were devised in divans or par- liaments, But, Sir, I am also.a believer in the position (See West. Rev. No. 6, p.514), that “ Typhus Feyer is plague modi- fied,” not indeed ‘‘by the climate” (for Ipresume our climate is pretty much the same now, as it was when it used to visit our island occasionally with such desolating and depopulating fury), but by the physically and socially improved condition of the soil and population “ of Great Britain.” And, by the way, from the few observations I have had the opportunities of making, of the thronged manufacturing and other populous towns and neighbour- hoods in which the typhus has, and in which it has not, made its frequent ap- earance, I am much disposed to think with all due deference to that sect of Malthusian philosophers, who con- ceive it to be necessary to the welfare, happiness and prosperity of the coun- try, that famine and pestilence should sometimes come, in aid of foreign and long-protracted wars, to keep down the population), that some further attention to the condition and accommodation of the labouring mass of the people might exterminate this demi-plague also : for I believe it will be found, that in those manufacturing districts, however popu- lous, where the great manufacturing proprietors have had the benevolent wisdom (for it would be difficult to say whether there is more prudence with respect to themselves, or benignity to- wards their dependents, in such pre- caution) to build convenient and sub- stantial cottages for the residence of their work-people, the typhus fever has seldom made its appearance ; while, in those where the throng of operatives remain huddled together, a family per- haps in every room, in narrow streets and alleys, or other wretched and un- ventilated residences, its recurrence is lamentably frequent. Tn one of those little scattered hamlets which, some years ago, had suddenly spread (or rather populated without sufficiently spreading) into a thronged and multitudinous town, by means of the extensive iron-works, &c. which sprung up there (I mean Myrthertydfil), at the time when I had some acquaint- ance and occasional intercourse with it, T have reason to know that this demi- plague, the Typhus, was apt to be rife enough: and a circumstance occurred, relative to it, which, as it seems to have some tendency to illustrate the subject . Doubts on the Contagion of the Plague. 133 under discussion, is the occasion of my present letter. I happened to have some business to transact at that place, at a time when the fever was prevalent there; and I took it home with me to my. distant residence, and lay confined with it for some weeks—how long I do not now remember—but it was long enough to reduce me to an appearance so spectre- like and cadaverous, that I do not re- member ever to have recoiled with so, much horror from any thing before or since beheld, as from the first sight of my pale, unearthed-like and emaciated form and features in the glass. But, let not the advocates of conta- gion suppose that they have in me, therefore, either an advocate or a wit- ness. I caught the typhus fever there, I verily believe; but assuredly not by contagion. I breathed the atmosphere of the place where the fever was pre- valent, but I came in contact with no persons, nor associated with any, who were afflicted with the disease; and though, while I languished under it, none of my family neglected any of the attentions requisite in my condition, or took any precautions to avoid contact or communion with me, none of them. became affected.* I breathed the air, during my residence at Myrthertydfil, in which the malaria of this Weinioplaate was afloat (such is my interpretation of the process), and I was in a state, at the time, both of mind and body, suffi- ciently predisposing to liability to stich infection. Ifthe real plague had been there, I have no doubt that I should have caught it just as readily. Mind and frame were already in a state of morbid debility : I was prepared for dis- ease, and the state of the atmosphere I breathed*gave it its peculiar direction ° and character’; while the healthful clown who accompanied me, and whose associations were likely to be much more with the class infected, inhaled the same atmosphere uninjured. Had it been a case of very plague, the same difference would probably have occur- red—only that the terrors of ignorance might, perhaps, have levelled the con- stitutional difference of liability: for, in every species of disease, there must be a remote and predisposing, as well as a proximate cause, or the malady will not be contracted: an axiom which ought to be remembered by the disputants on both * “ No fever produced by contaminated, air can be communicated to others in a pure air.”” 134 both sides of the systems in contro- versy ; and which would remind them, how little is the inference that can be drawn by either, even from a host of negative testimony. That which has occurred, is evidence of what may; but that which has not occurred, is ‘no evi- dence at all that it may not. But enough, Sir, for the present, from your’s, &c. ‘ A Dovustrr or ContTacion. ————_ To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Sir: | WAS much gratified by the obser- vations of your correspondent C. on the subject of the English and Bristol Ship Canal. He has satisfactorily shewn the advantages which must follow from it to Ireland, and the Principality, and the western districts of England. Per- mit me to offer a few observations on the latter point, in which I am person- ally more interested. _ Without referring to the towns of Taunton and Bridgewater, both of which must experience an incalculable increase of commerce, if we survey that part of the country through which the summit- level of the canal is proposed to pass, and continue on towards the southward, it will perhaps be difficult to finda dis- trict in England which more requires the advantage of inland communication. The various towns and villages in the centre of Somersetshire are full of labouring poor, unemployed in manufactures, ex- posed to all the miseries of a rigorous climate, without the means of obtaining fuel, and subject to all those disadvan- tages which must ever result from an overstocked and increasing population. In tracing the river Axe to its conflu- ence with the sea, we find a beautiful valley, of which it may be said, that Providence has done every thing, and man nothing. Blessed with a fertile soil, a delightful climate, and easy communi- cations with the capital and the north of Somersetshire, it may fairly be asked, why it should exhibit such universal symptoms -of decay and want of im- provement? The answer is, from the absence of the grand stimulus to com- mercial. enterprize — Intrrnat Navi- GATION ; and from the resident land- holders on both banks having hitherto been satisfied with living in a semi-baro- nial state, receiving rents, from their tenants, as they wouldhomagefrom their vassals, and withholding those advan- tages. which the increased progress of civilization and knowledge has effected in other parts of England. English and Bristol Ship Canal. (Sept. 1; These obseryations will appear the more forcible, from the probability that the port of Maridunum, under the Ro- mans, was situated at the mouth of the Axe; and from the vestiges of build- ings at this moment, allowed to be covered with a mass of shingle. ‘If the public works of that great nation may be allowed to influence our judgment, we may conclude, that, in this instance, they exhibited their usual good sense, and knowledge of mechanical principles. How sadly has their proverb naturam sequere been perverted at the present day ! The natural course of the stream is permitted to lose its original force, by its rectangular windings: and the result of all the artificial means hitherto em- ployed has only produced a depth of about eight feet, high water, spring- tides. In place, therefore, of those ad- vantages which the river Axe possessed thirteen centuries ago, we now only find an expenditure without return—a harbour without water. On the opposite side of this beautiful bay, nature has formed a cove, of all others best calculated for the construc- toin ofa harbour. Independent, therefore, of those advantages so clearly detailed by Capt. Nicholls, the employment of a population of 1,800 souls, and the in- troduction of those habits which must arise from a well-regulated commerce, and an extension of the fisheries, these must be allowed points of so important a consideration, that the formation of a port at Beer is alone more than ten times equivalent to all the imagined evils com- plained of by a few interested or monos polizing opponents. SoMERSETSHIRE LANDOWNER. ae To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Sir: LTHOUGH not learned inthe law; yet, as your correspondent Cato (M. M. No. 413, p..11). puts: his case rather on the grounds of equity and humanity, I have less hesitation in offering the following observations :— That re-appointment to a benefice is, in other cases, legally considered as a new appointment, I happen to know ; and that, in the present case, the Bishop’s conduct is according to the letter of the law, your correspondent seems to admit, when. he .appeals, to equity.. Yet, at the same time that he does this, the reason of the.re-appoint- ment, the advantage: (for it must be voluntary) arising to “the incumbent therefrom, the only grounds -on which the equity of the case can be determin- ed, 1825.] ed, he withholds. He is silent, also, as to the circumstances of the Curate, on whose part equity ought no less to be regarded, ..Now, he also may he “a worthy clergyman with a large family,” or he may: bean individual with nothing to depend on. but the stipend of his curacy. Quere, Mr. Editor :—Whether Cato is the /ay impropriator in the present in- stance ? T.F. —=z_——— To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Sr: 4 AVING remarked, in the last Number of your valuable Maga- zine, p. 59, a review of a work of mine, in which you condemn my use of the word idiotism, in the sense of idiom—I beg to observe, that my authority for using if was Johnson’s Dictionary, in which sentences from Dryden, Hall and Hale are quoted, with the word used in the sense in which I applied it; and that I preferred it to the word idiom, because the Greek word idiolismos (and not idioma) is applied to peculiar modes of speaking, vulgarly used in one lan- guage, but such as not to admit of a hteral translation into another. As, however, the word seems to be little known, and I have been blamed for having made use of it, by several other persons, you will oblige me if you will insert this letter in your next Number.— Your’s, &c. E. Duvarp. Leeds, Aug. 13, 1825. [We have looked into Johnson (fol. edit. of 1785), and we find no quotation from Dryden to countenance the use of the word -ddiotism, in this sense; and we strongly suspect that Dryden never has so used it. A quotation is indeed given (and it is only quotation) from Bishop Hale, in which it is soused. But in that sense it is now completely obsolete; and ought by Dr. Johnson to have been so described. ‘The second signification given, without any quo- tation, by the lexicographer, “ 2. Folly; natural imbecility of mind,” is the only one it now bears in discourse; and we have shewn our good sense in forbearing the use of the same word in two different senses, especially as; at the same time, we should thereby have been also using two different words in the same individual sense. Mr. Duyard is probably a foreigner; and if so, it May not bejamiss to inform him, that although (to our shame be it spoken) we have yet no better dictionary than Dr. Johnson's, there goes something more to making an English scholar than consulting Johnson’s derivations and interpretations. There is one good and safe rule, in these cases, to which foreigners and English sta- Improper Use of the Word “ Idiotism.”—Purser Ennis. 135 dents would alike be wise in steadily adher- ing—namely, never to use the same word in two different senses, if he can find another word by which either of those senses can be conveyed.— Enir. | —<>— To 44 Editor of the Monthly Magaxiné. IR: REQUEST you will correct an error which appears on the cover of the Monthly Magazine of this month. The remarks:on the voyage to the new settlements on Melville and Ba- thurst Islands were made by Mr. Henry Ennis, a purser in the Royal Navy, and not Lieutenant Henry Ennis; there being no Lieutenant of that name (I believe) in the service.—Your’s, &c. Henry Ennis, Purser. His Majesty’s Ship Rainbow, Chatham, 18th Aug. 1825. —<— To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine, Sir: HAT one of the three English Lions was from the first a Lion, I think is very clear—such being the armorial bearing of Anjou, and conjoined with the other two in the time of Henry II. Tyro is wrong in quoting the Author of Waverley, who certainly pos~< sesses little heraldic knowledge. {J join with him in wishing that some per- son conversant with ancient lore would illustrate this subject in the manner he describes, Gwillim, Clarke, Meyrick, Fosbroke, Carter,* Philpot, &c. are clearly of opinion that all three are Lions. R. G ———aa—— HEIGHTS OF PLACES IN THE JAVA RE- GENCY. MEASURED BY M.REINWARDT. Eng. Feet. HBUIECNZOTE ino ao 6» /s\0b= o acalelnt te 865 Megamendon......... welatie.. bie 4,848 SalakoHse . S12 opiaithouerc’ atdisteltiays slasohhga ees Gedeshe 68 (2 somite Listas 0, Ona Pontjak Karang (Tjihea)...... 2,774 ‘Patocha (Tjisondarie) ........'7,407 Tombak Reijong (ibid) ...... 6.291 Village of Tjiwednij (ibid.) .. .. 3,572 North Peak of Tiloe (Banjaran) 5,425 South ditto .. ditto (ibid.) ....6,034 Kampong Lamadjam (ibid.) . ..3,169 —— Malabar (ihid.) . .. ..3,363 Mountain of ditto (ibid.) .....6,621 Village of Banjaran (ibid.) ....2,534 Kampong Marajon (Tjiparay). . 3,035 ———_ Nenkellon (tbid.) . ..3,742.. Head of the Tjitarum River (Manahaija) ......-++-++4,645_ Sumbong (tbid.) ....++-.++-+5,093 Tjikaraha (ibid.) 1 oe 4017 Geenong Geenter (Timanganten) 6,085 Village of Trogong (ibid.) ....2,350 Telaga Bodas (Wanaradja) ¥.. 25,497 THE 136 THE PHILOSOPHY OF CONTEM- PORARY CRITICISM. NO. XLVL.- ¢ KU ’ The Edinburgh; ‘Quarterly, und West- minster Reviews. eed So these three quar- ‘W' terly publications are called; but there is}'in fact,:at this time, no such thing’as a “Review” extant—at least, as a Literary Review; in any general sense of the word. Politics and Political Economy, and that branch of politics called Theology, engross almost exclu- sively the attention of our journalists = quarterly and monthly; and the re- cord of: literature is resigned, almost exclusively; to the partial care of one or two weekly trumpeters of the par- ticular publications of particular knots of booksellers which, indeed, are. so far useful, that they give us some idea, by ample extracts, however partially selected, of a part of that mass of pro- ductions which the printing-offices are perpetually pouring forth. As for the journals, as they are called, before us, they are little other than mere quar- terly collections of essays, for which the titles’ of some half-dozen new books furnish the pretence; but whose real objects are the advancement of: such opinions, upon the subjects above enu- merated, as the principles, or the in- terests, of ‘the respective conductors have disposed them to adopt. Thus, twelve books (two of which are foreign), out of all that had been published dur- ing three preceding months, furnish. the texts of the nine essays which occupy the 260 pages of the 53d Number of the Edinburgh Review ; and of these the Subjects: of two only. are purely literary. The Quarterly presents us with ten of these essays, of which, in- deed, one-half profess to. be literary in their subjects ; and for these, the titles of five Foreign and eleven English pub- lications, from the whole quarterly list, furnish the pretences and the mottos: and thus fill they out their 262 pages, Our friends of the Westminster treat us a little more liberally in their like space, for we have from them thirteen articles ; to eleven of which, fifteen publications (some of them foreign also) give nomi- nal heads. The other two essays are professed political controversies’ with the rival reviews. Is this, we should. ask, reviewing the quarterly progress of — literature ? . Is, this, executing the func- tions of a critical,guardianship over the public taste ?—bringing incipient merit Philosophy of Contemporary Criticism. ‘Is, it) not, something, worse; _ the proceedings in Chancery (Sept. 1, into, view ?—and .dealing out the im- . partial, justice of the critical tribunal among the literary suitors of the age ? AP AER + for, the awards of justice, are nota. ly delayed : 3 1 Ry ie) poses .of a. Literary Review! "The Monthly Magazine, to. the éxtént’ of the, very limited space to which that (and, indeed, every other) department is necessarily confined, endeayours; to supply that deficiency ; and what, it does in this way is, at least, indepen- dent.—It mixes neither party nor per- sonal feeling with the estimation’ of literary merit ; and the bad taste, whe» ther in prose or verse, of the reputed’ Radical, meets with no more mere} than .would that of temporizing Whig’ or high-flown Tory, Literary, merit, loses no part, of its gloss from happen-: ing to invest the name. of.a; political) adversary. And: this we call the;true; Philosophy of Criticism—contempo~ rary, or retrospective. nl. bete In proceeding, howeyer, to the exa* mination of the three periodicals be~ fore us, as one must have precedency, we shall commence with the West- minster. ; daisies The first article of the seyenth number of this Journal is deyoted,.to the Chronicles of Froissart (Collection des Chroniques Nationales Franguises écrites en Langue Vulgaire dw tréiiéme au seiziéme siecle ; avec notes et éclair- cissements. Par J. A. Bucuon. Paris), and has more of the charactet it as- sumes (that of a review) than most’ of those that follow. It is, a very able article, interesting and instructive; «and shews the author to, be well acquainted, not only with his book; but with hissub- ject. The remarks are pertinent, and the criticisms just; and the’ matter thrown in from the reviewers” own stores, such as belongs appropriately to his theme. The brief TatrOdUeRON observations, for example, on’ “the $5 & Sa ORE Oat conquests,” military an politi of “the French kings of the thitteenth race—from Hugh Capet,..who. recom- menced the edifice: of .the monarchy, down to Louis XIV.; -;who».completed 1825. ] and if this be what Mr. Burke dirged over so pathetically in his famous “ Apostrophe,”’ we shall perhaps not lament that it “is gone for ever !” The reader, will observe how naturally it introduces the character of Froissart, and the circumstances under which he wrote his history. ‘The feudal society of the middle age took its morals and its laws from its situa- tion, that is to say, from a state of continual warfare. As war was constantly carried on from man to man, from sovereign to sub- ject, from manor to city, and from city to castle, all education was resolved into a long’ military apprenticeship; vestments gave ‘place to armour; houses became for- tresses; and the whole life of man a state of combat. All the usages and sentiments of men adapted themselves to this singular situation of things. War, which till then had been carried on without mercy, be- came milder in its mood by becoming more. regular in its system; it had its laws, which fixed the rights of service and of resistance; its heralds of arms, who declared hostili- ties; its maxims of honour for captives; its courtesies belonging to the field of bat- tle, and its ransoms: in one word, it ele- vated itself into an ideal perfection, and became chivalry. Even the state of peace felt the change; there were no longer any other shows but tournaments; love filled up the intervals of arms; it was only by his deeds that a gentleman could gain the golden spurs of knighthood, and by his prowess as a knight that he could win the heart of his lady. The poetical character which war assumed towards the close of the thirteenth century, and which it pre- served upto the time of Francis I., was ~ lost in becoming religious; it then adopted a character derived from passions too deep and inexorable, and from interests too posi- tive, to admit of the struggles of war being turned into a splendid amusement; or to produce any thing but sectarian troops and mechanical armies. The poetical character of war is only to be found in the Chronicles of Froissart, who is eminently the historian of feudal chivalry; and who has revived a vastand brilliant picture of the events and the manners of the fourteenth century. ‘That warlike and picturesque epoch could neyer haye found to represent it, a man of a more splendid imagination, a more lively and natural historian, a chronicler of a i n taste for the high feats of arms he is describing, than Froissart. Born ‘with a restless and unquiet disposition, and an insatiable curiosity, he wandered over the whole of Europe which was then known, not to seek, but to collect adventures. Secretary to, the Queen of England, Phi- lippa.of Haynault, and canon of Chimay, he was admitted ga teviatinacy,of all the pote” Breet ns and knights of the n which he lived, and was some- Montutiy Mac. No. 414. Philosophy of Contemporary Criticism. 137 what fonder of the pleasures, the hypocras and the spices of. royal palaces, than the monotonous life of a churchman. “He went from one court to another, mounted on his stately horse, carrying his wallet behind him, and followed by his greyhound, to col- lect and record his histories on the spot.’ The high but discriminative estima- tion of the merits of the Chronicles, as authentic materials for history, is criti- cally correct; and the following obser- vations, on the charge against Frois- sart, “ of having written only the his- tory of the nobles,” are as candid as they are just. ** Froissart was under the influence of his time. A member of the commons by birth, of the church by his profession, but a gentleman by his tastes and habits, his preferences were all on the side of castles, of courts, of the feasts and the high deeds which filled up the life of the nobles of his time. As it was only to these men that any importance was given, history, of course, commemorated their deeds only. Froissart neyer speaks of the burgesses and the pea- sants of his day, but as they are connected with the feudal aristocracy. If he narrates the insurrection of the Flemish towns, it is because it was directed against the sove- reign count of the country and his knights, and because it was quelled by the king of France. If his attention is for a moment attracted by the famous States of 1356, it is because they were adverse to the dauphin, and favourable to the king of Navarre. If he mentions without detailing it the war of the Jacquerie, it was because it was a war of peasants against gentlemen. Unless it were owing to the interest which his great lords have in the events brought about by the common people, it is doubtful whether he would‘have alluded to them. His book is a book of Chivalry, and he would have refused to admit the people to figure in it, because that would have been, in his eyes, to make history vulgar. The dialogue- form of his narrative, the profusion of un- important deeds of arms which are there recorded, the almost exclusive honour given to contemporary feats of bravery, and the constant inculcation of them as lessons, all this seems to prove that he regarded his Chronicle as a catechism for the use of the nobility.” A few pages further on,—noticing the horror with which the Chronicler ‘speaks of an insurrection of the pea- santry, who, “ worn out with oppres- sions, hunted from their homes, pil- laged, murdered, and their wives and daughters violated, assembled to de- fend and avenge themselves,” and. cried out for the destruction of all the nobles, —the Reviewer, after frankly indulging the radicalism of his own principles and T feelings, 138 feelings, takes up again the same candid strain. “¢ Doubtless,”’ says he, ‘such a deter- mined cry as this is terrible ; but when the historian blames the grand reprisals of the weak against the strong—of the victim against his daily and hourly oppressor, he might spare a few words of compassion— he might be excused for an occasional exe- eration of murder, robbery, violation, and every species of atrocity, though committed ‘by gentlemen. This partiality, however, is ‘a vice of the time, like all the other defects of Froissart, and we must not exact of an author more than he was able to perform. Each historian has placed history where it existed in his own time. Joinville, in the crusades; Froissart, in the feudal and English wars; Comines, in the political intrigues, and the able and cruel usurpa- tions, of Louis XI. Brantome among the great men, the parties and the manners, which the struggles of the Reformation brought into view; the Cardinal de Retz in the saloon, the parliament, the court, the market—in short, in every scene of fraud ; Dangeau, in the Gil de Beuf; Velly, Daniel, Anquctil, and all the general his- torians of the era of monarchy, in the court of the prince ; and, in our own days, M. de Sismondi has placed it in the nation of which he is tracing the existence, local or public, in bis work on the French annals. An author, like his epoch, sees and is but one thing.” ‘ This is, perhaps, a little too general. The mind of the philosophic historian should embrace the whole :—all that is ‘connected with the subject, and all the interests that can be affected by it. His habits of association, however, and his habits of philosophizing, will, in some degree, affect his vision. There is no preventing the objects that are nearest, either to our senses or our thoughts, from appearing the largest. The cottage in the fore-ground looks larger than the distant citadel—the shrub, than the remoter forest. The historian should be aware, however, of the delusions of perspective, and remem- ber that it is not a picture, but a model, that he is to make, where every thing should have its actual proportions. This, most assuredly, Froissart never dreamt of; nor, perhaps, does M. de Sismondi always entirely recollect. The Westminster Reviewer, howeyer, will join with us in the congratulation, that the interests and happiness of the aggregate multitude of mankind are the objects nearest to the mental vision of this latter inestimable and philosophical historian, The) second -article ‘in the Review is . Philosophy of Contemporary Criticism. [Sept. I, “ The British Code of. Duel: a Refer- ence to the Laws of Honour and the Character of ‘a Gentleman:’—We were rather surprised, that in ‘treating that part» of the subject’ which ‘belongs to the ancient. judicial duel; the: West- minster reviewer should -not,\im any shape, have alluded to the legislative juggle by which — ingeniously con- founding two things so’ perfectly‘ dis- tinct as the personal right ‘of’ trial on the appeal of the next of kin; in cases of murder, and the barbarous: appeal of combat,—the best and surest of’ all defences against political, orauthorized assassination, and, therefore, one!of the best securities of ‘the ‘life-liberties’ of the people, was, opportunely, done away with, prior to the ‘Manchester massacres :—a legislative occasion, upon which the Whigs did themselves such immortal honour, by withdrawing from the house, to a man, upon the division on a question upon which they could not for shame vote upon the one side, nor had the nerve to vote upon ‘the other. Upon the Law of Honour, or gentle- manly part of the subject, the Reviewer has ably refuted all the sophistry by which the practice of duelling has been defended. But to what purpose? This is not a question of the understanding, but of feeling; and so long as men in certain stations of life shall continue to feel, that if they decline a challenge, or put up with certain insults without giving one, they must be scouted from society, or spit upon by every well- dressed bully with impunity—duels will continue to be fought. There is one consideration, however, connected with this subject, that we do not remember ever to have seen properly stated. Military men, and practised duellists, who have made it a part of their busi- ness—their education !|—to practise with the pistol till they can split a’ball upon the edge of a penknife, at twenty paces, will presume upon this to challenge, or to provoke challenges from persons who have been too peaceably, or too usefully employed to serve such an ap- prenticeship to murder; and who, in the nature of things, can therefore never meet them upon equal grounds, In such circumstances, what is. your, man of honour, as he calls himself, but.a bully and an assassin? = yy os Art. III. exposes. the » superficial grounds and inadequate ‘means*of'ob- servation on which M. Bianqui*(in his Voyage d’un jeune Francais’ en Angle- cia Die Paeer re 1825.] terre et en Eeosse) supports his preju- diced misrepresentations of the state of society in this country-: which-he seems to have viewed only from: the top ofa stagescoach,|-and to have appreciated only/in-the figures ofan innkeeper’s bill. M. Blanqui’s ‘Sketches of England are, in;many instances, ridiculous’ enough, undoubtedly :. but.can we be quite sure that the-expensive quartos of our Eng- lish-travellers ‘have always been made upfrom muchbetter documents ? or that there is not almost as much of John Bullism in some of these, as of Gallicism in the’ work in question ? - Art. IV. examines two French and English publications—the former by M. Champollion, the latter by Dr. Young and H, Salt, Esq., on the controversy relative to the original discovery of The System of Phonetic Hieroglyphics. The reviewer handles this subject, so im- portant in the estimation of literary antiquaries, with a learned and a candid spirit; and substantiates the claim which our correspondent, in the preceding Number of the M.M. (p. 32), has made in favour of our countryman, to the first discovery of the clue of science which detects an alphabetic, in the hitherto supposed. mere allegoric language of Egyptian symbols. At the same time, he does not undervalue the further researches and additional discoveries of M. Champollion. ' Into Art. V. on Law Aszuszs (“ A Treatise on the Principles and Plead- ings in Civil Actions, Sc,” by H. J. SrerHen, Esq. Bar.; and “ Examina- tion of the Objections stated against the Bill, passed by the House of Lords, for better regulating the forms of Process in Scotland,y? it would be in vain to en- ter; unless we could afford much more ample space to the exposition than our limits. can possibly permit. We con- fine ourselves, therefore, to the quota- tion of two short paragraphs, which will shew how the question is hinged. » “Mr. Stephen informs us [p. 2], that English pleading, ‘when properly under- stood and appreciated, appears to be an instrument so well adapted to the ends of ditrtiv justice, so simple and striking in i Efyndaprntal principles, so ingenious and qa orate in its details, as fairly to be en- titled to the character of a fine juridical ‘ifvention.’ Lord Mansfield says—“ The ‘substantial rales of pleading are founded in strong sense, and in the soundest and closest llogié; and’ so? appear when well understood and) explained.’ And Sir William Jones tells us; ‘ That the. science of pleading is founded jin the most exquisite logic.’ How far these and similar eulogies are deserved, Philosophy of Contemporary Criticism. 139 will, we trust, be pretty apparent to our readers, when we have compared the ex- pense, delay, and consequent injustice, caused by the system eulogized, with that small quantity which is absolutely necessary to attain the ends in view, in the most perfect manner.” Our readers would, in all probability, be pretty well prepared to accord, with the reviewer, in the greater part.of the facts and arguments whereby he exposes that legal sophistry, which turns the pro- ceedings of courts of justice into mys- tified allegory, and substitutes the cir- cumlocutious jargon of a metaphysical romance for the plain matter-of-fact and straight-forward intelligible com- mon sense, which alone ought to charac- terize the proceedings of such tribunals, If law proceedings are instituted, and court processes are invented and organized, for the benefit of initiated practitioners,—why then, of course, the more mystery and unintelligibility the better : but if the end be justice to the clients, and protection to the rights and property of the people, fiction, mysti- cism and chicanery should, by all prac- ticable means, be avoided. This is a favourite subject with the Westminster Reviewers. They return to it, where one would little expect it, (and yet ap- positely enough, in the way in which they manage it,) at the end of the last article—their review of The Quar- terly Review on Greck Literature ; where, in reply to the sophistical viru- lence with which the Quarterly mis- represents the Sophists of Greece, they notice ‘the case in which Sir William Scott, in the Consistory Court of Lon- don, 17th December 1798, gravely an- nuls a Jewish marriage, because one of the witnesses to that marriage had been seen to eat meat and butter together, and to snuff a candle and stir a fire on a Saturday.* Art. VI. A Discourse on the Rise, Pro- gress, Peculiar Objects, and Import- ance of Political Economy. By J.R. M‘Cuttocu, Esqg., 2d. Edit. — This is, also, a very favourite subject with the Westminster Reviewers. They despatch it, however (rather contrary to what we are habituated to expect from them when they get upon their hobby), very briefly—in less than four pages. In these, however, they do justice, and, we believe, no more than justice, to Mr. T':2 M‘Culloch, “ Ridiculous -as this story may appear, we beg our readers to be assured, that. we are not joking. These are, really, the merits of the case.—EnpIr. ; 140 M‘Culloch. The chronology of this sci- ence will rather curiously illustrate the slowness with which the most important truths and principles are apt, in the first instance) to‘taketoots' and’ the rapidity with which; after niaking “a certain’ pro- gress, they'sométimnes spread. Political HéedAnsniy'is now all in all’ There seems even to, be, some danger that we should fall into’ the superstitious extravagance. (for all beliefs become superstitions, when pushed to: the bigotted extent of proscribing whatever is beyond. their pale) of supposing that there is no other subject’ worthy of the attention of the huinan-mind, . : “ Tf there is one sign of the times,” says the Reviewer, “ upon which, more than any other, we should be justified in resting our hopes of the future progression of the human race in the career of improvement, that sign undoubtedly is, the demand ‘which is now manifesting itself, on the part of the public, for instruction in the science of Political Economy.” mete Of this science, Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations was the first prolific germ. Political Economy, as the subject is now understood in Europe, may be said to have originated with this Glasgow Pro- fessor of Moral Philosophy—who di- gressed, in his collegiate chair, from The Theory of Moral Sentiments, to the practical considerations of the sources of national prosperity ; and Chas, J, Fox had the honour of being the first, by a laudatory quotation in the House of Commons, to bring that invaluable work into,public notice. And yet ‘A long: interval elapsed after the publi- cation of the Wealth of Nations, in 1776, without any thing worth mentioning being contributed to the science. In 1798, ap- peared Malthus’s Essay upon the Principle of Population; in 1802, Mr.-Say’s work ; in, 1815, two Essays upon the Nature of Rent; and, in 1817, Mr. Rieardo’s: pro- found work upon the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation; and finally, in 1821, Mr. Mills’s Elements of Political Economy.” Arr. VII. The History of Ancient and Modern Wines. By ALEXANDER HENDERSON, M. p,—We know not whe- ther it will be attributed to our having some liking to a smack of the grape, or to whatever cause the psychologists, &c. may charitably think fit to assign it ; but, Jong as this article is (and the Re- viewer has. assigned to it no less than fifty pages,) there is no one in this whole number.in which: we have followed him with more satisfaction. The fact is, that the subject itself is susceptible of much ‘tearned, and much very amusive Philosophy of Contemporary Criticism. [Sept. 1; illustration ; and neither the author nor the Reviewer seems to have been negli- _.gent in availing himself of these re- sources, We suspect. that the subject is much more agreeable to the palate of the former, than would, be his own pre- ~ scriptions; how acceptable soeyer to his — palm, may be the fees which these latter produce, blaved ezolgvaale oxf But, as this is the solitary,instance in which we find,-an, article \on»the,same subject in two: of the rivali Reviews, we must notice them together, and make the Quarterly and the Westminster join with usin a critical reel to the tune of i vino veritas: and as “good wine, if well used, is a, good familiar creature,” and apt to,make people sociable, we may not, perhaps, on this occasion; even withsuch partners, “ find strange discord mock the music of the dance.” They. do not, of course, treat the subject in the same way, or direct. their commendations or censures exactly to the sameé* points ; but there is no actual opposition of sen- timent between them. Both speak of the work, upon the whole, very favour- ably. The subject is evidently a fayour- ite with them both; and each of them makes of it a very interesting article. The Westminster, indeed, invites us: to. the deeper potations — pours nearly twice the quantity into its critical cup ; but the Quarterly pledges us with, at least, equal conviviality. It is a little curious—their usual propensities (or professions rather) considered,—that the Westminster should be more classical, the Quarterly, more chemical, in its com- mentary: that the former should com- mence in the true spirit of an Horatian Bon-vivant, mingling the streams of Helicon with his Falernian, at every draught ;—in short, treating Dr. Hen- derson’s illustrations of the classics as the most entertaining, if not absolutely the most important, part of his book; blaming him wheneyer he has missed an opportunity of amplifying such illustra- tions, and stepping in, with his. own classical stores, to supply deficiencies; while the Quarterly, though he sets.out with disclaiming such intention, be- comes, with Dr.' McCulloch by his'side, a sort of chemico-political economist ; enters into the theory and experimen- talism of primary and secondary fer-: mentations; displays’ his judgment’ in “ The Art of Making Wines,” and dis- cusses the practicability, and demion- strates the endesirableness, of ‘tutning English wheat-fields into vineyards, (To be eovitinwed:)" 8? 1825.] oe) ae ORIGINAL POETRY. ti “ EPIC FRAGMENTS—No. VIL NOBILITY. Seex you for homage to.a puff of name— The stale-?rown vaunt of your nobility ? The sleeveless herald shall proclaim ‘your 2 ivorth* Your®virtues'of some'thousand years agone, That budded, bloom’d and. perish'd, ere the gdera hour. .vsdiova ' Of your great-grandsire’s birth: or, it may be, The,vices,rather-of the great first-nam’d, That from his dunghill sprang, and cast his _. «Slough ; Theswine-herd limbsin bandit mail array’d— The terror of the woodland and the glen!— Till deeds of rapine, treachery and blood Had given him lands, and blazon’d o’er his shield 2 With hieroglyphic monsters—wolf or pard— And, while they stamp’d their record on the coat Which you still wear so proudly, with the dye Mingled the infectious venom, that still taints The blood of all it clings to. Go, then, boast The original sin of your high ancestry ; And scorn to hear the heav’n-attested truth; That nought is noble, weigh’d in Reason’s scale, But Virtue, by high intellect inform’d, And with unshrinking fortitude sustain’d :’ And nought so base, so sordid and so mean, As false distinctions, that inflate the vile, Diwide the natural brotherhood of man, And supersede the duties which we owe To honour, conscience and humanity. ~ THE KING CAN DO NO WRONG. KunGscannot wrong—for in the wrongous act They lose their title, and are kings no more. The tyranny absolves the subject’s bond: For kings are but the creatures of the law— Subject themselves to the creating will, “Not over it supreme. Kings cannot wrong ! SUFFERING INNOCENCE. I saw her, where beside the tomb she sat. Ofall her buried hopes ; resign’d, notbow’d— In sorrow, yet sublime: her very tears Bespoke an infelt dignity :—the grief ’d the virtue, but could not subdue: — Exalted rather !—as the humid haze, That ‘dims the lustre of some radiant star, Gives it apparent magnitude, and proves The virtue of that pure ethereal ray, Tlie envious exhalation could not blench, ¢saimMmogo: J. T. oot SRME ELOPEMENT:— “3t Viehae 4 BALLAD. “, Wazat,. if, the warder come?’’— ‘ What i) then ?— Why, let the drawbridge down again !’— “ What, if the warder blow his horn ?”— ‘Why, farry here till break of morn !’— “ Tarry pris Fae thy heart would feel My father’s wrath—his blade of stecl.”’ ‘ Brace, then, thy kirtle, twine thy locks, And trust the steep descending rocks: I well can swim—I’Il cross the lake, Where the moonheams light on the. waters make : Pll seek—Ill loose—the castle-boat, Chain’d over the lea of the darken’d moat. The warder sleeps :—wilt thou go with me? Now, “igh not, my lady! but smile, and ‘be ree !— Your father’s choice, for the bridal: bed, Is a grave old churl with a silver’d head. T have fought in the ring, I have won the glove, The guerdon of skill in the cause of love; My turrets stand firm, and my castle waits To welcome the bride thro’ its ancient gates; The tapestry-rooms, with the goblets and wine, But wait for the love-light in which they would shine ! The banquet of bridal come share, love, with me, Ere a7 fattvct return, who would darken its glee! By the gleam of the torch-light that flickers along ; By the bay of his hounds, and the revel of song; By the hum in the towers and the stir at the doors ; By the hoofs that shall rattle, ere long, on the floors — He is coming to give thee, lost lady! away Tothe palsied old dotard so wither’dand gray. The castle-knell tolls, so loud and so shrill— But wit troopers await on yon heath-cover’d hill; And the fleet little palfrey, thatrivalsthe wind, When my lady he bears, shall leave danger behind.— So, —— the turret—now down the cliff glide: We are down! But one minute—The boat’s at your side! Nay, fear not—thy hand—’tis but one effort more.—— The danger is past, and. the boat is ashore. Nay, sigh not, sweet lady ! and look not aback : The flight-loving water betrays not our track, Theheather-bloom hails us secure on the land, My home and my merry men wait thy com- mand! Tremble not, fear thee not! firm in thy seat! He is sure in the foot, as in course he is fleet. My tapestried hall and the goblets shallshine, And the song of the bridal give zest to the wine. We are:safe. Welcome, lady! to hall and to bower! Thy bride-maids await, and the priest knows his hour. Bes. The wine-cup is pledg’d, and complete is the rite, ; Ere the towers thou hast fled are aware:of thy flight!” R:, Prior, 142 HORACE —Book II. Ode 9. TO VALGIUS. THE heavy clouds not al ways pour downrain, Nor always storms deface the rugged plain, And toss the billows of the Caspian flood, Nor® northern alia deface: the® spreading ' wood; Where lofty oaks in Gargan forests grow, - And wild ash-trees their tender foliage shew : Nor are ‘the’ borders of the Armenian coast For ever fetter’d by inclement frost. Why,my friend Valgius! do you waste the day With mournful strains for Mystes flown away ? For ever fix’d your faithful love remains : Nor do you stop your melancholy strains, When radiant vesper decks the spangled skies, Or when the rapid sum is seen to rise. But Pylius Nestor, for his length of years Renown’d, not thus with unavailing tears Bedew’d his lov’d Antilochus’s urn ; Nor did his sire with ceaseless sorrow mourn Young Trdilus; nor did the Phrygian-train Of sisters always for his death complain. At length forego to strike the plaintive string, And Czsar’s boundless conquests let us sing : How cold Niphates and broad Medus slides Thro’ conquer’d nations with more humble tides, ? And the Geloni, in their narrow’d plain, May give a close to our heroic strain. J. M‘D. SONNETS. TO THE HONEYSUCKLE. Sweer parasite! of fair and reddening hue, Around my lonely cottage-walls entwin’d! Thy fresh young buds, enrich’d with Maia’s dew, With fragrant sweetness scent the evening wind ! Here as I sit, in Spring’s gay bower reclin’d, And Flora’s tribes, thick varying, round me see ; Not all their charms—their es beauties join’d, Tn choice simplicity can vie with thee !— Type of the social heart! who lovingly Peepest ofttimes my lattic’d casement thro’— Blushing scarce seen, like village-maiden shy, Her rése-complexion’d sweetness known to few! Wind,then, around my porch, thy tendrils gay, Flora’s young frolic child! thou perfum’d guest of May! Enort. Blue-Anchor Road, Bermondsey, TO DEPARTING SUMMER. Ere Winter, stern Winter, dismantles thy bowers, We reluctantly murmur adieu ! Furewell to thy fruits, and farewell to thy flowers, That could charm with each favour and hue- Farewell to the warmth of thy bright sunny ‘skies ! To the balm of thy mornings, farewell! Adieu the wild notes that were wont to arise, From the woodlands, the grove and the dell! Original Poetry. [Sept. 1 With branches bedeck’d, the last sheaf from ‘the fields Hath merrily, yanish’d—the horn No longer at twilight its melody yields,* “By the ‘breeze o’er the valley upborne. The leaves of the forest their colour of green Have changed for the hue of decay ; And the wind, as it qustles the. branches between, Seems to sigh o’er the fall of its prey. To soften our parting, thy liberal band (That so rarely is slack to bestow) Hath lavish’d thy treasures throughout the wide land, Till our stores ‘with abundance.o’erflow. ‘Yet in vain do we labour to stifle the sigh ~ Of regret, as we gaze on thy flight To regions where Winter ne’er troubles the sky, Nor sheds on thy beauties a blight. When the tyrant, enyelop’d in clouds, shall descend, And his storms round our dwellings shall howl— As over the blaze of the faggots we bend, And circle the health-pledging bow], We'll toast thee, gay Summer!—and, deep as we quaff The juice of thy grape, we'll remember, *Tis thy bounty enables us blithely to laugh At the blustering wrath of December. Then, fare thee well, spirit benignant and bright! We must bear with thine absence awhile :-— Time shall bring thee again, in thy garment of light, To adorn and to gladden ourisle! J. H. * The author seems to have forgotten, that the Horn rather awakens than is silenced by the depar- ture of summer.—Zdit. THE BARK OF LOVE, WRITTEN TO ILLUSTRATE A PICTURE. Once enter’d Love’s deceitful bark, The hapless maid no safety knows: Through stormy billows, drear and dark, His trembling prize the urchin rows! Embark’d upon a dangerous sea, _’ Where rocks abound, and billows roar— Without a pilot—how can HE Conduct the voyager safe to shore ? Too oft a fearful wreck he makes Of such as take him for their guide ; Then, faithless boy! his freight forsakes, ~ ‘And leaves them to the fatal tide! Cc. B. W. THE WONERSH WALL. Wuy towers yon prison-wall some seyen yards high, Baron of Grantley, round thy snug. domain? Hark! from the neighbouring spire, the bells reply— Grantley to wife a blooming bride has ta’en. 1825.] [ SPIRIT OF PHILOSOPHICAL DISCOVERY, AND OF THE VARIOUS SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS. oe 143 ] & ID} —za— fi “aN HE Variolaria Communis Faginea, or lichen, which commonly infests the bark of diseased and old beach trees, has been found, by M. H. Braconnot, capable of yielding 233 per cent. of chrystallized oxalate of lime: various other lichens, on which he experimented, afforded almost as large proportions of this salt: on which he re- marks, in the Ann. de Chim., “ The oxalate of lime, is to these and analagous crypto- gamous plants, what carbonate of lime is to coralines, and phosphate of lime to the bony structure of more perfect animals.” Bi-carburet of Hydrogen, a new sub- stance, has been discovered and separated by Mr. Faraday, from a colourless fluid, lighter than water, which, in considerable quantities, forms in the bottoms of the vessels. in which the Portable Oil-Gas Company compress the gas for filling their lamps... The new substance, in its liquid form, between 42° and 86° Fahr., is com- posed of two atoms of carbon and one of hydrogen. When in the state of vapour, six atoms of carbon and three of hydrogen. are present to form one volume, of thirty-~ nine times the specific gravity of hydrogen. Below 42° of temperature, it is a solid body, forming dendritical transparent crys- tals: at 0°, it has the whiteness and hard- ness, nearly, of loaf-sugar. Emetic Tartar, as usually sold by the druggists, in powder, is found to be adul- terated to the extent of ten per cent. at the least, with tartrate of lime, and super-tartrate of potash: and medical practitioners are earnestly recommended to use only the erystals of emetic tartar, in preparing anti- monial wine, or other medicines. The Breeding and Fattening of Sea-Fish in Fresh-Waters,-alluded to in’ our 58th vol. p. 239, and which we shall further notice, continues to be pursued with ardour and perfect success by Mr. Arnold, in the island of Guernsey; who, in a pond of about. four acres, on the coast, has no Jess than thirty-seven species of sea-fish, which Dr. M‘Culloch enumerates ; including tur- bot, cod, mackarel, plaice, flounder, sole, herring, sprat, prawn, shrimp, oyster, mus- cle, &e. No kind of sea-fish which has been introduced into this pond, appears to have died, or suffered deterioration, in con- sequence of its change of element. (As to the salmon, see p. 440 of our last yol.) This pond, having been embanked from the sea, is, during all the winter months, so copiously supplied by a brook, as to be perfectly fresh. During some pe- riods in the spring and autumn, owing to the “decrease of the’ brook, and to leaks through’ the embatikment, at high water; the pond becomes brackish; and, during a part of most summers,) it ‘is, almost: salt! and yet, none of the great quantity and variety of fish therein seem, Dr. M‘C. says; to suffer inconvenience from these changes! These and numerous other facts,| recently established, ought, at_once, to put an end to the idle and mischievous speculations carrying on by the anti-Smithian geologists, concerning temporary fresh-water lakes, in which they pretend that several of the strata of England were formed—merely because these strata entomb some fish, of the same genera (an artificial and conventional clas- sification) with fish of other species, which are usually found in the sea! but which, as we see here, may not always have occu- pied salt-water. ; The EnckE PLANET, improperly as we _ conceive, denominated a comet by many astronomers, as observed in our 56th vol. p- 343, had often, previous to the verifying of its return in an orbit, in May 1822,: ac- cording to M. Encke’s prediction, been observed by astronomers, and its place set down in their catalogues, as a fixed star ; the collating of these early observations with later and present ones, in order to perfect the theory of the movements of this small planet, has appeared to M. C. Rum- ker of sufficient importance, to induce him to séarch for and collect twenty- three of these observations of the Encke, whilst mistakenly considered as a’ star ; re- ducing the right ascension and declination in each of these observations, to the begin- ning of January 1823, as a common epoch, —Brande’s Journal No. 37. Light and Heat, according to the obser- vations of Mr. Baden Powel, in Brande’s Journal, No. 37, (see also our last vol. p- 439; and present vol. p. 47), exhibit, in their. relations to each other, the closest conformity with the phenomena presented by the changes of the ordinary. forms of mat- ter: when light is absorbed, and enters into combination with other matter, heat is given out: on the other hand, light is not generated or evolved, without the appli- cation of a certain degree of heat: all bodies, at some temperature, become Ju- minous, and when they arrive at that point, a portion of the heat is employed in giving the form of light to some matter belonging to, or in combination with, the body, by becoming latent in it. i The Velocity of Sound has anew been determined, by experiments made in the Netherlands, on a base of 57,990'5 English feet in length, by Doctors G. Moll and A, Van Beck, whose mean result ‘is 1,089°7 feet per second, as the velocity of sonorous pulses, in dry air, at the freezing tempera- ture, 32° Fahr. — i icbibaguil> avi ; The 144 The German Spa Waters are prepared at Brighton, on.a large scale, .according. to esses invented, and improved -by)M. Berzelitis.and»Dr.:Struve :. these factitious waters, in ‘every respect, represent those’ of Carlsbadt, Ems; Marienbadt, Eger, Pyr- mont and Spa; as also those of Seltzer, Gelinanand Seidschutz, and: are recom- mended, in their appropriate cases, by the faculty of Brighton. “The Curved Top Surface of a Fluid within a Capillary Tube, which M. Laplace and other mathematicians, had considered .es- sentially operative in producing the eleva- tion or depression of such fluid, aboye that in which the small open tube may be in- serted, has lately been shewn experimen- tally, by M. Gillerson (in the Bib. Univ. vy. 27), to be an accessory circumstance ; such curyed surface having no direct influ- ence on the elevation or depression of the fluid. By attending carefully to the top of the mercury in a barometer-tube, at those periods when the mercury, having obtained the highest state, begins to lower ; or, when the same haying attained the lowest state, begins to rise ; it will be evident, we think, that the cohesive friction, which takes place between the mercury and its contain- ing glass tube, is the cause of retaining the top-edges of the mercury, either higher or lower than the central parts of the mercu- rial surface, accordingly as the column thereof is rising or falling: there being an intermediate state, as to rising and falling, when the surface is flat and level. The Absorption of Moisture, by Charcoal of different Woods, weighed whilst very hot, and again ‘after seven days exposure to a very damp atmosphere, has been found by Mr. T. Griffith to be as follows, by 100 parts of charcoal, by weight, in each case ; viz., from Walnut-tree +«e+«+ 173 | Willow-++s+reee ees 12] Tulip-wood--.+»+-+ 154 | Birch-----++-++++++ 120 ‘Ash ----..---+e--- 15°3 | Rose-wood -------- 12°0 Botany-bay wood -- 15°2 | Lime-tree-«-+------ 11°8 Lance-wood. ------ 13°7 | King-wood -------+ 115 wee tecncecces 13°4 | Zebra-wood ------ 66 ‘The same gentleman experimented also on the absorptive power of 43 different chemical and mineral substances, the re- sults of which are stated in Brande’s Jour- nal, No. 37: six of the extreme results are as follows, viz. : : per cent. per cent. | Carbonate of Strontia Oxide of Zinc: ----- 29°0 (native Sulphate of Lead -- 162 | Drawing Slate ------ ‘1 Oxide of Chroma-- 10.0 } Chromate of Mercury ‘1 Anhydrous Concrete Sulphuric Acid has been. obtained by Dr. Ure, by distillation from the brownish-coloured oil of vitriol (made at Nordhausen), of a tallowy con- sistence, which, on touching paper, burns holes through it with the rapidity of red-hot iron; and, dropped into water, occasions a ‘violent ebullition. wee Fs Spirit of Philosophical Discovery. [Sept. 1, The Durability of Freestone, about to be exposed to moisture or frost, in the outsides of,| walJs’ or buildings,’ ,after/ being: raised from any, new quarry.or untried: bed:of-rock, in a particular place (the same indiyidual bed \of stone, as indicated:by its Contained organic remains; and: by the super-position and sub-position of other-knowmbeds, sel- dom continuing uniform in, its:durable and other properties, throughout-its;whole. ex- tent), may, in the course ofia fet days,. be ascertained, Mr. Brande says; by.saturating a small block-of the stone. with a solution of sulphate of soda; and: then’ by drying it, to cause the salt to crystallize, im the super- ficial parts of the stone; in imitation of the disintegrating effects of crystals of water or ice, in the exposed superficial parts of stone buildings. In the Ann. des: Mines vol. 9, as also in Brande’s Jaurn., No: 37, the processes for trying blocks of ‘stone by this test, are minutely described...» We are far, however, from considering Mr. Brande’s asa sufficient test of durability, in any untried stone, to warrant its extensive use, externally, in buildings; it rarely happens, that any beds of stone are proper for, the builder’s outside uses, whereof the ancient use of such stone cannot be discovered, and the durability of the same seen in some old walls, not very far from the in- tended site of anew quarry; or, what is still more satisfactory, cliffs, or naturally ex- posed surfaces, of the identical bed fixed on for opening a quarry therein, may ‘mostly be found in some bank, ravine, or water- course, not far from the intended quarry. The Importance of Steam Power to the success of manufacturing districts will ap- pear from the following particulars, ‘col- lected by Mr. Cleland, as to the engines employed in and néar Glasgow, viz. Average Number Total © Horse of Horse- Power Engines. Power. _ per Engine. In Manufactories .. 176..+. 2,970 ..16°9 Steam-Boats:... 68....1,926 .133°2 Collieries ..... - 58.0.0 141) 23 Clyde Iron-works 1:... —60..60°0 Stone Quarries... 7... 839%..5°6 Totals, &c....310 6,406. »20°7 Green Carbonate of Copper has, proba- bly, only been found in thin veins,“in a large quarry of magnesian limestone,” at Newton Kyme, near Tadcaster; and at a small village, called Farnham, 2 -miles N. W. of Knaresborough. ’ pete nga Optical Deception.— Dr. Roget thus ex- plains the curious appearance of. carriage- wheels, rolling along the ground »Miewed through the intervals of yertical bars, as of a palisade, or venetian. blind; Ulich spokes of the wheels appear to. degree of curvature, which is influen several circumstances, presently. t¢ =__-.<—--~ 1825.) ticed ; but when these concur to favour it, the illusion is. irresistible, atid its’ cause strikingly’ difficult’ of. detection. | The’ de- gree of curvature varies as’ the’ situation of the spoke witly respert'to the perpendi- cular: |The} two ‘spokes, which arrive at the vertices; above and below the axle, are seen without curvature. The others, as more’ ori Jess. remote from. these, vary in ee of curve’; which is always outwards, whatever “be the direction, in which the wheel! may be'moving. © In. order to explain this phenomenon, it is necessary to observe the ‘influence of certain variations of circumstances upon it.—1. Velocity (in the motion of the wheel) is necessary to produce the deception in question. If this velocity be gradually communicated, the appearance is first pereeptible in the more horizontal spokes: this being observed, a small inerease of velocity suddenly produces the same. appearance in all the lateral spokes. -.The velocity, if not. so great as to prevent the eye from distinctly following the lines (ferit may, evidently, be increased to sucha degree, as to render them invisi- ble), has little effect on this curvature ; but, however rapid-the movement may be, each spoke will appear, for the instant, to be at rest—2. The number of spokes in the wheel makes no difference in the degree of curvature exhibited—3. The appearance is more perfect when the bars are narrow, provided they are sufficiently wide to allow a distinct, view of all the parts of the wheel in succession, and when the colour of. the bars is dark, and a strong light is thrown on the wheel- The deception is also aided by any occurrence, tending to fix the at- tention on the wheel—4.. If the number of bars be increased, no other difference than a greater multiplication of curved spokes will appear; but a certain relation being preserved, between the angles subtended by the eye, bars and spokes, will correct this. The distance between the bars and the wheel is of no consequence, provided the latter be not very near the eye, as, in that case, the aperture may. allow too large a ion of the wheel to. be seen at once— 5. No curvature appears when the spokes are parallel.to bars, which, not being ver- tical, are somewhat inclined towards the horizon, but, in that-case, the relations of the other,spokes are the same. When the inclination.of. the bars is considerable, the images. become much. more crowded, and the distinctness of the appearance dimin- ished. _ This.deception totally ceases when the bars are parallel to the line of motion —6. This eff when progressive and rotatory movements take Ml, without revolution, it will not “hac. Aeln, hsid'« progr be given to" the ‘bars, ‘while’ the wheel revolves on a fixed axis; or if the Monrury Mac. No. 414. Spirit of Philosophical Discovery. 145 wheel (thus revolving) be viewed through fixed bars, by a spectator moving to» the right ‘or left; the curved appearance will immediately be assumed ;. such motion pro+ ducing an alteration, in the field of visions in the relative situation of the bars andthe wheel. noc The above facts justify the conclusion, that this deception must arise from the circumstance that parts only, of the:spokes, are seen .at any given. moment,—the.re- mainders being then covered by the bars. Yet why, since several parts’ of the same spoke are seen in the same straight line, does not imagination lend its powerful aid, as in other cases, to complete the impres- sion? _ The first idea is. that the portions, thus seen separately, are connected with portions of adjoining spokes, and the cur- vature thus apparently produced. But a little attention to the phenomena will show that such solution cannot apply : for, if the dise of the wheel, rolled behind the bars, have only one radius marked, instead of a number of radiant lines, it presents. the appearance of a number of radii, determined by that of the intervening bars. So that, evidently, several portions of one and the same straight line (seen through the inter- vals of the bars) form, on the retina of the eye, the images of so many distinct radii. The true principle, then, on which this phenomenon depends, is the same as that to which is referred the appearance of a line of light, occasioned by a bright object wheeled rapidly round in a circle; viz. that an impression on the retina, made by a pencil of rays, if sufficiently vivid, will remain, for a certain time, after the cause has ceased ; and many analogous facts,.as to the other senses, have been observed, which fully support this conclusion. - The Extraordinary Durability of Human Hair has been shewn, by some late experi- ments undertaken by Professor Pictet’ of Geneva: he compared some hair obtained from a mummy brought from Teneriffe, with some recent hair, in the construction of some hygrometers ; and, to his surprise, found the hair from the muxamy equally sensible to the smallest changes in humi- dity, with the usual specimens of human hair recently cut off. The Overland Expedition to the Arctic Regions, under the command.of..Captain Franklin, has hitherto made a -successful progress, according to a recent letter from Dr. Richardson to. Professor Jameson, dated from the Canadian or western extre- mity of Lake Huron. ‘The whole party were in good health, and expected to reach their winter-quarters about the end of September. Dr. Richardson states, t nothing new, in the form of scientific in mation, Had. occurred the i ing been employed in.m $ropeel } soe bao of the winter season. PROCEEDINGS f 146 j (Sept. 1, PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED. SOCIETIES. ee 3 GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, @ WN June 17th, an extract of a letter Was read from J. Kingdom, Esq., communicated by J.,'Townsend, Esq., mentioning the situation in which certain bones of a very large size, appearing to have belonged to a whale and a crocodile, were lately found, completely imbedded in the oolite quarries, about a mile from Chipping Norton, near Chapel House. A paper was also read, entitled ‘* Obser- vations, &c. on a Walk from Exeter to Bridport.” Mr. Woods, in this communi- tation, describes the nature of the soil in the neighbourhood of Exeter, and the strata exhibited in the cliffs and on the sea shore between that city and the east side of Bridport harbour. NEW ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. " Ttis proposed to establisha Society, bear- ing the same relation to zoology, that the horticultural does to botany, and upon a similar principle and plan. The great ob- jects should be the introduction of new varieties, breeds and races of animals, for the purpose of domestication, or for stock- ing our farm-yards, woods, pleasure-grounds and wastes; with the establishment of a general zoological collection, consisting of prepared specimens in the different classes and orders, so as to afford a correct view of the animal kingdom, in as complete a series as may be practicable, and at the same time point out the analogies between the animals already domesticated, and those which are similar in character. “On Wednesday, the 22d June, a meet- ing of the friends to this institution was held, at the house of the Horticultural So- ciety in Regent Street, the Earl of Darn- ley in the chair; when, after the objects of the institution had been stated, by Sir Humphrey Davy and other gentlemen who addressed the meeting, the following noble- men and gentlemen were appointed a committee to promote the design. Sir T. Stamford Raffles, chairman; the Duke of Somerset, the Earl of Darnley, the Earl of Egremont, the Earl of Malmsbury, Viscount Gage, the Bishop of Carlisle, Lord Stanley, Sir H. Davy, r.R.s., E. Bar- nard, Esq., F.1.s., H. T. Colebrooke, Esq., F.R.S., Davies Gilbert, Esq., v.p.n.s., Rev. Dr. Goodenough, F.x.s., Sir E. Home, Bart., v.p.n.s., T. Horsfield, M.D., F.L.s., Rev. W. Kirby, F.r-s., T. A. Knight, ¥Esq., P.u.s., T. A. Knight, Jun,, Esq., W. S. Macleay, Esq., M.A., F.L,S., J. Sabine, Esq., Sec. u.s., Baring Wall, Esq., N. A. Vigors, Esq., M.A., F.L.S. LEEDS PHILOSOPHICAL AND LITERARY SOCIETY. This society closed its session lately. ‘Dr. Williamson, the secretary, read the ‘annual report of the committee, which was highly satisfactory, as to the numbers and Sticcess of the society, the character of the lectures and papers read during’ the session, and the accumulating stores-of the Mu- seum. The council had anxiously consi- dered the means of: providing fresh accom- modation for the increasing wants of the institution, which is outgrowing the present edifice, and for which it is therefore pro- posed to build a new lecture-room, and museum, on a piece of land adjoining the present hall, and already in the society’s possession. For this purpose, however, several additional proprietary members will _be required. The society has rapidly risen in public estimation, and may now be said to be universally regarded as one of the most valuable institutions the town or tlie county can boast. Combining the lectures given before this society, with those de- livered in its hall to the Mechanics’ Insti- tute, there is not a single town in the kingdom, except the capitals of England and.Scotland, that has had a larger portion of scientific and literary information pre- sented to itsinhabitants, and this too ina town where, six or seven years ago, the bare idea of such a thing would have been regarded as to the last degree chimerical. The following gentlemen were chosen to fill the offices of the society for the ensu- ing session: President, J. Marshall, Esq. ; Vice-Presidents, Rev. R. W. Hamilton and W. Key, Esq. Treasurer, H. Green- wood, Esq. Secretaries, Dr. Williamson and Mr. J. Atkinson, Jun. Curator, Mr. J. Atkinson, F.L.s. Council, Mr. E. S. George, ¥.t.s., Mr. M. T. Sadler, Rey. W.H. Bathurst, Mr. W. Osburn, Jun., Dr. Hunter, J. Entwistle, Esq., Dr. Hut- ton, Mr. J. Sangster; J. Marshall, Jun., Esq., F. T. Billam, Esq., B. Gott, Esq., and Mr. T. Teale, Jun. —>— FOREIGN SOCIETIES. FRANCE, Paris Athénée.—This most ancient es- tablishment has completed its fortieth year ; but antiquity, though it may evince the bounty of the supporters of the Society and the ability with which its concerns» have been regulated, would fail (in itself) to“at- tract and interest public attention. The nightly lectures of the winter season (which, in Paris, is somewhat more accordant with the course of nature than in London) have - been among the most effectual means of ac- complishing this object, which must be admitted to be of NOT most inferior Impor- tance. Among these, the lectures’of M.- Amaury Duval “ On the Philosophy of the History of the Fine Arts, connected, at once, with the religious and political History of Nations,” have been truly interesting : the learned professor pointed out the pro- gress of arts among the Indians and Egyp- ; ; tians, un 1825.] tians, who were, perhaps, their originators ; thence, he conducts us to Greece, where they attained their grandest developments ; it being to the laws, religion, superstitions and even games of these people, to which he attributes Grecian superiority in the limner’s arts. This vast subject could not be even rapidly glanced at, throughout its different bearings ; and it is expected that M. A.D, will complete his brief sketch in - the approaching season, Lectures on na- tural sciences are little susceptible of analysis, and we can only mention, that Dr. Eusctbe de Salle excited and sustained a very lively interest by his discourses on the trite, but still popular subject of health ; which he described, as “ not being a merely technical art, but as combining divers prin- ciples of natural science, for the preserva- tion and confirmation of human health.” This momentous subject Dr. de Salle pre- sented in its full importance, on the prin- ciple of every man his own doctor. M. ‘Ternaux was elected yearly president, and the choice is a guarantee of the spirit and wisdom which will continue to preside over the interests of literature during the ap- proaching autumnal session. Royal Academy of Sciences.—At a late mecting, M. Geoffrey St. Hilaire stated that there exists in Egypt areptile, posses- sing in a high degree the property of changing colour as the chameleon. It is proposed by the society to send in search of this rare reptile. By alate examination of the chameleon, M. Arago, the learned naturalist, discoyered that the alterations of colour in this animal are much more marked than haye hitherto been described. _A commission was appointed, consisting of Messrs. Arago, Eresnil and Dumeril, to -yisit the bazaar where chameleons are ex- hibiting, in order to discover the cause of the variation, which M. Arago attributes to some other quality than that known to na- turalists, under the title of accidental colours, which may be observed on lifeless bodies. During M. Arago’s visit, an animal of no declared colour, was placed on a board, and it immediately changed from a deep brown to a bright yellow. The keeper stated that this animal was ordinarily of a fine green.— It appears that light, and the temperature of the surrounding atmosphere, have much in- fluence in producing these effects. M. Arago announced that M. Pons re- discovered on the L5th ult. the shor t-period comet, precisely at the place where it ought to be, according to the ephemeris of M. Encke. This re-appearance of the comet is considered a pledge for that expected to appear towards the end of the year 1828, or the beginning of 1829. On the 25th ult., at a quarter before two o’clock in the morning, the Director of the Royal Observatory at Marseilles discovered, in the constellation Taurus, anew comet, invisible to\the naked eye. Its position on that, morning, ut five minutes past two / Foreign Societies.—New Patents. 14:7 o’cloek (true time), at Marseilles was— right ascension, 62. 1°3 deg., declension 26. 3°4deg. north. Its nucleus was very feeble and confused ; and the surrounding nebulosity appeared sensibly elongated in the direction opposite to the sun-—Tbi probably, the same as the one observ Pec Brighton —/( See Varieties). _ Dr. Barry, an English physician, lately read a memoir onthe motion of the blood in the veins. From reasoning, as well as from direct experiments upon living animals, he has been led to conclude, that the re- turn of the blood to the heart is caused directly by atmospheric pressure : a vacuum formed in the thoracic cavities at the mo- ment of inspiration, which produces, upon the fluids in communication with those parts, the same effect as the ascent cf the piston in the pump- The consequences likely to result from this new doctrine, if established, will be highly interesting to medical men. Messrs. Cuvierand Dumeril have been named to report upon the subject. —— PATENTS rok MECHANICAL any CHEMICAL INVENTIONS. To Anravam H. Cuampers, of New Bond Street, Middlesex, for Improvements in preparing and paving Horse and Carriage- ways.—28th February 1824. Tue principle of improyements here pro- posed, is the employing, in inverted posi- tions to what have been common, the granite and other paving-stones, in form of the Srustums of py yramids ; that is, on well con- solidated ground, of the proper arching shape, for the bottom of the pavement of a street or carriage-way, the patentee’s pay- ing-stones are to be placed, close to each other, with their broadest faces downwards, and least faces upwards, in such a manner as to break-joint; and then, patent British pozzolane is to be poured in, partly to fill up the joints, and the remainder and wider parts of these joints are then to be filled up with broken flints, or other road mate- rials. Besides the alleged greater solidity and durability of these patent pavements, the patentee assures us, “‘ the said improved pavement will, at all times, be free from mud !” Instead of cutting paving-stones into pyramidical frustums or wedges, in order that a ton of such wedge-shaped stones might appear to cover the greatest pos- sible superficial area, according to the absurd mode by which contractors were, until lately, paid for new paving our streets, as hinted in p. 556 of our last volume; Mr. Chambers proposes, still, to cut, and employ such stones, but with their broadest faces downwards, and to fill their wide gaping superficial joints with broken stones; the unequal wear of which filling matter, vand of the tops or apexes of the stones, U 2 “would 148 would, certainly produce streets as rough and muddy, or more so, and faster wearing out, than any we haye witnessed, - The best practice of street-paving in. the present day, is, to reject entirely all stones which are, in a material degree, smali-bot- tomed or wedge-shaped: and all clayey qnatters, in the soil on which the stones are to be bedded :—by treading and ramming, to make this bed for the stones as equally solid and hard as may be; but principally to rely on gaining this perfect and equal solidity of the bed, by relaying the stones, with fresh and clean hoggin under them, as often as they sink, partially. It is likewise of import- ance, to choose the paving-stones of as equal size as may be, rejecting all which are much below, or much above, the average size and weight; and, where circumstances may require to use stones of unequal size, the laying of single courses of large or broad stones, across the street, should be avoided, because a projecting rib is thereby always formed, very annoying and destructive to carriages, and occasioning a great and un- equal wear of the pavement; every single course of small, or narrow stones, is as cer- tainly pressed down, and forms a narrow trench across the street, not much less mis- chievous than the rib before-mentioned: for avoiding which eyils, as many equal- sized courses should be used, following each other, as is practicable. Well ramming the stones is all-important, where wedge- shaped and unequal-sized stones are used ; and decreases in importance where the ‘stones are broad-bottomed and equal: the “wear of heavy carriages, is the ultimate and ‘only effectual ramming which good pave- ment gets. A Lust or raz Parents which, having been granted in September 1811, will exrirE in the present Month of September, viz. 9.—To W. Goon, of Coleman-street, London: for improvements in valves for various purposes.—See our 33d vol. p. 257. 9.—To W. Rocurort, of Bishopsgate- “street, London: for an improved method of preparing coffee.—See our 32d vol. p. 472. 9—To W. F. Cotvarn, of Tottenham- -court-road, Middlesex: for improvements upon an upright pianoforte. ‘ 9.—To J. Barron, of Tufton- street, “Westminster: for an improved sawing ma- chine. 9.—To W.W. Jenkins, of Birmingham : for the improved making of knobs of different shapes, to be affixed on furniture. 9.—To J. Jones, of Beverton, Glamor- ganshire: for a rotatory engine to be worked by steam, or air. 9—To M, Logan, of Paradise-street, Surrey: for an instrument to generate fire, __ forthe discharging of fire-arms.—See our 33d vol. p. 553. ~"9.—To W. Srracuan, of Pool Cottage, _, Cheshire, for. preparing the ore of cobalt, for Lists of Expiring and New Patents. (Sept. 1 painters’ and others’ uses.—See our 34th vol, p- 47. i 9.—To J. Cuancettor, of Sackville- street, Dublin: for a musical instrument, to be played by clocks or other macthinerys:~ 9.—To T. Marsu, of King-street,.Cler- kenwell; for improvements in the construc- tion of watches —See our $3d,vol..p; 553. 14.—To G. Kircuen, of Sheffield: \for making portable sconces or branches for lights. 14.—To E. Sitvester, of Rochester, Kent: for a drag or slide for carriage- wheels. Pal 23.—To W. Fornercttt, of ‘Greenfield, Flintshire: for making copper rollers for printing.—See our 33d vol. p. 356. 23.—To J. A. Maas, of Hammersmith, Middlesex : for improvements in the making of vinegar. 23.—To J. Neepuam, of Islington, Mid- dlesex: for a portable brewing apparatus.— See our 35th vol. p. 58. A List or New Parents, granted in June and July 1825. June 28.—To J. J. Sarntmare, Wands- worth-road : for improvements in distilling.— Six months, 28—To D. Repmonp, of Old-street- road: for improvements in building ships, houses, &c.—Six months. 28.—To G. Tuomrson, of Wolverhamp- ton: for improvements in the construction of saddles. —Six months. Pa July 6—To J. Hxarucor, of Tiverton: for improvements in manufacturing thrown silk.—Six months. 8—To W. Heycocx, Leeds: for im- provements in machinery for dressing cloth.— Six months. 3 8.—To J. Bivprz,of Dormington, Salop : for machinery for making, repairing and cleansing roads, paths, &c.—Six months. 8.—To Lieut. M. SuutpnamM, R.N., of Brampton-hall, Wrangford, Suffolk: for improvements in setting, working, reefing and furling the sails of vessels.—Two months. 8.—To W. Furnivat and J. Crate, both of Anderton, Cheshire: for improve- ments in the manufacturing of salt.—Six months. 8.—To J. Day and S. Hatt, of Notting- ham: for an improvement on a pusher-twist, or bobbin-net machine-—Two months. _ 16.—To W. Hancock, of King-street, Northampton-square: for improvements in the making of pipes for the passage of flutds.— Six months, 16.—To W. and H. Huasr, of Leeds : for improvements in scribbling and carding sheep’s wool.—Six months. 16.—To H. Hursr and .G, Brapiey, of Leeds: for improvements in looms for woollen cloths. —Six months. : 16.—To T. W. Sransriexp, W; Pricx- arp‘and §. Wixxinsoy, all of Leeds; for improvements in looms, and:in the implements connected therewith. —Six months. 0012s 16. 1825.) 16.—To T. Mussztwurrr, of Devizes, Wilts: for improvements in collars for horses and other-animals.—-Two months, 16+To'M. I, Braunett, of Bridge-street, Blackfriars, London: for mechanical ar- ringeménis for obtaining powers from fluids, and for applying ‘the same to various useful purposess—Six' months. : '165+To T. Sirtrton, of Stanley-mills, Gloucestérsbire: for improvements in ma-~ chinery for shearing or cropping woollen or other: elotlis:~—Six months. . 16.—To J. Farry, of Lincoln’s-inn- fields,!° Middlesex: for improvements in lamps.—Six months, 16.—To T. R. Wittrams, of Norfolk- _ street, Strand: for an improved lancet.—Six ‘months. - Monthly Review of Literature. 149 16.—To Lieut, T, Coor, of Upper Sus- sex-place, Kent-road,- Surry : for improve- ments in the construction of carriages and harness, for the greater safety of persons riding. —Six months. pie’ 16.—To J. Currsezoroven, of Man- chester: for a method of conducting to and winding upon spools, or bobbins, rovings of colton, flax, wool, &c.—Six months. 16.—To W. Hursr and J. Carrer, of Leeds: for an apparatus for giving a new motion to mules or billics.—Six months. 16.—To J. P. Dre La Fons, of George- street, Hanover-square: for improvements in extracting and fixing teeth—Six months. 19.—To J. Downton, of Blackwall, Middlesex: for improvements in machines or pumps.—Six months, “MONTHLY REVIEW OF LITERATURE, DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN. ——_ Authors or Publishers, desirous of seeing an early Notice of their Works, are requested to transmit Copies, if possible, before the 16th of the Month. — NGRAVED Specimens of the Architec- tural Antiquities of Normandy. By Joun and Henry Le Keux, after Drawings by Augustus Pugin, Architect. The literary part by J. Brirron, F.s.a., &e, No. 1, 4to.—This number includes twenty en- * pravings, illustrative of the following sub- » the north end of the hall. jectse—At Roven: Palais de Justice, three plates; 2. A compartment of the south front elevation, section, and details ; 3. Elevation and section of a window at Church of St. » Ouen, three plates, viz. 1. Elevation of the “way on the south side. circular window in the west front ; 2. One quarter of the same, at large; 3. Door- Nunnery of St. Clair : elevation, section, &c. of gateway. Abbaye St. Amand, two plates: 1. Exte- rior elevation and compartments, at large, on the south side of the court; 2. Fire- place in ditte. Cathedral, two plates: 1. Door-way in the cloisters; 2. Cour des ' Libraires, elevation and section of gate- _ VY Hopital, elevation, plan, &c. Fountain de la Crosse: Rue de Hotel de Bourtheront de Place de la Pucelle, two way. ‘plates: 1. Elevation towards the street, “and parts at large; 2. Elevation in the “court, with plan, &c. At Carn: Abbaye * ata Hommes, two plates: 1. Longitudinal s section, and mouldings of sacristy; 2. Transverse section and plan of ditto. Ab- baye aur Dames, two plates: 1. Entrance gateway; 2. Compartment of the nave of the church. Church of St. Nicholas, two plates: 1. Transverse section, with plans ; 2. Longitudinal section of the semicircular apsis. This is far from being the least useful of ~ the works undertaken by our indefatigable - -arehitectural antiquary, John Britton, and, considered as a-work ‘at once of art and utility, the price of the medium copies, at least (£1. 11s. 6d.), is far from being ex- travagant. Works of this kind could never be more opportune : for the rage for archi- tectural improvements—the widening of " dirty lanes and alleys into splendid streets and spacious squares, the erection of public ; edifices and sumptuous mansions in town and country, with the lamentable deficien- cies of taste in some instances displayed “by our architects, sufficiently shew that sketches of plans and models could never be more apposite to the wants of the build- ing community. In London, indeed, the gothic is not at present the rage ; the Gre- cian is to be the object of emulation; and Te-edified London is to be, architecturally, another Athens. We are glad, by the way, to perceive some symptoms that it is ‘to be real Grecian; that the corrupted, over- laboured, imperial style is beginning to be laid aside; and of the tea-table style we hope we shall see no more. So far, how- ever, the present publication (whose models are mostly from the gothic) is not exactly ‘in chime with our metropolitan wants. But the gothic, we hope, is not every where to be laid aside. We could mention some towns where all new edifices and improve- ments ought to be in that style ; even in the neighbourhood of our own superb Abbey, nothing but gothic ought to be permitted to intrude or remain. To the lovers of this venerable style, the present work of Mr. Britton will be particularly accept- able ; and we recommend it to the library of every architect and patron of architec- ture. A Historical and Descriptive Narrative of 20 Years’ Residence in South. America, containing Travels in Arauco, Chile, Peru, und Colombia; with an Accotnt of’ the Revolution, 150 Revolution, its Rise, Progress, and Results. In 8. Vols. 8vo. By W. B. STEVENSON, formerly Private Secretary to the President and ‘Captain- General of Quito, Colonel and Governor of Esmeraldas, Se. &c, ‘* The interest,’’ says the author in his preface very truly, «¢ The interest which the late successful revolution in Spanish America has awakened in Europe renders any genuine account of the new world so highly acceptable to the British nation, that it has become an almost imperative duty in those who may possess original matter to communicate it to the public; for it may be said, without the least exaggeration, that although the countries thus emancipated were dis- covered in the sixteenth century, they have re- mained almost unknown till the beginning of the nineteenth. There can be little doubt, therefore, that the gleanings of a twenty years’ residence, under circumstances so favourable for ob- servation as Col. Stevenson seems to have enjoyed, will be read with some avidity. Though the author does not pretend to philosophize, there is much matter in his volumes for the philosophic reader; he gives a plain statement of facts as they occurred, and his unadorned descriptions are interesting. The first two volumes are devoted to a description of the principal towns, manners, customs and religions, &ec. &e. of South America, particularly of Lima, Valdivia, Chile, Quito and Guaya- quil. And though, from remoteness from the world of civilization, and the confined ideas and superstitions of the Spaniards and natives, there must necessarily be much that is counter to the prejudice of a free- born Briton, whose religion and constitu- tion are so diametrically opposite to all thraldom of the mind, yet Mr. Stevenson shows that a 20 years’ residence in that part of the world has not corrupted a manly and candid disposition. All that relates to Lima (and there is much) is extremely amusing, interesting and instructive, and shews how the world and humanity differ ! The author gives a description of the tri- bunal of the Inquisition; and although he does not dress it up in all the horrors of a Godwin romance, yet the simple statement of natural oceurrences, excites sufficient de- testation of that abominable institution. In describing the three inquisitors, he gives the - following ludicrous quotation from Jovellanos, that ‘‘ the inquisition was com- posed of un santo cristo, dos candileros, y tres magderos—one crucifix, two candle- sticks, and three blockheads!” The au- thor himself had, on one occasion, to extri- cate himself by an equal mixture of firmness and discretion, from the grasp of the holy blasphemers who presided over this infamous establishment—which, how- ever, he would probably not have been able to effect, if it had not. been at a time when their power was beginning to totter, and the abolition of the office by the Cortes was alreaily impending. There is rather an Monthly Review of Literature, (Sept. I, amusing anecdote quoted, of the manner in which a certain viceroy had answered’a summons from these holy fathers. — - « It is said, that when Castle-Forte was Viceroy in Lima, he was summoned: by the Inquisition, and at- tended accordingly. Taking with him ‘to the door ‘his body-guard, a company cf infantry, and two pieces of artillery, he entered, and laying his’ watch on the table, told the inquisitors, that if their busi- “ness were not despatched in one hour, the house would be battered down about their ears, for such were the orders he had left with the commanding officer at the gate. .This was quite sufficient; the inquisitors rose, and accompanied him to the door, too happy when they beheld the backs of his excel- lency and his escort.” The third vol. of this useful, and in many respects valuable work, contains an account of the commencement and progress of tlie reyolution, and the proceedings of the con- stituted authorities of the transatlantic Spanish dominions. For further extracts see Supp. to Vol. 59, of the M.M. p. 611, &c. A Succinet View and Analysis of Authen- tic Information, extant in original Works, on the Practicability of joining the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, by a Ship-Canal across the Isthmus of America. By R. B. Prr- MAN, 8vo.—Mr. P. examines with great apparent perspicuity, and with diligent re- search, into the existing sources of informa- tion, the topographical appliances and diffi- culties of five proposed stations for this stupendous undertaking—to wit, the Isth- muses of Darien, Panama, Tehuantepec and Nicaragua, and the routes of Choco; andsuccessively rejects, as presenting greater difficulties, or offering less advantages, all but the Isthmuses of Darien and Nicaragua ; and after balancing the localities of these, evidently gives preference to the former. Yet even this, which our author considers as presenting the fewest difficulties,—among many other impediments (as the unhealthi- ness ofthe climate, the distance from which free labourers must be brought, Indians or negroes, &c,,)—includes the necessity of cutting a desague, right down through the traversing ridge of the Andes, of such height, - in this their supposed lowest part, as to occupy the duration of nine hours m the ascent. “Under these difficult circumstances,” however, “it seems (to Mr. P.) but a due observance of impartiality to say, that a ship-canal, adequate to universal commerce, might be made across the Isthmus of Da- rien.”” From the accomplishment of this gi- gantic undertaking, he anticipates results as gigantic. ‘‘ The saving of near 12,000 miles of direct distance in the circumnayigation of South America.”—‘ The rapid coloniza- tion of the temperate and fertile regions of the western shores of North America,’’— ““ The power of making the voyage, out or home, to China, in about 80 or 90 days.” — “The rapid advancement of the British Colonies at New South Wales'and Van Diemen’s Land.’’—‘“‘ A great extension of the 1925.] tlie South-Sea fisheries.” — The civiliza- tion, &c. of the islands in the Pacific Ocean.” —‘ A rapid improvement in the trade and population of Mexico, Guatimala, Colombia, Peru and Chili,” &e. &c. From ~ all of which he anticipates also an immense extension to British commerce, whose “* products would become available to sa- tisfy the wants that would attend the general increase of wealth and population.” —‘ The characters of nations would be assimilated by intercourse, and the same spirit of active commerce that now covers the Atlantic, would be extended to the coasts and islands of the Pacifie Ocean, which, at no distant period of time, would present a splendid scene of communities rising into existence, knowledge and social order.” But, for the accomplishment of this vast undertaking, Mr. P. seems to think “ the concurrence of all the governments of Europe must be obtained.”’ In this we do not aecord. If nature herself present not insurmountable difficulties, the capital of England, and the co-operation, in the minis- tration of all practical facilities, on the part of the American States, must realize this “ dream sublime” of more than 300 years, without concurrence of the chiefs and vassal chiefs of the Holy Alliance, or it never will be realized at all. Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Lake Winnepeeh, Lake of the Woods, &c. performed in the Year 1823, by Order of the Hon. F.C. Cal- houn, Secretary of War, under the com- mand of S. H. Long, U.S.T.E.; compiled Jrom the Notes of Major Long, Messrs. Say, Keating, and Colhoun. By W.H. Keatine, a.M., &c. 2 vols. 8vo.—In our January Supplement, we gave some yery interesting extracts from Mr. Halkett’s “ Historical Notes respecting the North American Indians.’’. The work now be- fore us is replete with still more interest, as it makes us acquainted with the present actual state of our North American fellow- beings, and tends to produce the same sympathy for, and admiration of that na- tion, which Christian solicitude and bro- _therly loye have so nearly exterminated. This work,though upon the same scale and topic of Mr. Halkett’s, bears its own stamp of originality and correctness, and becomes ee interesting, as it corroborates many the facts collated by the former gentle- man. It contains, also, many amusing anecdotes and sketches of Indian manners and customs, and points out more distinetly wherein they may be most benefited by the American government, with respect to their ultimate conversion and civilization ; if, indeed, it will be possible to civilize and Christianize:nations which, up to the pre- sent period, have shewn that they preter extermination to proselytism, civil or reli- gious, Domestic and Foreign. _excite our animadyersion. 151 A Journey into various Parts of Europe ; and a Residence in them, during the Years 1818, 1819, 1820, and 1821; with Notes, Historical and Classical ; and Memoirs of. the Grand Dukes of the House of Medici ; of the Dynasties of the Kings of Naples ; and of the Dukes of Milan. By the Rev. THOMAS PENNINGTON, A.M., Rector of Thorley, Herts; late Fellow of Clare Hall, Cambridge, and Chaplain to the late Count- ess of Bath.— This work, so pompously set forth in the title-page, and comprizing two thick octavo volumes, will, we think, oc- cupy but little of our time or space, there- being but little, as far as we have yet per- ceived (having only looked through the first volume), of interest or information to The first. part is a mere journal, with here and there a few short historical remarks in the notes, such as any school-boy might make who was desirous of shewing his historical know- ledge ; but not in the style we should ex- pect from a travelled man and Fellow of Cambridge. The author seems particu- larly fond of calculations and admeasure- ments ; and his descriptions of public edi- fices comprize, in general, little more than their lengths and breadths. We, however, derive but little amusement from such de- scriptions, and find, moreover, the author’s “ interesting’ subjects to us very uninterest-- ing: for instance, his “ interesting Fe- male’ (meaning the Duchess d’Angeu- léme), his “ interesting Equipage,” and “interesting Inscriptions.””» We will, therefore, take our leave for the present of the Rey. Thomas Pennington, with a pro- mise that if our glance at his second volume should give us any reason to change our opinion of his talents and information, we will willingly make courteous atonement in our next Number for the slight manner in which we have passed him over inthe present. ; sdiily, East-India Company’s Records, founded on Official Documents, shewing a View of the past and present State of the British Possessions in India, as to their Revenue, Expenditure, Debts,. Assets, Trade, and Navigation : to which is added, a Variety of Historical, Political, Financial, Commer- cial and Critical Details, from the Period of the first Establishment (1600) of the Honour- able East-India Company to the present Time (July, 1825). The whole carefully compiled and arranged (the ancicnt Part from the most authentic Original Records of Parliament, the East-India Company, the Board of Trade, the Accounts.of the Cus- tom-house, and the ablest Writers, viz. Mann, : Purchas, Childe, Petty, Cary, Davenant, Gee, Deeher, Postlethwayte, Bolts, Raynal, Verelst, Anderson, Robertson, Playfair, Macpherson, Milburn, Colquhoun, Tuckey, Mill, Klaproth, Phipps, Prinsep, Malcoim, Thornton, and Staunton, and also from. the Memoirs and Transactions. of the. Societies connected 152 connected with Asia, By Cesan MoReAv, &o, $c. §c. Lithog.—Here is a volume of title-page. Itis, however, as'far as'we have quoted it,'a volume’ of instruction, as’ it seems te include a complete catalogue of all the authors who have written on the subject. The catalogue of societies, &c. of which the last-mentioned was a member we have curtailed, as adding nothing to the stock of useful information. The work is particularly addressed “ To the editors of the daily and weekly papers, and of the various periodical journals and reviews published in Great Britain.”” Thus called upon, we take the earliest opportunity to notice M. Moreau’s work, or, as he ealls it, chart: so that, if this be the meed the author pants for, is object ts attained : and we have no hesitation in saying that his work possesses some portion of usefulness, and that portion not small. We must think the commercial world, in gene- ral (and how large a part of British popu- lation that term includes !) under very great obligations to M. C. Moreau ; and we con- fidently expect that they will not be the more backward in evincing their high ap- preciation of his almost unexampled. dili- gence, because it is to a foreigner they are thus indebted. M. C. Moreau has already been (Sept. 1824) creditably mentioned in the pages of this miscellany, and the lapse of time has not diminished our estimation of his work. We dare to predict that, ere long, the pre- sent will be found to have equally high claims to public approbation, which we trust will not be thought less worthily be- stowed, when we gratefully thank M. Moreau for his very handsome compli- mentary dedication and preface. We. must, however, add, that there are some obscurities and errors of phraseology, which, probably, haste has caused Mr. M. to overlook; and that, from this specimen, we are not in-- duced to be very encomiastic in regard of lithographic books. We conclude with two or three short quotations, in which Mr. M. speaks particularly of the plan and na- ture of his undertaking. «© This work will invincibly prove the still in- creasing progress of Great Britain in every depart- ment of commerce and industry, as well as the im- moensity of the career open to its indefatigable ac- tivity.” The author states, that ‘‘ his object was to present a kind of commercial panorama, which, precluding the necessity of perusing or examining more than 300 volumes, offering only confused and incorrect notions, might exhibit all the great trans- actions of the British Empire with every part of the world; and rejecting every calculation not rigorously. demonstrated, and unaccompanied with the sanction of the most respectable authorities.” — «© Persuaded that it is the characteristic of com- merce to be influenced by no peculiarities of in- trigue or: party (except, perhaps, the East-India Company, for it is known that all its policy consists in being rich and powerful), and that the only spirit which becomes it is that of exactness and truth; the author endeavoured, in the composition of his Monthly Review of Literature, [Sept..1, work, to pay no tribute to party spirit, and to»pre- sent only numerical figures, the infallible logic of which is equally peas to 2 all te Bie man. who. knows, and to him who w ; 3 to him whi! it offers the Avenel ob 8 bok of re. ference, in which, without difficulty and labour, he may renew, with precision, his ‘past recollection; » to him ‘who wishes to learn, it may become the means of initiation into important interests, of which no one ought to be ignorant, because they ate now inseparable from all the wants of life.” Leigh's New Pocket Road-Book of Eng- land, Wales, and part of Scotland ; on the plan of Reichard’s Itineraries ; containing an Account of all the Direct and Cross Roads ; together with a Description of every remark-) able Place, its Curiosities, Manufactures, Commerce, Population and principal Inns; the whole forming a complete Guide to every object worthy the attentién of Travellers. 12mo. The title promises much; and, as far as can rationally be expected, from a little volume of convenient dimensions for a traveller’s pocket, what is promised seems to be fulfilled. The routes are conveniently and lucidly arranged, and the references, by, which repetitions are avoided, are so_spe- cified as to produce no perplexity. A neatly engraved table is prefixed of the amount. of every posting stage from 6 miles to 20, at every variety of charge, from Is. to Is. 9d. per mile ; and a half-sheet map of England and Wales, neatly engraved also, and re-: markably distinct for its size, is subjoined at the end of the volume. And in the topogra-» phical miscellanea, accompanying the respec- tive routes, the compiler appears to. have fulfilled his profession, of avoiding on one hand all prolix details, or omission on the other of what is worthy of attention. y . Selections from the various Authérs who have written concerning. Brazil; more par- ticularly respecting the Captaincy of Minas Geraés and the Gold Mines of that Province. By Barctay Mounteney. 8v0.— This is a useful’ compendium, which, in 180 not heavy pages, presents such information as may be important to persons disposed to visit Brazil, either as travellers or emigrants, who nevertheless have either nof leisure, or not inclination for voluminous research. It will also be particularly acceptable to those who are more or less interested in mining speculations. Observations on Gout, Critical and Pa- thological ; or, an Analytical Survey of the Views at present entertained of the Nature of that Disorder ; with Practical Remarks on the injurious Effects of Colchicum,. and on certain Modes of Diet. By A. Rexniz, Surgeon, &c. 8vo.—Without entering irito any direct analysis of this professiorial vo- lume, which our space would‘not»pérmit, and, consequently, without dogmatizing on the validity of the arguments and ‘principles it presents, we will just briefly observe that it is obviously entitled both to professiénal and general attention, imasmiuch! as‘ the’ ob- servations of Mr, R, har Gaede NL ey tae Le 1825.] of practical and scientific experience ;*and inasmuch as\the author:lias’** had the’ rood, or, a8''Sortte Wie have ifthe baa” fortune, to ee ie née tH He gout'ih, his. dian persou,” thereby. ‘possessed the means of daily det é yarious symptoms,” ce, Phy- sician, eure, thyself, i is, in such .cases, un- doubtedly,.., a»/good.,.touchstone kind of maxim 3and: My,’ Ri assures'us that «« The ultimate fesult‘has been,’ that the writer, for himself, hasiascertained means bywhich he has fs) ned entire. immunity from the disorder, of which he he had become morbidly susceptible from the slightest. ‘causes and not a few others, who have been led fo adopt measures adapted to their individual circumstances, have also obtained similar relief.” of Under such circumstances,” we readily admi 2 that “it is not presuming too much to. im the liberty of thinking for himself,’’ however, he differs from some high authorities, i in his notions of this disease and oe rescribed. modes of treatment, he pre- to no specific, and puffs off no pa- ental or exclusiye nostrum. But against the use of the fashionable remedy colchicum, is protest is direet ; and he maintains it as a fact indisputably admitted by all medical observers of experience, that the relief it affords i is invariably obtained at heavy ex- pense to the constitution ; entailing a train of eyils greatly more serious than that which been remoyed ; and, indeed, aggra- vating the constitutional tendency, while it removes the present symptoms ; 5; so as to occasion, by every repetition of the tempo- rary remedy, more and more frequent, the recurrence of the disease. On the patho- logy of the gout, he examines the opinions of Hippocrates, Galen, &c. ; of Sydenham, Cullen, Brown, Darwin, Sutton, Parkinson, AIT Y,, Johnson, Scudamore; &e., and then proceeds to Consider the causes, constitu- tional and incidental, . from whence it arises ; pa May just observe by the way, shews .to be, no rigid advocate of that es are and sallow abstinence” which some prsarai as an infallible remedy or Wests The ps ‘esent, it seems, is only the avant courier of a second yol. which the author is ig for the press; namely, “A ee eon, Gout, Pathological, Therapeu- and 1! Practical ; or, an Attempt to eltici- aes the Nature anid Causes of order, and to deduce definite and beri for its Preyention and te," fe iginal de M.: Le Bark Jeunesse. Par M. 12mo,. — This wok ay published by M. Theis, is upon: el of the Voyage of Ana- charsis;in) Greece ; and though all works, particnlarly, of this description, must, ne- cessarilys, lose agreat portion of their in- 1iM, ajmexe, abridgment, the volume ps svills 88, prove an, impor- tant assistant to young beginners in the Mowtuiy Mac, No, 414. Domestic and Foreign. 153 study of; ancient history: By. all- classes it will be read with pleasure: yand.ntility 25 containing auch. information; coneatning the public: and private life ;of the »Romans, their. laws, both. civil .and., mulitany,. their literature, their arts: and scienges,, and, an short, their manners and customs: in-¢ particular. Polyeléte begins- his)-trai immediately upon the conquest. of Athens by. Sylla:. He is sent as an hostage, to Rome, where he is admitted, upon the most intimate terms, into the family of the Consul Octavius; he has there an oppor- tunity of witnessing the oppressive tyranny. of the Roman generals, even to their coun- trymen ; and, also, their magnificence and grandeur. After minutely deseribing the horrible massacres, in Rome, by the tsur- per Marius, and the bloody vengeance of Sylla, Polyeléte is sent back to his country by a magnanimous effort ofthis same Sylla. But this action, though noble in itself, cans not make us forget his detestable. cruelties and vices. Ambition. 3. vols. 12mo,— The mate, rials of this work are good, and many of the incidents highly interesting and well wrought; but there is great want of ar- rangement throughout. More- than two volumes, out of the three, are occupied by the relation of circumstances prior to the time in which the characters are brought under our view; which renders the plot intricate, and the story somewhat confused. We ‘think, also, that the authoress (for such we infer the sex of the writer from the passage we quote) is rather too fond of personal deseriptions. ‘« Do not be apprehensive,” cried Percival (to Miss Winny Vaughan), ‘* when you turn author, I will fight your. battles through thick and-thins be- sides, the British public have ever been remarkable for their liberality ~to youth and woman, even though she should prove to be a Welchwoman.” If, as this passage infers, the present work is the production of a young woman; we think it deserves encouragement. We have no doubt it will afford amusement to the generality of readers. Traditions of Edinburgh; or .Shetches and Anecdotes of the City in former Times, By Rosert CHamBers.—Nos. 1. 2. 3. 4, This is one of those tittle-tattle publica tions which may amuse grown children at the tea-table, and furnish materials for prattle, when topics of a more temporary descrip- tion happen to fail, or anecdotes of neigh- bouring streets, and neighbouring dowagers still in existence, appear fo be exhausted: For our climate, however, it is rather exotic. Here and there, it is true, a sketch, or an. anecdote may be found interpersed, with which English ears, attuned to such exeur- sive chit-chat, may be amused ; but the, work is evidently better calewated for the thetidian of Edinburgh itself{—that. extraor- dinary focus of the frivolous'profound, where all the inhabitants (mate and female) are at once philosophers and gossips—where athe- X ists 154 ists aré sanctimonious, and filles de joie de- mure ; where the licensed porters and errand boys are also licensed pimps ; where the laws of quarantine extend to the merchandize of the Cyprian goddess, and her temples have their regular bills of health ; and the sages of.the gown and wig invoke the muses in the courts of justice ;—where congregations throng around the churches before the doors are opened, to chatter of politics and new publications, and collect and circu- Jate the charitable rumours of the vicinage ; and where, from the tea-table to the -bench, from the kirk to the secret chamber, rom the university to the pot-house, subtile disputation and poignant scandal conspire alike to relieve the tedium, or give zest to the amusement ; and the professor in his chair, and the caddy in the street, is alike an adept in the profound of meta- physics, and pregnant with genealogies and anecdotes of secret history. We shall not attempt to follow this compiler of scraps and traditions, which, among sucha popula- tion as we have described, have reached al- ready a third edition, through streets and lanes and wynds, and old houses, burnt down, or still standing; nor attempt to amuse our readers with extracts relative to old ladies who maintained the dignity of ancient lineage, and diffused around the blessings of a boundless charity, by means of “an income of £190 a year ;’’ but satisfy ourselves, and perhaps our English readers, by a single specimen of the kind of ingenuity by which anecdotic materials are occasion- ally brought within the professed bounda- ries of the gossip-sphere ; and of the vast and interesting importance of the authentic intelligenee thus pressed into the service. ** The following brief characteristic traits of the Duchess of Buccleugh and Monmouth, who must have resided, at some period of her long life, in Edinburgh, are worthy of preservation, and may be relied upon as authentic. They are derived from a singularly pure and direct source of traditionary in- formation—our author having dined with a lady who had dined with her grace. ; Does the author mean that we should sneer at the mock gravity, or smile at the wit and irony of this remark ? The Duchess was very crooked, and had one leg shorter than the other. Yet she was an astonishingly dignified personage. As her husband had been in- vested with all the honours of a prince of the blood, she kept up her state to the last, having only one seat in her rooms (and that generally under a canopy) for herself; so her’ visitors were compelled to stand. When Lady Margaret Montgomery, daughter to Alexander, ninth Earl of Eglintoune, was at a boarding-school near London (previous to the year thirty), she was frequently invited by the Duchess to her house; and, because her great-grand- mother, Lady Mary Lesly, was sister to her grace’s mother, was allowed the extraordinary privilege of a chair. It is said that She made a rule of being served on the knee; but thisis not probable ; and, indeed, _ some of her letters, still extant, prove her to have been a shrewd, benevolent woman, and exhibit no traces whatever of a haughty princess of the’ blood.” 3 Mouthly Review of Literature, [Sept. F, Faustus: his Life, Death, and Descent into Hell. Translated from the German. 12mo.—If epochs’ are to be characterized by their popular’ literature, this Must be called,the diabolical ‘age.’ Der Freischiitz and@his‘demons, the Deviland Dri Faustus, reign triumphant over “stage and press ; jingle in our verse, and hobble through our prose. Whether Faustus sold hiraself to the deyil or not, our authors seem, to'have done so ; and Germany, France, and Eng- land have gone hobgoblin mad... It.is in Germany, however, that the original com- pact has been made ; here we only imp it in translation. Weber’s incantations have been chaunted to us, in multiplied versions, at major, and at minor theatres; of Goéthe’s diabolisms, generally speaking, we, have been satisfied with names and scraps, and vehicles for scenic marvels, and splendours of pictorial embellishment. One feeble and mutilated translation, indeed, we have had, from the saintly pen of Lord Leyesor Gower ; who found it too loose and. unholy for faithful version, yet could not ‘let it alone, so played, with watering mouth, around the vice he longed for, but had not the courage to commit; and gave the Eng- lish public a version so partial and so dilut- ed, that, though the moral salubrity is not much improved, the spirit has at least eva- porated. Surely, if his lordship thought such a work unfit for faithful translation, he should not have defiled his pen with it at all. It is but a popish sort of casuistry, to com- mit a sin by halves, and leave others to fill up the hiatus. The prose Faustus, hewever; comes forth to us entire; and it is certainly a curiosity: full of the boldness, vigour, and, we may say, the audacity of an imagina- tion that can recklessly descend into the hell of hells, and expatiate on all the worst scenes of human atrocity. The'spirit that breathes through it ismorose and cynical, to an extreme that precludes the idea of all moral purpose. Vice is represented, it is true, or rather caricatured, in all its hide- ous abominations, till the heart sickens over thé picture; but it would be difficult to collect from it any very cogent lessons or inducements for virtue: and, most assu- redly, it is little caleulated to foster those feelings and habitudes of mind with which the practices of social virtue are most con- genial. The ethical argument that runs throughout, is—that men are worse than devils; and scarcely a glimpse of virtuous character is to be met with, throughout, to . mitigate the soul-dampingimpression. Des- pot and patriot are, here, just alike—the philosopher and the priest. Science, arts and literature are as much, and as exclu- sively, the instruments of the devil, as the frauds of superstition, the oppressio1 s_ of tyranny,* and the murders of BS _».«) losophy * Philosophy seems to be the very acme of “all that is infernal in the estimation of this author. 4 , nis ty - 1825.) losophy was taught to: mankind by Satan himself; and the press, by enlarging the stream of knowledge, is only, an inyention to extend the: bounds of;hell., **T am much ‘indebted to -thee,”. says, Satan) to, Faustus, on the arrival of his'soul in the regions of torment, ‘‘for having invented printing—that. art which is so singularly useful to hell.” —‘‘ The shades of hundreds of thousands will overwhelm thee with curses, for having converted the little stream which poisoned the human mind, into a monstrous flood. I, who am the ruler of hell, and shall gain by it, am therefore thy debtor.” _ The only qualification of this gloomy and eynical misanthropy—this discouragement to virtuous effort, by the doctrine that there is, and can be, nothing in the world but vice, is to be sought in the taunting re- roaches with which Leviathan (the fami- liar) overwhelms his victim, when he is about to plunge him into hell. ** Fool !—thou sayest thou hast learnt to know man! Where?”—‘* Thou hast merely frequented palaces and courts, where men spurn away the un- fortunate, and lgugh at the complaints of the op- pressed, whilst they are dissipating, in revel, rout and roar, that which they have robbed them of. Thou hast seen the sovereigns of the world, thou hast seen tyrants, surrounded by their catamites, and their infamous courtezans; and thou hast seen priests who make use of religion as an instrument of oppression. Such are the men thou hast seen; and not him who'groans under the heavy yoke, and com- forts himself with the hope of futurity. Thou hast passed by, with disdain, the hut of the poor and simple man, who does not even know your artificial wants by name; who gains his bread by the sweat of his brow, shares it faithfully with his wife and children, and rejoices, at the last moment of his life, in having completed his long and laborious task.”— «« Canst thou say that thou knowest man, when thou hast only sought for him in the paths of vice and crime ?” -. There is another. passage, also, in which the author speaks in his own person, in something like the same strain. _ ‘* Faustus resembled those men of the world who abandon themselves to their pleasures as long as their strength remains, without thinking of the consequences ; and at length, worn out and dejected, east’ a gloomy look on the world, and judge of the human race according to their own sad experience, without reflecting that they have only trodden the worst paths of life, and seen the worst part of the creation. In a word, he was on the point of becom- ing. a philosopher of the species of Voltaire, who, wheneyer he found the bad, always held it forth to public view, and, with unexampled industry, always endeavoured to keep the good in the background, '| This reproach, however, falls more heavily upon the author himself than upon Voltaire. The whole machine is employed to\shew that there is nothing in the world but-wvice; or nothing but what is prepared ifs oa it were not for renowned heroes in their bloody Aields of battle, or ministers in their perfidious cabi- _ nets, ‘and for your priests, and, above all, for your {losophers, the gates of hell would soon be closed.” ‘It is remarkable, however, that in this ' ‘Whole drama of horrors, the author has not intro- - duced one single philosopher, as an actor in any of Mie scenes of atrocity. Domestic and Foreign. 15m to be vicious, as soon as any inducement. is: offered.. Ignorance and penury, and the. constant drudgery of rustic toil, at least, form. the only refuge from the deyil;—as tthe lowest life had not its vices as well as, the highest ; or any class could be too ignorant. for crime. : iy It is time, however, to speak of the ability with which this extraordinary work is planned and executed. In this point of view, its merit is decisive, and of a very high order. It has a vigour of imagination, that sports in luxuriancy, and soars, occa- sionally, even to the terrible sublime,— mingled, not marred, with all the licence of the grotesque and ludicrous. It has wit of the severest kind, and a poignancy of satire, which disdains not, however, to descend occasionally to the grossness of lampoon, Witness, for example, the description. of the character of the English nation, after Faustus and his infernal guide had visited the court of our third Richard, and observed all the over-coloured atrocities of that period. “‘ These people [says the devil] will groan for a time beneath the yoke of despotism; they will then sacrifice one of their kings upon the scaffold of freedom, in order that they may sell themselves to his successors for gold and titles. In hell there is very little respect paid to these gloomy islanders, who would suck the mar- row from all the putrid carcasses in the universe, if they thought to find gold in the bones. They boast of their morality, and despise all other na- tions : yet if you were to place what you call virtue in one seale, and vice, with two-pence, in the other, they would forget their morality, and pocket the money. They talk of their honour and integrity, but never enter into a treaty, but witha firm resolu- tion of breaking it, as soon as a farthing is to be gained by so doing. After death, they inhabit the most pestilential marsh of the kingdom of darkness, and their souls are scourged without mercy. None of the other damned will have any communication with them. If the inhabitants of the continent could do without sugar and coffee, the sons of proud Eng- land would soon return to the state in which they were when Julius Cesar, Canute of Denmark, or William the Conqueror, did them the honour to in- vade their island.” ‘ Notwithstanding, however, this assign- ment of our countrymen to the most pesti- lential marsh of hell, the pictures which the author exhibits of France under Louis XI., and of Rome under Pope Alexander VI., make the worst vices of the. worst age of England, even if the time of Henry VIII. had been selected, appear almost like vir- tues. The court and family of the pontiff, in particular, with the stains of blood and incest thick’ upon them, are exhibited in such colours of licence and ‘atrocity, that the ultimate appearance of the devil, in all his potent horrors, to terminate the career of abominations, and hurry his holiness, &c. to. the gulf of eternal retribution, appeats to be almost more probable than the catas- trophe which history assigns to them.— These are scenes, however, from which we will not quote: nor do we envy the imagi- nation that could riot in them. But, from X 2 the 156 “the festivities in Pandemonium, in the first chapter, we could wish that our: space eould admit'a free selection.. We must be content witha specimen or two: from: the allegorical pageant which’ succeeds the dra- matic:representations. ed The scene-was a wild and dreary spot. In a dar cavern sat Metaphysics, in the shape of an Egyptian mummy; whose eyes were fixed upon five glittering words, which flitted continually backwards and for- wards, and at each change had a different import. The: mummy ceased not to follow them with its stony eyes ; while in a corner stood a little roguish devil, who incessantly blew bubbles of air into its face. Pride, the amanuensis of Metaphysics, gather- ed’ them up as they fell, pressed the air out, and kneaded them into hypotheses..”—** Then came for- ward Morality, a fine female form, hooded ina veil, which, chamelion-like, sported all colours. She held Virtue and Vice by the hands, anddanced a trio with them. For music, a naked savage played upon an oaten pipe, an European philosopher scraped the fiddle, while an Asiatic beat the drum.”’—‘‘ Next appeared Poetry, in the form of a lovely naked woman. She danced with Sensuality a figurative lascivious dance, to which Imagination played the flute d’amour.”—‘‘ History then advanced upon the stage. Before her went Fame, witha long ‘brazen trumpet. — She danced with Slavery, — Falsehood took the trumpet from the mouth of Fame, and tuned it to the dance; and Flattery pointed out the figures: Then appeared Medicine and Quack- ery; they danced a minuet, to which Death clinked the music with a purse of gold.”—** Juris- prudence, a sleek rosy-faced dame, fed with fees, and hung about with commentaries, coughed through a tedious solo, and Chicanery played the bass-viol.”—* Policy descended from the car, and danced with Theology a pas des deux, to which Cunning, Ambition and Tyranny played on soft- tinkling instruments.” We recommend this subject to the ballet master of tle Opera-house. Compare this with the passage, towards the end of the last chapter, in which Leviathan stands revealed to Faustus in all his terrors, and no doubt will remain of the potency and wide range of the author’s imagination, from the satiric and ludicrous to the terrific and sublime. “*Hestood before him. His eyes glowed like full- laden thunder-clouds, which reflect the rays of the descending sun. The noise of his breath was like the rushing of the tempest-blast. The earth groaned beneath his iron feet. The storm rustled in his hair, which waved round his head like the tail round the threatening comet. Faustus lay before him like a worm; for the horrible sight had deprived him of his senses and his strength. The devil uttered a con- temptuous laugh, which hissed over the surface of the earth’; and, seizing the trembling being, he tore him to pieces, as a capricious boy would tear an insect. He strewed the bloody members, with fury and dis- gust, about the field, and plunged with the soul into the depths of hell.” Absenteeism. By Lavy Morean. - 8vo. —This volume, of 160 pages, has been published before in a magazine ; and’ the reason assigned for reprinting it in another shape, is, the continued demand for 'the numbers in which it appeared. That such should be the ease is not improbable—the pen being known from which the essay Monthly Review of Literature, [Sept. 1, flowed ; but authors are not always equal to themselves—the work has no interest commensurate with the reputation of ‘the writer—no' locality, not ‘ever the enthu- siasm; “which generally: attaches itself to the» relation’ of Irish» wrongs. It-has a mere book-making’ physiognomy, ‘whose most striking attractions are the names of a celebrated author and a celebrated pub- lisher in the title-page. That it) might pass muster, in detached parts, among the miscellaneous varieties of a periodical work, we do not deny, and that the knowledge that it was Lady Morgan’s might excite curiosity is equally probable : for who is he whose expectations would not be excited by such an announcement? but we should be slow to believe that’ Lady Morgan would herself be desirous of its being reprinted in a more authentic shape. Her wonted fertility must have been very unexpectedly exhausted, when it became necessary to glean, from a novel of secon- dary order, the greater part of the informa- tion which these pages convey. We allude to.a novel in three volumes, “ Fhomas Fitzgerald,” ‘which we noticed in our number for May last \(p.’ 359); most ‘of the notes of which work, and many of the incidents, are here brought forward to swell out 160 pages, which, though adorned with the name of Lady Morgan, we cannot hold it necessary to enter into a critical exami- nation of, but will just give her a hint, that a work should possess the best attrac- tions of her native merits, that would atone for her capricious admixture of foreign phraseology. We have no objection to French as French, and have a high re- spect for the science and literature of our neighbours: but we have a language of our own, fully competent to all the purposes of expressing, with grace and energy, al] our own ideas: and genuine taste cannot but be offended by the affectation of English frenchified. We trust the time is not remote, when even our boarding-school Misses will keep the two languages. dis- tinct; and though they may speak both with equal fluency, will take care not to speak them both together. But) Lady Morgan’s sentences seem to us sometimes to represent a sort of quadruple alliance of English, French and Italian. She is never at a loss for a word, for, from which- ever language occurs, she slips it m, and the phrase is complete. If not understood, the fault, of course, is in the ignorance of the reader, who, if he had known .as many languages as the writer, would, at least, have found her meaning. For instance, in the work now before us—in mentioning a legend respecting O‘Rourke, . who; was said to have been murdered by the orders of Queen Elizabeth, because he. dared::to hint to that princess, that he suspected it was herself who honoured, himwith the private. visitsat midnight to whieh he) was subjected : she says that “‘ though the ca- tastrophe 1825.] tastrophe of the tale, which circulates in the neighbourhood of his ruined castle, attests the ignorance, or the love of the marvellous of those who invented and) cir- culated it;'still there is a dovetailing of the old Irish Shanaos with historie record, which shews: thats cela n’étoit pas vrai, © étoit bien vraisemblable :”? as if it would not have ‘heen just as easy to have said, ‘if it was not actually true, it bore very much the semblance of a truth.’ We beg leave to inform Lady Morgan that this mixture of languages gives an aria pedantesca to her writings; which is trés ridicule. ‘Moderation. A Tale. By Mrs. Hor- LAND. - 12mo.—The works of this lady are well calculated for the perusal of youth, as affording amusement without overstraining the feelings and imagination by improbable events and exaggerated sentiment. There is a truth and simplicity in her delineation of character, which claims our sympathy and speaks home to our feelings. The present work is a good exemplification of these remarks, and the necessity and ad- vantage of ‘‘ Moderation’? are well en- forced. The story is simple and affecting, ‘and the whole book breathes a sentiment of mild religious feeling, at the same time that it discountenances strongly those ex- travagant views of religion so prevalent at present among some classes of society. We think few works could be better cal- culated to be of use to the present state of society, and we trust it will be generally circwated. - Legends of the North, or the Feudal Christmas, a Poem. By Mrs. HENRY Rotts. 8vo.—This poem (or rather this volume of poems—for though strung toge- ther by a sort of narrative of Christmas festivities, &c. there are several) is dedi- cated by Mrs. R. to her brother, Sir W. Hillary, Bart., who, we are told ——— ‘* Oft beside the cheerful flame Has listen’d, with unwearied ear,” &c. which, im so near a relative, is natural enough. But will impartial criticism listen with equal complacency? Mrs. R. takes eare to remind us that the experiment has been tried: for she strings the names of her former works together on her title- page, and tells us, in her preface, that they have met with an “indulgent reception.’ With ‘us, ‘however, ‘ every tub,” accord- ing ‘to’ the homely proverb, “ must stand bd its own bottom.” We must neither be influenced by the. indulgence of former ions, nor by the consideration that the authoress is the sister of a Baronet. The praise, if praise we give, must he. founded on the merits of the work itself; and, if Dabcedaie sus ‘defects, we shall: have the consolation of reflecting, ‘that justifiable censure need not ta Tes rained by any ap- : ste that, by ishing the fame of re) we i Ht also diminish. her Swill tat “Mrs. ‘R., therefore, Domestic and Foreign. 157 that we did stumble, in the very first line of her dedicatory address, upon the yery worst fault (barring downright mionsensé) that a first line can have, namely, ancer- tainty in its rhythm: for the line’ can be read either in triple or in) common’ mea- sure. Its natural tendency is sauelt more strongly to the former— “© Q [ thou, who in | youth's earliest | hours | 4 But such is not the measure of the ensu-~ ing lines ; and yet it is only by the utmost licence of rhythmical variety that it can be reconciled to common metre : ‘© O | thou, | who in | youth’s | earliest | hours.” And though the occasional admixture of such varieties of pause and emphasis be not only admissible, but, when judiciously ma- naged, graceful ; yet surely the commence- ment of every poem. should give the reader some indication of the measure in which it is intended to be read. ‘The first pages however, of the poem itself, satisfied us that want of ear for the melody of verse, was no prominent defect of Mrs. R.’s. During twenty lines, we thought that we were listening to a happy imitation of the manner of Sir Walter Scott: but we had soon reason to suspect that the very adop- tion of a style (notwithstanding some hap- py imitations to the ear) uncongenial to the native caste of the writer’s mind, .was betraying her into faults of a more. serious description—such as false metaphors, ill- chosen words (fitted to the rhythmus, not the sense), and unnecessary dilations of phraseology. ** Nappa’s fair and ancient hall Where nightly pass’d the cheerful ball,” Passing is surely a strangely feeble verb for describing the motions or the gaiety of the dance. Then, anon, “The golden goblet burnish’d bright, The /amps and torches waving light, The pledge, the laugh, the sportive jest, Are past, and ended is the feast.” What is the meaning of lamps and torches being past 2 They may. pass us in a pro- cession: but this is not the meaning meant to be conveyed. The goblet may also be said to be past, or pass’d; but in a very different sense to that which is aimed at. A few lines further on, the lance shines the: shield. We know that the fair authoress would tell us this is not what she means ; but it is what grammatically she expresses, when she says *« The polish’d lance returns the rays, Or shines the shield with broader blaze.” Then, for cireumlocution— « Whilst youthful beauty, soft and fair, « Displays the simply braided hair, Or the pure pearl’s mild soften’d glow, Scarce fairer than the brow of snow.” In plain prose, what more is said in these’ four lines than that “’ Youthful beauty a simply braided hair, or ~ pearls 158 pearls scarce fairer than the brow?” All the rest is mere yerbiage. For as for the pearls, themselves, being scarce fairer than snow, there could be little occasion to tell us that«|But it. may, be:mecessary to in- form our poetesses, and our poets too, that instead of rhyme being an apology for am- plifieation of words, the only true licence of poetic language consists in that liberty of metaphor and elision, by means of which thoughts can be expressed in a much smaller number of syllables than they could possibly be in prose. If sacri- fices of propriety and conciseness are made to the measure, it will not be surprizing that they should also be made to the rhyme. , *© Slowly he bow'd, with graceful air, Then leaning on his harp s0 fair, He stood.” ¢* But the fond mother’s softer heart Still closer press'd th’ envenom’d dart.” What is the meaning of a fair harp? or of a heart pressing a dart? ‘The only an- swer that can be given is—that what was meant, in both cases, was merely to make a thyme. Faults of this class come so thick in the first thirty pages of this volume, that if we had applied, in its full extent, Dr. Johnson’s critical metaphor of the leg of mutton, we should certainly have read no further; but should have condemned the whole work, perhaps, with a single line. But our candour was more patient, and it was rewarded. In the simple octosyllabic stanza with alternate rhyme, we found our fair’ minstrel much more happy. ‘Two of her tales in that metre, “‘ The Legend of Furness, and “ The Milk-white Hound,” (though not free from critical blemishes, and occasional plagiarisms) are really very beautiful. We extract the following speci- mens from the former. «« Where peace and learning seem to dwell, Mark those deep lines of woe and care! Where yon dim window lights the cell, ' Behold the image of Despair! “« See that fair form in youth’s first glow, As tow’rd the Cross are raised her eyes :— Are those Devotion’s tears that flow ?— Are those pure Rapture’s sainted sighs ?” «« There are some pure, some youthful hearts, That catch the wild Enthusiast’s glow ; And oft, in momentary starts, May feel such fancied raptures flow ; «* But can a state that rends away Life's purest, sweetest, holiest ties, The Almighty Father’s will obey, Or hope for favour in hiv eyes?” And the following from the song of the bard in the same tale— ; «© The flowers have sprung the wreath to twine, By Beauty’s hand for Valour wove; And bright their hues were form’d to shine, Emblems of glory, joy and love! «<« Lowly they bend each blooming head, And slowly drops the fragrant tear; _ They mourn for beauty, blighted, dead, ‘They droop around the silent bier.” Monthly Review of Literature,’ [Sept. 1, The superstitions of the Isle of Man are worked up with some felicity of fancy in “ Milk-white, Hound” and the poem is by no. means deficientin. that) kind of ro- mantic. interest. of which the fairy tale is susceptible: But-in her ‘Saxon’ Legend —Edwin” she has degraded one of the finest historical subjects in our annals, into an insipid half heroic pastoral. Even in ballad, Mrs. R.’s is not the historic vein ; and she should certainly be a. little better informed in these matters before, she ven- tures to illustrate, even in her own poetry, by historical reference or annotation; the historical note upon this subject being-ere tissue of the most inconceivable blunders. Adelfrid, the brother-in-law of Edwin, is called his uncle Ethred; the riyér Lea is brought into Norfolk to supersede the Yare; and Ethelburga, the daughter. of Ethelbert, King of Kent, is made daughter to Redwald, King of the East Angles. But these are only part of the errors included in the short compass of nine lines. We may admit some licence in these matters to the poet; but the historical annotator should have some regard to facts. —S FOREIGN LITERATURE, &e. FRANCE. Essais sur les Rapports Primatifs, &c.—. Essays on the Primitive Affinities of Philo- sophy and Morality. By Chevalier Boz- zeLu1.—Paris.—Of this very philosophical work, M. Laujuinais, of the Institute, thus speaks, in No. 77, of the Rev. Lne. for May. ; The author understands, by Philosophy, the ne- tural science of the development of the human mind, or of man considered as a being endowed with thought and volition. Morality is the science of the rules of voluntary action, or the natural science of man considered as an aetive agent. As to the development of mind, M. Bozzelli adopts the theory of Aristotle, Locke, -Condillac, &c. From sensibility he passes to sensation, tojudgment, and volition, to feelings of grief, and to pleasure, which, whether preceded or followed by pleasure or by pain, appeared to M. Bozzelli, the sole and’ ne- cessary source of the determination of the will. It is hence that he arrives at his deduction of morality, and it must be confessed of a morality the most strict, pure and religious, from the phenomena alone of pleasure and pain—that is to say from the two sole desires of man, to shun pain and to seek for pleasure. The doctrine is of great antiquity, but has often been rejected by great philosophers; and more lately by M. B. Constant and. M. Torom- bert ; and it must be said, that misappréhension of the basis has frequently conducted to, the most culpable theories, and the most pernicious mis- applications. The author’s system is certainly nei- ther ancient nor modern platonism, nor, stoicism. But we must take it entire; with him, thoroughly distinguishing sensual pleasure from those, moresub- lime, of enlightened intellect and,_ good, feeling; and which originate in communication with God, and the contemplation of eternity, Thus practically wo Sess **Saterpreted oer err OO EE eee 1825.) interpreted, the system appears to be free from danger, and is easily reconcilable with the double delight of St. Augustin, and the theologians of his School; with this maxim’ of ‘the rigid’ Pascal—we only relinquish’ pleasure for still greater pleasures } and with the idea of Mallebranche, that self-love, or the incessant desire-of becoming happy, is the motive which ought to make us Jove, God, unite ourselves to him, dnd, submit to, his jaws. ; Shunning popular interested morality, the Asiatics had fallen into the extreme of quietism; which also found. its way ‘itito Europe, and caused much error and scandal By destroying, too often, the virtue of hope, which is of primary obligation to the Chris- tian, .M.).Droz,' in his estimable book on Moral Philosophy, appreciating the principle of action, founded, upon, the desire of happiness, has, with much. sagacity, anticipated the foundation of M. Bozzelli’s system. We ought to add that, in the essays which form the subject of this article, the author is eminently distinguished by the force of his logic, as well as by the clearness and elegance of his style. But we should be unjust if we did not also add that his work is rich in observations, which seem, at least, to be novel in thought or expression. His defini- tions of man, of propriety, of law, religion, and virtue are, in these particulars, very apt. He defines man, as a being who feels the existence of sur- rounding objects, and wishes to possess all which can minister to his affections and pleasures; but- above all to solid, permanent, and true pleasure: and concerning Jaws, justly adds, wherever these sureties fail, the mass of degraded men take refuge in imposture, intrigue, and every other vice, which may promise them wealth and ease. He calls re- ligion, the infinite future; finally, he calls virtue, that power acquired by habit, which makes the soul capable of subduing every gricf, and resisting the allurements of false pleasure.* Rapport fait a 1 Académie Royale, &c.— Report of MM. Chevalier Cuausster and Baron Percy, on Dr. Civiale’s New Me- thod of Destroying the Stone, without the operation of Cutting-—Paris 1824, pamph. —This little work gives a concise history of the treatment of this disease, in which, we fear, too many will take a liyely and painful interest; and though it puts French prac- tice too exclusively before us, contains some views and experiments, well meriting the attention, at least, of the faculty. Our sympathies are early excited by the de- claration That it has been the earnest endeavour of physi- cians, in all times, to alleviate this dreadful malady, without recourse to that woeful operation, which, from its most ancient origin, has been regarded with horror by the poor sufferer, and is still an object of alarm, although modern chirurgical art has ad- vanced it to the highest degree of perfection. While the degree of honour (as inventor), " due to Dr. Civiale, is acknowledged to be doubtful, the Report concludes * The work is now before us, which we have received from the hand of the author himself, and deem 4 valuable acquisition. We have marked seve- ral passiges for translation, which may enrich some future pages of our miscellany; as will also, we trust, mary original’ communications from the same learned and ingenious pen.—Editor. ‘Domestic and Foreign. ‘and Greece. 159 After all, and wishing to preserve a just and middle course, between enthusiasm, which exagge- rates, and caution, which represses, we think that th new method proposed by the doctor; for the destrue- tion of the’stone without cutting, is/equally glorious to. French Surgery, honourable -to) its author, rand ~ consoling te humanity; and that, notwithstanding its insufficiency in some cases, and, the difficulty: of supplying it in others, its introduction cannot but be regarded as an epoch in the healing art, opening resources the most ingenious, the most salutary, &c. &e. , Paris.—Madame Belloc, whose Lord Byron, our readers will recollect, was re= viewed in our number for March (p. 114, No. 407, vol. 59), has translated the series of Highways and By-ways, written by Mr. Grattan, the son of the celebrated Irish Grattan—with some few alterations suggested by that gentleman. Essais sur la Construction des Routes, &c. —Essays on the Construction of Roads, hanging Bridges, and Turnpikes, and Ex- tracts from several English Works on this subject ; translated by M. J. Corpier; ix 1 vol. 8vo. with folio Atlas—The purpose of this work, is the improvement of the French roads, by taking them out of the hands of the Government and putting them into the hands of the several Parishes, as in England. Sige Du Perfectionnement Morale, &¢.—The Perfection of Morals, or the Art of Self» Education. —By M. Deceranno, Member of the Institute; 2 vols. 8vo.—This work is divided into three books, the first treats on the Nature of the Moral Faculties; the second on the use. made of them; the third on the cultivation of them. The com- mon object of these three distinctions. is to shew, that the mind of man is in. con- tinued and progressive improvement, Vraie Systeme de l Europe, &c.— The true System of Europe, relating to America By M. de Prapt, ex-Arch- bishop of Maline, 1 vol. 8vo.—This work abounds in just ideas and sound reasoning. The author argues forcibly on the primi- tive rights of man; of which we give the following specimens :— What is the end of all, in our universe? Man. All laws emanate from him, and refer to him. His then is the primitive right; every thing else is se- condary, subject to the modifications necessary to his interests, and accomplished by the means agreed on between man and man.” Defining the right of Colonial proprie- torship, he says, it is A bond of mutual amnesty; into which the Euro- pean Powers have entered, for the vicious honour of domineering over men and countries less capable of resisting than themselves. Fables Russes, tirées du Recueil de M. Krinorr, &¢e.—Russian Fables, taken. from the Works of M. Krtorr, and imitated in French and Italian verse by several authors ; with an introduction in French’ by M. LEMONTEY, 160 Lemontey, and an Italian Preface by M. Saurt, published by Count On.orr, 2 vols. 8vo.—This work is in five books, contain- ing altogether eighty-six fables; all the» subjects of which, with the exception. of two or three, are taken from M. Kriloff, whose. fables: are not to be surpassed, in oxiginality and vivacity, and of whom the Russians may be justly proud. ; ITALY. Caracalla, a Tragedy, &¢. This trageily, by J. B. Manzuzi, «Roman anda Lawyer, may fearlessly be pronounced to be one of the most. surprising productions of the modern Italian Theatre:.in which, in a bold and well-sustained style, the hatred, jealousies, and dissensions of Antoninus (Bassianus) Caracalla and Septimius Geta, the sons of Severus, are depicted with dreadful fidelity. The ferocious, but, at the same time, sombre and awe-inspiring temper of the parricide, and the loyalty and sweetness of the younger Geta, are put in continual and. beautiful contrast ; while the situation of Julia, the unhappy Widow, calls forth the genius of the author in scenes of delicate and heart-rending pathos, describing the repeated and vain efforts of this second Jocasta to reconcile her infuriated sons, and the momentary burst of joy, when she thought that, by the cession of Asia to Geta; (Caracalla retaining Rome and the empire of the West), this object was attained; nor is Faustina (another Antigone), whose hand is destined to.the new: Gdipus (Caracalla), while her heart is devoted to Geta, less admirably pourtrayed. This piece, appa- rently, loses no part of the interest of the story, by the strictness with which the author has adhered to the rules of Aris- totle ; nor by the terrible judgment with which the catastrophe is brought about, by the introduction of Caracalla’s unrelent- ing treachery towards his more virtuous brother, Faustina’s death, and the assassi- nation of Geta. _ Florence.—M. Vieusseux is about publish- ing a selection of Italian prose Classics, to comprehend, in twenty-five volumes 8vo., the best writings of the Italian authors for the last five centuries: each yolume. will be prefaced by a critical article, on the merits of the several authors, and the work, thus comprizing a comparative picture of the intellect of the several centuries, will be, consequently, as interesting to the foreigner as to the Italian. It is intended to publish four volumes a year, and in books. GERMANY. This country, now, possesses. sixty-five periodical works, for longer’ or shorter periods, and this number ig continually on the increase: yo pySLiN : eo torische Bilder, {e.—Historical Pic- Monthly Review of Literature. (Sept. I, tures of Ancient and Modern Times, by Cuarures Hinscurietp, | vol. 8vo.—The first thirty pages of this work recount the persecutions that took place in the twelfth century, against Arnold de Bregeiay » The rest of the first section. contains. many historical facts and , anecdotes; ..the _.se- cond. part, is biographical :—as..a book of amusement it is’ valuable,. as .it,.combines much information. ‘a5ds ; jug RUSSIAS 9 (fS81 18 ig 4 Several of the novels of FIP che havé been’ translated intd“this Tangdage — Prince’ Chakhofskoy has written and éaused tobe acted, a Comedy in two acts, and in verse,’ with but two pérformets, entitled Thee and Ye. In the fitst a Hea is represented as a young man of twenty, burning with ‘an ardent’ passion “for the beautiful Phillis. During ‘the interval of the two acts, a period of forty “years elapses! surpassing Shakspeare’s interval in the Winter’s Tale’; during which, the charming Phillis becomes a great lady, and Voltaire no longer young. The’ subject is taken from a celebrated Epistle of Yol- taire, foe M. Griboiedof, a comic writer of extra- ordinary talent, has written a comedy, in three acts, called ‘* Too much Wit leads to Mischief’ of which the journals and reviews speak highly; but it exists. only in manuscript, as the Russian censor will not allow it to be published. But, spite of the rigorous surveillance of the press, there are, this year, three new periodi- cals added to the sixteen already published in Russia. aa Journal, Historique, Statistique et Géo= graphique. — Historical, Statistical and G'eo- graphical Journal, printed at the University Press in Moscow.—This is a Journal pub- lished by the Government, therefore its information must be received with a great deal of suspicion. Nie” DENMARK. j7it99 Kongelig Dansk Hof-og Stats’ Kalender —The Royal State and Court-Almanack.— In 1809, this almanack contained ‘biit-two hundred pages, or four hundred columns : itis now composed of three hundred’ and ten. pages. It is a kind of court guide, and army or general register, and” not- withstanding’ the increase’ of ‘its bulls; thé same plan was adhered to in 1809; «sifee which ‘Denmark has lost’ Norway, that” is to say, more than a ‘third of its popula- tion. pas AD o- ail? G3 <3 AMERICA. EAAISE RE? United States. —The admirable.essay by M. J. C. L. Sismondi (which formed, the basis of the first. article in our Jate Sup- plement), has been faithfully and spiritedly translated, by M. P. S.. DUuronckat,,,jat Philadelphia, .in the. form of.an-Syo;;pam- phlety- 6.05. ian cna eas aie Seageeeaton | TPHEATRICAF. 1825.) l 161 j | THEATRICAL REVIEW. |. Waid aa 74019990118 NDER this head there is not much to J sayat present—at least not much that it is Necessary ‘should be said. Criticism, in this department, may repose itself during the'summer months, when, in general, we go to the theatres only for that lighter spe- cies of amusement,’ of which mirth is the endand laughter the best applause. ‘The Haymarker has not produced so much novelty of late as at the commence- ment of the season; but it has produced what the proprietor will think much better —full houses, and, occasionally, very elegant _ ones—which might indeed be justly expected from the strength of the comic corps; Ma- dame Vestris, Mrs. Glover, Mrs. Gibbs, Mrs. C. Jones, and Mrs. Davison ; Liston, Har- ley, Vining, and Farren (to say nothing of their seconders), furnish a bill of fare (especially when produced together, as sometimes they are, or at least almost all of them in one night,) which cannot fail of attraction. The last-named of these has played once or twice during the month, in the Clandestine Marriage, his very best character, Lord Ogleby—of which he is certainly the best representative we have seen since the days of the original, Tom King. The new comedy, in three acts, called Quite Correct, taken, with little deviation, from a story in ‘‘ Sayings and Doings,” and produced here on the 29th of July, and which was so successful as to have a constant nightly run for three or four weeks, not only gave Liston, in the “quite cor- rect”’ landlord of theImperial Hotel, Brigh- ton, an opportunity (so long as he had steadiness to avail himself of it) of pro- ducing the height of comic effect, witheut descending to buffoonery ; but, while it ex- hibited Mrs. Glover and Mrs. Davison, as Lady Amelia Milford and Mrs. Rosemore, respectively, in their best light—gave to Vining and little Miss P..Glover, as Sir Harry, Dartford and. Maria Rosemore, an opportunity of presenting us with one of the most.affecting and best sustained scenes. of acting we almosteverremember on the stage. Of Vining, we early formed a favourable opinion; and we have. traced the progress of his improvement with considerable plea- sure; but he burst upon us, in this in- stance, with a,power, and a. semblance of natural and strongly -agitating . emotion, which surpassed our most favourable ‘ex- pectations, and indicated a capability of a much higher species of acting than we had ever ‘given him credit for; while Miss Glover was equally interesting by the na- tural simplicity of her pathos. . Aug. 9th: us, for the first’ time, Madame is as Lady Contest, in The Weddiny Day; whicly’ she «played with admirable effect, to Farren’s searcely “less excellent Sir Adam. The crabbed auste- Montuty Mac. No. 414. rity arid peevishness' gf this charactef’suits the hard style of this actor, and the’ only part in which he fails, is in giving’ sufficient depth of colouring to that sudden’ revul- - sion of feeling produced by the sudden: ap- pearance of that damper of all his ex- pected joys, his old lamented wife, whom he had so pathetically hoped’ had been ten years buried in the ocean. But these . complete and permanent transitions of feel- ing, from long-cherished hopes to remedi- less disappointment, are scarcely ever ex- hibited with any tolerable fidelity on the stage. The Duke of Cambridge was ex- pected, —a box was reserved for him, and an assemblage of high fashion was there to grace his reception; and the’ per- formances were unreasonably delayed “in waiting for him: but his Royal Highnéss never came. Some of the high fashionables began to out-talk the actors ; but the John Bullism of the audience undertook to teach them better manners, and quickly put them to silence. Quite Correct and Midas kept their con- stant grounds, as first and second pieces, for a long time ; but for a third we hail, on the 10th, “ The Sleeping Draught,’ yven- dered irresistibly laughable by Harley’s Popolino. Sheridan’s Critic’ has ‘also been repeatedly acted here; but our re- ‘membrance of how it used originally to be acted, cry out to us to forbear all animad- version, On the 24th, a new comedy (so it is called) of three acts, Roses and Thorns, or Two Houses under one Roof, was pro- duced ; the humour of which consists in the’ contrast of two half-brothers, Sir Hi- lary Heartsease (Mr. Liston), who has laughed himself fat, ‘and continues to laugh at every mischance that befals him; and Sir Valentine Verjuice (Mr. Farren), an old grumbling, peevish, petulant admiral, who can find but “two seasons in the year—the season of dust, and the season of mud. When you are not choaked with the one, you are splashed up to the ears with the other.”” ‘These contrariés hold their joint property on condition of living under the same roof; to evade some of the incon- veniences of which, they run up a party- wall through the middle of the house. To thicken the embarrassment, Sir Hilary has a daughter, Julia Hearlsease (Mrs. T. Hill), whose fortune, £40,000, depends upon fier marrying with the joint consent of her father and uncle. They have, however, a nephew, Frederick Fitzalwyn (Mr. Nin- ing), and they agree that he shall marry her. But the young couple have placed their affections otherwise—Julia, On her tttor Blandcour (Mr. Raymond), a protegée of her father’s;* and -J*rederick, ~tipon Rosa Appleton, whom he has foreibly run away x with, 162 with, and placed in a cottage in the neigh- bourhood. By a fallacy of disguise, which holds \good in stage law, the young lovers contrive’ to trick the crabbed admiral out! of his) consent: ‘to Cupill’s own arrange- ment. (As for Heartsease, he only laughs at their disobedience, and consents to every thing, with his customary good humour: —and so the farce (for it is only such) ends in) double! matrimony and perfect recon- ciliation’; To help out the laugh, there is a pennyless threadbare Chevalier Rajfleton (Mr. Harley),.a guest of Six Hilary’s ; and a familiar ‘voluble chambermaid, rtilla (Mas. Gibbs); anda blunt old sailor, Mat Martine: (Mr. Williams); and a French valet, Le Franc'(Mr. W. West). There are, also, plenty of jokes, some of them pretty good ones; and plenty of ludicrous situations, and some pathetie ones ; and if there be also some nonsense, the actors contrived that it should be laughable, not yawning nonsense: so that though there was somie ‘occasional disapprobation, the piece, upon the whole, was decidedly sue- cessful. ~Liston’s character was not of the very! best cast: for the indulgence of his particular vein: but he played some parts of ‘it ina way that induced us to suspect that he could, if he would, play: but, no, he would not—so we will not name it, lest we Should put it in his head to mon- key instead of acting it; and the part we allude to’ we could neyer endure to, see monkey'd. et not buffoonery profane such consecrated ground. The Encuisa:Orrra House has con- tinued its career with equal spirit and suc- cess. Broken Promises has had a long and Theatrical Review.— Music. (Sept. 1, well merited run. We have seen it again and again, without being wearied: for Wrench’s Dandy Colonel, and Powell’s Irish Corporal, and above all, the corporal’s true sweetheart Susan Reseby, | will bear repeti- tion upon repetition, 'so long|as the truth of nature has a charm in stage represetitation. Miss’ Kelly, in the Jatter» character; out- does herself even, in the fidelity with which she:represents both the rustie vivaeity and the rustic pathos of her part. It were in vain to attempt to describe her init~or if we didattempt it, we must give.a page to the deseription. To estimate hér Susan Roseby, you must see it; and when you dosee it, you must cast your eyes occasionally on the foot- lamps of the stage, or upon the audience around you, to keep it in your recollection that it is only a dramatic representation you are witnessing. ' The accession of Braham and Miss'\Pa- ton has given occasion to some repetitions of the eternal ‘ Freischiitz,’’. with some improvements: which has been sin¢e sup- planted by a new, melo-dramatic opera, called Zarrare, or the Tartar Chief, tran- slated, or rather taken, from an operatical drama of Beaumarchais ; and im which Braham and Miss Paton have shone. with all their accustomed éelat... It has. been completely successful. It was first: pro- duced on the 15th, and still continues to run. We should have mentioned that. the Italian Opera closed on Saturday the 13th, and not till then; and that the Velluti continued, such is the depraved state of taste in the higher circles, to draw full houses to the last. NEW MUSIC. SSS “ Miniature Lyrics.” The Poetry by T. H. Bayly, Esq.; the Music by various Composers. No. 3, 7s. 6d. Willis and Co.—This elegant little work, from the simplicity of its construction, the strict propriety of the poetic department, and its moderate price, is likely to be a fre- quent present to the juvenile branches of our families; and, we are sure, will tend materially to improve their taste. Sir John Stevenson has contributed two ar- ticles—the third and seventh; both of them are arrangements. The former, a Welch air, as a song and quartett, is particularly excellent ; he has been fortunate in the choice of his subject, and has harmonized it finely; but the air is too spirited to agree with the expression of the poetry. The other is a plaintive Scots air, intro- duced in the Beggar’s Opera, re-arranged with the addition of a cadetta, which brings it back’ to the original key. It would be adyiseable to make this alteration on the stage, for the effect as now sung, ending on the dominant, is any thing but pleasing. Mr. Clifton has produced. a glee, or trio, of a martial character, which is very effective. It consists of a ‘solo for each principal voice, alternating witha chorus. Of the solos we prefer the bass; but the composition is generally good. Mr. Sinclair has contributed a very ele- gant and simple little ballad, ‘which does credit to his talent as a composer. “ Art thou, then, Forsaken.” By Mr. Manners, from an old chaunt, is enersétie : but church-music, however well ‘adapted, is not the genuine style for'a love-song. © “ Calm was the Night.” By Do-}'and “ Love's Minstrel.” » By J. Av Wade, Esq. Both of these melodies are ‘béauti- ful; and though we might perhaps est some alterations in the accom ant; - the general effect is pleasing. 9) 972" “ Poor Annette” is a very sweet ‘speci- men of the French style ; the ment is the very acmé of simplicity, ‘and*adtords peculiarly well with the subject.) &) oe" We are sorry to complain of some inac- curacies in the engraving, which we have ’ no 1825.] no doubt Mr. Willis will rectify imme- diately; to a musician they are not such as to be of any importance; as be must be aware of the author’s intention: but the omission of a clef, or a parcel of acciden- tals, most wofully puzzles a young amateur. We will point: out, for example, G sharp in the first chord second page—C natural, second chord second line page 16. Treble clef omitted in the bass ling in, the sym- phony of Mr. Sinclair’s air ;) but these are sins of omission and easily rectified. ** The Bonnie Wee Wife.” Song, com- posed by Mrs. Mills. 2s. Willis and Co. —This is one of the most playful and ele- gant little sengs we have met with; the arrangement of the accompaniment exhi- bits much ‘taste and judgment, and the words are admirably adapted. We do not recollect having ever before had an oppor= tunity of noticing any of Mrs. Mills’ pro- ductions ; but:we trust, from the pleasure we have experienced in perusing this, that we shall have frequent occasion to give our vote in favour of the efforts of her muse. “ Hot Cross Buns.” - Rondo for the Piano-Forte ; with an Introduction ; compos- ed by H. Seine. 3s... Goulding and Co. —We do not recollect to haye met with the name of this gentleman before ; but we are convinced, from the composition before us, that he is, or ought to be, a performer and composer of no smalleminence. The introduction of this piece is, perhaps, the best of its kind we ever met with; it is quite in the concerto style: the ornamen- tal passages are peculiarly graceful, and the whole lesson throughout affords great scope for a brilliant finger. ‘There are some pas- sages which will require a master’s hand to execute properly: the two first lines in the allegro, and the double-fingered passage in the last page, for instance; but, generally speaking, the lesson is perfectly practicable: Cruda Sorte... Arrangée en Rondeau par Camille... Pleyel. 3s. Cocks and Co.— This is, on the whole, the simplest as well as the best arrangement we have seen. Domestic Varieties: 163 The composer has managed ‘to produce a rich effect from a very few notes; the har- monies are not much filled, andoyet ono- thing appears deficient: : the: passages: are well adapted to the instrument; and. the original matter interwoven‘ with the sub- ject in a masterly manner. b as The: admired Polacca, from Fancredi; arranged as a Rondo for the Harp. NC. Bochsa. 3s, Gd. Goulding and Co.—Mr. Goehsa has arranged this piece with: his accustomed excellence ; his usual charac. teristics, force and brillianey, pervade every part of the. lesson: alittle more contrast would heighten the effect ; but. that, per- haps, the nature of the theme forbad. “ Day Breaks on the Mountain.” Song by H. Gibson, 2s. Willis. and. Co.— Though the character of this ballad is per- fectly different from the last, we consider it egually excellent of its kind: there is a plaintive air of melancholy breathing through it, which invariably produces a powerful effect on the hearers. The effect of the voice and wind instruments moving in con- trary motion, which occurs twice during. the song, is particularly elegant: the effect of the modulation at the words, “ no sleep Jor his ee,” is novel and particularly appli- cable. . The song is, generally speaking, of a superior class, and is highly effective. “Flora MacDonald ;” a Ballad, M. Kelly. 2s. Willis and Co.—The melody. of. this: little ballad is simple, and the poetry pleas- ing and effective; but, the accompaniment more common-place. than was. necessary even for so simple a subject. “ The Loves of Spring ; a Cavatina. Samuel Poole. 2s. 6d. Longman and Bates. —We fear we must find the same fault with this composition as the last, namely, being common-place ; yet, there are, undoubt- edly, many pleasing passages, and the ac- companiment is simple and pretty. _ This song consists of three verses nearly, similar, —why then does the composer entitle it a cavatina? It certainly has not the least. claim to that title. ETS ae VARIETIES, LITERARY AND MISCELLANEOUS. Sfhiny i] DOMESTIC. NHE plan and elevation of the New’ f _4L Palace, present a most beautiful, but not gorgeous appearance. Onc striking feature is conceived in the finest taste: an extensive and circular basin will occupy the foreground, in. the centre of which a mag- icent temple, is to be erected, enclosing a brated statue, on an elevated. pedestal, accessible by a flight of marble steps. _ Lhe proposed alteration, by pulling down houses in-Cotton Garden, for the formation of ,offices:.and, committee-rooms for the House of Commons, is commenced ; alteva- tions are also proceeding ona large scale at the House of Lords, a complete cloar- —=a ance being made on the site of the bishop’s ormer entrance. “The dining, and other rooms of Bellamy’s coffee-house are to be converted into committee rooms for the House of Commons; this arrangement was much wanted, as ten or twelve committees sometimes met in the same room last ses- sion. . While the alterations are about, it would be well to make a new library room, that at present in use for this purpose being very inconveniently confined. A Shocking Discovery.— Andover, Aug, 5. —In consequence of a pond, a,short dis- tance from, Winterslowhut, between, Sarum and Andover, having become dry, some workmen were required to clean out a well Y2 not 164 not far from the pond. The well had not been opened for upwards of two years ; and on ‘Saturday. the’ 23d ult. one’ of the men went down’ to it; when, horrible ‘to ‘relate, he fourid'the remains '6f a man (as was ‘sup- posed from’ the boots ‘on the feet), which he took out.’ He ‘went down again, and brought wp some “other parts of a human being; but the head and arms were left in ‘the well.” ‘Nothing has yet transpired to show how, or-by what means, he came into the well. BY ‘ Fine Arts.—There is at Twickenham a Rembrandt, seventy inches wide, and fifty- five high, painted in his best style; the subject; the meeting of Isaac and Rebecca, and certainly the largest in the kingdom, if not’ in the world—its estimation is not to be decided. of Shiphook and his Countess, and came into the present possessor’s family, by entail. A‘ bearded Comet has lately been observ- ed, ‘early in the morning (about-two o'clock) at Brighton. : Dr: O’ Neil, of (Comber, has discovered a process ‘by which lard may be used ‘for making candles : he renders this substance superior tothe Russia tallow, and not so expensive.’ The lard, ‘after having under- gone his process, resembles white wax or spermaceti. Candles made of this pre- pared substance,’ burn with a brilliancy supétior to common candles, and, it is said, éven to '#as; they are free from any un- pleasant smell, and do not feel greasy to the touch, nor give off any smoke ; they burn much longer than candles of the same weight, and by a slight alteration in the process they can‘be’ rendered yellow, or of any other colour, or of a perfect whiteness, which neither light, air or smoke ean alter. - A’ severe’ 'storm of: hail ‘and snow was experienced at Driffield, Gloucestershire, on July 5th’;'so much so, that on the very spot where but afew days before the children of the ‘town ‘were scen. playing amongst the new mown hay, ‘under the vivid rays of the summer sun, they were observed surround- ed by the hoary signs of winter, throwing snow-balls at each other, and shivering under the bitterness of the unseasonable blast. © On Friday, the 8th July, while a young man of the name of Liddell, of Cook’s- chare, Quayside, was engaged in painting the windows'in a third story of Mr. Heath’s house, in’ Perey-street, Newcastle, he un- fortunately fell. “What appears very ex- traordinary is, that the unfortunate youth actually alighted on his feet. ‘Though no bones were broken, he was dreadfully strained: but' hopes are'entertained of his recovery.) <)>" e HMartlib, the friend of Milton, pensioned by Croniwell for his agricultural writings, Says; that’ old’ men ih his days remembered the first gardeners that came over to 'Sur- rey;-and ‘sold turnips, carrots, parsnips, early peas and rape, which were then great Domestic Varieties. It‘formerly belonged to the Earl - [ Sept. 1, rarities, imported from Holland. © Cherries and hops were first planted, he says, in the reign of Henry VIII. ; artichokes and cur- rants made’ their appearance in°the'time of Elizabeth :) but, even*at''thé end” of this latter period we had cherries from Flanders ; onions, “saffron and Jiquoticé from” Spain ; and hops from the Low Countries ; “pota- toes, which were first known'in these islands about the year 1586, and’were at first eaten raw, continued for nearly a*century to’ be cultivated in gardens’ as a’ curious’ exotic, and furnished a luxury only for tablés of the richest persons in'the kingdom: It'appears, in a manuscript account of the household expenses Of Ann, queen of James T., that the price of potatoes was then‘one shilling per pound. ~— aalnrticky A swimming school is éstablished in Waterloo-road, possessitig the ‘very desir- able advantage of a plentiful stream’ of fresh water constantly flowing through it. Quills: —The following ‘method ‘of pre- paring thése useful articles is recommended —‘‘ Suspend them in a copper, contaiming hot water, just to touch their nibs: then, closing the copper, so as to be stéam-tight, leave the quills, for a considerable time, exposed to the heat and moisture’ of’ the steam; by which the fat they contain -will be melted and drawn out; after this treat- menthas been continued about four hours, they will attain a considerable degree of softness and transparency. ‘Next: day, open the nibs, draw the pith, ‘and, having rubbed them with a ‘soft and dry cloth, place them in a gently-heated oven, or at the side of a fire, for a while ;-and it will be found, on the following day, that, 'to- gether with the hardness and firmness of horn or bone, they have acquired the ‘trans- parency, though not the brittleness of glass. To make one side of common ‘flat iron bars steel only half through.—First place a layer of carbon, then of bars of iron,’ then of clay, or’ clayey mixture,’ such’ that’ the necessary heat will not’ vitvify it}\ or any other substance not containing a ‘prevailing portion of carbon. Upon ‘this lay’ more iron bars, then more carbon, ‘and. more clay, &c. throughout the batch. Being thus laid and heated, to a sufficient degree, that part of the bars covered by the’ clay, &e. will remain iron: of course, ' therefore, the duration’ of the application’ of heat; and the quantity of carbon,’ must be propor- tionate to the quantity of steel required-on each bar; and if one’ edge only of the bar is to be steeled, care’ must be taken ‘to place and: keep the bars edgewise’ in’ the’ fur- nace: this operation may be; though not so advantageously, performed without the use of clay or other'substanees > oy Artificial Tortoise-shell.—A French'che- mist, M. d’ Areét, has'discovered that animal gelatine may be' obtained’ from” bonesand ivory, by treating them with’ weak miuriatic acid, which may afterwards be turned into fancy articles, either having the acer’ 0 1825.] Domestic of tortoise-shell or rose-wood. The pro- cess, the same as tanning hides: after it is swelled by moisture, it is to: be put be- tween layers of tan, from four to six inches thick; and, in that state, to be placed. in a tub, at the bottom of which is the requisite quantity. of water. If the astringency of the tan be dissipated before the operation is complete, it must be watered with a so- lution of*small tan. The tanned gelatine is perfectly insoluble and unalterable, -either by) water, or air. -It is semi-transparent while, fresh, but becomes opaque by dry- ing; and) will then, according to the method, pursued, assume the appearance of, smore. or less; dark rose-wood, and may be streaked with gold or silver, and worked as tortoise-shell, or turned as bone or ivory: it will take the tan after having been) shaped; but,-then, care must be taken that it isnot warped. while drying. M. d’A. has treated a disc of ivory-in this way, and dropped upon it a solution of gold, whieh, with other toys that he valued highly, might have been thouglit to be -made of fine red shell. Tanned gelatine will soften in boiling water, with an alkali, as does horn or shell. In this state it easily takes the form required, and will mix with liguid shell. Shavings of bone and, ivory may be tanned with a solution of tan; which is convenient and economical. M. aA. hopes to obtain light-coloured shell also, but we have not yet heard of his success in that experiment. ‘This chemist has made a kind of paper by grinding ani- mal. gelatine, as they do rags in making common paper. The material obtained is ‘a strong and useful kind of parchment. At the mineral water-works at Gros Cai- lon, the use of gelatine has been intro- duced in the composition for sulphureous water-baths, to prevent that irritation of skin of which patients complain so much. The hygrometrie insensibility and insolu- bility, of; gelatine, in. cold water, gave M. Ginchardierre, hat-maker at Paris, the idea,.in. which he has perfectly succeeded, of using it in stiffening hats. It appears that, in Hampshire alone, the quantity of .corn destroyed by game would be. sufficient for the yearly sustenance of 2,000 »persons;, and that the labour ue ‘those, confined, in the same county, f offences against the game laws, would be adequate - to carry on a manufactory em- ploying a eapital of £100,000. The prince who entertained the Italian poet Dante, observed to him, that he could ‘not feel for a poet, of pure and blameless character;.the, same affection as for a worthless parasite. Dante replied, “ that conformity of disposition was essential. to Sriendship?? § Wit A poor woman in New- port,-not. Jong since, became mother, of a fine -boy Withy tai hinsidenhe thumbs on each on Varieties. 165 Antiquities. —In making the. common sewer in London-street, Glasgow,: from the part near.the Cross, there was found a few days ago, at the depth of about. ten feet, the remains of a boat, lying in'a bed: of blue clay, covered and surrounded. by fine sand, like that found on the shores of a navigable river or wide frith. . Some of the clinker nails, used as fastenings, were found in the wood, which was fine oak, beeome quite black by long immersion under.the earth. The caulking appeared to haye been wool dipped in tar. It is a curious fact, that some years ago, when the com- mon sewer was cutting in the Stockwell, a boat of a similar description was found, a little above Jackson-street ; which would indicate that these places were once the line of the shore of the frith, or bed of the river. These boats must have lain in the places where they were found.for many centuries. Though probably belonging to, or constructed by the aborigines of the country, the workmanship would indi- cate that they were formed by a people considerably advanced in ciyilization—per- haps by the Romans, about the period. of Agricola’s expedition into Caledonia, nearly 1,740 years ago; at which period there seems little reason to doubt that the greater part of the ground on which Glasgow now stands, and all the lowlands,.on both sides of the river, to a considerable distance, were covered by the waters of the. Frith of Clyde. Some workmen, employed in making a new road without the walls of the city of Syracuse, digging in the isthmus of Or- tygia, next to Acradina, on the spot often mentioned by Cicero in his Orations against Verres, by the name of Forum Maximum, Pulcherrime Portus, &e., found two male statues, habited in the toga and pallium, of Parian marble, and of one piece. The first is six palms from the shoulder to the edge of the garment, the other rather more than three palms from the neck to the thighs. The heads, feet, and hands are wanting. ‘They are of Greek workman- ship, and worthy of the best age of the arts. ‘At the same place a. torso was found, which, measuring only three palms, must have belonged to a smaller figure. They have been placed in the Museum at .Sy- racuse. Alphabets. The English contains twenty- four letters; to which, if we addj and y, consonants, there will ‘be twenty-six ; the French contains: twenty-three; the He- brew, Chaldee, Syriac, and Samaritan, twenty-two each; the Arabic, twenty- eight; the Persian, thirty-one; the Turk- ish, 0 gage the Georgian, thirty-six ; the Coptic, thirty-two; the Muscovite, forty-three ; the Greek, twenty-four ;, the Latin, twenty-two ; the Sclavonic, twenty- seyen; the Dutch, twenty-six; the Spa- nish, ‘twenty-seven ; ; the Italian, twenty ; the 166 Domestic the Ethiopic and Tartarian, each two hun- dred and two; the Indians of Bengal, twenty-one ; the Baramese, nineteen; the Chinese haye,, properly speaking, no al- phabet, except we call their whole language by that name; their letters are words, or rather hieroglyphies, amounting to eighty thousand. Improvements. Tnaddition to those already announced as intended at Charing Cross, we understand it is determined that the equestrian statue of Charles shall be re- placed by one of the most magnificent monuments of antiquity, Cleopatra’s Needle. Government have been for some time past in treaty with various individuals. for the transport of this stupendous column- from its present situation to London, and the proposal of Mr. Maberly has been adopted : that gentleman contracts to perform the Herculean task for £9,000, being £5,000 less than was demanded by any of his com- petitors. The undertaking is to be com- menced forthwith. Bibliomania seems to be coming once more into fashion. ‘The rare library be- longing to Messrs. Nicoll, printers, has been lately sold by Evans. Among the most curious articles were the original Scottish League and Covenant, a MS. on parchment, and a very ancient Hebrew MS. of the Pentateuch, on vellum; for which, it is said, a learned Jew offered £1,200. Neither of these articles were sold.—A curious French MS. Poem of the fourteenth century, illuminated and written on yellum, by Gillion Le Musit, was bought by Thorpe, the bookseller, for £43. ‘The celebrated Mentz or Mazarin Bible, printed on vellum by Guttemberg and Faust, was bought by Mr. Perkins, the brewer, for 480 guineas. The Duke of Sussex bought the Latin Bible, without date, place, or name of the printer, but undoubtedly from the press of Ulric Zell, for forty-four guineas ; and the Latin Bible, printed. at Nuremburg 1475, for £48. Mr. Thorpe bought seve- ral others at high prices. A most extraordinary instance of preser- vation was discovered a few days since, on repairing some of the vaults of St. Martin’s church, Plymouth. On opening a lead coffin, wherein. were deposited, eight-five years ago, the remains of Mr. Heron, rector, the body was found perfect as when deposited in the tomb, the flesh yielding to the touch, and recovering its smoothness when the finger was removed. A napkin wrapped round the head, and the shroud covering the corpse, were as white and uninjured as if they had just come from the draper’s shop. Treatment of Persons siruck by Lightning. Inflate the lungs as early as possible ; apply stimulants, more particularly gentle elec- trical shocks, passed through the chest and along the spine ; keep up the temperature by external © heat, and get warm cordials Varieties. [Sept. 1, into the stomach by means of the flexible tube and syringe. There is now in the London docks, on board the Jones Richardson, from New Orleans, an alligator nearly four feet, long, and which it is supposed will arzive atithrice its present dimensions. , It is aboutjseven ~ months old, and, was, caught on the banks of the Mississippi: All attempts, a or render it docile haye proved.in, on its being disturbed, by approae opr the cage in which it is. confined, it makes a noise, and appears eager to commence an attack. Steam Coach. — A new invention of a steam carriage, upon principles which sci- entific. men consider as calculated to operate successfully, is in a state of great forward- ness in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh. It is expected to perform about twelve miles an hour, under ordinary, cireumstan- ces, at a moderate expence of fuel. Property Insured in England,—By. an official report of the business of the various - offices for fire insurances in England, it ap- pears that there are forty-six offices or com- panies, and that the amount of duty they have paid to government for insurances effected by them, for the last year, amounts to £659,377. The duty being three ‘shil- lings for every £100 insured, it follows that the total amount of property insured is, in round numbers, about £439,585,000. Mixing Salt with Hay.—Mr< Woods, of Ingatestone, Essex, observes, on this prae- tice, ‘‘ I haye used salt to hay in unfayour- able seasons upwards of thirty years, which hay has been regularly consumed by all my stage, post, and farm horses, and likewise by my cows, bullocks and sheep ; and every description of stock has done well with it. — Mr. Wood adds, that last year he spread ten bushels of salt per acre on some land sown with barley, and that the part \salted was two shades lighter colour than, the-un- salted, and produced an: increase of four bushels per acre; and it should be remem- bered, that the beneficial .effeets,from. salt do not cease with the firsterops « by The following is a remarkable instance of the fecundity of bees, when judiciously managed :—A breeder of.these yaluable in- sects (observing the desirable situation of the place, came to the farm-house of High Armaside in Lorton, and liberally offered to bring a hive of bees on trial, and: the profits should be equally divided. It was accord- ingly put up last spring, under—his.own management, and five distinct) casts, had been taken from the. old)jandonew MPR The 170 The French government is extending on every side the system of intolerance im religion, politics and commerce. One great staple of the Netherlands (Flemish linens) has just been smitten by an ordinance of Charles X. ; The Ghent. Journal‘sarcastically re- minds his Bourbon’ Majesty of the rei -hundred days, when-it was n the power of the, Flemings to have jeid® on embargo on serves oe 6bi: 3 lee eases 59 ee eerene 1 2 3 4 5 6... 7 8 9 10 Il 12 Sl He (ee eevese vreebenoe eeeeeres oe rceere er reeseve pers alenian ne) i ae BaitaNNIARUM. * MEDICAL REPORT. ncaa — imey monious play of the functions; if this de- sirable state of the system exists not; disease, in one grade or another, is pre- sent. Pain or uneasiness is almost. uni formly the product of disease. It-may, thérefore, be said, that Health, with more or less of pleasurable feeling, is the Rule ; Disease, with more or less of painful feeling, the Exception. To support these assump-~ tions, extracts from statistical reports might be offered ; but a superficial obser- ~ vation of what is passing around us may prove the affirmations to be true. How common is it to hear people say, “ there is much sickness prevalent ;”’ but hundreds of families rise daily from their slumbers, undisturbed by sickness ‘or shadow'of dis- ease ; no remark is elicited by ‘this inimus- nity from pain or suffering; the businesses . and » parang of life ‘go on, till disease lays’ Z its “172 its heavy hand first on one-and then on another ; occurrences of ‘this nature rank ~as_ extraordinary, they’ become prominent and. particular’ events;/on which the mind fastens—theyare*exceptions to the general rules + Gloomy, ‘must’ be the cast: of the mind .of:that man who has -witnesssed the thousands whom this metropolis has poured ‘into her suburbs during the late fine wea- ther, without experiencing a glow of thank- fulness to’ that ** Great First Cause,’’ who jhas liberally ‘stipplied sources of enjoyment to “allwho live and move’ and have any being. » -* . - * Since the date of the last’ report fever thas been ‘on the increase : a fact established ‘both by ‘the ‘admissions ‘at the ‘‘ Fever Hospital,” and by the testinioniy of ‘private practitioners. ° Scarlatina has‘ ‘also been more prevalent, and some of the’cases have been marked by severity of symptoms. In- flammatory’ affections of the ‘tonsils and fauces have; within the month, fallen un- der the reporter’s observation; the sudden transition from an East-Indian tempera- ture to the ordinary autumnal weather of this ‘country, ‘will sufficiently account for the oectirrenceé of such complaints. A case of acute rheumatism, induced by unusual ‘éxpostire of the person, during a voyage to a Scottish port, may not be un- worthy’ fo be’ put on record. The patient, a young than, stepped, almost from the counting-house, into the vessel; he is now detained’ in Scotland by the sequelz of the disordet. “Since the last report, disorders of the alimentary canal have been of fre- uent occurrence. Cholera, a disease which, Sydenham says, shew itself at the close of summer or at the beginning of autumn, as certainly as the appeardtice of swallows in the spring, or cuckoos in the dog-days, has, as usual, visited us; it is, as observed by Dr. Good, in all cases an acute disease. Some of the cases of which the reporter has had cognizance have been severe, When the disease has invaded constitutions enfeebled by age, or by pre- ° vious indisposition ; or when the disease has been complicated with other disorders, the: issue has; sometimes been doubtful ; but, in this country, cholera is, in general; if the treatment be prompt, under the con- trol.of medicine. Diarrhoea has prevailed even more ¢éxtensively than the. disease last named... Children as well as adults have been the subjects of it; 4n this Jatter class of patients, the disdrden has in. some cases required the unceasing attention of the ‘ : Monthly Agricultural Report. “youth. (Sept. 1, practitioner. Several cases of furunculus, or boil, have recently come under ‘the care ofthe writer. ‘These painful tumors occur, it’ is said, for the most part, in ‘persons of a'phlogotic or inflammatory habit-indi- viduals in high health, and in the vigour of In-sevgral instances, however, the reporter has had to treat the disease in constitutions, which, however “previously good, had, by various circumstances, be- come impaired. at SHS JON A male, ‘thirty-six years ‘of age, bowed to the earth by misfortune, and ‘an anoihalous chronic ailment, which brought him ‘almost to the verge of the grave; ‘suffered from boils: he ‘could not move fror’ his bed, from’ the number and large size’ of these imperfect ‘abscesses, which’ ‘assttmed an almost ' carbuncular virulerice’; “here was certainly no’phlogotie diathésis.’’ “A female beyond the meridian of life, who had ‘watched day and night in the chamber of ‘a dying husband, and’ who, after the dreaded event, which had kept the mind wound up to the most interise state of anxiety; eviriced the most’ unequivocal signs of broken health, furnishes the writer with another instance of the disease in question. In'this' last case, a most decided tonic plan of treatment was adopted, and with a result higlily satis- factory. Boils were, by the ancient medi- cal writers, and by the succeeding humoral pathologists, conceived to originaté from a morbid state’ of the fluids. * " Modern phy- sicians, however, think that diseases of this character result from disordered ‘action— from functional derangement. “To: “the reporter, ‘the disease appears to be often the evidence’ of a series of morbid actions, which have’ had an injurious effect’ on ‘the health ; and he thinks that the occurrence of furanculi proves, not seldom, to be a “wind- ing up,” so to speak, of these morbid ac- tions, which might otherwise’ have termi- nated in serious organic mischief. ~ ‘ JAaMEs Frevp. Bolt Court , Fleet-street, Tis! Aug. 23, 1825. * Furunculi et carbunculus 4 pituita sunt.” Hip- pocrates.—Furunculus (Dothienes dicit), ex crasso Succo generatur.. Galen.—Furunculus cacochymie soboles est.. Petrus Forestus-—A Froncle, is a lytle aposteme engendered of grosse bloude. John Vigun's most excellent, workes of Chirurgery,, 1543, —It (carbuncle) is a disease bred of hot bloed, which is turned into black choler, and hence does arise this carbuncle.—John Brown, sworn Chirurgeom to th: - King’s Most Excellent Majesty, 1678. 9 09" wry oF bation! g F vty pF VL cent MONTHLY AGRICULTURAL REPOR? —= N,, the, subjects of hot weather and 7 abundant, harvests, our periodical press. always. deals: in. the, marvellous. Every remarkably sultry season is the most 90 that ever. oceurred before, and every: on oft? te anise Astifaon ott to tiem great wheat -crop\ overmeasures@its:piede- cessors; _ The temperatare of:the:present - Summer solstice “has, no, doubt;-beertcea- sionally excessive; but the ‘heat»+has, ‘for the most part, been moderated by cooling eastern 1825.] eastern breezes, and the nights have been often yery chilly, or cold. . The wheat-crop is great (as_occurs periodically), on favour- able soils, with the drawback of some injury from blight in. the: fens and other ‘exposed Situations,;. From the drought: also, which lasted longer in. most other countries than in this, the grain.is not so well filled.or plump,-as when moistened by seasouble showets..,-Ehe- blooming: season, also, was not the most favourable, from the coldness of the,nights, almost throughout; and as wheat, in some parts, has been cut green and in the milky state, and much carted during the rains, there will be a consider- able quantity. of a rough kind. On the whole, the quantity is abundant, the gene- ral quality fine and weighty, and perhaps the wheat crop, aided by the potata, may be deemed a sufficient two-years’ supply of bread. for the population of Britam and Ireland. As to the stock of old wheat on hand, the discrepancies still continue: some taleulators holding it to be the largest we have held at harvest of late years; others, that it is really so small as to be au insufii- cient supply of seed and bread-cdrn until Christmas. Before that period, our specu- lations will be brought to somewhat like certainty. Barley ranks as the next best crop, the quality: fine; and much old malt on hand. Oats, beans and. pease the least abundant, with still various favourable ex- ceptions. _ The Hainault scythe; for mow- ing wheat, introduced some: years: since, without success; here, is again under expe- riment in Scotland: -it has succeeded in North America... The- general - harvest, already finished in all the forward districts, will finally elose with the current month. The finest samples of: new white wheat, within forty miles, of the metropolis, have rendered.86-per quarter; and some of the weightiest wheat has reached 65 lb. the Winchester bushel, clear of the sack. The harvest; has; been rapid, and favourable to the farmer in point of.expense, . The hur- ' > ‘ Monthly Commercial Report. 173 ricane on the 4th inst. was his greatest enemy. Potatoes were considerably injured by early blight, and subsequently: ‘by the drought. |The Swedish >turnips,;a ‘very important crop, have been: much -hurt,! and the common sort have been re-sown overa great extent of land. ‘Tares, clovers, all the grasses, haye suffered ; the hay. crop shart ; straw by no means abundant ; and: much hay consumed during the drought. From this combination of unfavourable ‘cireum- stances, the winter keep of cattle and sheep _will be in great request, and provisions dear in proportion. According to custom in the western counties, wheat-sowing commenced nearly with harvest. The earliest cutting of wheat, July 22. Trefoil, rape and other seeds, good samples. In the Highlands, N.B., the rains were plentiful, and their crops are large, Barley a great crop through- out Scotland, but prematurely ripened ; thence the kernel not so well filled... Com- plaints, in the country, of the scarcity.of kitchen- stuff and orchard fruits.’, The flavour of fruit generally inferior, from the variations of the season, Game in great plenty. Wool steady, rather advancing. Hops rising: the crop nearly destroyed on the old grounds. The price of store cattle and sheep, depressed somewhat by the drought, reviving. Timber declining: eon- siderably, from the very large importations. Smithfield : —Beef, 4s.’ Od: ‘to ‘5s. 0d.— Mutton, 4s. 4d. to 5s. 2d.—Lamb, 5s. Od. to 5s. 8d.—Veal, 5s. Od. to 6s. 2d. Pork, 5s. to 6s.— Best Dairy-fed, 6s.6d id. —Rough Fat, 2s. 4d: Corn Exchange :—Wheat, 52s. to S4s,.— Barley, 32s. to 47%s.—Oats, 233. to 36s.— Bread (London), 103d. thé loaf of 41b,— Hay, per load, 60s. to 105s:—Clover, ditto, 80s. to 140s. — Straw,’ 36s. to 483.’ ” Coals in the Pool, 33s. Od. to 41s. Od. per Chaldron, Middleser, Aug, 22... . bake is “MONTHLY COMMERCIAL. REPORT. i SMITE 209 iy bal ,s Ti GAR. — British Plantation Sugar has advanced considerably since .our Jost Report ; _ the demand brisk, and prices steady, at our quotations. ‘ ed by the refiners, and the holders of raw Sugar:stiffin their demands. - ee .—The demand for Coffee has been extremely dull for the last month, and a n of Is, to 2s,.per cwt. has taken place. limited to very low prices. Large quantities have been. The orders from. the ‘Continent are Cotton.—This article is very dull, chiefly owing to the recent failures at sag of some of the most. respectable merchants and cotton-dealers in that town. Prices are y petes offered, but few. purchasers, in the, expectation \that, large quantities of of the alate the hands of the trustees or assignees, will shortly be Droste. 8 into the market. att ton and Hollands. Rum continues in demand at advanced prices, an ognac Brandy is likewise in demand, and prices ‘ Se ‘pe = on (i bond) baw been: obtained for fine marks 3 ; Pinsianist IND. B37 ath otation.1..C N , and in 7X ri «See : 14 4 (Spices [Sept. 1, but at present, speculators in 174 Monthly Price-Current. Spices and Saltpetre—are in demand, and prices ‘higher ; both. articles are at a stand. ‘ Irish Provisions. —Butter has been: in. great demand, and has advanced from 10s. to 15s, per ewt.. since our last. Reports, ‘There is anjactual as well as/a speculative demand for this article,.in consequence of; the dry weather throughout the United. Kingdom: Tobacco.—This article/has been in advance from 3d, to ld. PEE Ib. adyance, and. large angeap thar, hiive been, made: within’ afew days PASE Ad... tilbbiM; baa booO > tit 419. ky ears “of. 5 —Amsterdam, 12. 2.—Hamburgh, 86. 10. upshonp 25 “50 el n- twerp, 12. 3.— Rotterdam, 12. 3.—Bourdéaux, 25. 50 Vienna, 9. 57.—Madri id, 87. Cadiz, 37—Gibraltar, 31.—Leghorn; 493—Genba, 45--Naples, 403—Lisidn, 5Ij— Oporto, §13}——Dublin, . 94—Cork, 9h. nee ‘Prices. of Stocks.—The 3 per Cent, Reduced, 908 ; 3 per Cent. Consols; 89ny “4 per Cent.. 1822, 1031 ; New 3g per Cent., 983; Bank Stock, 229, © - ADO! Prices of Bullion.—Foreign Gold in Bars, 3/. 17s. 104d. per oz 1 aoe weiss ay 31. 17s. 104d.—Silver in Bars, Standard, 5s. Oid.—New Dollars, 4s; 111d. Premiums on Shares and Canals, and Joint Stock Companies, at the , Office. of Existonts and Worrr.—Barnsley Canat, 335.— Birmingham, 340/.—Derby, 225/.—Ellesmere and Chester, 130/.—Erewash, 0.—Forth and Clyde, 550/.—Grand Junction, 323/.—Leeds and Liverpool, 520/.—Mersey and Irwell, 1,200.--Neath, $85/.— Nottingham, :300/— Oxford, 800/.—Stafford and Worcester, $007.— Trent and Mersey, 2,100/.—+ Alliance British and Foreign, 143/.— Guardian, 19/.15s.—Hope, 51/.17s.6d.-—Sun Fire, 220/.—Gas-Licur Chartered Company, 60/.— City cae eit Company, 75 /.—Leeds, 2401.-Liverpool, 3187. 7 | * MONTHLY PRICE-CURRENT. Atmonpvs :— Sweet Jordan, mai ig iy Bitters sess sees eee s ee dhe 1Es. to Al. 2s. ALUM, ...-+00++per ton 14/. 10s, to 157, ASHEs : — Quebec Pot, per ewt, 30s. to 31s. MOmited Sates 3s ee a ce eee OlSe (Quebec Pearl 1. ccc. vcwscecieg ee SOS: Baritia:— .. Teneriffe... per ton 17/. 10s. to 182. 10s. Carthagena ...........-.. 200, to 21. Alicant pot HRS Lah es ace oa to 217. Sicily Ve Pes «wae oe’. 2 UBL. to 19. Brimstone :—Rough ,...+... per ton 8. Cocoa :— West-India........ per cwt: 60s. to 80s Trinidad... 2... ..06 00006 785.00 95s. Grenada... 0 s.e de eve ee 765. to 95s. GCaraccayys « yiasntiside as-ese sees (MONE) Correr (in Bond) :— Jamaica ......-..+- per cwt. 56s. to 6s. dhe GO bods’. 56s. to 84s. , very fine ........ 82s. to 104s. “Dominica. ereencevece sees O45, to 1005. Berbice 2... e+eesseceeee 65s. to 100s, Corron Woo. (in Bond) :— West India, common, per Ib. 11d. to-12d¢. Grenada set ecc ce vesesuss Jd, to 13d: BETMCe Pe ee: Demerara.s...+esee-e+ee+s 10d. to 13d. Sea Island ........2-.++- 19d.to 26d. New Orleatis’.. 0.5.0.2 ..13d. to 14d." Georgia, Bowed ....«..... 83d. to'12d. Bahia... 000. ..sees0066 124d, to 13d. Maranham,....<..+-++ ++ 124 . to 13d, Para bec tonete-ce 114d. to 124. Mina’ ttepdeereseeessess TGC. to’ 12d. - “Pernambucco ......0.++++ 13d. to 14d. Suaners ah yeivsedeved. vse Oh. to 84d, lld. to 13d. Corron Woot (continued) :—~ Madras. 0.26 6.00 sees crop on file tO, 640, Bengalscwiss ococtrene psagd te a Bourbon... ....50+.0+-..- Bhd. to 12d., Smyrna 2... ee eeseeees ee Ld. to 12d, Egyptian ......4.600'2. 12d.to 13d. CuRRANTS ...-...... per ewt. 76s. to 82s.- Fics: —Turkey.. 0.6... 000%.45s to 60s Frax :—Riga........ per tom 461. to53/. Druana.co.svece ss evvs ove 46h, to 48).. Petersburgh ...+.+.+.++.. 461. to 48), Hemr :—Riga........ perton 43/, to 441., Petersburgh .......+.+00+. 39h to40i. » half clean .. .: Sets ‘to ae Invico:— | Caraccas Floras.. per Ib, Le! 6d: wr 12s. Sobra .. eee i cer ee | 9s..to 10s. East- India weer acer ee 73. to 12s. 6d. Iron :— 0% Petersburgh, per ton.. mae tt 0 221. British Bar .....-..++ 144 10s, to,15l. O1ts: ro Palm.. ..ci'000 soo per ewes Zl. Whale, Cape (in Bond) per tun’ 22/.to 237. Galipoli.......+.eeedeeeeeddlito 457, Linseed... . esse se eee sete e 5 281,108. Lucca .........-.. per jar 8. to Bl. Bs. Florence... “. sper half-chest ‘26s. to'28s, Peerer (in Bond)..,....perlb. 62d:, to 7de Pimento (in Bond) .. per-iby 10di tort Rice :—East-India’.'. ‘per eit.’ Pigs Carolina, NEW sss enes vies SDs, By ao 3 Sririts (in Bond)2—-'! Bt ee bra? : Brandy, Cogniaé, per gall, 3s. Eh e ourdeauxsss .2s-0d ") zy to at Geneva, Hollands . aa id ‘Rum, Jamaica 22). 279, ——, Leeward Island, Ws. eee Sue 1825.] Sucar:— . Jamaica ........ +» per cwt. 66s. to 89s. Demerara, &e. 00000. 54 ‘ >» 658) to°7 5s. St. Kitts, ne So &e. wut ina to 7468. Refined, on board s— 9") Latge: Bumps. .0. 0.605 45s. to 46s. Good and Middling vee ee 475..t0 485. , Patent Fine Loaves .... ++ 498, to 58s. . ictigss oe per cwt. 36s. to 37s. _ Archangel. «<2 »9¢%+«pen barrel 16s. 6d. tockholm +... ..e.ee cose vn ld5. 6d. Tra (2 India Company’s prices) :-— . Bohea.......s. per Ib. 2s. 2d. to 2s. 5d. _Congou ............ 2s. 7d. to 3s. 9d. a apreainea) LU ews IBS VAs tords.10d.: Bankrupts. : 175 Tea (continued) :— Campoi .........+04 3s. 4d. to 3s, 10d. Twankay .........+ 3s, 8d. to 3s: 9d. Hyson. 0.02.06) 20). 480 4d. to 5801 0d, Gunpowder... 000.0. 53. 0d.'to 6s: 2d.’ Toxacco (in Bond) :+— \* Maryland, fine yellow; perIb. 25- tos: 6dy , fine colour .... 8d. to Js. 10d. Virginia WO ald asta AD NOING. « MOY to Yd. Wine (in Bond) :— Old Port, per pipe 138 galls. 24), to 561. Lisbon .. per pipe 140 ditto 28/. to.35/. Madéita J... 0... ..se0005 250.:to 950. Calcavella .......+++-+++ 38l to Adi, Sherry .. per butt 130 ditto 28/7. to 682. Teneriffe.......... per pipe 221: to 827. Claret ............per hhd. 18/. to 56/7. Spanish Red .. per 252 galls. 162.:to 302. Atenanenicat List OF «BANKRUPTCIES, annownced between the 23d of July and the ta 19th of August acne extracted from the London Gazettes. BANKRUPTCIES. [ This Month 70.] Solicitors’ Names are in Parentheses. RTON, R. St. Mary-le-bone, linen-draper. (Goren and Price, Orchard-street Ashb , J.and W. Tobett, Cliffe, near Lewes, Sussex, ers. (Stephenson, Ave-Maria-lane Atherton, T. and J. Dunn, Liverpool, brokers. (Chester, Staples-inn Badcock, J. Watlington, Oxford, tanner. (James and Whitlock, Ely-place Baker, J. jun. Bath, carpenter. (Hellings, Bath; - and Makinson; Temple Baker, T. jun. Cannon-street, wholesale-grocer. " (Gadsden and Barlow, Austin-friars Bamford, J. Egham, baker. (Burton, Queen-square Batten, T. Great Titchfield-street, tailor. (Hallett ‘and! Flenderson, Northumberland-str., Marylebone Barnes, T. Dennington, Suffolk, merchant. (Alex- ‘ander and Son, Carey-street, Lincoln’s-inn-fields » J. Houndsditch, trunk and packing-case maker, (Birkett and Co., Cloak-lane Chasteney, _W. Bunwell, Norfolk, ‘coal-merchant. 4Jay and Cremer, Norwich ; and Fenton, Austin- - friars Cheetham, D. Stockport, Cheshire, .cotton-spinner. ake and Walker, Stockport; and Back, int be 2,8. Ca Castle street, tailor. (Turner, New Bas- str Pa reve, i. IChapelcirest, Edgeware-road, tailor. um, Newman-street y, B. Great Portland-street, tailor. d Br treet chambers.» » om G: Chance beet Covent, garden, victualler. thompson, C a sand nT TE theweh Liverpool, merchants. aden id (Co. Liverpool; and, Taylor and Roscoe, wih Pern T. Bush, Nottingham, lace-manufac- LRotfen » Nottingham ; ma ath, geilinebitinker. (Hellings, Bath ; Pepe ee: J. J Pook Be oa Sardy, Colonnade, -Hay- (Gray, wlate tavern eer (Van Sandan and Tin- Enews, irdnmonger.. (Kennett, Dover ; recat | Dawson, ew Boswell-court vd i rehidm, soap-maker. (Thompson, m ~maker. (Page sii vn ‘sii singhal ect : nA Bhon-jepe (Reardon and deechurch-street inher mere n . (Petty, ay mi y's! me pile ss and vapid (Battye ; and Wolston, - Hasledon, W. Liverpool, porter-dealer. (Chester, Staple’s-inn Hansard, R. Moncton Combe, victualler. (Hellings, Bath ; and Makinson, Templ e Heslop, W. T. Manchester, scrivener. (Ellis and Co, Chancery-lane Hodson, S. Dover-street, Piccadilly, wine-merchant. (Pope and Brewer, Bloomfield-street, London-walf Holah, C. Hastings, chemist and druggist. (Burra “and Neild, King-street, Cheapside Hollis, J. Bishopstoke, Southampton, miller, (Win- ter and Williams, Bedford-row Hooton; R. R. Richards, and W. Wilkes, Aston, Warwick, iron-manufacturers. (Barker, Birming- ham; and Tooke and Carr, Gray’s-inn Huddswell, J. London, hat-manufacturer. (Hurd and Johnson, Temple Jackson, L. Gerrard-street, picture-dealer. _ (Lewis, Charlotte-street, Fitzroy-square Johnson, J. Manchester, draper. (Addington and Co. Bedford-row : : Jones, S. King’s-arms-buildings, Wood-street, lace- manufacturer. (Watson an "Broughton; Falcon- Square Jones, W.H. Croydon, coal-merchant. (Birkett and Co. Cloak-lane ae « and H. Dyche, Manchester, joiners. ever, Gray’ s-inn Litghen, G. A. Whitechapel-road, wine-merchant. (Gatty and Co., Angel-court, Throgmorton-street Lovel, 'T. Olney, Buckingham, draper,. - (Andrews, Market. Harborough ;* and’ Bridges and Mason, Red-lion-square (Diniee, Loveday, T. Newgate-market, poulterer. Chancery- (Pinhiero, ; Masser, J. York, tailor. Millington, W. Ee a enter. (Bailey and Moring, C.H. Pope’ s-head-alley, Cornhill, merchant, Princes-street, Ban! Lowe, G. Po; seag piee Middlesex. (Weymouth, Macauley, J. Cheshunt. schoolmaster. Charlotte-street, Fitzroy-square (Hindsley, jun., York 5 and Capes, Holborn-court, Gray’s-inn Search, Shrewsbury; and Philpott and Stone, Southam ton-street (Blunt, Roy, and Blunt, Liverpool-street, Broad- street-buildings Nicholson, F. Manchester, corn-dealer. (Adling- ton and Co. Bedford-row Paine, T. Coventry, silk-manufacturer. (James, Walbrook Parkes, T. Fenchurch-street, mill-mamnfacturer. (J. and S. Pearce, St. Swithin’s-lane Peake, G. Milton, shipwright. (Richardson, Cheap- side. Price, B.Abergavenny,; Monmouthshire, horsedealer. 1B Bold ont: Vaughan, Brecon ; and Bickneland.Co., incoln’s-inn Read, J. Love-lane, Lower ‘Thames:street, ‘vietual- ler. mien, Burr-street, East-Smithfield o \" Rich, W.. Wigan, builder. (Gaskell, Wigan, ibd bi Ets, ia sen, Liverpool, pawnbrok de, ; and cee Staple’e-inni i! PAs R aa he B Harp-lane, .Tower-street, w: eet: (Kirkman and Rutherford, Senne rect AA Rudd, 176 Works-in the Press. Rudd, J. E. Mitcham, schoolmaster. (Jones, King’s-. Watkins, B. Mount-street, Grosvenor-square, | tailor. | Sept. Il, d, Coleman-street (Young, Poland-street sailer, T. juni, Warwick-lane, carcase-butcher. Walker, case York, butcher. (Allen, ( ef, a Ha kon. acy ME Knaresborough ; and ase and Co. Chancery- , A., aviour’s Church-yar ‘ou! a Stil sadlts hol Heaticcke, Cole Miuiieent t walker G.) Wollaston, ais id cHer. sia Eide Berend eu “and aiken, Lit ee Gieaan Sta reste - coln’s~. «JO AT nt war ; ‘ Williams, Southam ce Tuckeit, P. D. Gloucester, grocer. (Hindemarsh, ton and Murray, Lon Crescent, Jewin-street Wilson, W. Manchester, Walduck, H. High-street, snaawels potatoe-mer- Chancery-lane. - os ey, Copthall-court kK a i DIVIDENDS. W io a9) ANDRATE, Avand’T. Worswick, Fields T.and J. Du Tivier, Kings- Perks, J. Zest Lancaster, Aug. 22 ton-upon-Hull, Aug. 17 + ‘> «set, Aug. 26 Appleton, C, Northampton, Aug. Gillibrand, W. Bolton-le-Moor, | Phillips,, P. 13° Amold; W.and.J.Idol-lane, Tower- street, Aug. 13 , Baker, si New Shoreham, Sussex, Aug. ania, J J. Merton, S , Sept.3 ay B. Rareeyards ucklers- ‘Au Blom & Ccaseseter; Sept. 12 Bosisto, W. Reading, Sept. 12 Bowden, 2 tiseum-street, Bloomsbw , Aug. 20 Rae 4 ,” Leadenhall-street,, ept. 6 Bro} .. Wood-street, Cheap- Maer, ‘Aug. 27 Butcher Holborn, Aug. 23 oe Ss. *Nlotcombe, Dorset, Sept. Caton, H. Yeovil, Aug. 13 Ke Beaminster, Dorset, awe 26 ciation, J. Gracechurch-street, camels 0.E. Islington-road, Aug. a os W. Birmingham, Aug, cao C.Burslem, Stafford, Sept. Crowther, Ww. Islington, Au Crossley, J. Ho! rom tides, Avg, Daviess §. Great Surrey-street, 6 Dennett, Ha Wilecpestrpte Gray's inn-lane, ane ———_s ichmond, ~ York, Aug: 13 ~ , F. Worcester, Sept. 12 erie m, J. and Co., Friday- we, Aug. 27 Dover, H. and A. De Frogu, A street-mews, Aug. 27— geared ‘Oct. 11 Douglas, J. Loughborough, Sept. 1. 14 PHL R. Shrewsbury, Sept. 13 tala Js Warwick-lane, Sept, "WORKS I “ran PRESS. Preparin the Rev. Letters and Journals ; is Life. A new and enlarged pain of The Bar, with Sketehes of Eminent J udges, Bar- ‘risters, &e., a. Poem, with Notes, is in the press. « Gremwood ig for publication, Remains of hristian Frederick Schwartz, Missionary in India; consisting . of his with a Sketch of Lancaster, Sept. 8 pees P. P. Clapton, Sept. 3 g, T. R. and W. Phene, jun., atling-street, Aug. 20 , R. Rochester, Sept. 3 Hall; T. Old Compton-street, Sept. 10 Higgs Ww. J. rg and R. Higgs, tel, Aug. 18 Hodgson, J.G. Piazza Coffee- Covent-garden, Aug. 13 Houghton, M. Liverpool, Sept. 6: Howel, J. Cheltenham, Sept. 27 Howel, J. Piccadilly, Oct. 22 Hughes, M. B, and J. Horton, Dudley, Worcester, Aug. 14.” de ee J. Hawkhurst, Kent, Aug. Hunsdcn, J. Bulstrode-street, St. Mary-le-bone, Sept.10. ~ Jackson, B. York, Sept. 9 Johnson, J. and J. Davies, Sept.3 Kirkham, J. Lancaster, Sept. 12 Lara, A. Minories, Aug. 27 yen S.H,jun., Old-street, Aug. Leah, S..H. Old-street, Aug. 13 Lees, J. Bury, Lancashire, Septl4 Lee, €.C. and W. Ballard, Ham- mefsmith, Nov. 5 Lomas, G. Burslem, Stafford, Sept. 0 Meek, Ms Knaresborough, Aug. 26 Minchin, Selwood, iomerset, Au: 4 Ww. Bouverie-street, Paradise, J. 3 Marsh and Co, Berners-street, Aug. 9—3I Meek, J. and G. Gill, Liverpool, Sept. 14 T: Verulam-buildings, Gray’s-inn, Aug. 13 Napper, E. Frome, om Nathan, N. and W. Mansell-street, Aug. 20: Newbold, ug. 27 Oliver, J. Hemilington-row, Brans- » AUB: 20 - Newoantle-Biresty Strand, A re Ractive and Co., Sculcoates, Aug. 30 Pearce, W. ara tea at Oa Devon, Sept. 2 — Ee Poetry, present Time, including; i in considerable portions of those’é have hada pes tiers mer yim ove guage and literature ; thol Pa Tad Phipps, Jv vine Sept. 2 Beat place, Aug. 20 Pocktiogtnn, R. ‘Winthorpe, Not- tingham, and“ W,.. D Dickinson, Newark-upon-Trent, tlt Richards, J. E. C, Richards, and J. Richards, jun., ’s-lane, odors Tuly 9B OO! OBL. Riley, J. pine ham, Aug: 30; Gadi sei J. W itstable,. fe 25 eS i A.and J. Murray,’ Leaden- a buildin t. ih id } Rowlan son, a ei pe Ww. Brien, Cheapsid aes Scott, R. Liverpool, Sept. 10° * Smith, T. Ubignetens Sept.19 Yor ig we i Sparkes, T. and J. Daley Chané. dos-street, Aug. 20 Stabler; BE. Bread-street,, Cheap- side, Aug.’ 30 Stabler, F. and Co., York, Aug.30° Stanley, E, Old Kent-road, Sept. 5. - Storer, J. Mount-street, Aug: Stubbs, J. Haxey; Lincoln) Taylor, J, Little eats Raa aa Golden-square, Aug. 20 Thompson, T. Camomile-street, Aug. 27 Tomkinson; S. Burslem, Aug: 20 Vaughan, W. ers Aug.'20_ i Vile, W. Deal, Aug. 20 Walter, W. Charles-street, Mid dlesex-hospital, Aug. 20° Core ies sen. and j jun., Alnwick, Walker, *D. and HLP, Bristol, Sep. Whitbread, W. Southend, Oct. 22» Wheeler, S. A, Birmingham, Aug. 307 Whyte, M. and J Great Hast- cheap, Aug. 13) Wilson, J, 7. Rathbone-place, Ox. ford-street, July 30. Woolrich; G. J Spltabsquate, Sept-17. j : te %5 and T, Boltane-Moor, Select Specimens of’ a as and from the Age ‘of Dlizabeth’ 3 a moderate’ added, Introductory’ eae Grammar-school, in two cimo, are nearly ready for pub’ Nearly ready, a ‘Voluties Geo. Walker, Head-master of t the fe e- be: fifth editidif;—revised ‘and 1825.) and corrected, of the Rev: T. H. Horne’s Introduction to the’ Critical Study and Knowledge -of the Holy Scriptures, in four large vols. 8yvo.,. illustrated, with numerous Maps and Fae-similes of Biblical MSS... No. 10, of Mr, Britton’s Tl ustrations of. thie ‘Ancient... Architecture of Great Britain, to complete the‘volumie, ‘will’ iced in the’ first week of September. — Another num- ber of the Cathedral Antiquities is also ex- pected at the same time ; and vol. 3 of te Beauties of Wiltshire. , Sermons, preached on several occasions; in the Island of Barbadoes, by W. J.Shrews- bury, late Wesleyan Methodist Missionary in that.island, will speedily be published, in. 1 yol, 8vo. Tn the ‘press, The Georgics of Virgil, by wis W..C. Edwards, M. A. ‘Mr, Hakewill’s Picturesque Tour of Jamaica, the seventh and concluding part, is inthe press. } A new and. considerably improved edi- tion of the Rev. G. N. Wright’s Guide to Dublin is nearly ready. _Mr.C. A. Elton, puldage of Specimens of the Classic Poets, has in the press a History of the Roman Emperors, from the Accession of: Augustus to the Fall ofthe last Con- stantine. . Sketches, Political, Geographical, and Statistical, of the United Provinces of Rio dela Plata, &c., will soon be published. Richard Baynes i is. préparing the third Part of his Catalogue of Books, to contain Oriental and, Hebrew Literature, Foreign Languages, &e, ‘Two hundred and fifty Copies of a Tran- slation of all the existing Fragments of the Writings of Proclus, surnamed the Platonic Successor, by Thomas Taylor, the Platonist, are announced. The Second Correspondence of Madame de*Maintenon: and the Princess. des Ur- sines, from the original letters, in the pos- session of the Duke.de.Choiseul, is in the press; and stated to contain a more inte- resting account of the political transactions and secret intrigues of the Court of Louis : XIV. than any other hitherto published. Part IT. of Dr. Kitchiner’s Economy of the Eyes, and Treatise on Telescopes, being the result of thirty years’ experiments, is ogee for publication. th of Aguirre; Janthe, a Tale ; Battle Abbey; Bodiam Castle; and other Poems, are announced. The Literary Souvenir; or Cabinet of and Romance for 1826, with splen- , is now printing. ria; or, Sketches of Life and terature, 2 vols. post 8vo., is an- nounced. - A third: part. of the Points of Humour, . sas is nearly r . new historical novel, . entitled 4 Tho: Hearts of Steel,”’ by the author of r 4 loran,” &c,, is in the press. nruty Maa. No. 414. Works in the Press. with Cuts,and Illustrations by G. Cruik- V7 Sir John Barrington’s: Historical Anec- dotes of Ireland are nearly ready. ~ Letters of Marshal Conway, from 1744 to 1784, embracing ‘the period when he’ was: commander of the’ forces’ and: seere- tary of state, will'speedily'be published. A. Minstrel’s Hours,of Song, or Poems, by Agnes Mahony, are inthe press.i*- +’ The Improvisatrice, by 1s E.L, has; it appears from a United States Journal, been reprinted in America. The Session of Parliament for 1825, containing a full and faithful delineation, of f every thing done by, or relating to, ‘the British Senate during that most interesting’ period ;-an acount of all measures, public: and private; an exposition of the state of parties, and an estimate of the characters of all the Members of both Houses. The Memoirs and Correspondence of Paul Jones will be ready in a few days. The Highest Castle and the Lowest’: Cave; or, Events of Days that are Bone ; by the author of “The Scrinium,” is now’ just ready for publication. . Sermons of the late Rev. J. Jortin, D.D., abridged by the Rev. G. Whittaker, M.A., ' are announced as nearly ready. A new edition, considerably improved, of Dawesii Miscellanea Critica, & Kidd, will speedily be published. A new edition of Dr. Gregory’s Trea- tise on Mechanics is just ready. Instructions for’ Cavalry Officers, trans- lated from the German of Gen. Count Bis- mark by Capt. L. Beamish, 4th Dragoon Guards, dedicated by permission to H.R.H. the Duke of York, will shortly be pub- lished. A new and deaipiets edition is an- nounced, of Origines Ecclesiastice ; or the Antiquities of the Christian Church, -and other works of the late Rev. J. Bingham, M-A-; with many additional annotations, several original sermons, and-a biographi- cal account of the author, by the Rev. R. Bingham, B.c.L. ‘On the Ist of. September will be pub- lished ‘ The Poetic Garland ;’’ illustrated with fifteen beautiful figures from the » Botanic Garden, in imitation of the cele-) brated “ Garland of Julia;” by the Duke Montausier. _Mr..E, T. Artis, the author of Roman Antiquities, to whose perseverance and indefatigable exertions the public are in- debted for the discovery of the Roman Station at Castor in Northamptonshire, has nearly teady for publication, in I vol. 4to., his Antediluvian Phytology, illustrat- » ed. by a Collection of the Fossil Remains of Plants pectliar to the Coal formations of Great Britain. A Translation of the Six Cantos of Klopstock’ 8 Messiah, in verse, is prepar- ing for the press. A new and improved edition, being the seventh, is in the press, of the ‘“Ar- rangement of British Plants,” prepared hy ZA W. Withering, 178 W.. Withering, esq., LL.D., F.L.s., author of a Memoir of the Life, Character and. Writ- ings of the late, Dr. Withering, and. illus- trated. by nearly forty plates. A,work, on, the plan of the German literary almanacks, will, be . published, early in the month.of. November next, by Messrs. Baynes and Son, of Paternoster- row. |The volume ‘is intended more espe- cially’ for the religious reader of literary Saeed af and will, therefore, contain those productions that have an ob- visuaty feligious or moral tendency. The ia ations (twelve in number) are by in, Westall, Corbould, Wright, Brooke, &c., and the engravings by Heath, Finden, Mitchell, Melville, &c. &c. In the press, Elements of Physiology, by Professor Rudolphi of Berlin," Part I. comprising General Physiology, complete in 1 vol. 8vo. Translated from the German by W. D. How, m.p. The four volumes of Sermons by the late, Dr. Doddridge, the publication of which was directed in his will, and which have ‘hitherto remained in the custody of the family, will shortly appear. Dr. Birkbeck is adding to his public services, by undertaking to edite a great and magnificent work, displaying the Useful Arts and Manufactures of Great Britain, similar to “ Les Arts et Métiers” of France. Its publication will be commenced early next winter, and it will be subdivided so as to accord with the means of pur- chasers of every degree of fortune. The engravings alone will employ fifty artists during the three or four years of its pro- gressive publication. The author of the “ Modern Athens” has -in the press a volume, to be. entitled, “ Attic Fragments.” ——- LIST OF NEW WORKS. ANTIQUITIES. Antiquities in Westminster Abbey, illus- trated by twelve Plates, from drawings by G. P.: Harding. By T. Moule. ARCHITECTURE, Improvements in Civil Architecture ; proving the necessity, utility and impor- tance of a perfect System of Ventilation, &e. By J. Burridge, author of the Tan- netr’s Key, Naval Dry Rot, &c. &e. BIBLIOGRAPHY, -A- Manual of. Classical Bibliography ; comprising a copious detail of the various .. editions, translations into the English, French, Italian, Spanish, German, and, occasionally, other languages 5 Commenta- ries and Works, critical and illustrative, of the Greek and ‘Latin classics.. By J. W. Moss, B.A. 2 vols. Svo. €3.10s. ‘A Catalogue of ‘a Miscellaneous Collec- tion of Books,. New and Second-hand, now selling by Johu and George Todd. 2s. List of New Works. (Sept. 1, BIOGRAPHY. Walton’s Lives, with Portraits and Plates. 12mo. 18s.; post 8vo. £2. 2s. Barbauld’s Correspondence, Poems, &e. witha Memoir by Miss Aikin, 2 nels. 8yo.., £1. 4s. Sean s Sketches in Biography. 12mo. Ws, 6d. Life of Mrs. Trimmer. New. edit. Bvo. 12s. The Life of the Rev: John. Bit yvaite, Wesleyan Methodist. Preacher, Jate of Mount) Pleasant, near Whitehaven, Cum- berland. By R. Dickinson, late Managing Partner of Seaton Iron-works ; boards, 12mo, 6s. BOTANY, Florist’s Gazette. Part I. for 1820. 18mo. Is. 3d “CLASSICS, 4) Porson and Schiefer’s Euripides Hewslias ‘ Crown 8vyo. 3s. 6d. ‘Oberlin’s Tacitus. D. Junii Juvenalis Satire: with the original text reduced to the natural order of construction; an English translation, literal and interlineal; and an Index, historical, geographical and peetieal. By Je Stirling, D.pD. A new ae revised, corrected and improved, by P. A. Nuttall, LL.D. 8vo. 10s. 6d. ” The Translator; a series of original translations from ancient languages; to be continued monthly. No.1. Is. The Bucolics of Virgil, with a literal and a free translation; by T. W. C. Ed- wards, M.A. The scanning of each verse, the syntactical ordo, accentuation of the words, and a copious body of notes in English, are given in the same page with the Latin text; and at the end of the volume, the parsing and declining, fol- lowed by a Lexicon of all the words in the eclogues, and an Index werborin, . beautifully and correctly printed, DRAMA, Alphonzus, a tragedy. 4s. 6d. 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Latin: Versifieation Simplified and ren- ‘dered Easy to the Young: ‘Studenty ima gra- duated series of Pxcrents: By ae tie LL.D. “12mo- 2s. AA 2's0 A Key to Carey’s ‘Laiit Versiiction Simplified. ’ '12mo. 2s: 6d. Le Trésor de 1’Ecolier Pratienias or, the Art of Translating’ English into French, by means of'an English and‘ French Index : being a compendium of the» most -useful words occurring ‘in’ conversation, inorder to acquire both -a theoretical and practical or colloquial knowledge. of that language. On a new system, unknown to modern teachers’; and intended only for those who have learned the first rudiments. By M. Louis Fenwick de Porquet. 3s. Les Conseils & ma Fille. Par J. N. —- 12mo. 6s. FINE ARTS. ; Eight Plates of Fac-simile Suidibnens of Rare and Curious Engravings of Old Mas- ters. 12s.-each part, and impressions on India paper, 15s.; and Part I. of Engra- vers’ Etchings, 12s. and on India paper, 15s., containing eight plates. To be con- tinued monthly. 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Part II. of Richard Baynes’s General Catalogue of Second+hand and New Books, for 1925, in ~ Divinity, and every other branelr of Literature.» 2s. 2A2 The s 180 The Complete Servant ; being an: expo- sition of the duties and daily business of every. description of male and female servants, with plain directions and» re- ceipts for performing them ; together with the laws relative to masters and servants, useful, tables, &c. &e... By Samuel vad Sarah Adams. 12mo. 7s. 6d; Indications respecting Lord Eldon. “By "Jeremy Bentham, esq. 8vo. 3s, The Practical Miner’s Guide; compris- ing a set of trigonometrical tables, adapt- ed to all the purposes of dialling, with theirapplication™ to the dial-exereise of shafts;*adits, drifts, &e, &c. Also a Trea- tise'on the Art and Practice of Assaying ; Rules for calculating the power of Steam and ‘Water Engines ; together with various other ‘Tables.’ By J. Budge, Royal 8vo. £ hy 10s. ‘NATURAL HISTORY, ‘ie Selby" s Illustrations of Ornithology, Part-I. 8vo. 10s. 6d. The Zoological Journal; conducted by ‘T. Bell, esq-, F:L.s. ; J-G. Children, ie i rr. '& Ls.; J.De C. Sowerby, esq. F.L.S. and G. B. * Sowerby, F.L.S. 10s. 3 or with the plates uncoloured, 7s. 6d. No. VI. NOVELS, BALES, &c. “ A Father’s Love and a Woman’s Friend- ship, or the. Widow and her Daughters, By H.R. Mosse. 5 vols. 12mo. £1.10s. Parents and Wives, or Inconsistency and Mistakes, By Mrs. Green. 3 yols. 16s. 6d. Moderation, 2 Tale. By Mrs. Hofland. 12mo. 6s. Il Decamerone di Boccaccio, con un Discorso Critico da Ugo Foscolo. 3 vols. crown 8vo. £2. 12s. 6d. POETRY, Pleasures of Home. 12mo. 3s. 6d. ~ Legends of the North;. or, the Feudal Christmas: a Poem. By Mrs. H. Rolls. Svo. 9s, The Dance; Pythagoras; Plato’s Dream ; and other Poems. By S. Baruh. Foolscap Svo. ds. British Anthology. 8 vols, royal 18mo. £2. Qs. Clarke’s Poems. 2 vols. 12mo. 10s. 6d. rouitics, &c, . Napier’s Statistical Account of Cefalo- nia. 8vo, 7s. History of the Political and Military Transactions in India, during the Adminis- OBITUARY OF THE MONTH.» . 9» ee MR. SERJEANT LENS. NHIS gentleman, after acquiring the highest character at the University, gave himself up sedulously to the study of his profession, in which he gradually Tose to a degree of attainment seldom equalled, and, in our time, not surpassed, ; Obituary of the Month. ' By Panter. (Sept. 1, tration of the Marquess of Hastings— 1813-23. . By H. T. Prinsep. 2 vols. 8vo, £1. 12s. THEOLOGY. - A Dissertation on the Seventy Weeks of Daniel the Prophet. By the: Ren J. Sto- nard, D.D. 8yo. 15s. : Boyle’s Treatise on the Haly Sotiptures. Bvon%seiin on Dis) shire Tolley’s Parephrase of the ‘Corinthians. 8yo. 10s. 6a. Prattent. on. the Athanasian Creed. 12mo. 3s. 6d. Biddulph’s Theology of the’ Early: Pa- triarehs. 2 vols. 8vo. £1. Is) 00! Sermons, by T. Fy onion we F.R.5., F.A.8. 8vo. 15s. , Anti- Apoeryphal Obsermitions upon’ the King’ $-College Letterto Lord Teignmouth, of July 1825, im favour’ of printing: ‘the Apocrypha. By J. Wickliff. © Is.) 0% The New Testament, ‘arranged m°chro- nologieal and historical: ‘order (in *such manner that the Gospels, the Epistlés) and the Acts, may be read’ as one commected history). ~By the Rev. G. Townsend, M.A. 2 vols. 8vo. £2. ~ The Works of Jexnes " Aviititay DD., formerly Professor of Divinity in the Uni- versity of Leyden. Translated from the Latin.—To which are added, Life of the Author, with considerable Aug- mentations; numerous Extracts from his private Letters; a copious and authentic Account of the Synod of Dort and its pro- ceedings; and several interesting Notices of the Progress of his Theological Opinions in Great Britain and on the Continent. By J. Nichols. Vol. I. 8vo.; with:a fine Portrait. OPOGRAPHY, Evans’s Walks through, Wales. 18mo. 8s, / Cooke’s Walks through Kents age 18mo. 8s. - A Summer Ramble. in) the»Northern Highlands. 12mo.5s. 6d. 40) : An Account of the Pleasure) Tours’ in Ireland; with a Map, and an) Itwferary. 10s. 6d. se rere} VOYAGES, AND| HAYES —A8 " Jowitt’s Researches in Syria.) 8vo. 10s. Historica] and. Literary “Tour of a Fo- reigner in» England and, Scotland ; with Anecdotes of celebrated, Persons:visited by the Author. 2 vols, 8yo, £1. 83e009¢ Royal 1O22hnk 9 and though, from advanced, age any gra five years withdrawn himself from profes: sional pursuits, his death must be leoked upon as entailing a serious-loss, on. the) pro- fession. of which he was one.of the brightest ornaments. With g) diffidence abtestant ' only Brandt’s. .1825.] only upon high talents, and with a political consistency of which this ‘profession affords but few examples, he declined its -highest ‘honours, in which he was calculated to have excelled every competitor. » It is with w# mélanelioly' satisfaction that we turn to the character-of a man ‘who; like Mr. Lens, embodied all ‘that was°amiable ‘and just, with talents and attaifiments ofithe highest orddtin 63 30+ to 9207 . ) “GENERAL EARL CRAVEN =~ _» Entered. the» service on the, 4th, Sep- tember, 1793; as an ensign in the 45thFoot ; was appointed; on the:] 9th September 1793, Licutenant of Independents, and promoted, ‘ on. the 28th September 1793, toa company in the 80th. Regiment, of Infantry. He was appointed, on the 3d of November 1793, Major in the 84th Regiment of Foot; ob- tained, on the 7th of, March 1794, a Lieu- tenant-Colonelcy in the same, corps ;...as removed. on the 25th of September 1794 _to the 3d Foot, and on the 5th of Aug.1799, to the 40th Regiment ; and was placed, on the 24th of August 1802, on half-pay. He was appointed, on the Ist of January 1798, London Incidents... 181 Colonel in the army ; was made, on the ‘Ist of January 1805, Major-General ; on the 4thof June:181}, Lieutenant- General; and was raised, on the 27th of May-1825, to the rank! of ‘Generals The remains of his Lordship were removed from Cowes-on Friday thé 4th inst:,in the Medlin steam- vessel, preparatory ‘to® their interment” in ‘the family vault, Coombe*Abbey,“Warwick- shire. ; 2 Dis ~ —— — MARY BANKS. This remarkable woman, who died lately at Carrick-on-Soar, in the 107th, year of her age, was the wife of a linen-weayer, and always employed herself in that branch: of manufacture. * She enjoyed her faculties to the last, and was seen at.market for herself a few days prior to her decease. ‘She! was the mother of many children——one of whom, ason, had made her a promise, at his father’s decease, not to marry during, her lifetime, which promise he faithfully. discharged?’ He is now inthe 75th year of his age, and avows his intention to marry after his mo- ther’s interment. : EAT SSIS TS EE: INCIDENTS, MARRIAGES, axp DEATHS, 1 anp nran LONDON. CHRONOLOGY OF THE MONTH. ‘ULY 20.—A destructive fire broke @F out at Messrs. Gunter and Co.’s piano- forte manufactory, in Pratt Place, Camden Town, which, with the timber in the yard, was entirely destroyed. , — A meeting was held at the City of London Tavern, for the formation of ase- ciety, under the designation of “ the Episco- pal Floating Chapel Society.’’ The Lord Mayor, Lords Bexley, Clarendon; and Calthorpe, Admiral Sir R. Keates, c.c.3.; Hon. Capt. Waldegrave, x.n.; W. T: Money, esq. M.p.; Z. M. H.-Martin, and J. Poynder, esqrs., with many other dis- tinguished characters, were present. _ 21.—A fire broke out on the premises of Mr. Rhodes, cow-keeper, on the banks of the New River at Islington, which destroyed several barns and ‘out-buildings. ‘The anniversary dinner of the Surrey Dispensary was held at the London Tavern, C. Barclay, esq. in the chair, after which a subscription was made. The King has been most graciously pleased to send a donation of 100.guineas, to the Asylum for the Recovery of Health, at Lisson. ; '26.— An execedingly numerous meeting ‘of the Clerkenwell Bible Society was held, at the Fiiend’s Meeting-house, St. John’s Street, Smithfield, to commemorate the twelfth anniversary of the society. °27.—The first stone of an episcopal cha- pel to be erected at Kilburn was laid, ——= 28.—The elegant pavilion at’ Lord’s cricket ground was destroyed by fire. 29.—A fire, rendered truly melancholy by the loss of three lives, broke out at the house of Mr. Jones, in Cavendish Street ; the house was entirely consumed. Dr. Birkbeck delivered his first lecture at the new theatre of the Mechanics’ Insti- tution in Southampton buildings, on the general principles of mechanical. science; introductory to the scientific course to be delivered by the several professors. Aug. 2.—The King held a court. 4.—The Enterprize steam packet quit- ted the Thames, and proceeded direct on her voyage to India, which it is expected she will perform in eleven weeks. , 5.—The metropolis was visited by a tre- mendous hurricane, attended with a heavy rain, and great fears were entertained that considerable damage would be done to the craft on the river and other places. In St. James’s Park, it seems, several trees were torn up by the roots; in Hyde Park, also, considerable damage has been done. Mr. Lucas, a coal merchant, residing in Mil- bank-street, Westminster, had two of his barges sunk, filled with 40 chaldron of coals, situated immediately opposite his wharf in the roads; other barges also sustained great damage. At Lambeth Palace, seve- ral trees were blown down hear the Bi- shop’s-walk, and in Vauxhall-bridge road two sheds, belonging to Mr.. Childs, ‘a gar- dener, and a new brick wall, in the pos- session of Mr. Emery, shared a similar ae 4 182 Av large walnut. tree in-a gentleman’s gar- den ‘at North End, . Fulham, was blown down, ‘and four barges in the Pimlico basin sunk. , 10.—- fire, broke.out in the house of Mr. Roby, apothecary, Old Street Road, whieh, “;with)four. houses in Anchor court, pecs fa to ruins. 12.--A fire, broke jout in the house of Mr. Rawley, boot,.and shoe-maker, “New Street,; Govent Garden, which was greatly damaged. ‘ ao [9 MARRIAGES. _ At Wapping, Mr. T. Y. Kirkpatrick, to Caroline Matilda, eldest daughter of the late Mr. J. Faircloth, of Newton, Cam- bridgeshire. - The Hon. and Rev, A. Curzon, M.A., of Brasennose College, and son of Lord Scarsdale, to Sophia, second daughter of R.Holden, esq., of Nuttall Temple, Notts, and Darley Abbey, Derbyshire. Capt. E. M. Daniell, of the Hon. East- India Company’s service, to Emma Isa- bella, youngest daughter of T. Ferrers, esq:; of Cowes, Isle of Wight. J. Jackson, esq. of Queen Ann-street, to Anna Dodsworth, fifth daughter of Sir W. Beechey. A. Capel, esq. nephew to the Earl of Essex, to Right Hon. Lady Caroline Ja- netta Beauclerk, third daughter of the Duke of St. Alban’s. Capt. F. Clements, of the Royal African Corps, to Alicia Frances, eldest daughter of the Rev. R. Brickenden, and niece to the Earl of Cavan. H. Shiffner, esq., Capt. R.N. eldst son of Sir G. Shiffner, bart. M.P., of Coombe-place, Sussex, to Emily, second daughter of the late T. Brooke, esq. of Church Minshull, Cheshire.’ W. Burrell, esq. of West Grinstead Park, M.P. for Sussex, to Mrs. Chisholme. The Rev: G. Martin, canon residen- tiary of the cathedral, and chancellor of the diocese of Exeter, to Lady Charlotte Elliott, youngest daughter of the Earl of St. Germains. The Right Hon. Lord Grantley, to Char- lotte Earle, youngest daughter of Sir W. Beechey. - P. Pole, esq. eldest son of Sir P. Pole, bart. M.p. of Wolverton Park, Hants, to Lady Louisa Pery, fourth daughter of the Earl of Limerick. A. R. Stewart, esq., M.P. for the county of Londonderry, to Lady Caroline Ann Pratt, youngest daughter of the Marquess and Marchioness Camden. W. EF. Middleton, esq. only son-of Sir W. Middleton, bart., to the Hon. Anne Cust; daughter of the late, and sister to the present Lord Brownlow. At Stanmore, in Middlesex, J. Ewart, esq. to Jean, only daughter of the late J. Laing, esq. . é ~C F. Wise, esq. of Holt Lodge, Holt London Marriages and Deaths. (Sept. 1, ‘Forest, Hants, to Emma, daughter of R. Lang, esq. of Portland-place. : G. Pounce, esq. of Grosyenor-square, to Jane, eldest daughter ‘of .Sir J) Robin- son, ‘bart. mrpene Ad J.J. Buxton, M.2., to Elizabeth, ‘eldest daughter of Sir-M,-Cholmely, :bart.) M.p. for Grantham. Ad, ANIVEIG The Rey. Mr..Stourton, \eldest) son’! of Lord Stourton, to the Hon. Lucy Clifford, fourth daughter of Lord, Clifford, Lieut. J. Hicks, r.v., to M P. Wiss, esq. of the 6th oon to Margaret, eldest daughter ot "Ty bre, esq. of Nottingham-place. =? R. Baring, esq: M.r-, of Somerley, Hants, to Cicilia Anne, eldest ‘daughter’ of Rear Admiral Windham. ee j Sir G. Heathcote, bart., to Mrs. Eldon, Park Crescent, Portland-place. =~ DEATHS... ; j 60, The Most Noble William Beauclerk, eighth Duke of St. Alban’s, -hereditary grand falconer of England. _He is_suc- ceeded in his title and estates by his eldest son, W. A. de Vere, Earl of Burford, now Duke of St. Alban’s. At Hampton, Catherine, relict of the Right Rey. Samuel, Lord Bishop of. St. Asaph. ( p 89, F. Edmonds, esq. Charles-street, Berkeley Square. ; 62, J. Church, esq. of Bedford-place, Bloomsbury-square. ‘ ahd 20 ade 50, The Right hon. T. Lord Lilford. 75, At Edgar-house, H. Terry, esq. formerly a cornet in the 22d light dragoons. 90, Anna Maria, daughter of Viscount and Viscountess Folkestone. 74, S. Hoare, esq. of Hampstead, and Fleet-street- At his residence, North side Clapham-' common, T. Newton, esq. of Warwick- square. In Great Queen-street, 77, P. Ludgate, esq. one of the magistrates of the county of Middlesex. ves At Cowes, after a lingering illness, 55, the Right Hon. the Earl of Craven, Lord lieutenant of the’ county of Berks, recorder of Coventry, and a lieut.-general in the army. His Lordship married, 12th De- cember 1807, Louisa, second daughter of J. Brunton, gent. ; and has leftissue, Vis- count Uffington (now Earl Craven), and another son, and a daughter; the latter born 26th June 1815.—His Lordship was one of the principal early munificent patrons of yacht sailing, in his fine ship yacht, the Louisa. >: 2 wos ant In Bruton-street; Rev. F. Haggitt, pip. At Forty-hill, Enfield, 76, Mrs. André, widow of J. L. André, sen. esq. 9 21, W. P. Clagett, esq. youngest son of the late H. Clagett, esq. of Clapham-rise. At Hampstead, Mrs. Young, formerly Miss Biggs, of Drury-lane theatre. In Montague-street, Mrs. ea ict 1825.] lict of the late J. Conyers, esq. of Copthall, Essex. Sir A. Grant, bart. 75, W. Wood, esq. late of Cheltenham. In Grosyenor-street, 82, J. Weyland, esq:, of Woodeaton, county of Oxford. In Green-street, Grosvenor-square, 52, J. Stevens, esq. é Her Grace'the Duchess’ of Dorset. MARRIAGES ABROAD. At the house of his Excellency the British, Ambassador, Paris, the Rev, W. H. Bury, 3.v., to Mary Anne, daughter of _the late J, Maclean, esq. and. widow of the late A. M. Grieves, .esq. of Glenure, North Britain. At the house of his Excellency the British Ambassador at. Brussels, the Rev. E. Jenkins, 8.4., to Eliza, eldest daughter of J. Jay, esq., formerly of Lixmount, near Edinburgh. At'the house of the British Consul at Dunkerque, in France, the Right Hon. R.H. Fitzgibbon, m.P., second son of the late Earl of Clare, to Diana, eldest daugh- ter of the late C. Woodcock, esq. At Madras, Capt. D. Montgomery, of the light cavalry, deputy surveyor-gene- ral, to Harriet, third daughter of the late © Maj.-Gen. Durrand, of the Madras esta- blishment. At Mount-Gerald-house, Archibald Dick, esq. of Windsor Castle, Jamaica, and a member of the Hon. House of Assembly of that island, to Isabella, third daughter of the late C. Mackenzie, esq. of Mount- Gerald, Rosshire, North Britain. At Brussels, the Count Ferdinand D’Oultlemont, chamberlain to his Serene Highness the Prince of Orange, to Isa- bella Charlotte, only daughter of the late G. Bonham, esq. zh DEATHS ABROAD. M. Birkbeck, esq., Secretary of the State of Monois, was lately drowned in crossing a stream on his way,home from a visit to Mr. Owen, at Harmony. He was the founder of New Albion; the back- woodsmen called him the Emperor of the Peete on account. of his buying, at a ‘4c ai fo Puta r€ sotiet oil! single purchase, 16,000 acres of public cay. Qiale MNIDIMNA eae oide anit fit FF . t P i Tue Rev. G. G. Smith to be domestic Fig iyi his! Royal Highness’ the ' Duke ve Rey. R. Richards, m.a., to be do- mestic, chaplain to his’ Royal: Highness the . Dukeiof Sussex.) Io ope9 oul The; Rey. Ru Rs Faulkner to be! per- petual curate),of | St, Sepulchre’s parish, Cambridge, vit. Ecclesiastical Promotions. 183 land. His loss. will be severely felt. by the emigrants of the west. The Right Rey. J. Mountain, p.p., Lord Bishop of Quebec. __ * At Loango, on the coast of Africa, Mr. R. Collett. On his way to'France, 33, Mr. F. Pres- ton, jun, ; rete ne bebee At Jamaica, Mr. J. Griffiths, master of his Majesty’s ship Dartmouth. \- “""* \ ‘On his return from India,° ‘Major R- Durie, of the 11th light dragoonss*" 2° At Zurich, in Switzerland, the Rev. S. How, rector of Winterbourne, Strickland, Dorset, and of Southleigh, Devon... At the house of- Dr. Smitton, -on, the Esplanade at Bombay, 20; Lieut. 'T. He Heathcote, of the Hon. East-India Com- pany’s Artillery, third son of Rear- Admiral Sir H. Heathcote. : At Benares, . Bengal,’ Capt. .G- Snod- grass, 23d regt. native infantry, deputy-; paymaster of the Benares and Sagoridivi- sions of the army, and seventh son of the late H. Snodgrass, esq. of Paisley. Qn his passage home from Calcutta, on board the General Hewitt, Mr. C.. Benson, . third son of the late J. Benson, esq. of Knap Northam. At Barbadoes, J. Ellis, esq. of, the Middle Temple, M.A. ¥.s.a., and deputy recorder of Huntingdon. J. Gentle, esq. late of Demerara, on his passage from. Trinidad to London. AtValparaiso, J. Brown, esq. late purser of his Majesty’s ship Blonde. At Glengary, Upper Canada, 70, J. Macdonnell, of Ardnoire. At Posen, Germany, 28, Peter Tuchan, of dropsy in the chest. He-was a native of Tula, and remarkable for his gigantic stature. He measured eight feet seven inches in height, so that the hands of the tallest man hardly reached his breast. _ It- was remarkable that he had not a beard; that his voice was soft and his feet weak; he was a very moderate eater, and it is said he was seven years o]d. before he began to grow in such an extraordinary manner, . At Montreal, 106, C. Lusiniani, esq. At Cairo, 70, Mr. Salame, of Alexandria, father of A. V. Salame, esq.his Majesty’s Oriental interpreter. 4 At Jamaica, Lieut. A. S, Faulkner.) A ECCLESIASTICAL PROMOTIONS. The Rev. G. E. Whyley,; M.a., to the’ vicarage of Eaton’ Bray, in the county of Bedfordshire. aval So The Rev, J. Johnson, M.A., rector of Byford, in the county of Herefordshire, to the prebendal ‘stall of Hampton, in Here- ford'cathedgal, 10 Hovey Vito ve The Rey. D. Clementson to be chaplain of the county gaol, Dorchester, rr e 184° The Rev. G. W. Smith, domestic chap-' lain to the Earl of Stradbroke, to the vicarage of Bawdsey, - Norfolk. The Rev. P. Gurdon, 3.a., rector of Reymstone,. to be domestic chaplain to Lord Baguing. The Rev. E. Daniels, to the mastership of the grammar school of Helston, Corn- wall. ; 2 The Rev. V. F. Vyvian to the rectory of Withiel, Cornwall. The Rev. H. Tripp to the rectory of. Blackborough,. Devon. The Rev. C. Ward to the rectory of Maulden, Bedfordshire. The Rev. T. Wynter, M.a. to the rec- tory of Daylesford, Worcestershire. : The Rev. H. Jones, M.a. minister of Flint, to the vicarage of Northop,. Flint- shire. The Rev. 'G. A. Legge, 8.4., to the vicarage of Bray, Berks. The Rev. J. H. Spry, D.v., to the rectory of St. Marylebone, London. The Rev. G. Chandler, p.c.L., to the reetory of All Souls’ Church, Langham Place, St.. Marylebone, London. . The Rev. J. West, M.a., to the vicarage of Eyerereech, with the chapelry of Ches- terblade annexed. ' The Rev. J. Lonsdale, B.D., to a preben- dal stall in the cathedral church of Lincoln. The Rev. W. Buckland, 8.p., andreader in geology, has been installed canon: of Christchurch. Provincial Occurrences. (Sept. 1, The Rev. T. Vaughan, 1:4., chaplain ‘to the Countess of Antrim, to the vicarage of St. James and St. Keeby, alias Cuby. The Rev. G. S.. Evans, .a.; to the vicarage of Temple Grafton, in the county of Warwick. “The Rev. H. Strangeways, m.a., to the rectory of Rewe, Devon. The Rey. T. Gaisford, ™.a., regius professor of Greek in the university of Oxford, to the second canonry or prebendal founded in the cathedral church of Wor- . cester, promoted to a stall in Canterbury cathedral. Ph Sg The Rev. E. W. Wakeman, 8.4., to the, perpetual curacy of Claines, Worcestersh. The Rey. C. Tripp, D.p., to the rectory of Kentisbeare, Devon. The Rev. J. B. May, to the rectory of St. Martin, Exeter. The Rev. J. Davies, to the rectory of Over Worton. : The Rev. B. Puckle, to the rectory of Graffham, Hunts. . The Rev. S. Paul, to the vicarage of Tetbury, Gloucestershire. in The Rey. J. Hill, m.a., rector of Shank- lin, Isle of Wight, archdeacon of .Bucks. The Rey. J. G. Ward, late of South- ampton, to the rectory of St. James’s. The Rey. Dr. Jenkinson, late Dean. of Worcester, was consecrated Bishop of St. David’s at, Lambeth Palace. The Rey. H. Hubbard, to the living of Cheriton, near Arlesford. PROVINCIAL OCCURRENCES, WITH THE MARRIAGES AND DEATHS; Furnishing the Domestic and Family History of England for the last Twenty-nine Years- . NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. SERIOUS riot took place at Sun- derland, on the Sd of August, com- menced by the combined seamen attempting to take the sailors out of the ships going to sea. The Riot Act was read, and it ap- pears that seven men and one woman were shot. by the military. The soldiers acted with the greatest forbearance, until after the Riot Act had been read three times, and they - were most unmercifully pelted with large stones and missiles'of every description. Married.| In Durham, the Rev. T. R. Shippardson, Rector of St. Mary-le-Bow, to. Mary Ann, eldest daughter of J. Hutchinson, .esq.—-At Heanor, the Rev. R. Thompson, of Bishop Auckland, to Jemima, only daughter of J. Grommer, _esq. of Codnor Breach, Derbyshire—Mr. T. Teasdale, Green-market, to Mary Ann Elliott, of Ellwood House, daughter of J. Smith, esq. of Wester Hall, Northum- berland. Died.| 72, Miss Hannah Dent, sister of Col. Dent, of Shortflat—At Bishop Auck- ° land, 42, Elizabeth, wife of C. Usher, a CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND. A most splendid exhibition of the Aurora Borealis, was seen on the 26th July, by many persons. in the neighbourhood of Carlisle, and further North. Married.| At Crosscannonby, Mr. E. Musher, to Miss Sharp, of Maryport— At Workington, Mr, R. Spears, of Maryport, to Jane, eldest daughter of Mr. I, Seott.— © S. Ireton, esq. of Freten Hall, to Eleanor, second daughter of the late J. T. Senhouse, esq. of Calder Abbey.—At Mousby, near Whitehouse, J. Morland,. esq. of Kendal,. to. Elizabeth, daughter of J: Thomson,. esq. of Grayrigg. : Died.| At Cumwhinton, in the parish: of Wetheral, 60, J. ‘Thompson, esq.—At Penrith, 70, J. Forster, esq. of this city.— At Templesowerby, Westmorland, 65, -_ ella. 1825] bella, widow of the, late W. Boardman, esq. of Penzance, Cornwall. |. YORKSHIRE. A meeting of the principal inhabitants of Leeds, and the neighbourhood, took place lately, to consider the expediency, which has long been suggested, of erecting a bridge across ‘the Aire, and making the necessary approaches to it, for the purpose of connecting “Hunslet,, with the Black Bank,, Leeds, . When it was resolved, to raise, the po necessary, for that purpose, y shares of £50 each, and that subscrip- tions be immediately solicited. An. ancient tiled. flooring, about, two yards square, was lately discovered on the east side of the cemetry in Kirkstall Abbey. The tiles are each about four inches square, highly glazed, on the surface, and are of various colours. : ; A destructive fire broke out lately, in one of the mills of Messrs. Gott and Sons, at Armley, which was entirely destroyed ; the loss is estimated at £5,000. The premises were insured. A sermon was lately preached in the Methodist Chapel, at Askerne, by Miss Rebecea Sturges, fifth daughter of the late J. Sturges, esq. magistrate of the West Riding of Yorkshire. » On Thursday, July 28, a party of the Directors of the Aire and Calder Naviga- tion proceeded in one of their boats from Ferrybridge, where their new canal joins the’ river Aire, along the whole line, into the docks at Goole, and found the works in such a state of forwardness as to’ warrant the expectation that the country will have the use of its great facilities ere the setting in of winter. This magnificent work is nearly eighteen miles in length, has seven feet depth of water, and is sixty-three wide on the surface ; it is crowned by sixteen stone bridges of elegant, construction, and eight cast-iron swivel bridges, and fifteen or _ more culverts, all of solid masonary, and laid . under the. canal, for the purposes of drai mg,and also of warping the lands adjacent. Goole, it is terminated by a large basin or dock, for the reception of river craft, nine hundred feet in length by onehundred and fifty in‘breadth, which com- municates with another dock, fer the recep- tion. of ships, six hundred feet long by two undred : trot each of which, vessels are passed. by locks into an outer harbour, three hundr feet, by two hundred, which com- ¢ Ye r kead . 4 P. cates by two other Jocks with the river rr » We-hear that petitions from ‘the several, reat, towns in this neighbourhood y. Lege praying that Govern- ari D * Goole’ at port for the “im- me Mee artaiibn of goods. : day, August 8, a public meeting oP tay 2,000 men ofthe town of Leeds, Shela, pursuant to advertisement, in the PA I ady rd ‘of the Coloured” Cloth Hall, to con- Wiss erties of peaaatee Be Yorkshire. 185 Hume with a piece of plate, as a token of gratitude for his patriotic exertions gene- rally, and particularly on behalt of the labouring part of the community. Several resolutions were passed, and a -subsefiption for a piece of plate'agreed on unanimously. Married.|_ Mr. H. C. Mallinson, “of Huddersfield, to Miss ‘Mary Netherwood,. of Coweliffi—Mr. S. Gatliff, ‘6f “London, to Frances, eldest daughter of the late" W. Goodman, esq. of: Burley-house, Leeds. — Mr. Garlick, of Park Row, ‘to Dordthy, youngest daughtér of the late J. Holyrod, esq. of Grovye-house, ‘Leeds. —Mr. 5.-O. March, to Miss Murray, youngest daugh- ter of Mr. M. Murray, of Leeds.-H. G. Knight, esq. of Firbeck, to Henrietta, relict of the’ Rev. J. H. Eyre, and yougest daughter of A. H: Eyre, esq. ef ‘Grove- park, Notts. —At Accrington, the Rev: W. Villiers, of Kidderminster, to Susanriah, youngest daughter of J. Peel, esq. of Ac- crington-house. —At Dewsbury,, Mr;~S. Oates, to’ Sarah, second daughter of Ben- jamin Brearey, esq.—Mr. S; F’. Hartley, of Halifax, to Harriet, daughter of J. Gosnay, esq.—At Sheffield, the Rey. W. Williams, B.A.; whois about to proeeed to New Zea- land as a Missionary, to Miss Jane Nelson. —At Bradford, Mr. J. Ross, to ‘Theodosia, eldest daughter of Mr. J. Knight; Horton, near Bradford.—J. Carter, esq. of Thirsk, to Miss Gale, daughter of the late Rev, H. Gale, rector of Escrick—At Broughton, J. N. Coulthurst, esq. of Gargrave-house, to Catharine, third daughter of the Jate S. Tempest, esq. of Broughton.—Mr. W. ‘Hardwick, to.Mary Ann, second daughter of the Rev. J. Farrer, of Bramley.—At Elland, Abraham, third son of S. Pitchforth, esq. of Shaw--house, near Elland, to Eliza. beth, youngest daughter of J. Walker, esq. of Deanhead, near Huddersfield. , Died.| 39, W. Pullan, esq. of Huns. let—61, S. Broadley, esq. of Bradford.— ‘Thomas, second son of J. Fullerton, esq. of Thriberg Park, near Rotherham—At Spennithorne, 68, Mrs. Strawbenzeeé, relict of the late I’. Strawbenzée, esq.—- At Ghis- borough, 92, J: Harrison, esq.one of his Majesty’s.| Justices of the Peace, ‘for the North Riding of this county—At Richmond, in the ‘North Riding, 77, T. Hogs, esq— Walter, son of Rs Peel, esq: of Hyndburne- house; ‘near Blackburn. At’ Cornwallis ‘house, Clifton, Frances » Eliza, - second ‘daughter of the late R.Zouche, esq. of Wakefield—sAt Malton, 64, J: Simpson, esq- M.D. Mrs. ‘Moyser, ‘mother of F. Moyser, esq. of Topelit¥, near Thirsk—-At this’seat, at Great Brickhill, W, H. Ham- “mer, esq. ‘one of the receivers general for this county2.C.’ Hebblethwaite, esq.! of Leeds. During’his' minority he'was partly educated in Franee,. inthe same school with Napoleon Buonaparte, and was then of course personally acquainted with him— At Prier-bank, near Sheffield, Matilda, OB ae MONS, T0039). aeeeethird 186 third daughter of the late J. Outrant, esq. of Bramley-hall, Derbyshire. . LANCASHIRE» A destrdctive fire broke out lately, in the premises of ‘Messrs. Sharp, Hill and Co. patent reel, and power loom manufactu- rers, in° Falkner Street, Manchester, which were entirely destroyed. The loss’ is esti- mated at from. £8,000 to £10,000. It is strongly suspected; that the fire was the work of some incendiary. On Friday, the 29th July, the foundation stone of: Woolton Church was laid by the Hon. E. G. Stanley, ‘assisted by the Rev. A. Campbell, vicar of Childwall; the Rev. . Ashton, vicar of Huyton, and the ar- chitect, Mr. Stewart, sen. of Liverpool. The Rey. Mr, Campbell addressed Mr. Stanley, mentioning that his grandfather had given a piece of ground for the erection of .this edifice; to which the Hon. E. G. Stanley made a pathetic reply. Married.| At Manchester, Mr. Ather- ton, of that town, to Elizabeth, eldest daughter of the late T.. Ramsden, esq. of Lee-bridge-house, near Halifax— At Liver- pool, Mr. J. Rothwell, to Betsey, third daughter of the late S, Chandley, esq. of Cheadle, Cheshire; Capt. W. Hinde, of the Lightfoot, to Miss Hall, of Mill Street ; T.. Tidswell, esq. of Cheadle, Cheshire, to Miss Ellen Vernon, of Toxteth Park— At Ashton,, Mr. T. Armstrong, of Nut Bank, near Middleton, to Sarah, youngest daughter of T. Evans, esq. of Stanley Bank —At Manchester, the Rey. C. Marrell, of Malton, to Miss H. Fowden, of the former place—H. Marriot, esq. of Marple, to Eliza, fourth daughter of the late S, Hob- son, esq. of Newton Heath. Died.| 85, the Rev. O. Cooper, rector of Otterden, Kent, and for upwards of sixty-two years curate of Chorley—In Mill Street, 62, Mrs. H. Charnly, relict of P. Charnly, esq. of Warton Lodge, near Pres- ton—88, the Rey. A. Story, late of Gars- tank, Lancashire—At Fowl-Ing, neay Ken- dal, 68, J. Gough, esq.—At his house, at Fairfield, near Liverpool, 75, E. Falkner, esq.—At Liverpool, W. W. Fell, esq. CHESHIRE. Married.| At Chester, Mr. A. Gibson, to Elizabeth Charlotte, youngest daughter of the late Dr. Jardine, of the same place ; N. J. Henry, esq. to Miss Ayrton, both of Ripon—At Henbury, B.S. Escott, esq. to Anne, youngest daughter of the Rev. W. Trevelyan, vicar of Henbury. Died.| _ At Witton, Barbara, second daughter of I. Spooner, esq.—At Horwich- house, 45, F. D. Astley, esq. of Dukinfield Lodge, in the county of ‘Chester. _ 2 ; DERBYSHIRE, Married.| At Pleasley, Henry, eldest son of Peter Marsland, esq. Wood-bank, near Stockport, to Maria, second daughter Provincial Occurrences :—Lancashire, Cheshire, §c. [Sept. 1, of Mr. Hollins, -of the former place—At Repton, the Rev; J. C. Safford, 3.a.- vicar of Mettingham, Norfolk, to Louisa, only child of the late Rev. J. Chartres, formerly Fellow of King’s College, Cambridge, and vicar of Godmanchester and West Had- don, Hunts—T. Le Bretou, esq. Attorney- General of the Island of Jersey, to Frances, daughter of T. J. Rawson, esq. of Ash- borne. NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. Xe Married.] At Nuttall Church, the Hon, and Rev. A. Curzon, son of Lord Scars- dale, to Sophia, second daughter of . R. Holden, esq. of Nuttall Temple, Notts, and Darley Abbey, Derbyshire—At Not- tingham, ‘I’. B. Oliver, esq. of this place, to Augusta, third daughter of the Rev. T. Burnaby, m.a. vicar of St. Margaret, and rector of Misterton, in this county. LINCOLNSHIRE. Died.| Rev. H. Boulton, vicar of Sib- sey. STAFFORDSHIRE. Married.|_ Rev. H. Pickthall, of Woot- ton, Staffordshire, to Mary, eldest daughter of the late Rev. E. Vardy, rector of Yel- verton, Northamptonshire—At Netherseal, in this county, the Rev. S. Madan, m.a. Canon-Residentiary of Litchfield, to Louisa Elizabeth, eldest daughter of the Rev. W. Gresley, of Neétherseal-hall. : Died.|_ At Rugely, 96, J. Dickinson, esq. He was an officer under George II. WARWICKSHIRE, July 26.—The fight between the lion Nero, and six dogs, three at a time, took place at Warwick, which from the tame and gentle disposition of the ‘lion, was decided in favour of the dogs. Aug. 1.—Another fight; between the lion Wallace, and six dogs, twovat atime, took place at Warwick, which was: decided in favour of the lion: the dogs, in this en- counter, had not the smallest chance, t Married.| At Barford, the Rev. Hi.E. Steward, m.a. of Christchurch, |: Oxford; and domestic chaplain to the Earl of: Watr- wick, to Mary, only child of H: ‘Holden, esq. of Barford. uff 3 Died| At Leamington Priors, William, youngest son of W.) Craddock,’ ‘esq. of Nuneaton—In Birminghgm Workhouse, 77, J. Scruise, a Greenwich’ ‘pensioner, one of the last of Captain Cook’s crew, pig saw the celebrated circumnavigator fa ? i ™ bogs nat : SHROPSHIRE. brie bess The spire of Neen Church; ‘Shréwsbury, was destroyed by lightning, on’ Wednestay, 27th July. rove 1 Married.| At Loppington, ‘R.-S? Dickin, esq. of Broughton Villa, to Jane, eldést daughter of the Rev. R. Parkes,’ vicar of the former place, and chaplain to-‘the Most Noble the Marquis of Donegall. ‘ WORCESTERSHIRE. 1925.] WORCESTERSHIRE. Married.|. F. Maw, esq. of Green. Hill Place, to Jane, youngest dayghter of the late Rev. R. R, Walton, of Marsden-hall, ins Bt county—Mr.. I. Carter, jun., of Dalend, to Sophia, eldest daughter of G. Nash, esq. of . the Broom-House, near Bromsgrove. ¥ Shel At Worcester, 34, J. Stephens, esq. of Cascob, in the county of Radnor— At Churchill, 61, Mrs. Ozen, relict of G. Ozen,°esq. of Burrington. ©) 1°" HEREFORDSHIRE. On Thursday 21st July, two children, the one six, and the other three years old, playing by the side of the Leominster canal, endeayouring to push a mastiff dog into the water, the youngest fell in; the animal im- mediately plunged in, and seizing the child by the head, its cap came off in his mouth, with which he swam out, and placed it on the shore ; but jumped, in a second time, and brought out the child, carefully lifting it by the shoulder. The father, who was employed in a coal yard, ata distance, ar- rived just as the dog had landed his little charge. ar] At Hereford, Mr. Williams, to Ann, relict of the late Mr. Dunn. Died.| At Garnons, H. Cotterell, esq. Second son of Col. Sir J. G. Cotterell, bart. at.p.At Hereford, Mrs. Green, relict of J. Green, esq. *" GLOUCESTER AND MONMOUTH. Lusus Nature.—Lately a young hare, nearly a month ‘old, was found near the Hay {having been killed by a stote), which pre- sented a most singular conformation. The head and fore feet were perfect down to the navel, where two separate bodies. com- menced, each complete with legs and tails, but separate from the navel, and of the male genus; the two bodies appearing equally , strong and perfect: This singular curiosity is now in the. possession of Mr. T. Cooke, auctioneer, «of Hereford. “| Married: «At St. Mary de Lode, Glou- ester; ) the Rev, T. Brigstoke, Rector of Whitton, | Radnorshire, and Incumbent of St.’ Kathatiné’s, Milford Haven, to Caro- ine Buchanan, youngest daughter of the late Rev...Rs Whish, of Northwood, Nor- folk---At Lianvrechva, in the county of Monmouth, C. Griffith, esq. of Gloucester, to, Miss Jane Graham. ~ Died} At Cheltenham, C. T. Wilson, esq, son.of: R. Wilson, esq. of Aystone, Ire- land, and grandson of the late R. H. C. Town- shend, and Baroness Greenwich—The Rev. Mr, Thomas, of Llandilo, Monmouthshire— At Gloucester, Mrs. Brown, relict of the late J. Brown, esq. formerly of Castleton, Here- fordskire-—At the Hermitage, Cheltenham, Frances, the wife of J. Ferryman, esq.— At Gloucester, 25, the Hon. and Rev. D. Massy, son, of the Jate Lord Massy—At his house in Prince’s-streety.. W. Birch, esq. of Bristol—At, Clifton, J. C. Meredith, esq. Worcestershire, Herefordshire, Gloucestershire, &c. 187 of Brecon—Mary, wife of the Rev. §. Com- meline, rector of Hempstead, in this county, and eldest daughter of the late A. Saunders, esq. — Louisa, ) the wife! of +» Gonfteldy .esq. of Faulkner Lodge; Cheltetbam—At» the residence of her son-in-law; the Rev. J, Worgan,, Vicar of Pebworth, in'this county — At the Hotwells, 75, J.Nott, ata; OXFORDSHIRE. wf { Oxford, July 16th—Being the last day of Term, the following degrees were con- ferred :— Bacurror and Docror in Divinity, by accumulation: the Rev. Thomas Frognall Dibdin, of St, John’s College, and rector of St. Mary’s, Bryanstone-square, grand com- pounder. ‘ Master of Arts: Rev. Rob. H. Fowler, Exeter Coll.—Rev. Hen. B. Newman, Fellow of Wadham Coll.—Rev. Ja. Raw- lins, St John’s Coll. ‘ reo of Arts: Ja. L. Hesse, Trinity oll. Mr. A. Bennett, late of Chichester Ca- thedral, organist of New Coll., was appoint- ed, on Tuesday last, by the Rev. the Vice- Chancellor,’ organist of the University church. On Wednesday last, the Bishop of Here- ford, with the Wardens of New College, attended prayers in the Winchester College Chapel, and, proceeding thence to the school-room, the following medals were adjudged. j » “Gold Medals ; Latin Essay : Wordsworth. —Non tam in otio laboribus parto, quam in rebus arduis, et dubio adhuc certamine hominum enituerunt virtutes. English Verse : Wickham,—Alfred in the Danish camp. Silver Medals: Templeton.—The speech of Germanicus to the mutinous soldiers. Elliot, Sen.—Scipionis ad veteres milites oratio. ) Married.) At Whitechurch, the Rev. E. Cooper, eldest son of the Rev. E.- Cooper of Hams-hall, Staffordshire, to Ca- roline, eldest daughter of P. L. Powys, esq. of Hardwick-house, Oxon. Died.| The Rev. F. Haggitt, D.D. Chaplain in Ordinary to his Majesty, Pre- bendary of Durham, and rector of Nune- ham Courtney, in the county of Oxford— 52, Mrs. Woolton, widow of the late Mr. J. C. Woolton, Oxford—At Grandpout, near Oxford, 82, Sir W. E. Taunton, Knut. BUCKS AND BERKS. July 3. The annual election of scholars, took place at Eton College. Mr. Astley, the chaplain of the school, delivered a Latin address, after which the examination com- menced. Aug. 12. The first stone was laid of a new octagon tower, upon @ very extensive scale, on the North Terrace. Married.) . The Rev. E. B. Frere, Vicar of Biggleswade, to Elizabeth, only daugh- 2B2 ter 188 Provincial Occurrences: Northamptonshire, Cambridge, §c. [Sept. & ter of J. H. Williams, esq. of. Yarmouth— At Ellesmere, R. D. Vaughton, esq. of Wall, in the county of Stafford, to Mary Anne, -daughter of E. Dymock, esq. of Penley-hall, in.the county of Flint. Died.| At Studley Priory, in this county, 15, Charlotte, fourth daughter of Sir Alex- ander and Lady.Crooke— At Little Missen- den, Bucks, 82; W. Moore, esq.—76, B. Hawkins, esq. of Speen, an Alderman of Newbury—At the rectory house, Ellesbo- rough, 37, the Rev. Mr. Hamilton—At High Wycombe, J. Gomme, esq. F.A.S. —F’. Parfet, esq. of Missenden, Bucks—At Great Brick Hill, Bucks, 65, W. H. Hamunu, esq. HERTFORD AND BEDFORD. ‘Lately Mr. Wilson, Governor of Here- ford gaol, had a sow farrow 12 pigs, one of which was born dead, and on examining it, it was found to have a human face growing from its mouth, We have been favoured with a sight of it. ‘The lower jaw of the pig is complete, and the tongue protrudes nearly an inch out of the mouth; the snout is turned backwards towards the ears, and from the mouth a human facé projects. The eyes, eye-brows, and nose, are com- -plete, and the mouth marked. There are no eyes but those in the human face.— County Herald, . A meeting of the Bedfordshire Bible As- sociation was held on Wednesday the 27th of July. : Married.| At Baldock, the Rev, J. La- font, rector of Hinxworth, Herts, to Eliza, eldest daughter of Izard Pryor, esq. of the former place—At Cheshunt, Herts, G. F. Walker, esq. of Chalk Lodge, Herts, to Julia, second daughter of T. Sanders, esq. of Cheshunt—At Hatfield, Herts, J, Parn- thu, esq. of Jamaica, to Elizabeth, daugh- terof the Rev. P. Grantham, p.p., of Scary- by, Lincolrishire. Died.] 67, A. Rowlandson, esq. of Wyddiall-hall, Herts— At Hoddesdon, Herts, 'T. Edwards, esq.—Elizabeth, wife of IT. W. Hearne, esq. of Deanes-hall, Herts. NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. At an assembly of the Corporation of Northampton, held lately, eighteen loans of £100 each, out of the proceeds of Sir T. White’s charity, were granted to the same number of freemen of that borough; and, -as a proof of the increasing prosperity of this charitable fund, we are happy to say, that there were two loans more than applicants (making in the whole twenty), which remain to be added to the number to be disposed of next year ! Died.| -— Boon, esq. of Gretton, Nor- thamptonshire— At his father’s house, Ged- dington, in Northamptonshire, the Rev. H. Boulton, Vicar of Sibsey, Lincolnshire. CAMBRIDGE AND HUNTINGDONSHIRE. A gentleman of Cambridge, who is skilled in the science of experimental chemistry, and also mechanism, has lately brought to perfection a time-keeper, so simple in its construction, that its entire moyement con- sists of only one common wheel and a lever, which act by a chemical process, which may be applied as necessity requires. This inge- nious piece of mechanism, will neither re- quire the operation of winding or cleaning. Married.] At Cambridge, W. Hopwood, esq. A.zB., of Trinity College, and second master of Falmouth grammar school, to Mary Sophia, daughter of the late Mr. Red- head, of Cambridge—At Somersham, Hun- tingdonshire, Mr. W.O. Aikin, grandson of the late Dr. Aikin, to Mary Ann, only daughter of W. Mason, esq. of the former place. Died.|_ T. Smith, 2.a., scholar of Trini- ty College, Cambridge. NORFOLK. On Wednesday July 20th, as some work- men belonging to Sir T. Hare, bart. of Stow Bardolph, Norfolk, were at work at low water in the river Ouze, near Stow- bridge, they discovered, deeply imbedded in the silt or sand, a perfect human skeleton, upon each foot of which were the remains of a shoe, In digging beside, they found twenty silver and copper coins, viz. 1 silver of Edward VI., 6 ditto of Elizabeth, 1 ditto of Mary, 3 ditto of James I., and 9 copper coins of the latter reign, from whence we may reasonably infer, that it was the body of some person who was unfortunately drowned upwards of two centuries ago. The copper coins are in remarkably high preseryation. Lately, a very alarming fire broke out on the premises belonging to. Mr. E. Hughes, in the parish of Stanford, which destroyed a quantity of seed, and the build- ings recently erected in the farm yard, with the farming implements, &c. The inhabitants of East Harling, have presented their respected rector (the Rey. T. B. Wilkinson) with a handsome piece of plate, as a mark of their esteem. ; Married.|_ G. Heald, esq. of Lincoln’s- Inn,, to Emma, daughter of §. Trafford Southwell, esq. of Wroxham-hall, Norfolk —~The Rev. Charles Grant, Vicar of West Basham,. Norfolk, to Caroline, Mary, only daughter of the late C. Graeme, jun. esq. Judge of Purneah, Bengal. Died.| Near East Dereham, Margaret, the wife of the Rey. T. Munnings. SUFFOLK, . Married.] At Stanningfield, the Rey. N. Colvile, m.a. rector of Great and Little . Livermere, to Emma, youngest daughter of the late C. B. Metcalfe, esq. of Hawsted, Suffolk—At Barking, Suffolk, the Rev. T. Brown, rector of Hemingstone, to Frede- rica, youngest daughter of the Rey. C. Da- vy—At the Catholic chapel, Bury, and after- wards at St. Mary’s church, M. Mason, esq. of Stock, near Chelmsford, to Anna Maria Teresa, 1825.] Teresa, youngest daughter of the late E. Pugh, esq. of Hengrave, Suffolk— At Sib- ton, near Saxhamunodam, B. N. R. Batty, ~esq. of Halton. Place, to Mrs.’ Perkins, widow of Lieut. Perkins, ESSEX. Died. | Langham-hall—At North End, Little I- ford, T. Smith, z.a., of Trinity College, youngsst son of T. Smith, esq. Distillery, Whitechapel-road. KENT. Sincutar Puenomenon. A cloud was lately observed, which.. seemed to rest partly on the sea, and extended along the horizon nearly as far as the eye could reach, beginning at the Dover point. Every vessel was not only reflected from it, but there appeared two distinct images of each vessel—one immediately above the real object, and inverted; the other in its proper position on the top of the cloud, sailing in the air. The French cliffs had a most curious appearance, resembling -a white castle, or extended fortification sud- denly raised upon the sea, at a distance of less than a mile, and covering a space of ten miles. ‘Between this and the spectator, clouds were so dispersed, as to render the whole a magnificent object. The town of Sandwich also, with the beach, &c. were seen in the air in an inverted position. This interesting spectacle lasted an hour and a half, and on the approach of night, gra- dually faded away.— Kentish Chronicle, Married.| At Ripple, Kent, the Rev. R. M’Shen, rector of that parish, and vicar of Bromhom cum Oakley, Bedfordshire, to Lucy, second daughter of the late W.S. Coast, esq. of Ripple House— At Canterbu- ty, Thomas, son of J. Wheeler, esq. of Ayles- bury, Bucks, to Eliza, youngest daughter of the late J. James, esq.—At Chatham, T. K. Morris, esq. Capt. in the Royal Marines, to Frances, daughter of Mr. H. Francis, of Chatham—At Paul’s Cray, Kent, the Rev. J. B. Reade, s,s. of Caius College, to Miss Charlotte D. Farish, daughter of J. Farish, esq. of Cambridge—At Bromley, J. B. Foord, esq. third son of the late Capt. E. Foord, to Sarali Stanley, only daughter of Capt. Hooper—At Greenwich, M. Wood- gate, esq. of Lincoln’s-inn Fields, to Har- riet, second daughter of the late Lieut. Col. West, ra. Died.) At Greenwich, Mrs. P. Cole, sister of Sir C. Cole, M.v. for this county— At Canterbury, 66, Lieut. Gen. Desbo- rough, x.m.—At Ramsgate, 66, Sir J. Sut- ton, x.c.t., Admiral of the White—At Do- ver, Katherine, daughter of E. Whitmore, esq. of Lombard Street. SUSSEX, The extensive powder-mill pond on the estate of Mr, Langford, at Brede, in Sussex, was fished lately, in the presence of at least 7,000 spectators ; the result was 500 brace of tench, and the same quantity of pike ; also / Essex, Kent, Sussex, Hampshire. The Rev. J. R. Boggis, of 189 two tons of fine eels were taken out, and ag ‘many more yet expected to be caught. The pond covered about thirty-five acres, and had not been fished for thirty years; some of the pikes weighed 24lb. and sold, some for 30s, others for £1. 1s. each. On the 20th of July, a comet was seen at Brighton, about two o’clock in the morn- ing;.its position in the heayens was due north-east. Married.| At Cuckfield, R. Cocker, esq. of Nassau-street, Soho-square, to Louisa, daughter of the late S, Waller, esq. of Cuckfield. Died.| At Brighton, J. Meyer, mv. of Broad-street-buildings, London—19, Mary Stewart, eldest daughter of W. Stewart, esq. of Sloane-street, London, formerly of In- verkeithing—38, Mr. D. Jacques—69, sud- denly, C. Jacques, esq. of the Hornet, Chichester—At Holbrook, Charlotte, daugh- ter of Admiral Sir J. Hawkins, Whitshed, K.C. By HAMPSHIRE, A most destructive fire broke out at Christ- ‘church, on Wednesday morning, July 21st, at about half-past ten o’clock, at a cottage in the north-west quarter of the town, which, in less than four hours, destroyed forty-five houses, chiefly occupied by the families of artizans and farmers’ labourers. The houses being chiefly thatched, the in- tense heat of the weather, and the dryness of the buildings, contributed to the work of desolation. Not less than 200 individuals have been rendered houseless, and almost pennyless. During a storm on Wednesday, 10th August, the electric fluid was observed to fall into a field of standing corn, belonging to Mr. Combe, near Liphook (close to the Portsmouth road), which immediately took fire, and the wind carrying the flames ta- wards an adjoining rick yard, several hay ricks, and a barn full of peas and oats, were completely destroyed before assistanoé could be obtained. The property was not insured. ; On Wednesday morning, August 10th, during a thunder storm, Oke, the principal signalman at the Portsmouth semaphore, was struck by ‘lightning, as he was working the signal-wheel : the rods by which they are moved being of metallic substance, attracted the electric fluid, and by which he was thrown with great violence to the farther end of the room, in a state of total insensibility. By prompt and suitable means he has happily recovered; but there was much reason to apprehend the circumstance would prove fatal to him. ' A grand sailing-match took place lately, at Cowes, for 1,000 guineas, between the Pearl, commanded by the Marquis of An- glesea, and the Arrow, by J. Wild, esq., which was won by the former. Married.| At Southampton, the Rev. G. P. Hollis, B.a. of St. Alban-hall, to Martha, youngest daughter of the late #. Welles, esq. 190 =Provincial Occurrences’: —Wilishire, Somersetshire, &c. esq. of Marle-hill, near Cheltenham—G. C.'Stigant, esq. Portsea, to Eliza, daughter of the late J: Watt, esq. of Edinburgh— Rev. H. Salmon, to Charlotte, eldest daugh- ter'of the Rev. J.\ Washington, late rector of ' Chiteombe, ’ and’ yicar “of, Hurstborne- pridtsy“ants@At Notthwoode, Isle of Wight, Mr.: H, Pinniger, of Westbury, Wilts,\to Sophia, fourth daughter of the late J. Wilkinson, esq, of Shalflect-rectory, isle of Wight — Mr. W. Hardwick, mer- chant, of this place, to Mary Ann, second daughter of the Rev. J. Farrer, of Bramley —Capt. E. M. Daniell, of the Hon, East- India Company’s Service, to Ernma’ Isabella, youngest daughter of T. Ferrers, esq. of Cowes. Died.] Mr. C. W. Gibbon, of Dover— At Milibrook, near Southampton, 23, E. Majendie, esq. youngest son of the Lord Bishop of Bangor—At Cheriton, the Rev. E. Ferrers, m.a. rector of that parish, and of Wroughton, Wiltshire, and one of the chaplains in ordinary to his Majesty—At the Rectory-house, Quarley, near Andover, Mrs. Agnes Mackie, relict of the late W. ‘Mackie, esq. of Ormiston, East Lothian— 73, °S. Kentish, esq. master cooper of the Victualling-office at Weovil, near Gosport —The Rev. J. Richards, rector of Fainbo- rough—At Gosport, 63, G. Andrews, esq. —At Ryde, 68, J. Lens, esq. his Majesty’s _ ancient’ sergeant at law—At Cowes, in the Isle of Wight, 54, the Earl of Craven—At Bentworth, at the housé of his brother-in- law, the Rev. T. Mathews—T, W. Cook, esq. of Polstead-hall, Suffolk. WILTSHIRE. Married.] At Whitchurch, W. W. Mani- fold, of Liverpool, to Sarah, only child-of J. Hargreaves, esq.—The Rev. E. Cooper, Fellow of St. John’s College, to Caroline Louisa, eldest daughter of P. L. Poowys, esq. of Hardwick-house—Rev. Hugh Price, rector of Newtontoney, to Charlotte, young- est daughter of the late S. Emily, esq. of Salisbury, Died.| Rey. J. Richards, rector of Farn- borough—8s2, Rey. T. Stockwell, 2.p. rector of Stratford-ton. ; SOMERSETSHIRE, Me a] At Bath, the Rev. J. King, B.A. second son of the Bishop of Rochester, to Maria, eldest daughter of the Hon. Lieut=Col. G. Carlton— The Rev. J. Moul- trie, rector of Rugby, to Harriet Margaret, eldest daughter of Dr. Ferguson, Inspector of Hospitals—Hon. Mr. Stourton, to the Hon. Lucy Clifford, fourth daughter of the Right Hon. Lord Clifford—T. Bates, esq. to Anne, daughter of the late J, Wilson, esq.—Lieut.-Col. Bourne, to Anna, second daughter of S, Lane, esq. of Marlborough-_ buildings— At Bruton, the Rev, J. Sidney, of Milton Cleveland, to Eleanor Dorothea, eldest daughter of the Rev. W. Cosens.. . Died.] — At Burnham, near Bridgewater, 22, Mr. T. Sweetapple—At Bath, 75, B. (Sept. I, Terry, esq. formerly a cornet in the 22d Lt. Drag.—At Frome, Miss Sarah Crocker, second daughter of the late A, Crocker, esq. —At Bath, 68, J. Moodie,-esq.. M.v. senior physician to the, Bath City Infirmary and Dispensary, anda corresponding member of the Philosophical Society in_London, and many other societies ; Mary, wife of the Rev. Dr. Gardner, of Bath; 73, Mrs, Martha Madden, relict of the late Col: Madden; Lady Leslie, relict of the late Sir E. Leslie ; Margaret, youngest daughter of, Lieut.- Col. Muttlebury, of the 69th regt.; Emily, wife of W. Garrett, esq. of Bath. DORSETSHIRE, A very handsome monument was lately erected in the church of Canford Magna, to the memory of the late Admiral Russell, surmounted by appropriate nayal trophies ; underneath is the admiral’s coat of arms, with the motto, che sara, sara.’ It was executed by Mr. H. Harris, of Poole. . Married.| At Weymouth, Henry, young- est son of C. Harford, esq. of Stapleton, Gloucestershire, to Susan, daughter of S. Brice, esq. of Frenchay—J. Coates, esq..of the Temple, to Emma, widow of the late N. Legge, esq. of Pimpern. Died.| The Rev. E. Smedley vicar of Bradford Abbas with Clifton May Bank annexed. NEVONSHIRE- j Married.|. At Seaton, the Rev. G. R. Smith, to Mary Jane, eldest daughter of the late Col. Warren, of the $d Guards. Died.| Susanna Louisa, youngest daugh- ter of Capt. Dodgin, Seven Oaks, Kent, and sister to Col. Dodgin, c.z. 99th regt—At Collecton Crescent, Exeter, 61, G. Gallo- way, esq.—At Tiverton, 30, Jane, relict of the Rev. W. Walker—At Devonport, E. Levi, esq. of Great Prescott-street, London, having landed a few days before at Falmouth, from Jamaica—At Slapton Rectory, Mrs. Dowbiggin; lady of the Rev. J. Dowbiggin. CORNWALL. - Married.] Rey. V. F. Vyvyan, rector of Withiel; to Anna, youngest spener of J. V. Taylor, esq. of Southgate, Middlesex—’ At Egloshayle, G. Bullmore, esq. of Tre- gear, to Miss Wills, of Lower Croan—T. Hartley, esq. of Roscrow, to Miss H, Lork- ing, of Cavendish, Suffolk. ‘ Died.| At Penzance, Catherine, wife of F. Arnold, esq. WALES. Thursday, August 4th, the Lord Bishop of Salisbury laid the foundation stone of a new church to be built at the. Ferry Side, near Carmarthen, in the presence of a vast concourse of spectators. His Lordship li- berally contributed £200. a Married.| Rev. T. Brigstock,, rector of Whitton, Radnorshire, andincumbent of St. Catherine’s, Milford Hayen, te Caroline Buchanan, youngest daughter of the late . Rey, R. Whish, of Northwold, Norfolk—. At Laléston, W. Head, only son of H. Deacon, 1825.] Deacon, esq. of Longcross-house, Glamor- ganshire, to Eliza, youngest daughter of J. Bennet, esq. of Laleston-house—Hugh Lloyd, esq.of Tros-y-park, Denbighshire, to Mrs. Dean, of Ravensbury cottage, niece to J. Rutter, esq. of Mitcham. ’ ’ Died.| At Lilanmiloe, near, Laugharne, J. O. Edwardes, esq. ; Mary, the widow of J. Williams,’ esq. of Castle-hill, Cardigan- shire; Ann, wife of E. Jones, esq. of Maes-y-vaynor, Brecknockshire—At Em- lyn Cottage, 85, Mrs Brigstocke, mother of Col, Brigstocke, of Blaenpant, in the county of Cardigan—Anne, relict. of the late J. Huglies, esq. of Bonymaen-house, in the parish of Lansamlet, Glamorganshire —At Porthyride, 107, Ann Leyson. . SCOTLAND. A walrus, or sea-horse, was lately dis- covered on the rocks of Fierceness, on Eday, Orkney; and having been shot at and wounded by one of Mr. Laing’s shepherds there, it took to sea, and was followed by him, and some others, ina boat. ‘The man fired a second time, and had the good for- tune to pierce the animal through the eyes : he now lay on the water apparently lifeless ; but, upon the boat coming alongside, and one of the men catching hold of the fore- paw, the walrus made a sudden plunge, and carried the man to the bottom with him ; and it. was with difficulty, upon his rise to the surface, that he was got back to the boat. Another. effective shot, however, enabled them to finish the animal, and they towed him ashore in triumph. The skin of the walrus, which is now dried, measures fifteen feet by fourteen feet; and the tusks, which appear much worn at the ends, protrude from the head about twelve inches. The entire skull is in the possession of Mr. Scarth, Mr. Laing’s factor, and is to be sent to. the Edinburgh Museum. This is the first instance of any of these formidable in- habitants of the polar regions having been seen off the coasts of Great Britain. The foundation of the. New High School of Edinburgh, was. laid lately by Lord Glenorchy,” on the Carlton-hill, amidst crowds of applauding spectators. A dreadful fire broke out at Kilmarnock, on the 26th July, which destroyed a-number of houses, with the Angel Inn and stables. “An ancient boat has_been lately found in a sewer, at eeaeer: Married.) At Edinburgh, N. Little, esq. of Chapelhill, to Mary Anne, second daugh- ter of the late J. Smail, of Overmains, esq., Berwickshite—J. Anderson, esq.‘ Glasgow, to Fratices, daughter of the late R. Burn, esq:“=At Flaws, Evie, Orkney, Mr. Wm. Turner, Edinburgh, to Anne, eldest deugh- ter of ‘High Spence, esq. of Flaws—M. Edwards, esq. to Christian Ann, eldest daughter of J. Marshall, esq. of Ireland— Mr. W. M. Bissett, to Davinia, daughter of Mr. J. Morrison, Leith-street-—R. Ma- gee, esq., eldest son of W.S. Magee, esq. of Parson’s-gtreen, in the county of Dublin, Scotland, Ireland. 191 to Jessy, daughter of R. Prentice, esq.? Prince’s-street-—At Gretna Hall, Gretna Green, T, J. Manning, esq. to Anne Cathe- rine Rose Nassau, St. James’s, London. —J. Stormonth Darling, of Lednathy,, esq. to Elizabeth Moir, only surviving daughter of the late J. Tod of Deanstoun, esq.—Mr. J. Kenmore, to Margaret, young~ est daughter of the late Mr, F. Doig—At Kirkowan Manse, W. C. Hamilton, ‘esq. of, Craighlaw, to Ann, eldest daughter of the Rey. Dr. Stewart of Kirkowan—At Port- ‘obello, near Edinburgh, Col. J. Hamilton,. from Colombia, son of Dr. Hamilton, for- merly of this town, to Marian Elizabetlr, youngest daughter of the late J. Anderson, esq. of Winterfield—At Inch-house, .Maj- R. Gordon of Hallhead, to Jane, daughter of the late W. L. Gilmour, esq. of Libber- ton and Craigmillar. Died.| Pleasant Hartland, widow of J. Hartland. esq. late an officer in the Reyal Invalids, and town adj. of Berwick-upon- Tweed—At Newington, Mr. G. Murray, late merchant, Edinburgh — Miss, Susan Campbell, youngest daughter.of the late J. Campbell, esq., receiver-general of the cus toms—Mary, eldest daughter of the late J. Dalyell, esq. of Lingo—At Viewforth cot~ tage, near Leith, W. Graham, esq.;of Or- chill—The Rev. J. Hogg, well known for his great knowledge and successful teaching of civil law—At the Manse of Gladsmuir, Mrs. Elizabeth Dickson, _ spouse,of. the Rey. Dr. G. Hamilton,. minister of Glads muir—At Greenock, W. Campbell, esq. many years town clerk, IRELAND. The board of inland navigation, has re- ceived directions from Mr. Goulburn, to carry into effect with as little delay as possible the projected plan, for extending the Newry Canal from Fatham to the sea near Ryland River. z The Catholics of the county and city of Waterford, gave a splendid banquet on the 26th July, to the twelve Protestant magis- trates, who had signed a requisition for a meeting in favour of emancipation, at a time when the sheriff refused his assent. site Married.] At Trabolgan House, Lieut. Col. Thackwell, of the 15th, or King’s Hussars, to Maria Audriale, niece of Col. Roche, and eldest daughter of the late F.. Roche, esq. of Rochemount, in the county of Cork—Lieut.-Col. Hewitt, youngest son of the late Rev. C. Hewitt, of Clancoole, Cove of Cork—At Abbeyleix, Lord Clif- ton, eldest son-of the Earl of Darnley, to Emma Jane, third daughter of Sir H. Par- nell, bart. s.e. for the Queen’s county—In Merrion-square, Dublin, C. Fitzsinion, esq. of Glenculten-house, in the county of Dub- lin, to Ellen, eldest daughter of D, O’Con- nel, esq. Died.| H. Jessop, esq. at Dory-hall, in the county of Longfon—21, E. Digby, esq., son of Dean Digby, at Landestascy near Naas. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS { 192 J ACKNOWLEDGMENTS TO CORRESPONDENTS. —_—— Tur letter of: Mr. Ennis relative to the erroneous addition to his name, arrived too late to prevent the repetition of that error in the present No. (p. 121); but insertion of that letter in p. 135 will remedy the defect. ; Mr. J. S. Davies’ solution of an important problem in. Practical Perspective has been received, and shall have due attention. It was necessarily adjourned to our next No., our Mathematical page being pre-occupied; and the plan of our Miscellany not admitting more than one article of that description, at a time. Weshould, however, be much obliged if our University Correspondents, &c. would enable us always to have one. We have, as usual, many apologies to make to our numerous communicants, for delays in the insertion of their favours.. Several of these, which could not find space in the present No., are even in type, and therefore in readiness for the ensuing month, Among these, is Dr. H. Robertson’s: valuable paper on Intermittent Fever, promised for the present month, but necessarily adjourned, from the too great preponderance of articles of like length.. It will not fail to appear in our next. In the same state of preparation, we have to enumerate Mr. Jennings’ Defence of the Poetry of Mr. Bowles ;—Niger’s Information relative to the Interior of Africa, collected from a Mandingo Negro;—Notice of Bedel’s Penmanship ;—N. B. on Nestorian Pro- genitorship ;—Y.Z’s. Extracts from a Journey to the Mineral Springs of Mount Caucasus ; Publicola’s Proposal for a Metropolitan Dépét of live Fish, &c. : A sensible and interesting article on Female Education, from our valuable Correspondent G.* has been only delayed in consequence of its length. It shall have the earliest insertion, which previous arrangements can admit: ptobably in the ensuing No. . Exotic Plants and Animals,’’ in our next. Y.Z., on the comparative Antiquity of the different, Parts of the Old Testament, is also destined for our next No. Presbyter Anglicanus has, undoubtedly, a right to his reply. It arrived too late for insertion in the present No., but shall appear in our next. “« Swedish Superstitions,’’ though adjourned, are not rejected. The'same may be said of the Record of Bravery. The apparent length of this paper gives us some pause. An article ought to have peculiar merits, either from learned research, importance of facts, depth of interest, or classical elegance, or intellectual power, that will extend beyond three of our pages. | - S. W.5S., who has sent. us a paper without a title, and wished us to christen it, has done unwisely, In a paper of that length, especially, a title is a sort of requisite temptation to perusal ; for, in the multitude of papers that are sent to us, it becomes often necessary to consider whether the swlyect will suit our present convenience, before we can give up our time to the perusal. We think it is the same S. W. S. who had put a question to us that bad been already answered. ‘ T.-H. on Misrepresentations in Bayley’s History of the Tower, is intended to be inserted in our next. . The signature will be recognized in its connexion with the subject ; and after the general commendation we had given to the work alluded to, the objections of T. H. cannot with any propriety be excluded. ‘e ~ Our Poetical Correspondents have been as usual numerous; but in this department, it will not appear strange if many should think themselves “ called, and few be chosen.” Nor must those of our Correspondents, whose favours are octasionally admitted, be offended, if they are sometimes declined, We act, in this respect, as guardians of their reputation, as well as of our own; and in the selection of our poetry, we think our pages will show, that we have a right to be somewhat fastidious. ; ; Dramas on the Dead must have a second reading, before we can decide. A cursory perusal, has satisfied us that there is much power in parts; but we are not sure that we shall not also find much incongruity. We must be the more particular'in this instance, as the length of the article would preclude all others in the No, in which it should be admitted. The Trial of Lord Russell—To a Cottage—A Summer Evening—Sunset, and: several other things done, or attempted to be done, into rhyme, are totally inadmissible. “ The Power of Steam” is, we believe for the second time, rejected. Even if its . merit rendered it admissible, the terms of the author would not be complied with, Our ‘poetical columns are not mercenary. The honour of a nitch in our little Temple of the ‘Muses, is all the reward that contributors of this description must look to; and the title must be unequivocal which obtains them eyen this. oe In the Reviewing department we have to plead, not having yet had time for the perusal of “ the History of the French Revolution,” 3 vols. ; “« Gourgaud’s examination of Segur ;” and some other voluminous works; and it is no part of ow system to review what we have not read, Some smaller articles are standing over in type for wantof room. . THE MONTHLY MAGAZINE. Vol.60.No.415.] OCTOBER 1, 1825. [Price 2s. For the Monthly Magazine. On the StxtH Ectocue of VirGiL: SILENUS. Y position derived from this ex- traordinary eclogue, and which was probably suggested by the same sybelline sources as the fourth, named Pollio, will appear, perhaps, at first sight paradoxical; but I believe it is capable of the most rigid species of proof: that there was a tradition hand- ed down from the first man or men, and entertained by all the most vene- rable of the Pagan creeds, especially the Oriental, that a great king and law- giver should come to gather mankind into one common family; and that the name assigned to this expected theo- crat was the same in several other na- tions besides the Jews—namely, Sur- LOH. For instance, the word selau, signi- fying a rock or stone, is a common de- signation of the Messiah. A rock or stone is frequently seen on coins, with the draco salutus twining round it. On Tyrian coins, it is sometimes accom- panied by a tree—perhaps the tree of life. Stones were the emblems of the Inearnate Mediatorial Divinity through- out the East. At Delphi, a stone, sa- ered to Apollo, was anointed (the word Messiah means anointed) every day. Horus and Serapis were represented by a stone, with a human, head and shep- herd’s staff. Juggernaut, the same deity among the modern Hindoos, is pourtrayed in a similar manner; and his worshippers expect from the deity a general gathering of all people, and a general equality, which is annually pre- figured by a species of saturnalian mix- ture of castes in honour of him. From se/au comes the name of the shepherd god Silenus, whom Virgil cele- brates, in the sixth eclogue, as a di- vine philosopher, prophet, and ex- pounder of the creation and mysteries of nature. This personage wonder- fully exhibits the close analogy be- tween Pagan mythology and theologi- cal tradition. Originally he was a much more important personage than he he- came in Greek fable; being, evidently, the same as the Beth-peor of the Phe- Monrtury Mac. No. 415. nicians, and the Mendes of Egypt. As the Silenus, or Pan, of Egypt, he was re- presented with a star in his breast; so Bethpeor appears to have been symbo- lized by the star Chiun, Plutarch relates an extraordinary circumstance of some great event connected with his future advent in his Life of Agis; he calls him a son of Apollo, and yet one of the ‘ ungenerated and unbegotten gods;” and that the oracle of Pasiphe (which was, doubtless, another name for the sacred cow Isis), gave out that he should, one day come and rule over the earth. It is a very remarkable circum- stance, that on this anticipation ajug- gle was played off by the friends of Agis, not much unlike that which the friends of Johanna Southcott attempted to play off on the same subject—the predicted advent, and universal mo- narchy of Shiloh. , I am aware that, at first sight, there will appear a profaneness in connecting the image of the drunken Silenus with the lawgiver and prophet. But the amagewhich we form of Silenus is de- rived from the Greeks, who understood nothing of the mythology which they borrowed from Egypt, “ their nursing mother.’ It is, besides, requisite to remark, that great allowance is to be made for the metaphors of the pictorial language. To the necessity of employ- ing these metaphors, perhaps, is owing the corruption of the first pure stream of Egyptian theology, and the infinitude of silly fables, engrafted, by ignorant interpreters of the. language, on its original texture. Indeed, were all the words which we employ now in the most.finished compositions, traced to their roots, a similar confusion of images would ensue. But when I speak of the original Egyptian church pos- sessing a pure theology, I mean to speak comparatively, for a dash of ma- terialism was certainly blended with its belief in a trinity; and gross physical association undoubtedly polluted its pre-knowledge, and pre-shadowing of. the resurrection and final judgment. But, notwithstanding the apology for the admixture of what appears like un- seemly metaphor in the case of iden- 2'C tity 194 tity I purpose to establish, the objec-. tion will vanish on'‘a closer inspection. The’ proof of this cannot be’ gainsayed ; for ‘the language used by Jacob, as ap- plied'to Shiloh, as closely applies to Silenus. Silenus was also mounted on an “ass,” and that ass was thought to have taught the pruning of vines, and therefore he may be said to be “ bound to the vine.” His eyes were also “red with wine;” his “garments washed in wine,” his “clothes in the blood of grapes.” His teeth may be also said to be “ white with milk ;” for new milk was one of his peculiar offerings. All this, as we have said, is merely metaphori- cal, and originates from the peculiar defect of the first language employed by men. The real innocence of the metaphor in question may be easily explained. Every Orientalist knows, that under the images of drunken and anacreontic songs, Hafiz, the poet, has attempted to adumbrate the spiritual mysteries of the Persian creed. Every one also knows that Solomon’s Song, one of the most charming pastorals in any language, can be taken in nothing but a spiritual sense. In a literal sense, it would be little better than a Hebrew Empsychidion, advocating incest, and clothing licentiousness in the soft co- lours of pastoral poetry. In short, inebriation of mind is even now em- ployed as a common figure to express rapture. But the origin of the typical use of the image of drunkenness is traceable to the following circum- stances. The same word means a bunch of grapes and prosperity, in He- brew. Hence the rabbinical proverb, of the wine of Adam being preserved in some secret repository till the final festival of all nations, the feast of “fat things and wine on the lees,’ at the Millenium. But wine among the Egyptians had another interpretation. It was a common opinion all over the East, that the tree of knowledge by which man fell was a vine; and, in- deed, the vulgar legend of its being an apple-tree, is totally without founda- tion. The Turks consider it in. the same light to this day; and thence, beyond a doubt, the Mahometan pro- hibition of wine. The Egyptians held it in equal abhorrence, and from the same cause; and they expressed their abhorrence in a metaphor (namely, that wine was the blood of the giants), which clearly points to antediluvial violence and crime as its source. Wine with them, therefore, had a second Siath Eclogue of Virgil. - (Oct. 1, meaning, implying blood. One of the titles of Osiris Bacchus was, “ Treader . ofthe Wine-press.’”’? The Messiah is represented, at his second coming, in the same character; and treading the wine-press, throughout the whole of the Jewish prophetic writings, has the Egyp- tian meaning, and means slaughter: } Take, for instance, that» most sub- lime and terrible eclogue of Isaiah. “« Who is this that cometh from Edom, with dyed garments from Bozrah ? * He that is glorious in his apparel, travelling in the greatness of his strength.” (The image here is derived from Osiris or the sun.) ale “ Wherefore art thou red in thine ap- parel, and thy garments like him that treadeth the wine-press?’’ (Like Osiris Lencecus, he that treadeth the wine-press. ) “I have trodden the wine-press alone, and of the people there was none with me ; I will trample them in my fury, and their blood shall be sprinkled upon my garments.”’ (This Was a fite in the mysteries of Osiris : the face of Silenus, in Virgil’s Sixth Eclogue, is stained ‘ Sanguineis Moris.’ ). “ For the day of vengeance is in my heart, and the year of my redeemed is come.” The same imagery runs through the judgments of the Apocalypse. For instance— ‘The wine-press was trodden without the city, and blood came out of the wine- press even unto the horse bridles.” In the same manner, the woman who sitteth upon many waters, is said to have a wine-cup in her hand; and to be drunken with the blood of the saints. The woman here described is. evi- dently the Omorea of the Chaldeans, the material demon’ of the Platonists, and’ personification of evil. ‘She is the same person as the Medusa (who pros- tituted Minerva’s Temple), the severing of whose head, by Perseus, caused the deluge by the flow of blood, and from that blood arose Pegasus, the place of ‘which, on the most ancient sphere, was certainly filled by the ass of Silemus. Thus, the decapitation of Medusa repre- sented the judgment on antediluvial ctime at the flood. On the zodiac of Denderah, is a decapitated animal figure, with hu- man hands and feet; in which form, Isis Omnia, or Nature, is frequently,repre- sented, embracing the zodiacs; and)the gorgon head, with its single eye near it, which is preserved, indeed, on the mo+ dern sphere, and grasped in. the ,hand of Perseus. It is-singular, that David represents 1825.] represents the Jewish Church in the wilderness, under the form of an animal, as the Egyptian Church appears to have been. And this shows the harmony of the Apocalyptic denunciation against the “ great whore” presiding, as Omo- rea and Isis did, over many waters; for certainly the figure was meant to be a type of the false church, the creed of Egypt and Babylon. The treading of the wine-press and the deluge of her blood, meant, therefore, the total de- struction of her reign of violence. The gorgons, indeed, were the three Egyp- tian furies, and the three furies were emblems of the vintage, as their names signify ; one meaning to gather, another to store in pitchers, and the third, Mes- haera, in reality meaning to press the wine. Thave said quite enough to shew that the wine-cup in the hand of Silenus, his drunkenness, and his garments stained with wine, were never intended by the original inventors of the personification to be literally taken, as was the case with the Greeks. But we-have, fortunately, one of the strongest proofs, that the character of this deity was not of the gross descrip- tion which it suited the Greeks to give him. I mean the beautiful sixth eclozue of Virgil. He there appears in the same dignified character as Shiloh _in the eclogue of Isaiah, and the prophecy of Jacob. That: Virgil derived this, the eclogue to Pollio, and the apotheosis of Daphnis, from sybilline oracles, or traditions then current over the whole eastern world, cannot be doubted. It would be out of my way to go into ar- gument upon this wide field of inquiry ; but it does appear to me, that the lan- guage of Isaiah might as well be applied to Marcellus as the epistle of Pollio. The application of the death of Daphnis to Julius Cesar, is equally incoherent and overstrained. It evidently describes, on the model of some sybilline or oriental oracle, the violent death of the Syrian deity, Adonis, Thammuz, or Atys (for they were allthe same person), his resur- rection, and ascension into heaven. There is nothing singular in Virgil :hav- ing employed the poetical eclogue in developing secrets, which were shut to the common eye and ear, and which, it is not improbable, that he may have gained from the sybilline books which Pollio was intrusted to revise. The pastoral eclogue is employed in treating Sixth Eclogue of Virgil. 195 of the same subject by the Hebrew pro- phets, and by Solomon, The Messiah is always represented as a shepherd, as Osiris was; and Arcadia, the country of shepherds and innocence, was the pro- perest scene which Virgil could, have chosen. So Crishna, the incarnate second person of the Hindoo Trinity, is represented as a shepherd, in Hindoo sacred poetry, and his amours with the shepherdesses is told in a strain not yery dissimilar from that of Solomon’s song, and with circumstances agreeing with those which Virgil refers to Daphnis. Even a Greek blunder in mythology could not entirely turn aside the unde- viating stream of ancient tradition, Thus Apollo, when on earth, became a shep- herd; and, among other amours, it was then that his pursuit of Daphne oc- curred. Every one knows that Con- stantine considered Apollo as a type of the Messiah, and dedicated his three- fold serpentine column to the god of Christianity. But, in again referring to Crishna, there is a remarkable tradi- tion respecting him which deserves men- tion, since it strikingly illustrates. the prophecy of Jacob: “ his teeth shall be white with milk;” for Crishna is re- corded as shewing his mouth after eat- ing milk, to some of his companions, who, on looking therein, discovered a microcosm of the whole universe. Milk and honey are both used in a mystical sense by the prophets ; and, perhaps, with reference to the veneration of Egypt for the cow and the bee, one re- presenting spirit, and the other matter. Thus the phrase “butter and honey shall be eat,”’ would seem on this prin- ciple simply to preshadow an incarna- nation. At all events, milk was emi- nently devoted to Silenus. Now, what is the character assigned by Virgil to Silenus ? It is one of that transcendent supe- riority, which, contrasted with the vul- gar misunderstanding as to the sylvan deity, has staggered the commentators. He describes him as a shepherd pro- phet, a divine philosopher, and legis- lator. He gives a description of the be- ginning of the world, not very dissimilar from, nor inferior to the genesis of the inspired Moses; and then, like the king of the mysteries, he shews the folly of the vulgar and popular creed. Indeed, it appears to me, a portion of Virgil’s de- sign of laying open the secrets and tra- ditions of the mysteries. That he should do so just at the birth of our Saviour, 2C2 when 196 when these secrets dnd traditions were on the point of being accomplished, is not one of the least extraordinary cir- cumstances about that highly-gifted genius; and we are almost led with Pe- trarch to call him a Christian. We say nothing of the Mithratic or Magian priests; but this is certain, that at the time in question there was an universal anticipation over the whole pagan world, of some great and divine king, who would unite the world under his autho- rity. Virgil opens his eclogue in a manner which suffices to show, that he was going to expound a mystery. He de- scribes the binding and unloosing of the god, as Homer describes that of Pro- teus, when Menalaus sought informa- tion at his oracle. Now the changes of Proteus into animals and vegetables, meant nothing but the sacred lan- guage; and the binding and solving of his fetters, their secrecy and interpre- tation. The above metaphor is employed to this day. Virgil, therefore, begins by implying, that he is going to interpret a religious parable, and unloose the knot of a traditional secret. The god’s face is smeared, as was the case in the myste- ries; and then being unbound, he relates the cosmogony and moral order of the world, It is a remarkable circumstance, and a striking corroboration of my inference, that many commentators imagine, in - consequence of the Epicurean doctrines Virgil puts into Silenus’s mouth, that he meant to do honour to SILO (both names being radically the same), the pupil of Epicurus, who had been the bard’s master. It is not improbable that Virgil may have employed the name typically, as he employs that of Daph- nis, derived from the laurel, which is the symbol of immortality, and as he couches a compliment to Asinius Gal- lus, under the name of one of the Galli, the high priests of Atys, or Thammuz—Syrian names of Osiris— and the universal funereal deity. _It is remarkable, that even in this eclogue the metaphors resemble those of Isaiah : ‘« Tum vero in nemora faunesque, ferasque videres, Ludere ; tum rigidas motare cacumina quercus.” And again, at the conclusion : ** Audiet Eurotas, jussitque edicere lauros ;. Pulsa referunt ad sidera valles.” Erection and Use of Lightning-Rods. [Oct. 1, Tothe Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Sir: N a paper on “ The Erection and Use of Lightning Rods,’ com- mencing at page 309 of the former volume of your Miscellany, the writer says, “‘ Accordingly, such buildings as have been provided with lightning-rods have never, perhaps, been damaged. or thrown down,” &c. &c. This. seems to be too great an assumption: and Dr. Rensselaer (in an essay read before the Lyceum of Natural History at New York), without hesitation arrives at a very opposite conclusion, “It is known,” says he, “ that some bualdings, having rods attached to them, have been struck.” However, we so frequently hear of the melancholy effects of this destructive element, that it is a matter of surprise and grief that more re- peated experiments are not made to reduce, at least, the sum of misfortune that awaits its progress, not only on the lives and bodies, but also on the property of men. Its power being so far beyond our reach, it will not be ex- pected that -effectual control can be exercised: but if any mean seems to offer an approximation to efficacy, I think, Sir, you will not be among those who decry the use of it. In a country, where a glimpse of such discovery has been obtained, extensive endeayours to, realize it might naturally be expected; yet, to the glory of our own country, and our respected neighbour, France, they have shewn themselves more de- sirous and indefatigable in this pursuit, than the country of that Franklin, of whom it has been boldly and hyber- bolically said— “ Eripuit coelo fulmen, sceptrumque ty- rannis.”” The use of the paratonnerre, or lightning-rod, has hitherto been thought most conducive to safety; but the range to which the influence of this extends, has not yet been accurately determined, though MM. Guy Lussac, de Romas, and Charles, have done somewhat to- wards arriving at this desirable con- clusion. The latter of which gentle- men thinks that a rod will effectually protect a circular space from lightning, the radius of which is twice that of the conductor stem, from which it appears that the space protected may vary as the height of the rods: but convenience, if not safety, demands that the number, rather than height of the rods, be in- creased. The 1825.] The heat of the electric fiuid is suffi- cient to make a metallic wire red hot, or to fuse and disperse it; thin slips of copper, therefore, nailed to the masts of vessels, afford no security; but this heat scarcely alters the temperature of a bar hardly more than half an inch square, on account of its mass; thus, the thickness of a lightning-rod need not be great; but as the stem should overtop the building by eighteen or thirty feet, the dase will acquire addi- tional support :, yet an iron bar, about three-quarters of an inch square, will be sufficiently thick for the conductor of a lightning-rod, which may be de- fined, as preferred, by the electric mat- ter, to the surrounding objects, and is commonly elevated on buildings intend- ed to be protected, descending, with- out break or division, to the ground, which must be moist, or at once into water, into which the conductor should be sunk, at least two feet below the lowest water mark, if practicable; if there be no well convenient, a hole, at least six inches in diameter, must be dug, ten or fifteen feet deep, into the centre of which the conductor must be brought, down to the bottom, and the hole, then, carefully filled up with char- coal, rammed down as tight as possible. Should the adjacent soil be dry and rocky, a long trench must be dug, hav- ing transverse trenches crossing its end, to be filled up in the same manner. Still, if gutters and drains can be so directed as to keep up a continual dis- charge of moisture, it is desirable: it is plain, however, that iron thus placed in immediate contact with moist earth, will soon be consumed by rust; but the following process will prevent this in a great degree:—Having made a trench about two feet deep, a row of bricks is to be laid in on the broad side, and covered by another row, placed on the edge; a stratum of charcoal, two inches thick, is then to be spread, on which the conductor is to be laid; and the trench is then to be filled up with charcoal, with a row of bricks on the top. The conductor, thus guarded, will remain unhurt for thirty years. A lightning-rod consists of two parts ; the stem, which has already been de- seribed as projecting above the roof into the air; and the conductor, passing uninterruptedly from the stem to the ground, It (the conductor) should be united to the stem, by being firmly jammed between the ears of a collar, by means of abolt. It should be sup- Informasion obtained from a Mandingo Negro. 197 ported, parallel to the roof, six inches above it, by fixed stanchions; and, be- ing bent over the cornice, without touching, should be fastened down the wall by cramps: at the bottom of which it should be bent at right angles, and carried, in that direction, for fifteen or eighteen feet. Iron bars, being brittle and difficult to. bend, according to the projection of a building, metallic ropes have been pro- posed in substitution: fifteen iron wires, twisted together, forming one strand, and four of these a rope, about one inch in diameter. To prevent Tusting, each strand is well tarred sepa- rately, and after they are twisted to- gether, the whole rope is carefully tar- red over again. Brass or copper wire will, however, be found a still better material.— Yours, &c. 29th August. THERMEs. J ——a To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Sir: NAVAL officer recently arrived from Jamaica, has obtained the following information respecting the in- terior of Northern Africa, from an intel- ligent negro, and has obligingly permitted me to hand it over to you. InFoRMATION obtained from a ManvIn- co Nrcro, at Friendship Grove, on the north side of Jamaica, the property of Joun Mowatt Bucknor, Esg. - “ Hz knows a river called Coara, which runs from Cotena into the sea; knows not the Joliba, but thinks it is in the Coromantee country; knows nothing of Timbuctoo, but knows of a kind of morass called Cudee ; knows a river called Wateree, that runs near the Coromantee country to the sea. ** They take six months to come from their country to the sea-side, crossing two rivers in the route: the first, called Gilboa, one day’s walk distant from the second, which is named Neefé: they also pass ‘ one big hill’ (a lofty moun- tain), called Hoppa. “ The names of the towns through which they pass in their way to the sea- side: first, Gago, half a day’s walk to Chocheno ; from thence one day’s journey to Apon; thence half a day to Neefé ; thence two days to Madadow ; thence one day to Labage ; thence half a day to Aquail; thence half a day to Raoa, and trom thence into the Nago country. Never saw a white man before they came to the sea-side: they have a king, whom they call Surkee. | The 198 “The countries aback of Gego are, Damacaro, Dugage, Nembo, Cunnuro, Cano, Killawa, Gonee, and after three day’s journey Athaven, Darfou, Woolgo. The chief town in the Coromantee country is called Sancow ; Poncudjoe is the name of the principal man: their arms are, muskets and macheats, “ Four or five and twenty years have elapsed since the negro quitted his coun- try, but he has retained a perfect recol- lection of it, and readily gave answers to the questions made to him. “ The Itinerary from Gago to the Nago country appears to lie within the Mandingo country, as the space seems to have occupied only six days in tra- velling ; beyond the frontier of his own country he was unacquainted, as he does not mention the names of any of the towns he passed after quitting it, in the route towards the sea; and nearly the whole of the six months was con- sumed in making the distance from the frontier of Mandingo to the coast. “ The geographical sites of towns in the interior of Africa, as proved by Captain Claperton and his companions, are very erroneously laid down in our maps: hence, if the town of Gago, here mentioned as. the starting place of the Mandingo negro, be identified with the Gago of the maps, that place will be found to be situated much more re- motely from the coast than the maps allow ;.and if the Gilboa and Neefé be the same as the Gulbi and Nyfiée of Abou Bouker and others, it will follow that Gagolies to the northward of those streams, and notin the parallel of 11. “The Mandingo language is known to be widely spread over the interior of Africa, and, from the length of time it takes to travel from the frontier of Mandingo to the coast, it should seem that that country is of great extent. As Captain Claperton’s route will be from Benin along the Niger towards the interior, he will probably pass through the south-western part of the Mandin- go country, whence the negro seems to have started: we may therefrom, pro- bably, be enabled to judge hew far this negro’s recollection of his country be correct or not.” Your’s, &c. ‘ —=—_—— For the Monthly Magazine. Proposat for a Derot of Live Fisu near the MrTRopo.is. HE last number of the “ Journal of Science” contains an interest- ing’ communication from that active NIGER. Depét of Live Fish near the Metropolis. [Oct: 1, philosopher Dr. Mac Culloch, [of which see some account in Spir. Philos. Dis. in our previous No.]onthe“Transportation - of Fish from Salt to Fresh Water,” ac- companied by suggestions in the form of a prospectusof a plan for preserving and rearing fish for the London market. As the subject is obviously one of great im- portance to the inhabitants of this vast metropolis, I shall beg leave to offer afew _ observations on Dr. M‘Culloch’s paper, for the purpose of rendering its merits more widely disseminated through the pages of your justly popular magazine. Notwithstanding the vulgar prejudice that exists, as to sea-water fish being deterioriated on being kept, even for a short period, in fresh water—it has been long known to naturalists, that many species, as the salmon, the skate, &c. alternately frequent both fresh and sea-water; and the oyster, as is well known, thrives exceedingly on being placed in fresh water: though, for the sake of rendering these delicious fish more palatable, they are usually sprinkled with salt while “ feeding.” Dr. M. suggests, therefore, * That an enclosure might be made in any part of the river Thames, by staking or palisading it’’—(the bays of the river, at Erith or Greenhithe, being out of the line of navigation, would answer well for this purpose )—“in which pond or wear the fish might be deposited alive by the fisher- men from their well-boats: those which die from their rough treatment would be- come food for others. Many would breed, and thus supply farther food, by the young, fry :—or, they might be occasionally fed by means of butchers’ offal, &c., so easily ob- tained from the metropolis. “ From this enclosure the fish might be taken by nets in any quantity required ; while the poor or bad fish might be left to ~ improve for a future period, instead of being wasted, or left to putrify on shore, according to the present practice. A steam-boat might supply the market at a given hour, and with any requisite quantity, according to the demand of the market; or they might even be brought up (in wells) alive, and return such as were not sold, by the same conyeyance, in a few hours.” This plan would have a two-fold advantage, when once well established : that of always ensuring a sufficient supply of fish for the London market (which, according to the present plan, is often prevented by bad weather, aided by the bad principles of the few-mono- polists of the London fish-market) ; and, on the other hand, it would pre- vent that glut of fish, such as mackarel, herrings, 1825.] herrings, &c. which often amounts to a great evil in the metropolis, by lowering its price beyond that of the value of labour employed in taking it, and thus making the lower classes despise this very nutritious class of food, and subse- quently allowing it to accumulate, in the masses of putrid garbage contiguous to their dwellings. Dr. M‘Culloch remarks, that “There are three or four sea-ponds in Scotland, where fish are kept in this way ; that the ancient Greeks and Romans were also in the practice of preserving and feed- ing fish in ponds, and of bringing the spawn and.young fry of sea-fish to the fresh-water lakes, to multiply and improve ; and although this was done by the farmers or agricultural classes, it also formed the amusement of the opulent patricians of Imperial Rome, who spent vast sums in this class of luxu- ries, according to the accounts of their his- torians.”’ But, by way of showing the eligibility of the plan proposed, Dr. M. states, that it has been recently put to the test in Guernsey, by a Mr. Arnold; who has enclosed from the sea-banks about four acres, which are capable of being supplied with salt water, at the spring tides; or, if the supply of fresh water fails, during dry weather :—so that it is occasionally all fresh water, or partially or entirely salt, as the. sea- water. “This fish-pond, which, in the state of nature, was worthless, and only contained a few eels, at present produces a consider- able rent, and is sufficient to supply the market, when the weather prevents the fishing-boats from going out. It is also remarkable, that, since the introduction of the sea-fish, the eels have multiplied a thousand-fold ; which proves that fish may be fed merely by bringing different kinds together, as in the state of nature.” Indeed, all the fish are stated as ex- tremely thriving, and such as have had time sufficient, have greatly propagated. A list of the different species of sea- fish which haye been naturalized in fresh water is subjoined in Dr. M‘Cul- loch’s paper, consisting of more than thirty varieties; and it is very remark- able, that many species have sponta- neously introduced themselves into the pond of Mr. Arnold at Guernsey, since the forcible introduction of other spe- cies;—which fact seems a decided proof of the predatory habits of fish generally. With regard to the eligibility of the place asia new fish manufactory, it ap- pears to, offer a much. safer and better Depot of Live Fish near the Metropolis. 199 field for the investment of capital, than three-fourths of the South American and other “bubble companies” of the present day, For~Dr. M. justly: ob- serves, “That the only capital required to be sunk or advanced, would: be in purchasing and enclosing a tract of water, and in stocking the pond:” and this would obviously give almost regu- lar or constant employ to men who are, at present, entirely subject to the great monopolists that regulate the supply of the London market. Ifa depot for live fish were established any where near the mouth of the Thames or Medway—(and there are numerous small bays and fresh-water creeks, ad- mirably adapted for the purpose)—as fast as the fishermen brought a cargo of fish, they might be purchased by such company, and deposited, with very little injury to the fish, in such reservoir— from whence they may be sent, alive, in all cases, by steam vessels, to the Lon- don market, within six hours; and in such quantity as the consumption de- mands, according to the season of the year :—for, according to the present scandalous system of controlling the market, it is well known that only a certain quantity of the better kinds of Jish are allowed to be brought to market during the summer andautumnal months, when those persons who are wise enough to pay any price their fishmonger thinks proper to charge, are mostly out of town. It is notorious, that at least three times the present quantity of fish, on an average, might be furnished to the London market,-but for the oligarchy which controls this important branch of human food. But, if any doubt should exist on the subject in the sober or unthinking part of the public—(who quietly pay half-a-crown for a pair of soles, for which they ought to’ pay one shilling, and other fish in like propor- tion)—I could, if necessary, point out a dozen or two gentlemen fishmongers, who, in a very few years, have realized very large fortunes—from nothing !— Every industrious tradesman should, undoubtedly, obtain such profit on his traffic as to realize a moderate compe- tence for his declining years. But there is probably no other class of tradesmen, in this great metropolis, who are guilty of such extortion on the public as the fish salesmen—wholesale and retail, in conjunction. e . oc . a Your giving place to this.communica- - tion, Mr. Editor, I hope, may call the public 200 public attention to so important asubject as the adequate and regular supply of fish for the London market, at a fair mode- rate price to the consumer, The plan suggested by Dr. M‘Culloch seems well adapted to facilitate the measure; but, when the extent of the metropolis is considered, it: would require such ponds or reservoirs to be ona very large scale: or, what would, perhaps, be still prefer- able, to have several such stations in the river Thames. And, certainly, not one of the least important considera- tions attached to such a design would be—that of providing a sure market (at a stipulated price) for the labour of the very valuable class of men who are now almost compelled to find employ- ment in defrauding the revenue! i PusLicoLa. —[=_>—. To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Sir: OU had the kindness to announce, a few months since, in your excel- lent miscellany, that Mr. Beedell, of this town, was executing a beautiful specimen of penmanship. This admira- ble piece of skill and ingenuity is now finished, and the most elaborate des- cription would fail in doing justice to the merits of it. This inimitable piece is surrounded by an elegant border, of six weeks’ labour, and contains, in a beautiful and tasteful arrangement, the following figures, &c. Common hare, varying hare, of the northern countries of Europe, pine martin, otter, wild cat; harrier (hunting piece); three foreign birds on a tree, a correct repre- sentation of Ottery St. Mary’s Church, surrounded by a beautiful border ; ruins of a castle encompassed by a very neat and pretty border. At the bottom of the piece Mr. Bee- dell has .written another specimen of his ‘minute penmanship. He has ele- gantly written, in the circumference of a common sized pea, the Lord’s Prayer, Belief, and two verses of the third Psalm; the whole is written with the naked eye, and without the least abbre- viation. Notso many words, in a similar compass, have ever been written by any one but this gentleman ; it is certainly the most rare species of micrography that England (and I think I may truly say the world) can produce. It is ab- solutely so extraordinary as to excite astonishment, and which, but for ocu- lar evidence, would defy credibility. This, Sir, is’ certainly a grand dis- Microscopic Penmanship. [Ot T, play of the power of the human eye.* If, Sir, you would be so kind as to notice the above performance, and the just econimmus I have made on it, in’ your miscellany for the next month, I shall feel extremely obliged.—I am, Sir, Ottery St. Mary. A Frienp to Gents, —— . 7 j To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Sir: ; reds WAS last week called upon to fur- nish my contribution towards the de, cent burial of a mechanic, who had died in the most indigent circumstances ; so much so, that he had long become o burden to the parish where he had passed the principal portion of his life. Yet this man, who died upon the bare boards in a wretched hovel in Ber- mondsey, had been for thirty years in the habit of earning from £2. to £3. per week, with only himself and his wife to maintain out of these respectable earn- ings. To what evil source are we to attribute it, that such a man should die destitute of every solace for his closing hour? The answer is but too easy— a love of the public-house, and of those debasing recreations which are connect- ed with inebriation. The moment the clerk of the manufactory had paid him his wages, he made all speed to one of those places of resort, and there he sat till the legislative regulation compelled the landlord to eject him. Sunday was generally spent in a state of stupor in bed, in swallowing such doses of fers mented liquor as his poor slave of a wife obediently brought him. The con- sequences to his employers, and the work they committed to him and such as him, may easily be conceived, and may be set down among those which have contributed to the general substitution of machinery, in lieu of the faulty and uncertain services of manual operators. The consequence is, that seven-eighths of the journeymen in the particular branch of business I allude to, have been for years. thrown out of every chance of earning a livelihood. Res commending this example and these observations to the attention of opera- tive mechanics in general.—Your’s, &c: Blue-Anchor Road. Evnort Smita. * Onr correspondent adds a list of several other sentences (familiar toasts and sentiments) which this phenomenon of microscopic penmanship has also executed “* ornamentally ;’? and informs us that, as far as intention goes, they are “the last written words of Mr. Beedell.”"—Epir. SoLuTron 1825.) — Mathematical Probleni. \ 201 | For the Monthly Magazine. - Sotvrion of gv Important Prosrem in Practical PersPEcTIVE. » By Mr. T, S. Davies. : Probiem. =? draw through a given point a line which shall tend to an inaccessible vanishing point. i ; Let BD be the horizontal line, and AE the perspective representation of the base of the plaine, whose vanishing point H, determined by the intersection of BD, AE is inaccessible. Let C be the given point through which it is required to draw a line tending to H. A Construction. : I. Through the given point C, draw any line, cutting the lines BD, AE in B and A; and parallel to it any line, cutting the same lines in D and E. ; Note, For these lines we may, in practice, take the vertical extremities of the plan we are delineating—those extremities being of course previously deter- mined. The line DE, it is hardly necessary to remark, might be taken on the other side of BA; and, in either case, if more convenient, might be the vertical edge of the drawing, or even a line beyond that edge. a hae _ II, Lay the parallel ruler over A and D, and move it forward to E, Mark F, the point where it crosses the line BD. MI. Lay the parallel ruler over D, and the given point C; move it forward to -F, and mark the point G where it crosses DE. IV. Draw CG; which is the line required. : Demonstration,’ __ By parallels, DF : BD :: DE: BA, and DF: BD: DG : BC; and, therefore, AB: BC :: DE: DG. . Hence CG, BD, and AE tend to the same point H. The same ‘coustruction and: demonstration, mutatis mutandis, applies when C is situated between the given lines; the point F answering to all the positions of C, which are in the line AB; and as this, or something easily reducible to this, is generally the case, the operation for the most complex building becomes ex- tremely simple. & I was led to ‘investigate this problem ‘by some remarks in. Nicholson’s “ Course,” on the great difficulty of the operation by every method yet known. I discovered several remarkably simple solutions involving the fise of only the parallel ruler, and requiring no lines to be drawn, and very few marks to be made, which did not necessarily forma part of the previous work. Viewed in this light, the method just given claims a preference, as the point F is the only one introduced for the purposes of this construction. ‘ It will hence appear, that such expensive and operose instruments, as Ni¢chol- sons Centrolinead (for. the invention of which, I belieye, that gentleman was re- warded by the Sogiety of Arts), are altogether unnecessary in the solution of this eat kindred. problems—indeed, of every problem to which that instrument can be ed. Bristol, July 15, 1825. : * Monruty Mac. No. 415. 2D 202 MR. THELWALL’S LECTURE ON THE ENUNCIATIVE ORGANS AND FORMA- TION OF THE LITERAL ELEMENTS. (Continued from p. 117.] _ IV. THE UVULA.—The pendulous thong that plays about between the fleshy curtain, or moveable palate (velum pen- dulum palati), terminating the roof of the mouth, as, also, the curtain itself, is an enunciative organ. By depression ‘towards, and contact with, the glottis and root of the tongue, it forms the guttural sounds G and K. G hard seems to be formed by pres- sure of the uvula and the root of the tongue, with flattened surfaces of their respective parts ;* care being taken, at the same time, that the pressure should be so gentle and imperfect, as not to impede the vocal impulse of the larynx ; the tune from which must continue to flow during the entire action of this enunciation. This precaution, indeed, is always to be recollected, when con- tact of the organs is spoken ofin the production of : any but the three mute elements. For, if the contact be com- plete, and the pressure given, no sound can be emitted. K is formed by pursing up the same parts, or by such a degree of pressure as effectually suspends “the vocal action of the larynx. It owes its’ ultimate sound to an explosive effort of mute or whispered breath, separating again the compressed parts, or to the im- pulse of some ensuing open vowel, with which it is to be immediately connected. The letter which we call eks (X), re- presents two different compounds— KS, and GZ, as eksquisite (exquisite), ‘and egzample (example). Q, as in queen, quality, &c. has been considered, I believe, by a// orthoepists, as a mere compound of KU, or of _ KW. My opinion, however, is, that the foreigner who should take this de- finition as his only guide, would be far from ‘acquiring the genuine pronuncia- * See note (*) on preceding part of this - lécture (M.M. Sept. p. 114), for Dr. Dar- win’s theory of the formation of G and K. To which may be added, that the point of the tongue is so little concerned in the forma- tion of K (where the uvula and palatial organization are complete) that it matters not whether it be placed against the middle of the. palate, or the roots of the lower teeth, or be kept suspended, without any contaet, in the mouth. It is the root, not the point of the tongue, and ‘its relative position, with respect to the wula and velum palati, that should fect pare the formation agi element, 9910 The Anatomy of Speech. [Oct. 1, tion- of, the English Q: which is ap- parently throughout, even from its com- Mmencement, a sort of aspirated semi- liquid; in-no portion of its formation, a inute, like the K. .To demonstrate’ this, let any? ane servant experimentalist bring. the root of the tongue and the uvula (or those who from any organic defect of the uvula, are obliged to use the tip, of the tongue, as suggested in the note already referred to—p. 114) into the position in which the K is most conveniently and perfectly formed, and then observe whether the K must not be silently ex- ploded before even the consonant part of the compound element Q can be ac- curately sounded. But if, on the con- trary, the cavity of the mouth be, from the very commencement, somewhat more rounded, and the pressure of the root of the tongue and uvula rather less complete and perceptible than in the for mation of K, a slight tune from the larynx will yield a sort of imperfect semi-liquid sound, which melting, as the organs recede, into the open vowel, or diph- thong eu, or, oo, will give the perfect anglicism of the Q, in queen, quality, quick, quotient, &c. It is never, it will be observed, written without the vowel U; an adjunction which, though super- fluous, is not incongrnous—the element being incapable of formation without parts of the mouth being from the com- mencement brought into the position in which some one or other of the mo- difications of vowel sounds assigned. to that letter is produced, H. The aspiration, or sound of fh, is capable. of being produced, with great force and distinctness, by an approxi- mation-of these guttural organs almost amounting to contact, during the per- cussion of the breath;* and this guttura- lization appears to be almost indispen- sable * “ Tf the back part of the tongue be ap- pressed to the pendulous curtain of the palate and uvula, and air from behind be forced between them, the sibilant letter H is produced.” This is one of the most aceurate of Dr. Darwin’s definitions, and will show suffi- ciently the ignorance of the vulgar observa- tion that H is no letter (or element); sinee in its more perfect state it depends for its formation, as absolutely upon, the precise action of the enunciative organs, as any other of the elements, whether sibi- lant, liquid, mute, or vowel; and in several instances, it is not inferior to many.of them in significant and discriminative force. 1825.] sable for good and perfect aspiration, whenever the H comes in immediate succession and combination with a hard consonant—as in adhere, at home, &c.* Where no immediate combination with such previous consonart is required, all that is necessary for perfect aspiration is, to open the mouthand let the breath just begin to flow before the vowel im- pulse is given; and, of course, all that is requisite for avoidance of such aspi- ration, is to let the vocal impulse, or tune from the larynx, commence con- stantaneously with, or immediately be- fore the opening of the mouth to the vowel form of enunciation. But of this more:in another place. V. THE LIPS, constitute another, ‘and very essential portion of the enun- ciative apparatus; and so important, in- deed, are the functions of this pair of organs, (not only to the beauty and ex- pression of the human countenance) but to the perfect enunciation of lan- guage, that the delicate structure. of these in the human subject, may be re- garded as the principal anatomical dis- tinction to which man is indebted for the power of communicating orally the thoughts and operations of his mind, But for the fine organization of this part of the human mouth and countenance (which seems to admit of no substitute —as will be obvious from the imperfect imitation of loquacious birds—in which ‘the Jabial sounds are rather imagined by the hearer than in reality produced), the mechanism of verbal utterance must have remained imperfect; and indis- tinctness and confusion must for ever have superseded that exquisite precision which marks thé pronunciation of the finished elocutionist; and which should be the object of emulous attention in every speaker, Other animals, indeed, have lips; or rather, masses of integument and mus- cle, which, on account of their anatomi- cal»position, rather than their organic structure, we dignify with the same appellation. But let any one compare the playful sensibility, the exquisite neatness, the delicate variety of minute _ * It is a want of attention to this process of gutturalization, that occasions to many persons the difficulty they have in sur- mounting the cockneyism (as it is some- what unfairly called, for the parts of the country are numerous in which it is much Jess strictly confined to the vulgar than in London,) of omitting the aspirate in such” ‘Combinations as, he is a-tome, he is gone to tha-touse}' é' vides a ba-dorse; for he is at home, that house, a bad horse, &e. The Anatomy of Speech. 203 and expressive motion, in the finely ar- ganized lip of intelligent beauty, speaking at once to the eye, the heart, the ear,— or in that of the fluent, graceful and ac- complished orator, whom art and nature have alike inspired to inform, to cap- tivate, and to convince:—let him com- pare this human organ, in such subjects especially, with the rude deformity, the heavy insensibility of that dull mass of half-organized matter, which encumbers rather than beautifies the portals of the brutal mouth, and then decide whether it be not an abuse, or rather a misfor- tune of language, that they should be con- founded by one common denemination. ~ In the human subject, indeed, these organs differ exceedingly in neatness of structure, and facility of expressive mo- tion. They are liable, also, to certain origi- nal deformities and imperfections, which will be spoken of in the proper place. But I shall endeavour to shew hereafter that the principal differences, in what relates to enunciative capability, are ascribable to certain moral and intellec- tual habits, which it is the province of a well regulated education to rectify or to preclude. With respect to the offices of these organs—there is scarcely an enuncia- tive sound or element that does not ultimately depend for some portion of its precise character, orisonant:beauty, or intelligible contra-distinctness, either upon the position, or the minute but decisive motions of the upper or the under lip, or of both: and so decisively expressive are these positions and mo- tions, when properly regulated, that even the very deaf may be enabled to comprehend the language of the precise and accurate speaker, by a minute at- tention to the verbal action. THE VOWELS, in particular, de- pend almost entirely on the aper- ture and position of the lips — with which the flexile portions of the inte- rior mouth, that modify the form of the cavity, will scarcely ever fail te sym- pathize: the vocal impulse, of course, being understood to be first given. by the vibrations of the larynx and egress of the breath. Thus, for example, the four different sounds assigned to the first letter of our alphabet, a, 4, 4,=iaw (differences which written words cannot describe, which parallels can scarcely illustrate, and which oral and _ visible experiment can alone demonstrate) are formed by four different degrees of opening of cavity and aperture. So, also, the three sounds of the second 2D2 vowel 204 vowel, and the single simple sound of , the unsophisticated English I—é, é, ¢, 4, > Will be found to exhibit a second series of modifications of aperture and cavity } and eu, uo, 00, 0, ou, ow, oi, a third.* The last series is, perhaps, rather moré capable of verbal description than the others; and yet it is that in which confusion and error is most frequently observable in popular pronunciation. I * It is impracticable to eonyey, by mere written word, alone, a complete and satis- factory exposition of the gradations and dis- tinctions of organic action and orisonant effect alluded to. But to the English reader, the following definitions may render a lit- tle mofe perspicuous the distinctions in- tended to be ‘indicated by the accentual marks over the two former of these classes of vowels. . a=A long, like, ey in they=able. . 4=A short,—like a short cough, or mid- way effort between a cough and a sigh; accompanied of course with tune from the larynx; as in pit, cat, thit, absolute, &c. a=The Italian A:—a sort of softly as- ere or ejaculatory sigh, accompanied y tune of the larynx, and generally with a rising inflection ; as in father, papa, &c. It melts very easily into the terminative or guttural r ; and by cockney ears, and in Scottish proniniciation, is with difficulty dis- criminated from that faint and imperfect liquid, I had a very highly educated pupil from the north of the Tweed, a student at that time for the bar, and now a very emi- nent Barrister, whom I never could per- suade to comprehend or admit the distine- tion. Ina perfect English pronunciation, however, it is very perceptable to an Eng- lish ear. 4—A W.—full‘and open, as in al, awful, &c. It has always in speech a circumflex accent. In song, except when trilled, it is, of course, like every other vowel, a monotone. é=E long, as in equal, thie, eve, &e. 8—E shoft, as in thém; tht, &c, Not that in these two syllables, properly pronounced, the vowel sounds are actually identical. In the second it approaches the element next to be explained. Note, also, that in pro- nouncing the article the, separately, we are apt, though very improperly, to pronounce the @ long, as in the pronoun. é=E ejaculatory ; that is to say, with the same species of soft accentrial aspiration that accompanies the Italian d—as évery, ébb; &e, - {=I proper and simple, as in, it, if, lift, &c. How our writers contrive to make a diphthong, or tripthong, of this sort of vowel, I could never practically comprehend. It is, in fact, a sort of anomaly among vowels, being incapable of continued quantity. It differs little from the short é, in position of the organs, and like the ejaculatory é, is accompanied bya-short catch or pulsation in-the throat. Fhé Anatomy of Speech. [Oct. I, shall therefore endeavour a more ex~ plicit discrimination. ’ There ate in English pronunciation four distinct vowel and diphthongat sounds, occasionally designated by the letter u; all of which are oecasionally represented by other letters, and all of which have also their longer and their shorter quantities. The first or simple sound of the u, is short in biit, cit, tiely, and comparatively long in téndone [sounded andun]. It is most perfectly formed, by bringing the points, or front of the lips, near to each other, and making the whole of the lips, as nearly as possible, .form two parallel lines from corner to corner. The second as in tiimault (t&imiilt), tune (téun), pursiie, (pitrséz) triie (tréu) diie—the same as dew (dé). It is formed, of course, by the progress of the organs’ from the position in which é, oré is formed to that already described for the perfect u. A third sound, which is also a diphthong, and constituted of an imperfect com- bination of i and o, is exhibited in the words biitcher (bitécher), bull (bi62). The fourth sound, rarely occurring in cor~ rect pronunciation, but frequently in vulgar and provincial speech, is that of which we have a legitimate specimen in the word diodécimo (doo-o-deci-mo, and which is not unfrequently intruded upon us in duke (dook, instead of déik). The O, short or long, is ‘formed by rounding the aperture of the mouth as nearly as possible into the form of the letter. Sometimes, indeed, it is pro- nounced like z in duodecimo, and in the corrupt pronunciation duke ; as in the affected theatrical pronunciations, bustim or boosum, for bosum [bosome], and Rum for Rom (Rome): both of which, as well as gu/d for gold, and other corrup- tions from the same source, have re- ceived but too much sanction in more extended circles, The OI, or OY, as in boisterous, boy, &c., by passing from that rotundity through the respective organic positions of é and é. Y, when a vowel (which it always is, except when it is an initial, or is intro- duced between two complete vowels, for the mere purpose of preserving the distinctness of their enunciation) is either 6, or 18, or ié, or (sometimes, though rarely) &%.* *( To be continued. ) _. * The learned reader would do well to compare this account of our English vowels, with the definitions of the Greek vowels, by Dionysius Halicarnasensis: ‘ 1825.) OxsEervations on the Causus of, Ru- MITTENT Fever, as it occurs on the Coasts of the MEDITERRANEAN} with Sucerstions for PREVENTING their Errects. By HH. Rozerrson, ™.p., Author of ‘a’ Work on the “ Natural History of the Atmosphere,” &c.* (WN the Straits of Gibraltar, and along the coasts of the Mediterranean, there commonly prevails, during the ‘spring and autumn, but particularly in the latter season, a fever in every re- ‘spect similar to the endemic yellow fever of the West-Indies, and of other coun- tries within the tropics; it having been found, by repeated observation, that wherever the remittent fever is met with, it originates uniformlyfrom the influence of similar causes ; and it is to the greater or less activity of these causes, that this disease is more or less prevalent in certain situations ;—as their powers admit of modification, not only from the influence of climate, but also ac- cording to local circumstances. It is to be premised, that the causes of remittent fever likewise give origin, in certain circumstances, to intermittent fevers; and which causes are generally imagined to exist in the exhalations arising from stagnant water. It has been with much probability supposed, that the water giving off this exhalation, besides being stagnant, necessarily con- tains the decaying remains of animal and vegetable matters; these being thought essential to the excitation of the noxi- ous vapour. It is this vapour that is denominated “ Marsh Miasma,” in the writings of physicians. ~ I am, however, inclined to believe, that stagnant water, even when com- paratively free from such accidental impurities, gives off, in the course of its decomposition, a vapour very pernici- ous to health ; and which, according to circumstances, produces the fevers men- * A very imperfect copy of Dr. Robert- son’s Observations was printed, about eleven years ago, in the “Annals of Philoso- phy.” The paper itself, after having been submitted to the authorities at home, and approved by physicians of the highest re- spectability, was,translated into Italian and modern Greek, and circulated through the medium of the government press, at Corfu, in the summer of 1815. It has since been reyised by the author; and recent discus- sions having given particular interest to a subject, in itself of such high importance, we are happy in being permitted to present itia its improved state to our readers.—=' Evry. - Dr. Robertson on Remittent Fever. 1205 tioned above: Nevertheless, there can- not be a doubt that the noxious quality of this gas is increased in virtlence, in proportion to the quantity of animal and vegetable matters existing in the -water from which it is-exhaled; and it -is, therefore, very probable, that when the miasma is derived from waters fully impregnated with these decaying mat- ters, it is so much more ready to pro- duce the severest forms of remittent feyer., In like manner, all humid situa- tions, and soils that, from their level or low positions, do not freely allow the rain or water from the higher grounds to pass freely off, and which thereby suffer periodical inundations, give rise to this vapour : as the Pontine Marshes, &c. But, besides these circumstances, heat is the principal agent in the extrication of marsh miasma. It has, accordingly, been observed, that exhalations from stagnant water, although full of impu- rity, are much, less pernicious, or al- together innoxious, in cold climates, or during the cold season; but which manifest their effects during the hot season, and seem to increase in yiru- lence as we approach the tropics, where the diseases occasioned by raarsh vapour are met with under the most severe forms. However, in situations otherwise favourable for the production of marsh vapour, it is observed, that during the hottest season the remittent fever more rarely occurs: and this is probably to be attributed to the greater force of the sun’s rays, thereby producing an exha- lation proportionably more rapid, and ‘by which the decomposition of water exposed to their influence is in great part, if not altogether, prevented ; and by which, in.a corresponding degree, the evolution of the noxious vapour from that source is diminished: —be- cause (as vapour is only water under another form, in consequence of being united with a greater proportion of heat than it combines with in its liquid State,) it, therefore, cannot be in any manner noxious to health. For this reason, the exhalations derived from rivers and great masses of water, as from spacious lakes, and particularly from the ocean—where, in consequence of the saline matters dissolved in it, the decomposition of the water is, with more difficulty, effected by heat—are conse- quently rarely pernicious to health, The exhalation giving origin to re- mittent fever seems to be a peculiar fluid, generated by a new abet eth ) 206 wfthe' decomposed watery principles, ‘united *with those of the organic’ re- mains «mixed therewith while the water is in a stagnant state. And although these!two fliids (to wit, aqueous vapour and miasma) are produced by the influ- ence of the same cause, it would, how- ever, appear, that the formation of ‘aqueous vapour is less immediately the cffect of a continued high ‘temperature, than of such a state of temperature as is necessary for the evolution of the marsh miasma. The specific qualities of the principles composing the marsh miasma remain yet to be discovered.—This always rises from its source mixed with a consider- able quantity of vapour; and seems to possess the same specific gravity with it. It is here to be observed, that during the hot season, the column of heated air ascends much ‘higher in the atmo- sphere than at any other time of the year: whence, every exhalation that would be otherwise pernicious to the health of those exposed to it, is thereby more rapidly raised far above where it could produce its noxious effects. On the other hand, in ‘the spring, when the temperature of the air is lower, and the term-of congelation of the atmosphere is much nearer the sur- face of the earth, every exhalation is thereby confined much nearer to its source ; and in this way, the peculiar fevers caused by marsh miasma in that season become more severe, as the calorific: power of the sun increases, till the hot ‘season sets in; when, in consequence of the more rapid evapo- ration, the drier state of the surface of the earth, and the higher elevation of the term of congelation in the atmo- sphere, these fevers abate. Again, in the autumn, every where a more ‘moist season, the temperature of the atmosphere and soil being then more equal—circumstances the most favour- able for the evolution of marsh ‘effluvia, and for propagating their effects—it is found, that the remittent fever ap- pears in its worst form: and, on the coasts of the Mediterranean, it is often seen with the yellow colour, and every ether symptom of fevers arising from similar causes within the tropics. In autunm, the term of congelation gradu- ally descends in the atmosphere, in: proportion to the declining power of the sun’s rays; ‘and the temperature of: the soil being then more permanently high than at any other: season, every’ exhalation is .clevated; for a certain: Dr. Robertson on Remittent Fever. 7 [Oet. I, way, more rapidly, till it ‘arrives: at a colder stratum of the atmosphere, where it necessarily sinks: down, either!:to- wards its source, or moves alongy with the current of the air. elias It seems to be owing to this. cause, and to the lower temperature of the air at every season on high grounds, that we find the marsh vapour produc- ing its noxious effects, even in elevated situations, while those living in places on a level with the sources from which these exhalations originate remain free from disease, These occurrences have fallen within my observation at Alicant, as also in the castle of St. Giorgio, in the island of Cefalonia, which is situated at no great distance from a principal source of the marsh vapour, both many hundred feet elevated above the sea-shore. It is probably owing to ‘the lower temperature of the atmosphere, when the sun is off the horizon—thereby re- pressing the ascent of vapours from the soil, that the miasma most commonly produces its effects during the night ; and upon the same idea we understand why it is most dangerous to health to be exposed to the air during the period intervening from a short time before sunset, and till after the air begins to be warmed by the power of his rays in the morning. Besides the influence of an high or low temperature in evolving marsh mi- asma, a very tumid state of the atmo- sphere has likewise a powerful effect of repressing its formation; or, if it is produced in such circumstances, it is then so much diluted with watery va- pour, as to be incapable of shewing its peculiar effects on living bodies. In this manner may be explained how no bad consequences result from the exha- lations arising from running water, nor are experienced by those living in houses upon the sea-shore, whose walls ‘are! washed by the sea, so that no dry space is occasionally left by it. The shores of the Mediterranean afford an abundant source for the gene- ration of marsh miasma ; and probably it is more powerful and continued in: the extrication of noxious vapour, than if its shores were washed by the return’of hich tides, as in the ocean. ~ For, on’ these coasts, all matters thrown up by the sea remain putrifying on the shore; which process is increased and kept ‘tip! by the continual dashing of the “spray, and the rain that o¢casionally ‘falls over: it :_this process. is/always more! nth an 1825.) and consequently more severe in its effects, in: the neighbourhood of, cities, than where the coast is open. But in every case-there prevails. most fre- quently a nauseous smell} pernicious to health, arising from the: causes above stated. The shores of the Mediterra- nean are therefore much more marshy, and generally unhealthy, than those of the ocean. This arises from the accu- mulation of matters, which for ages have been deposited there by the sea: because, whatever is once thrown up in this manner, never returns to the sea, except occasionally, on the blowing of particular winds; and it then happens, that a proportion of matters is depo- sited equal to that which is carried off. I therefore imagine, from this cause, there exists a permanent source of re- mittent fever, and that we ought. prin- cipally to impute to this the frequent appearance of that. disease in this part of the world. However, T:do not suppose that there may not be such fevers originating from other sources, although, unquestionably, that which has been pointed out is the most abun- dant and general all over the Mediter- - ‘ranean shores. As the remittent fever has its origin, not from the quantity of evaporation from the surface of water, but from a particular gas or vapour evolved from stagnant water, containing the decaying remains of animal and vegetable mat- ters ; or from these matters, mixed with acertain proportion of humidity, and ' exposed to a warm atmosphere; there- fore, remittent fever is developed, in like manner, in situations the most healthy as to climate; when, al- theugh distant from rivers, or the sea, the inhabitants are inattentive to clean- liness within their houses, or in their streets ; and especially where filth and humidity is allowed to collect around their habitations. I lately had to treat the remittent fever, and the hospital-sore, originating from a common privy, in a military hospital, which had never been properly or sufficiently cleansed ; and the recur- rence of these diseases was prevented, by turning a small rill of water in such a way, that it should pass through the upper end of the building, and thereby wash thesink in its passage throughout. Such cases as the above are, I.am con- fident, the most frequent cause of fever, especially in: barracks and garrisons : and although there is not sufficient at- tention bestowed on this point, there is sae Dr: Roberison.on Remittent Fever. 207 no circumstance that more particularly merits consideration, or which} asa source of remittent fever; is more within our control. : ° 1 ai It must likewise be observed; that wherever the decaying remains of ani- mal and vegetable bodies exist, impreg- nated with a certain quantity of hu- midity, the disengagement: of ; marsh miasma must be the natural conse- quence, whenever the mass is exposed to a certain degree of temperature. This temperature, therefore, occurs fre- quently in masses of fermenting stable manure, even when the heat. of the atmosphere is insufficient to produce such an effect. Thus, the filth that naturally collects in the gutters of fre- quented streets, if not frequently and carefully taken away, forms, certainly, one of the causes for the generation of marsh miasma, which, independently of every other circumstance, gives origin to the most severe form of remittent fever. Dead bodies always. contain a suffi- cient quantity of moisture within them- selves, and give out a vapour that pro- duces the worst species of remittent fever, whenever they are allowed to lay exposed to the action of the air in warm climates ; and, inthis way, it often hap- pens, that the vapour emanating from within the walls and from the vaults of churches, in those countries where it is the custom to bury the dead in such places, gives frequent origin to this dis- ease ; several instances of a fatal fever originating in this manner have fallen within my experience. Towards the end of June 1813, I hap- pened to be in Gibraltar; and I there experienced an extremely fetid and nau- seous smell, every time I passed the principal burying-ground of the :city : and being induced, from experience, to consider the miasma from this source as the most dangerous of all, I.there- fore was surprised that, with the pre- dominance of this cause of disease, and of another permanent source of miasma which I shall have occasion to notice, Gibraltar should ever be found free from most severe attacks of remittent fever. ‘Probably, from causes not dissimilar, the plague itself has its origin; as those who, from long observation, have de- livered their opinions of the latter dis- ease, describe it, in the commencement, as well as in its termination, as similar to remittent fever. Again, some authors who have written on remittent fever, as it occurs in Lower Egypt, have affirmed, that 208 that it, occasionally, appears there with symptoms every way similar to those of the plague, from which it cannot be dis- tinguished : and there is every reason to believe; that in this-way it broke out in Corfu, in 1815. The remittent fever is never, on its first appearance, even in its most malignant form,:a contagious disease ; however, it may happen that a matter may be generated, capable of producing a peculiar contagious dis- ease, in hospitals crowded with siek of the remittent fever. This circum- stance was on the eve of teking place in ‘an hospital: under my charge at Ar- gostoli, in the summer of 1816; and which was prevented, by moving all the sick to a more lofty and spacious builds ing, on the opposite side of the bay. “But, as I only intend to limit these observations to what physicians call the remote causes of this disease, and there- upon: to offer some suggestions; with a view to prevent its recurrence, I there- fore consider it in its simple and pri- mary form only. iS ahi I have had frequent opportunities, for several years, of treating remittent fever: but it has never fallen to my observa- tion, that any servant, or other person employed in the duties of the hospital, has been attacked in consequence of a communication with the sick ; which, certainly, would have been ‘the case, had the disease been contagious. The only exceptions to this remark occurred at Argostoli, in which I lost two order- lies and ‘the nurse of the hospital; but their disease seemed rather to have been occasioned by the great fatigue, and continual fespiration of the contami- nated air of an excessively crowded hospital, at a temperature above 100°, than the effect of a ‘specific conta- gion: the nurse had been debilitated by two previous attacks of remittent fever, and was in the last month of her preg- nancy. It may be remarked, also, that the healthy state of the inbabitants of St. Rocque and Algesiras, and other places in the straits of Gibraltar, even when remittent fever prevails there in its worst character, is a proof that the cause of that disease is local, and owing entirely to the situation of the latter place. Moreover, there is no instance where the remittent fever has been communicated from the garrison of Gibraltar to the shipping, or vice versé. The miasma producing remittent fever may always be traced to the sources above-mentioned, or those of a similar description ; and i¢ seems only to shew Remarks on Essay.on Gradation. (Oct. 1, its effects on living bodies near to’ its origin :.but we have no fact, that’ this vapour has manifested its effects at a distance from its*source, or: that it has been conveyed to other places through the medium of bale goods, cloths, or other matters: ‘In this respect, marsh miasma differs widely from contagious ‘disease, which may be ‘carried off in matters impregnated with it, and retain its virulence after a lapse of years, and in every variety of climate, as in plague, typhus, &c. saerasent (To be continued.) To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine, Sir: » he ageaes ea rt G the very proper determination you have repeatedly’ expressed, that your utilitarian miscel- lany should not be made the vehicle -either of theological or anti-theological controversy, will you permit me to ex- press some surprise that your pen was not occasionally drawn through some of the passages of unnecessary: canfy interspersed in the otherwise amusing, though frequently fanciful and sophis- tical, disquisition “ On the Gradation of Universal Being.’ I allude particue larly to the second part of that,disqnisi- tion, which appeared in your preceding Number (p. 110), which to me, at least, appears to have required a little weed- ing; so much so, indeed, that I cannot but suspect that your Editorship, like Homer (the simile, I trust, will atone for the liberty of the suggestion !), can sometimes nod a little: for yout waking * faculties could not, I think, but have perceived the propriety of the axiom, that, in the- discussion of » subjects of natural history or philosophy, our election should at once be made, and steadily adhered to, either of taking our data from the dogmas of admitted authority, or of resting exclusively on the inductions of reason, as’ deducible from the « dbservation of ‘ascertainable facts. If the question is to be argued theologically, the former method is-un- doubtedly to -be preferred ; and facts, of course, are no further to be admitted, than as they can be shewn to be imap- parent accordance’ with that primary authority which, as orthodox theologi- ans, weare not at liberty to controvert. But the process of analytical philo- sophy admits of no such. restrictions, and consequently of no’such appeal. It has no data, but facts; no inferences but the pure inductions’ of reason. In either case, the sound and rational logi- cian 1825.] «cian argues strait-forward ; and his con- clusions result in simple progression from his premises. His. illustrations may encrease the interest of his disqui- sition, and render his inductions more convincing and satisfactory, by impress- ing the imagination and assisting the memory ; but they constitute no part of his argument—no data for digressive inference. To argue in a circle, is not to argue at all: it provesnothing. It is the sophistry of the hypocrite, or the driveller ; and satisfies only the childish and the imbecile—those who seek to be deluded, or confirmed in their delusion. But your correspondent appears to entertain a most complacent disregard of such logical restrictions—can shift his grounds and change his data at dis- cretion. “ The diversities of the human species, varied and extensive as_ they are, (he tells us,) must either have been produced by the: slow and gradual operation of natural causes ; or different species were originally created, endow- ed with the characteristic marks” (phy- sical and anatomical, as well as intellec- tual) “ which they still retain. The first. of these causes is most consonant to the tenets of our religion; and, there- fore, he unhesitatingly adopts it.” This, if-he had been arguing theologically, or taken his. primary.data from the dogmas of authority, would have been consis- tent. enough; but in the logic of phy- sical analysis his “ therefore” is en- tirely out of the question; and he must atrive at his position through the pro- cess of physical induction:—he must shew us how the disproportioned length of the arms, the flatness of the feet, and their difference in length, breadth and shape,—the shape and cavity of the skull, the quantity of the brain, the form of the jaws and teeth, and all those -other circumstances which — he tells us .bring the negro and other savage races nearer to the ape, in the graduated chain of animal existence— should be likely to be produced by the physical operations of climate, &c.; or. shew us the instances in which such changes have been gradually produced (no matter through how. many genera- tions) in any notoriously transplanted race. But then, unfortunately, if he so had done, his chain of gradation would have been broken in its first link. The approximation of man and brute would be no longer a part of the original scheme of creation, but a secondary re- sult of accidental causes or. occurren- ces; and there must have’ primarily Monruzy Mac. No. 415, Remarks on Essay on Gradation. 209 been a time, when the animal world ex- isted and held together without any such graduated chain. ee she But if I were not afraid, Sir, of tres- passing upon your periodical rule (which ; your graduating correspondent has, I) think, already, in some degree, infring- ed,) and provoking to theological con- troversy, I would push my objections to this mode of mock reasoning still further ; and would flatly deny, that there is any thing in the hypothesis of originally distinet races of the human species, that is inconsistent with the faith of revelation. With the dogmas of what is called orthodox commentary, it would, indeed, beinconsistent enough; but not with the text of the Old Testa- ment. The historical parts of that venerable book, including the account of the creation, gives us the history of the origin only of the chosen people, the descendants of the first inhabitants of Eden—of that blissful paradise which, if it had not been forfeited by disobe- dience, those descendants were to have inhabited. The Mosaic record says no- thing of the primitive population of the other parts of the globe—even of that land of Nod, in which Cain, after his fra- tricide, built a city, and begat sons and daughters, But I beg your pardon, and that of your readers, My business is merely to expose the cobweb sophistry, by which the parroted argument of the graduated chain of existence is held together ; to detect the absurdity of mingling theological dogmas with phy- sical disquisition ; and to reprobate the propensity for mingling the cant of af; fected piety with every subject, how- ever irrelevant. ‘The practice has, it is true, sufficient plea of precedent. “ Honest Isaac Walton,” as he is called, could not tear his hook out of the gills’ or entrails of the fish which he had beguiled by the tortures of a writhing worm, without mingling religion with his’ piscatory instructions ; and more than. one of our popular maudling sonnetteers might be instanced, who. cannot com-. pliment “ a white wench’s black eye,” without making the Creator a partner in the amorous ditty. But as this is acus- tom that would be “ more honoured in, thebreach than the observance,’ I cannot but recommend to you, Sir, that for the- future you should draw your editorialpen, through any such irrelevant passages, . with which your correspondents may happen to intersperse their miscella- neous, or pretended philosophical dis- quisitions.—A Frignp 10 Consistency. 2K “ 210 NEWS FROM PARNASSUS. Sid darted Pier. Pe Tv. is long since we have had a paper of this denomination—partly from therareness of productions ofhigh poetic mérit, or attraction; and partly because the encreased attention regularly paid to the critical department has super- seded, in some degree, the necessity of detached articles upon the subject. But there have recently two poems issued. from the press, one of which, from its sterling merit,—and the other, though partly from a species of merit also, still more from temporary éclat, demand a more extended notice, than we can have space for in the pages expressly assigned to our. Literary Review: we allude, of course, to Sou- they’s “Tale of Paraguay,” and Miss Landon’s “Troubadour.” We shall give, (waving our gallantry to the claims of justice,) precedency to Mr. Southey ; both because L.E.L. hath already had her trumpeter, sounding, we think, her praises more loudly than discreetly ; and because we think that from the perverted propensity there is, in what should be criticism, to mingle political considera- tions with questions of literature—the other poem is not likely to have quite as candid a reception. We eagerly embrace the opportunity of shewing, that party considerations have no weight with us; and that we can hold the lite- rary balance with a steady hand, for Tory as well as for Radical. A Tale of Paraguay. By Roxsert Sournry, Esq. 11.p., Poet Laureate, Menber, &c. §c. §c., 12mo.—We do not think Mr. Southey very happy in the selection of his subject—which is simply this ;—One of the native Ameri- can tribes, “A feeble nation of Guarani race,” had been extinguished, all but one man and woman (to whom the poet has given the names of Quiara and Mobn-: nema), by the small-pox. These forlorn survivors journey into the woods, to find a convenient place to suspend their ham- mock and fix their lonely habitation. A son, whom they name Yeruti, is born to them in their solitude. Five years after- wards, Quiara while hunting is killed by a juguar; and the afflicted Monnema, shortly after, brings another child into the world—a posthumous daughter, Mooma. Fhe bounty of nature, however, and the simplicity of theirwants, enabled the widowed mother and her orphans to sub- News from Parnassus. [Oct. I, sist in this state of isolation, till the * youthhed” of the son had matured to manhood, and that of the daughter was approaching womanhood :— y temas “ The boy in sun and shower Rejoicing in his strength to youthhed grew ; And Mooma, that beloved girl, a dower . Of gentleness from bounteous nature drew, With all that should the heart of woman- hood endue.” Herethey are at length discovered, and are visited by the celebrated missionary Dobrizhoffer—the founder ef the Jesuit Theocracy, or Pantisocracy of Paraguay, who conducts them to the capital of his colony, and converts these wild in- habitants of the woods, from. mere wor- shippers of nature, into good passively obedient Christian machines. This the poet seems to think, but does not very clearly shew, was doing them a vast kindness, and conferring upon them an inestimable benefit: though supersti- tious forms and visionary credulity seem to have been all the. religion they were converted to; and in a very short time all three of them died—the mother and daughter of a sick heart, resulting from so sudden and excessive a transi- tion in their mode of life ; and the son of that peculiar melancholy species of brain fever or mental derangement,— visionary superstition. If Mr. Southey can produce no better instances of the blessings of Jesuit missionaryship, he will not, we should think, very:much adyance the semi-papistry of his axtodox (for webelieve even High Church will not permit us to call it his orthodor) creed. Yet, such is obviously the moral object of his poem, But little as we can commend either the selection of the subject or the pur- posed tendency of the “ Tale of Para- guay,” it gives us real pleasure to speak in terms more commendatory ‘of the poetical execution of his task, When Robert Southey can be himself—his poetical self—we can forget the Lau- reate, andexcuse the theologian; and in the merits of the man of genius, can overlook the apostacy of the. politician. And that Southey is a man of genius, let spleen and resentment say what they will to the contrary, candour cannot deny. That he is a poet—notwith- standing the nonsense he has: lately scattered in palinodes and hexameters —is equally incontestable ; and that he has an ear, when affectation does not plug it up, for the harmony of sweetly attuned verse (notwithstanding the gross misapprehension of the genuine consti- tuents 1825. tuents of rhythmical quantity and accent, evinced in his hobbling imitations of the classical measures, and the harem-sca- rem of his Kehama and Thaliba,) an ap- peal to his less affected measures, lyrical and heroic, will satisfy an} reader who has an unprejudiced taste for the ge- nuine music of poetic eloquence. We hail, therefore, the ‘re-appearance of Southey, in his unsophisticated charac- ter as a poet. Independently of these considera- tions, after the volumes of splash-dash and tinsel pretension we have of late been obliged to wade through — the jingling prose run mad—the stilted in- anities and creeping heroics—the frothy ribaldry in the plumes of wit, and dul- ness_made fine by affected metaphor— and all that wreck of crabbed, or of glit- tering verbiage, which comes floating on the muddy torrent of our modern Helicon; it is some relief to come to a green spot that we can rest upon, even though it have not all the luxuriance of another Eden, or though a few weeds should be scattered here and there, which taste and criticism might have eradicated. And such a spot we find in the “ Tale of Paraguay.” We think, indeed, that Mr. Southey would have been more a poet if he had been less a preacher ; and that, without departing from that strict adherence to historic fact, in which he prides himself, or the simplicity which accords with his subject, his story might have been some- what more adorned with the colourings and embellishments of poetic imagina- tion. Neither do we maintain, that the style of the composition is entirely free from affected mannerisms : the passage we have already quoted exhibits one of these; and the pedantic straining after primative etymology in the use of the verb, to resent, ina sense in which it is never used in our language; in the fol- lowing otherwise beautiful description of the widowed and maternal feelings of Monnema, after the posthumous birth © - of Mooma,—is another :— ** The tears which o’er her infancy were shed Profuse, resented not of grief alone : Maternal love their bitterness allay’d, And with a strength and virtue all its own Sustain’d the breaking heart. A look, a , tone, A gesture of that innocent babe, in eyes With saddest recollections overflown, © >’ Would sometimes make a tender smile arise, Like, sunshine breaking’ through a shower \. |. in vernal skies.” But wethink the present less exception- News from Parnassus. 211 able, in this respect, than any of his former compositions. We meet not with those frequent occurrences of affirmation, by multiplied negatives—those appeals’ to the solecism of our idiom, that two’ ne gatives make an affirmative — which have, herefore, so frequently revolted our critical feelings; nor do we meet at every turn with that literary dandy- ism, the substantive use of the numeral one (the beauteous one—the almighty one —the silly one / &c,;) or with that affec- tation of strained inversion, which throws a terminative emphasis upon the qualifying syllable. Of this last, however, we meet with at least one in- stance (the worse, because it is evi- dently appealed to for the sake of the rhyme) in the following eulogy on the Jesuit establishment, already alluded to, in Paraguay. “ Yes; for in history’s mournful map, the eye On Paraguay, as on a sunny spot, May rest complacent: to humanity, There, and there only, hath a peaceful lot ’ Been granted, by Ambition troubled not, By Avarice undebased, exemptfrom care, By perilous passions undisturbed. And what If Glory never rear’d her standard there, Nor with her -clarion’s- blast awoke .the slumbering air ?”’ But upon the whole, there is, with these few exceptions, a simplicity with- out simpleness, a sedate correctness not usual with Mr. Southey, in the lan- guage and versification of this poem; and a sweetness of pathetic harmony (of which he was always, when he:chose, a master) running, with few interrup- tions, throughout the whole, which gives a placid charm to his Spenserian stanza. Et On the subject of sentiment (his am- biguous theology out of the question !) it is scarcely necessary to speak. -Sou- they is the poet of sentiment. His heart is the last thing we \shall quarrel ° with ; and in all that relates to domes- tic or social feeling he is never wrong —except that he sometimes introduces it rather too egotistically, and where it is out of place. Thus, the present volume is ushered in, by a poetical de- dication to his daughter, Edith May Southey, a child of ten years old’; for whose perusal, therefore, it never could have been written; and, at any rate,’an odd sort of patron to appeal to.” In this he tells a pretty sentimental story, about kissing her with tears in his eyes, and about the May-day of ‘her birth, 2E2 and 212 and-the thrushes and the poplars that sympathized in the event,—and such other parental ebullitions as,in the over- flowing of the heart, a doating father may naturally enough be expected to babble about to a child who could not understand them; but which (with all our reverence for domestic feelings) we cannot but think look very silly in print—or, at least, in dedicatory print, as ushering a literary production to the public. : We should add, that this nursery de- dication is followed by a proem, which looks very like another dedication to a certain grown child of fortune (a much more efficient patron, if he were dispos- ed to patronize any thing but dogs and horses,) who did such mighty things at Pamplona, that the atheistical French- men, who were just about to turn godly, lost their wits and fell to cursing instead of prayers. “Vain was the Frenchman’s skill, his valour vain ; “ And even then, when eager hope almost Had mov’d their irreligious lips to prayer, Averting from the fatal scene their sight, They breathed the imprecations of despair. For Wellesley’s star hath risen ascendant there.” But the actual and legitimate dedica- tion of the poem is to the memory of Dr. Jenner, and occupies the first two stanzas of the poem itself: and we con- fess that we should have been better pleased if the volume and the poem had begun together—though we should have lost thereby the lispings of little Edith May, and the important information of what Mr. Southey loves to dream about. “*T love, thus uncontroll’d, as ina dream, To muse upon the course of liuman things ; Exploring sometimes the remotest springs, Far as tradition lends one guiding gleam ; Or following, upon Thought’s ‘audacious wings, Into Futurity, the endless stream. But now in quest of no ambitious height, I go where truth and nature lead my way, And ceasing here from desultory flight, In measured strain I tell a Tale of ; Paraguay.” The apocryphal lines of egotistical in- troduction to Virgil's Eneid, telling us what the author had done or dreamt of, and what he was about to do, have been so often imitated, and in so many dif.. ferent shapes, by Mr. Southey, that we hope, at least, that this is the last ver- sion he will present us with. _ But. a still more curious sample of direct egotism remains to be noticed—- News from Parnassus. (Oct. 1, the congratulation of thé shade of the Jesuit missioner, Dobrizhoffer, in the’ third canto of the poem, on the siiperla- tive and unanticipated honour of: hay- ing had his “ History of the ‘Abipones,’ ’ translated by Mr. Southey himself, and’ made by him, also, the subject: of an immortal poem. é “A garrulous, but a lively tale, and fraught With matter of delight and food for thought. And if he could in Merlin’s glass have seen By whom his tomes to speak our tongue were taught, ra ; The old man would have felt as pleased _ I ween, : As when he won the ear of that Empress Queen. great “ Little he deem’d, when with his Indian band : ‘He through the wilds set forth upon his way; A Poet then unborn, and in a land : Which had proscribed his order, should one . da: : ivi Take up Pith thence his moralizing lay, And shape a song that, with no fiction drest, Should to his worth its grateful tribute pay, . And sinking deep in many an English breast, Foster that faith divine that keeps the heart at rest.” , These passages may serve to fore- warn the reader, that whatever com- mendation we may bestow upon the “ Tale of Paraguay,” it is not entirely free from the customary blemishes of its author. Robert Southey is still Robert Southey ; but we say again that whenever he is so, in the best sense of the phrase—when he sinks the Laureate, and ceases to deify in the tomb those whom living he abhorred—his merits may be accepted in full atonement for his defects, ; : : Many of his descriptions of the wood- land solitude of his Guaranies are very beautiful. . His scenes and incidents of simple tenderness. are (as .they -are always) soothingly delightful. They give us the echo of the heart ; and on themes like these, or the affections they refer to, the heart of Southey whispers no- thing that may not be echoed unblamed, The sketches of the young affections of the brother and sister are particu- larly pleasing: though they awaken ir- resistibly a reflection, that, but for the fortunate arrival of the Jesuit, the time was approaching when that affection must have changed its character; and after the example of the children of our first parents—the dove must have found his mate in the fraternal nest: Transplanted to the -prison-house of social mechanism, when: the ; first joy" oO 1825.} of wonder had. subsided, their new ha- bitation yielded them no compensa- tion for the wild-wood liberty of their endeared solitude; and their new faith, evidently, only the semblance and the mechanical verbiage of a consolation. “ Quick to believe, and slow to compre- hend, — Like children, unto all their teacher taught Submissively an easy ear they lend.” And it might be added, like parrots’ they repeated. But this would be rating such a system of devotion too highly. It isa faith of mere automatonism : voli- tion is out of the question. The puppets appear to speak; but it is the priest, the master of the show, who breathes through them and fashions the articu- lation. The hearts of the poor deluded Indians were still in their woods ;. and their God was in the voice of the winds that used to sing to them in freedom through the trees, and in the brawlings of the brook that wont to slack their thirst. The forms of association were but aggra- vated solitude. They were still to each other their only world; and from the wonted enjoyments of that world they were debarred. They were lost and di- vided in a wilderness of population, in which there was systematically nothing to which the heart could cling. This is not, indeed, the picture which Mr. Southey draws, or the colouring that he spreads; but it is the picture and the colouring which the mental eye discerns through the sketch and the water tints wherewith he covers what may be called the facts. Or to bring the metaphor nearer — we see the poet’s shadows on the surface of the crystal pane; but we see through them, also, the realties that are beyond. “ They felt the force Of habit, when till then in forests bred, A thick perpetual umbrage overhead, They came to dwell in open light and air.” “ All thoughts and occupations to commute, To change their air, their water, and their food, And those old habits.suddenly uproot Conform’d to which the vital powers pursued , Their functions, such mutation is too rude For man’s fine frame unshaken to sustain. And these poor children of the solitude Began ere long to pay the bitter pain That their new way of life brought with it in its train. On Monnema the apprehended ill Came first; the matron sunk beneath the weight Of a strong malady, whose force no skill In healing might avert, or mitigate.’’ ° News from Parnassus. 213 She had Christian burial, however ! “ They laid her in the garden of the dead— Suchas a Christian burial-place should be!” , Yeruti and Mooma attend the funeral ; and there “ They wept not at the wrought ; With feelings there as if their hearts break.”’ No, poor creatures! even the natura, relief of tears was forbidden to their bursting hearts !—tears would look too’ like the passions of this world. The redeemed were to act, even to self-de-, lusion, the semblance of resignation, and pen up the flood of nature till it burst the banks of life. ** Some haply might have deem’d they suf- fered not ; : Yet they who look’d upon that maiden meek Might see what deep emotion blanched her cheek. An inward light there was which fill’d her eyes, And told, more forcibly than words could speak, That this disruption of her earliest ties Had shaken mind and frame in all their faculties.” : ‘* Tt was not passion. only that disturb’d Her gentle nature thus; it was not grief; . Nor human feeling by the effort curb’d Of some misdeeming duty, when relief Were surely to be found, albeit brief, If sorrow at its springs might freely flow ; Nor yet repining, stronger than belief In its first force, that shook the maiden so, Though these alone might that frail fabric overthrow. “ The seeds of death were in her at that hour. ; Soon was their quickening and their growtli display’d ;\" Tog, Thenceforth she droop’d, and wither’d like a flower, Which, when it fiourish’d in its native shade, Some child to his own garden hath convey’d, And planted in.the sun to pine away. Thus was the gentle Mooma seen to fade, Not under sharp disease, but day by day » Losing the powers of life in visible decay.” All this is - beautifully pathetic ;- it speaks to the heart ; but it pleads not in’ favour of that system of automaton de- votion and passive obedience to priestly dogma and:direction, which, according. to Mr. Southey, constitutes * the only sunny spot” in the mournful. map; of history, on which “ the eye may. rest complacently.’”” Upon:such a spot our eye rests. with no. complacency.: its sun is to us the fiery dog-star—’ scorching and drinking up the: stream of social feeling: that should refvesh’the- heart ; grave, though over- would 214 heart ; its fields are the barren sands of Lybia, and its breath the simoom. Ra- ther be our’s the untutored solitude and savage liberty of the woods, where we might “see God in clouds and hear him in the winds,”’ than the Christian civili- zation of such a state of orderly so- ciety. ‘But we must return to the vic- tims— “* How had Yeruti borne to see her fade? But he was spared the lamentable sight, Himself upon the bed of sickness laid. Joy of his heart, and of his eyes the light Had Mooma been to him, his soul’s delight, On whom his mind for ever was intent, His darling thought by day, his dream by night, The playmate of his youth in mercy sent, With whom his life had past in peacefullest content. “ Well was it for the youth, and well for her, As there in placid helplessness she lay, He was not present with his love to stir Emotions that might shake her feeble clay, And rouse up in her heart a strong array Of feelings, hurtful only when they bind To earth the soul that soon must pass away.” So a brother’s hand smooth’d not the -death-bed pillow of a sister: that office was to be performed by the Jesuit Dobrizhoffer. For poor Mooma _her- self—her earthly hopes had ended at her mother’s grave. “ Her only longing now was, free as air From this obtrusive flesh to take her flight For Paradise, and seek her mother there.” She fled; and Yeruti’s doom, or his release, was not long delayed. He had not “lost the dead : _—” “ Soon shall he join them in their _ . heavenly sphere, And often, even now, he knew that they were near. *Twas but in open day to close his eyes, And shut out the unprofitable view Of all this weary world’s realities, And forthwith, even as if they lived anew, The dead were with him: features, form and hue, And looks and gestures, were restored in, : Their actual presence in his heart he knew ; And when. their converse was disturbed, oh ! then How flat and stale it was to mix ‘with living men! ag ~ He went on, | however, wath s aon wholly on obedience bent, ”” -performing whatever task the Jesuits directed, at loom, in garden, or in field.” News from Parnassus. - [Oct. 1, * And when to church the congregation went, None more exact than he ‘to Cross his breast, And kneel, or rise, ond do in all things like the rest. Cheerful he was, almost like one elate With wine, before it hath disturbed his power Of reason. weight, Of time ; for alway when from yonder tower He heard the clock tell out the passing ‘hour, The sound appeared to giye him some delight ; And when the evening shades began to lower, Then was he seen to watch the fading light As if his heart rejoiced at the return of night. Yet he seem’d to feel the “ The old man to whom he had been given in care, To Dobrizhoffer came one day, and said, The trouble which our youth was thought to bear With such indifference, hath deranged his head. He says that he is nightly visited. His Mother and his Sister come and say That he must give this message from the dead Not to defer his baptism, and delay A soul upon the earth which should no longer stay.” Dobrizhoffer, however, thought ft still to delay the baptismal rite. “‘ But the old Indian came again ere long With the same tale, and freely then con- fest His doubt that he had done Yeruti wrong ; For something more than common seem’d imprest ; And now he thought that certes it were best From the youth’s lips his own account to hear— Haply the Father then to his request Might yield, regarding his desire sincere, Nor wait for farther time if there were aught to fear. Yeruti is questioned by the Jesuit— “Came they to him in dreams?... He could not tell. Sleeping or waking new small difference made ; tid For even while he slept he knew full well That his dear Mother and that darling Maid Both in the Garden of the Dead were laid : And yet he saw them as inife, the same, Save only! that in radiant robes arrayed, And round about their Laegti io when they came There shone an affluent. light as of a harm- less flame. “ And 1825.J * And where he was he knew, the time, the place,... All circumstantial things to him were clear ; ‘His own heart undisturb’d. His Mo- ther’s face . How could he chuse but know ; or knowing fear Her presence and that Maid’s, to him more dear > Than all that had been left him now below ? Their love had drawn them from their happy sphere ; That dearest love unchanged they came to show; ‘ And he-must be baptized, and then he too might go.” The Jesuit finds him upon minute exa- mination perfectly sane [in every other respect]. ‘ Mark of passion there was none; none of derangement.” There was a strange brightness in his eyes; but his pulse was regular ; and “ nothing troubled him in mind” — “ But he must be baptized: he could not tarry here.”” So baptized he was. “The day, in its accustomed course, passed on; The Indian mark’d him ere to rest he went, How o’er his beads, as he was wont, he bent ; _ And then, like one who casts all care aside, Lay down. The old man fear’d noill event, When, ‘ Yeare come for me!’ Yeruti cried ; * Yes, I am ready now!’ and instantly he died.” We take the poet’s own shewing of the case. What were the results of the conversion of these poor Indians but in- ward pining and consumptive grief, (un- der the semblance, from a sense of duty assumed, of cheerful resignation,) which dug the graves of all:—in the shape of bodily disease for the mother and daughter ; but for the son, by that morbid derangement of the spirit which sustains with preternatural buoyancy the out- ward frame and faculties, till the crisis arrive, or the object of diseased desire be obtained, and then submits at once to that mortality to which it’ had already consigned every other faculty by which vital function can be sustained. But this, though an exposure of the sophisticating superstition, is no censure to the poet: to his opinions it may be ; but for these he is not responsible at the Parnassian bar. He has clothed his sen- timents poetically, and has rendered his incidents interesting. He has soothed the ear with his plaintive melody, and touched the heart with the tenderness of feeling. In one respect, perhaps, even his subject has not- been unhappily cho- News from Parnassus. 215 ‘sen; it is in accordance with the cha- racter of his mind, and the instinct of his style: for the genius of Southey is naturally rather placid than towering, and characterized, like his rhythm, by smoothness, not by energy. He can melt, but he cannot burn—his fancy is picturesque, but his imagination is not creative. He has yividly delineated, and sometimes brilliantly coloured, many of the splendid incoherencies of oriental fable in his Kehama, and has run wild in the rambling prose of Thaliba : but when- ever he has aimed at the impassioned sublime, he has failed in his effect, and found it easier to be preternatural than supernatural ; and, straining at the great, has fallen into the extravagant. His language wants that rich and pregnant conciseness which should sustain: the high heroic * ; and he appears, therefore, tomost advantagein themes and thoughts andimages that will bear dilation. How Mr. Southey can dilate we have a strik- ing instance in the poem before us. Dr. Dodd (we think it was), in his Poem on the Death of the Prince of Wales (the late King’s father), apologizing for the tardy appearance of his effusion from the exeess of his sorrow, says ** Deep streams glide silent, small brooks babbling flow.”’+ bine The thought has been re-echoed by suc- cessive poets; but never, if we recollect rightly, with equally expressive concise- ness. It was reserved for Mr. Southey to dilate this one nervous line into two and a half: “Waters that babble on their way proclaim _ A shallowness: but in their strength deep streams Flow silently.” But we will not take leave of this poem with the dregs of any thing that looks like censure on our pen. We will present our readers, therefore, with a farewell quotation, selected from the beautiful description of the first interview between the venerable missionary and Mooma, and trust it will be sufficient to induce our readers to join with us in the wish, that Mr. Southey may send us occasion- ally more “ News from Parnassus.” The holy father (who had heard the rumour * His Joan of Arc, in the first edition, was a beautiful heroic pastoral. It was not epic; and by endeavouring afterwards to make it so, he only made it flat. ; + The original may be traced to Sir W.. Raleigh. «« Passions are likened best to floods and streams 5 The shallow murmur, but the deep are dumb. 216 -rumout of traces of human footsteps, and _a lonely dwelling, discovered. by some traders in the woods on the northern _side of Empalado’s' shore,) had set out with a little band of converts, in the hope of making new proselytes. On the fourth day of their journey a human foot-mark is descried, the print of which they cautiously trace. “ Them, thus pursuing where the ‘track may lead, A human voice arrests upon their way. -They stop; and thither whence the sounds proceed, _All eyes are turn’din wonder,...not dismay, For sure such sounds might charm all fear away. ‘No nightingale whose brooding mate is nigh From ‘some sequester’d bower at close of =" dys ‘No lark rejoicing in the orient sky, Eyer pour’d forth so wild a'strain of melody. “The voice which through the ringing "forest floats ‘Is one which having ne’er been taught the * ‘skill ‘Of marshalling sweet words to sweeter notes, ‘Utters all unpremeditate, at will, A modulated sequence loud and shrill Of inarticulate and long-breath’d sound, Varying its tone with rise and fall and trill, Till all the solitary woods around With that far-piercing- power of melody ‘ resound.”” The Jesuit makes a signal of silence ta his attendants, and proceeds cautiously alone. — «¢ Anon, advancing thus the trees between, He = beside her bower the songstress wild, Not ‘distant far, himself the while unseen. Mooma it was, that happy maiden mild, Who in the sunshine, like a careless child OF nature, in her joy was caroling. A heavier heart than his it had beguiled So to have heard so fair a creature sing The strains which she had learnt from. all sweet birds of spring. “‘ For these had been her teachers, these ‘alone; And she in many an emulous essay, At length into a descant of her own Had blended al! their notes, a wild display Of sounds in rich irregular array; » And now as blithe as bird in vernal bower, ° Pour’d in full flow the unexpressive Jay, Rejoicing in her consciousness of power, But in the inborn sense of harmony yet ; more.’ e ¢ : “When now the Father issued from the’ ‘- “wood Into that little glade in open sight, - : Like’ one entranced, beholding ‘him, she stood ; af ‘ Yet had she more of wonder than affright, News fron. Parnassus. [Oet.1, Yet less of wonder than of dread delight, When thus the actual vision came in view 5. :For instantly the maiden read aright ~*~ - -Wherefore he came; his garb and beard she knew ; f All that her mother heard had then indeed — been true. | : *¢ Nor was ‘the Father filled with less surprise ; He, too, strange fancies well might en- tertain, ‘When this so fair a creature met his eyes, He might have thought her not of mortal Strain ; Rather, as bards of yore were wont to feign, J -A nymph divine of Mondai’s secret stream ; Or haply of Diana’s woodland train : For in her beauty Mooma such might seem, Being less a child of earth than like a poet’s dream. “‘ No art of barbarous ornament had scarr’d poe her virgin limbs, or ’filed her face ; Nor ever yet had evil passion marr’d In her sweet countenance the natural grace Of innocence and youth; nor was there trace ‘ Of sorrow, or of hardening want and care. Strange was it in this wild and savage place, Which seem’d to be for beasts a fitting lair, Thus to behold a maid so gentle and so fair. “ Across her shoulders was a hammock flung ; ; By night it was the maiden’s bed, by day Her only garment. Round her as it hung, In short unequal folds of loose array, The open meshes, when she moves, display Herform. She stood with fix’d and wonder- ing eyes, : And trembling like a leaf upon the spray, Even for excess of joy, with eager cries She call’d her mother forth to share thab glad surprise.” , Ee - For the Monthly Magazine, ; On the Economy of Tastz. The Domestic Fireside. ; . has always appeared to me, that, the advantages of a correct taste have seldom been sufficiently appreciat- ed. They have generally been regarded as referable only to objects of luxury and shewy accomplishment — to arts, that minister merely to the gratification, of the indolent and the opulent—to poetry and music, painting and ‘sta- tuary, and the ornamental parts of architecture, furniture, &c, The prin- ciples of taste have, therefore, been lit- tle attended to in the general education ; of youth ; and even among those classes of society in whose education they have not been entirely neglected, their prac- tical application has generally been con- _ fined to superfluities of luxury—seldom 1825.] to mere conveniences of life. In refer- ence even to those, taste has, aceord- ingly, become much less. correct than it would have been, if the subject had been examined upon more liberal and comprehensive principles. I cannot be persuaded, however, but that there is an intimate connexion between taste and morals, and between the formrer, especially, and all the higher powers of intellect; so much so, that when the opportunities are sufficiently presented for appreciating the quantum, the cha- racter and the direction of the taste of any individual, a tolerable judgment ‘may be formed both of his moral and his intellectual character. But the objects of taste have not been more injudiciously circumscribed, than its characteristics have been erro- neously appreciated. The meretricious has been mistaken for the pure; anda fastidious delicacy, a shewy pretence of -elegance, and a sort of effeminate refine- ment—and, above all,a perpetual sacri- fice to the aristocracy of fashion—have been estimated as the accomplishments of a principle, whose elements ought to be sought in the eternal truth of nature, _and in the chaste and decorous union of the useful and the beautiful. A severe application of this principle of discrimination, would strip, per- haps, some of the most popular artists ‘of the present day of no small portion of their high plumed reputation, and tear a feather or two from the. cap even of the President of our Royal Academy. But such an application would be a digression from the main object of the present essay; which is to shew the connexion of taste, not only with arts and morals, but with that dearer object of calculating inquiry— Economy. } ; : In this point. of view,, it may be thought worthy even of the general attention of a trading age. Cupidity itself may be influenced, in some in- ‘stances, to court acquaintance with the graces; and the speculative improver of his hereditary domains may be in- duced to cultivate ataste for picturesque and architectural beattty, as a means, at once, of diminishing his expenditure and improving his rent-roll. Nay, if the subject be thus considered in the full extent of application, it may carry the united principles of taste, economy and comfort into .the parlour and the breakfast-room, and to the very hearths of those humble cottages, to which fru- gal competence, or decent industry re- -Monrniy Mac. No. 415. ‘Economy of Taste. tires, for the enjoyment of the simple 217 gratifications of domestic life. Let it not be thought that I descend -too low, in the treatment of a subject which the arbiter elegantarium has hitherto regarded as all his own, if, around such a hearth, I make myself one of a simple circle, to derive an illustration of my principles ; and en- _deavour to shew how taste, comfort, and economy may be united together, and associated with those habits of order, which never fail to have a power- ful influence on the moral character of ‘individuals, and to enlarge the sphere of their practical utilities. I might shew, even in asphereso hum- ble, and in matters ofsuch ordinary useful- ness as the form of a grate, and the fit- ting-up of a chimney, how those princi- ples of unadulterated taste which unite, in the most simple way, the convenient and the agreeable, may at once increase ‘the warmth of the little apartment, diminish the consumption of fuel, ad- minister to cleanliness, and prevent the suffocating annoyance of smoke — so troublesome often to the lungs of guest © and. occupant, and so destructive: to every article of furniture and apparel. This might be illustrated without en- tering into the consideration of the de- gree of embellishment which may be superadded to the materials of which these necessary accommodations are to be constructed ;—whether marble or friestone, Dutch tiles, or mere plastered brick, and whitewash, are to beemploy- ed—with iron bars, or bronze, or polish- ed steel: these are preferences that must, in every case, be necessarily de- termined by the degree of expenditure authorized by the income of the master of the house—the style in which he aspires to live, and the number of ser- vants retained in his establishment : but I will observe, that, in these and in every other particular of household de- coration, if he be not strictly regulated by the contingencies and limits of his income, the principles of taste will -be violated quite as much as his conveni- ence will be trenched upon ; because he will find it impracticable to maintain that accordance of appearances —that correct keeping, as the artists would call it—that agreement and harmony of parts, which correctness of taste and respectability of estimation so imperiously demand, But with reference to the more gene- ral and elementary objects of taste, con- venience and. economy, experienced observation. may safely be appealed to, 2¥F whether 218 Voyage to Australia, 8c. [Oct. 1, whether the awkwardest and most dise Mr.Henny Ennts’s Journal of a Voyage proportioned chimnies, and the ugliest ‘and most fantastic of those grates and fireplaces by which the inventive cupi- dity of fashion-mongers has endea- voured to excite and minister to the changeful caprice of those who have neither taste nor common sense to guide them, have not uniformly been found to be those which destroy most coal, diffuse least warmth, and aré most fre- quently productive of discomfiture and annoyance. But I will venture to descend to still more housewifely minutiz of detail; nor disdain to handle, on this occasion, even the hearth-brush and the fire- shovel ; for a clean hearth, a clear fire, and a regular temperature, are worthy to be enumerated among the objects, at once of taste, economy and comfort: and let those who delight in sudden gusts of blaze and smoke, in abrupt transitions from oppressive heat to shivering chill- ness, and can endure to see the hearth piled with cinders and ashes, while the flame is struggling in vain for a passage through an oppressive heap of fresh and unignited coals, dispute, if they please, the correctness of my critical percep- tions. But the economy of taste being the subject of my essay, let those who have not hitherto been in the practice make the experiment, during a single winter, of keeping their hearth always clean, within as well as without the fender ; of regularly throwing up their cinders, and covering them with frequent and moderate supplies of coal —using the poker only rarely and tem- -perately, so as to keep a constant draft, or passage for the air, and pro- duce but little flame ; and then (if their establishment be small enough to per- mit the difference of their own parlour consumption to be perceptible) let them look, at the end of the year, to their coal-merchant’s account, and see if the system which has afforded them a con- stantly cheerful—I was going to say a picturesque—fire, a clean hearth, and a regular temperature, will not demon- strate also, in pounds, shillings and pence, the economy of taste. This cal- culation, however, proceeds upon the ’ premises, that the coals made use of are exclusively of the prime quality: and which, if thus used, are eventually the cheapest. With coals of a very inferior quality, at whatever price they may be purchased, neither economy, taste nor comfort are certainly to be expected, Rusticus, to New Sourn Waters, AusTRALIA, Port Essincton, Arstey Straits, Se. (Continued from p. 125.] Thursday, 23d. — Finding that fresh water could not be had, the season fast advancing, and Melville and Bathurst Islands being the principal points con- templated for forming the new settle- ments on, we weighed and made sail. At noon, Vashon Head south- west; Smith’s Point, south-east and by east three-quarters east; at six, north-east part of Melville Island bear- ing from south twenty-three west to south forty-seven west, distance twenty miles; west end ,of Cobourg Penin- sula south forty-seven east, fifteen miles. Sunday, 26th.—At six, made sail up Apsley Straits. At one, p.m., running in for the anchorage. At half-past one came-to in fifteen and a quarter fa- thoms, Luxmore Head south sixty-five east, Pipers Head north ten west. The distance between Port Essington and the anchorage in Apsley Straits, which divide Melville and Bathurst Islands, is about one hundred and twenty miles ;the soundings between these ports are from seven and a-half to thirteen and a-half fathoms. Our satisfaction was very great on our arrival at the place of our final destination, after a passage of upwards of seven months from Plymouth, during which time, with very little exception, we had had delightful weather, a healthy ship’s company, and but one accident of any consequence—the drowning of poor Lovett. The entrance to this noble port is truly delightful ; Bathurst Island rising gently on the right, and Melville Island on the left, clothed in all the beauty and luxuriance of a tropical climate; and Harris’s Island standing in the cen- tre of the strait, forming one of the finest harbours and most picturesque scenes that can be well imagined. 26th.—Every thing being prepared, the mariners were landed, and posses- sion taken of Melville and Bathurst Islands, in the same manner and form as at Port Essington; and the British colours displayed on Luxmore Head, with even more satisfaction (if possible) than on the Cobourg peninsula, as this was the point on which the new es-~ tablishment was to be formed, ‘and on which, in fact, all our expectations were centered, 27th 1825.] 27th, 28th, and 29th. — Parties em- ployed in every quarter in search of fresh water, sinking wells on Melville and Bathurst Islands, exploring the country, and surveying the coast ; but up to this time, as far as related to fresh water, without success, until the even- ing of the 29th, when Captain Bremer discovered a fresh-water stream in a bay, distance from Luxmore Head about seven or eight miles, which af- forded an ample supply; and in conse- quence of which the ship was removed from her present anchorage to a small bay, which was called King’s Bay, in honour of Captain King, the first dis- coverer of these islands. Thursday, 30th.— Finding our new situation, in point of anchorage and fresh water, most eligible; and being close to a desirable point of high land to commence a new settlement on, and it being on a breast of Harris’s Island, which may be easily put in a state of defence, and which lies nearly midway between Melville and Bathurst Islands, was fixed on as the most proper place to begin operations. The south point of this high land was named Point Barlow, after Captain Barlow of the 33d regiment, who is to remain commandant of the island; Har- ris’s Island bearing south twenty-seven west from the ship, and the north part of Bathurst Island, named Cape Brace, bearing thirty-eight thirty west,» the whole anchorage, named Port Cock- burn, in honour of Vice-Admiral Sir George Cockburn, one of the Lords’ Commissioners of the Admiralty. The whole strength of the expedition was now directed to this point, clearing the land to set up houses, build forts, and make other necessary prepara- tions. 3d October.—A sufficient space being cleared, the fort was laid out and begun. A well for the use of the garrison was also commenced ; as was likewise a gar- den, on a point near the fresh-water stream, which has been called Garden Point: small parties were employed in surveying, exploring the country, and gardening. This day, Serjeant Stewart of the 3d regt., and a black prisoner —a convict, lost themselves in the woods on a shooting party. The latter has not been since heard of; but the serjeant got back, nearly exhausted, A wharf for the convenience of land- ing the heayy stores from the ships, was taken in hand on the fourth, and a second garden close to the fort, on the Voyage to Australia, &c. 219 same day ; and small parties were em- ployed as before. On the 5th, two houses that were sent in frame, from Sydney, for the use of the officers composing the garrison, were landed, and began to be set up. Boats were sent to haul the Seine every morning, generally with little success, By this time the whole of the works were going on rapidly ; the soldiers, marines and convicts, as they could be spared, building comfortable huts for themselves, on a high ridge, in a line with the beach. This row they christen- ed Barrack-street. Indeed, it was truly astonishing to see with what rapidity they got them up, and covered them in. The Commissariat store-house, sixty feet long by eighteen wide, was laid: out on the 6th, sailors, marines, artificers, &e. employed on the various works, boats surveying, exploring, &c. &e. From this time forward the different works were carried on with wonderful celerity ; every one, from the captain to, the lowest man in the expedition, seem- ed to vie with each other, in carrying on the service of the respective depart- ments. It was really astonishing how they supported such constant hard labour under a vertical sun. The pier, an extraordinary piece of work, was completed on the 19th: it is sixty-four feet long, fourteen feet wide, | and thirteen feet high, at the end next low-water mark, and is built of enor- mous pieces of timber, bolted at each end; and the interstices filled with masses of sand-stone rock ; and from the quality of the materials, and the judgment with which it was planned and executed, will, no doubt, last many years: the greatest credit is due to the exertions of the young officer (J. C.. Sicklemore) who had the superintend- ance of building it, from whose judi- cious partition of the labour, and his great zeal, every difficulty was over- come, and the pier finished in sixteen days. The wharf being completed, afforded additional strength to those employed onthe other works; the fort advancedra- pidly, and the officers’ houses were near- ly completed; the commissariat store- house, forges, people’s huts, &c., in a form and state, and a considerable piece: of land cleared both at the fort and at Garden Point, by the 20th. Thursday, 2\st of October.—Being: the anniversary of the battle of Trafal- gar, and the fort being in a proper state to receive some of the guns which we: F2 had 220 had previously landed, was fixed on as the most auspicious day for hoisting the union jack on the fort (which was named Fort Dundas, in honour of the Noble Lord at the head of the Board of Admiralty) ; and as it was also the anniversary of a most gallant action fought by Captain Bremer, in the Roy- alist of eighteen guns, with the French frigate Weser of forty guns, and 350 men, which ended in the capture of the latter, was an additional inducement to those now under Captain Bremer’s com- mand to wish that day might be select- ed for the interesting ceremony. Captain Bremer had requested the company of every officer that could be spared from the respective services, to dine with him on shore on this occa- sion; and upwards of twenty sat down to the first publie dinner ever given on Melville Island. On the cloth being removed, and his Majesty’s health being drank, the union jack was hoisted, and was saluted by twenty-one guns from the fort (the first ever fired in this part of Australia), and was’ answered by the heart-felt cheers of those on shore, and on board the ships—the working parties or convicts getting double allowance, joined in the general good-humour and felicity of the day. It is in vain for me to attempt a de- scription of our feelings on this oc- casion. In fact, we were delighted; placed at the distance of nearly nine- teen thousand miles from home, in a part of the werld which had hitherto never been visited by civilized man, and turned, as it were by magic, into a British settlement, gave rise to feelings easier to be conceived than described. At.sunset the flag was lowered down, and introduced to the mess table, where it underwent the ceremony of christen- ing in bumpers of claret; every one present having hold of the flag, and standing as sponsers, vowing to protect the bantling with their best blood. I noticed, in a former part, that the natives continued their fires as we passed along the coast of Australia; so they did from our first arrival at these islands. In the first instance, they ap- peared at a distance, and detached from each other, which we supposed were the fires of different tribes; but they daily approached each other, and neared us considerably; so that it would ap- ' pear they were endeavouring to sur- round us in a body. The fires to the eastward of the ship, on Melville Island, Voyage to Australia, Sc. [Oct. I, remained stationary from the early part of the month, but those on Bathurst Island were still advancing, and on the nights of the 22d, 23d, and 24th, were joined in one extensive sheet covering an extent of several miles ; sending forth such an immense body of light, as to make every object round us perfectly visible, although at the distance of several miles. The fires in our neighbourhood, on Melville Island, got stronger, and also began to close on the fort. Up to this time we had not seen any of the na- tives ; although traces of them were visi- ble in every place where we went. On the 25th, Captain Bremer and a few of the officers crossed over to Bathurst Island, and rowed up a salt lagoon, and were not a little surprised, on their return, to find themselves intercepted by a party of the natives, at a point where the water was fordable to an opposite sand- bank. The whole of them being armed with spears and waddeys, at first seemed disposed to dispute the passage with us; but on the boat pulling towards them, they retreated. However, after a little time, they ventured to the boat; and a few handkerchiefs and other trifles being given them, they laughed, seemed well pleased, and the boat left them. On the same afternoon, a party of them came down to the settlement, surprised some of our men who were cutting wood, and took from them their axes, of the use of which they seemed to have a correct idea; no doubt from seeing our men at work, felling the tim- ber in the woods. This caused a general outcry: the women flew to the boats ; the men seized their arms; whilst the blacks scampered into the thicket, very well pleased with their prize. | Their numbers were variously represented ; some said there were thousands, others hundreds; but when we came up to them in the woods, their party did not exceed twenty. No doubt, there were many more dispersed about, as they always have a reserve to carry their arms, and to guard the old men, women, and children. We soon established an intercourse with this party, by making signs of peace, and giving our arms to those behind us, and advancing slowly towards them. They also threw down their arms, and seemed to feel a tolera- ble degree of confidence : several of the youngest, however, kept in the rear, and collected the spéars ready for ac- tion. They made many signs for hatchets, which 1825.] which we signified shouldbe given them if they came to the settlement ; by these means we drew them near the fort; but nothing could induce them to come beyond the line of the huts, or into the cleared ground. : We found one evening that they had stolen three hatchets ; but as it was de- sirable to establish a friendly inter- course with them, if possible, no notice was taken of this theft; and three ad- ditional hatchets were given them, at which they seemed highly pleased, re- tired quietly into the wood, and made their fires about half a mile from us. Two days after this, they surprised two of our men, and took an axe and a reaping hook from them ; our sentinels and others being near, they were made to understand, that they would not be allowed to. plunder in that manner ; the, reaping hook was returned; but he that had the axe darted into the wood, with such amazing speed, that to attempt catching him was out of the question ; and as it was resolved not to come to extremities with them, he was not fired at. However, their depredations became so frequent, that it was decmed highly necessary to put astop to them ; and when, on their next visit, they made the usual signs and vociferations for axes, they were made to understand that none would be given.them; and signs were also made for them to go away, and to shew them we were not pleased with their conduct. They complied with this intimation; but it was fully evident from their brandished spears, and their exercising themselves in throwing their waddys, that they were also dissatisfied, and probably meditated mischief. We saw nothing more of them until the 30th, on which day our boat at the watering-place was surprised by a party of twenty or thirty natives, armed with spears and waddys. Another party, at the same moment, surrounded a cottage in a garden, which was made by the officers, at a little distance from the watering-place ; and in which, at that time, were only one of the young gentlemen, and a corporal of marines. They endeavoured to make a retreat to the boat; but this the natives seemed inclined to prevent. Finding their situa- tion critical, and the savages preparing to throw their spears, the corporal fired over their heads; on which they all dropped on the knee, but were up again ina moment. He loaded and fired re- -Poyage to Australia, §c. 221 peatedly ; and they dropped on every discharge, as before—whick gave him an opportunity of making his escape : he continued to fire as he ran, until he and the young gentleman reached the boat; when a shower of spears was thrown. Some ‘of them struck the boat; and one,-a barbed spear, grazed the midshipman’s neck. Fearing some mischief might ensue, the corporal thought it most prudent to prove to them our superiority, as it might pre- vent a greater effusion cf blood.: He selected their chief for punishment, and fired directly at him. He fell, and: was. supposed to -be severely wounded, if not killed out right ; and either crawled. off, or was carried away by his com- panions, Hitherto they did not appear to heed our musquetry; for as none of them, up to this day, were hurt by it, they had no idea of its destructive power. About the same hour, an attack was made by another and more numerous party, on our people who were em- ployed outside the cleared ground, near the settlement, at whom they threw a great number of spears, but without doing any material injury. But, on a few muskets being fired at them, they retreated into the woods, and we saw no more of them in the vicinity of the watering-place or fort; and the circum- stance of their keeping away altogether convinced us that some of them must have felt the effects of our shots. As the rainy season was expected to commence in those latitudes about the, latter end of the present or early part of the next month, all the out-parties (except those employed in surveying) were called in, and set to work on the fort, and in building a magazine, land- ing the commissariat stofes and pro- visions, finishing the huts for those that were to remain on the island, and for the general security and comfort of the whole. (To be continued. ) —= For the Monthly Magazine. Extracts from a Journey to the Minerat Srrincs of Mount Cau- casus, and along the Rivrr Kusan to Kertcu, on the Sua of Azov. By a Russian Officer. HE mountains forming the chain of Caucasus may be divided into four classes or regions; the first is covered with green, and ornamented with various trees; the second, rising from 222 from the first, consists of rocks, bearing large projecting trees, and having its sides covered here and there with withered grass and moss; the third region, which already rises above the clouds, is enveloped in a covering of snow; and the fourth appears covered with a crust of perpetual ice. From the midst of this majestic range, the gigantic Elberuss (Katsbek or Shat mountain) raises its royal head, and all the mountains around seem to bow down before it. No painter, no poet has yet dared to attempt a sketch of these immense mountains; nor could pen or pencil at all approach the rea- lity; and yet there is, perhaps, no place in the world where a mind of a truly poetical turn might find more and grander objects of inspiration. The mineral springs of this region most generally. known are, 1, hot springs, of 38° (quere, Reaumur?); 2. sulphurous acid springs, of 25°; 3, the hot springs at Warwazij, of 32°; 4. on the iron mountain, twelve wersts from the latter, chalybeat hot springs, of 32° ; 5. forty wersts from the first, cold acid springs; 6. twelve wersts from these, acid chalybeat springs. Before arriving at the region of these springs, to the right of Georgiewshk, are the auls (villages) of some tribes of peaceable Cherkesses, kept peaceable by the strong rule of General Yermaloff, the terror of all the predatory tribes that inhabit the mountain fastnesses. But along the road. are some Scotch and German colonies, where invalids, visiting the springs, may be provided with excellent white and brown bread, butter, milk, potatoes, and va- rious other kinds of provisions. We paid for four rooms, opposite the springs, ten roubles daily—the use of the baths included. I drank some mineral acid water, which is sold at thirty-five copeks a bottle ; and took a bath, on Mount Mashnek, in a cistern cut in the rock, capable of contain- ing six persons. The heat of the water, which flows in on one side and out of the other, was 25°. After half an hour’s bathing I found myself greatly re- freshed, and felt a keen appetite. There is a flight of about one hundred steps leading upon this hill, but which is rather fatiguing for invalids. A new path, made by the orders of General Yermaloff, is ‘much more convenient. This gentleman has also caused the establishment of separate baths for tadies, in a neat house, built on the Journey to the Mineral Springs of Mount Caucasus, §c. (Oct. 1, top of the hill. Every convenience may be had here; and, compared with the prices at St. Petersburgh, the articles are not very dear. They are now lay- ing out a very beautiful garden there, and Iam convinced, that if the cares of government for this place are con- tinued for a few years longer, the Euro- pean nations will leave their own water- ing-places, and come to seek the resto- ration of kealth on Mount Mashnek. About eighty houses are already built ; the colonists are enriching themselves, since our troops are now so well sta- tioned, that there is no longer any, danger from the attacks of the hostile tribes. The road from Georgiewsk to Staw- ropol leads, at first, through a steep covered with dry grass (this was in the month of August), then through. meadows and corn-fields. Stawropol is a very regularly built town, and much more beautiful than Georgiewsk ; but I found the provisions scarce. There are two churches here, one of stone and the other of wood, From here we went through the village of Bogojaw- lensk to Protshnoi Okop, both inhabited by Cossacs, who seem to have a great abundance of cattle. From this place to the Caucasian fortress we were escorted by a party of Choperski-Cos- sacs—as beautiful a set of men as can be imagined. Throughout our journey. we found these men civil, and. clean and neat in every thing; the Cossac villages, all along the Kuban line, are well built, and the fields kept in good order; the grass was almost every where dry, owing to an extraordinary drought which had prevailed for some time: otherwise, I was told, the grass grows man high, which enables the Cos- sacs to keep a great quantity of cattle. The line along the Kuban seemed to me in better order than that of Mount Caucasus; and the Cherkesses, and Kabardinski, who inhabit the opposite shores of the river, are kept in awe by it. About twelve wersts beyond the for- tress the road begins to be even, and extends, in that manner, for 700 wersts. The Kuban rolling its waves along its gloomy banks, covered with forests and high withered grass, was on our left; but the traveller is cheered by the sight of the beauty, order and abundance that prevails in the Choperski-Cossac villages through which he passes, and each of which has its church, built of stone. t We 1825.]’ Journey to the Mineral Springs of Mount Caucasus, §c. We next entered the country of the Cossacs of the Black Sea, called, for- merly, the Saporog-Cossacs, whose ca- pital is Yekaterinodar, a large town, but badly built, with only 3,000 in- habitants. I was informed by several official gentlemen, that the Cossacs of this. district. consist of nearly 70,000 individuals of both sexes; that they keep on foot twenty-one regiments of 550 men each; but that, in case of ne- eessity, they can mount 10,000 horse- men more. The men are all dressed uniformly in blue cloth, with sleeves hanging down, from the shoulders ; their hair is cut close to the head, a few only leaving a small bunch of it on the crown. This uniformity of dress had no pleasing effect on me, and I thought the other Cossacs, wko dress themselves variously, looked better, and have a more manly appearance, which is given to them by their long beards ; men, women and children, and even the chief, were every where busy at work. I have said that our Cossacs keep the Cherkesses in awe; notwith- standing this they must lead a disagree- able life, since they are obliged to be ever on the alert, and literally sleep with their arms, ready for action, lying under their pillows. For those rob- bers are ever on the look out for plun- der : and especially in winter, when the Kuban is frozen over, they will steal across at night and drive away the cattle. Our men are constantly calling “ who goes there 2?” and any one who gives no answer, will be instantly sent to sleep with his fathers. During the journey we could often see detachments of Cherkesses on the opposite bank of the river. Once we went to bathe near the last-mentioned fortress, I keeping pretty near the shore, but my companion swimming towards the middle of the river. All of a sudden three Cherkesses plunged into the wa- ter, and made towards us. It may be supposed that we did not wait for them ; and by a hasty retreat on shore, we escaped death or captivity.* Our men are strictly enjoined not to cross the river, else they think they should * By all these details, it seems that General Yermaloff has, as yet, done very little towards taming these desperadoes ; and that the baths at the foot of Mount Cau- casus are, therefore, not so very inviting as watering-places for the nations of Europe. But it is thus often that authors refute in detail, what they have boldly asserted in the gross.—Y. Z. 223 soon drive those robbers out of the field. We paid the postage from Yekateri- nodar to Taman at the former place, which is the usual practice, and pre- vents delays on the road. We were constantly accompanied by 100 or 150 Cossacs, and their officer, who relieved each other at the different stations, and, besides, we were attended by the Yessaul Dolinsky from the war-office, to forward our journey, in which we flew rather than rode, making at one time thirty-eight wersts in an hour, and 185 wersts in twelve hours. The road was excellent, and the bridges better than in the interior of Russia. ‘The rushes, growing all along the road, are often above three fathoms high. The Cossacs in this district, as, in- deed, all the Cossacs, are a very dex- terous and nimble race, having exvel- lent officers. Every where we found the readiest hospitality among them. They even made us take bread, wine, and fruit with us when we left their cottages, and would often place pro- vision in our carriage against our will, or without our knowledge; and would never accept of any money in return. At Temrick the line of the Kuban terminates. Here the road is wider, General Yermalof having caused the rushes on both sides to be burnt away for the greater security of the trayel- lers. At Taman our Cossacs found some young swans among the rushes ; they gave them to us, and we sent four of them to the oven to be baked ; but during the night they were carried off by some dogs, This fortress, which only contains 200 inhabitants, is in a very dilapidated state; and although there are still ninety cannon, they are not on the walls. We went to view the Ambrian Straits, and saw Yenikul and Kertch at a distance. Three wersts from Taman is a hill which, from the 15th of August to the 15th of September of the year 1818, threw out mud and stones, ac- companied by an eruption of fire and a thick smoke. This phenomenon was accompanied by a terrible subterra- neous noise, which was likewise heard in the streets, and on the sea of Azov; and islands were twice formed above the surface on the water, on which peo- ple were able to walk: but which again disappeared in the waves. There are a great many heliotropes growing about here, which, although not very large, smell very sweet. In 224 -In the church of the Ascension of Mary, I saw the famous stone about which so much has been written; it bears the inscription, that in the year 6576 (1060 after Christ) Prince Gelb measured the sea on the ice, and found it to be 30,054 fathoms from Tumutar- Kanto Kertch. Another stone lies over this with a Greek inscription, of which I could only make out the word Bos- phorus. On both sides of it are human figures in tunics, holding garlands in thei: raised hands, sculptured in low relitf. At Kertch, I saw one of the most ancient churches in Christendom, hav- ing probably been built 1,500 years ago. Four columns of Persian. marble sup- port the cupola; and although some parts are added to the original building, the!whole is of a light and handsome architecture. They preserve here a copy of the Gospels and the Acts, in Greek, beautifully written on parch- met more than 500 years ago. We visited the mountain which goes by the name of the Chair of Mithridates. The town of Kertch contains about 4,000 inhabitants of both sexes, for the most part Greeks ; and the place is, alto- gether, rising in importance, its situation being very favourable for trade.—Y. Z. —— To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Sir: HEN at Cambridge, I availed my- self occasionally ofthe privilege of attending the admirable Lectures of the late Dr. E. D. Clarke, mineralogical professor in that University. Few lec- turers have devoted themselves more enthusiastically to their science than did this able and much-regretted man; and my mind still dwells with much satisfac- tion on the evidenced energy and delight _ with which he expatiated upon the sub=> ject immediately before him: nor was I less amused when, for the purpose of introducing a droll—but always enter- taining, and sometimes historically in- structive—anecdote, or even jest, he not unfrequently dismounted for a moment from his more serious hobby, and proved himself, not only /aughter-loving himself, but a cause of laughter in others. But (pardon this digression) my intent on the present occasion was merely to observe that, in one of his lectures, the Doctor particularized what the modern Romans call Elastic Marble ; describing it as of a saudy or gravelly texture, thereby easily imbibing a large portion of moisture ; which being the case, a nar- “Elastic Marble. (Oct. 1, row piece, of not very. cuepdeynic length, might be lifted to some h above a table on which it had been i by the middle, while the ends would s still rest upon the flat surface. In this posi- tion, however, the fragility of the marble was so great that suddenness of motion would break it. Dr. Rees, in his Ency- clopedia, mentions flexible or elastic marble as a “rare mineral ;” but in America, it seems, a considerable quan- tity has been found, and a notice of some large slabs of it has been furnished by Dr. Mitchill. It is found in a quarry, extensively wrought, in pieces five or six feet long by seven inches broad, and is described as of various colours, nearly white, with a reddish tinge, or gray, or dove-coloured ; some specimens being fine grained, others coarse and of loose texture, In some large blocks one side is flexible, the other destitute of that property; if takes a) good polish, and appears to bea lime-stone, not a magne- sian carbonate. Dolomieu attributed the flexibility of some marble he examined to évsicca+ tion ; and Bellevue ascertained that un- elastic marble might be made otherwise by this process; but does all flexible marble lose this property on becoming dry? When thoroughly wetted by saw- ing or polishing, it must be handled with great care to prevent its breaking, and large slabs of it cannot be raised without support at the middle as well as ends, Have we no elastic stones in our Own country ? and how is the elastic stone- beam in Lincoln Cathedral to be ac- counted for ? * If, Sir, any of your correspondents will take this matter into consideration, and furnish you with the result, its ap- pearance in your columns will oblige more, perhaps, than your’s, &c, 25th Aug. Canrannrerensts, A.B, * T took occasion to ask a solution of this difficulty from the professor one day after lecture ; he was unable to explain the cir- cumstanee, and answered with great) but wonted urbanity, that he would make it‘a point to inquire further, if not to visit, Lin- coln Cathedral himself, for the purpose, of more particular examination. His death, however, occurred not long after the conver- sation alluded: to. The professor - ete did I when, six years ago, I visited Wand the guide told me what I considered acock- and-bull story on the subject ; but; to ‘assure, myself, I (at some risk, \as it was} said) jumped upon the beam, and, felt, it shake and ‘spring beneath me, like the aoriat.a a modern drawing-room. OY aay f _1825.] A Prrp at BouLoGne. FTER the bustle of these three days past, I take the first opportu- nity of giving you some little idea of what has turned the heads of all the inhabitants of the town for this last week ; but it is impossible for language to come near reality. After a voyage of five hours and a halt, we landed on the port, with only about twenty or thirty persons to gaze at us; a most extraordinary thing in Bou- logne, where among the crowd of two or 3000 idlers of which this place can boast, there are generally from 500 to 1000 persons, whose curiosity leads them to *€ visit the sick,”’—one of the seven ca- tholic virtues or acts of mercy !—and whose gay apparel, smiling faces, and flippant curiosity, happily illustrate the benignity of their purpose, and form a most picturesque contrast to the pale, meagre, dirty appearance of the travel- lers: the generality of whom offer in- ducements enough, one would think, for the exercise of another virtue of catholicism—to wit, “ to comfort the afflicted.” Upon landing, eager, .after so long a separation, to rush into the arms of our friends, what was our surprise to find ourselves within a circle of thirty feet diameter, formed by what appeared to us to be soldiers, but who might more properly be deemed wolves in military livery !—I mean the officers of the customs. The whole of this. phalanx was trenched within a bar- rier of strong ropes, and, together with a crowd of fishwomen, &c. &c., which by this time had assembled, made a noise which was for all the world like the assembling of so many savages. After undergoing the ablution of the custom-house, and shewing that we were worthy of entering into the dominions of the illustrious Charles the Xth., we were allowed to pass, without travelling bag or any thing else, into the town; when we were struck with the appear- ance of every thing arround us. It is an irregular, but very clean town; every thing bears the stamp of prosperity and gaiety; and at this time of shew and attraction, flowers and festoons hung across the streets, and white flags, taste- fully decorated, were flying from the windows of every house—or some sheet or curtain in the shape of one. The whole population were out, parading in their best apparel (and every one knows that the best apparel of the lower orders of France combines the picturesque, the useful, and even the splendid). The Monruty Maa, No, 415, A Peep at Boulogne. 225 processions were various ; soldiers were out with their military bands playing right vehemently. To be metaphorical, Thalia shone in every face, and Iris threw her mantle over every form. The fair being held at the same time, increased the bus- tle, which continued whilst the Duchess de Berri remained. What struck me particularly, in the native groups, was the bright black eyes of the women, and their clear complexions. The menseemed much the same as in the other parts of France, except that they are rather more anglicized in their deportment. The people throughout Boulogne are particu- larly clean; even the children, who are dressed just the same as the men and women. At avery early age the girls begin to, wear the same dboucles d’o- reiles; but the gold crosses seem to be reserved for their jours des fétes. We were just in time to see the Duch- ess enter in procession. The Grande Rue, up which she had to pass, was crowded to excess; and, to pay her due homage, fifty of the bourgeois, dressed in blue coats and white pantaloons, with white lilies in their breasts, received her a few miles from Boulogne, and escorted her into the town. Several English gentlemen accompanied them, and with the garde @honneur, and a number of carriages filled by all the nodlesse of the town, and their daughters, and all the matelots and their wives in full costume, made up the procession. Every thing (for a country town) was in good order: and, contrasted with the dirty travelling carriage, and the common post-horses, with rope harness, &c. which all travel- lers in France are accustomed to, and even royalty must put up with, made more display than could have been ex- pected. On her arrival at the Prefect’s, where she put up, and which had been very prettily decked out for the ptirpose, she was received by several ladies, who were townspeople, and one of whom recited some verses, and presented her with a bouquet of flowers. The fishwo- men, or rather jfishermanesses, sung a song composed for the occasion: and, as being ladies of the first consequence, presented her also with a bouquet of flowers.—(Query: Whatis the reason that the fishwomen of France have so many privileges, and receive so much attention, above any other class? being as they are, so distinct in their habits, living among themselves, and separated from all others as completely as the Jews in London?) In the evening the whole town was illuminated; and every 2G body 226 body in it, except the newly arrived passengers, were in high spirits,—our- selyés among the number: and I will téll you why we had more cause than our fellow voyagers to be pleased: we i a voof over our heads, and a bed to sleep on, and they had neither. And in case any one should be in the same predicament, I will tell you how to remedy the matter : let thementer the first house and take possession, as we did* ; by means of which we had a bed to lie on, and from no other cause. Charlotte received my letter the pre- vious morning; and, without staying for breakfast, went out in search of apartments ;and though she was from that hour till six m the evening, hunt- ing in all parts of the town, she was unsuccessful. She might have got us wretched holes, filled with- wood, lumber and dirt, into which nobody who cared for body and skirts would enter, had she chosen to give the enor- mous price demanded for them: which was quintuple to what is usually de- manded for a most beautiful suite of apartments: but, being an inhabitant, she would not have French put upon her in this manner.; and when we arri- * We need not warn our readers that this jocular bravado is not to be taken lite- rally. . They will see, in another part of the letter, the.real extent of the fact. We can ‘warn those, however, who may hereafter be disposed to visit this Anglo-Gallic water- ing place, upon such gew-gaw occasions, that we know a gentleman very well, who, though he arrived two or three days earlier, was obliged to come much nearer to the letter ; or else to have remained all night, as others did, in the streets. ‘Having tried all the hotels round, high town and low town, for accommodation in vain, he re- turned to that to which he had first been directed, and sitting himself down, told them plainly and resolutely, that somehow or other he would be accommodated there ; for he would not sleep ‘in the streets. And by dint of persevering determination (no bad friend in extremities !) he did get accom- modated one night on a truck in a double- bedded room—where a roaring “ John Bull in France,” kept not only him, but the house and neighbourhood, awake all night with vociferous shouts, and laughter, and equally vociferous snoring; a second on a mattress in one of the passages; anda third upon a little settee in a small room, which let his body down in the middle, and cocked up his head and his heels at the two ends, like the points of a new moon. Such are the inconveniencies to which people must submit, if they will-run_ after royalties and rare sights. —Enir. : A Peep at Boulogne. (Oct. 1, ved, bag and baggage, we had not a place to put our heads into ; and, thanks to the sea, our stomachs were as empty as if there had been a forty days’ dearth. The sight of the hotels made us think ofthe fox and grapes, and suffer the pains of Tantalus: and the idea of re- maining out all night, filled our joints with aches and pains. After hunting from one place to another, Charlotte bethought herself of a house in the upper town, which was inhabitéd‘ by only two people: the reason of which was, that there was only one bed in the house, and a settle in the kitchen ; ‘the rest of the house, consisting of three roomsup Stairs, was as bare as a shaven crown, or the bald head of fourscore— that is, it had a sprinkling of chairs, rather of the grayest, and nothing else. However, we entered: the people did not like it, and, at first, refused to ad- mit us. But we were four ladies, smiling and entreating,* till at last the good people gave way, like the sands before the sea, and inwe rushed into their state chamber ; that is to say, the only room in the house in which there was a bit of furniture. And now being seated, and sure of a house over our heads for the night, a commissioner—in vulgar Eng- lish an errand-boy—was sent to fetch the provisions, which the forethought of Charlotte had prepared for us; and, in about half-an-hour he brought us such baskets full of every necessary, as if a regiment had been expected: and we sat down, to what in England would be considered a sumpttious supper. In short we had nothing to wish for, and had good cause to be grateful for the exertions of Charlotte. Thursday morn- ing, after breakfast, Mrs. called upon us, and took us to M to din+ ner. They had before been very kind, and sent us down whatever could make our temporary residence: more comfortable. We returned in tlie even- ing; when we found that the good people of the house could no longer allow us the use of their state-bed ; and had turned us into an empty room up stairs, in which they had just put up 2 deal bedstead, with a mattress and one blanket, two chairs, and a large ‘sea trunk, to which they afterwards ‘added a washhand-stand, Richard for two nights slept on the floor, at a hotel, with another gentleman, for which they paid , three 1 Vie AMER ELS Moe ~ * And knowing something, we should suspect, of the lady-like art of making | in- treaties commands.—EDIT. ~ 1825.] Doctrine and Discipline three francs and-a-half each the first night, and, three’ for the second, and thought themselves well off. Since then, we have made Richard a bed on the floor in one of the empty rooms here. This day the Duchess went to bathe, and the fishermen formed a guard of honour, rowing about at a distance, sing- ing and huzzaing. The bathers with their heads decorated, formed a ring and danced round, singing a song com- posed for the occasion, while hundreds of people were assembled on land to witness the royal ducking. She after- wards yisited the De Courcy gardens, and other places; and in the evening the theatre was crowded to excess— places half-a-guinea each. Friday morning, after bathing, she -_ rowed up and down close to the port; and then entered the concert-room, which was crowded to excess, princi- pally by the English, who did not neg- lect to display all the elegance of dress. These rooms are really beautiful, and quite in the English style. The Du- chess seemed quite to have recovered from fatigue, and walked up and down the small space left for her, bowing very condescendingly. She looks very young; and was almost alone, having only the Duke de Rizzio and two ladies of ho- nour with her. There were two pieces sung to her by artists from Paris—they were well executed; but the first so full of ridiculous compliments that it must have sickened her. We rode home, and she visited the Musée, where all the children belonging to the establishment were assembled, and whose trilling motes made the roof shake with Vive le Roi. After some time the Duchess paraded the town, attended by one lady and the Duke, and one servant. In the afternoon there was a_ presentation, which, as it had not.been made public, was attended by only three English la- dies ; which caused much surprise to her altesse. The evening brought us to the ball, which was attended by eight or nine hundred people, all most elegantly dressed. The room was beautifully de- corated, and presented a coup-d’eil really magnificent. The Duchess took her seat, and, after a minute or two, walked up and down the room, and then opened the ball with a quadrille, for which the ladies and gentlemen had been se- lected more than a month before. She dances well; but does not carry herself with elegance. She danced four more quadrilles in the course of the evening; and left at about half-past eleven. Her of the Church of England. 227 behaviour was very affable... There.1s no state or assumption in her deportments* and she gave universal satisfaction. She left Boulogne at nine, the next morn-. ing, and was so well pleased with her reception, that she made the tour.o the town before she left, bowing and smiling to all. The gentlemen, as be- fore, escorted her out of town, and eyen. accompanied her as far as Calais, though it rained nearly all the way.. She ex- pressed herself agreeably disappointed ; and said, loud enough to be heard in the ball-room, that she expected to have seen a town where there was “ ni sucre ni citron,’ as she expressed herself. What do not thé Boulognese owe to the English ! , Though every thing is nqw_nearly four times as dear here as in any other part of France, it is yet nearly four times as cheap as at any watering place in England. Lodgings alone are scarce: which you will easily credit, having seen how narrowly we escaped sleeping in the open air; and when I also inform you that, three weeks ago,a whole packet was emptied into the town, ladies and all, who could get no accommodations. Those who could, slept in the streets; those who could not, thought that nobody else should ; and so went knocking at all the doors, up and down the town, for admittance. If you could peep in upon us, you would laugh to see how we are fur- nished. Until to-day, Saturday, we have been drinking out of half-pint ba- sins; and have had but one knife a piece, and that so blunt that it would not. cut our bread, which we were obliged to break to pieces as we could. . But C. has now provided every thing for us, and we are rather more comfortable, Rue de Chiteau, 25 Aug. 1825, : To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Sim: HAVE consulted both the passages referred to by “ An Inquirer,” as to the doctrine and discipline of the Eng- lish Church in regard, to secret con- fession. And, in reply, I cannot but observe, that not only has he need- lessly alarmed himself by a general in- ference from a particular instance, but also has drawn the very opposite in- : ference ftom that which naturally fol- lows * An almost infantile simplicity rather, we should suppose, from all that wecan gather. —Enpit. 2 G ° o ~ 225 —~OW lows from the language of the histo- rian, Burnet mentions the practice of secret confession as a peculiarity in his character of the Duchess of York ;” from which the natural inference is, that such confession is not a part of the general discipline of our church. _ However, not to press your corre- spondent so closely, I will proceed to answer each of his questions, for the more clear apprehension of the whole subject, previously giving a concise ac- count of the rise and progress of par- ticular or secret confession. In the early ages of the church, no- torious offenders were excluded from the Lord’s table till they had made public confession, and given public tes- timony of repentance. In process of time, the Greek Church abolished this discipline, leaving all men to their own consciences. The Western Church, on the other hand, proceeded so far as to make it imperative on all Christians to confess once a-year to a priest; at the same time making absolution indepen- dent of any evidence of repentance, thus nullifying their own discipline. Such was the practice of the English Church till the Reformation, when this, with other corruptions, were thrown off. At present, our Church does not require particular confession from any: of her members: yet, of course, leaves every one at liberty to consult the spi- ritual physician; and does indeed, in two instances, invite such confidence. First, encouraging those who feel de- terred by scruples from approaching the Holy Saerament, to “open their grief to some minister of God’s word ;” and, secondly, “ moving the sick to make special confession of his sins, if he feel his conscience troubled with any weighty matter.” As to absolution, it does not neces- sarily follow such special confession -(which is very rarely made); it is left to the discretion of the minister, who is not authorized to pronounce it with- out satisfactory tokens of inward re- pentance, The authority of absolving being expressly defined by our Church, in her most explicit form, to be a power to absolve only those “ who truly re- pent and believe in Christ.” As to the difference between the doctrine of the Church of Rome and our own on this subject, the former holds special’ confession necessary; we do not require it. The former holds that “no one having sinned after bap- tism can be pardoned without the ab- Apple Trees. [Oct: I, solution of a priest.”—(Bellarmine de Penitentid, b. 3, ch. 1.) We, that * ab- solution doth but ascertain us of God’s pardon.” —(Hooker, Ecc. Pol., W. f) The force of absolution is only consola- tory; a declaration for the comfort of the humble and troubled soul, that the. priest, so far as he can judge, deems him truly penitent, and, as such, en- titled to the promises of God to for- giveness, and actually forgiven. To conclude, in the words of Hooker— “We teach, above all things, that re- pentance, which is one and the same from the beginning to the world’s end; they, a sacramental penance of their own devising and shaping. We labour to instruct men in such sort, that every soul which is wounded with sin may learn the way to cure itself; they, clean contrary, would make all sores seem incurable, unless the priests haye a hand in them.” PrespyTeR ANGLICANUS. —<>— To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Sir: OUR Correspondent, T. T., in the Monthly Magazine for August, page 27, is perfectly right in supposing that other apple-trees besides the cod- ling, having protuberant knots, may be propagated by slips. I have planted many of different sorts, and have found them to grow without difficulty. Not only slips but cuttings of considerable size will grow, and come to maturity earlier than such as are grafted on crab-. ~ stocks ; but their prosperity is of shorter duration. Ihave repeatedly tried, but could never succeed with any but such as produce fruit of a sweet flavour: the codling excepted. In some parts of” Dorsetshire, I have known orchards al- most ‘entirely raised in this way; and many times have refreshed myself with the wholesome beverage produced there- from: “ A liquor,” to use the language of one of our best writers, and an ex- emplary divine, “ little inferior to the juice of the grape;” but, I am sorry to _ Say, scarcely attainable in London,* unless procured from a friend at or near the place where it is produced; the composition retailed in London and its. Vicinity by the name of cider, being no more genuine than what is called port- wine, manufactured at *#** comes from Oporto. w. O. Charles-street, Hatton Garden. * We believe positively unattainable ; but by the means pointed out by our corres- pondent.—Epir. $ 1825. For the Monthly Magazine. Extracts from a Manoscrirr Tour in the Soutu of France. HILE scrambling over one of the arid heights of Provence, my attention was attracted by the manceuyres of a troop of emigrating insects. It is easy to attribute the sin- gular. economy of the insect world to the mere influence of instinct; but we may readily lavish our admiration on the wonderful arrangements of some tribes, whose operations may be more particularly exposed to our scrutiny: and this may, surely, arise more from our deficiency of observation and op- portunity, than from the inferiority of one class to another in the marvellous nature of ‘their operations. .Whenever our observations penetrate into the wide field of nature, cause for wonder will not be wanting,,or motives for diffidence in the limited extent of our own faculties. It is admitted that instinct may account for such a proceeding as long as no op- position interrupts; but what must we call that species of intelligence which instantly proceeds to search for prac- ticable remedy of such interruption ? I observed, what appeared to me, a very slender snake, writhing across my path, which, but for the unusual season for these animals to appear, I should, no doubt, have passed unheeded. Upon examination, however, it turned out to be an orderly emigration of large cater pillars, assiduously proceeding along the rocky tortuous path, in a line of march by single files, and so close, that each seemed to cling to his neighbour’s tail. The steep and irregular surface of the path rendered their progress very difficult, and much interrupted by op- posing stones, over the tops of which they were generally more inclined to pass than round their bases; while the frequent recurrence of such impedi- ments formed a continued wave in their motion, which had a very singular ef- fect. The line of march, however, was unbroken—no troops could mark time with greater precision or patience than did the rear of the line, while the front was climbing over any obstacle, or the leader stopping to examine any diffi- culty; the front, in turn, tarrying until the rear surmounted the impediment it had just overcome. They were twenty- two in number, and all nearly of the same size, except one, whose place was in the centre of the line. The leader, on the contrary, was somewhat smaller than the rest. A large precipitousstone lay in their Migration of Caterpillars. 229 way; the leader reared up, and, moving his head from side to side, seemed examining it, and, as it were, willing to reach some corner or roughness where- by to ascend; but not succeeding, he led his troop round and round, repeat- ing the examination, until they reached a small bush, up the stem of which they ascended “ in order due,” the long line following with perfect confidence ; and then by means of a branch of the bush, they obtained, footing on the stone: traversing the stone, the further side of which was quite precipitous and pretty high, it became uncommonly interest- ing to see how this intelligent general would proceed. He examined it with accuracy, trying every possible break ; during which time the main body re- mained patiently waiting, not making the slightest attempt to assist in- the examination, which their leader con- ducted with much activity and solici- tude. At length, having ascertained the pass to be quite impracticable, he resolved upon a counter-march, which was instantly performed with the most surprising regularity. For the whole line, in succession, advanced to the wheeling point, on the brink, before they turned, which they then effected with as much precision as the best trained troops could have done; the advancing: and retreating lines passing close, climb- ing the same twig in opposite direc- tions, and occasionally passing over each other’s bodies, without the least confusion or hesitation. Having com~ pleted their descent, a new line of di- rection was taken, which was, however, soon alarmingly interrupted by the ar- rival of a woman, leading an ass laden with brush-wood, some branches of which trailed along the path. After the passage of this formidable assailant I returned, with some anxiety, to exa- mine the state of the colonists, and found that they had suffered materially. from the disaster, and were thrown into grievous disorder. The line had been broken, but a considerable body still followed the leader with a quickened pace: others, united in parties of three or four, regularly kept their positidn in rear of one another, while the tempo- rary conductor sought, with manifest trepidation, to rejoin their tried and chosen leader and the main body, from which they had been so suddenly and so unfortunately separated, hastening, with apparent alarm, first to one side, then another; others were scattered singly, and, in much distress, seemed quite 230 -quite-at.a loss how to proceed. I took them up, one by one, arid, with a view -to ascertain their range of vision, placed them: at different distances from the main body, with their heads turned to- wards it, but found them uniformly to remain unconscious of its presence, un- til placed within half an inch of each other. They. then approached with much eagerness, and were readily re- admitted into. the line, the rear-ranks making way, and halting for them to resume-their regular positions. I placed one of. these stragglers in front, with his tail. towards the original leader’s head; but he pertinaciously refused the honour of conducting the band; considerable sensation seemed commu- nicated to the whole body by this at- tempted. usurpation, of which they seemed to become aware—but by what means I could not discern. : As soon as this forced usurper was at liberty, he turned round to the leader, who, how- ever, repulsed him with vigour, and bit at him, upon which he: retreated hur- riedly along the line, constantly trying to recover‘a'place in it; but he was bit at by.every one as he ran along, till, at at last, a good-natured friend permitted him,to fall into theline. I then took up the large one, when the rear imme- diately closed up: I placed him at the head, and used every inducement to make him take the lead, but in vain; he seemed much confused by the hearty buffets given him by the active’ little Bonaparte I. wished him to: supplant; and would probably have failed in re- gaining his ‘place, had not I, sympa- thizing for the distress my experiment had occasioned, given. him some assist-" ance. He seemed delighted to get into his place again‘: but; stupid fellow, was’ so much: confused: by the adventure, that he mistook the first sharp turn the line came. to,"and the whole ‘rear was again thrown into confusion; the line thus broken, much consternation ‘and. bustle ensued, which subsided not-un- til each had replaced his head close to his neighbour’s tail. I now took up the leader, obviously less, though more active and intelligent than the rest ; when the alarm instantly spread through. the whole line. I ex- pected the ‘second to: take the com- mand :—but. no, he seemed the most distressed of all, and eagerly sought about from side to side, and, in his per- plexity turned quite round, as if to con- sult his: neighbour... Hesitation ‘and | confusion was. now ‘universal : parties Jennings on Bowles. [Oct. 1, broke off, as the impression reached the rear, and sought anxiously about, returning again to the Ime. Haying replaced the leader, he instantly re- sumed his station with confidence, con- ducting the whole with perfect -order and composure; and when ¥ now inter- rupted their march, the main body no longer exhibited their. former anxiety and impatience, but seemed ‘to wait with perfect nonchalance, until “ their loved leader” had, by the exercise of his activity and ingenuity, overcome every obstacle. It did not occur to ine, till after I had left these amusing travellers, to try what would have been the effect of placing the leader in the rear, in order to observe how he would bear the degradation, and to ascertain if the head of the column would thereby have been changed. a To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Sir: , A’ anonymous writer, in page 12 of your last magazine, has taken the opportunity, in estimating the’ rank of Pope as a poet, to make some ob- servations on the poetry of Bowrks, which appear to me to require some notice. I might, in imitation of your anonymous correspondent, send . this paper abroad without the responsibility: of aname, but I prefer the more manly course; real signatures are the best preservatives of purity and disinterested- ness of purpose. Ido not exactly like the style in which this anonymous writer speaks of Bowles, in the first paragraph of his communi- cation; it is unhandsome, to say the least of it; and although he gives Mr. Bowles credit for having succeeded tri- umphantly in his final appeal,—as who does not?—yet what I desire to ‘call to your readers’ attention, more parti- cularly, is a passage in page 13, where he says, “ Mr. Bowles, in all his ministrations to the Muses, has shewn his invariable propensity to sweeten cream-and water with sugar-candy, and call it the streany of Helicon.” wy Now Sir, I would ask whether, after such censure as this, any reader of the Monthly Magazine, who had no pre- vious acquaintance with the poetry of Bowles, would not be very likely to conclude, if he gave credit: to this anonymous critic, that it was, literally, not worth reading. I think that this is the decision to which any reader, “dis- posed to follow such anonymous-opi-_ Se nion, 1825.] nion, would inevitably come; an opi- nion, by the way, unsupported by even one solitary example—an opinion, I am bold to. say, unfounded, untrue, and unjust. Really, Sir, after such a poet as Bowles has been before the public more than thirty years, it is truly as- tonishing, that such unjust, such un- candid criticism can be now entertained. But this anonymous writer has, I sup- pose, been reading Lord Byron’s opi- nion, as handed to us by Mr. Medwin if he has, ‘and adopts it, I pity him. Lord Byron gives, occasionally, very brilliant light—but it is dangerous to follow him in all his bye-paths. His Lordship asks, according to Mr. Med- win, “ what could Coleridge mean by praising Bowles’s poetry as he does?” I answer for a numerous'class of: read- ers, as well as myself, “ the same as the public mean, that can relish tenderness, truth and feeling ;”? and notwithstand- ing Lord Byron’s opinion, and the opinion of your anonymous corres- ‘pondent to boot, many of Bowles’s Sonnets, thosein particular To Poverty, At Dover Cliffs, July 20, .1787, At a Convent, To Time, Sonnets xv, xxi, and xxii, will be found, I hesitate not to assert, full of genuine poetry, and “ excite some of our best feelings. Of his other Poems, the Verses on reading Howard’s Description of Prisons, the Monody written at Matlock, Lines on teaving a Place of Residence, and Hope, an Allegorical Sketch, may.be particu- larly mentioned, and will descend to posterity, and be long read after such unhandsome attempts as Lord Byron’s and those of your anonymous corres- pondent are forgotten. I leave, there- fore, your anonymous correspondent in possession of his tasteless opinion, merely requesting the favour of your permitting the twenty-first Sonnet of Bowles to appear below, as a proof of the power which he. possesses of exciting the feelings, by genuine poetry; very different, indeed, from the “ cream and water,” so unceremo- niously bespattered over all this-geatle- man’s writings. But the sneers of Lord Byron must not be thus passed over; they do no credit to his judgment, and would rather induce us to suspect that he had not even read the poetry of the amiable poet whom he has so unmercifully censured: for, if he had, obtuse must be the feeling, and dull the apprehension, that could prompt. him to. say or write what he i$ reported to have said, and Jennings on Bowles. 231 what we know-he has written, concern- ing Bowles. ' Lord Byron, while I- render due re- spect. to his transcendant genius, ap- pears to me to have been one. of those spirits (I wish there were not so many amongst us) who too often write for effect, and for effect merely, and to excite the public attention. He was one, too, -of those who presume that they- have a right to say all they think, how crude soever their thoughts may be, or how injurious soever they may be to the fair fame, or to the feelings of other persons. They doubtless occasionally say, by such a headlong course, some very. smart and piquant things; but they invariably produce by-such sayings, in the more dispassionate portion of the. public— that portion whose opinion is of most value—a feeling of disgust, which, when the recent effervescence subsides, has more weight in apportioning literary honours than has been commonly sup- posed. The absurdity of his Lord- ship’s opinion, that the first fortnight decides the public opinion of a new book, is not less apparent than 'the silliness of the question, “ What poets had we in 1795 2???—This question reminds me of some observations made by Voltaire, in his introduction to the History of Charles the Twelfth: we have only to change the persons and subjects, and we shall see the world in which Lord Byron moved ! “Tls regardent la cour ot ils ont vécu comme la plus belle qui ait jamais été, le roi qu’ils ont vu comme le plus grande monarque, les affaires dont ils se sont mélés comme ce qui a jamais été de plus important dans le monde: iis simaginent que la postérité verra tout cela avec les mémes yeux.—Echauffés par la vivacité de ces événemens présentes, ils pensent étre dans Vépoque la plus- singuliére depuis la création.’ But the philosopher, the dispassionate observer, sees present objects with very different eyes. When Lord Byron, therefore, asks “ what poets had we in 1795?” as his Lordship was too young to have any distinct literary recollections of that period, it may be useful to observe here, that we had a few who could: warble tolerably even then. | There were Mason, Home, Cowper, Beattie | and Burns, all enjoying therich and well- | earned fame: to. which their writings» had. entitled them. There were also,’ Bowles and Southey, and Coleridge himself, just rising into notice; there: was also Darwin, whose Botanic. Gar- dens excited no ordinary interest; and ther 6 232 there were, besides, Crabbe, Hurdis, Rogers, and many others, without the mention of Hayley, Miss Williams, ‘or Charlotte Smith, who adorned that period of our poetical literature. In concluding this letter, I ought, perhaps, to thank your anonymous correspondent for having given me an opportunity of adverting to a poet, who is, I confess, with me a favourite; and who has, I lament, on more than one occasion, been illiberally and un- meritedly treated. Sure also I am, that the admirer of the more refined feelings of our nature will thank me for calling his attention to the poetry of Bowles; to that poetry, which will neither redden the cheek of youth, nor excite the disgust of age. Your’s, &c. Jas. JENNINGS. London, Aug. 6, 1825. SonNET Xx1.— April 1793. “Whose was that gentle voice, that, whis- pering sweet, ‘Promis’d methought long days of bliss sincere ? j Soothing it stole on my deluded ear, Most like soft music, that might sometimes cheat Thoughts dark and drooping? ’Twas the voice of Hope. Of love and social scenes it seemed to speak, Of truth, of friendship, of affection meek ; That, oh! poor friend, might to life’s down- ward slope Lead us in peace, and bless our latest hours. - Ah me! the prospect saddened as she sung ; Loud on my startled ear, the death-bell rung ; Chill darkness wrapt the pleasurable bowers, Whilst Horror, pointing to yon breathless clay, “ No peace be thine,” exclaimed—“away, away!” ——= For the Monthly Magazine. * Autp Rosin Gray.” OME months back an inquiry com- menced in the Monthly Magazine, and was brought to a satisfactory con- clusion, as to who was the real author of those charming elegiac lines, the “ Beg- gar’s Petition.” Ishould feel extremely obliged to some of your equally well- informed correspondents, if they could inform me who wrote the poetry and composed the music of that favourite Scotch air, “ Auld Robin Gray.” I need not say how often this exquisitely plain- tivemelody, when sung by Mrs. Kennedy, Mrs. Wrighton, and others, has drawn tears from the lovely eyes of British “ Auld Robin Gray.”—Heraldic Question. [Oct. 1, - beauty. It has been generally the fashion to admire the music only; but I think the words are equally touching. The following stanza, I think, is unequal- ed for genuine poetical beauty and pathos. ; My father urg’d me sair, my mither di’ na’ speak, But she look’d in my face till my heart was like to break; So I gave him my hand, tho’ my heart was far at sea; But Auld Robin Gray is a guid man to me. Your’s, &c. Enon. a To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Sir: at ene arms of Normandy were Leo- pards (1), and were successively borne by the Conqueror-and his two regal sons. On the accession of Henry II. a change in the line of succession took place, and a consequent change in the coat armour was occasioned; Henry adopting the ensign of his father, Count of Anjou, which was a shield charged with golden lions (2), with the arms of Anjou. Henry II. also introduced the short cloak of that province, from which he got the surname of court-mantle (3). The third lion was also added by Henry II., on his marriage with Eleanor, only daughter and sole heiress of the Duke of Acquitaine (a lion being the armorial bearing of Acquitaine) (4). The sons and successors of Henry did not, how- ever, invariably use the paternal arms of Anjou exclusively, but sometimes adopted the arms of Normandy ; as was - the case onthe coronation of Richard I., “ who wore a royal cloak of crimson velvet, thickly powdered with golden leopards” (5). These facts and circumstances will, I trust, sufficiently demonstrate the ori- gin of the change, and account for the apparent confusion, in the coat armour of the Kings of England. Yours, &c. 9th Sept. 1825. G.O. Lanrrac. (1) Brydson’s Heraldry, p. 46. (2) A shield charged with golden lions was borne by Geoffrey Plantagenet, eldest son of the Count of Anjou (the father of Henry II.), when the honour of knight- hood was conferred upon him by his father- in-law Henry I., at his marriage with his daughter, the Empress Matilda. | Bryd- son’s Heral., p. 22. F (3) Henry’s Hist. of Great Brit., p. 358, vol. 6. The mantle was adorned with the arms of the wearer. (4) See Dr. Meyrick’s curious and yalu- able work on ancient armour. (5) Brydson’s Heraldry, p. 46. 1825.] THE PHILOSOPHY OF CONTEM- PORARY CRITICISM. No, xtvit. “The Quarterly, and Westminster tide Reviewers. (Continued from p. 140.) E said in our last—in the com- parison between the Westmins- ter and the Quarterly Reviewers, of Dr. Henderson’s History of Ancient and Modern Wines—which we were just entering upon, when our limits com- pelled us to break off,—that the latter, though he set out with disclaiming the intention,* became, instead of a tory classic, a chemico-political economist— we might have gone further :—we might have said—that, upon this subject, he almost becomes a sort of jacobin—or, at least, something very like it,—an eco- nomical reformer: finds out that every thing is not just as it should be; vents his spleen against partial and dispro- portioned taxation; and grumbles at being obliged to quench, or inflame, his thirst with a compound of “ harshness, bitterness, acidity and other repulsive qualities, which are only disguised by a large admixture of ardent spirit,” instead of regaling his palate with the light and delicate wines of Champagne and the Bordelais. : / _ “We do think it a serious evil, no matter how produced or how far remediable, that the national taste should have become habi- tuated to the brandied, fiery, deleterious potations which are known as ‘common port;’ and that, as Dr. Henderson accu- rately states the case, ‘the man of mode- rate fortune, who purchases for daily use a cask of good ordinary French wine, at eight- pence a-gallon, must submit to a tax of more than 1,500 per cent.” This tax may now be 700 per cent. lighter, but still the * With a qualification, however; a part of the phraseology of which, we suspect, our readers will not very much admire :— ** Not that we are by any means disposed to under- value the importance of these researches ; foras long as man is a wine-drinking animal, it behoves him to be grateful to those whose labours are directed to improve the quality of his potations. But on such voluntary guardians of the public weal, scientific and practical, must the lieges in general, however biba- cious, be contented to repose themselves, for the conservance of their health, andthe delectation of their palates.” : What a “conservance of delectation”’ have we here, for “‘bibacious lieges’’ who “repose themselves on guardians’’—7. e.niake cushions of them! We suspect that the reviewer had been a little too bibacious himself when he wrote this ; and had made so free with the flask as to put the peduntitious fluids into a state of fermentation. ' ‘Monrury Mac. No. 415. _ Ancient and Modern Wines. main evil exists for the consumer: that the 230 market is not open to the equal competition of French and Portuguese wines ; thatthe genuine supply of good Oporto, is, noto- riously and utterly unequal to the deman which the protection occasions for it; an that every temptation is therefore created to mix it with villanous trash, and to cover the adulteration with excessive quantiti¢s of brandy.” In short, this Quarterly Reviewer seems to be a bon vivant—a good jolly fellow, with something like a clerical acuteness and discrimination of taste in these matters; and when his imagi- nation puts a bumper in his hand and places. his bottle before him, his feel- ings become as acute as the perceptions of his palate. He feels where the shoe pinches; and, “i’faith,* as an Irishman might say, “it is in his troat 3’ and he can discover the cause, and denounce it too; and can cry out against in- justice, quite as naturally “ an as he were any radical.” Both the reviewers, however, go pretty fully into the whole subject of Dr. Henderson’s book; and both (es- pecially the Westminster) interpolate freely from their own stores of re- search—with the advantage, neverthe- less, in point of historical information and tasteful Jearning, decidedly on the side of the Westminster. We noted a variety of passages in both; as we proceeded, to which we wished to refer again for quotation ; but find them much too numerous for our allotted space. We must ‘satisfy ourselves, therefore, with merely ob- serving that, of the original matter in- troduced by the respective reviewers, the sketch of the geographical history of the vine (at the commencement: of the Westminster article), its indigenous origin in Persia, its progress always to the west (never to the east, or, at any rate, not farther than the Indus), and the countries over which it has ulti- mately spread, with what relates to the palm wine of eastern countries,—appear particularly entitled to commendatory attention ; while, in the Quarterly, the same preference is due to what relates to the vines of the American continent, in which some species were indigenous also,—the wild vine, from whose fruita tolerable wine may be made, flourishing with great luxuriance even in Canada, —and to the history of the cultivation: of the vine in our own country, where; most assuredly, in elder times (proba- bly from the days of the Romans, -cer~ tainly during the Saxon epoch; and as 2H assuredly 234 assuredly for some time after the Nor- man conquest,) vineyards existed to no inconsiderable extent. We may. add, that the tradition is yet not lost in the bottoms of Gloucestershire ; that those beautiful hills among which factories now rise, and over which the earth- stars of cottage industry may, on a spring or autumn evening, be seen twinkling like another galaxy, were- once covered with vintage. The pas- sages alluded to, in both these Reviews, furnish matter that ought to be incor- porated in Dr. Henderson’s work, if it come (which we should think very likely) to a second edition. We agree also with the Quarterly, that, the work being “ professedly historical,” the author ought to have “ carried the chain of his inquiries regularly through the middle ages.”* The work is now before us. We have compared the text with the comments, and are there- fore entitled to join our commendation of Dr. Henderson with that of his Re- viewers ; and to our testimony on the taste and beauty of the wood-cuts with which it is embellished (vignette tail- pieces and initials,) to add, that we by no means. accord with the Quarterly critic, in wishing that these devices had been engraved on copper ; our opinion being decisively, that embellishments upon the printed page, if beautifully executed, as these are, are much better in wood, because harmonizing much better with the letter-press. The VIIIth Article of the West- minster Review criticizes “Solution of the Cambridge Problems, from 1800 to 1820. By J.M.¥F. Wricut, 3.a., late Scholar of Trin. Col. Cambridge, 8vo. 2 vols. pp. 1400; and, after characterizing these problems as “a more curious and ample collection of mathematical conundrums than can elsewhere be found; containing a great deal that is very trashy, and much that is merely whimsical ; with a considerable residue of sterling sense and ingenuity ;” and as exhibiting, good or bad, “the concentrat- ed essence of the labours of the most ingenious men in Cambridge, for a period of twenty years,” proceeds to state and to maintain (though not de- nying to “the industry and ingenuity” ~ of the author “ the just meed of ap- probation’), that “ Mr. Wright has not * We entreat the reader to remember, that, “ carrying a chain through the mid- dle ages”’ is the Reviewer’s metaphor, not ours. —+Epir. Cambridge Problems.— Education.” [Oet. 1, done all that might have been wished.’ And indeed, when, “ among the works to which Mr. Wright thinks it is suffi- cient merely to refer his reader, when any problem occurs which may be found in them, are included Archimedes; Horsley’s Newton; Lacroix, on the differential and integral Calculus, in French, three quarto volumes, averag- ing nearly a thousand pages each; Vince’s Astronomy, anether quarto in three ponderous volumes; the Philoso- vhical Transactions, &c.,” it may well be admitted that “the student who takes up the Cambridge problems will find, even with the aid of this book, many difficulties which he can resolve only by consulting sources of informa- tion very widely scattered,” and some of them not very easily accessible; and accordingly that, although Mr, Wright “has done a great deal, and what he has done is, with very few exceptions, well done,” every thing is not done, that might have been accomplished for facilitating the progress of the mathe- matical student. Art. IX. is a direct and unsparing at- tack upon the present system of educa- tion at our public schools and univer- sities. It takes for its text, or motto, “ Outlines’ of Philosophical Education, illustrated by the Method of Teaching the Logic Class in the University of Glasgow ; together with Observations on the Lxpe- diency of extending the Practical System to other Academical Establishments, and ‘on the Propriety of making certain Additions to the Course of Philosophical Education in Uni- versities. By George Jardine, A, M., F.R.S.E., Professor of Logic and Rhetoric in that University. 1 vol. Second Edition, enlarged.” But after a sentence or two of general and well-merited commendation to that very judicious and valuable work {of which see a short notice in the M.M. No. 408, p. 252], “the production of an experienced teacher, as well as of a sensible and conscientious man,” the reviewer flies off, avowedly, at a tangent, “to take up a position iz the general question of education, which Professor Jardine has passed over :”—in short, to attack the classics (as a primary ob- ject of education) in their strong holds of Westminster and Eton, Oxford and Cambridge. After exulting in our progressive and recent improvements in mechanic arts, &c., by means of which “ we haye con- verted the distaff, the horse-mill, and the coracle, which we received from our 1852. ] our ancestors, into the cotton-engine, the steam-engine, and the three-decker, and multiplied thereby our wealth, our resources, our comforts, our power and our rank in the world, to a degree which no mind could have anticipated,” the reviewer then proceeds :— “ Yet our improvements on their ma- chinery have been nearly limited to the machinery of wealth; to the inanimate world ; to length, and breadth, and depth, and weight. We have forgotten mind in our pursuits of matter. We have dis- covered that the soil will yield a tenfold produce by the exertions of our mechanical skill; that value a thousand-fold can be added, by our dexterity and industry, to the most worthless of nature’s productions. But. we have scarcely discovered that pa- rallel exertions of industry and attention may be applied to the cultivation of the rude, metaphysical soil of the mind of man” —‘‘ We have wanted courage to invent and apply, for ourselves, to mind, as we haye done to matter, new powers, new eombinations and new proceedings.” “ Yet we maintain, with all our vigour of argument, and example, and anger, the system which cultivates the rough, desert of man’s mind as it was cultivated when man was a tyrant or a slave, when he was ignorant of arts and sciences, comfortless, powerless, and debased; which makes monks when there are no longer con- vents.”’—“ In the time of Alfred, the busi- ness of society, the national honour and the public good, demanded that men should be educated so as to perform their several duties in the society. And they were edu- eated to this.”’-—“ The soldier was trained in the exercises appropriate to his business —the churchman was taught Latin, be- cause Latin was the language of his trade ; and he who sought to be accomplished, as men seek that still, studied the languages, which then embodied all the known litera- ture of the world.’’ And here, according to the Review- ers, in this respect we still remain— “ The church has fled before Luther, and the monks before Henry; yet West- minster and Harrow, Winchester and Eton, are seminaries for monks.” —*“ If the pre- sent world of Europe is a world of litera- ture, it is also a world of science and art. Whatever remoter debts it may have to the former, itis to the two latter that it looks immediately for all its comforts, all its wealth, and all its power. Directly and immediately, we have risen to the station which we oecupy, not by literature, not by the knowledge of extinct languages, but by the sciences of politics, of law, of public economy, of commerce, of mathematics ; by astronomy, by chemistry, by mechanics, by natural history. It is by these that we System of Collegiate Education. 235 are destined to rise yet higher. These constitute the business of society, and in these ought we to seek for the objects of education. Yet these are not the objects of our great and organized system of edu- cation. The monopoly remains what it was six centuries ago; and it is to inter- lopers that we are indebted for almost all that we possess of an education suited to the wants and the spirit of the age.” Such is the pith and marrow of the five first pages of the article under con- sideration; and we confess that, in the greater part of this and of what follows, we go with the Reviewers very cor- dially ; and we are much disposed to a be- lief, thatif a complete catalogue of all the works and inventions of real social utility were made out, together with the names and educational biographies of their respective authors, that the regularly educated (the members of “ the mono- poly,” as the Reviewer calls them) wonld make but a poor figure by the side of the (uneducated, or self-educat- ed, or chance-educated) “ interlopers.” Yet, at the same time, we cannot with- hold the opinion, that here, and through- out this and. similar articles, the West- minster Reviewers (i. e. those of this department) under-rate considerably the value of literary and classical attain- ments:—that there is a sect among them so exclusively infatuated by the | new science of political economy, and the pursuits and calculations obviously connected with it, as to have persuaded. themselves, that there is no value or excellence in any thing else : that they have become mere political economists ; and, like the mere anythings else—mere classics, or mere horse jockies — they think their own knowledge is the only real knowledge, and all the rest to be mereignorance, They seem to forget the quickening power which the aggregate human mind derives from studies and attainments merely intellectual—from those pursuits that expand the genius and kindle the imagination: they do not perceive, what nevertheless is the case, that these (though the immediate attri- butes but of a few) diffuse their quicken- ing influence through the general atmo- sphere of society, which becomes breath- ed by myriads unconscious of its source: —that even the mechanic arts which most immediately administer to the progress of national wealth and accom- modation — to agriculture, manufac- tures and commerce—to the increase of Renz, and the profitable employ- ment of Lasour, owed their first origin, 2H and 236 and continue to owe a considerable portion of their active energy, to that elasticity of mind and quickness of per- ception, which literary cultivation and in- tellectual genius first diffused; and which they still continue to diffuse, though, in many instances, with an undetected influence, through the whole extended circle of society. Where would che- mistry, where would mechanic science, where would operative art,comparatively, have been, if a Bacon had never lived ? There is scarcely a rustic at his plough, certainly notamechanic in his workshop, who has not his daily obligations to that great luminary of the paths of mind. Yet was it at the lamp of classical eru- dition, that the philosopher Bacon first lit up that flame, which has diffused its warmth and its lustre through the gene- ral atmosphere, not of his country only, but of the civilized world. Nor is there a highly cultivated mind of any activity (whatever may be the particular walk of his studies and attainments) that does not contribute something to the gene- ral diffusion of this vivifying warmth and light. The Reviewer, in disputing the appli- cability of the present system of educa- tion, puts aside, for the present, its re- ference to the church. « But the church (as he observes) con- stitutes but a small part of the active com- munity. It has no share in law, physic, commerce, orarts ; it exerts no productive in- dustry, and, with the exception of the twenty- four bishops, it takes no part in the poli- tical government. If our institutions edu- cate lawyers, and merchants, and physi- cians, and statesmen, they teach them what they teach to churchmen — Ovid and Catul- lus, Homer and drinking, driving curricles and stage-coaches, and rowing boats. Must we conclude that education is an useless labour? that nature does all; that man, at twenty-four, having been denominated a master of arts, springs up a lawyer, a statesman, or a physician, to act and govern by intuition; and, well imbued with syntax and port, to transfer his hand from the reins of four greys to those of the state? No: there is here a dilemma. That he may fall down from Newmarket into the cabinet, a statesman, we do not deny: but if he hopes to thrive at the bar or the ex- change, he knows that he must commence his education when he is thought to have quitted it.’’—“‘ The education of those who are really educated is their own work.’’— “‘ Twenty times in a century the world wonders at a ‘self-taught’ individual—a Ferguson, a Burns, a Watt, or a Chantrey. It forgets that all who are taught are equally self-taught; but Westminster and Classical Literature. [ Oct. 1, Oxford receive the praise, and the indivi- dual alone, who knows whence his know- ledge came, holds his pedce and maintains the deception.” : This is a little too strong. That the trammels of our public schools and uni- versities, with their absurd methods and false objects of education, have a ten- dency to keep down the towering ener- gies of first-rate, or extraordinary minds, we can readily believe ; but that (with all their hereditary monkish absurdities) they mature many to a respectable mediocrity, cannot, we think, be ques- tioned. When the thousands that are educated at them, and the millions ex- pended on that education, come to be considered, it is true that the record of conspicuous results (swell the catalogue as you will) is but “a beggarly account of empty boxes:” but, without them, unless we had something better, what would have been the probable state of national intellect at this time? Nor let it be supposed that even a Ferguson, a Watt, or a Chantrey ; or even a Burns, at his plough-tail, had nothing in his mind that would not have been there but for our seminaries of classical edu- cation. We are, however, perfectly ready to admit that “the cultivation of letters alone is but one branch of education, and ought to be but one branch of the Academic Institu- tions of a nation, as nations now are, or should desire to be.” And we cannot but think, considering the title of the book which stands at the head of this Westminster article, that some notice ought here to have been taken of what Professor Jardine has not only suggested, but, in some degree, effected in this respect. Among all the voluminous disquisition of three Quar- terly Reviews, is it to be left to us (if our scanty space and opportunities should ever permit) to bring the general reader acquainted with the obligations which the science of education owes to the enlightened professor of Rhetoric at the University of Glasgow ? We shall not follow the Westminster Reviewer through all his reiterated refe- rences to r “the many men, the enlighteners of their age in literature, science and art, who have been educated at a mean country school, or at no school, and are as unac- quainted with the taste of Christchurch claret, as of Baliol beer ;”—* But * We cannot upon this subject confine our vision to ourown country. The pure, the benevolent, the heart-warming philosophy of the Jew beggar boy, 1820.] But admitting, as we do admit, the comparative value of classical attain- ments, we proceed to that part of the Re- viewer’s animadyversions upon which we think he might even have been more ex- plicit, the time as. unnecessarily as ab- surdly consumed—generally speaking, in the very imperfect accomplishment of an exclusive object: “ From six or eight, till sixteen or seven- teen, nine or ten months in eyery precious year of youth are occupied, for six or eight hours of every day, in learning, or trying to Jearn, a little Latin and less Greek; in attempting, in fact, not to read and under- stand the matter of a classical author—to know the history, the poetry, the philosophy, the policy, the manners, and the opinions of Greece and Rome—but the grammar, the syn- tax, the parsing, the quantities, and the ac- cents—not in learning to write and speak the languages, but in getting by rote afew scraps, fabricating nonsense, or sense verses, it is indifferent which. In ten years of this labour, priyation, punishment, slavery and expense, what is gained even of this use- less trash? Nothing. Let the man who can now write and speak Latin—let him who ean read the poets, philosophers and historians with the facility and pleasure that he reads Hume and Milton, or even Boi- leau and Tasso, answer whether he ac- quired these powers at school, or whether he is not self-educated.”’ ' “ The apotheosis (of the university scholar, says the reviewer, and he says truly) is, to talk of accents which he knows not the purpose of, and never will dis- coyer; to squabble about digammas; to discover metres in A®schylus, of which Eschylus never dreamed; to read Homer in a measure which Homer would not re- cognize to be his own poetry, perhaps not even his own language.” Nothing can be more self-evident than this—nay, nothing more self-evident than the conviction of the pedants and peda- gogues who talk about these matters, if they would only ask themselves what their convictions are. Their very lan- guage betrays it: ‘ You must not read as you scan,” they say. Then why teach us so to scan? Are we to be flogged for six years into a_ theory, which the very floggers would laugh Moses Mendlesohn, of Berlin, comes streaming upon our recollection, like a flood of morning light, to shew us, as a crowd of other instances might shew, how perfectly unnecessary the aristocratical distinction of an university education is to the foster- ing and development of the finest and best powers of intellect, and to maturing the highest dignity, with- out eradicating the modest meekness of human chay yacter.—See our Rev. M.M., No. 409, p. 351. Absurdities of Classical Tuition. 237 in our faces if we were to cdtry into practice ?* As far as the writer before us goes up- on this subject, he is perfectly right ; and we lament that our limits compel us to restrain our inclination to pursue the subject still further. We perfectly agree that “the practical truth respecting the re- lation of a school, schoolboy and grammar, is, that grammar is not learned, and never can be learned, at a school, and that the attempt to teach it, the mode of teaching it, and the pretence of teaching a language through it, are insults to the common sense of mankind, as well as to the experience of ages.” We know, indeed, from what has passed under our own observation, that more Latin, for example, may be ac- quired without the impediments of a classical tutor, and the parrot-like ab- surdity of learning grammars, as it is called, by heart, in twelve months, than is usually acquired at our public schools in more than half as many years. We echo with full accordance the reprehen- sion, that in our public schools, “our own language and its authors are not only neglected, but excluded, by the system ; and were it not for our mothers and nurses, it is tolerably certain that we should possess as little language as an ourang-outang, since we should understand neither English, Latin, nor Greek.” We admit the perfect futility of the pretence that, by learning (or pretending to learn) the Greek and Latin Gram- mars, we become masters of our own; and that, without the study of the dead languages,we could never understand the etymology and structure of the English. We, also, shall be obliged, “if the Dean of Westminster will please to tell us how much he teaches, or knows, of Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-Norman, Celtic, French, Italian, Danish, Low Dutch, &c. ; and will also inform us how many English words come straightway to us from Greek or Latin.” The futility of the pretence, if it want- ed further exposition, might be illus- trated by therareness of the instances in * As if Homer and Virgil constructed their verses upon a theoretical principle of rhythmus, that was to be subverted in practice, before those verses could be rendered acceptable to the ear! adjusted imagi- nary quantities, to involve themselves in useless diffi- culties, and amuse Utopian sophists! and the mea~ sures they elaborated were addressed to the fingers of pedants, not to the organs of their readers, or the hearing of their auditors.—ssay on the study of Eng- lish Rhythmus, 1812. 238 in which our giant scholars have written even tolerable English. Even the style of Johnson, we trust, has ceased to be a model for vernacular composition. But what can surpass the barbarous jargon of the should-be English of Dr. Parr ? Gilbert Wakefield, though somewhat moreanglicized in his studies and acquire- ments, would claim but little reverence if his English periods were the primary test of his literary merits; and it is well known that the scientific erudition of some of the most distinguished orna- ments of Oxford and Cambridge in the present day, is obscured and rendered almost repulsive by the jargon in which it is communicated to the world. In short, the rarest of all our literary phe- nomena is—an English Scholar. Por- son was the only man we remember who united, in an eminent degree, that character, together with that of supereminence in classic lore. The English seems to be the only language which it is not disgraceful for well- educated Englishmen never to have studied; and, therefore, in its energies and capabilities, never to understand. Byt the numerals on our MS. pages warn us that we are trespassing beyond all bounds. We have got upon our hobby, and are in danger of riding, if not ourselves, our readers out of breath. We will add, therefore (and we will add it without comment) but one extract more: it is what relates to the sup- posed advantage to our parliamentary and other public orators from making Demosthenes and Cicero the models of their eloquence : “ Of the two great ends of oratory, to convince the reason and to influence the feelings, what are the debts due to former orators? It is from his own soul that man speaks oratory, as from his own soul he writes poetry! He to whom nature has given voice, fluency, and grace, and to whom practice has given language—his own language, not that of Greece and Rome—he to whom nature has granted the logical faculty, the mind that grasps xapidly and certainly the most remote as the nearest relations, which analyses, ar- ranges, and condenses, and he to whom the study, not of two dead languages, but of all the infinite knowledge of modern days has furnished materials, that man is the orator. Be his subject what it may, he will not quail before Demosthenes ; and to him it is indifferent whether Cicero ever lived. ‘That he may profit by the study of good models, we are not so absurd as to deny. But till the language of modern oratory is that of Greece or Rome; till the matter Neglect of English Erudition, [Oct.1, of modern oratory is the matter that en- gaged Rome and Athens; till the audi- ences of Britain are Athenian and Roman audiences, he will profit but scantily by Greek and Roman models. And we will ask any modern orator, how far he has profited by those models—any audience capable of judgment, what are the debts of modern oratory to the ancient masters in that art?”’ Into the superior importance of the modern languages, European or Ori- ental, over the dead languages of Greece and Rome, to those who are destined to commercial, and even political pursuits, we will not enter; the position is self- evident. Nor will we concern ourselves with the inquiry which the Reviewer presses with such “ sober and utilitarian sadness’? — “ how the universal pursuit of literature and poetry—poetry and literature—is to con- duce towards cotton-spinning, or abolishing the Poor Laws, or removing commercial re- strictions, or restraining the Holy Alliance, or convincing the other half of England that a Catholic is a Christian; or recasting the Court of Chancery ?’’ &c. because we are not, in fact, quite so far gone in this “utilitarian sadness” as to imagine that cotton-spinning, and poli- tics, and political economy, are the only ends of life and the only objects of hus man civilization ; but look upon them, in reality, as among the means only toa higher end. Wedonot look upon “litera- ture” either as “a harlot” or “a se- ducer ;”’ though she may be occasionally perhaps perverted into both; and cot- ton-spinning politics, and political econo- my also, are sometimes, we are afraid, perverted into much worse—as many a ardened, corrupted, avaricious heart might witness. We are not for strip- ping “ polished society” of its true “ Co- rinthian capital ;” nor do we see why the opulent merchant or manufacturer should not have a taste for literature, or the solace of its accomplishments ; espe- cially as we are perfectly satisfied, that if our public schools and universities were once disencumbered of the barba- rous monkish technical system by which the labour of acquisition is multiplied, and its progress retarded, there is time enough for our ingenuous youth to ac- quire those accomplishments against which the Westminster economists are so immeasurably hostile, without su- perseding those other essential objects of education, the paramount importance of which we haye not the least inclina- tion to deny. 1825.] { 239 ] ORIGINAL POETRY. —_— EPIC FRAGMENTS—No. VIII. — SUPERSTITION. How many crimes has Superstition made Which Nature meant no crimes !—how many woes On Nature’s suffering progeny entail’d By real crimes which she herself provok’d, And call’d them virtues!—cheating us to acts That war on heaven in heavyen’s insulted name : Placing a demon on the throne of God, In practic blasphemy ; and dooming those To dungeon and to gibbet and the stake, In whom the real godhead was too strong To bow in worship to the idol forms By venal priests array’d. Thou, Reason! thou,' Whose genuine inspiration in our hearts Makes revelation of the sole true faitli— Whose attribute is pure philanthropy, Unlimited by sect, or rank, or tribe, Tint of a skin, or colour of a creed,— *Tis thou art the blasphemer, whose free voice The juggler fears, and Superstition hates : For thou would’st mar their traffic. Thou hast need Of neither priests nor altars : need’st not buy Thy way to heaven with prayers of pamper’d drones, 4 Who preach up abstinence, with luxury ‘org’d, And chastity, with Sodom in their hearts ;— Who, with stern pride, teach meek humility, And saint it from the reek of Belial’s stew. Thou mak’st no truck with gorgeous Ty- ranny To share the orphan’s spoil ; nor bow’st the neck ; Of drudging hinds defrauded of their hire ; Nor teachest them, when Rapine stalks abroad In proud authority, to kiss the hand That seizes on their little all, to glut Insatiate waste and riotous excess. : Thou’rt no confederate with the merciless sword, That slaughters millions to exalt the name Of the thron’d ruffian, or enforce the lore *« That Kings alone are Heaven’s/egitimates ; Their people Nature’s bastards, who have here Nor right, nor title, nor inheritance ; But, ‘like the brutes that perish,’ were design’d To crouch and toil and bleed, and take as boon Such grudging offal as may scant suffice To make them bear their burthen ; or, when needs, To fit them for the slaughter.’’ Reason’s law Knows no such base commandment; nor subdues To such vile purposes the human will, Which Nature madeerect. "Tis only thou, Accursed Superstition !. can’st accord These aids to Tyranny—for which alone State-craft hath foster’d thee;—for which alone She guards thee with the penalty of laws, Endows thee, pampers thee, and seems to bend, (Mocking herself,) in reverence to thy nod. For this, imperial Rapine shares with thee Her greedy spoil, and else insatiate sway : For this with trappings decks thy fabling fanes, With incense fumes them, and with offer- ings loads ; Then bares her arm, and brandishes the bolt, And calls blasphemers all who dare to doubt Thy mystic dreams and lying oracles. TO MY HARP. Yes, my lov’d harp! the solace of my way, Thro’ this dark world of woes; tho’ not an ear Should listen to thy strain; tho’ not a voice Respond thy praise, neglected and forlorn; Yet would I strain thee closer to my heart, Touch thy lone strings, and bid thee vibrate still, Sweet harp! unheedful of the world’s disdain : It cannotsnatch from me the mountain scene, The rill, the valley, or the ocean flood, The grove sequester’d, or the winding dell, Or tow’ring cliff sublime. Still Nature spreads The portals of the sky, and Phoebus still Comes, like a bridegroom, from the gates of morn, Wak’d by thesoaring lark ; and midnightstill, Her broad eye beaming ’mid the twinkling orbs, Lists to the song of Philomel, or hears The brooks, made glad by her reflected beams, Murmur her praise. And these, to thee attun’d, Lov’d harp, I sing, and wake the woodland choir At dawn, or lull at eve. O syren sweet! Enough for me, the genial breath of morn, The boundless sky, and rosy hues of heay’n, The sombre evening, and the twilight hour, Nature’s close covert, and her wide expanse : Enough for me—for thee: thy every string To these can vibrate, and of these respond, Sweet harp !—while lonely Meditation pours Her soothing balm thro’ every pulse, and gives To thy wild strain its pensive harmony. J.S.H. EPIGRAM. * Tye made a match,”’ cries Joe. Says Ned—*“ God send “ Your wife ne’er prove it so, “ With brimstone at the end.” Blue Anchor Road. Enorr. 240 THE MOCKING BIRD’S NIGHT SONG. TURDUS POLYGLOTTUS. From Mr. Jennines’ unpublished Poem, “ Ornithologia.”’.. See Literary Varieties. Tur garish day is gone to rest, Then welcome, gentle Night ; I love thy silent solemn hours, When moon and stars are bright. I love, O Night! to hear repose In breathing slumbers sweet ; I love to hear thy crystal rills Slow murmuring at thy feet. Sweet Night! of love the tender nurse, I offer unto thee The holiest and the purest vows That e’er can offer’d be. Hast thou, sweet Night! a maiden seen, Array’d as seraph bright ? She wanders oft in yonder grove ; O tell me, gentle Night! Awake, O breeze! and bear my song To that fair seraph bright ; Tell her that love awaits her steps In the bowers of moonlight. Then, welcome be thy silent hours, ' Thy moon and thy star-light, Thy deep repose, thy howers of bliss ; Thrice welcome, gentle Night. THE REDBREAST’S SONG. MOTACILLA RUBECOLA.—Tbid. Come listen unto me, love, Beside the eglantine ; Or listen unto me, love, Beneath the shady pine. I wish not far to roam, love, Delighted to entwine In some sweet rosy bower, love, Thy gentle arms with mine. I wish, afar from noise, love, From fraud and strife malign, With thee, in peace to dwell, love— Such wish is surely thine. T like a quiet home, love, Where I, and all that’s mine, In one encircling band, move With thee and all that’s thine. I Jove to look around, love, On cherubs that are mine ; And oh! how sweet the thought, love— Those cherubs, too, are thine. I like a quiet spot, love, Where all such things combine ‘l'o make us truly blest, love— A home, almost divine. EPIGRAM. « | press. the marriage knot,”’ cries bride- groom Will, “ Because it ties so firm two hearts in one.” “There’s many a one would bless it gladlier still,” Cries Nick, “if that same knot were made to run.”” Enort. Original Poetry. [Oct. 1, SONNET. 2 THE POET. Losr in some sweet abstraction of his muse, The youthful poet wanders on his way; Fancy, in bright diversity of hues, Rich as young Flora’s coronet in May, Or as the rainbow, glittering through the "Tay, m¢? Which the sun prints on April’s watery face, Lures him a votary to her sentient sway, With fine-hued forms of ornament and grace. : Ah, poverty ! in vain would’st thou efface His generous glowings—high-rais’d hopes divine ; In vain would traffic’s hireling sons debase Those glorious lights that from heaven’s ra- diance shine ; From wrapt Imagination’s proudest sphere, The poet shines a central planet here. -Enort. SONNET. HOME, SWEET HOME, My wearied mind on you, my cottage sweet, Leans glad, as homewardly my steps draw near Where thou hast found thy sylvan joy’s retreat. : And, hark, what sounds of merriest mirth I hear !— ; It is my children: -they have caught the song, As through the woods I trill’d my artless lay, And the blythe-footed elves trip light along To meet their father on his homeward way, Like bees thick clustering round some floweret’s bell, Some mount his neck, some cling to either knee, How rich each sweet embrace, with heart- fond swell, Press’d on their roseate lips of infancy ! Meanwhile a richer bliss ’tis mine to share, When, at my cot arriy’d, Anna, I find thee there. Enort. © SONNET 10 AN ABSENT SCHOOLFELLOW, Say, playmate of my boyish pastime hours, When void of care, with spirits gay and light, Both at one time in W—’s classic bowers, Trod the green paths of childhood with delight ; Firm as the ivy round the oak’s broad stem Our friendship grew, and both our hearts entwin’d; Ah little thought I at our parting, when We swore the self-same loye should ever bind, Affection thus should lose its recompense, And all our vows prove fruitless as the wind ; We meant not to deceive, for innocence Heldher pure seat, then, in each bosom kind ; But destiny, which wings fate’s wayward dart, Slew our young hopes, and fix’d our dooms apart. Enort. 1825.) Sees aaa | SPIRIT OF PHILOSOPHICAL DISCOVERY, AND OF THE VARIOUS SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS. —z Analysis of a Species of Phosphate of Iron from the department of Vienne, Upper.*— This mineral is of a brown colour, and crystallizes in the form of needle-like rays, as some specimens of manganese, with small blue specks. - It produces a green olive dust. Exposed for some time.to contact with the air, it acquires a reddish heat and colour, and Jeses weight in the proportion of 0.081: 0,1. Five grammest treated with hydrochloric acid, left aresiduum of 15.00ths, eomposed of grains of quartz and mica. The solution, which was of a brownish yellow colour, was treated with an excess of strong solution of potass. The precipi- tate (washed in boiling water, until it ex- hibited no further signs of alkaline) weighed, when well dried, 304. It was then recog- nized to be a compound of oxide of iron and manganese, which were separated by boiling in hydrochloric acid, mitigated with water, -afterwards diffusing the solution through a litre (nearly 24 wine pints) of this liquid; and, by degrees, precipitating the oxide of iron by the carbonate of potass. This oxide being again washed in cold, and then in boiling water, dried till ofa red heat, weighed 0.551. The oxide¥of manganese remained in solution in the liquor, and was precipitated by a sub-carbonate of potass, washed and calcined to a red heat: its weight being then equal to 0.072 of the paroxide. This experiment, four times re- peated, afforded a» mean of the chief con- stituents of this mineral in its entire form. Peroxide of Iron---- 56.2 Phosporic Acid 27.84 of Manganese 6.76 Water---+++-- 9.2 Bul. Univ. ed ; 100.0 The absorption of moisture by papers of different kinds, after being dvied strongly before a fire, then weighed, exposed to much damp for twenty-four hours, and then weighed again, have been found by Mr. T. Griffith to be as follows :— Foolscap---- 18 2 per cent. of the dry weight. Cartridge -- 17 1 ditto. Brown------ 15 3. ditto. India ------ ll 6 ditto. Filtering -- 5 0 ditto. Brande’s Journ. No. 37. Native Gold, in larger and more valuable lumps than usual, has lately been found in the mines. of Slatousk, in the province of Orenburg, in Russia; nine of these lumps, found in one day, weighed 58\bs. The largest, * Comprising the late province of Limosin—its capital is Limoges.—Lait. + A gramme is a French weight, containing about 19 grains, 576 of which (French) are equal to 472.5 (English). More accurately, a gramme contains 18.827 grains, and is the weightof a cubic centimetre of water. A centimetre = 0.39370 Eng. in. [Brun- ton's Compendium. ’ Montury Mac. No. 415. weighing 16lbs., was immediately sent off to be presented to the Emperor. An improved Filtering Apparatus has been invented by Mr. Donovan, of the Dublin Society, which will be found ex- tremely useful for filtering such liquids as are liable to be affected by the atmosphere, The apparatus consists of two glass vessels, the upper vessel, which contains the solu- tion or liquid, having an air-tight tube pro- jecting from its bottom, which is inserted in the mouth of the lower vessel, either by mean of a perforated cork, or by having the tubes ground to fit. The lower vessel has also a projecting neck, which opens perpendicularly to receive the lower end of a bent tube, connected with the top of the upper vessel; these connections being also air-tight. The upper vessel, with its con- tents, being thus placed on the lower vessel, and the connecting pipes fixed in the two necks, it is obvious that as the liquid percolates through the filter into the lower vessel, it will displace an equal volume of air, which will ascend by the small pipe into the upper vessel; thus, the liquid is cut off from all contact with the atmos- pherie air, except the small portion (equal to its own volume) which it displaces from the lower jar. In filtering any of the vola- tile fluids, as ether, ammonia, &c., the ad- vantages of this very simple apparatus will be evident. Air-blasts.— According to M. Guy Lus- sac (who has been making considerable re- searches connected with the expansion of and heat evolved by the different gases), atmospheric air does not undergo any change of temperature in passing through an aperture, whatever may be the degree of pressure of the blast ; but the sensation of- cold experienced, in standing near an air- blast, arises from the expansion of the air into a larger volume, at the instant of its evolution from the bellows cr air-shaft of a blowing machine. The Larva of Insects, which abound in stagnant waters at this period of the year, have often been known to produce dis- tressing complaints when taken into the human stomach. . A case of this nature is related by Dr. Yule, in the last number of the Phil. Journ. A young lady from Dum- friesshire had been afflicted for about a year with dyspepsia, aggravated by symp- toms more than usually severe. She be- came daily more emaciated and weak, and was concluded to be dying of an incurable decline, when (a violent fit of coughing coming on) a number of insects of the co-_ leopterous kind were observed among the ejected contents of the stomach, mixed with a considerable quantity of blood. After 21 this 242 this, with very simple means, the patient: daily recovered her health. There is every reason to believe that many of the stomach complaints, which baffle the best medical advice, owe their origin to animalcule taken into the stomach, either in the state of ova or larva, in the ‘interstices of fruits and vegetables, and in river or pond water. To give our readers any caution respecting eating fruits, we are well aware would be an useless task: but as it is pro- bable that much greater mischief arises from the use of impure water, we strongly recommend all those who are obliged to use pond or river water (particularly at this season of the year, and after an unu- sually hot summer) to boil it in every case before use, as the only mode of destroying the animalcule. Though it is now common to filter such water, yet the ova of many insects are so exceedingly minute as to pass through.any filter without injury, and on being taken into the alimentary passages, are, in fact, placed ina hot bed, where they soon become larva of large size, and often occasion great suffering to the unfortunate patient. Lightning Rods.—For a tower, the stem, being that part which rises above the build- ing, should be from fifteen to twenty-five feet above the roof, according to the area of the building: the domes and steeples of churches, being usually much higher than the surrounding objects, do not require so high a conductor as buildings with exten- sive flat roofs: for such, therefore, it will be sufficient that the stem rises six or eight feet above the weathercock ; and being light, it may easily be fixed without obstructing the motion of the vane. For .a powder-mill, it must be fixed with the utmost care and precision; and should not be placed on the buildings, but on poles, purposely erected at eight or ten feet distance. The stem should be séyen or nine feet long, and the poles of such a height as to raise them fifteen or twenty feet above the building. It is advisable to have several rods around a magazine ; which, however, if a tower or lofty building, may be thought sufficiently defended by a double-copper conductor without stem. But as the influence of such conductor will not extend beyond the building to which it is annexed, it cannot attract the lightning from any distant object. The stem of a lightning-rod for ships consists merely of a copper point, screwed into a round iron-rod, entering the extre- mity of the top-gallant mast. An iron bar, connected with the foot of the rod, de- scends down the pole, and is terminated by a crook or ring, to which the conductor is attached ; which, in this case, is formed of a metallic rope (the use of which is gene- rally recommended, because of the brittle- ness-and consequent difficulty of bending rod-conductors), connected’at its lower ex- Spirit of Philosophical Discovery. , defects, and of sufficient size. {[Oct. 1, tremity with a bar, or plate of metal, at- tached to the sheathing of the yessel. Small vessels require but one; large ships should have one on the mizen, ” and another on the main-mast. It has been proposed to have conductors fixed to the surfaces of masts, and the electric fluid conveyed by mean of strips of metal, over the deck and sides of the vessel. But this mode is highly objectionable ; and perhaps the best me- thod that has yet been devised, is to con- vey the electric fluid immediately to the water, by a series of long copper links. A few months ago, a vessel with powder on board was struck by lightning and blown up; the conductor, at the time, not reach- ing the water, for being loose, it had been drawn upon deck. It is allowed, from ex- periment, that the stem of a lightning-rod is an effectual preserver to the circle of which it is the centre, and whose radius is twice the height of the stem: by this rule, a building, sixty-feet square, requires a stem raised fifteen or eighteen feet in the middle of the roof; and a building, 120 feet square, requires a stem of thirty-feet, and such is often used; but it is better, instead of one stem of that height, to have two half so high ; one thirty feet from one end of the building, the other alike distance from the other end, and consequently the two at sixty feet distance from one another : and this rule ghould be followed either in larger or smaller buildings. Flint Glass. —Opticians and astronomers have long lamented the imperfection of re- fracting telescopes, from the impossibility of obtaining flint glass for lenses perfectly homogeneous, without striz or any other These dith- culties. have been at length removed, by the invention of M. Guinand, an ingenious self-taught artist of Brenets, in the canton of Neufchatel, Switzerland. In his youth he assisted his father as jomer, and at the age of thirteen became a cabinet-meker. Having seen an English reflecting telescope, he procured leave to take it to pieces, and put it together again. This gave the first impulse to the pursuit of that object, which afterwards gained him so much celebrity, When he attempted to manufacture achro- matic glasses, meeting the same difficulties which others had experienced, he began (at the age of thirty-five) to make experiments on the manufacture of glass. With no ad- vantages except those which his own inge- nuity supplied, he erected a furnace with his own hands, and continued, for many years, a series of expensive and fruitless experiments, labouring occasionally at some mechanical employment to earn the means of subsistence and of purchasing wood, and the necessary materials for his furnace, his crucibles, and his glass. that he might be able to repeat any success- ful experiment. At length he gbtained blocks: He carefully noted the particulars of every operation,’ 1825.] blocks of glass, containing portions perfectly homogeneous ; these he separated, by saw- ing the blocks into sections, selecting those parts which were free from defects, and re- turning the others to the crucible. After- wards he improyed upon this process, by casting his glassin moulds. The refraction of M. Guinand’s glass varied at almost every casting ; but the whole mass was always so perfectly homogeneous, that any tivo portions, taken from the topand bottom of the erucible, had the same refractive power. M. Guinand obtained such repu- tation by the manufacture of achromatic telescopes from this. glass, that he was visited by many scientific men from differ- ent parts of Europe; and, in 1805, was called into Bavaria, 250 miles from_ his home, in the employment of M. Frauen- hofer, a celebrated optician. Here he con- - tinued nine years, occupied almost solely in the manufacture of glass; and it is from this period thatM. Frauenhofer’s achromatic telescopes have acquired so well-merited a reputation. After returning from Bavaria to his native country, M. Guinand carried his distovery to a still higher degree. of per- fection; and, in the last years of his life, succeeded in manufacturing discs of eleyen or twelve inches (English measure) per- fectly homogeneous, and free from defects. The pecuniary circumstances of M. G. preyented his divulging the process of manufacturing glass; but arrangements had been made by the French government to purchase the secret, when the artist, verging on his eightieth year, died after a short illness. His son remains in posses- sion of the process, and it is hoped that an improvement, which opens the way to such important acquisitions in the field of astro- nomical research, will not be lost.—Am. Journal. : _ Inhabitants of the Moon.—Several learn- ed. persons have gone near to the actual yerification of an often laughed-at, but now apparently prophetic sentence (penned ra-. ther in doubt than in expectation) in Bon- nycastle’s Astronomy (p. 312). ‘‘ We can hardly hope to make optical instruments sufficiently perfect, to render animals visible at such a distance;” nay, it is eyen said, that, using Sfrayel’s new telescope, (M. M. No. 414, p. 166,) animated beings, roads, monuments, temples, &c. have been dis- covered on the surface of the moon. The vital functions of the sponge have been recently made the subject of some very attentive researches, by Dr. Grant, of Edinburgh, which were communicated to the Wernerian Society at a late sitting. Dr. Grant placed two portions of. sponge (spongia panicea) taken from the rocks in the Frith of Forth, ina glass of sea-water, with their orifices opposite to each other, at the distatice of two inches, when they soon covered each other with feculent mat- fer- He then placed one of them in a Spirit of Philosophical Discovery. 243 shallow vessel, and just covered its sur- face with water: on strewing some pow- dered chalk on the surface of the water, currents were perceptible, at a great dis- tance, and bits of cork or paper were driven to the distance of ten feet. ~_— FOREIGN SOCIETIES. Sittings of the Institute, of Monday, 1st August.—Dr. Surun addressed a letter to the Academy, in which he attempted to prove that fear was a great agent in the contagion of the yellow fever. Observations by M. Avago on the elevated Temperature of the Atmosphere this Summer. —‘ The thermometer rose to 33° 3’, on Thursday, the 19th July. It is rare that the heat is so intense at Paris: yet, in 1793 it rose two degrees higher; but the heat was not then continual, as at pre- sent.” M. A. wished to ascertain to what depth the heat penetrated the earth, and what was the Jaw of decreasing heat ; and obtained the following results :—“‘ It must be premised that the mean temperature of Paris is about 10° 5’, at which height the thermometer stands all the year round, if placed on a depth of thirty to forty feet be- low the surface. At present the solar heat is sensibly felt at twenty-five feet deep, and the thermometer was at 11° 3’. At 20 feet it rose to 12° ID fetes «angen te 6Gfeet.......% 18° 1 foot 6 in. .. 28° At the surface of the earth the heat was, in the garden of the observatory, at 53° when plunged in river sand ; and at 55° if placed in dark-coloured earth.” M. Geoffroy de St. Hilaire read an ex- tract of his work on those monstrous hu- man conceptions designated by the name of anencephale. The character of these for- mations consists in the opening of the cra- nio-vertebral tube. M. St. H. enumerates twenty-seven species and varieties. M. G. St. Hilaire also read reflections on the popular opinion of monstrous births. He principally dwelt on a case re- cently published by two physicians, of an anencephale born in the department of the’ Var, which states that—Ist, it presented an organization similar to that of the toad ; 2d, this circumstance appeared to be owing to fright at seeing a toad on the bed. The following are the facts:—The mother had a great horror of toads: the father-in-law, to cure her, when she was pregnant about three months, threw a large toad on her bed at night*. Powerfully affected with this act of barbarity, she left her father-in-law’s house, and returned to her parents. In due time she was delivered of the anencephale, which all present declared to resemble a toad. Notwithstanding this, M.de St. Hi- * The folly of such actions is evident;—the Grand Duke Constantine of Russia, finding his wife terri- fied at the sight of a mouse, had asackfull collected, and one day, when they were alone, turned them out of the sack. The princess was pregnant at the time: ‘*a mouse was not born,” but the fright killed the lady. laire combats the idea of a foetus assuming the likeness ofan object that had produced fright, and observes, that all the species of anencephale, from the insertion of the head > immediately on the shoulders, present a similar appearance, and that the internal organization had no affinity with that of the reptile; the fright having operated only in this case, as in all others, of imprinting a vicious direction on the organization of the foetus in the first periods of its develope- ment. Sittings of the Institute, on the 8th—M. Arago stated, that, on examination, he is led to believe that the Marseilles Comet is not the comet called the Short Period Comet. The Marquis de la Place observed, that the very data furnished by M. Pons proved as much. The slow motion of the new comet was such, that M. Pons was obliged to observe it several days in order to be certain that ithad any motion. This alone suffices to distinguish it from the other, which moyes with an extreme rapidity. Dr. Audouard, in a collection of memoirs on the Nautical, Typhus, or Yellow Fever, addressed to the Academy, attributes the yellow fever to the slave trade, and thinks crowding so many unfortunate beings toge- ther developes the infection, which becomes contagious. Ele concludes his letter, say- ing: “‘ I am even surprised myself at the number of facts which tend to prove the the truth of the opinion I have adopted.” Dr. Lassis, the non-contagionist, read a memoir, forming a curious contrast with the letter of Dr. Audouard. He still per- sists in the absolute non-contagion of the plague or yellow fever; and eontends, that all the pretended contagious fevers had their origin in the places they ravaged, and that the sanitary measures adopted to prevent the effects of contagion were themselves the causes of the mortality that occurs. Among other instances, in support of this doctrine, lie cited the plague of Lyons in 1664, when many persons left the city, who nearly all perished, while those who remained were saved. At the same period, the inhabitants of Digne were afflicted with the plague, and fearing that they should be shut up in the town, and the threats of their neighbours to burn the town and allin it to prevent the infection from spreading, took up arms, forced their passage out of the place, and were thus preserved from destruction. He stated that the same thing happened at London during the great plague. He affirmed, that in 1822, the patients at the Hotel-Dieu, at Paris, were really afflicted with the yellow fever, which created much uneasiness as to the sanitary state of the capital at the time ; and added, that if the sanitary measures had been adopted which are usual under such circumstances, the yellow fever would have extended desola~ tion 1825.] tion throughout Paris. He concluded his memoir by reflections on the Epizooiie, whieh had been so fatal to cattle in France, which, he said, confirmed his doctrine. If, he argued, animals perished in such great numbers, the mortality is solely owing to the precautions taken to stop the supposed contagion. To prevent all communication with the sick animals, they are shut up in stables and cow-houses, where the want of air, fresh food, exercise, and cleanliness kills them, and this is attributed to conta- gion; precautions are then deubled with the healthy animals, and the disorder in- creases. The epizootie of 1815 was owing, according to the Doctor, to the precautions taien to prevent the cattle being stolen by the allied armies. He adds, many animals, already attacked, got well by his advice being followed, that they should be sent out to graze as usual. He adopts the same argu- ments on the disorders which have carried off so many horses this season; on which sub- ject he citesa curious fact. An eminent ve- terinary surgeon declared in his report to the Minister of the Interior, that the malady was contagious ; and in his report to the Minister at War, he declared the reverse ! A model of a new balloon has been sent to the French Institute, with which the in- ventor proposes to navigate the air in any di- rection. If 200 subscribers, at thirty frances each only, can be obtained, it will enable him to construct his machine. He engages to reimburse the subscribers and divide the profits with them, 7f any. M. Everets presented a work entitled, “* New Ideas on Population ;”” in which he specially proposes to refute the theories of M. Malthus. Mortality of Children.—There are born at Paris about 22,000 annually ; about two- thirds of these are sent out to nurse in the country: of these, the mortality, during the first year, is three out of five ; while of the 7,000 to 8,000 nursed in Paris, more than half die within the year. In the very populous quarters of Paris, where the streets are narrow, and the inhabitants wretched, the mortality is about nine in ten in the first year. In the country, when good air, cleanlimess and comfort are united, as in Normandy, the mortality during the first year is only one in eight. At the Found- ling Hospital at Paris, where they were all confined to the establishment, of 7,000 to 8,000 received annually, there only remain- ed 180 at the age of ten! The Academy, considering the import- ance of these facts, decided on communi- cating them to the Société Maternelle, and all the societies whose object it is to aid the unfortunate. Hitherto these societies haye invariably recommended mothers nurs- ing their children; but it is evident that bad air, and other concomitant cireum- stanees, more than counterbalance the ad- vantages. It is more charitable, therefore, to aid them to send their children to nurse in the country. Proceedings of Learned Societies. 240 Dr. Barry read a memoir on the means of arresting the progress of any venomous bite, by preventing the absorption of the matter. He had made the experiment on animals, by laying bare a muscle and depositing in it strichnine, or hydrocyanie acid, and then cupping the part, which was attended with success, even after tetanic convulsions had taken place. M. Dupin, presenting his Course of Geo- metry and Mechanics, combated the opinion of those who imagine that the knowleage of geometry is only necessary for the construc- tion of machinery. He stated that upwards of 150 arts and trades would derive great advantage from the artizans being in- structed in that science. M. Dupin took a glance at the relative state of industry in France and England, and was forced to ac- knowledge the great inferiority of France ; and cited as a proof, the stagnation of French commerce and manufactures, compared with the “ prodigious augmentation of the com- merce of England. It is not (said he) that we have gone back ; but England has made an infinitely more rapid progress.” Headded, that it was only in the mechanical arts that England excelled. For example, chemistry in France is far from being behind that of any other nation. The Berthollet’s and Foureroys had persuaded the government to found establishments for facilitating its progress. It will be the same with the me- chanical arts, if analagous establishments are encouraged. Already the schools formed in different towns of France, and the lec- tures given in them, give the brightest hopes. M. Moreau de Jonnes, read a note on the official inquiries, proving the contagion of the yellow fever and the plague. He iain- tained, that the yellow fever of 1802 was brought to Marseilles by the American ves- sel the. Columbia. The government of that period consulted the faculty of Montpellier, which unanimously decided that the fever was contagious. In 1816, the faculty of Paris decided unanimously that the yellow fever was contagious ; declaring that “ the yellow fever is contagious, and susceptible of being imported by maritime and other com- munications, and is equally transmissible by men and merchandize.” In 1817, M. Lainé, the minister, insti- tuted a committee, composed of disinte- rested persons of all professions, who had - been eye-witnesses of the facts they stated, as well in America, as in Egypt, Syria, and Asia Minor : their decision was unanimous, that both the yellow feyer and plague were contagious. The committee of the colo~- nies formed the same year, and com- posed of persons who had inhabited Marti- nique and the coasts of Guadaloupe, unani- mously declared the yellow fever contagious both from persons and things. M. de J, proposes a future examination of the results obtained in the British and Ottoman Empires. PATENTS [ 246 J PATENTS FOR MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL INVENTIONS. To Joun VatLancr, of Brighton, for his New Method of Communication, or Means of Intercourse, by which Persons, Goods, or Intelligence may be communicated from one Place to another with greater Expedi- tion than by Steam Carriages, or Carriages drawn by Animals.—Feb. 13, 1824. The subject of the present patent must be considered as most extraordinary. It is proposed to construct hollow cylinders of cast-iron, large enough to allow carriages with passengers and goods to pass through them ; a series of these cylinders are to be united, and extend from town to town, the junctions being made sufficiently air- tight to allow of a vacuum being produced within. The carriages, formed to the di- mensions of the cylindrical trunk, are to be projected from place to place by the pres- sure of the atmosphere rushing forward to occupy the vacuum. The junctions of the cylinders are to be bound round with rolls of flannel, coated with tallow, and an external hoop to keep the joints air-tight. They are to be supported upon blocks of masonry, or brick-work; and where it becomes neces- sary to deviate from a straight line, or from a horizontal position, the inclination must be made as gradual as possible. In this way trunks are to be formed, extend- ing from station to station, and may be carried over rivers by means of bridges, or ’ through hills, if necessary, by means of ex- cayations ; and air-pumps, of very large ' dimensions, are to be constructed at each end of the trunk, for the purpose of ex- hausting the air within. The cylinders that form the trunk being arranged as above described, the carriage is to be introduced, and the doors are to be shut, that the exter- nal air in exerting its pressure against the closed end of the carriage may impel it forward. The air-pump is now to be put in action ; and, as soon as the airis exhausted from the interior of the cylinders, the force of the air from the open end of the trunk, drives the carriage forward with a velocity proportionate. to the degree of the ex- haustion within. The velocity of this carriage might be increased or diminished by a greater or less degree of exhaustion produced in the trunk; but the speed could not (the inventor thinks) be conveniently carried beyond one thou- sand miles per hour, as that is the velocity of air rushing into a vacuum. In order to avoid any retardation of the carriage, by the friction which the air would experience in passing along the sides of the ‘trunk, it is proposed to have air valves opening into the trunk at every mile of its length, which are to be rendered air-tight by mercurial ~ joints ; and as the carriage passes the valve, a small lever is to open it, and allow the air torushin. It is intended that the interior of the trunk should be marked at every mile, and lighted lamps are to be attached to the carriage, that the conductor may krow where about he is: a lever also is to be connected to the carriage, by pressing upon which, the conductor may produce a friction sufficient to stop the carriage. The pumps are to be kept working all the time that the carriages are in progress, in order to preserve the state of exhaustion as nearly as possible. When the natural pres- sure of the air is insufficient to propel the carriage with the desired velocity, the air- pump at the posterior end of the trunk is to be employed in injecting air, so as to produce a plenum, while the pump at the reverse end is exhausting to produce a vacuum. A contrivance is proposed, con- sisting of a long series of pipes, extending from the starting-place to the station of the next air-pump, to convey intelligence when the pumps are to be put in action.— Abridged from the London Journal of Arts and Sciences. — To JoserH CuisELD DantEt, of Stoke, Wilts, for hisNew Improved Method o Weaving Woollen Cloth.—7th July 1824. These improvements apply to power- looms of the description employed for weaving woollen cloths. The principal novel features, consist in the introduction of a spring behind the lathe or batten, to which the crank-rod is attached, that causes the lathe to vibrate ; the employment of a weighted lever, which tumbles to and fro on the treddle shaft, for the purpose of throwing the warp open to receive the shuttle; and the introduction of oblique brushes or card-rollers in the breast beam, in order to stretch the cloth out towards the sides, and prevent its wrinkling on the work-beam as it rolls up. The Patentee’s claims are comprised under the following heads :—bringing the shuttle through the warp gradually, and without a jerk; in continuing the pressure of the reed against the shoot while the position of the warp changes ; enabling the lathe to be at rest when the shuttle passes; assisting the changing of the warp, and keeping it open by a tumbling weight ; and, lastly, stretch- ing the cloth, in its width, as it rolls on the work-beam.—London Journal of Arts and Sciences. 4 Lisr or rue Parents which, having been granted in October 1811, will exrirE in the present Month of October, viz. Oct. 1—To W. Srranan, of Poole Cot- tage, Cheshire: for his new method of mak- ing culinary salt, 50.— 1825.] 30.—To J. Mirns, of the Strand, West- minster: for accelerating the evaporation of liquid or solid bodies, and destroying noxious vapours, by passing such vapours, mixed with a current of air, and with steam also in some cases, through the fire, employed to heat the bodies to be evaporated.—See our 33d vol., p- 356—see also tallow-melting, vol. 54, pp- 107 and 400. »80.—To F. Koenic, of ' Castle-street, Finsbury-square, London: for further im- provements on his patent printing machinery. —Under date of 29 March, 1810. 30.—To R. Wirry, of Hull, Yorkshire : for further improvements on his patent rota- tive steam-engine ; under date of 14th Feb, 1810.—See our 30th vol., p. 159, and vol. $3, p. 458. 30.—To J. C. Dyer, of Gray’s-inn, Middlesex: for machinery for making cards for the carding of cotton, wool, §c. : com- municated from abroad; this has proved an important. and highly valuable concern to the patentees, now resident at Manches- ter. 30.—To R. L. Martyn, of Tillington, Sussex: for his agricultural hoe, for hoeing turnips and other crops. 30.—To W. Rupper, of Birmingham, Warwickshire: for his improved cocks for drawing off liquids. 30.—To T. Davies, of Brewer-street, Middlesex: for his improved buckles for fastening various things.’ 30.—To I. Curr, of Bellevue-house, Sheffield, Yorkshire: for his method of mak- ing ropes, with uniformly twisted and distended strands. ' 30.—To T. Prarsatt, of Willsbridge, Gloucestershire : for constructing the rafters and laths of roofs, and other framings of buildings, of iron plates on edge——See our 33d vol., p. 355. 30.—To I. Lownnes, of Hollen-street, Middlesex : for his improved method of heat- ing baths. af List or New Parents, granted in July and August 1825. July 26.—To C. Frienp, of Bell-lane, Spitalfields: for improvements in the process of refining sugar.—Six months. 26.—To J. Reepurap, of Heworth, Durham: for improvements in machinery for propelling vessels, both in marine and inland navigation.—Two months, 26.—To J. E. Brooxe, of the township of Headingly, Leeds, and J. Harpcrave, of Kirkstall, in the same township: for im- rovements in, or additions to machinery used. in scrubbing and carding wool, and other fibrous substances—Six months. 26.—To D. O. Ricwarpson, and W. Hirst, both of Leeds: for improvements in Lists of Expiring and New Patents. 247 the process of printing or dyeing woollen and other fabrics —Six months. 26.—To J. Kay, of Preston, Lancastet : for new and improved machinery for prepar- ing and spinning flax, hemp, and other fibrous substances, by power.—Six months. 30.—To R. Wirry, of Sculcoats, York- shire: for an improved{chimney for Argand - and other burners. —Six months. 30.—To J. Loan, of Fishpond-house, near Bristol : for a machine for effecting an alternating motion between. bodies revolving about a common centre or axis of motion ; also additional machinery or apparatus for apply- ing the same to mechanical purposes.—Six months. 30.—Tothe Rev. W. Barctay, of Aul- deare, county of Nairn: for an improved instrument to determine angles of altitude or elevation, without the.necessity of a view of the horizon being obtained.—Six months. 30.—To R. Bapnati the younger, of Leek, Stafford: for improvements in the manufacture of silk.——Six months, Aug. 8.—To S. Bacsuaw, of Newcastle- under-Line, Stafford: for a new method of manufacturing pipes for the conveyance of water and other fluids.—Two months. 10.—To G. Cuar.eton, of Maidenhead- court, Wapping, and W. Watxer, of New- grove, Mile End-road, Middlesex: for im- provements in the building or constructing ships or other vessels. —Six months. 11.—To S. Lorp, J. Rosrnson, and J. Forster, all of Leeds: for improvements in the process of raising the pile on woollen cloths and other fabrics, and also in dressing the same.— Two months. 11.—To W. Hirsz, H. Hirst, W. Hey- cock, and S. Wi.x1nson, all of Leeds : for an apparatus for preventing coaches, car- riages, muils, and other vehicles from over- turning.—Six months. 11—To J. S. Laneton, of Langton Juxta Partney, county of Lincoln: for an improved method of seasoning timber and other woods.—Six months, 11.—To J. Perkins, of Fleet-street, Lon- don : for improvements in the construction of bedsteads, sofas, and other similar articles— Six months. 12.—To H. R. Fansuaw,. of Addle- street: for an improved apparatus for spin- ning, doubling, and twisting or throwing silk. —Six months. 12.—To J. Burrer, of Commercial- road, Lambeth, Surrey: for a new method of making coffins, for the effectual prevention of bodies being removed therefrom after interment.—'Fwo months. 15.—To M. Larvierz, Frith-street, Soho: for a machine for perforating metal plates of gold, silver, tin, platina, brass, or copper, being applicable to all the purposes of sieves hitherto employed, either of canvas, linen, or wire.-—Two months. MONTHLY [ 248. J [Oct. 15 MONTHLY REVIEW OF LITERATURE, DOMESTIC. . AND FOREIGN. Authors or Publishers, desirous of seeing an early Notice of their Works; are requested to transmit Copies, if possible, before the 16th of the Month. : ' ETTERS on England. By A. DE STaEL, 8vo,—This is a work, valuable in itself, for much good sense, the evident fruit of considerate observation ; and not less so from shewing in what light our national character, social condition, and institutions may be regarded by an intelligent, and evi- dently impartial foreigner. Even this im- partiality, however, must not be expected to render him equally acceptable to all. National pride is apt to listen to no voice but that of its own egotism ;' and there are John Bulls among us, who, whatever may be the balance admitted in our favour, in summing up the aggregate, will not be satisfied unless the same advantage be ad- mitted in every individual item of the ac- count. We, however, are not of this number; and though there are some de- scriptions of mental habitude and acquisi- tion in which he thinks we are. surpassed by the scientific luminaries of France, we are ready to admit, that he has looked upon England with a philosophical spirit and an impartial eye, and has drawn his compari- sons more with a view to the reciprocal melioration of both countries, than with any tendency to the envious or splenetic degradation of either. Thus, in his second Letter (on the comparative progress of civilization in France and England), having shewn, by instancing the great parallel events in the political history of the two countries, from the signing of our Great Charter in 1215, to the Bourbon Restora- tion in France (for the parallel to our revolution in 1688 has not yet occurred), England has always had the start about a century and a half in the career of liberty, he thus adopts and amplifies the “ funda- mental distinction of M. Guizot (Zssais sur Histoire de France) : «© That the progress of civilization in England has always advanced on a level with that of liberty, and frequently even has only been the consequence of it ; while in France it has preceded, or remained inde- pendent of it.” He proceeds, however, very justly, to ob- serve, that the real state of the two nations is not be judged “by comparing their * most eminent intellectual flowers.” [A vile phrase, intellectual flowers : but let the translator answer that. } ** I think it certain that, in the sélect portion of the French nation intellectually considered, there are more minds gifted with the faculty of generalizing their ideas, connecting them with philosophical prin- ciples, and expressing them in a brilliant or original manner, either in books or in conversation. I believe too, that, on descending to the other extremity of the scale, we shall find in the uninstructed classes more natural vivacity, more quickness in seizing new ideas, more of that intuitive spirit, with which the sun in- spires the inhabitants of the countries favoured by it. But it is not a few menof wit, or even of genius—a few bold thinkers, or a few ingenious theorists—that constitute the moral and political strength of a na- tion. This strength consists in the average of intel- Fence, in the general knowledge of the principles and practical institutions, to which the direction of human affairs appertains.”—‘‘ In this respect no country in Europe is on a par with England.” That this comparison should, by some, be cavilled at, is not surprising. We admit, however, the*accuracy of the ‘statement, andare satisfied with the admission—and the proofs so cheerfully presented by the au- thor, that the praciical results, in a national point of view, are all in favour of our country. It is really mortifying not to be at liberty to follow this intelligent author through his successive’ topics, the division’ of property, aud its influence on agriculture, national wealth, population and morals; the pheng- mena of aristocracy and democracy, exhi- bited in our social habits and. institutions; the newspaper press; our public meetings, Parliament, Parliamentary Reform, &c, Upon some of these topics, indeed, we do not, in all respects, exactly agree with Baron dé Staél: particularly upon the Jast ; where,. in common with his Whig friends, he con- siders property (z. e. accumulated property) as the basis of representation, instead of eon- sidering that what is usually meant by property, is itself the creature of: personal labour (z.e. originates in the inherent property which every individual has in his capabilities of productive effort), and cannot, therefore, by any accumulation, supersede the per- sonal rights, or protective claims, of those from whom, primarily, it originated, and by whose labour it is still augmenting, and is sustained. In some minute particulars of detail, also, the -caviller might object to some unimportant mistakes in the descrip- tions of local customs ; but, upon the whole, we venture to pronounce these Letters on England equally worth the attention of the native and foreigner. A Critical Inquiry regarding the real Aus thor of Junius, proving the Letiers to have. been written by Lord Viscount Sackville. By Grorce CovEeNTRY. S8vo.—QOur readers will remember, that in a formerNo. (p. 118) of our present volume, a correspondent has attempted to assign the honour of writing these famous lettets to J. H. Tooke; and certainly it must be admitted, that the in- dividual fact advanced in support of that hypothesis is a strong one. It is, however, but an individual fact ; and, of itself, quite in- sufficient to counterbalance the weight of external and internal evidence that gain- says 1825.] says the supposition. The style of J. H. Tooke, like his mind (to waive all other considerations), though clear and powerful, was not pliant, or versatile. It was pre- cise, not imagimative—pungent, not elo- quent. No labour could have enabled him to assume and sustain the style of Junius : sensible as he was of its beauty and excel- lence. Not less insufficient are the grounds upon which the pretensions of Sir Philip Francis, Edmund Burke, Sir William Jones, &c. &e. &c., have been attempted to be upheld; and, hitherto, we confess that, to usat least, the inquiry has appear- ed to be involved inimpenetrable mystery : and, we might add, not worth half the mar- vel or the trouble which the literary world had manifested concerning it. The pre- sent volume, however, comes before us in a very different shape, at least of proba- bility; and it has the collateral merit of containing a good deal of interesting infor- mation, concerning the political history of the period to which the letters refer. We have not, however, been able to discover in these contents any thing that should ac- count for any attempts to suppress the pub- lication: unless it be that some relative families might feel themselves galled at the inference which, not by the author, but in spite of the author, becomes inevitably drawn, in the course of preliminary inquiry, that, in the notorious affair of Minden, the glory of the British arms was com- promised by personal pique and animosi- ties. Yet that some attempts at suppres- sion have been made is apparent, not only from the brief notice prefixed—[“ The pub- lie are respectfully informed, that this is the work announced for publication by Mr. Mur- ray in November last’ |—but from the cir- cumstance of its coming forth at last, though in full costume of elegance as to paper, type and embellishment, without the name of any publisher. ‘“‘ London: Printed by G. Woodfall,” and the names of the artists, Neale and Stockley, 352, Strand, scarcely visible on the engraved title-page and the portrait prefixed, being all the in- formation given that can guide even the inquiry of any one who might wish to pro- cure a copy. If our space would permit, we should, on this very account, be some- what ample in our examination ; since in proportion as a work itself is difficult of access, analysis and extract are the more gratifying to curiosity. But we must con- fine ourselves to a very brief sketch. In the prefatory remarks, Mr. Coventry enumerates twenty-four predicaments, that must every one of them have been appli- cable to the author of the Letters of Ju- nius: and, in the course of the work, we think it no more than justice to admit, that not only these positions are com- pletely proved, as far as Junius is con- cerned, but that in every one’of these pre- dicaments Lord George Sackville stood. The case is, therefore, thus far made out Monruty Mac. No. 4]5. Monthly Review of Literature. 249 as a very probable one. Nor do we at present recollect any additional predica. ment deducible from the Letters of Junius, under which Lord G. Sackville can be affirmed not to have stood., The proba- bility is, in fact, throughout strongly sup- ported. The enmities and partialities of Junius, and the enmities, or provocations to enmity, and the partialities of Lord G.S., are identified; as are also the communi- ties of sentiment, and even of language, in the letters of the one, and the parliamentary speeches, &c. of the other; and the fac- similes present certainly quite as much re- semblance as might be expected between the careless hand, in which-the same indi- vidual might write his hasty letters, and that in which he might be expected to transcribe (and we have the evidence of Junius himself that he did carefully tran- scribe) that which he was elaborately pre- paring for the press. It, also, must be ad- mitted that, in addition to the general pro- babilities so strongly sustained, there are some particular incidents that push pro- bability almost to the verge of demonstra- tion. We might instance Lord G. S.’s so- licited interview, when he felt the approach of dissolution, and his remorseful apology to Lord Mansfield, for some unexplained wrongs, some injustice done to him in the fluctuations of politics and the heats of party. Still stronger is thelight thrown on the his- tory of the well-known letter to the ‘‘ vaga- bond” Garrick, by the new proven fact of Lord G.S.’s occupyinga house at Richmond. which overlooked all usual access to the palace there, and the facilities, from such approximation, of sointriguing a spirit for detecting the object of Garrick’s visit. But the most conclusive of all, is the argument founded upon that private letter of Junius to Mr. Woodfall, in which he says «© That Swinney is a wretched but a dangerous fool. He had the impudence to go to Lord George Sackville, whom he had never spoken to, and ask him whether or no he was the author of Junius— take care of him.” - We confess that we know not how to re- sist the conclusion that this “ cannot be satisfactorily explained in any other way than that Junius and Lord G. Sackville were one and the same person.” How else could Junius know that Swinney called on Lord G. S.? That he had never spoken to Lord G.S. before? What question he had the impudence to ask Lord G. S.?— What intimacy, confidence, and unfathomable se- crecy must there have been between Junius and Lord G. S., if they were not, in fact, one! In short, to those who feel them- selves interested in the inquiry, we recom- mend Mr. Coyentry’s volume, as by far the most satisfactory of any thing we have met with upon the subject. The Life, Writings, Opinions, and Timés of the Right Hon. George Gordon Noel By- ron, Lord Byron ; including, in its most ex- tensive 250 tensive Biography, Anecdotes and Memoirs of the Lives of the most eminent and eccen- tric, public and noble Characters and Courtiers of the present polished and enlightened Age and Court of His Majesty King George the Fourth. In the course of the Biography is also separately given, copious Recollections of the lately destroyed MS. originally intended for posthumous publication, and entitled, Memoirs of my own Life and Times, by the Ricut Hon. Lorp Byrron.—(So stands thus far—the line thus glaring in dashing capi- tals to gull the unknowing ones—the title ; but, after the armorial motto, and another motto from Shakspeare creeps in, in letters significantly small) By an English Gentle- man, in the Greek Military Service, and Comrade of his Lordship. Compiled from authentic Documents, and from long per- “sonal acquaintance. 3 vols. 8vo.—'To the eye of the adept, however, the very mas- querade of this title-page has the effect of naked sincerity. it is a palpable adyer- tisement of quackery. It bears if in its very physiognomy. Ner are the Dedica- tion and the Introductory Address less in- structive to thisend. The former is to. Mr. Canning, ‘‘ to whose genius,’’ we are in- formed, “ France, Russia, Germany, Italy, Greece, and the United States of North America, have paid homage as one of the brightest ornaments of this country’”’—a bespattering, in consequence of which, this comrade and acquaintance of whomsoever he chooses to write, or rather to compile about, assumes to himself anon the honour of be- ing ‘under the patronage” of the Right Hon. Secretary. In the latter, after lament- ing the suppression of Lord Byron’s auto- biography, the author, vauntful of the vast sources of original information opened to him by his comradeship and personal ac- quaintance, for discharging the incumbent duty of “repairing the loss, and justifying Lord Byron to posterity,” thus proceeds: ~~ “Jt is with this view—the view of paying that tri- bute, and doing that justice to his memory, which, strangely unnatural, his relatives have denied him— that we now step forward with our volumes of Bio- graphy, which, with the advantage of long personal acquaintance, we have compiled from most authentic and copious documents ; and, since we are deprived of his self-written Memoirs, we must rest satisfied with the most circumstantial account of his Lord- ship, as such documents (and they indeed are all- sufficient), and with what his most intimate friends and his own writings, can offer, together with such particulars as can be gleaned from the mostreputable and unquestionable quarters, and saved from the « wreck of matter.’ In thesociety and friendship of - his Lordship we have been long happy, as well in England as in Italy and Greece, alike witnesses of his zeal and magnanimity, sharers of his toils, and fellow-mourners with the citizens of Missolonghi over his cherished remains ; and having followed him to his native ‘and dearly beloved England, at once the fount and the grave of his happiness and his misery, and beheld him laid in the lowly vault of the picturesque little village-church of Hucknell, we took our last look, and were able to leave his grave only through the re- solution of justifying him to posterity, by giving to Monthly Review of Literature, [Oct. 1” his country, and to the world at large, the Biography of his valuable life.” Here is promise enough, one would think ; and a pretty specimen (at least in the pas- sage we have marked with italies) of the | tasteful novel-like sentimentality with which the ensuing biography is to be adorned. But this is not all; even Lord Byron is not subject enough for the mighty mind that is to fill out these three octavo volumes —nor can the sentimentality of picturesque- ness furnish sufficient embellishment. From novel we are led to pantomime, and pre- sented with the following harlequinade : ** It will, indeed, be found a most extensive Bio- graphy, as it involves Anecdotes and Memoirs of the Lives of the most Eminent and Eccentric—Public and Noble—Characters and Courtiers of the present polished and enlightened Age and Court of his Most Gracious Majesty King George the Fourth. Kings, Queens, Princes, Dukes, Peers and Peeresses, Lords, Ladies, and Commoners, Poets and Poetasters, Clowns and Pantaloons, Britons, Franks, Spaniards, Italians, Germans, Greeks and Turks, are all in turn brought into play, to perform their parts upon the stage of the life of the Noble and Eccentric Bard; and we may venture to add with confidence, that it will afford much interest, and excite im particular much pleasure, in the minds of those who have per- formed whole acts of their life with him.” If we had been any thing but Reviewers, these specimens would have been quite enough for us :notwithstanding the assurance that the Life about to be presented to us was such a desideratum that, without it, the worlditself, “ this goodly frame of nature,” would be absolutely imperfect. «©The Life of such a man as Lord Byron—the _potte guerriere—was confessedly and indubitably a great desideratum in literature; one, indeed, which the literary world could not dispense with, but must have, remaining absolutely imperfect without it.” We, however, have been obliged to wade through the three volumes ; pleonasms, puns andall:* for ours is not the custom to re- view unread, The result is, that we are obliged to Pronounce almost all the autho- rities and documents so vaunted about, to be such as may be derived from newspa- pers, reviews, and those apocryphal publi- cations with which the Dallases, the Perrys, the Medwins, and such-like book-makers, had previously inundated the literary mar- ket. A more complete specimen of book- making, perhaps, was neyer put together with paste and scissors. Whole pages of quotations, by twelves and twenties at a time, are strung together, with prosing de- tails of the subjects of his Lordship’s_res- pective works, and quotations from them that * His Lordship, we are told, while a schoolboy, although ‘‘weak in body,” and ‘‘ by no means the strongest either in frame or constitution,”—‘‘ gave many striking proofs of an undaunted and invincible spirit, notwithstanding his labouring under the dis- advantage of lameness.” The fame of Mr. Moore is also vindicated (vol. I. p. 239), by a careful recor: of the puns provoked by his name. ie 1925.] that are in.every mouth, and anecdotes that have been again and ‘again repeated. To swell out the bulk of nothingness, the same biographical ground is trod over four diffe- _ rent times—in the history of the successive works—in the history of the travels which furnished the subjects and materials of these works—in three chapters of a pretended Sketch, or Recollections of the destroyed MS.—in chapter after chapter of extracts (so pretending) from various letters of Lord Byron ; in which, however, the extracts are very thinly strewn, and consist almost en- tirely of little scraps which have already ap- peared in other publications. Then we have, also, some five chapters of extracts from letters, generally not original either, of other persons about Lord Byron; some of. the manufacturers of which knew pro- bably about as much of his Lordship as the pretended “ comrade and acquaintance”’ himself. After these (as if all the rest had not been mere gleanings—and gleanings even from the common field) we have a couple of chapters of professed gleanings ; and, to bring up the rear, no less than seven chapters (two-thirds ofthe third volume) of the his- tory of the Greek insurrectionary war. In the pretended Recollections of the Destroyed MS. (the contents of which, it is taken for granted, will be believed “ to be no -irrecoyerable secret, since they were perused by Lady L b, and Lady B h, and other persons of feminine, or loquacious gen- _ der’’), there is one passage of most atrocious profligacy, ostentatiously marked with in- verted commas, as though it were a literal quotation ; but which is of itself quite suffi- cient to destroy the credibility of the whole ; for will it be believed, that even the myste- ries of the wedding-chamber could be made the subject of whole pages of descant by the noble bridegroom? could be put upon per- manent record destined for the public gaze ? —that neither the chamber-door, the cur- tains, nay, the coyerlet of the bed, could be a sanctuary against the exposition of the licentious and malicious pen? Could Lord Byron—could any gentleman—could any thing that had the feelings, or was wor- thy of the name of man, have penned such a profanation? But the morals of this trumped-up pub- lication are just of a piece with its authen- ticity. “ Nature,’ says this delicate and sentimental book-maker— “* Nature revolts at a perpetuity even of conjugal bliss. There is something in the idea of the loss of liberty, that sits uneasy upon the stomachs of some folks, while others give a gulp and swallow it down with a few wry faces, ‘ Our state,’ said a galley-slave, chained to the oar, ‘ would not be so bad, if it was not for the name of it.’ It may be much the same with marriage.” Drunkenness, according to the same au- thority, is the very soul of poetry and of genius. _‘* Men of every kind of genius (and Poets in parti- eular) are fond of « potations deep.’ ”—* A Poet with- out his bottle is like a workman without hi tools ; Domestic and Foreign. 251 he may possess talent, will, and industry, but he can- not get on.” ‘ The criticisms are also of equal acumen ; and the language sometimes not inferior to the other merits: as perhaps the reader may have conjectured from the few quotations we have made, without particular references to such phrases as “ disrelish for company not proceeding from morosity or misan- thropy,” &c. But censure is wearied, not exhausted ; and for the sake of relief we will observe, as the nearest to commendation the compiler bas furnished us with the op- portunity of approaching, that there are some few anecdotes, or episodes rather, that we do not remember to have met with be- fore (as that of the Protégé, p. 93—8, and of the Circassian Slave, p. 123—3]1, vol. 3), so honourable to Lord B. that we should like to have them upon better authority : but, coupled with the general contents of these fudge volumes of “‘ Life, Writings, Opi- nions and Times,” we can regard them only as pretty outlines for novels and romances. As for the “extensive Biography, Anecdotes and Memoirs of other eminent, eccentric, public, noble, &c. &c.&e. characters ;” that panorama of the age of his most Gracious Majesty King George the Fourth, promised in the harlequinade puff of the address— for these we have looked in vain through the whole exhibition. Glimpses of distin- guished names, indeed, we have ; but of bio- graphies, or even anecdotes, not so much even as might have been picked up from the gleanings of newspapers. The first yolume is adorned with a hand- somely engraved portrait of Lord B.; the second with a verybeautiful one of the Coun» tess Guiccioli; and the third is accompanied by a. fac-simile of his Lordship’s hand- writing, commending the original pictures from which the portraits are professed to be engrayed. A Eetter to the Right Hon. Sir Charles Long, on the Improvements proposed, and now carrying on in the Western Part of London. 8vo.—In this small, but very de- sultory pamphlet, which rambles backwards and forwards from Temple-bar to Tothill- street, from Charing-cross to Chelsea+ hospital, from ponds and palaces to pro- visions for orphans and the tippling of Chelsea pensioners at low public-houses, and from banking the Thames to musing among the remains of Phidias at Monta- gue house,—and which seems to have been written with no very accurate information relative to the plans of improvement al- ready resolved upon, or in agitation,—there are some suggestions worth attention (as, for example, the removal of that barba- rous incumbrance Exeter ’Change, and widening of the Strand from Charing-cross to Fileet-street); but there is also much superfluous and unavailing matter, and much bad taste,-—such as veneration for that filthy obstruction Temple Bar—itself a bar, indeed, to every prospect of a proper 2K2 opening 252 opening, or astreet adequate to the popu- lation and the traffic, from Charing-cross to St. Paul’s : which certainly ought so to be opened, that from one we should have both a convenient progress and a clear view to the other. There is, also, a principle suggested in it, from which we shall not withhold our marked reprehension. The grand improvements in the neighbourhood of the Park, and the erection or expansion of splendid palaces (and this letter-writer would have one palace that, with its ap- pendages, should cover a mile of ground) ought to exclude, it seems, according to him, the common mob; that rags and wretchedness might not approach, as at present, the confines of regal and princely splendour. St. James’s Park should be open only to the well-dressed public! Now, for our parts, if rags and wretchedness cannot be prevented in this flourishing and wealthy community !—we would wish them to be brought under the eyes of royalty and opulence as much as possible—that they may at least be aware how much misery there is for them to relieve ; and we should be sorry to cease to see the threadbare part of the community occasionally resting them- selves on the benches of the Mall, or tak- ing their pennyworths of milk from the tow. We love the splendour, but we hate the seclusion of princely edifices ; and shall begin to abhor, instead of admiring, the improving grandeur of our architecture, if the consequence is to be an abridgment of the liberties and recreations of ‘ the com- mon file.” There is too much of this both in town and country; and we are sorry to see, what we think our gentry may some time or other have cause to be sorry for them- selves, that the expansion and the splen- dour of their mansions is too frequently accompanied by a walling out of the very eyes of the commonality from all partici- pation in the improvements which their taste and expenditure are spreading around themselves. Here, a lofty rampart is erected around their demesnes— there, a path across their parks, which for centuries has shortened the way of the rustic la- bourer from village to village, is to be shut up by these new improvements, or turned in circuitous direction, lest asmock-frock, or a patched jacket, should come “ between the wind and their nobility.”’ This is not meeting the spirit of the age—this is not the way to endear the higher to the lower classes of the community. Nor are we much enamoured with the letter-writer’s project for a Committee of Taste to super- intend the improvements o/ the metropolis, although Sir C. Long should be at the head of it: because we believe that such a committee (like all other committees of government appointment) would, ultimate- ly, become a mere political job; and that taste would have much less influence in its operations than party interests, and per- sonal considerations and intrigue. Monthly Review of Literature. [Oct. 1, Memwirs of the Court of France, from the Year 1684 to the Year 1720, now first translated from the Diary of the Marquis de Dangeau, with historical and critical Notes. 2 vols. 8vo.—We are gorged to satiety with Memoirs of the Court of Louis XIV.; and disgusted with the evidence, that there are even Englishmen who can make that frivolous oppressor and reckless homicide still a sort of idol; and gild him with the name of great. He was a king of drawing-rooms—but a Jaggernaut also : aroyal BeauNash, who, unfortunately for mankind, had the revenues of a great nation to dispense, in his mastership of the ceremonies ; and what he could not expend in the gaudy luxuries of the saloon, and his revels, he had talent enough to exhaust in the worst possible way—in the parades of slaughter, and the splendours of desola- tion. Fora part of his reign, indeed, he contrived to be popular; for the vulgar (great and small) are fond of raree-shows ; and he took care they should have plenty of these. They found, however, at last, that they had been “ paying too much for their whistle ;” and the name of the Grand Monarque, towards the close of this long reign, was meditated on at least, if not breathed, with “‘ curses not loud but deep.’’ His death was a theme of universal gratu- lation ; and the nation mourned in exulting smiles. There are drivellers, however, among us, (dead to the feelings of humanity, and dazzled by the toys and gewgaws with which the childishness of matured, as well as of infant years, can continue to be amused), who still continue to prattle about magnificence, and patronage of arts, and splendour of courts, and dancing- school urbanity, and liberality to flatterers and to toad-eaters, and Asiatic pomps, and covering a nation with gorgeous palaces— and can gravely doubt whether these do not more than counterbalance the miseries with which he overwhelmed so large a por- tion of the human race—subjects, as well as the people of foreign realms. Commerce and manufactures flourished, we are told, during his reign. Yes, for awhile, they did: but the people starved, and his prodi- gality turned the fountains of wealth and prosperity into sources of bankrupt misery and embarrassment. The arts flourished, also, beneath his sway: they did so, as far as they could minister to adulation and the indulgence of royal vanity. But what owes the world of art even, that it ought to be proud of, to the patronage of Louis XIV.? The gallery of the Luxembourg, in which the unfading colours of Rubens still dazzle the eye in all the adulatory splendour of profane and incongruous alle- gory, shews that this species of patronage waited not for birth from the quickening munificence of this bedizened monarch. The city-like palace of Versailles, in which forty thousand dependants and retainers, of all ranks and classes, fawned and fed (while : 1825.] (while the artizan was in rags, and the peasant pined and famished over the fields that supplied their waste,) exhibits, both within and without, the pomps of a mere- tricious taste; and the works of Marly, which supply the fountains of the spewing gods, perpetuate the memory of the clumsy ignorance of mechanics, which the profu- sion of expenditure did little to reform. And as for literature, what did it owe to Louis le Grand, but, its debasement? To him we must ascribe, not its birth, but its prostitution. He loved to be chaunted in Pindarics, and could reward the chaunter ; and Boileau tuned his harp, that should have resounded to better themes, and placed the laurels of Turenne on the vo- luptuous brow of the royal pageant. He loved to be called a Titus ; and, justly per- haps, thought the first genius of the world unworthy to speak to him, after he had adorned him with that title.* But was the etherial spark that kindled the spirit of Voltaire, and made him, for almost a cen- tury, the day-star of European literature, shot from the eye of Louis XIV. ? What but persecution and exile owed Voltaire to him? To a legacy of 2,000 livres from Ninon de |’Enclos, he was indebted for his library; and the foundations of his fortune seem to have been laid by English pa- tronage, during his exile. So much for the Augustine age of Louis le Grand! The intolerant bigotry of his declining years ; the waste of his ultimately unavailing wars, with their mordinate burthens, and the un- redeemable debts that they entailed upon posterity ; and, finally, his revocation of the edict of Nantz, to please a fanatical courtezan, did not contribute much, we should think, to the intellectual glory or commercial prosperity of his country; and the series of ensuing events, down to our own times, shew what he had done even for the stability of its institutions. O! but he had a splendid court! which enabled a crowd of courtly literati to fill diary upon diary, among others that would be more amusing, perhaps, to court ladies at their toilets, with such important records as the following : Aug. 24.—The King took the diversion of hawking in the plain of Vesiné; the King of England and the Prince of Wales were there, but the Queen of Eng- land was not present; she has been indisposed for some days past: madame and madame la duchesse were on horseback. A black kite was taken, and the King issued an order for six hundred francs for the * head falconer ; he gives this sum every year for the first black kite that is taken in his presence; for- merly he gave the horse on which he rode, and his morning gown. Last year he gave the same sum for a kite taken in the presence of the duke de Bour- gogne, but he caused to be inserted in the order, that it was not to be taken as a precedent, it being necessary that the King should be present. * «* Titus I hope was pleased,” said Voltaire, as the King was passing from the theatre. His Majesty was overwhelmed with astonishment and indigna- tion that a poet should daretospeak to him unbidden. Domestic and Foreign. 233 «© May 7th.—The marshals of France sentenced a captain of dragoons, named Aubri, to fifteen years’ imprisonment, for having whipped with rods one of his fellow captains, with whom he had a quarrel, and whom he thus assaulted in the morning while in bed; this was considered as a species of as- sassination. ** Aug, 20.—Marly. The parliament of Dijon has condemned to the stake a curate of Seurre, accused of the errors of Molinos, and of having fallen into great abominations. This curate was very intimate with Madame de Guyonand Father la Combe. ** Dec. 1.—The King took medicine ; he takes it every month, on the last day of the moon.” How interesting ! to know on what day of the month kings took physic, when queens had catarrhs, and princesses the green-sickness! Yet, such is the fiddle- faddle by which book-makers get pudding, and their trumpeters drink port and claret. Antediluviaen Phytology, illustrated by a Collection of the Fossil Remains of Plants, peculiar to the Coal Formations of Gréat Britain ; by EvmMonp Tyrrett ARTIs, F.S.A., F.G.S., 4¢o.—Having been favoured with a sight of this splendid specimen of scientific research, on the eve of its pub- lication, we lose no time in anticipating its appearance, as a valuable acquisition to our comparatively scanty stores of geological illustration. r «© The study of Fossil Plants,” says Mr. A., ‘* has been very little cultivated in this country; indeed the progress made by us in this branch of geology is far inferior to that by the continental geologists 5 who, notwithstanding the paucity of their materials, have made considerable exertions, being aware of the great importance of the study of fossil plants, for clearing away many difficulties in the theory of geology.” ‘* It cannot be said,” he continues, ‘* that our naturalists do not possess equal talents and per- severance with them; and it is certain that our quar- ries, our pits, our mines and our museums, exhibit an immense mass of materials, &c.” The author then proceeds to shew the Sforeign assistance (“the French and Ger- man naturalists”) he has been obliged to appeal to in the prosecution of his inqui- ries ; and, regretting ‘‘ the depressed state of English literature in this respect,” points out, we verily believe, the only true and influential source of our comparative defi- ciencies in this and several other depart- ments of physical science. «© The progress of this peculiar study appearing to have been impeded, in this country, by our unfor- tunately insisting on a connexion between two such independent branches of knowledge, as philosophy and religion.” After observing that, ‘‘it is but as yester- day, that the similar difficulty arising from the scriptural account of the motion of the sun round the earth was abandoned ;” _ «« May it not be hoped,” he continues, ‘‘ that ina liberal and scientific age, a free scope, at least, will be given to philosophical enterprize ; and that the geologist will be no longer constrained, upon pain of incurring the charge of irreligion, to adopt the an- cient Chaldean cosmogony, further than may be consistent with more recent and carefulobservation.” We 254 We trust it may: for sure we are, that till this unnatural alliance between the dogmas of theology and the researches of science shall be dissolved, the progress of know- ledge and the great objects of human im- provability must be crippled and impeded. What a disgraceful uproar did interested ri- valry, on this pretence, recently excite in the case of Mr. Lawrence! The anatomist, for- sooth, must notseeas far even as his knife can carry him, nor the geologist dig with open , eyes into the bowels of the earth, for fear the facts that stare him in the face should ‘con- trovert some venerable dogma, not of re- ligious obligation, but of antiquated ‘cosmo- gony :—as if the prophets and the apostles, nay, the Author of Christianity himself, came into the world not to reveal and teach to us our obligations and duties towards God and man, but to confirm the errors of ignorance, and prescribe the limits of phi- losophical discovery. We hail the appearance of a more en- lightened era; and congratulate the geolo- gist on the accession of these beautiful illustrations of so obscure and difficult a branch of his science. The work is in its very nature incapable of analytical abridg- ment; we have, therefore, only to add, that it is executed with taste and splendour, both in the graphic and typographical de- partments ; and exhibits twenty-four speci- mens of fossilated vegetable remains, (the generality of which have never before been figured or described, some of which have no known parallels among existing plants, and some of which are of very rare and even unique occurrence)—drawn by Curtis and engraved by Weddell, and accompanied by letter-press explanations of their respective generic and specific characters, their syno- nymes and localities ; together with obser- vations upon each. Remarks on Steam Navigation, and its Protection, Regulation, and Encouragement. In a Letter to the Right Hon. W. Huskis- son, Treasurer of the Navy, and President of the Board of Trade. By T. Trev- GOLD, &c. 8vo.—In this sensible little pamphlet, Mr. T. calls for attention to the growing importance of steam navigation, and the necessity, now that it is extend- ing its accelerated steerage to the distant shores of America and Hindostan,of asyste- matic superintendence, that may guarantee the safety of such mode of voyage. Havy- ing alluded to the necessary precautions in the structure and conduct of the various parts of the machinery, and shewn that, with due attention to these, this accelerated species of navigation “ is safer than that by an ordinary sailing vessel ;” and haying justly observed that “ the passengers can- not be expected to procure such examina- tion’’ as may be required—he proposes the appointment of authorized inspectors, whose duty it should be to ascertain the sufficiency of every part of the workmanship, &c., and to grant certificates of the same, without Monthly Review of Literature, [Oct I, which, of course, no steam-vessel should be permitted to ply; and also to “ form a code of instructions,” as “‘a guide for the manufacturers, acting managers,’’ &c. He observes that, in. proportion “as confidence in steam-yessels increases, their effect on commerce will be more felt, and their use become more general,” Mr. T. particularly recommends the employ- ment, notwithstanding its greater expense, of malleable, in preference to cast-iron. In considering the disadvantages of steam navigation for commercial purposes, he- cause, “‘ when voyages are long, the quan- tity of fuel required leaves very little spare tonnage for goods.” Butit is suggested “ that, in process of time, they may ap- proximate to doing the same work with about two-thirds, or, perhaps, one-half of the fuel.”” In the mean time, the facilities of personal transit and communication are already greatly extended; the encourage- ment by the post-office expedites the in- tercourse with Ireland ; and the new Steam Company, sanctioned by Parliament, pro- poses ‘‘ from the port of Valentia, in the south-west of that country, a steam-vessel of a large class, to proceed to Halifax in Nova Scotia, and to New York, once a Sortnight ; and another every month by Ma~ deira and the Leeward Islands to Jamaica, returning by Bermuda and Fayal.”” Mr. T., in his “ Appendix, on arranging the speed of steam-vessels,” having de- monstrated, by a series of algebraical cal- culations, that the tonnage for the fuel must be proportioned to the velocity of the mo- tion, rather than to the time occupied in the voyage, concludes, that though for mere passage-vessels, the means for the swiftest transit should be consulted, yet where the conveyance of goods is the ob- ject, “ the velocity should be kept as low as the nature of the trade, &c. will admit :”’ for “if the velocity be doubled, the ton- nage for goods (by means of the requisite quantity of fuel) will be reduced to less than one-eighth of the quantity at the lower velocity.” A Key to Nicholson and Rowbotham’s Practical System of Algebra. By the Authors.—The merits of the work on Practical Algebra, by Messrs. Nicholson and Rowbotham, we have already noticed, with due praise, The authors have now completed the obligation on the public, by presenting it with a key to that book. All the solutions are worked at full length, . an inestimable advantage to the student, and one which no other work on the sub- ject will present him. We would call the reader’s attention more especially to the solutions of the biquadratic equations, &c. ; all the roots are worked out, whereas, in Bonnycastle and others, no more than one example is given. It would be only to repeat our commendations of the work itself to say more upon the key. Suffice it to add, that itis printed with the utmost cor- ; rectness, 1825.], rectness, and finished in the highest style of typographical execution. Improvements in Civil Architecture, prov- ing the necessity, utility, and importance of aperfect System of Ventilation, to render Wood equally durable as Walls, by new, cheap, and simple Methods, without Dimi- nution of its Strength or Beauty; also some Collective and Useful Remarks by Eminent Architects, §c. Sc. &c. By Joun Bur- RIDGE, Patentee of Ventilating Bricks, &c. §c.—We have already taken so much no- tice of Mr. Burridge’s very useful inven- tion in another department of our work; (No.412, Sup. p. 625), thatlittle remains for us at present beyond the announcement of the pamphlet before us. The title-page suffi- ciently explaining its object ; and certainly one more universally important to building proprietors than the prevention of dry rot cannot well be pointed out; nor could any invention, tending to preclude the proba- bility of the recurrence of that fatal disease in the timbers of future buildings, have been more opportune than at this time, when thousands, and tens of thousands— we might perhaps haye said hundreds of thousands of new houses are rising, with almost magical celerity, in and around our extending metropolis; and when our ex- panding streets, and long lines of new or renoyated public buildings, are conducting upon plans of such magnificence, as ought to be accompanied with a solidity and dura- bility, that should record to distant centu- Ties the spirit and the ¢aste of our genera- tion. The introductory remarks, on ‘ Ter- ra Firma Dry Rot,” are, therefore, recom- mended, and indeed the whole pamphlet, to the attention of all builders, and pro- jectors of buildings. The pamphlet is de- dicated to Dr. Birkbeck, of whom it is truly said— “If the indefatigable zeal and deep interest you have uniformly and successfully manifested for the extension of British Commerce, in the promulgation of general knowledge of the arts and sciences, be the best step in human power to promote the active in- dustry, and, consequently, the universal happiness of mankind, posterity will record your name in her sacred annals, and look back with delight to the origin of patriotic institutions, conferring endless blessings on millions yet unborn.” A Revision and Explanation of the Geo- graphical and Hydrographical Terms, and those of a Nautical Character relating thereto; with Descriptions of Winds, Storms, Clouds, Changes which take place in the Atmosphere, &c. By Joun Evans, Lieut. R.N. 12mo.—So long ago as. in the month of March (vol. lix. p. 118), mention of this useful little work was made by one of our correspondents; and, at the _ same time, a short critical notice of it was committed for insertion among the articles _ of our Review of Literature—by what acci- dent, probably éxcess of matter, it missed insertion we know not. It is now, ae- cording to our system of prompt notice, Domestic and Foreign. 255 rather out of date- But though authors have fair warning, that all the favour they can expect at our hands, by sending copies of their works, is, that they shall be no- ticed according to their merits: yet so much we think is due to them, that they ~ shall not be thrown by in silence—though -sometimes, perhaps, the authors may wish they had been so. We think it, therefore, right to say now, though more briefly, what we meant to say then, that this is a useful publication, not less so for lying in small compass; and that we perfectly agree with Lieut. Evans, that in navigation, as in all other arts and sciences, it is of high importance that there should be a perfect uniformity in the use of the same terms by persons of the same nation, as the only means of avoiding dangerous mistakes. To this desirable end the present Revision and Explanation may essentially admi- nister. The Dance, Pythagoras, Plato’s Dream, and other Poems. By S. Barun, Author of “ The Loves of the Devils,” “ Rape of the Lips,” &c. &c. 12mo. Poems ?—other poems! No, indeed, Mr. S. Baruh, not poems—rhymes, indeed, they are, though, sometimes, queer ones, but not even metres. Those who attempt to write verses, if they have no ears to scan, can generally count their fingers; S. B. can- not even do this—or, if he can, he heeds it not—half a foot too much, or half a foot too little, he deems, perhaps, of no impor- tance in such verses as his—they are des- tined for eternity, he seems to imagine, and therefore the feet they move on may be like eternity—of which the half is equal to the whole. But Mr. B. tells us that he has been praised, and, therefore, he writes again ; «« But, when you're prais’d for verses half a score, You're tempted oft to write a dozen more.” We wish he had been contented with a dozen—if it had even been a baker’s dozen, we might have got through them without actually yawning; but 134, not lines, but pages !—it is really too much for patience. But by whom can he have been praised ? Not by reviewers, that is clear; for he is in a mighty passion with them, and lam- poons them in such verses as these— *© The half-starv’d, crack-brain’d, miserable gar- reteer, And the commanding potent reviewer ” That is re-view-eer, we suppose, by license of poetic prounciation, or verse-mouth, as Dr. Southey would call it :—re-view-cer / But why not? As Mr. B. had annihilated a syllable in one line, why should he not create one in the other? But by whom, then, have his “‘ Loving Devils,” and “* Ravished Lips,” &c. &c. been praised? Not by the ladies, delightful as lovings and lip-ravishings may be to them,—that is equally certain: for he lampoons them, also, most grossly—tells them that “ their Silly tongues deform their pretty faces ;” and that « They 256 «© They criticise, and kill, and damn, and fight in A manly style—they set up such a clatter, It sounds like drumsticks struck upon a platter.” So that it is clear the blue-stockings have been at him, also; and yet he will write, and continue to be praised (by himself?) for— ««°Gad, I don’t fear their blus-ter-ing and raving.” — «© Take them allin all, or by the quire.”— We bring tliese two lines together, because they prove that Mr. B. can make as good verses with nine syllables as with ten; and we will add that also which rhymes with the latter of these, as containing a just esti- mate of the author’s own poems. ‘* They’re only fit to put behind the fire.” The Cigar. 2 vols. 16mo.—Multum in parvo. Fun in many a whiff of verse and prose, which may give a zest to the pipe, or may alternate with the glass, and’ furnish agreeable interludes to those who do not like mere dry smoking, Here are anecdote and dialogue, song and tale—always brief, ‘and copiously diversified ; and the travel- ler, with his twist of Indian weed in his mouth, may carry one of them in his hand, if he lack a companion to talk with on the road, or clap a volume, for meet occasion, in each pocket, without feeling their weight ‘as a clog upon his motions. Gratitude, a Poetical Essay ; with other Poems and Translations, by Capt. FEtrx M‘Donoven, Author of “ The Hermit in London,” “ The Hermit in the Country,” “The Hermit Abroad,” “The Highlanders,” and other popular Works, 12mo.—Criticism has little.to object against this little volume, either in matter or manner; but we cannot flatter Capt. M‘Donough that his verse will sustain the reputation of his prose. The following may be taken as a fair speci- men—only that we are not aware of any other such instance of grammatical solecism ‘as occurs in the sixth of these lines. «© In riper years, when more observing man Views the creation’s rich extensive plan, Ascends the mountain, treads the enamell’d plain, Admires the cataract, or boundless main, Courts the cool shade of stately verdant trees, Pores o’er the brook, or pleasures inthe breeze, Inhales the sweets of aromatic flower, Given from its bosom to the sunny hour— Full of religious gratitude, he sighs, Inspir’d by thoughts which dwell beyond the skies, To holy ecstacy he’s forced to yield, And owns the God of nature, thus reveal’d.” —a ° FOREIGN LITERATURE, &c. GERMANY. An Historical Society has been formed at Francfort, whose object is to give to the public a complete collection: of German History. _M.de Koppe has published a Manual of German History. _M: de Rau- mer is expected to. publish the two last volumes of his History of the Emperors of the House of Suabia.. The second volume of a work, entitled, Deutsches Land und Monthly Review of Literature, -by Messrs. Guldmuths and Jacobi. _ Signature. [Oct. I. Deutsches Volk; or, Germany and the German People, has just been published The first has taken the graphical part, the other the historical, which contains many disser- tations on the private life, manners, and customs of the people; and on the arts, sciences, religion, language, and civil regu- lations: it is embellished with portraits, charts and maps. The first volume ofano- ther work has also just appeared, entitled, Altere Geschichte der Teutochen—The first Ages of German History. The author pro- poses to furnish three more, to be continued up to the establishment of the German kingdom in 843. ITALY. Quadro des principali popoli antichite.— A description of primcipal antient nations, with a geographical chart, by the Cheva- lier Giovanni Tamascia, is a selection of remarks on the different nations prior to the fall of the Western Empire, taken prin- cipally from the Greek and Latin classies, but avoiding the fables, and seeking only to present the most important and best sub- stantiated facts. RUSSIA. Bibliographic Leaves.—Such is the title of a Journal published inthe Russian Jan- guage, intended to form a complete chronolo- gical repertory of modern national literature. It consists of one printed sheet, which ap- ~ pears twice or three times a month, con- taining short notices and criticisms of new works,societies and the arts,and of discoveries in history and philology ; also, biographical sketches of the patrons of literature, and of literary men and artists. Each contributor may demand ten copies of the sheet which contains his work. The numbers already published contain notices of the periodical works published in Russia, of which there appear to be a great many, and composed in almost all the languages of Europe. DENMARK. Greve Johan Fredric Struensee, &c.— History of Count John Frederic Struensee, condemned to death in 1772 for High Trea- son, and of his ministry. —Though the me- mory of Count Struensee has long been reestablished in public opinion, he has not till now found an impartial historian. The present memoirs seem as impartial and full as could be consistent with the’ desire of not injuring those men of merit, now alive, whose relations may have taken part in the transactions alluded to. The author relates, that the unfortunate Queen Caroline Ma- tilda, had long refused to sign certain depo- sitions; but that, in fine, believing it to be the only means of saving the life of Struensee, she consented. After tracing the first five letters, perceiving the minister, Schack- Rathlau, looking at her with a smile of triumph, she threw down the pen and faint- ed,’ and the minister, with the utmost coolness, took up the pen and finished the THEATRICAL 1825.) (eer y THEATRICAL REVIEW. —_—_— HAYMARKET. HE principal novelty here has been a new comedy in three acts, called Paul Pry from the pen of Mr. Poole. The scene is laid in a country village ; and the humour of the piece depends, in a considerable de- gree of course, upon the character from which it is named—a sort of village Mar- plot, who, for want of better employment, peeps through key-holes by the hour, and jumps in at windows at peril of his neck, to satisfy his restless curiosity about the affairs of his neighbours. It will readily be conceived how happily such a character is accommodated to the peculiar vein of Liston. The opportunities for indulging that humour, may be judged from a brief sketch of the plot. Mr. Witherton, a gen- tleman who, from dread of the restraints of matrimony, has reached the age of sixty unclogged by hymeneal fetters, is, however, not less enthralled under the dominion of two intriguing servants—Gvasp, his stew- ard, and Mrs, Subtle, his housekeeper ; who have contrived to prevail upon him, by a variety of frauds and deceptions, to disin- herit his nephew ; and the latter appears to be on the very eve of drawing him into that identical matrimonial snare, which he had hitherto so exultingly avoided. He has a neighbour, Col. Hardy, a good-humoured, arbitrary, retired veteran, ““who was happy when he was a bachelor, happy when he was married, happy when his wife died, and has been happy ever since,” but who is very determined to have his own way, and very fond of plotting: in both which particulars he is imitated by his daughter and others of his house- hold. He introduces the discarded nephew and his wife into Witherton’s house, as a humble dependent, and a sort of upper ser- vant, to counteract the plots of the intri- guing domestics ; while with reference to his own family, he has determined, by mere weight of parental mandate, to marry his daughter to one Harry Stanley, but whose _very name he does not condescend to re- veal to the daughter, who is commanded to make herself ready to receive him. Miss Hardy, however, like “ Rosetta,”’ has fallen in love, without knowing it, with the yery person her father had resolved to marry her to; and disguises, equivoque, and impositions, the counterparts of those in “ Love in a Village,” lead, through resist- ance and counteraction, to the same harmo- nious conclusion: which the blundering curiosity of Paul Pry, while it appears to embarrass, eventually facilitates; as it does also the other part of the plot— the frustration of Mrs. Subtle’s matrimo- nial scheme, and the reconciliation of Witherton and his nephew. __ There was plenty of drollery on the part of Liston, and some good acting on the Mowraty Mac. No. 415. part of Farren, in the old Colonel; Mrs. Glover, in the intriguing housekeeper ; and Madame Vestris, in the arch chamber- maid Phebe (who introduced some pretty saucy songs): but why Mrs. Waylett should have been exhibited in the character of the lover, Harry Stanley, especially while such an actor as Vining was lying on the shelf, we are at a loss to conjecture. Actresses, who wish to advertise them- selves as in the market, may indeed be glad of an opportunity of shewing a neat limb; but surely the stage might afford opportunities enough for this in the dis} guises so frequent of feminine characters. Actual inversion of sex in the represen- tative of a character, to say nothing of the moral decency, destroys the illu- sion ofthe scene ; and, to a correct taste, produces disgust, instead of dramatic enjoyment. ENGLISH OPERA HOUSE. | Mr. Mathews has renewed his preten- sions here as an actor, and has been received, of course, asa favourite. In the Dramatic scene, however, we cannot regard him as being quite “‘At Home.” His Mr. Blush- ington; in the “Bashful Man,” did not give us back the image of our mind, as formed there by the original story. It gave us only Mr. Mathews, making himself at once, as bus- tlingly and stifly awkward as he could; but it was not the embarrassed awkwardness of a bashful man. It'may perhaps be ques- tioned whether the very eye of Mr. Ma- thews does not put the assumption of this characteristic, for any continuance, out of his sphere. But, in fact, it is not as an actor that the merit of Mr. M. appears conspicuous. His Mons. Tonson is, indeed, an unparal- leled instance of admirable mummery and caricature ; but his humour, generally speak ing, is of a class perfectly distinct from what may properly be called. dramatic: it dis- plays itself not in the happy identification, and consistent support of individual charac- ter ; but in shifting from character to cha- racter, or rather from caricature to caricai= ture, by rapid transition; and mingling a broad mimicry of the peculiarities of others with his own peculiar mannerisms, so as to effect the most ludicrous associations of con- trary impressions—at once the most glar- ingly like, and the most invidiously dissi- milar—which constitutes the genuine irre- sistible of mimic ridicule. In this piece,. however, Mr. Mathews has one scene |of genuine acting—the drunken scene, which we have sometimes seen him perform to the very top of admiration—passing through all the gradations and transitions, we might say of the physique and metaphysic of intoxica- tion: from its hilarity to its stupor; from its laughter to its tears ; from its moralizings and its prayers, to. its devil-may-care brava- does. But even this, on the present occa- 2L sion, 258 sion, he marred, in some degree, by forget- ting his almost last stage of inebriation—to get. upon the chair and make a mock- barrister’s speech. . The mimic (as with all persons who indulge in. mimicry is perpe- ‘tually the case) got the better of the actor. The spirit of this critique applies alike to his successive performances. A very successful operatic drama (an ob- vious translation from the French) has been produced here called the “ Shepherd Boy,” in which Miss Kelly exercised her dominion over the heart in appeals of such exquisite and natural pathos as covered all the roman- tic improbabilities of the fable ; and to which the humour of Keeley, Bartley, and W. Chapman, and the very creditable acting of Cooper, gave the relief and variety which such exhibitions require. But why will Miss Kelly pretend to sing ?—this pretence marred her Yarico (in Colman’s interest- ing hodge-podge), which was in other re- spects an exquisite piece of acting- The eharacters ought to have been changed. Miss Paton, who did nothing for Wowshki, would have played Yarico at least very prettily, and sung it exquisitely; and in Wowski, whose very songs are those of acting, not of voice, Miss Kelly would have been every thing that could be desired, _ Theatrical Review. — Music. [Oct. ae But we must bid,farewell to summer Theatres. The.colossal domes of Drury and Coyent Garden, have unfolded their portals, and will demand henceforth our attention. DRURY LANE Opened on Saturday ,24th, with Dr. Faus- tus; but, with the exception of new and splendid embellishments, presented no novel- ty but the falling-off from Terry to J. Rus- sell, as Mephistophiles. It has been wittily re- marked on this occasion, that such a change is not ‘‘ giving the Devil his due.”” Weare, however, it seems, to be be-deviled here to some tune. Faustus, and Der Freischiitz, are announced for regular alternation. COVENT GARDEN Did itself more honour, by opening on Monday, 26th, with a tragedy of Shaks- peare’s—Julius Cesar. On the new actor, Mr. Warde (from the Bath theatre), who appeared in-the character of Brutus, and who is to supply the place of Mr. Young, we must defer our observations till our ensuing Number. At present, we leave only space to observe, that it was a very creditable performance, and completely successful. NEW MUSIC. Ee “ My own Dear Maid.” Ballad. T. A. Rawlings. 2s. Cramer and Co.— This ballad is truly an elegant morceau, displaying a great deal of exquisite feeling ; the true sense of the poetry is kept up throughout with great judgment and. nicety of taste ; the harmonies are pleasing, and possess but little of the German mania for ehromaticism ; upon the whole, it is a song well worth the attention of every lover of the vocal art, and is far from being difficult of accomplishment. “ The Blind Boy.” A Ballad, sung by Master Smith. J. A. Tattet. 1s. 6d. Welsh and Hawes,—There is a plaintive style throughout this. song which har- monizes admirably with the character of the poetry. It appears to be produced principally from the arrangement of a run- ning accompaniment, generally in thirds or sixths above the vocal melody; we can scarcely account for the effect alluded to in any other way, as the air is in a major key, and the composer has been by no means profuse of his diminished intervals. The song is altogether pleasing, though not of so high a class.as “ Forget me not,” which we have had oceasion to mention before, by the same gentleman. “ Soldier, awake, the Day is peeping.” Song from the Crusaders. G. B. Herbert. 2s. Goulding, D? Almaine, and Co.—There is a peculiarity of style in this air which, perhaps, gives us more pleasure than a more elegant melody possessing less claim to originality. The general effect of the harmony, with the frequent transitions to the relative major, and vice versd, bring the music of the old masters forcibly to our re- collection, and the quaintness of the me- lody might call us back even to a more olden time. Yet, though we have express- ed ourselves so favourably of the song, we doubt whether it will please the generality of our readers. “ Away, away, in vain that smile.” Bal- lad. W. Fitzpatrick. 1s. 6d. Eavestaff: This little ballad, though of a simple cha- racter, is elegant and effective; the com- mencement reminds us of Mr. Smith’s air, “ Oh softly sleep, my Baby Boy’’—but the resemblance is not sufficiently striking to be considered as a plagiarism; the change to the relative minor, at the eleventh bar of the melody, though by no means novel, produces an excellent effect. : “ Pass the Bottle round.” Bacchanalian Song. W. Fitzpatrick. 1s. 6d. Eave- staff.—This air is a good deal in the style of Moore’s anacreontic songs—to some of the best of which it is not inferior. It is, evidently, intended to be sung at convi- vial meetings without accompaniment, to which, from the simplicity of the harmo- nies, it is peculiarly well adapted. There is a short chorus at the conclusion of each : verse, 1825.] verse, in the construction of which the composer has not been particularly careful ; in one instance, in a harmony of three parts, the bass and second move in octaves. it appears almost invidious to notice so trivial a fault, in so pleasing a composition, but we cannot lose an opportunity of ele- yating our critical noses. # ajo » A Song, sung at the Musi-.- by cal Festiv Mr. Braham. By W. H. Cutler, Mus. Bac., Oxon. 2s. 6d. Willis and Co.—We should have expected that Mr. Cutler, for occasions like those in- dicated on the title, would have exerted himself to produce some accession of Jau- rels—something which should do honour to the singer and the situation; but it appears that the composer’s energies were dormant at the time, and he certainly has not drawn very deeply, either on his hoards of science or invention, to furnish the quota of matter. The recitative is occasionally good, but seems unconnected in many parts; the in- termediate symphonies do not possess suf- ficient character. The Ritornel, after the - word Charity, is strangely uncouth ; we will venture to suggest to the singer whe- ‘ther the C flat is not much more expres- sive of the feeling on the word dark than F, as it at present stands. The Andante Cantabile commences sweetly. The Alle- gro, though pretty and spirited, is much too trivial for the nature of the song. We must recapitulate that we should not ob- ject to this song, were its début more unpretending ; but when we hear of its be- ing composed for the oratorios and musical festivals, we expect a vocal composition of the highest class, to which title it cannot ‘certainly aspire. How many grades is it below the song, “‘ Let the shrill Trum- pet,” by the same author ! ! “ Fair Geraldine.” Song. By John Barnet. 1s. 6d. Cramer, Addison, and Beale.—This little song, in the Spanish style, is evidently borrowed from Pianta- dina’s Philomela, but we cannot say that it equals the original. ‘The symphonies are very good, but the general effect of the ‘song is more peculiar than beautiful. ** As the Tree seems more Bright.’’ Song. John Barnet. 1s. 6d. Cramer and Co.— The melody, in six-eight time, is pleasing and simple; it is very similar, in some pas- ‘sages, to Braham’s little song in Zuma, but the composer has much overloaded the ‘accompaniments—there are two or three chords which grate dreadfully on the ear; we are not generally scrupulous on the subject of these new-fangled German caco- phonies, but here are two we really cannot tolerate, nor, we should imagine, would Mr. Barnet himself, if he accurately examined theni—Ist. we have B flat, D, E flat, F and A; 2dly. D flat, F natural, F sharp, A natural, and A sharp sounding together ; Review of M UsIC. 259 surely Mr. BG. cannot defend this, even putting its discrepancy with the style of the ballad out of the question. “ The Green Leaves are Dying.” Rondo. By T. Emden. 1s. 6d. Goulding, D' Al- maine, and Co.—A yery pleasing simple little ballad ; the minor is wéll introduced, and the return to the original subject, when properly managed, always produces a good effect. “ Brignal Barks.” A Glee for four ‘Voices. By Mrs. Miles. 3s. Willis and Co.—This is truly a-lovely piece of music. The fair composer has precisely entered into the vein of the poetry ; it is ina light, naif style, in which she has been highly suc- cessful on several former occasions. In some points, it resembles some of Calcott’s best soprano glees: one passage in parti- cular, for two soprani, is almost borrowed from “ The Friar of Orders Grey.” The solos are very effective, and the whole glee, as a simple composition, is one of the most pleasing we have met with. PIANO-FORTE. Book the st of Twenty-four Grand Studies for the Piano-forte. By Henry Hertz, revised and corrected by Mr. Mos- chelles. 5s. Cocks and Co.—These studies differ materially from those of Cramer, Steibelt, &c., in exhibiting a much greater variety in the compass of each piece. In the exercises of Cramer, for instance, the composer has generally chosen one parti- cular passage for the formation of the hands, of which, solely, the lesson is com- posed, by running through a short course of modulation. In the Studies before us, though there are many practical exercises, they are delightfully interspersed with pas- sages of expression and simple counter- point, and, even for the purpose of exhibit- ing, they are well worthy of acquisition. The stretches for the hands are sometimes ‘tremendous, and, as a practice, they will have an excellent effect in widening the span. Fantasia, for the Piano-forte, introducing the Air “ L’on revient toujours.’? Composed by Steibelt. 3s. 6d. Goulding and D’ Al- maine,—This fantasia is one of Steibelt’s best productions in that style. The intro- duction is beautiful. The theme, from Joconde, is simple and elegant; and the ‘six variations, which form the principal part, are spirited and characteristic. _ Impromptu, for the Piano-forte. By Moschelles. 2s. 6d. Cramer and Co.—This lesson is brilliant, original and short—which ‘last qualification is rather a rarity in the piano-forte compositions of the present day; it is interspersed with legato -pas- sages, which produce a charming variety ; and is altogether such a lesson as we should recommend to be committed to memory, for the benefit of admiring friends, ele os VARIETIES, [ 260 ] [Oct. 1, \ VARIETIES, LITERARY AND MISCELLANEOUS. ——= npr Ferry across the Tay at Dundee, which was formerly subject to many inconyeniences and much danger from the passage-boats, now affords one of the finest proofs of the advantages resulting from the use of steam-boats. The boat employed at this ferry is what is termed a “twin boat,” or two narrow boats connected to- gether by the decks, so as to form a plat- form throughout their whole length. The interval between the sides is about eight feet, which allows a free passage to the water, and receives the paddle-work of the steam-engines, placed at the extremi- ties of the axle in each boat. At each end of the platform a space is railed off for cat- tle, and the intermediate space appropriated to foot passengers, with cabins for shelter in wet weather. Both ends of this vessel being similar in all respects, it is not ne- cessary to turn her on landing or embarking, Both the divisions of this twin-boat have perpendicular sides and flat bottoms; and the boat, though ninety feet long ‘and twenty-nine broad, only draws four feet and a half water, or five feet four inches when laden to the full, with 100 head of cattle and an equal number of passengers. It is said to be in contemplation to employ a similar steam-boat on the passage across the Severn. Voleano.—The only active voleano that has yet been discovered in the immense territories of the United States, is a small one (from which no lava has yet been ob- served to flow) about four miles west from Lake St. George, Essex county, state of New York. An Explosion of Inflammable Gas, at- tended with very remarkable circumstances, occurred a few weeks back in a well near the fort at Leith. Two men, while sink- ‘ing a well, had arrived at the depth of eighty-seven feet without finding water. The strata cut through consisted of stiff dark-coloured clay, containing rounded pebbles of quartz, slate, hard sandstone, and coal. On driving their jumper (or working chisel) into the clay, they found it suddenly sink down about six inches into a cavity below, which was immediately succeeded by a tremendous rush of air from the hole, which even carried upward masses of clay above the heads of the men, who ‘instantly gave the signal for being drawn up. One man being brought up, the buc- ket was lowered for the other, and the un- fortunate man was drawn up about thirty feet, when, he appearing to be almost insen- sible, and the men above apprehensive of his falling out of the bucket, it was again lowered to the bottom of the well. A man humanely offered to slide down by means of the rope to assist his unfortunate com- rade below: the oppressive nature of the noxious gas, however, prevented his pro- gress, and he was immediately obliged to. re-ascend. A lighted candle was now brought to the mouth of the pit, in order to detect (what might haye been most naturally expected in such a situation) the presence of carbonic acid gas. But, in- stantly on the approach of the light, a dreadful explosion took place, which filled the entire cavity of the well, and threw up a volume of flame to the height of forty feet above the surface of the ground, at- tended with a report equal to that of heavy ordnance. It was two hours before the unfortunate man was drawn out from the well—of course quite lifeless: and it was nearly a fortnight before the well could be purified from the foul gas—carburetted hy- drogen; though, from the powerful smell of sulphur, this substance was also pre- sent. The gas. continued to be evolved in considerable quantities for several days, and was repeatedly fired previous to the further ventilation of the well. Very sin- gularly, the gas seemed to increase in quantity in wet weather. From subse- quent workings, it was ascertained that the gas escaped from a large cavity (the size of which could not be determined), where it must have been long confined by the superincumbent pressure of-the strata. Doubtless, in a nearly similar way, though usually on a smaller scale, the blowers, .or jets, of inflammable gas originate in our collieries, occasioning the loss of many valuable lives annually, from negligence in not always using the safety-lamp, in any or every situation that is at all doubtful, or liable to the accumulation of fire-damp. Number of Christians.—By a calcula- tion ingeniously made, it is found that, were the inhabitants of the known world divided into thirty parts, nineteen are still possessed by Pagans; six by Jews and Mahometans; two by Christians of the Greek and Eastern Churches, and three by those of the Church of Rome and the ~ Protestant Communion. If this calcula- tion be accurate, Christianity, taken in its largest latitude, bears no greater proportion to the other religions than one to five ; and, according to a calculation made in America, and republished in London in 1812, the inhabitants of the world amount to about 800,000,000, and its Christian population to only 200 millions, viz. the Greek and Eastern Churches, thirty millions; the Papists, 100 millions; and the Protestants, seventy millions, The Pagans are esti- mated at 461 millions; the Mahometans at 130 millions; and the Jews at nine mil- lions. wer The destruction of inseets prejudicial to gardens has been accomplished :by freely using the following mixture, as a wash for the stems and branches of plants, in open weather in January or February, viz. Tobacco 1825. Tobacco leaves, cut. small, are infused in hot water—but not boiled, which would dissipate the essential oil; in the infusion, gum arabic-is dissolved, and the flour of sulphur intimately mixed therein: this is also a valuable pickle for seed-wheat. Mr. Jennings has prepared a Lecture on the Nature and Operations of the Human Mind, which will-be given in London at some of our public rooms in the course of the winter. ' A Royal Sardinian edict, lately issued, directs that, henceforth, no person shall Jearn to read or write, who cannot prove the possession of property above the value of 1,500 livres, about £60 sterling. The qualification for a student is the possession of an income to the same amount. “In Egypt,” says Dr. Richardson, “the crocodile is generally accompanied by a small bird that takes alarm onthe slightest noise, and, flying past the croco- dile, awakes him from his slumbers in time to retreat from a person advancing to ex- amine or to fire at him.” A walrus or sea-horse was lately dis- covered on the rocks at Fierceness, Ork- ney; and being shot at and wounded by a shepherd, it took to sea, and was followed by him and some others in a boat. The man fired a second time, and pierced the animal through the eyes ; it then lay on the water apparently lifeless, but on the boat coming alongside, and one of the men catching hold of the fore-paw, the walrus made a sudden plunge, and carried the man to the bottom with him, who was with difficulty’saved upon his rising to the sur- face. Another shot killed the animal, and they towed him ashore in triumph. The skin of the walrus, which is now dried, measures 16 feet by 14 feet ; and the tusks, which are much worn at the ends, protrude from the head about 12 inches. The entire skull is sent to the Edinburgh Museum. This is the first instance of any of those formidable inhabitants of the polar regions having been seen off the coasts of Great Britain. ‘i Curious Fact in Natural History,—It is a fact not much known, that the eel, though it lives in an element that seems to place it beyond the reach of atmospheric changes, is yet singularly affected by high winds. This is well known to the inhabitants of Linlithgo, who have an excellent opportu- nity of observing the habits of that animal in the lock adjoining the town. The stream, which flows out of that lock at the west-end, passes through a sluice, and falls into an ‘artificial stone reservoir, from which it es- capes by a number of holes in the sides and bottom. These holes are too small to let eels of a common size pass, and hence the _ Feservoir answers the purpose of an eel » trap, or cruive. The fish, howeyer, are rarely found in it in ealm weather; but when strong winds blow, especially from the west, these tenants of the waters seem Foreign Varieties. 261 to be seized with a general panic, and hurry from their lodgments like rats from a con- flagration. At these times, they ‘rush through the outlet in crowds, and fall pell- mell into the reservoir, from which they are speedily transferred to the frying-pans of the burgesses. FOREIGN. NORTH AMERICA. New- York.—The object of the Athénée, in this city, is the publication and dissemi- nation of new and remarkable facts relating to natural history. The President, Mr. Wheaton, at the opening of the Society, says: ‘‘ We have had to clear deserts, to maintain our personal security by continued wars with the Indians, provide for our wants, establish our political, and defend our moral existence. Thus, we had but little time left for the cultivation of the or- namental arts, imagination and literature— every thing was sacrificed to more urgent wants—what little comparative leisure we had, was necessarily devoted to agriculture, industry, and commerce. But, prosperity having been guaranteed by the wisdom of our government, and liberty and security become the birthright of every citizen, men- tal cultivation has claimed a more general attention ; literary societies have been form- ed and are forming every day, and America may, without presumption, hope, that her national literature will soon rival her public institutions.”” At Charlotte County, in Virginia, there lives at this time a couple, of whom the man is 118 years of age, and his wife 117, The former, Alex. Berkley, is a Scotch- man by birth, and served under the Duke of Marlborough in the reign of Queen Ann, and after her death emigrated’ to America, ‘served in.the English army un- der General Wolf, and was present at the defeat of Montgomery at Quebec, He has been married ninety years, and has had several children, who haye all preceded him to the tomb. ; Philadelphia.— American Philosophical Society. —Franklin was the principal foun- der of this society, in 1743. In 1766, another was formed on the same plan; and, in 1769, these two were united under the title, American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia for the Encouragement of useful Arts. The principal object of this institution is the cultivation of mechanical arts; but it has also thought fit to extend its views to history, moral science, and general literature ; and has collected many valuable documents relating to the history of the United States. RUSSIA. St. Petersburgh. — The emperor has sanctioned the project of a Technological Institution at Moscow, for the propagation of the arts relative to manufactures. The youth of free condition may be admitted from sixteen to twenty-four years of ase, an 262 and their instruction afforded gratis. Their studies will comprize commerce, manufac- tural statistics, merchandize, chemistry, technology, mechanics, hydrostatics, &c. applied to manufactures and drawing. The general course of study- will continue ‘for two years ; after that time, the scholars will be placed, according to their own choice, in special classes, where they will be taught the necessary details, in the various pro- cesses to which they may determine more exclusively to direct their attention. The term for these classes is one year. After having finished their studies, the scholars will receive a certificate of their abilities. COURLAND. Two plans of public utility at present employ the minds of the Courlanders ; one, the establishment of a batik in Courland, which it was at first hoped would be inde- pendent: but the emperor refused his con- sent, and only permitted one dependent on that at St. Petersburgh. The other is of more general utility; the Vindau is to be rendered navigable, and connected by a canal to Niemen; from 1,500 to 2,000 sol- diers are expected immediately to com- mence this great work. There is also a plan for opening a communication between the Black Sea and the Baltic by means of a canal. SWEDEN. The king has granted to two scholars {one from the university of Upsal, the other from that of Lund) who have distinguished themselves by their knowledge of constitu- tional law, a stipend of 200 crowns a year to each, for the space of two years, in order that they may give themselves up entirely to study. = GREECE. The National Assembly at Astros has de- vlared that public instruction shall be under the immediate superintendance of the le- gislative body; by whom it has been de- creed, that ‘‘a central school of arts shall be established at Argos, and the minister of the interior be entrusted with the exe- eution.” An inspector-general of instruc- tion is named, who is to inform government of the ‘state of the schools already esta- blished, to propose the establishment of others where required, and examine. the capabilities of the instructors, and to su- _ perintend the establishment of libraries and museums for remains of antiquity, &c. Athens already possesses five schools: two on the plan of mutual instruction, con- taining four hundred scholars; two others for the instruction of ancient Greek, with the French and Italian languages; and one for history and philosophy ;—all formed since last winter, in the midst of foreign wars and civil dissension. ITALY. <: Pisa.—M. Paoli Savi, professor and di- rector of the Musée at Pisa, has discovered a new species of rat, generally confounded with that called by Linnzus mus rattus, or Foreign Varieties. [Oct. 1, mus tectorum ; and promises to make known their-habits, as well in a state of liberty as servitude. ; The able sculptor Ph. Albacini has just finished a statue of Achilles, which has obtained the approbation of connoisseurs. The hero is represented as attempting to draw from his heel the fatal dart, sped by the hand of Paris. His enraged counte- nance, in which pain and despair are mingled, is raised to-heayen as if in re- proach. All who haye seen this work, agree in commending the vigour of the limbs, the grandeur of the subject, and the beautiful execution, which is worthy the reputation of the sculptor. The Duke of Devonshire is the purchaser. GERMANY. There is at present in Berlin a boy, between four and five years old, who has manifested an extraordinary precocity of musical talent. Carl Anton Florian Eckert, the son of a serjeant in the 2d regiment of Fencible Guards, was born on the 7th of December 1820. While in the cradle, the predilection of this child for music was striking, and passages in a minor key af- fected him so much, as to make tears come in his eyes. When about a year and a quarter old, he listened to his father playing the air ‘‘ Schone Minka”’ with one hand, on an old harpsichord ; he played it, with both hands, employing his knuckles in aid of his short and feeble fingers. He continued afterwards to play by ear. He retains in his memory whatever he hears, and can tell at once whether an instrument is too high or too low for concert pitch. It was soon observed, that his ear was sufficiently delicate to enable him to name any note or chord which might be struck without his seeing it. He also transposes into any key he pleases, and executes, with the greatest facility, pieces of fancy extempore. A subscription has been opened to buy him a piano-forte, as he has grown tired of the old harpsichord, and two able musicians have undertaken to instruct him. NEW ZEALAND. At the Society Islands, improvements in the arts of civilized life are rapidly proceed- ing. A sugar manufactory has been es- tablished at Otaheite, where sugar is made from the native cane, and a building, de- signed for a cotton manufactory, has been erected at Eimes, the machinery for spin- ning and weaving having been imported from England, and is to be put in motion by water-power. Cotton grows sponta- neously in very great abundance. NETHERLANDS. Ghent.— Besides the grand exhibition of pictures, open every three years, at this ancient capital of Flanders, there is an an- nual exhibition at the Society of Fine Arts and Literature; which was open during a great part of the month of May.. The funds were appropriated to the relief of those who suffered from the inundations in Holland. POLITICAL 1825.] [ 263, ] .. POLITICAL OCCURRENCES, &e. = ¢¢ BF the dissolution of Parliament should take place shortly, so soon after the defeat of the Catholic Question, it is considered that a great accession of strength will accrue to the Anti-catholic _party—that is, one side of the Ministry will be strengthened, and the other weakened. But the weakened party, by far the ablest in talent, may be disgusted, .and retire ; and then what becomes of the stronger, thus denuded and exposed? The cause of Catholic Emancipation is obviously be- trayed in the Cabinet, if its adherents suffer the election to take place and continue in office.”” These considerations, if indeed the subject has been in consideration, seem to have had their weight: for it is now pretty generally believed in well in- formed circles, that no dissolution will take. place. It is said that the King himself, by advice of Lord Harrowby, and others of his more moderate coun- sellors—even of the Earl of Liver- pool, has put his direct negative upon the measure. Others, indeed, affirm, that the question has never been even in contemplation ; and that, during the whole time in which the politico-stock- jobbing rumour has been afloat, there has never been that degree of general attendance of cabinet ministers in coun- cil, which the consideration of such a subject would naturally require. If a certain party in the cabinet have been desirous of such a measure, in the hope, as is suggested, of turning out eighteen or nineteen of Mr. Can- ning’s partizans, by means of the No Popery war-whoop, it must have been with a view of so weakening his in- fluence in the House of Commons, and, by consequence, his weight in the Coun- cil, as might probably have induced him to resign. ‘But who have they to sup- ply his place, or confront him on the benches of Opposition ? We have reason to suspect that the affairs of Greece have occupied the at- tention of the Privy Council much. more than the dissolution of Parliament. Greece is indeed a puzzling question. That it will be permitted to fall again under the dominion of the Turks we do not believe :—but the crisis perhaps may come—perhaps may not be dis- tant, when it must be decided whether it shall be the protégé of England, or a province to Russia. The Burmese war has not closed. Resistance, on the contrary, has met our forces at every step, and the con- test rages fiercer than ever. Three thousand British troops, at the last accounts, were buried in tangled fo- rests and impervious swamps, while 50,000 Burmese had collected in Sir Archibald Campbell’s rear, menacing Rangoon, and rendering retreat de- struction, The attempts to conquer a vast empire, and a warlike people, with such a force, seems little short of in- sanity. It is now plain, that all the an- ticipations of success lately entertained were mere romance. The next accounts are awaited with extreme anxiety. All that perseveruuce and bravery can ac- complish we may hope from our troops, but their scanty numbers raise fearful forebodings. It is stated from Port-au-Prince that “* The - President Boyer, has left that place for Cape Haytian with all his staff, secretary of state, secretary general, &c. and that the people there are quite dissa- tisfied with the arrangement with France, and fancy they have been sold.” Cape Haytien, it should be recol- lected, was the seat of Christophe’s government, but fell into the hands of Boyer on the termination of the con-. test between them. It is the point, therefore, in which the popularity of - the President is the least to be de- pended on. Proceedings have been instituted against the two best known and most esteemed Parisian Journals, for their attacks on the Ministry and the Je- suits, which, of course, in the indict- ment, are described as attacks on the Church and the Government of France. By the last law on the press, the public prosecutor, in attacking a journal, is not bound to present any specific ar- ticle as containing the libel, but may collect the political discussions of a whole year, and ask the court to de- cide on their tendency. If the Cour Royale, in its wisdom (with the assist- ance of a jury) thinks that the ten- dency of the cited articles is either anti- monarchical, anti-religious, or anti-mo- ral, it may suspend the publication, or decree its final suppression. In this case the requisitoire, or information of the attorney-general Bellart, which is given in a supplement to the Etoile, demands from the court the suspen- sion of the Constitutionel and Courier Francaise for three months. Hap- pily the tribunals have, for the last twelve. months, participated with the press 264 press in the alarms which the Jesuits have excited, and have, consequently, opposed themselves to the intended Jesuitical prosecutions. How far this may avail in the present case is yet to be seen. “ Lord Cochrane left town in the latter end of August, after taking leave of the Greek agents. His lordship speaks in terms of the greatest confidence respecting the success of the cause. His plan of operations has been warmly approved of: and such was the importance attached td the acquisition of his unrivalled naval skill and undaunted courage, that as soon as the negociation between his lordship and the Greek agents was brought to a suc- cessful termination, a messenger was sent off to Greece with the satisfactory intel- ligence.”’ Such were the statements at the be- ginning of the month. It has since been said that Lord Cochrane returns to the Brazils to resume his command. The present prospect of affairs, how- ever, makes this unlikely, Lord C. will surely not return to fight the battles of the Emperor of Brazils against the South American Republics: still less to assist an imperial traitor to surrender against the independence of the Bra- zils to Portugal. The French papers concur in de- scribing the situation of Spain as fast approaching to a crisis, the existence of its present administration being ren- dered extremely precarious by the at- tacks of disaffection both on the side of the constitutionalists and the seryiles. At Seville, 300 persons of the former class are said to have been arrested for treasonable proceedings ; while, on the other hand, the servile leader Bessieres has met the doom of a traitor, for hav- ing taken the field, to deliver the king from the captivity in which he is. held by his ministers. This wretched and dis- tracted country unites the evils of des- potism with those of anarchy—suffering at once from the tyranny of government and the turbulence of factions, and expe- riencing all the miseries of civilized so- ciety exasperated by the crimes and cru- elties incident to a state of nature. Each province seems to shake off its connex- ions with the rest ; each class of the people lives in declared hostility to the other; and each partizan of opposing doctrines is armed with fury or fanati- cism. The friends of the king rebel against his government, on pretence of delivering his person from bondage. The zealots of monarchy endeavour to . * ae Political Occurrences. [Oct. 1, dethrone the monarch in favour of his brother. The supporters of legitimacy take arms against the crown to. defend the church; the monk, the royalist volunteer, and the revolutionary pa- triot mingle in the fray. Yet in the midst of this general turmoil and con- fusion, while consigning to the exect- tioner their former friend Bessieres, and filling their prisons indiscriminately with liberals, carlists, monks and royalists, they are discussing in council the pro- priety of establishing the inquisition, and sending out a handful of disaffected soldiers to regain pessession of the New World. by The accounts up to the 24th affor fresh proof that the revolt of Bessieres has been followed by certain: intelli- gence of an insurrection in Valencia, headed by General Chambo, and one'in La Mancha excited by General Locho. Ortiguela in the province of Burgos, and another chief in the province of Grenada, have followed the example of Locho, and proclaimed Charles V. Great preparations are. described as going on at Presburg for the corona- tion of the Emperor, as King of Hun-_ gary. : The governor of Buenos Ayres, or g yres, more properly speaking, of “ the pro-_ vince of Rio de la Plata,” has always regarded the occupation of Monte Vide by the Portuguese and. the Brazilians, as an usurpation; and representations had been made on that subject by the Buenos Ayres minister to the court of Rio de Janeiro. On the 9th of May, the government addressed a message to the General Congress of the Rio de la Plata province, then sitting at Buenos Ayres, on the war in the Banda Orien- tal. It is stated, that the force of the insurgents has been greatly augmented by the junction of numbers of the in- habitants. In short, the Brazilians are said to be confined to the places they garrison, and that only one small im- perial division, moying on the banks of the Urgusy, ventures to keep. the field. The Brazilian admiral has de- manded, that the government of Buenos Ayres should give up all claim to the Banda Oriental. The answer of the Buenos Ayres general -was, that he must withdraw his forces from before the place, as a preliminary measure'to negociating. No doubt was entertained in Buenos Ayres, that the war with the Brazils was to be a common cause with all the South American republics. _ iad - MFTEOROLOGICAL 1825.) [ 265 ] METEOROLOGICAL REPORTS. —= Extract from a Meteorological Jourral, hept at High Wycombe, Buchs. Lat. 51° 37’ 3” North, Long. 49 3” West. By James Tatem. Days. | Thermometer. Barometer. Rain. Wind. Weather. Remarks. July ighest.| Lowest. | Highest. Lowest. |Ins. Dcls. 26 68 47°50 3005 30°05 — Fair 27 44 30°03 29°99 — N | Do. 75°75 49°50 29°96 29°95 = N Do. 29 73 39° 29°93 29°92 — N Do. 30 74°25 40°25 29°88 29°79 _ E Do. 31 | 7 41°50 29°73 29°73 _- E Do. Aug. 1 83°50 | 57 29°77 29-72 — SW | Cloud: 2 67°75 5025 29°74 29°69 0°0375 Ss Changeable 3 63 57°50 29°72 29-55 0°24375 Ss Cloudy. ( Thunder about 4 61 51°25 29°31 28°93 0°43125 | SE | General cloud. 3 p.m.—gale of 5 66 50°50 29°37 29,22 0:2 SW | Fair till night. wind at night. 6 62°25 48°25 29-42 29°36 031875 | W_ | Frequent showers, Thunder -about 1 7 65:50 | 48 29°56 | 29°46 0°0375 W | Fair till night. p.m. 8 64°50 53 29.45 29°44 0°0125 SW | Fair. 9 58°75 46°50 29°45 29°44 01875 | SW | Finemorning--then wet. 10 | 63.25 | 45°50 | 9055 | 2945 | 0:04375 | W. | Fair till night. Thunder about 4 il 62-50 46°50 29:79 29°69 00125 N | Fair. p-m. 12 | 64:50 | 55°50 | 29:79 | 29-68 00375 | W_| Fair. 13 55 29°37 29°18 0°3625 | SW | Frequent showers. 14 61.75 | 54:25 29-23 29°16 — W | Fair. 15 60-95 53°50 29.42 29°19 0°03725 | W se and heavy. 16 62-95 50:25 29°58 29°53 —_ WwW Fair. 17 64 52°95 29-64 29°59 — SW | Threatening rain. 18 62-25 51°25 29°94 29°69 0°00125 | NW | Dull and heavy. 19 | 62:95 | 40:25 | 99:97 | 29-94 001875 | NW | Do. with misty rain. 20 62-95 53°50 30°08 30°06 _— NW | Variable. z 67-50 51°50 30°07 wise — aw fa ar heyaat a storm. 57 30°04 "98 = ‘air. - 93 | 6950 | 47 29°94 | 29°85 — |NE| Do. gies hf 24 | 65:59 | 45°50 | 29:8 | 29°86 <= NE | Do. ba hah] 25 49 28°88 29°87 _ NE | Do. 26 67°50 54 29°89 29°88 0°025 NE | Fair until night. 27 54 29°84 29°74 0°675 NE | Nearly continual rain. Thermometer. Barometer. July 29th. August 4. Greatest variation 39° { At 3 p.m. 78°. || Greatest ot 38-100ths Le apeaesas. inthe day ....§ °° 2 Midnight 39.|| tion inthe day. § ofan inch 10P.M.28'93. The quantity of rain that has fallen since the ist of August is 2°6525fnches. The temperature has been low since the first of the month, and the barometer very unsteady ; ° still the weather has been propitious to the agriculturist, and the harvest is nearly com- pleted. : : N.B. As it is proposed to continue. these Reports regularly every month, it may be proper to state that the thermometer is observed three times every day—at eight o'clock im the morning, three in the afternoon, and ten at night ; and that the extreme of cold is ascertained by a self-registering thermometer; the height of the barometer is registered twice—at 8 a.m., and 10 p.m. The rain-guage is examined every morning at eight o'clock ; consequently the quantity measured shews how much has fallen since the pre- ceding morning, at the same hour. The direction of the wind given is that which has been most prevalent during the day, when it has been variable. High Wycombe, 28th August, 1825. James G. TaTEM. - — Temperature of London, for August 1825: 9 a.m. North Aspect, in the Shade. ° ° ° ° Beet sia\c'n«. OS 9 Cloudy 64 17 Fine 63] 25 Cloudy 64 Dee sera; - 7] 10 Wet — ‘ 18 Cloudy 64] 26 Fine 65 Bisscees es 67) 1). Cloudy-, GL 19 Do. 63|27 Wet 63 4 ccocee-- 68'| 12: i Fine.» 62 20 Fine 60/28 Cloudy — 5 Cloudy 64! 13 Wet 64 Q1s....... —|29 Wet 64 B Webi 2 Chili I accent 00 = 22 Cloudy 64] 30 Cloudy 65 ~ Ppt tee steele, Cloudy ...67, 23. Do. 65) 31 Fine 69 8 Wet 65] 16 Wet. 62 24 Fine 64 Bruton-street, Sept. 13, 1825. QIN THE CoRNER. ‘ -Moxtury Mac. No, 415. nip’ 2M MEDICAL - [ 266 j [Oct. 1, MEDICAL REPORT. | ee FRNHE last month has not been marked by an extraordinary prevalence of any ‘particular class of diseases. Cases of ge- nuine cholera have occurred, but, as noticed in a former report, they have been mild in their character, and readily controlled by medicine. One case, however, to which the reporter was hastily summoned, was characterized by symptoms resembling those of the spasmodic or asphyzic cholera of the Exst-Indies. The patient was suddenly affected with violent vomiting, immediately followed by copious evacuations from the bowels, and the most excruciating pain in the abdominal region: the pulse became feeble and intermitting, the face pallid, and the extremities cold ; this state of things, how- ever, did not last long, the patient soon became better; and, with the exeeption of paleness of the face,,.blueness of the lips, and a feeling of lassitude, little remained to call for medical treatment. Diarrhea, with more or less general in- disposition, has been of frequent eecurrence. Fever continues to prevail; and several fatal cases have been reported to the writer. Some. cases of continued fever have fallen under the care of the writer himself. The subject of one of these,.a fine young man, twenty-two years of age, was with difficulty sayed: to the active treatment adopted in the first stages of the disorder, to the youth, and unimpaired constitution of the patient, is to Se attributed the favourable termination of this case. During the month, the writer was con- sulted in a case of acute hydrocephalus ; but too late in the progress of the disease to do any good. ‘The remote causes of this malady, the reporter ventures to affirm, still require to be elucidated. Inflammatory affections about the chest’ have, since the date of the last report, call- ed for the interference of the medical practi- tioner. On the invasion of these forms of disease, an unhesitating use of the lancet, and a rigid adoption of the usual depletory methods of treatment, have been indicated —these, measures to be perseveringly fol- lowed up, till all the evidences of local in- flammation have been removed. Among children, measles and scarlatina -have prevailed, but not extensively. It is the. painful duty of the reporter to remark, that.cases of small-pox, occurring in subjects ‘who. have undergone vaccination, have been far from infrequent : the attention of medi- cal men has been powerfully excited by the interesting fact; and the confidence of the public in vaccination has been somewhat shaken ; but, it is important to know, that small-pox so occurring, has, with very few exceptions indeed, appeared in a mild and mitigated form ; and, that the best informed and nrost experienced practitioners, are not Jess zealous in their. reeommendations of “the Jermerian practice., The writer has been lately consulted by patients tortured by chronic rheumatism : this disease, and many other chronic mala- dies, occurring in individuals whose oc- cupations are sedentary, might be re- moved by the adoption of some system of domestic gymnastics. “ When I consider the physical structure of man,” said Frederic of Prussia, “it appears to me that nature had formed us rather for pos- tillions than sedentary men of letters.”” It is certain that gout, disturbances in the digestive function, and apoplexy, are disor- ders very seldom experienced by post-boys ; although there are modes of exercising the body tobe preferred to incessant equitation. It is the opinion of the writer, that such measures as are practised by those under training for running, wrestling, boxing, &c, | if imitated in a modified manner by all persons, whose avoeations preclude any active bodily exertion, would ebyiate the attack of diseases, give vigour to the frame, and contribute towards a healthiy and happy old age. The rationale of training is, by pursuing prescribed medes and méasures of exercise, to increase the volume and tone of the muscular apparatus, and to in- duce, generally, a high degree of health. In addition. to the exercises, a suitable regi- men must be prescribed; the diet must be simple, moderate in quantity, but of the _ most nutritious kind. The meals must be taken regularly, with suitable intervals of time between them—early hours are indis- pensable, and sufficient sleep must be allow- ed. Under such a system, the diseiplinist gains flesh; or, if he be too corpulent, un- dergoes a reduction of size, compatible with his increased labours and exertions. Res- piration is performed with more faeility, exertions are now made, and fatigue en- dured, far beyond the former capabilities: of the individual. The functions of tlie sto- mach improving, the processes of digestion, sanguification, and assimilation, are per- formed without any “ let or impediment.’” The physical powers become as perfect as. the original constitution of the subject will admit: the mental functions alse; if there be not “ a mind diseased,” will, under such a course of discipline, be. found to have acquired strength and activity ; and the entire man to be better fitted for those duties which his station in society require him to discharge. j JaMEs FYELp. Bolt Court, Fieet-street, Sept. 24, 1825 In my former Medieal Report of Bou~- logne-sur-Mer, I mentioned the situation of the town, and the absence of stagnant water, as: tending to prevent. the- origin. of any malady peculiar to-its inhabitants, and which I had experienced by a residence of nearly six years; in practice smonathe Heng: ish, 1825.] lish, who had made it their abode. To that report I have scarcely any thing to add; for, with the exception of some cases of rgbeola, and of cynanche parotidea, we lave had no specific malady amongst us. Bowel complaints, as is usual every where at this season, have been frequent of late, and in some instances attended with a con- siderable degree of fever ; but I have not heard of any fatal case. Indeed, such is the exemption of Boulogne from fever, that I haye only seen one purely idiopathie case since my last report. During the spring and early summer months, variola has been exceedingly prevalent in all our neighbour- ing towns, with whose inhabitants we have had, ofcourse, unrestricted communication ; yet that disease has not gained a footing among our population. mark this circumstance as a proof of the difficulty of drawing conclusive inferences from isolated facts, in opposition to uni- versal experience and observation ; for had the disease been the plague in place of va- viola, the anti-contagionists would with avi- dity haye embraced the fact, as establishing the non-contagious nature of that disease. About a fortnight ago a poor family, hay- ing one or two, children sick of yariola, mi- grated to this place; yet the infection does not appear to spread. ~ It may be superfluous to introduce here what has been long and generally remarked, ' that the climate of the Continent differs Monthly Agricultural Report. I particularly re- | 267 materially in its effects. upon our feelings, from what we experience by residing in cor- responding latitudes in insular situatiens. What the cause of this may be, I do: not pretend to determine, as there is no diffe- rence, by the test of experiment, in the phy- sical and chemical properties of the atmos- phere in those situations. Continents are Warmer in summer and colder in winter ; on the other hand, the atmosphere over islands is probably at all times more humid, and consequently must also differ from the former in its proportions of electric and magnetic fluid; but whether it be owing to the operation of those fluids or not upon our bodies, I daily hear it remarked, by in- valids particularly, that they enjoy more lightness of feeling on this side of the chan- nel, much greater and more permanent than they experienced in England. This was expressed by Dr. Johnson as the pleasant effect he felt from continental air when he visited France :—see his life by Boswell. As coming within the scope of this report, I have further to observe, to the credit of our countrymen, residents at this place, that a committee has been-formed in correspon- dence, with the Humane Society of Lon- don, with whose assistance an establish- ment is formed for the recovery of the drowned, of which there have been frequent heart-rending occurrences here. f ' Ti. Rosrrrson, M. D, Boulogne-sur-mer, Sept. 8, 1825. MONTHLY AGRICULTURAL REPORT. —<—_— @NHE present Report, for the most part, _# must be the echo of the preceding. Our correspondents, generally, had formed a prospective judgment, which events have sanetioned. ‘The golden crop, wheat,. has proved the most abundant, not. only in the three kingdoms, but on the Continent, in Canada, and the United States. We have few districts im which this is not found to be- considerably above: an average; the straw particularly bright and clean, with far less appearance of blight upon the whole plant, than might have been expected from so yariable‘a season. From the favourable state of the weather, great. part of the wheat has been. caxxied aad. secured in a state of perfection; some, however, has been both cut and carried too soon—a usual error : whenee the sample is injured, and, if speedily thrashed, it will have a rough and moist feel, In fortunate Seotland, they boast of a wheat crop, one-third above aw average, with a more satisfactory account of all the other crops than we have received from any other part of the island, potatoes excepted, the quality of which is described us fine: Less is said tham heretofore on the supposed scantiness of the stock of old. wheat, which is now, in request, at an ad- Yance of price; to grind withthe new, hur- ried to market in its moist state, with the view, it may be presumed, of taking ad- vantage of the present favourable. rates: for the circumstences of the farmers are now so fortunately improved, that they are able to hold their eorn, and prevent any - sudden depression of the market. “Indeed, ouraccounts from the country are- univer- sally satisfactory, both with respect. to the farming and the labouring elass—the latter finding full employment, on considerably better terms than they have obtained of late years. In all this sunshine, there yet hangs a cloud over the minds of the land proprietors and eultivators, touching. the probability of a change in the eorn laws’ iy fuvour of free trade, they taking for granted their just right and title to the monopoly. This, however, must give way; but when, we believe, has not yet: been decided by those in whose power the decision Ties. We have heard that the subject awaits the investigation of a new Parliament. Bar- ley is the next crop to wheat in-point.of quantity ; perhaps, on the whole, approach= ing to:'an average. It has been well har- vested, and much of it of fine quality; some sprouted! and: discoloured! by the showers during harvest. Outs) peas; beans, tares, clover an@ othor seeds; short 2M2 Cropss 268 crops. Hay, fine and light in bulk. _Po- tatoes, a scanty crop, and-much of inférior! quality, but the breadth planted, as, usual, very great. Hops fully as defective as has been supposed, to the probable ruin of some planters. Shell fruits abundant; most others deficient both in quantity and qua- lity. Live stock, both fat and lean, vary- ing occasionally, but yet at a high price, notwithstanding the near approach of the formerly cheap, or autumnal season. The rains have been greatly beneficial, both in Monthly Commercial Report. (Oct. L _sutvived the drought, but the late sown plants cannot be very productive of root : whence, and from other causes, they who prefer oil-cake fed meat, will haye, ample opportunity in the ensuing spring, to enjoy their relish in beef, mutton, and perhaps veal. Smithfield : —Beef, 4s. Od. to 5s. 2d.— Mutton, 4s. Od. to 5s. 4d.—Lamb, 5s. 6d. to 6s. 2d—vVeal, 5s. Os. to 6s, 6d.—Pork, 4s. 6d. to 6s. Gd. Corn Exchange :—Wheat, 45s. to 82s.— the production of a luxuriant and beautiful crop of after-grass, and in causing the arable lands to work well. Sowing wheat, with rye and winter tares, for spring feed, will soon be finished, rivalling the harvest in successful dispatch. The rains have greatly improved that part of the turnip crop which Barley, 32s. to 50s.—Oats, 24s. to 37s.— Bread (London), 103d. the loaf of 41b.— Hay, per load, 63s. to 105s. —Clover, ditto, 80s. to 130s. — Straw, 36s. to 46s. Coals in the Pool, 36s. Od. to 44s. 6d. per Chaldron. Middlesex, 23 Sept. MONTHLY COMMERCIAL REPORT. UGAR.—The shortness of the supply, and consequent decrease of stock, of Britisl: Plantation sugar, continues to excite the attention of Buyers, The stock in Dock is at present about 19,000 casks less than at the corresponding time last year; but the arrival of several West-India ships during the last week, will occasion a better supply at market. Refiners shew a reluctance to sell lumps at present quotations ; consequently) the business done has been limited. For grocery descriptions, however, there continues a very brisk demand, at an advance of 2s. per cwt., and purchases have been made at the prices for delivery two months hence. Of crushed Sugars two or three parcels have been sold at quoted prices. East-India Sugar by auction 1685 bags, good and middling white 38s. to 40s., damp and damaged 33s. 6d. to S7s. 6d. per cwt, Of Foreign Sugars, “good yellow Havannah Sugar continues in demand at 42 s.) inferior sorts are more plentiful- at 40s. to 41s. per cwt. 405 chests of White Havannah offered by public sale were taken in at 51s 6d. to 55s. per cwt. Molasses—brisk at 34s to S4s. Gd. per cwt. . Coffee—The public sales during the last ten days have gone off very languid: the coloury Plantation (in consequence of the large quantity offered) at a decline of 2s. er cwt. Cotton.—The sales of last week were extensive, principally for exportation ; the quan tity sold amounted to 6425 bags, at about former prices, The demand for Cotton contin ued - firm up to the 21st, after which the inquiry rather:slackened—but without alteration of prices. Spirits.—Rum continues in fair demand, at former prices. The Government contract for 150,000 gallons, was taken at 1s. 10d. 9—16 per gal, Hops.—The duty is estimated at only £22,000; prices have consequently advanced £1 per cvt. Provisions. — Butter market steady, at former prices.. Bacon in demand. Beef and Pork rather higher. Course of Exchange—Amsterdam, 12. 2.—Hamburgh, 36. 10.—Paris, 25. 50,—An- twerp, 12.3. — Rotterdam, 12. 3.—Bourdeaux, 25. 50. — Vienna, 9. 57 .— Madrid, 37.— Cadiz, 37—Gibraltar, 31.—Leghorn, 493—Genoa, 45--Naples, 40}—Lisbon, 51}—~ Oporto, 51}—Dublin, 9}—Cork, 9}. Prices of ‘Stocks. —The 3 per car Besuced, 902; 3 om Cent. Consols, 8955 4. per Cent. 1822, 1081; New 3% per Cent., 983 ; Bank Stock, 229. Prices of Bullion. —Foreign Gold in Bars, 31. 17s. 103d.. per oz.— New ‘Dosblpens) 31. 17s. 10$d.—Silver in Bars, Standard, 5s. 03d.—New Dollars, 4s. 114d. ’ Premiums on Shares and Canals, and Joint Stock Companies, at the Office of © Epmonps and Wotrrt.—Barnsley Canat, 160/.— Birmingham, 340/.— Derby, 160/.— Ellesmere and Chester, 133/.—Erewash, 100.—Forth and Clyde, 100/.— Grand Junction, 100/.—Leeds and Liverpool, 100/.—Mersey and Irwell, 0.—Neath, 107. —Nottingham, 150/.— Oxford, 100/.—Stafford ‘and Worcester,” 1407.—Trent and Mersey, 100.—Allliance British and Foreign, 100/.—Guardian, 100/..—Hope, 50/.—Sun. . Fire, Ol. —Gas- Ligut Chaitered° “Company, 50/.—City ieee Company;100 ¢.—Liceds,* 100/.—Liverpool, 1600. MONTHLY rt ee 1825.] [ 269 J MONTHLY PRICE-CURRENT. ALMonpDs:— Sweet Jordan, per cwt...........+. 12. MPEP age ce. 2's 4 2c aia ole LOS LOA, 28. AtuM...........- per ton 14/. 10s. to 15/. AsHEs :— Quebec Pot, per cwt....... 30s. Whited States sw te eee 32s. Quebec Pearl ............ 34s. to 35s. Bara :— Teneriffe .... per ton .. 12. to 127. 10s. Carthagena ......... . . 227. to 231. PRIIEATIO He unoiwialiais ~ ote, ataiek ic, ° 20/. to 212 wit ie Je SCE Rese 210. to 211. 10s. Buimsrone :—Rough per ton 7/. 10s. to é/. Cocoa :— West-India........ per cwt 60s: to 30s Miran id ada =| .1c:ais\is 0's arate 2:00 0 OSs tA’ G05. Grenada.................- 76s. to 95s. WarACCAS./s\s/x/-<1 4)s — Petersburgh .............. 461. to 48/, Old Port, per pipe 138 galls. 24/7: to 56/, . Heme :—Riga........ per ton 47/. to 48, Lisbon .. per pipe 140 ditto 26/. to 35/. Petersburgh .............. 431. to 44/. Madeira .........+.+++-- 201. to 950. —————_,, half clean .... 35/. to 361. Calcavella ........- «.-e- 361. to 44, Ixpico:— Sherry .. per butt 130 ditto 237. to 687. * Caraccas Floras .. per Ib. 11s. 6d. to 13s. Teneriffe.........- per pipe 22/. to 32/. IAS Ea ccs rosie casi paslso198st0 1 Os. Clarets oo ahs per bhd. 18/. to 58/. Fast India ............ 7s. to 12s. 6d. Spanish Red .. per 252 galls. 16/. to 300. 22000 ALPHABETICAL List oF BANKRUPTCIES, annownced between the 23d of July and the ang 19th of August 1825; extracted from the London Gazettes. ' BANKRUPTCIES SUPERSEDED. DECLARATIONS OF INSOLVENCY FILED, Ae, Highgear mamner COLEY LE eetstee tne ea oR? OeegOry» . Manchester, calico-printer Ford, R. Bridgewater, merchant, Sept, 5 Thompson, G. H. Great Yarmouth, hatter Huddy, G. Wellington-place, Stepney, seed and hop- " merchant, Sept. 9 ; Leyier, 270 Levier, W. L, East-India. Chambers, Leadenhall. street, merchant, Sept. 9 » BANKRUPTCIES. [This Month 56.] Solicitors’ Names are in Parentheses. ADAMS, J. Bristol, grocer. (Goolden, Bristol; and Hurdand Johnson, Temple W. Wallingford, Berks, innkeeper. (Wil- Adams, - liams and White, Lincoln’s-inn Barnes, W. Miles’-lane, cheesemonger. (Scott and “ Sons, Mildreds-court Barnes, T. Dennington, merchant. (Crabtree and Allcock, Halesworth ; and White, Tokenhouse- ard Barrow, T: Liverpool, corn and flour-dealer. (Hinde, Liverpool; and Chester, Staple’s-inn Bate, T. Hastings, chemist. (Birch and Garth, * Great Winchester-street Bins, A. E. Bath, bookseller. Adlington and Co. Bedford-row Bishop, G. Great East-cheap, butcher. Fishmongers’-hall Boddington, C.J. Hook-norton, Oxford, innkeeper. (Humphreys and Porter, King’s-arms-yard vom: W. Colchester, grocer. (Stephens, Bed- ford-row i Bradfield, J. London-wall, grocer. (Davies, King’s- ~ arms-yard Bridges, G. B..Oldham, Lancaster, draper. (Wood, Manchester; and Hurd and Johnson, Temple Bryan, J. Lynn, ironmonger. (Smith and Co., Bir- (Towse, Bankrupts. (Gaby, Bath ; and Oct. 1, Goold, H.M.f. Brighton, dealer. (Palmer and Co., Bedford-row Harrison, H. A. Liverpool, haberdasher. (Crowder and Maynard, Lothbury Harpur, J. jun. (Walsh, Oxford; and Ellis, Gray’s- im Gi Hi ippesley, H. Shipton-Mallet, Somerset, rede. (Reeves, Glastonbury; and Adlington and €o., Bedford-row : Jarman, J. Bath: haberdasher. (Hellings, Bath; and Makinson, Temple : * Keeling, E. and E. Harnley, Stafford, fijnt-mer-. chants. (Tomlinson, Staffordshire potteries ; and Clowes and Co., Temple , Lawson, R. P. Heslington, Lancaster, leather-cut- ter. (Bean, Tooks-court, Cursitor-street Low, Wm. Wood-street, haberdasher. (Van San- den and Tindale, Dowgate-hill Lynam, G. Stoke-upon-Trent, Staffordshire, flint and colour grinder. (Edmunds, Chancery-lane _ Manning, T. B. Portsea, rausic-seller. © (Farris, Surrey-street, Strand Mansell, J. Birmingham, timber-merchant. (Baxter and Fleming, Gray’s-inn-place r ‘ Markland, F. Norwich, brewer. (Parkinson and 3 Norwich; and Taylor and Roscoe, Tem- ple Morse, J. Daventry, woolstapler. (Wardle, Daven- try ; and Lodington and Hall, Serjeant’s-im. Mortimer, R. Scoleficld, Bradford, dyer. (Moulden, Bradford ; and Stocker and Dawson, Tem ple Nicholson, J. Woacioem Cumberland, flour- dealer. (Hodgson and Son, Whitehaven; and Falcon, Temple -Taingham; and Long and Austin, @ray’s- inn Bull, C. E. Bristol, grocer. (Williams, Bristol; and Poole and Co. Gray’s-inn Chadwick, J. Kennington, carpenter. (Fitch, Union- (Lee, Bradford ; "gi Walsall, Stafford, draper. (Lowtas, - Manchester; and Perkins and Frampton, Gray’s- inn Criswell, D. Nottingham, twist-machine maker. street, Southwark @iarke, J. Leeds, cabinet-maker. and Lambert, Gra Clarke, D. (Long and Austen, Gray’s-inn Cross, C. Ludgate-street, victualler. (Thompson c A oe dga' ’ pson, inn De Bar, J. Gloucester, coach-maker. Gloucester ; and Beckett, Golden-square Dickson, J. Fish-street-hill, haberdasher. deston and Murray, London-street Dods, R. IGE tert, Southwark, linen-draper. (Hurd and Johnson, Temple Every, T. Fore-street, Limehouse, anchor-smith, _.(Smith, Basinghall-street Ferguson, J. Catterick, scrivener. (Hirst, North- Ferry, S. High-street, . (Brough, Shereditch ” Fidkin, T. Great James-street Godber, G. Redlion-strect, draper. (Gates and Hardwicke, Lawrence-lane* ~~ AISTROPE, .J.M. Garthope, . Sept. 27 Barnard, G. Wantage, Sept. 27. Rafiem W. and E. Stafford, Sept. 2 Bealey, J. J. Little Lever, Lan- caster, Oct. 3 Bertram, M. Philpot-lane, Oct. 29 Boutevill, W.H. Aldersgate-street, ° - Sept. 13 Bramwell, J. Leadenhall-street, Oct. 1 ‘ Brown, W. Wood-street, Cheap- side, Sept. 24 Chubb, W. Bristol, Sept. 29 Clark, G. B. New Shoreham, Sus- Clubbe, F. Chester, § bbe, 1. ter, 28, ox, J. Wells, Oct. 4 i334 Crook, J. Burnby, Oct. 12 Crowther, J. Liverpool, Oct.3 Dyweons We Kingstop, upon-Hull, paar J+ Tatenhill; Stafford, ; and Lodimgton and Hall jeant’s-inn i Sol. Shoreditchy Teddington, Middlesex, malster. (Smith and Son, Richmond;: and Hume and Smith, O'Reilly, E. Exmouth-street, agent. John-street, Blackfriars-road (Ledwich, Park, T. J. Westbourne-place, Chelsea, builder. f: (Hartley, New Bridge-street Parry, H. and J. Underwood, Change-alley, Corn- ter. (Osbal- Stevens, J. hill, bill-brokers. (Hindman, Basin, -street Robson, R. Seymour-place, Mary-le-bone, - (Hallett and street, Mary-le-bone 7 Fe ” Hoxton, i _ and ton, Carey-street, Lincoln’s-inn — Sarell, P. Copthall-court, merchant. (Fox, Austin- riars Seldon, D. and W. Hinde,. Live (Matthews, (Pxite and Clay, Liverpool ; ani Blackstock and und. Temple ~ . Shiers, E. Manchester, cotton-merchant. (Seddon, Manchester ; and Hurd and Johnson, Temple Smith, J. Ludgate-hill, woollen-factor. - - New Basinghall-street , ny > orwich, yarn-factor.. (Par carpen- enderson, Northumberland- » merchants. (Tanner, ‘and Staff, Norwich ; and Poole and Co. Gray’s- Walsh, Wi tripeman. DIVIDENDS. Dring, T. Bristol, Sept. 15 Ellaby, T. Emberton, Sept. 24 Field, T. and J. Du Vivier, Hull, - Sept. 21 Ford, H. Portsmouth, Oct. 13: Hall, H. Nelson-terrace, Kings- land, Oct. 1 Hanson, R. B. Bedford, Sept. 13. Hattersley, M. Bilton-with-Har- rowgate, Sept. 28 Herbert, W. sen., Llanidloes,, Montgomery, Oct. 1 Howard, J. and Co., Haughton, near Denton, Lancaster, Sept.27 Humphreys, H. and W. Lacon, Live 1, Sept. 28 Hurndale, J. Bristol, Oct. 1 Lacon, W.. Oswestry, Salop, Sept. hae, i Piece sevy, J. mings-row, Oct. b MeNair, A. Abchurch-lane, Oct. 11 Miles, R. London, Sept. 24, Mitchel, E,and S. Norwich, Oct. 3 Moon, -J- Barn,, near. Man- . Richardson, P. Bristol, linen-draper. (Hell! , Bath; liams, Bristol; and Mak 7 Wheelhouse, W. Norwich, linen-draper. (Taylor, Featherstone-buildings, Holborn” White, J. jun. Bishop-Wearmouth, iron-founder- (Thompson, Bishop-Wearmouth; and Blakin- son, Symond’s-inn Williams, D. Deptford, slate-merchant. Bedford-street, Bedford-square. - +. eT inson, Tem (Walls, Juv ul wv fe his | Mosdell, J. Compton, Sept.27. Naish, J. Bristol, Oct.3 Peck, J. Andover, Sept. 17 — G.. Meeklenburgh- square, and T. Vokes, Glowces- ter-street, Queen-square, Oct. I - Robinson, T. and €o., Manches- ter, Sept. 26 : Robinson, S. Fenchurch-street,, Oct. 1 G Sager, E. and Co., Burys Lancas- ter, Sept. 14, and 28 ae Salter, I’. Manchester, and W. Peatson,.London, Oct.3. Smith, and J. Atkinson, jun. Ald bury, Nov. 19 Squire, J. Kendal, Oct. 5 Stanley, E, Old Kent-road, Nov..& Stickney, W. Welfon, York, Oct. bbe AF — W. Arundell, West, We redenbary, Hertford, t. ae a Woods T. Bilston, Ooi WORKS 1825} [ 271. J WORKS IN THE PRESS, AND NEW PUBLICATIONS, ” —— Ae es of the Asiatie Society has A. in the press, “ An Historical View of the Hindoo Astronomy, from the ear- liest period to the present time.” The sixteenth and last volume of the new edition of the ‘“‘ Théitre Complet des Grees,” by M. Raoul Rochette, is just ready for publication. ! Mr. Bransby Cooper will publish in a few days, an Anatomical Description of the Ligaments, as connected with the Joints. Mr. E. H. Barker is preparing for the press a Biography of the late Dr. Parr. A French translation of the novel “ Mar- riage,” is about to appear in Paris. Au elegant Collection of chaste Amatory Poems, from the best authors, will appear within the month. A new edition of Bishop Andrews’ “‘ Pre- ees Private Quotidiane,” first published in 1675, in Greek and Latin, is nearly ready. “ The Fruits of Faith,’ with Elegies and other Moral Poems, by H. Campbell, are announced for publication. ; A French translation of Scotch Border Minstrelsy, will appear in Paris within a few days. ~ q ‘The modern French Biography, entitled Biographie des Contemporaines,” will be completed by the publication of two more volumes in the course of the month. John O’ Arnha,” a comic poém in the Scottish dialect, by the late Mr. George Beattie, is announced for’ publication. The ‘first part of a new work, entitled “Laconics, or the best Words of the best Authors,” will be published on the Ist No- vember, and a part will appear monthly un- til the work is completed, which will not exceed twelve parts, with highly finished Portraits. Antediluvian Phytology, illustrated by a collection of the fossil remains of plants pe- culiar to the coal formations of Great Bri- tain, by E. J. Artis, is anounced in 4to. Sketches, political, geographical, and sta- tistical, of the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata, &c. will soon be published. Dr: J. A. Paris has in the press, a work on the Digestive Funetions, and on the va- rious complaints incident to their disordered States; with a general view of Curative Dietetics. Dr. J. E. Smith’s Practieal Treatise on Poisons, forming a compreliensive Manual of Toxicology, is nearly ready. A Treatise on Epidemic Choleray and Sketches of the Diseases of India, including statistical and topographical Reports, &c., by James Annesley, Esq.of the Madras Me: dical Establishment, will soon We published, ’ “Phe Brazen Mask,a Novel, by WaseChar- lotte Putney ; Movtville, of the Durk Hetr of the Castle; and the Stranger of the Val- ioe ley, or Louisa and Adelaide, ah Americatt Tale, are announced for publication. Sephora, a Hebrew Tale, descriptive of the country of Palestine, and of the manners and customs of the ancient Israelites, may shortly be expected. Outlines of Truth, by a Lady, are in the press. % Botanical Sketches of the Twenty-four Classes in the Linnean System, with fifty “specimens of English Plants, taken from nature, coritaining an account of their place of growth, time of flowering, and medicinal properties, with many Plates, are an- nounced. Nugz Sacre ; or, Psalms and Hymns and Spiritual Songs, will soon be published in a neat pocket-vyolume. A new edition will shortly appear of the Vanity of this Mortal Life, or of Man as con- sidered only in his present Mortal State ; with a dedicatory Epistle to a Mourning Family, by John Howe, M.a., of Magdalen College, Oxon. A translation of the Six Cantos of Klop- stock’s Messiah, in Verse, will shortly be published. Tlie Camisard, or the Protestants. of Languedoc, a Tale, in three vols. 12mos, is nearly ready for publication, The Secret Correspondence of Madame de Mainteron and the Princess des Ursins, from the original MS. in the possession of the Duke de: Ghoiseul, is nearly ready. Memoirs of Monkeys, &c. &c., fep. 8v0«, may shortly be expected. : Hertban,; a Poem, in Four Cantos, is an- nouriced. An Epitome of Classical Geography, with Historical Notices of the most impor- tant Ancient Nations, &c., by W. C. Tay~ lor, A. B., will speedily be published. — The Plays of Clara Gazul, a Spanish Co- median, ate announced for publication, im post Svo. Part EE. of the Economy of the Eyes; by Dr. Kitehener, is'just ready for publication. Messrs. Treuttel and Wiirtz have in the press, both in English and in French, Secret Memoirs of the Royal Family of France, during the Revolution; with original and authentic Anecdotes of contemporary Sove- reigns, and other distinguished personages. of that eventful period: from the journal, letters, and conversations of the Princess Lamballe. By a Lady of Rank, in the con- fidentialservice of that unfortunate Princess. Eael edition will be published m two vols. 8vo., and will be accompanied with a por- trait and fac-similes. A Gteck and English Dictionary, on the Plat of Schrevelius, is announced: Besites tlie variows parts’ of words’ usual in’ that work, this Dictionary will, be found to:con- tain’ all the inflexions. of words used . the ew 272 New Testament ; and also the words pecu- liar to those Greek Tragedies commonly - read at schools. By the Rev. John Groves. The Antiquary’s Portfolio, or- Cabinet Selection of Historical and Literary Curio- sities, in two vols. post 8vo., will speedily be ‘published. The Hearts of Steel, a new historical novel, by the author of ‘‘ O’ Halloran,” &e. may be expected in a few days. The Blessings of Friendship, and other Poems, by James M‘Henry, 8. mM. will soon be published. Mr. Moore’s long-promised Life of the Right Hon. R. B. Sheridan, with a Por- trait from an original Picture, 4to., is now just ready. Loudon’s Encyclopedia of Agriculture will appear in a few days. Also, the Gardener's Quarterly Register, and Maga- zine of Rural and Domestic Improvement, to be continued every month. Mr. Galt has in the press a work which may shortly be expected. The Highest Castle and the Lowest Cave, or Events of Days that are Gone, by the author of ‘* The Scrinium,’’ is now just ready. The Life and Adventures of Pandurang Hari, a Hindoo, will shortly be published, in three vols. 12mo. Instructions for Cavalry Officers, trans- tated from. the. German of General Count Dismark, by Captain L. Beamish, 4th Dra- goon Guards, are just ready. The Mirror of the Months is in the press. A Century of Surgeons on Gonorrhea, and on Strictures of the Urethra, is an- nounced for publication. A work on the plan of the German Lite- rary Almanacks, will be published-early in the month of November next, by Messrs. Baynes and Son, of Paternoster-Row. The volume is intended more especially for the religious reader of © literary compositions, and will, therefore, contain only those pro- ductions that haye an obviously religious or moral tendency. The illustrations (twelve in number) are by Martin, Westall, Cor- bould, Wright, Brook, &c.; and the engray- ings by Heath, Finden, Mitchell, Mel- ville, &c. &c. ' Weare informed that a complete, History of the City of Westminster is in prepara- tien: It will contain, besides anecdotes of the illustrious individuals who have resided in it,an ample illustration of the sports and pastimes which took place in the palace of Whitehall during the reigns of James and the Charles’s. Every object of architec- tural and topographical interest will be duly noticed. The Rev. C. Wellbeloved, Theological Tutor at the York College, has just pub- lished the fourth part of his improved Trans- lation of the Bible, with Notes critical and explanatory, and with practical Reflections, for the use ef families. This part completes Works in the Press. (Oct. 1, the Pentateuch, with an abstract of the Mo- saic Law, systematically arranged ; and a Dissertation on the Jewish books and eco- nomy. Mr. Thomas Sharpe has announeed a Dissertation on the Coventry Pageants and Mysteries. A history of the earliest dra- matie entertainments of this country has long been wanted, and this promises to be @ curious and highly interesting publication. The Speeches of Mr. Canning, we are given to understand, are in the press, under the superintendance of a gentleman and a scholar, in every respect qualified for the’ task. The work is to consist of two volumes, with a preface, notes, &e. Reprinting for publication, Reports of the Parliamentary Proceedings of last Session, systematically arranged and criti- cized, 1 vol. 8vo.— Also, in another volume, to be had separately, if required, Abstracts of all important Papers presented during the Session.—To be continued annually. Dr. Ayse, author of the work on the Functional Derangement of the Liver, and other organs of digestion, has in the press a work on the Pathology and Treatment of - Dropsies ; the Second part, which will be published in a few weeks, containing an Inquiry into the Nature and Treatment of the Diseases of the Liver. Joseph John Gurney has an 8yo, volume in the press, to be entitled, Essays on the a and Doctrines of Christianity. J. Bentley has in the press, an Historical View of the Hindu Astronomy, from the earliest dawn of that science in India down to the present time. A Panoramic View of the City of Liver- pool, taken from the opposite side of the river, is about to appear. A new edition of Howe’s Discourse on the Redeemer’s Dominion oyer the Inyi- sible World, to which is prefixed a short account of the Author, &c. An annual work is announced under the title of Janus.. We are promised the first volume before the termination of this year. The prospectus states, that the most distin-~ guished literary men in the kingdom are en- gaged in the undertaking. It will appear in one volume, post 8vo, and will consist of Tales, original and translated, occasional Essays, popular Illustrations of History and Antiquities, serious and comic Sketches of Life and Manners, &c. &c. Next month will be published, a transla- tion of La Motte Fouqué’s charming Ro- mance, The Magic Ring; a work which came out long before Ivanhoe, and is said to rival that chef-d’@uyre’s delineations of tournaments, tilts, and all the life of chi- valry. Mr. Allan Cunningham is preparing for publication ‘“‘ Paul Jones,” a Romance, in three vols. post 8vo. Shortly will. be published, a historical novel, in three vols. 12mo., entitled “ Wil- liam Douglas, or the Scottish Exiles.” Nearly 1829, : Nearly ready, in-one yok. 12mo., ‘the Cook and Housewife’s Manual, containing the most approved modern Receipts: for making soups, gravies, sauces, ragouts, and . made-dishes ; and for pies, puddings, pastry, pickles, ‘and preserves; also, for baking, brewing, making home-made wines, cor- dials, &e. &e. The whele illustrated by nu- merous -notes and practical observations on all the various branches of domestic eco- nomy ; by Mrs. Margaret Dods, of the Cleikum Inn, St. Ronan’s. In the press, a valuable work, entitled ** The Contest of the Twelve Nations ; or a Comparison of the different Bases of Hu- man Character and Talent,”’ in one volume 8vo. This work consists of twelve chap- ters, in each of which a different kind of genius, or turn of mind, is brought inte view, described and copiously illustrated by am enumeration of its distinctive qualities and their modifications. The objeet-of the . work is, to show that the peculiarities of character observable in every individual may be traced to some one or another of twelve departments, and that he may have his place assigned him in a classified view of the diver- sities of human nature. : The fortheoming volume of the Forget- Me-Not will be ready for delivery some time in November. ‘The literary depart- ment embraces, among many others, contri- butions in verse and prose from the pens of James Montgomery, Esq., Rey. G. Croly, Rey. R. Polwhele, J. H. Wiffen, Esq., Henry Neele, Esq., Rev. J. Blanco White, J. Bowring, Esq., T. Harral, Esq., Rev. G. Woodley, Rev. W. B. Clarke, W. C. Stafford, Esq., H. Brandreth, Esq., Mr. J. Bird, Miss Landon, Mrs. Hemans, Miss Mitford, Mrs. Hofland, Mrs. Bowdich, Miss Pickersgill, Mrs. C. B. Wilson, the late Mrs. Cobbold, Miss Hatfield, &e. &e. &c. The highly finished engravings, fourteen in number, are executed after the designs of Westall, Singleton, H. Corbould, Prout, Hills, Pugin, &c. by Heath, Finden, G. Corbould, Le Keux, Winckle, and other eminent artists. “ _ A. Critical Essay on the Writings of St. Luke, translated from the German of Dx. Frederie Schleiermacher: with an Intro- duction by the Translator, containing an account of the controversy respecting the origin,of the three first Gospels since Bi- shop Marsh’s Dissertations, one vol. 8vo. Scottish Songs, Ancient and Modern ; illustrated with, Notes, a critical Introduc- tion, and characters. of the most eminent Lyzic Poets of Scotland, by Allan Cunning- ham, four vols. post 8vo. The Elements of the Differential and In- tegral Calculus, by the Rev. Dionysius Lard- ner, of the Uniyersity of Dublin, Svo. An Analytical Treatise on Plane and Spherical Trigonometry, by the Rev. Dia- nysius Lardner, of the University of Dub- Jin, Bvo- ir ; Taser, of Smirke’s Illustrations _ Mowruty Mac, No. 415, List of New Works. 273 to Shakspeare bas nearly ready for, publica, tion, a series of Plates in continuation of that undertaking, but which will consist | of original designs, by the most celebrated, Ar- tists of the present day, and be found wor-> thy to rank with such distinguished talent; Mr. Kendall is preparing for the press, * Ancient Knighthood, and its Relations with the past and present state of Society; and particularly with the modern Military, Profession.’’ . The same author is also. pre- paring for the press, ‘‘ Geological Errors, and Mytho-Zoology, or Inquiries concera- ing Sea Serpents, Crakens, Unicorns, Were- wolves, Ogres, Pigmies, &e, ; to which is added, Contributions to the Natural and Ciyil History of several known Animals.” d Te -LIST.OF NEW WORKS. - PINE ARTS. : Engraved Specimens of the Architec- tural Antiquities of Normandy. By J. and H. Le Keux, after Drawings by Pugin. Part I. med. 4to. £1, lis, 6d. imp. 4to. £2. 12s. 6d. : Historical Notices of the Collegiate Church, or Royal Free Chapel, of St, Martin le Grand, London, 8yo.. Part II. of the Connoisseur’s Reperto- rium; or, a Universal Historical Record of Artists, and of their works. By Thomas Dodd. I2mo. 7s. Gd. : . Number VIF. of Views in London and its Environs, engraved by Charles Heath, from Drawings by P. Dewint, W. West- all, A.R.A., and F. Mackenzie. Imp. 8vo. 9s. Proofs, royal 4to. 14s. India proofs, royal 4to. £). iy A Sunrise; Whiting Fishing at Mar- gate. Drawn by J. M. W. Turner, B.a., and engraved on steel by Thomas Lupton, Prints, 15s.; proofs, £1.; India paper, £1. 5s. (ae : Part VII. of the Ladies’ Scrap Book, and Picturesque Repository of the Fine Arts: containing sixteen engrayings, and éight pages of Jetter-press. 3s. , LAW, Eden on the Bankrupt Law. 8yo. 30s. Swinburne on Descents. S8vo. 10s. 6d. Tamlyn ort Terms of Years. 9s. Williams’s Annual Abstract of the Sta- tutes, passed in the present year 1825, 6. Geo. 1V., being ‘the sixth session of the seventh Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with notes and comments; the whole carefully abridg- ed. By Thomas Walter Williams, esq. ~ Impey’s Questions on the Practice of the Courts of King’s Bench and Common Pleas. ‘8yo. 12s. MEDICINE. An Exposition of the Principles of Pa- thology, and the Treatment of Diseases. By Daniel Pering, mp. Syo. Ts, 9 — Ulustrations of the Inquiry be 2N BAN i Royal 274 Tuberculous Diseases. M.D. 8yvo. 15s. An introductory volume to “ Collec- tions from the unpublished Medical Writ- ings of the late Dr. Parry.” By Charles Henry Parry, M.D. 10s. Medical Researches on the Effects of Todine, in Bronchocele, Paralysis, Chorea, &e. By A. Manson, m.p. 8yo. 12s. Practical Observations on certain Patho- logical Relations which exist between the Kidneys and other Organs of the Human Body, especially the Brain, Mucous, Mem- branes and Liver. By John Fosbroke, Surgeon. 8yo. 6s.’ Observations on Tetanus: illustrated by cases in which a new and successful mode of treatment has been adopted. By Henry Ward, surgeon. 5s. Conversations on the Physiological Sys- tem of Medicine of Professor Broussais. 8vo. 9s. : The Works of the late Matthew Baillie, M.D.; to which is prefixed,an Account of his Life. By James Wardrop. 2 yols. 8vo. £1. 5s. MISCELLANIES, Milburne’s Oriental Commerce. Thos. Thornton. Royal 8vo. 36s. Williams’s Diary, 18mo. 3s. 6d. East-India Register, to Aug. 16, 1825. 12mo. 8s. 6d. Improvements in Civil Architecture, or a new System of Ventilation. By J. L. Burridge. 8vo. 2s. Allen’s Modern Horsemanship for Gen- tlemen, with plates. S8vo. 2ls. Allen’s Modern Horsemanship Ladies, 21s, — The Trial of Judge v. Berkeley and others ; tried at Hareford. 8yo. 3s. Instructions to Young Sportsmen in all that relates to Guns and Shooting. By Lieut. Col. P. Hawker. 4th edition, med. Syo. 18s. THEOLOGY, The Gospel of St. John, in German, with an analytical and interlineary Translation. By George Hamilton. 4s. 6d. Boys’s Key to the Psalms. 8vo. 8s. 6d. Bickersteth on the Sacrament, new edi- tion, 12mo. 5s. Gordon’s Sermons. 8vo. 10s. 6d. Bruce’s Sermons. 8vo. 10s. 6d. Burnside on the Sabbath. 12mo. 5s. . The Pulpit. Vol. IV. 8yo. 8s. Quarterly Theological Review, Vol. I. 8vo. 12s. _ Tattam’s Prayers. 18mo. 2s. Jesus Christ, the True God and Eternal Life, by the concurrent voice and tes- timony of the Sacred Scriptures. By Thomas F. Churchill, M.p. 8vo. 6s. A Course of Catechetical Instruction, or the Life,: Doctrines, Death and Resur- rection of our Lord Jesus Christ. By the Rev. Harvey Marriott, Rector of Claver- ton, and Chaplain to the Right Hon. Lord . Kenyon. ; By John Baron, By for List of New Works. (Oct. 1 Biblical Questions, illustrative of the History, Doctrines, and Precepts of the Old and New Testament., By the Rev. Harvey Marriott, Rector of Claverton. ; NOVELS, TALES, &c. O'Halloran; or the Insurgent Chief. An Irish historical novel of 1798. 4s. 6d. The Contrast, or Scotland :in 1745 and 1825. 12mo. 5s. Domestic Anecdotes. Royal 1Smo. 5s. Endless Entertainment, or Comic, Ter- rific, and Legendary Tales. S8yo. 3s. 6d. Realities, not a Novel: a Tale from real life. 4 vols. 24s. Illustrations to Boccacio Il Decamerone da Ugo Foscolo.. By Stothard. 8vo. £1. ; 4to. £2.; on India paper, £3. P Bayley’s Tales of the Heath. 12mo. 5s. 6d. Balfour’s Charactersand Tales.12mo. 7s, NATURAL HISTORY, A Manual of the Elements of Natural History. By J. F. Blumenbach. - Trans- lated from the German, by R. T. Gore. 8vo. 14s. Flora Conspicua. No. III. containing four coloured figures. 3s. 6d. A Selection of the most ornamental flowering, hardy, exotic, and indigenous Trees, Shrubs and Herbaceous Plants for embellishing Flower-gardens and Pleasure- grounds. By Richard Morris, Fr.u.s., &c. Burrow’s Conchology. Crown 8yo. 16s. POETRY, Le Corsaire. Poéme en trois chants; traduit de l’Anglais de Lord Byron, en vers Frangais. 8vo. 5s. 6d. Thoughts on an Illustrious Exile; oc- casioned by the Persecutions of the Pro- testants in 1815. With other Poems. By Hugh Stuart Boyd, Esq. 8yo. 3s. 6d: Lady Byron’s Reply to her Lord’s Fare- well. 6s. Martin Luther, a Poem, in three parts. 8vo. 6s. The Rainbow ; or Original Poems, rural, humorous, and historical. By P. Bastien. Is. 6d. The Spirit of British Song. No. 1. The Innocents, a sacred drama ; Ocean; and the Earthquake at Aleppo. 12mo. 3s. 6d. Cowper’s Poems. 3 vols. 16mo. West- all’s designs. 16s. 6d. Belcher’s Poetical Sketches. M‘Donogh’s essay. 12mo. 3s. Plumptre’s one hundred Fables in Verse. 12mo. 5s. ; Gonzalo, and other Poems. Pouitics, &c. Statistical ae ae of the British Empire. 8yo. 7s. 6d. Review of the Evidence taken before the Irish Committees of both Houses of Parliament. 8vo. 3s. 6d. Chapman’s Report of the Manchester and Dee Ship Canal. Folio. 4s. England, Ireland, America, and the , Roman 12mo. 5s. Gratitude, a poetical 12mo. 4s. 1825.] Roman Catholics. A Series of Letters to a Friend, on the State of Ireland, the Ro- man Catholic Question, and the Merits of Constitutional Religious Distinctions. By E. A. Kendall, esq., ¥.s.A. 8yo. 14s. These letters, which are thirty in number, and are written in the familiar style natural to private correspondence, are earnestly di- rected against Roman Catholic Emancipa- tion; but as earnestly -also, .according to the author’s views, in behalf of the interests of Ireland. Mr. Kendall’s language will give no satisfaction to Dissenters, any more than to Roman Catholic Emancipationists, except in as far as he contends that the Dissenters have even better claims than the Roman Catholics, and that yet no practical statesman has ventured, or ever will ven- ture, to take the part of the Dissenters : assertions, upon the strength of which, as upon that of many others, Mr. K. contends for the utter inadmissibility of the Roman Catholic pretensions. VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. A Voyage towards the South Pole, per- formed in 1822-24; containing an Exami- nation of the Antarctic Sea to the 74th degree of Latitude, and a Visit to Terra del Fuego. By James Weddell, esq. S8vo. 18s. 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Part I. 6s. Part II. 4s. 6d. Demosthenis Opera Omnia, Gr. et Lat. Curante Schaefer. Vol. V. 8vo. 12s. T. Livii Patavina Historiarum ab Urbe Condita Libri qui supersunt omnes, ex re- censione Arn. Drakenborchii. Accedunt Note Integr ex editionibus J. B.L. Cre- vierii, cum Indice rerum locupletissimo. 4 vols. 8vo. 36s, | List of New Works. 275 Rupert’s Notes to Tacitus. 8vo. 12s. Sael’s Introduction to Geography. By * Butler. 2s. 6d. Stirling’s Juvenal, edited by Dr. Nuttall. 8vo. 10s. 6d. Platonis Phedo a Bekkero. 8vo. 9s. Just published, the Principal Roots of the Latin Language, simplified by a Dis- play of their Incorporation into the Eng- lish Tongue, with ¢opious Notes ; forming part of Mr. Hall’s Intellectual System of Education (as explained in a public Lecture delivered at Willis’s Roome, on Saturday, the 8th of May, 1824), whereby an Adult, previously unacquainted in: the slightest. degree with Latin, was enabled, in the short space of only seven days, to acquire so considerable a knowledge of the Latin Language, as to translate, parse, and scan, the whole of the first’ Book of Virgil’s ZEneid. In one volume, royal 8vo., price 8s. 6d. boards, or 10s. bound. EDUCATION. Conversations on English Grammar. In a Series of familiar and entertaining Dia- logues between a Mother and her Daugh- ters. By Mrs. Honoria Williams. Second edition. 12mo. 4s. 6d. Deheque, Dictionnaire Grec Moderne, et Francais, contenant les diverses accep- tions des Mots, leur Etymologie, ancienne ou moderne, et tous les Temps irrégsliers des Verbes. 16mo. price 12s. HISTORY, The Session of Parliament for 1825, containing a full and faithful delineation of every thing done by, or relating to, the British Senate during that most interesting period. 8yvo. 16s. The History of Chivalry, or Knighthood and its Times. By Charles Mills, Esq. 2 vols. 8vo. £1. 4s. BIOGRAPHY. The Military Exploits, &e. of the Em- pecinado. Translated from the Spanish, by a General Officer. 8vo. 7s. Memoirs of Miss C. E. Carey, 8vo. £2. 2s, ‘Memoirs of the Court of France, from 1684 to 1720, from the Diary of the Mar- quis de Dangeau. 2 vols. 8yo. Memoirs of the Countess de Genlis. vols. v.-and vi. Post 8vo. 16s, Life of Paul Jones. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d. The Subaltern Officer; a Narrative. By Capt. G. Wood. 8yo. 21s. Memoirs of Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia, daughter of King James I. By Miss Benger. 2 vols. post 8vo. £1. 4s., ““ Some Passages” in the Life of Egomet Bon-mot, esq. 2s. Memoirs of Miss Mullinger. 3s. 6d. Walton’s Angler. 3 vols. 12mo. 48mo. 6s. boards. Lives. 12mo. portraits, 18s. boards. Post S8yo. portraits, £2. 2s. boards, 2N 2 OBITUARY f 276 4} OBITUARY OF THE MONTH. [Oct-1,! I THE EARL OF CARLISLE. HIS nobleman was, we. believe, the ‘oldest member of the House of Lords (though not the oldest man), having taken his seat immediately on coming of age, and having thus occupied it for tifty-seven years. Though his Lordship never attained any great distinction as a politician, a legislator, an author, or a man of talent, he was not deficient in abilities or knowledge of a certain kind. He possessed « considerable portion of literary taste, and displayed that acquain- tance with the fine arts, as wellas that libe- ralityin encouraging them, which add dignity to rank, and make wealth and high station at once usefuland respectable. Along with the Duke of Bridgewater, he purchased the Orleans Gallery; and probably died possessed of one of the best collections of paintings in the kingdom. As a politician, e will be remembered only for being one of the Commissioners for negociating the peace with America, and the steady sup- porter of Mr. Fox’s party. Asa connois- seur, he was honoured with the abuse of Peter Pindar, and at his poetical reputation (for he likewise wrote verses) his relation Lord Byron directed a fearful blow. His Lordship is succeeded in his title by his son, Lord Morpeth, who long occupied a seat in the House of Commons as member for Cumberland, and held office with the Whigs in 1806. F : EL EMPECINADO, D. Juan Martin was the real name of this illistrious patriot and martyr, who has just been sacrificed by the ungrateful Ferdinand and the theocratical faction that Yords it over Spain. We was born in a vil- lage of the province of Valladolid, in Old Castile, where his parents enjoyed a small property. Their limited means, and the general néglect of all education in Spain, except for the church, forbade him the advantages ‘of ‘education; but he had a strong mind, retentive memory, clear intel- Yect, and a noble and generous disposition. From his childhood he was enterprizing -and industrious. His early oecupation was the sale of chafcoal, which he conveyed on his own mules to the neighbouring towns’; which ‘gave him that complete knowledge of ‘the roads afterwards so serviceable, as well as his nick-name, El Empecinado. He was about thirty when Buonaparte in- ‘waded the Peninsula, in 1808, and in the satne year, having joiried a-small ‘band of is countrymen, who elected him their chief, he took a French detachment, and §mmediately afterwards formed one of those guerilla parties which became the scourge of the invaders. ‘General Cuesta, seeing his zeal, integrity, and activity, gave him a commission of commander of cavalry, ‘and he continued harassing the French on ‘the banks of the Duero. Some time after- wards, crossing the mountains of Semo- Sierra, he made the province of Guadala- jara the theatre of his exploits, carrying terror to the very gates of Madrid. His rencontres with the French troops, the con- voys he intercepted, and the injuries he caused to the enemy, were innumerable. His great celebrity led many good Spaniards to distinguish themselves by the name of Empecinado, as a title of glory to those engaged in the cause of independence. Be- tween the province of Guadalajara and the mountains of Cuenca, he organized a bril- liant division, with which he entered Ma- drid, in 1812, after the battle of Salamanca. The enthusiasm of the citizens was sach, that he could not jeave his house withent being accompanied by an immense con- course, rending the air with their applauses. In 1814 he held the rank of general, as a reward for his services during six years of constant warfare and fatigue. In 1815 he was in great favour at court, but his ele- vated soul could not stoop to practise the arts of duplicity or flattery. He observed that Ferdinand’s conduct was opposed to the interests of the nation, and plunging it into calamities; and had the courage to deliver to the king, in person, an ener- getic remonstrance. The tyrant took and read it, and with a jesuitical sneer said to him—“ Well, although this may be true, thou art not able to pen’ such a paper as this, and I wish thee to tell me who gaye it thee?” Empecinado, pointing to the paper, replied, “ My sentiments are ex- pressed there, and I have too much honour to be wanting to the confidence reposed in me.” This spirited reply lost him the royal favour, and he was banished to Val- Jadolid ; where he was universally beloved and respected. Here he devoted his atten- ‘tion to the cultivation of a farm, on which he intended to spend the remainder of his days. The events of 1820 prompted the patriots of Castile to call him from his ‘soli- tude ; and in a few days an army was en- listed in the cause of freedom, to co-cpe- rate with that advancing from Andalusia : but the Castilian patriots had not time to commence their operations, before the king acceded to the constitution. The new Government confided to El Empecinado the temporary command of Valladolid, and afterwards that of Zamora, which trusts he discharged with fidelity and enthusiasm. In 182], the noted curate Merino having taken up arms, the Government confi- ded to. E] Empecinago the command of the troops destined to act against him. Merino had commanded ‘a guerilla party during the war of independence, ‘and was dreaded on account of his cruelty. He was © particularly well acquainted with ‘the whole range of the mountains:of ‘Soria, where he raised his new standard, supported by ‘the clergy Le ae 1625.) - clergy and some of the inmates of the pa- lace. Nevertheless, El Empecinadog in one movement, destroyed the whole of his forces, and their leader was compelled, for upwards of a year, to wander from hiding- place to hiding place to save his life. When the ministry, headed by Felice, wished to counteract the revolution, El Empecinado was one of the victims. Stripped of his command in Zamora, he withdrew to his farm ; but, in the following year, the revolt of the guards on the 7th of July in Madrid, again called him to arms. He proceeded to the capital with the column marching up from Valladolid in defence of Spanish free- dom. He subsequently moved on Siguen- za, where another conspiracy had brolcen out, and in a few days restored order. In January .1823, a division of the army called “ of the faith,’ commanded by Bes- sieres, marched up from Arragon to New Castile, and placed the Government in a perilous state. A small body of troops left the capital, under the orders of General O’Daly, who sent half his forces to El Pmpecinado. The part commanded by O'Daly was completely defeated in Bri- buega, with the loss of all its artillery ; whilst Empecinado beat the royalists’ army under Royo Capape, and, in compliance with the orders he had received, took possession of Caspuenas. The defeat of the other divi- sions intended to co-operate with him ~ placed El Ernpecinado in an awkward pre- dicament, from which he extricated himself by his presence of mind and knowledge of the ground ; and, a few days afterwards, he -sursued the remnant of the royalists, being im command of the vanguard of the army London Incidents. 277 under Abisbal. When the French army crossed the Pyrennees, El Empecinado, notwithstanding the critical situation of af- fairs, and his rank entitling him to the command of a division, collected a new guerilla party, with which he kept the field till the dissolution of the Government in Cadiz, and the dispersion of the constitu- tional armies. General Placencia, who commanded in Estremadura, included him in his capitulation with the royalist chiefs, in consequence of which the local autho- rities provided him with passports to return home. Haying signalized himself on all occasions in the constitutional cause, and braved the anger of the king, whose vin- dictive disposition was well known, he was advised to fly; but he spurned at the idea, and relied on the integrity of his conduct. Scarcely had he joined his family, when the royalist volunteers surrounded his dwelling, tore him from the bosom of all that was dear to him, and carried him a prisoner to Roa. There every indignity that malice and envy could invent, was heaped upon him, till atlength his enemies dragged him to a scaffold. El Empecinado was of the middle sta- ture ; he had rather a frowning look, and dark colour; his features were strongly marked, and his person somewhat lusty ; his constitution was unimpaired by the most severe hardships, and he was remarkable for the quantity of hair with which his body was covered. In his disposition he was frank, true to his word, indefatigable in the object he was pursuing ; and, in short, he possessed all the essential requisites for a soldier. - ec ea INCIDENTS, MARRIAGES, anv DEATHS, 1n anp NEAR LONDON. —=—__——- CHRONOLOGY OF THE MONTH. yee meeting was held at the HornTavern, Doctor’s Commons, on the 14th ult., in order to take into considera- tion a plan of improvements proposed by James Elmes, esq., architect, in order to render St. Paul’s church-yard regular throughout its whole extent; to form a new street from New Bridge-street, Black- friars, in a direct line to the west grand front of the cathedral, and two lateral ‘streets, to open full views of the north and south porticoes of this magnificent build- ing. The Chairman, Mr. Slade, said he was in possession of the original plan of that great architect Sim®C. Wren, which was to make a street from St. Dunstan’s church ‘to Whitechapel, by which they might see St. Paul’s and Whitechapel, and the quays from London Bridge upwards. These, however, had been frustrated by petty and ‘partial jealousies. He trusted that would ‘not be the case with the present project. Letters were read from the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Earl of Liverpool, the Dukes of Devonshire and Bedford, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, &c. &c., some consenting to become Vice-Presi- dents, and others declining, but all ap- proving of the plan. Mr. Elmes explained his designs from a plan before him. He proposed a square about the size of Chat- ham-place, at the west front of St. Paul’s, in the centre of which the committee for erecting the statue of the late King had consented the statue should be placed. A series of resolutions were then agreed to, declaring that it was desira- ble to throw open the view of St Paul’s cathedral; and that a Joint Stock Com- pany, with a capital of one million sterling, be established, by deposits of £3 per share, and increased by £5 deposits, of each of which thirty days’ notice to be given. It was also proposed to open a direct communication from the Old Bailey to Apothecaries’-ball, leading straight from Smithfield to Blackfriars Bridge. - [We 278 { We wish we could add that the nuisance of Smithfield market, is to be removed from the centre of the metropolis. | The Gazette of Tuesday, the 13th, con- tains a notice, that application will be made to Parliament in the ensuing session, for leave to bring in a bill to form a new street, so as to continue Pall-mall East,» eastward from the King’s Mews as far as St. Martin’s church, and to widen the communication between Cockspur-street and Craven-street, between the south front of the Union Club-house in Cockspur- street, and the north side of the Strand opposite Craven-street; also to form two streets on the north and south sides of St. Martin’s church, till they intersect the Strand nearly opposite the north end of Villiers-street ; also to widen St. Martin’s- lane on the east and west sides thereof, south of Hemmings’s-row and Chandos- street; and also to form a square or open space epposite Charing-cross, which said square or open space is to have the Union Club-house for its boundary to the west, and west side of St. Martin’s-lane for its ’ boundary to the east; also giving powers to form a new street from the south end of Spring-gardens to Whitehall and Charing- cross in the line of the ‘court-yard called > Buckingham-court; also giving powers to widen the south side of Downing-street, and to improve and alter the south side of Downing-square and the north side of Fludyer-street ; also to alter and widen such parts of the present streets as will form entrances into,the said intended new streets. The new street, from the west, will take a direction north-east by north. It will commence opposite to Coventry-street; and by the removal of the south side of Sidney’s-alley (taking in Mr. Hamlet’s, the goldsmith, and Mr. Gibbon’s, the saddler, both in Whitcomb-street), the line will be formed, by the north side of Leicester-square. Then it will proceed in a gentle curve, due north, cutting away Cranborne-alley ; and henceforward the line will be straight into the grand street, and opposite Long-acre. This sweep will be effected by the removal of all the houses in Cranborne-alley ; the west end of Bear- street, the east end of Great Newport- street, part of Ryder’s-court, and the cor- ridor leading into the Panorama. The new street, on entering the grand street, will terminate the improvements in that quarter. The grand street will nearly an- nihilate all the triangular streets, which are very numerous about the Seven Dials, and particularly Great and Little Earl-street, and Tower-street. The improvements west of the metro- polis will extend through Brompton and Knightsbridge, and to the magnificent square now erecting by Lord Grosvenor, in the Eive Fields, Chelsea. At Knights- bridge, the Old Conduit; so famous in London Marriages. [Oct. 1, former times for the purity of its water, being repaired and beautified, has become an agreeable object. A superb new church is to be erected in the Nursery-grounds between Kensington and Brompton, oppo- site to Brompton Park. Park-lane is to be widened by the removal of the old wall, and the substitution of an iron pallisade. The buildings and improvements in and about the Regent’s Park advance with a rapidity that looks like magic, and are upon a scale of magnificence that is truely. astonishing. The splendour is somewhat marred by the meretricious architecture and ornaments of one, in ~ particular, of the otherwise grand terraces, or rows of buildings; but the taste with which the park itself is layed out, deserves high commendation. : In the neighbourhood of Carlton-house, the MacAdam system, a grand improve- ment in all wide and open streets, has been adopted, from the Haymarket and beyond the palace ; and to all appearance will be continued the whole length of Pall-Mall. At the breaking up of Bartholomew- fair, a circumstance took place, which never happened in this country before that of the Hyena producing young. MARRIAGES. The Rey. C. Grant, Lu.s., to Caroline Mary, only daughter of the late C. Greme, - jun. esq., Judge of Purneah, Bengal. J. Bradshaw, esq., of Grosvenor-place,, | to Miss Anna Maria Tree, late of Covent Garden Theatre. Mr. Sydney, of the Life Guards, to Miss Fitzclarence. ; John, eldest son of Lord John Town- shend, to Elizabeth Jane, eldest daughter of Lord G. Stuart. S. Black, esq., of Mente Viedo, to Miss S. W. Olivant. Capt. G. F. Lyon, k.N., to Lucy Louisa, youngest daughter of the late Lord E. Fitzgerald. ~ The Rev. B. Broughton, to Frances, second daughter of Mr. B. Fagg, of Hould- ham-hall, Kent. Major H. Barrington, late third dra- goons, to Miss B. Foote, of Barnes, Surrey. C. H. Gardner, esq., to Emma, only daughter of W. Day, esq. The Rev. H. Withy, to Emily, second daughter of J. Mangles, esq., of Wood- bridge Cottage. ‘ J. Varley, esq., Jandscape-painter, to Delvalle, youngest daughter of the late W. Lowry, esq., ¥.R.S. The Hon. G, L. Dawson, to the Hon. Miss Seymour, youngest daughter of the late Lord Hugh and Lady Horatio Sey- mour. Col. Clithero, of 3d foot guards, to Milicent, eldest daughter of E. J.. Rudge, esq., of Abbey Manor-house, ee 1825.] J. W. Bailey, esq., lieut. x.v., knight of the most ancient order of St. Ferdinand of Merit, and of the Lys, to Miss Mann, sister of the Rey. T. Mann, of Cowes. J. P. Atkins, esq., only son of Mr. Alderman Atkins, to Anna. daughter of J. G. Children, esq., of the British Mu-~- seum. i .The Rev: H. G. Cholmondeley, to Mary Elizabeth, daughter of the late G. Johnson, esq,, and grandaughter of the late Sir P. Francis. Ernest Count de Gersdorff, to the Hon. Miss T. Fiennes, only daughter of the late Lord Say and Sele. A. Pocock, esq. to Julia Catherine, se- cond daughter of the late Hon. T. W. Coventry. - The Right Hon. S. Canning, his Ma- jesty’s Ambassador at Constantinople, to Eliza Charlotte, eldest daughter of J. Alexander, esq-, of Somer-hill, Kent, M.P., and first cousin to the Earl of Caledon. J. Williams, esq., M.r. for Lincoln, to Harriet Catherine, only daughter of D. Davenport, esq., M.p. for Cheshire. At Canaan-House, Dr, J. Pitcairn, to Cecilia, youngest daughter of D. Thom- son, esq., writer to the Signet. The Rey. J. H. Sparke, eldest son of the Lord Bishop of Ely, to Agnes, young- est daughter of the late Sir J. H. Astley, bart. _ Sir H. Featherstonaugh, bart., to Miss M. A. Bullock. : Lord Muskery to Miss Grady. DEATHS. The Dowager Lady Lloyd. 30, John, the eldest son of R. Baylis, esq., of Winchcomb. Capt. J. Miller, a native of Beverley, Massachusetts, late master of the American brig Effort. 78, S. Blackaller, esq., of Weybridge. 66, Paymaster W. Mansell, late of the 66th regt. of Infantry, one of his Majesty’s military knights of Windsor. In Portland-place, 72, Admiral Lord Radstock, G.c.B. In Albemarle-street, the Right Hon. Lady Elphinstone. T. Homfray, esq., formerly of Hyde- house, Staffordshire, and many years an active magistrate for that county. At a very advanced age, H. Wood- thorpe, esq., many years town clerk of mdon. J. Ditmas, esq-., second son of Lieut.- Co}. Ditmas. At Stockwell, Elizabeth, wife of Mr. F. Henderson. At Overleigh, near Chester, Capt. J. Taylor, late paymaster of the 54th regt. of foot, and of the Royal Flintshire militia, and son-in-law of the G. Billing- hurst, esq. London Marriages and Deaths. 279 26, Mary, eldest daughter of Sir W. Wake, bart., of Courteen-hall, Nor- thamptonshire. : Mrs. Blair, widow of Lieut.-Col. Blair, and daughter of the-late Admiral Charles Webber. At Richmond, the lady of Mr. Wellesly Pole Long Wellesly. For some time she had been much indisposed, and, under the direction of her medical advisers, went about eight days since’ to reside at Rich- mond-hill, where she was attended by Sir D. Dundas,. _ On Friday she was able to walk out, and her death was therefore somewhat sudden. The Earl of Donoughmore, a Peer of Great Britain, and one of the original Representative Peers for Ireland, a Privy Councillor, Lord Treasurer’s Remembran- cer of his Majesty's Court of Exchequer in Ireland, General in the Army, Governor of the county of Tipperary, &c. Never having been married, his titles and estates devolve upon his next brother, Lord Hutchinson, k.c.c.B-, &c. On the 22d July, whilst proceeding to France, on board the steam-packet Eclipse, R, Preston, jun. esq., of Liver- pool, distiller, &c, aged 33. The de- ceased was the only son of R. Preston, esq., Of the above place; and after having’ endured a long state of deprivation and suffering, from a complaint in his chest, in which he exercised uncommon fortitude, was induced to proceed to Paris, to consult Professor Laeneec, in which attempt he unhappily fell a victim to his disease. If talent and worth are sufficient to perpetu- ate a name, then that of the deceased will _ be imperishable. He-was mild, affable, and beneficent: without ostentation, he was scrupulously exact in fulfilling all his en- gagements, and manifested a most perfect sense of honour and propriety. As a husband and parent, he was kind and in- dulgent; as a friend, steadfast and true: tolerant and liberal in his opinions, he was a friend to all mankind. Bitter, indeed, will be the pangs which his loss will oc- casion to those to whom his infirm state of health still permitted habits of friendly intercourse. Though disease had enfeebled his body, his mind seemed to shine with additional lustre; to them his loss is irre- parable ; but the recollection of his many yirtues, and respect for his great and varied talents, must live “‘ whilst memory holds a seat.’? As aman of business, few possessed such eminent qualifications; his quickness of parts enabled him to plan and execute with astonishing facility, till disease para- lyzed his personal exertions. Of unsullied integrity, his frank demeanour and ingenu- ous disposition invited and justified confi- dence. The premature death of this estima- ble and highly-gifted individual is no incon- siderable loss to the commercial commu- nity of which he was a member, and of which 280 which he was so well calculated to have become an honour and an ornament. He left a widow and three children, and was buried at Broadstairs. MARRIAGES ABROAD. Lately, the Count de Niepperg, to the Archduchess Maria Louisa, the widow of Buonaparte. _At Hobart Town, Van Diemen’s Land, G. C. Clarke, esq., third son of T. Clarke, esq-, of Ellenthorpe-hall, Yorkshire, to Miss H. M. Davice, of Hobart Town. At Paris, J. T. Carlow, esq., to Eliza- beth Anne, second daughter of Capt. Rowed, k.n. At Quebec, Lieut.-Col. Hawkins, of the 68th regt., to the daughter of Gen. Gore, and niece of Admiral Sir John Gore. At Berne, Capt. J. Hall, Coldstream Guards, to Lucy, eldest daughter of W. Alves, esq. ’ At Gruyere, an old soldier, aged 86, who had both his legs shot off in a battle, about fifty years ago, was lately married to a woman who is seventy, and was born without arms, which, however, does not prevent her being remarkably active for a woman of her age. At Muirtown, Capt. W.E. Sutherland, of his Majesty’s 33d regt., to Miss S. G. Duff. P At Secunderabad, Lieut. R. Codrington, 46th regt. Native Infantry, to Louisa, third daughter of the Rev. F. Gardner. At Smyrna, Mr. John Warmington, of that city, to Grace Louisa, eldest daughter of J. Barker, esq., his Britannic Majesty’s Consul for Aleppo and-its dependencies. Ecclesiastical Promotions. [Oct. I, At Demerara, Capt. G. Richardson, to Johanna Catherine, eldest daughter ~ of J. Robertson, esq., of the said colony. DEATHS ABROAD. At Madeira, R. Young, esq. 64, at Dieppe, G. Crathorne, esq., of Crathorne. At Rome, his excelleney M. Bartholdy, Privy Councillor to the King of Prussia, and formerly Consul-general to his Majesty in the Italian States. At Portobello, Maj. J. Davidson, late in the service of the East-India Company. At Boulogne, Henrietta Franees, daugh- ter of the late D. Marston, esq., of St. Catherine’s Park, Kildare, Ireland. At Honfleur, Frances Elizabeth, third daughter of the Rey. E. Green, rector of Burford. At New York, 36, Mr. Charles Buo- naparte. At the Baths of Landeck, in Silesia, Count Bulow, minister of state to the King of Prussia. At Kingston, Jamaica, 19, Henry, the youngest son of G. Hibbert, esq., of Portland-place. At Bencoolen, Mrs. Christiana Nichol- son, wife of W. Scott, esq., of Penang. At Bombay, 22, Lieut. A D. Greme, 3d Native Cavalry. On her passage to England from Cal- cutta, 51, Mrs. Bainfield, wife of W. Bainfield, esq-, formerly of Pentonville. At sea, Mr. S. Harris, master of his Majesty’s ship Thracian. At Spanish-town, Jamaica, W. Carr, esq., third son of the late J. Carr, esq., of Ryhope, Durham. ECCLESIASTICAL PROMOTIONS. Tue Rey. Mr. Prettyman, son of. the Lord Bishop of Winchester, to the livings of Alverstoke and Havant, in the room of the Rey. C. A. North, prebend of Winchester, deceased. The Rey. R. B. Paul, m.a., fellow of Exeter College, has been presented, by the rector and fellows of that society, to the vicarage of Long Wittenham. The Rey. D. Nantes, to the rectory of Powderham, Devon. The Rev. J. H. J. Chichester, to the rectory of Loxhore, Devon. The Rev. J. Davies, rector of St. Cle- ment’s, Worcester, to be chaplain to the House of Industry in that city, the Rey. W. Faulkner haying resigned the situ- ation. The Rev. W. Johnson, to the vicarage of Bilsby, near Alford. The Rey. J. Baker. M.a., Chancellor of the Diocese of Durham, to the rectory of Nuneham Courtenay: patron, Earl of Harcourt. The Rey. W. James, M.A., priest vicar of the cathedrat church, Wells, to the rec- tory of East Lambrook, Somerset, void by the cession of the Rey. C. T. Simons : patrons, the Dean and Chapter of the said cathedral. The Rev. J. D. Coleridge, B.c.t., to the prebendary stall in the cathedral church. ° of Exeter, void by the death of the Rey. J. Carrington. The Rey. R. Mallock, s.c.L., to the perpetual cure of Tormoham and Cock- ington, Devon. The Rev. H. A. Greaves, A. B., of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge to the head mastership of the Devonport Classical and Mathematical School, on the nomination of the trustees, PROVINCIAL / 1825.] fy 28h >] PROVINCIAL OCCURRENCES, WITH THE MARRIAGES AND DEATHS; Furnishing the Domestic and Family History of England for the last Twenty-nine Years, —— NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. Married.| At Tynemouth, H. Shadforth, esq., of this town, to Anna Maria, daugh- ter of the late Capt. Whitehead. Died.| At Heighington, 65, J. Col- ling, esq—At Egglescliffe, near Yarm, Agnes, wife of Dr. Jackson.— At Bishop- wearmouth Green, Mrs. J. Harrison, mo- ther of Mr. Harrison, of Sunderland. CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND. Married.| At Kendal, T. J. Manning, esq., of the Island of Barbadoes, to Ann Catherine Rose, only daughter of F. Nas- sau, esq., of Osythe Priory, Essex, and of Jermyn-street, St. James’s, London. The happy couple had been previously mar- ried at Gretna Green, by Bishop Lang.— At Carlisle, G. Thompson, of Appleby, banker, to Abigail, daughter of the late J. Dodgson, of Kendal. —At Bolton, R. Sykes, esq., of Edgley, to Jane, eldest daughter of T./ Hardcastle, esq., of Fir- wood, in this county. ~ Died.| 60, the Rev. J. Brocklebank, of Whitbeck, thirty-six years perpetual curate of that parish.— At Whitehaven, 92, Mrs. Elliot, of Duke-street, relict of the late Capt. Elliot—At Kendal, 73, R. Whitehead, esq.—At Workington, 84, Mr. P, M‘Gasa— At Workington, 56, Mary, relict of the late Capt. B. Scott—At East- bank, 75, Mr. Weir—At Allonby, Walter, - third son of R. Mackenzie, writer to the Signet. YORKSHIRE. A crane is now alive on the farm of Mr. J. Jowett, near Bingley, which measures from ‘the head to the feet four feet eight inches, and between the extremities of the wings five feet six inches, ; A large viper, measuring a yard in length and four or five inches in circumference, was taken alive in the mill-race of the King’s Mills, at Bradford. The belly is beautifully variegated, and the back is nearly black, ‘The reptile is now in the possession of Mr.Cockshott, the druggist, in Westgate. Married.| At St, Mary’s, Scarborough, T. Chorley, jun. esq. to Margaret Sarah, widow of the late Mr. J. Tute-—J. Buckle, esq., of Aiskew-hall, near Bedale, to Miss Jane Ray, daughter of the late Mr. L. S. Ray — At Skipton, W. Waithman, esq., of Yealand, near Lancaster, to Eleanor Armi- stead, of Birstwith, near Harrowgate,—At Leeds, J. H, Fletcher, esq. to Marianne, eldest daughter of C. C. Coventry, esq.—: _ At Thornhill, T. Shaw, esq. of Netherton, _ to Jane, daughter of Mr. J. Kilburn, of - Mowxviry Macazixe.—No, 415. Thornhill— At Wakefield, Mr. J. Farquhar Ledger, great nephew of J. Farquhar, esq’ of Fonthill Abbey, to Eliza, eldest daugh- ter of the Rey. T. Johnstone, of Wakefield —At Swillington, the Rev. C. Lee, m.a., Lecturer of Hexham, Northumberland, youngest son of R. Lee, esq., to Mary Louisa, eldest daughter of T. Ikin, esq., of Leventhorpe-house. Died.| At Belle-Vue house, near Scar- borough, J. Bell, esq. a member of the corporation of that ancient borough, and one of his Majesty’s Justices of the Peace for the North Riding of this county.—63, Mr. T. Chippindale, of Skipton—At Ho~ tham, 95, R. Clark, esq.—-80, the wife of S. Atkinson, esq., of Rippon—At Whitby, the Rey. T. Watson, for fifty-seven years the venerable pastor of a congregation of protestant dissenters in that town—At his seat, Castle Howard, 79, Frederick How- ard, Earl of Carlisle, Viscount Howard of Morpeth, Baron Dacres of Gillesland, K.G. &c,—At Sheffield, 57, Mr, Main- waring, preacher in the methodist connexion —Captain Littlewood, of Cinderhills, near Mirfield. He had just mounted his horse at Wakefield, and was proceeding on his return home, when the stirrup of his saddte broke, and he was precipitated to the ground with such fatal violence, as to frac- ture his skull, and instantly terminate his existence. The deceased was a fine hand- some man, of almost gigantic stature, in - the meridian of life. LANCASHIRE. ‘ A fatal accident lately occurred at the new coal works of — Blundell, esq., of Pemberton, near Wigan. ‘The boiler of an engine burst, by which eight individuals suffered in a most dreadful manner. ‘The engineer was hurled to a distance of fifty yards, and expired almost immediately ; four others (boys) are since dead, and a young man, an assistant to the engineer, and two boys, are dangerously wounded. A destructive fire broke out lately, in the building-yards beyond the Brunswick Dock, at Liverpool. There are five building-yards together there: the fire broke out in that one nearest the south, and in less than an hour the whole of the wood in the yards, with the exception of the northern one, nearest to the dock, was in flames, — Five vessels, in progress cf building, more or less advanced, were consumed; one, @ steam-vessel, was nearly ready for launch- ing; another, a ship of 400 tons burden, was little less forward. Fortunately, in the yard next to the* Brunswick Dock, 20 no 282 no vessel was on the stocks. They loosely reckon the loss at fifty thousand pounds. About five weeks ago, a cow, the-pro- perty of John Davis, of Glasson, near Lancaster, had her pastern-joint so contu- sed, as to render amputation of the part necessary. Mr. Mayor, veterinary surgeon, of Garstang, was sent for, and he performed the operation so successfully, that the cow may be now seen pasturing in the fields, with the assistance of a cushion for the part to rest upon; and what is most strange, she has not ceased to give the usual quantity of milk, during the whole period that she has been under the care of Mr. Mayor. Married.| At Liverpool, Mr. G. Howell, to Sophia Louisa, daughter of M. Anslow, esq., both of Brewood—At Huyton, the Rev. J. Holroyd, of Delph, to Miss Wal- ker, of Prescot Brook—At Oldham, J. Whitehead, esq-, of Dobcross, to Elizabeth, eldest daughter of G. Wilson, esq., of Waterloo-house, in Oldham—Mr. J. O. Watson, of Liverpool, to Catherine How- ard, eldest daughter of the late T. Court, esq., of London.—At Liverpool, S. Black, esq., of Monte Video, to Sarah Witten- bury, only daughter of the late T. Ollivant, esq., of Manchester. Died.| _At Liverpool, 24, Mary, wife of J. M. Brown, esq.—27, Louisa Caroline Mary Ann, wife of J. Addison, jun. esq., of Preston—23, Mr. M. Ligby, son of the Rev. J. Rigby, of Blackley—Mrs. Morris, wife of R. R. Morris, esq., of Brownlow-hill, Liverpool, formerly of Morfa Lodge, Carnarvonshire—At Toxeth Park, Liverpool, J. Newton, esq. of Bel- mont, Shrewsbury, and of Plantation Metten Meer Zorg, Demerara—At Pen- dleton, Sarah, widow of the late T. Olli- vant, esq., of Manchester—At Lancaster, Mr. Bailey, comedian, leaving a widow (Mrs. Bailey, of the Bath Theatre) and seven children to lament their loss—At the Wrekin, 82, W. Edwards, esq.—At Mill- hill, near Blackburn, 65, T. Turner, esq. —At Bolton, 76, Mrs. Betty Chapman, great grand-daughter of the celebrated Rey. N. Heywood, of Little Lever, near Bol- ton, Unitarian minister at Ormskirk: CHESHIRE. On Thursday, the 25th August, the centre arch of the bridge now building over the Mersey, at Stockport, fell with a tre- mendous crash, and in its descent killed two men who were working under it at the time, and severely wounded two others, who were all precipitated along with the ruins into the river. The accident is supposed to have been occasioned by the pressure of the immense mass of stone which had been piled upon this part of the bridge preparatory to the turning of the arch, of which only five courses of stone on each side had been set. Married.| At Bowden, the Rev. S. Brown, Wesleyan methodist minister, of Provincial Occurrences :—Cheshire, Derbyshire, §c. [Oct. 1, Sleaford, Lincolnshire, to Mrs. Martha Alderoft, relict of the late Mr. T. Ald- croft, Altrincham, Cheshire—At Runcorn, J. Marriott, esq., of Liverpool, to Sarah Ann, youngest daughter of the late J. Bury, esq., of Salford. Died.) At Waverton, 83, J. Jefferson, esq.—At Birkenhead, W. Roylance, esq. of Higher Ardwick—At Whatcroft-hall, Cheshire, Frances Robinson, the youngest child of D. F. Jones, esq. DERBYSHIRE. A discovery has lately been made of an immense cavern, situated in the Secondary Limestone, at Matlock, Derbyshire, de- scribed by geologists as the grandest con- tinuation of caverns hitherto explored. Married.| Sir G. Heathcote, bart., of Normanton Park, to Mrs, Eldon, of Park Crescent, Portland-place—At Kenleston, J. Beaumont, esq., of Barrow-upon-Trent, Derbyshire, to the Hon. Mary Curzon, daughter of Lord Scarsdale. Died.|_ G. KR. Hulbert, esq., of Ashton Lodge, Derbyshire, formerly secretary to the Right Hon. Sir C. B, Warren, com- mander-in-chief of his Majesty’s squadron onthe American and West-India stations. NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, Died.) At East Retford, Mr. J. Hop- kinson, better known under the appellation of Serjeant Hopkinson, aged 83. He was upwards of twenty-four years in his Ma-~- jesty’s service; during which period he served in eleven general engagements, ten of which were by sea, in which he offi- ciated as a marine ; he was at the taking of St. Eustatia, on the 20th November 1781. He retired upon a pension about thirty-five years ago, and through life he was noted as a man of strict probity, LINCOLNSHIRE. The Stamford News says, ‘¢ a large serpent was seen a few days ago, in a field called ‘the Lots,’ near Crowland, sup- posed to be nearly eight feet in length.” Marvied.] J. Williams, esq., m.r. for Lincoln, to Harriet Catherine, only daugh- ter of D. Davenport, esq., m.r. for the county of Chester. Died.) The Rev. Dr. Evans, rector of South Reston, Lincolnshire, and one of the vicars of Salisbury Cathedral— The Rev. B. Smith, m.a., $7, rector of Great Ponton. ; LEICESTER AND RUTLAND. Married.| At Ratby, R. Bickersteth, esq., of Liverpool, to Katharine, youngest daughter of J. Pares, esq., of the New- arke—The Rev. G. Hunter, of Great Wig- ston, to Miss Siddons, of Cromford, near Matlock. Died.| At Osgathorpe, 75, Mrs. G. Fell, relict of the Rev. J. Fell, of Orston —W. F. Hulse, esq., Lieut.-Col. of the Leicestershire militia, a magistrate, and a deputy 1825.] deputy-lieutenant of the county of Lei- cester—85, Mrs. Woodruffe, relict of the late J. Woodruffe, esq., of Burton Overy —At North Luffenham-house, Rutland, 87, the Right Hon. Lady Anne Noel, sixth daughter and last surviving child of the late Baptist, Earl of Gainsborough—At Tinwell, 87,-the Rev. T. Foster, 1.u.p., rector of that place, and Horn Field, Rut- landshire. STAFFORDSHIRE. Died.) At Burton-upon-Trent, Myrtilla, the wife of Sir J. D. Fowler—At Leek, 61, J. Townsend, esq., brother-in-law to Mr. R. L. Rooke—At his seat, Weston, 64, the Earl of Bradford. WARWICKSHIRE, - Married.| The Rev. T. H. Traggett, Fellow of Corpus Christi College, to Louisa, daughter of H. Lane, esq. of Bedworth. Died.| At Leamington, the Hon. Lady E. K. Heathcote, lady of R. E. Heath- cote, esq., of Longton-hall, in the county of Stafford, daughter of the late and sister of the present Earl Balcarras. SHROPSHIRE. Married.] At Pontesbury, Lieut.-Col. J. Whitney, of Calverhill, Herefordshire, to Margaret, relict of the late Rev. E. Harries, of Arscot, near Shrewsbury. & WORCESTERSHIRE, Married.| At Daventry, A. Turner, esq., of Arley-house, to Jane, second daughter of the late Dr. B. Wilmer—At Broadway, Mr. G. Pinhorn, of Red Lion- square, to Mrs. Goore, of the former place. Died.) At Worcester, W. G. Williams, esq., of Cefn y Cwinwyd, Anglesey—At her house in Sion-place, 68, Mrs. Marriot, relict of W. Marriot, esq., of Pershore— At High Park, 76, P. Gresley, esq., one of the oldest and most active magistrates for that county—-At Bewdley, 88, Mrs. Skey, widow of J. Skey, esq. HEREFORDSHIRE. Two Saxon silver pennies have lately been dug up in a field to the east of the ' pathway leading from St. Mary’s Church to the gas-works, Hereford; one of them is of the reign of Burgerd, a King of Mercia, A. D. 855; the other is still more rare, as there is not one in Rudding’s book resembling it, Died.| At Hom-house, 41, J. Money, esq.— AtWoolhampton, 58, T. M‘Ghie, esq. GLOUCESTER AND MONMOUTH. Married.| At Bristol, G. H. Peppin, esq., of Dulverton, Somerset, to Harriet, youngest daughter of the late Mr. T. Thompson—At Westbury, the Rev. C. Ward, rector of Maulden, Beds., to Susan- nah, daughter of the Rev. R. Foster, pre- __ bendary of Wells Catheral—At Westbury- on-Severn, Theophilus Charles, fifth son Staffordshire, Warwickshire, Shropshire, &c 283 of the Rev. W. Beale, of Moat-house, Newent, to Hannah, youngest daughter of J. Cadle, esq., of the former place—At Glou- cester, C. Offley, esq., of Upfield Lodge, to Arabella Theresa, youngest daughter of T. Martin, esq., of Gloucester—At Chel- tenham, the Rev..J. Lightfoot, n.p., vicar of Ponteland, Northumberland, to Cordelia, youngest daughter of the late Rev.. Dr. Kettilby, rector of Sutton, Beds. Died.| At Cheltenham, the Hon. Char- lotte Frances, relict of A. B. Bennet, esq. —Suddenly, near Bristol, D. Smith, esq., one of the aldermen of Chester—58, the Rey. J. Worgan, vicar of Petworth, OXFORDSHIRE. Married.| At North Aston, E. Goul- burn, esq. to the Hon, Esther Chetwynd— The Rey. J. Sandfard, to Elizabeth, daugh- ter of the late R. J. Poole, esq., of Sher- borne—The Rev. H. Foulkes, p.p., to Mary, youngest daughter of J. Houghton, esq., Wavertree, Liverpool, Died.| At Oxford, 70, Constantine De- metriades, a native of Greece. This very extraordinary character was born in Septem- ber, 1755, at Naupactus. He came to England, several years ago, with LordElgin, since which he has resided chiefly at Read- ing, and in Oxford, as a teacher of lan- guages. His property, (upwards of one thousand pounds) he has left to four Patri- archs of the Greek church, with directions that his soul, and the souls of his father and mother, may be prayed for continually, during one hundred and sixty years after his decease. BUCKS AND BERKS. Married.| | At Bray, near Maidenhead, Ahe Rev. G. A. Legge, vicar of Bray, to Augusta Bowyer, eldest daughter of W. B. Atkins, esq., of Braywick Grove—At Twy- ford, W. E. Gell, esq. to Jane, daughter of the late Rev. W. Perkins, late vicar of Kingsbury—At Aylesbury, J. Fell, esq. to Ellen, only daughter of Mr. Tasker, of Rotherham, Yorkshire—At Iver, Bucks, the Rev. W. Gay, B.a. to Elizabeth, second daughter of J. Chippendale, esq., of the Lodge, Hillingdon, Middlesex—The Rev. J. Coker, x.c.u., rector of Radcliffe, Buck- inghamshire, to Charlotte Sophia, youngest daughter of the late Major-General Dewar. Died.| At Apsley-house, Bucks, Eliza- beth, wife of Mr. J. Shelton—The Right Hon. Lady Jane James, wife of Sir W. J. James, bart., of Langley-hall, in the county of Berks, and sister of the Marquess Cam- den— At Manor-house, near Reading, Berks, Sarah, wife of R. Hopkins, esq.—Eliza- beth, second daughter of Col. Butler, Liecut.-General of the Royal Military Col- lege, Sandhurst. HERTFORD AND BEDFORD. Married.| John, eldest son of Lord J. Townshend, of Balls Park, Hertfordshire, .to Elizabeth Jane, eldest.daughter of Lord 12. Oe G. Stuart 384 G. Stuart—At Leighton Buzzard, Mr. A. Lester, of Hockliffe Grounds, to Miss C, Goodman, of Grainge Mill. Died.| At Hertford, Mary, eldest daugh- ter of EK. Hawks, esq.— At Cranfield recto- ry, Beds.; 31, Elizabeth, wife of the Rev. J. Beard—74, T. Hughes, esq. of Hitchen, Herts.—84, J. Barnard, esq., of Bedford —At Cheshunt, Herts, the Rev. D. Jones, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. Died |_ At Darlington, near Northamp- ton, Sir J. R. Miller, bart.—Mary, eldest daughter of Sir W. Wake, bart., of Cour- teen-hall. : CAMBRIDGE AND HUNTINGDONSHIRE. Died.| At Melbourne, 55, the Rev. W. Carver, many years pastor of a congregation of protestant dissenters in that place. NORKOLK. On Aug. 10, what is termed a water spout was seen a few miles to the westward of Lynn, first appearing at about a quarter past one o’clock ; it seemed to be excited over Marshland, and it exhibited the ap- pearance of a mass of light clouds in the midst of a very dark one, in the form of an inverted cone, rising from the earth, on which its apex rested, to the elevation of about forty-eight degrees: the edges of the cone assumed a very dark hue, and were clearly defined. It gradually blended with the clouds in abouta quarter of an hour, by which time they were immediately over Lynn, and poured down torrents of rain in so violent a manner, as to choke the drains and inun- date several of the streets. Married.|_ Mr. L. H. Clarkson, of West Basham-hall, to Mary, eldest daughter of J. Wordingham, esq., of Rupham. Died.} At Thorpe, 100, Mr. S. Birks. He was the only person living in these parts, who recollected hearing the Jate Rev. J. Wesley preach, before he left college-—At Ditchayham-lodge, 82, Col. J. Capper, of the Hon. East-India Company’s service. SUFFOLK. During the late hot weather, several acres of land, the property of G. Boreham, esq., at Haverill, were suddenly covered by my- riads of small snails, with beautifully varie- gated shells. The circumstance is more singular, from their being unaccompanied by rain on their arrival. The land is still covered with them, and in many places six inches thick. Married.| _At Ipswich, David Hanbu- ry, esq., of Hawleigh, to Louisa Emily, second daughter of J. Cobbold, jun. esq. Died.| At South-end Cottage, Lowes- toft, 72, C, King, esq. Commander in the Royal Navy—At Otley, 31, Ann, wife of Mr. Spence, surgeon. ESSEX. Married.| At Great Baddow, A. Fin- lay, esq., of Castlemains, Lanarkshire, to Miss Lucy Ann Jones, of Great Baddow, Provincial Occurrences: —Northamptonshiré, Norfolk, &c. [Oct.1, and of Twickenham Park, Jamaica—At Great Baddow, J. F. Lightbourn, esq., only child of F. Lightbourn, esq., of the island of Bermuda, to Eliza Mary, second daugh.- ter of the Rev. A. Richardson, p.». and vicar of that parish—J. T. Selwin, esq., of Down-hall, Essex, and of Bosmere, Suf- folk, to Isabella, second daughter of the late Gen. L. Gower, of Bill hill, Berkshire —At West Ham, W. F. Pugee, esq. sur- geon, to Johanna, eldest daughter of the late J. Ford, esq., of Stratford-grove. Died.| 23, Mr. J. Benson, of Ingatestone —60, Elizabeth, wife of R. Loxham, esq. Hale-end, Walthamstow—At Ashton-lodge, Sophia, eldest surviving daughter of the late P. Berthon, esq. of Leyton—In Waltham~- stow, 74, J. Corbett, esq.—At Norman- house, 66, Mrs. Bridget Dalton—R, Wil- sou, esq.. of Wood-house, East Ham, one of his Majesty’s Deputy Lieutenants, anda Magistrate for the county of Essex— Mrs. Elizabeth Fuller, wife of J. Fuller, of Ben- fleet-hall, and late of Beechamwell, in Norfolk. KENT. Dover, Sept. 5.—The terrific flight, as it was announced, of Mr. Courtenay, the American phenomenon, from the heights at Dover to the rope-walk in the Bay, took place this evening about five o’clock. A rope of two and a half inches in ci:eumfe- rence, and two hundred and thirty fathoms, or four hundred and sixty yards in length, was made fast to an anchor on the heights, and stretched to a capstern of the rope walk, not so tight but that a segment was formed by a prop being placed near the end. Every necessary preparation being made he was suspended under the rope by stays, or braces, at the shoulders, waist, and one foot, at each of which parts a sheaved block traversed on the rope; having both hands at liberty, he wayed a small red flag in each, which, . being contrasted with his white dress, had an imposing effect on the multitude assem- bled.—He was started off the precipice head-foremost, amidst the shouts of thou- sands, and the velocity with which he de- scended is almost incredible; the friction of the blocks on the rope caused them to smoke considerably, and in just nineteen seconds from the time of his departure, he reached nearly to the opposite side of the Pent, when an accumulation of mud on the rope, and the segment thereof, stopped him rather ab- ruptly, and he was taken into a boat appa- rently exhausted, and brought to shore. Married.| The Rev. R. Board, of Wes- terham, Kent, to Elizabeth, sister of J. Jones, esq., of Portland-place—At Bon- nington, J. Haig, esq., of Dublin, to Jane, daughter of the late J. Haig, esq., Bon- nington. Died.| At West Malling, 85, Lieut.- Col. Downman—At Tunbridge Wells, El- len} the wife of G. T. Lambert, esq., of Tavistock-square, London—At Bedgbury, 80, " 1825.] 80, Mrs, Cartier, widow of J. Cartier, esq., formerly Goyernor-Gen. of Bengal—At Ramsgate, 67, Sir J. Sutton, x.c.z. Admi- ral of the White—At West Wickham, Bb. Morice, esq., one of the Judges of the Mar- shalsea Court, and Commissioner of Bank- rupts—At Sheerness, the Rev. J. Fearon, Chaplain of the Dock yard—At Broadstairs, R. Wilson, esq., of Wood-house, East Ham, one of his Majesty’s Deputy Lieutenants, and a Magistrate for the county of Essex— At Canterbury, Lieutenant- General Disbo- rough, Royal Marines—Mr. J. Burgess, many years a chorister of the Cathedral ; and on the same day, within an hour of her brother, 88, Mrs. Elizabeth Burgess, who many years ago, produced a satirical piece, Kent, Sussex, called ‘‘the Maid of the Oaks.” SUSSEX, On Monday, Sept. 12, a most destructive fire broke out in the mansion of Major Rus- sel, on the East Clit? Brighton, which was entirely destroyed. The loss is estimated from twelve to fifteen thousand pounds. Married.| At Ovingdeen, John, eldest son of Mr. Beard, of Rottingdean, to Mary, Ann, eldest daughter of W. Stanford, esq., of Preston— At Chichester, by the Rev. J.Da- vies, Mr. Croker, to Miss Heath—At Stock- bridge, G. Crichton, esq. to Catherine, se- cond daughter of the late W. Forrester, esq., of Culmore, Stirlingshire—At Brighton, T.°L. Follett, esq., of Lyme, to Letitia, widow of the late Major-General Powlett— At Bury, R. 'T. Grundy, esq. to Elizabeth, eldest daughter of the late G. Openshaw, esq. ~ Died.| At Brighton, 55, G. A. Nash, esq., of Finsbury-square ; 38, the Rev. T. Braine, vicar of West- Wittering, near Chi- chester, and perpetual curate of Bareby, Selby; 77, W. Guy, esq., of Chichester ; J. Pope, esq., of the Little London; Lady Constable, relict of Sir T.C. Constable, bart. HAMPSHIRE, _ Some time ago fourteen human skeletons were discovered at Southampton, ina field near St. Mary’s church-yard. About six weeks ago two coins were dug up in the same field, but at some distance south of the spot in which the skeletons were found. These two coins are Saxon silver pennies. They were fouud near a considerable parcel of wood ashes, intermingled with burnt bones, in a kind of circular pit, wh'ch ex- tended to a depth of nine feet from the surface of the mould before the clay was removed. At Sarson, in this county, lately, a shep- herd obseryed a hawk descend and rise again immediately with something in its claws, ascending to a considerable height in the air, when it suddenly fell to the ground: he ran to the spot, and found the hawk dead, and a stoat, which had sucked its blood during its aerial ascension, making off into a hedge. , Dreadful Catastrophe at Portsmouth Dock- _ yard.—On Wednesday last, one of the Hampshire, §c. 285 grandest spectacles that the world can afford —the launching of a three decker (the Prin- cess Charlotte), was preceded by an acci- dent of the most dreadful and appalling description. It appears, that, by the force of the tide, the gates of a dry dock over which a foot bridge was erected, which thousands had passed to reach the site of the launch, and which, at the moment, was crowded with men, women and children anxiously hastening to the spot, were suddenly burst open, and the bridge, with all. upon it, precipitated into the dock below—the waves quickly over- whelming them, and filling the dock with water fifteen feet deep. About twenty peo- ple thus lost their lives. Married.| KR. H. Whitelocke, esq., of Winchester, to Miss Frances Julia Percy Becher—At Milford, the Rev. H. Jones, A.m., to Mary Frances Ford, eldest daugh- ter of the late J. M. Allen, esq., of Ly- mington. Died.| At Ryde, Isle of Wight, 69, J. Lens, esq., his Majesty’s ancient Sergeant at Law—At Biddeston-house, J. G. Eve- rett, esq., of Heytesbury, Wilts—At Barn- field, near Southampton, P. Hulton, esq., sincerely regretted—At the rectory, Alver- stoke, the Rev. C, A. North, m.a. youngest son of the late Bishop of Winchester. WILTSHIRE, Lately, a woman was gleaning in a field near old Sarum Castle, when she picked up a mouse perfectly red. She took it home, and piaced it under an earthern pan, which on remeving, she found it surrounded by eight young ones. Married.| At Yatton Keynell, W. Wright, esq., late of the Rifle Brigade, to Elizabeth, eldest daughter of the Rev. T. Hooper, rector of Yatton Keynell—Rev. J. Clapp, of Carston, to Emma, second daughter of E. Lawrance, esq., of Kent Cottage, Falmouth—At Wroughton, W. Pinegar, gent., Manor-house, Marston, to Mrs. Donaldson, of Wroughton. - Died.| 38, J. Barnes, esq., of Apper- ley-bridge, near Bradford—At Highworth, 45, Elizabeth, wife of the Rev. E. Rowden. SOMERSETSHIRE, Banwell Caverns.—The smallest of the two caverns is situated at the N. W. extremity of Bauwell-hill, and open to the Bristol Chan. nel between Western-super-mare and Breane Down. The entrance is by a low, level passage, proceeding under the hill’s ele- vation about 12 or 14 feet, and termi- nated by the cavern, an almost circular space, about 16 feet over, and in some places 10 feet high. When discovered, the floor was thickly covered, to a _ considerable height, with the bones of quadrupeds. ‘The specimens shewn are of enormous size—ant- lers of deer, horns of the buffalo—vertebra of the neck and back, of astonishing dimen- sious. At the extremity of this. caye, is a precipitate 286 precipitate descent to an apparently immense, but unexplored extent; the whole of which declivity is still covered with bones similarly situated with~ those first discovered; and now purposely left to exhibit their natural situation. The other cavern, which is si- tuated a few hundred yards above, contains none of the remarkable bones, &c. of the former ; but its uatural appearances are of a most curious and striking description. The descent is perpendicular, through a narrow, artificial ‘tunnel, by two ladders, to the depth of about an 150 feet. After quitting the ladders, the descent, though still exces- sively steep, is effected by steps, purposely excavated. The hollows in the roof, styled “© Bells,” are finely incrusted. At the ex- tremity of the cavern, amidst an assemblage of rocks and chasms, is a huge fragment of stone, detached on every part but its base ; and, from its singular situation and appear- ance, this stone is styled ‘ the Pulpit.” Married.| The Rev. W. Pyne, rector of Pitney, to Polyxena Ann, only daughter of the late R. Mitchell, esq., of Langport—At Walcot church, W. Snow, esq., of the 65th regt., to Augusta, daughter of the late Lieut.-Col. Robertson, of Hall Craig, La- narkshire—At Keynsham, H. E. Mynors, esq., of Weatheroak-hill, Worcestershire, to Eliza Clara, only daughter of the late 'T. Partridge, esq., of Bowbridge, near Stroud —At Wells, the Rev. J. Sandford, of Ba- liol College, Oxford, to Elizabeth, only child of the late R. J. Poole, esq., of Sher- borne, Dorset. Died.| At Bath, Lord H. S. Moore, second son of the late Marquis of Drogheda —At Withycombe-house, W. Stone, esq., formerly treasurer for this county—At Bath, Lady Leslie, widow of the late Sir E. Les- lie, bart., of Tarbert, county Kerry, DORSETSHIRE, There are now at Anning’s Fossil Depot, Lyme Regis, three fossil skeletons of the Saurintribe, viz. Ichthyosaurus Teneurostris, Ichthyosaurus Vulgarus, and Jchthyosaurus Intermedius; the former being twelve feet in length, and in such perfect state that its osteology way be distinctly ascertained. The Ichthyosaurus Vulgarus is a beautiful cabinet specimen, unequalled by any hitherto foundin Europe, being only three feet long. - In Dorsetshire, upon the Upton estate, near Poole, a very extensive bed of clay, fit for the manufacture of china of the first spe- cimens, has just been discovered close to the water’s edge. This will be an invaluable acquisition to the manufactory of that rising branch of commerce. Married.| At Dorchester, Walter Jollie, esq. w.s., to Hannah Lycette, eldest daugh- ter of the late Lieut.-Gen. Avarne, of Rugely, in the county of Stafford—R. H. J. Place, of Marnhull, Dorsetshire. esq. to Charlotte, eldest daughter of the Rev. H. A. Lagden, of Cambridgeshire—At Wey- mouth, T. White, esq., of Severn-house, Provincial Occurrences :—Somersetshire, Dorsetshire, &¢. {Oct. 1, near Bewdley, to Susan, daughter of J. Webster, esq., of Auchrennie, Forfar. DEVONSHIRE. Married.| At Stonehouse, Mr. H. Hance, of Brompton, to Jane Agnes, only daughter of Major B. Fletcher, of Rose Cottage, Larn—G. H. Peppin, esq., of Dulverton, to Harriet, youngest daughter of the late T. Thomson, esq , of Bristol. Died:| At Wodehouse, near Bideford, 91, J. Wilcock, esq—At Stonehouse, the Rev. R. Burn, minister of the Independent chapel in that town—22, Mr. Page, church- warden of a parish in the vicinity of Totnes —In Devonport, at Morice-town, after a long and painful illness, Lieut. H. R. At- will, R.n.—At Shillingford parsonage, 24, after a lingering illness, Mary Anne, young- est daughter of the Rey. R, P. Welland— 32, Miss Ann Horwood, formerly of Puts- borough, Georgeham—At Smytham, 76, Ulilia, the lady of J. Boger, esq.—At the Castle-house, Ilfracombe, the lady of the ~ Rey. R. Chichester, rector of Chittlehampton. CORNWALL. Married.| At Launceston Lieutenant Cooke, r.N. to Rebecca, daughter of C. Lethbridge, esq. Died.| At Pencalenick, Alice, widow of the late Rev. J. Vivian, vicar of St. Ewe. WALES. Gold Coin found at Holyhead.— The gold coin weighs three pennyweights and a half. On the obverse is the head of the Empe- ror Constantine the Great, in very excellent preservation, wearing a diadem (strictly speaking, for it is a simple band) of pearls and jewels, with the inscription, CON- STANTINVS. MAX. AVG. i. e, Con- stantinus Maximus Augustus. On _ the reverse is a wreath very neatly executed, within which is the inscription VOTIS x X X; and on the exergue TSE. Married.| At Lianguniddu, Mr. J. Vaughan, of Merthyr-Tydvil, to Miss Wil- liams, of Rumney Iron-Works—At Lly- well, Mr. J. Noble, of Cardiff, to Anne, third daughter of D. W. Powell, esq., of Pentreyelin, Breconshire—At Hanmer, ‘J’. Jones, esq., of Glanfanat, near Llanrhaiadr, Denbighshire, to Miss Speakman, only daughter of the late Mr. Speakman, of Wil- lington, Flintshire—The Rev. D. Howel, to Miss Cadwallader, of Swansea. Died.| At Carmarthen, 60, Mrs. Mary Corrie, widow of the late F. Corrie, esq. — 64, F. Hancorne, esq., of Swansea; Wil- liam, son of Capt. R. Waters—In Montgo- meryshire, 83, J. Lewis, late of Coedydmai, in that county. The deceased weighed near twenty-five stone, and the following are the dimensions of his person, taken a short time prior to his death : Ft. In. Round the Body (belly), 5 1 4 Breast 6 by Thigh ay ’ Leg (calf), 1 10 Ankle Rai | SCOTLAND. 1825.] : SCOTLAND. A white porpoise was shot lately off Mill- port, the first ever seen by the oldest fish- ermen,. A short time since, two young whales were left on the sands in Aberlady bay, and not being above Jow water mark, were taken possession of by the country people, as their indisputable right. Married.) JW. Black, esq., m Kirkaldy, to Rachael, daughter of the Rev. J. Law, Kirkaldy—At Edinburgh, R. Duke, esq. to Eliza, only daughter of the late Capt. L. Oliphant, of Kinnedder—At Kelso, A. Campbell, esq. to Jane, eldest daughter of the late T. Barstow, esq.—At Edinburgh, J. A Trimmer, of Turnham-green, Mid- dlesex, to Henrietta, daughter of the late Rey. J. Fielding, of Denbigh-house—Mr. A. Turnbull, Leith, to Christian, fifth daughter of Mr. J. Thomson, of the Cess Office, James-street-—J. Romanes, esq., of Lauder, to Isabella, daughter of the late J. Bason, esq. of Heriot’s-hall— At Glasgow, J.W. Macturk, m.v. of Bradford, to Catha- rine, only daughter of the late J. Ruther- ford, esq, of Craigon, Kinrosshire—The Rey. J. Smyth, to Margaret, daughter of S. Davidson, esq. surgeon, Culross—At An- cram-house, the Rev. G. Elliott, son of the Right Hon. H. Elliot, to Williamina, youngest daughter of the late P. Brydone, esq.— At Glasgow, R. Monro, esq. to Miss Maria Mackenzie. Died.| At Edinburgh, 85, the Right Hon. Francis, Earl of Mar, who so lately was restored to the ancient and illustrious peerage of his ancestors. His Lordship is succeeded by his son, J. Thomas, Lord Erskine and Garioch, now Earl of Mar— At his house, in Thurso, Capt. J. Hender- son, of the Ross, &c. militia—In the Isle of Man, 71,. Lieut.-Col. W. Cunninghame, formerly of the 58th regt. of foot— At Ellies- town, Mrs. Tulloh, relict of the late T. Tulloh, esq., of Elliestown—At Newton Manse, the Rev. T. Scott, minister of New- ton. : A dinner was given at Ayre, to the Mar- quis of Hastings, on Wednesday the 7th of September, for which the public rooms in the public buildings of that town were fitted up in a yery splendid style. The Earl of Glasgow, Lord-lieutenant of Ayr- shire, was in the chair; the Marquis of Hastings, the Lord Justice Clerk, Sir A. Scotland, Ireland. 287 Cathcart, and other distinguished characters took their seats on his Jeft hand; and the Duke of Portland, Lord J. Stewart, the Provost of Ayr, Sir J. M. Cunninghame, &e. &c., on the right.—Sir H. D. Blair acted as Croupier, with Lord Rawdon, and the Earl of Eglinton being seated on his right and left. More than one hundred noblemen and gentlemen of the highest rank and distinction in the county, filled the seats surrounding the tables. IRELAND. Lately, the workmen who were excavating the new canal near Clonfert, in the county of Galway, discovered in the large bog a wooden road, about six feet wide, formed on large piles of timber, and running in the direction of the Shannon. It lies about four feet under the present surface of the bog; the length of it is not exactly ascer- tained, only about a mile of it having as yet been opened. The workmanship appears to be of the rudest description. Married.] W. Turner, esq., of Dublin, to Miss Pinnell, of St. Michael’s hill, Bris- tol—At Stillorgan, the Right Hon. Lord Muskerry, to the daughter of H: D. Grady, esq.— At Cork, M. Price, esq. to Harriet Louisa, second daughter of Major Arm- strong, of Holy Cross Abbey, Thurles. Died.| At Dublin, 80, W. Troy, esq., brother of the late titular Archbishop of Dublin; M. Fitzgerald, esq—At Newry, the Right Rev. Dr. O’Kelly, Roman Ca- tholic Bishop of Dromore—At Lissanour Castle, county Antrim, Mrs. Macartney Hume, niece and heitess to the late Earl of Macartney. A very remarkable animal, of the vermes order, was lately discovered among some potatoe haulm at the orchard of P. Blanch- field, esq., of Clifden, county of Kilkenny. It is about six inches in length, and its diameter is about two. It is curiously formed at both ends of the body. The eyes are very minute, and the feet, which are some black, and others yellow, and are fourteen in number, are very small. It has a small yellow horny tail, with a black spot at the extremity, growing from the centre of the last joint; and there are two broad horny substances under that joint, by which it seizes and firmly grasps small sub- stances. It is constantly in motion, but is becoming less lively than when first found. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS TO CORRESPONDENTS. We have been favoured with a communication of great value on the interesting and im- portant subject of the Impressment of Seamen ; embracing a very enlarged and liberal view, not of that question only, but of almost every consideration connected with the encourage- ment, treatment and condition of a most valuable body of men, and the general improve- ment and welfare of the service. Though not favoured with the name of the communicant, the communication itself bears sufficient evidence of the rank of the writer, and his familiarity alike with the service and With the admiralty. Such an article cannot fail to be highly acceptable to our readers, and to the public at large, in whatever shape; ant 288 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS TO CORRESPONDENTS. and it is obviously desirable that the whole of jt should appear before the next meet- ing of Parliament. From its length; and the nature of our’publication, it would neces- sarily require to,be divided through three os four numbers, and we purpose commencing it in the ensuing, unless we should previously be informed that our Correspondent would pre- fer its appearing éntire’in.our next Supplement, which will not be published till towards the,end of January.) 5): j leek: ti ieee Weare much obliged to our Corréspondent “* Thermes’’ for haying pointed out to us the very ample.and honourable use made of our publication by the Editors of a continental Journal of such high celebrity as the “* Bulletin Universel des Sciences et de U Industrie,” in whose pages for July last we have had the pleasure of finding several of our articles avowedly translated. : ; A specimen of close and abstract reasoning ypon the recondite question of “ the Eternily or Non-eternity of the World ?” has laid by us for some time, from the reluctanee we have of being drawn eyen to the verge of metaphysical controversy. However, variety is the motto of our Miscellany; and, for once, we will venture into the depths of entity and eternity, and, pay even a, visit to Chaos and old Night, — It will appear in our next number, with a commentary by another hand, who boldly pushes the inquiry from an indi- vidual world to the immensity of matter. : , A Correspondent, who will remember the words, perhaps, though he finds them*not ia our poetical columns, would do well to ask himself by what possible delusion of the ear he could mistake, any part of the following sentence for verse :——‘ Even then the Muse joys, midst the solemn stillness, to outpour her, secret soul, and giye each burning thought its voice and utterance.’’ And yet it comes something nearer to yerse as it here stands than in the author’s MS.: for where something like a verse does o¢cur, it neither begins: nor ends‘as the author had measured it on his fingers. If those who.think they are writing yerses, would write them down occasionally in this way, and ‘try them by the mere test of the ear, how frequently would they discover their mistake ! ‘ Another Correspondent, (who liyes in long remembrance and personal respect) muist ex- cuse us for saying, that where poetry is the question, ar the form of poetry is assumed, it is to the poetry alone that we.can look. Subject is nothing unless it be poetically handled and poetically expressed. } oe TT teit The favours of B. are received; and with a few occasional retouchings of the hyde might be admissible, » But‘ we prefer. originality ‘to mutation; and’suspect that it'is be to leave Ossian.as he’is than to’\deck him out in rhyme. At least it would require sonvé- thing like Miltonic fire to render him more interesting in xyegular verse than’ he is in’ his own wild mountain prose. ; hy. J. F,’s two communications on “ The Fifteenth and Nineteenth Centuries,” and ‘ De- fence of the Age we live in,” are much too juvenile for our pages. We advise him, in the spirit of kindness, to satisfy himself, at present at least, with being a reader.’ We should do him a wrong, not.a' service, ‘did we flatter him with the idea that we discover any indica- tions of his becoming a successful writer in the way of authorship. ‘ Mr, T. S. Davies ‘¢ On his Demonstration,” shall appear in our next: as will also, we trust, the brief communications of ‘* 0. QO. O.;” E. S. ‘on the. Strawberry,” &c. 3 A Lodger in Lambeth ;”’ and Mr. E. Duvard on the word “ Idiotism.’’ ~ Some of these ought - to have had immediate insertion; but though dated as far back as the 16th, they did not reach the editor till the 23d, when the Correspondence part of the present number was al- ready printed off... : [ : We find so many promises.of insertion yet unfulfilled, that we fear to make specific pro- mises as to time; but we persuade ourselves that N. B. on Nestorian progenitorship,; G* on Female Education ; Exotic Plants and Animals; Y: Z. on Antiquity of Parts of the Old Testament; T. H. on Bayley’s History of the Tower; Horne Tooke on THE; and Mr. Jennings on Mechanics’ Institutions ; will, most of them, if not all,'appear in our next, ‘* Importation of Foxes” on the earliest-opportunity. Pay It is with great reluctance that we have delayed, even for an instant, the reply of N. Y. to “A Son of Adam.” It is somewhat tart, but we do not like it the worse for that ; and N. Y. may depend upon it he shall have justice anda fair field > r, A Correspondent informs us that the Burmese Imperial State Carriage, which was cap- tured at an early period of the present sanguinary Indian war, has just reached this country, and is now preparing for a public exhibition. It is described to us as, without exception, one of the most splendid works of art that can be conceived, presenting an entire blaze of gold, silver, and precious stones. All this may be perfectly true ; but as we have not seen it, we cannot enter into the detail. The pages of the Monthly Magazine are always open for the announcement of every novelty, literary, scientific, curious, or useful, in which the public or the inventors, importers or proprietors, can be interested: but if opinions, or de- scriptions involving, opinions, are expected to be giyen, the opportunity must be furnished to us of seeing and judging for ourselves,, The Monthly Magazine must not be considered as “ Every Man his own Reviewer,” ny atte eee ‘ ; > MBL THE “MONTHLY MAGAZINE. Vol.60.No.416.] NOVEMBER 1, 1825. [Price 2s. ‘Hints on the IMpRESSMENT of SEAMEN. «* Oh then protect the British tar, ' -Bemindful of his merit, And when again you're plunged in war He'll shew his daring spirit.” Sea Song. A. CONTINUED state of peace, by circumscribing that extensive field ~ where much activity of mind habitually ib existed, naturally forces it into other channels, and inclines those energies, hitherto absorbed in one great object, to the investigation of subjects con- nected with the customary pursuits of the individual: thus giving a fair oppor- tunity for making use of past expe- rience, in endeavours to exalt the pro- fession by improving the condition of the persons belonging to it, but espe- cially of those classes whose happiness is particularly affected by the influence _of a practice universally acknowledged to be oppressive, and whose only ex- cuse is the never-failing, but misused, plea of state necessity. " In these times, too, when the light of intelligence has spread abroad, and is rapidly bringing out the true colouring of the great picture of human happi- ness; when it has even penetrated the dark and musty recesses of cabinets, and induced measures and opinions that, a few years ago, would have been scouted as visionary, fatuous, or de- mocratic ; the subject of these pages has not been left in total obscurity. “ And if (as Sir William Petty observes) the keeping of 30,000 seamen in pay, whose services were available at pleasure, was, in the last century, considered as a badge of slavery; if equality of rights be the essence of a free constitution; if the greatest good of the greatest number be the golden rule of governments ; if the op- pression of any particular class of the coms munity be contrary to humanity, justice, and sound policy ; in fine, if the cheerful and willing service of a very numerous. and important part of the population be an object worthy of any serious notice, then the cruelty and impolicy of the impress- ment of seamen must continue to force it- » more and more powerfully, on the at- 4 tion of the country, until the cause of justice and humanity be no longer proble- Praca A ty per p 5 ~ Monvury Mae. No. 416. s Te has been contended, as we have mentioned above; and doubt not will again be urged, that the system of im- pressment is justifiable in all cases of state necessity; that every person who enjoys, or is entitled to protection from the laws, is morally bound to co- operate with his compatriots in the sup- port of those laws, when threatened by a foreign enemy; and that no person whatever is exempt from the contribu- tion of his services to the protection of the state: that this appears to be an admitted principle, and we accordingly find all classes of landsmen called upon to serve in the militia, either in person, or by substitute. From this, it is fur- ther said, seafaring men.are exempted in consideration of their liability to be calied on to serve in their own element —both being equally required for the safety of the commonwealth. The mi- litia-man, though not obliged to serve out of the kingdom, is still taken away from his own home and connexions, while the seaman may be also said to serve the state, within its own limits and jurisdiction ; more especially those employed on the home station; and when he chooses a sea-faring life, he knows, at the time, the advantages and disadvantages to which he is subject— he knows that he is exempted from serving in the militia, he also knows that he is not exempted from serving afloat. We admit the whole of this reason- ing; nay, we will go further and say that cases may possibly arise when an en- tire population may be justly called upon to serve, even without pay; but, in these extreme cases, the necessity is self-evident ; no man considers a mo- ment, each person feels the case his own, it is the will of the community, and there can hardly be a dissenting voice. That impressment may be fully justified by the above argument, we do not pretend to deny—we admit the principle, but not the necessity: demon- strate the latter and the argument is at an end; all we mean to insist on here is that no absolute necessity does exist ; that there are other means; that this is the season to seek for, and apply QP them ; 210 them; and until they have been found to fail, we should pot again have re- course to Impressment. ~ No one alec that this system is capable of much modification ;\ that any modification would be an imprpyement; _and that it might, in many respects, be made more analogous to the practice ossible, and while there appeared the dustrioys and Ueemiscai: occupations of disperses his hopes, para- On the Impressmenj of Seamen. [Now 1, lizes his endeavours, steps between him and every feeling of family affection, and finally obliges him to curse the ser- vice—that of his country! into which he is forced, an unwilling victim, and which he cannot quit without a crime! His father, mother, wife, or children, may be in distress, in extreme misery, from which the high wages he could earn - are sufficient to remove them; he knows this, and he deserts that service. into which he was unjustly dragged;> no man, with the common feelings of huma- nity, can biame him; and where is the © man, with a spark of freedom in his com- position, that would not do the same ? This picture is not fancy ; such events were but too common during the late war: we recollect an instance of a sea- man belonging to one of his Majesty’s ships (we believe a pressed man), who happened after some years’ absence to touch at the port where he was born; his aged father and mother and his sisters came alongside the ship to see him, with all the eagerness of family affection, heightened by long separa- tion: unluckily, however, an order had been issued ‘to prevent any woman from coming on board—it was not relaxed in their favour; he thén asked permis- sion to go on shore with his family for a few hours, as he was on the eve of a long voyage; this too was refused: upon which the poor man, at all risks, determined to pay a last visit to his friends, and swam on shore that night. He returned, however, in the morning, but not before his absence was taken notice of. The captain, who was one of those that think the cat-o’nine tails a so- vereign remedy, determined to try him by a court-martial, in order to make a severe example ; he was sentenced to— we don’t know how many lashes, by the court ; but as few as could wellbe given for the offence, .all circumstances’ con- sidered ; and’ the commodore, a man of humanity, ordered the prisoner on board his own ship, where the sentence never was put in execution. This man’s behaviour was invariably good while he remained on beard the commodore, a petiod of some years; and he had a careless sort of galety and ready wit, particularly in situations. of danger, that always made him a great favourite with both officers and ship’s company. © It will be readily admitted, that the competition for labour should be as free with regard to seamen, as itvis in any other trade or. profession's’ and _ eyen y q 1825.) - éven were it granted, that in times of peculiar emergency the Government should be armed with the power of comipelling the setvice of certain classes, the doctrine of its right to avail itself of that service at /éss than the market price, ¢an never surely be maintained with any appearance of justice or good policy, when the obvious effects of such a system are aversion, flight and concealment. In the United States’ navy, where the discipline is generally considered more severe than ours, there is no scarcity of men ; they enter for a- limited time, and the seaman’s pay is regulated by the fluctuation of the mer- chant’s wages, or in other words, it fol- lows the market price; though, we be- lieve, never fully up to its level. From 1800 to 1816, it varied from ten to seventeen dollars a month ; the smallest of these sums is, nearly one-third more than the pay of an able seaman in the British navy ; and the largest a great deal more than double, while the neces- saries of life are generally much cheaper in that country than in this. _ That there are not two opinions on the expediency of abolishing this odious. custom, which is “ more honoured in the breach than the observance,” if a less exceptionable substitute can be pointed out, must be apparent to every body; hence it becomes almost incum-' bent on individuals; who may have re- flected at all on the subject, to give their opinions publicity, and leave them to stand or fall by their own intrinsic value: such a procedure can do no harm, and may render some assistance ‘to the cause, if it only call forth an answer; the simple discussion of the uestion will familiarize it to the pub- » and any notice, however meagre _and unworthy, may nevertheless call forth the sentiments of abler men, and a plan be ultimately struck out that will reconcile all opinions—for there must be a remedy somewhere—death’ is the only thing which has none. _ We are told that, were it not for im- pressment, we should, at the commence- ment of a war, be in want of men to : our ships; that they would re- main sailorless—inert masses, floating on the face of the waters: in shoft, that while our fleets continued stagnat- ing in port, those of our enemies would: be riding triumphant over the ocean. In'the first place, it is by no means ap- hotest bie our adversaries should be _ beforehand with us, unless tlreir syster’ be preferable to ours; and if so, let us’ ~ A Scrap of Criticism: 211 profit by their example ;—let us change this illiberalsystem—alter this narrow and penurious policy—give the miuri- time part of the community fair play— make the only difference between’ a man- of-war and a merchant-man, the supe rior discipline of the former; and’ let! the restraints necessary to ensure that discipline be no greater than will effect their object. You will then find little difficulty in giving animation to thosé splendid bulwarks of the British empire, and they will become palaces instead of prisons. : As the cause of a diseasé is 1tecés- sary to be known before an efféctuaf remedy can be applied, let us now en- deavour to discover the reason that occasions such unwillingness in the séa- men of England to’ sérve on board his Majesty’s ships. (To be continued. / —a— For the Monthly Magazine. . A Scrar of Criticism. i our Notices to Correspondents at . the end of our preceding nambery we quoted, as a sentence of prose, some’ lines rejected frony our poetic columns; and suggested an experiment, by means’ of which an author might always, not only know whether it was versé, or prose that he was writing, but also’ where it was that his verses, if any such there were, began, and where they énded—which, most assuredly, the fin- gers alone (maugre the editorial Shak-’ peare-marrings of Messrs. Malone and Co.) can néveér tell him. As poetical criticism is with us a sort of morality—because we look upon poetry as oné of the real goods of life /— we will push fhe application of the principle, there suggested, a littlé fur- ther; or, explain it rather, by a prac- tical illustration, for which nothing could be more convenient than the lines in question. And as (if the poet’ can keep his own. secret) nobody ¢at know, but hintselfy to whose effusions’ the animadversions apply, they may preserve towards hint all the delicacy of a private and friendly criticism, while even our great Poet Laureate hitiself, if ever he should write another “ Ke- hama,”* may take a hint from them, perhaps, that may not be quite unprofit- able. ‘The lines in question are thus arranged in the author’s manuscript. do not tél! tion the ea in exietdecortali with thei? whimsical arraignment. © * Sevéral lines’ of which, och a ati é Q2P2 We. 212 We should premise, by the way, just to show where it is that he begins to trip, f And silence broods upon the world’s repose,” which, at least, is a very good verse ; but thus he immediately proceeds : *€ Even then the Muse, joys midst the solemn Stillness to outpour, her secret soul, and Give each burning thought, its voice, and utterance. ” Tis then she tunes, her harp symphonious, ? Tis thenshe joins, the music of the spheres, ? Tis then she throws, her mortal nature off, And joys to find, her daring spirit free, Free from the shackles that hath bound her here. It is curious, upon minute analysis, to observe how completely all the con- fusion and prosaic dissonance of this passage has arisen out of the mistaken notion into which Malone and Ste- phens, and even Johnson, and all the modern editors have so ridiculously blundered, that the numbers of verse can be counted, like those of arith- metic, upon the fingers—as if versifi- cation were addressed, not to the sense of hearing but of touch, and was to be measured, not by quantities and quali- ties, but by the vulgar addition or enu- meration of syllables alone—according to which, ** One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten,” with their usual expedient of a barba- rous elision, would make a good heroic verse.* But for this mistake, mere * To pass by a multitude of other blun- ders still more revolting to the ear, we will particularize one curious instance of edito- rial pragmaticism. There is a consider- able portion of the scene between Glo’ster and Lady Anne, in the original play of “Richard the Third’”—that part, we mean, in which they indulge ‘the keen encounter of their wits’’ in a long series of repartee, / which Shakspeare, obviously for the terse- ness and smartness of the effect, had writ- ten in octo-syllabic verse, and which, in the old folio of 1623, is so printed. But the sapient editors of a more critically en- lightened age (the restorers of the genuine text) not being able to conceive how any thing less than ten syllables could consti- tute a dramatic line (as if there were not licenses and varieties of verse enough, in the scenes of Shakspeare, to have suggested a very different conclusion) set their fingers to work and counted the syllables into what they call regular -heroics often syllables. each: and so they stand in all the modern. A Scrap of Criticism. [Nov- I, perception alone could not: have failed to discover that the clause which stands above, at the commencement of the first line, is, in fact, an imperfect portion of some precedent verse; and the whole pas- sage, by the mererestoration of two harsh and unnecessary elisions, the correc- tion of a careless slip of grammar, the inversion of one syllable, the dismis- sal of another, and the avoidance of the unmeaning repetition of_a third, would haye stood thus, in a series of, at least, very tolerable verse : “ Even then the muse Joins midst the solemn stillness to outpour* Her secret soul, and give each burning thought Its voice and utterance. Jt is then she tunes Her harp symphonions ; z¢ ts then she joins. The music of the spheres; ’tis then she throws Her mortal nature off, and joys to find Her daring spirit from the shackles free That bound her here.” When the poet had once got thus far, he would easily have filled up, if he had deemed it necessary, his two imperfect lines. For the first, the sacri- fice of one of his own precedent lines. which we have not quoted— : “* When Contemplation holds her starry. reign,” which confounds cause and effect—as. if our contemplations made the stars — shine, instead of the shining of the stars. inducing us to contemplation !—would. have furnished the materials: “ Eyen then, by Contemplation led, the Muse” which would have given him one good verse, instead of two bad ones. And as for the concluding desideratum, “ That bound her here, and checkh’d towering flight,” was too obvious to have been missed. If these observations should be of any use to our correspondent, we have hopes that they will be regarded as no ungrateful return for his sometimes very pleasing favours; and those of our gene- ral editions, to this day ; although so standing (if the voice attempts to follow the typo- graphical arrangement), they are neither verse nor prose. O Midas! Midas! thy . ears were a legacy bequeathed to the bray- ing tribes of critics and of editors! We feel at our own, that we may be sure whe- ther they do not need the crop. yak * “ Pour out”? would have been better. grammar, and equally good—nay, in point of euphony, somewhat better verse. — ak . her: 7 1825.) ral readers who have.a taste for poetical composition will not. quarrel with us, we trust, for this small intrusion on the space usually assigned to correspon- dence. Epir: i —= To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. pan: T has occurred to me, in reading the observations on self-educated scho- lars, and on the pedantic anti-angli- cisms, and frequently barbarous style of very learned writers, in various numbers of the Philosophy of Contemporary Cri- ticism, and divers passages in your re- viewing department, that the writer of those articles, in mentioning the style of Dr. Johnson (which, by the way, with all its cumbrous pomp and amplifying triplets, has its beauties, to which I should suspect that your critic of cri- tics has had some obligations in the for- mation of his own,) ought to have re- membered, that the author of the Ram- bler, the literary giant of his day, was, as far as authorship is concerned, a self- educated scholar. If the materials of what, perhaps, the philosophizer on Criticism would consider as the defects of his style, were brought with him from the college, the style itself was not formed there, nor owed its beauties to the discipline, the themes, or the in- ‘structions of Oxford. As an English author, he educated himself after he had quitted his alma mater; and got his English, and formed his style of English writing (as an appeal to his earlier com- positions will sufficiently evince,) when his necessities compelled him to seek a livelihood (scanty enough for many years, heaven knows !) by following the trade of an English author, and ad- dressing his lucubrations, principally, to unclassicalized and mere English ears. So true it is, to a considerable extent at least, that when a scholar, as - we call him, has spent the whole of what ought to be his educational years at classical schools and colleges, he has, from the defective systems of those se- minaries (even for scholarship itself) the most important part of his educa- tion to seek while he is seeking his bread; and he may think himself lucky, if his greatest blemishes, after all, be not attributable to the impossibility of unlearning entirely the lumbrous and _ inapplicable jargon of pedantry, which had been flogged in at one end, and crammed in at the other, by the dis- _ cipline and the lectures of pedagogue | professors, N. B. Dr. Johnson.—Dr. Robertson on Remittéent Fever. 213 Ozsrrvations on the CausxEs of Re- MITTENT Frver, as it occurs on the Coasts of the MEDITERRANEAN ; with SuccEsTions jor PREVENTING their Errects. By H. Rozerrson, M.D., Author of a Work on the “ Natural History of the Atmosphere,” &c, ., [Concluded from No. 415, page 208. } ss i consequence of the effect of local circumstances, there are situations where remittent fever is more frequent. and severe than in others in the same pa- rallel of latitude, and seemingly enjoying the same kind of climate. This excep- tion will, however, be found to arise, im ‘every instance, not from any difference: in the cause of the disease, but from the position of the place, in regard to marshy or-high grounds in its vicinity. Thus, places to the leeward or wind- ward of stagnant water, and especially if enclosed by mountains or high grounds, are subject to remittent fever, during the prevalence of certain winds, or otherwise; and it is, most probably, to the blowing of particular winds, in certain seasons, that we ought to attribute the prevalence of remittent, fever in particular places, and its regular return periodically ; and not to any de= pendence on magnetic or lunar influence :; although there is no doubt, that. cer- tain positions of the planets, as influ- encing the seasons in different years,. must, when co-operating with the, above-mentioned local circumstances, add greatly to the violence of the’ dis~ ease, by occasioning the variation men- tioned. tf, Gibraltar, from its situation, seems to. be peculiarly liable to the causes of re= mittent fever: because, that along the line-walls on the bay, there is a con- siderable space of the shore kept in a state of humidity only, not being cover- ed with water. which, of all others, is the condition best calculated for extri- cating marsh miasma. The space allotted. for the landing of the cattle and neces-. saries for the use of the garrisons, also, peculiarly noxious in thisrespect ; for the cattle, being allowed to remain, even for days, before being taken within the walls, this circumstance tends greatly to pro-. duce a concurrence of those causes that so readily generate the matter in ques- tion: and I have no doubt that, inde-_ pendently of the bad effects arising from, other causes of a similar nature, the practice I have pointed out, and the bury-, ing-ground above-mentioned, contribute considerably in producing the disease that has so often. desolated that any he 214 The position of Gibraltar, along the shore. at the bottom of a high and ex- tensive mountain, must greatly tend to render remittent fever not only more frequent, but more malignant, on its occurrence there: because, in conse- quence of the height and extent of the mountain, the ascent of the vapour in the atmosphere meets with a barrier preventing its dispersion ; and, in con- sequence of the lower temperature at that height, it must naturally sink to- wards its source: and in this way being “kept dispersed over the town, it acts with redoubled effect upon its inhabi- tants. It seems to be owing to this that the town of Gibraltar is kept, as it were, at all times immersed in a noxious gas; and that, in consequence of the peculiar malignity of the exhalation from the burying-ground, the remittent fever has so often broken out there with singular violence. It is not improba- ble, that the severity of the disease may have given occasion to the great dis- cordance of opinions upon this subject. Carthagena is likewise placed on the coast, and is nearly surrounded by high grounds, thereby preventing the free dispersion of the exhalations arising from the harbour, &c.; but the miasma, probably, arises principally from the ditches around the works, which are almost always wet, in consequence of retaining the rain. . On the other hand, Valencia, situated in’ a nearly similar climate, peculiarly exposed to noxious exhalations that arise from the shallow, and alinost stagnant river that surrounds it, and that are occasioned by the common practice of irrigating the grounds, for the culture’ of rice and other grain, is, never- theless, much less liable to the severer forms of rémittent fever, than either of the above-mentioned places. Its supe- rior salubrity probably arises from its situation in an’ extensive plain, thereby affording a free dispersion’ of the vapour by whatever wind blows. The same reasoning applies to the’ Island of Malta, which has no high mountains’ to impede and throw back any noxious vapours that may be fo- mented on’ its coasts. In like mah- ner, were it not for the open site of Venice, situated at a great distance from’ any mountains, that city could not be Kabitable, on account of the pestilent exhalations from’ its canals. “Alieant' suffered’ severely from yellow remittent fever’ some year's ago; as epi- demic, and in’ this place severe cases of D>. Robertson on Remittent Fever. | Nov. 1, temittent fever are frequently met with every autumnal season: principally origi- nating, as I imagine, in the exhalation from the beach, and thosé which arise from a particular spot within the city, which, being lower than the adjoining streets, retains the rain, and is also liable to be overflowed occasionally, by the dashing of the sea over the rampart. Alicant is open to the right, and has a marshy shore extending round the bay ; while, nearer to the left of the place, it is covered with two high mountains. Upon that next the town is built the castle, which must have the effect of throwing back, upon the city, the exhala- tions from the shore, if driven towards it by aS.W. current of air. _ Further, in illustration of the forego- ing doctrine of the cases of remittent fever, 1 may observe, that in Palermo, I found remittent fever, in its) worst form (yellow), originating from the care- lessness of workmen in leaving the gut- ter of a public necessary open for some days, in the hottest time of the year. This fever likewise broke out severely in a regiment of dragoons, part of whom were quartered on the shore, the re- mainder in barracks more inward) tear a rivulet, which, in the warm season, is almost dry, or containing a small quan- tity of stagnating water. But there is no place, in or about Palermo, that is’ not, more or less, liable to this disease ; this city being surrounded with moun- tains at no great distance on all sides, except towards the bay forming the har- bour. The most dréadful form of this dis- ease Fever met with was im the summer of 1816, at Argostoli, in Cefalonia ; per- haps the most unhealthy spot in Europe, That place is situated upon the middle of a narrow creek, stretching from a small bay, and running about three miles inland. This creek is covered by high mountains rising perpendicularly on the east; while on the opposite shore a mountainous ridge, from 150° to 300 feet high, runs from the bay, and closely surrounds the creek by join- ~ ing the higher mountains at its top. The upper end of the creek is low and marshy; by which, together with the plentiful sources of miasma, arising from the filthiness of the narrow lanes, and want of cleanliness in the precincts of the’ houses, a constant emanation of poisonous vapour is extricated; and from the height of the surrounding’ grounds, the inhabitants of Argostoli, consequently, are at all times immersed: in 3825.] in a miasma of the most virulent na- ture. In this way, it is not only un- friendly to the natives of the place; but, ever since the English haye had possession of the Ionian islands, it has proved most fatal to our troops. Indeed, every station in these islands is unheal- ~ thy, from a concurrence, in a greater or ess degree, of such circumstances as increase the activity of marsh miasma, the sources of which are every where abundant. Although the remote cause of remit- tent fever has commonly an obvious origin, and in most instances may there- fore be modified, or entirely corrected —at least, we are warranted in thinking so, until it be shewn that a fair trial of measures necessary for that effect has failed ;—but as these means must, in every instance, be adapted to local cir- cumstances—these general observations - cannot, therefore, contain a systematic _or regular plan of preventive opera- tions; and can only offer such hints, gene- rally, as may be modified to particular circumstances. The commencement of preventive _ operations must be first directed to the paving and good order of the streets, to the state of the public sewers, so that __ their contents may pass freely off, and be discharged either into the sea, a river, or in some situation, at a distance, leeward of the town; and so covered that the matters are not offensive. Upon the same principle, the market- place, the streets, and particularly the gutters, ought to be swept at least once a-day, and the filth carried to a con- siderable distance, and deposited in some dry and sandy place. The out- lets of the water-closets and drains of every house should be made to lead into the common sewers, and no filth, or _ tubbish of any kind, be deposited within of near the precincts of thetown. The : gutters of the streets, the market- places, and every humid spot, ought to be covered with a quantity of quick- lime, every evening after being swept, _ during the warm season, until the win- ter fairly sets in. Quick-lime ought _ likewise to be thrown into the sink of every privy, every evening. In like manner, every stable and other offices ought to be kept~in the most perfect _ state of cleanliness, and the floors daily covered with a layer of quick-lime. he manure and sweeping of the offices ought, on no account, to be allowed to _ Femain any length of time within the city. “ Dr. Robertson on Remittent Fever. 215 Upon the same idea, burying within the walls of churches ought to be strictly interdicted: these should be frequently ventilated, and occasionally a fumigating machine should be placed to work within them. Places for tan- works, soap-works, shambles, dyers and such trades, as also burying-grounds, should be always selected at a remote and proper distance from the town*¥— and a quantity of quick-lime should be thrown in with every body that is in- terred. No doubt, a revival of the cus- tom of burning the dead would be con- ducive in preventing the appearance of remittent fever; and, at any rate, this practice ought to be followed, with the dead bodies of those animals that are now most commonly left exposed in the air, or buried superficially. In places liable to remittent fever, the burying-grounds, especially if situated within or near the town, ought to be frequently sprinkled with the liquor called chlorine; or, when this cannot be had, small portions of common salf, placed at short distances, and sprinkled with diluted vitriolic acid, will disen- gage a yapour capable of destroying the ftor and noxious qualities of the miasma arising from decaying ani- mal matter. This practice ought to be renewed at intervals of six or eight days; besides, it will be necessary to cover, from time to time, the surface of such places with a layer of fresh burnt lime; and, in these circumstances, it has been supposed that alternate layers of fresh burnt charcoal, in a coarse pow- der, would materially increase the pre- ventive powers of the lime. The tanks, so frequent in the penin- sula, for the washing of clothes, afford a continued source for the production of miasma. These should be frequently cleaned, as well as their precincts ; and, if possible, a current of water should be made to pass through them. In places subject to remittent fever, the humidity of the streets, in the hot season, ought to be carefully guarded against : therefore, water that has been used in washing, or for any other do- mestic. * These regulations especially, in refer-' ences to shambles, soap and candle makers, &c. will, we should hope, be incorporated, with the plans now so extensively in opera} tion, for the improvement of our perpetu-. ally enlarging metropolis. They ought to extend no less to the populous suburbs. —Eprz. Pisin dy bbl 216 mestic purpose, ought never be per- ‘mitted to be thrown out -upon the streets. Upon the same principle, rivu- lets ought not to be diminished by irri- gation, or by drawing off part of their water for the working of mills ; these, operations may be conducted by other means: but every running stream ought to be kept as much united and concen- trated as possible. In like manner, the splashing and waste of water at the pub- lic fountains, especially those within towns, ought to be prevented; other- wise the moistened mud and filth, ‘always met with in such situations, afford a plentiful source of marsh miasma—in this way I have seen the yellow fever originate. Matters thrown out by the sea upon the shores ought to be collected and burnt in the dry season, or mixed with a quantity of fresh burnt lime: it may be then used as manure. But that which is most conducive for the preservation of health, in places on the coast, is to construct a wall or ram- part along the shore, stretching con- siderably beyond the limits of the town, and in such a manner as to have a depth of water of several feet on the outside, during every season, in ;what- ever direction the wind may blow. Low places, in, or situated near, towns liable to remittent fever, ought to be brought to a level with the contiguous streets or grounds; so as to prevent the rains collecting there, or humidity from other sources ; and the operation, for this pur- pose, ought to commence by strewing thick layers of quick-lime and sand alternately over the bottom, having a drain previously constructed, so as to carry off any superabundant humidity that may collect; the remainder of the hollow should then be filled with lime- stone, or any other pieces of rock, and the interstices filled with sand. In what are strictly called marshes, and which are too extensive to be drain- ed and filled up, the greatest possible care must be taken not to diminish the quantity of water they contain, as the more shallow such places are, so, in pro- portion, is the quantity and malignant qualities of the vapour extricated from them. Therefore, in such circumstan- ces, a considerable quantity of quick- lime, strewed frequently over the banks, and keeping the marshes as clean as pos- sible, are the only preventive measures that can be adopted regarding them :— taking every care also, that, as any par- Dr. Robertson on Remittent Fever.—Danish Traditions. [Nov.1, ticular spot becomes dry, the water be not allowed again to cover it. ‘This may be effected, in most cases, by trenches and banking; and by bringing such places into a state of cultivation. An opposite conduct, at Argostoli, bids fair, in the course of some years, to render that place uninhabitable :—a bridge, or rather rampart, having been carried across the creek ; whereby the supply of water, from its communication with the bay, is not equal to the quan- tity exhaled from the marshy grounds in the inland extremity. For this rea- son, the insalubrity of that place is in- creasing yearly. The lime employed in the operations above-mentioned must be fresh burnt, and taken immediately from the kiln, before it has been long exposed to the air; otherwise, itis unfit for the pur- poses for which I have recommended it. Quick-lime is a caustic earth, which, when mixed with animal and vegetable matters, speedily destroys their texture, and this more readily, in proportion to the quantity of humidity these contain. In situations favourable for the evolu- tion of marsh miasma, these organic matters are always mixed with a suffi- cient quantity of humidity ; andin such circumstances, it would seem, that the elementary parts of these matters are thereby modified into new combinations, _ naturally inoffensive to health : and per- haps this may also be occasioned by the high temperature produced on slacking the quick-lime; thereby occasioning a rapid evaporation of the humidity, pre- venting its decomposition, and the conse- quent evolution of the noxious miasma. Argostoli, Cefalonia, March 20, 1817. ——a———— DanisH Trapitions and SuPERSTITIONS. (Continued from No. 409, p. 411.) Soeren Olsen’s Daughter. N the choir of the cathedral church at Roskilde, is a tomb-stone, on which is dépictured a skeleton ; around whose neck a snake has twisted itself. The tradition concerning this is as follows: —A nobleman of the name of Soeren Olsen, gave to his daughter a sum of money just before he travelled out of the land; commanding her as soon as she heared of his death to’ lay out the money to the best advantage for the use of the poor. But when the daughter received intelligence of the father’s _ death, she did not spend the money as he had directed her, but bought with it a costly gold chain, which she placed “round ‘ 1825.)2° round her neck ; but no sooner was it there than the neck-lace changed to a venomous serpent, which incessantly clung to her, and devoured every thing that she carried to her mouth; so that - at last she died of starvation, and was buried within the tomb just alluded to. Skoite. At a small distance from Gudman- _ stoup,. in Oddoherred, is a_ hillock called Hiulehoi. The elfins, who in- habit this hill, are well known in the villages round about ; and most people place a cross upon their ale-barrels, in order to secure them from the attacks of the pigmies, who are exceedingly fond of ale. Late one evening, a coun- tryman came past Hiulehoi, and per- ceived that it was lifted from the ground, and supported upon wooden piles, while beneath it was a magnifi- cent elfin banquet, with music and daneing. The countryman stood still, in order to view the revel, and as he, Was wondering at every thing he saw, .the music ceased, the dance stopped, and, in the midst of a horrible outcry, an elf exclaimed, “ Skotte is fallen into the fire, come and help him out.” The hillock immediately sunk down to the earth, and nothing more was to be seen. In the mean time the peasant’s wife remained at home, and as she sat busied in spinning flax, she did not perceive that an eif had crept, through the win- dow, into the next chamber, and was standing by an ale-barrel, which, not ‘being secured by a cross, he had tapped; and was drawing off its contents into a large leathern bucket. The door was open, and the elf had his eye fixed on the woman. Just then her husband came home, extremely surprised at what he had lately seen. “ Now, wife,” said he, “I will tell you what has hap- pened to me.” The elf in the other room listened attentively. “ As I was coming past Hiulehoi,” continued the man, “I saw an elfin festival, when all of a sudden one of the dwarfs cried out, ‘ Skotte is tumbled into the fire, come and help him up.’ ” The elf by the ale-barrel no sooner heard the man repeat these last words than he was so frightened, that he flung down his bucket, left the tap running, and scoured away out of the window ; at the noise he made, the man and his wife rushed into the room, just in time to get a glimpse of him; but they had time enough to mourn for the ale with which the floor was flooded, Monruty Mac. No. 416. Voyage to Australia, &c. 297 Mr. Henry Ennts’s Journal of a Voyage to New SoutH Watrs, AusTRALIA, Port Essincron, Arstey STratts, iC. § ‘(Continued from p. 221.) E their persons the natives of these islands are generally above the mid- dle size; their limbs straight and well . formed. They are more actively than strongly made, the stoutest amongst them having but little muscle. Their activity is astonishing ; and they bound through the woods with the lightness and celerity of a deer. Their colour is nearly black ; their hair coarse, but not woolly: they tie it, occasionally, on the back of the head; and several of them had daubed their heads and bodies with red and yellow pigment. They were al- most all marked with a kind of tattoo; generally in three lines, the centre one going directly down the body, from the neck to the navel; the others drawn from the outside of the breast, and approach- ing the perpendicular line, at the bottom. The skin appeared to have been cut for the purpose of admitting some substance under it, and then bound down until healed, leaving small raised marks on the surface. The men were entirely naked; but some women whom we saw on Bathurst Island, at a little distance, wore mats, made of plaited grass, or shreds of the fan palm-leaf, fastened round the waist, and covering them nearly as far as the knee. Their arms are the spear and the waddy : the former is a light shaft, well hardened with fire, about nine or ten, feet long; those we saw generally had. a smooth sharp point, but they have others which are barbed, and are deadly, weapons. Some of these were thrown, at us, one of whichis preserved by Cap-. tain Bremer. It is very ingeniously. made; the. barbs, seventeen in number, being cut out of the solid wood, the edges and points being exceedingly sharp, but the barbs on one side of the spear only; and as they have no iron: implements or tools, it is wonderful how they can contrive to produce such a weapon. Having met but with few of these barbed spears, it is probable that, rom the time and labour bestowed on- making them, they are not in general use, and are reserved for close combat, or for extraordinary occasions.. . te The waddy, or short pointed stick, is, from twenty-two to twenty-eight inches, long; and is evidently used as a weapon in close fight, as well as for bringing down birds, or animals for food; and: 2Q they ~ 298 they throw this stick with such wonder- ful “precision, that: they scarcely ever fail to bring down a bird from the tops of the’highest trees..0) 99) = eu on In their habits these people seem to resemble the natives of New South Wales; but there are shades of differ- ence; which fully indicate that they do motoccupy so low a place on the gra- ‘duated scaleof the human species. Like them; they wander about in search of the*scanty and precarious means of pre- serving life; like them, they make use of the most disgusting food, the filthy remains of which we often found; and, like them, they have no fixed habitation seldom remaining two nights in the same place ; nor do they seem to have any idea of forming themselves into any larger scope of society, beyond their own immediate tribe or family. But they ‘are superior in person; and, if the co- vering of the women be general, which it probably is, it isa mark of decency, and astep towards civilization, perfectly unknown. to the aborigines of Aus- tralia. . These savages have certainly some notion of a supreme power, and a fu- ture state, and are by no means so rude and barbarous as those that are to be ‘met with amongst the New Hollanders generally ; for, on Bathurst Island, we Readaithiec tomb of a'native. The situa- tion was one of such perfect retirement and repose, that it displayed great feel-. ang inthe survivors who placed it there ; ‘and the simple order and decorations ‘of it, would not have disgraced a eivilized people. It was an oblong square, open at the foot, the remaining end and sides being railed round with small trees, seven or eight feet high, some of which were carved witha stone cor shell, and further ornamented with ‘sings of wood, also carved. On the tops of these posts were placed the waddys of the deceased. The grave was -raised above the level of the earth; but othe raised part was not more than three feet long. At the head was placed a “piece of canoe, and a spear; and around ‘it were little baskets made of the fan _palm-leaf: these, from their small size, we imagined to have been placed there by the children of the departed; but nothing could exceed the neatness and _simplicity of the whole, as not a vestige -of weed or shrub was suffered to remain -within the area... - veeThe natives..of those islands must. -have strong.powers of mimicry, for on the first interview I was present at with — agrtnsy Voyage to Australia, §c. them (which was at Bathurst Island on a fishing party, where we-had=been all the morning), just as we were‘about to return ‘on board, they came:tothe-beach inva body. of seventeen’ or»eighteen, making a hideous noise, swinging: their arms-about, and crying eut-“‘warra wa, warra wa, warta wa,” imitatingns ex- actly in hauling the~ seine, .by ing into the sea, and following-all-our ma- neeuvres, and making signs for us to/re- turn; "but, it being near twelve o’eleck, and the officer having charge of the boat being desirous to take the boat’s crew off to dinner, we told them in plain En- glish (but laughed loudly at the same ~ time) that we were going away. . They laughed much louder than we were ca- pable of doing, and repeated, as plain as we had spoken it, “ going away, going away,” &c., and continued to.do so as long as we were within hearing. We found, in all the intercourse we had with them afterwards, that they could imitate us with equal facility whenever they pleased. “ The sinking of wells, on various parts of both islands, and particularly the one near the fort, gave us a good opportunity of observing the soil. For the first two or three feet, it was generally a fine black vegetable mould, then a strong red clay for a few feet, on a thick bed of sandstone rock, on a strata of loose red clay, intermixed with a sort of pipe- clay or marl; next a coarse red gravel, to the depth of twenty-eight feet, where the water flowed in in abundance; but the well near the fort was the only one sunk to that depth. This soil appears to be excellent, and capable of producing most, if not.all, the valuable trees, shrubs, &ce. of the Eastern Islands: The whole. of» the plants brought from Sydney. flourish luxuriantly, particularly the orange and: lemon, the lime, banana and sugar-cane. The napal also thrives well, inthe gar- den near the settlement, which was at- tended by a professed gardener from Sydney. Melons, pumpkins, -small'sal- lads, and different sorts of cabbage plants, sprung up immediately; the plantain, prickly pear and loquets, never-lost a moment from being transplanted. .-The maize was above ground. on the fourth day, and the Indian corn on thé seventh or eighth day after they had been:sown. Potatoes were not so fortunate; how- “ree this ann cael be accountedofor, ause, in first instances they:were not intended for seedy andweresfar from being good, even for present-use, when we 1825. ] 5 we took them on board at Sydney; added to which; the season was too far advanced for planting them, and perhaps the land not sufficiently prepared to re- ceive them: In addition to all this, the large red ant was found to burrow in the seed; and, notwithstanding all the care and ingenuity of the gardener and his assistant, these destructive insects could not be got rid of. Even under all these difficulties, there were hopes that some few would arrive at maturity : and there is little doubt; when the land is cleared - to agreater extent, and the place comes to be cultivated, but all these difficulties will be easily overcome, and that the ex- cellency of the soil will produce abun- dantly all the luxuries and necessaries ‘of life. © - f The’stream of water first discovered was found to run into several large ponds near the beach, which afford to ships the most ready mode of watering ; and, as the land, in the vicinity, is low, it holds out the prospect that valuable rice plan- tations may be made along that part of the coast. Amongst the trees, some of which are of noble growth, we met with a sort of lignum vite, which will probably be va- luable for block sheaves, and several others which appear to be well caleu- lated for naval purposes. The forests are almost inexhaustible. Thesago and cabbage tree are in great abundance ; a sort of large cotton tree was also found in considerable numbers: but as we were not quite certain of their produce being valuable, parcels of it are put up to be sent to England for the inspection of proper* judges. The bastard nutmeg, and’a species of pepper, highly pungent, are likewise abundant, and samples of which are also prepared to send home. From the excellency of the soil, and the goodness of the climate, it is most likely that, if those islands were brought un- der a proper state of cultivation, they would produce those articles in perfec- “The trepang, which is considered a wonderful delicacy in China, is found at Port. Essington, and along the shores and round the*islands and reefs on the coast of ‘Australia, in great quantities. They are’ something like the snail or en England, but very much larger ; are» gathered in great numbers, at particular seasons, by the Malays, who resort to the coast for that purpose, anddrive a very considerable trade, with the Dutch» settlements, in’ that article ; from whence it is exported to China, at Voyage to Australia, &c. 299 an enormous profit.. It is however to be hoped that our new establishments at Melville and Bathurst Islands will be the means of leading so valuable a branth of commerce into another channel. »! The animals we have seen: areothe kangaroo, the opossum, the bandicoot, the kangaroo rat, and the flying squirrel. The birds are quails, pigeons, pheasants, parrots, parroquets, curlews, a sort.of snipe, and a species of moor fowl, mostly of a beautiful plumage; and immense flights of smaller birds, There is ‘ano~ ther bird which deserves notice, called the laughing jackass: it is the ugliest and most deformed, in my opinion, of the whole feathered race; and, to com- plete its deformity, its voice isa medley of all that is harsh, loud and disagree- able. The greater part of the forenoon, and at night, they join chorus with the alligators (which are in great numbers, and very large), producing a concert b no means melodious. . A few snakes have been seen, which, from the flattened head and. fangs, were evidently venomous; but. their tribes are neither large nor numerous, The centipedes, tarantulas, scorpions, lizards, &c. &c. are every where to: be met with; but they are not very trouble- some. There are, however, myriads of ants of four or five sorts, which are very destructive; and the bite of the large green ant dreadfully painful whilst: the inflammation lasts. As usual imall tro- pical climates, musquitos and sand flies are superabundant. The latter is the smallest thing holding animal life, and its sting or bite is very painful, and ge- nerally attended with tedious ulcers.” Our supply of fish was generally. very scanty. Those we took in the’seine net were principally mullet, skate, bass, snappers, and old’ wife, the latter:being the most plentiful; however, at »Port Essington we had better’success. The climate of those islands, as:far as we were able to form a judgment,. is decidedly as good, if not better than any to be found within the tropics: the thermometer rarely reaching more than eighty-eight in the shade, in the hottest part of the day; and, at early dawn, ’ falling to seventy-six. Indeed, nothing can be more delightful than: the: first part of the morning, and the evening, after four or five o’clock: nor ;need there be a more convincing proof of the salubrity of this climate, than that, al- though all the officers and men engaged in the expedition pei ee ae ha : ployed on shore, undernu - 2Q2 vantages, building materials. ‘extremely hard and heavy, does not ap- | 300 ‘vantages, exposed to the rays of a ver- ‘tical sun, yet very few cases of fever oc- ‘curred, and they readily yielded to me- dicine, | Much cannot as yet be said as to The timber being spear well adapted for slender work. The stone, which is in abundance, being generally soft sandstone, may be easily ‘cut into blocks of any dimensions; and, by being exposed to the sun, would harden in a short period, so as to be fit for any purpose, of building: and, at a little distance from the fort, was found a bank of sheils, from which lime for present use might readily be procured. However, it would be desirable that set- tlers, or others coming out, should bring with them houses of light scant- ling, in frame; for the labour of felling the trees, and sawing them up, would in the first instance be attended with great expense, and: certainly with much ‘inconvenience and delay, * Fort Dundas, which commands the whole anchorage, is rectangular, se- venty-five yards in length, by fifty yards wide; with turrets en barbette at each angle, surrounded by a ditch fifteen feet wide by ten feet deep, with a drawbridge on the land side. The curtain, at the base, is seven feet in width, and five at the top, and is about seven feet high ; and is armed with four 18-pounders and ‘one 12-pounder carronades, and two long 9-pounders; the latter will do exe- cution on Bathurst Island, crossing the outer edge of Harris’s Island in its course, andis built with the same strong durable materials as the pier. I should have observed, that at the distance of about a mile and a-half to the south- eward of the settlement, is Sawyer’s River —a most beautiful harbour, with a suffi- cient depth of water for ships of any tonnage, which it carries to the shore ; and so completely is it land-locked and secured, that ships of any size might be hove down with very little preparation or expense, without risk from any alte- vation of weather. » Names of the different Positions on Melville Island, running from North to South in Apsley Strait :— .. Piper’s Point ; Luxmore Head; Gar- den Point; - Point Barlow ; “Point Her- bert ; “Sawyer River; - Point. Gordon ; John's River ;- Tamar’ River ; Point Bremer ; - Point wre ee aiid Point Fletcher. * oyoThe whole-of: abies rdartos ‘being com- pleted on th the Pthof imoweniber, and wis “NG BATISD woRans 4 of ot ey HHO! OF Ais Voyage to Australia, &c. [Nov. I, defences of the place being quite équal to any attack from much more formis " dable enemies than the natives.of Mel- ville and Bathurst Islands; and the ob- ject of the expedition being fully and successfully accomplished, we prepared for sea, weighed, and dropped into the fairway. On the 10th saluted by the fort with thirteen guns, which was re- turned from the ship. 11th ‘and 12th, calm,and excessively hot, 13th ,weighed and made sail, Countess of Harcourt in company; and bade farewell to Melville Island, and our dear friends composing the garrison of Fort Dundas, from whom we parted with infinite regret, being more like a band of brothers, than strangers casually met on public service, and by whose cordial co-operation the arduous and fatiguing duties going forward wereso happily and speedily carried into execu- tion ; having, in the short space of forty- four days, explored the country, cleared a considerable piece of land, built a strong fort and magazine, railed in and planted two large gardens, sunk wells, built and covered in twenty comfortable cottages’ for the troops and_ convicts, and a commissariat storehouse, capable of containing two years’ provisions ; be- sides the wharf, and survey of the har- bour, and various other things which took up labour and time; leaving on the island, Captain. M. Barlow, 3d regt., commandant; Lieut. C. C. Williamson, royal marines, engineer; Lieut. C.-C. Everard, ensign of the 3d regt.; G. Mil- ler, commissariat department; Mr, Wil- son, commissary’s clerk ; Mr. Talmash, ditto, storekeeper; Mr. surgeon ; Royal Marines, 26 non-commissioned officers and privates ; 3d regt., 22 ditto ; 47 convicts; 2 free convicts ; 4 women; 4 children ; in all 112— besides the brig Lady Nelson, Capt. S. Johns, and I2 men; making altogether 125,* 14th * The Greenock Herald of the 25th Jan. 1825, speaking of Melville Island, places it in 136° 52! east ; and states it to ‘be only five miles long, and one or two broad ;, and that it was intended to be a penal settlement for incorrigible convicts, from New Hol- land and Van Diemen’s Land. This, how-= ever, is not the fact.. Melville Island is situated in 134° east ; and the extent already explored proves it ‘to be, at least, from eighty to 100 miles in circumference (in- dependent of Bathurst Island, pupnoese to be equally large, and which is ante gun-shot—(divided from Melville Isl Apsley and Clarence” Straits). dep it intended to’ be a penal. pie mr cotiviets already sent to Melville. Island é have 1825.] 14th November.—The weather con- tinued to be oppressively hot, with hght baffling winds, until the 20th, at which time the rain ‘set in; and from that time ‘to the 26th kept pouring, in the heaviest torrents I ever witnessed, ac- ‘companied by tremendous peals of thun- der and the most vivid flashes of light- ning that can be imagined. On the 27th the weather cleared up; the breeze freshened, and it became quite fair. No- thing worth notice occurred until the 7th Dec., when being in long. 81° east, it was deemed necessary that the ships should separate in prosecution of their former routes ; and as I was to take my passage in the Countess of Harcourt, - being charged with despatches relative to the expedition, I joined her at seven P.M., on that day, and we parted company : the Tamar for Point de Galle ‘and Bombay, and the Countess of Har- court for the Isle of France and Eng- land. ‘The wind being fair, and the weather remarkably fine, we had a delightful run to the Isle of France, where we anchored on the evening of the 17th December, having passed the Island of Rodriguez on the 13th. _ The approach to this beautiful island is highly picturesque ; the land varying in every direction from a fine plain, to high mountains, or rather, apparently, barren rocks.. The tops of those sur- have been selected from volunteers of the best character, amongst those whose time of transportation had nearly expired. Two out of the number are free, and a third would be so about the middle of last March. Those convicts whose correct good con- duct will recommend them to the favour- able consideration of the commandant, are to have their time of servitude considerably shortened; and they will be retained on the Government works—get grants of land —or be sent to their respective homes, at their own option. ' . The expedition for forming’ a new penal settlement for re-transported conyicts (in- stead of that at Port McQuarrie, which is to become a free port) was to have sailed fron ‘ort Jackson in the latter end of “August last. (i.e. August twelvemonth) ; ‘the place fixed on is on that noble river, discovered by Lieut. Oxley, sur- -veyor-general of Australia, in the latter ‘part of 1823, which empties itself. into ‘Morton Bay, and is called Morton River. Morton Island, ‘which forms the bay, is in lat. 28° 18’, and long. 153° 34/ east, dis- .tant from Port Jackson about 450 miles, and is indisputably the most delightful part of New South Wales, that has as yet “béen discovered. =~ rie Voyage to Australia, &c. delightful garden. 801 rounding Port Louis taking: all manner of fantastic shapes, from) the different views we had of them ‘running down the land; at one time, appearing like a number of very high steeples at a con- siderable distance, at another like’ the minarets of a tower; but when seen from the harbour of Port Lonis, the whole were brought in one, and’ ap- peared exactly like the dome of St. Paul’s. , : The town of Port Louis is situated in a valley, or rather on a gentle as- cent, rising’ from the sea towards the mountains in its rear. It forms a cres- cent along the beach, and is nearly sur- rounded by mountains. A river which takes its rise near their summit waters the vicinity. The population may be about 22,000, and is divided ‘into three classes, viz.—Europeans, creoles, and slaves, intermixed with Malays and Bengalese. Previous to its being taken from the French, the houses were chiefly composed of timber; but since it came into the hands of the English, they are generally built of stone, and some of them are remarkably handsome good edifices. : ‘ I had the curiosity to visit Tomb-bay, a beautiful place about seven miles: from Port Louis, immortalized by the ill-fated loves of Paul and Virginia. Their tombs are kept in the very best order: they are not on a grand scale, ‘but uncommonly neat ; and stand on two small islands, in the centre of a A stream of water of about fourteen feet wide divides them, and then passes round and forms these islands, surrounded by weeping willows and cypress, which shed a pleas- ing melancholy gloom around the spot. This, added to the beauties of the sur- rounding country, renders it one of the most interesting and delightful situa- tions I ever saw. The cocoa-nut trees supposed to be . planted by Paul—the village church— the shaddock grove—(in short, every thing mentioned in the little history of their loves)—were pointed out to us at a little distance. The island produces sugar-cane, cot- ton, indigo, coffee, cocoa, the greater part of European grain and vegetables, rice, maize and millet. In fruit,’ the produce is citrons, grenadillas, lemons, tamarinds, bananas, mangoes, dates, figs, grapes and oranges. BION" The summer commences’ in ‘Beptem- ber, and is extremely hot; ‘and gene- rally unhealthy, owing to long calms and heavy 802 heavy rains, But the elevation of the hills, the quantity of wood with which many.parts are coyered, and the num- ber of rivers, contribute to cause a’ variety of climate : the -high land in the in terior being pleasantly cool, whilst the heat in the intervening valleys i is almost intolerable. The winter begins in. March; but the difference of tem- perature is scarcely perceptible. There are, however, great drawbacks on the happiness of this beautiful island: for in its centre runs a chain of mountains eighteen miles long by nine miles wide, covered with almost impenetrable forests, with only military veads cut through it here and there, and which is literally alive with ba- boons and monkeys. These mis- chievous animals are obliged to be watched with the greatest vigilance, and with considerable trouble and ex- pense, or they would destroy all the crops. As it is, they do incalculable injury. The towns are overrun with rats of enormous size, and in such numbers, as bid defiance to extirpation ; they parade, in squadrons, at noon-day, entirely at their ease. Bugs and mus- quitos are in myriads :—the former are to be seen and felt all day and night; the latter, more modest, tease you only from sunset to sunrise. Seldom a year passes but it is visit- ed by. dreadful fevers, which carry off great numbers ; and it is further scourg- ed by hurricanes of the most destruc- trive description, which are accom- oe by the heaviest torrents of rain nown to fall on any part of the earth, sweeping every thing before their united ~ violence. The ships in the harbour (which is apparently one of the most secure in the world) are either sunk at their anchors, or driven onshore on the surrounding reefs, and dashed to pieces, or impelled to sea, and never more heard of; as was the case in February and March 1824. They calculate on these hurricanes once in three years; but it most frequently 4 is that Voyage to Australia, §c.—Mathematical Problem. - (Nov. 1, France is well enough for a Ugh i it is by no means a desirable’ le’ place take up one’s abode in," oe e January 1st, 1825. — Fitiding the: Countess of Harcourt ‘would ° ae ae ready for sea before’ the early”} February, and undersanding © tee “the ship Resolution was to’ sail on thé Sth; as I was directed to lose ‘no’ time in going forward with the déspatchés;’ I engaged a second passage in her,\ and’ went on board her on Saturday the 8th’ January 1825, a step I ever since had reason to regret. Henny’ Ewyrs.' pan? 22h Names of the Officers attached to the’ Expedition to Melville and —e Tslands. His Majesty’s Ship ices rob (a te Jas. John Gordon Bremer, Esq., K.C.B,,; havtdion John Golding, John Downey, John Septimus Ree,» lieutenants; John Davis, second master ; Jobn. O‘Brien, purser ; Matthew Capponi, surgeon + ; Hen- ry Clayton and Charles Cartwright Williamson, lieutenants marines ; Henry Ennis, (supernumerary- purser); Joseph Chartres, assictant surgeon; James Strachan, gunner; James Stocker, boatswain,; John Charters, carpenter; John Coney Sicklemore, Francis Smyth, Alfred Nelson Faitman, and Francis! Scott, midshipmen; James Kirkpatrick; Alfred Paul, and Robert Campbell Jackson, volunteers; Frederick Henry, Glasse, master’s mate; Samuel Hood Linzee and John Fulford, admiralty midshi; men; William Gough Tomlinson, admiralty clerk; John O‘Brien (jun.), captain’s clerk; John Wilson, (acting) second master; Maurice Barlow, captain 3d regiment; — Everard, ensign, ditto.—Staff: Mx. —, surgeon; George Millar, commissary ; 3) Mr. Wilson, commissary’s clerk; Mr. Talmash, store- Keeper. Countess of Harcourt. IS FUN George Bunn, captain; George Clayton, firstioff- cer; John McDonald; second officer ; — Hall, third officer. other. Lady Nelson. Samuel Johns, master. ( The homeward voyage in our next. dha For the Monthly Magazines > es. Mr. Davies on his DEMONSTRATION? “ In vitium ducet culpe fuga,’ si-carét arte”. Hor. maha ¥: Wii I drew up the paper; Mr Editor, which you did me “the honour to insert in* your number! for July (p. 521), I did not consi ne- cessary to mark every ‘step I* took with the same minuteness that I should have done in composing an esa 8 on geometry, I was, however;« deal surprised at the length your corre tH Aye rcs your Sept. No., p.'109;) to~expand his pence Brey amendment of my der very thing really ge which that beadaidas notided, I can assure him passed’ through = TIOIW 1825.) though writing rather for the experienced geometer than drawing, up,a mere nur- sery demonstration; I traced only the general outline of the process, leaving the more obyious. steps. to be supplied by, the reader, as he went on... Still I conceive, that those steps were traced with, ample, force. and distinctness, at least, forthe comprehension of any one who had studied the elements of geo- metry with common attention: and I think, it .will inthe end appear, that * A* has. been rather premature in his censure, unnecessarily officious in the assistance which he has given me, and that he, “ by striving to avoid one fault, has fallen into a.greater.” I. The theorem, of which the two first analogies in my paper were cases, and) which “A” has demonstrated, though not found in any of our elemen- tary works, is yet not new; and it is, moreover, so simple and so easy of dee monstration, that.“ obscurity’’. could searcely arise even from my passing it over as I did. Besides, the theorem is pretty generally known amongst mathe- maticians, and may, therefore, in a de- monstration (certainly not elementary and therefore not intended for the eye of elementary readers), be assumed as true, without any violation of scientific propri- ety: and, had I thought it necessary, I could have quoted at least half a dozen different places in which the theorem is _ to be found, or from which it could be derived without more than a single step of reducing analysis. ' II The third step in “ A’s” demon- stration is rather extraordinary ; itis to prove that parallels are divided into proportional segments by lines passing through the same point! Probably he may deem it necessary to amend HIS Own demonstration, with a view to prove that “ the three angles of a tri- angle are equal to two right angles,” or to'show us how “ to construct an equi- lateral triangle on a given finite right line.” \ ' TH. As we take the next two steps Para remark is required there. IV. Next tothe charge of “ obscu- rity” stands'that of coming to a “ con- clusion; geometrically, unsatisfactory ;” or, in-other. words, to a conclusion not warranted-by. the preceding arguments. I must: bespéak the reader’s patience — ‘whilst Lexamine'this charge. __ We had. be i S EH: HC 2 H D : HF; but-here I paused, whilst my commen- proceeded together to the to Mathematical Problem Demonstrated, 803 tator performed eight distinct horse-in- the-mill operations—* permutando, coms ponendo, ,alternando, invertendo,” &¢. &c.—from which he ultimately obtamed OCs .OF 2 OF: OH Ton Let us now compare our relative posi- tions; perhaps we are not far apart, after all the seeming progress made by my obliging auxiliary. ee eee ’ A” finds that the supposition of GK not passing through O involves the parallelism of that line to BF. roe I find, from the relation EH : HC :: WD: HF, that if H and H’ be not the same point, GF is parallel to BF. Where is the difference, then, between our respective analogies, and on what account is his’ conclusion more valid or more obvious than mine? The proportions OC : OF :: OH: OH’ and EH : HC:: H’D: HF, are, indeed, almost identical, and the conclusion is as clear from one as from the other. The eight intervening opera- tions are then, of course, so far from adding to the “ perspicuity and strict- ness” of the demonstration, that they ‘are, in reality, so many redundant and ungeometrical applications of geometri- cal logic, which disfigure the proof that had previously been given. . V. My commentator contends that since the line GK cannot be parallel to BF, and, at the same time, intersect it in L, the line GK has no other alterna- tive than to pass through O: whilst I suppose my reader capable of tracing, for himself, the course of reasoning by whieh this very obvious conclusion is demonstrated. Such is the nature of my “ungeometrical” and “ unsatisfac- tory” conclusion—a very exalting com- pliment to the geometrical reader, most assuredly ! VI. The substitution of the term “ laterally” for “radially,” seems to me rather capricious than useful. I am the last man in the world who 2 304 aught we had shown to the contrary, might always take place) where GK is parallel to BF—this we have lett al- together unnoticed, though upon it de- pends the application of our reasoning, and the legitimacy of our conclusion, The demonstration of this case, it ap- peared to me, was unnecessary from the extreme ease of effecting it; and I, therefore, passed over it, in the same manner, as I did some other much slighter particulars. However, I feel curious to hear what plea can be urged by “A” for following my example :—he; who so scrupulously condescends to notify the slightest operation he per- forms, ought surely to have paid some. attention to this, the least obvious of all the facts which I adopted as the prin, ciples on which to found my solution, VIII. A word now to yourself, Mr. Editor, by way. of explanation.. That the “imputation” of obscurity and in- conclusiveness is removed, I think you will now allow, and removed, too, with- _ out reference either to the “ porisms or the pedantries of almost-forgotten au- thors.” Your suggestion seems to have arisen from mistaking the import of the note, which I appended to my demonstration. I did not say, or, at least, I did not intend to say, that the accompanying process was in any way dependent upon La Hire’s porism; but that the demonstration which I had employed in my new work was depen- dent upon that proposition. Of course it was to be understood that the po- rism itself was previously given. In conclusion, it may be proper to remark, that this theorem is capable of a far more general enunciation than that which I gave in your magazine for July. To instaace one extension—the ’ points B and C may interchange their places so as throw K without the tra- pezium. Another is, that ABCD may be a re-entering or an intersecting tra- pezium—the stated properties still ob- taining. This case is not capable of demonstration by the method above employed, though it may be derived from principles nearly similar. These properties, however, form but a small part of the numberless hitherto un- investigated, butextremely beautiful ones which appertain to the trapezium: to develope which will call for the utmost resources of mathematical dexterity. On the 5th of August I presented to the “‘ Society of Inquirers of Bristol’ -a few of these ;amongst which was my general theorem, with a demonstration Mathematical Problem Demonstrated.” [Nov. l, perfectly unrestricted, and upon prin- ciples altogether new. The paper will probably appear through the usual me- dium of the society, the Philosophical Magazine; or, at all events, combined with other applications of the same principle, in my “ Stupres.”. One yet more general property I will just allude to—that the points ABFCDE, in lieu of being printed in the sides of the angle, formed by the projection of the figure, may be in the periphery of any conic section whatever, and GKH will be ina straight line stil!—Your’s, &c. _ Bristol, Sept. 2, 1825. T. 5. D. To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Simi 5 “eee | E do not make ail the use we might, either of our materials or of our knowledge. Thus the daburnum tree, which the French sometimes call the green ebony of the Alps, is one of the most beautiful of woods for furniture, yet it is seldom orever used for that purpose. _- ., It has been proved, in many parts of France, that the walnut-tree, if grafled, . produces ten-fold; yet, I believe, the walnut is seldom or ever submitted to that process, at least in this country. , Mr. Dawes, of Slough, discovered that the covering of a wall with dlack paint would facilitate the ripening of wall-fruit, and. yet not one wall in twenty thousand is so painted, Bs The knowledge that charcoal is the best ingredient in the foundation of buildings erected in moist places, is as old as Theodorus, who, according to, Diogenes Laertius,. proposed the form- ing the foundation of the Temple of ~ Ephesus with that material, because it would become so solid that no water could penetrate it. This, I say, has been known more than two thousand five hundred years, and yet I am-not aware that charcoal has.ever been used, in this country, for the purpose above referred to. 0. 0. 0. To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. ' Sm: ’ HE edition of Johnson’s Die- tionary into which I looked for, the meaning of the word Jdiotism was that of Todd (1818), which, I think, you should have also consulted before questioning the truth of my statement, as it is allowed to be greatly superior to any other. It contains, besides the quotation from. Judge. Hale, to which you alluded in the last number of your Saeed ' Magazine, 1825.] 3 Magazine, two others from Dryden and Bishop Hall, in which the word is used in the sense in which I applied it. The same meaning is also given to it in Walker’s, Buailey’s, and Crabbe’s Dic- tionaries, as well as in Rees’ Cyclo- pedia : therefore [ still believe that you were not justified in taxing me with ignorance for having made use of it. The rule which you say should direct. me, and other foreigners, in the choice of English words, is a very good one; but the word idiom is used in two dif- ferent senses, as well as idiotism ; for many eminent English writers have ap- plied it in the sense of dialect, which is its original signification, and the only one that, I think, it should have ; while the word idiotism should mean. nothing but @ peculiarity of expression, as you have the word idiotcy or idiocy, which, from its etymology, is a better one than idiotism to mean imbecility, and which, also, is more generally known. Yours, &c. E. Duvarp. Leeds, Sept. 18, 1825. ——— To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. ‘Sir: READ with much pleasure the let- ter of your correspondent G.B.L., in your last number, on the cultivation of the strawberry. By way of experi- ment in February last, I transplanted © “twenty-five young plants in some good earth between bricks, let into the ground in a tessellated form — they occupied about a square yard ; the sides were enclosed with some pantiles, rather inclined, in order to attract the sun as much as possible ;—they were watered occasionally, as were also some of the same sort near them (not transplanted) ; those placed between bricks were much eatlier—far superior in size and flavour —and more abundant ; for although the pisnss were removed so late, not one had less than twenty strawberries, and several nearly double the number. I had the satisfaction of having a prize awarded by our Flower and Fruit Society, for a plate of them produced at the Exhibition the 20th of June. I mention this merely to convince your readers tliat the plan succeeded, and as IT am an admirer of horticultural pur- suits, wish to promote its adoption as much as possible.—Your’s, &c. Ross—Sept. 16, 1825. C.S Will any of your readers haye the goodness to inform me the best mode of preserying the auricula, during the an Montary Mac, No, 416. The Anatomy of Speech. ° 305 MR. THELWALL’S LECTURE ON THE ENUNCIATIVE ORGANS AND FORMA- TION OF THE LITERAL ELEMENTS. [Concluded from p. 202.] Prigant AM aware, that upon the formation of the vowels much more might be said; and that there is abundant room for criticism on what has already been writ-’ ten on the subject. But the task is endless to wade through the multitu- dinous schemes of vowelative utter- ance; many of which seem to have been copied without examination from pre- ceding theorists, and others to have been run into from hasty conjectures, without sufficient analysis or attentive experiment: and perhaps, after all, there is no part of the whole theory of enunciation so little capable of precise and satisfactory illustration from the . pen, as what relates to the formation and discrimination of the vowels. For these elements being formed almost entirely by the mere modifications of aperture and cavity, without contact of the enunciative organs, and every the smallest alteration, either of the form or dimensions of the opening, necessarily © producing a corresponding difference of sound, the possible yarieties are almost infinite, and the minute diversities (even among speakers of admitted accuracy) defy almost every effort. of verbal dis- crimination. Every writer (whether a native of the metropolis, or of Scotland, Ireland, or whatever province, taking his own practice as the standard of pro- priety—if he content not himself with the unexamined dogmas of some popu- lar predecessor) accommodates his defi- nitions to his individual usage. The Italians confine themselves, in the pure pronunciation of their lan- guage, to what may be called ‘the five distinct or perfect colours of the oral prism, rejecting all- the intermediate meltings and minglings, and thus sim- plify their vowels into an easily ascer- tainable scale; and, for aught I know, they may be right in so doing. But such, assuredly, is not our practice : and our usage (our best usage, I mean,) has obyiously more varieties than are ac- knowledged or explained by our most popular writers. hat nice ear, for example, will admit, after attentive exa- mination, that the a in a//, and the in popular differ only in duration or quan-— tity ? ‘at Th the pronunciation of parts of Scotland, it is true they do; and I have no doubt, that the ears even of those QR very 306 very persons who have maintained. in theory the doctrine of their identity, would from this very circumstance have detected, in practice, the Scoticism of the pronunciation, , If the Scotchman, however, confounds where we discrimi- ate, he has also discriminations (as in the intermediate sound between our yowels a and é) that mock the imitation of our unpractised organs, Through this labyrinth of undefinable distinc- tions, I know of no efficient guide but oral instruction, and the practical ob- servance of a correct model, both by the eye and the ear. But what shall we say to the discrimination of the critic, who would persuade us, that aw in hawk, and 0 and a in stock, wan, horse, moss, difter only by the first being long, and.all the others short ? _ One thing more, however, I should observe, that much greater attention to precise rule and uniformity of practice, appears to be requisite in the formation of the vowels (and indeed many other elements,) to the degree and manner of the opening of the lips (with which, as T- have already observed, the interior cavity of the mouth is almost sure to sympathize,) than of the teeth or jaw; the management of which should be materially modified, according to. the interior structure and natural dimen- - sion of the cavity of the mouth, It is not to every pupil that the common ex- hortation “ open your mouth,” is-pro- ‘perly applied; since the extension of the jaw, which may be indispensable to the freedom and grace of utterance in one, may be equally hostile to facility and harmony in another subject.. In the course of practice I have had se- rious defects to- correct, that had ob- viously arisen out of the neglect of this discrimination; and I‘ was not a little amused some time ago, when, upon ex+ amining by the test of experiment,:a very ingenious system communicated to me by a very valuable correspondent, for ascertaining the exact admeasutre- ment of opening between the teeth expedient for the perfect orisonance of each: particular vowel, I found that I could not only sound every one of them myself, with the teeth hard clenched; but could also read in that way, with erfect distinctness of enunciation though, I admit, not with the fullest effect of harmony and _expression,) whole pages of the Paradise Lost—or, indeed, the entire poem, or any other book that should be put into my hands. Not so, with any deficiency The Anatomy of Speech. (Nov. I, in the actions and apertures of the ips.* 64 '"Ney | ava ae dak ath the analysis of the functions of the lips is not. yet completed. Several of the consonants, also, depend for their enunciative character, exclusively, on the actions and positions of; these or- gans, Band P,M, and the consonant, or. initial W, derive their elemental sounds from different modes of contact, with different degrees of pressure, re- striction, and protrusion of the upper and the under lips. F and V, by contact of the rim of the lower of these organs with the upper teeth; or, where the upper teeth are wanting, or the lower jaw is incon- veniently protrusive, they may be form- ed by similar contact of the. upper lip with the teeth below.+ V and F, B and V3 > ._ ™” The Edinburgh Reviewers tell us (No. 12, p. 360), that the three dental vowels, a, ¢, t (of the English alphabet), are all spoken with the mouth much more extended, than our aw in fall; but that the ain pass, is spoken with the greatest pos- sible extension of the jaws.’’ To contra- — dict critics by profession is playing with edged tools: but I cannot but think that to the reader, with a mere English ear, and familiar with mere English pronun- ciation, a very great part of that yery cy- rious article, their scheme of vowels (in the Review of Mitford’s Harmony of Lan- guage) must be a little amusing. ; The treatise alluded to in the text has at length been published. (Roe’s Principles of Rhythmus, of which, see a brief notice in the M.M. for January, vol. lviii., p. 537.) As the author does me the honour of acknowledging his correspondence with me upon the subject of his work, I think myself called upon, while professing that the public haye great obligations to his very ingenious labours. in. this department, to observe, that there are still several, parti- culars in which I cannot entirely acéord with him, besides that alluded. to, of the progressive opening of the jaw .or aperture of the teeth, in the formation: of the dif- ferent vowels. Sie cea + “ Ifthe lower lip be appressed. to the edges of the upper teeth, and air from the mouth be forced between them, the sibilant letter F is formed.”’ ee ; ** If, in the above situation of and teeth, a sound be: produced in the mouth, and sonorous air be forced between them, the sonisibilant letter Vis formed.’ It will be seen by and by that. Dr. D..and I ati differ as to the rank and , classification, though not the organic.formation ,of the latter of these elements...» one “ If the lips be pressed close ther, and some air be condensed in the mouth behind 1825. P, differ scarcely perceptibly in labial action and position: the latter of each of these pairs of consonants being the tnutes_ of the liquid and semiliquid that . precede, and the ‘difference, of course, depending on the flow of tune from the larynx, or percussion of unvocalized breath. M and W depend for their dis- tinction (which in good speaking, is, in- deed, very conspicuous) upon restrain- ing the vibrating air withm the mouth for the former, so as to produce a cor- responding vibration, not only of the lips and jaw, but of the jaw and nos- trils; and by impelling it forward with @ progressive protrusion of the lips for the latter. The Germans, and some other fo- reigners, have an intermediate sound between the V and our legitimate con- sonant, or liquid, W; which seems to be formed, by bringing the lower lip and upper teéth into the position in which the V should be formed, and at the same time suffering the upper lip to close upon both.}. The same may be behind them, on opening the lips, the mute consonant P begins a syllable. If the lips be closed suddenly during the pas- sage of a current of air through them, the air becomes condensed in the mouth be- . hind them, and the mute consonant P ter- minates a syllable.” —Darwin. ’ This description is accurate as far as it goes; but very little examination will be necessary to prove that whether the letter P begin or end a syllable, the elementary sound is never complete till the lips are opened again, either with a simple percus- sion of breath, or the vocalized flow of some vowel or liquid element. This is equally true of the other mutes ; and non- attention to this circumstance is the cause of that indistinctness often observable in the pronunciation of the closing syllable of sentences that happen to terminate with p, t, ork: as, also, in careless and unmu- sical utterance, where the termination is in the semi-liquids d, b, hard g, &c. + ““ W of the Germans. If the lips be ror eres: as in forming the letter , arid air from the mouth be forced be- tween them, the W sibilant is produced ; as pronotinced by the Germans, and some of the inferior people of London.” Dr. Darwin might have added, and by almost all the yple, of whatever condition, in Portsmouth, and several other seaport towns: a circumstance, by the way, which would enable the attentive observer to dis- cover the real source of many of the cor- ruptions of what is usually called the base cockney : which is, in reality, a dissonant hash of ‘Ouflandish and provincial pronun- ciations, concentrated in the capital by the perpetual i influx of an uneducated popula- The Anatomy of Speech: 307 said of the base cockney; or what, at the court end of the town, we call the whitechapel vulgar. The orators in this dialect, using this intermediate unatigli- cised element (which is too much like a V to stand in the place of a W, and too much like a W to stand in the place of V) for both, we are apt to suppose (er- roneously, I believe, in the generality of instances) that they actually transmute them, and say “ wery good vine,” and “vill you make a wow ;” though, in fact, they pronounce in general (with some exceptions, perhaps, among the very grossest of the vulgar) neither» nor # in either instance. VI. THE NOSTRILS. NG is an anomaly, and one of those single ele- ments of the English language, for which we have no single or appropriate symbol in our alphabet.* It is a pure nasal tion from every part of the nation, and from the maritime parts in particular. If in the place of ‘ common W,” the words “initial W of our language,’’ be* substituted (for as a terminative, and in the middle of words, the W is a vowel, similar to that which we sometimes repre- sent by oo, and sometimes by ough), and if, intead of sonisibilant we say liquid, the fol- lowing would be a correct definition : “Jf in the above situation of the lips, a sound be produced in the mouth (larynx), as in the letter B, and the sonorous air be forced between them, the sonisibilant let- ter W is produced, which is the. common W of our language.” —Darwin. The formation of M is thus described by Dr. Darwin :—*“ In the above situation of the lips (as in the formation of B and P), if a sound is produced through the nostrils, which sound is terminated in narisonance, the nasal letter M is formed; the sound of which may be lengthened:in pronuncia- tion, like those of the vowels.” But it is evident, that not the nostrils only, but the chin, lips, and parts of the cheeks also, will be found in a state of sonorous vibra- tion during the pronunciation of the M. . * “ NG, in. the words long and hing, is a simple sound, like the French 2, and wants a new character ;’’ which Dr. Dar- win proposes to supply thus ~. In the for- mation of this element, also, the Dr. ad-: vises that * the point of the tongue be re tracted, and applied to the middle ‘of the palate.’”’ But it matters not whether it be the point or the middle of the tongue that intercepts the current of sonorous airin th mouth, and diyerts it to the nestrils, The sound NG, or, as Dr. D. marks it, ws, may be as well produced with the apex; of the tongue at the base of the lower tee as in the position described: in my Own individual instance assuredly:wuch better. 2R2 sicriseaaineiaata! 3 306 nasal, and defies all definition éither of vowel, liquid, or semi-liquid: unless, indeed, it may be said to be produced by vibrating contact of certain portions of the interior nostrils. In which case (as it is capable of indefinite duration) it thay be properly ranked among the liquids. I must warn the foreigner, however, against a mistake; into which he is likely to be led by several of our wri- ters, who tell us that it is the same element with that which the French call the nasal vowel; though certainly any person who should pronounce our ding-dong, like the French environs, would never be suspected of talking English, VILE THE LOWER JAW, in treat- ing of the organs of enunciation, must not be passed over in absolute silence: for although, as I have already shewn, there are some persons who can pro- “nounce distinctly, with clenched teeth, every element and combination of ele- ments in the English language (as they may be taught to do without uvula or back part of palate); and although it be equally certain, that in cases of the ‘spurious lock-jaw,* the patient (if he can be kept alive by suction,) does not necessarily lose the power of speech; ‘yet certainly, in the generality of in- stances, it is desirable to make use, in a considerable degree, of the agency of _this organ, in modifying the opening and cavity of the mouth, during the process of enunciation. But as there are de- fects, and serious defects, which arise ‘ The fact is, that it is a pure nasal; and all , that is necessary for its complete formation is, that the soft and elastic parts of the mouth be so disposed as to impel the vocal impulse exclusively to the compressed nostrils. ~ * Of the spurious lock jaw there are two ‘distinct species, one properiy, and the other zmproperly so named. The latter is, ~ in fact, nota locking but a dislocation, which sometimes takes place in the act of yawn- ing; the jaw, in the act of extravagant ex- “tension, slipping out of its socket. To this the surgeon, by a simple operation (though not without peril to his thumbs), applies aremedy. The former (to which ‘the text alludes) consists in a rigid and permanent constriction of the muscles, ‘which keeps the teeth immovably clenched, “and'which would aceordingly, if the usual ‘theory of the forntation of the organic for- -“aajation’of the vowels, &¢., were correct, in “addition to'the exclusion of all nourishment S but’ what ¢an’be stcked through the teeth, Ayender tie patient dumb. But'such is not rhe result. cui ces 1 jaayp Gradation of Universal Being. [Nov. Ij both from the excessive activity and the inertion of this member of the mouth, as also from erroneous motions and positions ; and as none of the ‘ele- ments depend for their primary forma- ion on any of its particular motions, the more proper place to speak of it at large, will be under the head of Im pediments; 5 ie I shall conclude this, lecture, there- fore, by referring again (as to an object of primary importance) to the requisite attention to neatness and precision “in the actions and position of the lips: an attention equally requisite to fea- tural and to enunciative beauty: even those sounds which can be intelligibly enunciated by the mere action of other organs acquiring an additional grace and completeness from the management of these. In short, taste, expression, complete distinctness, and delicacy, whether in elocution or in song, de- pend, in a great measure, if not abso- lutely, on the precision of labial action. Without it, singing itself can never be any thing but a scientific squall; and as for elocution, jabber we may, like. - one set of animals, gabble like a second,. or bleat like a third; but he who indo-. lently acquiesces in the heavy glouting protusion, or insensibility of lip, shall never attain to the dignity and harmony’ of human speech.* (End of the Third Lecture. ) —>— On the GraDaTion of Universat. BEING. (Continued from p. 110.) P HE second cause, that of origi- nally distinct races, has no direct, or even probable proof in its favour; nor can we adduce any satisfactory founda- tion on which, were it necessary, we might erect the superstructure of such an * In my early lectures, it was customary with me to follow up these reflections with: some disquisitions on the more early, and, generally speaking, superior attainment of elocutionary accomplishments in the fair sex; and some criticisms on the mode of reasoning adopted by Dr. Currie and éther philosophical enquirers, to account for that phenomenon. But afterwards, this portion of the lecture became occasionally wrought up with other philosophical and rhetorical materials into the form of a discourse on the identity of fitness and beauty, of which a very brief outline only exists. The’ fol- lowing lines of Akenside might be regarded as the text— eT ae *< For truth and Good areone, © 7? And Beauty ‘dwells in them, ‘and they inher, With like participation!” iB YIGGs0) 1825.) an hypothesis. Yet this theory — wild and visionary as it is, has not wanted advocates; and it has been in- sinuated by one: of them, that some passages:inthe Mosaic history of the world imply the existence of “ another race of men, beside that descended from Adam,” . * We, no where”’ says White,“ read of Adam and Eve having any daughters, until it is said, that their eldest son, Cain, ‘ went out from the presence of the Lord, and dwelt in the iand of Nod, on the East of Eden. And Cain knew his wife, and she conceived, and bare Enoch.’ Who, then (he asks), was Cain’s wife? And whence did she come? Indeed (he continues), it is said, that ‘the days of Adam, after he had begotten Seth, were 800 years; and he begat sons and daughters.’ This. then, it should seem, took place after the birth of Seth, and consequently long after Cain had his wife, for Seth was not born till after the death of Abel: If Cain had sisters prior to that period, from amongst whom he might haye taken a wife, it is a singular circum-. stance that Moses should not have noticed them.” This, then, is the strongest argument which can be brought forward to prove so improbable a circumstance; and it is adduced, too, by one who boldly ima- gines that the Mosaic account of the creation is “ merely an allegory.” Allowing the narrative of Moses to be true,—the idea of “ another race of mankind, beside that descended from _ Adam,” must be regarded as a mere chimera. He, who would have recourse _ to two primeval races of mankind, must either wholly deny, or at least, limit the extension of the deluge to the parts of Asia where Noah then dwelt ; 3 and it is not, we trust, necessary, in these times, to contend for the universality of this awful visitation. But leaving the deluge and its effects entirely out of the question, we can show, farther, the fal- libility of this peg “ Tt was not necessary,” says an elegant modern critic, “ that the holy penman should condescend to gratify our curiosity in a matter so totally unconnected with his main subject. But that which Moses has omitted to mention,—namely, from whence Cain took his wife, is said to have been recorded by some of the earliest Eastern writers; and there is still a current tradi- tion among the Hebrews and Arabians, that twin sisters were born with Cain and with Abel. _ Nay, they even go so far as to men- tion their names. However this may be, as the sacred writings _were given for a dif- ferent purpose than to instruct man in philosophy and natural history, we totally Gradation of Universal Being. 309 disapprove of all attempts to establish philosophical opinions on so precarious a foundation.” Let. us now consider in how. great a degree the inferior animals approach. man in his noblest attribute—reason 5 or, in other words, let us examine to how great an extent their sagacity. may be carried. The reader, no doubt, can recollect many instances of sagacity in the larger and more common animals : - the following, we believe, are not gene- rally known. “On the 10th of May 1762,” says Mr. Bolton, the ingenious, but unfortunate, author of the Harmonia Ruralis,—“ I ob-— served a pair of goldfinches beginning to make their nest in my garden. They had formed their ground-work with moss, grass, &c., as usual ; but, on my scattering small pieces of wool in different parts of the gar- den, they, in’a great measure, left off the use of their own materials, and employed ‘the wool; afterwards I gave them cotton, on which they rejected the wool, and proceeded with the cotton ; the third day I supplied ‘them with down, on which they forsook both the others, and finished their work with the last article.” ' The same benevolent naturalist, ane appears to have paid great attention to the habits of the feathered race, relates another example of what he has termed “ the reasoning faculty,” in a very com- mon bird—the martin. “ During my residence at Wilton,’ he writes, “early one morning [ heard a noise from a couple of martins, who were jumping from tree to tree close to my dwelling. They made several attempts to get into a box or cage fixed against the house, which they had before occupied; but they always appeared to fly from it with the greatest dread, repeating those loud cries which first attracted my attention. Curiosity induced. me to watch their movements. After some time, a small wren flew away ; when the martins entered their cage,—but their stay was short. Their diminutive adversary returned, and made them fly with the utmost precipitation. They continued manceuvring in this manner the whole day, and I believe the wren kept possession during the night. The following morning, on the wren’s quitting the cage, the mar- tins immediately entered, and took posses- sion of their mansion,—which consisted of twigs of different sizes, and, setting .to work, with more ingenuity than I thought them capable of exerting, they soon,suc- ceeded in barricading their doors.’ The wren returned again, but could not re-enter. She made attempts to storm the works, but did not succeed. I will not presume to say (continues our author) that the martins followed Our modern pee and. carried with 310 with them a sufficiency of provision to main- tain the siege; or that they made use of thre abstinence, which necessity, sometimes, duritig a long and rigorous’ storm, might probably‘occasion ; but they persevered for two days to defend the entrance within the barricade,—and the wren, finding she could not force an entry, raised the siege—quitted her intentions —and left the martins,without ~ further molestation, in quiet possession of their domicile.”—Phil. Mag., and Fother- gill on Nat. His. ; . The following anecdote is illustrative of the same principle, and-in a very remarkable degree. “ The habitudes of the domestic breed of poultry,” says Mr. Egan, in-his Sporting Anecdotes, “ cannot possibly escape obser- yation; and every one must have noticed the fiery jealousy of the cock. It would seem that this jealousy is not confined to his _riyals, but may sometimes extend to his beloyed female; and that he is capable of eink actuated by revenge, founded on some degree of reasoning concerning her conjugal infidelity. An incident, which happened at the seat of Mr. B., near Ber- wick, fully justifies this remark. ‘My mowers (says he) cut a partridge on her nest, and itnmediately brought the eggs, fourteen in number, to the house. I or- dered them to be put under a very large beautiful hen, and her own to be taken away. They were hatehed in two days, and the hen brought them up perfectly well till they were five or six weeks old. During that time, they were confined in an out-house, without having been seen by ‘any of the other poultry; the door hap- péned to be left open, and the cock got in. My housekeeper, hearing her hen in dis- tress, ran to her assistance, but did not arrive in time to save her life. The cock finding her with a brood of partridges, fell upon her with the utmost fury, and put her to. death. The housekeeper found him tearing her with his beak and spurs, al- though she was then fluttering in the last agony, and incapable of any resistance. ‘This hen had been formerly the cock’s greatest favourite.’” ; ; The cunning of the fox is proverbial ; cand the fox of Norway possesses this quality in a very eminent degree, which the following brief anecdote will abun- dantly. testify. “In order to relieve himself of the fleas which ‘annoy him at) certain seasons, the Norwegian fox collects a bunch of straw, and, holding ‘it in his. mouth, gradually backs himself into the water, slowly wading, step by step, deeper and deeper still, in or- der te allow-time for-the fleas to retire, from: the‘unpleasant approach of the water, to the'warm and ‘dry parts of his od al at length, ‘having passed the neck, and being Naturalized Exotics: [Nov. 1; assembled altogether on his head, the crafty animal sinks that part also, leaving only his nose and the bunch, in his mouth, dry. As soon as he has discovered that his ‘numerous minute enemies ‘have, retreated into the trap prepared for them; he suddenly {lrops the straw, and scampers off well; washed; and exulting in the success, of his. stra- tagem.”’ stn dtiget The habits of the bee, the ant, and the spider, are, no doubt, well known to the reader; and I have al- ready adduced examples sufficient. to prove the proximity of the irrational to the rational animal. It may be ob- served, that évery living thing, even the most minute and despicable reptile is endowed with sagacity to enable it to procure its food, and, in many instances, to repel the attacks: of its natural ene- mies.. But we must not confound the instinct of the brute with the reason of man. “There is, indeed, a wide and essential difference between them :* for the one is excursive and illimitable, the _ other uniform and circumscribed. Rea- son, superadded to man, gives him pe- culiar and characteristic views, respon- sibilities. and destinations: . exalting him above all existencies that are: vi- sible, but which perish ; and associating him with those that are invisible, but which remain. Reason is that Homeric and golden chain, descending from the throne of God even unto man, uniting heaven with earth, and earth with heayen.””—Colton’s Lacon. (To be concluded in our next. ) —-_S—— 1 To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Sir: edi S two Societies have been instituted, to encourage the efforts of travel- lers and seafaring men to bring home the natural. productions of foreign. climes, a few instances are here added, of the probable advantages that would accrue from such efforts. unt: Hts Instances of trees and plants, natives of. very warm climates, ripening their fruits and seeds in England, viz. From the south of Europe :—Quince, pea, fig-tree, liquorice, parsley, onion, — leek, cauliflower, mulberry, &c. &e.i.> From Asia :—Peach, cucumber,, wal- nut, hemp, kidney-bean, horse chestnut, shallot, cherry, orange-tree, &c. &ce. From Africa :—Almond, bean; &c.* From South America : — Potato, ri 9 maize. Z > rts) Fs SUL t Bie * But if reason and instinct bese tirely distinct, what becomes of the « —Korr. -*“* oe tas 5 Fie HID SET 1825.) maize, Jerusalem artichoke, passion- flower, sun-flower, &e. &e. The above: give: reason to expect that many others would succeed. - What: follows| is a short account of some animals, possessing properties that are, of might be made useful to man. Dshikketei, or Wild Mule :—Though the Tartars cannot tame them, yet, Mr. Pennant thinks, were it possible to bring them into fit places; and provide all the conveniences known in Europe, the task might be effected. : Zebra According to Buffon, the Dutch yoked them in the stadtholders’ chariot. _ Quacha Has been broken to draw in acart. East-Indian Ox :—The larger kind draw the hackeries or chariots; the’ smaller are used for riding, and go at: therate of twenty miles a day. Buffalo: — Useful for the dairy, draught, or saddle. Broad-tailed sheep :—The tails are esteemed a great delicacy; their flesh is in some places very good ; in Thibet their fleece is remarkably fine, and from its beauty and length, is worked into very valuable shawls. - Antelope:—One species is mentioned in some of our old ‘agriculture books, as being kept in our parks, and the flesh preferred to that of deer. Baby Roussa:—Is a kind of hog found in the island of Buero, in the East- Indies, :in-a tame state ; feeds on herbs; and ravages gardens, like other swine; its flesh well tasted, Patagonian Cavy, or Hare:—The flesh is of snowy whiteness, and excel- lent flavour. ‘Angora Rabbit :—Has hair like the Angora goat, which is the basis of our fine camlets. Tehneumon :—This animal is more useful than a cat, in destroying rats and mice ; and grows very tame. "Bees:—A new species of domestic bee having lately been introduced into this‘country from Australia, the reader is'referred to’ Kirby and Spence’s Intro- duction to Entomology, for several other species \ of | “domesticated bees, vol. i, p. B82 5 > Silk-worms :—See the above work, . 333, for some species not ‘generally own, | ~ Shell-fish !—Scollop beds were form- ed in Cork harbour, by a boat laden with them having © accidentally sunk ; and oyster beds ‘at New-York, pe a similar occurrenee. On Macadamizing. 311 Were the societies to print on a sheet of paper, the names of those objects they are desirous. of, with some direc- tions for the care of them, it: would doubtless forward their design. 1) 07 — To fee sis of the Monthly Magazine, [ CAN NOT refrain from making afew lL remarks upon a communication in your last number, by a Son of Adam (who, it seems, has entered the lists from a feeling of justice and decorum), al- though I am aware that you do not per~’ mit your miscellany to be madeayehicle for controversy, where no new facts or informationare elicited. Of the displaced. - surveyor, whom he has converted into’ “contractor or overseer,” I know no- thing but what I have read in the public: papers. I advocated his cause because’ his opinion was coincident with my own; and I gave the reasons upon which my. opinion was founded: panacea I Pro, posed none. Your correspondent. in-: stances some pieces of road upon the; new principle, which have answered: well, and much has ‘been said .on the subject of economy and expense. Facts’ I like, rather than opinions ; and I can’ state as a fact, that I know a turnpike2! road in Cumberland, forty miles‘ in” length, that has for forty years been kept! in repair at an annual expense of. ten, pounds per mile. Within the last two , years apart of the same road has been,, lifted and relaid, under the: direction, of; Mr. M‘Adam, at. an ‘expense .of:, four hundred pounds per mile. » That thes road is much improved there ‘is’ no®* question ;—that the future repairs will’ be for some years in a diminishing ratio may be admitted : but then—there is’, interest to pay for £400 at 41 per cent. am the rate at which the money aH been. actually borrowed ; and this makes an. annual charge upon the road of £18, per mile for eyer;* a sum nearly double to what the former surveyor was em- powered to expend. By something” more than‘suspicion, I am accused misrepresentation ; but I do not stindl? convicted : a great part of the stones” used on the roads in the northern coun- tries, are neither “ of flint, of gravel): nor of granite ;” and I assert, in the face! of all the McAdams and Fitz-Adamsy that something may be, and is a —_—_—_—_—————————" sn ey fy * Or an annual payment of £29. 16s..9d.' per mile, to discharge the principal and’ interest within the duration of. the rer sent Act of Parliament. 312. from them by attrition, and abrasion, for which it would puzzle the philoso-. phy of your correspondent to find a more appropriate term than that of clayey. He charges me with persona- lity — and I owe no obligation to him for his forbearance. After repeating iny. signature no less than nine times, he cavils, because the initials of my name are taken from the alphabet. If it will be more to his satisfaction, he may now see the whole complement, and all derived from the same source. Natuan YooseEtr. Sept. 10th, 1825. P.S. On another subject may I be per- mitted to state, that I have been a constant yeader of the M.M. for the Jast thirteen years, and I am sorry to find the list and substance of the Acts of the British Legisla- ture left out by your late arrangement : I considered it very useful to refer to. [We take the opportunity ofinforming our correspondent and our readers in general, that the omission of the abridgment of the acts of the session, is no intentional part of our new arrangement. It is the anxious wish of the present Editor to improve all, to add as much as he can, and to omit nothing of the original plan of the M.M. But dithiculties have occurred, with respect to this article, which cannot here be ex- plained, but which he still trusts will shortly be overcome, and the deficiency supplied. —EpIr.] — > To 4 editor of the Monthly Magazine. IR: HAVE observed, with much plea- sure, the announcements in your useful work (particularly in pages 277. and 278) of the many new and grand streets which have been projected for the improvement and embellishing of _ our metropolis; and am desirous of . suggesting the opening of two or three short streets, which would greatly im- prove a principal thoroughfare through London, from the west to the east; I mean that from Piccadilly through Fins- bury-square to Whitechapel, which is greatly impeded by the necessity a tra- veller finds, when arrived at the end of Great Queen-street, of turning at right angles through the narrow part of Lit- tle Queen-street, into the almost equally narrow and thronged part of Holborn: which inconvenience might be avoided by cutting a short wide street, in an east north-east direction, from the end of Great Queen-street into the wide ae of Holborn, at. the north end of Little Turnstile, This new street should be connected with the north end of Metéoric Stone. [Nov. 1," Gate-street ; and also Great Turnstile should be widened for more effectually. opening Lincoln’s-Inn-Fields from the north-east and north-west. : Your’s, &c. Joun Farry, Sen. 44, Lincoln’ s-Inn-Fields. ; , —=——— 2 To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Sir: “s N the notices of Foreign Societies in” your last Number (for August), it will be in the recollection of your readers, is a curious account of a meteoric: stone, mentioned by Baron Humboldt. In con- nexion with this, a brief description of one which fell at Nanjemoy, Maryland, on the 10th February of this year, may, perhaps, be acceptable. When it fell, the sky was somewhat hazy ; about nocn the inhabitants of the town and adjacent country were alarmed by an explosion, succeeded bya loud whizzing noise, like that of air rushing through a nurrow aperture, and which seemed to be ra- pidly passing from N.W. to §.E., nearly parallel with the Potomac river. Shortly. after, a spot of ground in the plantation of Capt. W. D. Harrison, surveyor of the port, was found to be broken up, and upon examination a rough stone, weighing 16 lb. 7 oz., was found about eighteen inches or two feet below the surface ; which, when taken up, about. half an hoar (as it is thought) after it had. fallen, was still warm, and had a strong sulphureous smell. The surface was hard and vitreous, and, when it was broken, it appeared composed of an earthy or siliceous matrix of a light slate colour, containing numerous globules of various sizes, very hard and of a brownish hue, together with small portions of brownish. yellow pyrites, which became dark when reduced to powder, Various notions were formed by the people around (who, to'anextent of upwards of eighteen or twenty miles round, heard the noise ; some, of the explosion, others, of the whizzing through the air), as to the sud- den appearance of the stone. Some con- ceived it to havebeen, by some unknown force, propelled from a quarry (eight or ten miles distant) on the opposite . side of the river ; while others thought it had been thrown from a mortar belonging to.a vessel lying in the offing, and ac- tually proposed manning boats to wreak vengeance on the captain and his crew for their audacity. All agreed that the noise seemed to come directly over their heads. One gentleman, living twenty.- five miles off, asserted that’ it shook his plantation as though there was an earth- ; quake ; 1825.] quake; but no peculiar smell was ob- served. ¢ A chemical analysis of a fragment of the meteoric stone which fell at Maine, Massachusetts, August 1823, has been made by Dr. J.W. Webster, of Boston, its capital ; whence it appears that the composition of this stone was, » Sulphur........ ...18'3| Magnesia........« 24°8 Silex s.t0cee.. 2.2975, Chrome’.......... 4-0 Alumijna..... wee 4°7| Tron........ nes a3 ie 149 Lime........--.a trace | Nickel ..........++ 2°3 30th Aug. » Your's, &c. R, ——_ For the Monthly Magazine. THE INQUIRER.—No. 2. Union of the Paciric and ATLantic rare Oceans. F all the daring projects which the genius ef commercial enterprize has suggested, in modern times, we know of none more big with compre- hensive influence upon the future des- tiny of nations—the future growth and direction of commerce, and the pros- perity of generations unborn, than that of uniting the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The attempt of the. Ptolo- mies of Egypt to cut a canal through the Isthmus of Suez was of much less consequente, either in a general or a national point of view. Some timid reasoners have surmised, that it may produce consequences injurious. to Eng- lish maritime supremacy, drawing their analogy from the effect produced on the commerce of the world, by Gama’s discovery of the passage to the Kast- Indies, round the Cape of Good Hope, That discovery, in fact, transferred the s¢éeptre of commercial dominion to Portugal, from the hands of Venice; although the latter power was then in the zenith of her prosperity. But the po- sition of England is very different ; the columns of her prosperity are too deeply embedded benéath the founda- tions of the world’s social structure — too firmly incorporated with its moral opinion—too closely rivetted with the nius, character and position of her in- ibitants, and too strongly rorroborated by the lapse of ages, to. be so shaken or subverted. ‘The ultimate results of the undertaking are likely to be very distant ; but, whether distant or near, it is quite obvious, and it has been prac- tically proved, that England cannot do otherwise than profit by all that im- parts facility or impetus to commer- cial intercommunication. ‘The strength and wealth of other nations constitute Mon‘tuty Mac. No, 416. mF, Union of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. - 313 the legitimate sources of her strength and wealth, Rasibsp Many different spots. have, been, sug- gested _ by, Humboldt and, others,..in,, which the desired communication might. be most advantageously. effected ; and: many more might be referred .to, with) | equal claims to attention. One pro-. ject has been to descend, the Rio del Norte from the Gulf of Mexico, and to unite it with the head of the Rio, Colorado, by a cut across the moun- tains. This is far too. circuitous ,;to combine advantage with practicability, The scheme of uniting the head of the river Huafualeo, which falls into the Gulf of Mexico, in about 18° 307 fat., with the head of the river Chimalapor, which falls inte the bay of Tehuantepec, at about 16° 30’ by a canal of about twenty miles, is more feasible: but the great difficulty is the rocky central bar- rier through which this canal must be cut. .The same advantage and the same objection apply to many places in the provinces of Costa Rica and Vira- gua, in Guatimala, where, as far as the. Isthmus of Panama, a central ridge of rocky moyntains intersects the entire _ country; from which ridge a regular series of rivers, whose heads are not more distant from each other than the above-named, fall in parallel lines into the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, The Isthmus of Panama, however, has been the favourite spot selected for the pro- ject of the canal, on account of the nar- rowness of the Isthmus in that quarter; but the mountainous and unproductive character of the country, and the little knowledge which is possessed of its topographical detail, has always con- tributed to thwart the views of the projectors. There is, at present, a more practicable design on foot, and which we have little doubt will be carried into speedy execution, viz., to effect the de- sired communication in the direction of Lake Nicaragua. A glance.at the map will show the facilities which are Beat by that portion of the terra jirma o Guatimala, Onthe east, the lake com- municates with the Atlantic by means of the river St. Juan, which is sixty- four miles in length, and although not at present navigable, except for flat- bottomed vessels, is capable of being rendered navigable for ships of lat; burden, throughout its whole extent. It is proposed, we understand, to nets a cut in the south side of the lake, about fourteen miles in length (? sit is calculated), and navigable for ships’ of s 2 Ss ? Pe wa PICs ane 314 large burden; which cut is to commu- nicate with the bay of Nicoya, in the Pacific Ocean, in lat. 10°. With the general views of the pro- jectors, as far as the lake Nicaragua is made the centre of operations, we con- cur, as we have said; but with its de- tails we totally disagree. As far, also, as the river St. Juan is concerned, nothing can be objected. The course of that river is through a country re- plete with animal and vegetable produc- tions; rich in mineral wealth, and re- dundant with commercial capabilities. The great labour, with regard to the eastern, or Atlantic side of the lake, is accomplished to the hands of the pro- jectors, and nothing remains but to open a communication on the western, or Pacific side. Here nothing opposes itself but a narrow unobstructed strip of land, in some places fifteen, in others not more than ten miles in breadth. For what purpose then prolong the distance of the communication over a tract of country forty miles in length, and over a mountainous ridge, which separates the district of Nicaragua from that of Nicoya? The head of the river Nicoya is on the southern- most side of this ridge; but we are greatly mistaken, if a canal of less than twenty or twenty-four miles in length (and not fourteen), will reach it from the southermost point of the lake Nica- ragua. It is suggested, we presume, on account of the natural advantages of the Gulf of Salinas, into which the river Nicoya falls, as a sea-port: but the Gulf of Papagayo offers scarcely less advantage on the western side of the strip of land, which divides lake Nicaragua from the Pacific Ocean. In short, it is a remarkable fact which ap- pears to have escaped the projectors, of the Nicoya line, that the communi- cation on the western side is already completed by nature, as well as on the east; and all that nature wants is a little art, in order to improve the ad- vantage she offers: for the river De Partido, which runs from east to west, through the upper part of the province of Nicoya, communicates by an arm of not more than ten miles in length, with lake Nicaragua, and falls, at the distance of another ten miles, into the bay of Papagayo, at Brito Creek, where there is an excellent roadstead for shipping. The communication we now recom- mend, is, therefore, to ascend the river De Partido at Brito Creek, to enter lake Nicaragua, traverse the lake from west Union of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. 2 [Nov. I, to east, skirting the volcanic and roman- tic islet of Ometepec, and so to descend, by means of the river St. Juan, into the Atlantic. The harbour of St. John forms the eastern, the harbour of Brito the western points of the line. : We will now give a few topographi- cal details of the province of Nicaragua, which are interesting in point of novelty, and are necessary to a perfect view of the practicability and advantage of the pro- jected communication. ' The lake of Nicaragua may rank among the most extensive of the world; being more than 180 miles long from west to east, and nearly 100 broad from north to south. It has every where a depth of ten fathoms, with a muddy bottom, ex- cept along the shore, where there is a clear sand. The city is supplied with water from the lake, which also fur- nishes an inexhaustible abundance of fine fish, It is rendered extremely picturesque, by the numerous small islands with which the surface is stud- ded. These are all uncultivated, ex- cept Ometep, which is inhabited, and on which there is a lofty yolcano of a conical shape, which emits both flames and smoke. Although a great number of rivers fall into this basin, and the river St. Juan is the only visible outlet ; it is remarked, as an extraordinary phe- nomenon, that there is no indication, at any time, of increase or decrease of the waters. On the north, the district of Matagalpa, and many large farms for breeding cattle, border the lake. On the east, the river St. Juan communi- cates .with the Atlantic, and on the west is the lake of Leon, which is cen- nected by a canal with that of Nicara- gua, and extends upwards of fifty miles in length, by thirty in breadth. The principal towns in the district of Nicaragua are Granada, New Sego- via, and Leon. Granada is a handsome and agree- able city on the margin of the great lake of Nicaragua: its figure is that of a parallelogram, fortified by natural dykes which serve as fosses. The situation of this city, close to the lake, by which there is a direct communica- tion with the Atlantic, and its conti- guity to the Pacific Ocean, affords the most advantageous facilities for°carry- ~ ing on an extensive commerce. The population is about 8,000 souls. New Segovia, though the residence of the Deputy-Intendant-General of Leon, is small, containing not more than 1,000 souls, Spaniards and Ladinos. The city 1825.] city was repeatedly ravaged by the Mosquito Indians, aided by English pirates, which obliged the inhabitants to change the situation of their abode three several times. The city of Leon was founded in 1523, by Fernandez de Cordova. It contains a cathedral church; three convents; a college, and the trea- sury of the intendancy. Its population is between 7,000 and 8,000. In the neighbourhood of New Sego- via is El Corpus, which was con- sidered, at one time, as the richest mine in the kingdom of Guatimala. It produced gold in so great a quantity, as to excite, at first, a suspicion as to the reality of the metal; and a trea- sury was established on the spot, for the sole purpose of receiving the king’s fifths, The district of Nicoya, which is bounded by the Pacific on the west, and the lake Nicaragua on the north, stretches twenty-three leagues east and west, by twenty north and south. The land is of a very fertile description, though it yields but little for want of hands to cultivate it; scarcely produc- ing maize enough for the consumption of the inhabitants, who, in addition to this scanty harvest, rear a few heads of cattle. Pearls are found on the coast, and a species of shell fish (the ancient muryx), out of which they press 4 fluid that will dye cotton or woollen, of a permanent and beautiful purple. The climate is hot and. humid; and the po- pulation so thin as hardly to number 3,000 souls, comprising all the farms, and the only village of the district. The latter is called Nicoya, and is situated on a river of the same name, navigable from the sea for vessels of moderate tonnage. This short sketch of the topography of the district, cor- roborates the views we have antece- dently taken of the impolicy, and im- practicability of conducting an artificial communication through this district ; while its pearl fishery on the Pacific, its purple, and its fertility recommend the comparatively short passage along the elbow of the river De Partidos, which encloses the town of Ni- caragua, end unites the Pacific and the lake. The temperature of Nicaragua is very hot, so as not to produce wheat, but it yields also .various articles eculiar to the climate, bountifully— excellent grapes, and other delicious fruits, cocoa, indigo, and cotton, be- sides various medicinal drugs, and Elasticity of Stature. 315 especially the gum called carana. The forests afford large quantities of valu- able timber of several species, and also various kinds of quadrupeds, and rare birds; but the soil is, however, un- favourable to sheep. The rivers, the coasts, and the creeks furnish an inex- haustible supply of fish of all kinds. But it is not only to the peculiar commodities of Nicaragua that the projected canal would furnish access: it opens a career for carrying on an un- bounded and most profitable commerce in all the various and rich productions of Guatimala; its inexhaustible forests of valuable wood, brazil, caoba, maho- gany, logwood, and guayacan ; its abun- dance of niedicinal plants, fruits and roots; its profusion of gums and balsams, estimable for their fragrance, curative virtues, or other uses; its multitude of vegetable and mineral pro- ductions that minister to the necessi- ties and luxuries of life—its pepper, cochineal, ‘saffron, sulphur, saltpetre, mother-of-pearl, tortoise-shell, cordage, sail-cloth and. cotton ; tobacco, indigo, sugar and cocoa; its forty or fifty genera of native and delicious fruits, which grow even on the mountains, so fertile is the soil, without cultivation ; the beautiful varieties of its animal and floral kingdoms ; and, lastly, the abun- dant productions of its mines, gold, silver, iron, lead and calc. —a— For the Monthly Magazine. Exasticity of STATURE. ANY incidents and allusions that are met with in dramatic and epic composition, which the cold closet critic regards as mere poetical hyper- boles, have nevertheless their proto- types and realities in the phenomena and principles of nature. The increased stature and expanding form, for ex- ample, frequently ascribed by poets to their heroes, under the impulse of some sublime feeling, or in the act of some magnificent effort, or enterprize that elevates the spirit and calls forth all their energies, is not so mere a fiction of the imagination, as ordinary ob- servers (or non-observers) may suppose. The human form and stature have an elasticity (a capability—in some instan- ces, a necessity, of dilation and contrace tion) under certain moral, and certain physical circumstances, which has not altogether escaped the notice of philo- sophical inquiry. In a weekly publica- tion, I met the other day with the fol- lowing paragraph :— 282 “ Increase 316 “ Increase of Height at Rising.—The cartilages between the vertebre of the back- bone, twenty-four in number, yield con- siderably to the pressure of the body in an erect posture, and expand themselves dur- “ing the repose of the night; hence a per- ‘son is considerably taller at his rising in the «morning than at night. The difference in some amounts to so much as one inch ; and ‘recruits who have passed muster for sol- sdiers in the morning, have been rejected when re-measured at night, as below the standard.” ~The perusal of this statement brought to my recollection a little incident con- nected with this class of phenomena, but more immediately pertaining to the powers of volition that fell under my own observation some years ago, when Iwas making a temporary sojourn at - Fontefract, in Yorkshire. A military gentleman of good ordi- nary stature and full proportions—but what one should call rather loosely put together—with whom I there became acquainted, told me one evening, while we were pledging the cheerful glass, that he had won many a bottle of wine from green-horns in the mess-room by wagering about his height. “ How much,” says he, “ standing up appa- rently erect, do you suppose i should measure?” “ Between five foot eight and nine,” was my reply, after looking at him very attentively. “ Look again,” said he, stretching himself gradually up to the full extent of exerted alti- tude, “ will you doubt that Iam more than five foot ten?’’ It could not be doubted ; and he assured me that he could at any time make, at his pleasure, full two inches. difference in his height, without either rising on his toes, or ap- pearing to stoop. A fact I now can easily believe; for I have since ascer- tained that, though rather short, and what may be called firmly knit, I can myself, though not in the most pliant season of elastic youth, after having care- fully settled myself down to the utmost voluntary compression in which an erect appearance can be preserved, vo- luntarily grow again, as I might say, more than an additional inch in a very few seconds, Under the energetic in- fluence of strong passion or enthu- siasm, I have no doubt that the differ- ence would be considerably more, either in myself or in the gentleman alluded to. It is the dull critic himself, who »shews the want of sense, when he accuses the poet of talking nonsense, in. describing the warrior-goddess . Mi- nerva, as shedding her influence over « 1 Llasticity of Stature.—Synod of Dort. [| Nov. Ly and expanding the form of the hero, or delineating the hero himself as “ tower- ing like a god.” 2, ae While I am upon this subject of in- ‘cidental stature, I will mention another, and much more extraordinary. case, not, unfortunately, of voluntary, but of phy-~ sical contraction of the human frame ; a calamitous case of midwifery — the particulars of which were related to me by the medical gentleman who had superintended it. How distressing a case }t must have been wi!l be readily concluded, when it is stated that the labour-pains continued for ten days, or nearly a fortnight; and that, in the last ex- tremity or crisis, the incredible number of 2000 drops of laudanum were ad- ministered in a single dose. From this death-dose for twenty people under ordinary circumstances, she ‘survived and recovered; and came out of her bed eight or nine inches shorter than she went into it. She went into that bed, a tall and_ well-proportioned woman—she came out of it, a withered dwarf; and such thenceforward she re- mained. The invention of poetry has seldom gone beyond this MepicaL Faer. —_—=_ a To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Sir: Bt ara ait in your last morith’s Magazine some inquiries relative to those English Divines who attended the Synod of Dort, I beg to refer you to Mr. Scott’s History of that Synod, or rather his translation of it. Dr. Fuller has made honourable mention of Dr. Samuel Warde in his “ Worthies,” and quotes a character of him by Dr. - Goad. There is a good picture of Dr. Warde in Sidney College; and probably there are some records there of one~ who was so highly distinguished as a scholar and a divine. He never was a bishop : but his kinsman and pupil, Dr. Seth Warde, was bishop first of Exeter, and afterwards of Salisbury—there is a life of him, by Dr. Pope, in the Bod- leian Library. Both these eminent men were descendants of the ancient family of the Wardes of Grindale, in York- shire. ~ fie Fuller mentions several of the same family who were clergymen in Sussex and Essex, and eminent for piety, learn- ing and talent. a I shall be very glad to see some fur- ther account of Dr. Samuel Warde. - Youw’s, &c. - 9 F.E. PitystoLocy 1825.] -Pnystotocy of the Passions. {An elaborate and valuable work upon this very interesting subject has lately-been published, in two volumes, at Paris, by Dr. '. J.L. Avmert, under the title of “‘ Physio- Logie des Passions, &c., or anew Theory of Moral Sensations.”’ We have been fa- voured with an interesting analysis of the contents by a learned foreigner, to ., Which we have endeavoured to do jus- tice in our translation; and the ar- ticle being, at once, too long for our Reyiew of Foreign Literature, and too yaluable to be suppressed, we give it place here among the articles of Original Correspondence. The work itself is among the importations of Messrs. Treuttel and Wiirtz. We are not con- scious that it has had, as yet, any English translator. It is adorned with illustra- tive engravings. ] T has been a prevailing opinion with many learned men, that no branth of general science has so much in- fluence on the progress of philosophy ‘as medicine. Bacon and Descartes ‘proclaimed aloud this maxim; their followers, in a great measure, have ‘adopted it; and it was curious to see it adopted also, even in the mystical “meditations of Bossuet, and through- eut the incomprehensible idealism of Berkeley. In fact, it seems that medi- cine, confined to the study of nature in her actual productions and laws, would ‘be less exposed to be misled by the transports of intemperate imagination. No one is ignorant, that when the Gre-’ ‘cian philosophers contentiously strove ‘to discover the origin of the universe, and the generating principles of exist- venice, Hippocrates was the first who, ‘dissipating the impostures of illusion, Jed back their minds into the neglected path of experience. His appearance, In this respect, was like that of the sun dispersing with his rays the darkness of along night. Nor is any one igno- rant what light has been shed on such “subjects, in modern times, by the phy- siological researches of Roussel, Pinel, Cabanis, and by the daring re- searches of Majendie and Flourens in our own day. A work on moral law, written by a celebrated professor -of medicine, comes, therefore, before the public, un- der favourable auspices. But in giving an account of it to our readers, we do not purpose to lose sight of the in- terests of truth, or renounce that open independence of opinion, which was, and shall ever be, our only motto. The author proposes to develope the Physiology of the Passions: 317 physiology of the passions, which he is pleased to call a New Theory of Moral Sénsations. But, unfortunately, he happens to have begun his work with long preliminary considerations, which not only have no immediate or particular connexion with the subject, but by their style excite unpleasing con- siderations. Who, for example, would ever expect that a physician, accustomed to look upon naturé experimentally, would think of dividing the aggregate of our thoughts into acquired and inspired ideas? Ancient and modern Platonism have long talked of innate ideas; the German school, wishing to escape the ridicule which Locke had shed’ upon this term, changed its language, though sustaining the doctrine, and talked of the universal form of the ideas’ But who would have thought that a phy- sician, who ‘must be considered as estranged from all doctrinal hyberbole, would seriously inform us, that every man possesses an innumerable class of inspired ideas? Besides, the author asserts the exist- ence of a moral sense, calculated to ‘guide man in judging of his own con- duct and that of others : but he asserts it without either discussion or proof. Hutcheson, in whom this. doctrine originated, and the Edinburgh school, by which it was for a long time pro- mulgated, at least attempted to sup- port it by plausible reasoning. But our author is really, or affects to be, ig- norant of this historical fact. It would be supposed that he was the first who had made use of this term. Above all, he seems to forget that Adam Smith has successfully opposed the doctrine, more brilliant than solid, of a moral sense: and we think that, when a work assumes the perilous title of a New Theory of Moral Sensation, it should be remembered that there already exists an Old, but not despicable, theory of the same principles, which, at least, deserves the dubious honour of being investigated. In the same manner the author ‘as- serts the existence of what in men and brutes has been called instinct. Nor do we mean to dispute it. But when Condillac ‘has employed all his elo- quence to combat the vulgar prejudices on the influence of instinct ; when Dar- win has dedicated’ one of the most learned chapters of his Zoonomia’ to demonstrate, by physiological facts, how the most cbscure phenomena of animal life may be explained, without reference 318 reference to this illusive principle of instinct; when Cabanis felt himself obliged to admit instinct in one sense, and reject it in another; we conceive that the learned Alibert ought not to _ defraud the public of the reasons which he must certainly have had, in proclaim- ing the theory of instinct as certain and incontestable. These reasons must be potent, since he does not speak of it slightly, but makes it the basis of his system. , In effect, he forms all human pas- sions into four classes, and associ- ates them with four primitive instincts, which he thinks he perceives in man; —Preservation, Imitation, Narration, and Propagation. How arbitrary and unfounded in nature this order of things must be, is sufficiently proven by the embarrassment experienced ~when he has occasion to give place to some moral reflection, or to dispose, under their respective classes, the va- rious phenomena of sensation. We can understand, for example, how Pru- dence may contribute to individual pre- servation, but not how it can be ranged among moral sensations and the pas- sions; since we all know that prudence is a calculation,— not a sensation; and that, far from being a passion, it is the antidote of all passion. We may allow, by a forced interpretation of the words, that Stupidity, Idleness, and Intemperance may be considered as assions: but it is difficult to conceive ow they can be considered as dictated by the instinct of self-preservation, which would intimate an entirely new idea, that the idle, the stupid, and the intemperate have contributed to the preservation of the human race for so many thousand ages. We all know that Ambition is the most terrible of human passions; but who would ever suppose that it could depend upon the instinct of Imitation ? Who would ever think that Cyrus, Alexander, Czsar, Gengis Khan, and. Buonaparte—fatal butgigantic beings—becamethe scourges of the human race, by the excitement of the mere pleasure of Imitation ? But let us lay aside these ill-boding preliminary considerations, which only contain disputed or common-place ideas: observing only that, though it is not a fault to repeat common ideas, in order to imprint them on the mind, it is surely a fault to present those which ‘are disputed as so many geometrical axioms, that need neither demonstra- tion nor examination. The philoso- ~ z ha 2 4 ‘ Physiology of the Passions. (Nov. 1, pher who thinks he has discovered truth, ought to show the steps that led him thereto, and the reasoning by which he feels confident of not being deceived. The affirmative tone hardly belongs to him who relates historical events of which he was contemporary : but science- has need of analysis, discussion and proof; at least, if we are not actually to regard it as a complex of Inspired Ideas. _ Having thus abandoned the’ theore- tical part, in which there is nothing that can satisfy the philosophical thinker, we are glad to proceed to the practical and descriptive part; and to be able, finally, to award due jus- tice to merit. It is here that the work properly begins; and where the author, guided by reason and experience, and above all by the impulse of a generous nature, shews himself in the true light of an ingenious observer. The basest passions (such as Egotism, Envy, and Avarice)—the noblest (such as Friend- ship and Patriotism)—the most impe- tuous (such as Ambition and the Love of Glory)—the most tender (suchas Mater- naland Conjugal Love)—are all sketch- ed, described and coloured with equal skill and truth ; and pass, before the eyes of the reader, forming a brilliant and moving picture of the entire history of human nature. There is no trait, which is not delineated in a style, .at once lively, rapid and elegant: not a thought which does not warm the soul, and delight the imagination. It is de- lightful to meet with expressions, some- times of exquisite delicacy, sometimes of a power which enchants and as- tonishes. Speaking of Vanity, he says: “Tt is interesting to the philosophical observer to remark, how the vainest man in the world will yet obstinately defend himself against the praises which are lavished on him; declare himself un- worthy of the notice he receives; re- late with affected surprise the recep- tion he has met with at court; display the letters he receives from all parts, and talk incessantly of the unsought favours heaped upon him.” Then, leay- ing the easy style of Montaigne, and taking that of the more exalted Pascal, he says of ambition :—“ The ambitious man continually runs after an uncer- tain object: he is allured and guided by optical illusions: he no sooner ob- tains the point he aimed at, than the illusion ceases. He is placed, as it were, in an immeasurable expanse— where there is always something in the ; distance, 1825.] distance, which is the object of his re- search.” ' - We must add, also, that all his re- flections breathe a deep and sincere love of human nature, and of virtue. There are many episodes interspersed, purposely to illustrate the most im- portant precepts, clothing them, as it were, in sensible and dramatic forms. Perhaps, also, the author intended by these means, to obey the sad necessity of the day, in which it appears that - naked truth is displeasing to many; and that, in order to obtain due ho- mage for her, it is necessary to adorn her a little with the girdle of the graces. But there is a circumstance which forms a leading feature in this descrip- tion of the passions, and which must not be passed over in silence. The most celebrated moralists, ancient as well as modern, have generally looked upon the passions, with respect to the im- pulse they give to society, and the par- ticular character they induce: whence truth has sometimes, in their conside- ration, been either neglected, or not sufficiently examined; because the pas- sions rarely act openly, and are often- times covered with an impenetrable veil. There is, however, a field in which they may be seen in their naked semblance, and where the philosophical observer may contemplate them, in all their varieties of form. This is the bed of death. There the vast projects of ambition, the base desires of avarice, and the vile hopes of the betrayer and hypocrite, are at an end. There the mask falls off from the face of the wicked simulator, his heart is laid open, the ear is no longer deaf to the reproaches of con-. science, and the hisses of the vipers which mock and revile him, are heard in all their dissonance. The veil of the past is rent; the illusions of the future diappear; and guileless virtue alone, which the perfidy of man has tortured upon earth, smiles, unfettered, at the flattering prospect of soothing repose and final recompense. We think that here M. Alibert, impelled by the love of science, has often success- fully hastened to the discovery of the secrets of human passion, while shed- ding the tear of a benignant grief on the miseries of mankind. His pro- found descriptions seem conceived at the moment when death strikes with his foot at the threshold of the ex- piring; and deserve, for their energy, to be classed with the noblest parts The Lake Asphaltites. 319 of Theophrastus, Plutarch, and La Bruyere. a Ode For the Monthly Magazine. The Lake AsPHALTITES. te reports, respecting the dreariness and insalubrity of the Lake Asphaltites and its vicinage, have long taken possession of the popu- lar ear, and have also crept into a de- gree of authority and respect, from the circumstance of being found without marks of reprehension or doubt in works of real and unquestionable value : it has frequently been unhesitatingly affirmed that fish could not live in the waters, that even weighty solid bodies would not sink in them, put that, though hurled (with violence) into the lake, the up- ward pressure would instantly buoy them to the surface ; that, owing to the destructive exhalations continually is- suing, the rapid flight of birds was checked, and the poor exhausted zrial voyager fell panting into the deadly gulf, in his passage from shore to shore; that dismal woe-stir- _ ring sounds issued from it, resembling the half-stifled thrilling groans of dying wretches, ingulphed beneath the horrid flood; and that, to crown all this, a -fruit grows on the margin, very beauti- ful to the sight, but which was no sooner touched than it became “ dust and bitter ashes.’ In short, it has been deemed not unreasonable to sup- pose that Milton had in mind the hor- | rors of the terrific region of this lake, | when he penned these awful lines (B. IT. 614—628.) “ Thus roying on In confused march forlorn, the adventurous bands With shuddering horror pale, and eyes aghast, Viewed first their lamentable lot, and found No rest: through many a dark and dreary vale They pass’d, and many a region dolorous, O’er many a frozen, many a fiery Alp, Rocks, caves, lakes, fens, bogs, dens and shades of death. A universe of death, which God, by curse, Created evil, for evil only good, cS Where all life dies, death lives, and nature breeds, Perverse, all monstrous, all prodigious things, Abominable, unutterable, and worse \ Than fables yet have feigned, or fear con- ceiv’d— Gorgons, and hydras, and chimeras dire.”’ And that all our poets, ancient and of the ‘ 320. -the present day, have not been able to accumulate more of the dreadful than may justly characterize the Lake As- phaltites.. But these wonderful and horrific tales many modern trust-wor- thy travellers and writers have shown to be entirely fictitious. About midnight, says Chateaubriand, I heard a noise upon the lake which, the Bethlehemites told me, proceeded from legions of small fish, which come and leap about upon the shore. The late learned and much-respected Dr. E. D..Clarke remarks, “ that the waters of this lake, instead of proving destruc- tive to animal life, swarm with myriads of fishes; that shells abound on its shores, and that certain birds, instead of falling victims to its expalations, make it their peculiar resort.” “ We saw,”’ says Mr. Fisk, the intel- ligent American missionary to Jerusa- lem, “a great number of birds flying _ about its shores, and I once observed three or four flying over the water.” * The water of the Dead Sea looks re- markably clear and pure; but on put- ting it to my mouth, I found it nauseous and bitter, I think, beyond any thing I ever tasted.” The waters of this lake are, indeed, heavier than those of any other lake or sea that irrigates the surface of this our planet. Their specific gravity is 1:21], distilled water being 1°000. They are much saturated with salt. A bottle full of water from the lake was ana- lyzed in 1807; and in 100 grains were found’ muriate of lime, 3°220; of mag- nesia, 10°246; of soda, 10°360; sul- phate of lime, °054—Total, 24,580. In alike quantity of this water, 243 grains of salt were found. Lord Byron would have experienced a much easier task to swim an equal distance on this sea, than across the Hellespont ; for substances that in- stantly sink in fresh and ordinary salt water, here float with the utmost readi- ness. Strabo asserts, “ that men could not dive in this water ;’”’ this, however, is an error, which better information wonld have enabled him to avoid: he adds, “that going into it, they would not sink lower than the navel ;” this is probably the fact, for Pococke, who bathed in it, affirms “ that he could lie on its surface, in any attitude, motion- ‘less, without danger of sinking.” And in this there is no exaggeration, it may readily be conceived, for most people, -even on fresh water, can do the same, if they carefully .guard against swal- lowing any of the water, where- - The Lake of Asphaltites.— Article The [Nov. 15 by their specific gravity would be in- creased. , It appears, therefore, that, as to the . taste, especially, there is. some sem- blance, only, of foundation for the gene- ral idea respecting the Dead Sea, of which the peculiarities have certainly been heightened with all the hyperbole ofa vulgar error ; though now, it is pre- sumed, these mighty misapprehensions will shortly die away. The abovementioned and well-known Dr. Clarke was, I am apt to believe, the first who asserted that one of the mountains on the borders of this lake or sea (for it is, according to Dr. Mar- cet, sixty or seventy miles in length, and from ten to twenty in breadth) was, anciently, a burning and active volcano. From the heights of Bethlehem he ob- served “a mountain on the western shore of the lake, resembling, in form, the cone of Vesuvius, and having a crater upon the top, which was plainly discernible.” If this be the fact, may not enemies to Moses, and the History, through him transmitted to us, say, with some show of argument, that the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah was not miraculous, but merely the consequence of a natural eruption of lava from this mountain ? ——[= For the Monthly Magazine. Extract from Tooxre.—Vol. ii, p. 59. HAT, in the Anglo-Saxon Daec, i. e. Dead Dear), means taken, assumed; being merely the past parti- ciple of the Anglo-Saxon verb Dean, Dezan, Dion THIHAN Dicgan,.Dizian ; sumere, assumere, accipere; to the, to get, to take, to assume. * Til mote he the That caused me To make myselfe a frere.” Sir T. More’s Works, p. 4.' The (our article as it is called) is the imperative of the same verb Dean: which may very well supply the place of the correspondent Anglo-Saxon article re, which is the imperative of reon, videre ; for it answers the same purpose in dis- course to say, see man, or, take man, For instance— The man that hath not musicke in himselfe Is fit for treasons, &c. Or, That man is fit for treasons, &c. Take man(or see man;) taken man hath not musicke, &c. Said man, or taken man is, fit for treasons. L’ Are L’APE ITALIANA. The Decameron of Giovanni Boc- caccio.* ea annals of history afford suffi- ; cient proof, that whenever litera- ture flourishes in any nation, the lan- guage made use of has previously existed, fixed and mature, inthe productions of the preceding age. For example, in the age of Pericles, the Greek language had been already established by Homer and Hesiod: the Latin language, under Au- gustus, had been matured by Plautus and Terence: and the French idiom had also acquired grace and harmony from the writings of Montaigne and Amyot, before the age of Louis XIV. Italy alone forms an exception to this rule, and stands single—presenting, as it were, aphenomenon. The thirteenth century, terminating the long reign of ignorance, which had signalized the domination of barbarism in Europe, beheld the revival of literature; but, as if disdaining to appear under too familiar a form, it was found necessary to create for her an en- tirely new language; and the powerful talent of those who, for the first time, adopted it in their writings, showed it so rich in beauty, that it seemed to rise ingigantic proportions under their hands: like the fabled Minerva, issuing already armed from the brain of Jove. When the first spring of Italian glory passed away, and, by the inevitable fate of human occurrences, a servile crowd of imitators succeeded to the noble army of inventors, there arose an immediate necessity of supplying by art, the weak- ness of intellect, and of compiling a grammar to serve as an assistance in the cultivation of the language. But the Tules of grammar are like those of poesy—they exist in nature, and are in- dependent of human convention ; but the philologist can only collect them from the productions of the artist, who first learnt how to employ them, by means of that species of instinctive rea- son which it is impossible to define. In fact, the rules of tragedy and of oratory were not formed by Aristotle or Quin- tilian: those philosophical critics only extracted them systematically from the principal works of Sophocles and Ci- cero.t Thus it was impossible other- * We are happy to announce the acces- sion of a learned Italian correspondent, by whose means we hope to be enabled to re- new this series with additional lustre.— Eprr. y + Nor were the principles of the sublime aiid beautiful invented or discoyered by ’ Monrtuty Mac. No. 416. The Decameron of Giovanni Boccaccio. ! 321 wise to establish the rules of Italian grammar, than by collecting them from the writings of those great men who had so successfully adopted them.* Nevertheless, one circumstance ren- dered this undertaking difficult. The revival of literature, in Italy, took place before the invention of printing; ‘conse- quently the works of that period cireu- lated only in manuscript; and it was impossible but that, sooner or later, the ignorance of rapidly succeeding copyists should gradually have altered the con- struction. Hence it happened, that when philologists began to study these pro- ductions, and take them as models of fine writing, their embarrassment was extreme. The character of a language principally consists in the conformability of the words, in the variety of phraseo- logy, in the use of the particles, and in the order of construction ; and it is im- possible to compile precepts and gram- mars, from manuscripts in which these parts are unfortunately marred and cor- rupted. And confusion is at the height, when some few, unwilling to believe that the copyists have, from time to time, al- tered the originals of these works, and. not daring to suppose that the authors themselves were capable of letting some, errors escape while writing, take it into their heads to consider all these faults of grammar as so many graces to be faithfully imitated. This spirit of mis- taken criticism co-operating with the interpolations of successive copyists, went little short of rendering the Italian language upon a par with that spoken by the companions of Nimrod in the plains of Shinaar. To put an end to this reproach, an universal cry arose throughout Italy ; and men endowed with sound logic and unerring taste, undertook to discover the true reading of those ancient texts, and, Longinus any more than by Edmund Burke or Dr. Blair. They only systematized or detailed, what they already found in previous examples. * This is put, perhaps, rather too gene-~ rally. Literally, it seems applicable only to idiomatic grammar. The genuine or funda- mental principles of grammar (or what might be called universal grammar, with which the idiomatic or vernacular ought at least to conform) seem to be founded in the nature of things, the operations of intellect, and the associations of ideas. Grammar, thus considered in its universalities, consti- tutes one of the most important branehes of the really valuable (that is, to say,» the unmystified) part of metaphysics. Err. : 2 ; ; u ; 4 Be jul 322 and to give them to the public, freed from every species of error. We have wished to record these facts, because those who are ignorant of the history of Italian literature, are accus- tomed falsely to attribute to levity or edantry, the great pains that many earned men have taken, at different pe- riods, to exhibit the works of the thir- teenth century in the same form that -good criticism must suppose them to have been produced in by their illus- trious authors. The tales of Boccaccio merit particu- lar attention from critics, as there does not exist any manuscript of this work, revised or acknowledged by the author, which might serve as a guide to fix the true reading of the text. Every one knows that Boccaccio, having become weak and superstitious in his old age, destroyed the copies of his work, in order, probably, to conciliate the good- will of the priests and monks, who had shewn themselves somewhat irritated at the biting sarcasms he had levelled at them; from time to time, unmasking their ignorance, hypocrisy and wicked- ness. And these tales so much the more demand a judicious and impar- tial attention, inasmuch, as, whilst the philologist will find in them abundant treasures of pure and fiuent language, the moralist will find a faithful picture ~of the manners, opinions and preju- dices of that epoch. : He forms an erroneous judgment of Boccaccio, who supposes, that while writing the Decameron, he had no other aim in view than that of amusing his contemporaries: he, on the contrary, wished to paint manners, characters and passions, yices, virtues, weak- nesses and errors; and in this he was successful. Some learned men dispute whether Boccaccio derived from Arabia and from Provence, the whole, or part of the stories related in his work ; and many sustain the. affirmative, and pro- pound in support of it numerous inge- nious arguments—as if the human fol- lies, clothed in such lively colours by the Florentine novelist, could belong, exclusively, to any age of history; or that because they existed, and were ob- served, at one iperiod, they might not be repeated and observed at another: or, as if a keen and demonstrative spirit were obliged to recur to oriental fabu- lists, or to the troubadours of the mid- dle ages, to discover ignorant priests— cortupt monks—imbecile judges —cre- dulous idiots—cozening knaves—crafty The Decameron of Giovanni Boccaccio. [ Nov. L thieves—and every kind of parasite, buf- foon and adventurer. Boccaccio cast a philosophic glance on the life of his contemporaries, and wrote accordingly ¢ nor can we say that he calumniated them, since he often delineated good by the side of evil; and, where occasion offered to render homage to the virtue and dignity of human nature, he never ne glected the opportunity. He was-the Addison of his age: only that this celebrated English moralist, writing in a freer and more philosophical age, dilated in abstract reasoning, while Boccaccio was constrained to employ narrative and anecdote, and often to envelope reason in the veil of allegory. The new edition of the Decameron, revised and illustrated by Ugo Foscolo, and lately published by Pickering in London, in three volumes octavo, is, on this account, a service rendered as much to the history of literature, as to that of Italian manners in the thirteenth century; and the publisher proyes his judgment and his taste, by having entrusted the correction to Ugo Foss colo—endowed, as he is, with every species of intellectual culture that might accomplish him for the task, and, above all, endeared to Italian literature; and who, uniting in himself the double character of critic and of author, is; more than any other person, capable of satisfying public expectation on this subject. We may now congratulate our- selves upon possessing a purified edi- tion of the celebrated Hundred Tales. The readings seem to be, at once, adopted from the authority of copies, and from the general style of the text ; and are presented, stripped of all inaccuracies and equivogue. The orthography is simple, regular and un- affected: and it is pleasing to see that some words are still written in the an~ cient manner, because they recall the old pronunciation ; which often helps to transport the reader to the period when the facts are supposed to have occurred, or to have been related. We must not, however, dissemble, that Foscolo, sometimes, seems wanting in courage, and abstains from some bold. correction, in order, perhaps, not to enter into controversy with pedants— who would certainly have seized the opportunity, if presented to them. We will illustrate our idea by a single ex- ample. S24 5p In the story of the Three. Rings, [See Gior, i. Nov. 3, page 58], eminent for concealed allusions. ofya profound . 3 a >, philosophy, 1825.} philosophy, and for the ridicule art- fully thrown upon the exclusive and intolerant partizans of every species of religions sect, the following expression Occurs in all the editions of Boccaccio, and, unfortunately, even in that of which we ate now speaking: — Un grande womo e ricco fu gid, il quale infra Valtre givie pit care che nel suo tesoro avesse, era un anello bellissimo.— Boccaccio certainly meant that the rich man possessed a ring: and therefore it does not seem likely that, to express such an idea, he would say that the man era (was) a ring. There is certainly an error here—so much the more se- rious, because it not only destroys the regularity of the construction, but en- tirely changes the sense of the passage. The Abbot Cesari exclaims that this is 2 beautiful license in Boccaccio—a real elegance, and not an error of grammar. We will not venture to contend with so erudite a personage: but to say that aman és a ring, meaning that he has a ring, appears a license and an elegance beyond all human logic. He maintains that it was Boccaccio’s real intention to express himself in this manner, and’ put era for avea—not thinking it pos- sible that the copyist might have writ- ten one of these two different verbs for the other. But we ventureto repeat, that the intention of the author could never have been to transform a man into a ring, when his meaning was to say that this man hada ring: and, with respect to the copyist, we must observe, that it was not likely he should write era instead of avea ; he might very likely haye written an i for an a, and changed the case’ of the article which precedés the word quale. And here is the ac+ tual error, which it was an easy thing to avoid, and instead of saying wn womo «il quale [who]...era un anello, to’read un uomo...al quale {to whom]...era un amello. In this second manner of read- ing the verb essere [to be] is: synony- mous with appartenire [to belong], and the text is no longer equivocal. These instances, which we may de- nominate concessions made to hyper- critics, do not otherwise prejudice the beauty and splendour of this edition; nor at all depreciate from’ the praise justly due to Ugo Foscolo; who has be- sides enriched his work with a’ histo- trical discourse respecting the changes of the Decameron, which must be grate- fully received by all lovers of Italian iterature. Written with grace and Purity of style, this discourse is most Remedy for bad Water.—=Cruelty to Animals. 323 rich in learning, which is vast without being dull, profound without being ob- scure, and delicate without being super- ficial. Foscolo riscs to the dignity of an historian, when he has occasion to. notice the struggle of the contemptible passions to which the works of the thirteenth century so often fell a sacri fice at the different periods of monastic. and clerical sway; and the indignation, , which he displays in relating many facts, reveals the impetuosity of a true Ttalian, who endures with shuddering the outrages of imbecile tyranny, and. only lives in the sacred hope of one day seeing it destroyed. —z To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Sir: 1 answer to the inquiry of your cor- respondent S.E. (M.M. Aug. p.126), I might recommend the filtering-stone, as a dernier resort. But I should think that the simple expedient of a strong sieve, some six or eight inches deep, fitted to the top of the tub into which the water is received, might remedy a part of the evil. The shrimps and the coarser part of the sand would thus be prevented from descending into the tub. itself, and the animal motion thus re- moved, the water would so much. the. sooner become quiet, and the remaining. impurities would more readily subside ;' and thesieve being removed and cleansed, as soon as the water had ceased to come: in, the else inevitable taint of animal) putrescence would be precluded. The: chief difficulty seems to be,. that the force of the water, as it comes in, would! be likely soon to break through the sieve ; for prevention of which, I should: recommend, about midway of the dept» of the sieve, a false bottom of perforated tin, like that’ of the common shower bath, which would break the force of the water, and occasion it to descend upon the surface of the strainer ina dif- fused shower, instead of a concentrated’ stream. N. Li. —— To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Sir: 'T was noticed in one of your late numbers, that the inhabitants of | Lambeth had petitioned Parliament for’ the Bill against Cruelty. to Animals. Are the humane part of the inhabitants of Lambeth ignorant that their parish, upholds a system which is the cause of great humamas well as animal suffering? _ It is the custom of this parish not to let the dust to regular contractors, but, 2T2 under 324. under -the plea that it gives employ- ment to the poor, they suffer such as choose to gather it; hence a great num- ber of poor worn-out, half famished horses and asses are belaboured about the streets; not by old and infirm men, ‘too aged to pursue more laborious call- ings, but by a number of young men and lads—I was going to write lusty young rogues and vagabonds—who might be much better employed: but who, through this mistaken parish economy, are trained up in idleness, vice and cru- _ elty, in all their hideous forms. Indeed it is in yain to enact laws for the preven- tion of cruelty, so long as practices and circumstances are countenanced or per- mitted, that naturally lead to such frightful habits and dispositions. Let the inhabitants of the very extensive and populous'parish of St. Mary, Lam- beth, cast first this beam out of their own eye, and then shall they be in a situation to petition, with greater effect, the Legislature to abolish cruelty towards animals. Yours, &c. A Lopcer 1n Lamsetu. —— To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Sir: A Bruyére, in the twelfth chapter of the second volume (p. 105) of his ** Caractéres,” observes, that “a pre- judiced man, who-takes upon himself any official situation, is like a blind man who attempts to paint; a dumb man, who undertakes an oration; or a deaf man, pretending to criticize a beautiful piece of music:” but adds, ** these images, however, are faint, and but. very imperfectly express the wretch- ed and miserable results of prejudice : which may aptly be called a pestilent incurable disease, infecting, by its jaun- diced propinquity, all—equals, inferiors, friends, and parents, and even the phy- sicians who may venture to approach; yea, and however honest and sincere may be their endeavours, hardly can they prevail with the poor patient to adopt the only proper remedies—which are, to listen, hesitate, diligently ex- ercise the inquiring and more kindly faculties of his mind, and thus attain intellectual enlightenment; while flat- terers, cheats, slanderers, those who speak only to promote their own sor- did views of self-interest, or to lie, “are the’ quacks—the charlatans—who speedily gain a willing ear, and use ‘their influence to poison and destroy.’ ‘This picture, though’fearful and afflic- On Prejudices. (Nov: I,- tive, is not over-coloured; all that is. here predicated is much more fully ap- plicable to the dreadful object of dis- cussion, and it may, therefore, well merit further examination. I there- fore hope for allowance to enter fur- ther into an investigation of its charac- ter, symptoms and diagnostics, without accusation of loss of my own time, or that of your respected readers. Though we must not rashly conclude, that all weak and uninformed men are therefore prejudiced, it may be laid down, as an axiom, that he who is prejudiced is, more or less, ignorant and weak: but we must endeavour carefully to avoid the error of those, who (prejudiced themselves) too often attribute to perverseness and obstinacy, the mistakes which arise only from want of information, or of capacity. More especially, as a few words will * shew that this distinction may be easily marked and demonstrated. When, for, instance, the brave Saladin, as the in-. habitant of a torrid clime, or the more domineering Algerine, refuses credence to the story of the iceberg, it is not to the score of prejudice that this is to be attributed ; and when. the uneducated British mechanic (though the time is fast approaching when this observation will lose its point) doubts when told that two impalpable gases, in union, produce water; or that lightning may, by human agency, be conducted from the clouds—his incredulity is but an evidence of that prudence and caution, which, in other cases, may protect him from the machinations of fraud and_ deceit. But actual proof, or lucid ex- planation being afforded, if they still adhere to their scruples, we are entitled to regard them, in nearly similar ac- ceptations, as superstitious, or as pre- judiced. We must know, therefore, what are the opportunities of acquisition pos- sessed, both as to means and extent, before we adjudge that such and such persons are-prejudiced. On this view, much that is erroneous and ridiculous in judgment and in taste, may be to- lerated among those whom we call bar- barian, savage, or half-civilized ; which, in European nations, where social im- provement, and the benefits of educa- tion, expand the heart and mind, would justly be deemed inexcusable. Thus it is that the French Censcr (p.98) has so bitterly rebuked his countrymen for their grotesque wonder at the natives of Siam, who, vested in the sacred character 10 (Sew 1825.]-- “i character of ambassadors, came to the court of Louis XIV. “ Had they~ (says he) been monkeys, taught to walk upright, and to make them- selves understood by interpreters, greater astonishment could not have been manifest- ed at the justness of their replies, and the good sense that sometimes appears in their conversation, than now. Does the pre- judice of country and our national pride make us forget, that the attribute of reason belongs.to universal man? We should not brook this treatment from those we call barbarians ; shall we, then, prove ourselves barbarian, by ignorant startling, and un- mannerly astonishment, when we find others exercise this great prerogative?” As our own Judge Blackstone has, in his “ Commentaries,” distributed the subject of Ricuts, and also of Wronas, so may Prersupices be divided; one class referring to Persons, another to Things. In both, the distinction is ma- terial ; for the Origin and Remedy of prejudices, as well as of wrongs, or of rights, are essentially different. Personal prejudices are often thought much less injurious than they are. They may, generally, be traced to, some vi- cious propensity ; and though the bias be favourable to the object, still it may, probably, be found to originate in in- terest, self-love, or some collateral feeling. Even that powerful partiality, which exists in the human heart to- wards its offspring—which “ Nature there implanted,” as ancient poets tell, to secure these tender objects from the consequences of caprice, and to bind them closer to our affections than they could be by any ties of duty, may yet degenerate into weakness and _ infir- mity ; and the word Prejudice may too truly characterize the fondness of a parent to his child. Rooted dislike, aversion, or anti- pathy to individuals, is a species of pre- judice much more frequently resulting from malignity than from timidity, or other weakness, which’ may occa- sionally produce unfavourable impres- sions. In short, we may, unhesitatingly, say, that personal dislike is, in most cases, created and nourished by pride, jealousy, malice, or envy. Prejudices of this class, heightening the repulsion, oftentimes produced by external ap- pearances alone, are, it is feared, too deeply imbedded in the human heart to be easily, if at all, eradicated by any human influence. But where an indi- vidual is unaware of the true cause of his dislike, this should be vigilantly sought out, and carefully examined. On Prejudices. 325 With respect to things, prejudices are innumerable, It is easy to perceive that, our facultiesand means. of infor- mation being finite and limited, while our curiosity is alert, and our ambition vaulting and unbounded, errors must and will accrue; and it is, unfortunate- ly, natural to us not easily, or always willingly, to relinquish them. Some- times our very toils and troubles have only strengthened us in error; and, sometimes, obstinacy—imere and. sheer obstinacy—weds us to it closer still : as Launce loved his dog Crab more and; more, because others reviled him. It is amusing, but oftentimes humi- liating, to recall the many instances in which scholars and men of undoubted talent have, within (comparatively) a few years, invented, and strenuously supported theories, which further exa- mination has shown to be false, and even hurtful: from plenum to philo- giston; from strenuous adherents to the old style, to no less strenuous advo- cates of the new; from philosophical maintainers of the truths elicited by Sir Isaac Newton, down to noisy de- claimers in support of more modern doctrines: the truth of which is not, in toto, denied, but the manner of en- forcing adverted to. There are indi- viduals (whom surrounding cireum- stances entitle us to call prejudiced) who still pretend that a negro is a ra- tional brute, or irrational man ; and that his organization is not the same as that of white men. Scientific, as well as natural history, is disfigured by many ingenious (so seeming) hypotheses, which have been constructed on slen- der and ill-authenticated facts. With the increase ofknowledge, these hypo- theses become less and less tenable, but yet are not wholly rejected; and their supporters exert an amazing deal of ingenuity in attempting to reconcile them with the new. data: and hence a battle of books takes its rise, waged with Trojan and anti-Trojan fury; and for more than ten times ten years, without decisive success on eitherhand. Leibnitz was supposed, by many of his partizans, to have been completely triumphant in the Newtonian controversy. Both ap- pealed to pen and ink, and posterity has decided that Newton was right, and Leibnitz wrong. Prejudice, there- fore, spreading its baneful influence among the German philosophers, had . prevented their according justice to their rival: and it must be allowed, that, in matters of philosophy, preju- ice 326 dice may prevail, without the existence of wilful design to counteract the hypo- thesis of another ; but, surely, one must be guilty of a degree of voluntary and infatuated blindness, or of absolute ignorance, when, in spite of surround- ing circumstances, the same system is inveterately retained. Descartes, if so great a name needs to be adduced in support of an obvious maxim, recommends that “ we should not decide upon the most trivial truths, without close and accurate previous analysis.” And this ought to be the in- variable rule of all who have attained to, or aim at, respectable rank, in the extensive schools of philosophy: it would remove many of the prejudices that are now thoughtlessly imbibed. Another cure for what we may call mild: prejudices, will result from mingled conversation and social intercourse. It is too often the case (and here I speak of my own country in particular) for men of real and undoubted scientific and literary attainments to glue them- selves (so to speak) to their books, or to their writing-tables, despising conver- sation with ordinary men. Need it be added, that this is an extremely per- nicious practice, and favours the growth of wrong notions, whichit is afterwards extremely difficult to eradicate: for, in fact, from the plainest understanding something may be culled, which may add utility, if not ornament, to the stu- dent’s—to the master’s store. So many instances of the truth and importance of this observation rush upon the mind, that, perhaps, Ishall not add a very va- luable illustration, when the recollec- tion of your readers is directed to the lecture of a gentleman, highly celebrat- ed for his chemical knowledge, in which there was an actual failure in demon- strating the process of welding iron, from ignorance that a /luwa was neces- sary to the process: information which any ordinary blacksmith could have afforded him. To those who suffer themselves to be thus prejudiced, and who resist convic- tion, knowingly, and wilfully—who are guilty of akind of misprision of error— we scarcely know what to say. It is always in their power to do right; but if they find the path of truth un- pleasant—I believe we must even let them “ gang their ain gait,” until they find themselves deserted and alone in the midst of a crowd. Meantime, we mark’ with much satisfaction the rapid decrease of the dominion of prejudice. 4 Uses of Salt in Manufactures and Agriculture. [Nov. 1, In politics, trade, philosophy, literature, —in every branch of art and science,— in all the paths of useful, or of elegant inquiry—how evident and how consol- ing the gradual enfranchisement from the fetters of ancient prejudice! Even Quakers begin to talk, and dress, and ‘live like other human beings. THERMES. — For the Monthly Magazine. Uses of Saut in Manuracturss and AGRICULTURE. MPORTANT advantages are now derivable from salt, since it can be procured without duty. In a work published by Dr. Rensselaer, some of. the purposes to which salt may be ap- plied are thus detailed. Sal ammoniac, or muriate of ammo- nia, is made in abundance from com- mon salt: the manufacture of this ar- ticle was abandoned, in England, in con- sequence of theheavy duty of £30 per ton laid on salt. In consequence, however, of bittern from the salt-works being allowed in Scotland for the manufac- ture, the price has been reduced nearly one-half. In the manufacture of glass, salt is largely employed; soda, which is pro- duced from common soap, is used for plate-glass ; potass, for flint-glass; and common salt, with kelp, for crown- glass. Oxymuriate of lime, and other oxy- muriatic salts, employed in bleaching, are made from salt; and large quantities of it are consumed in the manufacture. Spirit of salt, or muriatic acid, re- quires large quantities of salt —at least 1000 tons were used for this purpose in England every year, notwithstanding the enormous duty. It is used in a variety of processes in dyeing and calico printing. Glauber’s salt is made from what remains after the distillation of mu- riatic acid. This residuum was for- merly thrown away, until a person em- ployed it in making Glauber’s salt, when a duty of £30 per ton was laid on the article manufactured—since, however, remitted. Epsom salts are produced entirely | from common salt, or the evaporation of sea-water; the brine, which yields 100 tons of salt, gives from four to five tons of this valuable article. Dr. Henry, the celebrated chemist of Man- chester, has discovered a process of pre- paring it from magnesian limestone, and has reduced the price one-half. It ioe e 1825.) . be made still cheaper from sea-water— on the employment of which a duty is laid. Magnesia is made from salt brine, or sea-water. The English duties are so high, as to render it probable that both this and the preceding article will, in future, be obtained by Dr. Henry’s process. ; Crystallized sodais also made from common salt; and if it, or sea-water, could be obtained free of duty in Eng- land, if would supersede the importa- tion of American, or Russian pot and pearl-ashes, and 10,000 tons would be used annually : several hundred tons in washing alone. Barylla, of an excellent quality, is made from salt. In the manufacture of hard soap, salt is a necessary ingredient. Corrosive sublimate is always made from common salt. f Patent yellow is also prepared from common salt. In the fisheries, in salting provisions for the sea service and for exportation, salt is largely employed. . Butchers, morocco-dressers, and skinners, employ it in large quantities, Dr. Rensselaer has calculated that, in England, three times the present quantity would have been consumed if there had been no duty. . Farmers use great quantities in mak- ing butter and cheese, and for steeping wheat to prevent smut. In glazing earthenware, much salt is employed; and is far preferable to the Og same of lead, which are liable to e dissolved by vinegar—from whence deleterious consequences must, of neces- sity, occasionally result. In England, the manufacturers of earthen-ware sometimes pay one-twelfth of the real amount of their sales for salt. Salt is. likewise employed by iron- founders in metallic cement, and in rendering bar-iron malleable. —=z > For the Monthly Magazine. Description of @ Merpat, struck in " commemoration of the Bartre of Roszacu, during the Seven Years’ German Wan. pe RHAPS none of the military ope- rations of Frederick the Great of Prussia crowned him with somuchglory, or so redeemed him from thepressure of the combined strength of his enemies, as the battle of Rosbach ; from the low abyss of despondency and peril of his crown, it placed him, ‘at once, upon the pinnacle of success and triumphant fortune. I call your attention to this event, having Nestorian Progenitorship. 327 lately become possessed of a handsome brass medal, struck in commemoration of the great results of that day; and never having seen one before, I take the liberty of describing it for the informa- tion of your readers. It is much larger than a Spanish dollar, struck with a most powerful die on beautiful . clear brass. The obverse side repre sents Frederick mounted on his chargery @ la militaire, with his right arm dis- tended, holding a sword. The back- ground, on the right, gives a view of the fortified city of Rosbach—in the centre stands the encampment, and on the left some cavalry soldiers in full gallop —and a large cluster of trees which appear to be meant as firs. Round the circle of the medal is the fol- lowing inscription, in capitals :—FRE- DERIC, D.G.; BORVS, REX. PRO- TESTANTI, M, DEFENSOR; and underneath the king’s figure is written, in capitals likewise, LISSA, DEC. 5, On the inverse side is represented the concluding scene of battle, in which the retreating horse and foot of the enemy are being pursued, with appa- rently dreadful havoc, by the victorious Prussians. Frederick is again seen in a smaller figure in the foreground, on horseback, in an animated position, with his sword drawn, in pursuit at full gallop, amid mangled horses and men and military trophies, which lite~ rally choke up the foreground of the representation. On the inner circle, which is in part imperfect, from the hole by which the medal was suspend- ed having broken, the inscription, QUO NIHIL-US, MELIUSUE;; at the bot- tom, likewise in capitals, ROSBACH, NOV. 5, 1757. I know not how far this medal may be rare or otherwise ; it certainly commemorates an event, almost as interesting and decisive in its day, as the battles of Austerlitz, Marengo, Jena, or Waterloo, have been in ours. Enorrt. — To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Sir: N the recent Supplement to your 59th vol. (p. 651), at the latter endof the very ingenious and valuable disqui- sition on the “ Contagion of the Plague,” I find it stated, as if fixing the utmost limits of such occurrences, that “ chil, dren are born when their parents ap- proach their fiftieth year; and Dr, J,,; seemsto consider it contrary to the law of nature and the dispensations of Provi- . dence, that parents should haye children after that age; for he goes on to say, 328 that the children “ require parental guidance for more-than twenty years), thus/we: arrive at: seventy befone our, obligations»to. our offspring cease.’’> 6 [ic ~, BNow,'Sir, as far;as the mother,is con-, cernedy the Jimit prescribed as the basis of the-doctor’s argument will-be admit- . tedtosbé sufficiently accurate; but in whatirelates:to fathers, upon whom, by the!\way, the’ obligations towards the male «children, at least, some time be- fore'they have approached their twen- tiéth» year, seém -principally to rest, theistatement appears to me, in its ne- gative inference, to be liable to too many-exceptions for the foundation of any thing like an argument that should presume: to scrutinize, or ascertain, the motives orthe laws of Providence : for certainly many men become fathers at amnuch=more advanced age. The High- lander of Nestorian renown, whom seve- ralyears ago I remember to have seen in the:streets of London, then in his 113th year, is recorded as having had a child, at that'time, only six or seven years old. A-far-famed wealthy and patriotic com- moter; who delayed entering into the holy: state of matrimony till he must have been, by his own account, full seyenty,* has: nevertheless, it is well known, been blessed with an heir to his»very amples estates.” But, not to dwell upon facts of mere rumour and ecordy1 may mention two instances within the small circle of my own per- sonal acquaintance, of men who have become) fathers when they had nearly, or :fully, attained ‘the age of eighty. One of them was Mr. Mortimer, author of the Commercial Dictionary, &c., who died not many years ago; the other, still more. extensively known in the political world, and for the persecu- tions his politics brought upon him, and whose death is still more recent, was Captain Samson Perry. And cer- tainly, Sir, that I may defend the ladies ofthese. prolific patriarchs from the sneers-of rakish scepticism, I must say (as I most truly may) that, if resem- blance’ be any evidence in such cases, nobody could look in the faces of the children, and doubt who were their fathers. It seems, indeed, to be a part ofthe ordinary process of nature, that fathers of advanced age should stamp their resemblance even more strongly poss Si3 seetad he 2 Nestorian Progenitorship. _ Seyen or eight years old, the you [Nov. I, on their children’s forms and features, than in their youth, or prime of man- hood, .I remember, to. haveys n, the first-mentioned. of these esbeahte a- rents with. three “very fine. chi around him, the eldest then’ but” a little girl of only sg heya him sportively observe, that eyhada sister come to play with them. oe OTe day, who was only fifty-four.” ‘What a populous world we might have, if such examples were duly encouraged!” But what will Mr, Malthus say to all this ? ! ee eee _ That I may proye myself not tobe romancing, howeyer, and coining facts for the sake of an argument, let me ob- serve, that one of the three children of the patriarch I am thus celebrating, is at this time the ‘ingenious dentist, Mr. Mortimer, of Frith-street, Soho (men- tioned in an article of Review, in your last Supplement (p. 336) ;—the partner, or successor of the celebrated Mons. De Chemant, who married, T believe, one of the sisters of this intérestin group. Can you, Sir, give me as ood, or any account of the family of the other patriarch, Captain Perry; for methinks gentlemen of your kidney ought to know something, and'to have some solicitude about the offspring of those who have been the objects of political persecution. The ‘old stems, who have borne the peltings of the mer- ciless storm, are laid low ; but the friends of human liberty, if their beneyolence be equal to their professions, “should have some thought of the young scions, whose fences are not like to be im better repair, or the soil around them* better cleared, or enriched with needful ma- nure and aliment, in’ consequence of the tempests against which the’ parent trees have borne’ so ‘stoutly.*’Cap- tain Perry had several ‘childyven* who must be yet of tender years;and if I recollect rightly, had, at the time Of"his death, one scarcely out of arms,“and*his lady, I believe, was near the time of her confinement ; while the ‘cire:imstances he left ther in‘ must have’béeivery far from affluent. But * Perhaps the oddest contribution is that which was thus announced in one of the ad- vertisements on the covers of the Evange- lical Magazine :—‘ James Crabb takes the liberty to inform missionaries of every deno- mination, that he will supply each, at their going from England, with a case of pickles, gratis : apply with a reference. And, like- wise, J.C. has for sale, oils, &c./of the first qualities, on the lowest, terms, for ready money.’ Be ee t Let us hear the admissions, of. the High Church Reviewer himself, upon the subject of exertion in the cause—* 2U 2 “ The 332 But ‘of this enormous contribution (dnring the progress of which, the do> nations for relief of Some" Of our’ own! distressed classes seem to havé dée- Aitied;) what has been'the proportion apparently ¢ ascribable to the Church of Eogland’? ) Let us: ‘hear the ‘exzlting: statement of the Quarterly advaunte of ortholloxy’ himself. 4 Ww “itt ‘Whole receipt of the Church Mis- ston Society for the first thirteen years {Tt to’ 1812 inclusive] was little more thati £22,000; last year the income ex- pelos: £39, 000.” Thirty. nine thousand a year makes But a small figure by the side of a thousand pounds a day: °s;—say, for round numbers, xooe! tenth part—a tythe! The great majority of the rank, power, wealth, and population of the land (the orthodox majority /) contri- butes one-tenth part towards this holy work ; the other. nine-tenths are con- tributed by the dissentient or heterodox minority. Such, at least, is the story made out by the Quarterly advocate for the only true Church. But now for the disposal of the funds. +) © At this time the Church Missionary Society employs four hundred and nineteen labourers, .of whem only one hundred and SIX, are Europeans. The rest are natives of e respective countries in which they are ite as teachers or readers of the iptures. It has nine missions, sub- divided into forty-two missionary stations. ‘These “missions are the West African, the “Mediterranean;' Calcutta and North Indian, Madras and South Indian, Bombay and. Western: Indian, Ceylon, Australasia, ‘© The honour of giving the first impulse to oxpiblie feeling belongs to the Baptists !!”” ++* Dr. Carey, who was, till the 24th year of, his’ age, a shoemaker’—Oh! Oxford! Oh! Cambridge ! Oh holy and most learned, and only righteous Church of England !—a Baptist shoemaker ‘ opened the way!!! It originated in the working of his. strong heart and intellect ; a few of the ministers of his persuasion met together, nd’ the first subscription for spreading the gospel in the heathen world amounted to °$13).2s. 6d. This was in the year 1792. The London Missionary. Society followed pe h795-) Lhe» Edinburgh in 1796. The Church Missionary Society in 1800. The “Methodists had long had. their rissionaries Jn the eae and i in America.” . ay ie a or made out by a oe rove, by the history of Pa as Raves church.” — emnelthier: deny nor ques- -tion it: but it is not ‘by the logic of the Quarto! Sophist, that it willso be proved. s, that the Church Philosophy of Contemporary Criticism. [Nov. 4, the West Indies Mission, and the North-’ West American, | With:these missions 255 schogls,are connected;-in; which more | than. 13,000 scholass, are, at this |time-meceiving thy of Means about, lM 0 are adults, H oclt Yo! so9jduse dd mi And: this. isthe dpigeche onan the expen diture of about £400j600:a Year ! Hither’ .the» Hx-Church Missionaries hase better’ story; to tell, orithe Pro- testantsconverters have htthéitorboast, in comparisom with the former rapid ptogress .(tinassisted by, any suehi con- tributions) from ofifty to (350,000 fami- lies, and -thence to 703000 parishes, of Jesuit-converted Indians, in/Paraguay. There: is, however; one statement, of a nature so cheeringiand consolatory to the best. feelings of our naturesthat it cannot be too widely diffused);siand: which. we should, be happy to see-con= firmed by. impartial authority, ine oall: the circumstantiality of detailic sols ‘ By the official retums in’ August” 1822, it appears that the population’ of > Sierta Leone consisted of 16,671 souls; of whom more than 11,000, were: negroes,) rescued by our cruizers from slavery. »,Perhaps sa much happiness and unmingled good were neyer before produced by. the employment of a nayal force. Eleven thousand human beings had been rescued from the horrors of the middle passage (horrors, be it re- membered, which have been aggravated by the abollioh of the slave-trade, such i is the remorseless villany of those who still? carry on that infamous traffic), though’ themor- - tality among them when they" ‘are ‘first landed, arising from their | treatment:on board the slave-ships, has been dreadful They are settled in villages, , under’ the. superintendance of missionaries or school- masters, sent out from this countrys/and of native teachers and assistants; whom ‘the settlement now begins to supply. :i/The effect of this training’ hasbeen’ such; that though, when the population of the icolony was only 4,000, there had been forty:eases in ‘the calendar: for. trial ;- ten -years-after, when the population » was;supwards. of 16,000, there were: only six; ‘and mot a single case from any ofthe villages under the management of a missionaryserschool- master.” . 9go°8 ae This looks somethirig’ Tiké’ be inning at the right end. Rescue. ns | of the infamous. Slaye-trade- pate the slaves—settle them in in vi vi under the superintendance o} of sc masters—teach ist cu earth—and to , req dnd, make Christians; of them—we »¢are, of .what..sect, or, .denomin: great) work -of ei humanity owill: b@iadvanced;o whatever errors there may or may not be in the es = . oat minor 1825.]. minor articles of their creed. It may be observed; however,’ that:some of the best! parts Of ‘this'system'seem to have been' borrowed from that of the Jesuits of Pafatiayo ON On the subject of the Reviewer’s at- tack upons:“\the: Home Missionary: So- ciety,” swhich) (the “outburst of zeal’: has produced, “for the general evange- lization ‘of: Great Britain,’*) we shall onlyosay, that thougli, ‘on’ the one hand, there: is;~perhaps, a large portion of our® home \ population which stands quite as‘much in need of conversion to Christianity, asthe savages either. of Africa: ov, 4 merica; yet;on the other, it doesnot seem. that-the Evangelical Home Mission is'at all likely to direct its labours’ towards’ the classes we allude:to»; and we: are ready to admit, that-guch conundrum catechisms as the specimen quoted from the Evangelical ~ Magazine, are not likely to be of much use.except to the hypocrites, of what- ever class, who may think that the cheapest mode of appearing holy, is to cant-in the riddle-me-ree of unintelligi- ble nonsense. - But there is one passage in this ar- ticle (lengthy a8 our animadversions already are) which we must not pass over ; because it betrays the cloven hoof of politics] purpose, for which all this jumble of orthodox piety is af- fected. _. Speaking of the obstructions to the propagation of Christianity in the East ‘and some of them seem to overwhelm even the Reviewer with absolute de- spair)—he thus proceeds— VORIe TI ? > 4Phereis also a jealousy of those who eiieavour to introduce the Gospel. We arélthe masters in India, most happily for Tndia itselfiie>°But: there: are native princes inothat country who would gladly recover thevabsolute authority that their forefathers possessed; tliere are adventurers and rest- less spirits (even in greater proportion than in Europe) -who eagerly desire to see the tiaves of ariarchy renewed, that their law- Jesstandireckless ambition may once more have free scope! and the only possible means by which a hostile feeling could be cited in the great body of the people (and in ‘thal class especially who are the ver sine 8 Of our strength) against an equitable loptiva In potipbasyitg A OS ADDI In_point of taste, really, we hardl Ki Wwhiethér Ioré to hainife the’ dudburee of the orthddox Reviewer, ‘or the évangeli- ziiki of ‘the Home Missionary Society ; Fhaps, our attempts toconvert either of theni tua due serise of the grace of Eng- lish composition, would dlike be fruitless. i 3G Rn sii > VRQ SISK? 21 Church Missions. — 333 . and beneficent government, the blessings of which. are felt and understood, would be by persuading them that their religion was in danger.” saadets’ tomamenath Thus the jealousy entertained by the, most, Christian-like, . East-India ,Gom- pany against proselytizing | Missionary~ ship, and which: so ‘painfully »restrains. their otherwise benignant, solicitude far, our holy religion, is attributed. to. the fear lest the native Princes should take the alarm, and the, European,,dema- gogues should inflame the» apprehen- sions of the ‘people, that’ their;-native religion was in danger. _ The very book, however—the very passage of that book. (Capt. Seeley’s Voice from India—See M.M., Vol.48, p. 536, and Supp. p..609), of which the above is a sort of parody, gives a very different account of the matter. Capt. Seeley insinuates, and the speeches of East-India advocates in the House of Commons have openly and explicitly avowed (See also Sup- lement.to Vol.59), that the jealousy is not so much of the pretences, as of the thing itself—not so much of the native Princes and restless European dema- gogues, as of the illumination which preaching the gospel might diffuse. ~ It is Christianity itself of which’ they are jealous. The security of the East-India Company’s possessions, say they, “de- pends upon the preservation of the long established division of castes ; “the smost admirable institution, ,that..ever was devised for keeping a. people in,ab- solute subjection to their rulers. ‘Break down the barriers of the castes (which the introduction of Christianity’ would inevitably destroy), and the most-just, humane, benignant, and, bliss-dispens- ing Government of the East-India Com- pany is at an end. Farewell monopoly! Farewell India-Stock! Farewell aes of pagodas and rupees!” In other words, the natives of India must not be converted to Christianity; for if they are, our forty-thousand Europeans will no longer be able to exereise a despotic dominion over a hundred million, of native Indians; and the East-India Company’s charter may be cut up for ladies’ thread-papers. - a a:}, 0s Why did not the Quarterly Reviewer state this part of the subject fairly 2— Was he ignorant of the real binge’ of the question ?—No : but the East-India Company, with its blessed rant A 4 ? d stitutes a part of that gloti of all thins right, in sat ve ate, which it is the object of thy tirtedly Review to upholdeos 4: judi cosy i nelion ea) saniad? ORGEN aL ry as [Nov. 1, ORIGINAL POETRY. : —=>——— _.... .ALFWINA'S DREAM. A rejected Episode from an unpublished : Poem. «« Flowers are but weeds when growing out of place.” Mazims of Horticulture. Bur whereis fair Alfwina? Heeds not she The parting hero-in his gallant trim ? The pride of Saxon chivalry! Heaves her heart No farewell sigh—no interceding prayer Propitiative? Does no unconscious glance From the moist beamings of her azure eye Pursue the lessening pageant, till it fades Dim in the far horizon? : On her couch Unconscious of the morning’s busy scene) The beauteous dame reposes—heaven-de- tain’d, As in a trance-like slumber, and inhales For so the pitying angel minister’d— n visionary revelation sent,) Long-lost tranquillity and bosom’d joy. Upon a bed of thorns she seein’d to view (As in a mirror by reflection limn’d) Her own fair form, and, kneeling by her side, A suppliant semblance of heroic worth, Over whose head seven mingling crowns impend, With verdant wreath entwin’d. In act he seem’d Claiming protection from a ruffian throng an incubus or stygian fiend more fell), at with uplifted brand, and dirk athirst, Rush on their purpos’d victim ;—whea _ behold Upon that beauteous brow, that else had bent With powerless sympathy, the orient wreath Of power appear’d, self-bound, and in her hand A golden cup, in which fast-falling tears From her fair eyes’ she caught, and caught beside (The crystal mingling with carnation pure!) Some precious heart-drops, from a bosom- wound Then first reveal’d, distilling. To that form Of suppliant heroism, the mingled cup Gave that fair phantom strait; who, there- with arm’d, As with some talisman of magic power, -Turn’d on the fiend-like throng, and o’er them threw ; The precious drops, whose instant charm ‘was such - That, with the holy ichor touch’d, they fled, Howling; and on the suppliant’s head, ~~. ‘descend ; Concentric, those seven coronals, with song Forth from their living circlesheard distinct, « Glory to: Albion !—to the Saxon name Freedom’s, eternal joy! The enanguish’d drops: : fi From’ the pure bosom have not flow’d in woevain— Nor, pot unpity’d'flow’d.”- we As ceas’d the.songs.{« Lo! the late thorny couch appear’d to glow One bed of roseate bloom, whose ‘fragrant’ breath TTA ae Reaching the function of the dreamer’ssense, She wak’d—or seem’d ‘to wakefor ‘over- head S32 one Hovering in brighter vision, she beheld A form of radiant beauty ;—not of earth, Or human lineament; and yet not;such.. Asto the legends of her northern faith Pertain’d, in guise or attribute ; but'wing’d. With plumage of the rainbow’s vivid hues, In rear of summer showers, when’ heaven, appeas’d, : Weeps fragrance, and the joyous floreag: smiles : Beneath her humid footsteps. Fair it seem’d (That hovering form) and of transparent brow, er Of more than feminine softness ; yet of shape Not sexual, but of self-efficient mould, © Inherent of all joy—save what it drew From sympathy with alien sufferance— Distilling tears to raptures. *« Mourn no more, Pure victim of a sorrow well-sustain’d,” Exclaim’d the glorious vision, “ tis per- form’d— The destin’d function, and the barbless dart From the heal’d bosom parts.’” And at the word, : Touch’d by that gentle hand, an arrowy. shaft From her fair breast came pangless; while, distill’d 1s From the seraphic eye, a balmy tear Fell on the wound—thro’ every thrilling vein Shedding its grateful influence. With a smile Heart-sprung, that o’er the beaming features spreads In heavenly emanation (foretaste sweet Of virtue’s pure beatitude!) she rose, _ To hear, to feel, the vision all fulfill’d— For Anglia’s martial bands, in firm array, By Regnier and the brave Deirian led, Had march’d to place the exile on his throne, And tame the fierce Northumbrian’s jealous pride. Peibs REPLY TO A POEM OF LORD VAUX, . «*] loath that I have lov’d,” &c. See Ellis's: Collection. I vo not loath that I have-lov’d, ~ Though years come stealing ons” Or that the sweetest joys I prov’dj ” « Ere time of joy was gone. (~ I do not loath that I have'lov’d, "0° - Or that my love was fair ;*"’ ebaly st For Jove’s return to me hath prov’d ~~ The balm of every caress 4 How 1825.] How can I loath the love I bore To innocence and truth ? Or my own envious age deplore ’ The blessings’ of my youth? For let but.virtue, hand ia hand With youthful passion go, The love that’s knit,with reason’s band Repentance ne’er shall know. Then, Stella! though the fires decay That! lit me to thy arms, Nor distant far'the envious day Shall ditn thy mellowing charms ; Bsigt 17 Tho’ youthful days return no more, Remembrance shall remain, ‘And past delights recounted o’er, Shall give delight again. Let memory, then, the record true OF youthful passion bring, And, o’er the wintery hearth, renew The blooming joys of spring. i bee _ Carlisle, Aug. 1804. A REMEMBRANCE. ‘Tuenre is a feeling at my heart, - By feeling only scann’d ;=~ ‘A bosom’d pang ; a cherish’d smart ; A throb, from which I cannot part, ‘Though rankling like a venom’d dart ' Shot by some treacherons hand ! There is a name I cannot bear To name myself —but less to hear, Which yet in joy, and yet in care, ‘The dotage of my thought will share, Such deep affection graves it there Eyen to resentment dear ! “There is an image in mine eye » That darkness cannot hide: Tt claims the tear, it swells the sigh, Deepens my grief, and dims my joy ; From which I cannot wish to fly, And could not if I tried. O, Memory! where’s the potent ait, And where’s the magic wand, Can conjure from the wounded heart The fond affection, or the smart The throbs of blighted hope impart,— Blighted by filial hand? : SONG. Yes—be thou ‘pensive, be thou gay— In joy, in grief, I’ll love thee, love ! Thy tear, thy smile, the star the while My pulse shall still obey, my love! . Dll weep with thee, I'll laugh with thee ; With thee Pll live and die, my love! My light, thine eye; my breath, thy sigh; Life’s mingled cup I'd quaff with thee, My love! my only love! For thou art like, the day-star, love ! That glads the yernal hour, my love ! When stem and, flower, in every bower, Diffuse their fragrance far, my love!, Original Poetry. 335 And, like the dewy morning, love! The tear-drops of thine cye, my love! The balm supply of sympathy, Whence life’s best blossoms spring, my-love! Then be thou pensive, be thou gay, My answering heart shall love thee, love ! Thy tear, thy smile, the star the while)” My pulse shall still obey, my love! Til weep with thee, 1’ll laugh with thee ; With thee I'll live and die, my love!» *' Bask in thine eye, and breathe thy sigh,’ Till life’s last cup I quaff with thee, ay My love! my only love!- ¥ J.T. SONNET TO MISS EMMA RICHARDS, A YOUNG LADY OF FIFTEEN, ON HEARING HER SING. TuereE is an artless rapture in the tones Of the sweet bird yet blest with liberty ; So singest thou, sweet maid, whose voice atones For many a heart-fix’d pang of misery. The village brook that gurgling winds its way, : The bee that hums his noontide symphony, The Zephyr sporting with the rustling. spray, . Soothe not the breast like thy young min- strelsy. Then, O, sing on, fair, young and guileless maid, ; And joy and innocence keep time with thee! But should discordant woe thy bower invade, O still exert thy soul’s soft: melody, And peace shall come from Heay’n; thy. soft note winning Her ear ‘to Earth, as *tweresome sister Angel singing. Exort. SONNET TO SIR FRANCIS BURDETT. : Giver me the man whose heart is in his hand, Whose pulse beats warm with pure sincerity; Ri walks a public blessing through the and, Sustain’d by honour and integrity. Give me the man who, scorning the vile threat, ‘Or act of power, still argues fearlessly ;# ‘He is the healthful breeze, refreshing sweet The vitalcurrent of Society. Give me the man (the portrait to complete) Whose life is with his theme in harmony In his own private circle. Ah! Burdett! Need I in this small tribute mention thee ? Thou who art England’s proudest pillar !— Yet, ih se ‘Even in thy favourite chase} thou picturest Liberty. asic” Expets oy # Alluding to the two imprisonments Sir EF! ‘Beas * undergone in asserting his brother subjects" rights:\"! t Sir F. Burdett is an enthusiast in huntingy It may be doubted whether this allusion is;hap> pily chosen. But the poet is, of course,. at liberty to'speak his own sentiment.=-Hdsy jig ie ton yal Spirit op 886°) [Nov. ] SPIRIT OF PHILOSOPHICAL DISCOVERY, AND OF THE. VARIOUS SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS. —<= ACUPUNCTURA TION. — This ope- ration, which has long been prac- tised in Hindostan, principally prevails among the Chinese, or more especially the Japanese. It has been introduced into this division of the globe, where _ the general practice has been to in- ’ sert steel needles only:—Asiatic example would induce the introduction of needles of gold and silver. To this therapeutic operation the attention of the faculty, in France particularly, has been repeatedly called by expermments ; and by the detailed eases of many individuals, who have been reported to have been cured of the most excruciating and intense rheumatic pains, in a few months, days, or even hours, by the application of this barbarian operation. It appears, though the subject i is not yet, perhaps, understood in all its bearings, that the operation may be performed on any part of the body, avoiding the arteries and nerves; that, this care being taken, the more vital parts, as the heart, lungs, &c., may be pricked (M.M. p. 61, vol, 59) without appre- hension of fatal results, or dangerous con- sequences ; and that, inthe majority of cases in which the experiment has been tried, a mitigation of sufferance, atleast, has resulted. Pakfong, or White Copper.—The fol- lowing proportions form a grayish alloy, but little malleable when cold—when heated, not at all; viz. copper, 41°75; nickel, » 82°25; zine, 26°00 ;—but if copper, 50°00 ; zine, 31 25; nickel, 18°75—be mixed, a white malleable metal; susceptible of a beautiful polish, and sonorous like silver, will result : again, if a third mixture be compounded—viz. 53°39 of copper ; 29° 13 of zinc, and 17°48 of nickel—it will ap- proach, in colour and sound, still nearer to silver, but exceed that metal in ductility, tenacity, and also hardness: spec. gray. 8°556 at 15° 4 of Reaumur. It seems not impossible that these results have assued from experiments that have been made in consequence of the invention of Dr. Geitner (M. M. vol. 58, p. 439), of Schneeherg, Upper Saxony? or, perhaps, his own results haye been similar to one, ‘or, successively, to each of these ? Magnetic Experiments. —Professor Bar- low, in addition to interesting and important eonclusions on this topic, which we have, at divers times, detailed (see particularly p. 437 of our 58th, and p. 45 of our 59th vol.), has found that the magnetic power may be imparted merely by rotation. Hay- »ing circular plates made of iron, copper, zine and other metals, and being set in rapid revolution by means of a lathe, all metals possessed more or less influence in deflecting a needle from its true position ; but the iron plate, as might be expected, in a@ much greater degree than the other metals, In order to shew that there exists a slight magnetic influence, even in copper or brass, Mr. Barlow having, by means of his inge- nious arrangements, very accurately neu- tralized a magnetic neegle—he applied the end of a brass ruler to one end of the needle, when the attraction was sufficient to draw the needle several degrees from its position. On withdrawing the ruler, so as to allow the needle to oscillate, and again applying it at the instant of the returning vibration, it was drawn out several degrees further, and at length the needle was made to perform an entire revolution :— by alternately applying and withdrawing the brass bar, the needle performed very rapid revolutions. ‘These interesting expe- riments* prove that there is yet an ample field. for investigation in this important branch of natural phenomena. Pure Potass may be obtained by the fol- lowing process, according to Mr. Donovan of Dublin:— Dissolve the carbonate cf potass of the shops in water, at the tempe- rature of 100°; filter the solution, and place it near 2 fire, in a flat dish—when crystals of the pure bi-carbonate will be obtained in a few hours.—These crystals are to be again dissolved in pure water, and boiled with their own weight of hydrate of lime, for a quarter of an hour. The solution being again filtered, we have a solution of pure potass. f Light occasioned by Crystallization.—A splendid light was given out, during the sublimation of benzoic acid in combination with pulverized carbon—the experiment being performed in a tall glass cylinder, placed on the head of a stone. Duti the whole period of the sublimation, au uninterrupted succession of sparks of viyid light ascended from the bottom of the cylinder. Professor Deebereiner is of opi- nion that this property of emitting light i is peculiar to those salts which contain little or no water of crystallization. Mr. Faraday, in noticing the well-known violet colour which is observable in many specimens of plate glass, observes that the oxide of manganese is added partly to neutralize the green tint which otherwise would be conferred from iron: (frem the ferruginous character cf many kinds of sand) ; - but, notythenias this, some glass, to which oxide of manganese has been added, still possesses a greenish tint. Many specimens of plate glass, though all contain mangariese, are thus tinged with green. On exposing some samples of this glass to the action of the solar light for twelve - months, it had lost great part of its green tint, and become altogether much amelio- rated in colour; while some pieces, from - the same specimen, which had been kept in the dark, had undergone no sensible dif- ference 1825] ference in their hue. This chemical agency of light, on substances containing any, of the metallic oxides, appears to us worthy of more, investigation than it has hitherto ‘received; as it might ‘ultimately lead to a discovery of the precise’ quantity and quali- ties of the metallic ingredients required in glass-making, so as to ensure the produc- tion of a pot of Blass’ of a certain quality, in all cases, instead of the process being, as at present, at most a matter of chance and uncertainty." . _ A, mode.of preyenting the scarlet fever, ‘by means of inoculation, has been discover- ed in, Germany ; it is. said to be as certain in its Operation.as, vaccination in. preventing the small-pox. .As this disease can happen ‘but once to the same person, the treatment “may probably_be efficacious. Ten or twelve grains.of extract, of Belladona are to be anixed with a pint, of water, and four spoon- fuls of this mixture are. to be. administered for ten successive . days; this produces red spots on the skin, like those of the ‘searlet féver ; a contraction and burning in the ‘throat, and a slight fever, in which are also symptoms of that disorder. Children who ‘haye contracted this factitious disorder are, it is said, protected from the real one, and ‘may, with impunity, sleep in the same bed ‘with persons ill of the malady. Drs. Saem- ‘mering, Hufeland, Meglin, &c. are parti- zans of the new system; and Dr. Lemerier ‘of Paris has also adopted it. Method. of making Transparent Soap.— Tallow is the basis of all soaps for the toilette known under the name of Windsor soap; and tallow soap, dissolved by heated ‘alcohol, becomes transparent, and returns to its solid state on cooling. It is this fact -which has led to the’ discovery of transpa- rent soap. When well prepared, this soap ‘should have the appearance of white sugar- -eandy. It may also be coloured, and vege- table colours are preferable to mineral for this purpose. It may be made by putting a cake “of Windsor soap, cut small, into a thin glass “phial, filling the phial half full of alcohol, and’placing it near the fire till the soap be dissolved.” The mixture, put to cool in-a mould, gives the transparent soap. Moon's Eclipse.—Why is this body, when ‘wholly eclipsed, sometimes entirely invisi- ble, and‘ at others considerably illumined with a sort of ruddy light? The cause usu- ally. ed is, the varying distance of the moor ‘the earth: but this solution is unsatisfact ry? for the eclipsed portion of ‘the mooi has been seen very distinctly, both when she was near her apogee and her perigee. Perfia it will be found, that this variation’ depends ‘on the moon’s declina- tion, andl that ‘she ‘will always be visible when néar the’equator, and invisible when “nearthe: tropics) STS Pe Seek eee ss Exttabrdimary effects have “been attri- _ buted t6-tlie“inflnence of the mioon’s heat and light’; Wut these” are*yfuted—her heat Mon tHE MPAGANOM4 IGN OO Spirit of Philosophical Discovery. 337 not having been felt by the most seusible thermometer, and her light (which has long been regarded, when at full, in proportion “to the.sun’s, as 1:90,000) has, by a yaniety of observations, been determined to “be equally a forty-five thousandth part of the sun’s light. yO ‘om ma Natural History consists of an aggregate of information, derived, by observation,and experiment, from several .of the. .natural bodies which surround us; althoughy, at first, it was not and could not have been the intention to unite the yarious: results into a science. The observations made. at first, chiefly regarded the mode_ of, living, the age, the station, or place of abode .of animals and plants, but especially their usefulness, or obnoxiousness to man :.even minerals, which, at that early stage of in- formation, could scarcely possess any fur- ther interest, were taken into. considera~ tion, with respect to this latter. circum- stance. The mode by which the informa- tion, thus collected, could be communicated to others, was that of narration ; and as history is the word commonly used for de- signating whatever is comprized in a narra- tion, this aggregate of information received the name of JVatural History, or the His- tory of Natural Productions ; a name which was afterwards transferred to a science, alto- gether different from any thing that could properly be called history. a Natural history contains the: whole:com- pass of that information, which renders it possible to apply to natural bodies what is taught in other sciences. da Mapes Oil and Water.—Oils only enter into and fill up the interstices between the par- ticles or fibres of hydrhophic substances (i. e. such substances as have the faculty Of absorbing water, whether fluid or in ‘the state of vapour), without entering into’ the substance of the particles themselves ; and water, according to circumstances, not only enters these interstices, but penetrates; or combines with, the’ substance of thesé par ticles or fibres, and even at the time the ‘in- terstitial spaces are occupied by an oily fluid ; the présence of the oil not materi- ally influencing the absorption of ‘aqueous fluid, provided the surface of the solid’ body be not so coated with oil as-to.act the part of a varnish. Thus, we can explain how it is that human hair becomes so quickly affected by exposure on a damp evening, though oil may previously have been freely applied to it; whilé leather, which has: been soaked in oil, quickly and’easily absorbs and transmits moisture, when exposed ‘to‘its influence,—for example, in» walking over moist grass.—Janieson’s Ed: Phil. Journals Steam.—It appears from Mr.” Tréde gold’s excellent and valuable remarks “On Steam-Boats,”’ that to increase’ the Velocity of the same boat from seven ‘td ten Mies an hour, requires very neatly three” tines the power, and consequently, three "€ities Lem OK © Oo Searls Sotyek Fleosg dougie: 338 the quantity of fuel, and three times the space for stowing it—besides the additional space occupied bya larger engine :—this is rather an unexpected result, and well may he say, that it exhibits the subject in a ‘striking point of view. This gentleman proposes to remedy the imperfect draught of the chimney, by the introduction of an ‘artificial blast, so directed as to force the fldine to expend its heat on the boiler. Mr, Ti urges it On the attention of those who wish to extend or improve this kind of na- yigation, to adopt more effectual methods to confine the heat more exclusively to the region of the boiler, and particularly, with regard to the engineer and firemen.—Jbid. Aerolites.—Mr. Rose, of Berlin, has se- parated well-marked crystals of angite, of “fig. 109 of Haiiy’s Mineralogy, from a large specimen of the Javenas aerolite, appearing ‘to contain crystals of felspar with soda, 7. e. ‘of albite. He also finds the olivine of the Pallas meteoric iron perfectly crystallized ; ‘and the trachytes of the Andés mixed with angite and albite.—Jam. Ed. Ph. Jour. Hydrometrograph, for measuring and re- cording the quantity of water, or other fluid, discharged within a given time. ) Which storm’d in fell impotency,, . . »» A female figure gave her hand, And bade him welcome to the land: He felt her warm and glowing heat, He saw her bare and bloody feet— For she had wander’d o’er the plain, Seeking a friend among the slain. Her eyes like sparkling pearls were set, Rounded with balls of blackest jet, Bright diamonds in a minaret.” ** She leant upon his willing arm, When lo, the blind bird’s ev’ning song Struck terror to Gonzalo’s heart : Away he broke like wounded hart, Or panting and pursued deer Whose swift feet swifter ran from fear. She follow’d as on seraph’s wing, Or like some cherub, on the string Of new-born perfect harmony.” If the reader should not happen to like this well enough to pursue the tale through sixty-eight pages, he may turn to the smaller poems. ‘The first we fall upon, in turning over the leaves, is what is called a “ Son- net on Harmony,” but which consists of seven elegiac stanzas. We present the first. “ Where is the breast that harmony won’t move, From which seraphic sounds draw not a sigh ? Who has a heart full proof against that love, Which flows divinely down with sympathy ?” We cannot say that there is nothing bet- ter im the volume, for we plead guilty to the charge of not having read it through. An Apology for ‘‘ Don Juan,” a Satirical Poem, Second Edition. To which are added, Stanzas on the Death of Lord Byron, and other Poems. Cr. 8v0.—This, though it has come to a second edition, is what may be called poetry for the day. It has nearly had its day, and it can expect no more. It owed its attraction to its subject and its object, more than to its execution. Its aim was laudable, undoubtedly—to administer to the public taste an antidote to the moral poi- son mingled, it must be confessed, with too much freedom with the power and brilliancy of Lord Byron’s writings. And who would not have rejoiced to have seen Byron’s im- moralities encountered by a morality equally splendid and poignant ? But things may be wished that cannot be hoped. The author attempts to accomplish this by a vein’ of irony; but to pursue such a vein through a series of between two and three thousand lines, without intervention of the soporific, would reguire very extraorditiary” endow- ments. We confess that our,eyes Wwete heavy more than once, before the author had got , ah a 1825) half way through even that portion of his task here noticed. The apologist adopts the stanza, and imitates the style of his ori- ginal; and the imitation is very like: as like as ehampagne that has stood an hour in the glass, is to champagne fresh foaming from the bottle. The following are two of the best stanzas we met with; and we do not mean to say~that, as stanzas, they are not good ; or that there are not many others equally as good as they. They follow the quotation of that beautiful exclamation of: Lord Byron’s on the scenery of Italy, “Ave Maria,” &c. The apologist thus pursues the idea: : ««’Twas notin Italy, nor Greece, ’tis true, But further north, I felt as ’'ve related ; Yet scenes in our own clime we sometimes view, By this description not at all o’er-rated, That yield ‘‘ emotions beautiful and new,” And overpowering, as above I’ve stated ; When earth, and sky, all voiceless, seem to raise Their tribute of unutterable praise. I'm not a traveller, as his lordship is, And so cannot appreciate his preference Of other climes and countries, though to his Opinion I shall always pay due deference : Still, on the whole, I’m satisfied with this, My native country; and if I go ever hence To shores remote, I don’t expect to find A dearer spot than that I leave behind. However our English feelings may echo to this, and however pleased we might be with several other passages, what shall we say to the monotonous current of that Poet’s mind (and what further proof can we want of its monotony?) which flows_just in the same strain through the descriptive, the satirical and the pathetic ? and who in the superadded “ Stanzas on the Death of Lord Byron,” in which he obviously intends to be eulogisti- cally dirgeful, moulds his mournful stanza ~ ‘thus ?— «* But shall not Britain mourn her mighty bard ? What though her wayward, moodish child she found him ?— Tho’ while he lived she shew'd but small regard For one who scatter’d satire’s darts around him— Not sparing ev’n his country—(which was hard)— Yet he, no doubt, had many things to wound him ; And Britain, while she weaves the cypress wreath, Will moum her bard who now lies mute in death. ‘ This is not the genuine voice of poetic in- spitation—which is always in sympathetic unison with the feeling. In fact, the pro- sai¢. run of the lines which in Lord Byron’s Don Juan, &c. is assumed, is the natural ecessary tone of the apologist’s mind, 4 no more get out of it in the pa- ic or the sublime than in the ludicrous : s his, few, additional poems. The @ ig ofPharaoh and his host in the RnR ed Sea (a subject surely sufficiently sublime é Hee 2 elevate the style, if the spirit self cquld spar) is thus rhythmed : Domestic and Foreign. 351 «* So may oppression pe ,!sh—so May pride and cruelty be broken : And let earth’s haughty tyrants know, In thine, of their own doom the token.” Amen! say we to the sentiment : but if it had pleased “the gods to make us poetical” upon such an occasion, we sus- pect that they would not have tuned our organs to a Scotch jig. . The Marauder: two Epistles in Verse on Trish Affairs. 8vo.—This pamphlet appears anonymously. But we believe we hazard nothing in attributing it to a Mr. Grady; whose satiric effusions have already been objects both of curiosity and animad~ version. He does not on the present occasion seem to haye lost any portion of his poignancy: of which we will present our readers with a taste or two—though some of his ingredients are rather too spicy for our dish. The first epistle is de- voted to the service of the church; at the outset of which he takes care to let us know that he «monarchy loves, And Religion upholds, while the Church he re- proves.” ** Its firstshock it got when, resolved to be great, The Church became linked with the temporal state ¢ Then followed—more fatal—(deny it, I charge ye) The rapacity, pride, and the lives of the clergy!!! Read St. Paul and St. Matthew—I ask for no mores Then look at Magee in his carriage and four.” He then pays his compliments to the parson, who spends his days among grooms, hounds and dog-boys :— *« Then at night when first fiddle he plays for the squire, And by ribaldry pays for his port and his fire; Where, excited by cheers of the assembled vicinity, He bears off the prize in the race of obscenity. High in biood now, he runs the whole circle of vice, But swears most at hazard, when trundling the dice; And o’er punch after supper diploma he takes, In this school of religion, from bumpkins and rakes- What an embryo bishop, this high-mettled spark,» To receive consecration from Mary Anne Clarke!” Or from her who succeeded—the creative and airy, Who makes bishops and gen’rals—the fair mistress Carey.” 4 In the second epistle, the high and mighty of the laity are not handled more sparingly. He thus refers (for the sake of drawing a parallel with the state of Treland) to the loss of America :— ' ** But how came the dispute? I forgot—let us see— ’T was a mere etiquette as to taking one’s tea. With the cup in his hand, sulky Jonathan sips; George the Third rudely dashes the cup from his lips. LS So the Irish now say, when rejected their pray’rs, His son Fred’rick, and Eldon, have dash’d it from their's. ea 5 They tried, in America, feath’ring and tarring; ' And we had some threshing, some carding, ‘and sparring. lel 99, Will the recent events our rude manners amend? } We began like America—how shall weend,? ». ; To those who are not squeamish/about a little personality in, satires this willbe a bon bouche; provided also'that they are not ¢ Sogo qo ofastidious 352 fastidious about the structure of a verse, or the exactness of a rltyme—of some hob- bling in both of which we present a spe- cimen in the following couplet. «* Said Charles the Fifth, as he looked at the press, Take that engine away, or ere long ’twill take us.” —— FOREIGN LITERATURE, &c. FRANCE. Les Giuvres de J. Delille, &c—A new Edition of the Works of J. Delille. Pub- lished bg Michaud, Paris.—Aware of the extreme avidity with which the works of Delille have ever been seized upon, M. Michaud has republished them under a form more magnificent than’ any in which they have yet appeared ; and from the ex- cessive beauty of the paper, the typo- graphy, and the nicety of the execution of the various engrayings with which the work is embellished, it may justly be esteemed a monument raised to the lasting glory of a poet so highly and justly cele- brated. Notice sur les Préparations artificielles.— Our readers will remember the mention of M. Auzoux’ ingenious Anatomical Prepara- tions (at pp. 5389—557 of our 59th Vol.), which are, in this pamphlet, particularly described, while the learned inventor takes the opportunity of publishing those testi- monials which show the value and utility of his efforts, ’spite of Dr. A.’s modest ap- preciation, or the asseverations of his ene- mies, and the high degree of estimation in which his discovery is held by medical men throughout Europe: but as representations highly injurious to Dr. A. have gone abroad, we trust we shall be pardoned for translating the following short passage from the pamphlet, in which the author repels the supposition, that he ever considered that the introduction of his Anatomies Ar- tificielles would suffice to make complete students in this science. He says (p. 9), “‘these pieces alone will not suffice to make an adroit operator, nor a learned physiologist; it is only by methodical and repeated dissection of men and animals, that a knowledge of the differences of their various integuments, their degrees ef connexion, and the intimate arrange- ments of the parts entering into their composition, can be attained. But the enlightened judges, to whom these models have been submitted, haye been convinced that by their aid the laborious student may, in a few weeks, acquire a precise acquain- tance with the situation, extent, shape, di- rection, colour, articulation and action of the muscles; the origin, course, division and distribution of the vessels and nerves ; and of the disposition of the viscera; and that a very short time, subsequently passed in a dissecting-room, will be sufficient to put him in possession of an extent of know- ledge, which, by the old method, he could not have obtained until after several years Monthly Review of Literature, (Nov. 1, of severe, disgusting, and sometimes fatal study.” Essai sur le Royaume de la Nouvelle Espagne. By A. DE Humsoupt. 2d Ldit. Vol.. 1, 8vo. Paris, 1825.—The re-im- pression of this important work could not have taken place under circumstances more favourable; all eyes are fixed on America, and changed destinies await that immense part of the human race—inhabitants of a yet-new hemisphere. The book of M. de Humboldt was, originally, published in 1808, when the court of the Iscurial still exercised its almost unresisted influence on that wealthy and misused territory; while Europe, agitated by unceasing war, was . little disposed to enter very ardently into the affairs of the other continent. Neyver- theless, this work created a lively sensz- tion, and has been much translated and copied from, especially on account of the geographical charts it contains. Since the enfranchisement of Mexico, the new go- vernment has ayailed itself of the informe- tion it affords. On the 2ist July 1824, the executive power declared that it ‘* con- tained a’ most complete, and exact table of the wealth of the country, and had, not-a little, contributed to re-animate the in- dustry and activity of the people, and to inspire them with confidence in their native — strength.”” Yet this new edition contains many and great alterations and amend- ments, which the connexion the author has maintained with the Mexican govern- ment enabled him to procure. The former appearance of the book is, however, un- changed. NORTII AMERICA. A Topographical and Statistical Account of the State of New-York.—This manual must necessarily be frequently reprinted ; for the statistics of North America are by no means stationary. tants of New-York were only 50,281 in the whole ; forty years afterwards, the po- pulation was more than tripled ; and in 1821 - it was computed to be 1,872,812. . From 1810 to 1820, the inhabitants increased to the number of 413,763, spread through 161 new towns and 315 villages; built in - parts heretofore desolate. But the most extraordinary fact, mentioned in this state~ ment, is the transformation of the hamlet of Lockport, in the county of Niagara, im- mediately after the completion of the canal, on the borders of which it is situated. In July 1822, it contained three families ; five - months after, there were apothecaries, shops, taverns and houses containing 337- inhabitants ; with a weekly Gazette for the place and its environs. In 1790; inthe state of New-York, there were 21,324 slaves ; in 1820, this number, was more ~ than half diminished; and in 1827, slavery will have entirely disappeared. Thearticle on schools merits particular attention: in. 1815, one-fifth of the population was estimated to be’ without instruction: in 1821, not more In 1731 the inhabi-, 1825.] more than a twenty-fifth part, so abundant and efficacious have been the means of in- struction, even among adults. The Lan- easterian schools are very active, and the establishments, for the higher branches of learning, surpass, in number and prosperity, those of the same description in Europe, —eyen.in Germany, so. celebrated for its learning. .This:volume relates the intestine divisions, which, long retarded the con- struction of the.grand canal, and the im- mense benefits arising from interior naviga- tion. Discord, that pest of all republics, seems to haye acquired new strength, with the growth of public prosperity, and private riches: we only know the animosities, thus roused and corroborated, by distant reports that have spread to this side of the ocean, and by the hopes that are thus sustained among the. partizans ofabsolute power. Let America beware! despotism is more vigi- lant and less ignorant than is supposed ; and eyen the wide Atlantic presents not an impassable barrier. Should America be- come too old for liberty, and too frail for absolute power,—the chains that will en- thral her are already linked; her days of honour and of glory will not long fail of disappearing. —It also contains an account of the population, the schools, the naviga- tion, and the finances of the state, up to the year 1823. The militia, then, consisted of 146,709 men. The interior navigation was extending still further and further, as well by the continuation of the grand canal, as of its branches. The number of children who frequented the schools, was about a “fourth of the whole population. RUSSIA. Schole semestres in Caesarea Universi- tate, &c.—Programme of the Studies pur- sued in the University of Dorpat. By C. MorcGEnsteERn, Frepestor of Archeology in that University. lorpat, 1824. Pamph. in folio.—In the Russian empire, there are _ six establishments of this kind—in the cities of Moscow, Petersburgh, Kasan, Dorpt or Dorpat, Charkow, and Wilna: which are the more necessary, as the subjects of this em- pire are not suffered to go into foreign lands for education, till they have studied, at least three years, in one of these insti- tutions. Nevertheless, the professors’ chairs are few; many branches of learning are en- tirely interdicted, and a strict surveillance is exerc over those that are allowed; while the students are restrained by strict rules and ‘statutes. The university of Dorpt is principally resorted to by the youth “of the three Baltic provinces, and _ German is the prevailing language. Many tutors, attached to the university, teach modern languages, as well as arts and sciences, more strictly academic. To this programme, Dr. M. has added a long dis- sertation on the grand golden medal, found, in the month of May 1821, near Tscheri- gof, sfruck in commemoration of the intro- duction of Christianity into Russia, in the Montitty Mac Novai6: ony Domestic. and Foreign. 353 latter end of the tenth century. This opi- nion has found. many adversaries. DENMARK Danske Odrsprog 0 Taglemaader.—Pro- verbs and Popular Sayings among the Danish ; collected and edited by M. J. H. Smiptu. Odensee, 1st No.—Beaumarchais says, “ Proverbs compose the wisdom of nations.”’—In this case, Denmark and Nor- way may rank among the wisest of nations: for not satisfied with their own great stores, they have gleaned this kind of wisdom > from all the languages of Europe. M. Smidth, following the example of olden time, proposes to make his work a vehicle of handing down to posterity those of more recent date, and presenting a collection of the proverbs of all the people of Europe : but the order M. S. has adopted, does not give much reason to hope the accomplish- ment of this object. GERMANY. M. Tullii Ciceronis Orationum pro Scauro, pro Tullio, etin Clodium, fragmenta inedita, &c.— Unpublished Fragments of the Ora- tions of M. T. Cicero, for Scaurus and Tullius, and against Clodius ; with various Readings of the Orations for Cluentius, for Colus, and for Cocina, &c.—The Ora- tion for Milo, completed after the Palimpseste MSS. of the Library of the Turin Athenée Royal, compared with the Fragments in the Ambrossian Library, by AMEDEE PEYRON, Professor_of Oriental Languages, at the Athenée Royal of Turin, and Associate of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris, with preparatory Remarks, &c. &c. Vol. I, 4to. — This interesting work has been long expected—It may be divided into two parts; comprehending the history of the monastery of Babbio, founded in the seventh century, by St. Columban, and an index of the codices, which, in 1461, © were found in that solitude, and whiclr — were afterwards dispersed in the libraries of Rome, Milan, Turin, or negligently mis- laid and lost. The most useful researches in the book are those respecting the frag- ments of Cicero’s Orations; but M. Pey- ° ron should have confined himself, as did M. Mai, in his edition of the De Repub- licain, to the text of the fragments, with mar- ginal notes, and the variations derived from the MSS. of Milan and Turin. NETHERLANDS. Correspondence, Mathematical and Phy- sical, between M. M. Garnier, Mathematical and Astronomical Professor in the University of Ghent, and M. Quitelet, Professor of Ma- thematics, Physics, and Astronomy at the, » Athénée at Brussels, §c. Ghent, 1825.— This promises to be a periodical work, somewhat analogous to the Philosophical... Magazine among us, and combining the, attributes of the Annales des Mathématiques,. » and the Annales des Physiques et de. Chimie: but we lament the contracted «| space to which the editors intend to con- fine themselyes. ive ve son ival 2B? ie . DHBRATRICAL 9» - wrens : Li See [Nov. Ll, THEATRICAL REVIEW AND MUSIC. UR space does not permit us, this month, to enter into theatrical details, or even to fulfil our promise of analyzing the merits of the new tragic actor, Mr. Warde, who is expected to occupy the sta- tion vacated by Mr. Young at Covent Gar- den. We shall only say, therefore, that with his Brutus, in “ Julius Cesar,’ we were, upon the whole, so well satisfied, as to think that, in this instance at least, the Shakspearian drama had sustained no loss in the exchange. Mr. Warde appeared to us to have hit the true temperament of the character, and to have sustained, at once, the mild benignity and the dignified firm- ness of the stoic hero and patriot the au- thor has so finely conceived. The equa- nimity which belongs to the greater por- tion of the part was so strictly preserved, that, during the earlier scenes, we had little opportunity of appreciating any thing but the judgment of the performer ; but of the first test of more energetic powers (the speech “ No—not an oath’), Mr. W. availed himself in a manner that did him much credit. We mayeyen say, that we do not remember ever to have heard the fine sentiments of that speech more cor- ‘rectly or impressively delivered ; and the _effect which it produced evidently gave a confidence to the performer, the conse- quences of which were advantageously felt through the remainder of the performance. Mr. W. has since appeared in the widely different character of Rob_Roy, and report speaks favourably of him in this also: but circumstances have hitherto prevented us from seeing and judging for ourselves. A Mr. Fitzharris will haye made here his first appearance on the stage, in the character of Othello, before our publication day ; but not before this article has gone to press; and a Mr. Serle (or Searl), of whom still higher expectations are formed, is to appear in the first line of tragedy when the season is somewhat more advanced. Both these gentlemen are engaged for three years. The tragic corps of Covent Garden ‘bids fair, therefore, for being strong in male performers; but what are they to do for actresses ? At Drury Lane, nothing has been pre- sented that invited serious criticism, but the temporary experiment of substituting Mr. Booth in the vacated place of Mr. Kean; and, as that has been abandoned, criticism would now be out of place. We shall obserye, however, that nothing can be more unjust than the hypercriticism which impeaches Booth as an imitator of Kean. “Nature, indeed, seems so far to have imitaled herself, as to have’ cast them ‘in the same diminutiye mould, and to have given to both some pertion of the same croaking huskiness of voice ; and both have, in some degree, the same fault, of trusting too much to their own rude energies, anc. paying too little respect to the refinement and meliorations of study and intellectual culture. But Booth’s style and concep- tions are nevertheless his own; and are sometimes brilliant and powerful, though too frequently obscured by coarseness and vulgarity. Drury Lane should not, how- ever, have parted with him, till it had got something better. : At the Haymarket, a Mr. James Vining has made a successful debut, and has played with applause, the characters of Octavian, in Colman’s crazy compound of broad-grin bombastic extravagance, and incredible ro- mance, “ The Mountaineers ;’’ and of Totla, in Sheridan’s adopted, and not less extrava- gantly bombastic melo-drama “ Pizarro.” The line of parts selected by (or for) Mr. J. V., does not speak highly for his taste ; but he has manifested, at least, some talent. In Octavian, we did not, upon the whole, think him inferior to any of his predeces- sors, except the first—for whom the charac- ter, indeed, was exclusively fitted ; and in Rolla, if he can reform his declamation and his declamatory action, he may probably, in time, entitle himself to the same compara- tive estimate. Much of the pantomime of the part was good ; and some of the brief passages of emotion were delivered in a way that would lead one to expect that the elements of an actor are in him. ——— NEW MUSIC. “ Ves; I'll gang to the Ewebughts.” An Answer to the popular Ballad of Marion. By Mrs. Miles. 1s. Goulding, D’ Almaine, and Co.—We had the pleasure, in our num- ber for August, of noticing most favourably a ballad by this lady (The Bonnie wee Wife): the composition before us, though of a more serious character, bears a very strong resemblance to its predecessor, al- most indeed approaching to mannerism, yet so beautiful is this peculiarity, that we should really regret its absence: we rather give the preference to the former song ; that airy playfulness in which Mrs. Miles so eminently excels is inconsistent with the feeling of the poetry. The composer has not attempted to imitate any of the pecu- liarities which characterized the genuine Scotch music, in which we consider she has proved her judgment—first, because it is a style which was so hackneyed about the end of the Jast~century in the Vauxhall songs, &c.;° and, secondly, as its quaint- nesses would not amalgamate with her own pleasing natural melodies, which we hope never to see disfigured by such imitations. If we have any fault to find with this air, it is from the profusion of accented appog- giaturas, which sometimes weary the ear. “© May Day.” A Pastoral Song. By J. A, Tattet, Cramer, Addison, and Beale, —A j - 1825.) —A very original composition; and we should hope, for the credit of our fair countrywomen’s taste, that it may become popular. Itis in the rondo style, and com- mences without a symphony (unless a single introductory bar of triplets can be called so), in alight joyous movement, which brings forcibly to the imagination the Maypole, with all its concomitants of rustic gaiety ; this is succeeded by an andante legato, perhaps of rather too serious a character, but it gives a greater brilliancy to the ori- ginal allegretto, which returns with re- doubled animation. The little ritornels of triplets, seldom of more than a bar in length, produce a light dancing effect, which much enhances our pleasurable sensations: the whole composition does great credit toa young composer, who, we prognosticate, will arrive at the highest eminence. * Good Bye.” A favourite Ballad, sung by Madame Vesiris. By J. Blewitt. Goulding, D’ Almaine, and Co.—This is a pleasing, elegant, and likely to be a popular baliad. The melody is well adapted to the light style of the poetry and the naiveté of the fair vocalist ; but there is one flaw in it, which in our opinion (who have no par- ticular predilection for singing nonsense) is fatal; but we will hope, for Mr. Blewitt’s sake, that all singers may not be so squeamish on the subject of uniting sense with sound. We fear it will be necessary to give the first six lines of the poetry to explain our meaning. «*I can bid you good morning, good day, or good night, At expense of perhaps one faint sigh, Since I know a few hours will renew my delight. But oh, when I bid you good bye My tongue becomes dull, and my heart becomes chill, And warm tears shut out light from each eye.” Qs. ' ___ There is eyidently no pause, not even a or i : comma, at the word good bye; but the composer, because it is the end of the fourth line, after an abundant repetition, has brought the air to a regular close on that word, and given us a symphony of six bars in length after it; this is the more unfortu- nate, as it is only in the first verse that this circumstance occurs. The fact is, that the poetry is not, from this irregularity, adapted fora ballad of four lines in each stanza, as either the sense or the sound must be sacri- ficed ; and, as a composer, it was Mr. B.’s _ duty to have observed and guarded against it. _ “ My ain little Wife.’ Ballad, by J. Gar- nett, 1s. 6d. Goulding, D’ Almaine, and Co. —Mr. Garnett is not, we believe, a profes- sional man, and therefore is entitled to very high commendation for the production of s0 excellent a song, which, in its peculiar style, would do credit to any composer. The _ melody is simple and appropriate, and the accompaniment highly effective, though perhaps it possesses a fault common to most amateurs of talent, that of being too com- ¥ plex for the simplicity of the subject. The a : ‘i ¥ Theatrical Review, and Music. 355 symphonies are elegant, and, without being a mere repetition of the subject, harmonize well with the general effect of the song. We should particularize the last four bars as strikingly pleasing : the flute echoing the mejody ; and the voice left ad libitum in the last bar but one, without accompaniment, are both effective passages. We have per- haps allowed our notice of this ballad to ex- tend to a greater length than was requisite for a composition of a minor class; but we are always happy to encourage any manifes- tation of talent, particularly where the par- ties have not passed through a course of professional studies. “When forced from dear Hebe to go.” Sung by Mr. Phillips. By Dr. Arne. 1s. 6d. Goulding, D’ Almaine, and Co.—We are always happy to see works of standard merit revived, and willingly step out of our beaten track to give them encouragement or publicity. Dr. Arne’s ballads are many of them master pieces; but partly from being published in score, or with thorough-bassac- companiments, and partly from the influence of fashion, the knowledge of them is can- fined to a very few genuine lovers of chaste melody. ‘The first of these objections is obviated in the present instance, by a simple piano-forte accompaniment ; the second we will endeavour to do away by our strong re- commendation. We hope that this will be only the precursor of a most valuable series of songs. ' PIANO-FORTE. No. 5. Rondo for the Piano-Forte ; dedi- cated to Miss Norton. By F. Kalkbrenner. 33. Goulding and Co.—This is one. of a class of compositions to which we are extremely partial. The character of the piece is rather orchestral than otherwise : it is not a mere concatenation of brilliant piano-forte pas- sages, huddled together without design ; it consists of two or three regular subjects, which, after being treated simply, are inter- woven, in the most skilful manner, yet without any appearance of labour. The introduction of about three lines is com- pletely instrumental ; this leads by a chro- matic ascent, in unison, to a very elegant simple melody, which may be considered as the first subject. The second subject, which commences about the bottom of page three, is more peculiarly adapted to the powers of the instrument: the third commences alla fuga, about the middle of page five: from these, with the addition of a little cadencing, the remainder of the les- son is composed. The modulation into E flat, at the bottom of page seven, is un- expected and grand. “ La Misca.”’ Rawlings. 3s.6d. Goulding and Co.—The principal part of this lesson is made up of airs from I) Crociato, which we have had before in a variety of forms : the in- troductive cadences, and a little digression from each of the airs are original :—the in- troduction we much approve of—there is a great deal of character init. The digres- 272 siVO 356 Domestic ‘sive matter is all brilliant and good, and the two airs ** Nel Silenzio,” and “* Giovi- netto Cavalier,” are well adapted to the in- strument. Can we say more ? Shemes from the Beggar’s Opera. No. 26 of Airs. J. Mazzxinghi. 3s. Goulding and D’ Almaine.—The two airs which Mr. Maz- zinghi has chosen, are, “ Let us Take the Road,” and ‘‘ How happy could I be with either :’’ both of them good subjects ‘for variations: but the composer is, we fear, becoming rather passé—at least, we discover a sad paucity of ideas: we cannot find one passage, from the beginning to the end of this lesson, which is not hackneyed and common-place. We are sorry to give so disagreeable a character of the works of an old favourite ; but though we cannot speak favourably of the composition as a Varieties. { Nov. I, mere practical lesson for schools or young pupils, it may be useful. / No.1. Air from Tarrare : with Varia- tions, for the Piano-Forte, by L. Dussek. Goulding and Co.—The theme is the comic song and chorus, Ah Povero Calpigee : perhaps it would have been impossible to have made choice of a more uninteresting subject ; but having chosen—the composer has certainly exerted her energies, so as to produce a pleasing lesson: the variations are not very original, but théy are brilliant and tolerably effective. : No. 2. Air from Tarrare. Ditto. do. do. —This lesson is several degrees more in- teresting than the preceding: the air is pleasing, and the variations of a more ele- gant class than the foregoing. They are both useful practical lessons. VARIETIES, LITERARY AND MISCELLANEOUS. —— { "8 Extract from a Meteorological Journal, kept at High Wycombe, Buchs.. Lat, 51° 37’ 3” . North, Long. 40° 3” West. By James G. Tatem. Days.| Thermometer. Barometer. | Rain. | Wind. Weather. Aug, |Highest. | Lowest. | Highest. | Lowest. d ' 28 7 61 55 29°79 | 29°74 ; E_ |Rainy morning,then fair. 55°50 ‘. x Y (Light showers. 55 : 3" Fair. 56°25 "86 Dull and heavy. 55150 Fair. Do. Dull and threatening. Fair. Do. Dull heavy weather. Fair day—rain at night. Fair. Variable. Dull&heavy,rain atnight Fair day—rain at night. Fair. Rain. Fair day—wet night. Fair until night. Heavy rain in the night. Dull with little rain. Showery. Partially fair. Rain, afterwards fine. Heavy showers. Fair. [—) SSL {Stiri n OmNansewomg HSS to , Sa or = ot sé 0 0 0. 1 Rainbow seen 4 p.m. Do. QSsseepageey o Do. Rain after 5 p.m. Thermometer. Barometer. : < 4 Sep. 8. Greatest gra 270 sot At 3p.M.66°50, || Greatest bees 29-100ths ; At8a.M.29°37. tion in the day, Midnight 39. || tioninthe day, § ofaninch 2 10P.M.29°66. The whole quantity of rain that fell in the month of August was 3:2075, and in Sep- tember 4°2375. The character given to the weather in August, in the last report, was not changed by the observations made on the four remaining days of that month. Sep- tember was warm and fine, although much rain fell, chiefly in the middle of the month: the variation in the barometer very trifling considering the season; and only once did the wind rise aboye a gentle breeze, on the 10th. F JAMES G. TATEM. High Wycombe, 17th October, 1825. == Temperature of London, for September 1825: 9 a.m. North Aspect, in the Shade. ° , . fo} 1. Fine: 67 9 Fine 61 2 Do. 67 10 »Do.. .-63 =-_ = 3 Cloudy 65 11 Cloudy — 19», Dos 66 26 Showery 64% _ 12 Do 64 20 Do 65 27 Fine 59 5 Cloudy 59 13 Showery 61 21 Wet 67 28 Do. 59 64. 65 64 ° ° 17 Showery 66 24 Cloudy 62 18 Cloudy — 25 | 6 Fine 58 | 14 Do. 22 Showery 64 | 29 Do. 59 ) % Do. 59 15 Cloudy 23 Fine 59 30, Do | b%9 | 8 Do. 62 | 16 Do. 4 nt QIN THE CoRnNER. Bruton-strect, Oct. V1, 1825. . ‘ ae Mowtity Mac. No, 416. 3A } MEDICAL / [ 362 ] MEDICAL [Nov. 1, REPORT. | i HE public mind has of late years been much attracted towards the subject of Diseases of the Spine. The column of bones, to which the term Spine has been affixed, effects so essential a purpose in the architecture of the human frame, that what- ever causes tend to destroy its efficiency, whether they arise from affections of the pillar itself, or of its collateral supports, endanger the safety and well-being of the whole living fabric. ters who have made these diseases the ob- ject of their inquiries shows, either that the disorders in question have become much more frequent than formerly, or that the attention of the public, and of medical practitioners, has, from some cause or other, been invited to the more attentive con- sideration of them; or that the latter have become better informed of the causes, symp- toms, and modes of efficiently treating this class of.disorders. Be this as it may, it is certain that, amongst those writers who haye written on spinal diseases, there exists much discrepancy of opinion, both as to the causes and indications of cure in many eases of spinal deformity. The etiology offered by some, to explain the deranged condition of the vertebral column, has been declared to be, by competent judges of the case, impossible; and some methods of cure, founded upon the theories proposed, have ‘been pronounced to be as irreconcileable with the anatomical structure of the parts, as inconsistent with fair physiological de- duction. Other writers, on the diseases in question, have assigned causes for them, consistent with the medical philosophy of the day; and have suggested modes of treatment in strict accordance with sound physiological reasoning. That the subjects of Curvature of the Spine are to be looked for amongst the young of the softer sex, and amidst the higher classes of society, is a fact that will not be denied. The female offspring of those whose circumstances au- thorize, and whose station requires, a luxu- rious style of living, and the refinements of a fashionable life, are too often the victims of a system of education, the details of which, during childhood, but principally ~ during adolescence, exiibit a determined disregard to the indications of nature in respect of the physical perfection of the form, and a recklessness of the means by which the material organism is to acquire growth and development. It is not sur- - prising, therefore, that, while the intellec- tual advancement of the pupil has been ensured, and the progress in elegant ac- complishments rendered satisfactory to the teacher, and delightful to the parent, that the physical education of the scholar has been neglected, and her fitness for under- taking the active duties of life unthought-of and.uncared-for. A young lady, legitimately The number of wri-« educated, is taught to avoid all awkward Movements,—to maintain an upright car- riage of the person in walking, and an elegant position at the harp and pianoforte ; while _those habits and exercises, to which the play- fulness, restless activity, and buoyant spirits of childhood have so invincible a propensity, are proscribed; or, if not totally inter- dicted, are admitted with such restraints, and under such modifications, as materially to weaken their effect in unfolding and improving the physical powers. The wri- ter boldly asserts, that, with the refined parts of the education of girls, a certain degree of hoydenism must be tolerated— a dispensation from the rigid rules of the dancing and the drilling master. But shall the daughter of a peer—of a cabinet mi- nister—of a senator,—must a young lady born to a carriage, be seen writhing in un- graceful attitudes, or skipping and scam- pering like the girls ofa village? If health be an object worth pursuing, this must be permitted. Some one has observed, that the actions of young children are always graceful; and who can witness the gaiety and giddiness, the romping and rioting of childhood, without feelings of delight? of delight enhanced by the conyiction, that these attributes of the youthful state are at once the evidences of health, and the means by which health is to be maintained. If, then, Curvature of the Spine, and other diseases depending upon an atony of the physical structure, are to be prevented, let the energy and activity of youth be en- couraged ; and let the usages of schools and families be more accordant with the plans and practices of rustic life. The symmetry of the female figure—the per- fection of which has been the beau ideal of the poet, the study of the painter and the sculptor, will not be impaired by the addition of firmness and tone, which a round of natural and unforced exercises, if they be carried eyen to the ultra point of girlish frolic, tend to promote. ‘** Surely it is not necessary,” says the author of the Study of Medicine, “in order to acquire all the air and gracefulness of fashionable life, to banish from the hours of recreation the old national amusements of battledore and shuttlecock, of tennis, trap-ball, or any other game that calls into action the bend- ing as well as the extending muscles, gives firmness to every organ, and the glow of health to the entire surface.” It was as- serted by Burke,* that an appearance of JSragility was essential to female beauty ; and it has been asserted’ that the ap- pearance of helplessness. gave’ additional charms to the femititie” form“4but these notions are erronédus's’ “‘thé’*fragile and ~ helpless * Essay on the Sublime and Beautiful. thas declared for a hard winter. _ Yiant as in any former season. will be finished in a short time. 1825.) helpless woman will, in most cases, with the loss of strength and activity, have to Jament the departure of personal attrac- tions. : Seas Up to the present moment, the cases of Continued Fever have maintained the ratio of the time of the year. Scarlatina has ‘been rather frequent among children, and some fatal cases of measles have been re- ported -to the Writer. ‘During’ the ast week or so, Catarh has prevailed exten- sively: the extraordinary vicissitudes of the atmospherical temperature, during this pe- Monthly Agricultural Report. 363 riod, sufficiently account for this circum- stance. Inflammatory affections of the tonsils and larynx, and some formidable affections of the thoracic viscera, have fallen under the observation’ and treatment of the Reporter; and upon the whole, it would appear from the alternate mildness and severity of the weather, that the medical practitioner will not want objects upon ‘which’ he may exert his professional skill. JAMES FIELD. Bolt Court, Fleet-street, Oct. 23, 1825. -~ MONTHLY AGRICULTURAL REPORT. ani HE routine of country business at this season has little variety of re- port. The late few days of chilling wea- ther haye given warning for winter quar- ters ; and he is a wise man who preserves his cattle in good case, from the rigours of that season. In such respect, the conti- nental farmers have ever been our supe- riors. A seer of much notoriety, it seems, Such an occurrence would undoubtedly be in turn, and proye a balance atmospheric. The English winter has, however, of late years, abated much of its pristine severity. We haye not since been braced by so in- tense a frost as that of the year 1739, when a Frost Fair was held upon the Thames. In all the early’ districts, wheat sowing has long since been finished, and the first-sown looks as healthy and luxu- In the cus- tomarily or accidentally late, this business The fal- lows work remarkably, indeed universally well. Wheat bearing so good a price, a ' vast breadth will be sown throughout the island: on some lands where it had better be omitted. Never did the autumnal pas- tures look of a more beautiful green, or more luxuriant. This will greatly econo- + mize a defective turnip crop, whilst it na- Z ie) “ - turally keeps store-stock at a higher price. Seeds, potatoes and fruits have proved beyond expectation, from the genial cha- racter of the latter summer and autumn. Tares, and all spring cattle-crops, are at ‘present in a flourishing state; as is the general, state of our country affairs, most happily, including the condition of the la- bourers, none of whom hitherto seem even to have dreamed of a strike. The miserable plan of broadcasting wheat. even yet en- slaves the majority; to which must be added, that the prevailing drill-system is inadequate to secure a clean tilth, Wheat sowing has.been remarkably early in Scot- land. Such is the mildness of the season, that our hospitable newspapers are con- stantly treating us with desserts of second crops of strawberries, cherries, and apples. Milch cows are in great request, and fat stock rivals the store in price. Wool is held up, and time will determine the value of that speculation. It would seem that they who held the opinion of a short stock of old wheat (on which we hesitated) judged correctly, from the great prices at this season: unless it be that the great Leviathan population prematurely devours all. They quote horses lowes in price, but not in the front ranks. It was said that both cart-horses and farm- ing implements had advanced unusually and greatly after Michaelmas—that the former relaxed a little from the Flemish import, but those horses have been readily sold, and the price is now, perhaps, as high as ever. Pigs likewise, though a stock so speedily multiplied, have maintained a high price for years. The bub and grub mono- poly, so the fancy have lately styled it, and- the advocates for free trade in the article of first necessity, have been for years at despe- rate quill-drawing, and the battle still rages ; but the issue, perhaps, will not be so soon decided as either party expects. It is re- ported that, on the meeting of Parliament, petitions for free trade in corn and provi- sions will flow in from every manufacturing town in the realm. : Smithfield : —Beef, 4s. Od. to 5s. 2d.— Mutton, 4s. Od. to 8s. 6d.—Veal, 5s. Od. to 6s. 6d.— Pork, 4s. Od. to 6s. 4d.—Dairy- fed, 5s. Od. to '7s. Od.—Lamb, 5s. 6d. to 6s. 6d.— Raw Fat. 2s. 5d. Corn Exchange :—Wheat, 45s. to 805.— Barley, 32s. to 48s.—Oats, 25s. to. 35s,— Bread (London), 10d. the loaf of 4ib.— Hay, per load, 65s. to 105s.—Clover, ditto, 80s. to 120s.—Straw, 38s. to 49s. Coals in the Pool, 34s. 6d. to 43s. Od. per Chaldron. Middlesex, Oct, 21st. 50) O89] MONTHLY MONTHLY COMMERCIAL REPORT. SU GAR.—The Raw Sugar market has been limited since our last report, and the gro- cers have not evinced so eager a disposition to purchase; the prices may be stated to be 6d. to 1s. per cwt.lower—but in general the importers are frm. The stock is at pre- sent about 1,000 casks less than the corresponding time last year; but there are several ships in dock to unload, which will lessen the difference in the next return; however, buyers are cautious in purchasing. ‘ Refined Sugars.—The market is at present very dull, and the exporters for Hamburgh have been limited; large lumps for grocers have been reduced in price ls. per cwt., and other kinds in proportion, Foreign Sugars.—There is little or no demand for Brown Brazils, or low Yellow Ha- yannahs, and prices are without variation. Coffee is very dull and heavy; the orders from the Continent are limited, and prices lower than the article can be procured for. We may say there is a general reduction of 1s. to 2s. per cwt. Spirits. —The market for Rum continues steady, 30 to 40 per ton; over-proof brings Ss. 5d, to 3s. 6d. per gallon. Brandy continues at our prices, and Hollands in little de- mand, although fine qualities are scarce. ; . Spices.—East-India Ginger is in demand for home trade, at an advance of 2s. to 3s. per ¢wt.; inferior Pepper, for shipping, sells readily from 53d. to 53d. per lb.; no alteration in other spices, Tea.—The Company have issued their declaration for next sale. In the market, Bo- heas have sold rather lower last week, but other sorts are without alteration. Tobacco.—The supplies are coming in plentiful, but the transactions at present are so limited that prices are nominal. Hemp, Flax, and Tallow.—In these articles there is no alteration since our last Report. Wine is in considerable demand since the reduction of duties has taken place; and the Revenue is greatly benefited by the reduction, as the importation and consumption have wonderfully increased ; there are at present in one vault (called the East Vault of the London Docks) from 24 to 25,000 butts and pipes of Wine, allin bond. This dock covers a space of seven acres and a half of ground ; all the other vaults of the London Docks are equally stored with immense quantities of wine. Course of Exchange-—Amsterdam, 12. 3.—Hamburgh, $7. 1.—Paris, 25. 60,—An- twerp, 12.4.—Rotterdam, 12.4.—Bourdeaux, 25. 60,.—Vienna, 10.—Madrid, 37.— Cadiz, 37—Gibraltar, 31,—Leghorn, 491—Genoa, 443~-Naples, 403—Lisbon, 51— Oporto, 51—Dublin, 9}—Cork, 9}. Prices of Stocks.—The 3 per Cent. Reduced, 8723; 3 per Cent. Consols, 892; 4 per Cent. 1822, 103 ; 3§ per Cent., 954; Bank Stock, 224 to 225. Prices of Bullion.—Foreign Gold in Bars, 3/. 17s. 6d. per oz.—New Doubloons, —. Silver in Bars, Standard, 5s. 1d—New Dollars, 4s. 114d. . Premiums on Shares and Canals, and Joint-Stock Companies, at the Office of Enmonns and Wotrr.—Barnsley Canat, $351.— Birmingham, $40—Derby, 225/.—Ellesmere and Chester, 127/.—Erewash, 0.—Forth and Clyde, 550l.—Grand Junction, 302/.—Leeds and Liverpool, 500/.—Mersey and Irwell, 1,200/.—Neath, 380/.—Nottingham, 300/.— Oxford, 800/.—Stafford and Worcester, 800J.— Trent and Mersey, 2,100/.— Alliance British and Foreign, 134/.—Guardian, 207.—Hope, 5/. 17s. 6d.—Sun Fire, 220/.—Gas. Licur and Chartered Company, 56/.—City Gas-Light Company, 751.— Leeds, 240/.—Liverpool, 318. : MONTHLY PRICE-CURRENT. ALMonps:— Brmtstone ;—Rough per ton 71. 10s. to 8l. Sweet Jordan, per cwt...10/. to 10. 10s. Cocoa :— Bitter ..........22....0241..to4l. 4s. . West-India,....... per cwt, 60s, to 80s. ADORE ES Poccc obs e PeR tOn v'c'sess so RSE. Trinidad, , .. ¢s0¢ ssieeiaeunc alse tO ee Asues :—Quebee Pot, per cwt....... 31s. Grenada... .......50.0.000 00 108 to 95s, United States ............31s. to 33s. Caraccas, 5. «|. iain 01s 0050 seem (ORE Quebec Pearl ............ 34s. to 35s. Corrrx (in Bond) :— : Bariia :— yi Jamaica ...,...... per cwt. 54s, to 68s. Teneriffe ........ perton........ 18. 9 AME 0... ce ee oe GUSH tO Gass Carthagena ....... Sieeieeiers Lake. tO Aare. » very fine ........ 95s. to 100s. PA Licanit’ onic wmode 208. to Dba. Dominica..........++..++ G68. to 86s. Sicily..s.secsecscoeve 18 10s. to 192. Berbice ....¢ v00sise0s0+.0v.e0 HOS tOjOaS. CoTTON { 364. j [Nove, 1825] Corrox Woot (in Bond) :— West India, common, per Ib. 9d. to 103d. Mrenaia’.. .. 25.5 So. y dees Ald. to 13d. Berbice .......+.0.+-+++ Lld. to 12d. ' Demerara ........-4+++ 104d. to 12d, Sea Island .........++-+- 15d. to 27d. New Orleans .... 9d. to 12d, Georgia, Bowed .......... 8d. to 13d. MSAHIG! . 5.4. avicieiiateisicinnes Lid. to 12d. Maranham,............. 114d. to 12d, ee Para. .ca6 rspcinsce cs svece 10d.to 103d. WTA Leen stuveeie cessive LOd. to lid: Pernambucco ,..........-12d. to 13d. SEIAE ieee ia sisiclss\ee os civis's av dats tO 7de Madras: 05.05 ves cee 5 7d. to 7hd. Bengal...... niiaiagas sere ee ddd. to 74d. Bourbon . - «+ 10d. to Lid. Smyrna, eravislatele e OSe tO 2d. Egyptian .......2...... 1ld. to 12d. Currants ........per cwt. 104s. to 106s. Bics:—Furkey.... 2... eee se 45s. to 56s. Frax:—Riga........ per ton 46/. to 53/. Druana.... oe eeeee 461. to 480, ser ceee Petersburgh ...... 2.2.24. 45l#o470. Heme :—Riga........ per ton 47/. to 481. Petersburgh ....... Biers (sterols 401. to 43. » half clean .... 36. to 371. Invico:— Caraccas Floras .. per lb. 1ls. 6d. to 13s. RPA ote ohitaiinlate'e, sie\s'sveisteleie. «OSs, tO: 1082 MARE HIG. sicei\c cc st'e vic vv ve JS) to lds. Iron :— Petersburgh, perton ....23/.to 232. 10s. British Bar .......... 131. to 131 10s. Oirs:—Palm.. Mol weie chore per cwt. 29s. Whale, Cape (in " Bond) per tun .... 28J, SERMON tain asics susie s cece ce A4l.to 45, Linseed .............. 23). to 23). 10s. ‘Lucea .......... per jar 7/. to 7I. 10s. __ Florence.. .... per half-chest 25s. to 27s. Perrer (in Bond)...... per lb. 5d. to 53d, _ Puvento (in Bond).... per lb. 11d. to 12d. _ Rice:—KEast-India .. per cwt. 23s, to 30s. Bankrupts and Dividends. 365 Carolina, new ............ 38s, to 40s. Hi) Le rata -. 37s. to 38s. Spreits (in Bond) :— Brandy, Cognac, per gall. 3s.3d. to 3s.4d. , Bourdeaux.... 2s. 2d. to 2s, 4d. seeree Geneva, Hollands........ 2s. to2s. 2d Rum, Jamaica ...... «. 23. 7d. to 3s. 3d. , Leeward Island......2s.to 2s.4d. Sucar :— Jamaica ......... -per cwt. 70s. to 80s. Demerara, &c.........0- «+ 70s. to 76s~ St. Kitts, Antigua, &c. - 70s, to 80s. Refined, (in Bond) :— Large Lumps .......... 41s. to 44s. .Good and Middling ......50s. to 59s. Patent Fine Loaves ..... - 578. to 62s. TatLow :— Russia .......... per cwt. 37s. to 39s, Tar :— Archangel ...... per barrel l6s. to 17s. DEOCK NOL Ie uate nie J ataiaauaie\e aya) o's aa w OSS Tea (£.-India ae S$ prices) :— Bohea...... Congou ........ 2 bert Ib, 2s. 1d. to 2s. 34d. . 2s. 6d. to 3s. id. Souchong ......4.-. iGue 9d. to 4s. 10d. Campoi .....,....«+ 3s. 4d. to 3s. 10d. Twankay...... .. 38. 7d. to 3s. 10d. Hyson......- o qevaie sieleiatigs 46s) 4d, tor Gs. Gunpowder ......+. 49.1ld. to 6s. 3d. Toxzacco (in Bond) :— Maryland, fine yellow, per lb. Is. 3d.to 2s, 6d. Is, 8d. to 2s. 6d. 5d. to 8d. , fine colour .. Virginia ....... eee Wine (in Bondy :— Old Port, per pipe 138 galls. 42/, to 567. New Ditto........ 24. to 362, Lisbon .. per pipe 140 ditto 23/. to 352. Madeira, per pipe 110 ditto 252. to 952. Calcavella, per pipe 140 ditto 33/7. to 457. Sherry .. per butt 130 ditto 23/7. to 637. Teneriffe per pipe 120 ditto 222. to 327. Claret .. per, hhd. 56 ditto 18/. to 587. rors Red per tun 252 ditto 15/. to 302. eee eee ee ALPHABETICAL List or Banxkruptcies, announced between the 23d of September and the 19th of October 1825; extracted from the London Gazettes. DECLARATIONS OF INSOLVENCY FILED. ROMLEY, Mary and J. Gillings, Commercial- road, cheesemo ers, Sept. 20 Coulthard, J. Old’ City Chambers, Bishopsgate-street, cable and anchor-merchant, Oct. Mackenzie, G. Bull-and-Mouth-street, merchant, 23 Pain, R.G. Lioyd’s Coffee-house, underwriter, Sept. pe? J. Southampton-buildings, Holborn, tailor, Savery, F. Bristol, merchant, Sept. 13 Tatton, T. doy or iat chtrad Soho, grocer, Oct. 11 Yorkston, G. Tottenham-court-road, cheesemonger, Oct. 15 Young, B. John’s-place, -road, carpenter, Oct. 10 BANKRUPTCIES. [This Month 65. ] Solicitors’ Names are in Parentheses. ¥, SepGH Tie, T. Poultry, grocer. (Webb, Bartlett’s- 7p, as Richardby, Cumberland, hay and corn- Ld 7 Camberwell-new. merchant. (Law and Bendle, Carlisle ; and Moun- sey and Gray, Staple’s-inn Booty, J. Newport, grocer. (Griffiths, Newport ; and Ellis and o., Chancery-lane Brinley, J. S. Birchin- lane, ship and insurance~ broker. (Freeman and Heathcote, Coleman-street Bridgeman, J. Bethnal-green, tallow-chandler. (Thomson, Minories pe at J. Shadwell, plumber. Butler, T. Old Radford, Nottingham, joie. (Cur- sham, Nottingham ; and Gregory, Clement’s-inn Byers, N. Bath-street, Clerkenwell, ‘oilman. (Har- rison, Walbrook-buildings Collens, F. Pall Mall, man-milliner. (W.A. Beck- etts, Golden-square Coley, H. F. Broad-street, wine-merchant. (Wadi- son, Austin-friars Cooper, T. W. Liverpool, chemist. (Hampson, Manchester; and Ellis and Co., Chancery-lane Cowdroy, W. Gorton, Lancaster, lue-maker. (Hinde, Liverpool; and Chester, Staple’s-inn J Dennett, C. R. Fulham-road, Little Chelsea, cheese. monger. (Hallett and Henderson, .Northumber- land-street, Mary-le-bone (Baddeley, Leman. Dickinson, 366 Dickinson, J. Church-passage, Guildhall, ware- houseman. (Freeman and Heathcote, Coleman- street Dobson, J. Hesketh-with-Becconsalt, grocer. (Pil- kington, Preston; and Blakelock and Plowman, Serjeant’s-inn Emerson, J. and S.S.Whitechapel-road, cornfactors. (Eicke, Old Broad-street Fairclough, R. Liverpool, pein and glazier. (Lace and Co., Liverpool; and Taylor and Roscoe, Temple Follett, J. Bath, innkeeper. (Hellings, Bath; and Makinson, Temple Ford, R. Bridgewater, merchant. (Trever, Bridge- water; and Holme and Co., New-inn Ford, W.Broadway, Blackfriars, tea-dealer. (Tottie and Co., Poultry Hall, W. Gutter-lane, warehouseman. (Birkett and Co., Cloak-lane Haworth, A. and J. Whitehead, Lever Banks, near Bolton, calico-printers. (Cluge and Thompson, Manchester; and Adlington and Co., Bedford-row Harvey, W. Cloudesley-terrace, Islington, surgeon. epee Carmarthen-street, Tottenham-court- TO: Higgs, E. Thornbury, Gloucester, victualler. (Wil- lington, jun. Bristol; Short, ditto; and Williams ast White, Lincoln’s-inn Hill, W. Arundel-street, Panton-square, tailor. (Tanner, New Basinghall-street Hobbs, B. and W.S. Hellyer, Redbridge, South- ampton, ship-builders. (Hewson, Gosport; and Dyne, Lincoln’s-inn-fields Houghton, J. Manchester, linen-draper. (Petty, Manchester; and Sweet and Co., Basinghall-street Huddy, G. Mark-lane, -hop and seed-merchant. (Robinson, Walbrook Hulthin, T. Catherine-street, Tower-hill, merchant. (Tomlinson and Co., King’s-arms-yard, Coleman- street . Jacobs, E. Windsor, dealer in jewellery. (Isaacs, Bury-street Johnson, J. B. and J. O’Callaghan, Liverpool, mer- chants. (Crump, Liverpool ; and Adlington and Co., Bedford-row Johns, H. I. Devonshire, banker. (Sole and Tink, Devonport ; and Sole, Gray’s-inn Kincaid, J. Spital-square, silk-manufacturer. (Col- lins, Spital-square King, C. Cranbrook, banker. and Pearson, Temple King, Bermondsey-new-road, (Jones, Size-lane Levin, W. L. Grove-lane, Camberwell, merchant. (Robinson, Walbroek Lowes, W. Liverpool, broker. (Steel, Liverpool ; and Steel and Nicol, Queen-street, Cheapside Massey, W. Heaton Norris, cotton-manufacturer. (Seddon, Manchester; and Hurd and Johnson, Temple. a Millin, E. Berkeley-square, shoemaker. (Hill, Wel- beck-street (Hague, Cranbrook ; linen-draper. Bankrupts and Dividends. [ Nov. I, ; Mollen, J. G. and R. Alger, Change-alley, timber- merchants. (Gordon, Nicholas-lane Nachbar, J. jun. Old Brentford, gardener Nash, J. Bristol, wharfinger. (Salter, Birmingham ; and Holme and Co., New Inn F Nichol, J. and P. Cornhill, merchants. (Smith and Were, Cooper’s-hall, Basinghall-street — - Pain, R. G. City, underwriter. (Sandys and Son, Crane-court, Fleet-street « ~ : . Ploudfoot, J. Queen-street; Cheapside, tallow- chandler. (Rushbury, Carthusian-street Potter, C. Scarborough, Yorkshire, coach-painter. (Thornton, Scarborough 5 and Lever, Gray's-inn Pringle, J. London-road, victualler. (Gates and Hardwicke, Laurence-lane a ST Procter, S. Calverley, clothier. (Atkinson and Co. Leeds; and Stocker and Dawson, New Boswell- court { Robinson, R. Friday-street, tavern-keeper. (Fisher, Featherstone-buildings Robson, W. J. Oxford-street, grocer. (Amory and Coles, Throgmorton-street Sandwell, J. Strand, tavern-keeper. (Mitchell and Owen, New London-street, Crutched-friars Smith, J. Broad-street, broker. (Mahony, Quality- court, Chancery-lane : Squire, J. and W. and W. W. Prideaux, nears bridge, Devon, bankers. (Wyse and Weymouth, Kingsbridge ; and Alexander and Son, Carey- street, Lincoln’s-inn Stevens, J. Lime-street, merchant. (Sweet and Co., Basinghall-street : ; Sumner, T. Clithero, Lancashire, ironmonger. (Burrish, Birmingham ; and Tooke and Carr, Gray’s-inn Sutcliffe, T. Halifax, cotton-spinner. (Bowker, Rochdale; and Kaye and Whittaker, Dyer’s- buildings ; Tristam, J. Wolverhampton, ironmaster. (Smith Wolverhampton ; and Williams and White, Lin- coln’s-inn Tucker, T. High-street, Borough, oil and colour- Man. (Atkins and Davis, Fox Ordinary-court, Nicholas-lane Tutin, R. Birmingham, builder. (Smith, Arnold, and Haines, Birmingham ; and Long and Austin, Gray's-inn Walker, W. and T. Baker, Cannon-street, grocers. (Gadsden and Barlow, Austin-friars- % Watts, J. F. Angel-court, Throgmorton-street, stockbroker. (Reardon and Davis, Corbett- court, Gracechurch.street Welsford, J. Little Guildford-street, Southwark, timber-merchant. - (Smith, Basinghall-street Whitelock, J. Retford, Nottinghamshire, draper. (Law and Coates, Manchester; and Adlington and Co., Bedford-row ; ; ¥ Witherington, C. H. Borough-road, apothecary. (Cooper, New-inn Wood, D. Milk-street, - woollen-warehouseman: (Tomlinson and Co., Copthall-court ATKINSON, W. Clements-lane, Lombard-street, Nov. 8 Aves, W. Watton, Oct. 29 Avison, J. Easburn, Yorkshire, Novy. 8 Barlow, J. Wimbledon, Oct. 8 Batters, J. Southampton, Oct. 29 Bell, H. Bourn, Oct. 29 Berry, N. Huddersfield, Oct. 31 Bowman, R. Liverpool, Nov. 10 Cella, P. George-street, Minories, Oct. 29 ' Chamberlayne, T. and W. Wil- liams, Cumberland-street, Port- man-square, Nov. 19 Chapman, T. Littlebury Mills, CheSterford-mills, and Stratford- Is, Essex, Nov. 12 Clark, J. Trowbridge, Nov. 7 Compton, P.A. Beckenham, Nov.5 Corfield, C. W. Norwich, Oct. 14 Cox, R. Cow-cross, West Smith- field, Dec. 10 Cox. J. Wells, Somerset, Nov. 1 Cotterell, C. Southampton, Oct. 29 Crosby, R. Kentish-town, Oct. 29 Cutmore, J. Birchin-lane, Oct. 29 Dalmaine, G. Chandos-street, Oct. Davison, J. Gutter-lane, Oct. 29 DIVIDENDS. Davis, W. Lewisham, Kent, Nov. 12 Dinmore, C. Norwich, Oct. 31 Dorrian, J. J. Cleveland-court, St. James’s, Nov. 8 eect R. Bell-lane, Spital- fields, Nov. 5 Dap eanettes C. Pancras-lane, Oct. Dunn, T. Durham, Nov. 8 Eade, C. Stowmarket, Oct. 14 Field, W. London, Nov. 1 Flaherty, T. Bath, Oct. 18 Ford, H. Portsmouth, Oct. 27 Fyffe, E.C. New Cavendish-street, Nov. 5° Gardie, L. formerly of New-street, Covent-garden, but now of Re- gent-street, Nov. 8 Gateby, A. Manchester, Nov. 7 Gilbee, N. Denton, Kent, Oct. 11 oe ae Dursley, Gloucester, Oc Gray, M. J. C nnon-street-road, ov. 12 Hall, W. Layton’-buildings, South- wark, Oct. 29 Hall, H. Kingsland, Oct. 15 " Hammon, J.Great Portland-street, Oct. 29 Hammond, G. Kirkby, Wiske, York, Nov. 10° © Hart, G. Cheltenham, Oct. 24 Hawkes, J. Old Jewry, Nov. 5 Harding, T. and J. R. Bristol, Nov. 1 WPAN Hazard, D. Hackney, Oct. 15 Hill, J. Carlisle, Oct. 21 Hitchen, G. and T. Westenholme, Sheffield, Oct. 24° we Holland, T. Nottingham, Oct. 27 Holmes, T. Nottingham, Oct. 25 Howes, W. jun. Hobart’s-terrace, Commercial-road, Nov. 8 _ $ Hyde, J. Winchester, Nov. 8 Jenkins, J. J. Bermondsey-wall, Oct. 25 7 i 2ht0 Johnson, R. Lane-end, Stafford, Kensine, Gi Spitalfields) Neo 6 enning, G. Spita! is, Nov. ) Knight, J. Mile-end.road,,Oct, 29 Lancaster, J. jun. Bethnal-green- road, Oct. 15 a th eee eiok Laughton, J. Arbour-square,Com- mercial-road, Noy.5._ Levy, H. Rathbone-place, Oct. 27 Lewis, J. Bristol, Oct. 26 > gy Lingham, J. Wo Oct. 27 Little, AY Bradford York, Oct. 24 MaeDonnell, M., J. MacDonnell, 1825.) -and J. Bushell, Broad-street, Nov. 8 Mallinson, A. and J. Huddersfield, ~ Oct. 18 Manifold, J. Kendal, Oct. 24 Mather, E. Oxford, Oct. 29 Mitchel, E. and S.Norwich, Nov.1 Noad, J. Beckington, Nov. 3 Nowill, J. and J. Burch, Jewry- ‘ street, Aldgate, Nov. 8 Oldacres, W. Lea Grange, Leices- ter, Nov. 5 Outram, J.and W. Welsh, Liver- pool, Nov. 2 Parkinson, T. sen. Scawby, Lin- Works in the Press. Quick, W. Liverpool, Nov. 9 Rawlins, J. Milton, Oxfordshire, Nov. 8 Richmond, R. Leicester, Oct. 26 Robinson, H. T. Gun-street, Old __ Artillery-ground, Nov. 8 Robson; G. George-yard, Lom- bard-street, Nov. 5 Roberts, J. High Holborn, Nov. 1 Rolfes, W. G. Fenchurch-street, Oct. 29 Rowland, E. L. Ruabon, Nov. 5 Searle, H. Strand, Nov. 5 Shanley, H. Little Argyle-street, Oct. 29 367 Smith, J, Bradmirch, Devon, Oct. 27 Squire, J. Kendall, Westmoreland, Nov. 3 Stabler, F. York, Nov. 1 Stones, D.and T. Ashworth, York, Oct. 17 Stoneham, T. Little Chelsea, Nov. 8 Thompson, J. and W. Walker, Wolverhampton, Nov. 5 Tomsey, J. Beaumont-street, Mary-le-bone, Oct. 15 Tute, N. Wakefield, York, Noy. 4 Wells, G. Oxford-street, Nov. 1 Williams, W. Amen-corner, Nov. 5 coln, Oct. 25 Shave, W. St. Alban’s, Hertford- Park, T. Kingstanley, Oct. 25 shire, Nov. 8 Persent, M. W. St. James’s-walk, Simpson, J. Holbeck, York, Oct. Clerkenwell, Oct. 29 Pine, T. and E. Davis, Maidstone, Oct. 1 He eH W. Salisbury-square, Oct. lane, Nov. 5 2 Singer, N. P. Liverpool, Nov. 5 Sinclair, A. Castle-street, Birchin- Wilson, R. Birmingham, Nov. 5 Woodhouse, J. and M. Wood- house, Mincing-lane, Nov. 8 Worth, J. and J. Trump-street, Nov. 1 Wright, E. Oxford-street, Nov. 8 WORKS IN THE PRESS, AND NEW PUBLICATIONS. —=HZa— OUDON’s Encyclopedia of Agricul- A ture is now just ready. Poetic Hours; consisting of occasional poems, translations, stanzas to music, &c. are announced by Mr. G. F. Richardson. Mr. John Timbs has in the press ‘ Ca- meleon Sketches,”’ uniform in size with his * Promenade round Dorking.” Mr. Boone’s Book of Churches and Sects may speedily be expected. ‘The long-announced Gardener’s Maga- zine will be commenced at Christmas. - The Literary Souvenir, or Cabinet of Poetry and Romance for 1826, will be ready in a few days. Heads of Lectures in Divinity are an- nounced for publication by Dr. John Banks Hollingsworth. Mr. Tennant, author of Anster Fair, has a new Dramatic Poem in the press. - Captain Brooke is about to publish “Travels through Lapland and Sweden,”’ and “‘ Winter Sketches in Lapland.” The Amulet; or Christian and Literary Remembrancer, is nearly ready. Waterloo; or the British Minstrel, a Poem, in five cantos, is announced for pub- lication. A fac-simile reprint of Hamlet, 1604 (in the possession of the Duke of Devonshire), is said to be in progress. The Rey. F. Dibdin announces a new edition of ‘‘ An Introduction to the Know- ledge of rare and valuable Editions of the Greek and Latin Ciassics. Mr. Hyman Hurwitz, author of Vindicize Hebraice, &c., has in the press a volume of Moral Hebrew Tales, translated from ancient Hebrew works; to which will be prefixed a Popular Essay on the still exist- ing remains of the uninspired writings of the ancient Hebrew Sages. The Principles of Analytical Geometry, designed for the use of Students, are in the yPicss. a2 ; _ The second part of “ Laconics ; or the best. Words of the best Authors,” with Portraits of Addison, Pope, Johnson, Franklin, and Goldsmith, will be published on December 1. Biographia Scottiana; or Lives of the Scots Worthies, is announced for publica- tion in numbers. The Memoirs of the Prince de Montmo- rency are on the eve of publication, in Paris. The Duties of a Lady’s Maid, bya Lady, are announced as in the press. Dr. Nuttall announces as preparing, P- Virgilii Maronis Bucolica; containing an Ordo and Interlineal Translation accom- panying the Text; with references to a Scanning Table, and exhibiting every variety of Hexameter Verse, intended as an intro- duction to the reading of the Latin Poets. © The third edition of Stuart’s History of the Steam Engine is just ready. William Tell, translated from the Ger- man of Frederic Schiller, will speedily be published in small 8vo. Mr. Galt’s new work, entitled '“ The Last of the Lairds, or the Life and Opinions of Malachi Mailings, Esq., of Aultbig- gings,” may shortly be expected. The Auto-biographical Memoirs of Fer- dinand Frank are in the press. } A new edition -of the Italian Novelists, by Thomas Roscoe, Esq-, is announced for. speedy publication. x A Treatise on Clock and Watch-making, theoretical and practical, by Thomas Reid, author of the article “‘ Horology,” in the Edinburgh Encyclopzdia, is announced. We understand that the author of ‘‘ Bibli- cal Gleanings,” whose studies peculiarly qualify him for the work, is preparing for the press a Bibliotheca Theologia, on a new plan, to embrace every publication of value, with Critical Remarks, and Biogra- phical Sketches. The First Part of which will shortly appear. Mr. Chandos Leigh has in the’ press “ The Queen of Golconda’s Fete,” and other poems. The publication of the Lfbrary for the People 368 People will be commenced in Sixpenny Numbers, on December 3. Obstinacy, a Tale, will be panlanes in a few days. Disquisitions upon the Painted Greek Vases, and their probable Connexion with the Shows of the Eleusinian and other Mys- teries. By James Christie, a member of the Society of Dilettanti. 1 yol. demy 4to. with plates, will shortly be published. Dr, Ayre announces Researches in Pa- thology, Part I. containing an Inquiry into the Nature and Treatment of Dropsies. Time’s Telescope for 1826 is preparing, and will be published in November. Be- sides contributions from several eminent living poets, the volume will be embellished with a highly finished engraving and some original music. Facts and Fancies; or Mental Diver- sions, are preparing for the press, by the author of “ Solace of an Invalid.” Mr. Hartshorne, of St. John’s College, Cambridge, has in the press a volume of Metrical Romances. An octavo edition of Moore’s Life. of Sheridan is now just ready. Mignet’s History of the French Reyolu- tion is announced for publication. Proposals are issued for publishing a half-length Portrait of George Birkbeck, Esq., M.D. ; to be engraved in mezzotinto by Dawe, from a painting by Lane. An History of the Roman Emperors, from Augustus to the last Constantine, is announced, from the classic pen of Mr. C. A. Elton. The author of “ The Two Rectors” has in the press a work, entitled ‘‘ The Con- verts.” Mrs. Hofland announces 2 new volume, entitled “ Reflection.” _ A third series of Sayings and Doings may shortly be expected. A Quarterly Magazine will be com- menced at Cork on January 1, 1826. Baron Cuvier announces a new edition of Buffon, to which he will prefix two in- troductory volumes. A new Medical and Surgical Dictionary, including the collateral branches of Philo- sophy and Natural History, as connected with Materia Medica, is in the press, from the pen of the author of the ‘“‘ New London Medical Pocket Book,” &c. Among the publishing novelties is the announcement of an extensive work, en- titled Constable’s Miscellany of Original and Selected Publications, in various de- partments of literature, the sciences, and the arts. To appear in weekly numbers.— The design is to reprint in a cheap form several interesting and valuable publications, hitherto placed beyond the reach of a great proportion of readers, and to issue in that form many original treatises which are now in preparation ; among which are the fol- lowing works :— Devotional Exercises, Prayers and Me- List of New Works. [Nov. 1, ditations, original and selected, by Robert Morehead, A.M. of Baliol College; Oxford. - J. G. Lockhart’s (Lu.8.) Life of Robert Burns. History of Voyages, from the earliest times. 3vols. The Life and Tht of Captain James Cook. 3 vols. History and present state of South Ame- rica. 2 vols. History of the Earth and Animated Na- ture, by James Wilson, Esq. assisted by se~ veral distinguished naturalists. 6 vols. Murray’s (Hugh, r.n.s.£.) Narrative of the Settlement and Present State of Van Diemen’s Land, New Holland, and the Coasts and Islands of Australia. 2 vols. History of British India, and of the com- merce of Europe with the Eastern nations. 3 vols. A treatise on Road-making, Railways, Wheel-carriages, and the Strength of Ani-~ mals, by George Buchanan, Esq. Life and Adventures of Alexander Selkirk. Life of Andrew Hofer, general of the Tyrolese. ~ History of Inventions and Discoveries, by Professor John Beckman. ‘Translated from the German. 4 vols. ‘ Lives of the Reformers—Martin Luther, Melancthon, Cranmer, Calvin, Alasco, Zuingle, and John Knox. 2 vols. : Health and Longevity. Rules for the . preservation of health, and the attainment of long life, by the Rt. Hon. Sir John Sin- clair, Bart.. A new edition. Revised Lhe physician. 2 vols. The Narrative of Bruce’s Travelsin Abys- sinia, to discover the source of the Nile- 4 vols. Murray’s (Hugh, F.R.s..) History of Greenland, the Whale Fishery, and of the Northern Voyages of Discovery. 2 vols. A Treatise on the Principles of Metallic and Paper Money, and the theory and prae- tice of exchange, by J. R. M‘Culloch, Esq. History of the Origin and Progress of Printing, Engraving, Paper-making, and other Arts and Inventions. 2 vols. Biography of Illustrious British Statesmen. A Systematic View of the more Popular and Practical parts of Mathematics, Natural Philosopliy, and Chemistry. 3 vols. History, Principles, and Advantages of © Benefit Societies, Banks for Savings, and Assurances on Lives. Journey to the Holy Land, by the Vis- count de Chateaubriand, peer of France. Translated from the French. 2 yols. Military Life of Arthur Duke of Welling+ ton. 3 vols. Life of General Washington. 2 vols. Life of Horatio Viscount Nelson. 2 vols. Biography of distinguished Individuals. who have contributed to modern improve- ment in the arts, sciences, and commerce. ‘History of the Discovery, Revolutions, and Present State, Political and Commer- cial, of the Continent of America. 3 vols, History 1825.] Histery of Ancient Greece. 3 vols.. History of Modern Greeceand the Ionian Islands, by Charles Maclarn, Esq. 2 vols. _ History of Rome. 3 vols. _ Memoirs of the Life of Duncan Forbes of Culloden, with some particulars of the Re- ~. bellion in the year 1745. ' Memoirs of Alexander Murray, p.p., professor of Oriental languages in the Uni- versity of Edinburgh. Original correspon- dence and the biographical notice by Sir Henry Moncrieff Wellwood, Bart. ; Life of Mary Queen of Scots. 2 vols. History of England, and of Great Britain to the present time. 5 vols. History of Scotland, by William Ritchie, Esq. 3 vols. _ British Sermon Writers.—Extracts from eminent Divines. Selected by John Clay- ton, Esq. 2 vols. Universal Gazetteer and Geographical Dictionary. 3 vols. A New General Atlas. The first numbers are now in a forward state, ' and special announcements are daily ex- pected. - Facts and Fancies; or Mental Diversions, __ ave preparing for the press, by the author of * Solace of an Invalid.” The English Gentleman’s Library Ma- nual; ora Guide to the choice of useful mo- dern Books in. British and foreign literature, with biographical, literary, and critical no- tices, by William Goodhugh, ‘is preparing for publication in | vol. post 8vo. The Rev. Dr. Morrison is printing a Parting Memorial, consisting of discourses written and preached in China; at Singa- pore, on board ship at sea, in the Indian _ Ocean; at the Cape of Good Hope; and - in England... -. A new annual work is announced, under i: the title of ‘‘ The Literary Scrap Book, for 7 1826; containing the most striking and po- pular pieces in English literature published within the past year.”’ early in January. The English Gaelic and Gaelic English Dictionary is printed, and will be published early in November. Characters Contrasted; or, Character ' modified by Education, by the author of the _ © Mirven Family,” in 1 vol. 12mo., is in the press... The Rev. Robert Hall’s Sermon on the “Death of Dr. Ryland will be published on the Ist of November. __ It may be expected a, Norwich, by the Rey. J. Binney, of New- ~ port, in 1 yol. 12mo. 3 Waterloo; or, the British Minstrel, a poem, in five cantos, by J, H. Brudfield, is in the press, : A new Medical and Surgical Dictionary, ineluding the collateral branches of Philo- _sophy and Natural History, as connected vith materia medica, is in the press, from the ne pen of Mr. Forsyth, author of the New id : London Medical Pocket Book, &c. fi » Monruty Maa. No. 416. Last of New Works. Memoirs of the Jate Rey. S. Morell, of 369 On the 22d of November will be pub- lished Time’s Telescope, for 1826; or, a complete Guide to the Almanack, and the astronomer’s, botanist’s and naturalist’s guide for the year. Mr. Hyman Hurwitz, author of Vindicia Hebraic, &e., has now in the press a yo- lume of Moral Hebrew Tales, translated from ancient Hebrew works ; to which will be prefixed, a popular essay on the still ex- isting remains of the uninspired writings of the ancient Hebrew sages. Mr. Kendall’s Letters to.a Friend on the State of Ireland, the Roman Catholic Ques- tion, and Merits of Constitutional Religious Distinctions, will appear early in November. A new and enlarged edition of Keeper's Travels in search of his Master, will appear at Christmas. Dr. Johns, ¥r-L.s:, has just ready for pub- lication Practical Botany, consisting of two parts. The first part contains an introduc- tion to the Linnean system ; the second, the genera of British plants, in a tabular form. ; The Holy Inquisition! being an_histo- rical statement of the origin, progress, doc- trine and fall of that infamous tribunal! originally written in Latin by Philip A. Limborch, p.p., re-modelled and enlarged by C. Mackenzie, will shortly appear. Tavern Anecdotes, and Reminiscences of the Origin of Signs, Clubs, Coffee Houses, &c. &c., intended as a lounge- book for Londoners and their country cou- sins, is nearly ready for publication. <= LIST OF NEW WORKS. BIBLICGRAPHY, A catalogue of Books, new and second- hand, the stock of Robinson and Bent, Manchester. BIOGRAPHY. The Literary Remains . of Lady Jat Grey. By Nicolas Harris Nicolas, esq. Post 8yo. 7s. 6d. Royal 8vo. 15s. Marshall’s Naval Biography. Vol. ITI. Part 2, Svo. 15s. The Life of the Right Hon. R.B. Sheri- dan. By Thomas Moore, esq. 4to. £3. 3s. The Adventures of Don Ulloa. 12mo. 7s. CHEMISTRY, An Attempt to establish ‘the First Principles of Chemistry by Experiment. ~~ By Thomas Thompson, M.D. 2 vols. 8yo. 30s. q DRAMA, Shakspeare’s Dramatic Works, with Notes by the Rev. W. Harness. 6 vols. Svo. £4. 4s. ; fine paper, £6. 6s, . EDUCATION. The Translator, No. 2, Is. The Elegant Letter-Writer. 38s. ~~ Horner’s Greek Grammar. 12mo. 46. Platt’s English Synonymes. 12mo. 5s. Selections from Virgil. 6s. - Horace. 4s. 6d. Epigrammata e Purioribus Greece An- 3B » thologize 370 thologie Fontibus Hausit ; Annotationibus Jacobsii, De Bosch et aliorum instruxit : suas subinde Notulas et Tabulum, Scrip- torum Chronologicum adjunxit Joannes Edwards, A.M. S8vo. 10s. 6d. A Series of Outline Maps, neatly en- grayed from designs. By Joseph Woods, Architect. The maps, neatly coloured, with keys, 2s. each ; or, the set complete, 16s. “ The Theory and Practice of the Terres- trial and Celestial Globes, elucidated by numerous Examples, and adapted to the new modes of Tuition. By John Mathe- son. ls. 6d. Grey’s Memoria Technica, applied to Chronology and History. By J. H. Todd, Feap. 8vo. 4s. 6d. Butcher’s Chronology of the Kings of England. 2s. FINE ARTS. Gwilt’s Architecture of Vitruvius. 4to. Se The Cathedral Antiquities of England. By John Britton, Fs.a., No. XXXVI, being the second number of Exeter Cathe- dral. Containing six engravings by J. Le Keux. Medium 4to. 12s. Imp. 4to. £1. Chronological and Historical Ilustra- tions of the Ancient Architecture of Great Britain. By John Britton, r.s.a. No. X., With six engravings, by J. Le Keux, &c. Medium 4to. 12s. ; imperial 4to, £1. The Beauties of Wiltshire, displayed in statistical, historical, and descriptive sketches ; interspersed with anecdotes of the arts. By John Britton, rs.a. Vol. 3, with a map and fifteen plates. 8vo. £1. 4s. ; large paper, £1. 16s. _. Thd Pictorial Atlas. No. 1. Folio. 7s.6d. ’ MEDICINE. * South's Dissectors’ Manual. 8yo. Annesley on Diseases of India. 18s. Cooper on Ligaments. 4to. 21s. Medico-Chirurgical Transactions. Pub- lished by the Medical and Chirurgical So- ciety of London. Vol.13. Part I. 8yo. 12s. boards. A Century of Surgeons on Gonorrheea, and on Strictures of the Urethra. 12mo. 7s. An Address to the Members of the Royal College of Surgeons, London, on . the injurious conduct and defective state of that corporation with reference to profes- sional rights, medical science, and the public health, By John Armstrong, m.p. Is. ts MISCELLANIES. Aiton’s Diary of Husbandry. 8vo. 6s. 6d. The Vagaries of Nature; or, Portfolio of i ities. 8yvo. Part 1. Roscoe on the Law of Actions relating to real Property. 2 vols. 8vo. £1. lds. Letters on England. By the Baron A. de Stael Holstein. Svo.. 10s. 6d. Relics.of Antiquity. 12mo. 4s. Edwards’ Greek Epigrams. 8vo. 10s. 6d. Laconics: or, the best Words of the best Authors, with fine portraits of Montaigne, 12s. 8yo. ‘List of New Works. Chesterfield, Selden, Swift and Cowley. | .tegral Calculus. [Nov. I, Part 1. 18mo. 2s. 6d. A Critical Essay on the Writings of St. Luke, translated from the German of Dr. Frederic Schleiermacher: with an intro- duction by the translator, containing an ac- count of the Controversy respecting the origin of the three first Gospels since Bishop Marsh's dissertations. 1 yol. 8yo. 13s. bds. The Elements of the Differential and In- By the Rey. Dionysius Lardner, of the University of Dublin. 8vo. 21s. boards. Dr. Grey’s Memoria Teehnica ; or, me- thod of Artificial Memory applied to, and exemplified in, the sciences of history and chronology ; together with a new appendix and index verborum. Revised, abridged, and adapted to general use by John Henry Todd. Embellished with a frontispiece by Corbould. 8yo. 4s. 6d. boards. Sermons and Plans of Sermons on im- portant Texts of Holy Scripture, never be- fore published. By the late Rev. Joseph Benson. Part IV. 8vo. A Vindication of the Proceedings of the Edinburgh Bible Society, relative to the Apocrypha, against the aspersions of the Eclectic Review. Also, a new edition of the Statement of the Committee of the Edinburgh Bible Society relative to the circulation ef the Apocrypha. By the Bri- tish and Foreign Bible Society. Price 4d. Dun Allan; or, Know what you Judge, by the author of “ Father Clement.” 2d edition, 3 vols. 12mo. 18s. boards. NOVELS, TALES, &c. The Camisard, or the Protestants of. Languedoc. A Tale. 3 vols. 12mo. 21s. Miseries of Human Life. New edition. 2 vols. 12mo. 18s. Outlines of Truth. Hearts of Steel. By the author of the “* Wilderness.”’ 3 vols. 12mo. 2ls. The Antiquary’s Portfolio: By J. S. Forsyth. 2 vols. post 8vo. 18s. Attic Fragments. By the author of the “Modern Times.’’ Post 8vo. 10s. 6d. Tales of To-day, or Modern Facts ; con- taining narratives of the most extraordinary occurrences of recent date. With illus- trative engravings. 7s. Memoirs of Monkeys, &c. &c. Feap. 8yo. 6s. The Highest Castle and the Lowest Cave, or the Events of Days which are gone. By the author of the “ Scrinium.”’ 3 vols. 12mo. 18s. ‘ Gulliver’s Last Voyage, describing Bal- lymugland, or the floating island. 2s. 6d. The Brazen.Mask. A romance. By Mrs. Charlotte Putney. 4 vols. 12mo. £1. 2s. ! NA The Stranger of the Valley. An Ameri- can a ant 12mo. 16s. 6d. The Club. - A series of es iginall palsies in the Manchester im. 18mc. 12mo. 5s. Phantasmagoria, — ‘ i $ ¥ % sy ¢ i iy } collected an immense number of isolated v ‘ ’ 1825. Phantasmageria, or Sketches of Life and Character. 2 vols. post 8vo. 18s. Sherwood’s My Uncle Timothy. 2s. NATURAL HISTORY, Butt’s Botanist’s Primer. 12mo. 6s. Antediluvian Phytology, illustrated by the fossil remains of plants peculiar to the Coal Formations. By Edmund Tyrrell Ar- tis. Royal 4to. £2. 10s. The English Flora. By Sir James E. Smith. 8yo, Vol. 3. 12s. The Natural History of the Bible, ora description of all the quadrupeds, birds, fishes, reptiles, and insects, trees, plants, flowers, gems, and precious stones, men- tioned in the Sacred Scriptures. Collected from the best authorities, and alphabeti- cally arranged. By T. M. Harris, pb. p. New edition. 12mo. 8s. POLITICS, Speeches of the Right Hon. George Can- ning. 8yo. 10s. 6d. The Slave Colonies of Great Britain, or a Picture of Negro Slavery. 4s. Gd. The Poor Man’s Preservative. against Popery- By. the Rey. Blanco White. 3s. 6d.; or a cheap edition, ls. 6d.; or 16s. per dozen, ¥. POETRY, The Fruits of Faith, or Musing Sinner, with Elegies, and other Moral Poems. By Hugh Campbell. 12mo. 6s. Ella and Sir Eustace. eer Mahony’s Poems. Foolscap. 8vo. 7s. 6d. __ The Skylark. A collection of Songs. 12mo. 4s. 6d. Jepthah, the Mourner, and other Poems. The Cheltenham Anthology ; comprizing original Poems, and translations from the Greek, Latin, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and French poets. Edited by W. H. Halpin. Fcap. 8vo, 5s. The Holy War, a Vision; a poem in Obituary of the Month. 371 five books. To which is added, the Holy War, in prose. With an appendix, con- taining the substance of the speeches on the Catholic Question, in the House of Lords, &c. By John Bunyan Redivivus. 4s. Gd. Herban, a poem, in 4 cantos. 8yo. 7s. 6d. ; THEOLOGY. Grant’s Church History. Vol. 4. Svo. 14s. Dissuasives from Popery. 6s. An Answer to certain Allegations con- tained in a Critique in the Intellectual Repository, Number VII., New Series, upon a work entitled, “ The Trial of the Spirits,” or a demonstration of the heavenly doctrines of Emanuel Swedenborg. By Robert Hindmarsh. 6d.; or, on fine pa- per, Is. An Answer to the Lord Chancellor’s Question, “ What is a Unitarian:” By J. G. Robberds. Is. Allen’s Faithful Servant. 2s. 6d. An Account of the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata. s8vo. 12s. Rose’s Four Sermons on _ Protestant Religion in Germany. 8yo. 8s. VOYAGES AND TRAVELS, Historical and Descriptive Narrative of Twenty Years’ Residence in South Ame- rica. 3 vols. 8yo. Stewart’s Original Persian Letters. 4to. £2. 2s. The English in Italy. By a distinguished Resident. 3 vols. post 8vo. 30s. Useful Hints to Travellers. Englishman. 12mo. 4s. 6d. Useful Hints to Travellers, going to, or already arrived in, South America; and to military men, or merchants, bound to the -West-Indies, India, or any other tropical climate. By an OBITUARY OF THE MONTH. _ LACEPEDE. ERNARD Germain Etienne Laville, ae Count de Lacepéde, was born at Agen, the 16th December 1756, of a noble fami- ‘ly: he entered the Bavarian service, but abandoned the field of honour for the ‘sciences. At that period Buffon was in the zenith of his glory. Science herself seemed dovely in his descriptions, and Lacepéde soon became his most distinguished pupil. Buffon and Daubenton obtained for young Lacepéde the situation of keeper of the cabinets of the king’s garden at Paris. ‘When the Revolution broke out he had already published the WNatural History of Oviparous Quadrupeds and Serpents, in con- tinuation of Buffon. But Lacepéde’s en- ‘thusiasm did not blind him to his defects. Comparative anatomy was then merely the skeleton of a science, though Aristotle had eho facts, and modern naturalists had made some progress towards a regular classification of a few orders; when Linneus and John Hunter appeared, and opened a new field for the enquiries into the mysteries of na- ture. Lacepéde was one of the first in France to appreciate the superiority of their system. But he had soon reason to find, that comparative anatomy was still in a very imperfect state: it was. reserved for M. Cuvier to collect the scattered frag- ments and embody them into systems at once beautiful and harmonious. The cabi- net of comparative anatomy, at the Garden of Plants, is a splendid monument of his genius, learning, and immense obserya- tion. * ’ “ We may also refer to his work now so ably in the course of translation, ‘and pub- lished by Mr. Whittaker, 3B2 M. Bie. ty M. Lacepéde duly appreciated the new system, and his later works prove that he profited by it. His Natural History of Fishes, 5 vols. 4to., 1798, is a proof of this. But the events of the Revolution distracted his attention from science. Of a mild dis- position, but firm in principle, he attached ‘himself to no party: loving the Revolution from principle, as the grave of absolute power, but lamenting its excesses. He was elected, in 1791, president of the National Assembly ; and it was in this cha- racter that he received the address of the Whig club, with which the Assembly agreed in political sentiment, and he proposed that “ Letters of Naturalization should be grant- ed to Dr. Priestley’s son, on account of his father’s house being burnt by the English fanaties for his known attachment to the French Revolution.”” During the suc- ceeding horrors of the Revolution, M. La- cepéde did well to renounce politics and attend to natural history. Onthe creation of the Institute he was elected one of its first members. He afterwards became member of the Institute of Bologna. Charged by government to giye the neces- sary instructions to Captain Baudin, on his voyage of discovery, Lacepéde selected two young men of great merit, Bory de St. Vincent, and Peron, to accompany him. Buonaparte again tore M. Lacepéde from his peaceful occupations, and we see him, successively—in 1799, Member of the Con- servative Senate; in 1801, President of the Senate; in 1803, Grand Chancellor of the Legion of Honour; in 1804, Senator of Paris ; in 1805, decorated with the Grand Eagle of the Legion. As president, it was Count Lacepéde’s duty to address Napoleon on all occasions ; devoted entirely to him, his eloquence sought new expressions to conyey his admiration, and make it pass as the organ of the whole empire. In January 1814, when the crisis of the new monarch was approaching with rapid strides, he dared to utter the word peace at the head of the senate. His words are re- markable :—‘‘.We combat between the tombs of our fathers and the cradles of our infants. Obtain peace, Sire, and let your hand, so often victorious, drop your arms, after having signed the peace of the world.” The political career of M. Lacepéde ended with that of his master, and he returned again to his studies. In private life, M. Lacepéde was esteemed and respected by all who knew him: passionately fond of the fine arts, and especially of music, he ‘composed several. symphonies and sonatas, which display considerable taste. He also published two noyels—Ellival and Caroline, 2vols.; and Charles D’ Ellival and Caroline de Florentino, in 3 yols. He rarely touches the chords of the stronger passions, but excels in scenes of gentleness and love. - His lectures at the Garden of Plants were numerously attended: the openingaddresses of each course were particularly admired. Obituary of the Month. (Nov. I, He published several dissertations, and composed part of the articles in the dnnales du Muséum d’ Histoire Naturelle, and con- tributed to several periodicals; but we have no scientific works of magnitude from him since 1804, when he published his Histpire Nat urélle des Céteecées. His opinion of vaccination, as a preserva- tive from the small- -pox, Was not in conso- nance with the general doctrine, and he unfortunately fell a victim to his error : he. took the infection some few weeks since ; it was of a very malignant kind, and carried him off on Wednesday the 6th October, at the age of 68. His funeral was attended by deputations of the Peers of France, the members of the Institute, and an immense concourse ef persons in the first ranks of society. JAMES TAYLOR, ESQ. Origin of Steam-Boats. Died, at hishouse in Cumnock, on the 18thSeptember 1825, after a severe illness, and in the 67th year of his age, James Taylor, Esq., proprietor of the extensive pottery establishment of that place. _ The death of this gentleman is more a public loss than is generally imagined. He was aman of no ordinary. powers and acquirements, and, had it been his fortune to be placed where he might have had full ° scope and employment for his genius, he would, long ago, have held a distinguished rank among the benefactors of his country. But adverse circumstances, during the greater part of his life, shed a withering influence over all his projects ; 3 chilling his ardour, discouraging his exertions, -and confining his usefulness within a very nat- row sphere. Mr. Taylor received the rudiments of — his education at the celebrated school of Closeburn, and afterwards prosecuted it, during several years, at the university of Edinburgh. Having turned his attention both to medicine and divinity, and gone through a course of studies calculated to fit him for either profession, he might have been comfortably established in the church, as he had more than one living offered to his acceptance: but he was passionately fond of philosophical pursuits; particularly geology, mineralogy, chemistry, and me- chanics. He had paid much attention to the steam-engine, and was the first who suggested, and (in conjunction with the late Mr. Miller of Dalswinton) carried into effect, the application of that power to the - propelling of vessels. The original experi- ment was performed on the lake at Dals- winton, in the year 1788. It was com- | pletely successful—for though on a small scale (being with a four-inch cylinder) and with a vessel not calculated for rapid mo- tion, they went at the rate of five miles an hour with.ease. In the following year’ the experiment was repeated on the Forth — and Clyde canals; and, as it was on a larger scale, the motion was ak chat } y. 1825.] ly accelerated, being nearly seven miles an hour; thus demonstrating that, by increas- ing the magnitude and power of the engine, almost any degree of celerity might be attained. These experiments gave the greatest satisfaction to a multitude of spectators, some of whom were of high respectability. They were recorded m several publications of the day; and in particular, may be seen mentioned in the Scot’s Magazine for 1788, vol. 2, page 566; yet, from some unac- countable whim, however, though the sue- cess equalled the most sanguine expecta- tions of all concerned, Mr. Miller could never be prevailed upon to proceed farther in the business; and, as Mr. Taylor had not the command of suificient funds, the project was necessarily, and, on his part, most reluctantly abandoned. MR. M. MARSHALL. Died, at Belfast, on Wednesday, the 28th ult., aftera few days’ illness, Mr. Matthew Marshall, aged 50. He served twenty-five years in the British army, during part of which he was troop serjeant- major in the 6th or Enniskillen dragoons ; and was present on the memorable field of Waterloo. In the action of the 18th, the Enniskillens made several brilliant charges against the French cuirassiers ; London Incidents, 373 when Marshall’s squadron, dashing into the thickest of the enemy’s phalanx, were cut off from the other troops. In endea- vouring to return to the British lines, Marshall had his bridle arm broken, and had not. proceeded much farther when he was hurled from his horse by a lance which penetrated his side, and a heayy blow broke his right thigh. He lay for some time on the ground under the hoofs of the enemy. When the ground became some- what clear, he espied a horse without a rider ; towards which he crawled, and was about to mount, when a Erench trooper, galloping up, cut him down. This part of the field was again occupied by the French forces, particularly artillery : and one of the gunners made his mangled body a resting-place for his foot, while ramming his gun. Marshall remained on the field with nineteen lance and sabre wounds on ° his body, for two days and three nights.— On the regiment returning home, he was discharged with a pension of two shillings a-day, and resided in Belfast, where he maintained the character of an. intelligent, unassuming, and industrious man. His remains were attended to the burying- ground by a numerous and respectable assemblage. INCIDENTS, MARRIAGES, ann DEATHS, 1n anp near LONDON. —<— Oct. 27.—Official intelligence arrived of the capture of Prome, in the Kast-Indies, by Sir Arch. Campbell. The place was __eaptured on the 25th April, and with it 101 pieces of ordnance. Nearly a quarter of the town was consumed by fire. Prince Sarrawuddy, with the remnant of his peo- ple, retired upon the capital, destroying the villages, grain, boats, &c. of every des- cription in the line of his retreat. The native princes placing their hopes, not on resistance, but on the destruction. of our armies, by the privation of the means of | ~ subsistence. 3 Sept..26.—An alarming fire broke out at the house of Messrs. Jacob and Trunks, furriers and leather-dressers, White Lion- _ street, Goodman’s-fields. The inhabitants narrowly escaped. r ___ A fire broke out in a house at Gibraltar- row, Bethnal-green, by which the premises were completely gutted. No part of the _ property was insured, and no lives were o lost.". > } . Oct. 1.—The Gazette contained official accounts of the capture of Arracan by our troops. A singular discovery has been made by _ pulling down a house situated at the corner of Watling-street, near Queen-street. A ye; number of strongly-built arches, which ap- ey existed before the fire of London, have been fouud beneath the foundation, on which ground either a church or a monastery (perhaps the monastery of St. Augustin) formerly stood. The arches are quite perfect. The toll-houses -and gates at Hyde-park corner are pulled down, and also the house for the weighing-machine. By an order in council, the duty on to- bacco was made permanent at three shillings per pound. Oct. 9.—A fire broke out in the house of Mr. Macleod, in Upper Barton-street, West- minster. ! 2 The Society of Arts have rewarded an ingenious carpenter, named Glachyin, for the invention of a plane which answers all the purposes cf the jack plane, the pannel plane, the smoothing plane, and the mould- ing plane. Notices are advertised of an application ‘to Parliament, for leave to enlarge and improve the corn-exchange in Mark-lane, or to erect a new one. ’ Oct. 24.—The great commercial house of Mr. Samuel Williams and Co. stopped payment. The amount of the demands upon the house are calculated at from five to 7,000,000. But it is said that not more than between six and seven hundred thou- sand pounds is directly on their own account, -and the remainder in cross acteptanees of various kinds on others, scattered over England, the Continent, and America. ; THE 374 THE REVENUE. Abstract of the Net Produce of the Revenxe of Great Britaim, in the years and quarters ended 10th of October, 1824 and 1825, shewing the. Increase or Decrease on each head thereof. Years ended 10th Oct. 1824. 1825. Increase. Decrease. £. £. £. Customs ----10,278,243 14 306 152 4,027,909 Excise ------ eed 852 21,620,714 2699138 Stamps ------ 637,784 ue 323,142 Post Office - f '439,000 1,501,000 62,000 AX€S «+++ 880,106 470757340 95,234 Miscellaneous 309,017 363,565 654,548 47,990,092 49,763,787 4,562,833 2699138 Deduct Decrease: --- 2,699,138 Increase on the Year 1,863,695 Quars. ended 10th Oct. 1824. 1825. Increase. Decrease. ae = is te Customs ---- 3,240,272 5,278,455 2,038,183 : Excise >+ 7,113,017 5,154,858 1958159 Stamps------ 1,759,680 1,823,519 63,839 Post Office 375,000 379,000 4,000 Taxes ----+- 481,968 474,433 7535 Miscellaneous 79,113 76,379 2734 13,049,050 13,186,644 2,106,022 1968428 Deduct Decrease: - - -1,968,428 Increase on the Quar. 137,594 MARBIAGES. Sir Francis Shugburgh, bart., to Maria Denys, only daughter of Lady Charlotte Denys. Lloyd Bamford Hesketh, esq., to the Lady Emily Lygon. Col. T. Foster, to Miss Lamotte, daugh- ter of J. L. Lamotte, esq. At Camberwell, Holland Goddard, esq., of Harborough, to Miss Fagg, of Peckham. T. Watson, esq., M. D., Henrietta-street, Cavendish-square, to Sarah, second daugh- ter of the late E. Jones, esq., of Brackley, Northamptonshire. Hugh Wade Maccaughey, esq., of Tot- tenham, to Lucinda, second daughter of James Arbouin, esq., of Brunswick-square. -Lieut.-Col, Gubbins, of the 67th regt., to Sarah, only daughter of the late C. Shard, esq., of Lovell-hill, Berkshire. R. Wilson, esq., of Thames-street, to Miss H. Weston, of Warnford, Hants. Beaumont, only son of the late W. At- kinson, esq., of Calcutta, to Elizabeth, only daughter of the Rey. J. J. Ellis. T. Papillion, esq., of Ainse-place, to Frances Margaret, second daughter of Sir A. Oxendon, bart., of Broom-park. At Uppark, Sir H. Featherstonhaugh, bart., to Miss M. A. Bullock. The Rev. J. H. Sparke, to Agnes, young- est daughter of the late Sir J. H. Astley, of Seaton Delaval, and Melton Constable, bart. H. Currie, esq., to Emma, only daugh- ter of the late Lieut.-Col. T. Knox, of the Ist regt. of Guards. Rose Tunno, esq.; of Upper Brook-street. to Caroline, second daughter of J. M. Raikes, esq., of Portland-place. Sir W. G. Hylton Jolliffe, bart., to Miss London Marriages and Deaths. [Nov. 1, Eleanor Paget, second daughter of the Hon. Berkeley Paget. The Rev. Dacre Barrett Lennard, son of Sir T. Barrett Lennard, bart., of Belhus, Essex, to Rachel Anna, eldest daughter - of Jeremiah Ines, esq., of St. Catherine’s- hill, DEATHS. 34, In Wimpole-street, Anne, wife of Capt. C. S. J. Hawtayne, Rr. Nn. Sophia, wife of the Rey. J. Bailey, Jate of Dewsbury, eldest daughter of the late Rey. J. Parkin, and niece to J. Halliey, esq., of the same place. Diana, the wife of Dr. P. M. Latham, and youngest daughter of the Hon. Major- Gen. Chetwynd Stapylton. 91, At Chertsey, G. Dundass, esq. Margaret, the wife of Lieut.-General J. Manners Kerr. , The Right Hon. Lady Sarah, wife of Sir W. C. De Crespigny, Bart., M. Pp. for South- ampton. Thomas Brodie, esq., many years em- ployed in compiling an Index to the Jour: nal of the House of Lords. 63. At Cooper’s Hill, Langford. At Sunninghill, Mangles, esq. Sophia, eldest daughter of the Rev. J. L. Chirol, one of his Majesty’s chaplains, St. James’s Palace. ; Rey. G. Nevill, eldest son of the Hon. G. Nevill, of Flower-place, Surrey. J. Crosdill, esq., the celebrated yiolon- cello-player, in Sloane-street. 67, In Down-street, Piccadilly, the Rev. J. Ay Perny, p. D. 77, In Kensington-square, Major Tor- riano. Mr. D. Lewis, of the New-Inn, St. Cle- ment Danes. 50, The Rey. W. Paget, Rector of Gat- ton. 25, Susan, the amiable and beloved wife of Mr. E. Bailey, of Holborn. Surrey, Lord Charlotte, wife of R. MARRIAGES ABROAD. At Madras, J. Barclay, esq., of ship So- phie, to Caroline, second daughter of E. Day, esq., of Staunton. t At Madras, H. Cotes, esq., Solicitor, second son of the Rev. H. Cotes, of Bed- lington, to Ann Heywood, eldest daughter of A. Davidson, esq., late of Calcutta. At Hobart Town, Van Dieman’s Land, Capt. M. R. Tomkins, to Miss Emma Gar- _ ratt, late of Market Lavington, Wilts. At the Ambassador’s Chapel, in Paris, C. D. Broughton, esq., fourth surviving son of the late Sir T. Broughton, Bart., of Dod- dington Hall, Cheshire, to Caroline, second daughter of the late Colonel W. Greene, Military Auditor-General at Bengal. - DEATHS ABROAD. | 19, In the East Indies, by the peetina ts) 1825.] of a boat on the river Ganges, G. A. Pax- ton, esq., of the 6th regiment of Bengal cavalry, youngest son of the late Sir W. Pax- ton, of Middleton-hall, Carmarthenshire. - 27, At Boulogne, Mr. R. S. Newman, eldest son of the late R. Newman, esq,, planter, Melksham, St. Elizabeth, Jamaica. In the Mediterranean, Captain J.C. Jel- ‘Aicoe, of his Majesty’s ship Alacrity. ~ 86, At Smyrna, W. Barker, esq. At Demerara, Mr. D. Richards, eldest son of the late D. Richards, esq. 63, The Hon. A. Gloster, Chief Justice and President of his Majesty’s Council in the island of Dominica. 48, On his passage to England, Lieut.- Colonel F. F. Staunton, c.8., Aid-de-camp to the Governor-General of India, and Commandant of Ahmednuggur. 4 At Cawnpore, in the East Indies, the Rey. H. L. Williams, a.M., second son of J. L. Williams, esq., of Aldertrook Hall, Cardigan. At Broach, Bombay, Lieutenant J. Hay, of the 10th regiment of Native Infantry, on the 21st of February. In the West-Indies, Lieut. G. Nichols, of Devonport. u Lately, at Jamaica, Mr. R. Winlo, of Devonport. At Charleston, Mr. Pinckney, the Ame- rican statesman. At Jamaica, J. W. Thompson, youngest son of the late W. Thomson, esq., of Bir- kenhead, Lismahagow. At Jersey, T. Dumaresgq, esq-, Deputy Commissary-general. : Ecclesiastical Promotions. 375 At Frederickstown, New Brunswick, Major J. Hewett, late of the 52d regiment, second son of General Sir G. Hewett, Bart. 35, At Port Louis, Isle of France, Lieut. J. Butt, of the 56th regiment, son of the late Mr. W. Butt, of Standish. In Iceland, last year, there were deaths, 1090—births, 1878; being a very extraor- dinary excess of births on that island. At Colombo, in the island of Ceylon, En- sign Mackenzie, of his Majesty’s 16th regi- ment of foot. At Buenos Ayres, near Lisbon, Mary Barbara, the lady of J. C. Duff, esq., of Lisbon. 68, At Bruges, Sir J. Berney, Bart., late of Kirby-hall, in Norfolk. 20, At Fontainebleau, L. Briggs, the only child of Capt. L. Shepheard, r.n. P. Lihou, esq-, of Guernsey; he fell overboard from the Guernsey packet, lying in Portland Roads, and was drowned. At Valencia, in Colombia, Capt. J. D. Cochrane, the enterprizing pedestrian tra- veller. i A surgeon, called Pulo-Timan, who lived in the small town of Vendemont, in Lor- raine, has just died, at the age of 140 years. The evening before his death he had, with much dexterity and firmness of hand, per- formed the operation for cancer on an old woman. He was never married, was never bled, never took any medicine, and never had had any illness, although he had neyer passed a day of his life without getting in- toxicated at supper; a repast which he never missed to the close of his life. ECCLESIASTICAL PROMOTIONS. a Rey. J. Randall to the Perpetual Cure of Stonehouse; Rey. C. Perkins, to the Curacy of Brixham; Rev. J. Knight, to the Rectory of Petrockstow, Devon; Hon. and Rey. A. A. Turnour, to the Vicarage of Besthorpe, Norfolk. _ The Rey. E. Barnard, Vicar of Bexley, Kent, to the Rectory of Alverstoke, Hants; the Rey. Dr. Goddard, Archdeacon of Lin- coln, to the Vicarage of Bexley; the Rey. _ G. R. Mountain, to the Rectory of Ha- vant, Hants. Rey. G. Vanbrugh, 11.8., has been in- stalled into the Prebend of Timberscombe, in Wells Cathedral; the Rey. R. Warner, to the Vicarage of Timberscombe. The Rev. W. James, mM. a., one of the Priest Viears of the Cathedral Church at Wells, to the Rectory of Long Sutton; the Rev. S. Madan, m.a., Vicar of Bath- easton, to the Vicarage of Twerton. _ The Rey. J. Marshall, a.z., to the per- ‘petual Cure of St. Sidwell; the Rev. C. “Woolcombe, s.c.L., to the Curacies of Min- _ ster and Forrabury, in Cornwall. ‘The Hon, and Rev. W. Annesley, m.A., tothe Rectory of North Bovey, Devon. The Rey. H. Tacy, a.M., to the Rec- tory of Swanton Morley, with the Chapet of Worthing annexed, Norfolk; the Rev. R. Jefferson, ,D.D., Senior Fellow of Sidney College, Cambridge, to the Rectory of South Kilvington, Yorkshire. " The Rey. W. Wogan Aldrich, Clerk, 8.c.L., to the Perpetual Curacy of Butley, in Suffolk. ; The Rey. J. Ackroyd, to the Rectory of Egmere, with the Vicarage of Holkham an- nexed, in Norfolk. The Rev. T. Holloway, to the Rectory of Partney, and the Perpetual Curacy of Spilsby, Lincolnshire; the Rey. G. Os- borne to the Rectory of Stainby with Gun- by, Lincolnshire. The Rev. — Clark, M.a., Professor of Anatomy, and Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, to the Rectory of Guisley, in Yorkshire. The Rey. J. Ellicott, Lt.3., to the Rec- tory of Horn, alias Hornfield, Rutlandshire. The Rey. C. H. Hodgson, a.M., by the Dean and Chapter, one of the VicarsCho- ral of Salisbury Cathedral. PROVINCIAL c 376 -] e ‘PROVINCIAL OCCURRENCES, [ Nov. ] 5 WITH THE MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS; Furnishing the Domestic and Family History of England for the last T ee Years. NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. Sept. 27.—That great work, the Darling- ton and Stockton Railway, was formally opened by the proprietors. It is a single rail-way of twenty-five miles in length. A person residing in Gilligate, at Durham, has a dog-fox, which he has brought to a remarkable state of tameness. It will fawn about, and follow the son (who has indulged it not a little) precisely asadog would. He is sometimes hunted in a large garden, when he exhibits a surprising degree of alertness, and seems to take delight in the sport. Marvied.|. At Tynemouth, Mr. R. Wil- son, of Stockton, to Jane, eldest daughter of T. Metcalfe, esq. of Dockwray-square, North Shields; F. Chapman, esq. son of Abel Chapman, esq. of Woodford, Essex, to. Arabella Maria, daughter of P. Godfrey, Esq. of Old Hall, East Bergholt, Suffolk. —At Gosford, Andrew Fletcher, of Sal- toun, esq. to Lady Charlotte .Charteris, fourth daughter of the Earl of Wemyss and March—At Norton, G. Hall, esq. of Norton Cottage, to Miss Foster. Died.| At Bothel, Rebecca, widow of the late J. Gibson, of Bothel Hall, esq.— _ At New Church, near Penrith, 26, the Rev. Alfred Grundy— At Darlington, Mr. Isaac Pease—At Bishops-wearmouth, 65, J. Burrell, Esq.—63, Lieut. J. Martineau, Rk. w. 92, the Rey. S. Clarke, vicar of Chirton: - At Newcastle, 80, J. Fryer, Esq. CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND, ' Married.] At Whitehaven, H. Jefferson, jun,, esq., to Miss Davis, Scotch-street— At Dacre, near Penrith, the Rev. C. J. Musgrave, a. a1, brother of Sir P. Mus- grave, bart. m.r., to Miss Hasell, eldest dighter of E. Hasell, esq. of Dalemain. d.| At Carlisle, 29,° Elizabeth, the Mie “of J. Connell, esg—At Workington, ‘Mr. W. R. Hiley, Frances, eldest daughter of the late W. Swinburn, esq.— At Amble- a 52, Catherine, wife of J. renin a esq. ‘ . YORKSHIRE, Tae and Shipley proposed Road.— Active measures are now taking for carrying this jong wished-for improvement into effect. The present road, leading to the manufac- ‘turing villages ¢ of Calverley, Eccleshill, Idle, ‘and Shipley, is narrow, uneven and dan- gerous. _ The saving to a traveller, from ‘thence to the Bradford and Keighley turnpike-road, at Shipley town-end, by the proposed road, will be about three miles, besides the advantage of passing through a delightful country, abounding with pic- turesque scenery. The sixteenth anniversary of the Leeds ‘Auxiliary Bible Society was held in the saloon of the Music-Hall, lately. The attendance was both large and respectable, consisting principally oF ladies. J. Hardy, esq. President of the Society, in the chair, commenced the. busmess by” reading an abstract from the Twenty-first Report of the Parent Society. It stated, that the income ‘of the present year was not so large as that of the last, nor was the number’ of Aux- iliary Societies formed equally great. The receipts amounted to £93,285. 5s. 2d., and the disbursements to £94,044. 3s. Sd. Married.| At Wath, Mr. 4G. Naylor, of the gigantic stature of forty-two inches, to Miss F. Leak, who exceeds: her worthy spouse in height twenty-one inches. The young lady who officiated as bride’s-maid is both deaf and dumb—At Ripon, W. Webster, esq. to Catherine, widow of T. Crathorne, esq. of Crathorne—At Thorne, Mr. Barker, of Heckmondwike, to Miss Child, of Thorne, daughter of the late T. Child, Esq. of ‘Gawthorp, Lincolnshire— At Kirkby Knowle, near Thirsk, Mr. R. Dalton, jun. to Mary Anne, eldest daugh- ter of the Rey. J. Smyth, viear of Kirby- Moorside—At Doncaster, James, son of W. Cross, Esq. of Gringley-on-the- Hill, Notts., to Ann Elizabeth, daughter of the late J. Littlewood, Esq. of Ferry, Lin- co!lnshire—- At Doncaster, Lieutenant-Gene- ral Sharpe, of Haddam, to Jane, daugh- ter of G. Higgins, esq. of Skellow Grange —The Rev. J. D. Hurst, z. a. of Penistone, to Louisa, only child of H. Laughton, esq. of Newton Blossomville, Buckinghamshire ; S. Pitchforth, esq. of Halifax, to Ann, eldest daughter of J. Hughlings, esq.; I. Mov- vit, esq. jun. of Rokeby Park, Yorkshire, to Mary, youngest daughter of the late P. Baillie, esq. s.r. of Dochfour, Inyerness— At Ripon, Matthew, second son of the late Rey. J. Minithorpe, m.a. of Burley Hall, in this county, ‘to Miss Robinson, of Knaresbro’. Died.) At Alborough, the wife of J. Tempest, esq. and only § surviving sister of Henfy, late Duke of Buccleuch and Queensbury, x.6, &c.—At Wood Hall, Wensleydale, Yorkshire, suddenly, Mrs. Alderson, wife of C. Alderson, esq.—At his residence, Wilton Castle, near Ross, Guy Hill, esq.— At Sheffield, 37, the Rev. a Mainwaring, of the Staffordshire Potteries : 35, Mr. C. Dawson, of Beverley; 59, Mr. E Brook, of Wakefield, one of the coro- ners of the West-Riding; 73, Margaret, relict of thelate J. Dobson, esq. of Pudsey : 24, Aun, daughter of Mr. Depledge, of Hull; 80, R. Atkinson, esq. of Ashley House, Huddersfield —In. Park-square, Leeds, 76, B. A. Keek, esq.; at H. W. Adcock’s, Vittoria-street, J. Carter, esq. of Thirsk— At Scarborough, 42, “Mary, second daughter of the late Timothy Wilks, esq.— At Selby, the Rev. John’ Turner, Minister of Barlow—At Boston, Near “‘Thorp- Arch, 91, Mrs. Gossip, relict of T. palit ert 1825.] 73, Hannah, wife of Mr. J. Gaunt, Bramley —At Thorpe Grange, Greta Bridge, 22, Mr. G. Patrick, youngest son of E. Patrick, esq. of Petersfield—At Potternewton, Isabella, daughter of G. Wailes, esq.—The follow- ing awful instances of mortality have lately taken place in one family: 49, Mrs. Mary Qades, of Morley, sister of Mr. W. G. Scarth, of Leeds; 20, W. Oades, son of Mrs. Mary Oades; Mr. T. Searth, of West Ardsley, brother of the above-mentioned Mrs. Oades. LANCASHIRE. , Manchester.—There have been three fail- ures of cotton speculators here within afew days; one owiag about £10,000, another about £25,000, and the third nearly £50,000. The best composition proposed in any of the eases is 5s. in the pound, and the lowest, Is. or 1s, 3d.; two of the parties have failed before under circumstances pretty similar. - At Liverpool, the bonded warehouses are so crammed with cotton, that, there being no accommodation for a cargo which arrived lately, the consignees were under the neces- _ sity of paying the duty, and the cottons were lodged in private warehouses, Sept. 28.—About three o’clock in. the afternoon, a destructive fire broke out in the warehouse of Mr. Anderson, merchant, on the south side of Lord-street, Liverpool, whose premises were mostly uninsured. After having been, for some time, apparently extinguished, it spread into the shops of Mr. Hewitt, a trunk-manufacturer, and that of Messrs. Barlow, woollen-drapers, which form the ground-floor of the premises; and about three o’clock in the afternoon the smell of fire caused a fresh alarm to the inmates: on proceeding to the warehouse, in which were a great quantity of cotton, corn and provisions, it was found that the premises were actually in flames. The shops above named were not materially damaged, and no lives were lost. On Wednesday, Oct. 12, a fire broke out at Scarisbrick Hall, Liverpool, which threatened destruction to the whole of that ancient pile of building, but fortunately the main part of the building was saved. “On Wednesday night, Oct. 12, about ~ ten o’clock,the Severn warehouse, at Knott- mill, occupied by Mr. Samuel Briddon, __ was discovered to be on fire. Married.| At. Saddleworth Church, J. ‘Kershaw, esq, of Mumps, near Oldham, to Ann, eldest daughter of Mr. R. Mellor, Bent, Oldham; T. Crompton, of Farn- worth, near Bolton,- esq. to Miss J. Ri- deout—At Oldham Church, J. R. Halls- worth, esq. to Sarah, third daughter of J. Fletcher, esq. of Wernith, near Oldham— At Prestwich Church, W. Duckworth, esq. of Pendlebury, to Hester Emily, fourth ‘daughter of R. Phillips, esq. of the Park— “At Eccles, Mr. Garthside, of Barton, to ‘Miss Fleming, of Pendleton—At Liver. ‘pool, Mr. H. Parry, North Wales, to Miss Sarah James, formerly of Chirk, Denbigh- _- Monraiy Mac. No. 416. Lancashire, Cheshire, and Derbyshire. 377 shire—At Aston, Mr. J. Davies, of War- rington, to Mary, the eldest daughter of H. Okell, esq. of Sutton, near Frodsham Died.|_ Mrs. E. Forster, widow of the late T. Gregson, esq. of Blackburn—At Rochdale, 77, T. Wood, esq.—At Burron Hall, near Kirkby Lonsdale, 62, J. Parr, esq. formerly major ef the 22d regiment of foot. 5 < CHESHIRE. Destructive fire at Stockport.—A fire broke out lately in the cotton-mill of Mr. Hope, which raged with violence, and it was with difficulty that the work-people escaped. Qne of the men had a narrow escape:—he had been employed jn letting down a num- ber of children through the windows, by means of leathern straps; and immediately after his leaving the room the flooring gave way. The whole building was reduced to a heap of ruins, and was uninsured. Chester is one of the most singularly built towns in England, the four main streets being excayated in the rock the depth of an_entite story below the level of the ground, and having galleries or porticoes on each side for foot passengers, beneath which are the shops and warehouses: The. Castle was originally erected in the time of the Conqueror, and comprizes an extensive armoury with nearly 40,000 stand of arms. Married.| At Chester, the Rey. Dr. Foulkes, Principal of Jesus College, Ox- ford, formerly Incumbent of Cheltenham, to Miss Houghton, of Liverpool—At Ches- ter, the Rev. G. Pearson, to Catherine, second daughter of P. Humberston, esq. of Friars—At Backford, Mr. W, Haigh, etcher, to Mary, second daughter of the late Francis Parker, esq. ; the Rev. Mascie Domyille Taylor, of Great Boughton, to Jemima, youngest daughter of the late J. Foulkes, esq. of Eriviatt, in the county of Denbigh; J. Gordon Davenay, m.v. of St. Thomas’s East, near Kingston, Jamaica, to Maria Barnes, only daughter of the Jate J. Harrison, esq. of Chester. ‘ Died.| In Chester, 34, the Rev. D. Jones, Hector of Llanddoged, and one of his Majesty’s Justices of the Peace for the county of Carnarvon. Anne Moore, for~ merly of Tutbury, but latterly of Maccles- field. This is the woman who, some years ago, excited the attention of the public, by declaring that she lived wholly without food. The imposture, after succeeding for some time, was at length detected, it being dis- coyered that her daughter was in the habit of conveying her food daily, and concealing it. under the bed-clothes. At the Castle; A. J. Tregent, esq. of the Royal Marines. _ DERBYSHIRE. The Derby Triennial Musical Festival terminated with a ball.—The amount pro- duced by the festival for the funds of the infirmary did not excced £700, including three liberal donations of 50 guineas each-—- from Madame Caradoyi, Miss Stephens, and Miss Wilkinson, 3.C Married. j 378 Married.| At Duffield, Mr. W. Machin,. eldest son of J. Machin, esq., of Burslem, Staffordshire, to Hannah, fourth daughter of Mr. S. Harvey, of Milford; the Hon. and Rey. R. Eden, rector of Egham, to Mary, eldest daughter of F. Hurst, esq., of Alder- wasley. Died.| At Bolsover, Mrs. Nickson, youngest sister of the late G. Milnes, esq., of Dunston Hall; aged 85, Mrs. Beard, of Derby, relict of the Rev. T. Beard, m.a.— At Hulland, in the 19th year of ‘his age, J. Borough, youngest son of the late I. Borough, esq—At Draycott, J. Martin, aged 96—At Derby, his next brother, M. Martin, aged 94, both of Chaddesden. NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. On Wednesday week, as one of the game- keepers of his Grace the Duke of Newcastle, at Clumber, near East Retford, was on his - usual perambulations, he observed a large body soaring in the air, which afterwards descended with great velocity to the surface of the water, as if intent upon its prey, and immediately rose again; on which he shot and killed it. When taken out of the lake, it proved to be ‘‘ the sea-eagle, or osprey :”” it measures from the tip of each wing, when extended, upwards of five feet; and from the beak to the tip of the tail two feet ; and weighs three pounds. Its prevailing colour is ferruginous, and the inner veins of the tail-feathers are white ; the cere is yellowish, and the legs are partly covered with down ; the eyes are of a bright yellow colour, and the talons are remarkably large. Married.) At Newark, Mr. C. True- man, of Nottingham, to Miss M‘Kenzie, of the former place; Mr. Dobbs, of Newark, to Frances, only daughter of the late E. Salmon, gent.—At Strelley, Major Hurt, formerly of the 9th Lancers, to Mary Mar- garet, second daughter of the late T. W. Edge, esq., of Strelley Hall, in the county of Nottingham. Died.] At Kirkby, in Ashfielc, Mr, W. Bowmar. : LINCOLNSHIRE. Mr. Scurfill, of Brigg, has an extraordi- nary fat pig, supposed to weigh about thirty stone. It is nineteen months old, stands two feet three inches high, is two feet across the back, girth of the neck four feet, and that of body six feet and a. half; length four feet and a half; head and ears very small; re- markably short legs; and the flesh so over- hangs the face as totally to exclude the light. The Opah Dory.—A rare and beautiful fish, called the opah dory, was caught lately off. Skegness, by some fishermen of that place. This species is a.native of Africa, - though sometimes met with in the Mediter- ranean and northern seas. Its form some- what resembles the John Dory. It exceeds "in size every other fish of its species: the one caught off Skegness measuring upwards of three feet in length, and nearly two. feet in , breadth. _ Its appearance is very handsome, ~ Provincial Occurrences :— Nottinghamshire, §c. [Nov. 1 > and the colours. of the skin are especially worthy of notice; the ground is a bright green, shaded by a brilliant blue, and when seen in different positions it appears diver- sified with red, varied by numerous large. oval spots, the whole forming a striking contrast with the fins and tail, which are of a bright scarlet. The fish is destitute of teeth, the absence of which is compensated by the peculiar structure of the tongue, which is thickly set with prickles pointing backwards, The breast-bone is remarkably prominent, and resembles in appearance the keel of a vessel. The extreme rarity of this beautiful production of nature in. these climes may be inferred from the fact, that only three of its kind are recorded to have been hitherto caught on the British coast ; the last one was caught in the year 1752, off Torbay, Devonshire, and is now preserved in the British Museum. A curious spring has lately been dis- covered in a garden at West Grimsby; the substance which issues from it is of a dark red colour, and when spread on the ground has the appearance of clotted blood. Married.| Mr. W.R. King, to R. Catha- rine, daughter of Mr. J. Graves—Dr. Sil- lery, medical staff, to Frances, third daugh- ter of the Rev. R. Williams, rector of Houghton, prebendary of Lincoln, and chaplain to the Marquess of Hastings—At Caistor, J. Atkinson, esq., of Binbrook, Lincoln, oMiss Codd, of Bradford. Died.| 36, Mary, the wife of A. Alder- son, esq-, of Woodhall Park—At Market Stainton, 63, Ann Parish, who for five years had been confined to her bed by a paralytic affection, during which period she took 1460 ounces of Jaudanum. LEICESTER AND RUTLAND. Married.] The Rev. G. Hunter, of Great Wigston, to. Miss Siddons, of Cromford, near Matlock—At Loughborough, T. B. Miller, esq., to Susannah, relict of J. Land, esq , of Exeter. Died.|~ At Allexton, the Rev. C. Fen- wick, m.a.;. E. A. Burnaby, esq., of Bag- grave Hall, one of the gentlemen of his majesty’s privy-chamber, and a magistrate and deputy lieutenant for this county — At Quarndon, Miss C. Andrew, daughter of the late R. Andrew, esq., of Harleston Park, Northamptonshire. : STAFFORDSHIRE. A second free church is to be erected at Wolverhampton. Married.] At Handsworth, N. Tootal, esq., of Wakefield, to Louisa, daughter of the late W. Dawes, esq., of Birmingham— At Hanley, T. R. Foley, — , of Tetten- hall, to Anne, daughter of S. G. Simpson, esq., of Shelton, formerly of Rickerscote— At Stone, Mr. C. M. Ashwin, of Biston, to Harriet, second daughter of R. Forster, esq., of the former place— At Barton-under- Needwood, R. Cooper, esq., Burton-upon- Trent, to Mary Anne, only daughter of the late R. Brown, esq., of Sundridge, Kent. Died.) : ” di 1825.] Died.] At the house of Mr. W. Hi. Lowe, of Wolverhampton, N. Marsh, esq., of Hil- ton House, Lancashire—At Leek., 57, H. ‘Townsend, esq., brother-in-law to Mr. R. L. Rooke—At Handsworth, 51, Mrs. Vale, relict of the Rev. J. Vale; 19, Ann, daugh- ter of H. Chinn, esq., of Lichfield Close ; 71, Mr. T. Bluck, of Brockton; also two brothers of Mr, B.—56, S. Simpson, esq., 83 years town-clerk of Lichfield, WARWICKSHIRE. Married.| At Birmingham, Mr. S. Bur- bury, of Kenilworth, to Helen, youngest daughter of the late Mr. J. Hawksley, for- merly of Bridge Hill, near Sheffield; Mr. J. B. Lillington, to Sarah, youngest daugh- ter of the late J. Adkins, esq., of Milcote— At Coventry, A. Baker, esq., of the Third Light Dragoons, to Elizabeth, only daugh- ter of the late Capt. J. Frazer, of Hospital Field, Arbroath, North Britain. Died.| At Leamington, H. W. Knight, esq., eldest son of W. Y. Knight, esq., of Great Marlborough-street, and Barnes-com- mon, Surrey; Mr. J. Phillips, of Oldbury. SHROPSHIRE. _ Married.) W. W. Watkins, esq. young- er, of Shotton, to Christian, daughter of the late I. Watkins, esq., Linlithgow—At Middle, Mr. R. Bickerton, of the New Farm, to Mary Anne, second daughter of G, Hilditch, esq., Haston. Died.| At Great Salop, near Tenbury, 95, Mary Owens, widow ; she was followed to the grave by her six surviving children, whose united ages amounted to 368 years. At Shelderton, near Ludlow, Mr. Wil- lings; W. Powell, esq., of Highfield, near Hales Owen—At Harley Grange, 62, S. Swinton, 2d son of the late Lord: Swinton. WORCESTERSHIRE. Salt works become more numerous in this county; new pits are in progress between Ripple and Tewkesbury, where salt springs have been long known to exist. There has also been a consolidation of some of the more extensive works at Droitwich. The price of salt has lately advanced. ; est ad At Worcester, J. Lilly, esq., of Pedwell Cottage, Somerset, to Anne Margaret, daughter of H, Chamberlain, ésq.— At Kempsey, Lieut. C. Bracken, to Jane Anne, daughter of Col. L. Grant— At _ Claines, J. Harris, esq., of the Shrubbery, _ near Worcester, to Mrs. Terrett. | Died.) 78, W. Morton, esq., one of the aldermen—Rebecca, wife of Mr: Haden, of Spring Gardens—Eliza, wife of Mr. Haden, jun., of Spring Hill. Ries; HEREFORDSHIRE. Hereford Music Meeting.—The collec- tions for the charity were greater than those made at any preceding meeting in that city. The sums collected each morning were as follows :—first day, £265; second day, £240; third day, £393 6s. ; added since, £6 15s. 6d. — Total, £910 1s. 6d. The _ amount of tickets was £1,269 19s, 6d, Warwickshire, _upon-Trym, F, Savage, esq., to Juliana Shropshire, 8c. 379 A few days ago, a man whilst digging near Ledbury found seventy-six silver coins, most of them of the reign of Charles I. ; they were enclosed in the remains of a bag, and several of them tolerably perfect. Married.) Lieut.-Col. Whitney, of Calver- hill, to Margaret, relict of the Rev. E. Har- ries, of Arscott, near Shrewsbury. Died.| In Hereford, Ann, the wife of W. Symonds, esq., M.n., and daughter of the late J. Woodhouse, esq. ‘ GLOUCESTER AND MONMOUTH. A question of the highest importance to the burgesses of Bristol, and to the public generally, is at present agitating in that city : whether the burgesses and commonalty are entitled to vote in the election of the mayor, of one of the sheriffs, and of forty of the common-council; which they claim on the authority of a charter granted in the 47th year of the reign of Edward ITT. Oct. 4. A memorial of the inhabitants of Cheltenham, praying for relief from the assessed taxes, was forwarded to Lord F.So- merset, to be presented to the’ Lords of the Treasury. ’ The new line of road at the foot of Dowdeswell Hill, entering Cheltenham from London, was opened lately. Married.| At Cheltenham, Mr. Rush- ton, of Stone House, to Miss Price, eldest daughter of Mr. J. Price, of Birmingham —Mr. W. Bedford, of Bristol, to Elizabeth Mary, daughter of Mr. Jenkins, of Marsh- field—P. Phillips, esq., of Newport, Mon- mouthshire, to Susannah, eldest daughter of J. Morgan, esq., of Neath—A. Marshall, esq., to Miss H. Hutchinson, both of Chel- tenham—Mr. T. Grimes, of Gloucester, to G. B. Meyer, eldest daughter of W. Jack- son, esq., of London—At Henbury, Mr. C. Foley, of Bristol, to C, C. A. Adams, youngest daughter of Mr. R. Adams, of Haverfordwest, and niece of T. Corey, esq.; of Bristol— At Bourton-on-the-Water, Mr. H. Hammond, of Furnival’s Inn, to Sarah, youngest daughter of the late Mr. R. Wells, of Ascott, Oxfordshire—Mr. M. Brookman, of Bristol, to S. A. Rodd, niece of Mr. F. Riddle, of St. Philips, gent— At Westbury- Louisa, youngest daughter of the late T. Walker, esq., of Redland. ; ’ Died.| At Bristol, Miss C. B. Atwood, daughter of the late Rev. G. Atwood, rector of Milverton— At her house at Clifton, Mrs. Porter, relict of the late Lord Bishop of Clogher—At Cheltenham, the Hon. C. Frances, relict of A. B. Bennett, esq., sis* ter to the late and aunt to the present Vis- count Galway—At Bristol, B. Smith, esq. ; Eliza, daughter of the Rev. R. Davies, of Wrington—Mr. John Straker, of Prospect - Cottage, Monmouthshire—At Sneyd Park, Gloucestershire, 59, Maria, relict of G. W. Hall, esq.—At Bristol, 53, J. Bowle, esq., | of Gomeldon, Wilts—At Chepstow, Mr, Roberts, late master of the ceremonies at 3C 2 Clifton 380 Provinetal Occurrences: —Oxfordshire, Bucks dnd Berks, &c. [Nov.1,. Clifton and at Tunbridge Wells—60, Jane, wife of G. King, esq., of Bristol— Margaret, wife of T. Turner, esq., of Harrington-place —Athis house, in Parker’s-row, Gloucester, 64, J. Tovey, esq.—At Bristol, 66, Mary, wife of the Rev. J. Rowe—At Cheltenham, Miss A. Nicholl, of Berkeley-place, and of Watford, Herts—45, Mrs. Smith, wife. of J. Smith, esq., of Owdeswell. OXFORDSHIRE. A fire broke out at Watlington, on the night of the 10th of October, which destroyed eight cottages ; fortunately; no lives were lost. Scandalous Riot at Oxford.—Mr. Mulock, who has for some time been preaching in the Potteries, lately opened a chapel at Ox- ford, and held forth doctrines which, it is stated, have had remarkable effects in several families. His principal followers are the son of an opulent and respectable banker, a ‘chemist in High-street; and the son of one of the managers of the Clarendon printing- office. On Thursday afternoon two of these gentlemen; furiously attacked by a mob in St. Thomas’s parish, gained admission into a house, and locked the doors ; but they were forced open, and the two gentlemen became exposed to the fury of the assembled crowd, who drove them out of St. Thomas’s through the wharfs, and into St. Giles’s, where they took refugein ahouse, and remained for séme time. About seven in the evening, on their return home, they were again attacked ; they ran into the town-hall yard, and the doors were locked. Some time after they ventured out, and appeared covered with mud and filth of every description; their hats were knocked off and lost. With some difficulty they reached the house of the chemist (oppo- site to St. Mary’s-church). Mr. Mulock, who was a member of Magdalen Hall, has published several religious pamphlets, some of which ¢ontain severe animadversions on Bible societies. — It is said that some of his followers have deserted their wives and children, in conformity with the tenets of their religion. } _ Married;| At Bampton, in the couhty of Oxford, the Rev. T. A. Warren, 8.p., rector of South Warnborough, Hants, to Catha- rine, eldest daughter of the late Mr. Serg. Manley—At Thame, G. Wakeham, esq., to Sarah Jane, daughter of the late E. Payne, esq., of Lashlake, both of Thame. yar BUCKS AND BERKS. a Mr. Husband; post-master of Aylesbury, has this week removed a wasp’s nest, which bad been ‘constructed in an outhouse in his garden. It was suspended from the roof like'the nest of a swallow; and, when first ‘observed, was not larger than a walnut. When taken down, it measured about ten inches in diameter, and was in the form of a bowl: Its construction is extremely eu- rious. In the centre are three tiers of comb, similar to a honey-comb, about six inches in ‘diatneter, in which it appears the young wasps were bred. . The comb is surrounded by concentric circles, between twenty and thirty in number, of a substance like fine Otaheitan cloth; made of the bark of a tree, in stripes of grey and ash colours. The nest seems to have been tohstructed solely for the purpose of breeding; for when- smoked and taken down, not a vestige of a wasp was found. ‘The eiitrance was at the bottom. As some labourers were working in a gravel-pit close to the town of Shefford, they dug out a bottle and two earthen dishes or platters, all of them evidently of Roman ~ manufacture. From the pick-axe coming in contact with the bottle and the large plat- ter or dish, they were unfortunately muti- lated. The small dish was taken out whole, but the careless workmen threw it from the pit, and afterwards threw their working tools upon it, and broke a piece out of it. These dishes are of red earth, very fine in texture, and of excellent workmanship ; the smaller one is a fine specimen of the chastest simplicity in design, There are two han- dles placed horizontally on the edge, and the margin is ornamented in the boldest relief. The lage dish has withinside a radiated circle, cotitaining the maker’s name (it is présumed), Offager, in Roman capitals. _ Died.] At Beach Hill, Berks, 22, C. Hunter, second.son of C. L. Hunter, esq. —At Pewsey, 66, J. Deadman, esq:—At Stroud, J. S. Timbrell, esq., youngest sori of the late T. Timbréell, esq. , HERTFORD AND BEDFORD. : Married.| At Elstree, Herts, F. Bur- ton, esq., M.D., of the 12th regt. of Lancers, to Sarah, eldest daughter of the late R. Baker, esq.. of Barham House—At King’s Langley, H. Hyndman, esq., of Fludyer- street, Westminster, to Augusta, second daughter of the Rev. T. Morgan, tu.p.—At Cheshunt, A. C. Russell, esq., of Cheshunt Park, to Avarilla Aphra, second daughter of the Rev. W. A. Aimstrong, Perigally Lodge. Died.| 69, the Hon. R. Dimsdale, of Camfield-place—78, W. Holbrook; esq., of Ledbury — At Ware, 72, J. Climenson, esq.—At Hertingfordbury, 72, the Rev. H. Ridley—At Ware, the Rey. R. G. North. > NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. ; Married.| At Sulgrave, the Rey. Cc. Caridy, to Mary, eldest daughter of the Rev. W. Harding: 4 = Died.| At Rushton Hall, Barbara Maria Cockayne—At Yelverton, 88, the Rev. Giles Powell, 3.4.1.c.0.—At Oundle, Sarah, relict of T. Hunt, esq., of _Wavenhoe House and Oundle. Agr: CAMBRIDGE AND HUNTINGDONSHIRE. ~ Ever since the attempted introduction of gas into the town of Cambridge; the de- struction, of lanterns has been great; but latterly has become so enormous, that the £as contractors have been obliged to beat up a hasty retreat ; while the oil-men were un- willing or unprepared to take their places: consequently.the active and the aged members. of 4 A, ‘ - % 1825.] of the University, and other inhabitants of that seat of learning, have been obliged to grope their way ‘i *the dark’’ through the mudd y. and ill-built streets. Married.) The Rev: J. Bailey, to Isa- bella, daughter of the late Rev. C. Gaskell, of Peel, near Manchester. Died.| The Rev. P. P. Dobree, NORFOLK. Married.| The Rev. H. Harrison, to Jane Sarah, daughter of the late Rev. T. Decker— At Foulden West Mains, the Rev: W. Ritchie, to Isabella, daughter of R. Brown, esq. Died.| At Trowse, near Norwich, 82, Mrs. E. Money, sister of the late General Money—At Ditchingham Lodge, Norfolk, Col. Capper, formerly of Cathays, near Cardiff— At Bruges, 68, Sir J. Berney, bart. —106, Mrs. Hannah Want, of Ditchingham. SUFFOLK. _ Ipswich.—A hand-bill has been posted, soliciting the assistance of the mechanics and manufacturers in behalf of the Bradford wool-combers and stuff-weayers ; subscrip- tions to be forwarded to the. Bradford com- mittee. The object is to induce persons to support the wool-combers and weavers, so as to set their masters at defiance. Married.| At Halesworth, J. M. White, esq:, Great St. Helens, London, to Anne, eldest daughter of R. Crabtree, esq., of Halesworth—At Ipswich, the Rev. R. Ousby, 3.4., to Lucy, only daughter of the late Captain Wetherell, of Great Yarmouth: Died.| 71, The Rev. E. Moon—At his seat, Crow Hall, Suffolk, G. Read, esq. ESSEX. Oct: 5.—A fire broke out upon the farm of Mr. Archer, of Caunhall; in Clacton, near Colchester. Married.| H. R. Bullock, esq., captain in the Ist Life Guards, to Charlotte, second daughter of J. Hall, esq., of Weston Colville. —At Westham, Mr. W. Grinly, of Leith- walk, Edinburgh, to Charlotte, only daugh- ter of the late s. Salmon, esq., of Twicken- ham—At Hutton, C. Grant, esq., of Tho- bey Priory, to Elizabeth, only daughter of the Rey. R. Black, rector of Hutton. Died.| 70, E. Peers, gent., of Braintree. —At his residence, Higham-hill House, Walthamstow, J. Ingleby, esq. KENT. Oct. 15. The large four-masted timber- ship, Baron Renfrew, arrived off . Dover, ‘towed by two steam-boats. : Married.) At Linton, R. Hodges, esq., of Maidstone, to Elizabeth Heath, only daughter of J. Allsopp, esq., of Wester- hill— At Maidstone, Mr. J. H. Cooke, of De- vonshire-st., Queen-sq., to Harriet, youngest daughter of R. Gamon, esq. of Maidstone. Died.| Vhe relict of W. Emmett, ‘esq., and daughter of Sir J. Honeywood, bart., of Evington, in the same county—At Fair Jawn, the lady of E. Yates, esq.—G. Burr, esq., one of the’ magistrates of Maidstone— The Rev. A. Crichton, of Badlesmere. Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Kent; §c- SUSSEX, Hastings. —Mr. G. Courtney, the Ayitig American, who recently distinguislied him- self at Dover, &c., by descending from thé heights underneath a rope over the town at- tached to what are by seamen termed sheer- ing-blocks, has exhibited in a similar mariner at Hastings, in the presence of several thou- sand spectators. ‘The rope was drawn from the elevated part of the-castle, over the gun- ner’s house, Marine Parade, and shingles, to the sands, a distance of 900 feet, whicti descent he accomplished in nine seconds. 381 _At the termination of the ropes, from want of precaution, the jerk was so great as td occasion blood to issue from his mouth. He was remunerated by public contributions. On Wednesday, Sept. 21, the first stone of the new chapel of St. Mary’s, in the castle at Hastings, was laid with great cere- mony. The Bishop of Chichester intends to en- force morning and evening service on Sur- days, in all parishes of his diocese where the population amounts to 500, after the ex- ample of the Bishop of Bathand Wells. | Married.| T. Arkcoll, esq., of Herst- monceaux, to Winifred, daughter of W. Farncomb, esq., of Hollington, near Has- tings—At Winchelsez, E. C. Wilford, esq., of the Royal Staff Corps, to Frances, daugh- ter of the late R. Denne, esq., of Winchel- sea—At Rye, Mr. J. Russell, jun., of the Borough of Southwark, to Jane, only daugh- ter of J. Smith, esq., of Cadboro’, Rye. Died.| In July last, at Mid Lavant, Eli- zabeth May, wife of T. G. Calhoun, esq., and daughter of the late J. Piggott, esq., of that place—W. Piercy, esq., 70, of German- place—At Worthing, 20, Mary Elizabeth Margaret, fourth daughter of W. Boyd, of Plaistow Lodge, esq., M. P. HANTS. Married. ] At Havant, Lieut. Wy. Read, of u..’s ship Albion, to Miss Budd, of the same place—At Andover, D. Skelton, esq., of Lincoln’s-Inn, to Charity, the youngest daughter of Mr. Parker, of the former place—At Winchester, the Right Rev. W. Hart Coleridge, p.v., Lord Bishop ‘of Barbadoes, to Miss Rennell, daughter of the Dean of Winchester, and grand-daugh- ter of the late Judge Blackstone—At South- ampton, A. Denmark, m.p., to Caroline, relict of the late R. Pusey, esq. Died.) At the Isle of Wight, Caroline, daughter of E. Grove, esq., of Shenstone Park, near Litchfield— At Woodlands, inthe New "Forest, advanced in years, S. Williams, esq.—At Gosport, Mr. W. Gange, late of the Field Train Department—At Winches- ter, 116, Mr. G. Harding ; he survived five wives, two of which he married after -he was 100 years of age—At Sopthan pty 63, R. Higginson, esq., of Bath. WILTS, Messrs. Sargent, Thring, and Blackmore, of Wilton, having refused to allow the’ same prices 382 prices to their workmen as those given by the manufacturers of Kidderminster, they re- fused to work. A very respectful represen- tation was made to these gentlemen, that the wages are’so low that they cannot maintain themselves and their families. Married.| At Warminster, J. M. Hod- ding, esq., of Salisbury, to Miss F. D. Bayly, niece of Mr. Davis, of Portway House— J. Nicholets, esq., of South Petherton, to Mary, eldest daughter of J. Toller, esq., of Barnstaple. Died.| ‘lizabeth, wife of the Rey. E. Rowden (Vicar of Highworth), and young- est daughter of the late Very Rev. Dr. We- therell, Dean of Hereford—At Stratford- under-the-Castle, near Salisbury, 7, Grace, only daughter of R. Micklem, esq.—The Rev. T. Prevost, p. »., domestic chaplain to u.R,H. the Duke of Cumberland—At Laverstock, 55, T. King, esq., of Alvide- stone—Pheebe, daughter of S. Whitchurch, esq., of Charford. - SOMERSETSHIRE, On Monday evening, Oct. 3d, the Gene- ral Quarterly Meeting of the Members of the Bath Mechanics’ Institution took place, and was numerously attended. The Re- port of the Committee was received with the highest approbation. It states the funds of the Institution to have been fully equal to paying every expense yet incurred for the purchase of books, apparatus, &c,, and a balance left in hand for the purchase of more books, &c. The lending library, which has been ‘in operation from the commencement of the Institution, contains already about 300 volumes of very useful books; and an average number of fifty volumes per week have been lent to the members. An ancient cuirass, in excellent preserva- tion, was lately dug up at East Brent: near which are the remains of a Roman encamp- ment. Married.| At Walcot, G. H. Thomas, esq., 7th Madras Light Cavalry, youngest son of the late venerable Archdeacon Thomas, to Mary Anne, eldest daughter of the Rev T. Broadhurst, Belvedere House, Bath; by the Rev. Mr. Barry, Lieut. W. Russell, x. x., to Miss Stephens. . Died.| At Bath, 92, the Rev. S. Clarke— 35, J. Piedra, esq., of Gibraltar—53, P. Hannock, esq., of Lydeard-St.-Lawrence— W. Powell, esq., 70, of High Fields, Hales Owen. DEVONSHIRE. : The town of Devonport has experienced the greatest shock to its public credit by the failure of the Naval Bank of Messrs. Shiells and Johns. The failure of the Kingsbridge banking establishment of Messrs. Square, Pri- deaux, and Co., last week, connected as it is with a district of many miles round, composed mostly of small farms, occasioned a great pressure on all the banks (six) of Plymouth and Devonport, particularly on the bank of Shiells and Johns, who were compelled to Provincial Occurrences :—-Somersetshire, Dorsetshire, &c. [Nov.1, announce that they were unable to resume their payments. ‘The excitement of the public was heightened on Thursday by the ~ announcement that Mr. Shiells was found dead in his bed at five o’clock the previous afternoon. He was a magistrate for the county of Devon. Be Married. | At Stonehouse Chapel, the Rev. J. Baker, iu.8., to Charlotte, youngest daughter of the late Maj. Gen. Kesterman ; B. Roberts, esq., to Jane, only daughter of the late W. H. Ransley, esq., of the 1st So- merset Regiment— At Broadhembury, Capt. W. Faulkner, x.x., to Mary Ann, second daughter of the late R. Potter, esq.— At Kingsbridge, the Hon. M. De Courcy, of Salcombe, to the daughter of the late J. Chadder, esq., of Marlborough.— At Dart- mouth, T, Stirling, esq., r.N., to Ann Ma- ria, the elder daughter of W.L. Hockin, esq., of that place—At Sidmouth, Captain Aldons, of the Bengal Army, to Anne Ma- ria, youngest daughter of the late J. Morris, esq., of Staines, Middlesex. Died.| At Witheridge, 40, Elizabeth, the relict of the late H. A. Bryan, esq., m1.p., of Southmolton—J. Glencross, esq., of De- vonport— At Exmouth, 86, W. Pagett, st.p. CORNWALL. On Tuesday, 4th Oct., the foundation stone of a new Methodist Chapel was laid at Padstow, by the Rev. Mr. Franklin, su- perintendant minister of the circuit. Married.| -W. Mathias, esq., of Haver- fordwest, to Dorothy, third daughter of the late M. G. Davies, esq., of Cawn, Carmar- thenshire—At Wendron, Lieut. Drew, n. ¥., to Elizabeth, eldest daughter of J. Hawkey, ~ of Trelillhouse, esq. Died.] At Carnbrea-park, near Redruth; Mr. Morgan Bevan. WALES. ; On Wednesday. Sept. 28, the foundation stones of a new town hall and house of cor- rection for the Berough of Swansea, were laid by R. Jeffreys, esq.,the Portreeve. On Saturday, Oct. 1, the chain bridge at Menai was united and fixed across the river ; and the whole, we find, will be completed before December. Since the mightiest days of Rome there has not been constructed a more remarkable public work. Married.| _ At Marchwiel, W. Brady, M.p., of Nantwich, eldest son of the late Gen. Brady, of the hon. East-India Com- pany’s service, to Anne, daughter of the late C. Hall, m.p., of the same place— At St. Endellion, F, Oliver, esq., of Trewoodland, Liskeard, to Ann, eldest daughter of J. A; Travan, esq., of -his Majesty’s’ Customs, Port Isaac— Rev. J. Williams, of Cardiff, to Sarah Wilson, eldest daughter of J. P. Lock- hart, esq., of Tavistock-square, London— At Lanwonno, ‘W. Williams, esq., of Globe, to Mrs. Margaret Williams, widow of the jJate R. Williams, esq., of Lan, both in the parish of Lanwonno, Glamorganshire—-At , Merthyr-Tydfil, the Rev. T. B. Evans, Mi- nister of Yuysgou, to Mrs. Williams. Died.) ia a 1825.] Died.| At Plas Isa, Merionethshire, Margaret, wife of Lieut.-General J. Man- ners Kerr—Elizabeth Charlotte, the wife of Capt. R. Lloyd, rx.n., of Tregeyan (An- glesea), and eldest daughter of the late H. Gibbs, esq.—34, the Rev. D. Jones, Rec- tor of Llanddoged—34, Mr. J. Evans, eld- est son of the late Rev. D. Evans, of Hes- comb, Pembrokeshire—63, H. Knight, esq., of Tythegstone, Glamorgan, Vice-Lieute- nant of the county—Capt.. Jones, of New- hall, near Ruabon, late Adjutant of the Royal Denbigh Militia—69, J. Done, esq., of Burton Hall, Denbigh— At Fishguard, 100, Methusalem Griffiths— At Cardiff, 25, Mr. E. Philpott. This singular being was only three feet nine inches high; the cir- cumference of his head, twenty-five inches and three-quarters. For many years he offi- ciated as a recruiting-serjeant in regimentals ; and, by a strange formation of his legs, was able to kick his own forehead. For the last four years, he filled the office of ale-taster at Cardiff—Lady Richards, relict of the late Chief Baron of His Majesty’s Court of Ex- chequer, of Caerynynech, Merionethshire— At Cyfarthfa Castle, 65, Eliza, the wife of W. Crawshay, esq., of Stoke Newington, Middlesex. SCOTLAND. Sept. 29.—The foundation stone of a mo- nument to the memory of John Knox was laid at Glasgow. The committee of ma- nagement, and a large body of subscribers, headed by the Lord Provost, went in pro- cession to St. George’s church; and, after attending divine service, proceeded to the site of the monument. The stone was laid by Dr. MacGill, of Glasgow. The combined colliers of Scotland have subscribed 200 guineas to purchase an ele- gant epergne and a chased silver cup, to present to Joseph Hume, esq., m.r., with an inscription expressive of their gratitude for his exertions in their favour. The Town Council of Edinburgh voted the presentation of the freedom of the city to the Right Hon. Lord Gifford. On the morning of the 22d, the steam- boat Comet, with passengers from Inverness and Fort-William, was run down off Kem- pock Point, between Goorock and the - Clough lighthouse, by the steam-boat Ayr, outward-bound. In rounding the point, the vessels came in contact with such force and violence, that the Comet went down almost instantaneously, when about seventy persons were, in a monent, precipitated into the deep—into eternity! Ten only are sayed, out of above eighty, which were believed to be on board. Amongst those " escaped is the master, who was got on shore, but in such an exhausted state, that he was unable to give any account of what had taken place, or of the passengers on board. _ The Ayr, we learn, had a light out upon her bow, but the Comet had none. As the night, however, was.clear, it is obvious that Scotland, Ireland. 383 a bad look-out had been kept up, and most reprehensible neglect shewn on both sides. The Ayr received such a shock, arid was so much damaged, that she reached Greenock with much difficulty. ; Married.| At Bonnington, John, eldest son of R. Haig, esq., of Dublin, to Jane, third daughter of the late J. Haig, esq., of Bonnington— At Huntington, A. P. Ro- bertson, esq., of Leith, to Christiana, eldest daughter of W. Ainslie, esq., of Hunting- ton—At Montrose, R. R. Hepburn, esq., of Rickarton, to Elizabeth Jane, eldest daughter of '[. Bruce, esq., of Arnot—At Aikenhead, M. Campbell, esq., of Glasgow, to Isabella Craigie, eldest daughter of J, Gordon, esq., of Aikenhead—At Calder- bank, J. Finlay, esq., of Castle Toward, to Janet, eldest daughter of Hugh Bogle, esq., of Calderbank—At Castle Forbes, Aber- deenshire, Sir J. Forbes, bart., of Craigievar, tothe Hon. Charlotte Elizabeth, daughter of the Right Hon. Lord Forbes—At Stirling, F. W. Clark, esq., of Stirling, to Agnes, eldest daughter of J. Wright; esq.—At ¥ettbyre, W. Grierson, esq., second son of Sir R. Grierson, bart, of Lag, to Jane, daughter of T. Beattie, esq., of Crieve—At Edinburgh, Captain Stewart, 94th regt., to Ann, only daughter of C. Stewart, esq., of Ardsheal— At Gretna Hall, Gretna Green, T. Cator, esq., to Miss L, F. Lumley, daughter of the Hon. and Rev. J. Lumley Savile, of Rufford Hall, Nottinghamshire. Died.| At Edinburgh, William, young- est son, and Agnes, eldest daughter, of Mr. J. M‘Naught—At. Cardroness, 89, Sir D. Maxwell, bart.—At Falkirk, R. Walker, esq of Mumrills—At Aberdeen, 59, Major ~ Phelps, of the 80th regt—At Edinburgh, C. Gordon, esq., son of ‘Sir J. Gordon, bart., of Gordonstone and Letterfourie— Mrs. M. J. Scott, wife of Mr. R. Scott, Edinburgh—70, poor Nichol, the mariner ; he was found dead in his bed. ’ IRELAND. Ancient Irish Gold Crown.—The work- men employed in quarrying on the strand near Rabeny, for Mr, Mitchell, of Hemey- street, discovered lately an Irish gold crown, seemingly of the greatest antiquity. E The intended bathing town, to be called New Brighton, in the vicinity of Dublin, is about to be commenced, and it is said will be proceeded on with spirit. Married.| EE. Waring, esq., to Miss E. Heckton, Doncaster, York, daughter of W. S. Heckton, esq.— At Ballycastle, A. Mil- ler, esq., of Liverpool, to Jane, daughter of A. M‘Neile, esq., of Ballycastle—At Kin- sale, Mr. H. M. Wills, of his Majesty’s ship Pelorus, to Olivia, daughter of M. Busteed, esq., of Mount Long, Cork. Died.) At the Giant’s Causeway, the Right Hon. the Earl of Annesley, Viscount .Glerawley, and Baron of Castle Willan— At Kildare, Mrs. Magee, the lady of his Grace the Archbishop of Dublin—At Park, near Coleraine, 105, Mr. A. Doherty. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS C iS ay _ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS TO CORRESPONDENTS, ; We have been obliged to, confine Sacuistheds in the present number, to a more’ brief portion of thé. very vahiable communication on the “ Impressment, &c. of Seamen”’ than Wwe could ‘have wished: for it is not a subject to-be doled out in minute fragments ; “but haying brought to a conclusion two of the long articles previously ir in hand, we lial have- more space, for the future, at our disposal. We are still obliged to acknowledge the non fuldiment of some of the promises of our last number. The disquisition on the Non-eternity of the World and the Eternity of Matter will, however, certainly appear in our next: as will, also, G* on Female Education, -and, we trust, The Importation of. Foxes, and T. H.on Bayley’ s History of the Tower. Y. Z. on the comparative Antiquity of various Parts of the Old Testament, was uly delayed i in consequence of some difficulties about the Syriac types. _~ It was not our intention that M. Duvard’s reply on the word “ Idiotism” should have appeared ‘without the attention of anote: but a temporary absence of the Editor from the spot, deprived him of the opportunity of subjoining his purposed comment. The omission will be supplied in our next. » It can hardly have escaped the acute observation of our correspondent Mr. Davids, that in his original communication (July, p. 521) Lattire is given-as the name of the. author alluded to; and which appeared, both to the printer and to us, the name written in Mr. D.’s MS. ; in which case; the phrase we made use-of:(in P: 109, Sept., No.) will, PEThADss ‘not be regarded as inexcusable. In the reviewing departinent we haye still some arrears to acknowledge; and, as the only return we can consistently make to those authors and publishers who pay us the compliment ‘of sending ‘us their works, is a prompt and public announcement—these ‘ we hold it a:duty to specify. Reviews of the following are already in: type, and stand over only from want of space:—Mr. Burridge’s Address to. His Majesty, ‘&c, on the Critical Condition of the Army, Navy, &c.; The Slave Colonies of Great Britain, &c. an Abstract- of the Papers before Parliament; Fosbrooke’s Pathological Relations of the Kidneys, Brain, &c.; A Century of Surgeons on Gonortheea, &e: ; Hugh. Campbell's Fruits of ‘Faith, or Musing Sinner, with other Poems. A notice. of Miss Edgeworth’s continua- tion of Harry and Lucy, in 4 vols.; is also in the hands of the. printer, .and only waits for space. Forty Years in the World, 3-vols.; The Camisard, or the Protestants. of Languedoc, 3 vols. ; and The Highest Castle and the Lowest Cave, 3 rola are in., the” ‘hands usually entrusted with articles’of this description. The History.of the French Reyolution, fromthe French of A. Thiers and F. Botin, ‘3 thick vols. 8vo. ; Keatinge’s Expedition to St. Peter’s River, 2-vols. 8vo. ; An Account of the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata, translated from the Spanish. of Sen.-Don Ignacio Nunez, Syo. ; and The Session of Parliament for 1825, 8yo., require an extent ‘of examination, for impartial notice, which we have not yet had time ‘to give them. A Picturesque and Descriptive ‘Tour in the Mountains of the High Pyrenees, with 24. coloured- Views, by J. Hardy, Esq:, 8vo.; Herban, a Poem in Four Cantos, 8vo. ; ‘Ac Critical Dissertation on the Nature and Causes: of Value, cr..8vo. ; and some other atticles, which willbe further. noticed as opportunities may- -permit, have been received... Among the interesting articles of Correspondence’ that have been ‘délayed, either from want of space, or their too late Arrival, may be enumerated—Facts relative to the ‘Occupation ‘of small plots of Land by the Poor; Remarks on Literary and. Scientific ‘Institutions; Mr. Gray ‘on’ Rail-ways; Mr. Tatem on ‘Dry Rot; X on the Migration ‘of Birds; J. M.‘L. on Impositions’of Water and Gas Companies ;. M., P. on Coreggio’s Holy. Family ; T.-H. on a Remarkable Epitaph ; An Essay on Liberty, read at @ Lite- rary Institution ; History ‘of the Captivity of a Russian Officer among the Turks ;*Re- ‘marks on the Egyptian Zodiac; Dr. H. Robertson’s Physiological Treatise on the ‘Venous ‘and Absorbent Systems ; Mr. W. Sharp’s Extract relative to the Attraction of the Heavenly Bodies, from Mme. Du Chastelet’s “ Exposition’ Abrégée ;” and an ‘interesting communication from Paris concerning a Deaf and Dumb Boy — to hear and. speak. ‘To our Poetical Correspondents several acknowledgments : -and apologies “are Le. “« Dramas of the Dead: Great Folks at Home, a Tragedy in one Act,” is already i in type, but, on account of its length, must stand oyer for the Supplement ; as must alsp . some other: ae favours that would: games the limits of our ar ane eqhumns, aa TO THE PUBLIC. Taz MONTHLY MAGAZINE, thirty years ago, gave birth to a new era in Periodical Literature; and its‘example has done good by the crowd of imitators it has engendered. The great change, however, in the spirit and demands of the present age, calls for increased exertion, and a higher display of intellectual acquirement. The Proprietors, therefore, have determined to commence the ensuing year with a NEW SERIES of the Monruty Maca- ZINE upon an improved and more extensive scale. They meditate however no change that will affect its real value, or interrupt the sources of its popularity, especially its zealous advocacy of the intellectual elevation of the great body of the people. Their sole wish is, to render the spirit and genius of the Magazine more completely in harmony with the feel- ings and taste of the age, by infusing a larger portion of the essence of General Literature into those pages, which constitute the first and most promi- nent division of the work, and by varying the graver subjects of Political Economy, Statistics, Chemistry, and Experimental Philosophy, after the mode of their more modern contemporaries, with Original Papers, either humorous, historical, or pathetic, interspersed with lively or acute disquisitions on Poetry, and the Belles-Lettres. ‘ Contributions by the most esteemed writers of the day will be regularly introduced, and the Literary Varieties will be enriched by larger extracts, without trenching on the claims of a large body of the earliest and most res- pectable patrons of the Magazine. In lieu of any diminution taking place in the department of Original Communications, it is the intention of the Pro= prietors to improve it, by presenting a better selection, and a greater quantity of original papers. 1 They trust that the Magazine will thus become a Progressive Periodical Encyclopedia, and Universal Register of Science, Literature, Philosophy, and Bibliography ; since it will keep pace with the progress of human knowledge. In order to administer to the general thirst for every description of know- Tedge, and to leave nothing untouched, condensation will be one of the main features of the Philosophical, Bibliogtaphical, and Scientific departments. Every individual attached to the study of any branch of the sciences, must constantly aim at obtaining a collection of those interesting and inferential facts by which science extends her dominion, and aggrandizes the empire of _ man oyer nature; but to do this he should become thoroughly acquainted with all the works which relate to the object of his study. Yet how much more / ADDRESS, more difficult is it for readers of general information (that is to say, ninety- nine out of one hundred) to become familiar with all the works which are daily published in every branch of art and science! We are convinced that we are right in our conjecture, when we state, that the number of periodicals alone, now circulating, is equal to the entire product of the press at the com- mencement of the last century. It were impossible, therefore, to skim over even an inconsiderable part of them. To turn over these pages, would require more hands than Briareus; to peruse them, would demand more eyes than Argus; to digest their contents, would be avstill'greater miracle. This desi- deratum, however, it is the intention of the Proprietors to supply, as far as lies in their power, by means of selected analysis. They intend also to continue their Reports of the Proceedings of Public Bodies, Learned Societies, and Scientific Institutions, both at home and abroad: the principal papers of which will be recorded, either in substance or detail ; and all New Patents and Mechanical Inventions will be faithfully com- municated. It will be the study of the Proprietors, to make the Magazine a correct summary of all that is effected by those useful societies—and by so doing, they hope to increase the sum, and facilitate the acquirement of knowledge ; to establish an accurate standard by which to estimate the benefits which society continually derives from Science and Letters ; to commemorate the names and exertions of their most distinguished cultivators; to indicate the best authorities to which every adept or tyro may refer in the course of his studies; and to exhibit to the public as faithful, convenient, and complete a Mirror, as possible, of Minn, its labours and its profits, in every walk of Science, Art, and Philosophy, throughout the World. The Chronicles and Registers of the Montuty Macazineg, which have always earned for it a high character, will also be continued, and, if possible, with more detail. They comprize the following heads; a Digest of British Legislation, comprizing a recital of all Acts as they receive the Royal Assent, and an abstract of those of general interest. Monthly Reports—Musical, Medical, Commercial (comprizing the Prices of Shares and Stocks), Agricul- tural, Meteorological, and Chronological. A Monthly Summary of Metro- politan Occurrences, comprizing Bankruptcies, Births, Marriages, and Deaths, in and near London; also a Monthly Summary of Provincial Occurrences, forming a complete County History. In order to effect these desirable improvements, it will be requisite to augment ’ the quantity of the work, and consequently to increase its expense. The Pro- prietors, therefore, are under the necessity of raising the price of the Magazine to two shillings and sixpence ; they feel assured that the Public will not object to this trifling advance, inasmuch as the additional matter will be more than commensurate to the increase of price, which will yet be considerably less. than some of its contemporaries, and upon a par with the remainder. THE MONTHLY MAGAZINE. Vol.60.No.417.] DECEMBER 1, 1825. [Price 2s. On the Antiquity of the different Parts of the Oty TESTAMENT. N forwarding to you the following observations on the antiquity of the different parts of the Old Testament,* I am solely actuated by the desire of assisting in throwing some light on an important philological question, viz. to determine the precise antiquity of the most ancient monument of human speech in existence. I have no wish to contest its authenticity. The Hebrew is, unquestionably, one of the most ancient languages, or, at least, a very ancient dialect of a lan- guage, once spoken over a very exten- sive portion of Western Asia (Arabia, Palestine, Phenicia, Syria and Chal- dea), and of which the Arabic is the only surviving, and most cultivated, branch. The Bible is the only docu- ment left of a language which, from the time of the first captivity of the Jews, ceased to be a living one, and was only continued in writing, although dete- riorated by a strong admixture of words and phrases from the collateral dialects. But not to anticipate the order of time, I will begin with the examination of the most ancient portion of the Bible, viz. the Pentateuch. We are no where told, although it has been the general belief, that those books were written by Moses; on the contrary, we have the evidence of the Bible itself, that the whole of the sa- cred yolume was re-edited by Ezra; and many passages in the Pentateuch seem plainly to indicate that it was, * I am entirely indebted for them to the excellent work of Mr. Gesenius, called “ A History of the Hebrew Language and Literature,” written in German, and which ought tobe translated. Indeed, I should have ventured on the task myself, had I not been dissuaded by those who pretend to know the trade, and who told me that, as the Hebrew language was little studied, in this country, but by those who are either in, or destined for, the church,—a work that did, in any way, attack the opinions re- ceived among that enlightened body, would never receive its countenance. I hope, for the honour of the clergy, to be told, by one of their cloth, that such an assertion is an unfounded libel.—Y. Z, Mewruty Mac. No. 417. at least, re-written at a later pe- riod, when “ Israel had kings.” But the object of this essay being purely philological, I throw aside every other argument but such with which the dan- guage of the Bible can furnish us, in order to determine on the relative anti- quity of the parts that compose it. There can be no doubt that the golden age of Hebrew literature took place during the time of David and Solomon, when the Jewish nation reached the zenith of its glory in arts and arms, an eminence from which it sunk but too soon, never to rise again. If, therefore, we find the language of the Pentateuch, in its his- torical parts, as well as in its poetry, corresponding in form and idiom (some unimportant idiotisms excepted)* a the ’ * ST (he) stands also for the femi- nine Rv, which only occurs eleven times; YJ (youth) for Myd> a mai- den, which only occurs in 5 Moses, xxii. 19, as it does in all the other parts of scripture; the latter peculiarity, however, may, perhaps, also be found in Ruth ii. 21. To these may also be added the pronoun ON NTT for TDN; MONT, which oc- curs frequently in the Pentateuch, other- wise only in Chron. xxviii. 8. The diction of Deuteronomy differs, how- ever, materially from the first four books. Its principal character consists of a certain diffuse rhetorizing and moralizing tone, and. a frequent use of favourite phrases ; indeed, its language already approaches that of the latest period. Some of the phrases al- luded to are mina pl to adhere to Jehoyah, O73 3d Greatness, ma- jesty of God; pT" muita, business ; TAPP yay mvp ye shall re- move the eyil from amongst you, a later expression for the older one, his soul shall be rooted out; the repeated Synonymes, POM OSV AW: the 3 D rhetorical 386-88 the histories and poetical compositions of that period, we may fairly conclude that it was written at the same time, or very nearly so. ‘* For (says Mr. Gesenius) if there were a distance. of nearly 1000 years. between those writings, which must be the case, if Moses was the author of the latter, we should see a fact unparalleled in the whole history of languages, viz. that a living lan- guage, and the circle of ideas of a nation, should have remained unaltered for such a space of time. It is true, that in support of this opinion it has been alleged (by Michaelis, Jahn and Eckermann) that, in the first place, the eastern languages and customs are less liable to change than those of the west; and, 2dly, that the Mosaical writings, as being the classics of the nation, had become the pattern and rule for the subsequent writers. But it may be easily shown how unsatisfactory these arguments are in explaining our subject. All the eastern languages which we have had an _ opportunity of reviewing for the space of -1000 years, have, during that time, really undergone material changes, And as to the latter assertion, it either means to im- ply, that the language of literature alone was formed after the ancient documents, or that even the living language was, as it were, spell-bound by such a classic. In the first point of view, reference is made to the example of the Greek and Roman clas- sics, the Koran, and Luther’s translation of the Bible: and this alone may be con- sidered a plausible one. But, in the first place, there are other distinct proofs to shew that the Pentateuch did not exist at so early a period; and, in the second, that it was not, like those classics, in the hands rhetorical heaven of heavens, God of Gods (10, 14, 17, with which compare 1 Kings viii. 27, Chr. ii., 5) &c., 17> law, Deut, xxxii. 2, is decidedly a later word. The tone and language of this book most agrees with some of the prophets, especially Jere- mynd Wd to vTqT:° hh F renounce, xxviii.25, compare with Jer. xv. 4, xxiv. 9, xxix. 18, xxiv. 17, besides this, only in 2 Chron. xxix. 8; omit (idols), xxii. miah ;: for instance 16, compare with Jer. iii 13, v. 19; ON m0 TAT; to teach backsliding, xiii. 5, compare with Jer. xxviii. 16, xxix. 32, 22v, to kill the young. people; xxxii. 25, eompare with Jer. xy.'7, xxxvi. 13-15. La- ment. i. 20; by) nyyw, obstinacy of heart, xxix. 18, compare with Jer. iii. 17, vii. 24, ix. 13, xi. 8. Antiquity of the different Parts of the Old Testament. (Dec. 1, of every individual. Then, it is to be ob- served, that the later historical works do not bear the stamp of imitation about them, as we find to be the case in some of the later Psalms; they seem rather the pro- duce of a very similar age and spirit. In fine, those analogies do not prove that for which they are advanced. That of the classics is out of place, for the question is about a living, and not a dead language ; and the two others go against it: for nei- ther the German nor the Arabie, such as they are written at the present day, are any longer the same as in Luther’s Bible, or in the Koran. The latter supposition contradicts itself. Even in our age of study, it cannot be imagined that an au- thor, however classical, could stop the pro- gress of a living language, much less in antiquity, where they read and wrote so much less, and spoke and acted so much more. We should rather suppose that language would hurry along, in its change, its older documents, and compel them to speak with the tongues of later periods. Therefore, if we even consider that in some parts of the Pentateuch, much more an- cient documents formed the basis (which is very probable‘in the Decalogue, for in- stance), we must still necessarily admit of a later transeription and remoulding, ac- cording to the language of the period. The result, for the history of the language, re- mains the same, viz. that the writings of the Old Testament, before the captivity, in their present form, cannot be far distant from one another, and this alone we mean to assert.” Mr. G. divides the Hebrew literature into two periods, the one before, and the other after, the captivity. Without attempting a strict definition of that which belongs to the one or the other of these periods, which (he says) would be rendered impossible by the nature of the Hebrew literature, he assumes the following statement as being the most probable : - “ Of the greater historical writings we may enumerate, as belonging to this (the first period), the Pentateuch, the books of Joshua, and the Judges, Samuel, and Kings ; at least the principal parts of them were composed at that period, although we cannot doubt of their having been re-edited more recently, besides having had some new pieces incorporated in them.* Many of the Psalms, especially in the first books, are evidently genuine compositions of Da- vid, or his school; whilst the majority of them bear the stamp of a more. recent pe- riod. * For example, the blessing of Moses, Deut. xxxiii., the 7th verse of which could only have been written during the cap- tivity. ; 1825,] riod. It is exceedingly difficult to class them; the language, in some of the later productions, being such a successful imi- tation of the older Psalms, and (such as the songs of the Korahites, for instance) perhaps surpass them in poetical beauty. Nevertheless, the classing of them is of the utmost importance, and it has been justly laid down as a rule, that we might consider a certain heaviness, conciseness and boldness, a certain contest between the subject and the language, as criterions of antiquity. Later poets followed the beaten road, which those of the earlier times had to break. The collection of Proverbs, in which more unity of character and language prevails; contains no parts that seem to make their later composition necessary. Next to this stands the book of Job, al- though, in some respects, it inclines to a more recent period. ** The prophets offer the least difficulty for fixing their period and genuineness ; the only occasional obstacle being to deter- mine their relative ages. The four contem- poraries, dmos, Hosea, Micah and Isaiah,* among which Hosea, in particular, is dis- tinguished for his antiquated weight and concinnity of expression. The nearest to them are Joel, Nahum and Habakkuk, alike distinguished for poetical elevation, lively colouring, and a certain classical con- cinnity, in which Joel surpasses them all.+ Obadiah, Zephaniah and Jeremiah, were nearly contemporaneous witnesses of the destruction of Jerusalem by the Chaldeans, and the captivity of the nation. The lat- ter, indeed, sang his dirges on the ruins of the temple. Ezekiel, however, uttered his oracles during the captivity. Although the most original poet, whose rich fancy riots in a new gigantic grotesque imagery, he possesses too little taste and purity to de- serve the name of a classical author. “ A few of the changes that occurred in the language are even remarked by the Bible itself; such as ] Sam. ix. 91, the note that formerly, z.¢. in the time of Samuel 7X4 (prophet), was used for N12) > in Exod. iii, 14, the mention that 7737 had been introduced for "1W. Notes * From the latter prophet, however, we must deduct several later pieces, especially that from chap. 40 to 66, which form a sub- ject for themselves, and must have been composed towards the end of the Babylonian captivity, and, although drawn out and dis- figured by many repetitions, still possess some great excellencies of diction. + Several parallels, especially of a histo- rical kind, in Joel and Amos, point them out as contemporaries, Nahum and Ha- _ bakkuk are very little later; the former making mention of the irruption of the Assyrians, and the latter of that of the Chal- deans. Antiquity of the different Parts of the Old Testament. 389. about the change of names of places are frequent. “A new period, for Janguage and litera- ture, appears with the captivity, which shews itself especially in the approxima- tion of the language to the East Aramaic dialect. The Jews accustomed themselves to it during those times; it ultimately completely supplanted the Hebrew as a national language, so that, at the return from the captivity, its use was confined to literary purposes alone, till the time of the Maccabees, however not without an ad- mixture of the popular dialect. This ad- mixture is, nevertheless, not equally great in all the literary productions of the period, and several pieces, which are referred to it by their historical character, are as pure in their language as any of the works of the preceding period. Of this description are the last 27 chapters attributed to Isaiah, the Psalms 44, 84, and 85, most of the . songs of degrees (as they are called), from 120 upwards, which, for the most part, belong to the exile, and the period imme- diately following it; and even the Psalms 74.and 79, in which we recognize the age of the Maccabees. Purity of language can, therefore, not serve as a sure criterion of antiquity, although, on the other hand, an admixture of the Chaldaic is a certain sign of a late authorship. “This age is, however, as inferior to the foregoing, in point of historical and poetical composition in general, as it is in point of language. The later prophets, Haggai and Malachi, and several of the later psalmists, write, for the most part, in a meagre and watery style, and are poor in invention, and content themselves with putting together phrases from the older authors.* The books of Daniel, Esther and Jonah, contain legends in an inferior Jewish taste; and, lastly, the Chro- nicles are a bad compilation of older his- torical works, made by priests of a late period. This sentence ought, however, not to be passed too sweepingly, since the Maccabean period shows us that the an- cient spirit had not entirely departed from the severely-oppressed nation; and that, on the contrary, in some individuals it rose with greater energy than ever. And, in- deed, most of the above-named pieces are possessed of much poetical worth, in point of taste, ideas and expression—ex- cellencies which are even apparent in such of them whose language is already tinc- tured with the Chaldaic. Among these are the beautiful Psalm 139, the book Ko- heleth (Ecclesiastes), the Idyls of the Song of Solomon, some of the sublime visions of Daniel (for instance, ch. 7, &c.). ““ The books in which the Chaldaized language * For instance, the Psalms 69 (with which compare 22), 25, 35, 88, the songs in the Chronicles, and the hymn of Jonah, 3D2 390 language is most apparent, form a cyclus of composition which mutually explain each other, and for the interpretation of which the Targums (Chaldee paraphrases), and sometimes the contemporaneous Apocry- pha, oirginally translated from the Chaldaic, haye not been employed as much as they might. These are Esther, Ecclesiastes, the Chronicles, Daniel, Jonah, and some of the Psalms. A purer language is found in Ezra, Nehemiah, Zachariah, Malachi, and the Song of Solomon, to which we may add Job. But the books of Daniel and Ezra contain whole pieces in Chaldaic. “ In this later diction alluded to, we may distinguish the proper Chaldaisms from the other peculiarities of the mo- dernized Hebrew. ‘The former, which are also the most numerous, are two-fold. Either the Chaldaic word has been received without any alteration of either its form or sense, which is mostly the case, or the writer merely imitated the Chaldaic, in its turns, signification, &c., preserving the He- brew form. For instance, What? in old Hebrew i!2> Chaldaized WIM »5}Ko, TWN Ww (quidam, quidam), is an imitation of fhe \aiditaie pia? the pleonasm WR DIP!» at the place where; for where is the Syriac 5 3273 WR mwa (Eccl. viii. 17), is the Aramaic “7 oy 75- The later modernizations, which cannot befound in Chaldaic, aie particularly ap- parent, when, for the same idea, a different , expression prevailed in the older authors. For instance, NIWOT OM, shew- bread, for O°25i7 on). ** As the language of the Talmud and the Rabbis is closely connected with this later form of diction, much of it has re- mained usual with them, and may be pro- fitably explained from them.” Y. Z. {We should observe that this correspondent has, in the text, used the identical word idiotism, relative to which we are in controversy with another corre- spondent; and we must confess that we are not quite aware of the sense in which it is here applied. It would seem to be used as indicating some species of contradistinction from the general term idiom ;—as a more minutely specific discrimination of idiomatic style in phrase and composition. For our idea of the only sense in which the word ought to be re- tained, see hereafter our reply to M.Duvard.—Edit.] Ea - To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Sir: T is worthy of observation, that the Parliamentary Reformers, one hun- dred and fifty years ago, as is evident from the following remarkable epitaph, were not better treated than their re- nd Remarkable Epitaph. [Dec. 1, cent successors inthe same cause. But if sufferance be the lot of reformers in all ages, they have the consolation to know that their honest exertions are not ultimately altogether fruitless. It _was a favourite maxim of the late wor- thy. Dr. John Jebb, that “no effort is lost ;?? and, even since his time, there is abundant proof of its truth. The ef- forts that were made, about thirty years ago, for the diffusion of information among the people, whatever calumny and persecution they might bring on individuals, was, undoubtedly, the great spring of that vast increase of know- ledge which has since diffused itself with unexampled rapidity among all classes of society. It was truly asserted by the great Bacon, that “ knowledge is power.” Knowledge diffused * among the people is, therefore, the pledge of ultimate freedom and reform. The following is the epitaph I al- luded to at the beginning of my letter. REMARKABLE EPITAPH On a Stone in Bunhill-fields Burying-ground. MR. FRANCIS SMITH, Late of London, bookseller, (Whose grateful memory May this stone perpetuate.) During the reign of Tyranny, and Oppression, in the 17th century, for Urging the Frequency of Parliaments, And publishing the sentiments OF FREEMEN, Suffered much by Fines, corporal punishments, And Forty-one imprisonments. Unremitted severity Necessarily much impaired His constitution : Yet this spot did not receive him Till Heaven, by the hand of the Glorious King WILLIAM, Had restored to his Almost-ruined country The Rights of MEN, Of CHRISTIANS, and Of BRITONS. He died Keeper of the Custom-House To that Great Prince, _ 22d Deer. 1691. This Tomb was restored by his descendant THOMAS COX, L Citizen of London, in 1761); Who hopesto restwith nisfamily inthe same place. It is very desirable that a more ex- tended memoir should be given of Francis Smith, than what we have in the epitaph, to shew the present generation whether his extraordinary and. aceu- mulated sufferings were inflicted by mere forms of law in a summary way, or by sheer despotism, Was it the fashion a eS ; ; -nard was the authoress 1825.) fashion in those days to, print and publish the trials for assumed libel and sedition? No doubt there are some records of the uncommon and cruel treatment which he is said to have ex- perienced, but I have not been fortu- nate enough to meet with them. It is probable, he was not the only sufferer, in the same cause, at that time. I hope that some of your intelligent corre- spondents, who may be in possession of authentic documents connected with his case, will be so good as to favour your numerous readers with, at least, a reference to where they can be found. May I presume to ask whether the pre- sent worthy Alderman Cox be a de- scendant of his? If he be, perhaps he will be kind enough to give the infor- mation required. ghar s ls Pimlico, 29th Sept. 1825. —>—. Auup Rogin Gray. F the Editor of the Monthly Maga- zine will refer to the Obituary in Blackwood’s Magazine for August last, he will find, that the late Lady Ann Bar- of “ Auld Robin Gray,”—the ballad, I mean. Oct. 1, 1825. Without referring to the high au- thority quoted, we believe we can pro- duce, from the Edinburgh’ Observer, a much better account of the matter at issue. It is, at least, confirmatory of our previous information. “ The following extract from a letter, written to the late Thomas Hamersley, Esq. by the Rev. William Jervis, rec- tor of Urington, in Somersetshire, in June 1812, has been handed to us. It shows that the words of the ballad of Auld Robin Gray were written by Lady Anne Lindsay, and that the music was composed by W. Jervis. A gentleman now resident in Edinburgh, and in- timately acquainted with the composer, can answer for the authenticity of the letter :— “My dear Sir: Anxious as you have ever been for the sake of right, as well as for the fair fame of your friends, you have more _ than once solicited that I could publicly claim an offspring, which for more than forty years, has been of uncertain origin. Nothing could have induced me to under- __ take this, at my period of life, but the offer of your kind testimony to the genuineness of this my early production, which an ac- quaintanee with it in manuscript, long be- fore it surreptitiously found its way to the public eye, enables you so convincingly to bear. As to the ballad or story, you may Auld Robin Gray.—Correggio’s Holy Family. 391 remember that I received it from the Honourable Mrs. Byron, and understood it to have been written by Lady Anne Lindsay.” ——— To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Sir: { WENT to view the lately purchas- ed Correggio (Holy Family) at the Angerstein Gallery ; it had been sold at different times, by different proprietors, for £60, £70, £100, £500, and some other number of pounds which I do not recollect; but in our days of mag- nificence, wealth, good and bad taste, the bargain was closed a few days since by the English Government, for 3,800 sovereigns. Gold they tell me may be bought too dear—pictures I know can: its dimensions are fourteen inches by ele- ven; itis protected by two glasses, with a small interval between, which precau- tion is very detrimental to light and shadow. This picture is highly finish- ed, and beautifully coloured; the in- ternal evidence of its being a genuine production from the pencil of Correggio, is frappant: it has not been injured by varnish, which is often (indeed, gene- rally) the destruction of choice ‘ pic- tures; nor has it been defiled by ad- ventitious retouching. In the back- ground there is a very ordinary Joseph at hard labour, with an ill-constructed plane. This subject has been often re- peated by the same great master, and of like dimensions, as it appears by - several prints (I think nine); but witha little variation: sometimes the child is resplendent with that sort of effulgence which we admire in the glow-worm, which luminous effluence being reflect- ed, admirably lights the virgin’s face and the rest of the picture, and seems to be a very beautiful thought of the ar- tist, who, however, has pourtrayed a mere woman, and her child a mere boy. Both are gracefully disposed, though not with that delicacy a sinner expects from a saint;* the child has not been circumcised, which is contrary to the authority of Holy Writ. If you require more accuracy respecting sums, dates, measurement, &c., more shall be sent, from your friend and admirer, To cover this picture with guineas, as an equivalent, would be very inadequate ; the guineas must again be covered three or four deep. * An artist, whose beautiful designs cor- responded with the delicate sensibility of his mind, was not a little embarrassed by the request of a lady of high rank to ex- patiate on the merit of this chef-d’ceuvre. 392 Hints on the Larressmrnt and Treat- MENT. of SEAMEN. (Continued from p. 211.) T cannot be either the fear of winds, or of waves, nor yet of the enemy; for the dangers of the former are still more imminent and threatening in the mer- chant ships—and it is hardly necessary to say, that the latter is unthought of: —hbesides, the marines have no diffi- culty in recruiting, and are even pre- ferred to the Line. Neither is it alto- gether the discipline ; for that applies equally to the marines ; and its severity, if impartially considered, is perhaps greater in that corps and in the regulars than the navy; but it is there carried on with infinitely more form, with a more visible appearance of justice, if not with more real equity than in the latter service: because, however re- volting corporal punishment may be to the natural disposition and feelings of a captain of a man-of-war; however anxious he may be to dispense strict and impartial justice; let him be ever so much convinced of the rectitude of his intentions, of the purity of his mo- tives, or the necessity of his acts; he is still a human being, subject to error, passion and partialities, and, conse- quently, in his weaker moments, liable to let the warmth of his own feelings warp and bias his cooler judgment—and the more so if he feels his motives to be good and his ends useful. It requires no common exertion of mind to bear contradiction and crossing; to see plans, undertaken with the purest in- tentions, and leading to the best re- sults, thwarted; to find orders, issued for the general good, unheeded, or lan- guidly obeyed; to observe a favourite scheme, the object of much labour and anxiety, confused and disordered by some unpardonable neglect: and all this when power is in his hands, and punishment follows his nod. Experience dictates what is here said; and an appeal is made to any and every officer, who has commanded a man-of- war, candidly to declare whether, on a cool review of his own conduct, he has not been sometimes forced to acknow- ledge that the feelings of the moment have, at times, materially influenced his decisionin the infliction of punishment— unconsciously, perhaps, at the moment, but even on that account the more dan- gerous; and though many officers lay it down as a rule never to punish until twenty-four hours after a crime has been committed ; still so salutary a regulation On the Impressment of Seamen. (Dec. 1, does not always protect a man from the effects of his own passions and weak- nesses. In the army, an investigation on oath invariably takes place previous to sen- tence being passed on an_ offender. Whether it really diminishesthe amount of punishment is not here of conse- quence: it is sufficient that the mind is soothed by the forms and appearance of justice—for let a man feel himself ever so guilty, he still likes to give his officers the trouble of proving him so; the crime, moreover, is made apparent to his companions, and the murmurs of secret discontent are dispersed by the publicity of the inquiry and clearness of the proof. The natural desire of bettering our condition by honest industry, is the in- ducement to a seafaring life in common with all other professions: and this is, of course, equally applicable to the king’s andthe merchant-service. In time of war, the flattering, but often delusive hope of prize money,—the natural desire of glory,—the personal spirit of enterprize, so conspicuous throughout our mari- time districts,—together with the pro- spect of a pension, after a fixed period of service, are additional incentives to enter the royal navy: in peace most of these lose their force, or, indeed, no longer exist, and, consequently, the two services are more nearly on a par, while the prospective advantages are rather in favour of that of the merchant. There a man may, with well-grounded hope, look forward to be mate, master, and, eventually, even part-owner of the ves- sel in which he embarks; but except- ing this, he has nothing to which he may look forward beyond his present contract; these, however, are no trifling inducements, and naturally attach the steadiest and best seamen to that ser- vice in which their fair and honest ex- pectations have the best and earliest chance of consummation, unless pre- maturely blighted by their own mis- conduct. Let us now take a comparative view of the advantages and disadvantages accompanying the two services, di- vested of those fears and prejudices that may be supposed likely to obscure the judgment of persons exclusively attached to either, and, by this exami- nation, endeavour to ascertain which holds forth the most rational and se- cure prospects of ease, independence, and ultimate wealth ; in short, to which of them belong the most probable means 1825.] means of bettering the condition of the individual. The seaman enters on board a mer- chantman voluntarily ; he signs a con- tract to perform stipulated duties for a specified remuneration, and subjects himself to certain penalties in case of non-performance ; he can discontinue his services when the contract is ended, or previously, if he choose to forfeit his wages ; he is, in a word, completely unfettered, and entirely master of his own movements. He is, moreover, well fed, and receives high wages—or, at least, wages equal to the value of his skill and industry; his engagements are rarely of long duration, and he is not subject to corporal punishment. Should he feel himself uncomfortably situated, or fancy that he can improve his condition, he is free to change, but he is not subject to be shifted from ship to ship, at the pleasure of the master or owner, except in a case of mutiny or extreme insubordination, when he may be sent on board a man- of-war,—which it is somuch the custom in England to consider as the proper receptacle for every thing that is infa- mous; and then there are wonder and clamour at the necessity of flogging, and the general severity of this dis- cipline. The .. merchant-seaman’s prospects are not visionary, or very remote: they are the probable result of a reasonable calculation, founded on the basis of his own industry and zeal, unmixed with the adventitious aid of birth and great connexions. The inclinations are un- confined, the energies unshackled, and the man is left at full liberty to reach the level of his own powers. It may eyen be said that merchant-seamen have more freedom of action than the indi- viduals of most other trades, for they can seek and find employment amongst the surrounding nations ; with all the tools they want, their knife and mar- line-spike, without running risk of vio- lating the laws of their country. In this service, therefore, if unmolested, a man’s chance of success in life is at least as fair as that of any other branch of industry ; and by throwing into the scale the extreme facility which, from the nature of his occupation, he enjoys of transporting himself to any part of the world where he may bring his la- bour to a better market, his advantages are still greater than those enjoyed by other classes of productive labourers ; but, above all, his mind is not soured or Monruty Mae, No. 417. On the Impressment of Seamen. 393 discontented by the consciousness of being a prisoner, if not in name, at least in reality, which is, unluckily, too much the case in His Majesty’s service. That this feeling is a strong, and pro- bably the most powerful cause of dis- like to that service, must come hoine to every mind, were it even unsupported by the constant complaints of the people themselves ; for there must be many who, perhaps, for years, have never wandered farther than the limits of their own domains, or never had a wish to exceed certain distances, who, if a law were suddenly passed restricting them to those boundaries, would be- come restless, unhappy, discontented, and ready to break out at the mere idea of circumscription. This must necessarily be so from the nature of the human mind, which is much too strongly inclined to freedom of action, to brook the least unneces- sary restraint, where the means of avoid- ing it are within its reach: and it can only be compensating advantages that will ever induce a man to relinquish this natural and inalienable right. That the British naval service does not hold forth such advantages, is a fact to be sincerely deplored, and an imperfection that it is hoped will in time be removed - “ A consummation devoutly to be wished.”’ It is, nevertheless, far from our inten- tion to set up the merchant-service as a sort of nonpareil; on the contrary, the seamen are frequently ill-treated and imposed upon; and the instances of their preferring a man of war, par- ticularly in foreign countries, are too numerous, and too well known by pro- fessional men, to be here mentioned. This, however, rather strengthens than weakens the argument: for, it is this very power of change that attaches them ; besides, in these instances, they are generally moved by resentment—by the fear of imprisonment for some real or alleged misconduct ; by the hope of getting their arrears of pay; and by that strong desire, inherent in our nature, of overcoming our antagonist, cost what it will. In the one service they may often be abominably used ; [it frequently happens that they are so; instances are not uncommon, of masters of mer- chantmen harassing their men, while in port, until they force them to commit some act of insubordination, which forfeits their wages, and then put them in prison, hiring men at a cheaper rate to load or unload the ship. 3E This 394 This is what they call “sailing their ships cheap.”| but they ate free to change: in the other, injustice is now rare, but freedom of will is banished. But it will be asked, what are the pe- culiarities that disfigure the king’s ser- vice, and render it so disgusting to the merchant-seaman ? The answer may be, genérally, the severity of the disci- pline—-the impossibility of quitting it without committing a crime—the com- paratively diminutive rate of pay—and the positive confinement. Without entering here into any dis- cussion of the nature and effects of the discipline practised on board his Majes- ty’s ships, I will merely observe that, in spite of its excellent principles—in spite of that general mildness of execu- tion which is constantly recommended by the Admiralty—in spite of the pains that are unceasingly taken by that board, as well as by the commanding officers of ships, to see that strict jus- tice be administered to the seaman, nothing can efface the mortifying im- pression from his mind, that he is sub- ject to punishment of the most degrad- ing nature, at the mere will and pleasure of his captain: you cannot conceal from him that his happiness or misery, while in the service, solely depend on the personal character of a single indi- vidual, who may be repeatedly changed ; whose successor may have different no- tions and views of the service generally, and local regulations of a nature totally dissimilar, and, in many instances, dia- metrically opposite to those which he has been hitherto accustomed to obey. These ideas will continually obtrude themselves, and -nothing but the re- moval of the cause, or countervailing advantages, will neutralize the irritable feelings to which they give birth: the latter may be immediately applied ; and, in the course of time, the former really, though perhaps not nominally, removed, Comparisons, though odious, are sometimes necessary. A man, on en- tering the king’s service, finds himself as it were in a prison—a splendid one, but still a prison, where he knows he must remain during the continuance of hostilities. He is liable to serve in any country, for any length of time ; he receives no pay when abroad, and has always six months’ arrears due when at home: his pay is much below that which he could earn, if left to himself. In war, the exigencies of the service rarely allow of time or opportunity for leave of absence, and which is sel- On the Impressment of Seamen. [Deest, dom granted when occasions do pre- sent themselves—through fear of de- sertion ; he is subject to corporal punishment; to be watched, while on duty, by centinels; ordered about by children; obliged to do a thousand petty, nonsensical, but wearing and irritating duties, that scarcely allow him a moment’s tranquillity. He has less, perhaps, of hard labour than ina merchant-man ; but much of what he has is infinitely more harassing, and frequently becomes a fertile source of sullen discontent. “The grand or fundamental principle of nayal discipline,’ says the author of the Essay on the Influence of Tropical Climates on European Constitutions, “ as promotive of health and comfort amongst seamen, consists in so artfully employing both mind and body, that the one may not be affected by apathy or chagrin, nor the other by in- dolence or over exertion.- ** In exact proportion as this principle is kept in view and acted upon, will the end and object of naval discipline be at- tained; and,. whenever it is disregarded, the inevitable consequences will be anarchy and disease.” “For this purpose, the code of interior regulations should be mld and judicious, in order that a rigid performance may be enforced ; and, instead of the many dif- ferent orders that are suspended under the decks of ships throughout the navy, there should be one simple uniform system of in~ terior economy, signed by the Lords of the Admiralty, perfectly adhered to.* “ When seamen are convinced that no- thing but an unforeseen exigence, or in- dispensable necessity, will cause a devia- tion from the routine of duty prescribed, they know exactly what they have to do; their minds are accordingly made up to the performance of it, and they go through it with alacrity, in order to have the inter- vals for their own amusement, or private occupation. “ But where order and punctuality are not rigidly enacted and followed up, the equilibrium in the division of labour be- comes unhinged, and the greatest share of toil often falls on the best men ; never being certain of the exact periods of duty and re- laxation, they frequently become listless, lazy, dissatisfied, and careless about their personal cleanliness—the consequences of ~ which need not be pourtrayed.t The great art * This has at length, we hope, com- menced by a new system of great-gun exer- cise ; and we trust that it will be followed up by other regulations of the same nature. + One very important thing may be here mentioned, although not strictly conneeted with the subject before us; namely, the expediency ad GE se 1825.] art then seems to consist in properly ap- preciating the capacities of the men, and so appointing their respective duties in every department, as to get them into akind of mechanical train; when the future su- ‘perintendence will be easy and pleasant, and the health of the crew secured.” But to return. It is possible that, from the character and opinions of his commanding officer, the sailor may not experience many of the inconveniences above enumerated; but the conscious- ness of being at any time liable to. them must remain, and the apprehension will exist conjointly with the possibility of his suffering from the eyil; or until other advantages are introduced, of a nature to counterbalance that terror, which universally pervades the mari- time classes of this country when a man-of-war is in question; and per- haps nothing would contribute more to such an end, than an immediate and decided improvement in the situation of petty officers, with respect to pay, privileges, character and authority. The most favourable circumstances connected with the king’s service, which are not equaily enjoyed in that ef the merchant, are, in the first place :— The great care and attention paid to the sick. 2d. The pensions given for service and wounds, as well as the pecuniary compensation for accidental hurts re- ecived in the service, which is known by the name of smart money. 3d. The scrupulous regard paid to the quality of the food, and the cer- tainty of enjoying the luxury of fresh provisions and vegetables whenever they can be procured. 4th. The assurance of not being im- posed upon in the purchase of ‘their clothing; although this is, perhaps, balanced by the sailor being obliged to have an assigned number of each sort ; amounting to more than is required in _ the merchant service, where so much expediency of having a more commodious _ place for the men to make use of, instead of the exposed, and sometimes eyen dan- _ gerous situation of the head or fore-chein- nels: this may appear ridiculous, but it is a fact, that many men will suffer all the in- conveniences of long retention, by which their bowels are disordered and their health injured, sooner than run the risk of being ducked over head and ears ; and ‘we are convinced that a little more atten- tion to this point would saye many of those feverish colds and fits of illness, so com- _ mon after a continuance of bad weather. On the Impressment of Seamen. 395 importance is not attached to appear- ance and cleanliness. 5th. The allowance of spirits, which few, if any, merchantmen issue to their crew. 6th. Short allowance money for th above and other provisions, if not con- sumed; whether voluntarily, or from the necessities of the service. 7th. The excellent arrangements by which any man may allot a portion of his pay to his wife and family during his absence. And lastly, If we add the universal hope of mak- ing prize money, it will comprehend every benefit a man can possibly antici- pate. by entering his Majesty’s naval service; for the rank of warrant officer, although a great object after a man has been some years in the navy, is seldom a sufficient temptation to enter. Of the above advantages, the 1st, 2d, and Jast, are distant or contingent, and the 7th a partial convenience; conse- quently, ill calculated to balance the immediate, and therefore more influen- tial evils that are in the cther scale, and press with greater weight on the ima- gination: for there are few men of that temper who will voluntary suffer an im- mediate and lasting evil, for the distant prospect of an uncertain good. These appear to constitute the mate- rial objections, and the probable rea- sons of that dislike to the King’s ser- vice, so much deplored by all those who wish well to their country, and feel the importance of making the sea- service the ambition, and not the bug- bear, of the people; and the only mode _ of subduing this disinclination is that of meliorating the condition of the men, by a milder and better managed, but not less efficient, discipline ; which will soften the harsher features, and remove many of those asperities that now ob- struct the channel of communication between the maritime population and his Majesty’s service. But surely the noxious custom of impressment is: ill calculated to accomplish this object; its immediate effects are the conceal- ment, and the smuggling away of the prime seamen, in which a cordial as- sistance is rendered by every inhabitant of the district; the driving of many to- tally from their profession, which, by enhancing the value of their labour, raises wages, and magnifies the hard- ship, by shewing the impressed men what they could earn if free: thus in- creasing the temptation to desert when- ever an opportunity offers, Let us add 3E2 to 396 to all this the deep curses so heartily bestowed on the authorities employed, arising from that universal hatred which accompanies the execution, and will ever frustrate the object, of bad and oppressive laws; together with the enormous expense necessary to enforce them: which is far beyond the benefit produced—if that can be called a bene- fit which drags a man into a service he detests, to associate with the abandoned refuse of the jails—which too often forms his companionship. Let us consider these things, and we shall hardly be disposed to give our unqualified assent to the custom of im- pressment: while we legislate against crimps, who at least succeed by their wit, we should not dignify brute force with the solemn sanction of the law! Amongst all those feelings that worry the human mind, perhaps there is none more irritating, and less easy to be borne, than that of confinement ; it is particularly so to that of the sailor, with whom a restless love of change, and a childish impatience of the mono- tony of life, are peculiarly characteris- tic, as must forcibly strike any one who takes the trouble to study his dis- position—active, bold and daring to a fault; careless, improvident, and un- suspicious ; perfectly aware of what is right, and open to reason where it is fairly urged; yet easily led astray. Hating sameness and inactivity, any change is a recreation; and conse- quences pass across his mind like a summer cloud: always well inclined to go the full length of his tether, and beyond it too, he quickly sees through the character of his captain, and go- verns himself accordingly. Peculiarly susceptible of impartial justice, he is easily ruled by the man from whom he is certain of receiving it; buoyant with life and spirit, as long as he is kept in constant, but not overstrained, employ- ment; though spoiled by idleness and indulgence; naturally capricious, he has his sullen moods and sulky fits— in which he must sometimes be in- dulged, Always watching him as a child, he must still be governed as a man. With such a disposition, and when we also see, even in time of peace, when there is no impressment, men, who have invariably conducted themselves well; who have had two or three years’ wages due; who were well aware that, in the course of a few months, they would be paid up and dis- charged; who were allowed to go and Earth-Stars. (Dec. 1, amuse themselves on shore, whenever and as long as the public service would permit ; whose sole restriction was that of returning to their time, in order to give others their time on shore; who were never subject to much punishment themselves, and had no complaints to make of their officers ;—when we see people, under these circemstances, de- ceived and deluded by some idle absurd tale of making their fortunes (a thing of frequent occurrence on the North American station), without a second thought, forfeit all the advantage of a long service, we cannot be surprised at the impatience with which the confine- ment of a king’s ship is borne in time of war—when no prospect of emanci- pation is before them—or one so very distant as to be scarcely perceptible. ( To be continued. ) ——_= To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. PERCEIVE, Sir, that your Re- viewer of the Reviewers, in his Phi- losophy of Contemporary Criticism for the preceding month (p. 234), in speak- ing of the “earth-stars of cottage in- dustry” that “twinkle” over “those beautiful hills of Gloucestershire,” which “ were once covered with vintage,” had an eye to the following description of the night scenery of that county—in some lines I have met with “ On Leav- ing the Bottoms of Gloucestershire.” I re- fer to them for the sake of subjoining another traditionary fact relative to that lovely region, which both the poet and your criticizer of critics seem to have overlooked. The lines referred to run thus :— “* Here holier industry, Even from the dawning to the western ray, And oft by midnight taper, patient, plies Her task assiduous ; and the day with song, The night with many an earth-star, far de- scried By the lone traveller, cheers amidst her toils.’” Dr. Southey may, perhaps, not be dis- pleased to hear that this region of the vine is said, in olden time, to have been assigned as an honourable and inspiring remuneration to the royal bard or mins- trel—the poet-laureat of those antique days :—whence, perhaps, the origin of his butt of sack. As the pen is in my ‘hand, and earth-stars are the theme, it may not, perhaps, be unacceptable, if I present your readers with some beautiful origi- nal lines on the genuine earth-star. I have 1825.] have just fallen upon them in a manu- script volume of poems, which, though hitherto hidden from the world, has many gems that might worthily adorn your poetical department. “Tsit a star fallen on the lap of earth, From heaven’s blue arch—or gem, instinct with fire, From crystal caye, by gnome transplanted here— That from the centre of this savage heath Beams forth its placid radiance? Rather say A living gem,—terrestrial cynosure To wandering love, tempting through night’s deep gloom The pathless wilds of ether. Hail to thee, Fair insect! proof that even here the flame Of omnipresent love can find a home, And smile upon this melancholy waste, That spreads its bosom to the approaching storm !— With tears I greet thee—for my busy mind (Fraught with similitudes of lonely woe), Remembers, with repentant grief and shame, A sweet, but mournful parallel—for such My Eleonora was!—a tranquil light Sole shining on this bleak unshelter’d world, To guide a reckless wanderer to a home Where he might rest his ruffled wings in peace ; On the soft bosom of connubial bliss Pillowing his cares, and soothing to repose Tumultuous passions and untam’d desires. —And I, misled by meteor-fires,. that shone Brighter, but only lur’d me to despair, — Left it to burn unnotic’d and alone, And perish in its joyless solitude !”” Purto P. C. C. —z——— To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Sir: AM induced to call the attention of your readers to a subject, certainly hot new, yet hitherto unexplained, viz. the Migration of Birds. My curiosity was considerably excited, a short time since, as early as six o’clock in the morning, by an unusual noise on the top of a large house facing my resi- dence; and, on looking out to discover the cause, I found the roof was nearly covered with swallows and other birds, evidently congregating tor some particu- lar purpose. For two hours, fresh ar- rivals took place, till the roofs of the adjoining houses were also covered ; at length, after a confused sort of buzz, or signal, the whole flock took wing in a ‘southerly direction, and soon disap- peared. Migration of Birds. 397 I should feel particularly obliged to any of your correspondents who could give me some idea of the probable des- tination of thisimmense body: whether they were taking flight to a warmer cli- mate, or merely to another county, to take shelter in unfrequented caverns, or inaccessible rocks 2 Of their being found occasionally, in the winter, in a torpid state, there can be no doubt: in proof of this fact, I would mention the following circum- stance :— A friend of mine, a few years since, had half a dozen swallows, in a torpid state, given him by a person who found them in the trunk ofa hollow tree; my friend put them in his desk, where they remained, till the spring, forgotten. One morning, however, he heard a strange noise, and, on looking into the desk, discovered one of the birds fluttering about: the others also began to move, and, upon being placed out of doors in the sun, they speedily arranged their plumage, took wing, and disappeared. I am fully aware that the migration of birds has been treated of in Willoughby’s Ornithology, Walton and Cotton’s An- gler, in some of the early volumes of the Monthly Magazine, and also in a small octavo pamphlet of modern date, as well as in other works; but, from all I have read or heard, I have never been satis- fied, whether the major part leave the country altogether, or only seclude themselves in a torpescent state during the winter.—Your’s, &c. X,. Oct. 3, 1825. a : To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. au OER = N a communication, which you did me the honour of allowing a place in your columns, in August last, having mentioned (in p. 17 of that number) the astonishing, but, I believe, well-at- tested fact of the flight of Henry IV.’s falcon from Fontainebleau to Malta; I drew a conclusion, startling, and ap- parently unreasonable, that, perhaps, the flight of the swallow might equal seventy-five miles an hour !—The fol- lowing extract, recently quoted in a weekly publication, will show, how- ever, that my calculation was so far from overleaping the bounds of possibi- lity, or even probability, that it was much under that of others, who, de- servedly or not, assume the name and province of the naturalist :— “ Rapid Flight. — The rapidity with which hawks and many other birds occa- » sionally \ 398 sionally fly, is probably not less than at the rate of 150’ miles in an hour ; the common erow, twenty-five ditto; tie swallow, ninety- two ditto, and the swift, three times greater. Migratory birds probably about fifty miles per hour.” I must beg leave to trespass so much further on your valuable space, as to express a complete disallowance of the distinction in the above quotation, be- tween the swallow and migratory birds, which seems to be inferred from the manner in which the sentence is worded, but which, perhaps, at the same time, was not actually meant to be asserted. Your’s, &c. THErmes. Allow me to add a brief notice of some observations in Switzerland, which tend to show that our continental neigh- bours are not altogether regardless of the interesting bearings of this ques- tion. Migration of Birds. — Dr. Schinz, Secretary to the Provincial Society of Zurich, has endeavoured to. discover the laws, according to which European birds are distributed. The country, in which the bird produces young, is con- sidered its proper one. The nearer the Poles, the more do we find peculiar, or stationary birds, and the fewer are the foreign species that appear. Green- land has not one bird of passage: Ice- land has only one, which remains dur- ing the winter, and, in spring, takes its flight to still more northern climates, Sweden and Norway have more; and we find them continually becoming more numerous, as we approach the centre of Europe. In the intertropical countries, no bird emigrates—to the north they all do: their propagation keeps pace with the supply of food. Spitzbergen, has only one herbivorous species, for the sea presents more nu- triment; and the rocks and cliffs are populous with aquatic birds, In the Frigid Zone, a much greater number of marsh birds breed, than beyond the Arctic Circle, and’in the warm coun- tries of Europe. ————a For the Monthly Magazine. Extract of a REMARKABLE ANECDOTE relativeio the Arvrraction of the Heaventy Bopins, in Madme. Du Chastelet’s “ Exposition Abrégée du Systeme du Monde,” at the End of her Translation of Sir I. Newton's Principia. Vol. ii., p. 5, Art. VIII. RT. VUI. We find the attraction of the heavenly bodies still more Attraction of Heavenly Bodies. [Dee. 1, clearly mentioned in “ Hook’s Book on the Motion of the Earth,” printed in 1674, that is, twelve years before the Principia were published. Here is a translation ef what he (Hook) says, p- 27. “ Now I willexplain a system of the world which, in many respects, is different from all the others, and which is perfectly con- formable to the known laws of mechanies. Tt is founded on the three following hypo- theses, viz. Ist. “ That all the heavenly bodies, with- out exception, have an attractive force or gravitation towards their centres, by which they not only attract their own particles of matter and prevent their disunion, as we see it in the earth, but likewise attract all the other heayenly bodies that are within the sphere of their activity: whence it fol- lows that, not'only the sun and moon have an influence on the body and motion of the earth, and, reciprocally, the earth on them, but that Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn have also, by their attraction, a considerable influence on the motion of the earth, and, reciprocally, the earth a great influence on the motion of those planets. 2d. “ That all bodies which have received a direct impetus, or impulsive stroke in any direction, will continue to move in a right line, and in the same direction, until they are turned aside, or made to deviate from it by some other effective force, and made to describe either a circle, an ellipsis, or some other, more complicated, curve. 3d. “ That the said attractive forces are so much more powerful in their operations, the nearer they approach the centre of the body on which they act. “* With regard to the ratio in which these forees either increase or diminish, according as the distance decreases or increases respec- tively, I confess I have not yet ascertained by experience or observation ; but itis an idea which, if pursued with that attention I think it merits, will be of great serviee to future astronomers, in reducing the motions of the heavenly bodies to certain rule, which I doubt the possibility of ever effecting without it. Those who understand the nature of circular motion, and the gyration of a pendulum, will easily comprehend the - grounds of the above principles, and will be able to find out the means of establish- ing them on.sure foundations; I have here hinted this idea to those who have both tei- sure and abilities to render them successful in their researches,” &e. &e. Sir :—I think the. foregoing extract. worthy of notice; and, should you be of the same opinion, the insertion of it. in your next publication will oblige, — Your’s, &c. Wittiam SHare. Romney, Oct. 13, 1825. For 2% : » ~ ia) 1825.} Impositions of Water and Gas Companies.—On Dry Rot. _ For the Monthly Magazine. Impositions of Warer and Gas Com- PANIES. BEG to call your attention, and that of your numerous and intelligent readers, to a mischievous, and, in my view of the case, a highly im- proper practice of most of the water and gas companies in the metropolis; and which, as it chiefly operates on the poor and middling classes of the community, is not so likely to meet the eye or ear of those able or willing to assist in remedying the evil. The practice I allude to is this: when- ever the collector to a water or gas com- pany finds that he cannot get from the inhabitant of a house the rates due for the supply of either for a year or up- wards, he orders that supply to be cut off and discontinued ; and for this, not an iota of blame can be attributable either to him or the company employing him. But, what I complain of is the course afterwards adopted; instead of taking a legal remedy against the parties y summons, or otherwise, they lie by, until a new tenant comes into the house, upon whose application for water or gas, he is told that house is two, three, four, or more quarters due by the last house- keeper, amounting to so and so, which amount if he chooses to pay he may have water or gas, as the case may be, and if not, he must go without, and help himself how he can; and I know of no method by which he can compel them to supply him. That this is the general course adopt- ed, I will pledge my veracity, as I have had opportunities of knowing the fact, both in my private and public capacity ; and I am quite sure you will agree with me, it is any thing but the right course, Is it not making the innocent pay for the guilty? the good for the bad? the in- dustrious and pains-taking mechanic for the lazy and abandoned? To my mind _ itis clearly all these; in fact, it is more than is ever done for the king’s taxes ; land-tax alone being enforced in any sh case, and that falls on the owner, _ and not the inhabitant of the house. -Imerely name the fact in the hope that an amelioration of such a mal-prac- tice may take place; indeed, many of these companies have got monstrous _ powers slipped into their acts of parlia- ment, which the Legislature should watch over, and remedy; and for such a pur- _ pose no time can be better than the pre- a one—of profound peace. Your’s, &. J.M. L. $99 Lo the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Sir: if licon attempts to cure the Dry Rot have been so numerous, and the subject has so often engaged the atten- tion of the public, that some apology may be necessary for occupying your valuable pages with the following spe- cific, and the more so, as I believe that it has appeared in another periodical work ; but the length of time since that took place is ‘so great, and the circula- tion of your Miscellany isso much more extensive, that I am induced, thinking I am conferring a public benefit, to for- ward it to you. The greatest care must be taken to remove every fibre of the fungus, and to clear the whole of it away, even from the walls of the building; and previous to putting in new timber, the joists, if for a ground floor, and the back of any wainscot that may be used, should be washed with green copperas, melted in the manner directed below, giving it two coats, which will easily adhere, and soon cool, if the timber be dry; then strew the ground. with iron scales from the blacksmith’s forge, which will de- stroy the vegetable fungus, and any sea- weed appearance, which attacks new timber much sooner than old. Twenty years’ proof of the efficacy of the above process, in the residence of a worthy friend at Clapton, Middlesex, whose dining and drawing-room floors had been twice relaid in the short space of six years, is a sufficient recom- mendation; and it only requires to be known to be resorted to, when build~ Ings are suffering from that most de- structive of all enemies, the dry-rot. The use of iron scales, which were thickly strewed on the ground before laying the joists of a house, built six~ teen years since, in a damp situation, has preserved the building from dry-rot ; no symptoms having made their appear ance. To melt green copperas (which is very cheap) use an iron pot, as for pitch, putting in a little water to assist in dis- solving it, keeping it stirred with a stick, to prevent its adherence to the pot—the copperas to be used as soon as melted. Your’s, &e. James G. Tarem. Wycombe, 17th Oct. 1825. ReMAnkKs 400 Remarks on Boarp the Sure ReEsotu- tion; Grorce Parker, Master, from the Istu of France towards Enexann, between the 8th of Ja- nuary 1825, and the 28rd April 1825; by Henry Ennis, Purser, Royal Navy. ANUARY 8th, 1825.—I joined the Resolution, and took possession of the cabin assigned me, being the after one, on the larboard side, under the impression that we were to have sailed for England direct that same evening, or early the next day. [Considerable delay, however, from circumstances not important to the in- terest of the Journal, occurred.) After all we did sail, and passed the Bell buoy, on Wednesday the 12th January, at four p. m-, several vessels having sailed on the Monday and Tues- day, and the Oscar, a brig for London, deeply laden, on Monday morning. Having thus, at length, got clear of the Isle of France, all sail was made, with a strong breeze from east td east- north-east. 16¢h.—Strong breezes and unsettled weather ; passed the Island of Bourbon. 17th.—Heavy squalls and a head sea; ship labouring very much: observed the whole stern to open more than an inch right a-cross, and apparently to run as low as the transom: this was a sad beginning to a very long and dangerous voyage, particularly as the ship was, to all appearance, otherwise badly found. ; The weather continued very unset- tled, with heavy squalls, and a cross heavy sea; the ship labouring much, and rolling heavily, beating across the Mosambique passage. From the 16th to the 24th January, the weather continued to be much the same; in that time we had carried away the main-top-mast, gib-boom, and several smaller spars: in short, it was one continued scene of tearing sails, stranding, and breaking rope of every description, from the slings of the main- yard to the smallest cordage. On the 25th, in getting out the gib- boom which had been newly tongued, the bowsprit was found to be badly sprung; this was an alarming circum- stance indeed, being in the worst part of the passage, and the most likely place to fall in with severe weather, or gales of wind; and it was now evident we must put into the Cape of Good Hope, for a new bowsprit, or to have Journal of a Voyage from the Isle of France to England. [Decot, the old one fished, which would delay us several days, at least. The winds were light and baffling, with a cross jumbling sea; and not being able, from the state of the rigging, bowsprit, &c. to carry sail, our progress was proportionately slow; and, alto- gether, our passage, for the remainder of the way to the Cape, was truly un- ° comfortable. We made Cape Infanta on the 4th of February, Cape Lagultras on the 5th, and False Cape, coast of Africa, on the 6th, and anchored in Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope, on Monday, the 7th of February, 1825. As I have already spoken of Cape Town, I shall only add that, at this season of the year (being now their summer), it is one of the most delight- ful places I ever saw. Fruit and yege- tables, of every kind, are in the greatest abundance, and uncommonly cheap : for instance, apples are about fifteen pence per bushel; grapes, and every thing else, in proportion. Rows of trees being planted in every street, and. round the parade and public walks, being now in full leaf, contribute much to the health and beauty of the place, and to the comfort of those whose busi- ness or pleasure calls them to walk out : which may be done at any hour of the day without inconvenience, as they are perfectly shaded from the sun, which at this season is intensely hot. The Company’s gardens, which are of great extent, are a delightful retreat ; and are planted with trees and ever- greens in such a manner and abundance, , as to preclude every ray of sun entering the public walks. A band plays here every evening; and it is much fre- quented. At the end of the Grand Walk, which is nearly three-quarters of a mile long, is the Company’s Mena- gerie, which is worth seeing, on ac- count of a good-natured old lion, sup- : posed to be the largest ever taken into captivity, and a tiger of immense size and power; there are several other specimens of African animals: but those are infinitely the largest of their species I ever saw—we haying nothing that comes near them in size in England. The Public Library and Exchange stands at the top of the Parade, is an extensive noble building, and is well supplied with the best books, and all the new publications, and English papers, as well as French, Dutch, and India. newspapers, and miscellaneous produc- tions. In the part allotted for the Ex- change, goods and merchandize are pub- licly 1825.] Journal of a Voyage from the Isle of France to England, licly bought and sold, and all money transactions of any amount settled, bills of exchange negociated, in short, the greatest part of the commercial business of the colony is carried on at this place. At the Cape, there are no inns or taverns, as in England, for the better sort of passengers or travellers—only boarding-houses; but these are on a grand scale, and the living uncommonly cheap. The passengers in the Resolu- tion went to Morrison’s, on the Parade: each had a large bed-room; we had for breakfast, tea, coffee, chocolate and wine, with meat, eggs and fish. At noon, for tiffen, cold meats, sallads, and as much wine as we pleased. Dinner at four o’clock—every thing the town could produce served up in very good style, with fruit and wine in abundance ; and at night, cold meat for supper; bed and all for five rix-doilars per day (or about seven shillings and sixpence ster- ling)—the wine, however, always being Cape: those that drank other wine paid for it in addition. I should have observed that the Exchange, Library, the Coffee-rooms and buildings attached to them, were built by subscription, in shares, which were again sold out: and they are now supperted by ‘subscription. It is, therefore, necessary for strangers to be introduced by a subscriber. I had the good fortune to meet a friend from Portsea, from whom I had my ticket. The ship having been anchored in 4 the outer part of the bay, and at a very _ considerable distance from the landing, _ had not made good her defects before the 14th; being, by that time, in some measure refitted, we weighed and pro- ceeded to sea, with a fine breeze at south-east, and passed Robin Island at 2 p.m. of tlt day. Having now the _ south-east trade wind, the weather was uncommonly fine and pleasant. Owr rate of sailing from five and a half to six and a half knots an hour; not a cloud to be seen, all above was clear and delightfully serene, the temperature _ stich as it might be wished; the sea as - smooth as a mill-pond—indeed, for an _ open sea, I never saw any thing like it. _ In this manner we glided on to Sunday, _ the 27th of February, when, at 5 a.m., _we made the Island of St. Helena. This island, situated in lat. 15° 55’, ~ ahd Jong. 5° 43’ west, celebrated as the _ place to which Napoleon Bonaparte _ was exiled, is, in appearance, from the “Mostury Mac, No. 417. 401 seaward, without exception, the most barren, desolate, black-looking, frightful place I ever beheld. I have seen many descriptions of it, and several views and drawings, attempting to represent its appearance, but it is beyond the power of pen or pencil to describe it in such a manner as to convey an ade- quate idea of it to a person that has not seen it. It rises at once abrupt, steep and terrific, almost perpendicular from the bosom of the deep, to the height of 2,700 feet, and is inacces- sible in almost every part, without the smallest appearance of tree, shrub, plant, or vegetation. It has been, by some dreadful volcanic shock, split in every direction from its top to its base, forming ravines and valleys, some of which cannot be looked into, from the tops of the adjoining hills, without hor- ror, leaving immense rugged craggy rocks, whose heads are frequently hid in the clouds—this description holds good all round the coast, and for a mile or two into the interior, with the ex- ception of a valley here and there, which serves to carry off the water from inland. At 9 a.m. we stood into James’s Bay, bitt did not anchor; I went on shore at James’s Town, situated in a valley of the same name, surrounded ‘on either side by high, and utterly barren hills, from whence apprehensions are instantly excited of masses rolling to the destruction of the houses and their inhabitants beneath. The entrance to the town is over a handsome draw- bridge, and through a strong gate ; but it is so overhung and enveloped by mundens and ladder-hills, that it is completely hid from view, until you are fairly within the walls. The church, governinent house and gardens, some public stores, an excellent inn, and some other good buildings, form.a hand- some little square, at the entrance, and are kept in excellent order and repair, and have a pleasant effect. The town is about a mile long, and may contain about 200 houses: itis built of stone, and covered in with shingle: it is di- vided in two by a deep narrow ravine (over which are three neat stone bridges) which serves to carry off the filth and superfluous water ; and is the means of keeping the place remarkably clean and healthy. In the main street, which runs from the north-end of the square, are some very good handsome houses, principally used as lodgings for passen- gers returning from India, and for the 3r COUN) ALY” 402 company’s stores and civil servants. Near the top are barracks for the offi- cers and soldiers of the garrison; there are three breweries, an excellent free- school, with many other valuable in-. stitutions. A great number of wild plumb trees have been planted in double rows through the streets and square, and other parts of the vicinity. They are now grown up, and form a cool and pleasant promenade; indeed, they are both useful and ornamental. On my landing, I had the good for- tune to fall in with a Mr. Thomas, a very old acquaintance, who was very civil, and apparently glad to meet me; and who, immediately on my expressing a wish to visit Buonaparte’s tomb, pro- cured horses, and we set off forthwith for that purpose. Our road lay to the eastward, from James’s Town, cut along the west side of Rupert’s Hill. About a mile and half from the town we came to the Briars ; a neat compact estate, the property of William Balcombe, Esq. (now Treasurer at Sydney, New South Wales); and, as this was the first resi- dence of Buonaparte, at St. Helena, we had the curiosity to alight and go in, and indulged for a few minutes in a lounge on his sofa. From the Briars, we went on to the Alarm Ridge House Hill, a distance of about three miles from the town, and nearly two thou- sand feet above the level of the sea: from this hill, there is a most com- manding and delightful view of the town, bay and shipping, Longwood, Deadwood, Flag-staff Hill, the Barn and Arno’s Vale. The face of the country here wears a very different as- pect from that which presents itself on making the Island; for, notwithstand- ing the rocks are as barren, rugged and mis-shapen, as on the coast, and the ra- vines equally deep and forbidding, yet the eye is agreeably relieved, by the ap- pearance of several good farm-houses, and merchants’ country-seats, scattered along the sides of the surrounding hills ; every spot capable of im- provement being brought into cultiva- tion; the young plantations, in many places, are sufficiently grown to cover the barrenness of the soil, and hide some of the rocks; and the several runs of grass-land to be seen from this spot, with herds of sheep and black cattle grazing on them, give an interest- ing and picturesque finish to the whole view. Leaving Ridge House Hill, we pro- ceeded to Huttsgate, about three quar- Journal of a Voyage from the Isle of France to England. [Dec. 1, ters of a mile distant, where the road divides into three branches; one lead- ing to Government House Plantation, another to Longwood, and the other to Diana’s Peak. Here we dismounted, and turned to the left, and descended by a winding path into a delightful little valley, at the distance of half a mile from Huttsgate, where we found the tomb of the great but unfortunate Buo- naparte. There is nothing remarkable in the tomb itself, being only a plain marble slab, without any inscription; but the situation is most happily chosen. There is not, in my opinion, a more romantic place in the world, or better suited for a place of sepulture, than this spot. The valley is small, but beautifully green and pleasant; nearly surrounded by hills almost perpendicular, the sides, of which to a considerable height are co- vered with evergreens and plants; wild loquet, Chinese rose, jessamine, rock rose, magnolia, and many other indige- nous flowers and flowering shrubs. A few yards from the tomb is a spring of delicious water, issuing from a rude basin cut into the rock. Two elegant willow trees, of large growth, decorate the head and foot of the grave; and the whole area around it is planted with gera- niums, myrtle, dwarf lilac and passion flower, with various other flowers, &c., some of which are (from the delightful temperature of the climate in all seasons) ever in bloom; causing an everlasting spring in this earthly paradise. Having sauntered round the valley, and cut some stocks from the geraniums immediately touching the tomb, and taking a few slips from the willow trees for the purpose of transplanting in Eng- land, we bade farewell to Buonaparte and his tomb, and retraced our steps to Huttsgate. As we were to sail that evening, I had not time to proceed on to Longwood, which I at first in- tended, so returned to James’s Town ; and at Mr. Thomas’s, where I dined, was shown Buonaparte’s famous look- Ing-glass. It is the largest I ever saw in one plate: I fancy it is sixty inches in width, by eighty or ninety in height, in a plain black frame, without gilding or any other ornament. His bed bell- ropes were also at Mr. Thomas’s; they are of silk, gilt. In fact, all his furni- ture is distributed in the respectable houses about the town; and I have no doubt, but in time to come they will be valuable. The climate of St. Helena, I should imagine, 1825.) Journal of a Voyage from the Isle of France to England. imagine, would be very salubrious. Storms of any kind are seldom felt, thunder and lightning are hardly known; nor, since its first discovery, has it been visited by earthquakes, or volcanoes ; although it is evident, from the sub- stance of which it is composed, that it is of volcanic origin: for not a vestige of primitive rock is to be met with on the whole island; and from its rugged, fantastic and mis-shapen hills and deep rayines, there can be no doubt but it has been shook by earthquakes to its very base; and its being everlastingly fanned with a gentle breeze from the sea, renders it delightfully serene, plea- sant and healthy. A tolerably correct idea of the tem- perature may be formed, from the cir- cumstance of thethermometer at James’s Town never rising beyond 79, or falling below 71; and at Longwood from 72 to 64, averaging for the year, in the town, 74, and at Longwood 66. The greatest drawback on the inhabitants arises from want of rain: droughts have been known to last as long as three years, which destroyed almost all the cattle, and withered every appearance of vegetation ; however, this misfortune rarely occurs, and when it does, the droughts are generally only of a few months’ duration. Agriculture is not in a very flourish- ing state, owing, in a great measure, to the rockiness of the soil, and uneven- ness of the land, which will not admit the plough, except in very few places; and partly to the folly of the farmers, who sooner than reduce the price of their produce have, in some instances, suffered it to rot on the ground. The consequences are, that the high price of provisions and stock, and the difficulty of procuring it at any price, has driven the shipping that would otherwise call here for supplies, to other ports, where they are more readily and cheaply ob- tained. This deprives the island of its foreign market, and leaves the inhabi- tants entirely dependant on local re- sources, or ona chance ship now and then; and the company’s ships from India, which are obliged to call there, and who only remain for a day or two. As a convincing proof of the bad policy of keeping up high prices, twenty-nine sail of vessels passed the island, in the course of the present month (February 1825), without one of them putting in, or having any communication with the shore. The population of St. Helena may be 403 estimated above 5,000: of which the men are 160; women, 270; boys, 200; girls, 240: making 870 whites. Blacks—men, 400; women, 320; boys, 310; girls, 330: making 1,360. Company’s slaves, 98; free blacks, 500; Chinese, 300; Lascars, 12: mak- ing 910;—total, 3,140: add troops and their families about 2,000 = 5,140. The stock of black cattle (oxen and cows) are about 3,000; sheep, goats and hogs, 5,000; pigeons and poultry in great numbers, with a few horses, sheep and asses, constitute the whole stock of the island. The defences of St. Helena are amaz- ingly strong, and kept in fine order. James’s Town and Bay are defended by a strong line and ditch in front; by a tre- mendous battery or Jadder in the west ; and by Munden’s, Rupert’s Hill, and Bank’s Batteries onthe east. In short, every assailable point round the coast is well fortified; and wherever a gun can be placed, there is one to be seen peep- ing from among the rocks. It is, in my opinion, the strongest place belong- ing to the British dominions, Gibraltar excepted: yet, from its local situation, inaccessibility, and interior resources, it would bea much more difficult conquest than Gibraltar. I should have observed that there are several good shops here, where India goods are sold very cheap,, particularly at the company’s stores: but so far we were unfortunate, being here only on the Sunday, when every place was closed ; so that we were disappointed in getting bargains, or seeing the inside of the shops, or stores. Having seen as much of St. Helena as the few hours, I was on shore, would admit, and picked up all the information I could collect respecting it, I returned on board at five o’clock, having been seven hours on shore; and we made sail towards Eng- land at 7 r.m., with a light pleasant breeze from the south. 28th February. Light airs and fine weather running down the trades. 5th March.—Made the Island of Ascension, This island, like St. Helena, is of vol- canic origin; and is bare, rngged and unproductive. It does not rise to so great a height as St. Helena. It is fa- mous for turtle and samphire,* the only refreshment to. be got there; is desti- tute of fresh water, and is not inhabited. We had a sloop of war’s establishment, at * A plant preserved in pickle. 2 404 at Ascension, during Buonaparte’s exile at St. Helena, which I believe is not withdrawn, as the English flag was flying on Cross Hill as we passed; it is in lat. 7° 55’, and long. 14° 16’. The wea- ther continued fine, with light airs: rate of sailing between four and five knots an hour. Crossed the equator on the 10th March, in long. 19° 20’. . From this time to the 17th, had light breezes and fine weather, averaging a run of about 100 miles a day. Spoke an American schooner, from Bordeaux to Pernam- buco, in lat. 6° 36’, and long. 25° 5’. Fresh breezes, with occasional showers Requisites for Metaphysical Inquiry. [Decay of rain. 25th.—Theodore De Fuscher departed this life; committed his body to the deep in lat. 20° 21’, and long. ‘35° 17’; light airs and fine weather. 30th.—Boarded the brig Africa, from Greenock to Honduras, out twenty- seven days, in lat. 25° 19’, and long. 35° 34’, from whom we received a very seasonable supply of potatoes and fish, ERIE: (a 3 * Je egal 23d April. — Pleasant, with light breezes, and clear weather; made 'the west end of the Isle of Wight; out from Mauritius 101 days. —<— THE INQUIRER.—NO. III. Has the World Existed from Eternity ? Tue advice we should give to every reader who has not the habit of deep and intense thinking is, to pass over this paper altogether ; for these are not subjects to parrot about : and what but parrots are we, when we repeat, upon any subject, what we have merely heard, or read, without question or examination—in short, without fully and completely understanding, not only every syllable that is said, or written, but the applicability or non-applicability of every sentence to the subject, and the pertinency or insutficiency of every position and induction, to the premises and to the conclusion. Yet the severe examination and the intensity of thought such subjects require, are, to many readers, painful :—to some, insupportable. It is for this reason that we are somewhat shy of giving place to such subjects in our pages. Yet, a Magazine should have something to suit all tastes ; and, while there are few, perhaps, who read every line of such a miscellany, ‘there are some to whom a strenuous exertion of the intellect is an agreeable—nay, some- times, even a necessary recreation. There are minds, as well as bodies, that cannot be kept in health, without some portion of that exercise, in which the faculties, as the muscles, must be strained to their utmost strength. Among exercises of the intellectual class that require an effort of this description, must be regarded all arguments and inves- tigations which have reference to matter and spirit—to origin and eternity—to space and infinitude. Upon trials of their strength in exercises like these, there are some minds that cannot forbear occasionally entering ; and though, after repeatedly putting forth, and perseveringly exerting their utmost powers, and concentrating their energies to the point proposed, till they feel the brain pinched, as it were, or screwed between a vice, they still find something which their comprehension cannot master :—they must, nevertheless, go to it again. Art thou one of these, reader? If not, pass over this paper. tion may not be thrown away. We remember, many years ago, to have heard Dr. Young say—during a discussion at the Lyceum Medicum, which was getting a little metaphysical,—that “it was good to go a little way into the dark sometimes, that we might know how far we could see.” And for minds that can bear the experiment, so it is; but there are some people who can never go beyond the twilight, without seeing phantoms and buggaboes. Let such never enter into “the dark impalpable obscure” of metaphysics. Such inquiries require nerve as well as intellect—or the latter becomes mastered by the imagination; and superstition, or mysticism (mental diseases both, which are only modifications of insanity), are almost inevitably engendered. _The only real use of such inquiries is, that they exercise the intellect ; and it ought to be pure intellect, and nothing else, that is exercised upon them. The dogmas of authority, on the one hand—and the sport of the fancy, the vagueness of conjecture, or the flourishes of rhetoric, on the other—are equally out of place. It is pure unsophisticated logic alone that must be trusted to on these occasions, in which every individual word, 2s well as position, is weighed, and considered, and comprehended ; in which not a syl- lable is out of its place, nora syllable admitted that is superfluous: for, in close rea- soning, we must have a language as close. Whatever is not necessary to the sense, is likely to lead us from it; and, in revising or examining an argument upon such subjects, the first care ought to be, to draw 4 pen through every syllable that is not necessary to the expression of the thought. These observations may tend to shew—that if there are few who are fit to read upon such subjects, there can be very, very few indeed, who are fit to write upon them. Very If thou art,—thy atten- 1825.] On.the Non-Eternity of the World. a, 405 Very little assistance, in this path, is to be expected from those who, after having been metaphysical in their poetry, become poetical in their metaphysics, and would atone by their flourishes in the latter for the abstraction of the former, * In this respect, our Correspondent, “ The Inquirer,”’ seems to have treated his sub- ject fairly: he has given his reasonings in their simple nakedness. It is for the reader to examine their validity and conclusiveness. With respect to the commentator, the notes he has deemed it proper to subjoin seem to have reference to the logic, rather than to the doctrine; and it is not to be taken for granted that, wherever he disputes the validity of the reasoning, he disallows the doctrine. The conclusion would be no fair induction, even, if the differences were much wider than they are, for, the doctrine we agree with may be weakly, and that which we dissent from ma be powerfully, sustained :—an axiom which (though not applicable in the present ‘nmtant) should never be forgotten, by those who look to controversial reasoning for the test of truth. Mastery, in argument, is no demonstration of what ought to be trowed, any more than trial by combat is a test of what ought to be held legally just. Victory, in either case, may depend upon the comparative strength and skill of the combatants; as the real balance of a disputed account may be in favour of him who has not arithmetic enough to detect the false calculations by which the more subtle litigant may have con- trived to embarrass the statements. The reader, therefore, should examine for himself the pro and con, wherever he finds any controversy ; and should argue the matter with his own mind—indepené¢ently : as he should, also, the grounds upon which the commen- tator pushes the argument still further, and, from the individuality of a world, extends his inquiry to universal matter. But we have said, perhaps, more than enough. We leave the Inquirer and the Com- mentator to speak for themselves. ——Epiror. * Such, however, is frequently the case with minds of very extraordinary endowments, and equally extraordinary attainments: but they are endowments in chaos—acquisitions in wreck and disorder. The faculties are jumbled together, and become scattered with like confusion over every subject ; and, with all their vastness and their splendour, are of no more use to those who appeal to them, than the prostrate ruins of some mag- nificent edifice, to those who seek protection from the inclemencies of the elements. 1 HATEVER has existed from P eternity, must have existed of itself, not by means of another; for nothing could exist before it from which it could receive its being. 2. Every thing, therefore, that has existed from eternity, must be self-ex- istent. . On the other hand, whatever is self-existent must have existed from eternity. 3. For if it have not, there must have been a time when it began to be; and, if so, then something without itself gave it beginning; for, if something without itself did not give it beginning, then something within must; and one part must have existed in consequence of another—which, in a self-existent being, is impossible. (a) 4. I say, impossible ; for, whatever is self-existent cannot be divided into parts, or, which is the same thing, is not divisible ; for, if it were, then it behoved every part to be self-existent : (4) and, as every thing that is divisible may be diyided ad infinitum, we should then have an infinite number of self-existent beings, which is equally impossible. 5. For, if any thing exist of itself, there can be nothing else to control its existence, or, what is the same thing, it must be superior to every thing else ; and, consequently, omnipotent—seeing a superiority to every thing else is all we mean by omnipotence. (ce) ‘6. But there cannot be two omnipo- tent beings; because, either they would agree in every respect, and conse- quently be one and the same, which is absurd; or they would differ, and then each would oppose and annihilate the power of each, which is inconsis- tent with omnipotence. 7. There is, therefore, only one self- existent being, and that being has been demonstrated to be omnipotent, eter- nal, indivisible, and, consequently, im- material. 8. The visible world, however, is material, and divisible; it is, therefore, not self-existent, and, consequently, has not existed from eternity. (d) 9. But the world may be further proved not to be self-existent ; for all the parts of it are produced in succes- sion, by some previous external cause: now, if all the parts be the effect of some external cause, the whole must be the effect of an external cause; for what may be said of all the parts, may, also, be said of the whole. That all the parts, however, are the effects of an external cause, appears from this—that, in the animal kingdom, no 406 no son can exist without a father; in the vegetable, no plant without a seed ; and, in the mineral, no stone without a collection of the requisite compo- nent parts. Should it be said, that these are not properly new existences, but only changes and modifications of matter,— I ask, whence do these changes arise— from themselves, or from another ? Does that particular modification of matter, the body of man, exist by his own will, or his own command? Does it not rather begin to be—continue to be—and cease to be—not only without his will, but by means of which he is ignorant, which are at once external to him, and independent of him ? If then man cannot produce even this change, or modification, with respect to his own body, much less can he create, or produee the materials of which it is formed. But, if man can do neither of these, much less can the other parts of the universe; inasmuch as he is superior to all the other parts with which we are acquainted. But, if all the parts of the universe are thus changed and produced, inde- ‘pendent of themselves, the same must be true of the whole. Ergo :—the uniyerse is not self-ex- istent—but the effect of some external cause; and, as every effect necessarily exists posterior to its cause, it follows, that it cannot have existed from eter- nity. Again, whatever is self-existent, must mecessarily be independent of all other things for the continuance of its exis- tence. But every thing in the universe is dependent on something without itself for the continuance of its existence. ‘Thus, for example, the inhabitants of ‘the earth depend on it for a supply of nourishment, as well as upon the other elements for things essential to life; and they cease to exist, at least, in a certain form, as soon as these are denied. The “earth itself depends on the other planets for the place it holds in the universe ; and the whole system is held together ‘by an attractive power, which operates, from without, on every part of it, which is unknown to it, and independent of it. If, then, the universe is not indepen- dent, with respect to the continuance of its form and place, much less will it be so with respect to the continuance of its existence: and, if it be not inde- pendent with respect to the continu- On the Non-Eternity of the World. [Dec. 1, ance of its existence, much less will it be so with respect to existence itself: and if not independent with respect to existence itself—it cafmot be self- existent; and, if it is not self-exis- tent, it follows, from what was demon- strated above, that it cannot have ex- isted from eternity. ComMENTATOR’s OBSERVATIONS. 3.(a) The first and second clauses seem to be postulates that are evidently unquestionable. This third might be equally’so, but that there seems to be something unguarded, or, at least, pre- mature, in the affirmation that it is impossible that one part of an eternal being should have existed in conse- quence of another part. The question of infinitude, as opposed to space or boundary, it should be remembered, has not yet been considered; and, bar- ring this suggestion, there does not seem any actual impossibility in the idea of an eternally self-existent being* emanating new parts, or possessing the power of self-multiplication. It may be questioned, also, whether this argument does not, in one respect, go further than the author intends (this, however, would be no impeachment of its vali- dity—he who seeks for abstract truth’ must not be startled at what are called consequences !)—whether it might not form a link in the chain of induction to~- prove the eternity of matter also, But of this hereafter. : 4, (b) No: not self-existent as a part ; but a part of the self-existent. Deny the eternity of matter, and it is more diffi- cult to get over the proposition that the world itself, and all the worlds, are part of the self-existent.t If matter emanated from deity, it is, or was, a part of deity: for that which emanates from must have pertained to—must have been a part of that from whence it emanated. Extend the mathematical dictum that follows in this clause to infinitude of expanse—nay, confine it to eternity of duration—and see the inex- tricable difficulties in which all ques- tions * Tstent, if we had such a word, we ought to say—for it is difficult to conceive, unless we mean to deny his infinitude, how the particle ex can be any way applied to deity. + Let it not be forgotten that the ques- tion of the eternity or non-eternity of matter does not necessarily involve the question of the creation or non-creation of any given world, or system of worlds. 1825.] tions of this description are involved. It is impossible to conceive that either eternity or infinitude are divisible into parts: or if parts are admitted, every part, however sub-multiplied, is equal to the whole; for that which is illimitable, in all directions, is incapable of diminu- tion. Itis a circle, of which every part is the centre. The eternity that begins to day (if eternity could begin) is as much an eternity, and as long an eter- nity, as that which began a thousand, or a million, or a hundred thousand million years ago. 5. (c) This clause is not equally self- evident with some of the precedent. Nor is the term omnipotent satisfac- torily defined. Who, indeed, has ever satistactorily defined it? Mr. Coleridge, when once hard pressed upon the sub- ject, at last triumphantly exclaimed— “ He has all the power that zs: he can- not have the power that zs not.” But, notwithstanding the triumphant tone, this definition sets limits to omnipo- tence; and, supposing the definition just, what becomes of the impossibility of more than one eternally self-existent ? If indestructibility be an inherent qua- lity, or attribute of a self-existent, there is, or can be, no power of destroying it; and, consequently, Mr. Coleridge’s om- nipotent could not possess such power. The phrase superiority to every thing else comes in a /ess questionable shape. But still superiority of power does not necessarily infer the power, much less the need or will, of annihilating—es- pecially, annihilating any thing else that (however subordinate to operation) should also be self-existent. I refer, of course, merely to the validity of the argument, and the satisfactoriness of the definitions; and, most assuredly, have not the slightest inclination to advocate the hypothesis of a plurality of gods.* 8.(d) We come now to something more tangible to our imperfect reason, —the visible world: because, here our finite senses (upon which, after all, our * We admit the discrimination, and con- sider the whole of this disquisition as a trial of the intellect: as “a journey into the dark to discover how far we can see.” Yet we perceive ourselves, at every step, on the brink of a precipice, and tremble at our temerity in admitting this disquisition into our columns, lest it should betray our cor- respondents into the heat of theological controversy. We trust, however, that the instant it shall assume such an aspect the discussion will close. —Epir. - Onthe Eternity of Matter. 407 boasted faculty of ratiocination is alto- gether dependent!) furnish us with some data from which to argue: and all that relates to the existence of this world (the organic existence — the created world, or visible system of worlds) seems to be satisfactory. At least, there are data quite sufficient that might be appealed to, which would seem to demonstrate, by the light of reason alone, the non-eternity of our world and planetary system.* But the arguments of our correspondent go no further: they do not even touch the question of the eternity or non-eternity of matter: except by inference, where he says, that a being omnipotent, eter- nal, and indivisible, is, consequently, im- material. That every thing in our world decays, as we call it—that is to say, disorganizes—is evident to our senses; but our senses, also, when em- ployed in experimental inquiry and research, equally prove to us that noth- ing, in reality, perishes :—generation and decay, organization and disorgani- zation, concretion and solution, in ani- mal, vegetable and mineral—in solid and in fluid—go on in perpetual reyo- lution; but nothing is annihilated— nothing is actually destroyed. The constituents seem to be imperishable, though the aggregate identities change. Mutation is every where—material ex- tinction no where. The researches of science, the analyses of experimental philosophy, the extended familiarity with the processes and phenomena of nature, nay, the every-day experience of our ordinary senses, all, as far-as they go, when calmly reflected upon, seem to affirm, not to negative, the idea of the eternity of matter. Nor, let it be observed (though this is no part, in reality, of the abstract question,) does this hypothesis gainsay, in any respect, the truth of the Mosaic account of the creation. Revelation itself carries us no further than to a chaos—a chaos from which arose our planetary system : and chaos is matter as much_as is crea- tion ; * With respect to the sun, however, the centre of our system, it seems to be ad- mitted among the learned in astronomical science, that La Place has demonstrated it to be constittited with attributes for eternal existence. But in this there is nothing in- consistent with the idea of new creations, the decay of old, ‘‘ the war of elements,” that may ultimately produce “the wreck of matter, and the crash of subordinate worlds.” 408 tion; and to make a world out of a chaos needs a creating power as much as it does to fill a vacuum out of primi- tive immateriality. At any rate, of the non-eternity of the world we inhabit, and, consequently, of individual origin or creation, thereseems to be presumptive evidence abundant: of its eternal existence none. We should say, arguing from analogy, and from what can beknown of itshistory, that our world has all the appearance of being yet but young. (Six thousand years, or even sixteen, as the Chinese would make it, is youth—the comparative magnitude of the world, with its puny inhabitants, considered!) And com- paving the progress, in many respects, of the latter, with their condition in former centuries, we should say that the human race, considered as an ag- gregate, seems but just to have burst the swaths of infancy. The existence of this world from all eternity, it is im- possible for a moment to believe. The necessity of creation, or of a creating power—of the dissolution and regene- ration of worlds—is therefore not med- died with, in any respect, by an. in- quiry into the eternity of what we call matter. * To deny the eternity of matter (as far, at least, as any argument in the paper now in question goes,) seems to involve much of the same difficulty that is involved in the denial of an eternal self-existent being. It divides eternity —it makes two eternities: an eternity before the creation of matter, and another eternity commencing with the creation of matter. A commencing eternity!!! Nay, it does worse. As far as attributes are concerned, it makes two eternal self-existent minds. It makes a completely changeable and changed deity, with a complete muta- tion of attributes—who had existed through one eternity —or, what is the same in idea, but still more absurd in terms, through one half of eternity, without any disposition to create even matter ; a more than epicurean deity— exclusively self-wrapped ; and then to have bethought him of creating matter, that he might live another eternity, or other half of eternity, a creator of * It signifies little into what elements the chemistry of metaphysics, or the meta- physics of chemistry, may resolve it. There is something cognizable to our senses, which we call matter; and that is the ob- ject of our inquiry. ‘On the Eternity of Matter. (Dec. I, worlds. There is an apparent absur- dity in the very statement of this pro- position, which almost excites a smile. Ihave no disposition, however, to throw ridicule upon the subject; and if I could find any terms less ludicrous, in which the idea could be stated, I would in- stantly draw the pen through what I have written. In the idea of an eternal succession and revolution of created and dissoly- ing, disorganizing and _ regenerating worlds, there is no equal difficulty. We cannot, indeed, form a positive idea (our minds cannot grasp it) of an eter- nal revolution of organizing and disor- ganizing systems—of new worlds eter- nally rising out of the wreck of old worlds, and of old worlds eternally has- tening to decay. Nor can we form a positive idea of eternity, or of a self- existent being ; but we can form these latter ideas negatively ; and our reason readily admits them, because they can- not be denied without involving a posi- tive contradiction. The affirmative of eternity and an eternal self-existence is only deyond our comprehension—the denial is contrary to our comprehen- sion ; and many things that are beyond our comprehension may, and must ac- tually be: but that which is contrary to comprehension cannot be. In this predicament of being beyond, but not contrary to comprehension, the idea of the eternity of matter, and the eternal revolution of organized and disorganiz- ing planets—of creation and decay— may, perhaps, on dispassionate investi- gation, be found to stand. Nay, we have some data (as has already been shewn, from the evidence of our own senses, and what we know of the his- tory of terrestrial phenomena) that may lead us some way, by analogy, to such a conclusion, -It does not go the whole length, indeed. We do not see pla- nets shedding their seeds to. sow new worlds, like vegetables; or generating, like animals; nor can reason, or even credulity believe they do so: neither do metals, rocks, or minerals shed their autumn seeds, or multiply by sexual intercourse:—they have laws of growth, concretion, solution, and production of their own. But we do see, and we do know, that all that we see is a perpetual series of decay and renovation, of dissolution and new or-- ganization ; and, that matter, though it change its form, does not perish: and where evidence and analogy fail us, there we escape (and there only, as far 1825.] far aS reason goes, are we called upon to escape) from doubt and contradic- tion, into the acknowledgment of an eternal self-cxistent power, who fa- shions and controls, sustains and orga- nizes and modifies the whole. Beyond this, we only dream, perhaps, when we think we are demonstrating ; or bewil- der ourselves in cheerless scepticism, “ And findno end, in wandering mazes lost.”” ——<——a—— For the Monthly Magazine. The Panacra, or WHore Art of Mr- DICINE. WAS fayoured with a copy of the following curiosity a short time ago, and it appears to me very de- ‘serving of a place in your useful Maga- zine, As this is an age fruitful with inventions and disceveries for benefit- ing mankind, the discovery of this panacea, for the cure of all human ills, is surely none of the least. TH -§ 25th Oct. 1825. Extract of a Letter of Advice from Dr. — of London, to a young Practitioner in the Country. ALL medical learning, professional skill, Depends on the knack of prescribing blue pill; For on whatever part of the frame is the ill, The liver’s in fault, you must order blue pill. You may join it with fox-glove, or joimit with squill, The only effective ingredient’s blue pill. ‘The liver is torpid, the bile is bad, still You change the secretion by dose of blue pill. Bile, white, brown, or black, no differemte still: it must all be set right by the famious blue pill. Whether raging with fever, or shivering with chill, Your chylopoetic must fight with blue pill. ¥rom your eyes, from your nose, should water distil, » Tis your bile that’s defective, so down goes blue pill. No peppermin:-water, no water of dill, For wind can gain credit against the blue pill. Thyme, marjoram, rue, Sir, you need not distil, Their virtue’s concentrated in the blue pill. ‘To line their own pockets the doctors must fill, ’Gainst reason, and logic, and ’gainst your own willy Your doctor persuades you to take the blue pill. He swears that your cure he thus soon will fulfils Open-mouth’d you believe him, and down goes blue pill. ‘Oh! it gladdens my heart, and it makes my nerves thrill, To think of the cures that are made by blue pill. This truth in your mind let me ever instil, Your fortune is made if you manage blue pill. J should worry myself, and should wear out my quill, ‘To describe half the charms of the wond’rous blue pill. By experience, by study, by whate’er you will, You'll be reckoned a fool if you give not blue pill. By it, though your patients you afterwards kill, You've the present advantage, so stick to blue pill. Should your patient survive it! !!—well pleas’d with your skill, He will trumpet your fame, and the fame of blue pill. And the doctor will bring the best grist to his mill, Who prescribes with least mercy the mighty blue pill. Bath. — Gisps. Montntry Mas. No. 417. Panacea.—Mechanics’ Institutes. 409 To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. 7) WSR . HE establishment of Literary and Scientific Institutions, will render the commencement of the first quarter of the nineteenth century, a memorable epoch in the career of knowledge; nor will the establishment of Mechanics’ Schools and Institutions be, among these, one of the least prominent features. No unprejudiced person can presume to doubt that, when the minds of the mass of the population shall be directed, sci- entifically, to their respective occupa- tions, an immense accession of use- ful talent. and discovery will be the re- sult; and which must contribute, not only to individual welfare, in numerous instances, as well as to the prosperity of the empire generally; but it must also tend, in an eminent degree, to such ex- tension of the intercourse between na- tions, both near and remote, that the means for increasing greatly the sum- total of human happiness, must un- avoidably become more certain and as- sured. J take these results to be the necessary consequence of the more gene- ral diffusion of knowledge of all kinds, provided a very moderate share of adroit- ness only be adopted in presenting those ameans to mankind; and it is really as- tonishing that persons are still to be found who are desirous to throw every obstacle in the way of that beneficent - consummation, so long and so ardently desired by every sincere and ‘intelligent well-wisher to the happiness of our spe- cies ; namely, that of making every mem- ber of the community a rational and in- telligent being. As to the Mechanics’ Institutions—in answer to the silly cavils raised against them, is it no trifling consideration to divert the labourer and the mechanic from the ale-house to’ the lecture-room ; from the debasing and demoralizing effects of bacchanalian orgies, to the calm deductions of science? the tranquil- lizing, yet pleasing perusal of the scien- tific treatise, the argumentative Review, or to the varied contents of the now well-edited and well-written Magazine ? or to the spirited essay, sparkling with all the vivid corruscations of wit and of intelligence ? “ Knowledge,” one of the greatest masters of science has told us, “ is power.” And without knowledge what is man? Need I answer, too often a brute; and sometimes a terrible brute too. But this is by no means att which ~ these institutions are capable of accom- 3G plishing ; 410 plishing ; nor all which they will accom- plish. Besides introducing more adroit- hess. and skill in the respective depart- ments of the useful sciences, a refine- ment,of thought and action will necessa- rily'result from altered habits and modes of life. When the pipe and the pot shall give way to the book and the lecture- room, we may soon expect to find, be- sides, a disposition to get rid of habits at once low and vulgar, and the introduc- tion of more delicate ideas, and the ex- citement of purer feelings. I calculate, also, on a considerable diminution of that taste for low buffoonery and thea- trical inanities, which is now, unfortu- nately, so prevalent ; and although, for wise and substantial reasons, no reli- gious dogmas are to be taught profes- sedly in these seminaries, it does not follow that moral truth shall not be inculeated: indeed many of the books now found in them and circulating among the members indirectly do this; but sure- ly it would be quite consistent with these establishments to direct the minds of their members, either by lectures. or otherwise, to an occasional considera- tion of that moral fitness and pro- ptiety of conduct which becomes all, and which so materially contributes to individual, as well as general happi- ness. This being done, as I dare say it ulti- mately will be, and I think ought to be, there can be no doubt of the beneficial tendency of these large, and in every way powerful associations. The more those who labour become capable of thinking and reasoning justly, the more readily may they be governed by rational motives presented to their understanding ;. and consequently the less refractory and turbulent will they become; and the more also must they become convinced that violence is, of all means, the least calculated to operate beneficially. It is the quality of well-directed knowledge to produce peaceful dispositions, and submission to unavoidable accidents and privations. Away then with the anility, the folly of opposing the education of the people. Ignorance is one of the most prolific sources of vice, crime and misery. That government is the best, is the most stable, which is built, not upon the igno- rance, the prejudices, or passions of the people, but upon their interest and their knowledge ; and that government which promotes these in the best manner, will be most likely to render a people hap- » py; and, therefore, contented and or- ‘Literary Societies. (Dec. I, derly, That Great Britain is in the way of doing this I sincerely hope; and I also hope that no one will throw any obstacle in the way of ,so beneficial a consummation. : ly sty ——g To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Sir: At a time when new literary esta- blishments. are springing up in every part of the metropolis, it may, be useful to call the attention of those who are secking for improvement, to those which are already existing, ,and some of which are possessed. of adyan- tages which, perhaps, some of the new have not. as The utility of debating-societies: has been frequently proved in the pages of your valuable Magazine, and, therefore, requires no farther commendations of mine. One of the oldest, and best ar- ranged societies of this description, and the one to which I wish now to eall the attention of your readers, is the Philo- mathic Institution, in Burton-street. It was founded in the year 1807, under the patronage of H. R. H. the Duke of Sussex; and consists of subscribing and honorary members, both of whom are proposed to, and elected by, four- teen directors, who are themselves chosen every half year. The society meets every Tuesday evening, for the purpose of discussing literary and other questions, previously selected by a majority of votes, and from which, such as refer to religion and party politics are (as usual) excluded, Besides these meetings, there are others on Fridays, in which original compo- sitions are read, or lectures given, by the members. Of these, and of the de- bates, the best. are selected, and pub- lished quarterly in the Society’s journal, lately established, which also contains reviews, written by members. of the in- stitution.* This. journal shows many of its articles to be the work. of inex- perienced writers, although of such as have eyidently thought. for themselves, and are earnestly and honestly seeking for truth, and, therefore, deserve public encouragement, To give your readers a better idea of ~ the labours of this institution, I tran- scribe a few of the questions, &e: of ; “the * The last number of the Philomathie Journal contains the substance, of a dis- cussion on capital punishment, which may deserve your perusal and notice, . atliB) VY 1825.] the present quarter, from a card now lying before me, and on which I am happy to obseryesuch names as those of Dr Bitkbeck, Mr. Brougham, Sir An- thony Carlisle, &c. as honorary mem- Hers. | tix Levtitires—On the History of Surgery, by Mr. Pettigrew. On Ethics (the 5th), by Dr. Collyer. On‘ thé English Language; On the History’ of the Teutonic Languages and Literature; On the Comparative Ana- tomy ofthe Teeth of Man and Brutes ; On Criminal Jurisprudence. By sub- scribing members. Esstys—Influence of Education ; Principal Cause of the Darkness of the Middle Ages; Influence of Marriage on Literary Pursuits; The Deaths of Seneca and Lucan, a dramatic scene; On Phy- siognomy ; The Morality of Arithmetic ; Noah and Superstition, poems. The questions on the list are thirteen, of which, in order to save your valu- able space, I will only say that two are historical, two purely literary, five refer to legislature and political economy, and the rest to education and ethics. It has lately been proposed to extend the plan of the institution, by raising a fund through shares, for the purpose of uniting with it an extensive library, and providing for regular scientific lectures. But I hope that this plan will not suc- eeed: and for this reason in particular, that the spirit of harmony and fellow- ship, which now distinguishes this in- stitution, would be destroyed ; since, to be admitted a2 member, would depend on nothing but the ability of purchasing a share. Such institutions as embrace the objects, and are, consequently, un- der the regulations alluded to, are very useful, and ought to be encouraged ; but the Philomathic is established on different principles, from which it ought not to depart. Visitors are admitted to the lectures and discussions, by tickets from the members; and I have sometimes seen there an audience of from two to three hundred persons, a great propor- tion of which was composed of ladies. Hadlow Street, 4th Nov. W Zs ——— To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine, Sir: F you think the following account of the occupation of a few acres of land, hy the poor in this parish, worth a place in ‘your yaluable Miscellany, - you will have the goodness to insert Small Plots of Land. 41 it. The land belongs to the parish, and is in the hands of trustees :, it con- sists of nearly thirty acres ; but some of it being subject. to flood, only, twenty- one acres are let to the poor, and are. thus divided :—six pieces, of one acre: each ; twenty-one and a-half pieces, half an acre each; and eighteen pieces, one rood each. It is tythe free, and let subject to the following regulations, which are printed, and each of the occupiers is furnished with a copy: lst. That the land shall be only let for one year, and possession giyen on the 29th day of September, in each ear. 2d. That two pounds is to be the rent per acre, including all town dues, and so in proportion for any less quan- tity. 3d. That the said rent be paid into the hand of the treasurer, appointed by the trustees, at any time in the course of the year, viz. on or before the 29th day of September in each year; and any sum not less than one, shilling, will be received on the first Monday evehing in each month. 4th. That the land be occupied in the following manner, viz. the occu- pier shall not crop more than half his land with any kind of grain; and it is required that the other half shall be planted with potatoes, or some other vegetables; and that five loads of ma- nure per acre (or in that proportion for any less quantity) shall be laid on. the land every year. 5th. That a committee of three of. the trustees shall be appointed annu-. ally, in the month of September, to. superintend the management of the. game land, and to whom application may be made by any of the occupiers, for any necessary purposes. 6th. That if any occupier is found neglectful in the cultivation of his_ land, after examination and direction given by the committee, he shall not be permitted to hold it more than one year. 7th. That no occupier will be suffered to relet his land. 8th. That no occupier will be allows ed to plough his land, but required to. cultivate it solely by spade husbandry. ~ 9th. That no occupier who is at. work for the parish, or for any em-_ ployer, shall be allowed to work upon his land after six o’clock in the morn- ing, or before six o’clock in the evening, - without permission from,his master. _ | 10th. That each occupier shall keep 3G2 j his 412 ” Bowles's his own allotment of fence in good re- pair, under the direction of the com- mittee. : 1th. Any occupier, who shall be detected in any act of'dishonesty, shall forfeit his land. 12th; It is expected, that every oc- cupier shall attend some place of wor- ship, at least, once every Sunday ; and should he “neglect to do 50 without sufficient cause, after being warned by the committee, he shallbe deprived of his land. 13th. No occupier shall be allowed to trespass upon another’s land in going to or from his own allotment. 14th. That no occupier shall work on a Sunday. 15th. That if any occupier, who is an habitual drunkard, or frequenter of public houses, shall, after being re- proved by the committee, still persist in the same, he shall be deprived of his land. N.B.—It is determined that this last rule will be strictly enforced as well as the rest. The quality of the land is good, and worth to afarmer about the rent that is given for it; it varies from a good strong loam to a rich light turnip soil (provincially red-land); it has been occupied three years, this Michaelmas (1825), by the poor; and the crops, with hardly a single exception, have been remarkably fine: indeed, I think, full one-third more than is usually grown by the farmers in the neighbourhood ; which may be principally attributed to cultivation by the spade instead of the plough. The wheats have averaged full five quarters per acre—indeed, some superior managers have got more than twelve bushels upon their rood of land; the potatoes, from two to three bushels per square rod; and what little barley they grow, at’ about the rate of seven to eight quarters per acre; the peas about five or six quarters: besides which they grow various kind of vege- tables—as onions, cabbages, beans, &c. The wheatand barley have been some of it drilled, and some broad-cast. I think, upon the whole, the drilled has been rather superior; but the difference is by no means great. Iam convinced it has materially increased the comforts of the poor. Some who never fatted a ig before in their lives, are now ena- bled'to do it, and feed them up to from ten to seventeen or eighteen score. The rent has been paid on Michaelmas-day, or before, with the greatest punctua- Sonnets. [Dee 1, lity. One only has, at present, been turned out for breach of rules; though there are two or three more under no- tice. There are’ now ‘more’ applica- tions for land than’ can be» accommo- dated. Indeed, I believe’ I mayisafely say, that two or three times as much land might very ‘properly be immediately let in the same way in this parish. G.W.W: Spratton, near Northampton, October 1st, 1825. © a To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. Sir: T has pleased your Correspondent & Mr. Jennings (See M.M. Oct., p. 231) to take up rather warmly a passing ob- servation of mine, on the “ sweetened cream and water” of the sonnetteering poet Mr. Bowles, in the essay I trou- bled you with (Aug. p.12), on the con- troverted rank of Pope as a poet ; and to be very angry with me, because I did not sign my own proper name to that essay. Iam very sorry, of course, Sir, to have wounded the critical sensibility of Mr. Jennings, or, of any other of the ad- mirers of the cream-and-water school ; and, still more grieved, that there should be certain reasons which make it not quite decorous for me to step forward with my card in my hand, to meet the challenge of that gentleman, and, in the open gaze of all your numerous readers, shed my avowed ink in the desperate conflict to which he so gallantly invites me. But, Sir, though I have my rea- sons, on the present occasion, for pre- ferring the customary inglorious mode of miscellaneous bush-fighting, to the more glorious and chivalrous mode of open duel, to which myantagonist rushes forth to invite me, I beg leave to assure Mr. Jennings, that it is from no disre- spect to him that I decline the honour of inscribing my name as his opponent, on the eternal columns of your temple of Philosophy and the Muses: for, though not exactly agreeing with ‘all the critical opinions of Mr. Jennings, I can truly say, without the least flat- tery or dissimulation, that I have read with great pleasure whatever of his production has fallen into my hands ; and, asa constant reader of the Monthly Magazine, should be happy ‘to ‘meet with his name there more frequently. I trust, however, that as a combatant, especially as I have not the least in- tention of being personal to him, “he will be content to meet me in’my Vizor. Iam 1825.] I am sorry, indeed, that our encounter has been so long delayed: for, though Ido not think that a casual essayist is called upon to enter into controversy upon. every incidental remark which he may throw out, in the course of a slight. and, unmethodical disser- tation; and still less, that he should be called upon to load his careless pages with critical notes, analyses, and quota- tions from every author whom he may happen in his way to mention, with an epithet either of censure or commenda- tion—yet, most assuredly, if other and indispensable vocations had not en- grossed my time, I should not so long have delayed some notice of the sup- posed “ parrot-like injustice” imputed to me, with respect to Mr. Bowles. With respect to the parroting part of the accusation, Sir, permit me in the outset to undeceive Mr, Jennings alto- gether, by assuring him, not only that I have not taken up my opinions of Mr. Bowles, or any other author, either from Capt. Medwin’s contemptible in- ventions, or equally contemptible repe- titions of the supposed loose conversa- tions of Lord Byron, or from any thing really said or written by Lord Byron himself; but that I hold the trashy book-making, catch-penny farragoes of the Medwins, Dallases and Co., &c. quite in as much contempt as Mr. Jennings himself can possibly do. With respect to Lord Byron, I not only agree with Mr. Jennings, that he was one of those “ who too often write for effect, and for effect only ;? but I consider him (and trace the undeniable evidence of such estimation in almost every page of his writings) as being so completely in the habit of indulging and venting eyery brilliant conception of his own irregular and extraordin-ry mind, with- out the least cons.deration of its truth or accuracy, that I even doubt whether he had ever permitted himself to form what might properly be called a settled and digested opinion upon any one sub- ject. whatever — except the splendour and power of his own rapid and imagi- native talent.* He was a comet-birth of eccentric genius that revolved not in the ordered sphere of analytic attrac- tion: too vivid —too headlong — and too precipitate for the ratiocination of criticism: and, even if I were one of those who could be content to follow * Lhope I shall not be called upon for quotations to support this incidental opi- nion also. Bowles’s Sonnets. 413 in the wake of others, I should as soon think of taking an égnis-fatuus for my guide across a fen-bog, as Lord Byron for my director through the labyrinths of critical opinion. Supposing even that his Lordship did absolutely ever indulge his spleen, or his vanity, in “ the silliness of the question, what poets had we in 1795?” so far from consider- ing it as any proof of the settled con- tempt in which he held all the writers of that era (though some of those, I confess, whom Mr. Jennings has singled out, I should regard as of the cream- and-water school, and one or two of them, even, as crab verjuice), I should regard it as only one of those para~ doxical sallies, in which men of wit and vivacity occasionally indulge, merely for the sport and absurdity of the thing, or to keep up the battledoor and shuttle-cock of conversational levity : or sometimes, perhaps, more in contempt for the understandings of those whom they are addressing, than for the talents of those whom they are pretending to decry ; but certainly with no intention that any lick-spittle pick-phrase should record their rhodomontade as settled judgments and critical opinions, for the information of the world. Every man of genius and literature is not a Johnson, to converse in preconsidered dogmas and set phrases, with a Bos- well and a note-book at his elbow, to transmit his oracular witticisms to pos- terity. Mr. Bowles, therefore, if he troubles himself about it, and Mr. Bowles’s ad- mirer, may assure himself that my opi- nion of his sonnets, &c. has not been caught up from either Lord Byron, or Lord Byron’s_ distorted shadow, Capt. Medwin. That opinion was, in fact, formed and settled long before ever the name of Byron was heard in the precincts of poetic literature ; and the identical question which Lord Byron is reported to have put : “ What could Coleridge mean, by praising Bowles’s poetry as he does?” I had put to myself full thirty years ago, on seeing in Coleridge’s own hand-writing, on the blank leaf of a copy of Bowles’s sonnets, presented by him to a lady, among other extravagant encomiums, a protestation, that that little volume had “done him more good than any thing he had ever read, except his Bible.” That the pietist may be very much delighted with the slipslop of some of these sonnets (the sugared “ cream and water” of some of which have, I ae little 414 little dash of opium, also), I can rea- dily believe ; but I must venture (not- withstanding the apparent taste of the age) to hazard an opinion, that piety is not always of necessity poetical, any more than genuine poetry is necessarily evangelical. In one of these sonnets, if I recollect rightly (for I have not the volume by me, or I would turn to all Mr. Jen- nings’s references), Mr. Bowles thus laments the loss of the lady of his heart : “ But it pleas’d God to take thee,—thou didst go, In youth and beauty go to thy death bed, Even while, as yet, my dream of hope I fed. © “ Be it so! Ere yet I have known sorrow, and even now The cold dewscan I wipe from my sad brow.” Well then—wipe it, say I. If you are so piously resigned, why do you think of appealing to my sympathies in puling sing-soug? This may be part of a goodly sermon, but it is no poetic inspiration. It may be good preparation for the communion-table, but it is no offering for the altar of the muses. In short, poe- tically speaking, what is it but sugared cream and water? It may be holy water, indeed, with which it is diluted ; but it willhave no better relish, on that account, for any but saintly palates. But it is the fashion of this school, as you, I think, Mr. Editor, have some- where observed, to mingle together their poetry, their amours and their de- votion; so that they cannot lament a lost mistress without talking about pro- vidence, or pay a compliment to a bean- tiful eyebrow, without seating God Almighty upon the arch. This sort of melange, to me at least, as far as poetry is concerned, appears to be in very bad taste; I must be permitted to doubt, whether it be not equally ambiguous piety. Some of those who have made use of it may be, and I dare say are, very sincere; but it must be confessed that it looks very like the cant of a would-be religious hypocrisy. Not that I am insensible to the charm of religious poesy, when it is at once really poetical and devotional. I kindle to enthusiasm with the divine Milton— I am soothed into interesting placidity by the pious and familiar colloquialism of Cowper. But then the poet should be either one thing or other: he should not attempt to mingle contraries, Cupid and the, Evangelists make strange com- pany, when invited to the same poetical party. val ; Bovles’s Sonnets. . [Dec 1, But to return—for Mr. Jennings, and you also, I suppose, will say, Sir, that I am but a rambling sort of essayist, when I get on my critical hobby-horse ;—or, to resume my former metaphor,—not a bush-fighter only, but perpetually changing my bush !—To return to Mr, Bowles, and to the identical sonnet Mr. Jennings has selected for illustra- tion: let us see whether there be not here, not only some sugared “ cream and water,” but also some adventitious in- congruities to boot; and whether the ingredients, after all, be well compound- ed :—whether they are duly concocted © (as the word-mongers might syllable it) to a felicitous concatenation of con- gruous homogeneity.* The poet thus begins : M1996 “¢ Whose was that gentle voice, that, whis- $ pering sweet” — A naturalinquiry enough, no doubt, when a poet, or any body else, hears a gentle voice, whispering sweet, and does not know where it comes from. But was the inquirer really in the dark upon this subject ? “‘ Whose was that gentle voice, that whis- pering sweet, Promis’d methought long days of bliss sincere ? One would have thought that, without much of poetic inspiration, it might have been guessed which of the divini- ties it was that whispered such pro- mises. * Soothing, it stole on my deluded ear, Most like soft music.’’— Wonderful! Twas Hope’s. scenes, of truth, friendship, and meek affection, lead- ing us in peace, poor friend ! to life’s down- ward slope, and blessing our last hours. Alas! the prospect grew dark while she sung; the sound of the death-bell startled me; chill darkness dimm’d the gay bowers; and Horror, pointing to a breathless corpse, cri’d begone! there’s no peace for thee. We have here the whole of the sense in three lines, all but one syllable, less than in the verse. In other words, there are twenty-nine expletive syl- lables in Mr. Bowles’s fourteen lines. Is this not “ diluting cream with water ?” Let Mr. Jennings use Milton’s rhymes so if he can, No: Milton knew that the poet’s genuine license is that of conveying the sense in fewer syllables than prose can compress it into. But my heaviest charge against this so much lauded sonnet—this chosen master-piece of this darling poet Bowles—remains yet tobe made. Let us turn to the picturesque identifying epithet yon—“ Horror pointing to yon breathless clay!”? What, then, is the actual corpse of his deceased mis- tress supposed to be in view during the chaunting of this sonnet? Was it before the poet when he con- ceived it? Was the recollection of it present when he wrote it? If not, where is the oneness—the congruity of the thought ? If it was, how became it possible for the poet, or the lover, to conjure up all this fantastical and arti- ficial machinery ? Can the man of real sensibility, with the breathless corpse of a beloved object before him, think of _ allegories, and breathe in an atmosphere of metaphors? Can he see any thing but the dear object of his agonized re- grets? Is his wit at liberty for the picturesque and the comparative ?— Can he transfer the sensation of horror from his own breast to the pictured shape of a notorious non- entity. But grant him distract and demon-haunted, at the end of his son- net—what a struggle must there have been at the beginning !—what a trial of skill and effort (with the image of his deceased mistress full in view, or in recollection) between his feelings and his fancy, before the latter could so have mastered and subdued the former, as to be able to summon up and ar- range all the prettinesses of that glitter- It talk’d of love and social Gray on Rail-ways. [Dec. 1, ing conceit—a dialogue about the gentle, sweet, whispering, musical voice, and what it could be compared to, and its telling pretty deceitful tales! and about soft music cheating dark and drooping thoughts ! And is this what the advocates of Mr. Bowles call “ the fulness of ge- nuine feeling ?”’ Is this what is to be held up to the “ admiration of the more refined feclings of our nature ?” —the beau ideal of pathetic simplicity ? To me, on the contrary, it appears that all the pathos is in the subject itself, and not in the poetical embellishments of Mr. Bowles. Andalthough Ido not think myself called upon to give up my real name to Mr. Jennings, as it is not his literary reputation that I have assailed,—nor have I, I trust, in my reply, said any thing that can be con- sidered as personal to him,—yet I think I have said enough to justify me (till something better of Mr. Bowiles’s is brought before me), without retracting one single word about sugared cream and water, in signing myself your, and Mr. Jennings’s, humble servant, 3d November, 1825. AVONIAN. ———— SS Gray on a Generat Iron Rait-way. (Continued from page 30.) N order to form a just estimate of the economy of this measure, it will be necessary to ascertain the ex- pense attending each particular mode of conveyance now in use, with the relative time required for the perform- ance of journeys :— 1. The expense of the original con- struction of turnpike roads, the annual repairs, and the annual expense of ve- hicles and horses employed thereon : 2. The construction of canals and boats, the annual repairs, also the num- ber and expense of men and horses: 3. The construction of coasting-ves- sels, the annual repairs, and the num- ber of hands required, together with the expense. And then compare these three-fold capitals with that required for the con- struction of a general iron rail-way, locomotive steam-engines and carriages (for the conveyance of persons and of goods of every description), their annual repairs, the’ number of hands required, together with the expense. It must be sufficiently evident to every man of re- flection, that the benefit to be derived from rail-roads should be of a general and national kind ; their partial intro- duction into certain districts would not merely 1825.] merely prove of local advantage, but give a most decided superiority to the commercial transactions carried (on there,,over those: places where canals and the ordinary roads remain the only means.of conveyance, 4 After witnessing the wonderful power and economy of the steam-engine, which gives motion to the whole machinery in every room of a manufactory ; and the certainty, speed and safety with which steam-packets navigate the sea; the. man who can now hesitate to re- commend. steam-engines, instead of horse-power, must be pitied for his ig- norance, or despised for his obstinacy. Moreover, after the demonstration of their utility, daily proved by Mr. Blen- kinsop these fourteen years past, it will require some explanation where and how our engineers have been ex- hibiting their skill. There can be no doubt that Mr. Blenkinsop’s plan must be our guide, from its manifest superiority and eco- nomy over all those at Newcastle; and if we look at the very slow progress made in the improvement of steam-en- gines, perhaps a generation or two may pass away without any very material benefit arising from the various experi- ments now afloat. To create further improvements, every encouragement should be given to the practical appli- eation of those we do enjoy, by extend- ing them to the promotion of national prosperity. - It has been stated that the steam- carriages, at Newcastle, work solely by friction, or by the adhesion of the wheels:to the rails, and that Mr.Blenkin- sop’s rack-rail is quite unnecessary. This nonsense is, however, so completely exposed by the experimentalist himself who wrote it, that the “ Practical Trea- tise on Rail-Roads,” recently published, must be put forth with motives I cannot comprehend, My readers should, therefore, receive with great caution any information from ersons interested in the northern col- jeries: for as their trade will be se- riously affected by opening the London market to all the inland collieries, it is very natural to suppose that those in the north will do all in their power to decry my “ Observations on a General Tron Rail-way ;’* but, however much they may feel disposed to arrogate to themselves the right of giving in- _* The fifth edition of this work is trans- Jated into French. Monruty Mac. No, 417. Gray on Rail-Roads. 417 struction on this subject, I beg to re- mind the public that Mr. Blenkinsop’s plan is, hitherto, decidedly the most efficient steam-carridge rail-way; and that, as Mr. ‘Trevithick and he were the first to introduce this species of conveyance, any remarks. or improves ments, made by those who follow them, can only be considered as emanating from the example set by the above two gentlemen, to whom alone all credit is due. In confirmation of what is now ad- vanced, I invite my readers to compare the engines at Newcastle with those at Leeds, and then some idea may be: formed of the vast superiority of the latter, both in economy and power; it appears Mr. Blenkinsop’s, with less than half the power, do more than double the work of the others! How happens this? I leave it to the public, who are now in possession of the whole particulars, to decide. The pretended ignorance of the Newcastle writer of the superiority of Mr. Blenkinsop’s rail-way, will meet: with the contempt it deserves, and serve also to forewarn the public against his imbecile mis-statements and plausible calculations. I am. fearful lest the companies now establishing should be so far deluded, as to follow the plans adopted in the collieries, of having recourse to inclined planes, sta- tionary steam-engines, or the recipro- cating steam-engine: all which may be well enough in the coal districts; but on rail-ways, for national purposes, they ought.to .be avoided.as much as possible, for this plain reason, the multiplicity of machinery. The annual waste of capital, and the accidents which .would unavoidably occur from their general introduction on public lines of road, are quite suffi- cient to arrest the public attention, in order to consider well before they com- mence laying down the roads. A mul- tiplicity of machinery is the great evil to be avoided; and experience teaches us that the annual expense may be di- minished, in proportion as our power is simplified and concentrated. , On this account, I am anxious that a national Board be appointed, in order to introduce the most simple and general principle of uniform connexion, through- out the country. It is the interest of each company to promote this general system, as the returns will be in pro- portion to the facility of national com- munication ; for if the numerous com- panies do not strictly follow, in every 3 particular, 418 particular, the same plan in the forma- tion of the rails and vehicles, the natu- ral results will be confusion, unneces- sary expense, delay, and all the con- comitant evils peculiar to unorganized plans; in illustration whereof, I refer my readers to the present scientific ma- nagement of roads, canals, and coasting vessels. In order to fix upon one uniform plan forthe whole country (and I rely upon thé interest .of each company to support my proposition), it is essen- tially necessary to obtain the decision of a National Rail-way Board, duly authorized by Parliament, to give every assistance to the introduction of this new system of general internal commu- nication, and empowered to fix upon the different models, after examining the competent persons, in order to de- velope the most eligible plan. This once ascertained, the necessary dupli- cates and models might be transmitted, by each company, to the respective con- tractors for the work; and as the mo- del of one would be that of all, no want of materials or ‘carriages could be felt in any part of the country. This uni- formity in the construction of rails and yehicles will enable the manufacturers of the different articles to keep an abundant supply, in all parts wherever this plan may be introduced. The wheels and axles will be the only parts of the vehicles confined to the model : the body may be made after any shape, or to particular fancy. X With what persevering industry and partial favour do our Ministers devote their time and talents to improve our colonial affairs, and how blindly do the public magnify the importance of such measures, whilst this scheme of per- manent wealth at home appears a matter of secondary consideration! This combines every advantage—com- mercial, agricultural and social; the other is merely of a speculative and very uncertain nature. By a compari- son of our home and colonial trade, a more correct idea would be formed of the vast utility of this measure; and it may further be remarked, that this scheme would not only add fresh trea- sures to our home resources, but give the greatest impulse to every branch of our foreign trade throughout the united kingdom. We have no institution in England so worthy of the attention of the statesman and financier as this, and there is no branch of our revenue New Wants. [Dee. I, which could be so productive and equitable. Your’s, &c. Tuomas Gray. Nottingham, 1st Oct. 1825. a For the Monthly Magazine. New Wants. HE great improvements that have been made, and are still in pro- gress, in this country, by means of steam-engines, joint-stock companies, rail-roads,, and aérial navigation, go far towards providing for ail the wants of all the human race—at least, to- wards reducing all their wants to one, which may be summed up in one little insignificant word of two short syl- lables—Money : or, as a gentleman of our acquaintance, fond of the mystic number, with Demosthenean energy, tripartized it, Money! Money! Money!. But total exemption from want—every wish gratified—every object of enjoy- ment purchased—presents an image too horrible to be steadfastly contem- plated. To have no want unsatisfied were, in fact, to want every thing: and perfect plenum would be commensurate with absolute privation. The mind would have no room—no motive for enjoyment—no sphere of action ; the current of- intellectual life would be lost in the stagnant pool of apathy and ennui. In other words, the power— the necessity of entertaining unaccom- plished desires once superseded, the great charm’ of mundane existence is lost—is extinguished for ever. In Vol- taire’s Zadig, the Assyrian grandee, who has attained to the fruition of every outrageous desire, finds life be- come an insupportable burthen; and a poet of our own, more epigrammatically perhaps, than accurately, sings ‘* Man never is, but always to be blest,” for the expectation is, in reality, the bliss. We may safely, then, conclude that, while wants are necessary to plea- sure, the extinction of them would not increase the sum of human happiness : and it becomes a duty, on the score of prudence (since projectors and inven- tors are in such mighty haste to super- sede and anticipate all our wants), con- fidently to stare the danger in theface, and before the evil come too close, to devise, if by any manner of means we can, an adequate and precautionary remedy : oneimmediately presentsitself—itis that of granting patents and premiums to all good subjects and friends of humanity, who shall exercise their ingenuity in the 1825.] the creation or discovery of New Wants, as rapidly as the old shall be supplied. An old‘author wrote a book—“ De Ar- tibus Deperditis,’ concerning lost (or forgotten) arts. Could these be re- covered, much, alas! of our present ig- norance might be informed—much of our future labour might be spared: but the art of creating new wants would be more valuable than them all. The Greeks and Romans, as history records, possessed many delightful (not to say glorious) arts, which we—woe worth the while—cannot come up to; the fact is so notorious, that we need not harrow up the reader’s feelings, or our own, by dwelling on modern inca- pacity to make glass malleable, to dye cloth purple by cooking fish, &c. &c. Archimedes’ burning lens was long re- garded as fabulous, until the French Count Buffon demonstrated its appli- cability to military affairs. Apollodorus puts all our quacking venders of patent medicines to shame—all that their in- fallible elixirs profess is to restore the functions of nature, and thus prevent a man from dying; but he mentions a plant, whose sovereign efficacy is such, that a dead body being rubbed with it, the anointed would instantly start into renewed life. This far surpasses the sage devices of our worthy Humane Society ! In the east, more especially in Chi- na, they have possessed, and, doubt- less, ) 4, The flower is highly requisite for the 1825.] the propagation of plants, and consists of four parts—the calyx, the corolla, the stamen, and the pistillum. The calyx, or flower-cup, is usually of a green colour, and is that part which supports and surrounds all the other portions of the flower. The corolla is of different colours and shapes, and is that part which constitutes the most conspicuous portion of the flower. It sometimes consists. of only one entire substance, but more frequently of seve- ral portions, each of which is denomi- nated a petal. The stamen is supposed to be the male, and the pistil/wm the female part of the flower. They are both minutely described by Linnzus in his beautiful Sexual System of Plants. It is a curious fact, that every flower is formed many months before it makes its appearance. Thus many flowers are not the produce of that same year in which they blossom. The mezereon blossoms in January, but the flowers were ccempletely formed in the bud in the preceding autumn. Ifthe coats of a tulip-root be carefully separated about the beginning of September, the nascent flower, which is to come forth in the subsequent spring, will be found in a small cell,. formed -by the innermost coats of the root. 5. The fruit consists of nearly the same parts as the stem of its parent tree, namely, of two skins or cuticles, which are productions, or rather con- tinuations of the skins of the bark, and furnished with large succulent vessels. Next to the core there is commonly an internal pulpy matter; and the core itself is nothing more than a tough and finer membrane for the protection of the seed. It is to be: observed, however, that the organization of fruit is very various. In some, the seeds are dis- persed throughout the pulpy matter ; in some, instead of the core, we find a hard substance, inclosing the seed or kernel, which, from its great durity, is termed the stone ; in some, there are many seeds,—and in others only one, inclosed in a large mass of pulpy matter. 6. The seed has been described by botanists as “a deciduous part of a vegetable, containing the rudiments of a new one;” its essence consisting in the corculum, or little heart.*. On its exter- * “Yn the seed ofa plant,” observes Sir Thos. Browne, “ to the eyes of God, and to the understanding of man, there exists, though in an invisible way, the perfect leaves, flowers and fruit thereof.”’—Religio Medici: Gradation of Universal Being. 423 nal surface, are numerous absorbent vessels, that attract the moisture of the soil, by which a degree of fermentation is produced; and thus a fluid is pre- pared by a natural process, in every respect calculated for the nourishment of the plant, in its first efforts to extend its tender frame. And it is probable, that the stimulus occasioned by the fer- mentative process (like that which the ova of animals receive from the pre- sence of the semen masculinium) endues the seed with its first faint principles of vitality. I have thus enumerated concisely the component parts of the vegetable system: and have, I trust, been suffi- ciently intelligible in pointing out the wonderful and regular gradation which exists in nature. It is, mdeed, beauti- ful to observe how every thing has its use; and every element—whether in mildness or in fury, produces its benefit. A view of the vegetable kingdom alone will plainly illustrate the truth of this position. We are assured (to borrow the words of Sir John Pringle) that no vegetable grows in vain; but that, from the oak of the forest to the grass in the field, every individual plant is serviceable to man- kind; if not always distinguished by some private virtue, yet making a part of the whole, and thereby conducing to the purification of our atmosphere. In this, the fragrant rose and deadly night- shade equally co-operate ; nor is the herbage, nor are the woods which flourish in the most remote and unpeopled regions, unprofitable to us, nor we to them, considering how constantly the winds convey to them our vitiated air, for our relief, and for ‘ their: nourish-' ment. And if ever the salutary gales” which effect this purpose’ rise to storms and hurricanes, let us still trace in them, and revere the ways of a beneficent Being, who, not fortuitously, but with design,—not in wrath, but in mercy, thus agitates the water and the air, to hurry into the deep those putrid and pestilential efluvia, which the vegeta- bles on the face of the earth had been insufficient to consume. The works of the Creator are, in- deed, full of magnificence and wonder. When we attempt to discover the com-' ponent principles of the objects around us, and the sources whence they are derived and supported, we are lost in the greatness and diversity of the scenes presented to us. We see animals nou- rished by vegetables—vegetables, appa- rently, 424 rently, by the remains of -animals—and fossils composed of the decayed relics of both.. It seems certain, however, that vegetables preceded animals. A seed of moss, lodging in the crevice of the bare and barren rock, is nourished by the atmosphere, and by the moisture afforded by the rain and the dew. It comes to perfection, and sheds its seeds in the mouldering remains of its own substance, Its offspring do the same— till a crust of vegetable mould is formed, sufficiently deep for the support of grass, and other vegetables of similar growth. The same process going forward, shrubs, and, lastly, the largest trees, may find a firm support on the once-barren rocks, and brave the fury of the tempest. But I must conclude: yet, not with- out reminding the reader of one of the most curious facts connected with the principles of the Vegetable Kingdom :— Tallude to the Sexual System of Lin- nzus, which I have always considered as an interesting proof of the connecting link between plants and animals, inde~ pendently of the approximating simila- rities which exist in the internal organi- zation and mechanism of both. R. js a DanisH Trapitionsand SurERsTITIONS. (Continued from p. 297.) The Cavline of Roukkeborg. EAR Skielskoy, in the hillock, over which the highway goes, lives a witch, who, from the name of the hil- lock, is commonly called the Cavline of Rvukkeborg. Many stories are told of her alluring young maidens, and, by force of her charms, taking away from them all desire to return to their frater- nal roofs. She once seduced the mi- nister’s daughter of Boeslund to live with her. But one Sunday afternoon, the girl entered the church, and laid her offering upon the altar; as ‘the visit was very often repeated, the priest, who had in vain endeavoured to persuade his daughter to remain with him, caused the doors to be locked one day when she. was in church, in order to prevent her from departing, but she immediately vanished from the eyes of all, and was thenceforth never seen. This same Cayline of Rvukkeborg carries on an adulterous intercourse with Elf Knud of Ramsebierg, who comes riding to her, every, night on his. berry-brown steed. As. he gallops through the fields, the grass isscorched by his horse’s feet, and where; the hoof of that steed has- once been, nothing will ever grow. Danish Traditions and Superstitions. The Brownies.* There is scarcely a house in Denmark where things thrive, and go.on in a proper manner, that has not a browny: to take care of it. Lucky is the ser~ vant-girl and the stable-boy to whom the browny is favourable, for then they can go early to bed, and yet be assured that every thing will be ready for them the next morning. It draws water Say sweeps the kitchen-floor for the girl, and cleans the horses in the stable for the boy ; but he is, nevertheless, an ut- ter accredited enemy to all noise and disorder. He generally goes dressed in gray clothes, and wears a red painted hat ; but just before Michaelmas day he puts on a round hairy cap, like the peasants. In the church there is likewise a browny, which keeps things in order, and punishes any one that may be inat- tentive during service: this browny is called the kirkerim. We are told of a browny, who re- sided in a house in Jutland, that he, every night, when the maid-servant was gone to bed, went into the kitchen in order to take his broth, which was ac- customed to be left for him on the dresser in a woeden bowl. But one night, when he tasted his broth, he was exceedingly angry, for he thought that the maid had forgotten to put salt into it: he got up in a fury, went into the cow-house, and strangled, with his bony hands, the best cow. But as»he was very thirsty, he thought he would go back and drink up the remainder; but when he had tasted’a little more of it, he discovered that there was salt in it, but that it had sunk to the bottom of the bowl. He was now very much grieved that he had wronged the girl, and, in order to repair his fault, he went again into the stalls and placed a box full of money by the side of the dead cow: and when the people found it they were enriched at once. But it is no easy matter to get rid of a browny at your pleasure. A man, who dwelt in a house where the browny. ruled things with a very high hand,’ de- termined to oust the place and to leave him there alone. When the best part of his furniture was removed, the man returned to fetch away the last load, which mostly consisted of old boxes, __ empty: * Thus haye I translated the Norwegian Word “ Ness.”? The brownie is a kind of household demon, still very common in ye western counties of Scotland. ~~ 1825.) €mpty barrels, and such rubbish; he bade the house farewell, and drove off without seeing any thing of the browny; but, happening to turn round, he saw the creature rearing its head from one of the boxes in the waggon. The man was excessively mortified to find all his trouble to no purpose; but the browny began to laugh heartily, and, with a broad grin upon his features, said to the man—* So we are going to flit to-day.” The Strand Demon. Before the sea-shores were conse- crated, it was very dangerous, above all at night-time, to walk there, or even in the neighbouring roads, because peo- ple often met the strand demon, which is the spirit of the corse flung by the waves upon the beach, and there left unburied. There lived a woman at Niberoed, who, going early one morning to the seaside in search of drift-wood, .per- ceived upon the sand a dead body, which had a large bag of money tied to its middie. She looked around, and seeing that no one obseryed her, she thought she could do no better than take possession of the money, since she was a very poor woman: she untied the bag and hastened home with it. But the next night the strand demon came running to the village, made a dreadful outcry before the woman’s window, and commanded her to follow him. The poor creature, very much terrified, bade all her children farewell, and went after the demon. When they were come out of the village, the de- mon. spoke to her in this manner— “Take me by the thigh, fling me across your back, and carry me to the church.” The nearest church lay at Karlebye, which was three-quarters of a mile dis- tant; and when they were in sight of it, the demon cried—“ Fling me to the ground, go to the neighbouring house, and tell the people to sit up for the next half hour, then come back here, take me up again, and when you have lifted me over the church wall, run to the house as quick as you can for fear the kirkgrim should lay hold of you.” The woman did exactly as she was com- manded; but scarcely was the body thrown ove1 the wall before the kirk- grim came rushing out upon the woman, and seized her by the shift, which, being luckily old and infirm, gave way, so that the woman escaped to the house, But she considered herself well paid for this fright by the money she had found upon the corse, which enabled her and her children to livein affluence all their lives. Monty Mac. No. 417. American Dramatic Literature. 425 The Heath Spectre. There lies a heath by the ruins of Sealbierg church. It is by no means safe to lie down there, for men and women are still livmg who have been lamed in their arms and legs by so do- ing; and it generally happens, that those who ride across it are cast from their horses. Upon this same heath there was formerly a cottage; and, as it had the name of being haunted, very few ventured to occupy it; and those who did venture, for the most part, came out much faster than they went in. Once, however, the proprietor hired a peasant to live there, and told him to pay particular attention to every thing that should happen. He took a comrade along with him, and went to the house. When the night was draw- ing on, they carried their suppers out with them, and sat down, side by side, upon the heath. But, as the peasant was exceedingly tired, he fell asleep, with a large piece of meat in his hand; while his companion remained awake, and kept watch. All at once, a fiery apparition arose from the earth, and approached the spot where he sat, stiffened with terror; he had just suf- ficient strength, however, to give his friend a slight jog in the side, in order to awake him; and, at the moment, the spectre stood close before them, with its mouth gaping and extended. The peasant awoke, and, in his first horror and confusion, flung the piece of meat, he held in his hand, down the grisly orifice, The spectre disappeared; but presently after a voice, which sounded in whispers over the lonely heath, ex~ claimed, “ From this day forward, nei- ther thou nor thine shall ever want meat or bread.” And so it happened ; for, ac-. cording to tradition, the man, in a short time, became wealthy and respectable. —=i For the Monthly Magazine. American Dramatic Literature. The article J am about to notice,. being one of the most distinguished pro- ductions of the dramatic genius of America, will, perhaps, be regarded as entitled to something more than a slight notice in your review of foreign litera- ture; and as such I request the favour of its insertion.—Yours, &c. M.R. Hadad, a Dramatic Poem, by J. Hr1- HOUSE, Author of “ Percy’s Mash,” “ the Judgment,” &c. New-York, 1825. 1 vol. 8vo.—The action of this poem, or rather tragedy, commences at one of the most poetical periods of Jewish history ; when, 31 ~~ after 426 after the downfal of Saul, Dayid reigned, and every day increased his power. Me- phibosheth, the son of Jonathan, and the last’ of the race of Saul, was received at his table and in'his palace. Chosen from his’ infancy as the anointed of the Lord, the shepherd» king: accomplished by his skill, “what had heretofore been effected only by force :—he pacified the tribes of Israel ; he subdued strange nations to his yoke ; he was feared and revered as the elected of God ; and he softened and in- spired all hearts by his divine melody. He began a new and brilliant era for the Israe- lites; but the prophet Nathan predicted that his prosperity should not be of long duration, because he had departed from the ways of, uprightness, and the hour of tri- bulation was come. Absalom took arms against his father; he excited the people to revolt ; and David, bearing with him the sacred ark of the covenant, fled before his son. Such is the subject Mr. Hillhouse has treated, occasionally introducing imagi- nary incidents and characters. The most remarkable of these is Hadad, the hero of the poem: he is a Syrian prince, detained at Jerusalem as an hostage. He secretly conspires against the king, and kindles the fire of ambition in the heart of Absalom— he awakens his jealousy against Solomon, the youngest and dearest of David’s sons ; sometimes, even, he has the audacity to insult the Majesty of God—the protector of Sion; he compares the austerities of the He- brew ritual, its anathemas, and its bloody sacrifices, to the cheerful superstitions of his own belief—to the complacent divinities who, in his country, animate the rivers, the forests, and the hills. He addresses his se- ductive discourse to Tamar, the daughter of Absalom; he loves her, and wishes to per- vert her by his deceitful dogmas; but, pro- tected by her faith, she resists. David reassembles his army; Joab marches against the rebels, and the battle which is to be decisive is in preparation. Tamar, confided by her father to the care of Hadad, arrives at the tent of acompany of Ismaelites (who have come from afar, to gather the incense from Mount Ephraim), and there she awaits the issue of the combat. A oung. Ismaelite announces, that the plain is already covered with warriors; and the women hearing the deafening sound of the trumpets, and feeling the earth tremble under the steps of the war-horses, rush on to collect the bloody spoils irom the fallen warriors. Hadad observes this wander- ing tribe returning laden with shields and lances; and on being interrogated, they de- clare, that they have seen the chariot of the chief enveloped in a cloud of darts, and a whirlwind of dust and flames; they saw the horses fall bathed in blood, but _ still the hero combated, though surrounded by a rampart of dead bodies; at length he fled, covered with mortal wounds. Hadad wishes to conceal the truth from Tamar ; be induces her to join her father in the American Dramatic Literature. [Dee, 1, asylum he has chosen;- they arrive in the middle of a wood on the borders of a river ; night is drawing on, and the young maiden, affrighted by the darkness’ of this solitude, requests to pursue her! journey ; Hadad then informs her of the defeat and death of Absalom; he conjuresherto’con- fide-herself to him, that they may together quit this accursed land ;- that he may, trans- port her into a delicious paradise, where she shall be undisputed soyereign, and where she will be waited upon by beings more brilliant than her dreams could picture, and where even the elements should bow beneath her nod. He assures her that this is no extravagant delirium; that he came down from heaven for her sake; that he has invested the dead body of the Syrian whom she loved; that she must be his: he then drags her, unmindful of her eries, into a deep and dark cayern, the refuge of infernal spirits: a troop of Dayid’s soldiers, scouring the woods, hear her groans, and rescue her from this abode of demons. In this piece, the situations are dramatic and interesting, and there is, in many parts, a considerable share of imagination and poetic spirit. The first scene between Hadad and Mephibosheth, where the latter describes the luxury of Dayid’s palace, and the excessive pride of the king’s son, is filled throughout with beauties. The ac- count of the flight of David, given by Tamar, who, not as yet aware of the revolt of her father, hears the tumult, and from a terrace discovers the crowd, afar off, all in tears, and her grandfather marching with naked feet, despoiled of his royal mantle, appears well calculated for stage effect, as does also that part in which the battle is described by the Ismaelites, who, them- selves, witnessed the bloody slaughter. ‘The character of Hadad is finely conceived, and there is, throughout the work, an air of melancholy, passion and mystery, which gradually prepares us for the final catas- trophe. As for the intervention of a super- natural agent, it is a license justified by many passages in holy writ. In. the speeches of Hadad may be traced some similarity to Moore’s second angel, in the poem of The Loves of the Angels ; there are also, now and then, words borrowed from the Hebrew, which obscure the sense, and give an appearance. of affectation to the style of this poem. A race of people, and an epoch, cannot be described by a few so- litary expressions ; there must be, through- out, a general and decided colouring: an historical poem, like a picture, must be in perfect harmony. *,* Weare not unaware that the com- munication of M. R. is little more than a translation from a criticism in the Revue Encyclopédique. We haye deemed it, how- ever, of sufficient interest to have a place in our pages, though not under mask or pretence of originality. —Eprz. PRUsSIAN 1825.] ; Prusstan MEDAL. I ALSO am in possession of a medal, yery similar to that described in your, number (p. 327, for last month). On comparing my medal with Enort’s description, -I find it to agree in every respect, save that, in the various in- scriptions, mine run thus :—Frrpr- nicus Borussornum Rex. Underneath the figure of his majesty, is the follow- ‘ing—Lissa. Dec. 5. Bresrau ReE- cepta. Dec. 20, 1757.—On the re- verse is inscribed : Quo. Niuin. Masus. Under the battle is Roszacu. Nov. 5, 1757. In this medal the king’s sword is placed in his left-hand. D. ——=Ti 5a Onthe Onic1n ofthe BrickLayer’s Hop. SHALL be glad to know, when that 4 implement used by labourers for earrying bricks up buildings was first brought into use. I have been informed they were first introduced at the re- building of the City of London, after the great firein 1666 ; and, upon look- ing at the back-ground of the sculp- tured representation of the same, upon the front of the pedestal of the Monu- ment, there is the figure of a labourer ascending the top of a building with a hod. I was at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, a few years ago, and was much sur- prised at seeing women performing the coarse office of bricklayers’ labourers there,—carrying mortars, and bricks upon a flat square board, upon their heads, to the top of the highest build- ings: upon my remonstrating to a re- spectable magistrate of the place upon so improper employment for females, he fully coincided with me in opinion, but said it had always been the custom. E.S. In France, to this day, they have a still more clumsy way of getting bricks and stones up to the higher parts of their buildings. A number of men stand one above the other on the steps of a ladder ; and the lowermost lifts them up above his head to the one above him, who stoops down to receive them—then lifts them up in the same manner to the next, who re- peats the same process ; and so on, till at length the ponderous materials get to the height required—perhaps the chimney-top. To an unaccustomed eye, the process seems as dangerous as it is clumsy ; for, should any one of the series of lifters (the top one, for example) happen to lose his balance (and it seems extraordinary that it should not sometimes happen), down would come lifter and lift upon the heads of alf HelowW; and crush them, one would think, to atoms.—Epit, Philosophy of Contemporary Criticism. 427 THE PHILOSOPHY OF CONT EM PORARY CRITICISM. No. xurx. np duty of shewing what the philo- sophy, religious and political, .of these Quarterly Reviewers is, has led us into such length on the previous article, that we must hasten cursorily through some others, which are in reality much more to our taste. 5 Art. I1.—1. Monumenti della Tos= , cana, 1 vol. folio.—2. Le Fabbriche pit cospicue di Venezia, misurate, ulustrate ed intagliate dai Membri della Veneta Reale Accademia di Belle Arti. Venezia, 1815, 2 vols., large folio.—The subject of architecture is of no small impor- tance at this time. When such immense sums are expending in widening streets, building palaces, and improving the splendour of our metropolis, something, assuredly, ought to be done, towards improving the taste of our architects. The instances are but too many in which it has shewn itself palpably and disgracefully defective. The Reviewer, it will be seen, has gone, at least, far enough back for the, titles of two Ita- lian publications, that might give him a pretence for the display of his architee- tural erudition; though perhaps, after all, they have not given exactly the direction most adapted to our present neces- sities. Without pretending to much technical knowledge on this subject, or the advantage of much foreign travel, if we had space at our command, and were disposed to follow the example before us, of writing a disquisition upon the subject, instead of reviewing the article, we suspect that, by a walk through the new streets (which our pen, in all probability, will one day or other take,) we could write quite as long an Essay as this of the Quarterly Re- view (twenty-six pages) on the Palla- dian Architecture of Italy—and a little more to our present purpose. In this disquisition, as usual, the very names of the publications which stand as pre- tended texts, are soon forgotten, and not a word concerning them occurs, till we get into the last page, A great part of the article is taken up with criticisms upon Roman edifices; on the justice of which, as we have not seen the build- ings, we do not pretend to decide, Asa history, however, or a sketch, rather, of the progress and decline of what, is called Palladian Architecture, this Essay will be acceptable ; and we might quote, if we had room, pretty generally ‘with approbation, the principles of architec- tural taste, occasionally laid down or 312 referred 428 referred to: though to the following passage, the first of this description which occurs, we feel ourselves called upon to state some objections. ““ Phe great principles on which archi- tectural beauty’ and grandeur depend, ap- pear to us tobe these: Utility, Simplicity, Variety; Riéliness, or Ornament ; and to these’ we may add a fifth quality, where it is applicable, we mean Magnitude. Many of our readers would perhaps increase the list ‘by introducing Proportion into it; but we believe that, in all cases, the beauty of proportion may, in a very great degree, be referred to one or other of the qualities we have before mentioned; and in whatever degree it cannot, we think that it falls com- pletely within the due limits of the maxim already quoted, and that it must be left to the judgment and improved eye of taste. The merit, then, of any species of architec- ture, must consist in its possessing the four great characteristics, of Utility, Sim- plicity, Variety, and Richness, or, at any rate, the three first, which may be considered as absolutely essential.” Now, in our estimation, Utility and Proportion are the two fundamental principles and requisites of all archi- tecture ; and whenever the semblances of these are not obvious, at once, to the eye of taste and judgment, in every part of an edifice, the architecture is radi- cally vicious. That Simplicity, also, is equally indispensable to the perfection of architecture, we are so far from de- nying, that we maintainit as a demon- strable principle, that it can never be departed from without the semblance of one or both of the former requisites being violated: for simplicity consists in attaining the objects in view (which, in architecture, are usefulness and beauty—of which proportion is the fundamental basis) in the easiest and directest way: and the majesty of gran- deur itself, to which edifices of magni- tude, and they only, should aspire, be- ing only a higher order of beauty, can never be attained by any departure from simplicity in the obvious utility and proportions of its parts. As for va- riety, in any conspicuous extent, it is not applicable to every order of archi- tecture, or every structure: and richness, or ornament, is applicable, compara- tively, but to few. The unreasonable quest of these is the vice of owr modern architects. Itis this that has introduced much fantastic absurdity and deformity into ranges of new buildings, to which a due attention to the harmonies of ob- vious utility, proportion and simplicity, might have imparted real magnificence. Contemporary Criticism.— Architecture. [Dec. 1, We throw together, with more un- qualified approbation, from several suc- cessive pages, the following;-nemarks, and leave the reader, to|.draw-his, own inferences from them. 4;),, o{ 6? tdi “We may here, observe, by-the svay, how admirably adapted .was,the, colurhnar'-Gte- cian architecture to the ..warm) climates whence it drew its origin, not only in!peint of utility as a shelter from the heat of; the sun, but also in point of beauty, as every hour of the day would furnish a new and picturesgue variety of light and shade,’”’ “In the colder climates of France and England, disengaged columns are’ fre- quently objectionable, as intercepting the welcome rays of the sun, which at the same time are not sufficiently constant for the beautiful varieties of light and shade to which we have already alluded.””* After speaking of the merits and de- fects of Giulio Romano, Raphael’s first scholar, the Reviewer observes, that “ After this period the architecture of Italy began rapidly to decline; all taste for simplicity and grandeur gave way to the overruling loye of ornament, and every architect added to the innovations of a for- mer age those of his own distempered imagination.” Architecture has begun in England —or, perhaps, we should say (for we must not forget St. Paul’s and the days of Inigo Jones, and of Sir Chris- topher Wren) has recommenced, where in Italy it ended: though we have one or two indications that it is beginning to recover from its distempered va- garies. The following remarkis worthy of attention : “‘ The palaces built in the age of Pal-. ladio are perhaps generally better than the churches. Those by himself, at Vicenza, are not, in general, the best of the time ; but we should here recollect that the taste and science of an architect are frequently obliged to bend to the ignorant caprice of his patrons.”” ; This is a consideration that ought never to be overlooked in criticizing the particular works of any architect. We remember, in conversing on this subject with M. Percier (the superin- tendent of the public works of Paris) in the year 1814, his particular lamenta- tions on this head. He utterly re- jected the idea of considering any of the edifices erected under his nominal direction * We may “observe by the way,’’ that the latter part of this predicament bas little dependence on the warmth of the climate. 1 1G: Be if 1825.] direction as tests of his own knowledge or taste in architecture. They were not ‘constructed, as he very properly contended all architectural designs ought to be, with a primary and over- rulings»attention’ to: the’ purposes for whichsithey were designed, and the nature-of climate they were to adorn; norhad’ he been permitted to adhere with fidelity either to the purity of the Grecian, or of the best Italian mo- dels. He had been always obliged to sacrifice simplicity to the ostentatious ornament of what he called the Imperial Style,.as if the building were erected for the sake of the embellishments, instead of the embellishments being incidental and subservient to the parts, and the propor- tions themselves adapted to the accom- modations and conveniences designed. This may give us some pause in assign- ing the censure of unmeaning parts and meretricious ornaments to the bad taste of the artist. But what should we say to any specimens of absurdity which an architect might happen to present us with, in any house built for himself in any of the great squares of our me- tropolis ? We cannot resist the temptation of quoting the following observation on St. Peter’s at Rome; for, although, from never haying seen that famous temple, we are not qualified to decide peremp- torily upon the. question, we acknow- ledge ourselves to be satisfied with the reasoning; and Jelieve the Reviewer to be completely in the right. “ On entering St. Peter’s, every ob- server is astonished that its dimensions ap- pear so much less than they really are. This has been attributed to the justness of the proportions of the building, and, strangely enough, has been adduced as a merit. On a very little consideration this must appear a most extraordinary error. If, indeed, it be owing to the proportions of St. Peter’s that it appears less than it is, this must be considered as a proof, not that its proportions are exactly what they ought to be, but that there is something wrong about them: for its magnificent dimensions are generally and justly regarded as one fit cause of our admiration, and therefore that must be a defect which conceals their im- mensity. If, on the other hand, it be a merit, in the proportions of St. Peter’s, that they diminish to the eye its real size, then that size must be a defect, and the expense and labour of producing it must have been more than wasted. In truth, however; we doubt altogether the justness of the theory which attributes to the gene- ral proportions of a building, unassisted by its darkness or lightness, the power of Architecture—German Historians. 429 diminishing or augmenting the whole mag- nitude of a building. We think the true cause of the apparent diminution of St. Peter’s, in part at least, may be the great magnitude of the numerous statues/in the church. These are, in fact, .,all/colessal, and as our eye is accustomed, to statues more near the size of life, they serve as a false standard by which we measure,-the church in which they stand. We suspect, also, that statues of white marble haye, from their brilliancy of colour, the appear- ance of being much nearer to the eye than they really are, which must, of course, diminish their apparent magnitude, and render the scale afforded by them. still fallacious.” Art. III. is on the subject of Early Roman History. It takes for its themes three German publications,—1. History of Rome. By B.G.Nixezunr. 2 vols. Berlin, 1811, 1812.—2. An Inquiry into the, Early History of the Roman States. By W. WacusmvutH. 12mo. Halle, 1819.—3. Creuzer’s Sketch of Roman Antiquities. Leipzig and Darmstadt, 1824, This is a little more like a re- view than the generality of the essays before us: that is to say, it refers more frequently to the works enumerated in the title; but it is still an essay (an interesting one we admit), in which the writer affects rather to display his own acquaintance with the general subject, than to analyze the labours of his au- thors. The essayist does justice to the erudite researches of the German lite- rati. ‘“ We have a great deal to learn respecting the literature of Germany,” says he; “ andthere is a great deal in it that is worth our learning.’ He ,Tefutes the idle assertion of Dr. John-. son, that an account of the ancient. Romans can only “ be drawn from writ-. ings that have been long known,” and. can, therefore, “ owe its value only to the language in which it is delivered, and the reflections with which it is accompa- nied ;” points out the neglected sources from which Niebuhr, &c. have drawn, and from which may still be drawn, the materials for correcting the misrepre- sentations of what we shall venture to call the ethical fad/es of Plutarch, and the elegant romance.of Livy, &c.; and throws, himself, no inconsiderable por- tion of light upon the early (and, gene- rally speaking, much misrepresented) periods of Roman history. There is one part of this subject in particular (a very important one) which, considering the political principles of the Quarterly Re- viewers, and considering, also, the un- fairness with which, even to the extent “~ - 430 of the grossest misrepresentation, they are in the habit of carrying those prin- ciples, even into subjects of ancient literature, we were not a little sur- prised to find so fully, and so correctly treated: we mean the subject of the Agrarian Laws—which have generally been treated by English writers as a system of plunder, invading the legal hereditary property of the patricians, to swell the popularity and influence of un- principled demagogues, and gratify the cupidity of the levelling multitude; but which the Quarterly essayist, very cor- ° rectly and satisfactorily, shews to have been, on the part of the agitators, legal, equitable and constitutional efforts to redeem, from the plundering and usurp- ing patricians, a part of that property of the state and people, which, by va- rious means of encroachment and op- pression, those patricians had illegally appropriated—or, more properly, had seized, and were still holding by force and by fraudulent connivance, without pretence of title, in direct opposition to the laws of acquisition and inheritance. It is true, that at the end of all this clear demonstration, there comes a casuistical salvo, or qualification of ex- pediency ; and the propriety of attempt- ing to do justice to the people (the issue of which proved that the nobility had slaves enough, into whose hands they were also ready enough to put arms for the{massacre of those who called out for justice) is sagaciously called in question. “Tn its principle, therefore, the Agra- rian law of Tiberius Gracchus was just and wise ; and his proposal to allow a compen- sation to the occupiers of national lands for the loss of possessions absolutely illegal in their extent, and held, even within the limits fixed by the Licinian law, only during the pleasure of the people, was a concession more liberal than they were strictly entitled to demand. It is another question how far it was politic to bring the measure forward, considering the actual strength of the aristocracy ;—the power of the nobility had so long suspended the exe- cution of an Agrarian law in Italy, that they had derived advantage from their own wrong, and seemed to have gained the sanc- tion of time for their encroachments, be- cause they had for so many years prevented the people from questioning them.” We leave it to the reader to give to these temporizing suggestions whatever weight his sanguine, or his more phleg- matic temperament may assign to them. In the mean time we admit that this whole passage, from p. 72 to 77, contains the best summary, or exposition of the Roman History.— Jurisprudence. [Dec. I, important subject of the Agrarian Laws that we have ever met with in any En- - glish work; and as it is much too long for quotation, the reader cannot do better than turn to it in the Review it- self. The Reviewer, however, if should be observed by the way, takes a little more credit tohimself, in this exposition, than he is entitled to: for’ if Hnglish historians, as they call themselves, have been content to follow each other in the beaten path of error in this respect, those of France have not always done the like; and there is really very little in the pages we have been thus conimend- ing, but what will be found in Vertot’s Revolutions Romaines ;: — a work not any-thing like as much known, ex- cept in title, as it deserves ; but which is worthy of a familiar and elegant transla- tion (there exists an indifferent one), that it might be an universal school-book, in every seminary in which history is at- tended to as a branch of liberal educa- tion. Into the long disquisition, Art. IV., on the Origin of Equitable Jurisdiction, it would be futile to enter, unless we could afford a long disquisition also. It takes for its basis, or rather its pretence, —1l. Hammonn’s Digest of Reports in Equity ;—2. Jerrmy’s Analytical Di- gest of Cases in Common Law and Equity ; —3. Fraruer’s Supplement to Bridg- man’s Digested Index of Reported Cases. It is an article that has more of the pe- dantic appearance, than of the fidelity of research; anda single instance may ex- pose, at once, its purpose and its worth. The writer informs us that “ under the Lancastrian kings, England had changed much more than her ruling dynasty.”— “To the commons now belonged the unquestioned right of sharing in the en- actment of every law.” Into the history of the rise, progress and metamorphoses of that thing we call a House of Commons, we will not now enter; but if the Quarterly, jurist means to persuade us, as the result of his antiquarian researches, that, till the time of the Lancastrians, the Commons never had any thing to do with the laws “but to obey them,” we must tell him that he is either grossly ignorant of the more remote periods of our history and institutions, or persuades himself that his readers are so; and that even.the documents in the appendix. to,Lord Lyttleton’s Hist. of Henry IL: (tezsay nothing of authorities less open:to popu- lar access) would furnish satisfaetory proofs of a very different stateniené,” ~ Art. 1825.] Arr. V.—Travels in South America, during the years 1819-20-21; containing an Account of the present State of Brazil, Buenos Ayres and Chile, by Avex. Catp- cLEuGH, Ese., 2 vols., is awell executed _ article—equally entertaining and instruc- tiye: If our business were to compile a magazine of quotations, we might find, in the twenty-eight pages devoted to this subject, a fund of interesting ma- terials. But we cannot entirely resist the temptation of referring to some pas- sages in pp. 129—142, that refer to that vital question of humanity and civiliza- tion, the toleration of slavery. The for- mer of these presents a striking, and to us a disgraceful contrast, between the condition of the slaves in our islands, and those of the Brazils, where “ the negroes are at least not driven to labour with the cart-whip,” and where, if it be nét absolutely “ to be inferred that they lead an enviable life, nobody can affirm, on seeing them singing and dancing in the streets, that they are wretched.” The second refers to the progress of their emancipation, in Buenos Ayres. ** Inthe first years of the revolution several thousand negroes were purchased by the state from their owners, to fill up the ranks; and the practice continued to 1822, when it was ordered to be suspended, the stock, by these means, having nearly been exhausted. And as the General Congress, assembled in January 1813,'de- ereed that all children born of slave pa- rents after that time should be free; the number has so far decreased that, accord- ing to Mr. Caldcleugh’s information, the proportion is now not greater than one slave to nine freemen.” In mentioning any circumstance con- nected with that revolution, it seems an act of injustice to omit the opportu- nity of recording the obligations, civil, moral and intellectual, due to the se- cretary, Don Bernardino Rivadavia. But we must haste to the concluding paragraph, on the happy effects of the revolution itself, which it is no small degree of triumph to have the oppor- tunity of quoting from such an authority. “ Tt was to be expected that the change they have undergone could only be accom- plished at the expense of much bloodshed and misery—the result of conflicting opi- nions, of clashing interests, and ancient attachments. ‘Time and misfortune, how- ever, have soothed down the rancour and asperity of party-spirit, and almost all classes begin to feel the benefits arising from a free and unfettered commerce, and a system: of equal justice impartially ad- minigfered.. It may require time to shake Brazil and Buenos Ayres.—State of England. 431. off the inveterate habits of indolence in- variably induced by a slave population, and. to make the free inhabitants industrious and active ; a change, however, which can- not fail of being accelerated by a commercial intercourse with Great Britain, and the influx and example of British settlers in the several states of the South American continent.” Art. VI. executes justice without mercy upon the Rev. T. F. Dibdin’s Library Companion; or, Young Man’s Guide, and Old Man’s Comfort : upon the wretched affectation of his style —his false facts and his false gram- mar—his omissions—his perverted par- tialities (some of them, at least)—his in- judicious selections and exclusions—his multifarious defects, and his infidelities : the infidelities of an Oxford Rev. and an F.R.S.,A.S.//!/ But we have handled Mr. D. and his misguide and discomforter sufficiently heretofore; and cannot spare, to this bigotted and bulky book-maker, even another half- column: and seeing how he has been commented upon by all parties and from all quarters, we have some hope that he will give up the trade, and call our atten- tion to no more of his orthodox and bibliomanic lucubrations. In Art. VII. on the Past and Present State of the Country (or, according to the title of the book that should have been reviewed, “ The Present State of England, in regard to Agriculture, Trade, and Finance ; with a Comparison of the Prospects of England and France’) there are many statements worth quot- ing in a statistical point of view. We select the following for the curious illustration, it seemsto present, of an unexpected fact—that, notwithstanding the rapid expansion of the metropolis, the increase of buildings does not quite keep pace with the increase of the po- pulation. “London, including the out-parishes, contained in 1801, 121,229 houses, and 864,845 inhabitants ; and in 1821, 164,681 houses, and 1,225,694 inhabitants ; so that it would have required no less than twelve thousand additional houses to haye brought the proportions between the number of persons and of the houses to the same state at the end as at the beginning of the twenty years.” With the inductions, however, of the vindicator of all things as they ave, we are not always as well satisfied, as with his facts; on the subject of that great blessing, for example, the National Debt. “ As 432 “ As, with the exception,” says the Re- viewer, ‘ofan annual payment of £600,000, for about sixteen millions owing to foreign- ers, the whole of the interest on it is paid by one portion to another portion of the same community: though some indivi- duals may be the poorer, an equal number will be the richer in consequence of such payments ; and therefore, whatever may be its effect in retarding the progress, it can be of no weight in shaking the evi-. dence of the actual and independent amount of the wealth of the nation.” The politic Reviewer wisely keeps out of view, that the greater portions of these dividends are received by an already opulent, or comparatively opu- lent few; but that the burthen of pay- ing them is thrown upon the whole po- pulation, and consequently increases the depression of the many to augment the opulence of a small number. Not, how- ever, that we would countenance the iniquitous projects of those landholders (for they alone would be benefited !) who would abrogate the National Debt, or reduce the interest—that is to say, would reduce the income of the mort- gagee for the benefit of the mortgager. Independently of the injustice of such a procedure, the following facts are suffi- cient to demonstrate its utter barbarity. “Tt appears, that out of 288,473 stock- holders, there are 277,594 of various in- comes below £400 per annum ; and only 10,879 above that sum. We see with much pleasure nearly 140,000 persons with funded incomes under £20 per annum, and nearly 130,000 from £20 to £200.” Now of the 270,000 persons—of the first 140,000 in particular—the receivers of less than one-half, it is true, of the gross amount of these dividends, but who constitute the bulk of the fair, un- gambling, unspeculating fund-holders— of the steady, unsuspicious, compara- tively, or absolutely poor, but yet most respectable body of the creditors of the state, who, upon the faith of the Land- holders’ Government, have placed their little all within the power of that government !—what, we say—what, in case of an arbitrary reduction of in- terest, is to become of them? Reduce the £200 a-year holder to £100—the £100 a-year creditor to £50—the £50 to £25—the £20 to £10—the £10 to £5—the poor pittance of £5 to £2. 10s. a-year (and of the two latter descrip- tions, we have no less than 134,396*); * The computation of 140,000 below £20 a-year must, therefore, be very short of-the mark: for, if there be 134,396,. not ‘National Debt.—Sacred Poetry. [ Dee. 1, and what must be their condition ?— Nay, make any reduction, be it a half, a third, a fourth, or even less—and what must be the misery entailed upon these 270,000 individuals, or families?) It is true, the Reviewer is no partizan ‘of this plundering system of reduction— this violation of compact—this payment of a stipulated interest by a sponge; but there are other parts of his argu- ment relative, not only to this question . of funded property, but many other matters connected with our national wealth and prosperity, in which the classes to whom this 270,000 (tle 235,000 who have only from £5 to £50 a-year, in particular,) belong, are not of sufficient consequence to have their cases or interests sufficiently con- sidered. Art. VIII. Fairy Legends and Tra- ditions of the South of Ireland, though amusing in its extravagance, we must’ for brevity’s sake pass over. It is with’ great reluctance that we do the same’ with the only remaining’ Disquisition (Art.IX.) on Sacred Poetry, of which the’ title-page of The Star-in the East ; with other Poems, by Jostan Conprr, Is taken as the text. On this subject, in the handling of which, we think, we trace the pen of our redoubted Lau- reate—the imaginary successor to the wreath of Spenser [by; whom such wreath was never. worn !]—we should have liked to mect the antagonist on _ open ground : for in it there is much - that we>cannot but regard as the cant of false religion, and very perverted taste. But our sentiments upon this have been manifested already in another head department. We satisfy our- selves therefore with the mere declara- tion, that we are not of that description of critics who can admit, that tameness, vapidness, or nonsense, may pass for poetry, if it does but affect to be devo- tional—or that religion, of all subjects in the world, is a fit theme for the dila- tion of poetic mediocrity. exceeding £10 a-year, and 101,274 (as ap- pears) between £10 and £50, it would be strange, if only 5,694 of these were claim- ants of between £10 and £20 a-year. Steen. “cee EPLGRAM. ; r Says consequential Ned, who felt unwell, «+ When ask’d the cause of his complaint to telly * J live too high.”’—And Ned: the: trusir), declares— PEs He has his lodging up five pair of’ stairs» + Enoet, ORIGINAL 1825,]° [433] ORIGINAL POETRY. HOW TO MAKE NEGUS. /A| TALE FOR GOOD FELLOWS. As different tempers urge, experience says, Men seek the self-same end by different ways ; Some take in knowledge at a hird’s-eye view, And some, with reptile pace, the task pursue; One grasps by force, what others filch by guile ; This, creeps beneath; and that, o’erleaps the stile. Lostinalabyrinth, lo! Sir Prudence strays— ‘Yhrids, and’ re-thrids, with cautious step, the maze; - Marks every winding, every turning tries, With feet slow-moving and observant eyes; Day after day the elaborate scheme pursues ; And, often failing, still, as oft, renews The patient toil. Not so, Sir Ardent: he, adventurous knight ! (Impatient of such slow turmoil,— And heedless where he next may light, So he escape the present thrall) Gives passion rein; and, main and might, Breaks thro’ the hedge, or scales the wall. In common life, ’tis just the same: One acts by whim, and one by rule. Give this but fish, and flesh, and game, He matters not the table’s form ; But, “ Bless our meat!” he briefly cries, And knife and fork and spoon he plies, And tucks it in while it is warm, His neighbour, bredin Order’s school, For form, and state, and method wishes : Looks to the figure of the dishes; Nor Haunch nor Pasty can enjoy If but one platter stand awry. These all, at length, in order set— When stomachs yearn and mouths all water, He sti]l must keep us on the fret, And, giving hungry guests no quarter, With clasping hands and eyes uproll’d, Say a long grace till dinner’s cold. Two neighbours of like different classes, By chance sat jingling o’er their glasses :— Mirth-lover one, the soul of whim,— His comrades call him merry Jim ; And Nottingham, in floods of ale, Has oft exulted o’er his tale; While quaint conceits and merry mockings, Were knit as close as yarn in stockings. The other (friend to early dozing) Had a small talent too—at prosing ; And, as he thought no tongue could tell, ‘Like his, the rules for living well, Or had the means, so true and ample, To illustrate these by home example,— His wit was seiz’d with usual labour, And caught the button of his neighbour ; Then, with deliberate phrase, proceeded To tell how hour to hour succeeded ; What occupation fill’d each season, (Nor ’scaped one fact without its reason, ‘That, footman-like, in liveried comment, Fotlow’d the lordly thing of moment !) How every morn he rose at seven,— Becausge "tis good to rise betimes ; Monguty Mac. No. 417. How went to bed at just eleven,— As punctual.as the parish chimes ; Which stocking first on’s leg he drew ; What slipper wore to save his shoe ; Who made his smallelothes ; and what stuff Of sober durance screen’d his buff; When he walk’d forth—on what occasions— Vocations what, and avocations. Then every meal, in order due, He took; and pros’d the process thro’, So leisurely—you might have eat, While hein words cary’d o’er his meat. Well—deem the breakfast, lunch and dinner Fairly rehears’d ; and think, ye winner, You are not fore’d to hear or see His measur’d spoonfulls of Bohea, ; With cream, with sugar, and oration Against vile Green’s concatenation. You deem the hour of trial past : For-supper is dismiss’d at last. What more (for still he holds the button) Must our imprison’d wag be put on? The Necus, Sir—his nightly draught, Must in descriptive stream be quaft ; And this, if simple truth content ye, We’ll in the speaker’s words present ye, Unalter’d, save by a sort of chime We tag to ’t, in our hobbling rhyme. “ Now, Sir, I hold it past a question, That, just to heip the weak digestion, And further healthful chyle’s secretion, When stomach verges to repletion, And to provoke a cheerful mood, Some gentle.stimulant is good ; And best (if’t be not made too stout) Good red-wine-negus, past all doubt : And so, I take each night, do you see? Just one pint tumbler—two to three. But Negus, as Sam Soakwell says, Ts manufactur’d various ways: Not all whom Fortune (past dispute) Has blest with sugar, wine, and fruit, Know how to use them, and concoct The bounties from her urn unlock’d. Some put the wine first—some the water ;— Some take no note about the matter, But water, syrup, lemon, wine, As ’twere by huddling chance, combine; And brew, as natural ’tis enough, Too mawkish now, and now too rough. Not so with me—for always I For every thus have still my why : And so—my good pint glass I take, And thus the choice potation make— First take of sugar lumps just three, Then squeeze my lemon—not too free ; Tea-spoonfuls three, of water, then Tadd: then taste—and squeeze again, Till, in proportion due, I find The acid and the sweet combin’d, This once achiey’d, from self-same glass, Water and wine alternate pass ; A bumper each ; remembering still; Afier each second turn, to fill One water extra, till it swim Lighth of an inch below the briny Next, Sir, I grate a little peel ; 3K Some 434 Some nutmeg, too;—but not a deal :— For nutmeg, says old Doctor Blither, Is very apt to hurt the liver. Thus having blended each ingredient, Nine times to stir I hold expedient ; Then, glass in hand, I stretch my feet, And resting cheerly in my seat, I sip, and smoke, and sip at leizure. Now, is not this a life of pleasure ?” «< Pleasure,”’ yawns Jim ; yet smil’d to find, The button had been left behind ;— *« Such pleasure as, I vow to God, Transports one—to the land of Nod / And yet—the negus to your feast Was welcome epilogue, at least. But for my negus I’ve a way Of making saves much dull delay: I never ounce and gill my pleasures, With algebraics, weights and measures ; Nice calculations always set me yawning : So, as in shorter reckonings I delight, T take my cheerful bottle over night, And pour some tea upon it in the morning.” J.T. This dialogue is, in all essentials, a record, not an invention; the conclusion, especially, as literal as rhyme would permit; the two last lines ver- batim. Some years ago the repartee was rife in the mouths of all the ‘* good fellows” of Nottingham. It should be added, however, for the moral’s sake, that Jim’s mode of negus-making, if it made his lifea merry one, made it also a short one. Nobody had any doubt how it was that the undertaker and the sexton were put so early into requisition. SONNET. TO THE DAISY. Tuov little star of Nature, peeping forth From some lone hillock’s bounds, or sward’s rude green ! ‘Picture of true Humility, when worth Quits, for more temperate haunts, ‘¢ life’s feverish scene ;” Picture of Beauty, when, in pastoral dell, She shuns th’ insidious fopling’s flaring eye; Picture of Genius, who, in rustic cell _Retir’d, with study softens poverty ; Picture of Man—were it but own’d by Man— In the flush’d pride of fresh virility ! Whose life, like thine, is but a transient span, Expos'd to every blight of chance, like thee : And oft, while infaney’ ssweet budis smiling, Comes the rude gatherer Death, the promis’d bloom despoiling. Enorr. - THE GAIETIES OF GENIUS. Hasr ever known what ’tis to smile” With anguish at thy heart ? Toscatter mirth around, the while In-writh'd the festering smart ? Hast ever known, with thought opprest, To feel the fancy rise ?— A darksome dungeon in thy breast— Thy spirit in the skies ! Hast ever known to act a joy, Yet never taste the cheer ? The sparkle in thine outward eye— _ Veiling the stifled tear. Original Poetry. [Dec. 1, Hast ever felt thy bosom swell, As with the autumn storm, While every accent seem’d to tell Of spring-tide visions warm Re: CTV ns Flast listen’d to the sdothing voice. ie. OF music breathing round, e That bade the list’ning ear rejoice 5- i The soul in torpor bound ides j bax Hast known, when every conscious sense Confess’d the present charms »yi20%" That should to memory’s wound dispense The health-restoring balm;—101s!/119 Yet felt the lurking sickness theres: The sense could not allay ?— A pang that Fancy would not share, Yet could not chase away ? Oh! there are griefs that silent prey Upon the vital part, While the proud spirit feigns the lay— That hides, not speaks the heart, ~~ Bape — LONELINESS. Ir is not good to be alone. The voice of love, how sweet the tone! The smile of friendship’s face sincere, With hand, and lip, and heart—how dear! Converse awakens thought, and brings Music on memory’s social wings. The bird, the ant, the lamb and bee Are soothed by kindred minstrelsy. When rays descend, the flowers arise, And, blushing, meet them from the skies. Cells are for silence and despair, Mountains for bleak and gelid air ; But man thrives best in cultur’d ground, With radiant eyes and shapes around. The hedge-row claims its rose—the sky, Its star—the true heart, sympathy, Which solitude congeals to stone, Man is not born to live alone. Tslington, 1825. SONNET. CONTENT, s3. by Fortuxe’s more partial smiles’ Jet ‘others share; 4S{ 8 10 Her liberal gifts tho’ she withhold ‘from me, T only be some humble dwelling, vohadie, O mild Content, I may, colleagued witli'thee, Life’s calm enjoy, at distance from the crowd, Placed on some verdant heath, * or-hillock’s side; Nor envy those, the great and ‘pamper’ proud, Who swell prosperity’s supertiania tide; There, O Content, my wishes -to complete, Grant me, as light’ners of my daily toil; The lisp of rose-lip’d innocents, and'siveet Domestic halos of loved woman’sismile.. Grant these—the monarch’s gorgeous diadem Boasts not the lustre-of. sorichagemo : 5 str. aol (nceath badiworr, Brew strect, Cheapside. 1825.] [ 435 ) SPIRIT OF PHILOSOPHICAL DISCOVERY, AND OF THE VARIOUS SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS. —[=— AN THROPOLOGY. — Oil, in the serum of human blood, has again been detected by Dr. Traill. In_ this case, too, as in those in which the Doc- tor had previously made this remark, the patient..was habitually addicted to an excessive and incautious use of spiri- tuous Jiquors.. This fact suggests curious speculations on the connexion between in- temperance and the remarkable spontaneous combustion of the human body.—Jam. Ed. Ph. Jour: : Temperature of Man.—Dr. J. Davy has detailed his very curious and interesting experiments in the 26th number of Jame- son’s Ed..Phil. Journal. We wish that our space would allow us to give even a brief outline of his researches herein; it could not fail of being highly interesting, but we must confine ourselves to the re- sults, which will be given in a future num- ber, and, at present, only direct the atten- tion of our curious and scientific readers to pp- 300, vol. xiii. &c. of that valuable work. Phosphor in Potatoes. —Lichtenberg tells us, that an officer on guard, at Strasburg, on 7th January, 1825, passing the barrack-room, was alarmed at seeing a light there, which, being strictly forbidden, occasioned a suspi- cion of fire. On entering the apartment, he found the soldiers sitting up in bed, ad- miring and reading by a beautiful light, which proceeded from potatoes in a state of incipient putrefaction.—Jam. Ed. Ph. Jour. Paper for Draughtsmen.— Mr. Couder has invented a new method of adapting paper, and some sorts of stuffs, to the limner’s use, whether he (the artist) em- ploy oil or water colours—which is thus described :— Some gum adragant, being reduced to a powder, must be dissolved quickly in a glazed earthen vessel, containing a sufh- ciency of cold water to give it the consisten- cy of a jelly, while it is well worked with a wooden spatula to free it from lumps. Pa- per, &c. upon which this composition is . gentlyand smoothly spread with a pencil or brush, and dried before the fire, will re- ceive colours, mixed in either manner ; but water colours should likewise be mixed with a solution of the above gum. This. preparation will take any colour, except ink. If it. be wished:to retouch any part of the drawing, it should be washed with a sponge, piece of clean linen rag, or a pencil, con- taining. some of this mixture; and the part, if small, will quickly rise and appear as if fresh.painted...__, Propertics of Lithia.—This substance forms) x salt; with muriatic acid, which is easy of fusion—deliquesces with surprising rapidity, and dissolyes in alcohol. It forms, RAMSAY with sulphurie acid, a neutral sulphate, which readily fuses, and, in water, dissolves completely. Acetic acid combines with it, and the resulting acetate is deliquescent. While the solution evaporates, it becomes tenacious, and, when quite dry, very brittle. When the acetate is ignited, a carbonate is left, which has decided alkaline properties, — dissolves with difficulty in water, fuses with great readiness, and, on cooling, shoots into a crystalline mass ; when fused on platinum, - it stains its surface. Fire-proof Wood.—Much alarm has been excited by the frequency and destructive- ness of fires, of late, not only in the metro- polis, but round about the realm, in town and country, in hamlet and in village, and on continent as in island. We believe that the introduction of cast-iron into use in, what may be called, domestic architecture, in England at least, will have a beneficial effect in quelling this evil, partially at any rate; but still we would offer to the con- sideration of our readers a composition, said to have been discovered by Dr. Fucus, Member of the Academy of Science at Munich, whereby wood is rendered in- combustible; the composition is made of granulated earth, which has been previously well-washed in a solution of caustic alkali, and cleared from every heterogeneous mat- ter; this mixture, which is not decomposed by either fire or water, being spread on the wood, forms a kind of vitreous coat, which is also proof against each of these oppos- ing elements. The building committee of the royal theatre, in that city, has made two public experiments on small buildings, six or eight feet long, and of a proportionate height: one covered with the composition, the other left as usual,—the fire was kindled in each equally : that not covered with the composition was quickly consumed, the other remained per- fect and entire. The cost of this process is trifling—only about 20d. per 100 square feet. The theatre has been submitted to the process, containing nearly 400,000 square feet. The late Earl Stanhope made some very successful experiments of the kind—he coated a building with a mixture of sand and glue, which proved completely fire-proof. Tenacity of Chain Bridges.—Several curious speculations; and arguments and experiments, ‘as to the adaptation of iron, in this particular, have been maintained, —the following details have appeared in the Annales des Mines; the. apparatus, contrived for the purpose, being acted upon by a hydraulic press. The best iron tried, supported, without breaking, 26 tons per square inch; but the bars began to elon- 3K2 gate 436 gate when two-thirds of the power had been applied, and this became more and more sensible, apparently in a geometrical ratio with the arithmetical increment. The worst iron tried, gave way under the appli- cation of 14 tons to the square inch; and did not elongate materially before the burst: four bars of metal of a medium quality being forged together, an iron was obtained which did not begin.to lengthen until 16 tons had been applied, supporting 24 tons weight, without breaking. These results being allowed as suffi- cient data, a committee, appointed for the purpose, decided that the thickness of chains in suspension bridges, should be so calculated, that the maximum weight should not exceed 8 tons per square inch of the sectional surface, and that, before use, they should be subjected to a proof-weight of 16 tons per square inch, bearing it without sensible elongation. Ancient Roman Gillass.— A fragment, which was disintegrated into thin plates to such a degree as to fall into smali leaves, like Mica, when broken, pressed, or scraped, has been analyzed by Dr. Rudolph Brandes, and found to contain silica, soda, oxide of lead, of manganese, and of iron, lime, and alumina. The silica formed about two- thirds of the mass; which had been so far acted upon, by water and other. agents, as to haye lost its transparency except towards the centre. The colour was milky white, with a blueish cast ; in some parts lustrous like gold. Psittacide. — Barron Field, Esq., late chief-judge in New South Wales, has made a beautiful addition to the Ornithology of Australia, which, in just acknowledg- ment, is called Psrrracus Fretpu. It is thus described :—general colour, green ; head chestnut-brown ; wings, beneath, black; under wing-covers cerulean blue ; tail rounded. In size rather larger than the Ceram Lery: bill comparatively thick and strong; upper mandible slightly sul- cated down the middle of the culmers ; under mandible longer than deep; gonix ascending ; tip thick and obtuse, as in the short-tailed parrots of the New World; under part obsoletely triangulated ; cere entirely naked, and nostrils very large and round: upper plumage of a rich changeable grass-green, in some lights tinged with gol- den yellow, and in others with brown; un- der plumage paler, and more inclined to yellow ; quills, on the outer surface, dark green, on the inner dusky black ; second and third slightly longer than first quill: tail, moderate length, and feathers ovately or obtusely painted; colour above, green; interior yellowish, which tint is predominant on the lower surface. The tarsi are black and short. Distance to which Sand and minutely- divided Mutter may be carried by Wind—On the morning of the 19th of January last, Spirit of Philosophical Discovery. [Dec. A, Mr. Forbes, on board the Clyde East- Indiaman, bound to London, in lat. 10°. 40. N. and long. 27°. 41’. W., about 600 miles from the coast of Afficd, ‘was sur- prised to find the sails’ covered with a brownish sand, the particlés of which, being examined by a microscope, “appeared! 'ex- tremely minute. At two P.M., 'the” same day, some of the sails being unbent, clouds of dust escaped from them on their flapping against the masts. During the night, the wind had blown fresh N.E. by E., and the nearest land to windward was that ‘part of the African coast lying between Cape de ~ Verd and the river Gambia. May not the seeds of many plants, found in remote and newly-formed islands, have been thus eon- veyed ? In France, Hottann, and Austria, the comb-makers and horn-turners use the clip- pings of horn and tortoise-shell skins for snuff-boxes, powder-horns, and other cu- rious and handsome toys. They first soften the material in boiling water, so as to be able to press it in iron moulds, and, by means of heat, form it into a mass. The degree of heat must be determined by ex- perience, but must be stronger for horn- clippings than for shell-skins: it must, however, not be too powerful, for fear of scorching the horn or shell; and care must be taken not to touch them, either with the fingers, or any animal or greasy substance, - - as that would prevent their perfect joining. Wooden implements should be used at the fire, or in conveying the horn or shell to the moulds. A patent, it is said, has been solicited on the part of T. Steele, Esq., M.A. of Mag- dalen College, Cambridge, for some very important improvements in the construc- tion and use of the Diving-Bell. This im- provement, we hear, particularly attaches to the descent of an engineer, who may re- main at any depth beneath the water, and un- incommoded by the pressure of condensed air, may work with increased safety and ef- fect, maintaining uninterrupted communica- tion with those above, by means of conyersa~ tion. Mr. S. has thus invented a plan which will effectually supersede the imperfect and insecure méthod of signals, made by repeat- ed strokes of ahammer. The same gentle- man has, by the employment. of optical principles, formed an instrument for the il- lumination of bodies under water ; and also has improved the method of detaching men from the bell. eRe Mr. W. H. James has also invented an improved apparatus for men obliged to. work under water. A hood or helmet is)fixed upon the shoulders, and rendered. air. and water-tight ; and a vessel of condensed, air is to be carried behind the man, whenee he is to inspire pure air, by means of valves to be worked bya lever, somewhat in the man- ner of the bellows of a bagpipe. goiter Smell of Hydrogen: Gas.Thisigas;\ob- tained . 1825.] tained by the solution of iron in sulphuric acid, being made to pass into pure alcohol, nearly loses its smell. Water, added to the alcohol, renders it milky, and, after some hours, a‘volatile oil separates, which is the cause of. the, smell... But an amalgam of potassium being mixed with pure water, the gas is obtained without smell; if an acid, or sal-ammoniac, be added to the water to accelerate the development of the gas, it will partake of the smell, during the solution of zine in weak sulphuric acid.— Ann. de.Chim. _ Thermometrical.—M. Avago, in an ar- ticle in the ‘‘ Annales de Physiques,”’ dis- cusses the question of the temperature of the globe at its surface, and arrives at the conclusion, that in Europe generally, and particularly in France, the winters have, for centuries, been ascold as now. This opi- nion is grounded on the fact of the frequent notices of the freezing of rivers and seas, at very remote dates. Having given a table of the extremes observed in the temperature of Paris, M. A. gives the observations of Captains Parry and Frank- lin, and the dates of the natural congela- tion of Mercury, together with tables of the maximum temperatures on land and on the open sea. His contemporary, M. le Baron Fourier, has published a memoir, which induces the Editors of the *€ Bulletin Universel”’ to congratulate them- selves at being able to support, by learned mathematical theories, which are only the expression of observed facts, the opinion they have long maintained of the depres- sion of the temperature of the earth’s sur- face—a change to which has been attributed the modifications which life has undergone, proclaiming an inevitable return to the prin- cipal geological principles of Count Buffon. According to the learned Baron, the heat of the earth arises from three sources : — Ist. The solar rays; the inequality of the distribution of which occasions the diversity of climates:—2nd. The earth partakes of the common temperature of the planetary spaces, being exposed to the irradiation of the stars, which surround the solar system : —3d. ‘It has preserved, in the interior of its mass, a part of the heat it. contained, when the planets were originally formed. ‘These three causes, and theresulting pheno- mena, are examined separately: and M.F. says, the opinion, that internal fire has caused the continual recurrence of great. pheno- mena, his been constantly received. The form of the terrestrial spheroid, the regular disposition of the strata manifested by pen- diulum observations, the density and depth of these, and many other considerations coneur to prove, that intense heat has pene- trated the globe throughout. ‘This heat has been dissipated by irradiation into surround- ing space, the temperature of which is below that ‘of fréezing water. The law. of refri- geration, mathematically expressed, shows that the original heat, contdined ina sphe- j Spirit of Philosophical Discovery. 437 rical mass, of dimensions equal to the earth's, diminishes much more rapidly at the surface than at the parts situated at a great depth below it. These long preserve a large portion of heat; and, calculation shows, that the results have not been. mis= apprehended: hence, adds. our. author, having shewn that the heat increases (by in~ dubitable laws) as the depth,—it is easy to conclude, that the increase of temperature, in direction of the depth, cannot result from the prolonged action of the sun’s rays; this heat is accumulated in the interior of, the globe, but) its progress has now almost ceased ; for if it continued, we should. ob- serve the increase in a directly contrary di- rection. The higher temperature of .the deeper bed is therefore attributable to internal constant, or variable heat. Hence, the tem- perature of the earth’s surface is higher than would arise from the influence of the sun’s rays only. But this has become al- most insensible; and we are only assured of the fact by mathematical relations of mea- sure and excess: for the various observa- tions of the earth’s figure being attentively examined, according to the principles of the Dynamic theories, we cannot longer doubt: that this our planet received a very ele- vated temperature at its formation, while, on the other hand, thermometrical obser- yations clearly show that the actual distri- bution of heat, on the earth’s surface, is precisely what would haye taken place, that having been the case, and the globe, since, been. constantly cooling. —Bulletin Universel. Barometer.—Baron Humboldt has con- structed a set of tables to show the horary vibrations of this instrument, from the leyel of the sea to the height of 1,400 toises, about 8,952 feet. Venus, when viewed through a teles- cope, is rarely seen to shine with a full face, but, like the moon, increasing, decreasing, horned, gibbous, &c. : her illuminated part being constantly turned toward the sun, or directed toward the east, when a morning, and toward the west, when an evening star. These phases of Venus were first’ dis- covered by Galileo ; who thus fulfilled the prediction of Copernicus: for when this excellent astronomer. revived the ancient Pythagorean system, asserting that the earth and planets moved round the sun, it was objected that, in such a case, the phases of Venus should resemble those of the moon; to which Copernicus replied, that, some time or other, that resemblance would be found. Galileo sent an account of the dis- covery of these phases, in a letter, written from Florence in 1611, to William de Me- dicis, the duke of Tuscany’s ambassador at Prague, desiring him to communicate it to Kepler. The letter is extant in’ the preface to Kepler’s Dioptrics, and-a-trans- lation of it in Smith’s Opties.. ‘Having recited. the observations he had’ made, he adds, 4368 adds, ‘‘ We have hence the most certain, sensible decision and demonstration of two grand questions, which have, to this day, been doubtful and disputed among the. greatest masters of reason in the world. One is, that the planets, in their own na- ture, are opaque, attributing to Mercury what we have seen in Venus: and the other is, that Venus necessarily moves round the Sun; as also Mercury and the other pla- nets; a thing well believed indeed by Py- thagoras, Copernicus, Kepler and myself, but never yet proved, as now it is by oc- cular inspection on Venus.’’ Cassini and Campani, in the years 1665 and 1666, both discovered: spots in the face of Venus: the former ascertained her motion about her axis; concluding that this revolution was performed in less than a day; or, at least, that the bright spot which he observed, finished its period, either by revolution or libration, in about twenty-three hours. And Lahire, in 1690, through a telescope of sixteen feet, also observed spots. In 1726, 1727, 1728, Signor Bianchini, at Rome, with Campani’s glasses, discovered several dark spots, of which he gave an account and a representation, in his book entitled Hesperi et Phosphori Nova Pheno- mena. Cassini the son, though he admits the accuracy of Bianchini’s observations, disputes the conclusion drawn from them, and finally observes, that if we suppose the period of the rotation of Venus to be twenty-three hours twenty minutes, it agrees equally well with the observations both of his father and Bianchini; but that, otherwise, his father’s observations must be rejected as of no consequence.. In Phil. Trans. 1792, are published the results of a course of observations on the planet Venus, begun in 1780, by M. Schroeter, of Lilien- thal, Bremen: from which it is inferred that Venus has an atmosphere similar to that of our earth, but far more dense than that of the moon; that her diurnal period is probably much longer than that of other planets ; and that her mountains are five or six times as high as those of the earth. Dr. Herschel too, between the years 1777 and 1793, made a long series of observa- tions on this planet. The results are— that the planet revolves about her axis, but the time is uncertain: that the position of the axis is also uncertain: that the planet’s atmosphere is very considerable : that there are probably hills and inequalities, of which he has not been able to see much, owing perhaps to the density of the atmosphere : and that the apparent diameter of Venus, at mean distance from the earth, is 18” 79” ; whence it appears, that-this planet is some- what larger, instead of being less than the earth. Sometimes Venus is seen in the disk of the sun,.in form of a round dark spot. This,appearance, called a transit, happens butseldom ; viz. when the earth is about her,nodes atthe time of her inferior con- unction... One. of these transits was seen, Spirit of Philosophical Discovery. [Dec. I, in England, in 1639, by Mr. Horrox and Mr. Crabtree ; and two in the last century, viz. one on June 6, 1761, the other in June 1769. Another will not happen till 1874. In 1672 and 1686, Cassini, with a teles- cope of thirty-four feet, thought, As satellite move round this planet, at the tance of about three-fifths of her ieieter.. It had the same phases as Venus, but with- out any well-defined form ; and its diameter scarcely exceeded one- -fourth of her diameter. Dr. Gregory and others support this obser- vation; and suppose that the reason why it is not more frequently seen, is the unfit- ness of the planet’ s surface to reflect the rays of the sun’s light, as is the case in the spots of the moon. Pectic Acid, lately so named by M. H. Braconnot, exists, mostly in the form of a jelly, in the roots and other parts of most vegetables: the pectate of potash .(com- posed of eighty-five acid, and fifteen potash), as prepared from the roots of turnips, dis- solyed in warm water, in which sugar was then copiously dissolved, and on the addition of a very small quantity of the acid, in an instant afterwards, the whole became a trembling gelatinous mass, weighing 300 times the weight of salt dissolved... In this way, says M. B., the confectioner, may cheaply prepare aromatic jellies, perfeetly transparent and colourless, and very agree- able to the taste and sight.—Ann. de Chim. vol. 28. Bi-carburet of Hydrogen, a new sub- stance, has been discovered and separated by Mr. Faraday, from a colourless fluid, lighter than water, which, in’ considerable quantities, forms in the bottoms. of the vessels in which the Portable Oil-Gas Company compress the gas for filling their lamps. The new substance, in its liquid form, between 42° and 86° Fahr., is com- posed of two atoms of carbon and one of hydrogen. When in the state of vapour, six atoms of carbon and three of hydrogen are present to form one volume, of thirty- nine times the specific gravity of hydrogen. Below 42° of temperature, it is a solid body, forming dendritical transparent ¢rys- tals: at 0°, it has the whiteness and hard- ness, nearly, of loaf-sugar. Emetic Tartar, as usually sold ‘by the druggists, in powder, is found to be adul- terated to the extent of ten per cent. at the least, by tartrate of lime, and super-tartrate of potash: and medical practitioners, are earnestly recommended to use only. the crystals of emetic tartar, in preparing anti- monial wine, or other medicines, 24 FB Perpetual’ Motion.—M. Jean’ Préve, ‘of Marseilles, has announced'a machine of his invention, which preserves and ‘conmmuni- cates a perpetual motion.'* ‘This isyateast, the hundredth discovery “of a’'similar’ na- ture that has been proclaimed owithin’ our recollection.» iat si Dain bis ‘ 1 to bao 1825.] [ 439 j PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES. 8 SU FOREIGN LITERATURE, &c. Appel aus Nations Chrétiennes en faveur, des Grecs. Address to the Christian Na- tions tn favour of the Greeks, by M. BENs. Constant. — Imported by TREUTTEL and. Wiirtz.—The Greek committee, appointed by the Society of Christian Morality, at Paris, to raise subscriptions to assist the: unfortunate Hellenians, has conceived the. happy idea of making this address to the nations, at a time when the attention of all Europe is fixed upon Greece. The company has given proof of its judgment,. by charging Mr. Benj. Constant to mani- fest the sentiments of the Philanthrophic Society of which he is a member. ‘This writer, whose literary merit has no need of eulogy, has fulfilled his commission in a bold and masterly style; and we the more readily compliment him upon it, inasmuch as the Greek cause is not. only. that, of liberty, for which the whole world, in these our days, is so ardently interested, but, also, that of morality, of reason, and. of humanity. May the prayers and. the efforts of so many generous minds .be crowned with the most happy results! Hygiéne Physiologique de la Femme, i Physiological History of Woman, §c..:..By Dr. Lacwaise, Physician of the Faculty. at Paris.—The natural history of women has, for many years, employed the, atten- tion 448 tion of the physiologists of Europe. This subject, passed slightly over by the old cultivators of the art of health, has, among moderns, been deemed worthy of being separately considered: and the most pro- found analyses have been attempted to illustrate the destination of this interesting class of beings, whom Providence has given to mankind as companions, tender, assi- duous and inseparable, in all the pleasures and tribulations of life. Fowssel was the first who shewed the extent and importance of this. subject, and its title to the con- sideration of the learned. His eloquent pages continue to be read by those who delight in beholding the cold aridity of medical science alleviated by the traits of a mind: sensitive and humane. Moreau de la Sarthe and Virey successively wrote on it; and their works sparkle with delicate and often very just observations. Dr. La- chaise has just published new researches on this important subject. larly attends to the Natural History of woman, with respect to Hygiéne; and taking for his guide only those facts with which anatomical and physiological ex- perience have, in our days, enriched science, he lays open the means of pre- venting those instantaneous and dangerous revulsions, to which the particular for- mation of the organs, the delicacy and vivacity of the vital functions, often expose this amiable sex. The age is past, in which a council of ignorant monks dared to put to discussion, whether women should be considered as appertaining to the human race, or only as aberrations of nature, ac- cording to the extravagant ideas of some Greek philosopher. the moral part of his subject with the same ingenuity with which he treats the phy- sical part: fathers of families, and the in- structors of young girls will derive great advantage from his work, calculated, above all, to refute unjust prepossessions, and to obviate vulgar prejudices, which have till now rendered the physical and moral edu- cation of the sex imperfect. . Chant du Sacre.—Coronation Song, by A. DE Lamartine.—Paris.—In London, Treuttel and Wiirtz, Soho Square.—To this beautiful specimen of Tastu’s typegra- phy, the reader may recur again and again ; and we cannot but congratulate our neigh- bours of France upon the advancement of the printer’s art among them. Of the me- rits of the poem itself—of the spirit of mock- heroie grandeur, so ably supported through- out, it is needless for us to speak ; public opinion has already. declared itself on this head, and we must admit that its homage has not been misplaced. The attention of those who have a taste for French litera- ture, and who can appreciate a spirited spe- cimen of modern Parisian versification, will not be ill-bestowed upon this little pamphlet. Epiives par M. Alphonse Lamartine, Paris, §c.—Letiers in Verse, by Mr. La- Monthly Review of Literature, He particu-. Dr. Lachaise treats | (Dee. I, MARTINE.— Mr. Lamartine commenced his literary career brilliantly. His first Méditations Poétiques were yery success-. ful. But, with regret, we are obliged to add, that nothing he has since written has justified the hopes he had inspired. The letters we announce to the public offer nothing worthy of notice, but an easy rhythmus, often spoiled by far-fetched expressions and false images, which the author probably considers as new ideas. - A more correct and sober taste would have warned him not to compose such verses as the following :— *? On entend la terre germer. We hear the earth all budding. _ Encore une feuille qui tombe, Sans que la main lait savourée. A leaf that falls again Untasted by the hand.” When, further on, M. Lamartine tells us that Horace was ambitieur d’oubli; we perceive that, at the moment, he has en- tirely lost sight of the gracious tempera- ment of the poet he records, and he com- pletely breaks through all Jaws of har- mony, in the ungraceful arrangement of the words composing the following verse :-— “Je doux rayon De la lune qui Tillumine.”* But as we delight to award praise when dictated by justice, we hasten to commend the fourth epistle, dedicated to M. Casimir Delavigne. We feel that noble emulation. has inspired this composition: and we there perceive again the poet resuming his flight to the height he had heretofore attained. Recherches Expérimentales sur les Pro- priétés et les Fonctions du Systéme Nerveux dans les Animaux Vertebrés. Experimental Researches into the Properties and Func- tions of the Nervous System of Vertebral Animals. By M. Ftourrns. Paris, 2 vols. 8vo.—The nervous system of ani- mal mechanism has ever merited the at- tention of physiologists. The most skilful and intelligent who have laboured to dis- cover the properties of these organs, have concurred in the idea, that sensation and motion belonged to them, essentially and exclusively. But this double function was indiscriminately applied to every part of the neryous system, and considered as the sole property of their conformation. Some enquirers, skilled in the practice of sur- gery, suspected that there might be some error in this: but their suspicions were not supported by precise and conclusive demonstration ; and the question remained long.in doubt and indecision. Dr, -Flou- rens has undertaken to fill this void in phy- siology. A series of varied experiments upon different kinds of living animals, exe- cuted with persevering perspicuity, has * This alliterative luna,. whose luminousness ilu- minates, seems, almost, to defy English translation. shewn 1825] . shewn him, that of all the parts of the nervous system, so different in their or- ganic ‘structure and local position, some ‘are -déstinéd to"thé exercise of sensation, others ‘to’ that of motion: « The ‘successive ablatidns! mate ‘by him’ upon the cerebral lobes) tlie ‘interior brainy the *quadrigemel tuberélés, the longitudinal marrow, and the spinal thatrow, havejenabled him to assign with ‘certainty’ to each / of these: internal vessels theit appropriate functions, and the limits'in “which they act: and his observa- tions ate demonstrated with such palpable evidence, that this physiological question seems now perfectly solved. The last ex- periments tried by him upon the ence- phalus of fish, which have been read and eommended bythe national institute of France, haye also consolidated this im- portant discovery: and medical practice will, above all, derive great advantage from it, in the treatment of nervous diseases. Physiology owes, to the present age, its most gigantic strides; and Dr. Flourens deserves well of human-kind, and of sci- ence, for his interesting researches. Discours sur les Révolutions dela Surface du Globe. Treatise on the Revolutions of ‘the Surface of the Globe, and on the Changes they have produced in the Animal Kingdom. By Baron Cuvier. Paris, 8vo,—The name alone of Cuvier com- mands eulogy : his numerous works upon comparative anatomy, and on the different branches of natural history, have secured to him a brilliant reputation which pos- terity will not reverse. The work of which we now treat, was originally only an intro- duction to his great work upon fossil bones; but, having been separately translated into various languages of Europe, it is now ‘separately republished in France, and ac- companied with new explanations by the author. He proposes to illustrate the his- tory of those vast revolutions of the globe, which preceded, in a great measure, the ex- istence of all living beings. The accu- i researches, profound observations, and ppy discoveries, with which this work Is enriched, and above all, the pervading Spirit of philosophy, place it among the productions of the greatest minds upon this subject. Geology has been a fa- yourite study in all ages: but the ancients ‘ather conjectured than analyzed: and moderns, relying upon the incorrect or ue indications of Genesis, have formed i ingenious romance upon the theory of the earth, more calculated to please the fancy of children, than to satisfy the philo- sopher who thirsts for real information. Systems disappear before the light of ex- perience. Cuvier has dissipated the'thickest darkness from this important subject’; and ‘truth of facts appears in its naked simplicity. ‘This book is calculated to de- light all classes of readers. Discours' et Lecons sur UIndustrie, &c. A Treatise and Instructions on Labour, Monrtuty Maa, No. 417. Domestic and Foreign. 449 Commerce, and Navigation, and upon the Sciences, as applied to Arts. By Baron C. Dorin. Paris. 2 vols. 8vo—The funda- mental idea which has pervaded the: eom- position of this work is, that of spreading among the lowest classes of the people the .information necessary to make /arts; and commerce prosper. The knowledge: of truth is never hurtful to the | multitude, whatever may be the subject concerned ; but is, above all, useful, when it tends'to give new impulse to the prosperity of na- tions, and a useful direction to the efforts of that eminently useful class, the produc- tive labourers and navigators. We cannot sufficiently commend the endeavours: of the author to bring this important argu- ment to the understanding of those who, for want of a careful education, remain in a state of ignorance, pernicious to themselves and to society. The principles of geometry and mechanism applied to the arts, are here explained with clearness and simpli- city, and without involving abstract ques- tions. A love of the public welfare ani- mates every line of this philanthropic ob-: server: and his work offers most accepta- ble food, even to the learned, who haye not need of instruction. GERMANY. Schwaben unter den Riimern.— Suabia un- der the Romans. By J. LrtcutLen, Keeper of the Records at Fribourg. 8vo.—We only mention this valuable work, which will probably be continued for the sake of the opportunity thus afforded of calling the at- tention of our readers and countrymen to the great curiosity evinced by these descen- dants of our northern ancestors, respecting the antiquities of their former historical ca- reer: of which, if our space allowed, many additional evidences might be adduced. Germanien unter den Riimern, §c— Ger- many under the Romans, depicted by C. G. Reicuarp. Nuremberg, 1824. .8vo.—30 Maps, and pp. 374,.—In this work Mr. R. (whose Jaborious researches into the an- nals of ancient geography are well known) has, with his wonted severe regard to their authenticity, followed those classic authors, from ‘whom his countrymen derive their exactest knowledge of their former state : and particularly referring to the words of Ptolemy (Claudius, of Pelusium, or Ptole- mais, or, according to some, a native of Alexandria, whose system, which was gene- rally adopted till the sixteenth century, when it was confuted and rejected. by Copernicus, accounts for the motion of the heavenly bodies, by an ingenious, but al- most unintelligible application of cycles and epicycles ; but whose writings, neyer- theless, contain much very useful informa- tion :) shows how far this, author is accor- dant with other geographical, and historical records, points: out the errors into which the ancient geographer fell, and gives, to his own work the exactitude that graphical descriptions peculiarly demand. 3M THEATRICAL [ 450° ] [Dec. 1 THEATRICAL REVIEW AND MUSIC. : —e——— N the dramatic sphere, though much could be selected from the occurrences of the. preceding month that might be food for instructive criticism, if room could have been. afforded amid the mass of materials, whieh, for particular reasons, the present Editor would be desirous of cleaving away— there ignothing which, in retrospect, appears to be of such general interest, as to super- sede the duty which this necessity imposes. Space .only remains to us, therefore, for a few words upon this subject. At Covent Garden, the new attempt, an- nounced in our last, on the arduous charac- ter of Othello, proved so complete a failure; as to have blighted, apparently, even the prospects of the debutant with respect to that secondary line of character to which it is understood that it was always in his calculation probably to descend. Warde’s Iago was much better; though it cannot be said to have been what is called a com- plete Ait. The first half of the character he played admirably: the remainder only respectably. He possesses not, apparently, the energy of conception and imaginative power to enter into the darker and more desperate feelings of that malignant but powerful character ; and though, in deport- ment, he was such an Jago as might have imposed on the noble, mind of Othello (which most of the Jagos we have seen were not), he seemed to lack the tempera- ment and the soul that could have found mo- tive for so horrible an imposition. He had the mask, but not the necessary features work- ing beneath. Mrs. Sloman’s Desdemona deserves all the praise that nature has per- mitted her to aspire to, in such a character. She conceived it correctly, played it with great propriety and apparent feeling—and yet not beautifully, or effectively ; for though her person and her features are good, they want the sleek charm and freshness of maiden youth; and though nothing can be more natural than the tones of her pathos, the expressions of her weeping countenance are so unfortunate, that the picture nulli- fies the impression onthe ear. Beaumont and Fletcher’s Rule a Wife and have a Wife has been very isuecessfully revived, with the necessary retrenchments: and C. Kemble, Jones, and Miss Chester, in Leon, the Copper Captain, and-Estifania, merited the applause with which they were throughout received. A new comedy, The School for Pride (from the Spanish), has also been completely successful. Madame Vestris has made her appearance here as Artaxerces, and as Susanna (in the Mar- riage.of Figaro), &c. and been hailed with her accustomed éclat. But the grand de- pendence for attraction seems to have been —(Shade of immortal Shakspeare! hear !) Mons. Mazurrer’s demonstration how near a man can come.to a wooden puppet in Policinello (Punch!) and to an irrational ape, in a mummery called the Brazilian Monhey—borrowed from the iminor theatres of Paris, and even of our own metropolis. At Drury Lane, the eternal) Der Freis- chiitz, and the co-eternal Faustus, have al- most precluded all variety.. A’ Mr. Wil- liams indeed has been presented to us' as a substitute at once for Munden and Terry ; and if stamping and blustering about, with a Gog-Magog stare and distortion of fea- tures, were all that were requisite for a double of the one—and scratching the head occasionally, and stroking up the nose be- tween the thumb and the ball of the hand were the only excellencies of the other—the likenesses might be said to be monstrously successful. Vanbrugh’s Confederacy has heen re- vived; and, with the exception of Penley’s Dick, and Mr. Williams’s Gripe, well and even highly acted throughout. Mrs. Da- vison’s Jlippante is by far the very best piece of acting we ever witnessed even from her. But, to the credit of the public, the morality of the piece does not seem to have rendered it very attractive. A light opera- tical drama, called the Wedding Present, has been presented, which, upon the whole, was deservedly successful. The Haymarket closed its summer season on the 15th of November—as a parallel phe- nomenon to the closing of the winter seasons of the larger theatres in July. Mr. Liston has transferred his comic phiz to Drury Lane. ——— NEW MUSIC. A Selection of Original Spanish Melodies, arranged, with Accompaniments and Sym- phonies, by W. West. The Poetry by the Right Hon. Lord Nugent. No.1; 12s. 6d. Evans.—“ Ne sutor,” &c. We would really, as friends, recommend Mr. West to adhere to the histrionie profession, and leave that of music to the hundreds in the metropolis who know something of the art. But if he will be a composer, let him, in the name of mercy, confine himself to a simple melody, and avoid all arranging and harmonizing, as a task to which, above all others, he is most incompetent. We do pity the unfortunate airs to be so mas- sacred, and the still more unfortunate poetry, which really was worthy of a better fate. So long as Mr. W. confined himself to a little ballad, we overlooked his’ de- ficiencies in the seience, and gave’‘him credit for a pretty taste as far as mere’ me- lody is concerned; but when ‘he: cOmes upon us by wholesale, six at a time, and that professing to be only the first part of the first volume, mortal patience cannot endure it. rTl,??' | Bibs _The Melodies are.all tolerably’pleasing, two of them highly so; and, with thé as- >sistance 1825.) sistance of good harmonies, and an elegant arrangement, might have formed a collec- tion worthy of a place in our Kbraries ; but they are so defiled by inaccuracies, that we cannot disgrace Haydn and Mozart by placing them on the same shelves. To prove that: we are not exaggerating, we will ‘extract a few instances which may casually strike us as we turn over the leaves. In the first, “‘ Love, Music and Time,” (the last quaver in the first bar of the allegretto), the accompaniment should follow the voice; last bar, same page, a new way of avoiding octaves; last bar but one, ditto; the treble chord forms a glo- rious cacophony with the voice and bass. Page 8, last bar, fifths. Page 16, first bar, ef alicubi, an arpeggio chord of G, while the voices change to the dominant 7; the composer may possibly consider the 7 as a passing chord, but it is too dis- agreeable to be allowed. Page 15, the yocal and instrumental bass should take the C together at the pause.—“ Hope and Memory,” one of the most pleasing of the set, is destroyed by an unlucky passage whieh occurs eleven times, and which the composer has given in a manner perfectly noyel, we believe, and likely to remain ex- clusively his own, viz. that which occurs in bars 5 and 7 of the symphony; and after- wards, in the song, where we have two 9-7 on two consecutive basses, and a 4-2 un- resolved.- ‘‘ Oh, for that Strain,” is de- cidedly the best and most perfect in the set. Bars 4 and 5, page 32, in the har- monizing of the same air, we should hope, are a misprint. We have named a sufi- cient number of faults, and those not errors of the engraver, perfectly to authorize our reprehension ; there are many which we have not noticed ; and we must assure Mr. W., that to edit a work of this kind with any sort of credit, requires more than a good ear, or a moderate quantity of intui- tive talent, both of which we are happy to concede to him. We should recom- mend, if he continues the numbers, to have them revised by some steady musician be- fore she brings them out, that he may not incur another philippic. ‘ What is Love ?” Song ; the Poetry by Miss Barber ; composed by J. Barnet. 2s. C. B. Cramer and Co.—This composition does the highest credit to the composer, who is rapidly rising in the opinion of the scientific class of musicians ; if he con- tinue writing songs of this superior cast, he must be a general fayourite. The air, which is of an irregular nature, is well adapted to the “words; the accompani- ment is fine; at the words “ it is a flower,” there, is a marching bass that reminds us of, Mozart. The general style is plain- tive,;,and the harmonies frequently recall to,our recollection a canzonet of Hum- mel’s, “ Myra Farewell.’—In the first pagey between the second and third bass, third Jine, the bass should have descended to C.instead of A. Theatrical Review and. Music. 45] ** Follow to the Elfin Bowers?’ Dueti» do. do.—We understand that this duet was originally composed to Shakspeare’s poetry, “ As it fell upon a day :” ifso, it has been fortunate in a happy adaptation of new words, for they certainly appear as if written for each other. The general style of this piece is too scientific for general sale; it abounds with passages of imitation and syncopated notes : the latter are introduced in several passages with great effect. There are some hard hits in the second vocal part, first page, which would have been better avoided, as would a natural and flat, at the same time, in the symphony: we allow it is a passmg note ; but the effect is bad, and might be easily obviated. ; ‘© When should Ladies listen?” Ballad Sung by Mad. Vestris. C.F. Horn. 2s. W. Horn.—A truly elegant little song, perhaps one of Mr. Horn’s best ; the_style is simple and natural. The old passage in the last page is admirably introduced : we have copied the title in affixing Ves- tris’s name to it; but we cannot think she has yet sung it, or it would have been more known. The Lord's Prayer versified and set to Music, by A. Voigt. 2s. Lindsay. Preserve us from such versifying !—The music is set for one or four voices : the harmonies are good; but there is nothing very strik- ing. “ Command me not to Leave thee.” Sung by Braham. J. Parry. 1s. 6d. Goulding and D’ Almaine.—We do not generally ad- mire Mr. Parry’s compositions, but, for a simple theatrical ballad, we think this ex- tremely pleasing ; it is, in our opinion, the best he has written, not excepting “‘ Loye’s a Tyrant.” “ When the Sails are Furled.” Ballad sung by Miss Boden, in the Pirate. Herbert. 1s. 6d. Goulding and Co.—A pleasing little me- lody—extremely simple in its construc- tion: the two A’s in the second line, second page, are, of course, a typographical mistake. “ Ah, did I Swear to Love thee not ?’’ Bal- lad sung by Melrose. W. West. 1s. 6d. Evans:—We cannot say much for the ori- ginality Of this melody; but it is pleasing and easy-' There are a number of mistakes in the bass of the accompaniment; but they appear many of them to proceed from the engraver, and we have no doubt will be immediately rectified. “ Tasked of my Harp.” From the Tales of the Crusaders. -G. B. Herbert. 2s. Goulding and D’ Almaine.—Had Mr: Her- bert ransacked half Christendom for words completely unmusical, he could not haye succeeded better; they form an ob- stacle which we doubt if any composer could overcome, so as to succeed mode- rately well; and we really think the Pens ae music go hand-in-hand. METEOROLOGICAL [ 452 4 (Dee. }, METEOROLOGICAL REPORTS. —= Extract from a Meteorological Journal, hept at High Wycombe, Buchs. Lat. 51° 37 3” North, Long. 49 3” West. Days.| Thermometer. Barometer. Rain. |Wind. Weather. Oct. |Highest.| Lowest. |Highest.| Lowest. |Ins. Dels. 1 60 55°25 29°58 29°49 0-3 SE |Misty rain. 2 62 52°75 29°42 29°39 003125 E |Do. 3 60 53°50 29°42 29°39 6°26875 | SE |Rain. 4 63 47°50 29°76 29°56 -— E_ |Pair. * 5 62°50 55 29°85 29°79 0°26875 S$ |Fair—rain at night. 6 58°75 50°50 29°78 29°48 0°G8125 SE |Rain—heavy at night. j vi 56 37 29°77 29°25 0°025 E |Variable. Blowing fresh. 8 56°50 44 29°78 29°54 O15 E_ |Fair—rain at night. 9 57 50°50 29°81 29°66 a SW |Dull and heavy. 10 59°50 55°50 30°05 29-04 — SW |Do. 11 62 44°75 30°08 30°05 _ SE |Fair. 12 60°75 52°50 29-92 29°80 — E_|Foggy morning—fair. 13 61°75 43°50 29°95 29°86 _— NW |Fair. 14 60 37°25 29°95 29:92 = SW |Foggy morning—fair. 15 | 57:50 | 34 30°25 | 30°15 peal W i|Fair. 16 54 36 30°22 3015 = W_ |Foggy morning—fair. 7 51 37°50 29°91 29°86 0125 E |Rain. 18 52°25 43°50 29°84 29°23, 0°425 E |Wet throughout. 19 49 31°50 29°16 28°63 0575 W |Do. 20 42°50 32°50 29°06 28°81 _ W iFair. Blowing fresh. 21 43 35°50 29°42 29°06 _ W |Do. Do. 22 48 28°50 29°00 29°56 — W_|Fair--threateningchange. 23 49 37°50 29°84 29.82 0°0125. | NW |Dull and heavy—rain. 24 52 38°25 29°68 29°64 070125 W |Do. 25 42°75 27°25 29°74 29°64 _ W |Fair. Frequent syaalls- 26 42°75 35 29°81 29°69 0°05 W |Fair day—rain at night. . 27 46°25 42°50 29°78 29°74 _ NW | Fair. 28 53°50 47.50 29.77 29°72 _— W |Do. 29 54 4025 29°77 29°74 0025 SW |Fair at intervals. 30 | 57 3850 | 29°74 | 29°55 | 0°05625 | SW |Dull—rain at night Blowing strong. ee 52°50 39°50 29°79 29°72 0703125 W |Fair—rainat night. ov. 1 55°50 42°50 29°69 29°48 009375 W |Do. 2 | 53°25 | 48:25 | 29.54 | 29°14 | 0°0625 | SW |Fair until evening. Heavy galeat nigh K 50°50 33°50 28°95 28°74 0°40625 | SW |Heavy showers, Blows a 4 48 27°75 29°59 29-24 — NW |Fair. 5 50 28°75 29°69 29°55 01 S |Fair until evening- 6 52°50 31°50 28:99 28°94 00875 SW |Showery. 7 40°25 28°50 29°11 28°99 004375 | SW |Misty rain fell. 8 46 30°50 29°12 “66 044375 | NE |Wet throughout. Blowing hard. 9 40°25 32 28°89 28°77 0°55625 | SW |Fair—rain at night. Squally night. 10 38°50 32 28°81 28°57 0°51875-| N° |Rain throughout. Heavy squalls. il 40 28°50 29°37 29°11 0°00625 | NW |Dull & heavy—littlerain. 12 40°75 22°25 29°65 29°53 _ NW |Fair. 13 38 25 29°65 29°63 _ NW |Do. 4 44-50 3h 29°73 29°61 _ NW |Do. 16 42 27 29°89 29°83 _ NW |Do. Thermometer. Barometer. ‘ Oct. 15. Oct. 38. Greatest _varia- i 23° 50’ At 3p.m.67.50.|| Greatest varia- 2 g1-100ths § At8a.m.29.84 tion in the day, Midnight 34.|| tioninthe day, § ofaninch 2 10P.m.29.23. re > The quantity of rain during the whole month of October was 3'0375, the weather generally mild, and the barometer very high. The occultation of Saturn, which happened on the 30th, was not observed by me: the moon rose among fleecy clouds, and was clear just before the occultation took place, which I did not see, being engaged, at the moment, moving my telescope ; and, in a very few seconds afterwards, the sky became oyercast, and the moon obscured—nor was she apparent until some time after the emersion. The rain which has fallen in the first half of November is 2°31865. The barometer has been unusually low ; and we have experienced some heavy gales of wind, particularly on the night of the 2d and during the whole of the 3d: the thermometer fell on the night of the 12th nearly 10 degrees below the freezing point; and the four last days have been fine, High, Wycombe, 16th November, 1825. James G.._TATEM. Temperature 1825. ] Medical Report. 453 Temperature of London, for October 1825: 9 a.m. North Aspect, in the Shade. ° ° ° ° 1, Wet 60 BO oka, oto'si «)5.5) 17 Showery 55 25 Fine 51 2. Cloudy 63 10 Cloudy 61 18), Do.) 52 26 Do. 46 SRA RR 11 Fine’ 62 19)... Do.) 54 24>) DOD 1 48 4 Fine 63 Iie DO.. 60 20 Cloudy 49 Sui DO; wie ene oa Do....62 13 Showery 62 Lie ADO) BE 29 Showery — 6 Cloudy 63 14 Fine 59 22 Fine 48 30). Hines = (hs ae eetie On Te pniavatars, te 57 23. Foggy . = 31 Cloudy — 8 Cloudy 38 16 Fine 55 24 Cloudy 51 Bruton-street, Nov. 7, 1825, QIN THE CoRNER. MEDICAL REPORT. . —_ T has been usual to prefix to Medical Reports a list of the diseases which have occurred during stated periods of time. From this circumstance, it might be infer- red that diagnosis, or the designation of dis- ease, was a thing pf no difficulty; that all maladies might be cognizable by names ; that a comparison of the frequency of each of them might be clearly estimated, and put onrecord. But this is a view of the mat- ter very far from the truth. It is true that many diseases are marked by symptoms so remarkable in themselves, and so invariable in their occurrence, that the primary affec- tions cannot be mistaken for or confounded with any other disorders; but there are hourly occurring diseases to which no noso- logical terms can be usefully applied. This class of complaints is a very numerous one, and the term anomalous has by the common consent of medical men, been chosen to designate the diseases which it includes. But when a practitioner is called upon to prepare a catalogue of the diseases which have fallen under his observation, he is often strongly tempted to give names of diseases of doubtful or of very rare occur- rence, the diagnosis of which has not been sufficiently fixed to entitle them to “a name :” he is also often induced to give prominence to affections of organs, which he finds, of supposes he finds, to be oftener than others the seats of morbid actions. One fact, perhaps, more than any reasoning upon the subject, teaches how much cau- tion is necessary in giving credence to nu- merical statements of diseases; it is this, that no two medical men would, if called upon to subject the disorders which they had witnessed together in a given ‘period, to a nosological arrangement, present lists corresponding in their nomenclature.— But there is another fact, for the accuracy of which the writer can vouch, that has: induced him to look with jealousy on tables of diseases; and this is, that some reports of diseases which have been yot up for the public eye, have been, for J the most part, the pure inventions of the authors. In these specious mor- ceaux, fevers of every grade, and acute diseases of the most formidable kind, have been brought on the field for the purpose of adorning the list of cures. The names of some disorders have been inserted, in order to shew the discriminating tact of the author; while many diseases of small account have, with an unsparing hand, been thrown in to give a respectable appearance to the “cured” side of the account. It is well for the community that the successful treat- ment of disease depends in a very inconsi- derable degree upon a scientific medical nomenclature: not however that this de- partment of medical science does not de- serye a most assiduous cultivation on the part of the practical physician. A careful investigation of the phenomena of disease, and a philosophic attention to the effect of remedies, are indispensable requisites in the successful practitioner. So instructed, he will sometimes conduct to a favourable ter- mination the most obscure and untractable ailments, even when no satisfactory theory of the symptoms can be framed, nor the no-" sological positions of the maladies deter- mined. Agreeable to the prediction of the re- porter, the past month has not been passed idly by the medical practitioner. The most prominent complaint has been catarrh ;. catarrh may be said to have been epidemic. In many cases some active de- pletion has been called for ; in all cases ab- stinence from a stimulating diet has been beneficial. Some children, who have been the subjects of catarrhal affections, have been threatened with tracheal inflammation ; but the writer has not met with one case which required blood-letting, Cases of fe- ver have been as frequent as during the summer months. The medical schools are still agitated with discussions on the nature and treatment of fever. There are, amongst us, pathologists, who maintain that fever de- pends, essentially, upon inflammation, re 0 4b4 of the organ or tissue of the body more es- pecially implicated, nothing satisfactory has been yet advanced. The brain, however, is the part which falls most under suspicion ; and, accordingly, some eminent men have taken their stand here.* The practice of those who hold such. opinions will be easily predicated... Blood-letting is the summum remedium—vascular depletion as long as the symptoms continue—and therefore in any stage of the disorder. To all this it may be said, first, that any theory of fever which assigns inflammation as the proximate cause, requires for its confirmation unques- tionable evidences of the presence of that morbid agent in the organs said to be af- fected, Secondly, blood-letting cures the phlegmasie ; that is, those inflammations about which all pathologists are agreed ; quashes them in numberless instances, uno ictu: but fevers have subsided under all plans of treatment, and under no treat- mentatall : thisis not opinion, but matter- of-fact. Will inflammations of important organs so yield? ‘There are yet practi- tioners who advocate the use of wine and bark in fevers. To sum up, it is confidently asserted, that the ratio of the deaths from fever has been pretty nearly the same under all the modes of treatment that have yet been devised. Scarlatina has prevailed rather extensive- ly : in the Reporter’s practice the disease has in some instances appeared in a mild form, yielding readily to the ordinary anti- inflammatory measures. In one instance the disease was confined to one child, al- * Clutterbuck, Langstaff, &c, Monthly Agricultural Report. » {Dee. 1, though several children in the same family were in constant communication with it. In other instances, however, the disorder has exhibited symptoms so severe, as to re- quire all the resources which our art could supply to obviate a fatal termination ; and all the measures practised to prevent the disease from spreading to other individuals in the family have been rendered’ abortive. Measles haye, during the past month, fallen under the treatment of the Reporter; but of this disorder, so deeply interesting to the fond parent, he has nothing extraordinary to communicate. I A small work from the pen of Dr. Shear- man, on Hydrocephalus, has just made its appearance: it deserves the most attentive perusal of the medical practitioner. The purpose of the author is to controvert the doctrine of water in the brain being a dis- tinct specific disease, and to oppose the prevalent opinion of the proximate catse of watery effusion being inflammation. The author endeavours to show that the symp- tom, water in the brain, is an accidental oe- currence, taking place in a variety of diseases, and as the consequence of numerous causes, acting upon the cerebral organs, depending upon a certain condition of those organs, constituting a state of predisposition merely, without the presence of actual. disease. Dr. Shearman considers fever, of whatever description, as one of the most frequent causes of effusion in the brain. In the opinion of the Reporter, the author has proved the soundness of his positions. , James Fievp. Bolt-court, Fleet-street, Nov. 24, 1825. MONTHLY AGRICULTURAL REPORT. ——<— ITH respect to the present state of our agricultural affairs and our prospects, we may well exclaim with the ancient, “‘O too fortunate people, did they but know their own good!” For some time past, our reports have been those of almost invariable and increasing prosperity, in which all the rural classes have shared. Wheat sowing is completed, with the ex- ception of some few districts, in which that process is usually extended to the first or second week in December. The season has throughout been most auspicious, and the failures extremely rare ; the lands having worked well, and the seed been good. ——— For the Monthly Magazine. Femate Epucation. mY, fare confused notions people i generally have of education! One parent will tell you that it means paying thirty pounds a year to the master of a boarding-school, for pro- mising to teach his son reading, writing and arithmetic, English grammar and French Grammar. Another understands, by the term, £60 or £100 a year, paid for his son’s instruction in Latin and Greek at a public school; or three times that sum expended at the college in teaching him just what he likes, pro- vided he like Latin, Greek or mathe- matics. When the lords of the crea- tion are so easily satisfied with such definitions and such realities, it would be hardly gallant to expect greater severity from the fair sex. A girl, or “young lady,” as she is now termed, the former word being obsolete, must, in the first place, go to an establish- ment (i. e. boarding-school), or have a private governess at home; she may learn to read, to write, and to sew, at choice, but she must learn to play on the piano, ear or no ear; to sing, voice or no voice; and French grammar and the use of the globes; also to draw and to dance; and to walk, like a trussed fowl, with her companions, two by two. It would be the height of vulgarity to omit any one of these accomplish- ments: not a tradesman’s daughter, between Hyde Park and Whitechapel, would listen for a moment to such an E. G. Female Education. innovation. | Young: ladies of higher rank are still more indefatigable in their accomplishments; victory over one instrument does not suffice; the harp must be contended with: Italian, German, or Latin, whichever be in fashion, must be acquired, and even mineralogy mouthed at. The only use of such male education is to put money into the schoolmaster’s pocket; and of such female education, to entrap a hus- band, whose ears, apparently, are ex- pected to be somewhat larger than his brains. . But the real use of education is to make a boy happy in his youth, a good relative, an intelligent man of business, and a wise and honest member of the state when grown up. This, it seems, is to be attained by Latin and Greek, bad French, and University ma- thematics: and a female is to be taught the duties of a wife, mother, and regula- tor of a family, by practising eight hours a day on the piano, and learning French and the harp. In the language of the world, to receive a good education is to become learned,—to become learned is to know what is taught or talked of at colleges—to swallow the husk of learn- ing—to become a pedant: or, in the case of a female, to become a blue- stocking, who reads novels, talks about every thing, knows nothing, and ne- glects her proper duties. No wonder, then, that people say women should not be well educated, and that “ learn- ed” women are avoided like the plague. Now I contend that neither this, nor accomplishments, nor. both united, are good education; and that good female education is the only mean of subvert- ing blue-stockingism, or puppy-nursing, or female sanctification, or snuff-taking, or triple language-learning, or eternally piano-practising, or any other female nuisance. There are only two reasons why a woman should not. be well educated, namely, that she is physically or men- tally incapable of receiving a good edu- cation, or that her situation and duties do not require it. If mental talent depended upon mus- cular strength, what sages our bruisers and porters would be! It is evident that the female frame, though feebler than that of the male, by no means precludes intellectual improvement. With regard to the mental incapacity of the’ sex, it proves nothing, to assert that the female intellect is inferior se the Female Education. the males.* The real question is, can the female mind be improved by educa- tion? This, I think, nobody will deny. In the higher branches of literature, from which females are, in a great mea- sure, excluded by education and habit, and which, therefore, do not allow a fair comparison, they, nevertheless, play a conspicuous part. In Miss Edgeworth we have the second novel- list of the age; and Lady Morgan, Miss Burney, Mrs. Hamilton, and Mrs. Opie follow at no humble distance. Among our best historians ranks Mrs, Macauley, and mathematicians boast of ‘Donna Agnesi. The first tragic writer of the age is Johanna Baillie; on the stage Mrs: Siddons had no superior; and in originality, brilliancy, and gene- ral knowledge, few men can compete with Madame de Stal. The female mind must surely be capable of great exertions and immense improvement, if it can display in literature such charac- ters as these. It should also be re- membered that literary excellence is not the only, nor the chief object of good education, especially of good fe- male education, although some portion of literature should certainly form a branch of it. Beauty soon fades, accom- plishments follow quickly in the rear; and the once beautiful and admired female, scarcely able to exact the coldest civility, spends the remainder of her days in frivolity and unhappiness. Such is the picture of many a woman in high life, -and of very many in the middling classes of society; few, comparatively, being obliged to devote the whole of their time to domestic duties. The years thus wasted in pain and frivolity might be agreeably spent in literary pursuits, which, were they of no other utility, would, in this respect, prove highly valuable. An intelligent female can spend her leisure hours with much pleasure in these pursuits, and, at the /same time, earn the approbation and esteem of society. No difficulty can, therefore, arise from the female mind * This, however, is still a disputed question. One party maintains that the female understanding is far inferior, which ‘another party as boldly denies: while a third contends that the minds of both sexes are equal, although not alike; the male being distinguished for superior force, ab- straction, and method; the female for su- ‘perior acuteness, versatility, and delicacy— qualities which are alike indispensable to our happiness. 485 being incapable of profiting by in- struction. The policy of bestowing much trou- ble and expense, in the education of females, depends upon the relative si- tuation their sex should hold in so- ciety, and upon the duties it has to perform, Knowledge, according to Lord Bacon, is power; and what is power but hape piness, or the means of pursuing happi- ness ?- Debar one-half of society from knowledge, from instruction, from hap- piness, and so closely is their fate en- twined with our own, that you almost risk the destruction of society. The bonds between the sexes are infinitely stronger than those between man and mam. They were founded in mutual happiness, and, if broken, must occasion mutual misery. Woman alone can be a partner, without the fear of becoming a rival. This vain and noxious phan- tom of rivalry, conjured up by igno- rance and supported by prejudice, must speedily vanish before the light of truth. The more enlightened we become, the more able and desirous are we to per- form our duties; and the duties of the two sexes are so distinct by nature, yet each is so necessary to the well-being of the other, that, united, they form a consistent whole, which the best edu- cation will render most perfect. Women were formed to be our wives, not pieces of household furniture, or animals for our:amusement, like mon- keys and kittens; they were formed to be our. partners: not: sleeping partners only, but active intelligent partners, capable of conversing with us, of un- derstanding us, of adding their: share of knowledge and talent to the delight we experience from our own, of. enter- ing into all our pleasures, and of soften- ing all our pains. It is the wish of the ignorant to degrade others to their own level, and, above all, so to degrade women, that them- selves may shine in the comparison; as if, unfortunately, there were not de- graded beings enough of both sexes to keep each other in full countenance. If a woman should be degraded, why not utterly degraded,—where are the bounds? how can they be marked? If intelligent, why not highly intelligent ? Is knowledge misery, or can we mark out the limits of human improvement ? Her situation in society demands intel- ligence, no less for our happiness than for her own. The duties of females now pass un- ‘der ‘ 486 der our view, and a brief sketch of one or two will enable us to ascertain the degree of intelligence that is requisite to fulfil them. What principally strikes one in re- gard to the regulation of a family, is the nuinber of duties it includes—the va- riety of persons and things it has to do with—the unceasing vigilance and at- tention it requires—and the versatility of mind.required, not only from the ex- tent of the objects it embraces, but from the rapidity of their succession, which latter demands equal rapidity of conception, judgment and execution. Upon the proper performance of this duty depends in no mean degree the happiness of us all, “every day, and all day long;” and its being well or ill executed, will make a corresponding increase or diminution of our happiness. Among the subdivisions of this head, are :— Ist. The general management, clean- liness, and comfort and safety of a house, furniture, &c. 2d. Purchasing, making, cleaning, washing, &c. most articles of clothing, bedding, &c. 3d. Purchasing and dressing of food. 4th. The good management of ser- vants. 5th. Purchasing at the proper time, in proper quantity and quality, and registering almost every article that enters a house. It.is alleged that these duties are learnt best by practice, and that they donot fall within the scope of education. It is not contended that any art can be: attained without practice; but the best mode of practising it, as proved by the united experience of ages, may be taught, in conjunction with practice, in a very short time; whereas much time, vexation and trouble would be spent, and often spent in vain, by aperson en- deayouring to discover it himself. Do- mestic economy is as capable of. being reduced to rules as any other art, and might even be united with practice, and taught at a boarding-school, without much interruption to the usual accom- plishments. Still every art that com- prizes innumerable details, and details which are frequently varying, like do- mestic economy, must demand a strong exertion and good education of the fa- culties—much more, indeed, than many trades. A tailor’s knowledge, for in- stance, need not form a ninth part of that which is requisite for the manage- ment of a family; yet the tailor requires Female Education. seven years of instruction in his busi- ness, adversity proveth our friends—pros- perity smoothens the faces of our ene- mies. The eye of adversity is correct » it seeth no standard hope in time, and taketh a glass to peep into eternity, where the sky is always serene; and if there be clouds, they are bright as those of the morn, and the blue flag of hope is neither dabbled with the rain, nor faded by the,sun. — For the Monthly Magazine. A Cuitp born Dear taught to Sprax. (Having discovered that the ensuing article is not, as we at first supposed, original, there being a published work of Dr. Delean’s announced and. noticed in the Revue Encyelopédique, No. 81, for September last, we have deemed it necessary, how- ever otherwise acceptable, to print it in the smaller type; though we introduce it here as too long for the department of Philosophical Selections, The following is the title of the,article referred to—see Rev. Encye. p. 8™06-—'* L'ouie et la Parole Rendues a Honoré Trezél sourdmuet. de Naissance; pax le Doctor Delean, jeune. Paris, 1825, Mlle Delan- nay. Brochure, in 8vyo., de 52 pages.” 4 Had 496 . Had the article referred to met our eye, before the acceptance of the ensuing had been announced, an extract from the Review, introduced under the head ‘* Spirit of Philosophical Discovery,” would have been more consonant with our plan.— Editor. HESELDEN’S operation, by which he gave sight to a young man who was born blind, is one of the most in- teresting facts in the history of man; not merely on account of the benefit conferred on the individual, and the prospect it af- forded of benefiting others ; nor from the admiration “it excited of the power of art to give the enjoyment of a sense which nature had denied ; but because it afforded him an opportunity, of which he ably availed himself, of recording the sensations occa- sioned by this new mode of existence ; of tracing the steps by which the sight came to perfection, and noting the various asso- ciations which connected it with the other faculties of the mind and body. Though before and after Cheselden, surgery was afforded the means of performing similar operations, the history of the cise stands almost alone; and hardly any additional light has been thrown on the subject, either because children’ are seldom® suffered to grow up with an infirmity which can be re- moyed, or, when they have been neglected to a later period, the effects of the opera- tion on the mind have been overlooked. In like manner, before the present mo- ment, cases are on record of persons born deaf and dumb, who, by means of an ope- ration, haye been enabled to hear and speak: but no satisfactory account has been given of the change produced in that intel- lectual and moral state. MM. Delean, a French surgeon, has recently laid before the Academy of Sciences the history of a ease of this description, in which he has neglected none of these particulars. From the important and interesting nature of the case, we have been incuced to give the following detailed account of it, without which no impression would be made upon the mind of the reader, nor.no useful pur- pose accomplished. —Claude Honoré Tre- zel, now ten years of age, is the child of a poor couple at Paris; from his birth he has been so completely deaf, as to be insen- sible to the loudest noise or the most vio- lent explosion. His head is well formed, and his forehead large; but before the ope- ration was performed on him his. counte- nance was devoid of expression, and he walked with an uncertain and staggering gait, as if dragging his feet with difficulty after him. He had received no species of instruction appropriate to his situation. His few wants he made known by a cer- tain number of signs. In the operation he underwent there was nothing new or pe- culiar, it consisting merely of aqueous in- jections into both ears. These injections were not followed by those acute pains which, in some cases, cause the patient to faint away, ‘nor by abscess or suppurations A Child born Deaf taught to Speak. in the interior cavity of the ear. ‘The first few days after his acquirement of the fa- culty of hearing were for Honoré a’ period of exquisite enjoyment; every species of noise gave him the ‘keenest7 pleasure, and while listening to the sounds ofa musi- cal Snuff-box, he° appeared to” be in a - state of perfect ecstacy. It required, how- ever, a certain time before he could per- ceive that words were a mean’ of com- munication, and even when made sensible of this, he directed his attention, not'te the words of the speaker, but’ tothe motion of his lips: and during several days, he thought that when a child of seven months, that was in the house with him, moved its lips, that it spoke like the grown up per- sons around him. He imagined, also, that animals understood each other by means of the same language; for one day he at- tempted a conversation with his dog, and took great pains to force him to pronounce the words papa and pain ; but, impatient at getting no answer, he pulled the dog’s ears, when the cries of the animal so frightehed him, that he*desisted from further experi- ment. Some days before this, hearing a Magpie pronounce some words, he sought, but in vain, to repeat them. He then gave those about him to understand that the bird was more learned than himself; which was in fact true, for the magpie could speak several phrases glibly enough, while Ho- noxé’s vocabulary was, at that time, confined to the words papa and pain. Though his mental faculties were at that period’ very circumscribed, yet he seemed to appreciate the advantage that would result to him from the sense of hearing; it was already so precious to him, that, finding himself confused and stunned after a journey of sixty leagues in a diligence, he became- silent and burst into tears, fearing that he had lost his newly-acquired faculty. The cries of animals attracted his atten- tion ; he took great pleasure in listening to the bleating of sheep, and could distinguish it from that of the lambs. At first, the barking of a dog annoyed him ; but he soon became accustomed to it; as well as to other and more noisy sounds, such as ‘the beating of a drum, and the rumbling: of carts. " A few days after the acquirement of the sense of hearing, a great change took place in the appearance and manners’ of Honoré. His walk became more firm and upright, and the sullen air, peculiar to the deaf and dumb, was changed into a gay and open expression ‘of countenance. As ‘soon’ as he was made to know that by uttering cer- tain sounds he could make himself under- stood, he was no longer content: with hear- ing, but endeavoured -to learn to speak. The first words which he pronounced were papa, du pain, tabac, du‘ bois, du feu, and the vowels a, 0, u. It was not till a long time «fterwards that he became enabled to pronounce words: of several syllables, and : that Reflections on the Old Year! tliat only by various contortions of the lips, and numberless experiments on his organs efspeech. It was then that, proud of the acquisition.of what had cost him so much painful effort, he considered himself en- titled to rank with those who could hear and speak, and. looked with disdain upon his former companions in misfortune. The very day the operation was performed on this boy, his ear became sensible to the - noise made by a person walking in the room, to the opening and shutting of the door, the sound produced by crushing paper between the hands, and beating the crown of a hat. During the first month, howeyer, his hearing made but a very slow progress ; the vowels and sonorous conso- - pants seemed alone to make any impres- sion on him; and it was only in the course of the second month, that his ear could be taught to distinguish the first syllables given to children to learn. He then suc- ceeded in comprehending entire words, and, at length, phrases more or less complicated. He was a long time before he was able to judge of the direction from whence a sound came. Four months after the operation, Doctor Deleau concealed himself in a closet belonging to the room into which Honoré was about to enter. After the boy had been in the room for some time, the Doctor called him ; at first, he looked be- hind the curtains, the tables, chairs, &c., and did not discover the Doctor till his name had been pronounced four several times. On another occasion, his eyes be- ing bandaged, he was called from an oppo- site corner of the room, but could not, without great difficulty, point out from whence the voice came. [t was remarked that he found it much more difficult to pronounce the letter 7 than the a@ and the uw, the vowel ¢ requiring for its utterance the closing of the glottis. A similar diffi- culty occurred with regard to certain syl- lables: those which necessitated only a simple movement of the tongue and lps, such as ba, pa, fa, ta, he soon learned to pronounce; but others, such as ka, gna, #a, he only aequired by repeated and vio- lent efforts... When he was made sensible that, by the junction of syllables, words might be formed with which he could com- municate his ideas, he redoubled his efforts to acquire a correct pronunciation, which was for him an effort of no little time and labour. For three months after he had first learned to speak, he could not pronounce a compound -word without a disagreeable distortion of the lips—he uttered with difficulty the nasal sounds, laid too great a*stress upon the gutturals, and drew his breath at each syllable, which he pronounced in a different tone. These blemishes have, however, been effaced by his continued efforts, and he can now repeat one of Lafontaine’s Fables in a distinct and flexible voice. If it be recollected, that eight months before Montutry Mac.—Supp. 497 he was entirely deaf efid dumb, this con- quest must be looked upon as not an un- important one. _ A remarkable circum- stance observed by Dr. Deleau was, that this boy could repeat, with much greater facility, syllables or words pronounced in his hearing, when he had, at the same time, the words or syllables written on a board before him ;—from thence it would appear, that, at that period, his sight communicated, much quicker than his hearing, an impres- sion to the larynx. Something of this even still exists, for he pronounces much better when he reads than when he speaks. According to Dr. Deleau’s statement, the’ result of ten months’ education of the boy. is as follows :—He hears distinctly all man- ner of noises, even at a great distance, and can judge accurately of the quarter from whence they come: he is sensible to musical rhythm, and takes great plea- sure in listening to vocal and instrumental music, and even endeavours to repeat the airs which more particularly please him: he hears distinctly whatever is’said to, him, and replies to it with facility. It is true, that in the latter case he finds still some difficulty in conversing with strangers, with the tones of whose voice he is not familiar, or whose utterance may be more rapid than that of the persons with whom he is in the habit of speakmg. Whether the subject of the present experiment will ever be enabled to converse as readily as other men, we must leave to the decision of time—whatever the issue may be, the facts we have here detailed evince the ne- cessity of performing the operation at as early a period as possible, in order that the vocal organs may not become, in a manner, paralyzed. by long inaction. a ‘RerLections on the Orv YEAR. PARTING. OWEVER just the observation may be, that thoughtlessness is a distinguishing character of the age, there are readers who are not enemies to re- flection; there are times when few men ean banishit. The conclusion of a year naturally leads us to a retrospect of our conduct, and in some measure also bends our eye to the future. It is not necessary that our thoughts should be, on this occasion, entirely filled with melancholy, nor that we should damp the joys of the season by a suspicious dread, lest we never see another. Gratitude and thankfulness ought principally to guide our reflec: tions. As ‘every year adds to our knowledge of the value of worldly things, so from the various dispensations of Providence towards others, we may derive comfort and satisfaction. The ways of men are not in general so de. — 35 sirable, 498 Reflections on sirable, that we should wish for ever to walk in them, and the present state of manners is not such, that we should wish fot ever to be connected with it, Let us reflect, then, how often mercy and ‘tenderness. haye been exerted towards us in the course of the now expiring year. While some have been abhcibed a the rapid progress of folly and immorality, we remain behind to take’a lesson, from their fate: and when we recollect how often we have beet cuilty of the same errors, in the midst of which they have been cut off, we ought to wonder at the goodness of that Being who has protected us, and demonstrate our gratitude by penitence and’ amendment —not harden our hearts by an obstinate neglect of so many admonitions. When we indulged the intemperance of our passions, they were not permitted to overcome us ; and while we sought danger with all the eagerness of madness and infatua- tion, an invisible, yet powerful hand, was stretched out to protectus. In the midst of our many follies, in the com- mission of crimes, and in the giddy hour of intoxication, He was mindful of us, whom we lightly esteemed. While many hundreds around us fell sacrifices to their folly, and their intem- perate irregularity ; while we smiled on the approach of death, and even were cool and deliberate on its presence in others, we were not doomed to share their fate, but spared to improve the lesson—to think on our danger, and fly from it. To many, this year has, no doubt, brought acquisition of wealth, of power, er domestic comforts. Here arises another source of grati- tude. What would our proud hearts have done, had we been among the number of those who at the saine time were depressed by poverty, by neglect, by unforeseen misfortunes ? While we were of the number who succeeded by our endeavours and pro- gress through life, many have been per- mitted to fall from opulence to poverty, from health to long and painful disease, from power to contempt, and from in- tegrity to degeneracy. Many, whose reputation was like ours, whose hopes were as sanguine, and whose fears were as few, have fallen before unforeseen temptations, and from living happily have died ighominiously. Where was the difference, between them and us? Let'us, then, show our gratitude and hu- mility; “Bor be presumptuous in our the Old Year: fancied. consequence, and flatter our=' selves. that there is any integrity,inde- pendent of the assistance of Him who made us, and. made.us,as.we ates helpless. without. His assistange-all+ powerful by his blessing, 4) bshauow In the remembrance of, the, actions, of a past year, the folly. of ja, misspent, time, strikes. us ,,in,,.a,,,yery,oforcible) degree. How, many, hours,,and days: have we wasted in pleasures, on whiche we cannot Icok back with satisfaction, or in the errors.in. .which; .we+aret ashamed? How often, have we wasted: health, the greatest of human blessitigg. and abused that time, not).ones minuté of which we.can recall? The,shortness and uncertainty ofour time-are| subjects’ which have been so frequently incul, cated, and are in themselyes;so!obvious. to the senses, that, it is notnecessary to, enter on them in this. papers); beo%0! y Let us, then, without any. precipitate: and inconsiderate resolutions-of amend-, ment, which are most | frequently- broken before they are completed : let us, I say, gradually wean ourselves. from those indulgencies, which. tend. not to satisfaction, and from.an attach ment to pleasures which never repay-usy on reflection—for the many days and years of divine forbearance will only serve to aggravate our pain when we come, as we all must, to the serious meditation of solitude or the death bed. He that weighs the pleasures of the world, and knows their true value, can best enjoy them. The ignorant only are deceived by the specions ap~ pearance of human delight. . The: glare of pomp, the attractions of riches,: the splendour of rank, and. the reputa~ tion of dress, gallantry and manners,) are but so many delusions to catch they approbation of the vulgar. But: the or-) naments that never fade, are those of: #' well-formed and serious. mind.“ The reputation that never dies, is that\of integrity and humanity ; and the comforts: which cannot be taken from us, area conscience void of offence, anda -confi= dence in Divine. Power. and » favours When we take an, impartial survey, of: the world, we. find the ordinaryicom=" forts of life, such as. liberty, free religion’ and laws, powerfully... reconciling: us: to our situation... But; we see»thesec blessings abused. in every degree, inrall? the variety of wretched,criminality, by: low cunning, by. the .intenseness=iof + avarice, the .prodigality, of yiee; ther deliberate. hostility ,of thesinfidelyand: the neglectful disposition.of.the,general» dics on pt sod edvnsdther qqeniia ge Hints on the Impressment of Seamen. amass of mankind. We find nothing to’ attract; nothing to keep our admira- tiohy trothing ‘to bind’ us down to this worlds Our intégrity ‘is “surrounded by temptations; and out’! séiisibility is wounded by a2'thousand ‘asperities, ~whieliolessén' “the happiness’ of those whofeel ard thinkol¢ is natural, there- fore)to lodk forward ‘to # better inheri- tance, ingorruptible because immortal, and tanaffectéd ‘by sin and sorrow. eng@toniaies Olives Hints on the IMpntssment ef SEAMEN. hates" COonithided from p. 397.) ‘Piiisno ‘excuse for the abominable osystem of impressment to allege its dong existence, or ‘that the Navy has flourished» under! it, “and cannot other- wise be supplied. If our Seamen were paid and°treated' as their’ hard duty deserves, those who are now reluctant- dy forced into’ the ‘service, would offer themselves as‘volunteers. No sophistry ‘can warnish-over a ‘system loaded with injustice*and evil—a’ system by which, shouldia‘new war break out to-morrow, ora number ‘of ships of the line be put into active service, the whole line of the ‘Thames, ‘and every port in the three kingdoms, would be swept by ferocious gangs, armed with despotic authority, to set the most common notions of free agency ‘at defiance; and myriads of industrious and hard working men would be ravished from the bosoms of their families, to be crowded in the holds ef tenders, or thrust on board king’s ships. What must the feelings of; a*man'be (provided he has any thing more than human shape), dragged into’ the service, perhaps, with a cutlass flourished over his head, perhaps con- demned:to foreign stations and all their hardship’ for years—with no hope of liberation except by disability or death. His feelings cannot be very satisfactory when he contrasts the days of freedom onshore with his constrained position in afloating prison—tied, perhaps, to a grating, «and mangled by a lacerating seourge, ‘at the Caprice of a'sea bashaw, forethe' slightest ‘murmur, or alleged neglectrof duty. [he records’ of ty- rammyin our navy are flagrant and num- berless" The uncontrolled power vest- edwiny captains of ships” should never bedlodgedin the haids of any individual. Tyrannygrows in the mind by habit : the*feelings become cruel and hardened byalegrees;and a king’s' ship, in lieu of beimig a’sacred precinct, devoted to the comfort and health of the defenders of their country, is converted into a float- ingeamp whence there is no exit: and 499 where a petty and almost irresponsible naval despot tasks, tortures and irons, according to the impulses of his ca- price. According to the present, sys- tem, the boatswain’s mate is much too, often in reguisition. Jack, as the. seac. man is called, may like his grog ;., but. he has no artificial taste for what be in. turn designates as “salt eel.” Slavery ig. slavery wherever it exists, and the only, difference between naval slavery and Algerine is, that the British seaman is better fed than the Christian captive, and the lash is employed instead of the bastinado, The subject of prize- money is another fertile subject of com- plaint; and the system of influence in promotion a crying grievance,; The younger sons of patricians, mere boys, who have never been out of harbour, have been often made captains; while. hosts of officers, who haye encountered hardships and perils in every quarter of the globe, are pining in obscurity and poverty. Is this justice? is it policy 2? Can the Navy be expected to maintain the ascendancy of its character under a system so every way disheartening ? Our seamen, it is true, under all these discouragements have always nobly up~ held the character of the country. Their native spirit, in the hour of peril, burst through the restraints of adverse circumstances, and maintained the as- cendancy of the trident of Britain over tlfe ocean. But had the system been different, the whole materiel of the crews would have been superior: we should not have, as in the last war, to encounter risk and shame with discon- tented crews—two thirds of them often. composed of aliens; above all, we should have been spared the deep humiliation inflicted on the alleged naval invin- cibility of Britain, in our latter conflicts with the precocious navy, of America. It is notorious that numbers of. our. best seamen are even now in foreign setvice. In short, no man who feels the value of common comfort and ordinary, liberty, and possesses the lowest ca-. pacity of choice, will, if he can possibly, avoid or evade it, submit to the tyranny, of 4 man-of-war. The subject is of the, most vital importance to the well-being, of the country; and will, we trust, be. brought forward with unrelaxed perse-. verance before the national legislature, . . till the evils we have pointed out are. remedied and the radical vices of the. system removed. In. this hope, and in, the satisfaction of having done our duty, we now leave the question in more effi. cient hands. 3 52 THE 500 Tue Inquirer.—No. ry. te ‘Man-Perrecrasre or Nor? dud ( Concluded.) ; )NE) of the most alluring arguments employed: by the French philoso- phers» for attracting the enthusiastic, the young, the ardent, and the imaginative votaries of improvement, into the mazes of that'general state of moral innovation which they projected, was the doctrine of the Perfectability of Man, or, in other words, the creed, that no bounds were assignable to his terrestrial progress towards perfection. That it seduced the greater number of victims within the fatal periphery of the blood-stained high-place of revolution, and contributed most to the wild fervour and frantic excesses of such devotees as were pos- sessed by the insane demon of French philosophy, can scarcely be doubted by those who recollect that it was suggested -by Godwin, and more openly professed by Condorcet and his school, that man, by the increase of moral energy and knowledge, would be able to dispense with his liability to death. - Let us examine this splendid idol of philosophism, and strip it of the gaudy hues and tinsel decorations with which the bigot zeal of its worshippers has clothed: its. internal _worthlessness. The interest of true religion was of course out,of the question with these infidel teachers, since the theory of the whole scheme. of omnipotent benefi- cence deyeloping itself in this world strikes at the root of the Christian faith, and,at the doctrine of the necessity of future rewards and punishments as a means of remedying the unayoidable injustice which is done in this world. Let. us, therefore, examine the question on its separate merits. The truths established in modern times by the art of printing, and the quick inter- communication of ideas, have certainly been manifold. Feudal slavery has been abolished; commerce set free from ignorant restriction; females restored to-their proper grade in the social scale ; war disarmed of its terrors; the great axioms) of political economy cleared of their superincumbent rubbish; justice established on‘ secure bases; and public opinion armed with safe and salutary powers, >‘Fhus. ested may be readily admitted. But ‘when itis superadded, that these truths; “thus! become the unalienable property ofthe present generation, will inherit the wholeearth at some future period, and cause war and oppression, vice and misery, poverty and injustice, The Inquirer—No. IV. ignorance and_ folly. pear—a much greater cones iol on a th he fe going premises wil ils wart: oe It would. be seas; ce fe é- ps Ae a te bee " ater of ile pet spe attempted to be raised oa 0.Sa0! A reyiew of, the present’ state ‘of! the world, compared with Hie “pat a8 relied on.as one of the most inexpt able foundations .of this “thagniloquent theory; but the facts with ‘which’ ‘a less enthusiastic survey of the’ state of the world presents us ‘by ‘no orn furnish premises for so. sweeping conclusion, To warrant the doctri of perfectability, there must be' a’ con- stant progress going forward on’ the moral face of the globe, however slow that progress may be, Now the’ facts are, that this constant progress ‘has scarcely begun in Africa; civilization is stationary in China; it is retrograde and has been retrograde for many ‘years in Persia, India, Egypt, Greece, and Arabia, The illusion of permanent progressibility, amidst the fluctuations of those tides of fortune which have rolled like successive ~billows over the surface of the earth, each erasing the impression that preceded it, was no doubt encouraged in each of these great nations. Troy thought so; Balbec thought so ; Petioplie thought so; Palmyra thought se. So thought the countries of Demosthenes and Leonidas: so thought the “queen of nations,” Rome, “ the city of the soul.” But what are they now? Over the greater portion of these ambitious cities and ambitious nations the “ line of confusion has been spread and the stones of emptiness ;” light has vanis ed, and ignorance and superstition’ have crept like reptiles from their’ dark hiding-places, to take’ their impure station on the bosom si society.” ‘ilies propound the dogma o ity may sound not diseordantly Pine small circle of European’ TM ittodt ni; but to advocate cack’ asl thesis’ ‘amidst the ruins of Thebes or’ pene Athens, or of Rome, ‘were’ ton ingle the ridicule of mockery and contradié- tion with the .painful’” iene which wait upon greathéss' in" fom We may mie howeret ff survey of Enropean. socié is a. progress; though Patt it danin6 i be argued that it is constan ia uifia. termitting. It is, moreoyer, limited, and ~ its “t Palethalail ahleaciadans The Inquirer.—No. IV. its present period cannot be spread oyer, a,gteater surface of duration than 200, years... From the irruption of the Goths. tll fie middle ages, the haman mand arab caer slaionaTy grratosrade, Ir.,may, it,js. true, -be urged, that the WaHRHON ‘was, ultimately productive of), benefit ; that the soil of society, ex- hausted by. the refinements and corrup- tions of the Roman empire, required to deeply by some regene- sable hee ee ‘and to gather fresh energ: by. lying, fallow, and new vil y,. from oa _ dissolution of its moral, yegetation. .To this a general > assent.may be safely given. Beyond a dubs Eurgpean society profited in the result, by mingling the elegance and.vyersatility of the South with the profound thought and sterner morality of. the North, and by the amalgama- tion. of the sun-bright and genial viva- city, of the one, with the dark and majestic. melancholy of the other. T e human mind was neither dead nor inactiye during the long slumber of the feudal ages, and the temporary disap- pearance of literature, upon the first shock of that mighty collision which introduced the peculiarities of northern legislation among the splendid frag- ments and glittering debris of southern empires, and stamped new impressions and picturesque characteristics of past organization on the disrupted strata at. the social fabric—was but the subsi- dence of the sacred flame beneath the load of fuel collected for its more brilliant regeneration. ., We may, notwithstanding, admit that there is a progress without refer- ring to its rapidity, much less contend- ing for its illimitable character; and e may annex to this admission, that there is no valid fear of retrocession. re.is no probability of being visited a,second inundation of northern arians; nor is there any dread, if ,@ Visitation were likely, that the modern. discovery of printing, .,secures all other discoveries, jucag a a; oho, say,that art is capable of a mprovement, when we survey the Be septs the, Greeks alone have _ an ‘an whew “architecture, and by, bar poetry;and when we call to mind the wonders. related of’ their music and ‘pa et aking fair and reasonable vite exaggeration), is an hypo- thesis, not easy to be maintained. In saan thi “question assumes a differ. ent, somplexion. Improvements of han fisticns| "eyy . a3/ 9") 501 marked character and striking magni- tude have been effected in that depart- ment, and other improvements are yet undoubtedly to’ be’expected ; but with respect to any gréat areata, to | our knowledge touching morality an enjoyment, we confess’we entertain great doubts; and this leads us toiour first main objection to’ the theory) of perfectability —that most men, being/dif- ferently organized, cannot be expected to agree in any general definition of happi- ness or to concur in any contmon view of enjoyment. We allude to those original physical, local and habitual distinctions between man and man, which, to our view, present insurmountable difficulties in the way of the presumed ameliora- tion. It is notorious that) one man constitutionally delights in crowds; ano- ther in solitude; that one thinks entire- ly of glory, or éclat, and another | of comfort. One places’ all his » enjoy- ments in the exercise of judgment— another in the excursions: of fan¢y—a third looks to variety for enjoyment—a fourth to sensuality or lucre. While these distinctions, essential to and m- herent in the nature of man, exist, no general standard’ of hapiness) can be established ; and weare likely to be as ignorant and discordant on the subject a thousand years henee as we were a thousand years ago. There are, besides, secondary quali- ties (often mistaken for original ‘by the superficial investigator of charac- ter), to which Pope has ably alluded: Not actions always shew the man: we find Who does a kindness is not therefore kind ; Nor therefore humble he who seeks retreat ; Pride guides his steps and bids him ‘shun the great : Who combats bravely is not therefore brave ; He fears a death-bed, like the meanest slave : rls Who reasons wisely is not therefore wise ; His pride in reasoning—not in acting, lies, Again, it.is affirmed by the perfecta- bilians that a general illumination of the intellect will be accompanied,,or at least followed, by an advance towards moral perfection; in such a manner.as that all men shall be led to do justice to themselves and to each other, from becoming gradually enlightened as; to the consequences of actions, ‘But; this is assuming far more than observation, inference, or fact will warrants, .Aigreat number of actions: producing: misery, ate not always performed’ through» ;\igno- rance of consequences); such, fer-exam- ple, as hasty marriages, rash-commercial ‘ Speculations, 502 speculations, gaming transactions, expo- sure of valuable life for cheap conside- rations. Some men act wrong from sel- fishness, some from presumption, some from‘ vanity, enthusiasm, or mere de- sire Of strong excitement ; and, generally speaking, are perfectly aware of the risks they ran, “and the consequences of their actions. . “Again, much folly, vice and misery, may ‘be traced to youthful inexperience. No perfectability as to theory, or ame- lioration as to fact, will destroy the eternal ‘distinction between the pre- ‘sumption of youth and thé caution of ‘old age; and young men will be as ready to despise the experience and reject the counsels of their superiors in maturity, at any given future period as they are at the present time. To this it may be added, that the two great- est ‘sources of misery and contention, private and public, party spirit and warfare, are not likely to be diminished by the diffusion of intellectual power, but the contrary. That such conten- tions produce talent, sharpen sagacity, elicit judgment, and at once excite and satisfy the craving aspirations of the higher order of intellects, cannot be denied. The most enlightened men of all nations have been the leaders of their battles or the directors of their patties. Here, then, the highest refine- ment’ of ‘the mind yields no hopes of arly proportionate exaltation of enjoy- ment, or any co-ordinate diffusion of happiness. If we -turn from the plagues of war and faction to the other glittering cur- ses’ of life, miscalled enjoyments, which blast the splendid summit of human existence with perpetual barren- ness and discomfort, we shall find that the’ malady is rather augmented than diminished by the accumulation of wealth, knowledge, or refinement. In those high regions of society the great evil does not arise from ignorance, but want of stimulant—not from unsatis- fied’ desire, but ennui. The perfectabi- lians talk magniloquently about know- ledge being power, and on this principle look \to knowledge for an increase of the’ means of enjoyment. But what is its real operation on the affluent, the ‘thigh-born, and the powerful? To destroy, one by one, the pleasing dreams of more’ ‘ignorant enthusiasm—to dis- place; oni’ by one, each idol of youthful enehantmient—to depreciate the exer- tions ‘of talent, by weighing its trivial comiparative results “with the great - The Inquirer. —! Jas IV. stores of invaluable models, ancient and modern, from which refinement:se- lects, and. which |,wealth, eommands== and to. generate,/a\ coldy:seepticabode~ preciating, and ungenerouis spitit of/fase. tidiousness and derision, whichydJikevan\ evil, demon, justly, reyenges)on iithose whom it possesses) the -pahgsheficscern’ which it is eager. to inflict onjothersoe1 So much; as to, the alleged-amelidras:: tion of man. in morals.and enjbymeénte” Even on. the score of -intellect;«weiare’ greatly, inclined ,to,| underrate; the pros), bability of any, material, progress: being: made. The, perfectabilians;build: very’ sanguine hopes on,the prospect of) ithe: scientific discoveries, of onéage: becom « ing the elementary, studies,of another: The hypothetical | truths of the «present!» time are to be axioms. for jour posterity. ' Propositions now, doubtful. will, after« being established by.experimental phi- losophy, become data for mew inferences, graduated steps by which the;apex of all moral truth may, finally, be}attained.» We doubt greatly the \benefit..of \con-" veying knowledge in this abstract form) supposing that there be any ground -for- a belief that it can be so administered ; - and certainly the astounding), multi-- plication of literary works is an augury, to the contrary. The healthy. enjoy-, ments of the chase for knowledge will be superseded, by the conviction that others have already provided the game: and the useful habits of sagacity, patience, * courage and alacrity, which emulation engenders, will be exchanged for the slumbering indolence of eastern kings, who survey the efforts of their inferior)’ sportsmen from their, palanquins, er) have the unresisting game |brough>|. within the easy range of their yshot:, Neither will the results. of this, projec- = ted short-cut to knowledge, by reducing», all science to an abstract form, be|more:.. advantageous. To skim, the surfate of;,, knowledge which has been provided by; others—to roll at ease. oyer-the, road which the energy of preceding genera=5+ tions has laboriously paved, is the cere» tain means_ of creating, shallow, t ds and superficial, intellects,,...Men willob learn, instead. of reasoning-—-instead |! of reflecting they will, remember; palso try accuracy will be united to.as paltnyiicd a fastidiousness, and.a sensibility; to minute faults will, be combined with ia=is capability of great _merits..; jo} bsaiioy It is in vain, for. the, pe Hianss to point to. the. improvements, dately |: made and constantly — ing in— the domestic and mechanical arts: We are On Didactic Poetry. are willing: to admit -a ‘ progressibility hereisiwesimay “admit too, that great improvements willsprobably’be effected inogedgraphy; nataral history—perhaps inedawo 1Bat thehiehést range of im- provementoidw these\odepartments of scientific power which ‘can reasonably beigranted;,does ‘not’ of necessity em- braceioa!oproportionate’’ expansion of man’s /oreasoning® powers. It will not render; ‘his? perception ‘more acute, hisememory more ‘retentive, nor his judgment: more “infallible. ‘On the con- trary3(thereis “every reason’ to believe, fromy the\retroactive effect of great intellectualbjrefinement, ‘exertion, or expansion—that’ more acuteness, vi- gour,:and ‘enlargement of’ the under- standing are to' be found, when we write, thamare likelyto-be found at any future period, however proximate or remote. “iG : 7 —— ior the Monthly Magazine. 6 °° %0nDuwacric Porrry. ie poe ‘the! finest wits of France XS (says M. Delille, in the preface to -his Man of Retirement, or French Georgies); who’ has filled conspicuous situations with honour, and whose va- rious! writings are characterized with equal elegance and effect, has sug- gested, in his Reflections on the State of France, that M.1’Abbé Delille would have attained the highest degree of re- putation, if, instead of translating,* he had applied to original composition, and made choice of more interesting subjects. Eulogiums (replies M. Delille) should be'received with modesty; and criti- cism, when unjust, refuted with can- dour, Pethaps my reply to M. de M., while it ‘exonerates me from his cen- sures, may serve to establish certain | principles‘of taste, too’ much forgotten, or too 'littie known, and to explode a Peta ne injurious to our iteratures 9) 0° Tavthe first place, why docs M.de M. regard the art of embellishing land- scape’ as an unintéresting subject? As the discussion ‘may have a useful ten- dehiey, ‘itwould’ be’ Well to ascend a |) little*higher* in this inquiry, and point outt thie public; probably to M. de M. himbelf) the-source Of'this mistake. Ht ik bat t60 true’ that, for a long time, ut’ poets have almost exclusively »|confined themselves’ to certain privi- | leged’' classes '6fi corhpdsition—Such as \| the! Dramas Romance, atid the class of. Pr SDT eee £12009 Rote 4 thé chitt'of this aiticle. 503 Miscellaneous Effusions: our men_ of the world, on their part, being little attached to any other species of poetry~ And thus, while our neighbours. pride. themselves in an ample fund of. poetry, of a higher character, our poverty. is extreme in every species, the theatrical excepted, and those of a higher. cast,, A few epistles by Voltaire, upon, moral subjects, but imperfectly vindicate us from this reproach. , This reflection, so disgraceful to our literary character, is still more important in a moral and political point of view. The predominant rage for a poetry light and fugitive could not fail , of nourishing in a people, perhaps too justly accused of frivolity, that, levity which has still remained conspicuous in the midst of circumstances, the mos$ terrible ; and hence, in this respect, we have experienced no sort of revolution. We have jested over those atrocities that should have thrilled us with hor- ror; we have substituted ridicule in the place of courage; and this nation, so miserable, yet so obstinately “gay, might have exclaimed with Piron, in his Dramatist— ‘ “I have had my laugh; behold I am: disarmed |” With respect to our romances and dramatic works, the exclusive devotion . to this kind of literature is, perhaps, still more dangerous. They accustom, the soul to all those violent sensations, most inimical to a happy predisposition: for sentiments of mildness and modera- tion—the genuine source of every tran- quil delight, and equally essential to: felicity and yirtue. And as, during the prevalence of this habitude—this thirst of vehement impressions, and. inordi- nate emotions—an unexpected revolu- tion happened to occur, what less was to be expected,-than that every senti- ment of moderation should be. pro- scribed? How often have. we beheld the public assemblies degenerating, into theatrical exhibitions, their discourses into declamations, their galleries. into booths, from whence hootings and ap- plauses were yociferated, with equal fury, by the contending parties}... [he very streets themselves had their, stages, their representations, and their.actors,, _ The same desire of novelty .displayed. | itself in this new species, of drama— scene succeeded scene; every, day, was more violent than the preceding ;,and, the extravagancies of the evening, ren=); dered necessary the crimes of |the,en-)» suing morning, ; The 504 Thé mind, accustomed to violent im- pressions, knew not where to stop; and plunged into excesses to escape from ennui. It were wisdom, therefore, to en- courage other species of poesy ; and not reject with an unmerited disdain those which, without these meretricious adorn- ments and appeals of passion, seek to embellish with the colourings of imagi- nation the objects of nature and the pro- gress of the arts—the precepts of mora- lity, and the tranquil operations of rural life. Such are the Georgics of Virgil : such, with the twofold inferiority of our language, and the talents of the author, the poem of the Gardens and the French Georgics. The celebrated character whose opi- nion I tale the liberty of contesting, considers the subject of the former of these defective in interest. Does he mean, by this, that it is not calculated to excite those violent agitations and those deep impressions, that belong to poems of the fore-mentioned class? In this we are agreed. But is this the only species of interest of which the human mind is susceptible? What then !—this charming art—the most tranquil, the most natural, the most virtuous of all— this art which, in another place, I have called “ the luxury of agriculture,” which poets themselves have painted as the first pleasure of the first-created man— this sweet and elegant arrangement of the affluence of seasons and the fertility of the earth, which gives charms to vir- tuous solitude, and dissipates even the satiety of old age—which exhibits the face of nature and all her rustic beau- ties in the most brilliant colours and under the happiest combinations, and transforms to regions ef enchantment the savage and neglected wilderness :— is thisan uninteresting subject? Milton, Tasso, Homer, did not think so, when, in their immortal poems, they exhausted upon it all the treasures of their imagi- nations, and produced those exquisite passages which, as often as they are perused, renew or awaken in the heart a taste for simple and unsophisticated pleasures. Virgil in his Georgies has made an old man who cultivated, on the borders of the Galesus, a garden of the humblest kind, the subject of a charm- ing episode, which never fails to delight the unperverted judgment, and the soul susceptible of the genuine beauties of art and nature. Let us add that the interest awaken- ed by poetry is of two descriptions: On Didactic Poetry. the one resulting from the subject, the other from the manner in which it is treated. It is the latter of these that principally pertains to the species of oems I have submitted to the public. hey boast not the intricacies of action to stimulate curiosity, or the excite- ments of passion to agitate the soul. This interest, therefore, must be sup- plied by all the graces and delicacies of detail, and the perfection ofa style alike distinguished by splendour and simpli- city. The justness of idea, the vivacity of colouring, an affluence of imagery, the charm of variety, the art of contrast and arrangement, all the magic of har- mony, and a never-failing elegance of thought and expression—must be per- petually employed to engage and enliven the attention of the reader. But to ac- complish this requires an organization the most happy, a taste the most ex- quisite and indefatigable: and there- fore it is, that, while Europe may boast of two hundred good tragedies, excel- lence is so rare in works of this descrip- tion. The Georgics, and the poem of Lucretius, are the only monuments of the didactic poetry of the ancients : and while the tragedies of Ennius and Pacu- vius, and even the Medea of Ovid, have perished, antiquity has transmitted to us these two poems entire. It seems as though the genius of Rome were still watchful of her glory, in the pre- servation of these her masterpieces. Among the moderns, there is little of this description to notice. The two poems on the Seasons (the English and the French), Boileau’s Art of Poetry, and Pope’s admirable Essay on Man, are all that maintain a distinguished rank in the estimation of the literati, Nore.— Delille was known as a transla- tor of theGeorgics, and the Gardens, whilst yet very young, twenty years before the publication of L’Homme des Champs, the translation of the Aeneid, of Milton, and the poem of the Three Reigns; from his poem of the Gardens (began in England, whence he returned with unknown trea- sures) first emanated the taste for those delicious prairies, where the muse delights | to dwell. L’Homme des Champs, though | it has been justly criticized with some severity, produced great sensation in the public mind ; the French nation had long listened in vain for the sound of real poetry; and the soft perfume of Delille’s versification was inhaled as the long/absent natal air would be inhaled by an exile: but the Aineid possessed a still more powerful attraction—the soft and flowing eloquence which speaks to the soul, and that, sym- pathy Dramas-of the Dead. pata tii'the’ ivoes of others, which causes our'tears''to flow ‘atthe: bare mention of human: suffering» inefact,’ with! the excep: tion:cof men:of erndition;;; awho | Were, ac- od. with, the onifinal,. feyy persons. had cea econ as he, has, been, by iN, Prose; and deprived. of half es but ‘the, “French ‘may thank S hie che : pe that: the: ZEngid has “sinee Had many readers. ladies; ‘Whose’ suffrage has great apitienee th he’ sucdess ofia book, were doubly anxious forthe glory of the poet; who! hail called : ‘them to: weep: over ieeuba and ,Priam; Evander and Pallas, Nisusiand ‘Buryalus, and,oyer, the unhappy Dido, yictim, of a yiolent. and. unfortunate ut, however Delille’s. transla- oo. i, Vine may, have been admired in the brilliant : circles of fasliion and polite lite- yature at Paris, it certainly wants both the feeling and inspiration of the original ; and though” a minute examination and compa- rison with the’text of the immortal bard; obliges us to’confess, that the work of De- lille -bears'at Jeast-the stamp of superior talent, and more equality than is generally awarded to him; and though we must even confess that he occasionally catches the 505 genuine fire and animation of’ his author -=still, we must admit: that he is cae meriting that. applause» which. the ‘enérgy of his declamation, as much as the enthuea siasm. inspired...by, his verse, contributed to augment. The translation of the. /Engid has by far the greater reputation, though that of the Georgics i is decidedly much mare faithful to the original classical genius’ éf the poet ; but the talents of Delile’ could * not atone for the want of those ornamerits® with which Pope’s translation of ‘the:Tliad isso replete, but which the Aeneid could not bear. . The. classic reader, must be surprized to find, particularly -in tha first, second, fifth and sixth books, of the /Eneid, that the dramatic effect of Virgil is produced with so much ease and fidelity, that Delille’s version might be mistaken for a poem originally written in French :—— Wwe do not, however, attempt to say; that the divine text of the original loses nothing in the translation; Delille himself, were he still living, would. reject the. iliea > but, int spite of the defects, we must allow. that . Delille only was capable of nals such. A present to France. sce g vie) G 9G Con ote DRAMAS OF THE DEAD. DE ehiingn: GREAT FOLKS AT HOME. (us oA A TRAGEDY IN ONE “ACT. shi Scene, the Un fersied Regions. wi] Napoleon in deep thought— Satan watching near him. ' _ NAPoveon. France ! and ye Armies! is it thus, indeed ? ' Satan. Poor Outcast ! he too, from th’ aspirer’s Beay’ nh ~ ie “ral never more, oh, never more to rise! — a Napoleon. Heir of the saddest flower, and Joftiest pinbesit ! ee ue -morrow’ s Czsar! if degenerate earth —_—- - aladatie , “lan efuse to arm thy grown right-hand with steel, boobies ha { ia ish from heav’n the lightning, and avenge me ! aie ) tan. Fraternal Spirit, rest ! Napoleon. _eeeAnd, Borodino is not ev’n a name. The Alps are dust, teow Satan, But yesterday still is—at least with thee. aa ye «) eHow farest thou, Brother? OA .acy oleon. ©, “Prue'brothers we. » Oi Not wretched, if with thee. Hi Ake ute 2 ‘ lig em a hideous hateful dream) iH Dwreidinend is, spel greatness.—To have been i riidh pemettetrnearll Wap ‘Brother Pes yes, yes! tes “Dhe'twain who highest sate, and lowest fell, mj ; : And I, too, sometimes talk cms pa coges What spectre of the past bees trath hateful, and the Wretched feehs + :).: . siouasad che cus ith’ joys that’ were. esl) ‘ mi he ote oa E » rn ‘visited thy restless thoughts, bet) ensee } ce was. bless’d ? om? aie f (But De any OF ha » oblile& King of Ki pees and then snoede@by) Victory. MAIC Qo ve to fall so low! Hae ny We owhose fee alarmeth heav’n ! art ie ded + 9Andethou,)>th’ imperishable,, that wilt be svowVoanes when. the:time-worn'mountains shall have levell’d Pédni4ov'd-valley-with the, fountain’d rock, ! ig WY MAG.22Sup . 3, T, 506 Dramas of the Dead. Oh, Victory ! Oh, Glory! if ye can, 4 Make, if ye can, atonement !—but ye cannot; ye Tw bit No, ye empoison even the aconite. read voy Satan. Now will his soul, with baneful industry, bat 10 Convert the past to anguish, and extract 81 OT A torturing essence fromthe memory __ - roine Of god-like aims, and actions worth ambition. } Napoleon. Marengo! Austerlitz! But ye are like 5 The rest—names, dreams—ye come not, when I call 2 ont] From my soul’s solitude. I knew ye not When I was happy. Then, the-burning day nf Had not yet ris’n, to drink from hope’s pure flowers A The stainless dew, and on the scath’d hill’s side : Leave bare Ambition blind in his own beams— ra Alone and blind. But ’tis no matter—Night, ; Deep night hath fall’n at last. Why was I not Cast, like a leaf, upon the tide of time, And, unresisting, borne to that dull sea Where Envy sleeps? Selfish Ambition! thou, Vulgar alike in all, whate’er their ends, Art but a yielding to our baser nature. How dost thou bribe the demi-deity To ape despotic instinct! Too, too late, Glorious American, I envy thee The grandeur of thy super-human meekness. Thy country say’d, thou, her first citizen, Wast greater than ten Caesars. Earth, thy name, Most proud, is Washington. Satan. What were the thoughts Which thus could shake whom fate left unsubdued ? Napoleon. Methought that Stitchrag prick’d me with his needle; That Fingerlace, the vile man-milliner, Assail’d me with his yard-wand; that one pumpkin Call’d me ‘ Poor Boney !” Satan. See, whom have we here? - (Enter Stitchrag and Fingerlace.) ) Napoleon. The very pair !—Oh, Mars !—Trimmings and cabbage Fingerlace. (To Stitchrag.) Seest thou the rustic? Not a bit of ribbon About the clod. Stitchrag. Unfashionable dog ! Look at the scoundrel’s breeches ; what a cut ! B Napoleon. Lodi! Immortal Friedland ! “ Fingerlace. Saint Taxation ! Thrice holy Corn-bill! Holier Peterloo ! Stitchrag. Now for the genuine doric—hush ! no laughter Napoleon. Thrones and the shopboard ! Ancient goose and shears ! s Can things like these rule nations! Destiny, ' ip 9G Thy sceptre is a bodkin ! Satan. (To Fingerlace.) “What art thou ? ¥¢ ; Fingerlace. 1? (To Stitchrag.) Dost thou hear? the spooney does not know me— Clod! not know me? May it please your Majesty, 7 I’m the man-milliner. ¢ ity Satan. (To Stitchrag.) And what art thou ? uae Stitchrag, The tailor ; at your service. x Satan. And what would you ed I » Here? tH Fingerlace. 1 would serve— coed | Stitchrag. ( Aside.)— In the capacity ‘ody dish . Of master— J ehag {st - ; Fingerlace. Your infernal despotship, nol aid? boA Andthis:your empire. I much like the country ; tute siete 10 And cannot praise enough your good old stock =~ ©) pavauine = Stamifigal uw Dramas of the Dead. 507 Of penal fire, which I long to be using, And will apply to great state purposes. You have, of course, the necessary number Of Radicals; if not, T-well know how To raise a crop. Satan. But art thou qualified To serve me? Fingerlace. Qualified! Sir? (To Stitchrag.) Dost thou hear The spooney ? Satan. When your neighbours stole your beef And your plum-pudding, what was thy employment ? Fingerlace. Furnishing tinsel. Satan. When your working paupers By millions died of want, what then didst thou ? Fingerlace. 1 measured ribbon. -Satan. But my subjects here Eat victuals highly season’d.. Should we have A scarcity of pitch, or brimstone-broth, Would the poor shine of tinsel fill their bellies ? Fingerlace. No; but Id yerk their guts with Stitchrag’s shears. Napoleon. Happy the land whose tailors are the law. Satan. (To Fingerlace.) I like thy humour. : Fingerlace. Yes; I'll make you like it And, Sire, I will commence my reign. Satan. Thy reign ? Fingerlace. J hate all radical appendages— I will commence my reign with an improvement Wrought on your person. [hate this exposure Of the Imperial tai!. Besides, ’tis not The fashion to wear tails ; I never wore one. Satan, Thou hatest radicals, and yet thou art one— A dangerous fire-flinging innovator. Fingerlace. Let Stitchrag, Sire, make you a pair of breeches, And I will find the trimming. — Satan. I wear breeches ? Fingerlace. Yes, Sire, you shall. Satan. I won't. Fingerlace. You shall. Satan. I won’t. Fingerlace. Measure him, Stitchrag, and I'll hold him. Satan. (Knocks Fingerlace down.) There, Measure your bungler by his own dear rule. Fingerlace. (Rising.) Out with the clod! he won’t: wear breeches, Stitchrag. Oh, could I die again! Stitchrag. Die? Would it not Be quite as well to live, and— Fingerlace. Clip his tail off? Stitchrag. Clip? that’s a tell-tale word. Say amputate, _ As brother Bolus would. Fingerlace. What! amputate The sacred tail ? Stitchrag. And live to bless the deed. Fingerlace. By tweezers, so I will, (Zo Satan.) Sire, by your leave, Your fundamental ornament is rather— I humbly beg to slice your—(He gets behind Satan). Satan. You be flogged! (Kicks Fingerlace on the back front.) Fingerlace, Oh, foul dishonour! oh, indignity ! Hell, thou art lost, like Europe! and, once more, I'll perish for the public good. A moment, And this Corinthian column, this great pillar Of state, shall fall once more. Oh, Atlas, Atlas! (wit Fingerlace.)\ Stitchrag. Wide Peterlgo; immortaler than some, ones! bas Legitimate as any! Not so foreign oe 508 Dramas of the Dead. As those outlandish loos of royal Nismes, Where our side had it! Is thy hero now No more than Cesar and Mark Antony, Those fam’d Dutch tailors, that historians write of ? Troy, and thou, Tadmor ! tailors, too, are mortal. Pll go, and mourn “ the statesman now no more.” (Ewit Stitehrag.) Napoleon. And couldst thou, Fate, in vile alliance join Reptiles, like these, with me? venomous grubs, That die of their own poison? Shall such names, Defiling glory’s page, appear with mine? Satan. Aye, like fat vermin on a lion’s mane, Astonish’d at their pasture. Napoleon. Still, oh, Fortune, Still be thy crown the emblematic goose ! And may the shears spare thy skull-epaulettes ! What I have been is safe, in spite of thee. Yet oh, imperial throne, I bought thee dear ! : The people’s love, the bulwark of true hearts, The fear’d, the dreadless, the invincible, : All vilely thrown away—for what? A bauble. : Thou, too, poor shadow of a wife and queen ! Thou art, indeed, a shadow to my soul, » Dark and beloy’d, that will not pass away, And stays in vain. Yet, yet I will believe, That in the boundless universe of God There yet is hope. Is not our boy with thee! : Widow and wife? our boy, how beautiful, : : “ The young Astyanax !”” I clasp ye both; And is not hope with him? Oh, can he prove Unworthy of his Sire, the desolate, The fate-dethron’d? ‘‘ Hail to thee, Man that shalt be !” | I clasp ye in my soul, and am alone. >Twas ever so. I perish’d as I liv’d— Alone—unparallel’d in life’s extremes ! Thou, too, wast dearly bought: oh, fatal shadow ! Satan. But to the island of the free belongs Th’ unenvied glory of thy death most lone ; A glory unsurpassable, unequall’d, ; Unfading, as the golden characters Which night reads calmly on her dome engrav’d, While the unheeded stream of ages sweeps ~ Along, untired, for ever and for ever. Napoleon. That tyrants should the tyrant overthrow, Is retribution just. Satan. *Tis also just That the magnanimous punisher receive What he hath earn’d, and wear his honours proudly. Napoleon. First of plebeians, why did I become Less than earth’s greatest? I was my own idol; And to myself I poorly sacrificed Fame in the highest. Yet, oh, Freedom! yet, If thou art unavenged, the island-tomb, Untenanted, hears ocean’s deathless foam; With no inscription for eternity. Siéyes, intrench’d in gold, smiles safe from scorn, If thou art unavenged; Murat’s rash plume Floats on the surge of horror, unappall’d, And Lannes still. Fall’n Angel, pardon me ! Ev’n thy stern soul, at.times, weeps mournful thoughts for tears.* * The clever Tory is said to be writing the life of Napoleon Buonaparte. He-is well qualified to write about two-thirds of such a book; but the concluding chapters, which he is unqualified to write, would, if properly written, be the most pathetic and instruc- tive in the world. . ny” -- — =. = 4 j ae [ 509 ] SUPPLEMENTARY POETRY. STANZAS TO A LADY. Freely translated from the Italian of Polidore. Lovety maid, whose graces rare, Mid the throng of beauties, seem ‘As the rose o’er flow’rets fair, Or cluster’d stars, the Cynthian beam ! Trust not to thy loveliness, But to wisdom forward press. Like unto the lightning ray, Beauty shines, but soon expires : Charms of science ne’er decay : _ Saturn, who, like wasting fires, All beneath the moon consumes, Blights not their perennial blooms, Cease not, then, thy steps to guide Up the rough and rocky way Which ascends Parnassus’ side. Noble recompense have they Who, on lofty effort bent, Gain the mountain’s steep ascent. Let the yulgar-plum’d despise Those who high in ether soar ; List not where heath-cock cries, - Or the bird that skims the shore ; Spread thy wing, and envied be For towering immortality ! AUSONIA. — BETTER THOUGHTS. I once did dream ’twere sweet to be With humble fortune blest ; That I could live alone for thee— Caressing and caress’d. That fortune’s favour, fortune’s frown, To me alike would prove ; My every wish, thy faith would crown, My wealth would be thy love. That for thy sake I’d gladly leave A higher lot than mine; Nor for those gilded pleasures grieve T could not share as thine. But thou this heart, or not desir’d, Or shunn’d to own the thought, By views of worldly interest fir’d, That could not so be sought. Then fare thee well! henceforth no sigh For thee shall heave my breast ; No tear for thee bedew my eye, Nor passion mar my rest. Far other prospects now shall claim The tribute of my thought ; Far other happiness my aim Than love had eyer taught ! The Muse, if she the gift will deign, _ Shall now receive my heart; And Science, to my. vanquish’d pain, . » Ber solace sweet impart. , AusOsIA» SONNET. Pleasures lie thickest where fo pleasures seem. There’s not a leaf that falls upon the ground But holds some joy, of silence or of sound ; Some sprite begotten ofa summer-dream. The very meanest things are made supreme With innate ecstacy ! No grain of sand But rolls a bright and million-peopled land, ‘And hath its Eves, and Edens—so I deem. For Love (though blind) a microscopic eye Has lent me to behold the hearts of things, And touched mine ear with pow’r; thus, far or nigh, Minute or mighty, fixed or fleet with wings; Delight, from many a nameless covert sly, Peeps sparkling, and, in tones familiar, sings, Ss. L. B. STANZAS. Tur light, that o’er our lovely land In other—better days was shining, Extinguish’d by a despot’s hand, Leaves us in joyless gloom repining ; But yet, not every glorious hope resigning, Even in our darkness and despair Instinctively we grasp the steel, Which the cold hearts that mock our care, And spurn us, may be taught to feel ; For even chains destroy not Freedom’s zeal. We droop not ; glory through our gloom May break ; and Freedom once again, With her own radiance, may illume The hearts and hopes of struggling men, ‘And lead the patriot from his prison den. Oh ! not eternal is the reign Of kingly might—of priestly wrong :— The hopes shall yet revive again That brighten’d erst the bardic song, And rais’d of happy dreams a glorious throng. March \6th, 1825. * These Stanzas, as they stand, without title, appear to us a little mystical. ‘To render them intelligible, we must suppose ourselves, or the writer at least, vassal of some of the oppressed states of Italy. J. W. Davey. _— EPIGRAM oN HARNESS 'S EDITION OF SHAKSPEAKE. Immorrat Shakspeare oft we've found In calf, and sheep, and roan bound; But, now to leatherheads resign’d, Shakspeare in Hannxss is confin’d. YP. | r 510 j SUPPLEMENTARY REVIEW OF LITERATU Se A Century of Surgeons on Gonorrhea, and on Strictures of the Urethra. 12mo.— The editor (for he assumes no other title) of this compact but elaborate digest, in his sensible and well-written introduction, in- forms the reader, that as he ** does not publish this work for the purpose of persuading the reader that he is ‘‘ the marvellous proper man” to apply to for a cure for the complaints herein treated of, he has not prefixed his name to his treatise: the elaborate illustrations of the subject, from the works of others, will sufficiently prove that he has not been seeking to seem scientific himself, but merely to make the reader so.” At the same time he takes care to render it equally clear, that it is not, on the other hand, his object to render every man his own ‘surgeon, for, repeating the old adage, that “the man who is his own doctor, must have afool for a patient,’”’ he “ earnestly advises even the student never to undertake to be his own surgeon.”’ If he suppresses his own name, however, he affixes to every opinion and extract the mames of the authors from whom it is de- yived; and his authorities are a host. Dr. Astruc, physician to Louis XIV., when he published, in 1755, an elaborate history of the origin, nature, cause and cure of this disease, gave a chronological catalogue, and an analysis of the works of 175 authors who had written on the subject ; and we are informed, that “‘ to compose this little book, the editor has been obliged to digest ‘as many volumesas Dr. Astrucdid.”’ Such digests, bringing together in a small compass the whole mass of authorities upon any given topic, professional or scientific, and pointing out, at the same time, where the details by which they are supported may be further consulted, and thereby shortening at once and assuring the road to knowledge, cas they are extremely valuable when faith- fully exercised, cannot be too much com- mended. We subjoin one brief extract from the introduction, because, though here ap- plied to the treatment of a particular disease, we believe it to be of very general application. Speaking of the folly of trusting to medical applications alone, without paying proper attention to regimen, “« If these fail,” says the writer, ‘‘ under any cir- cumstances, they set it down to the impotence of his prescriptions, instead of the effects of their own imprudence in diet and regimen.—‘ One glass of wine’—one cup of what lickerislMmurses call ‘nice nou- rishing broth’ —has often caused a relapse for several days:—f In every part of life, there are seeming trifles, which, if neglected, take the most.severe revenge; .and no seeming trifles are so vindictive as those relating to, health,’—Dr. Beddoes.” nt teyv-.nonmsivac ii_ ebro io oteti gpiblids RE... 0 2msi2yv SshHT7O« oO sii? roodt 1. On the Importance of Edueating: the Infant Children of the Poor ;' showing ‘how Three Hundred Children, from + Eighteen Months to Seven Years of Age, may ‘be. managed by one Master and Mistress ; ¢on- taining also an Account of the Spital-fields Infant School. By Samuri WiLpERspin. 12mo. 2. A Manual of the System of Instruction pursued at the Infant School, Meadow-street, Bristol. Illustrated by appropriate En- gravings. By D. G.-Goyprr. 12mo.— Though the former of these little volumes was published so Jong ago as the year 1828, and the latter is a fourth edition, we bring them together, though out of our regular course, on account of the importance of the subject: not that we have space to enter into the discussion, but because we wish to contribute, in some degree, to the ex- citement of a general attention to the con- tents of both. Ifthe object of these infant schools were to enforce, at so early an age as the minimum that is stated, an attention to book education, we should be far from giving them our approval; for we are of opinion that children, of any class of so- ciety, till they are five or six years old, ought to be principally, if not exclusively, resigned to that mere bodily education which, in rustic scenes, is to be got by sports and gambols on the green; or, in other words, that.it is the development of the corporal faculties upon which their fu- ture strength, agility and health are to depend, that should be principally in con- templation. But the means of this impor-_ tant part of early education are not in the reach of the humbler classes, in great towns and manufacturing districts; the vices of the street, or the imprisonment, of, the gatret, without security from personal injury and danger in either, are the only alternatives for the children of the indus-. trious poor, or even of the comparatively- thriving workmen, or those of the ‘class: just above them. Nursery schools, if pro-» perly-conducted, are, therefore, equally im- portant, in a physical and a moral point ‘of view ; and if, in providing for the safety andi exercise of children, even of two years old, amusements can be devised that may here-) after turn to account in the progress: of, instruction, it is an additional reeommen-, dation. These objects seem, in some de-., gree, to be obtained by the plans of both, the superintendants here before, us5,and), the school-room in both seems, in, aygreat., measure, to be, supplementary- only,to.the:; _ Play-ground;,..and although, We» Are NObs quite Supplementary Review of Literature. = quite satisfied with the prospect of a drilled population, yet the introduction of habits of order, if not prematurely carried too far, into the occupation and very sports of childhaed; may have a beneficial tendency on fufure Character and exertion. The systems of Mr. Wilderspin and of Mr. Goyder are not essentially different ; and the principal point of controversy (for there is controversy) between them, is upon the péeint.of rewards and punishments, both of which..Mr. W. appeals to, though to the latter.in a very mild and restricted sense ; bat both, theoretically at least, though with some little practical qualification, Mr. G. rejects. Corporal punishment, however, in its received sense, and even badges of shame that beget nick-names, he utterly diseards, as unnecessary in the education of youth. Into this question we cannot go; but advise our readers to refer to the re- spective authors, and compare their argu- guments : though perhaps it will be apparent to which side we lean, when we refer the reader to the following quotation from the Manual, p. 109 to 111]. ‘A child, gifted by nature with a good capacity, will readily take his learning, surmount every task exacted from him, and of course receives the re- wafd. Another child, not gifted with so good a ca- pacity (but equally emulous of obtaining know- ledge) will manifest more dulness, and require a longer period of time ere he can attain his tasks: this child, under an imputation of supposed negli- gence and inattention, wilk be punished for failings which are beyond his control; this raises a degree of hatred in the mind of the latter, while the feel- ings of.self-love are excited in the former, who imagines himself very superior to all his fellows. «« It is true, monitors are placed over the children; it is also true that they are taught to look up to such monitors with due respect; no badge of supe- riority is allowed; no crosses at the button-holes, no first and second places, or trials of ability be- fore a public audience, no penny a-week, &c. &c.; for what are all these but so many dangerous stimu- lants, which tend more to harrow up the passions, to puff up the mind with an undue consequence of its own superiority, and thus to feed its impure self-love.” But this is an argument that should not be judged by mutilated extracts. ‘We should add, that Mr. G.’s plan is not'merely confined’ to gratuitous schools, but 'is equally applicable to such as may be established for those children whose parents can afford to pay from three half-pence to sixperce a week for the education of their young children. Hints to the Young Jamaica Sugar Planter. - By Roverr Hissrrt, Jun. Esq:, 12mo.— As far as relates to the “ out- fit and expectations” of “ young men leav- ing England for Jamaica,’’ and what relates to their interests in managing their sugar platitations, so as best to secure to them- selves the sweets of the produce, these hints may probably be all very well—though we: pretend not to -uny practical knowledge in these” matters.“ But with respect to the général’ ‘tefiour ‘of ‘the sentiments and ari ia] 51h opinions, concerning our “ supposed to be afflicted brethren’’ (whether the mistake of the supposition be in imagining that the negroes are our brethren, or in the fact of their being ‘afflicted), we cannot accord even a problematical approbation :—for, although “Mr. Lawrence may have ob- served”’ in his lectures lately printed, that, “« Regarding the negro faculties, the abolitionists have erred in denying a natural inferiority, so clearly evinced by the concurring evidence of anatomical structure and experience ;”— and, although Mr. R. H. may, in his “large opportunities of . observing’ the specimens of native character, in the flocks of fresh-imported negroes, at “the time when the importation was unrestrained,’ have “‘never found any symptoms of strong intellect among the best educated’”’ of them —even of those who had enjoyed the ad- yantages of a ‘‘ Mahometan education !””— nay, although we are not absolutely hor~ rified by his suggestion of distinct races of the human species, and should not quite foam at the mouth, or require a strait- waistcoat, at the bare mention of a black as well as white Adam and Eve,—yet, should we not quite as readily as Mr. H. abandon, or reprobate the idea of introducing civili-: zation into Africa, or of considering the ne- groes as entitled to a fraternity of rights, liberties, physical and intellectual improve- ment: because we, in common with many others, whose studies of human nature have not been confined either to cargoes: of manacled slaves fresh imported, or gangs of the same vital ebony long used to the lash, happen to know that there has been, eyen among the few blacks in this country, such a person as Ignatius Sancho, a literary correspondent of Shenstone, &c. ; and have also known and heard a negro. orator, with a clearness and power of logic, and a force of language, that would not have disgraced the whitest-faced senate of Europe—defend the rights and claims of his sable brethren, in a thronged and pub- lic assembly in this metropolis :—and_ be- cause, even if we admitted (which, perhaps, we should) the general inferiority of the race in some particulars,—yet, we should not therefore conclude that we have, or ever had, aright to steal and tear them from their native clime, or purchase from those who had stolen and torn them tase by open violence or secret fraud),—to hold them and their posterity in eternal bonds, under the lash of task-masters ;—to compel them to work five or six days in every week for our luxuries, and the other one or two for their own subsistence. To us, the value of any book that countenances any part of this system, or assists in shew- ing how to render it most profitable to, the owners of such stock, is, not much_en- hanced by all the directions.that can be given about the management of the lash, the hoe, the mill, the boilers, &c.,:and the best disposal of the trash of the’ sugar-cane, for the fattening of pigs and negroes." =” In Gly; Supplementary Review of Literature. Injustice, however, to Mr. Hibbert, we ing a-variety of statistical.caleulations;,our: must observe, that his toleration of slavery’ redders may, if theyechoose; doce not poe full Terieth fadvoeating the slave! say$"“he}“'F sinéerely Consider’ to! be'as® benefitial'to thé safety of the West-Indies © as to the’causé of humanity:” But ‘the fact is, that it is not’ abolished—(it is only” travisfetred) ;nor ean be abolished, without the abolition of slavery; which, ‘if effected” with’ proper deliberation ‘and precaution, would, Wwe have no doubt, even by Mr. Hibbert ‘and his ‘brother planters, be ulti- matély found much more effectually “ be- jeficial to the safety of the West-Indies,” than the mockery of the half-measure that has been adopted. Address to His Most Excellent Majesty, and His Royal Highness the Duke of York, &c.' &¢:, concerning the Critical Conditions of the Navy and Army, proving Necessities for timely Remedies, by Parliamentary In- alae ; recommended to the Deliberation of ‘Mercliants and Ship-Owners, particu- rly to the New London Dock Companies, Protestant Clergy, Laity, &c. ; compiled from Laws of the Land, Official Docu- ments, §c. By Joun Burrwcr.—Mr. B., whose projects and pamphlets on improved bricks and improved architecture we have recéntly recommended to public notice, is now disposed to try his hand on improving armies and navies—commercial matters, docks, ship-owners, and a variety of other commodities. In the short pamphlet which follows this long title-page, he tells the King (what, undoubtedly, that august per- sonage will listen to with equal satisfaction and surprise) that his “‘ Majesty’s Minis- ters are generally adored as saviours and sazes ;” but then, unfortunately, he sub- joins (not quite so satisfactorily), that while the said “ministers appear asleep on beds ‘of roses,” neglecting his (Mr. B.’s) “ humble voice,” he (the said Mr. B.) “ ean- not congratiilate his Majesty, or his coun- trymen,” on the present condition of Eng- Jand’s’ commercial, foreign, or domestic relations ;” that the ‘‘ popular and expe- rimental, but delusive system” of said ministers, “has in a few years produced de- plorable and insupportable consequences against Britannia,” and that “the system must be changed again, or Britannia will be ruined beyond redemption, by envious and jealous foreign powers :’’—that “ blun- ders are striking Britannia’s apparent gi- gantie power into atoms ;’’—that ‘* danger and-death are knocking at the door to- gether’; and “enemies invited to murder Britamia, and sing her funeral dirge! Alas! Alas!” In shorty that if said Mr. B.’s <¢ humble voice” is not better attended to, army, navy; constitution, ships, ship-hold- ers, commerce, and we know not, how many more. of our supposed glorious biess- ings and advantages, are going pell-mell to the devil inno time ati all. As Mr. B.’s pamphlet has, at least, the merit of present- ’ conelusions. and-.thé argumenté»:théy -ate ilinteudellstov: ide; the abolition of which,” support; with such information asther dos cuments mayvhavessupplied} aud formytheim» own estimate >of thervalidityrofvMire Bys In the mean ‘time, wercan nO moere}:commend: Mr. B.’s .tasté® thane:his!., congruity, insubjoining afulsome WoPopiery>' address to H.R... the Duke wf! ¥ork;Joh » his’ conscientious speecly ‘fin favour of*thes:’ British Constitution, established aecoxdings’ to the Gospel, in: 1688; + Mr.» B.j however; informs’ us, not ‘very necessarilyy *that the’ fulsomeness of the’ ’said address*is/by*1n0 * means contrary to the customi ‘of worship-"" Ping the rising sun. ‘“ I have no fulsome’ panegyric to offer at your Royal High- ness’s shrine,* contrary to the, custom of . worshipping the rising sun.”?, ..No, certainly, —not contrary, but in exact accordance.to the custom. But what Mr, B- means By, a “constitution established according to | the Gospel,’’ we profess ourselves ‘utterly’ at a loss to conceive : for, in the gospels” we are acquainted with, there is not, we. believe, one single word about ,constitu-. tions, or how they should be constructed, or how established! We ‘suspect, the RX: fore, that there must be a mistake heré’ of” the press—the wrong insertion of a comma i. and that it must be some new gospel, “the » gospel in 1688,” which Mr. B. has’ dis-’ covered and refers to, by which consti- tutions in Churéh and State are dictated ; revolution in 1688 proceeded. But till we have seen the said “gospel of 1688,” and satisfied ourselyes of its divine authen- ticity, we must take the liberty of doubting whether political constitutions and gospel revelations have any thing to do. with, each other; that the proscription of ea tholies can be no inherent part’ ofthe! English constitution, because all that dé serves that name (if we trace it rot baek, indeed, even to the days of ‘Saxon pagan) ism) grew up and was established) (how-, ever frequently, in those, as in these;days,! infringed’ and violated), when no religion but that of Catholicism was known inithe land. - We should be glad to have pointed out to us the clause in’ Magna Charta, for example (which the Catholic barons) ob- tained for us), which dictates the exclusion of Catholics from the rights of citizenship. on account of their religion. Asvfor Mr: B.’s hypochondriacal appeal to Hi, R.Hés judgment, ‘* whether arms have! beemim~ prudently placed in the hands of *Catholies; and to what extent,” his invocation toa merciful God to avert the consequences, of our haying admitted Catholies,,, into, the army; and his solemn! inguiry, ‘did: | - lics ever fight against Catholies ??;..we n ‘ oar neg est ORY cimys oo poser £5 2 IBTZOTF * Shrine!” alluding, we. the bishoprick of Ospaburgb, q Supplementary Review of Literature. only answer by another question—What would have been the issue of the field of Waterloo, if all the Catholics of the Allied Army, or even of the British part of it, had gone over to the Catholic enemy ? If we have treated this subject seriously, it is on account of the subject, not in com- pliment to Mr. B.’s twelve-pemny pamph- let, the silly trash and flummery of which is fitter matter for a jest-book than fora literary review. Yet Mr. B. requests us to announce— “* That he has another book in the press respect- ing ‘ the royal and commercial navies of England, France, America, &c.,’ to which will be added a compendium of various useful discoveries which he has made, in naval and civil architecture, by pa- tent ventilafion; also a short process for tanning leather in old tan-yards, without any extra appa- ratus ; and that he intends to complete this work before next session of Parliament.” But if Mr. B. mends not bis pen a little, we should suspect that his-“ book’ will haye few readers, in Parliament or out ; and upon the whole, we would advise him to stick to his bricks and mortar—-to ventilate walls and preserve timbers from dry-rot. Eyery cobbler to his last. The Slave Colonies of Great Britain, or a Picture of Negro Slavery, drawn from the ‘Colonies themselves ; being an Abstract of the various Papers recently laid before Par- tiament-on that Subject. «* During the session of 1924, a number of papers were moved for in the House of Commons on the subject of colonial slavery. A few of these were presented and printed in the same session; but by far the most important were not produced till the following session, and were not printed, and in the hands of members, till near its close, when it was too late to make any but a very partial use of them. As these papers are very voluminous, it has been judged advisable to form an abstract of them, with a view both to the convenience of Members of Par- liament, and to the information of the public at darge.”” _ For the performance of this task, the friends of humanity in particular, and the public in general, have great obligations to the author of this pamphlet, and for the explanatory notes and observations sub- joined. ‘To all who are desirous of authen- tic information of the sufferings the British legislature has, in this respect, to redress, and the temper and conduct of those by whom all redress is opposed, as well as of the colonial authorities, and to those, in par- ticlar, who feel a lively interest, or may have any influence, in accelerating the abo- lition of slavery, we recommend an atten- tive perusal of the facts and observations thus laid before them. } Moore's Life of Rich. Brinsley Sheridan. —Since our analysis o this work, the Westminster Review has ublished astate- ment, respecting the conduct of Sheridan when his party were negociating for pow- » Which exhibits a striking feature of political treachery, and is worthy, as a cu- Monruty Mac—Supp. 513 riosity, of a place in our Supplementary Review :— j “* The length to which this article has run, compels us to pass over intermediate events, to the last grand epoch in the life of Sheridan—his conduct in the negocia- tion with Lords Grey and Grenville, in 181]. That Sheridan played false to his political friends on this occasion, certainly appears from the evidence before us; how far, in so doing, he may have been true to the Prince, or rather the instrument of his pleasure, we cannot so readily judge. The Whigs thought that they could have the government of the country on their own terms, and Sheridan took care that the dictatorial spirit which they discovered ‘should not escape the royal eye.* He had no hopes at this period, we conceive, of rising with the Whigs, and therefore recommended himself to the Regent by his zeal in his cause, by his jealous care for the royal dignity; and, at the same time, in so doing, effected the exclusion of his party from power. The worst fea- ture in this intrigue was Sheridan’s sup- pression of an important communication, with which he was charged to the Lords Grey and Grenville, “The Whigs, who desired complete possession of royalty, stipulated that the Prince’s household, formed under a for- mer administration, should go out: this point was ceded by the court; but the concession, notified to Sheridan, did not reach the ears of those whose objection to office would have been removed by the knowledge of it. We cannot give the anecdote more shortly than in Mr, Moore’s words :— * Lord Yarmouth, it is well known, stated in the House of Commons, that he ‘had communicated to Mr. Sheridan the intention of the household to resign, with the view of having that intention conveyed to Lord Grey and Lord Grenville, and thus removing the sole ground upon which these noble, lords objected to the accept- ance of office. Not only, however, did Sheridan endeavour to dissuade the noble vice-chamberlain from resigning, but, with an unfairness of dealing which admits, I own, of no vindication, he withheld from the two leaders of opposition the intelligence thus meant to be conveyed to them; and, when questioned by Mr. Tierney, as to the rumoured intentions of the household to resign, offered to bet j five * His graver commentaries in the correspondence of the Whig Lords may be considered as embodied in this jeu d’esprit, the effect of which ina certain quarter, may easily be imagined. An Address to the Prince, 1811. ** In all humility we crave, Our Regent may become our slave; “+ And being so, we trust that he Will thank us for our loyalties " Then, if he’ll help us to pulldown His father's dignity and crown, We'll make him in sometime to come The greatest Prince in Christendom,” 514 five hundred guineas that there was no: such step in contemplation.”—pp: 674- 675..." ; ! “i From the period of this intrigue to thé hour of his death (the miserable cir- cumstances of which we shall pass over a8 sufficiently well known) nothing went well with Sheridan. His pecuniary diffi- culties increased as his resources failed him; and the dissolution of 1812 deprived him at once of his political consequence and his parliamentary protection. He made an attempt, indeed, to obtain a seat in the House, and stood for Stafford, and the failure there served materially to hasten his ruin.—After mentioning this cireum- stance, Mr. Moore states, under the date of 1813, that ‘the Prince Regent offered to bring him (Sheridan) into Parliament, but that the thought of returning to that scene of his triumphs and his freedom, » with the royal owner’s mark, as it were, upon him, was more than he could bear— and he declined the offer.’—p. 682. - “ We are willing to ascribe this repre- sentation to Mr. Moore’s want of infor- mation, and to hold him guilty, not of suppressing an.important fact, but of the minor offence of failing to search out the truth. The truth then is, that the Prince Regent did not merely offer to bring She- ridan into Parliament, but, about the lat- ter end of 1812, with a view to this object, his Royal Highness conveyed to him, through Lord Moira, four thousand pounds, ‘The money was deposited by his Lordship with Mr. Cocker, the solicitor, who acted ‘as a friend to Mr. Sheridan on this occa- sion, and a treaty was opened with Mr. Attersol for a seat for Wootton Basset. The negociation, indeed, was all but con- cluded, nothing being wanted but She- idan’s presence on the spot. On three successive evenings Mr. Cocker dined with Sheridan at an hotel in Albemarle-street, a chaise being on each night waiting at the door to convey them down to Wootton Basset: on each night Sheridan, after his wine, postponed the journey to the next day, and on the fourth day he altogether abandoned the project of purchasing a seat in Parliament, received the four thou- sand pounds, and applied them, as he was warranted to do by the permission of the donor, to his private uses. This transaction certainly delivers the King from the re- proach of never having ministered to the relief of Sheridan—a charge which has been urged against his Majesty in num- berless smart satires and lampoons.”” ; English in Italy, 3 Vols. Ditto, in Lon- don; 1825.—This is one of the most in- teresting and well written books of travels which we have seen for a long time past. The total absence of affectation and .the ‘slang of virtuosoship, are among its best qualifications, and one that most engages our approbation. Without being insensible tothe great specimens of the maestr? which Supplementary. Review of Literature. abound in Italy, our author, with a lauda- ble determination to think for himself, dis- dains to admire, solely because others have admired. Among his morejserious)satires.on English follies, and his reprehension of the senseless custom of sending so many inya- lids to Italy, where their disorder is aggra- vated by retirement and absence from their friends and assistance, and generally termi- nates in death,hegives two pleasant instances of the manner in which the practice of, cicis- beism, whichis at once beastly and foolish, and which distinguish Italy from all other countries, is likely to perplex such English as venture upon it. It should seem that none can practise it safely, but such as\are “to the manner born.” The first story the author tells on this subject, is. of a Mrs. Grogram, who, being old and not very pretty, found it difficult to engage a cavalier serventi. Accident, at length, did for her what she could not accomplish for herself, in the following way :— “* Foreigners were all appalled by their respect for the punctilious dignity of an Englishwoman, and at the same time re- pelled by the countenance of the particular lady in question, from daring to aspire to a place, for which, by education, they were fit: and poor Mrs. Grogram would haye’ wandered over Italy unfashionably, but that a certain Count, a real indubitable Count, though truly I cannot call to mind his name, paid Mr. Grogram a morning visit, for the purpose of asking him if he wanted to be taught Italian, to have his shoes blacked, or if any office of the kind was vacant in his household, which he, the Count, would be most willing and ready to undertake. Luckily, however, the Italian noble prefaced his demand by considerable circumlocution, in listening to which, Mrs. Grogram displayed so much affability and graciousness, that the subtle Italian tacked and slackened sail, to ob- serve if something better might not be made of Mrs. Grogram’s mansion than occupying a situation thus altogether me- nial. The Count played his cards as skil- fully as it behoyes hungry men. to do, and he became soon the chosen friend of the Casa Grogram, as he called it in the best pronunciation he could. ; “ T leaye to the imagination of my reader to depict the lady and her/attend- ant, conversing, both in bad French, to the considerable amusement of every Eng- lish beholder: as to Italians, they wished their countryman joy of his good fortune, and saw nothing whatever extraordinary in the affair.” j Pit The reader will be pleased to peruse the following original and piquant narrative an adventure with Lord Byron. = “* There was a young Englishman’ then at Venice, a very young man, quite beard- less, and worshipping in all the ardour'Of boyhood, the genius of’ Byron. "He" sought the halls ‘of Venice; dlinost om other itt Consolidation and Amendment of the Bankrupt Laws. other aecount than to behold the poet, a wish that'he found it impracticable to gra- tify! “Sothie of the wicked matrons of Ve- nieé, however, took pity on the youth, and engaged 'to’procure for/him, not only a ‘sight, but an’ acquaintance, they hoped, of a very intimate kind with the noble hermit. Some little humoursome vengeance of their owii was of course tobe gratified at the Same’ time,’ but the youth consented to any corditions provided he could see the bard. “© Strange enough, the boy resembled Byron himself excessively, and had the same delicately cut features, approaching to beauty almost feminine. He spoke Italian perfectly, and a very little tuition was sufficient to give his tongue the peculiar softness, idiom, and tone of the Venetian dialect. In less than a fortnight he lisped their ‘bastard Latin’ to perfection, and his, Venetian tongue was reckoned by those best of judges as proof against detection. “* Thus prepared, he was habited as a young Venetian dame: luxuriant curls concealed and adorned his countenance— the modest dress under which foreign dames affect to conceal their charms, which they Yarely abound in, was advantageous to the present deceit—and richly attired, our youth was’ led at midnight to Madame Albrizzi’s, as a newly married lady, arrived from the Terra Firma to make her entrée into the world of fashion. “ The poet dropped in at the usual hour, east his mistrustful glance around, and ob- serving that no stranger was present to be a Spy upon his unbended hour, he relaxed his haughtiness into the easy, trifling con- verse, which the mind accustomed to exer- tion loves. From fair to fair he wandered, dealing to all a portion of his peculiar, ca- _pricious, and often satirical gallantry ; till at length a new face, that most rare object in the confined and unvarying circle of Italian high life, struck and fascinated his attention. ~ “© He demanded who she was, and, was told a high and handsome sounding title. He approached at once, and entered into conversation with the supposed beauty, who, as may be supposed, spoke as little and as modestly as was consistent with keeping the character assumed. Timidity 515, in an Italian female was a new attraction, The youth, after a time, finding his tongue sufficiently feminine, which it was not dif- ficult to be, so masculine and powerful are the tones of those southern females,, one of whom he represented, took greater con- fidence, and joined with less. reserve in conversation with the poet. sp ** At length Lord B--— touched on the topic of patriotism, for he was fond. of awakening those feelings in the breasts of Venetians ; he loved even to indulge ina little reproof and satire, at the expense of the humble and submissive character of the living children of Venice. In rejoinders to a remark of this kind, he was not a little surprised to find his own patriotism called in question, or rather his antipatriotism alluded to. He was even asked—how he, who denied and reviled his country, dared to taunt in others the feeling which neces- sity enforced in them, but which caprice alone could inspire him with. Had a fly stung him with a wasp’s sting, he could not have been more astonished. But he was not without his pleas, his indignant defence, the being driven to which but pleased him the more with his companion. He spoke eloquently, he dropped the mask of gallantry and trifling, and displayed the feeling, passionate being that he was; and the young Englishman enjoyed beyond all that he had anticipated—the sight and con- versation of the immortal poet. . “« T wished the truth would allow me to have added some piquant conclusion to the story, but such and no more did it tend to. The Venetian dames ardently wished that he should become enamoured of his coun- tryman in disguise, but his lordship, though unable to detect the imposture, was proof against any false charms the disguise could possess; and the youth, satisfied, would not continue the deceit. He wrote. the following day, confessing the trick, and begging to be allowed to visit his lordship in his proper character—no answer was returned. The poet was hurt; and_ the cirele of the Albrizzi laughed so much at his expense, that he no longer affiched, as the French say, his antipathy to his coun- trymen in that society.” ym ik 4 CONSOLIDATION AND AMENDMENT OF THE LAW OF o2 .n90% joSEHE statute 6 Geo. IV. c. 16, after re- citing that. it is expedient to amend the Jaws of bankruptcy, and to simplify the lan- guage thereof, and to consolidate the same when so amended and simplified in one act, and to make other provisions respect- ing bankrupts, repeals the whole of the isting statutes (from the 34 and 35 Hen. Vin ¢ 4, to the 5 Geo. TV, ¢. 98, both inclusive) on the subject. The statute n proceeds to re-evact the substance of the repealed acts, (in most instances in rs20 BANKRUPTCY. totidem verbis;) but with many impor- tant alterations and several additional re- gulations and provisions. The alterations and additional regulations and provisions are: Ist. The description of persons liable as traders to the bankrupt laws is enlarged, the statute rendering underwriters, builders, dyers, printers, bleachers, fullers, ‘calen- derers, cattle or sheep-salesmen, farmers, grazicrs, drovers of cattle, receivers-general of the taxes, and victuallers,keepersiof 3U 2 aid sirasue Tesng Ihe, 516 inns, taverns, hotels or aH erp 2, ‘sub- ject totheir operation. « Sects. 2.10/') ew (2d) ©The actsiamounting cotainienypely areiiicreased 5 for by this statute the re- im@dininy? abroad<=the: ‘suffering goods, mo- ney, or chattels ‘tobe taken in: execution— the fraudulent conveyanee of real or ‘per= »sonal property by’a trader when abroad— the» fraudulent ‘surrender of copyholds— ‘and the fraudulent gift, delivery, or trans- ‘feroof goods or chattels, are constituted acts yof bankruptcy: Sect. 3. 3d. But the conveyance of a trader’s property’ is mot an act of bankruptcy, as it was under the repealed acts, unless a com- mission) issue within six months. Sect. 4, ‘4th. The lying in prison for the space -of one and twenty days, instead of two months as the repealed acts required, is an act of bankruptcy under this statute. Sect. 5. *) 5th. It is enacted; that if any trader file in’ the office of the Lord Chancellor’s secretary of bankrupts, a declaration in writing, signed by such trader, and attested ‘by an attorney ora solicitor, that he is insol- vent or unable to meet his engagements, such declaration when signed and filed by such) secretary, and an advertisement thereof inserted in the London Gazette, shall: be deemed an act of bankruptey com- mitted by such trader at the time of filing such declaration ; but that no commission shall issue thereupon, unless it be sued out Within two calendar months next after the insertion of the advertisement, and untess /such-adyvertisement shall have been insert- ‘ed-in the London Gazette within eight days after the filing of the declaration: and no) docket shall be struck on such act of ‘bankruptcy before the expiration of four days next after insertion of such advertise- ment, in case such commission is to be executed in London—or of eight days, in ease the commission is to be executed in the country; and the Gazette containing such advertisement is to be received as evidence of such declaration having been made. And although such declaration may have been concerted between the bankrupt and any creditor or other person, it is provided that the commission issuing thereon shall not be invalidated. Sect. 6. 6th. The 15thsection of this statute adopting the provisions of the repealed acts, namely, that the petitioning creditor’s debt may be founded on a debt payable at a future-time, further provides, that sucha . debt shall be sufficient to enable a ereditor ‘to petition or join in petitioning, although ono security in writing or otherwise shall have been given for payment of such debt. » Gthkob Ifthe petitioning creditor’s debt bevfound insufficient to support the com- ‘maission, the Lord Chancellor may, on the petition of any other ereditor or creditors, order the commission to be proceeded in, (provided) the debt.ar debts of such other véreditors, has, or have. been incurred not - anterior to the debt or debts of the peti- tioning creditor or creditors. Sect. 18. Consolidation and Amendment of the Bankrupt Laws. “8th. No commission: Sent ‘be deemed. invalid by reason ‘of any det “Or aut Lof. bankruptey committed ' priér ‘tothe gieepe tion’ of the debt or debts of the petitioing creditor or creditors, ‘or atiy Of them,’ pros vided there shall have been a’ ‘guticient aet of bankruptey subsequent’ to such debyor debts. Seet. 19. 2. Joo14q bas * 9th: The Lord Chiheetlotttedptivelo ed to direct an atixiliary’ Comission to issue for proof of debts under £20, and’for, the examination of witnesses on oath, Dor for either such purposes ; ‘and ‘thé orn missioners in every stich commission issted for the examination” of witnesses ‘Shall possess the Same powers to compel ‘the attendance of, and to examine’ witnesses, and to enforce both obedience to: sucli ex amination and the production of books, deeds, papers, writings, and other dotu- ments as are‘possessed by the commission- ers, in any origiual commission, provided that such examinations of witnesses) shall be taken down in writing, and’ shall-be- annexed to and form part of the original, commission. Sect. 20. 10th. The messenger appointed by the commissioners is authorized to break open any house, shop, warehouse, trunk, or chest of bankrupts in Treland, where any property of the bankrupt is reputed to: be, and seize the same; provided the warrant under which he is appointed be verified on oath, by the attorney or soliciter suing out the commission before the. mayor,. or other chief-magistrate of the place where or near to which the said commis-. sion is executed, and verified under, the common seal thereof, or the seal. of the otiice of sueh mayor or other magistrate > and provided also, that such messenger shall, before a justice of peace, residing in the county where such property shall, be reputed to be, depose on oath that heis the person named in the warrant. Seet. 285. llth. In all eases- where: it, shall. be sworn to the satisfaction of a magistrate, that there is reason to suspect or believe that property of the bankrupt is concealed in other persons’ premises, the .messenger may obtain a warrant tovecanls forthe same. Sect. 29, si Sahut to 12th. And the execution “of such wat- rants in Scotland is» authorized, on) the verification of the warrant as ;aforesaid, and having the same. backed:or- indorsed, with the name of a judge, ordinary: or justice of the peace in Scotlands» Sectsq30. 13th, No actionjshall:/be broughtagainst any person actingyin obedience tothe: way- rant of the commissioners,fonany thing done prior tothe choice iofassigneds, unless demand of the perusaljand (ofid* )eopylat such warrant has-been made andJeft atthe usual place of abode of such person, byiithe party eli: to bring) such action, ophis 1 0 bee "# "These wordls ate not’ ait the, ae es. lntely necessary tb complete th and ‘vender the purpoit of the provision Borin ieitiage c@xfosd eit Consolidation and Amendment of the Bankrupt Laws. agent, in, writing, and signed, and unless the same.has been refused, or neglected. for six, dlays,jafter such demand; and if, after ho jdemand; and. compliance therewith, any, action, be brought against, the. person $0, actings, without, making the petitioning ereditor,defendant, if, living, on, production and proof of such warrant,at the trial of. such,.action,,...the) defendant shall. be entitled. to.a verdict, notwithstanding any defect of jurisdiction. in the. commissioners 5 and if such action. be brought, against the petitioning ; creditor, and, the person so appointed. as. aforesaid, the person so ap- pointed, shall, on proof of such warrant, be entitled .to,a verdict in like manner ; and if the. yerdict. shall be, given against the petitioning creditor, the plaintiff shall recoyer his costs: against him, so as to in- clude the costs which he shall be liable to pay to such, person so appointed as afore- said... Sect. 31., 14th, And)in-any action so brought against the petitioning creditor, either alone or jointly with the person so appointed by the commissioners, for any thing done in obedience to their warrant, proof in such action that the defendant is a petitioning ereditor will render him liable in the same manner, and tothe same extent, as if the act complained of in such action had been done or committed by himself alone. Sect, 32.: » 15th. Where any person committed by the commissioners for refusing to answer, or for not fully answering any question put to him by them, shall bring a habeas corpus or order to be discharged from such com- mitment, and there shall appear, on the re- turn of such habeas any insufficiency in the form’ of the warrant of commitment, the Statute provides, that the court, or judge efore whom the person so committed is brought,” shall, on the party’s request so to do, “in case the whole of his examination shall nothave been stated in the warrant of commitment, inspect and consider ~the whole of’ his examination, whereof the ‘question in dispute was a part; and if it shall appear from the whole examination that’ the answer or answers of the party ‘committed is or are satisfactory, such court or judge is empowered to order him to be discharged. Sect. 39. And by the fortieth ‘séttion a’ simildr provision is made in the ¢aserof actions brought by bankrupts or Other persons for false imprisonment. ‘© 16th, 'No wribis tobe sued out against, nor £opy of any process’ served on any com- missioner, for any thing done by him as commissioner, unless ‘notice in writing of ‘such intended writ or process shall bave been delivered to him, or -left’ at his usual iplace of abode by the attorney or agent of the party, at least one calendar month before the suing out or serving the same ; and‘such notice must set forth the cause of -aetion, and on its back must be indorsed the Name and place of abode of the attorney or few, Jot Ml Ji) And by the forty-second section, the plamitiff in’ such action ‘cannot 517 obtain a verdict unless he prove: such notice was given, andhe shall not be permitted to give evidence of any cause: of:aetion, except suchas is/contained inthe} notices» Amd: it is provided by the. forty-third section,: that every such» commissioner! may,:at)any. time within one calendar month after such:notice, tender amends’ tothe party complaining, or his attorney or agent, and plead such tender in bar; and)this: section-further provides that if no amends. or insufficient amends have been tendered, the-defendant may, ‘by leave of the court; at any time before! issue joined, pay into court such amends» as ae shall think fit. 17th. The commissioners may outa ‘the wages or salary of servants or’ elerks''of a bankrupt to be paid to the extentvof six - months, and the servant or clerk may prove under the commission for all excess of wages or salary above six months. Sect..48. 18th. In all cases of apprenticeship, the issuing of a commission of bankruptey against the master of the apprentice amounts to a discharge of the indenture ; and the commissioners are empowered to order/a part of the apprentice-fee to be returned: to the apprentice, proportioned to the amount of the sum paid on behalf of the apprentice to the bankrupt, and to the time during which the apprentice has resided with the bankrupt previous to the issuing of. or commission. Sect. 49. 19th. Sureties for payment of dunidities granted by any bankrupt are prohibited to'sue any person who may be collateral security for the payment of such annuity, until such annuitant shall have proved under the commission for the value of such annuity, and for the payment thereof; and if such surety after such proof pay the amount so proved, he is discharged from all claims:in respect of such annuity; and if such surety shall not (before any payment of the: an- nuity subsequent to the bankruptcy becom- ing due) pay the sum so proved, he may be sued* for the accruing payments of sueh annuity, until such annuitant shall have paid or satisfied the amount so proved, with interest at 4 per cent. per annum from the time of notice of such proof, and of the amount thereof being given to such surety : and after such payment or satisfaction such surety shall stand in the place of sueh annuitant in respect of such proof, to the amount so paid or satisfied by ‘such surety ; and the certificate of the bankrupt shall be a discharge to him from all claims of such annuitant, or of such surety>in respect of such annuity, provided that the surety shall be entitled to credit in account _with the annuitant for any dividends re- ceived by the annuitant, under the eommis- sion, before the surety shall have fully paid, or satisfied the account so der as ufore- said. Sect. 55, hye 20th. Debts payable on a! contingency which shall not have happened ab» the : Hy oO) issuing “# This word is said inthe act, aiid one } aidng ¢ the many verbal inaccuracies which pervade its provisions. 518 issuing of the commission, may be valued by the, commissioners, and dividends re- ceived on the amount so ascertained and proved; orif such value shall not be ascer- tained before the happening of the contin- gency, then proof may be admitted after the happening of the contingency, and dividends received with the other creditors, not disturbing any former dividends; pro- vided, when such debts were contracted, the person to whom they are due had not notice of any act of bankruptcy by the bankrupt committed. Sect. 56. 21st. In all future commissions, in- terest on promissory notes and bills of ex- change over-due at the issuing of the com- mission, is provable at the same rate as is allowed by the Court of King’s Bench in actions on such bills and notes. Sect. 57. 22d. Costs, although not taxed at the time of the bankruptcy, obtained in any action at law or suit in equity, are provable under the commission. Sect. 58. 23d. Whenever it shall appear to the assignees or to two or more creditors, who haye each proved debts to the amount of £20 or upwards, that any debt proved is not justly due, either in whole or in part, such assignee or creditors may represent the same to the commissioners, who are to summon before them and examine on oath the. person. making such proof, together with any person whose evidence appears to them to be material, either in support of or in opposition to the debt; and if the, commissioners on the evidence given on both sides, or (if the person proving the debt shall not attend to be examined, having been first duly summoned, or notice having been left at his last place of abode) on the evidence adduced by the assignees, or creditors as aforesaid, shall be of opinion that such debt is not due either wholly or in part, they may expunge the same either wholly or in part from the proceedings, provided that the assignees or creditors re- quiring such investigation shall, before it is instituted, sign an undertaking to be filed with the proceedings, to pay such costs as the commissioners shall adjudge to the cre- ditor who has proved such debt as afore- said, such costs to be recovered by peti- tion; provided also, that such assignees or eveditors. may apply in the first instance by. petition to the Lord Chancellor, or that either, party may petition against the deter- mination of the commissioners. Sect. 60. .24th.. Joint creditors are entitled to prove under separate commissions for the purpose of yoting in the choice of assig- nees, or of assenting to or dissenting from the certificate, or for either of such pur- poses; but they shall not receive any dividend out of the separate estate until all\the separate creditors have received the full amount of their respective debts unless such. joint creditor be a petitioning cre- ditor in a commission against one member ofi.afirm. .. Sect. 62. «2)th..,. Actions at lww or suits in equity Consolidation and Amendment of the Bankrupt Laws- are not abated bythe death or removal of assignees ;, but the court,in which the ac. tion or suit is depending); may;,on the suggestion of such death or, removal and: new choice, allow’ the: name ofthe sur-: viving or new assignee, or assignees! to, be substituted in the place of the former; and such action or suit, shall be prosecuted) in, the name or names of the said suryiying( or new assignee or assignees in the same man-~ ner asif he or they had originally commenc~ ed the same.» Seet.:.67.)) eosin ,orse sili 26th. Distress for rent made andilevied after an act of bankruptcy on the goods or effects of a bankrupt (whether before or after) the issuing of the commission) is not to be available for more than one year’s rent, accrued prior to the date of the commis- sion; but the overplus or residue which may be due, and for which the distress is: not available, may be proyed under thé commission. Sect. 74. Non i 27th. If a bankrupt have entered. into an agreement for the purchase of an estate or interest in land, the vendor may, on petition to the Lord Chancellor, compel the asssignees to elect whether they will abide by or decline the agreement. Sect. 76, 28th. The Lord Chancellor may,|\on the petition of the assignees, or of any) purchaser from them, order the bankrupt’ to join in the conveyance of his estate, or any part thereof, unless an aetion should be pending by the bankrupt to try the validity of the commission; and if he shall not execute such conveyance of such estate within the time directed by the order, the bankrupt and all persons claiming under him shall be estopped from objecting to the. validity of such conveyance ; and all es- tate, right, or title which the bankrupt had therein, is effectually barred by sucly. order, as if the conveyance had been exe- cuted by him. Sect. 78. ja ude 29th. All payments really and. bond: fide made by and to a bankrupt, before: the date and issuing of the commission are. valid, notwithstanding any prior act) of. bankruptcy, provided the payment by the: bankrupt be not a fraudulent preference; of, the creditor, and provided that, the person: so dealing with the bankrupt had not, at the: time of the payment. by. or, tothe jbank+; rupt, notice of any actof bankmuptey. by:him, committed.., Sect.82.,, And theeighty-thirdy section points out what shall, be constimes: tive notice of a prior act, of banknupteyses namely, the issuing of, a-commission (ifjane act of bankruptcy, had, been actually, com, mitted before the issuing, of the,commisz' sion), if the.adjudication of, the person,or) persons against whom, such ,commission, has issued shall haye been notified inthe, London, Gazette, and, the.person! tobe ak, fected by such notice, may reasonably, bei presumed, to have seen the same. » »Butiit; is provided, by the eighty-sixth section, that, no purehase from, any bankrupt [ and for. yaluable consideration ‘shall:bedims) peached,; by reason that, ia the Consolidation and Amendment of the Bankrupt Laws. ghe time of purchase had notice of an act of? ‘eommitted by the bank- rupt, Sunless" the: commission’ shall have peen sued? out? within twelve calendar months after thie act’of bankruptcy. And thé eighty2seventh section further provides, that no ‘title ‘to any real or personal pro- party: sold under any commission or order in® bankruptcy, shall be impeached, in re- spectiof any defect in suing out the com- mission, or in any of the proceedings under the same, unless the bankrupt have com- menced proceedings to supersede the com- mission “within twelve calendar months from the issuing thereof. 30th. Meetings of creditors for the pur- pose of taking into consideration the compo- sition of debts, or the submission of disputes to arbitration, or the commencement of suits in equity, are to be attended by one- third in value of such creditors, and in de- fault of such attendance, the assignees are empowered, with the consent of the com- missioners testified in writing, to do any of such matters. Sect. 88. “98Ist. In actions by or against assignees, commissioners, or other persons acting under the commission, no proof is requisite atthe trial of the petitioning creditor’s debt, or of the trading, or act or acts of bankruptey, unless, before issue joined, no- tice be given in writing that those matters are to be disputed. Sect. 90. » 32nd. The depositions taken before the commissioners of the petitioning creditor’s debts, and of the trading, and act or acts of bankruptcy, are conclusive evidence in ac- tions or suits by assignees for any debt or . demand for which the bankrupt might have sued, unless the bankrupt, within two months (or, if he be not in the realm, within twelve months) after the adjudica- tion, give notice of his intention to dispute the commission, and that he has proceeded therein with due diligence. Sect. 92. 33d. If the assignees commence any ac- tion or suit for any money due to the bank- rupt, before the time allowed him as afore- said to dispute the commission shall have elapsed; the defendant im such action or suit is) entitled, after notice given to the assignees ‘to pay the same, or any part thereof, into the court in which the action or'suit is brought, and all proceedings shall be’ stayed; and when the time aforesaid shall have elapsed, the money paid to the assignees out of the court. Sect. 93. And should the commission be superseded, all persons from whom the assignees shall have’ recovered any real or personal estate, either by judgment or by decree, are dis- charged from all claims or demands which might hereafter be made in respect of the same by the bankrupt or any person claim- ifg under him; and all persons who shall, thont action or suit, bond fide, deliver up poskession’of any real or personal estate to \assigneds,' or pay uny debt ‘claimed by then) are @isuharved “in Tike manner, pro- widen? totice! td/'try ‘the’ validity’ of the gut 519 commission have been given and been pro- ceeded in, within the time and in the manner aforesaid. Sect. 94. 3 APY IBS 34th. No commission, adjudication; conveyance, or certificate is’ to be received in evidence, unless entered of record. ‘Sects 96. And by the ninety-eighth’ section, commissions, deeds, and other instruments relating to the estates and effects of bank- rupts are exempt from stamp-duty, as are also all sales of the real or personal estate from auction-duty. 35th. The commissioners may at all times summon the assignees before them, and require them to produce all books, papers, deeds, writings, and other docu- ments relating to the bankruptcy in their possession ; and if when so summoned they do not attend at the time appointed (having no lawful impediment allowed by the com- missioners), the commissioners may cause them to be brought before them, and on their refusing to produce such books, &c., they may commit them to prison, there to remain without bail, until they submit themselves to the commissioners. Sect.101. 36th. The commissioners shall, at the meeting appointed for the last examination of the bankrupt, appoint a public meeting, not Sooner than four calendar months from the issuing of the commission, nor later than six calendar months from the bank- rupt’s last examination, to audit the ac- counts of the assignees ; of which meeting and the purport thereof, they are to give twenty-one days’ notice in the London Gazette. Sect. 106. 37th. Any assignee haying, either in his own hands or at any bankers, or other- wise subject to his order or disposition, or to his knowledge, in the hands of, or in the order and disposition of himself and any co-assignee or co-assignees, or of any or either of them, any unclaimed dividend or dividends amounting to £50, and shall not within six months after this act has taken effect, or two calendar months after the expiration of one year after the declaration and order of payment of such dividend or dividends made by the commissioners, either pay to the creditors or cause a certi- ficate thereof to be filed in the office of the Lord Chancellor’s secretary of bankrupts, containing a full and trie account of the names of the creditors to whom such un- claimed dividend is due, and of the amount of such dividend (such account being signed by the assignee or assignees ren- dering the same, and attested by the solici- tor to the commission, or the solicitor of the assignee), such assignee or assignees shall be charged, in account with the estate of the bankrupt, five per cent. interest’ on such unclaimed dividend, for the time he’ or they shall retain the same from the time that the certificate is hereby directed to be ‘filed; and also such further sum as the‘eommis- sioners shall think fit, not exceeding inthe whole £20 per cent. per annum ;//andthe Lord Chancellor or the ecommissioner's‘tnay order 520 “government, secunity,:-for-or on account,of the ereditors: entitled, and: subjeet:to such order::as the » Lord, Chancellor, .may..think wfittoomake ‘respeeting the. same ; who,.if he shall think fit, may, after the same shall aye remained unclaimed for three years from t S tclaraHol of ‘stidh“airidende b ‘the commissioners, ’ order the’ sare to Ke “divided aniongst ‘and ' paid to’ the’ other ere- “aitors 3 And 'the® roof Of "the creditors ‘to ‘whom ‘such ‘dividends were ‘allotted ‘shall “BE considered as void a8 to the same, ‘Dut re- newable as to any fature dividends; to place tliem" part’ pass with the’ other ‘creditors, but ‘not to’‘disturb ‘any’ dividends’ which shall ‘have been previously made. Sect. 110. “38th. "The commissioners may, before ‘the’ choice’ of ‘assignees, and after such “choice, the a8signees may, with the‘appro- “bation “of the’ commissioners testified in ‘writing “under their hands from time to ‘time; ‘make such allowance to the bank- ‘rupt out’ of his’ estate, until he shall have passed his last examination, as shall be necessary for 'the support of ‘himself and family. Sect. 114. “39th. The “commissioners ‘may adjourn the “tithe ‘for the last’ examination of the bankrupt, or any’ enlargement or adjourn- ‘ment thereof sine die, and he shall be free from arrest or imprisonment for such time, “not exceeding three’ calendar months, as they shall by indorsement on the summons “appoint. Sect. 118. 39th. Certificates are tobe signed by “four-fifths in number and value of the cre- ‘ditors’ who: shall ‘have proved debts to’ the “amount of £20 or upwards ; or, after six ealendar months from’ the last examination ‘of the bankrupt, then either by three-fifths in number and value, or by nine-tenths in ‘mumber 5 and’ no certificate shall be a dis- charge, unless the commissioners. shall, ‘in writing under their hands and seals, certify tothe Lord Chancellor that the bankrupt has'made‘a full discovery of his estate and effects, and in all things conformed to the provisions of this: act, and that-there does "mot appear any reason to doubt the truth ‘or fulness of such discovery, and also that ‘the creditors have signed in the prescribed ‘manner; and unless the bankrupt make oath “in writing that. such certificate and ‘eonsent ‘were obtained without .fraud, and ‘cunless the certificate shall after.such oath be allowed by the Lord Chancellor, against which’ allowance any of the creditors may be*heard before the: Chancellor... Sect. 122. » 40th: No-bankrupt,. after the allowance of his»certificate: under*any present or fu- ture»commission, sha}l. be liable ‘to pay. or ‘satisfy any-debt,. claim, or demand, or any »part thereof,» from. which» he shall have been discharged by virtue of his certifieate, »con.?ahy~premise, contract, or agreement vnade orto bemade after the suing out of the commission, unless such promise,.&c. be «made: in writing, signed by him er by some denizens, and, women, bot 0"tna _ Subject thereto, and to entitle them et Consolidation and Amendment of the Bankrupt Laws. order’ the investrfieht. OF any umeldtinkd “\pieede dividends in the publie funds, pigs ‘of and of the’ pt port OF Which t days’ notice fall be aves inthe Gazette), the bankritpt “or his*friends st make ‘an “offer ‘of comp n, “or sécurity for such composition, which niné=tetiths in number anid valiie of nn cotcpeheaee bled at such meeting’: Ti eh 9 pt, another ‘meeting, for the’ purpose of de ciding on such’ offery shall be" appointed, whereof notice as aforesaid "shall ‘be givens and if at such second meeting ninestenths in number and valtte of'the ereditors'ther present ’ shall also “agree *toaceept ‘such offer, the Lord Chancellor:shall-and' may; on such acceptance being ‘téstified bythem in writing, supersede the commission’ Seets 133. “And‘in mere ry wit ee | creditor whose® debt cist belowied 20) not be reckoned imnumber, but: thedebo due to such creditor shall be:computed: int value ; and any creditor tothe» amountof £50 and upwards, residing out of Englam shall be personally served witha .copy,of the notice of the meeting to.decide:on such offer, and of the purpose. for. which.the same is called, so long before’ such meeting as that he may have time to vote thereat; and such creditor shall be entitled.tosvote by letter of attorney exeeuted. andattested in the same manner as, is required for-sueh creditor’s voting in the ehoiceof assignees ; and if any creditor, shall agree,,t0,.acee, any gratuity or higher |) composition, assenting to such offer, he,forfeits.the de due to him, together with such, gratmty composition ; .and. the bankrupt,sha quired thereto, make oath. befo missioners that. there \has».b no transaction between. him,.or any pieraer present,..practice ..of., dQ pt haere a where-any, such..alter Pit eae cloved cand ‘igri ; benefits .given commissions are de 2 nakfo extend to Ireland or Seofl where the same, ard expressly [ 521 J ABSTRACT OF THE ae RELATING TO THE NEM WEIGHTS: ND: MEASURES. |...» . important “ind bI1 ie cat oc re-modelled by The first i ‘of these acts (which may be hale as nO mean specimen of le- ive wisdom and. scientific acumen, by not an inconclusive evidence of the en- ent liberal policy of the present e), pg forth ia the preamble, it is for the security of commerce, and the good of the community, that weights and measures should be just uniform; and that notwithstanding it provided by the Great Charter that there should be but-one weight and one measure throughout the realm, and by the Treaty of Union between. England and Scotland, . that the same weights. should be used fhout Great. Britain as were then established in England, yet different weights and measures, some larger and some less, are still in use in various places throughout the United Kingdom of Great Britain and , and the true measure of the pre- sent standards is not verily known, which is the ¢ause of great confusion and manifest frauds,” and that a prevention and remedy of these evils should be devised for the fu- ture, proceeds to accomplish this desirable purpose, by enacting an equalization in the proportions, and a conformity, in the re- spective weights and measures of the em- pire; and these objects it promotes by adopting more certain and correct standards than those which had hitherto been in use, ‘This aet was to have been put in force on on of May, 1825, but by the last men- “statute (6th Geo. IV. chap. 12), its’ operation was deferred till the Ist of January, 1826, and a singular oversight co we shall presently notice) in its s remedied. ert provisions of the first men- tiohed of these beneficial statutes, imme- daly ap core ‘to the intercourse of so- oo iw be’ briefly stated as follow :—It the length of the standard yard, the eight ‘py Lap mente wher and the ca- ities of the st gallon and of the cent dwiliel. The first of these objects provide: ny = lee te gobo ere the 6 second in the fourth and fifth third in the sixth clause; and two re- ( ber ‘the deseription of goods to h ired "by heaped measure, ad te ag ate’ to be measured: by stricken sure. This ig the pu of the ninth rs the ‘fifteenth clause enacts, if Bead ‘dealings, by weight hdl gecorsie to the i ei Peetnioht i i cat specific and detailed monhiage are 60° initinostely blended with the welfare and interests of the community at large, that‘ minute enu- meration of its enactments is: aapenbaax necessary. The first clause of the act relates to. ‘mea- sures, and enacts that the straight line or dis- tance between the centres of the two points in the gold studs in the straight brass rod in the custody of the Clerk of the House of Commons, whereon the words and figures “ standardyard,1760,” are engraved, shall be denominated and is tobe thegenuine Imperial Standard Yard, and shall be the unit or only standard from ‘which all other measures of extension whatever, whether lineal, super- ficial, or solid shall be derived, computed, and ascertained; and that all measures. of length shall be taken in parts or multiples of the same; and that one-third part. of the said standard yard. shall be a foot, andthe twelfth part of such foot shall be an inch ; and that the pole or perch in length shall contain 54 such yards, the furlong 220 such yards, and the mile 1'760 such yards. The second clause directs all superficial measure to be computed and ascertained by the said standard yard, or by certain parts, multiples, or proportions thereof; and that the rood of land shall contain 1/210 such square yards, and the acre 4,840, ‘being 160 square perches, poles, or rods. And in order to counteract or provide against any possible inaccuracy from thecon- traction or expansion consequent from change of temperature of the brass rod on which the standard yard is marked, the first clause of the act directs that it shall be only deemed a standard when the rod is at the tempera- ture of 62° of Fahrenheit’s thermometer, The third clause makes provision, incase the standard yard should be lost, destroyed, defaced, or otherwise injured, for testing its accuracy by some invariable natural standard. The invariable natural standard to which reference is to be had for this pur- pose is directed to be a pendulum, vibrating seconds of mean time in the latitude of London, in a vacuum at the level of the sea, the length of which, when compared with that of the standard yard, was ascer- tained by the commissioners appointed to inquire into the Subject of weights and measures, to be in the proportion of 39 inches 1393 decimal parts to 36 inches. It is therefore provided, that if the standard should ever be lost, for in any manner de- stroyed, defaced, or otherwise injured,a new one shall be made under the directions of the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury, according - to the above stated relative. proportions of the pendulum and the stand- ard. The fourth clause relates to’ ights, vend declares the standard brass Of one pound eye made in 1758, and now in the 3X : custody 522 custody of the Clerk of'the House of Com- mons, to be the genuine standard measure of weight, and shall’ be denominated ‘the Imperial “Standard ‘Troy Povnd, ‘and the unit or ofily ‘standard meastire of sveight; from Whicli all ‘other weights shall ‘be deriv- ed, computed, and ascertained ; and 1-12th part ‘of ‘the said troy pound shall ‘bean ounce, 1+20th part of such ounce a penny- weight, and’ 1-24th part of such penny- weight a graiii; so that 5,760 such grains shall be @ troy pound, and 7,000 a pound avoirdupoise; and 1-16th part of such pound ayoirdupoise shall be an ounce, and 1-16th of such ounce a dram. Tn case the imperial standard troy pound should be Jost, defaced, destroyed, or other- wise injured, the fifth clause provides for the recovery of its identity, which it accomplishes by a similar provision as the third clause in the case of the imperial standard measure, namely, by its assimilation to some inyari- able natural standard. The invariable na- tural standard to which recourse is to be had for the purpose of preparing the new standard with certainty and accuracy, is as follows: ‘The commissioners appointed to. inquire into the subject, having ascertained that a cubic inch of distilled water weighed in air by brass weights, at a temperature of 62° of Fahrenheit’s thermometer, the ba- rometer being at 30 inches, is equal to 252 grains and 458 decimal parts troy; there- fore, in the event of the standard-pound being lost or impaired, the Lords Commis- sioners of the Treasury are empowered: to give directions for having a new one made from proportions obtained from the above standard and the troy pound. The sixth clause relates to measures of capacity, and declares that the standard measure of capacity for liquid and dry goods, not measured by heaped measure, shall be the gallon made of brass, and con- taining 10 lbs. avoirdupois weight of distil- led water, weighed in air with similar atten- tion to scientific nicety as is directed in the recovery of the troy pound by the preceding clause, namely, at the temperature of 62° of Fahrenheit’s thermometer, the barometer being at 30 inches; and that such brass measure shall be the Imperial Standard Gallon, and the unit and only standard measure of capacity, from which all other measures of capacity to be used, for wine, beer, ale, spirits, and all sorts of- liquids, and dry goods. not measured by heaped measure, shall be derived; com-> puted, and ascertained; and that all mea- sures. shall be taken in parts or multiples, or certain proportions of the said imperial Standard; and that the quart shall be a fourth part of such standard gallon, and the» pint 1-8th part; and that two such gallons shall bea peek, ‘eight gallons a bushel, and eight bushels a quarter, of corn or other dry goods not measured by heaped measure. The seventh clause directs the standard measure of capacity for coals, culm, lime, with a round stick or roller, Abstradé of the Act relating to the fish, potatoes, or fave and all o rene pene or thin s commonly sold sure, © ‘Ghat be the. af Rest ene img 80 Ibs. avoirdupois of t aforesaid, ‘the se it aa if 1D 5, aD a te i a pa and eyen bo Pa inches from outside to. ov side 3, and] making use of such bushel ut eas de by the eighth clause provides, that. eyes et other. goods and things se a heaped measure, shall be By: Heape ch in such bushel in the form of a cone ; fie cone to be of the height’ of ‘six’ inches} ‘an the outside of the bushel to’be' ieenrelnity of its base. » But ‘though this'clause’ of the’ act fixes and determines''the figuye’ of the’ standard bushel measure; ‘yet by’a’ stratige oversight in the devisers and framers of the statute, no provision was made for ‘the for- mation or figure’ of measures’ made’ of its parts, multiples, or proportiors—aii over.’ sight that would have been ‘productive of incalculable loss to the public, asthe forms” of measures used for heaped goods’ deter mine the area upon which the cone’ is ‘to be’ raised, and consequently the’ quantity ‘con- tained therein; but fortunately this over- sight is remedied by the second “clause of the statute 6th: Geo. IV. ¢. 12, whieh di-’ rects, that all measures for heaped goods: shall be made cylindrical, and that the dia~ meter shall be at the least double the depth thereof, and the cone raised to a height equal to-three-fourths of the depth, the outside of the measure being the ex= tremity or base of the cone... The eighth clause of the 6th Geo. IV. c. '74, enacts, that three standard bushels: shall be a sack, and twelve sacks a chtaldron, The ninth clause allows all goods usually. sold by measure, whether heaped or un- heaped, to be also sold by weight, at the, option of the parties, but prohibits the sell-. ing by heaped measure goods which are now, sold by unheaped, and wzice versa; or tobe, more explicit,this clause enacts, that all con-, tracts, bargains, sales, and dealings, for any. coals, culm, lime, fish, potatoes, or fruit, and all other goods and things. commonly. sold by heaped measure, shall-be.either,ac-, cording to the said standard. of weight, .or. the said standard for heaped seal ec oie that all contracts, &c., and de alings for any other goods, wares, or merchai Th or. pa i map) other thing done or agreed for AA eight ee measure, shall be made and ‘had ie to the said standard ‘of weight,” eee the said gallon, or the parts, multi Jes 38, 2 portions thereof; and in using he'sa os strick measures shall not be heaped, the same diameter from end Be the tenth ‘clause provides,” * h herein contained shall’authotise which, by any law there in” quired to be sold by‘weight-only. The eleverith “clause” Orde rs cop ae New Weights and Measures. thereat ve divisions and multiples, to bé tnade and verified under the direction of theLbrds of the’ ‘Treasury, and deposited in thé’ office of the Chamberlain of the Ex- ah uet at Westminster, and sent to the Lord Mayor ‘of London, and the chief ma- gistrate of Edinburgh and of Dublin, and of such other Cities and places in the British dominions, or elsewhere, as the Lord High Treasurer, or Commissioners of the Trea- suty, inay from time to time direct, _ _ Zhe twelfth; clause. renders it imperative on the magistrates; of the respective coun- ties of, the, United Kingdom, and. of! every towm or place being a county of itself, to provide a.verified model.or copy of each of the aforesaid standards, and of cach of their respective divisions and multiples, for the use Of their respective counties ; and by the thirteenth clause the expense of providing the same jis to be defrayed out of the re- spective county rates. | A subsequent part of the twelfth clause’ further directs, that such. verified copies, shall be deposited by the respective magistrates with proper per- sons, for custody and. inspection, and that the same shall be produced by such keepers, on reasonable notice in writing, by any person requiring the same, and paying the reasonable charges for such, production. . The fourteenth clause directs, that in all eases of dispute respecting the correctness of any measure of capacity, arising in any place: where recourse cannot be conyeni- ently had to any of the verified copies or models of the standard measures of capa- city, the truth of any given measure shall be ascertained and determined by the ma- gistrate haying jurisdiction in the. place where the dispute arises, by filling the dis- puted measure with pure or rain water, at the temperature of 62° of Fahrenheit’s thermometer, and if it holds 10 lbs. avoir- dupois weight of such water, it is to be deemed a correct measure; the standard gallon ascertained by this act being, as be- fore stated, equal in bull 277 cubic inches and 274 decimal parts. Consequently the correctness of the proportions of the divi- sions or multiples of the gallons is readily ascertained by the same rule. ; e fifteenth clause, which is among the impo rfant provisions of the statute, le tpn bargains, sales, alings for any work to be done, or y goods, wares, merchandise, or other - §23 in. such. agreement, or otherwise such agree- ment;shall: be null and yoid. ;, NC _ The, sixteenth allows.the use \of..the’ weights and measures which. were in, exist- ence prior to the operation of this act, pro- vided they are. marked. or painted with, the ratio or proportion which they bear to the new standards; Dut the. clause. expressly prohibits the manufacture of, any, new weights or measures after the period of the act’s coming into operation, except in con- formity to the standard weights ‘and mea- sures established by this act. The seventeenth clause relates. to. the adjusting of ‘rents or tolls payable in, Eng- land or Ireland, in grain, malt, or in| any other commodity or thing, according to the new weights and measures, and directs the same to be determined by inquisitions taken at the quarter sessions; and. that such inquisitions, when. taken,, shall be transmitted into the Courts of Exchequer at Westminster and Dublin respectively, there to be enrolled, and that the amount so to: be ascertained shall be the rule of payment in all time coming ; and. that the expense of the inquisition shall be defrayed out of the county rate. . The eighteenth clause directs that.the adjustment of allistipends,feu-duties, rents, tolls, customs, casualties,: and other demands whatever, payable in grain, malt, or meal, in Scotland, shall be determined by inquisition as aforesaid, taken by the Sheriff-depute or Sherifl-substitute, and) transmitted in like manner, and for the like purpose, to the Court of Exchequer at Edinburgh. And the nineteenth clause directs, that as soon as conyenient after the enrolment of such inquisitions, accurate tables shall be prepared and published un- der the authority of the Commissioners. of the Treasury, adjusting the proportions’ be- tween the old and the new weights and measures, with such other conversions: of weights and measures as they may deem necessary. b yi The twentieth clause directs, that tables of adjustment shall be made and published under the direction of the aforesaid com- missioners, of the proportionate increased rates and duties of customs and excise, pay- able in consequence of the increased size of the weights and measures. _ The twenty-first and twenty-second clauses continue in force all the powers, rules and regulations, contained. in» the several acts now in force (viz- 29 Geo. II. c. 25—31 Geo. IL. ¢. 17-35 Geo. III. ce 102—37 Geo. Ill.—and. 55 Geo. III. c. 43, for Great Britain; and4 Ann—Li Geo. II.—25 Geo. II.—27 Geo. I11.—and 28 Geo. III. for Ireland) for the» ascertain- ing, examining, seizing, breaking, and de- stroying any weights, balances, or mea- sures,’ not. conformable. to the standard weights and measures ascertained ‘and: au- thorized by this,act; and: for the::punish- ment of persons’ having in their possession and use defective weights and measures. 3X2 The 524 ~ Fhe twenty-thirdbolauseenumerates fifty- six sstatutes; ordimandes;,>"and:! aetsidn «the ofoweights: ands: ewhich omtenent tote eithertin! Bngland;!: Scotland, onireland,:fotsthe purpose: of ascertaining » Jors establishing standards:of weights and amepsures; bor establishing: “orirecognizing certain weights ahd: measures)of the same ‘denomination, sofmwhiehvit/wholly repeals twentyfour;1and the:remainder in part: / By ithe twenty-fourth clause, the right: of appointing: | -lorPhe basiky'or/elemeht (drpas the French sérmiat)xtherumit): ofthe weights of ‘the 1Frénehsystemj.is .the'thousandth part ofa -Cubie® decithétresdf distilled — at the cmaximum) ofits dehsity:) 9:1) ju .blo sd? ments 1 TOs! oft mi bsjsia 918 2900 $9597 913 Yo sIOi2695 525 -\ {2hisi systenu was :introdueed into 9" Poo wE pe Tg Plots 4g wrizgoresi i iy pinot 92869 4!) 30l14 oiggbop..p2!9r4 90 FORMS (PPatieneaeer2 100 could ZBiaqyory 27 ae, a 99089 944 2 | NOG 006 212! 91 e enolate innohty baa esisiinguyy pee geeaedsoeudadsccuy sodemee Cet. Wm M SWE ER WOWHNNNwWOSH HW www ote | Gills. 88 3 13 72 LOB D2 35 t 108" 20: 98 P1283! 9770 tyes Tyg aig 109 «ov IMPE RIAL.’ —_—— About one fifth “more }** 6. fo ling ‘than old Po 3 pian 2 ‘ # Bae fo) ‘sure. fk Nd tha BES A Gill aoe tO) Soe eT SANE Halfepine. 2. 228] oa ets 3'Gills 2. VEILS Podsa 7S VBE Pint. Lid py 0 non fas Quart 2.0. P20 Jose oe oatise Half-gallon seed I &) BON 3 Quarts. . PEMOY OU SOF SPAS 1 Gallon’) 7.02.5). Pp Pows 2 ay y bac oR Gi opesv Gio c0idgs Ola 28 ager bed Aor oe ape’ sbavgg OY 0OUz0 9100 Ol 75 490 10) Its ) O00 48iI0 (10 10 .35 oO nOiaas poBx Ibiage oOo Orake 639049138493 72 OO 6 (75 45 3.63 84° Owl/O? .70 88 652 134 9650 Oo4-5 100 096; 2044 108 2905 00.9-10 SHY 40. 28974 [til 261679 00D,¥ eves (Pipe) 1263+ O!lobi05 ee ee( Tun) p'252\ O'b2 .10 8022 3: B83 Imp. Measure. ; SBiniQadb8 Alawd 404 187 ( iscieany | : ee eeeeeone Svc vccees® CPCI 2 ie 100 105 210 352 Ce a Gallons. Old Anker .. Runlet.. Tierce .4 Hogshead: 63: rie agclt9} 5152 Bio BBS ‘Puncheon 184 0) 1000 14 69W FolBoe5 Pipes. 0. 1260. Laehigid Oden 7oiB id) did 526 Abstract of the Act relating; to TABLES, of IMPERIAL MEASURE, Equalized with OLD DRY MEASURE, All Goods formerly sold by the Old Measure, will be delivered one thirty-second part more in quantity by the’ erial Measnie; and should be charged 34 per cent. (7}d. in thes pda at erlBigeeie, Riagntity by of coals, it will be seen, is one bushel and one-eighth more than the old; and a quarter of wheat, about a “peck above the former measure. y | LLL. sod ~ -IMPERTAL. ° OLD DRY. 4. OLD DRY. IMPERIAL. oS OY ini Se a ag « f yS)52 9530) ha Pa RRR oi dee Olly | . ; ey sagna,aliollso bmi About. ore thirty-second rtd 22 £0 About. one thirty-second ged Sd re “‘méte thanithe old. . aac Ss less than the new, . . BEGES 25 ‘A Gill equal to.e:.°} — = — - 1 03 A Gill equal to.:../|° 4 = =~ 97 : =+--2 06 Half-pint ...¥ wore 1 § ills . | -=--3 .09 3 Gills 0. desc} eee 2g -+-10 112 Pint .. wee [Ve - 3 i ‘ é sop ee 2 8 | Quart. .....682 #4 - 13 75 2 ¢ Peoadirsa pee = 4 0 550 2 der vu 33 S} SS hag stieps = eS 6 0475 DU COG | cs: lei 5 3 BG Cf laine ess 6¢x -+101.01 ~ Gallon”. i. ‘ows 7 3 92 Ns Beek Fh.) Vor 1 0.0 2 02 Peck .22..J.cs0°h 17 2 04 ~~ Half-Bushel...: | = 2010 .03 Half-Bushel .;;: a 17 0 06 Dor Pecks. cc she cee | 2 o.0 10 03 3 Pecks..\.2 .J.\22 Poeun oO 2 le he ushel o's das. 10200 04 Bushel .....624 ~3160 17 ee eS dee To &, 0.0.07 2 (Strike) } 1314 0 35 8. id 30060 21 3 petefseT 281 20 oe ont Ae ey 40100 .28 4 (Comb) |" 33 10 0 .70 BY at anes 50120 .35 5 verledse [490.60 88 BAS Seapetce POLO Lid Paap 6 - | 53041 05 7 ARS 70160 .49 7A) We te 63201 33 8 (Quarter) | 81000 .56 8 (Quarter) | - 73-0 01 40. ier ei seh eds Oo ie 9 Pt | AN) Bee 1 6 a SB: Uy ee diegee ds lO 400) 4:0: 40 10 Sed. es ef/- 92141 76 Sap rer SNS ‘151161 ,35 15 Me 14-20 2 2 64 20 CCN ete [20'S LOCL oO 20 Lia 191103 53 Sy Pk gece ins eo | 253021 475 25 set 240170 .14 30 | WAS os Hedy GAG Suds 2 gh] 30 sespvoue | 29005, 4 30 32 Lie gee viene weSRONOMG “2.224 32 Bis Be 31001 1 .65 36 (New Chal.) | 37 0.1 0 2 52 36 (Old Chal.) | 34 3.1.1 2,34 40 Saape'sale i} Aledo 0 2-481 40 ..- (Wey | 38 3.0 1 3,.06' Oly wy i awehiicess hSl 2.4103 2 SO vent wis tans dadtea 48 116 0..83 GOers whagetwak tbeie| 6Li3:2 1.1.22 60 oornore oi [BG Om 21 Bin6O 70. dt becan b92Gok 51 693 70 dsreibcarre dt (iG7 Baad Fred Ge 80.) (New Last.) ,|82 2.0 1 1 -63 80 .- (Last) 4772.0. 3.2/.13 QOrqor or paeee se oe | 9G +05 2433 90 qiieaidenars] B70 Medea 1000 jtedy odorous bs HO3. 0 dydodigO4 100 -- | 96.314.) 66, TABLES of the OLD. WINE snd BEER MEASURE, Equalized with'the? Fa t IMPERIAL STANDARD. biwe | rls Wine, Spirits, and Liquids, hitherto vended by the Old Wine Measure, are delivered One-fifth more by the ImperialGallon, which is about a pint and athalf more than the Old Gallon ; consequently those artitles: should. he charged One-fifth more, except the proportionate diminution of duty paid to Government, . which will be rated by the New Gallon. rhe ioe? = 3 Beery and Articles formerly sold by the Old Beer Measure should be charged One-sixtieth Jess by the Imperial Measure, or one penny in five shillings; the: Imperial Gallon being 1-60th less than the oldysois) oy 4h05 ~ OLD. BEER, | IMPERIAL. OLD WINE. About Bees por cent. | Ez ‘About. one-fifth ‘less ~ more than, New = a than Imperial Mea- | = beanies , od Sx _ sure. RRP ira a OP oo ‘A Gill of Beer equals |°° = 02, A Gill of Wine equals | = © = = “DUBE «9.5» «90. 03 allie Sys) area iecee meat CRIS hiecmierah cope) _ 305 3 Gills,...... potl tes gece eae e | x5 “4 d Halt hon... . Half-gallon,..,.. 3 Quarts, sve eress WGallonec foo 1 prvge saged Paci Bras But j Bry Soooocannmes 1 1 Pints. wHroccoowN Gills. besos SS Pe bet New Weights and Measures. MIUVGax valoda dasducte risup 5 fi dose or OxLp Wyre’ anv Breer Measure continued. 527 OLD WINE. ! ‘IMPBRIAL. ‘About 148 per cent. Ba 02 gs About one-fifth less ~ Pare ‘eu MOTE than, New Eig aS than-Impertal Mea- |) 8 ees easure. ho Ss sure... Om 6 Sy “Gallons equa... 0) 2.73 5 Gallons equal,... 4 1. 1.29 of &. verse saan 6) 003.27 6 wees «LGA ro, Sera be 5 es ees 0): 3:82 7 p Be Bita lew 56) 9Dn61 8 ~ Fokrol ran 4 belt 329 36 8 er ee eeecos 8 5; 3 726 9 | — —....(Finkin) 1.0 91 9 nance Ay “4,48 98 Bes apa tics. 1.1 45 10 .. (Anker) | 8 2/2 58 a8 ¢ . _ (Kilderkin) 2,,;4. 82 18 es , (Runlet) 14 7.3 .87 Ey ee 2.2.91» 20 sp ab ahold det’ |G: aan eae #8 ° ey ie 4 0 36 30 LER onsale Boag? npc 8 36. +» (Barrel) 4 3 64 36 Wd ss ieidtetere a 29. TZ pane 40 | BENG citaties 5 1 .82 40 wsaniadne rol 23 p.amrgnos NSS Re 5 2 M1 42 .-.(Tierce) | 34 7 3.70 50 Reet ect 6.3 .27 50 aes des con fodder Oc -98 54d cn. (Hogshead) 4.0045 54 SE ha Kage! ey Ae 5) 60 Ee ie 0 0.72 60 RED Rae fy’ Paty ae 4 Be Ok feb ikys 0 2 35 63 (Hogshead) | 52 3 3 .55 OOo oj .pwe-es 12-98 70 ae BB ve 2 Saba 62 0-0 1 (Puncheon) B37 72 preci as Peels oy easy ety AM Es Oi hoy Oe hd. 5. 2 3 64 80 4) eaiedeny cous Ble le oad 84 , ee ae SneeBe 84 ees BY 4) nO DDFs) Oe a elocse 4 1 09 90 PARE Drei Wehy 0 Si 0h |= 100 ip swealiee> 5 2.54 100 sh teen windows, is qualified and liable to serve on juries for the trial of all issues in the courts of record at Westminster, and in the, civil and criminal superior courts of the’ three counties palatine, and in all courts of assize, nisi prius, oyer and terminer, and gaol delivery, such issues being ‘triable-in the county in which the person so qualified resides; and every person so qualified, is also qualified and liable to serve~on grand juries in courts of sessions of the peace, and on petty juries for the trial of issues joined in such courts of sessions of the peace, and triable in the county, tiding, or division in which the person so qualified resides, And in Wales ; every maw (except as here~’ after excepted) being within the’ aforesaid ages, residing in any ‘county in’ Wales, and being there qualified tothe eXtent of thee fifths of any of the foregoing’ qualifications, is qualified and liable ‘to’ serve’ on’ juries’ for the trial of all issues joined “in the courts of great sessions, and on sm Eicvianm in re o 528 of sessions of the peace, and on petty: juries for the trialsof all issues ifsuch ‘courts of sessionsof the «peace: in apes ouamiye in Wales “Seer le J ‘Observation 1.° The dualifleation by estate toventitle a person: to: take upon him ‘the office'of juror has been various at: different periods: By the 13th Edw. Ii c¢. 3,\20s. peraniam’ was)the qualification requisite, increased by the 21st Taw. I. stat. 1, and 2d Hen. V. stat: 2, to: 40s. ;-by the 27th of Eliz.ic. 6, it'was enacted that a juror should possess afrechold property of the value of 4i‘per unnum ; by the 16th and 17th of Chas, ‘II. chap. 3,/an act which had only three! years duration, ‘ 20/.. per ann. was re- quired: us a qualification ; by the 4th and 5th) Wm. and Mary, it was ordained that thé qualification should be 10/. per annum, freehold or copyhold in England, and 61. in Wales: By the 3d Geo. IJ. chap. 25, per- soiis possessing a leasehold estate on a life or lives for ‘a term of 500 years, of the an- nual value of 207. over. and. above the re- served rent, were deemed qualified to serve. By the same act, persons were rendered qualified and liable to serve in the city of nate oF who possessed real or personal pro- of the value of 100/.. By the 4th Geo. p. ‘7, a leasehold, value 50/. per annum “ie the reserved rent, held for any term of years, was a sufficient qualification in the county of Middlesex. In cities and corpo- rations, 40/. personal property was, by the 23d Hen. VIII., a sufficient. qualification. But these statutes, as well as so much of all statutes from the 48d Hen. III. to 5th Geo. IV. chap. 106 inclusive, as relates to jurors, arerepealed by the 62d section of the statute under review. Gbservation 2. Jurors impanelled in courts leet, not being affected by the recent sta- tute, it seems that all persons are liable to serve thereon without any regard to qualifi- cation by estate. —2 Hawk. P1.Cr. c.10, s.68. The second clause of the act specifies the persons to be exempted from. serving on juries, viz. peers ; all judges of the courts of record at Westminster, and of the courts of great session in Wales ; clergymen ; priests of the Roman Catholic faith who have taken aud subscribed the lawful oaths and declara- tions ; persons teaching or preaching in duly registered places of congregation of Protes- tant. dissenters, or who follow no secular occupation than that of a schoolmaster, pro- ducing @ magistate’s certificate of their haying taken and subscribed the lawful oaths and declarations ; practising serjeants and barristers at law ; practising members of the society of doctors at Jaw, and advo- cates of the civil law; practising attornies, solicitors, and proctors, duly admitted and certificated ; officers of the courts of law or equity, ar of ecclesiastical or admiralty juris- diction, actually exercising the duties of their respective offices ;. coroners, gaolers, and keepers. of | houses of correction ; practising members and licentiates of the London Col- Consolidation and Amendment of the Jury Law. lege of Physicians ; . practisio being members of, the, Re: pal Coleges of Surgeons in London; ‘Edinburgh. or .Dub- lin ; practising apothecaries, the Court of Examiners,of the "Apothecaries? Company ; officers in the age Xo full, pay; pilots licensed by »the,-Erinity. House of Deptford, Stroud, Kingston-upon- Hull, or Newcastle. peygere seg Yn in, the buoy: and light.service vby either of those corporations, ‘and. pilc li- censed.by the Lord Warden of the Ci ; Ports, or under, any act of, Parliament,or charter for the regulation of pilots.im any other port»; the King’s househald servants ; officers of customs. and excise’; sheriffs’. ofticers, high constables,'and sparish clerks ; and all persons exempt, . by. prescription, charter, grant, or writ,. from. serving on juries in any of the courts. ». The third clause disqualifies: aliens to serve on juries or inquests, except/on juries de medietate ; as also all. persons attainted of treason, or felony, or convicted of any infamous crime, unless they have obtained a free pardon, and all persons under outlawry or excommunication. . The fourth clause requires the clerk of the peace of every county, riding, and division, to issue his warrant, within the first week of July in every year, to the high constable of each Hundred or other district, commanding them to issue their precepts to the churchwardens or overseers of the poor of the several parishes, and to the overseers of the poor of theseveral townships within their con - stablewicks, requiring them to prepare and make out, before the 1st of September then. next ensuing, a true list of all men qualified, aceording to this act, to serve on juries, and residing in their respective parishes and townships. And the fifth clause directs that the clerk of the peace is to annex to his warrant a competent number of printed forms of precepts and returns for the tse of the persons by whom the precepts are to be issued and the returns to bé made ;- and to charge the expense of printing the forms to the county. Where in any hun- dred, or other like district, there shall be more than one high constable, the sixth section of the act directs the clérk’ of the peace to deliver his warrant, preéepts and returns, to every one of such high constables ; and within fourteen days after the receipt of the warrant, the high constable iis, © sixth clause, to deliver the precept the there are several high cose hundred, &c. each is to be by this act throughout the iad f's dred, &c, _And where in any parish no overseers of the poor, other th churchwardens, such Pets Ds rd ens 8 deemed and taken to be chirehwardens overseers of the poor of such” javish Consolidation and Amendment of the Jury Law. Sg nyo i elatise arthey pre Miretacdeae ‘any™patish’ or s ship. « extends» intooomore® than’ one dindred), “é ev either inthe, same” douinty: or! ifterent conbties;* such parish or eae fér the, oses of thisaet, be deen geek. Sis warebysatibtiv ite hundred,’ &eein which«the (parish ehurch ‘is situate ; andwheritshall ‘bedeemed expedient, the! seventhclause of the att directs; that justices panes ‘division* may, 'for *the® of this act, order any eal cbdubiiad place:to be annexed to any anipitaing pared) ortownshipyy Moilelonn , | Pheeighth clause then ticoniides) that the churchwardens and overseers: are forthwith, after'the receipt of the:high constable’s' pre- cept, to prepare; and:make out\in alphabeti- caborder; true lists of persons residing with- in their parish or township, qualified and liable:to serve onjuries, with their Christian and'surnames, title, quality, calling; or-busi- ness; and the nature of the-qualification of eyery such person. ‘By. the ninth clause, such churchwardens and: overseers are to fix true of the lists:of persons so qualified and liable, on the principal door of every church, chapél,and otlier place of religious worship within, their parish ‘or:township, on the three first Sundays of the month of September, hav- ing first subjoined to.every such copy a notice, signed swith their names, stating a time and placesyben and where all the objections to the list, will he heard by the justices :of the peace ;-and. they are \likewise to, keep the ovjiginal, list, or a-true copy thereof, to be perused. by any of the. inhabitants of the parish or township, at any reasonable time during:the first three+ weeks of the month of September, without. fee or reward. | The expense of printing the sufficient number of copies=of such lists to be defrayed by the patish, or, township.; And . by the tenth clause,-the churchwardens and overseers are to,preduce, the list of persons qualified and - Viable atthe special petty sessions of justices of theypeace to be holden for. the purposes herein mentioned, within the last seven days of September dn .every: year, on some day and at. some’ place; of which notice shall be given by. their glerk, before the,20th,,day of Au-.- ux¢hwardens and overseers; and d den sand overseers shall answer aM lens ion, ga ast of Trish ee the the “three first 7 + We & AG “ye 4) slp ton ag ‘the bigh constable . op energie sain 3 and. the lists may - o nded altered, . or. Ai ia ; “t ee a, process for return ‘of, jurors can be path sale ahs 529 such justices, «prévided>notice? he -givensdo. the party»toi beaffected:by such-amendnient | or! alteration; requinid g» :ta:shew: cause = at some adjournment of such petty’sessions}y to: be» holden;svithin:fowt days thereafter(of such amendment» or) alteration; andi whens) the-lists haye been so,corrected atysuch petty. sessions; or at some adjauriment thereof: they shall be allowed.and»signed by the juss: tices/presenty,or, two of them, and «tlien hey, are to be: delivered to the high constable, and t by‘him, tothe next,quatter sessions, ,\} By, the} eleventh. clause;, churchwardens » and overs seers,are, for their assistance inqcompleting» the. lists, to: have free liberty ,.« on requcstiat ) any. reasonable time. between ithe /1 stiof July and 1st of October in, every. year, to.any) Co) lector or, assessor, of taxes, or to any,other » officer haying the ‘custody, of any, duplicate); or tax assessment,.of their parish, or ‘town- ship, to inspect: the same,.and*take. the, names of persons qualified .dwelling..within,, such parish, or. township, as;.may. ;appear., necessary and useful ;..and yevery..court /of petty sessions and justice of the,peace, shall... on like request., to. such,collector,, .assessoryy or other officer, or to .any: churchwarden:or... oyerseer haying, the.custody, of any. poor-rate, - within their respective divisions, have the... like liberty of inspection and extracts, for the: reformation and.completion:of the jury lists, The lists are to be kept-by. the clerk.of.. the peace, and are to be copied, by him. into.., a book, called the. ‘ Jurors’ Book,” and... which is to be delivered to» they she or... under-sheriff of the county, within six, “weeks: after the close of the sessions ; and every... sheriff is to. deliyer it to his successor 5 and. , eyery book so prepared. is. .to be. used. for. one. year, commencing J; aauany Ist after its deli- very... See 12... The thirteenth douse ae that writs of venire facias juratores, for the trial of issues, whether civil, criminal, or on. any penal . statute, in any of the courts in England or Wales, hereinbefore mentioned, shall di- rect the sheriff to return twelve qualified men of his county ; and eyery precept for the return of jurors before courts of oyer and terminer, goal delivery, . the superior courts of the. three counties, palatine, . He ; courts of sessions of the peace in. England f and before the courts of great sessions and sessions of the peace in Wales, shall, ‘in Tike” manner, direct the sheriff to return a ‘com: petent number of qualified men of his county, and not from any “hundred of Far~” ticular venire within the county, snd th the * * want of hundreders shall be 0. Cause “of challenge. By the fourteenth clause, sheriffs * are, on the receipt of the ‘writ’ of ‘venire® acias and precept, to return juries” fromd'the'” ear ; 5 and where™ is’ directed’to” coroners, elisors, or otli¢r mi ters, ane to make a like return; but if'n¢ urors’ be in existence for he it t oo hl jurors’ book for the ‘current y 7 cuse, the return may pe ode ant 1 ’ atid vaeket ore. sep an Winton: sel yt 530 by. the, fifteenth clause, (sheriffs, orcether ministersyfor the xeturn! of «juries» for ithe trial of issues, before cotirts!of assize or nisi prius in) England, -except:the counties pala- ting, are, on the return of the writ) of venixe facias (unless in\causes/intended to be tried at har, for.in-cases'wliere ia special jury shall be strack by order.orruleof-court); annex a panel to the said writ, containing the names alphabetieally arranged, together’ with the places of abode, and ‘additions of a compe=- tent number of jurors named in the jurors’ book ; and:that) the names of the same jurors shall,be oinserted: in the panel annexed ‘to every peniré facias for the trial of issues -at the ysam@) assizes. or sessions of nisi prius in each county, which number of jurors shall not, in. any county, be less than 42, nor more than 7.2, uhless a greater or less be directed by one or more of the judges appuinted to hold;suth assizes’ or sessions. . This clause eontains also other regulations to be observ- ed by.the sheriff or returning officer. of The» sixteenth. clause provides, that if a plaintiff or defendant in any court of re- cord. at Westminster, or a defendant in any action. of guare impedit or replevin, sue forth a venine facias,,on which a writ of habeas corpora or distrengus shall issue, in order to the trial of the issue, and shall vot proceed to, trial at, the first assizes or sessions of nisi prius, after the teste of the habeas corpora or distengus, he may afterwards sue forth another venire, and: proceed to trial at any subsequentiassizes ; andiif any defendant or tenant.in any action depending in the said courts, wish to bring to trial any issue joined against-him, be may, if the issuable term next preceding such intended trial to be had at the next, assizes, sue out a new venire facias by proviso, and prosecute the same: by writ of habeas-corpora or distrengus -with a nisiprius, and so foties guoties as the matter shall require, tf Juries for the -trial.of causes in the supe- rior: courts of the counties palantine are to be summoned ten days’ before te holding of the court ; see. 17. And a similar provi- sion is made. by the 18th clause for the re- ‘turn of juries for the trial of causes in the courts of great sessions in Wales. e)) Sheriffs or other returning ministers in every county in England, Wales, and inthe ‘three:counties palatine, are to keep copies sof the-panels in the: office of their under- sheriffs or deputies, for seven days at least before the’. sitting of the next court of ussize» -or nisi-prius, or the next: court tOsbe yholden.;for any county~ palantine or the next’ court of great sessions in any jcountyin» Wales, for the inspection ofthe litigant parties ‘and: their: attornies, without: fee» or reward); sec.19. -And-the o2Gthselausé: reserves: to all criminal: courts ithe: same power/and authority as they for- ~inerly exercised for the return of jurors, and sti anteriding aid enlarging the panel; and DE CERER ESR) ISLEY irr 235) 3 r HE directs ithe returns-to the writs to he-made as formerly, save thatthe jurors shall be re- HOOT Bec Qseiorn | « Consolidation and Amendment of the Jury Law. turned from the body of:the county, instead, of from-out.the hundred, or «any.qpartioular, venife thereing hs bie sbode eiffto snsiq ors oThe 21st, clause»,directs; that; when any, person is indicted for, high; Weasons. or rhis-) prision.of: treason; in, any,courtiother that the'King’s Benchya-copy ofthe panel slialk he delivered to him, with; the\eopy. of; the indictment, | teu; days before :he,;arraigny ment, in) the presence [0f|-tie, oro meré credible .witnesses;;;when«-indieted, in the courtof King’s:Bencb,; a:copy of :the anv dictment iis to-be delivered) in the; time:and manner aforesaid: but, the list-of the:-petit jury is to be delivered.at any time afterithe arraignment, ‘so as;it be delivered) ten days before the day Of trial; but/this, clanse-spe- cifically declares; :that nothing.herein.cons tained shall in anywise extend;te.any: indict+ ment for high treason;.in |compassingyand imagining tbe death of the king, jor formmis- prision of such ‘treason, wherethejoyert act; or overt acts; akegedshall, be assassination or killing of the king, er:any direct attempt against his life or pexson,| whereby, his, life may be endangered, or his -persen-suffer bodily harm ; or to any indictment for bigh treason for, counterfeiting » the “coin, |, the great or privy seal, the. king’s sign-manual or privy signet; or to»any) indictment, of high treason, or any proceedings thereon, against persons for counterfeiting! the coin. - By the 22d clause, the judges of ,assize; or of the superior palatine courts,-or of the courts of great sessions in, Wales, may di- rect the sheriff, or other returning minister, to summon and impanel. any number, of jurors, not exceeding 144, to serve indis- criminately.on the criminal and civil sides ; and they may direct such panel to be divided into two sets of jurors, one to attend for.an ap- pointed number of days at the beginning,of each assize or great sessions, and the; pther to’attend the residue thereof... Tncase of an order for a view, the judge is to,appoint;the tria] during he. attendance ;and service, of tliat set. of jurors in which! the,xiewers,.or the major part of them, are included,, W-here a view shall have: been allowed, those.jurors who have had: the «view, vor, Suchy OF as shall appear ‘onthe jury.to. try, the issue, shall be first: sworn 3/5 se¢..24 «. Com jurors are: to) be «summoned, tomdays, at, th least hefore the day iof attendayce, rand SBE- cial. jurors »threesdays jnand,- at the timevat being summoned, mote. in.awriting pmder the hand: of. the »shevifl,,jon; other proper officer, containing the substance.of the suny- mons, is to be shown to:the juror, Of), in case of his absence-fiom: his usual, of abode, left: with-some person there|inbabit- ing 5 but it-is stiecatlyrpeonidatad bande time for summoning jurors;dn_ tlie) cityyet Londonor-county, (of , Middlesex, ishallane- inain as it did before’ the passing,ef-this act. 28 hentsisy enoeisg nodW Whe 26th clauseldirects,ithat bagmames! leach ‘personmesuimmened candimpaneliags dn any| court Of assizé-ori mish phils @r, fafrabe tria Consolidation and Amendment of the Jury Law. triall-of issues’ inthe (civil: courts of the cotsrities: palatine? or great ‘sessions, with the place of his abode and addition, shall be whitten on a distinct piece of parchment. or cad; suchpieces of:parchment or card being albas ‘néarlyas maybe! of equal size, and shall be'delivered tothe associate or protho- notary of stich Court bythe under-sheriff of the2county;! or°the secondary of the city of BHondoit; atid’shall, by direction and care of stich associate'or prothonotary, be put toge- ther in/a 'box;i‘and- when any issue shall-be brought om to be tried, such associate or pro~ thonotary ‘shall, in’ opeh court, draw out twelve of the’said: parchments or cards, one after another, ‘and if any of the persons whose*names shall’ be: so drawn shall not appear, orshall' be challenged and set aside, then’such farthernumbery until twelvemen be Grawns who shall appear, andj after all just eauses-of'challenge allowed, shall remain as fait and cindifferent ; and the twelve men $0 first-drawn and appearing, and approved as indifferent, their names being marked in the patiels'-andthey being sworn, shall be the jary'to\try the issue, andthe names of the nie so’drawn'and sworn shall be kept apart. by “themselves until such: jury have given"in‘their verdict: andthe same-be re, corded; or until such jary shall, by consent of the parties, or by leave of the court, he dischargedy and then the same names shall he refurnedto'the box, there to be kept with the other names remaining at that time un- drawn,’ and so fotices quoties as long as any _ issue remains to be tried : provided, that if any'issue'be brought on to be tried in any of the said courts before the jury in any other issue have brought in their verdict or been discharged, the court may order twelve ‘Of'tlie’ residue of the said parchments or ‘ards; not ‘containing the’ names of any ‘ofthe jurors who shall not have so ‘brotight ‘in their verdict or been discharged, ‘to’ bé drawn in the manner aforesaid, for ‘the trial, of ‘the ‘issue which shall be so ought’on to be tried: provided also, that beh 10 Objection ‘shall be made on behalf *Of tlie*king of any other! party, it shall be ‘Tawful for ‘the court to try any other issue ‘with thé same jury that shall have previous- ‘Vy tried, or been’drawn to try any other issue, ‘without! their names” being returned to the Box ‘atid: redrawn, orto order the name or t of! aiy tian; or men; on such jury, ‘Who both parties may consent to withdraw, ‘6 Who ‘may be justly challenged or excused By the edtirt) ‘to Be «set! aside, and another ‘hanie of Other names tobedrawnfrom the box, ‘and tojtry the issue with the residue of such ee esends with such» man or men whi se hairie’ or names'shall-be'so, drawn, and ile slvall a vand bec approved’ as in- Aifferent,arid sb dotiew quoties:as Jong a5 any Fabuie Veitiaiw to botried.\od Lyi eon » When persons returned as jurors: are, mo! \qadlified dtdording 1 this, act, ithe want of “sueh! qualification ivagood cause of chal- enige but vif (qualified sin» othen. respects, leit 531 the want of} freehold ‘shall not’in‘any case, civil or criminal, be: accepted as gootteatise of challenge; eitheriby the! crown or by'the party, ner ias’cause'for discharging the per! sonso returned:on his‘own applications bat! itis specially provided™ by © this clause, «that: nothing herein contained ‘shall extend. in! anywise to any special juror;sea 27. 1 The 28th clause provides, that no challeng@é shall! ~-be taken’ to any panel of jurors’ for ‘want! of the return of a knight* in such ‘panels: nor any array quashed: by ‘reason’ of} any ‘such’ challenge. - And,: by the 29th clause, : only the king shall challenge for’ cause »-but if they that sue for the king will challenge any jurors on inquests as not indifferent for the king, they shall assign a certain’ cause of challenge ; and no person arraigned for murder or felony shall be allowed more than twenty peremptory challenges. ~ The courts of King’s Bench, ‘Common Pleas, and Exchequer at Westminster, and the courts of the counties palatine;and of great sessions in Wales, have theypower, in all cases, civil or criminal, or on-any penal statute, except only indictments for treason or felony, to order,. on motion, “special juries to be struck before: the proper officer, See: 30, BAS AD AQ Ss & The 31st clause directs, that every person who shall be described’ in’ the -jurors” book for any county in England or Wales, or for the county or city of London,-as an’ esquire or person of higher degree, or: asa ‘banker or merchant, shall be qualified’ and: liable: to serve on special juries in every’ county’in England: and Wales, ‘and‘London: respec- tively; and the sheriff of every’ county in England or Wales; or his under-sheriff, and the sheriffs of (London,- or their’ secondary, shall, within ten days after the delivery of the jurors’ book for the current year’ to either of them, take from~such: book’ the names of all persons described therein: as esquires or persons of higher degree, or as bankers or merchants, and shall respectively cause the names, abodes, and additions of all such persons to be truly copied out in alpha- betical order in a separate list to be sub- joined to the jurors’ book, which list shall be called “ The Special Jurors’ List,”” and shall prefix to every name in’ such list its proper number, continuing the numbers from the first name in a regular authentical series down to the last name, and shall cause such numbers ‘to’ be written upon distinct equally-sized: pieces of parchment) or: card, and shall then deposit the same in a separate box or drawer for the purposes’ heremafter mentioned, - RY, 1G189 10 The proper officer of the court/isito:appoint the time and place for nominating the speeial jury; and being attended »by»the» ander- sheriff of the county in which’ the thial isto be had, or onthe secondary of thoveity of ® The phraseology of, the statute, is, {*arknight’s being yeturned,”—an expression rather ist ong, and which requires the ingenuity ofan as “em iment- man to explain: jtermeanivg,) oy) ( London, 3.12 532 London,.if the trial is to be had there, who are.to bring with them the jurors’ book and therspecial, jurors’ list, and all the numbers written: on distinct pieces of parchment or eard aforesaid, shall, in the presence of all the, parties, and of their attornies (if they choose to attend), put all the numbers into.a ‘box, and,.after having shaken them together, shall, draw out 48, one after. another, and shall, as each, number is drawn, refer to the corresponding number in the special jurors’ list, and read aloud the name designated by such number; and if, at the time of so reading any name, either party, or his attor- ney, object that the person whose name is so referred to is in any. manner incapacitated from serving on the said jury, and shall then and there prove the same to the satisfaction of the said officer, such name shall be set aside, and the officer shall, instead thereof, draw out of the said box another number, _and shall, in like manner, refer to the cor- responding number in the said list, and read ‘aloud the name designated thereby, which “name may in like manner be set aside, and other numbers and names shall, in every such “ease, be resorted to as before described, for the purpose of supplying names in the places of those set aside, until the whole number of 48 names not liable to be set aside be ‘completed ; and if in any case it happen that the whole number of 48 names cannot be obtained from the special jurors’ list, the officer shall fairly and indifferently take, ‘according to the mode of nomination here- tofore pursued in nominating special juries, ‘such a number of names from the general jurors’ book, in addition to those already taken from the special jurors’ list, as shall be required to make up the full number of 48 names, all and every of which 48 names be taken to be those of special jurors; and the said officer shall afterwards make out for each party a list of the 48 names, toge- ther with their places of abode and addi- tions, and return all the numbers so drawn out, together with all the remaining un- drawn, to the under-sheriff or secondary, or his agent, to be safely and securely kept for future use; and all the subsequent proceed- ings for reducing the said list, and all other matters relating to special juries, shall con- tinue as heretofore, except where the same, or any part thereof, is expressly altered by this act; and all the fees heretofore payable on the $tfiking of special juries shall conti- nue to be paid in the accustomed manner. c. 32. ~* ‘The patties in any cause may, by consent, communicated in writing to the proper offi- ter, havea special jury struck according to the ancient mode; and the same special jury, however nominated, may try any number of ¢auSés, so'as thé parties in every such cause, or ‘theif ‘attornies, signify their consent in writing to the’ nomination of such special ity’ or the trial of their respective causes ; “and the cditrt’mady, ‘on the application of ‘any person ho! Has served once'as a special Consolidation and Amendment of the Jury Law. juror at any assize, discharge, him,from sery- ing. on any other, ;special, jury. during. she same assizés... Sec, 33.0 \-isy9 to nousvily ” The 34th clause directs, ,that the costs,of a special jury and all the expenses occasioned’ by the trial of the cause .by the same), shall’ be paid. by the party applying for such. jury, unless. the judge) certify, that, the; cause, was a proper one to be so .tried,,,, And.the 34th’ clause provides, that no, special juror.. shalt receive a larger fee than one guinea, except in cases wherein a view jis. directed ent fap The 36th clause enacts, that where. any special jury is ordered by rule of court tobe struck by the proper officer in.any cause aris- ing in any county of a city or town, except the city of London, the sheriff;,or under- sheriff, shall produce the jurors’ book jor lists to the officer, and the jury, shall be struck out of the same as heretofore. ...,, Where a full jury shall not appear in any of the courts aforesaid, or where, after appear- ance of a full jury, any default of jurors.arises from the challenge of the parties; the court may, on request made for the kivg by any one assigned or authorized for that purpose by the court, or on request.made by, the parties or their attornies, command the sbe- riff, or other returning minister, to supply the deficiency from the tales de cirewmstan- tibus ; and if a special jury have been struck, the talesmen may be such as may be im- panelled ona common jury panel: and the jurors so added may be challenged, See..37. Persons duly summoned on juries not at- tending, or being thrice called not answer- ing, or any such person or talesman, after being called not appearing, or after appear~ ing shall withdraw himself, are fineable at the pleasure of the court, unless he prove on oath some reasonable excuse ; and viewers so:de- faulting are subject to afineof 10/.,unlessfor some reasonable excuse as aforesaid, Sec. 38. The 39th clause indemnifies sheriffs,/and other returning ministers, for. impanelling’ and returning persons named _in the jurors’ book, though not qualified or liable; but, if they wilfully impanel and return any, per- son whose name is not in the jurors)-beok for the current year, or if such book;has net been delivered, then in the book last deliyer- ed, they are fineable at the pleasure, ofthe court; as are also all clerks of, .assize,asso- ciates, prothonotaries, clerks of the, pedee,-or other officers, who wilfully record the, ap- pearance of any person so summonedjand returned, whoreally didnot appear. cjdisuc’ The sheriff, or his under-sheriff. is to.xe- gister alphabetically. in the, jurors! book the names. of jurors .who, haye_sexyed, on common juries, and the, times},of, their ser- vice, and give, on application of suehjurors, a certificate testifying the, services seos40. And, by the 41st clause, the, clerk .of the peace is to make out listsofiall persons who haye served at sessions of the peace.on: grand or petty juries, together with. their plaees,iaf abode and addition, and.,.the.date,af Weir services, and within, 20, days.after thestlese ; of Consolidation and Amendment of the Jury Law. Of thé ‘sessions ‘transmit the same to’ the ‘Shetiff to resister; and ‘he is to give, on ap- plication of every person who has so duly iSetVed, a certificate’ testifying the same. bonefpe 42d Clause provides, ‘that no per- \Kort shall be ‘rettirtied* asa juror to serve “ating session ‘of nisi pritis’ or of gaol de- “ivery in the’ county of Middlesex, who has ‘gérved ‘aS @ juror at either of such sessions im ‘he sai County;iin’ either of the two terms ‘or vacations next “immediately preceding, and has ‘the sheriff’s” certificate of haying ‘$6 séeved' ; ‘and no'person shall be returned as"a juror to ‘serve on ‘trials, before any court of assize, nisi prius, oyer and termi- ‘nery Or gaol delivery, or any of the superior éourts in the counties palatine, or the courts ‘of great sessions in Wales, or who has served ‘as a juror at any of such courts within one year, or in the counties of Hereford, Cam- ‘bridge, Huntingdon, or Rutland, or four years before in the county of York, or two years before in any other county, and has ‘the sheriff’s certificate of such service ; and no person shall be returned to serve on any grand or petty jury at any session of the peace in England or Wales, who has served asa juror at any such session within one year before in Wales, or in the counties of Hereford, Cambridge, Huntingdon, or Rut- larid} or ‘two years before in any other county,’and has the certificate ofthe clerk of the peace of ‘such service : and if sheriffs or other ministers transgtess in any of the eases aforesaid, they are fineable. But these provisions do not extend to grand jurors at the’assizes or great sessions, or to special jurors. f ~ Sheriffs, coroners, bailiffs, or other offi- ‘eéis taking money or reward to excuse persons from serving ; or if bailiffs or other ‘officers summon any person except those mentioned in the warrant or mandate ; or if sheviffs, bailiffs, or other officers summon ‘ny juror less than ten days before the day ‘On’ which he is to attend, or any special juror less tlian three days before his attendaice, éxcept'in the cases hereinbefore excepted ; for“every wilful transgression, he is finc- Jablée*at the discretion of the court, sect. 43, And if high’ constables, for fourteen day after’ the! warrant of the clerk ‘of the peace has been served on him, or Jeft at his Nisaalplave’ 6f abode; tefuse or neglect to FSuetind deliver Wis precept ds is required iby this'act; or to"annex ‘thereto thé sufficient number of forms 6f return, or déliver within 4irée days any additional number as the thurchwarder or ‘overseers’ inay demand of Him; or’shall réfuse “Or neglect any petty -SessiOnS Or Adjotirniment thereof, or to receive Me Vist oF lists ’ teridered bythe justices, or to eliver the sithe’'to “the next quarter ‘ses. won; Tor every wilfil’ offence they forfeit alsamifrom 16/0743. at the “didcretion of ahem 1 Wefore “Whom they are con- Wictedi 4 See! 44) qoriagor 2st yiiog, 1 TONE Churehwardens' dr d¥erseers ‘refuse “or Neglect,’ Unless’ prevented by sickness, to ¢ 533 on due notice refuse or neglect to produce © the list at the petty sessions, or any adjourn- ment thereof ; or shall refuse or allow the petty sessions or any justice of the peace on request to inspect or make extracts from the poor-rate, for every such wilful neglect’ or refusal_they forfeit any sum from 101, to 40s. And the justice before whom’ ‘they shall be convicted of a wrongful insertion’ or omission is forthwith to certify the same to the clerk of the peace, who is to correct the list accordingly, and give the sheriff notice thereof, that he may correct the jurors’ book inlike manner. Sec.45. _ ¢ phe The 46th clause prescribes the penalty of 50l. for every omission or ieee of duty by clerks of the peace, clerks of petty sessions, and sheriffs or under-sheriffs in furtherance of this act. By the 47th clause’ alien jurors are exempted from challenge for ‘want of freehold or of any other qualifica- tion required by this act. The 48th enacts tliat justices of the peace are not to be sum- moned or impanelled as jurors atany sessions of the peace for the jurisdiction for’ which they are justices. And the 49th exempts the inhabitants of the city and liberty of West- minster from serving on any jury at the Middlesex sessions. Wt ¢ The 50th clause provides that the qualifi- cations hereinbefore required for jurors, and the regulations for procuring lists of per- sons liable to serve on juries, shall not ex- tend to the jurors or juries in any liberties, franchises, cities, boroughs, or towns cor- porate not being counties, or in any cities, boroughs, or towns being counties of them - selves, but that in all such places the panels shall be prepared as heretofore, provided that no person shell be impanelled or re- turned by the sheriffs of London, as a juror, to try any issue in the courts of record at Westminster, or to serve on any jury at the sessions of oyer and terminer, ga i deliyery, or sessions of the peace, to be. held for the said city, who shall not, be a honsrhalits, or the occupier ofa shop, ware louse, counLNg- house, chambers, or office, for. the pur of trade or commerce fe nS Pa and ‘have Iands, tenements, or, personal estate of the value of 100/.; and that the lists of qualified 534 qualified persons resident in each ward, shall be'made out, with ‘the proper quality ‘or au" dition and abode, by the partiéS wlio have heretofore been accustomed to make oat the sane ; provided also that tio person shall be impanelled or returned to setve on any jury forthe trial of any capital offence in any county, city, or place, who shall not’ be qualified to serve as a juror in civil causes within the same; and the same matter and cause being alleged by way of challenge, and so found:shall-be taken, as_ a principal .chal- lenge, and the person so challenged shall be examined on oath of the truth of the matter. Ani by the 51st clause, that courts of nisi ptius, oyerand terminer, gaol delivery, and sessions of the peace held for the city of London may fine jurors, talesmen, or view- érs for any default of attendance, in the same manner as the other courts. /° The 52d clause. enacts, that jurors on in- quests: or inquiry shall be qualified in the games manner as jurors. on trials. at nisi prius; butjurorsjon coroner’s inquests re- quie no, other, qualification than they did befare. the, passing of this act. And by the 53d. clause, persons summoned as jurors on inquests defaulting in attendance may be fined in, any sum not exceeding 5/. by the sheriff, coroner, or commissioners, who are respectively to transmit a certificate of such fine, and the cause thereof, to the clerk of the peace, “on or before the first day of the quarter sessions next ensuing, to be certified omtke roll, . But persons making default ofiattendance,in the inferior courts, forfeit any sum. from 405., to 20s. unless the court be.satisfied of the cause of absence, Sect. 54. oobhe., 55th clause’ enacts, that fines and penalties. imposed by this act, if not paid, shall be levied by distress and sale of the offender’s goods and chattels; and for want of sufficient distress, the offender shall be éommitted to prison for any term not ex- ceeding six calendar months. The 56th prescribes the form of conviction. The 57th provides, that the conviction shall not be, quashed for want of form. The 58th, that persons sued for any thing done in pur- suance of the act, may plead the general issue... The 59th requires the venire to be laid in the county where the fact is com- mitted. The 60th abolishes all attaints and ‘inquests against juries or jurors for the ver- dicts giventhem. The 6lst provides, that embracers and corrupt jurors shall be pu- nished by fine and imprisonment. The ‘62d énacts, that those parts ofthe act which relate tothe .issuing of warrants and pre- Gépts ofor;,the, return ,of the jury lists, the preparation,.production, reformation, and allowance of these Hsts, the holding of the petty, sessions for those purposes, the forma- tion oP a, juror’s, Book, ‘and the delivery ne to’ the’ shériff, and the preparation’ of a list’ of spédial’ jurors, and of parchment ‘or tard§ 7'the ‘manne’ before’. mentioned, ‘dhall/*eommericé and take .effect. so soon VS . Consolidation and Amendment of the Jury Law. after the passing “of this ‘act''ad' the pros per’ periods for doin those! thihgs "shall occur ; and that’ the fest “of thé’ 3t° Shiai!’ commence and “take “effect on Januuty Ist 1826; and ‘thieh ‘the’ latige,248" Siege before said, repeals’ such parts of fhe'statntés from 43 Hen. 3'to 3Geo. 4c. 106;"a8 Fee" late’ to. jurors and -jiiries: “The the. 63¢° clause provides ‘that the’act Shall not dHedt’ the acts relating to Quakers and Moravi- ans. And lastly, the 64th clause enacts, that nothing ,in, this-act sppisieey shall ex- tend to alter, abridge, or affect any power or authority which any court or judge; pow hath,or any practice, or form, in. regard trials by jury, jury process, juries or jurors, except only where repealed or altered by. this act, is or shall be inconsistent With ifs provisions, nor to abridge or affect any’ pri- vilege of Parliament: PGT BSLV From the most cursory view of the above statute, it must be considered as cone of ithe noblest and. most. patriotic, legislative enact- ments on record, and pregnant with)the most beneficial effects. to. the Jiberty,.and well-being of the community, , In, fact, it may be hailed as a foretaste of the exertions of an enlightened and a wise government to infuse light and order into the’ clidds “of our judicial system, and’ digest ‘that’ con fused mass into limit and order, and inipart to it some degree-of clearness, unity, and precision. _ Among the improyements, how- ever, introduced into our jury.system, by this statute, we cannot but lament that, some pro; vision has not been made for the administra~ tion of the oath to the jurors in a solemn and impressive manner. .‘ The hurried, sloven- ly, and indecorous mode,” as Mr. Williams well observes in a well-penned note ‘to the third volume of his edition of Blackstone’s Commentaries, “in which oaths aré adminis- tered to jurymen, asalso in all proceedings iti English courts of judicature, has longybeen the subject of regret to every, considerate mind, and must be acknowledged to haye,a wonderful tendency to diminish men’s vene+ ration for their sanction, and to give occasion for frequent perjury. ‘To prevent Neti dalous prostitution of these solemn appeals to the Deity, it isto be regrette: ah ‘Some device, similar to that of our par he 4 tors, is not adopted; ‘who; ‘td ‘awaken’ 'thé conscience, and keep alive'thé religious-fears of mankind, couched their/oaths«ih the:most awful form of words that could -bejinvented ; and, that these. forms! might. not-Jose, their 1¥F S9710E oS : , cea) si as-est et ab fost docarts,; W458, BEYER #P QNY instance, more. evident th an, from a com- parison of the calm, solenin, and fr pasate procedure of this institation under lutionary governmént “of? tlfe Nate euleet “France with! that? of' the» Bnglish! method, The! overweening/ spartialities,, {and yhohest, prejudices of Englishmen will, -no doubt, be wounded by a compatison of French laws PN en aha al and Striclures on “ The Non-Eternity of the World.’ apd institutions with those of bis own coun- ty 7,9nd the person whoyhas the courage to yeint of. the:defects of existing institutions, ;prebably be.assailed. with, the imputa- Uop.of being .an,enemy to his, country, and anyadmirer sof the defunct.arch-enemy of nankind,, But the)malice and folly _ of seh unputations are regarded. with perfect indifference .by those who, wish to see their 75101 bus zrodsus? tosas seusls st 035 country, airiye atthe highest perfection and happiness, which, are within, the reach of hu- man, attainment,” in, which liberal and enlightened. sentiments we entirely agree,, and hope that proper. attention will be. paid. to their, salutary monitions, by.those who are: engaged in the amelioration of our system, of jurisprudence, |. ASAIN C: Ma) LILBI EY tres STRICTURES ON “ THE NON-ETERNITY OF-THE WORLD.*' © "9W7Og YOs 732 NDAUSES '1, 2, assert, that what- a7" ever has existed from eternity must be Self-exisrent, as whatever is self-ex- Sa a Noes: from eternity. ot think, will be.disposed to agree with the Commentator, that these twojclauses of the Inquirer’s argument contain postulates which cannot be con- troverted; although; perhaps, the pre- eet from is not quite proper, as it seems to imply a’starting point; yet the ostensible truth embodied therein ap- peals 50. powerfully to the understand- ing as, to, command. its, assent almost without an. effort... It, may also be said here, that..every effect must have a cause; there are: effects—therefore there must be causes ; consequently the first effect must have had a cause, and the first caiise must always have had being, or else it never could have had—because if ever it began to be, it must have been the first, effect, not the first cause. And, if it be said that the inherent activity of piatter.is the eternally self-existent cause of all, the. phenomena we see connected withat, and that. the various modifica- tions, of matter, and not the parts of matter itself are effects, then must the activity of matter and the matter itself bé’two ‘distinct existences, and if so, Meat ea ; and if distinct and c-eval, we “have thus two eternally s¢li-existent, heings—or, if the inherent agit y,of matter be indentical with that which 4s, ,.moved).and, necessarily con- nested with: it, then. must one .part be ‘superior tovdnother, which in’ a self-ex- istentvbeing is impossible: but, further, this’ activiry mast be distinct from that fications; ‘whi a ‘the’ effects’ atid not’ the aggregate oh ato VHS snotante As combi- Bato BAX», these esha be the ‘paIMg,,as, thre one)is cognizable by all our ih donot JRA oro Sih,” Ibauwo able in its own nature; its existence ¢cati’ only be known by the effects it pro- duces, nat vie Whatever is not an effect. must be eternally existent, as whatever is eter- nally existent cannot bean effect. . Now, although it be admitted that no part; of matter is an effect proximately, yet: it does not follow that it is not) am effect remotely. I will just observe here, that “ eternally ew-istent certamly does appear to be contradictory agreeably to the Commentator’s note, but ‘that © eternally self-existent’”? is not; and where the former is used in this dis- quisition, the same idea is included in it as in the latter expression. nit 3.—In this clause it appears that, the Inquirer has committed. himself... What propriety can there be in, or what. con- ceivable necessity was there’ for’ the supposition that. something within ar eternal being might give it existence! How could something exist if nothing existed, which is implied in the idea that the self-existent being “ began to be.” But if it is. intended here to oppose the notion that an eternally self-existent being can possess the. power of self-multiplication, I think the argu- ment conclusive; for such a being can- not emanate’ new parts, because then every portion of his substance’ cannot be co-existent, but some must be effects and finite, and consequently, not partak- ing of the properties from which iy emanated, they cannot be indentical with them—or rather there can be,no sneh thing as a self-multiplying Deity... j..5 4,—It is here stated, that “it is,am- possible that the — self-existent..bemg can be divided into parts ;° for? if-so, then it behoved every part to’ be *selt- existent?’ and it js objected by ithe Commentator — “no, not sélf-existeit as a part, but a part of the self eatistenter To this it, may. be, replied Yes, self existent as, @ part, if that nant ite imagined, as detached, and,therg can, be no- division’ without: detachment); Lf any 536 have been a part of the Deity—it must have been one part existing in conse- quence of another, Before matter existed, then we say, there must have been a possibility of its xistence, and if so, there must have sen a power requisite for its production _ ez nihilo, or it never could have been produced; and if there was a power, then the eternally self-existent being who possesses “ all the power that is,” must have possessed such power. _ If parts in infinitude be admitted, or if ivfinitude be divisible, then must every part be equal to the whole, and the whole no bigger than a part. It is absurd to speak of an infinitive, although prospectivelyor retrospectively ; because, if there is any determinate sense in language, the term infinite must be understood to mean—illimitable—with- out bounds. If matter is infinite, it cannot admit of augmentation, and if it be finite, it cannot possess any infinite attributes—which it must have if it be infinitely divinable or extensible. So that if we want to speak of that capa- city which appears to belong to matter of division and extension, without any conceivable, and we must use other terms to express our ideas than such as are demonstrably contradictory, we may say with propriety, that matter is indefinitely divisably and augmentable, but not that it is infinitely so. For if matter possess infinite attributes, then as what is true of the whole is true also of every detached part, we must have an indefinite number of infinites, indeed —infinity multiplied by infinity! It is contradictory to speak of an actually existing infinite number ; yet, if the par- ticles of matter admit of being counted, _we must have such in the supposition, that matter is eternal. Hartly saw this, aud opposed to it, as equally difficult to get Over, that to suppose matter finite is to suppose a stop where the mind Strictures on “ The Non-Eternity of the World.” cannot rest : we ‘shall still, he says, rag for a cause of this finiteness, and ‘do finding an answer regret t sition. But let any one “attend td these: two difficulties, and say if fey are” magnitude. We reject one suppositio because it involves a contradiction, and we reject the other ‘because we’ cannot tell why it should be trues) °°"? 5,.—This clause respects the power of the eternal Being, and’ the conclusion come to eur must necessarily be omnipotent, and this omipotence is de- fined to be “ a superiority to erty thing else.’ I would go further, an say that what we mean by this term” is completely embodied in the triumphant exclamation of Coleridge, and ‘implies not only a superiority to every thing besides, but an actual possession of all the power which exists, and all the power which we may imagine can ever exist. It is the Inquirer, and not Col- ridge, that sets limits to omnipotence, for the Omnipotent may possess @ superiority to every thing else, without possessing that power to which “he is superior, and that in this case we may suppose the power of one increased ‘by the accession of the other to it. “A man is superior to a dog in his power to move any body; yet their united efforts will accomplish the task much more easily than if exerted sepa- rately. ' Tait,» This definition by Coleridge, that the Omnipotent “ has all the power that is— he cannot have the power that is not,” certainly does not dimit omnipotence, while it maintains that he has all the power that is. Indestructibility is clearly one of the essential attributes:of a self-existent being, and, consequently; no power of destroying it can ever exist; and if the power can never by possibilic ty exist, it is not absurd to say that an omnipotent being does not possess such power, because the supposition of such leads us to a contradiction. And if we attend to the radical idéa conveyed ‘by the word, we shall’be corivinced of the truth of the assumption TET tery _—all-powerful—that is, capable\of doing every thing, without exception ‘er °ré- striction; but what does not exist} and what by the supposition ean never exist, cannot be a thing or object*either for a reflection on, or anticipation of? © 1° If it can bé* demonstrated’ that any being ‘is omnipotent, théndt imistfollow that he miist be omniprestilOr eri every Wliere; in order teaeH everywhere, which oimnipoteitee mist Ve Cipable wt TARE Ze + AY qd Strictures on ‘“ the Non-Eternity of the World.” doing, and oh being, can act. where. it dog eb sh 2 here a a ‘satisfactory de- imonstre i ats, By th; hat, Het cannot be two ipo! a sane e definition by ‘he. bouche to bear suc- qj p int. ‘There cannot be \ ia Pea o heings, be; a so, they must have distinct whi hich isumpossible, onthe sup- apie eternally. self- existent si power that 2 is. In fine, aire e two omnipotents, be- ~ orth be two eternals, as teyer is munipotent must be eternal. ‘. - €, grand consequence here fen, om; the preceding arguments is, declared to be, that a being, omnipo- tent;. eternal, and indivisible, is conse- quently, zmmaterial,. and that the visible world | being both material and divisible, it,cannot be self-existent, and conse- tly has, not, existed from eternity, ene; under its present modification or in a. chaotic state. i 1058 ¢ Cominentator, i in his observations on the eighth clause, says that the ar- guments of the Inquirer do not even touch, the question of the eternity or non-eternity of matter; but I think the Inquirer does seriously affect the ques- tion, where he says that the natural world being material and divisible, is, consequently, finite ; or, in other words, whatever is indivisible is consequently immaterial, eternal, and self-existent, because. whatever is material is finite and divisible, or consisting of separate and. distinct. parts; for, as above stated, there’ can be no division without a de- i if either real or. imaginary. atter were the eternally self-exist- oat being, then again, as above shewn, very,part.or modification must possess Saarinen: of the aggregate, and thus man,would be omnipotent. Farther, matter, .we know, is subjected. to con- stant change, and. one part is capable of ehanging/another, i.e, of changing, if not {itsessential, properties, those, at least;., which arise from.a particular or- 3and, this. invariably and ne~ ‘ily.implies a superiority of power ene grea the agent over the power d. by, the object. acted upon, a ceegarves the,self-existent cannot ehange another, because, one, part, can- not be superior.to,another. , That which igindestructible in. its,own nature, can- Woride conceived of as, ah P SOR as é would, i involve, the ¢X- jstence of a, power. which, by the, suppo- WEEP GOD REVEE cet. But matter Mon tay Mac.—! Supp. 537 may be conceived of as destroyed, and with respect to our globe, we can,clear- ly conceive of its total extinction rom. the universe, and if a. part of the verse may be,conceived of as annihi na the whole may be so conceived 9 Ftoo. - Again, that which. is infinite. cannot a conceived of as limited, as such con ception would again be absurd, but m ter may be eonceived of as limited. pi the systems of worlds in the universe may be imagined to be enclosed within one mighty, boundary, beyond which is empty space. I say, the mind can dis- tinctly form these ideas, which demon- strates the possibility that. matter_is, finite, and if possibility, then absolute certainty. We cannot imagine any ag- gregate of matter, so large as not to ad- mit of being made larger, nor any so, small as that: it cannot be made smaller ; empty space will always stretch beyond. our utmost conceptions of magnitude ; yet this very idea of matter being, in-, definitely divisible and extensible, | pre-, cludes the possibility of its infinity, and. of its possessing any one of the attri- butes ofan eternal being. Now, whether space be something or nothing—whether it be merely the relation which one part, of matter bears to another with respect. to distance—whether it be an abstract. or concrete term, cannot perhaps be positively determined. Yet one. thing is certain respecting it, and on that ac- count it serves well to explain what I understand by wyinite. I. challenge any—even the most acutely. metaphy- sical minds, to conceive, what we call, a either limited or annihilated, 9.—This clause contains logic, . the precise import of which is rendered in-, determinate by the vague use of the term world. If by the term, is meant that particular modification. of matter we call the earth, then are the. premises, false, and of consequence the conclu- sions therefrom. deduced, The premises, are false when they assert, that the parts of the earth are produced in succession by some previous external cause, That which is produced must be an effect, and it has been above shewn, that the. only effects.in the earth with which we are acquainted are certain modifications of matter, and not particles of matter. When achild, a plant, or a stone are. produced, the ‘particles of matter which, compose. these bodies are not then, pro-, duced or brought into existence, for, of them existed previously, , only. une er a different form, or in some, of t even under the saine forin— though in a 3 Z 538 newly born child, not under the same identical organization,’ which may pos- sibly be’'the case with a person fifty years old. ~ iD ek Sees ar °And if ‘by “ world’ the Inquirer mean matter itself—this palpable some- thiig—still® the premises and conse- quences must share the same fate, as théy aré at present worded. But per- haps he* meant to say, that the earth may be further proved not to be self- existent thus :—all the subordinate mo- difications of the particles which com- pose it are produced by an external cause ; now, if all the modifications of all its parts be effects, the whole must be stich ‘too; for what may be said of all the parts may also be said of the whole. But who can say. this of ad/ the parts of this modification we call the earth? and to say it with respect to some will not answer the purpose. What is true of some parts of a whole may not be true of the whole. There is another clause of the Inquirer’s argument open to the same objection as the ninth. It is ex- pressed—“ But if all parts of the uni- verse are thus changed and produced, the same must be true of the whole.” Here the term “universe” is vague ; does it mean organized or unorganized matter? for there may be both in the universe ; but supposing the former, it will then read—But if all parts of or- ganized matter are thus changed, and all the modifications of all parts are thus' produced independently of them- selves, the whole of organized matter may be changed, and allits modifications produced independently of themselves or by some external cause: which amounts to nothing,—the logic has no reference to the question of the eternity of matter, although I believe it was the Inquirer’s intention it should have such reference, directly—for matter may be eternal in spite of it. Neither can it shew, on the supposition that matter is eternal, that organized matter may not haye existed from eternity, as it can only infer, but can never demonstrate, that—because all the modifications. of matter which come under the evidence of our senses, are effects—all which can never so appeal to us, are effects also. “Having made these objections to the logic employed in the latter part of the een argument, it is unnecessary to go farther with it, as, on account of the _ same destitution of specific expression in which his ideas ate conveyed, we should only have to repeat what. has Strictures on “ the Non-Eternity of the World.” just been said, I will, however, refer to one of the examples given to, substan-. tiate his reasonings.. To shew, that, every thing (vagueness again!) in. the universe is dependent. on something else. for the continuance of its existence, and that by parity of reasoning the universe is the same, we are told that “ the:inha- bitants of the earth depend on it fora supply of nourishment ;”. what is, this but saying that one modification is de= pendent on another, or that many.are, so dependent? the question whether. matter itself be dependent, which I be. lieve he had in view, or even whether our earth be dependent, is left unaffected by this mode of illustration, I shall now proceed to examine the concluding reasonings of the Commen-. tator :— Ci It would have given these considerable force, if the commentator had instanced some of those “ researches of science,” , those “ analyses of experimental philo- sophy,” some of that “ every-day ex- perience of our ordinary senses,” which affirm the idea of the eternity of mat- ter ; and also favoured us with some of those metaphysical or astronomical in- ductions, by which the learned have been convinced that La Place has “ de- monstrated the sun to be constituted with attributes for eternal existence,” and pointed out why those inductions would not apply with equal force to the earth and the rest of the planetary sys- tem. Although I know nothing of these demonstrations of the French philosopher, yet I doubt not that he can and does make them so apply; and if the learned admit such application, they must also admit that revelation is an imposture; yet I am not prepared to say that it is essentially affected by the assumption of the eternity of matter, simply. tai ior Ido not know of any method of re-,. futing an argument, on any, subject, so successfully as that of the ae absurdum, which is at once the,;most, simple and efficient weapon that can be, wielded. I have employed, it.veny, fre- quently in this paper—how conclusively, . it must be left with my readers to deter-. mine. But this weapon is seized. by the. Commentator most unwarrantably, where » he takes it up on, the, assumption that,” nothing in the Inquirer’s,. paper;affects., the doctrine of the eternity of 1 atter. | which, until granted by the Ingu 5 proved by himself, itis evident that ie, weapon must be pointless. © ° ’ » How, Strictures on ‘ the Non-Eternity of the World.” How, by possibility, can the argu- ments of the paper in’ question make so pletely changeable a Deity with such a complete 1 mutation of attributes, as the assertion | that matter is that eternally sélf-existent Being, the constant revolu- tions, , ‘disorganizations, and renovations of'which we have the most. direct eyi- dence ‘of’ our senses for believing, and which, indéed, is repeatedly put ‘forth by the dbjector himself. To deny the oe lity of matter, upon the supposition ‘it @manated from the Deity, it is saindets mvolves much of the same ab- surdity that attends a denial of a self- existent being; but from the induction f above, it does not appear necessary to admit’ this. I hold it to be idle to in- quire what occupied the attention of Deity prior to his creation of matter. This can be of no importance to us, so long as the neglect of it involves no difficulty. “We are told by the Commentator that the various modifications of the earth have laws of growth, solution, con- cretion, and production of their own. I ask, then, has matter Jaws? If so, by whom were they imposed ? Is matter and the laws which regulate its motions iden- tical or distinct ? They cannot be the for- mer, any more than the simple capacity of a body for motion is identical with that motion, It may have a capacity for moving, and yet be quiescent, i. e. not locomotive ; and if these are distinct, whence come the laws? They could not give existence to themselves, for a law is purely passive as a rule of action, not active as an agent; and if matter or its inherent activity established these Jaws, we have an eternally self-existent being framing and imposing in itself laws for its own guidance! Again, it is to be remembered, that the laws exert their influence in the activity of matter as well as in the matter itself, in allot- ting to certain modifications of the lat- ter more of the former than other mo- difications, and it is of great importance to this in view. “And that there are laws by which the _ actions’ of matter are regulated, is thus a wn ;—that if there is a destitution of anand of action in the material world, ‘must its operations be left to ce and uncertainty, which is flatly conttadicted, not only by the most pro- found | hilosophical research, but by every ex perience, | Now, if it is ab- sil suppose. a a “self-existent finind sd LwoH N 539 being should appoint, laws. for \its own regulation, it. follows, that these laws must have been imposed by. some other being,. who. must have existed prior to, and independent;of, matter,-in order to have established. laws pespaite ing it. A ppdencatinn of the above. arg ments I shall briefly give thus ;—,. . 1, Something must be eternally exist- ent. 2, Whatever eternally exists, must necessarily exist ; as whatever neces- sarily exists, must “eternally exist. 3. Whatever eternally and necessarily exists, must be self-existent. and inde- pendent of all other existence, 4, Whatever is self-existent, is, ‘illis mitable or infinite, and omnipotent, or possessing all power that CRISIS: or.can. exist. 5. What is illimitable is indivisible, as division implies limitation... . . 6, What is omnipotent is indivisible, as there can neither be two omnipotents nor half an omnipotent. 7. Whatever is self-existent, omni- potent, illimitable, and indivisible, must be immaterial ; as whatever is material is not self-existent, omnipotent, illimi- table, nor indivisible. 8. Whatever is infinite cannot be. con- ceived of as finite; but matter may be. conceived of as finite— therefore it is not infinite, 9. Whatever is self-existent cannot be conceived as destructible, as such de- struction would imply the existence of a superior power, either within or without itself. It is impossible there can be any power superior to that possessed by the self-existent without itself, and it is equally impossible that one part of the self-existent can be superior to another. 10. But matter may be conca@tved as destructible, as well as its particular modifications. 11. Matter may exist in the universe, yee unorganized or organized. - No organization of matter can be aban existent, as all organization is an effect. ! 13. Neither can unorganized matter be eternally existent, because its com- binations may be dissolved and its parts detached from each other; because it is extended and susceptible of limitation, and annihilation, properties which, when applied to an eternally self-existent, being, involve positive contradictions, ai wed vine “binved 3 Z 2 as en PATENTS FOR: MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL INVENTIONS; > te ,eslozr susboor Notices of those Patents the Specifications of which have not been given within the preceding aaeanens ; ~'* Twelve Months. rene. ysis of holases January 1825, To Wm. Bandy, of Fulham, Middlesex : for.his anti-evaporating cooler. Sealed Ist November, 1823. ~ To John Burn, of Manchester : for his hew apparatus for dressing various kinds of cotton, flax, woollen or silk manufactures. Sealed 14th April, 1824.—The intention of this: apparatus is to singe the surfaces of fabrics made of cloth, cotton, flax, wool or silk, in order to remove the downy appear- ance which such fabrics have before they have been dressed by singeing. To George Hawkes, of Lucas-place, Commercial Road, Stepney : for improve- ments on capstans. Sealed lst November, 1823.—The contrivances which constitute these improvements consist in the construc- tions of capstans of several pieces, capable of being combined or disunited so as to allow of their easy removal. “To George Hawkes, of Lucas-place, Commercial] Road: for an improvement in the construction of ships’ anchors, Sealed lst November, 1823.—These improvements consist in forming anchors with one half of the shank and the whole of the fluke in the length of the anchor, and afterwards giving the requisite form by bending. To Henry Berry, of Abchurch-lane : for improvements on an apparatus for more readily producing light, Sealed 20th March, 1824.—The parts of this apparatus are not new in themselves; but their combination appears to haye considerable novelty. To Joseph Spencer, of Beiper, in the county of Derby : for improvements in the construction of furnaces and forges for the preparation of iron or steel, and for the process of manufacturing nails, &c.— Sealed 7th April, 1824. February 1825. To John Molam, of Wakefield, York- shire: for a mode of applying materials hitherto unused for that purpose, to the con- struction of retorts, and improvements in other parts of gas appatratus.—Sealed 18th August, 1823. To John Holt Ibbetson, of Smith-street, Chelsea: for his invention of improve- tents in the production of gas. Sealed May 15, 1824.—This invention has for its object the more complete decomposition of coal’ in the making of gas, by dissolving both the resinous and the carbonaceous part of the coal by the assistance of steam, for the’ purpose of obtaining therefrom carbu- retted hydrogen gas. , To Wm.Gutteridge, of Dear-street, Cork : for his invention of certain improvements on the ‘clarionét.—Sealed 29th January, 1824. ‘*'To Robert Lloyd, of the Strand, London, and‘ James ‘Rowbotham, of Great Surrey- ‘the soles of boots and shoes:principally orrotl-s]~yxsTA street, Blackfriars’. Road :, for, their, hating brought to perfection a hat upon anew struction of great public. miliines Heed 19th Feb. 1824. ti OPS Say To John Fussel, of Mells, Somerset ; for, his invention of an improved method 29 heating woollen cloth for the purpose .¢ giving it a lustre in dressing.—Sealed Lith August, 1824. lo] To Robert Copland, . of .Wilmington- square, Clerkenwell : for his apparatus. for gaining power by new or improved combir nations of apparatus applicable to various purposes. Sealed 16th January, 1823,— The design of this invention. is toobtam a perpetual motion by the alternation of seye- ral pistons actuated by water and.air, and.it ispresumed that, when this apparatus is, once set a-going, it will continue to go without any other aid than its own mechanical force. To Wm. Cleland, of Leadenhall-street, London: for bis invention of improvements in the manufacture of sugar, .and,in the refining of sugar. and other substances. Sealed 6th May, 1824. beeen @ March 1825. nto sett To Thomas Wolrich Stansfield, William Prichard, and William Barraclough, all of Leeds : for improvements in the construc- tion of looms, &c. Sealed 5th July, 1828. —The subjects of this patent are embraced under three heads, the two first of which comprize diiferent modes of giving dut,or delivering the warp from the warp-roller, or beam of a power-loom ; and the thirdis, a method of increasing and diminishing the tension of the warp at intervals; for the purpose of assisting the operation of weaying. To Benjamin Rotch, Esq., of Furnival’s- Inn, London: for an improved fid, forthe upper masts. of ships and other yessels.— Sealed 2ist August, 1823, rete iti To William Harwood Horrocks, of ;Port- wood, county of Chester: for an improved method of preparing, cleansing, dressingyand beaming silk-warps,—Sealed 24th July 1823. _ To Henry Constantine Jennings, of ;-De- vonshire-street, Mary-le-bone; for: an,in- strument or. machine for . preyenting,.,the improper escape of gas; &c,,, Sealed Lath August, 1623,—This is:a, yery,dngenious appendage to a gas-burner, .and)/is ,¢on- structed upon the principles of two dissimi- lar metals attached together, expanding differ- ently under the same temparature; like, some of the compensation balances. attached. to chronometers. ie F holso@iesz0q . To James Holland, of Fence -House,: parish of Acton, gavoty of York,;: fot.im- provements in. the manufactu i beots and shoes. Sealed Sist May, ae oe proposed improvements. consist, in. making al Supplementary Patents for Mechanical and Cheinical Inventions. 541 wood, with hinge joints, the leather of the weltsbéing folded’ over . the ‘edges of these wooden soles, and fastened by nails or BEREW Sai 56 ~ To Henry Smart, of Berner’s-street, Mary-le-bone : for improvements in the construction of piano-fortes; Sealed 24th Wee sce al improvements apply to upright piano-fortes, and consist in an im- proved mechanism connected with the ham- mers and kéys, ‘for the purpose of prevent- ing the hammers from rebounding against the sttings, and also of shortening the action when a quick repetition of the same note is to be performed. Te the Rev. Joseph Rogerson Cotter, of Castle Magnor, county of Cork, Ireland : for improvements in wind musical instru- ments.— Sealed 9th October, 1823. "i April 1825. To William Henry James, of Winson- green, near Birmingham: for improve- ments in the construction of steam carriages. Sealed 15th March, 1824.—The patentee ‘proposes to adapt separate engines to the gear of each of the wheels on which the catriage runs; these engines are intended to be of small dimensions, and to be worked by steam at a high pressure, which is to be supplied by pipes connected with a boiler or generator. By this adaptation of dis- tinct engines to each wheel, he expects to be able to vaty the powers communicated to the respéctive wheels, and to give to each , an independent rotatory motion; so as to cause the wheels to turn with differént ve- locities, which is essential im moving tlie carriage in curves, or turning corners in the road, To Robert Higgin, of Norwich: for his » discovery of a new method of consuming ‘sumoke-— Sealed 18th August, 1823. '* To Joseph Wells, of Manchester : for a “thachine for dressing, stiffening, and drying of cotton and linen warps, at the same time ‘the loom is working, either with the motion ~of theloom or any other machinery,—Seéaled 25th May, 1824. - To John Jones, of Leeds, county of York : -- for his invention of improvements in ma- ‘ehinery for dressing and cleansing woollen, ' eotton, linen, silk, and other cloths or fa~ ‘Drics. - Sealed 27th January, 1824.—These ‘machines are applicable to the dressing of » woollen and other cloths, either in a dry or ‘wet! state, and they produce an appearance ““wpon their surfaces not to be obtained by ‘any other means, - ‘oueTo - Henry Potter Burt, of Devizes, “Seotinty of Wilts: for his invefition of an’ »-Yaprovement in the construction of cranks) ©! stich'as are used for bells and othér pur- —Sealed 14th April, 1824. °Fo John Leigh Bradbury, of Manchés- “tet? for an improvement’ in printing or “staining Silk, Cotton, woollen, and other of clotliy; paper, parchment, vellum, &c. by A means” of blocks’ or ‘surface-printing.— > Bealed4 OH OF Julyy Y8%. ,00 Fw May 1825; ‘ To Samuel WellmatiWright, of Lambeth : for improvements in machinery for making pins.—Sealed 15th May, 1824, 0... is, To William’ Davis, of Leeds: for im- provements in machinery for shearing and dressing woollen and other ¢loths:—Sealéd 24th July, 1823: gidpltiags A: To John Shaw; of Milltown; tounty 6t Derby: for his invention of: fransverse spring slides for trumpets; frenth-Horns; &c.—Sealed 7th October, 1824.0 0 To Alexander Dallas; of Northumbér- land-court, Southampton-buildings, “Hol- born: for a machiiie to péck and dtess granite and other stones.—Séaled 27th April; 1824. : exe: ohige To Thomas Leach, of Friday-stréet, Lon= don: for improvements in’ parts of the ma- chinery for roving, spitining, and doubling wool; cotton; &¢.Sealéd Isth August 1823. . To Henry Constantine Jennings; of De- vonshire-street; Mary-le-bone: for an’ i- strument to be affixed to’ the sdddle-trée, by the useof which incénventen¢e and dis- tress to the horse made be avoided.— Sealéd bith September, 1823. iu fetiahaa To Joseph Bourne, of Derby? for im- provements in’ the burning of stone warés and brown wares, by carrying up’ the heat’and flame from thé lower furnace, &¢.—Sealed 22d November, 1823. a To Josiah Parkes, of Manchester: for a new mode of manufacturing salt,—-Sealed 4th December, 1823: EL eR tape To Benjamin Agar Day, of Birmingham : for improvements im the manufacture of drawer, door, and’ lock-knobs, &.—Séaled 15th June, 1824. dab To William Bailey, the younger, of Lane- End, Staffordshire Potteries : for an‘improv- ed gas consumer.—Séaled 15th June, 1894. To Jobn Turner, of Birmingham : for a machine for crimping, pleating, and gof- fering linens, muslins, frills, &c.—Sealed 27th April, 1824. j ’ June 1825. ' To Charles Anthony Deati, of Chatles- street, Deptford, county of Kent :: fér his invention of apparatus’ to be worn by pér- sos’ entering rooms or other places filled with smoke or vapour.—Staled 20th Nov.’ 1828. ' : To Jean Henry Petelpierre, of Charlton- street, Somers-Town’: for his new-invented engine for making’ several articles from oné piece of leather without seam or sewing, shoes, gloves, caps, &c. &c.—Sealed’ 20th March, 1824. ; To Edward Schmidt Swaine, of Buck- lersbury, London : for a method of produc- ing and preserving artificial minéral, waters, and for machinery to produce’ the, same.— Sealed the 9th October, 1823. not To’ Edward Jordan, of Norwich 5), for imprdvements in’ the’ construction ofwater- closets or-of' the agperats'gonpeated, ptheré. —Sealed' 27th March, 1894, To 542, To John Leigh Bradbury, of Manches~ ter: for his invention ofa new_mode.of twisting, spinning, or throwing silk, antions &c.—Sealed $d July, 1824... ‘To Wm. ‘Pontifex, of Shoe-lane, London : for his. new inyented mode of adjusting or equali zing the pressure of fluids in pipes, and 2 also an improved mode of measuring the said fluids or liquids,— Sealed Ist July,1824. To James Rogers, of Marlborough, county. of Wilts: for his improved. instru- ments for ascertaining the cubic contents of standing timber. Sealed 20th March, 1824, —The method proposed for ascertaining the cubic contents of standing timber is by taking observations at a certain distance from the tree, and determining by means of a mathematical instrument both the vertical and horizontal angles subtended from that spot, between the several points of the tree about to be measured, and then reducing the measure of the tangents of these angles by. means of tables, or by calculation, so as to obtain the solid contents between the se- veral parts so observed, and the patentee offers an improved instrument for this pur- pose. To Abraham Henry Chambers, of New Bond-street, London : for improvements in paving. Sealed 28th February, 1824.—The proposed improved mode of paving is by depositing large regularly formed stones, with their broadest surface downwards, upon firm beds of earth, and fixing them by pour- ing between the junctions a quantity of cement, filling up the remaining interstices with broken flints, and by adapting thereto the side trenches and under drains described in,aformer patent of the same invyentor.— Inrolled August 1824. To William Yetts, of Great Yarmouth, Norfolk: for an apparatus to be applied to a windlass.—Sealed 28th February, 1824 ; inrolled April 1824. To Thomas Todd, of Swansea, South Wales: for an improvement in producing tone upon musical instruments of various descriptions.—Sealed 22d November, 1823 ; inrolled May 1824. To William Church, of Pirmingham ; for an improvement in augers and bits for boring, and in the apparatus for making the same.—Sealed 4th November, 1824; in- rolled May 1825. To Charles Chubb, of Portsea, county of Southampton: for improvements in the construction of locks.—Sealed ]5th June, 1824 ; inrolled August 1824. To Thomas Attwood, of Birmingham : for an improved method of making nibs and slots in cylinders used for printing cottons, linens, &c.—Sealed 26th February, 1825 ; inrolled August 1825, To, William Henry James, of Cobourg Place, near Birmingham : for improvements on railways, and in the construction of car- visi ‘i employed on them.—Sealed 15th 25.— These improvements consist in morte the rails at those parts of the road Supplementary List of Patents where curves or turns are togbe made, with ribs of, different) elevations; and sadapting grooves of different, ‘diameters; on! the :peri~ pheries of, the carriage |wheels; to;irum/upon: these rails,.|so.asto/ cause thetwo}oppdsite: wheels on) the same, axlevof the catriage xto: vary in their circumferences, at-those parts:of « the railroad or railway where the on ir to turn, Inrolled SeptembersE825io1, To Aaron. Jennings and.John tdi ‘ worth, both, of , Birmingham, for improve= ments in the method of preparing and work ing pearl-shell for ornamental usesi-—Sealed | 29th March 1825, inrolled , October! 11825. To John Thompson, of the ‘London; Steeb | Works, Chelsea: for an improvement in the making refined, or what is commonly called cast steel,—Sealed December 18243, inrolled ) February 1825. To Jean Jacques Saintmare, of Belmont Distillery, Vauxhall; for improvements in. the process and apparatus for distilling. —: Sealed 20th March 1824; inrolled Sepe: tember 1824. £99 To Joseph Clisild Daniel, of Stoke, county: of Wilts ; for improvements in dressing wool=: len cloth.—Sealed 20th November 1824, in rolled March 1825. To Charles Jetferies, of Hayannah Mills, near Congleton, Cheshire, and Edward Drake- ford, of Congleton ; for a method of making a swift, and other apparatus thereto belonging, for the purpose of winding silk and other fibrous materials —Sealed 29th July 1824; inrolled September 1824. To Archibald Buchanan of Calme Cotton Works, Glasgow : for improvements in ma- chinery employed in spinning mills in the carding of cotton and other wool.—Sealed 4th December 1823; inrolled April 1825. To John White the younger, and Thomas Sowerby, both of Bishop’s Wearmouth, county Durham: for improved air furnaces, —Sealed 6th November 1824: inrolled, , February 1825. To Thomas Parkin, of Baches Row, City » Road: for improvements in the apparatus employed in printing.—Sealed 15th May, 1824.— The proposed machine, which is de-,/» signed for letterpress printing, has one form, of types placed on a trayersing table, with, a pressing cylinder in the middle; the sheets | of paper to be printed are alternately con- ducted, by means of nipping rollers, and an,,- endless blanket from tympans on each side, . of the pressing cylinder ; whence, after, pass~,) ing over the forms of types, and receiving the.., impression, they are carried up between, endless tapes, and are discharged from the machine on to wooden tables above, Though) the operations of this machine are but slightly, . varied from several other printing machines) in use, it differs considerably in the mechanj- cal construction of many. of its parts, AND 2 rolled September 1824... Soitsurite To John Theodore Paul, late: of. Ger i now residing at, Charing. Cross; for imp: ments in the method of eels a and in the application. of it,to jwariousjput poses. For Mechanical and Chemical Inventions. poses.—Sealed 18th May, 1824.—This in- vention is a mode'of generating steam of high pressure}! by passing water through a long contorted pipe inclosed within a furnace ; by whieh‘contrivance a greatly extended surface isexposed to the action of heat, and steam of a very high pressure produced with great ra- pidity:s« Inrolled November, 1824. To John Heatheoat of Tiverton, Devon: fora machite for the manufacture of platted substances composed of silk, cotton, or other thread’ or® yarn—Sealed 20th November 1823; inrolled May 1824. “To ‘Humphrey Austin, of Alderly Mills : for improvements in shearing machines.— Sealed 22d June 1824; inrolled Dec, 1824. 'Tos-Thomas Bewley, of Mount Rath, Queen’s county, Ireland, for improvements in wheeled carriages.—Sealed 24th January 1824.—These improvements are intended to be applied to mail coaches, and have four objects; Ist, such a division of the compart- ments of the carriage as shall afford the greatest protection from robbers to the guard and ‘to property within ; 2d, a new arrange- ment of the springs on which the body of the carriage’ rides; 3d, the adaptation of projecting pieces at the lower part of the body, for tbe purpose of preventing it from overturning in the event of a wheel coming off, or the axletree breaking ; and 4th, the introduction of a novel kind of bearings into boxes for the axle of the wheels to run against. Inrolled May 1824. To John Slater, of Saddleworth, York : for improvements in the apparatus to facili- tate the operation of cutting or grinding wool or cotton from off the surfaces of woollen or cotton cloths, and for removing hair or fur from skins.—Sealed 22d No- vember 1826; inrolled January 1824. To Thomas Hancock, of Goswell mews, Goswell street ; for a method of manufac- turing” an article which may be substitut- ed for Jeather, and be applied to various use- ful purposes. —Sealed 29th November, 1824. —The ‘mode of making this article is by coating fibrous substances with a liquid elas- tic gam, such as caoutchouc; the process is to’ prepare a quantity of the fibres of flax; cotton, wool, &c. by hackling or carding them, then laying them in straight layers of suitable thickness, when the material is to be soaked! with’ water in a trough, or felted to- gether, after which the water is to be pressed frori*thé fibres by passing them between a pait of ‘rollers, or by any other convenient pressure?” Tirolled May 1825. _ %o Francis Henry Wm. Needham, of co aba Meet Square; for an im- prévell mictliod of casting steel,—Sealed 1st October 1424! inrolled April 1925, "TH Robert” Dickinson, of Park Street, wark’; for improvements in the con- struction of metal casks or barrels, for the’ convéyatice of goo Sb sex or otherwise.— Sealed 7th “October 16245" inrolled | April 194589! _avetsN9N 160 Horlisn on) 6 TO Mover Diekihsan}' of Park! Street ; for’ eo20q ‘for furnaces, and otlier purposes 3°" 0) fs Ant oi x 543 his improved air chamber, for various pur- poses. Sealed 1st December 1824.—The principal: object of this’ invention is to pre- vent iron ships and boats from sinking, even though they are filled with water. For this purpose the patentee intends to enclose buoyant vessels, such as air bags, and bags: filled with cork shavings, or other light sub- stances, in cases between the linings of the boat or ship, or in any other convenient parts of the vessel, making the cases both air and water-tight.—Inrolled June 1825. To William Greenthwaite, of Notting- ham: for an improvement in air engines. Sealed 15th March 1825; inrolled Sep- tember 1825. To Thomas Foster-Gimson, of Tiverton, Devon: for improvements and additions to machinery now in use for doubling and twisting cotton, silk, and other fibrous sub- stances.—Sealed 6th November 1823 ; in- rolled May 1824, To Henry Adcock, Birmingham ; for his improvements in making waistbands, ven- trical, lumbar, and spinal bandages, or sup- porters attached to coats, waistcoats, &c. to be permanently or occasionally attached,— Sealed 19th February 1224; inrolled Au- gust 1824, To John Hobbins, of Walsall, Stafford : for his improvements in gas apparatus. Sealed 22d June 1825.—These improve- ments apply to the retorts for generating gas from coal, and to the apparatus for taking up the tar and other gross matters from the gas.—Inrolled August 1824. To Philip Taylor, of the City-Road, for certain improvements in apparatus for pro- ducing gas from various substances, — Sealed 15th June 1824; inrolled December 1824. To John Lane Higgins, of Oxford Street, for his improvements in the construction of masts, yards, sails, and rigging of ships and smaller vessels, and in the tackle used for working and navigating the same.— Sealed 7th July 1824; inrolled December 1824. To William Darker Mosley, Radford, Nottingham, for his improvements in the making and working of machines used in the manufacture of bobbin-net.—Sealed 10th March 1824; inroJled Sept. 1824. To Henry Marriott, Fleet Street, Lon- don, for his improvement on water-clesets. — Sealed 14th October 1824; inrolled December 1824, : To Thomas Musselwhite, of Devizes, Wilts, for improvements in the manufacture of collars for horses or other animals.— Sealed 16th July 1825 ; inrolled Septem- ber 1825. Span gph vs To Joseph Luikcock, of Edgébastdn, near Birmingham, for his impravements j Hu process of manufacturing iron.— Sealed 15th May 1824 ; inrolled Noyember 1825." °°" To Humphry Jeffries, ‘of ‘Park’ tee, Bristol, for his improved fl oe hae olled ~ To December 1824.) ~ B) giirriot 544 To William Busk, of Broad Street, Lon- aa ae sabes Pe in | the means ) float ga ‘ages sie poe Te Pb fe mf ‘ate 24. .To Willen, Haniagte _, Lo) fCrosshaven, cou ity, Cork : for ani gin of ra’ ft for. trans- orting timber tat 15th June 1824 5 i lc if Decenib yer 1894. ‘o James ‘ney, “of Shankling,. Isle 3 ‘ight. for his ne “invented method of ' sup- Ph ing ‘water for domestic or other purposes 3 more | ‘extensive and economical manner has itherto been practised.—Scealed ad May 18247; inrolled Noyember 1824 ay Theinas Sunderland, of Croomshill Cats Blackheath : for his invention of a eee of fuel, —- Sealed 20th ity or any Samer species of wood Feri y, ‘granulated, or peat. The pro- eect of. one quarter of gas-tar, one quar- ao ‘and one-half of any of the other ients will burn very well; but, of the larger the proportion of tar the soi ih ig it will be. One-third tar, ened ie clay, and one-third saw-dust will burn brilliantly ; inrolled October 1¢25. Te Robert ¢ Garbutt, Kingston-upon-Hull: for his invention of an apparatus for more conveniently filing of papers, &c.—Sealed ' Lbth June 1821.—The patentee commences his specification by describing the files in common use for securing letters and other Pa ers, particularly those files consisting of lip, of wood to lay a at the back edge of the ae with two strings passing through the papers, to be tied in front. By his improve- however, one string only is sufficient to oo the paper by the assistance of the newly constructed apparatus. .—Inrolled De- eember 1825. To Cornelius Whitehouses, of Wednes- bury, in the county of Stafford : for his im- provements in manufacturing tubes for gas and other purposes. —Sealed 26th February 1825;inrolled August 1625. To. Alexander Roberts, of Morford Place, Kennington Green, Surrey : for his disco- very of a method of preserving potatoes and certain other vegetables, —Sealed 23d April 1825. —The patentee states, that having di- rected, his attention for ‘several years to the subject of preserving potatoes so as to pre- yent their growing, and render them capa- ale of he ing kept in the hottest climate for a e time, and having made a eat, variety of experiments directed.to that gear “he has found the, following plan to auswer. the p Rs —“ Take potatoes. that ate. thorpu bly. ripe, and before they have plies ‘thespriniy, cut out with a knife or eae or, otherwise destroy the oe or, g he more they are kept fom. th a i aie will be. Carrots, ther, vegetables, may be pre- Serre ae ayyay_ or otherwise destroy- oie OLOS CRITI Y Supplementary List of Patents. ing the growing or germinatin tts, Toele Octo bet rig i To Jo yn, Hi Heat cor ne oy ‘improved : chinéry used_in weaving’ and - spinning, 9th: March. 1824; inr the same, foi Ta ie une certain ee of m man re, of slac alle ‘bol mai ei 18! oe aes eat ¢ : on en ae ue machines. kin ed Ne Ara ae i mt ‘o Augusta: pple; Ne CF tr Stamford ie see i i ments in machines ‘For’ rin ihe Sen February 19th 182. —Th s¢ in oes have for their objects, to saye. ‘00m. OC cupied by the inking-tables centhgr Jn some. of the patentee’s improved. ,puin ing machines, and to construct a printing-press with two cylinders, which s hall e the impression rapidly from one ie and thereby expedite the process. of BPRS Inrolled August 1824. To William Turner, of Winslow, | re ; Chester, and William Mosedale, of PB; Street, Grosyenor Square, for improvements in collars for draught horses.—Sealed April 1825; inrolled June 1825. To Richard Whitechurch and Jobn. White- church, of Star Yard, Carey Street, Chan- cery Lane, for an improvement upon hinges for doors, cupboards, sashes, shew- -cases, &c.—Sealed 17th March 1825.—This ye ingenious contrivance is designed to ae doors, windows, or glass-cases to open to the right hand or to the left, as sie te or conyenience may render desirable ; for this purpose the hinges are made to > separate, that is, the wing of the hinge affixed to the door to come apart from the : wing affixed. to the door-post or jamb, It is hen a bi ar sary to attach the parts to each si ol door and to each jamb, and to nie ct ae upper hinges upon which me ae Al D : by- cross-arms or bars, th at. lead. hinge on one side to the hinge On ri eof side, and which bars are reamagty ely’ br into action as the door Spee to teers Ji to the left. They may, with, very . modifications, be adapted to e) gests | where ‘hinges are required,— 1625, 5 home To, John Lingford,. Not ing ham, provements upon the machit anery fi bobbin-net or Bucking’ i Sealed 20th Mare aL: at ee tember 1824, : ‘To David eras Bloomsbury, for an that, by means fe press re Ber eae otae Gf ; pork Mone zlatatens 198% “owa—- 24M wasenoté a iii fe oi For Mechanical and Chemical Inventions. ink-stand in one direction, the ink is made to flow, from the interior into a small cup ote si oF th diet part of the ink=stand, abi by turing te top the reverse way, the Sback “deaiti from the cup ‘to the t.—lhrolled April'1825. : in Beachain, of'the Strand: for im- get hts in” water-closets:—Sealed 19th T0 S hn Christie, of Mark Lane, Lon- don, and Thomas Harper, of ‘Tamworth, ordshire: for au improved method of combining’ and applying certain kinds of oO 2 OA + J Li - iesnan a ie February 1824.—This : Ti ; f éntion is the combination of bituminous coal Witli stone, coal, culm, and anthracite, in such proportions as will burn in furnaces a id kilns without emitting smoke. The proportions, which must vary with the draft of the fire-place, will generally be from a fifth to a third bituminous coal, and the re- mainder stone-coal, culm, or anthracite: it is only necessary to add so much bituminous éoal ‘as will invigorate the inferior coal and keep it burning.—Inrolled August 1824. “To David Gordon, of Basinghall Street: for improvements in the construction of portable gas-lamps.—-Sealed 14th April 1824.—These improvements comprehend, first.an apparatus for regulating the supply of gas to the burners of portable gas-lamps from vessels in which it has been compres. sed, which is proposed to be effected by three different modes of introducing a coni- eal pointed screw into the gas passage ; se- condly, an apparatus with a conical spring valve opening inwards, by the employment of which gas may be introduced into the vessels without the danger of its escape; and, thirdly, apparatus of two kinds, by which is taay be conveniently passed from one vessel to another—Inrolled October 1824. “To James M‘Curdy, late of New-York, Un ited States, now of Snow-hill, London : for an improved method of generating steatn.—Sealed 15th June, 1824.—The ob- sere this invention is to produce steam for forking of a steam-engine without em- plo og a boiler ; the method adopted is by injecting water into a red hot chamber, Where u it imstantly becomes steam of high re, aud escapes by a suitable pipe to ction ‘aperture of the engine. The of” thé’ satentee are—first, for con- Water, ‘either warm or cold, direct Yeservoir that supplies the forcing p ihstinitly into steam of any required Secondly, the mode.of distribut- ‘ “through: ‘every part of the dihber'Sd Ys to ditinish, as little table, thé’ action of the fire upon “chamber.” Thirdly, for creating a x », by charging the. steam- Fevious” to starting, and’ without "OF whe enplind “— Yarblled "Dee. 1624, ° Joti‘ Gibson; “of | Glasgow’: ‘for his 7 ie ee otf bere Fs i “fabtié frétn ‘Wwhilebone, hemp, and materals combined, for making into Monrmry Mac.—Supp. 545 elastic frames for hats, caps, bonnets, &e. and also for'making such elastic frames by the ‘mode of platting —Sealed 15th’ June 1824; inralled October 1824. | “'T6 Jobix Heathcoat, of Tivetton, coifnty To William Johnson, of Great Totham, Essex ; for a means of evaporating fluid for the purpose of conveying heat into build- ings for manufacturing, horticultural, and domestic uses, and for heating liquors in distilling, brewing, and dyeing, &c. Seal-= ed 5th August 1824.—Mr. Johnson had formerly obtained a patent for ‘‘ a means of obtaining the power of steam for the use of steam engines with reduced expenditure of fuel.” This was proposed to be effected by placing one vessel above another, each containing water, and allowing the heat of the steam in the lower vessel to ascend through the bottom of the next above it, and then to cause the water to boil and generate steam, the heat from which was to pass through the vessel above it, and so on, steam being generated from all the vessels by the heat of the one fire at ‘bottom, &e The object Of the present patent is thatl OF employing steam, generated ‘this’ walt for the heating of buildings generally, and’ also for heating liquors. ‘The mode proposéd ‘is by laying lateral Beg, leadifig “froni° the supplementary boilers, arraty as above described, to the vessels Or chamber$;?of whatever form or kind, used “for the several purposes above ehumeratédis Tne Dee cember 1824. 4A Mergororoaicar [ 546 ] _METEOROLOGICAL ABSTRACT for the last overs, Months, FeO xLY ~ Thermometer. . " ‘Highest. Lowest. 50 50 55 eT sGo 27 23 30 28 35 40 43 50 40 32 22 22 aaiet General Remarks on the Weather, &c. ob- served at Carlisle during the year 1825. January.—The average temperature of ‘this month, 39°, was unusually high fer the season ; the weather was generally moist and gloomy, and at times extremely stormy: on the three first days of the month, and and also on the 18th, the wind from the W. blew most violent hurricanes, with hail, rain, and sleet; some short intervals of moderate frost occurred, and snow was sometimes observed on the mountains. February.— The first week was extreme- ly variable ; on the second the thermome- ter was as high as SOF ; on the third a severe frost commenced, w hich continued till the seventh ; on the mornings of the 4th and 5th, the thermometer was 24° and 23° ; ; on tle former morning we had a heavy fall of snow, Which amounted to about six inches in ‘depth; the weather afterwards, with some trifling exceptions of hoar-frost in the mornings, was unseasonably mild, and ge- erally fair and pleasant. -. March.—-In the former part of this month,..we had light showers of hail and sleet, } with hoar-frost in the nights ; the 6th _was very, wet and stormy—the weather “afterwards | was chiefly fair, calm, and _bril- “fiant, particularly the latter half of the month, which was very droughty, with some trifling hoar-frost in the nights. During the-whole of this latter period, the baro- meter was generally upwards of five-tenths’ ion anch above its annual average. : ocApnil.--The,,weather continued | ex- ely droughty, till, about the middle'of. the month ; 4 it was. generally very bright, swith “hoar-frost i in the nights; on the 13th much snow was seen on the mountains. Tn the latter half of thé month we had fine refreshing rails, which were of most esseittial “At. CARLISLE, Wdgion - eit smi attiqe oT Highest. |) 30°65 30°55 | 30°68 30°57 30°36 30°44 30°41 30°42 30°40 30°43 30°24 29°94 0 20H DAR yt &e% f Sit we VMSIIG Barometer, Inches. Lowest. | Mean. 28°90 29°20 29°16 29°31 29°52 29°21 29°80 29°12 29°41 29°00 28°54 28°91 Annual Mean benefit to vegetation ; ei this latter period distant thunder was frequently heard here ; and on the last day of the month, at noon, we were visited with some dreadful peals of thunder and extremely dense lightning. | The barometer continued unusually high nearly the whole of, this month. May.—Tn the former part of this month, we had some very heavy falls of hatl’and rain, with distant thunder, till the evening ‘of the 6th, when we had a most dreadful and destructive storm of thunder and light- ning, with torrents of rain, which passed directly oyer this city, and was, productive of considerable mischief here and losses.of ‘farming stock in the fields, The weather afterwards was generally Jair, Jet, “droughty, with hoar-frost in the n till the 24th ; the remainder of thie month’ was cold and'showery. Ab nares June.—The first week vad edld “arid gloomy, with heavy showers it afterwards was fair and brilliant,and most oppressively warm) till the. 19th. «:Theitemuinder avas showery and rather ebld-for-thes seasons ris July. — The weather, during, the greater a of this mouth, wes TAORF GYAEO! ly hot, and extremely d dr FepeD EY t and 19th (which were the vie ay thermometer at neon was and at night’ 67° and’ ‘70° In4 “he fori ihe Of the month we Bad sotiWRGih showers, | when ‘ithundér “ras « Ten heard at a distance 4 “after the JUth] the*sRy was generally quite brilliants! ocl2 ae August—The former;parb bf thissmbnth was extremely sultry, With ota mu of rain, whieh.pr ayn af ea meet the, Habit fee oe ee ight sh nee ce the ai On the Difference between Instinct and Reason. was fair, and most oppressively hot, when the reaping in this neighbourhood’ was j hed,.and.much,.of the.grain se- dy, Se. avas throughout most unsea- Ee and oppressively warm and sultry : bie hé first eight days-were very brilliant ; it erwards continued showery, with inter- vils“offair and favourable weather for nishing—the- harvest;~ which--was- nearly quite oyer ahout the middle of the month ; om the, dith, we hadsome_viyid lightning and loud peals of. thunder, accompanied with hea wy tain; the; last four days of the Patho were perfectly cloudless. | aPatader The weather. continued. un- easonably mild and sultry till the 17th; on ‘7th, ; we had a -yery heavy fail of rain, the swelled the rivers here beyond their barks + the Jatter, part of the month was showery, and extremely variable, both in ‘temperature and density; on the 20th, many of the highest. surrounding mountains iwere, “perfectly covered with snow; the atights. of the! 26th ‘and 27th were frosty, ‘when_we. ‘had ice and white rime in the mornings : “during ‘the last four days we had some excessively heavy rain, mixed with’ hail. ~~ Many of the ancient philosophers as- eribed to brutes an understanding dif- fering only in degree from that of man, and ‘attributed their inferiori ity to the want of proper and sufficient bodily organs. Among the moderns, Cud- worth endeavoured to explain ‘the in- *‘stict of animals by means of a certain ‘plaster nature. Descartes thought that ‘all’the actions of brute animals might Bi explained’ by the simple laws of me- and. considered themas ma- chines totally devoid of life. and sen- 3 but so curiously constructed, opipins bast « impression of light, sound, and--other external; agents on their senses, set them in motion and caused themto’execute these various opera- ‘tiéns, whic had before been ascribed we hea Dae of life and spontaneity. cti ns and manners of animals, ne a te incoherent with the is hh mechanism, evince the absurdity iypeneaa _ The naturalist, Buffon, however, adopts the opinion of Descar- ‘tes.in part;.but, grants the animals life, and the faculty of distinguishing ‘between! pleasure and pain, together ‘Witla strong inclination to the former, -aadaaaversion ‘to the latter. Others “Have ‘coitsi ered the actions of animals Pe pets el by the Constant and im- uence of the divine energy 547 November.—The weather, during the whole of this month, was most remarkably variable.; severe. frost,. snow,hail and.sleet,, and extremely heavy rains prevailed in rapid suceession; in the second week of the month, we "Had soiie very severe frost; on the morning of the 16th, the thermometer was 23°, and in the night of the 11th, 22°, when immense quantities of snow appeared on all the surrounding mountains-;—the 27th, 28th, and 29th were wet nearly throughout, which produced considerable floods in the rivers, December commenced with moderate frost, when all the surrounding mountains were perfectly white; on the 6th, the w ea- ther became unseasonably mild and ex: tremely moist and gloomy, which continued almost invariably to the 26th;, about the middle of the month we had some, heavy rains; the concluding part of. the month was frosty, and the two last days, were yery severe, when the thermometer on the 31st. was at 20°, with thick white rime. During the greater part of the montl it\was gene- rally calm, and foggy, and. often quite a dead calm. Wm, EXIT... ps Carlisle, January 2,.1826:°°) * "> ON THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INSTINCT AND. REASON. 5: sf directing all their inclinations . and motions. Such appears to have been the opinion, however unphilosophical it may appear, of Addison, in the second volume of the Spectator. iad I will first take a short conthasted view of the state of man and other ani- mals, in order to demonstrate in what they are connected, and in What they differ from each other. Both instinct and reason appeir, to act in man and in animals, .. When, for instance, aninsect lays her eggs-in.ia hole, and then’ collects: a number : ~of -other'kinds of insects; and places them in the hole with her eggs, for her’ young ones to’ eat when they comeé'to be hatched, and dies herself before ‘that time, this appears to be the -result of instinct, because, otherwise, the insect must possess knowledge without expe- rience, and must even be a prophet, to know that young ones will come from the eggs. But when -a bird. builds a nest, or a bee a honey-comb, although there a pears to be instinct in these.ac- tions YA in either’ casé the instinct can only apply to the motive, or rather, desire of doing it ; as, certainly, all. the difficult operations necessary in ‘the construction gf a nest or honey-comb, executed with such skill and under such - a ore of circumstances relative to 4A2 the 548 the place where the bul, to the shape of the- work, to tek di a Lind of materials ‘they find, &c,,—all these ap- parently require reason to adopt their mheans to circumstances, and that rea- son innate, ‘since they seem to act without, experience. A human work- man, with good tools, with the best ma- terials, with the accumulated knowledge of ages, and assisted by the apprentice- ship of a whole life, would fail in ac- complishing such works, There seems to be a great difference in the sense of different animals. Of this, spiders fur- nish an example in the extreme anima- tion they shew when they take their prey; when they fight, or when they shake their webs to frighten an invader, It is well known also, that in autumn they have preserves of living animals, which in summer, instead of bagging in this manner, they kill and instantly dispose of. All this shews the strength of their intellect, though joined to a ferocious disposition. Besides this, and the example of what animals, such as birds, bees, ants, bea- yers, &c. perform, it is well known that they can receive instruction from man. Birds learn to sing real music according to our own scales, correctly, with good intonation, good, emphasis and good time. . They learn also in some degree to talk, and obviously, in some particu- ‘Jar instances, to understand what they say. Monkeys and dogs acquire the art of dancing ; horses have been taught the art of writing, and making figures in the sand with their feet; and dogs and pigs have apparently performed ithmetical calculations. It matters little whether theseare really calculated, or .are. the result. of signs from the master; since an almost equal sagacity isin the latter case required, What a nice observation, and what a retentive themory must a dog possess, who finds ‘his: way home for many miles, the first time of going to a place; which does “not appear to result from scent, since RECOVERY OF SMALL DEBTS. Tux proposed bill appears to us to be well drawn, and capable of attaining its intended object$; but as suggestions are invited, it is possible that the bill may yet be inyprov- ed. That the object proposed is no trifling one, may be at once understood, when Recovery of Small Debts. dogs who cannot follow their game for a mile by scent, can also, under'similar: circumstances, find’ ‘their back. Eyen cats which have be taken’ a ie Fy PEC 9H AIS “IH ale great way in a bag have done tl e same. The difference between, the’ reason, of man and .animals.seems to,.consist, In this, that in the first; it; is... progressive and imperfect; in the Jatter limitedand fixed. Man; considered: :by> himself, unassisted by his gregarious:disposition; his capacity of manufacturing’ by the aid of his hands, and of explaining*and retaining his ideas and those of his pre- decessors by the signs of oral or written language, would be. the, weakest of creatures, and, notwithstanding. his boasted dominion, would) be, inferior to animals which now. obey his. rule.in most qualifications, physical.and moral. But the reason ‘of man is improveable and progressive : that of animalsmever improves, and, though perfect} is limited The superiority of one age over the preceding, and the rapid ‘inventions made of late years in ‘every branch Of science and art, shew,that his condition is still in its infancy, and his origin still recent. Geological. researches corro- borate this inference ; since, among the difterent strata of the earth which have been examined, unequivocal signs ap- pear of different and successive’ races of animals, but no human bones.» It seems reasonable to infer that the state of man, as a moral and intellectual being, is intended to rise much higher, but not. in his present form; since, if the organized mind or soul, employing matter as its instrument, were conti- nually adding to the stock’of.its ideas, it would become overcharged; - their number would efface each other, Pleas, ‘jin tuking special bail, swearing affidavits, and, in term time, hearing summonses in causes in those courts and granting orders. 13. That if any cause shall be tried be- fore any of the. judges at nist prius, either in London or Westminster, or at the’ as- sizes, and which in the opinion of such judge ought to have been tried before the sheriff, the J udge in his discretion may de- prive the plaintiff of the benefit of any costs, and give to the defendant double'costss™ '* 14. That no cause of action shall! be split, but a party may wave a part of his demand so as to bring it within 15/., giving notice imhis declaration of so doing. 15. The operations of the act to be. re. stricted to three years. Observations.— The preceding outlines of a bill, intended to be submitted to Parlia- ment, for the more easy and speedy reco- very “of small debts, are submitted to the consideration’ of the members of the pro- -fession, for their advice and assistance ; and any suggestions or observations are requested to be sent to Mr. Anderton, secretary to:the Metropolitan Law Society, Quality-court, Chancery-lane, on or before the 23d of Ja nuary, 1826. And as it is desirable that an important measure like that proposed should receive the best possible consider- ation, before any steps are taken to submit it to the legislature, it is intended to con- fide the preparing of the bill to a commit- tee of fifteen or more respectable practi- tioners, who will give their time and atten- tion to the subject; and such gentemen as are disposed to embark, their services in the undertaking, are requested to’ signify the same to Mr. Anderton, : as “above. ba ma “Vamets rau Bay dart T 3 2 © ey SG YS. 340. [ 550 j wall A 99080 D@® M Bri FB. ii moiaivino: oo Mero Perkins’ Steams Guu-The sur (prising: effects of» this “wonderful ‘invention were latelyvexhibited at the maufactory’ of thesiniventor, iear'the: Regent’s Park, in ‘thespresencesof the Duke of Wellington (masteriof the ordnance) and his staff ; the Marquess’ of \Salisbury, ‘Mr. Peel, Sir H. Hardinge,\ Lord Fitzroy Somerset, the Judge: Advocate-General, and many other unilitary officers of the highest rank, toge- ther witha committee of engixeer and ar- tillery officers. .o\Phexdischarge of steam was almost in- cessant fortwo: hours, during which its force‘ and rapidity in discharging balls ex- cited’ amazement in all present. At first the balls were discharged at short intervals, in)-imitation of artillery firing, against an iron, target; ‘at the distance’ of thirty-five yards.) Such: was the force with which they: were driven, that they were complete- ly shattered to atoms. In the next expe- riment the balls were discharged at a frame of wood, and they passed through eleven one-inch planks of the hardest deal, placed 97g od @ at. a distance of an inch from each other. - Afterwards they were propelled against an iron-plate of one-fourth of an inch thick, and: at the very first trial the ball passed through, it. This was declared to be the utmost force that gunpowder could exert. ‘This plate had been brought specially from ‘Woolwich, for the purpose of ascertaining the comparative force of steam and gun- powder. (1 Thepressure of steam employed to effect this wonderful pressure did not at first ex- ceed65 atmospheres, or 900 lbs. to the square inch:'and it was repeatedly stated by Mx. Perkins that the pressure might be carried: even to 200 atmospheres with per- fect isafety. Mr.) Perkins then proceeded to demon- strate the rapidity with which musket-balls might be projected by steam. To effect this he screwed on. to the gun-barrel a tube filled with balls, which, falling down by their own gravity into the barrel, were projected, one by one, with such’ extraor- dinary velocity as ‘to demonstrate that, by means of a succession of tubes, filled with balls, fixed ina wheel (a model of which was: exhibited), nearly one thousand balls per minute might be discharged. In sub- sequent discharges or volleys, the barrel, to which is attached a moveable joint, was given a lateral direction, and the balls per- forated.a plank nearly twelve feet in length. Thus;, if-opposed to a regiment in line, the steam-gun might be made to act from one of its extremities\to the other. A similar plank was. .afterwards placed in a perpen- dicular position, «and, in like manner, there was a stream of shot-holes from the top to the, bottom: -Ituis°thus proved that’ the MARICTIES, LIDERARY AND MISCELLANEOUS» yor —=z_—- wa) L slt"yo non shady oP steam-gun Has not! only the force of gin wwder, but also. admits: ofvany direction enig given teint blog to emsntsso ost surprise was) eteated by the effect of a volley of balls discharged against tHe brick wall’ by the sidevof ‘the targets They absolutely dug a hole*of ¢onsidefablé* di- mensions. in! the walk’ ahde “penetrated almost oneshalf through its © thiekness. Several officers declared ‘their béliefy that, had the balls’ béen of irom instéad of Tex, they would have’ made a breach “through it: the walliwas eighteen inches thiek/’'°7 New Acts relating 10° Shippirg.— AN ships'and vessels'whichhave not'been Te gistered since’ the? Ist'\of > Jantiatry 1823; must be registered, de novo; ‘belore thé Lat of January 1826. © It .isalso, enacted; that every ship or vessel shall; ‘before! she*takes in a cargo, hayé» her/mame*painted’ on thie stern, im letters’ of not» less ‘than® four inches in length ; by which enaetment'all yachts and other vessels, ‘which do’ not take in cargoes, are not compelled ‘tohave their names on the stern. “It is‘also'en- acted, that all vessels which are not square- rigged, and all vessels whatever, Whose length shall be greater than in the*propor- tion of three feet to one foot in breadth, shall be forfeited, if not licensed by’the 5th January 1826; by which’ there’ are very few, if any, ships or vessels of any description whatever, in the United King- dom, but what must be immediately licens- ed; also boats of every description and size, except such as belong to square-rigged ships, or such as are solely employed ‘in the fisheries, must have been Jicénsed be- (oa? pate Aker P bbe same colour and’ consistence as those - 215SRhSS. have its pupil and tunica conjunc wa. The eye being situated lengthways, betwee the nose and the horn, it ate ult nie lid = ‘and it wowld’ at are Ti ee eek id; and it would appear that there, “ne palpebrarum muscle is large, ¢ Supplementary Varieties. eye must exist to a certain degree; as the flow of “teats was évident./~ The Bubble Mania of the Eighteenth eine : tury -London; at this time ( 1698) abound- pi mewsprejects and schemes, promising mountains of gold. Writers:about this time ‘complaim heavily.that-the Royal Exchange Was ;crowded with» projects, wagers, fairy ompanies..of new inventions and manufac- mres; (stock-jobbers; | &c.,..so. that, very soon afterwards, the. transacting of this airy trade) of; jobbing was: justly removed. from off;the,| Royal; Exchange into the place ‘called Exchange Alley. | But-in 1720, the destructive effects of the South-Sea Bubble palsied. all.-the:\ energies. of industry, and gave sucha shock to public and -private eredit, as rendered the lapse of years ne- cessary before confidence could be restored. The, absurd speculations, the bare-faced im- postions and Srauds, the infatuated credu- dity, and. the egregious | folly which: distin- guished, this period, were all,in the extreme, and cannot be paralleled in any other era of \British;history,:; Even after the procla- mation against “Bubbles,” that frantic trade,soon revived, -and even increased more than ever; and whilst these bubbles daily, advanced in price; every one was a gainer, so: thatthe lower class of people fell into. ducury and. prodigality, as well as their betiers.. Not a week-day passed without Fresh projects, recommended by pompous ad- -wertisements in all the newspapers, directing where to subscribe to them. Some of the obseare keepers of books of subscriptions, contenting themselves with what they had got in the forenoon, by the subscription for one or two millions, were not to be found -dn the afternoon of the same day ; the room _ they had hired for a day being shut up, and they and their. subscription-books never _deard of more. - Some of the schemes were _ divided into shares, instead of hundreds and ‘thousands, upon each of which so much was paid down; and both for them and the other there were printed receipts. Persons ‘of, quality. were, deeply engaged in many of them, avarice prevailing. over all considera- ions of either, dignity or equity ; lords and sae _attending, taverns and coffee- uses pk meet their, brokers, and ladies ine the shops of milliners and haber- e Tua the, same end. » Any impudent ; fells w , to. hire, a room near the mee brrs en. a subsoription-book for Ms te 5 f Bai commence; cee’, Li & Suppose inventions. le ho why.) salen ; stolen Iron mm some, Bit jects of is pis ‘tHe na o gigie' his brain, or else many abortive. pro- ar Fel igns, tn ug first advertised ‘ ii pers, of, the preceding day), a fee. heute bndiwibacrad- ete two millions, ands in. some Boe Hon rn Ha stocy«.. Yet nay 6 were fr from. be- ha ;, it was enough aes hight ge soon * on. i et eh or. shares, 551 when they: generally. got rid Ws them in the crowded. Alley to others more’ credulous than themselves. So great was the wild confusion in thé ¢rowd in eee ie ak that the same projector bubble; hasbeen known. to ‘be::sold,; at; thei:sameinstantéof time, ten per cent. higher 'at.one'end ofthe Alley: than: at, the others«-The infatuation was at length so. strong, that» one praject was advertised thus :—‘t.Kor subscribing £2,000,000 to a certain. promising: dad profitable design, which will’ heneafter:'be promulgated.”’.. And another writer says, *Change-alley was more like a fair, crowded with people, than a mart: of exchange, as were all the avenues leading: to it; and there was a little hump-backed, man, iwho, seeing this mania, made his fortune by-lend- ing his back, as a desk, to make transfers on, to those who couid not afford time: to run to the coffee-houses. Reform at the Bar —It has beni sug- gested that no counsel should: put’ ques- tions, save in a decorous and) becoming manner (for it, is by courtesy that.counsel are allowed to plead im criminal. courts of judicature); that they should: not be-put in the slang way of the: place, butoso as not to injure the feelings ‘of, the person under cross-examination; that they should be modified, so as not to be offensive, ‘but calculated to elicit the truth; that -they should not be repeated. with rapidity, so/as to confuse the examinant; and unless‘these tules were observed, that the judge take the case in his own hands, and put the questions at the suggestion’ of counsel. Until these rules, are observed, nothing like decorum will ever be attained. 1! Increase of Crime.—Last, year was’ the heayiest year of crime we have ‘yet had. The year 1819 was 14,254: this was’ the year in which the body of the people was _ subjected to the greatest privations.. In 1820, the amount fell to 13,710, andthe following year to 13,115. While foodwas cheap; thieving naturally decreased; with high prices, it has naturally increased. An analysis of the returns of 1824 will ‘shew, in the most striking manner, the necessary connexion between poverty and’ crime. The whole number of persons committed for the manufacturing and prosperous coun- ty of York, including the separate jurisdic tions and the commitments for the assizes, was. only 641. It is) generally «supposed, that large towns are: hot-beds of erime, but here we include the: towns) oft Leeds, Halifax, Sheffield, York, Wakefield; °Hud- dersfield, &c, Contrast with:this the Nor- folk circuit ; the commitments: for°this circuit, in which theresare comparatively few large towns, are: b086:04 Phe Som tion of Yorkshire ji is1,173;18%s cthatwfthe Norfolk circuit is cless;jnamely;11j002/184. According. to, the Panliamenitary Reburis, Dorset was the! county;in whichotheswages cé labour seemed. lowest, being tot niore than 7s. a week. » The commitmenitsto*the sessions 552 sessions for Dorset, of which the popula- tion is 144,499, amounted to 109. Cum- nea, Northutnberlind, ahd Durham are, ps, thie tlre” counties” ‘in Which la- seat paid “atid the’ necessaries of life'ave ‘cheapest: "The whole of the com- , mititients’ to the 'sessions of these three ‘Gountiess” of “which ’ the’ “population is ; 562,772, amount only tol13.’ sin Trade. — We learn from the partner of ‘one'of the ‘first silk-houses in the city, that a mamufactirer at Lyons can put a pound of aye silk into his loom at from 8s. to 10s. cheaper than a Spitalfields’ weaver can, “which amounts to about 25 per cent. in fayout of the French in the cost of the raw matérial."“"With respect to the manufac- tured article, a yard of the best gros de Naples could be imported from Lyons into ‘this‘tountry (paying the duty of 30 per cent. .) for’ 4s. 3d., and yielding the French Mmantifacturer ‘a profit ; ; whereas the same ‘aout ‘not ‘be produced here for less than 4s. ‘Y1d.; without allowing the English ‘weaver any profit at all. With respect to “the 1 lighter descriptions of fancy articles, ‘such’ as’ “gauze-ribbons, they can be im- ported generally for 15 per cent., and in some instances for 20 per cent. (after pay- ing a duty of 30 per cent.) less than is pad in England for the labour of making Basie , independent of the cost of the mate- nals. To extract Grease-spots from Linen,— “The following method is not generally known, and is certainly the most simple and (we speak from experience) the best we ever met with :—Take magnesia in the linp— wet it, and rub the grease-spots well ‘with vith it in‘a little time brush it off, when no stain or appearance of grease will be left. Housekeepers’ Magazine. Life and Annuity Tables —From the -most accurate life annuity tables, it ap- pears that the duration of life a century ago in England, was only three-fourths of what it is at present, and that this is true in respect to each sex. It also appears that: the life-of a woman is vastly superior to that of a man at every age above in- fancy, and that the consequence of this . difference is enormous in pecuniary inte- rests depending on lives; for if two per- sons, aman and a woman of the same age, _ (for‘instance, thirty) were the one to pur- chase an annuity of £100 to be enjoyed by the other in widowhood, if the male pur- chased in behalf of the female, the pension would cost £466. 14s. Gd. ; whereas, if the female ‘purchased in behalf of the male, it would:¢ost only £317. 1s. 7d. It likewise _ appears,that in’ France the duration of life . Was, a°ventury’ ago, greatly beyond that _ enjoyedin England at the same time. One facti.is‘of a surprising nature. It appears that the:waste of infant life among the poor of'the metropolis’ is most frightful—out of _ every thousand children born, only 542 are “survive, amursing, * Mergent require much areh ntact thands with each other.” Supplementary Varieties. alive at the time of the mother’s next pre i y Bal nancy ; that is, . RPT FONE jo anne? nae = ‘ity sk 9. poi’ out a great _ and obvio ious us S¢ a ment which might be. carried in the City, which is, that it shor two grand dorouehiaret-& water-side one. The one i sesses, viz. by Fleet-street, Cheaps ad Cornhill; the other, a river-side cate fare, is to be gained by widening’ ‘I 1eS- street from the Tem te oer, to London- bridge ; and then connecting these two wide streets, instead of the present mise- rable lanes, &c. from the opposite sides of which the inhabitants can. almo ake aware, would be a work of consi lerab é expense, if accomplished all at,onee ; bu if set about by degrees, and in oh tof true taste, it mght be effected oe easily and speedily than may be a imagined. Many of the public compani we should think, would contribute, large towards an object which would, in the. end, so materially improve their es ates. Tothill-fields Prison, it. appears, 8 0 be pulled down, because it is “ inconvenient, insufficient, and otherwise inadequate ;” and because there is a “ necess nf for the erection of a new gaol for Wes ‘inster ;"” and the place whereon the old prison is situated, is represented as improper,” 50 that the said prison is to be removed to some other part of Westminster. ” ' The Date-Tree.—The extensive ‘inipor tance of the date-tree is one of the most curi- ous subjects in natural history; a Neneh able part of the inhabitants of Egypt, 0 Arabia, and Persia, subsist almost Hae on its fruit ; they boast also. of its pes virtues ; their camels feed upon the fee stones. From the leaves they make cou ae baskets, bags, mats, and brushes ; it branches, cages for their te tt an Le for their gardens ; from the fi boughs, thread, ropes, and* the sap is prepared as spirituous liq quor, the trunk of the tree furnishes fuel. uth $ now said, that from one fe i : palm-tree meal or been’ extract among the fibres of the trunk, used te food. Mm mbt —e Hazel Nuts haye been fouiid in Bonnington, near Peebles et longing to Sir J- aah a feet below the ‘surface,’ three feet of meadow’ aoe grayish-coloured Mer ath, feet thick: the substratum: of sisted of a mixture of | gray’ a moss,’ with some’ rotten: brab stumps of trees; “at' the botto P thi; nuts were found.’ Upon firey iho nuts they were found eiitirely 27 though the nut itsel} lf ana” ave z brane. were as entire as Siar fr Vv viurmod ‘Supplementary Varieties. 553 -The nut being opened carefully, the mem- rane Was taken out in the form of a perfect substance of the kernel, there- pe avé escaped in a gaseous fis membrane and the shell, when decomposed or , mrcyhtes by oatee. shen de oe nuts,” no arrived at, ma- ° oe. wae any. small, and sur r as ‘in hi fresh nut, with a soft ‘0 ‘i side ay which had resisted of Gold upd Silver. From the 24 t to the end of June 1825, n exported from this country, x to the register of the custom- n gold and silver coinage—gold, HO pauls: silyer, 3,223,379 pounds ; ae 5,200,000 pounds ; a total of unds—aboutamillion sterling, ‘al iin: — “TJ wrote, within the pass of a half-split pea, a full copy of the iat Prayer (doxology tncluded also a copy « ‘of the Grace, with the addition of 2 words, not found in the prayer-book An iow. and for,” &¢c.—the original re “be ‘with us all eyermore,’’ &c. I We rote the “ Glory be to the Father,” _ “as it was in the. beginning,” &c. all Pi ect : wie still a space unoccupied, I pag [my name thus, Written by John Ma- >, A. B-,. T.C.D., 1825. . The lines are twenty-five, and the number of letters ¢ontained in the whole amounts to five hun- dred and twenty-six, and four figures! The punctuation i is perfect. Itmay be a matter of. surprise to mention, that it was written without, the assistance of a glass. I have seen curjosities of this kind in the museum the Dublin Society House, but I found .Inine exceeded none of them in com- and was considerably smaller than one. eee the Lord’s Prayer only, with- be, doxology.”” So writes—Jonn Ma- of 43, Bride-street, Dublin}! =. i Panoramic. View of_ the City of ) exinlati the surrounding country. is iting. by the Messrs,. Burford, elon ered Exhibition in Leices- laree, The view, taken in 1823, in- ie whole of the singular and mag- he extensive and highly-cul- five, great Jakes, and the exican Cordilleras, which ecently took linburgh , throug the culpable. or 1 wanton 1 Sic 7 ys in mploy of. zie, Esq. Itap- s the Oil Gas Company of Edin. urners,to. their gas lamps upreees taken. off. at Pemiaenaneghenen’: oy ‘ ONTHLY Mac.—~ Supp. He was also in the habit of filling paper bags with the gas, and. exploding them for ‘the amusement ‘of himself and friends ; though utterly. unconscious. of the. ‘danger he incurred in his chemical investigations. He was, -however, destined to pay. dearly for his, folly ; for, having either. forgotten, to replace the burner on the end of the pipe, pre- vious to leaving it, or else being called away ‘without having an opportunity of returning to the place (a sort of back area or kitchen) so as to shut off the gas, a sufficient quan- tity escaped to produce an explosive. mix- ture; and the unfortunate lad, with. some other servants, on bringing. a light to, the. door of the room, in order to,find out the leakage of gas, occasioned an explosion, which was instantly fatal to himself, and which scorched and otherwise injured two other (a male and female) seryants. _The smell of gas had been perceived in the house, and also in that adjoining, for two hours previous to the occurrence of the ‘accident ; but no suspicion whatever was entertained of the real cause of its escape, until subsequent to the accident, when the people of the gas-works arrived. on. spot. Surely, they ought to put it. out. of the power of ignorance or indiscretion. to produce accidents, which might, in many eases, be attended with much more. serious effects than in this instance. The following are the, proportions in which languages prevail in the .new world. The English language is spoken by 11,647,000; the Spanish by 10,504,000 ; the Indian by 7,593,000; the Portuguese by 3,740,000; the French by 1,242,000; the Dutch, Danish and Swedish, by 216,000 persons ; making, altogether, the number of 27, 349, 000 speaking the Euro- pean languages, and 7,593,000 the Indian. The metropolis. of Great Britain alone is supposed to contain more inhabitants than all the provinces of La Plata, extending “over 28 degrees of latitude and I3 of longi- tude. New Musical Instrument—A keyedtrum- pet has. been constructed of wood, which is intended as a substitute for those made of copper. This instrument has been exa- mined and tried at a meeting of musical men, by whom it.was approved, and called *¢ Tuba-Dupré,”’ the name of its inventor. Some. years ago, a similar attempt was made by. a manufacturer at Paris, but was not finally successful. Wood must be an un- favourable material for those brilliant instru- ments, whose principal office is: the execu- tion of flourishes. It is surprising -that composers for .the orchestra do not more frequently avail themselves of the keyed trumpet, and, thereby throw) some variety into the trumpet parts, which have hitherto been: exceedingly limited.’ oe era- loyed, key-trumpets are enof.pre- ae 2 an admirable effect; Snovenly. inthe ng on even the solo. ; Tea. 554 Tea.—In Mexico and Guatimala, the leaves of the Psoralea Glandulosa are used for tea. Tn” New Grenada,. the Alstonia Thee formis or Symp. locos affords a tea,, not inferior to that ‘of hina. Further to. the viorth of thé same ‘continent, a yery whole- some’tea is made from the leaves of the Gualteria Procumbens and the Ledum Latifolium, which is usually called Labra- dor tea; and was made known by the late Sir J. Banks. Paraguay, however, fur- nishes the most famous of American teas. It is made by merely pouring warm water upon’ the leaves, when it is sipped, through a $mall’ silver or glass tube, from a vessel called a Mat? Pot, suspended from the neck by a light chain. “It is frequently mixed with a ‘little lemon juice—used with or without sugar, and is preferred to the Chinese drug by many European travellers. It is the more remarkable, being the pro- duce of a kind of holly (generally consider- ei deleterious) growing to about the size of the orange-tree,,.to, which it bears consi- derable resemblance in leaf and habit : its flowers are white and tetrandrus, and suc- ceeded, like those of common holly, by scarlet berries. The leaves, fresh or dried, are without smell; but, warm water being poured on them, they exhale an agreeable odour. “In New Holland, Correa Alba produces avery good tea. The inhabitants of the Kurile Islands, in the Kamtschatkan sea, prepare tea from an undescribed species of Pedicularis. It is needless to notice all a3 aromatic Labiate, used forteain different countries: the object being to show that the plants made use of in producing this beve- rage, are nearly as v arious and remote as the countries in, which they are used. However, while onthe subject of teas, it may be interest- ing and useful to observe that, generally, those which may be arranged under the appel- lation of common black China tea, consist chiefly of the old leaves of the Thea Viridis, mixed with those of the Camellia Sasan- qua, or Oleifera, and sometimes fragments of the leaves of the Olea Fragrans; and that the finest teas, whether green or black, appear to be produced by the Thea Bohea: the quality and colour depending solely on the age of the leaves, and the mode of pre- paring them. Long attention to the sub- ject (a writer in Jam. Ed. Ph. Jour. states) has not enabled him to detect, in teas, said to be adulterated, either willow or sloe leayes, or any thing else of British growth. Probably the leaves of the species of Ca- mellia, before mentioned, may have been taken for sloe leaves. ‘The Dutch papers contain an account of a new discovery in printing, or a new ap- plication | of lithography, for reprinting Gath journals; by which it is calculated e subscription to those papers which now costs, with the postage and triple pn thirty-one francs twenty cents per uarter, will be only’ ten francs. The re- aig be exectited by a Heep pine, and Supplementary Varieties. chemigal. process, to which the inyentor has given the name of . Identigraphy,:;, Eyery. forei f journal,,.for ,which, there, shalls be one fovutred subscribers, will-be.reprinted the reprint ABP RP TSH O onns witer the araval of the. mail idstohienos to brs ,citesls . Our readers are acquainted the dig- covery made some time) back) in. iygland, of cayerns containing the, bones of,,hyenas, tigers, and. yarious other, animals. Db Sinai- lar interesting, diseoyery. has. madesin France ;—a, cayern, full. of fossil bones, longing, to..a great, number of species, das been recently, found; jn the, neighbourhood of Lunel-Vieil, near; Montpellier...7-A Ho= tice on this subject chas ,been, addressed) to the Royal..Academy.,of Sciences;pby Ms Marcel de. Serres, of which, th following is the substance, ‘Lhe,cayernasyin astra tum of limestone, and: contains), the | re~ mains of a multitude .of quadrupeds, | carnivorous, and, herbiyorous, several.,of which have never before, beenamet. with i ia, a fossil state;,, amongst, the, olatter: ithe bones of the camel, are-partieul: remark; able. Judging from. some, of, the ,remains. of the lions and tigers foundin this.collec- tion, the animals. to. which, they, belonged, must have considerably exceeded. in. size, and force the lions. and, tigers OF. the, pres sent day. There are other remains of these animals, the proportions. of which.are simi-, lar to those of the present. xraee..,.With, these Jatter are found mixed; the bones of hyenas, panthers, wolves, foxes and bears 5, and what is yery remarkable, these, remails, of carnivorous animals. are, mingled .con¢, fusedly with an immense quantity, of the bones of herbivorous quadrupeds,, amongst’ which M. Magcel. de Serre was-.able. to, distinguish the hippopotamus, wild. boars: of an immense size, peccaris,-horses, camels,, seyeral species of the deer,and. elk, kind,, sheep, oxen, and even. rabbits and :rats. A singular peculiarity, presented, by, this: collection of animal, remains, is, that, the position in which the bones.are-found |does, not correspond with their distribution.in. the: skeleton, or with the habitudesiof the: anim mal; for close to the jaw-boney.of, a carni-~, vorous quadruped may, be frequently,found, the thigh-bones. of, an), herbivorous o one. In fact, the whole are:so confusedly heaped together, that it is very. rare;to aha, bones of the same. eae ec even of the, same species, lying together.; heck atone bones, discovered in. this cayern,,are ded in an alluvial, soil,; which)\¢on or great quantity. of roynded (pebbles: aceite! cumstance that would,lead. .to,the,supposiz; tion that. they. had. been, orted: thither by the. waters. ,(; Alks the jnbones: found in this, cavern contain emimal meth ter;. and, what is, rather-singulay thee in which they, are, imbedded,con i more animal matter than, the:benesy selves... For further,,infonmation( jon pthis- interesting dieaverrn are asteloolhaa fo Marcel Serre’s (next. ceadaa at tio Ww Supplementary Varieties. Which’ he’ promises shall be much more ac curate and detailed. ©" Zinn atl Mice is of'a dilveryswhite ol our, ae it ey At odedrs in crystalline greys) OF Witt Othe Famine’ are’ flexible, elastic, and of considerabte'size.! The spe- cifie Sfiavity OF Soiie “boiled In’ ‘distilled wate to! etelude the Air, was 2-085. Heat- et "£0. rddveeo no’ appreciable weight was ios and, Paget) he change of aspect d. Te was readily fused by the blow- pile fame) whieh Was thet’ tinged with red. Tie fiisiow was aeeotnpanied by an appa- Feit Boiling) whd’a black’ scorious mass was left, “To determine 'thé'alkalies, carbonate age aie on 51235 grains of the pow- pr... THe ‘mass greatly contracted from flie ‘ignition, and assumed a green blackish colour. 7°35 #rains ‘of sulphate of lithia, faivalent to 2°28! grains, or. 4°09 per aed of :pur'e'lithia, resulted from the pro- ess “Hbove described’; and 9°68 sulphate 6f potass; equivalent to 5°28 grains, or 9467 percent. puré: (Sulphate of potass is} here; prestimed''to be composed of 40 tiric acid and 48 potass ; and sulphate of lithia’ of 40 acid and 18 lithia.) The determination of the other constituents is complicated, ‘owing to the presence of fluorie’ acid, Which occurs, perhaps, in all micas. ° ' Berzelius’ method, in the analysis’ of ‘the t@paz, was resorted to; which, being of some ‘delicacy, may be described par- fieularly: 29°38 grains’ of the mica, in powder, were mixed with thrice the weight of carbonate of soda; and ignited in a mo- derate red heat, for the space of half-an- hour; the mass had then contracted great- ly,” and was of a dirty yellowish colour, stained green, in parts, by manganese. It ome by successive portions of hot “till all soluble alkaline matter was pic pth removed. Carbonate of am- monia was now added.to the alkaline solu- tion, éxposed’to 4 ‘temperature aliout 100° Fahr’, till the ammoniacal odour had com- preeely’ ‘eeased ; ‘by which mean the alu- mina‘'and ‘silica’ were ‘deposited. After filtration, ‘the Viauid was neutralized by miuitiatie’ atid) and the fludric acid dissipat- ed sby'mititiate” of Time: The fluate of lime having been ignited; weighed 5°41 grains, equivalent? £2 “of lime’ containing, in 100° 738 of fluoric acid) to 1°509 6F"5"138- per eenit.: ‘of fluoric acid. ben rpenmen te d\by’ the water; at ef With that afterwards: separated Soeekennante soltition,’ was ‘dissolved by'mariatie acid! ol"THe'solution was evie- nae i et hed soluble parts were water, atidulated with muri- pero these cdllected on a fitess ATP “Spiiition, it! weighed | 15°07 od8 WO77 per vent: To the acid aml ope re so diluted, a n-sfledrbonate df be th’ “a ade dsl theo aTinisina’ ani itolf Were ‘pre- siete osc sepae. rated By {iE Potass.° The ahimine’ after ex- doidvs 555 posure to a white heat, weighed 8349 grains, 24°532 per cent. The ignited peroxide of iron amounted to 3°709 grains, 3 *329 grains, or 11°35" per. cent. of, protoxide :. and, ex- amination proved this to be pure, «The solution, from which the iron and alumina had been separated, was boiled briskly, to expel carbonic acid, and rendered decidedly alkaline by carbonate of soda. A. dirty, white precipitate subsided, which, when heated to redness, amounted. to. 0543 grains of the brown oxide, of manganese, 1-489 grains, or 1°664 per cent. of, the protoxide. Examination proved it to con- tain neither lime nor magnesia. ». The composition is :— a-¥ DICH: sasaeanecgos 44-28 | Fluoric acid 5714 Alumina ......... 24°53 |, Potass)...0.« 9147 Protoxide of iron 11°33 | Lithia. ......,. 409 Do. of manganese 1:66 00°50 [Dr. Turner, in Brewster's Journal. Klaproth’s analysis shows:— Silica. ee. QE ‘a7 Alumina *0lsd 20. 222 2) 2130/0 Oxide of iron’....c.0. 1550 0990 Do. of Spero 3 oo OES SOMBIE Potass i 5.0. HR 14°50 ini 98°75 LPO Other specimens of mica have liketvise been subjected, by Dr. Turner, to the same minute analysis, particularly from Alten= berg, near Zinnwald ;—a greyish white,’ allt a brown mica from Cornwall : m none of which varieties was there any presence: “of titanium, which (in p. 441, of. vol. Tix! M.™M-) is apparently too hastily stated ‘ta be a minute constituent of alZ micas; but these analyses, which have been subse- quently instituted, refer, perhaps, to Va" rieties not then known.” It is curious ‘that all these micas are found in tin districts ; and perhaps future observations on the’ oe. currence of Lithton-Mica, may direct the practical miner in his search for veins of tin, Historical’ Facts.—It is singular that parliament has assembled on a Sunday, in consequence of the death of the sovereign,, no less than three times during the aes and the three preceding reigns—in_ that, o George I, on occasion of the death of Queen: Anne; in George IIT, on occasion of the. death of George II. ; in George. EY, on 9¢-; casion of that of George Ill, equally singular, that the reigns of ne Bales three Edwards should have occupied. Dae of time considerably exceeding a century : and that the reigns of the first «thie Ge 8 should have occupied a simi ie a ward I. ascended to the, thr Ne, 1272; Edward IT, aN da ds ae iis Baie III, Sept. 21, 1327. uarehs ruled England, pth se and 12 days.” The , fime..9 réigns of_thr¢e. Georg e551 i} midathas" or 20 days P . 4 B2 ali 596 _|) FOREIGN. "~~ 40) epggNORTH AMERICANS 9 soi The method taken, by the. North Ameri. cang-to, preserye theinlog-built, houses from danap is;as,,simple, as, itis, infallible: they cover; the.foundations, (in-low.and swampy soils).with sheet lead, to the height of one or, two feet above the ground, and they them build above this, which should cover all.the thickness of the wall. By this method no moisture can possibly penetrate above, the lead, and the foundations of the houses only are exposed to humidity. Conflagration.—At the scattered and thinly inhabited, forest-town of Miramichi, in, New, Brunswick, North America, the woods have: taken. fire from some (it is hoped),aecidental. cause. Those occupied in felling timber, within their precincts, haye been consumed; the flames have seized their dwellings, and eyen the ships in the harbour,., which have, been burnt. to the water’s-edge;, the fury of the flames has been‘such, that half naked sufferers, both on-land ‘and water, have with difficulty es- caped—only, to witness and recount the scenes, of misery, and. devastation, with which an. almost unknown extent of coun- try is,enveloped. ' A Steam Boat of Sheet Iron, intended for a passage-boat from Columbia, on the Susquehanna, to..Northumberland, is-con- structing at New York. . The boat has sixty feet keel, nine feet beam, and is three feet high... She is, composed. entirely of ;sheet,,jron, riveted with iron, and her ribs,are, strips of sheet iron, which, by thei peculiar form, are said to possess thrice the strength of, the same weight of iron in the square or flat form. The whole.weight of-iron in the boat, with the wood-work, decks, cabin, and steam-engine, will be but fiye,ton.|,\ The whole cost of the boat and steam-engine will, be three thousand dol- lars. ——— SOUTH AMERICA. ' Except during the season of Lent, searce- ‘ly an evening passes in South American cities without some social tertulia or dance, where a stranger is welcomed with marked hospitality and attention. It is usual for the lady of the house to present him with a flower when he enters—a favour which is much enhanced by the grace with which ‘jtis bestowed; but at these tertulias there is noJavish expense as in England. It is seldom that any thing beyond cold spring ‘water ‘and sugar are produced. But, in Rar alnoet 2 custom of Javish expenditure ‘has almost altogether put an end to social intércourse. ; “The ‘saya’ and manto are the principal * peculiarities’ of ‘the’ female dress in Lima. ‘he latter is made of black silk ; and being Attached to the Waist, is brought over'the -pea®, afd held by the hand ‘in front, so as : 40 suffer one: éye only, exeept on “special Sipplementary Varieties. occasions, to be visible. The formter is'a _sort ‘of outer garment)" madectof a-Athick elastic stuff, and fitted sorélose tonthe per- . son, as to. exhibit hesshapeincmenndr which would be ‘considered! mdehedte; elses where; a certain degreesof waddings veri ig used to “heighten the effect; aind show off the beautifully slender waist! tormord ad- vantage. it off of absaband yd, moo The Republic of! Celumbia comprizes New’ Grenada, ‘consisting? ofsithesgovérn- ments’ of the! ‘Cordilleras,° from! Guayaquil to Manilla; Casanare, and San Juanydehes Llanos ; and Caraceas; ja" seen ear taining Cumana, !Barcelona, ' Cataccas, Va- rinas: and Guyanial),! 2s bas. enon The inhabit&nts' of! the\Andes:may;con the same day; pass’ froma héativiolent ds that of «the ‘burning elimdte (of). Central Africa, to the extreme! icold ofthe >frezén. regions of Lapland; and “yeti rum no: Tisk, because the change is gradual. This ‘Re- public is supposed; by Barow deELambeldt, to contain 29,952" square! leagues Itchas two archbishoprics, ‘7. :es.of /Caraceas and Santa Fé.” Theirsuffragansare—Popayan, Carthagena, Santa Martha; Merida) Guiana, Antioguia, ‘Quito, Cuenca;|. Mayas‘! and Panama. é rita! » The river De la Plata'is flooded periodi- cally, and, like the Nile, inundates: and fertilizes the adjacent country; when the Indians, leaving their country, and betak- ing them to their canoes, float: hitherand thither till the waters retire.’ In) April 1793, a violent wind up-heaved’ this: im- mense mass. of water to a distance of/10 leagues, immersing the whole country, while the bed of the river was dried up in such a manner, that it might be, walked upon dry-shed. Foundered and sunken vessels again saw the light, and among others, thus brought to day, was) an! Eng- lish vessel, which had been lost: m!I762. Many people descended into ‘this bed, visited and despoiled the vessels)thus' laid dry, and returned with their pockets «filled with money and. precious: articles; which, more than 30 years, had beens yo! } S05 «* In the deep bosom of the o¢ean. buried?) » This phenomenon lasted three days;"when the wind abated, and ‘the waters rdlled back into their natural channeh"ieud oc? nigh 2 Oteesgidaiow oildug jo ' ) eUFRANOES D9GKTOMR Od} Slave-Trade—On a “inoderatevealtula- tion, the number of vessels ‘of Nantes alone engaged in the slave-trade\‘is*noWdss than eighty; and the ‘ship‘ownets inepease! the number of their accomplices) ‘by:makimy the ship-builders and the: workmen themselves —the carpenter, the 'sailemakery the arépe- maker, the smith-owners of ‘siia}lshares in the illegal andinfimous wdventaré. 1An eye-witness of the highest exeditgiwvh@has just visited Natites;"ieports, from his own observationy/no Jes even slave ves- sels in readiness oxprepatation \ anf btates, as a fact’ beyond question] that. ifeeenohad sailed ASB Supplementary Varieties. sailed with the same destination a few days before... Vessels, palpably fitted. up for the conveyance. of slayes, -were;to be seen in the::ship-builders’ yards, :and lying “in the riven publiely, for sale.);'This; was. not all; the handeufis, the) iron+fetters, the thumb- serews{déstined for the-refractory limbs of the tortured negroes:on board, were to be seen by hundreds in the forges. =sliqoio> sidawiALYs -./Phe,annual, census: (ending. at Easter, 1825),of: the oRoman ‘population has been oan the following are’ ex- tracts,+++ Entire; population of the capital, 138,750 ; Emportant disedverits of antiquities have been| made,at)'Tuscnlum. | Not only has ‘am ancient) theatre been. found, but the streets’ leading to it have been cleared: an aqueduct; a» public fountain, baths, vases, ‘@ehead, of Jupiter, other marble orna- _ ments, elegant paintings in fresco, and other: eae objects, -haye been brought >to: light... 1}. forte PRUSSIA, 4 Suicides, it appears by a calculation of | Dr. Caspar, are increasing wonderfully in ' Berlins’ From 1780 to,1797, the propor- . tion was one in 1,000; from 1799 to 1808, ‘one in 600; and from 1813 to 1822, one in 100. » He attributes the increase prin- cipally to the increase of drinking-houses, » which, it appears, compose the fourth part » of the houses of Berlin. ghonr by TUSCANY. ~ «Lhe; population of Tuscany does not ex- ceed ia million—certainly not a million and an eighth;.and, to provide for the spiritual wants)of this little state, we find 7,957 se- » cular priests, and 2,581 persons in orders ‘ofa lower rank; 2,433 regular priests, and 1,627 lay brothers, distributed over 2,013 convents, together with 7,670 nuns, occu- pying 136 establishments of seclusion. The »wholenumber) of persons thus taken from the business; of life, to conduct the exercise of public worship, or to spend their days in the ignorance and»seclusion of the cloister, -slamounts;| by this statement to. 22,268. »oBbus;the xeligious population is to the ~p@eeular: as, one, in fifty ;, or; allowing for -childrensand persons unable 'to work in the _ (letter, the inhabitants..of convents and the -» Secular clergy: are,,to the active and in- odustrious portion.of the community, as one _ fdetwenty-five: or thirty. London exceeds sin the muntber; 8 -_ anbehitonts the whole’ »o fof Puseanys 5- dart dixie wo aid mouil.en vi eat % »», Stockholi—-The: Society sin this city, pla ee iy ana ‘Morihus,’ has ieee il ot -ies aldha hes aara alike \ 557. Collin, sub-rector of the academy at Mal- Mace, on the question proposed by the so- ciety :—‘* What are ‘the best means to pre- vent concubinage and’ the eonstantly in- creasing number of illegitimate ‘children’ in Sweden?” Among other proposals’ made by the author of ‘the essay,’ is oné to’ap- point in each province ‘a moral-censor,' to transmit to the chief-censor (to Be! aps pointed in the capital) reports ‘on conduet ; in which those persons shouldbe named who merited civil infamy, and who, on the report of the chief-censor, shouldbe! pu- nished as follows:—the nobleman, to ‘the loss of his nobility; the citizen and pea- sant, by the loss of his right ' of voting ‘at elections, and of holding places‘ of public , trust ; and the clergy and civil officers, by the loss of their offices, &e. Several of our journals have expressed ‘themselves with some severity, not only on the author of the essay, but on the society which crowned it; and one of them calls’it'an attempt to introduce into Sweden an/in- quisition worse than the Spanish: it de- clares the principles Jaid down in’ thisessay as contrary tothe constitution’; becatse, if the plan were carried into execution, ‘such a chief.censor would have a greater ‘power than the constitution allows: to” ee athe himself. ; SICILY. ioe 8, At Macaluba, a hill near Girgenti; ‘com- posed chiefly of blue clay, there'is' a'¢on- tinual disengagement of gas (earboni¢ acid and carburetted hydrogen) ‘from Small*¢a- vities, shaped like craters; which dre ‘filléd with muddy water, mixed with’ petrolewm. There are times, when the quantity of gas emitted is so great as to throw ‘tp*the mud to the height of 200 feet, so'as almost to justify the name common in the country, where these jets are called Air-Voleanoes. Near the town of Sciacca (the ancient baths of Selinus, on the slope of Mount Calogero, the ancient Mons Cronius, at the, back of the above town), are baths, of which the temperature is no less than 120°. Fahr., and which seem to contain; sul- phate of magnesia and sulphuretted hy- drogen gas. Like the Harrowgate waters, they are much used for cutaneous ; dis- orders. At a higher level, the rocks be-~ longing to the blue clay. formation are, lost, and a white compact. sactharoid of lime- _ Stone is met with, containing kidney-shaped ‘masses of flint, similar to those im chalk-, strata, which continues to ithe, top, of ,the mountain. vation Not long since, the SROpNEtGE of, some land in the interior congratulated; himself on his good fortune, in being able. to nec a large quantity of sulphur, already purified; by merely placing vessels to receive a’ stream of that substance, which was.cons Pis~ suing from the side of ;a-hill; ogeasi by a bed of sulphur in its (gale corner firey—the heat, generated, by the combus- -tuon of one part serving to liquefy.the other: TURKEY, 558 TORREY, OJ 1°7T10 3° Fgh The following is stated to be the price of provisions in Constantinople. But we are not inclined ‘to! suspeetssthaticeven!! this cheapness! wilbinduceymariy persons ‘to emigrate: to’/Turkey, \ or 'to’ éxchange’ the dearness and! ‘safety of their own country for:the:cheapness and insecurity of the Sub- lime !Porte.51) Beef.csousisovanas odds perilb. BW Hi 0) rs ee 1?d. do. Butter .. saceae ae ark do. Core ceesee ee Idd. do. Ny eae Ptah aay t . 2d. per dozen Good Bread ...... 2d. per Ib. ee ditto .... ld. do. ree oe Sane os. 70. Sugar." res egivciee eG, U0. eda 8d. do. . =. 2 ah tebe eee eee Is. 2d. per couple Js. 2d. do. 1s. 2d.to 3s: 6d each Is. to 3s. each = 14d. per bottle oti ito ga ae. “Rackee, ‘or Brandy 4}d. do. “Olive Oil. ...2..° Is. 6d. per gallon Wheat © 20.2.2... 0. 92s. 9d. per quarter vpartey oo 9s. 6d. do. Rice Pi. 6 20... 3) T4da. per Ib. A house’ pays, on its being built, from 50 to 1,500 piastres' to’ the Mermeroglu, or inspector ‘of buildings, and to the Bostanghi Bashi, 25 to 1, piastres (four piastres being’ nearly eijnal to £1 sterling). ‘HAYTI. AS this jsland is now an object of public atténtion; the following details will be, pro- babily, ‘acceptable to our readers :—The Président is elected by the Senate ; his office’ is for life, and his revenue is 200,000 francs ‘per year. He'has the right to no- mifiaté his successor, in a letter addressed’ to'the Senate 5 ; but that body i is, however, free* to ‘reject ‘this nomination—it may’ acéuse the President. ‘The President pos- sesses\ the executive power; he is the fountain of all honour, and appoints to all employments. “The legislative power is divided between the Senate and the Cham- ber of Deputies; and the Chamber is composed of deputies, one sent from each parish, and'two fromthe town ; they must be'Jand-owners, and must be twenty- -three years of age: they are elected for five years. The electors who sell their votes are excluded» from all employment under goyernament.; The deputies meet on April Ist, qcevely, year; , cat Port-au-Prince, and. ee together three. months. The Se- ngtest »418 composed of twenty-four members. are eleeted for (nine years by: the, Chamberof Deputies,-by means of-a.triple: list; (whieh) must nots contain the name of: any deputy), spresented|-by {the President. To.;-be asenator,\a :person» must be thirty: yearsiof age);,and noone can be re-elected. till, aftersthree jyearse! The: Senate’ is‘ par-. ticularly charged with all that-concerns.the administration; it is a permanent body, . Seine Varieties. and each senator recelves a salary of 8,000 francs. " WEST-INDIES. The island’ of Cuba coritain¥ 700,000 in- habitants; among Whonrare 256/000 sng Jamaica, 402/000; among whom ure 0 slaves 30 Porto Rico, 225;0003° > 6PONH EN 25,000 ave slaves Guadaloupe and’ its de> pendencies, 120,000; of. whieh 1000CO1are slaves ; ‘Martinique;' 99; 000}: vamong whieh are 78,000 slaves. bivorq Wadd yrfil lV Ke EoYpri2itégq oels enw oi Preparation of Coffee at Rosetta +A Ret roasting the coffee;-it~is pounded in im- mense mortars,'three’ Arabs Working, at one time, with enérmous’ pestlés; "each as latge asa man can raise.) The-capacity of the bottom of the mortar being'only equal to the reception of one*of these at’ a°time,; the pestles are raised according to the mea sure of an air, sung? bycan attendant ‘Araby The main purpose. of) this ‘curious’ abcoms paniment'is to prevent the hand ‘and°arny of a boy, kneeling near’ the mortdr;! from being crushed to atoms: The boy’s'arm is always within the mortar, which “afforas’ room for each pestle to pass, in’ turn) with- out bruising him; if he place it ‘intime® against the side of the vessels ‘but ‘us;after: every stroke, he must stir up’ the powder, at the bottom, with his’ fingers, if the;pre= cise period of each blow were -not marked by the measure’of the song, his arm would be struck off. \A sight of this process’is sufficient to explain ‘the cause’ of the’ very impalpable nature of the asp t idmee used in Turkey. east It appears from a letter recently ateeea from a son of Mr. Galloway, the engineer,’ that the Pacha of Egypt is making’ im=« mense improvements in manufactures, mst otherwise, in his dominions, under the’ su-* perintendence of English and foreign ayeitte! The Pacha has contrived ‘to possess him=" self of the last and highest improvements? of our manufacturing machinery; ‘among others, the engraved barrel ‘rollers for cot=* ton printing. » He has his' choice;»and;'ap=* parently, is quite equal to the'tdsk) off seu! lecting from all the superb sinventions ‘of! modern engineers French:or oe progress which Hgypt' ‘hasimadeysiny three’ years, | in) turning) the: ‘Ghlanoeortuiaiedel in her favour, indicates swhatsmay the “ex pected in future! »Bya-tabledof thedme ports:into «Liverpooly itoseexisothatsmore!! than 20,000 bags:of Egyptiail cottohawerey introduced into’ that -port;iduringsthé Slasv’ year. —It«would) be euriousoif/ the agrowtivo and manufacture? of: cottoniishould again: become’ one. of''therstaple-commuoditiestiof! Egypt; and. that sthe smodernyA theniansy’ whose ancient progénitonsmwere ;colonists© from the cotton-spinning» distrietsioflSaisye should, ;in)common: with! their Drethrenyp the regenerated Greeks;sbccome: aguirethe! Mediterranean yearriers (of oat rived fromvethe “leoms and! soilidéf .renouse vated :Egypt.:: ocls asiseterio) 2iH » auisy SUPPLEMENTARY [ 559 J ne SUPPLEMENTARY OBITUARY. -i1i GOO OY MBs; JOHN; BURGESS: 5/2/ sci : T (HO jdied: Sept. U1, ;in St.» Marga- OEM) MS set’s-streets:o Ganterbury, at: the advanced ageyof.96, was, for many years, one of the.choristers,,of the cathedral; but infirmityjhaving rendered the task irksome; hej retired, seme time: since, upon /a liberal bounty provided by the dean,and chapter. He was also parishrelerk of Saint Mildred, and belonged» fo \the {society ,of ringers. -mi m bebawoq eit je ,gniliMR. WILTAAM-BICKNELL ey Ait the-nesidence.of his) sony in Iuower Tooting; aged76,0Mr, William: Bicknell. He was formerly master of am academy at Ponder’s-End,/ néars Enfield, :which was afterwaids) removed) tos Tooting. At no period ofdife-ambitious of public notice, he passed; theoevening; of) his) day; in tranquil retirement in the bosom, of, his family. A firm belief, in the truth of the Holy Scrip- tires,-and a diligent: and fearless inquirer into the meaning of the sacred text, he ex- perienced: the’ consolations ofthe Gospel, ‘andi;met death: without fear: Humble as he wasn station, and retiring in disposition he was yet(firm: in }what he considered cor- reet, political sentiments. As a freeholder of. the countyin which he lived, and as a liveryman of the city of London, he always gave his vote in favour of those candidates who were the knownadvocates of the liber- ties of the ‘subject, or to those whose pro- fessions he believed to be sincere on this important subject: Opposed to the war system; he formed various estimates of the national debt, which were published in some of the former volumes of this journal, and which present most fearful details. So- lieitous, however, that reform should be broughtabout by peaceful and constitu- tional, measures, he disapproved such pub- liesmeetings as were rather calculated to ferment: the public mind than to produce any.real good. In the earlier part of his life, he had been a member of the Estab- Vishedo Church 3: but; in the firm belief ‘that{shetwas wrong; hewithdrew from her worship;iand«connected himself with that dehominatiom of Dissenters called Unita- rians. > FLhe:was an active opponent of Lord » Sidmhouth’sbilkirespecting Dissenters. But his ¢hief éxcellencies were’to be seen in private life.» From the earliest period, he wasia lover.of:iscience;: he had acquired a considerable: knowledge of the learned lan- , and withothe mathematics, in all their vatious parts; | che-was intimately con- versamte |) Byracdtigent ‘and steady course o€-reading, shisrmind)‘alsocontained a trea- sure liichewascihexhaustible. 'These ac- quirements well! fitted himefor the:arduous dutiesdfsa schoohtastérs whith profession hefollowed with dmremitting diligence and’ suecess, iforitke long pertod phere ; years. His character, also, as achusband, YAAT“AMAIIIG a father, -andsmaster ofa family;;i#beyond all praise; VHenwasuseized;;aboutithree dayssbefote-his dissolutions Svith a general paralysis; ;andiche ‘quitteds-thie sseenes:of time without any-desite.of:a: more: protract= ed stay, and entered into futurity: without any misttust:as ‘tolits consequences.!99% ; rrojju ME 19330 DESEONTAINES,” °° 797)" Nov. 20.—At Paris, aged 92,’ Désfon- taines, the father of the present race of French poets. +h) Seer td COMMODORE JOSEPH NoURSE, G.B..,> Commodore Nourse began. his, naval career jn 1793, under the command and auspices of Admiral Sir Alexander.,Hood, afterwards Lord Bridport, in the Royal George. With the intention of enabling him to see more service, the Admiral placed him on board the Aaaieneaes the command of his nephew. .. After.a, time he returned to the Royal Georges, and,,in 1795, was in the battle off Port L/ Orient, with Lord Bridport. The Royal, George had two ships .engaged with her at, the same time, one of eighty and one of ninety guns: the carnage was dreadful. 9, In1796,. or the beginning of 1797, he was,acting lieutenant on board the, Alemene, Capt. H. Browne. . He was. in the engagement, off Algeziras Bay: he also formed a ‘part of the detachment from the fleet,-at Vigo Bay, on the expedition. under Sir, fames. Pulteney. _ In_ 1802 he had. the command: of the Adyice brig. . He. was soon. afters: wards appointed to. the Cyane,.,and,.so successfully cleared the, French. priyateers, that the merchants of Barbadoes presented government with: a. vessel, soliciting sits: Capt. Nourse might command her, In 1813, he was, appointed, to the ,Seyern, ;and, so, signalized himself in America, that on.his., return to England he was made a,Compar.; nion of the Bath. In 1822 he, sailed with, the rank of commodore, to take the mayaly, command of the Cape of. Good Hop¢-sta= tion. He expired, Sept..4,)on, board.the. Andromache, in all probability.a;yi¢tim, to. the effect of climate and the,inconyvenien- cies to which he was exposed. Se ee at ie Roy: a Yo es GENERAT, BRSSIERES.)902/9x9 4 General Bessieres was born in! the s6uth of France, of low and obscure’ parentage. His youth, it is generally asserted, was Tot” without its errors,’ and it was"genérally” reported that he fled ‘his native eountry’ to escape the hand “of justice! Hee . Spain as his’asylum, enteredvinto‘themill tary service, atid ‘heldthe unk of Captaity © when he was atrestedcon Suspivionsof fermi ing oneé-of a seeret society forsestabbishinway republic in the Peninsula Being wonrdered,” he was condenmed te deuth byankd-eribaiin? a ML: RON WATNINQRs 560 of Barcelona; but his Jife was thus pre-. served: By the laws of Spain, when an individual is condemned to death, he pre- pares for the execution of the sentence by three days’ prayers, and confessions, in a chapel w here he is confined, and from which he is led to the place of execution; but if, by any extraordinary circumstance, ‘the pri- soner remains in the chapel of expiation beyond the term fixed, he is pardoned. Bessieres had this happiness: he atfter- wards solicited the clemency of the king, and upon.a report made to Ferdinand by M. Bardoxi, the then minister of the interior, was pardoned ; but his name was erased from the army-lists, and he was ordered to quit the~ Spanish territory. Bessieres tock refuge on the frontiers, where he led a miserable existence. It was here he resided in 1820, when the events which took place gave him an op- -portunity of raising and disciplining a num- ber of trocps, and with them repaired to the environs of Madrid, in the province of Cuenca. He assum:d the rank of Field- marshal, and wore the uniform, and in this quality commanded the troops under his orders. Towards the end ofthe campaign, Bessieres had established his head-quarters at Huete, a small town, 20 miles from Madrid. It was here that he struggled against the constitutionalists with great intrepidity. He was excessively rigid in his mode of life ; slept but seldom, and trusted no. one—having been several times on the point of being betrayed to the constitu- tionalists. ‘The removal of the govern- ment to Seville, then to Cadiz, and the arrival of the French troops, put a stop to or deranged all the projects of Bessieres ; but he held out his position at Huete till the entty of the French into Madrid. ‘The king, on his return, received Bessieres and confirmed his former rank. Since that time he constanly resided at Madrid, and always appeared at court, where, however, he was little noticed, undoubtedly on account of his origin, and became very discontented with the state of things, and at seeing men preferred before him, but still always ap- pearing devoted to Ferdinand ; and accom- panied his majesty in 1824, to the waters of Sacedon. Perhaps Bessieres had secret motives in making this voyage. The king traversed a part of the province of Cuenga, the theatre of Bessieres’ efforts in the royal- ist cause, and the populace spoke of him with enthusiasm. All this assiduity on the part of Bessieres towards the king, and his conduct at the head of the royalist party, apparently 1 merited in his eyes greater favour than he enjoyed. But Ferdinand did not even bestow on him the cross of St. Ferdi- nand; and there is little doubt but discon- tent and ambition were the cause of the revolt of this inveterate royalist, for which he suffered. ‘MR, ‘THOMAS RAVENHILL as originally an engraver, and engraved A\SH4 Me en . in Holborn, facing Blop Supplementary Obituary. several of the plates to Grose’s Antiquities, besides various other topographical prints for the magazines. He worked for Hooper, the publisher of Grose, then keeping a shop square, where Bullock’s auction-room now stands ; beneath whose roof resided Captain Grose himself, for the convenience of publishing his work. Ravenhill at that time had con- siderable employment: but the great im- provement in the style of Sopograe engraving deprived him oes Sia thghhe has latterly lived by taking sketches oth tiquities in various counties for the sf a of illustration, particularly | those places men- tioned by Lysons in his Environs of London. About seven years af o he printed a small tract, entitled “ A List of ‘Topographical Sketches, accurately taken on the spot, years back; by'T. Ravenhill, chiefly in London, and the counties of Kent, Middlesex, Surrey, 8 and Essex. Many of these having never been engraved, they will be found useful for the illustration of Lysons, and’ other authors who have noticed the antiquities in and round London.” This tract contamed a list of about 350 subjects, with ‘a brief ad- dress on the advantages of preserving our national antiquities. He frequently was employed to make copies of a great pro- portion of them: and certainly has been the means of preserving views of many pub- lie buildings, now destroyed, of which no other resemblance remains. In the richly illustrated copy.of Lysons’ Environs, be- longing to J. Morice, Esq., are two views of every church mentioned in that interest- ing work, besides many others of antiquities, &e., from the pencil of the late Mr. Rayen- hill. He was one of the last survivors of the old topographical engravers, whose work now would not be deemed worthy of insertion in a magazine. He was ‘a small man, upwards of seventy; lively, with a great flow of spirits, and felt a strong’ in- terest in every thing connected with the illustration of Pennant’s London, or Lysons’ Environs. Just before his death he’ spoke with great enthusiasm of his copy ‘Of ‘the latter work, illustrated with a great'n of additional prints and original dra From the account on the inquest, it peice appear he was destitute of effects?” but the original sketches for his drawings,’ no ¢ir- cumstances would have induced him’ to part with: and although copies of- thiede have been repeatedly made, ‘they would still possess a value to: the ¢ollector: Bis appearance bespoke poverty, but from his conversation nothing of the kind would’ Be surmised ; indeed, he seemed very indiffer- ent about the sale of* his’ Srantieslaald could scareely be induced to’ exhibit* any specimens, although they would frequently have produced him numerous orders,” “He thought his list and a sketch was’snfficient’; Lut of course, illustrators wished to see ihe, style of | executi 25 Well asthe Sub ESE ne TED ty. , le ~~ ANnAN ee , GENER. AL INDEX Esqouns 3 a fi TO *ofle & uit eee + Bbasta'wo mT AIGOT.0F 395 me rou) misiqs? habie pnidetiduq 0 sonsin 100 hari emt ted? ta Midis yes! ot tnot, oft tud =m as New. South Wales, a. account.of fait 4 Absorption of moisture, by Sharepal of v. rept woods... - 144 Abs trac et.of ‘the act on see bIS aud mea. * SHTOS, Soot - - 521 Abuse of episcopal. power observations. “ 1c > 11 Headey, the oe Rabe. meeting 119! f the. Te - 340 Acid, “pectic or. coagulating, on the dis- oACOVery of - ~,.67 Account, an. seen of the living By skeleton - - = ae Ackxowsiepcments To cones » ENTS, - +96, 192,,281, 384 mae Dew, retail Brewers’, observations. = - 39 Keupanstitstion a operation of - 36fi Ad lulteration of bread and te observa- . tions on. the - - 65 Aétolites, observations on - - 338 Afsica, Northern, information from a Mandingo negro on - - 197 Agrarian Jaw, observations on the - 480 Agriculture, on the use of saltin - 326 SERINE AD. Rerort, Monruty, 74; 172 267, 363, 454 abieeis, observations on. - - 241 ‘ aie ,and Calder nayigation, observa- fions,on the - - - 184 Ri rebet. she P DORE observations -. 32 ‘Alphabets of». of various nations pela in Place iw bs3> - 165 rica, North, description of the only pe aperorrelane in = 4 - 260 ericas, population of the two - 358 ical. preparations, on preserving 338 y of speech, Mr. Thelwall. on ofthe ry Semiye) sée oo obs 113,202, a Amecdotes. of ,the\late, Dr, Parr - - Antiquity, of different: parts of the Old ot ty endis epeaieas or se ieiiatg iH Animals, onthe sagacity o se 809 Area’ oa ra phamsgt vovi 32l Apparatus, — Donovan's improved eof Sed swhs0r 4 Zz > 241 ‘vio vegetable . ‘kingdoms, on nnexion. betwee! mr ~ 422 Jerteben ied ennings on the pro yepagation, of; by,slips: ~ 27 err further, observations on fads 9 hPropagationO£ i.e gic om) - 228 Appliances, on, neglected, of | natural sp digotataimr zwustrgili oem. 304 Aqueous’ sand. .atmospheri¢ pressure, Mr. J. Leigh on - _ Montury Mac.—Supp. * OE AST’ StX MONTHS OF S25. | $ 1} sab yi Sr x TIET ft We 6: Pines ae Fine - - ten ape ,on ancient.and modern Ascension-island, description of the Asphaltites, on the lake of - ; Assessed taxes, on the neces: a for re- | a peal of - in seh | Astronomical Society, proceedings, of - ~. 49 Athénée, in New York, account of , = 261 Atlantic and. Pacific Oceans, on. ‘he junction of, by. a ship- canal across ‘ the isthmus of America _ > me 150 Attraction, local magnetic, in steam- ree vessels, observations on... -, of heavenly bodies, obserya- - tionson = - - -,392 » further ohpeevaligng on the centre fe ae 313 Auld Robin Gray, query, for the author, of, and the music | - q i yaoe ————> answer, respecting the. author of, and music — Australia, Lieut. H. Ennis’s remarks, os _onavoyageto = - 1, 121, big » number of natives of. 220, 297 Author, on Dr. Johnson being, a se ' taught | - < : 213 Bank aiascreeuneleinnon and amend-_ ment of the law of. - +t an saphbe Bankrupts. = 76,175, 269, 365, 457 Barometers, on the injury. done to, by... atmospheric air, and cure.of .. 5..-»66 Battle of ‘Rosbach, description, of, a) medal in-commemoration. of the. ;.- 327 Bayley’s History of the Tower, sttic-, ny tureson - - on 429 Bed of the Tiber, ‘ecommended ale. tempt for the treasure supposed to bs buried there - t- 290 Beedell, Mr., examples of mieroscopie. pentaanship by. -- Being, universal, on the ori oh ‘Ok, a L0, 30 Bere, the Duchess de, account of | _ Legis visit at Boulogne - Fieaetl iF 4469 Bi-carburet of hydrogens berating en note 43 Birds, on the aa Spa of », snr ‘eden q ——, on the rapid flight, Fy wowed 7 i Blood, on the transfusion ions bus Boat, steam, of sheet iron, deseription ih 554 Boccaccio Giovanni, on, Uga Foscolo’s.,.,- edition of his Decameron = fyoyo} 72 Bodies, heavenly,,on the attraction of - oe Body, on the alteration in.the magne." 4C Seth INDEX. tisms of an iron, oceasioned by rota- tation on an axis) - = - 46 Bolivar, extract from his memorable address to the Congress,of Peru ..-, 72 on, the; attempted assassination. ... - of - - - -. ib. » sonnet by. > .7 - - 232 , on his sonnets - - 412 Bonaparte, description of the tomb of - 402 Bones, fossil, iseseriptinn of a cayern full of - - = - 587 Bowles,,,Mr,, on the xnerits of as a poet = - 12 , Mr. Jennings in defence of - 230 Botanical news 4 - - 171 Boulogne, a-peep at. - - - 225 ———, advice to visitants of - 226 , on the military character of 126 Bread,, on, the adulteration of - - 65 Breeding and fattening of sea-fish in fresh-waters, observations on = Brewers’ new retail Act, observations on the - - = - 39 Bridges, chain, on the tenacity of - Britton, Mr. J., I’. Bs S., biourephical sketch.of . ~ - 345 143 Burmese war, eeivaeaee on the >, 263 Byron, Lord, on the poetic character of - - = = ~ 12 , other characteristic ob- servations on = - 253 Calcutta, proceedings ef the Asiatic So- ciety of = - - 340 Cambridge— problems, from 1200 to 1820, observations on the - - 234 Canal, English and Bristol, on the ad- vantages of, to the western districts of England - = - 134 Candles, on the snuffing of | - - 48 Canvas, effects of mildew on - ~ 388 Cape Town, Mr, H. Ennis’s remarks on - - = - 401 Carriage, description of an espeading and ‘descending hydrostatic 358 Catastrophe, dreadful, at Portsmouth dock-yard, account of - - 384 Caterpillars, on the migration of - 229 Cathedral, Lincoln, account of an elas- tic marble beam at - - 224 Cavern, full of fossil bones, description of a - - - - 587 Character and doctrines of Descartes, philosophical review of - ~ 102 Charcoal of different woods, on the absorption of moisture by - - 144 Charles I. and his opponents, on the conduct of - - - NY A Chester, description of - - 377 Child. born deaf, bats ar to speak, ac- count of a - - - 496 Chimneys, glass, on py ea Be knots in 338 Christians, on the number of, through- out the world - - - 260 CuronoLocy or THE Mont, 84, 181, 277, 373, 471 Church of England, on the doctrine and discipline of the - -. 227 Christianity in India, on the predrences of the spread of = - - - 445 Cicero, recovery of the fragments of - 9% Classes, poor, on excluding the, from public walks - F - 252 Coach, sham, description of a.-....... - 338 Coal and oil gases, comparison of, ...- 106 Collections for missions, some humo-,..: rous,items|among the,2<) =e) 831 Commerciat Revort, 75,173, 268, 364,455 Companies, water and gas, on; print tions.of ,... = - ) 7,399 Confession in the. Chureb of, Tecgglethen query respecting |. - srhV ry observations on... s)o1q;— 493 Congress of Peru, extract from a me-.., morable address. of ‘Bolivar to the ~ 72 Consolidation, and amendment, of the)... law of bankrupts sq oiisaedat “uch LD of jury laws, - 528 Constantinople, on ‘the. state of the, | press at - re on 22 Contagion, viata on .- \ 74 of the plague, doubts on n 133 ot yellow. feyerjand ,the....4 wimedse o£ plague - F -) -. 245 Contract meetings in White Russia, ac- count of - r ~ ABL Correggio’s Holy Famil y,obsexvationson 394 CorresronvEnts, Noriczs To, 96, 192, 288, 9 384 Cossacks of the Black Sea, account of 223 Courts of law and equity onthe abuses. | of the < - Heed Criticism, Eames or ConrEemro- RARY - - 136, 233, 329,427 Cultivation of the strawberry, observa- tions on the - - 120,.305 Curate and incumbents, on. the case of - - - - 134 Davis, Mr, T., his problem i in practi- . + cal perspective - - - 201 , on his demonstration - 302 DeatHs IN AND NEAR Lonpon, 89; 275, 314, 473 Asroan,... - -86, 183, 220, 374 Debt, the national, observations on j-, 432 Decameron, Ugo Foscolo’s: edition of Giovanni Boccaccio’s ms ot . A738 Deception, optical, observations on |..-,,144 Delille, biographical note on... (nar ean Depot of live fish near the , metropolis, proposal for a - aoa Descartes, philosophical .re spin of the iad character and doctrines of ..-,,... 102 Dictionary, Todd’s, obseryations on, >, 420 Didactic poetry, observations on; Disc, the sun’s, on spots on th Lip: atin Discovery, PuitosorHicaL, § PIRIT, OF, “fe 143, Dal, ‘336, 435 Dissolution of ‘Parliament, observa... tions on» + srvo Eten) So n3be?. Districts, western, of oe oe advantages of the Faglehand BH iy tol canal tothe = - 34 Diviwenps - 77,176, 270,, 3665, 459 Divines, English, on those who at-.... tended the Synod of Dort.= 54.7 316 Diving-bell, on improrements in the |-. 436 Doctrine and discipline_of the Church. ? of England, observationson. = 297 Domestic 10 5 43 INDEX. Domestic breed of poultry, on the habi- tudes of = - - = - 310 Donovan, Mr., on his improved filter- - ing apparatus - - -°241 Dort, on the synod of © ~~ = - £21 Dramas of the dead, - - 505 Draughtsmen, description of paper “suitable for - - - 435 Duelling, observations on = - ~ 138 Dundee, description of the ferry-boat employed across the’ Tay at - 260 Duvard, Mr. E., his observations on ‘thei improper use of ‘the word idiot- ismiSOt 6 Oe - 135, 304 —_—_-, Saikortal note on - 419 Earth, query whether the, possesses two or four magnetic poles - - 45 , on the heat’ 6f the - - 437 Belogie, sixth)” of Virgil, observa- ‘tionson - - - - 193 Eccrestasticat Promorions, 87, 163, 280, xc 375, 474 Econoty, political, observations on - 140 of taste, yg kr observa~ tions'on * - - - 216 Edinburgh Review, dibsreatiins 0n136, 329 Education, collegiate, observationson 234 female observations on - 464 Bypt, researches in - - 32 Elasti¢e niarble beam at nihcetn Cathe- _ dral,“account of - - - 224 Elasticity of stature, observations on - 315 Eldon; Lord, on the judicial character of = me - 58 Elk, on the extinct Laie, of Tread - 47 Etnancipation of negro slaves, on the necessity of - - - 347 Emetic, tartar, observations on - 143 Ennis) Lieut. H., his remarks in a “Yoyage to Australia - 1, 121, 218, ——_,, Mr. H,., not Lieut., aathor of » the Remarks - - oo his Journal ofa Voy- ~ age from the Isle of France to Eng- “and - - - - 400 Enunikintion, Mr. Thelwall’s lecture n the organs of, and formation of “literal elements - 5, 113, 202, 305 Episcopal power, on the abuse of! ey Epistle from Eloisa to wind 4 Pope’s ~ 297 135 *“remarks on - 14 itaph, | a redigeliable one - + 390 ection and use of aie 9 i ob- “servations on the’ ~ - 196 Bey on Man, Pope’s, ee on - 14 Eternity, uery whether thie world has “existed from 4 - - 404 y hon, of the world, observa- PS rpg F hptiiaslc - 405, 533 ee ane cenit: Le was Junius, 118 gh’ Wales’ - - 130 s, Poy tes vig rec - 40 Exotics, naiuralized - - - 310 Ex edition “to’ the Arctic regions, in- ‘ormation respecting the ~~ - 145 Herperidtivnsy, ei ntae I description of 336 Explosion’ of inflamiable gas,/account “of an, in a well fear Leith - - 260 ~ Kee Exhibiti “on Extortions of fish-salesmen, obserya- tionson- - - - 199 Fact, a curious, in'natural history - 261 Fillows, observations on’ - >. os 446 Family, Holy; iam ‘of avo gio’s - - 391 Farey, Mr., his recommentidtian ofnew~ streets - - alt 10 .-=—312 Fashion, on people of wh SI8Q8494 Ferry-boat employed across the'Tay, at Dundee, description of - -' 260 Féte, a grand, at Petersburgh, account’ ane o - - “482 Feudal Society, observations on, - 137 Fever, remittent, Dr. Robertson on 205,°213 -, yellow, on the contagion of 3+ 245 -, scarlet, on the prevention of, by inoculation - - rari g Fire-side, the domestic, on Bereta | ments of the - Fish, sea, on breeding and Patteintls of in fresh-waters - -——, live, proposal for adepit of, near the metropolis a - - , salesmen, on the extortions of | - women of France, on the privi-’ =°217 143 198 bo) leges of = - 21225 Flight, rapid, of bitde! on the - 397 Folly and stupidity, on the distinction between - - - =" 25 Formation of ores, observations on the 339 Fossil remains,.description of’) = 112 Fox, on the cunning ofthe ~- - 310 Foxes, on the importation of» “= 491 Fragments of Cicero, recovery of the S81 g Freestone, on the durability cf ~~ ~~" 144 French and English people, compati- © son between their intellectuality-''- 248 F roissart, the feudal historian, observa- tionson - - - =" 437 Gas, inflammable, account of ‘an ex-~ plosion of, in a well near Leith - 260 Geological Society, proceedings of, 49, 146 Geometrical demonstration, Mr, Davis" on his 4 x - 302 Geometry, on the Ag vata of the knowledge of - Gibraltar, on the liability é to the causes of remittent fever “ - - 293 Glass, flint, on making lenses of, per-~ fectly homogeneous - = 242 Gold of ancient times, query respecting, 99 Gout, observations on - = 53 Government, priestly, on miseries of - 108 Gradation of universal being, remarks onthe “ - - 28, 110, 308, 421 , remarks on the essay on = 208 Gray, Mr. T., his observations on rail- ways = - oie 30, 416 Greece, state of public instruction mm = 262 , on the affairsof ~~ - = 263 Hair, human, on the extraordinary durability of the — - - - 145 Hay, advantages of mixing salt with’ '- 166 Hayti, power of the president, senate, and chamber of deputies of ‘S°556 Heights of places in the Java rege sticy -“T35 Helena, St., Mr. H. mainieg descrip- tion of — - = - 401 4C2 Heraldics, INDEX. Heraldics, English, observations on - 18 Heraldry, modern, a portion of Egyp- tian hieroglyphical. language - 127 Hint relative to. English traditions "= 15 Hod, bricklayer’s, on the origin of —_- 427 Horticultural Society, proceedings of - 49 Husbandry, on the application of me- chanic science to - - - 493 Huskisson, Mr., on his-recommenda- tion for limiting mechanics’ institu- tions s - - - 19 Hybernation, observations on - - 16 Hydrometrograph, description ofa - 338 Hygrometer, Mr. T. Jories’s, descrip- tion of — - - - - 47 Idiotism, M. E. Duvard on the im- proper use ofthe word - 135, 304 Imagination, observations on - - 110 Importation of foxes, observations on 491 Impositions of water and gas compa- nies, observations on - - 599 Impressment of seamen, hints on, 209, 392, 499 ——- , Sir William Petty, on ~- 209 Tmprovements in the metropolis, on the proposed - - - - 277 Tmprovidence of mechanics, observa- tionson - - 200 Incipents - 84, 181, 277, 373, 471 Tndia, on the hindrances of the spread of Christianity in © - - - 445 Incumbents and curates, on the case of 2 - - - 134 Inhabitants of the moon, on the proba- bility of = - - - = 243 TxqQuiker, THE - - - 404 Inquiry on particles - = - 102 Ink, Indian, a substitute for - = 48 Insects, caution respecting the laws of 241 Institution, the Northern, established at Inverness, account of - « 50 , the Philématic, account of - - - 410 — Westin Literary and Scientific - - - - 499 Institute, Mechanics’, , observations on, 19, 409 .» ———-, on Mr. Huskis- son’s recommendation respecting = ib. James’ Town, St. Helena, Mr. Et. En- nis’s description of - - 401 Jaya regency, on the heights of places inthe - - - - 135 Jennings, Mr. J., his remarks on rear- ing of silk-workd - - =- 26 , on the propagation of apple-trees by slips - ~ 27 —_ , his defence of Bowles, 290 Jesuit Christfanity, observations on = Johnson, Dr. S., on his being a self. taught author = ='213 Jones, Mr. T., gies of his hy- grometer -- - 47 Journey to the sister ~— of Mount Caucasus, account of = (221 Junius, evidence that Horne Tooke was - 118 ——, that the late Lord J olin Radke ville was - - - 249 t Jurisprudence, medical observations, © on - ~ - - 35 Jury laws, consolidation and amend~ ment of the -- - = 528 Lambeth, on the _improper persons : engaged in sweeping the streets-of 2°323 Land, on the advantages of letting small portions of - ' =9412 Lanfrac, M. G. O., his adhutiods of the difficulties about the ancient English’ - coat-armour ~ + +232 Larva of insects, caution respecting: 241 Leasowes and Shenstone, Mr, Ww: hed) Taylor’s remarks on the - =) 24 Leeds Philosophical and Literary Sos ciety, proceedings of the, |= - 146 Leigh, M.-J., his’ observations: on aqueous and atmospheric pressure «8 Life, animal, on the dormitory suspen- sion of - - - 16 , Indian village, desctiption of ='445 Light and heat, observations on - 143 oceasioned by crystallization “ = 336 Lightning, treatment of persons struck» - by - - - vel 166 Linnzan Society, proceedings of ~ 49 Lions, not leopards, on the arms of England - - ee 185 Lrrerature, Montuty Review or, 54;)149, 248; 343, 442 —, SurrLemEenTARY Review or 510 , Anglo-Saxon, obervations ~~ on - - < - - 54 - » Russian, statement of -- 359 —, American dramatic - 425 Longevity, instances of - ~ 261 Louis XIV. of France, characteristic remarks on |. eS - - 253 Macadamization, observations on = 35 ; mF yd to objections against == - ~ H2 , Mr. M, Yoojelt on = 311 Man, query whether he is perfeetable? 500 Manufactures, on the use of saltin » + 326 Marble, elastic, description of 224 Marriacres 1N AND NEAR Lonnon, 85, 182, 278; 374; 572 —— Axroap, 86, 183, we 374 473 Masera Giuseppe, an astonishing: me- chanical genius, account of 9910+ 67 Mathematical problem - - 109 Mechanics’ Institutes, observations on," and Mr. Huskisson’s recommended*»' limitation of - » eel9, 409 > Mr. Enort Smith on the» improvidence of | - (adi io axgoo Medal, description of a, struck in com-"" - memoration of the battle/of ‘Rosbach’ $27 , description of another Prus= sian £6708 «neh BF Mepricay Rerort, 73; 171, 266,'362, 453 Meteoric stone, description "of a =7912 MerroroLocicaL Rerorrs, 170, 265, 8361, 52 Metropolis, on tg om jmproverients in the 2 Jo-n0ier 897 Microscopic penmanship; vailinivable— ss: specimens of by Mr. Beedell=> >> -:200. Migration INDEX. Migration of caterer description of the = - - 229 birds, pibishaniias on the, 397 Mildew on canvas, effects of - 338 Mind, observations on - =rbrlal Dd Mineral_ springs of Mount Caucasus, account of a journey to.the - ~ 221 Mines, Cornish, proposals for a scien- tific school -in the - - - 50 Miseries of ‘priestly government, ob- servations on the - - - 108 Missions, Christian, observations on. - 371 Modes, absurd, of classical tuition, ob- servations onthe ~ Moisture of papers of different kinds, on the absorption of = - 241 Moon’s eclipse, query concerning - 337 light and heat - - ib. Moore, Ann, the fasting woman, ac- countof - - - ib. Mortality of children in Paris, -obéerva- tions on the 10947 - 245 Music, New, 69, 162, 258, 354, 450 Nicaragua, description of the lake and principal towns in the district of - 314 Naples, on the past and Been state of - = 36 Natural Histary, on neglected saa /ances of - - 304 Navigation-steam, on the ana care respecting - - - 254 Negro, a Mandingo, information from, on the interior of Northern Africa - 197 Nervous'system, observations on the - 449 Nestorian progenitorship, observations on és e = - 328 News From Parnassus - - 210 Note, an editorial, on Duvard - AlY OsiruaRy OF THE “Mowra, 82, 180, 276, ‘' 371, 470 seat SuprrPLeMenTaRy, 559 Objects, on seeing, under water - 46 Observatories, on determining the di- rection of the meridian of - - 45 Occvanencrs, Pozrricat, 70, 169, 263, 360, 460 ——, Provincia, 87, 184, 281, 376, 474 Oiland coal-gases compared - - 106 -— and water, observations on - 337 Opera-house ‘Shieiions, observations (on - - - 40 Ores, on the lama of - - 339 Organs of enunciation, and formatiou ‘of literal elements, Mr. Thelwall’s lecture on the, + - = 5, 113, 200 Origin of the brickiogtay s sted query forthe . - - 427 Oswestry, history of - - = 130 Oxford, ot the remains of popery at - 11 ——, account of a late riot at - 380 Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, on the union of, - - - 312 Paint, potato, how to make - «.'339 Panacea, or whole art of medicine ~- 409 Papers of different kinds, on the ab- sorption of moisture by = - - 241 for draughtsmen, description of 435 Paris, on the:mortality of childven in - 245 Paris, description of a wire-bridge at - 359 Parr, Dr., anecdotes of the late et 27, Particles, inquiry on - - - 102 Passions, on the physiology of the - 317 Parents, New, 52, 147, 247. 246, 344, 439 » specification of, that have not been given within the year 537 | Perceptions by the senses on muscular exertion, on the dependence of ~~ 46 Perfectable, queryin man - - 506 Peter’s, St., at Rome, observations on 249: Petersburgh, account of a grand féte at 482 Petty, Sir Wiliam, his observations on the impolicy of impressments of sea- men - - - - 239 Phenomenon, account of a singular 189 » an exeporcinary musi- cal, accountof = - - 262 Philadelphia, account of the aledanne Philosophical Society at - ~ 265 Philomatic institution, : account of the 410 Phosphate of iron, analysis of a species of - - - - 241 Phosphor in potatoes, observations on 435 Plague, doubts on the contagion of the 132 , on the contagion of - - 245 Planet, the Ericke, observations on the 143 Plants, fossil, on cultivating knowledge of - - - - 253 Pleading, observations on x - 139 Porrry Orictnat, 43, 141, 239, 334, 433 -, on didactic - - - 503 - supplementary - - 509 Poles, magnetic, query whether the earth possesses two or four = = | 45 Pope, on the rank of, as a poet = 512 Popery, on the remains of, at Oxford 11 Port Jackson, description of - ohn wed Portsmouth dock-yard, account of a dreadful catastrophe at - - 385 Potass, pure, on obtaining = - - 336 Poultry, domestic breed, on the habi- tudes of - - - - 310 Power, steam, on the importance of - 144 Prejudices, observations on - - 324 Preservation of the copper sheathing of vessels, on the - - “20 Press, on the state of the, at Gonstantle nople - - - - 23 Pressure, aqueous and. atmospheric, Mr. J. Leighon - * : Price Currents, Montury, 75, 174, 2694 364, 456 Priestcraft, on the miseries of - - 108 Problem, a mathematical - , Mr. J. Davis, on Pie perspective - 203 , Cambridge, from "1800 to 1820, observations onthe - - 234 Progenitorship, Nestorian, instances of 32% Property, landed, on taste in the im- provement of - - - 487 Pusuicarions, New, Lisr or, 7, 176, 271, 367, 465 Quarterly Review, observations on 136, 329 Reviewers, 232 Quills, new method of preparing, - 164 lace, human, on the gradation of the 26, 110, 908 Railway - 10% INDEX. Railway-road, on the propriety of forming a national - - 418 Railways, Mr. J. Gray’s observations op - - - - 30, 416 Rank of Pee, as a poet, remarks on __ the - 12 Rape of the Pack Pope’ s, remarks on 13 Reading, light, sketches for -- ~.494 Rearing of silk-worms, Mr. Jennings on - + > = - 26 Reason, obseryations on = Reflections on the old year - - 497 Reformers, parliamentary, on the bene- fits from the exertions of - ery] Remarks on the Essay on Gradation 208 Reply to objections against Macadami- zation - - - 119 Report, Mepicat, 73, 171, 266, 362, 453 Researches in Egypt = - - =. Ou Review or Lirerarurr, Monruty, 54, 149, 248, 257, 343, 442 -——~, supplementary - - 510 , TuearricaL - 68, 161, 257, 450 Reviews, observations on - 136 Riot, a late, at Oxford, account of - 380 Robertson, Dr., on remittent fever, 205, 213 liods, lightaing, on the erection and use of - - - - 16 eo SRE observations % -.242 Rot, dry, Mr. jee onthe - - 399 Royal Society, proceedings of - - 49 Russia, White, account, of contract thneetings in, = - - 481 Sabbatans, a new sect of Christians, account of - - - - 358 Sackville, the late Lord George, on his being Junius - - 249 Salt, advantages of mixing, with hay ~ 166 , on the uses of, in manufactures and agriculture = - - - 326 Science, mechanic, on the application of, to, husbandry, 5 -~ - ~ 493 Seamen, hints on impressment. of, 209, 392 499 Sheathing, copper, of vessels, on the preservation of > - - 20 Shenstone and the econ, Mr. W Taylor on - - 24 Sheridan, on the last deva Mo - - 343 Silenus, on the mythological account of, 193 Simon’s Town, Cape of ont Eiopes description of - 2 Sitometer, description ofa. - - 339 Slaves, negro, on the necessity of eman- cipating - - - - 347 Skeleton, the living, authentic account of - - - - 39 Slips, Mr. Jennings on the propagation of apple-trees by. .- = - 127 —, further observations on = - - 228 Smith, Mr. Enort, his observations on the improvidence of mechanics - 200 ———— , his query, for the author of “* Auld Robin Gray”? - 232 Snuffing of candles, observations on - 48 Soap, transparent, method of making 337 Society, Royal, proceedings of - - 49 , Linnzan, do. - = WARE Society, Geological, do. - + ib. 146 , Horticultural, do. - - ib. , Astronomical, do, - - ib. ——, Wernerian Natural History, do. ib. Royal Asiatic, do, .. = - cae ails ——, New Zoological - - 146 , Leeds Puflosephicek and Lite- rary, “do. - sy om 146 ——., American Philosophical, at Philadelphia = - - 261 , Asiatic, of Calcutta - - 340 Socterizs, Procreepinas or Learnep 49, 146, 144, 340, 439 Sonnet by Bowles = - - 232 Sonnets, Bowles’, obseryationson - 412 Sound, on the velocity of. - - 143 Southey, Dr., his poetic character - 215 Speech, Mr. Thelwall, on the anatomy, of - - 113 Sponge, on the vital functions of the, - 243 Spots on the sun’s disc, observations on 243 Stars, fixed, on the southern motion of some of the - - - 45 , earth, observations on = 396 State of Naples, on the pastand present, 36 Stature, on the elasticity of _ - + 315 Steam, Mr. Tredgold on the power of 338 coach, description of a See be Strawberry, on the cultivation of the,120, 305 Street-sweeping in Lambeth, on, the a improper persons engaged in (7 323 Stieets, new, Mr, Farey,on —- - 302 Stockholders, observations on -.. -.432 Stupidity and folly, on the distinction between - - -) 25 Substitute for Indian ink, description, , ofa - - et] Suspension, dormitory, of aniitigl life, 16 Sydney Cove and Town, New South Wales, description of - - 4 Synod of Dort, observations on the - 128 , on the English divines who attended the. - =) 2 wodher Tailors, account. of several, eminent),,,. men who had been - ; BEY Tarantula, on the bite of the °- ~ 462 Tatem, Mr., his observations on dry-rot, 339 Taylor, Mr. W., his remarks on Shen-.., stone and the Leasowes & adaite 24 Tea, on the adulteration of. = )4)., «s\. 65 — of different eoumaiee description... of - - - 5a7 Territory und, sceilalacne of \the; five. principal monarchies of Europe, de-, scription of - - 1 oe Testament, Old,. on. the ansiquatn atnts different parts of the 5387 That and The, J. H.- Toakann, » gehm 320 Thelwall, Mr., bis lectures on * eho, swat organs ae enunciation, and formation ||. of literal elements, - 5, 113, 202, 305 Tibur, recommended attempt to recover the treasure supposed to be buried in > 1 sae the bed of the - - - 97 Tomb of Bonaparte, description of, aul its site - - - 402 Tooke, Horne, evidence that he was Junius = - - . - 118 Toric of ruz Montx = - 40 Tower, INDEX, Tower, strictures on Bayley’ s History of the - FS - 489 Traditions, English, bint relative to - 15 and superstitions, Danish, 216,424 Treatment of persons struck by pebt ning, method of - 71 Tyrconnell, account of the Dichess of, in the time of James II. - - Varieties, LirerARy aND Misceiia- NEOUS = 65, 163, 260, 356, 461 ——_———-,, supplementary - 550 Vegetable tallow, description of =" 48 and animal kingdoms, on the connexion between — - - 429 Velocity of sound, observations on the, 143 Venus, planet, various observations on e - - - - Versification, observations on - Vessel, steam, on a new principle, de- scription of - - - 461 Vessel5, on the preservation of the copper-sheathing of - - 20 , steam, on the local magnetic _ attraction of - - Spe) ~, , in war, advantages of 461 Virgil, observations on the Sixth Eclogue of - = - Volcano in the United States, account of the only active - - Voyage’ from the Isle of Fiinee to England, Mr. H. Ennis’s Journal of, Wales, New South, account. of the 5 Aborigines of - - -""4 438 438 193 260 Walrus, gr sea-horse, account of one ascorfred in Orkney - - 19) Water, on seeing objects under - 46 —-——, impure, query remedy for . - 126 “spout, account of a, near Lynn - “2 - 384 , remedy for bad - - 323 Weights and measures, abstract of the ee act on - - - 21 Wernerian Society, proceedings of - 49 Western Literary and Scientific Insti- tution, account of the formation of, 439 Westminster Review, observations on the - - = 136, 329. Reviewers, observations on, 233 Wire-bridge at Paris, description of - 359 Wines, ancient and aTondeess observa- tions on - = - - 233 Women, on the natural history of - 447 on the capacities and rights of 486 Wood, fire-proof, description of - 435 World, query whether the, has existed from eternity - - - 404 » on the non-eternity of the, 405, 533 Worms, silk, Mr, Jennings on the pro- pagation of = = - 96 Year, the old, reflections on ~ - 497 Yoojelt, Mr. N, his remaks on Mac- adamization = = 312 York, New, account of the Athénée at 261 » a Statistical and topogra-. phical account of = - = 309 , excursion through = - - 190 Zoological, New, Society, sa eA Walks, public, on excluding the poor of the « zs : 146 classes from the = - - - 252 & , / +! i 2 e se! INDEX TO NEW PATENTS. Barlow, G., for bleaching, clarifying, and improving the quality and co- four of sugar - s ~ 430 Berenger, C. A.,; Baron de, for im- provements in ‘the discharge of fire- arms*9'° +4 - - - 341 Cartwright, E., for improvements in ‘Yoller printing-presses - - 341 Chambers, A. H., for Mpating ihe Ways — - - 147 Church, W:, for improvements in ma- chinety.in printing - - 439 Crogsley, J., for improvements in the construction 6f lamps and lanterns - 342 Daniel, J. C., for improved method of weaving wodlen-cloth . - 246 Devereux, F., fori wags shat hooey in the military mill -» 52 Lambert, L., for improvements in the manufacture of paper u = 341 Magrath, T., for preventing the effects of frost on water and other fluids’ = 439 Marsh, T., ty improved saddles =95D Maudsley, H ’ and J. Field, for im- provements in steam-apnaratus - 430 Perkins, J., for improved method of throwing shells = - - 5 Schofield, Jon., for improvements in the manufacture of cloth - - 342 Vallance, J., for new method of expe- diting communication and conivey- ance - - - -' 246 Viney, J., for improvements in water- closets - - 341 General List of unnoticed Patents during the last twelve months’ *» + 541 Inpex INDE X. \ INDEX TO WORKS REVIEWED. Absenteeism (Lady Morgan’s - 156 Ambition, a Novel - : - 153 Antediluvian Phytology ( Artis’) - 253 Apology for Don Juan - - 350 Appel aux Nations Chrétiennes en fa- veur des Grees (Constant) - ni Beauties of Wiltshire (Britton’s) - 447 344 Bibliographic Leaves - - 256 Botanic Garden (Maud’s) - - 349 Camisard = - - = - 447 Caracalla (Marzuzi’s) - - 160 Century of Surgeons on Gonorrhgea, &e. - - - *oieaeko Chant du Sacre (Lamartine’s) - 448 Cigar - - - - 256 Cours de Littérature, &c. (Henne- 4 quin’s) - - _ - Compendium of Mechanics (Brun- ton’s - - - - 60 Correspondence, Mathematical and Physical, between M.M. Garnier and M. Quitelet - - - 353 Country Vicar Hee ce _- 60 Critical Inquiry for Junius, proving the Letters to have been written by Lord Viscount Sackville (Coven- try’s) - - _- 248 Critical Conditions of the Army and Navy (Burridge’s) ~~ 912 Dance and other.Poems (Baruh’s) - 255 Danske Odrsprog o Taglimaader (Smidth’s) ~- - S Death of Aguire, &c. (Dalby’s) 2 Du Perfectionnement Morale, Ac. (Degerando’s) - - = Discours sur les Révolutions de la Surface du Globe (Cuvier’s) - et Lecons sur!’ Industrie, &c. 353 444 159 449 (Dupin’s) - - ~- 449 East-India Company’s Records (Mo- reau’s) - - pe pS 151 Economy of the Eyes, Part II. (Kitche- ner’s) - - - - 447 English in Italy = - 514 Engraved Specimens of the Architec- tural Antiquities of Normandy (Le Keux and Britton’s) s - 149 Essai sur le Royaume de la Nouvelle Espagne (Humboldt’s) — - = 352 Essais sur les Rapports Primitifs (Bo- zelli’s) - - - - 158 Ja Construction des Routes, &c. (Cordier’s) - =. - 159 Essay on the Weeds of Agriculture (Sinclair’s) = = - 446 Fables, Russes, &c. (Lemontey’s) - 159 Faustus (translated from the German) 154 Forty Yearsin the World - - 444 French Master (Duvard’s) - - 59 Fruits of Faith, and other Poems (Campbell’s) Beet Atm - 444 Germanien untcr den Romern, &c. ( Reichard’s) - = - 449 Geschichte des Ost-Gothis-chen Rei- ches in Italien (Manso’s) - - 63 Gonzalo and other Poems’ - - 350 Gratitude, a Poetical Essay (M*‘Do- nough’s) - - - - 256 Grundtsdk, &c. (Ingemann’s) - 63 Greve, John Frederic Struensee - 256 Grey’s Memoria Technica (Todd’s) - 347 Harry and Lucy (Edgeworth’s) - 446 Herban, a Poem - = ~- 442 Highest Castle and the Lowest Cave - 447 Hints to the Young Jamaica Sugar Planter (Hibberts) - - 511 History of the Conquest of England by the Normans - = - 54 of England, from the First In- vasion by the Romans to the Com- monwealth (Lingard’s) = - 56 Historiche Bilder, &c. (Hirschfield) - 160 Historical and Descriptive Narrative of Twenty Years’ Residence in South America (Stevenson’s) . - 150 Hygiene Physiologique de la Femme ( Lachaise’s) - 3 p: Importance of Educating the Infart Poor (Wilderspin’s) - - 510 Improvements. on Civil Architecture (Burridge’s) - : = Inquiry into the present State of the Civil Law of England (Miller’s) - 57 Joanna of Richmond, a Poem (Petyt’s) Journal, Historique, Statistique et Geo- graphique ( Russie) - - Journey into Various Parts of Europe (Pennington’s) - - . Key to Nicholson. and Rowbotham’s Algebra - - - - Kongelig Dansk Hof-og Stats Kalen- ar - - - - Le Trésor de L’Ecolier Frangais ( Por- quet’s) - = - - 59 Legends of the North ( Rolls’) - 157 Letter to the Rt. Hon. Sir Chas. Long, on Improvements in London - a George Canning, "on more general Diffusion of Know- ledge (Nottingham’s) - = Letters on England (De Stael’s) = Lettre de Fénélon, a Louis XVI. (Re- nouard’s) - - - 4 Life, Writings, &c. of Lord Byron - 250 of Sheridan (Moore’s) - - 344 M.TulliiCiceronis Orationum pro Scau- ro, &c. (Peyron’s) - - .- 353 Maid of the Greek Isle - = 6) Manual of Classical Biography (Moss’s) 346 62 _«— of Instructions at Infant School, Meadow Street, Bristol (Goyder’s) 510_ Marauder, two Epistles, in Verse - 351 Napoleon and the Grand Army in Russia (Gourgaud’s) - - 345 Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter’s River, &c. (Keatinge’s) - - - 15] New ee at INDEX. New Pocket Road-Book of England, Selections from various Authors on Brazil (Mounteney’s) - - Sixth Report of the Committee of the Society for the Improvement of Pri- 152 &c. (Leigh’s) = = - 152 Notice sur les Feat Artifi- cielles - - - 352 Observations on Gout (Bennie! s) - 152 Odes of Anacreon (Orger’s) ~ - 60 Giuvres de J. Delille - - 352 Orlando Furioso adapted to the use of Youth (Avesani’s) - - 349 Phantasiegemalde (Deering’ s) - 63 Practical Miner’ s Guide (Budge’s) - 347 Observations on the Organs of the Body (Fosbrooke’s) - - 348 Quadro des ieee Fon Anti- chite . - 256 Rapport fait 4 I nies oar &e. 159 Recherches Expérimentales sur les Pro- priétés et les Fonctions du Systeme, Nerveuxdans les Animaux Vertébres (Flouren’s) ai - 448 Redovisning och Beratseller, &c. - 64 Remarks on Steam-Navigation en ; gold) = 254 Revision of Geographical &e. Terps (Evans’) - 255 Rotvelsh Lexicon, af Dorph - - 64 Saggio scella stria delle Mathematiche (Franchini’s) - - 63 Scholz Semestres in Cexsarea, Univer- tiesat (Morgenstern’s) - - 335 Schwaben unter. den Rémern (Leich- - - 449 len’s) 2 INDEX ro tHE NAMES or LIVING AUTHO) son- Discipline - - 1. - 62 Slave Colonies of Great Britain. - 513° Smaadigte, &c. (Rabbee’s) - - 64 Spanish Sproglaere, &c. (Rash’s) + 63 Speedy End to Slavery (Winn’s) ~ 347 Succinct View and Analysis of Au. 3 thentic Information on the Practica- bility of joining the Atlantic with the Pacific Ocean (Pitman’s) = 150 Theory and Practice of Warming and Ventilating Public Buildings = 69 Thoughts on an [Illustrious Exile : (Boyd’s) - - . 349 Cal and Statistical Account ew York ~ 382 Traditions of Edinburgh (Chalmers’) 153 Treatise on Christian Doctrine (trans- lated from Milton, by Sumner) - 58 on the Vapour-Bath (Gib- _ ney’s) - - - - 348° Troubadour, and other Poems - 61 Useful Hints to Travellers to South America - - 348 Voyage de Polycléte (Rouillon’ s) - 153 Vraie Systéme de ypurope, &e. (De Pradt’s) - - - 159 IN THIS 60TH VOLUM Adams, S. 120 Batty, Capt., F.R.S. Aikin, L. 80, 178 78 Ainslie, Dr, 79 Bayly, T. H.. 162 Allen, J. C. #0 Beamish, Capt. L., Anderson, Rev. C. 79,177, 272 467 Beckman, Prof. 368 Annesley, J. 271, Beechey, Capt. F, 370 W.,R.N. 465 Armstrong, J.. M. ——, H.W. ib. D.. 370. Bell, Mr.C. — 45 Artis Bs M0 177, 27), » Major J. 179 TOL , T., F.L.8.180 eit incon, i 466 Bentham, Jer. 140 Ayre, Dr. 272, 362, Bentley, J... 272 467 Benson, R., F.R.S. Babbage,C.45, 491, 274 468 Benwell, J. M. #0 Babington, Dr, 13, | Biddulph, Rev. T,T. 46 M.A. 60 acker, E.H. 271 "Barnet, J. 259, 451 Bingham, Rey. R., K.C.L. 177 Baruh, S. 189 Binney, Rev. J.369 ‘Bastien, iP. 274 Birbeck, Dr. 78,178 Bailey, Mr. F. 49 Bishop, Mr. H. R. ‘Barlow, Mr. 45, 46 69, 70 Baron, J.,M.D.273 Blackadder, Mr. A. Barrington, Sir J. 49 79,177 Blewitt, J. 355 Montutry Mac,—Supp. yi Blundell, Dr. S, AND OTHER PERSONS 356 Carrington, Mr. G. Boaden, Mr. 465 Riad. 79 Bochsa, N.C. 163 Campan,“M. 465 Boone, Mr. 367 Cheeseman, F, 80 Bouilly, J. N. 179 Children, J, G., F. Boyd, H.S. 274 R. and L. S. 180 Bray, Mrs. 466 Christie, Mr. S. H. Brereton, Rev.C.D., 46, 368 A.M. 80 ——, J, 49 Britton, J., F.S.A. Churchill, T. F., M, 177, 370 D. 274 Brooke, Capt. 367 Clapperton, Capt.H, Buchanan, G. 368 R. N. 465 Buckland, Prof. 65 Clark, Mr. 65 Budge, J. 180 Clayton, J. 369 Burgess,T, D.D.81 Clifton, Mr. 162 Bulwer, H. L. Close, Rev. F. $1 Burridge, J. 178, Colin, M, 47 , 274 Coleridge, J.T., M. Butcher, Rev. L. A. 179 469 Cooke, T. 70 Butler, C. 466 ,W.B. 80 , J. O. 466, 5 ib. 467 Cooper, A., A.M. Campbell, H. 271, él 371 re 2 271 Carey, J., LL.D. Coxe, F. A. 79 17 Cresy, Mrs. E. 467 broker, 4D Croker, Mr.'C. 79: Cruikshank, G. 177 Cunningham, A. 272, 273 Cutler, W. H., Mus. Bac. 259 Cuvier, Bar. 362 Daniell, W. R.A. 20 , Mr. 66 Danneley, J.F. 70 Davies, Lieut. J. H. 49 be Sa 302 Denham, Major D. “465 Deuchar, Mr. J, 49 Dewint, P. 80, 273 Dibdin, Rev. T. F., D.D. 80, 367 Dickinson, R. 178 Dobereiner, M. 438 Dodd, T. 273 Dods, M. 272 Divery, J. 1. 468 © Drummond, H. H., M. P. 49 Dussek, L. 356 Duvard, E. 304 Eastlake, C.D. 980 Edwards, J. 370 Edwards, T. W. C., M.A. “177, 178 Ellis, Rev. W. 467 Elton, C. A. 177, 368 Emden, T. 259 Ennis, Mr. H. 4, 121, 135, 297 English, E. | 469 Evans, Rev. Dr. 180 Faraday, Mr. 48, 49 Farey, o Sen. 312 Field, J 357 Fitzpatrick, W W. 70, 258 Fley, Mr. M. 49 Fosbrooke, Rev. T. D. 79 » Mr. J.27, 78, 80 Porsy th, J. S. 370 Fotheringham, Mr. J. 49 Franklin, Capt. 47 Fulton, G. 467 Galt, Mr. 272,377 Garnet, J. 355 Garrow, D. 466 Gibney, J., M. D. 179 Gibson, H. 169 Goldsmith, O. 80 Gordon, Rev. Dr. 78 Gore, R.T. 274 Gourgaud, Gen.179 i as D. G. 468 Gray, 'T 31,418 INDEX. Greatbatch, W. 80 Green, Mrs. 180 Gregory, Dr. 177, 469 -, G.. MeD. 179, Groves, Rev. J. 272 Gurney, J. J. 272, 485 Hakewill, Mr. 177 Hall, Rev. R. 80, 369 Halpin, W. H. 371 Hallam, H. 465 Hamper, Mr. W. 79 Hartshorne, Mr. 368 ‘Hawker, Gol. Pp: 274 Hansard, T. C, 469- ' Hanstern, Prof. 45 Hamilton, G. 274 Harding, G. P. Hardress, Rev. W. 369 Harris,T.M., D.D. "371 Hardy, J. 178 Heath, C. 273 Herbert, G. B. 258, 451 Herschell, M. J. F. 469 Hewlett, Mrs. 46, 49 Hindmarsh, R. 371 Hollingsworth, Dr. JOBS 367 Hofland, Mrs. 179, 140, 363 Holland, Mrs. M 179 Home, Sir Ev. 46, 4y Horn, C. ek , C. F.70, 451 Horne, Rev. T. H. 177 Horsfield,T., M.D., F.R.S. 49 How, W. D., M.D. 178 Howe, J., M.A.271 Hurwitz, H. 367 Jackson, J. R. A. 60 5 dts ib. James, "Rev; Jai M.A, BL Jameson, Prof. 48 Jennings, Mr. 356 Johns, Dr., F.L.S. 369 Jones, Mr. T. 47, 49 -,G. R.A. 466 Kalkbrenner, F. 355 Kater, Capt. 49 Kelly, Dr. 466 =, M. 163, 468 Kempe, A. J. 179 Kendall, E. A., F S$) Al? 273,275 369 Kendrick, T. T. C. 60 Keux, J.and H. Le. 273, 370 Keyworth, T. 468 Killaway, G. 80 King, P. P., R. N. 465 Kitchner, Dr. 271 Lane, T. 170 Lardner, Rev. D. 272, 370 Law, Rev. A. 79 Lawrence, Sir T. 83 Leigh, Mr. J. 8 -, Chand, 367 Lewis, F.C. 40 Lingard, Rev. Dr. 80, 179 Lockhart, J.G., LL. B. 368 Louden, J.C, F.L S. 468 Lupton, T. Lyall C., Mr. G. S. 49 Mackenzie, F. 273 Mahony, Miss A. eR y Malcolm, Sir J. 465 . Manners, Mr. 162 Manson, A., M.D. 272 Marriott, Rev. H. 274 Matheson, G. F. 81 ee ST a J. 370 Mayo, Dr. 80 Mazzenghe, Mr. 356 M‘Donnell, A. 81 M> Donogh, Mr. 274 M‘Murtrie, Mr. W. 49 M‘Neile, Rev. H., M. A. al M‘Cabe, J., M.D. 179 M‘Culloch, J. R. 366 M‘Henry, J., B.M. 272 Maunsell, Rev. Mr. 47 Mignet, M. 368 Miles, Mrs. 162,259, . 354 Milman, Rev. H.H. 466 Mollerat, M. 46 Montausier, Duke, 177 Moore, T. 272, 369 Moreau, C. 469 Morehead, R., A.M. 368 973° Morgan, Lady, 80 Morris, R., F.L.S. 4 79, 274 Morrison, Rev. Dr. 369 Moschelles, Mr. 259 Mosse, H. R. 80, 180, 469 Moss, J. W. 178 Moule, T. 178 Murray, H., F.R.S. E. 368 Murray, Mr. 465 Newton, Rev. C., A. B. 179 Nicholas, N. H. 83, 369 ——-, J. 180, 469 Nugent, Lord, 450 Nuttall, P. A., LL: D. 178, 367 Orger, T., LL.D. 79 Paris, Dr, J. A.271 Parry, C. H., M.D. 273 Pering, D., M.D, 273 Pettigrew, Mr. 467 Phillips, H., F.L. and F.H.S. 79 Pleyel, Mr, 163 Pond, Mr. 45 Poole, $. 163 Porchester, Lord, 20 Porquet, M., L. M. de - E79 . Powell, M. B. 47 Prinsep, H T. 180 Pugin, Mr. 466 Putney, Mrs.C. 271, 370 Raffles, Sir S. Rawlings, Mr. 355 Reid, T. 367 Richter, H. 80 Ritchie, W. 369 Robberds, J. G. 371 Robertson, H., M. D. 205, 293 Rochette, M.. R. 271. Roe, R. 468 Rolls, Mr. H. 180 Roscoe, T. 78, 367 Sak 179 Rose, W.S. 466 Russell, LordJ. 465 Ryland, Dr., M.D. Sadler, T. S. Salame, Mr. 79 Schleirmacher, Dr. 469 Scrape: Mr.G.P.79 Seine, H. 163 Sharp, M.W. 80> -, W. 398 Sharpe, Sharpe, T. 272 Shearman, Dr. 78 Sinclair,Mr. 162 SW.c: FS. ° 468 Sleigh, W. W. 179 Smith, Mr. En. 39, 232, 327 — .-, SirJ. E. 371 —-, Dr. J. E. 271 ——-, Dr. J. G., F. R.S. -, Mr. 370 Southey, R., LL.D. 80, 210, 467 eines G. 465 Stevenson, W. B. 81 Stewart, Rev. A. rer ek 467 Stael, Bar. de, 370 INDEX. Stonard, Rev. J., D. , 180 - Tatem, J. G. 399 Tattet, J. A. 258, - 354 Taylor, W. 25 Ale 177 »W.C., A.B. 271 5 J., Jun. 467 Tennant, W. 367, 468 Thelwall, Mr. J. 5, 113, 202, 385 Thompson, T.,M. D. 369 Thornton, T. 274 ———., Dr. AT. Timbs, J. 367 Todd, J. H. . 370 Townsend, Rey. G., M A. 180 Turner, C, 80 Turner, J. M. W., seas 273 , Ss. 469 » Dr. "558 Viesseux, A. ib. Vigors, Mr. N. A., F.L.S. 49 Vigot, A. 451 Wade, J. H. 162 Walker, Rev.G.176 Ward, W., Jun. 80 -, H. 179, 274 Wardrop, J. ib. Waterson, C. ib. Weaver, Mr. T. 47 Weddell, J. 275 Welbank, R. 179 Wellbeloved, Rev.C. 272 Wellwood, SirH.M. 369 West, W. 451 Westall, R., R.A. 80, 468, 273 White, Rev. B. C: 371 Whittaker, Rev. G., M.A. Ne WA Wickliff, J. 180 Wilcox, Mr. C. 49 Wiffen, J. H. 467 Williams, T.W. 273 ———_, Mrs. H. 275 Wilson, Mr. A. 49 Ale 368 »Rev.W., D. D. ‘467 Withering, W., LL. D. 177 Wood, Capt. G. 275 Woodhouse, Prof. 45 Woods, J. 370 Wright, Rev. G. N. 177 ECCLESIASTICAL PROMOTIONS. Ackroyd, Rev.J.375 Aldrich, Rev.W.W., 4 S.C. L. 375 Annesley, Hon. and Rev. W., M.A. 375 Baker, Rev. J., M. A, 280 _ Barnard, Rev. E. 375 Barnwell, Rev.C:B. 474 Brodrick, Rev..W. J., M.A. 474 Brown, Rev. T. 474 Buckland, Rev. W. A 474 Chambers, Rev. T., M.A. 474 Chandler, Rev. G., D.C.L. 184 Chichester, Rev. J. 1: AAP 280 Clarke, Rev. —, M. A. MAEVE Clementson, Rev. D. 163 Coleridge, Rev. J. D., B.C.L. 280 , Rev. E., B.A. 260 Crick, Rev. T., B. A. 87 Diss, Rev. J. 87 Daniels, Rev. E.184 Davies, Rev. R., M. A. 87 » Rev. J. 184 , Rev. J. 280 Eden, Hon. and Rev. R. 474 Elliot, Rev. J., LL. ib; 375 Evans, Rev. M. 67 oy ev. Guus: M.A. 184 Faulkner, Rev, R. R, 187 Fowell, Rev.G. 474 Gaisford, Rev. F., M.A. 184 Goddard, Rey. Dr. 375 Greaves, Rev.H.A., A.B. 280 Gurden, Rev. P., B. A. 87 Henslow, Rev.J.S., M.A. 87 Hill, Rev. J., M.A. 1e4 Hodgson, Rev. C. H., M.A. 375 Holloway, Rev. T. 375 Hubbard, Rev. H. 184 Ion, Rev.J.,M. A.87 James, Rev. W., M. A. "220 " Jenkinson, Rev. Dr. 184 s Johnson, Rev. J., M. A. 183 -, Rev. W. 260 Jones, Rev. H., M A. 164 —-, Rev.J., M.A 474 Knight, Rev. J.375 Leathes, Rev. C.S., M.A. 474 Legge, Rev. G. A., B.A. 184 Lockey, Rev. 87 Lonsdale, Rev. J., B.D. i834 Madan, Rev. S., M. A. "375 Mallock, Rev. R.S., E.L. 280 May, Rev.J. B. 184 Marshall, Rev. J., aiEs> 375 Martyn, Rev.T., B. A. 474 Miller, Rev. C. S. 87 Milner, Rev. W. ib. Meredith, Rev. R., B.A. 474 Mountain, Itev. C. R. 375 Nantes, Rev. D. 280 Neville, Rev.C., A. M. 474 Osborne, Rey. G. 375 Paul, Rev. S. » Rev. R. H. 280 Pearce, Rev. E. S., M.A. 87 Perkins, Rev.C.375 Pockett, Rev. W.,M. AS: 87 Prettyman, Rev.—. 280 Puckle, Rev. B. 184 Quartley, Rev.W.W. 474 Randall, Rev. J. 375 Rawlins, Rev. H. W., M.A. 87 Richards, Rev. R., M.A. 143 Robson, Rev. J. 474 Sage, Rey. C. A, 87 Salter, Rev. E., A. M. "474 Scott, Rev. M. ib. Smith, Rev. G. G. 183 —-, Rev. G. W. 184 Spry, Rev. J.H., D. D. 184 Strangeways, Rev. W., M.A. 184 Strong, Rev.W.474 Tripp, Rev. H. 174 Tripp, Rev. C., D. D. ‘ 184 Turnour, Hon. and Rev. A. A. 375 Twis- Twistleion, Rev.F., LL.B. 474 Vanbrugh, Rev. G., LL.B. 375 Vaughan, Rev. T., M.A. 1864 Ventris, Rev. E., B. A, 474 INDEX. Vivian, Rev. W. F. 184 Wakeman, Rev. E. w. 184 Warner, Rev, A.375 Ward, Rev. G. 184 5) dev. F5iG, 184 West, Rev.J., M.A. 184 White, Rev. —. 474 Whitehead, Rev. W. B., M.A. #7 Whyley, Rev.G.E., M.A. 83 Wilton, Rev. E., A. M. 474 Woodforde, Rev.F., BAS 67 Woolcombe, Rev. C.; SOAS 3725 Wynter, Rev.T., M. Asy 164 EMINENT AND REMARKABLE PERSONS, Whose Deaths are recorded in this Volume. Banks, Mary, 181 Bavaria, the King of 473 Bessieres, Gen, 559 Bicknell, Mr. W.559 Bogue, Rev. Dr. 470 Brown, Wm., esq. 82 Burgess, Mrs, Eli- zabeth 470 , Mr. J. 559 Carignan, Prince of, 473 Carlisle, Earl of,276 El Empecinado, D. Cook, Rev. Joseph, Juan Martin, 276 83 Hinderwell, T., esq. Cowper, Lieut. Col. 475 83 Iglesias, Don Pablo, Craven, Gen. Earl, 470 181,182 Lacepéde, Count de, Degen, Prof., C.F. 371 83 Lens, Mr. Serjeant, Desfontaines, M. 180 559 Loquin, M.,the Na- Donoughmore, the turalist, 473 Ear! of, 279 Marshall, Mrt.M.373 END OF VOL. LX. » LONDON Martyn, Rev.T., B. D., F.R.S. 92 Nicholas, Mr.G. 476 Ravenhill, Mr. T. 560 Rees, Rev. Dr. Ab. 86 St. Alban’s, Duke of, 1462 Stepney, Sir Thos., Bart. 476 Taylor, James, esq. 373 FRINTED BY COX AND BAYLIS, GREAT QUEEN STRERT, PRESENTED - 8 DEC 1949 - es ana i, ‘ae. - A) th) nw iT Aah te, é 4 RSS 3% Deeicers