^': QH 81 .A44 no . 3 Marine Biological Labofjtoty L I B R A. R Y OCT 7 -l^^f^ WOODS HOLE, MASS. THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST Monograph No. 3 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST Monograph Series EDITORIAL STAFF Theodor Just Botany Editor, University of Notre Dame Edward A. Chapin Entomology U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. Kenneth W. Cooper Cytology and Genetics Princeton University, Princeton, N. J. Carroll Lane Fenton Invertebrate Paleontology Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. J. John Hobart Hoskins Paleobotany University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio Remington Kellogg Mammalogy U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. Jean Myron Linsdale Ornithology Hastings Reservation, Monterey, California George Willard Martin Mycology State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa Karl Patterson Schmidt Ichthyology and Herpelology Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago, Illinois Harley Jones Van Cleave Invertebrate Zoology University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois -r I « THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST Monograph No. 3 Si Do 3 Edited by Theodor Just Published by the University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Ind. The Mosquitoes of the Southern United States East of Oklahonna and Texas ^\^AL By STANLEY J. CARPENTER (Entomologist, National Biscuit Co., New York, N. Y.) formerly (Lt. Col., Sanitary Corps, A. U. S.) and WOODROW W. MIDDLEKAUFF (Assistant Professor of Economic Entomology University of California, Berkeley) formerly (Major, Sanitary Corps, A. U. S.) and ROY W. CHAMBERLAIN (1st Lt., Sanitary Corps, A. U. S.) library!^ J The University Press Notre Dame, Ind. May, 1946 Copyright, 1946 by The American Midland Naturalist University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame. Ind. CONTENTS Foreword 1 Bionomics and Relation to Disease 2 Life History 2 Medical Importance 4 Technique 6 Collecting Adults 6 Transporting, Mounting and Storing Adult Specimens 13 Preparing Male Termmalia for Study 15 Preparing Cibarial Armature for Study 16 Dissection for Malaria Parasites 16 Collecting Mosquito Eggs 18 Collecting Larvae 18 Rearing, Storing and Mounting Larvae 20 Mosquito Identification 23 Characters Used in Identification 23 Adult Characters 23 Pupal Characters 37 Larval Characters 39 Culicine Larvae 41 Anopheline Larvae 44 Egg Characters 47 Family Culicidae 48 Subfamily Culicmae 49 Tribe Anophelini 50 Genus Anopheles Meigen 50 Anopheles atropos Dyar and Knab 52 Anopheles barberi Coquillelt 55 Anopheles crucians hradle\)i King 58 Anopheles crucians crucians Wiedemann 60 Anopheles crucians georgianus King 64 Anopheles pseudopunctipennis pseudopunctipennis Theo- bald 66 A nophel'^s punctipennis (Say) 69 Anopheles quadrimaculalus Say - 73 Anopheles n>all(eri TTieobald 76 Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann 80 Tribe Megarhinini 83 Genus Megarhinus Robineau-Desvoidy 83 Megarhinus rulilus Coquillett 84 Megarhinus seplenlrionalis Dyar and Knab 84 Tribe Culicini 8o Genus IVyeomyia Theobald 89 Wyeomyia mitchellii (TTieobald) 90 /"^ ^■k 1 \r-\ lV^eoTn})ia smiihii (Coquillett) 93 ^Fpeompia vanduzeei Dyar and Knab 96 Genus Uranotaenia Lynch-Arnbalzaga 100 Uranolaenia loivii Theobald 101 Uranolaenia sapphirina (Osten Sacken) 104 Genus Culiseta Fell 107 Culiseta inornata (Williston) 108 Culisela welanura (Coquillett) 112 Genus Orlhopodomy^ia Theobald 1 14 Orlhopodomyia alha Baker 1 14 Orthopodomvia signifera (Coquillett) 116 Genus Mansonia Blanchard 120 Mansonia indubitans Dyar and Shannon 121 Mansonia tilillans (Walker) 124 Mansonia periurhans (Walker) 127 Genus Psorophora Robineau-Desvoidy 130 Psorophora ciliala (Fabricius) 133 Psorophora hoivardii Coquillett 136 Psorophora c^anescens (Coquillett) — 139 Psorophora ferox (Humboldt) 142 Psorophora horrida (Dyar and Knab) 145 Psorophora longipalpis Roth 147 Psorophora varipes (Coquillett) 150 Psorophora confinnis (Lynch-Arribalzaga) ..- 153 Psorophora discolor (Coquillett) 156 Psorophora pxigmaea (Theobald) 160 Psorophora signipennis (Coquillett) 162 Genus Aedes Meigen 165 Andes atianticus Dyar and Knab 170 Aedes canadensis (Theobald) 173 Aedes canlator (Coquillett) 176 Aedes dorsalis (Meigen) 179 Aed''s dupreei (Coquillett) 182 Aedes fulvus pollens Ross 185 Aedes grosshec}(i Dyar and Knab 188 Aedes infirmalus Dyar and Knab 191 Aedes malhesoni Middlekauff 194 Aedes mitchellae (Dyar) 195 Aedes nigromaculis (Ludlow) 197 Aedes sollicitans (Walker) 199 Aedes sticlicus (Meigen) 203 Aedes stimulans (Walker) 206 Aedes laeniorh\)nchus (Wiedemann) 209 Aedes thihaulti Dyar and Knab 211 Aedes tormentor Dyar and Knab 214 Aedes Irivillalus (Coquillett) 217 Aedes alropalpus (Coquillett) 220 Aedes triserialus (Say) 224 Aedcs aegvpti (Linnaeus) 227 Aedes vexans (Meigen) 230 AeJes cinereus Meigen 234 Genus Culcx Linnaeus 236 Ciilex hahamensis Dyar and Knab 240 Culex nigripalpus Theobald 242 Culex pipiens Linnaeus - 245 Culex quinquefasciatus Say 247 Culex resluans Theobald 250 Culex saliuarius CoquiUelt 253 Culex tarsalts Coquillett 256 Culex atratus Theobald 260 Culex erraticus (Dyar and Knab) 262 Culex peccalor Dyar and Knab --- 265 Culex pilosus (Dyar and Knab) 26o Culex apicalis Adams 271 Genus Deinocerites Theobald 274 Deinocerites cancer Theobald 275 Bibliography 277 Index 286 Aedes vexans (Meigen), female. The Mosquitoes of the Southern United States, East of Oklahoma and Texas Foreword In this monograph the authors have attempted to give an up-to-date account of the mosquitoes occurring in the southern United States east of Oklahoma and Texas, and it is hoped that the pubhcation will be a useful reference for those interested in the mosquitoes of this region. The keys and descriptions are based on the known mosquito fauna of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. With rare exceptions, the work is also applicable to the species found in bordering areas, particularly the eastern portions of Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas, and the southern portions of Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, West Virginia, and Maryland. The mosquitoes of the southern United States differ greatly in their habits and importance, thus making identification a necessary prerequisite for a successful control program. The lack of adequate keys, descriptions of species and illustrations has often contributed to the difficulty of making accurate identifications. We have attempted to fill this need by including necessary keys, specific descriptions, and illustrations showing diagnostic features of adult females, male terminalia, and larvae. Distribution records given for each species have been compiled largely from published state and regional lists. We have attempted, insofar as possi- ble, to cite the more recent and readily available references to state collec- tion records rather than earlier references, many of which are no longer available. References to seasonal distribution are based principally upon Army mosquito collection records of the Fourth Service Command Medical Laboratory. The systematic arrangement of genera and subgenera follows rather closely that of Edwards (1932). Since the species are well catalogued in available works, including Dyar (1928), Edwards (1932), and Matheson (1944), few citations other than the original ones are given under the species. Techniques for collecting and studying mosquitoes and discussions on bionomics and medical importance are included to make the monograph a practical handbook for entomologists and public health workers. For other comprehensive works which include the mosquitoes found in ■the southern United States the reader is referred to Howard, Dyar and Knab (1912-17); Dyar (1922); Dyar (1928); King, Bradley and McNeel (1944); and Matheson (1944). 1 2 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 The authors are indebted to Drs. E. A. Chapin and Alan Stone of the U. S. Ncitional Museum for helpful suggestions, for assistance in locating critical specimens and for reviewing the manuscript. We wish to express our gratitude to Brigadier General James Stevens Simmons, M. C, Chief, Division of Preventive Medicine, Office of The Surgeon General, U. S. Army; Colonel W. A. Hardenbergh, SnC, Chief, Sanitary Engineering Section of that office; and Colonel Loren D. Moore, M. C, Commanding Officer, 4th Sv.C. Med. Lab., for encouragement and aid. It is also desired to express appreciation to Mrs. Elizabeth Kaston for the illustrations and to the following members of the Entomology Department of the 4th Sv. C. Med. Lab. for valuable assistance: Capt. James P. Toffaleti, SnC, Capt. Harry H. Hoogstraal, SnC, Capt. John A. Carollo, SnC, 2nd Lt. John F. Wanamaker, SnC, Sgts. Daniel Sudia and T. E. Duffey, Leonora Peeples, Jeanne Spence, Frances E. Smith, Winona Gilstrap, Rosemary Baker, and Evelynne Cox. Bionomics and Relation to Disease Life History Mosquitoes undergo a complete metamorphosis, thus passing through four distinct stages during their Ufe cycle; namely, egg, larva, pupa, and adult or imago. Egg. — The choice of the larval habitat is made by the female at the time of oviposition. The egg-laying habits of mosquitoes as well as the type of eggs deposited are quite variable but are reasonably similar within a genus. The eggs are deposited singly or in boat-shaped rafts. The females of the genera Culex, Mansonia, Culiseta, and Uranotaenia generally place their rafts of eggs upon the surface of quiet waters, however, the egg raft of Culex apicalis is deposited above the water level on the banks of pools where they remain unhatched until a rainfall causes them to be launched upon the sur- face or the adjacent water. Anopheles females usually lay their eggs on the surface of still waters and as a result of surface tension they are frequently drawn together to form star-shaped clusters. Psorophora and many Aedes deposit their eggs singly in protected places in moist or dry depressions in the ground, where they remain dormant for a considerable period of time before rains, fluctuating tides, floods or melting snows submerge them and permit hatching. In the absence of water many of these eggs are capable of remaining viable for months or even several years. Larva. — After the mosquito egg has been in contact with water for a sufficient length of time, the larva cuts its way out by means of the egg breaker on the head and escapes into the water. During growth the larva sheds its skin four times, the stages between moults being called ins tars. The food of mosquito larvae consists chiefly of minute plant and animal life and fragments of organic and inorganic debris which are swept into the mouth by the sweeping action of the mouth brushes. Anopheles larvae feed on the surface, while most Culicine larvae feed below the surface of the water. Anopheles larvae rotate the head 180" and with the mouth brushes upward, sweep the surface film for food. Megarhinus larvae and several species of Psorophora are predacious and feed primarily upon other species of mosquito larvae. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 3 The duration of the larval stage depends upon inherent characteristics of the species concerned and upon several external factors, such as water, temperature, and the availability of a suitable food supply. Under optimum conditions many species of mosquitoes pass through the larval stage in about a week to ten days, while others may stretch this period into several months. Some of the temporary pool breeders pass through this stage in 4 to 5 days. Mosquito larvae are found in nearly all types of permanent and temporary waters, both fresh and brackish. Specific reference to the typical larval habitats will be found under the discussions of the individual species. All mosquito larvae, except those in the genus Mansonia, must come to the surface of the water at periodic intervals to renew their supply of oxygen. The Mansonia larvae as well as pupae attach themselves to the underwater portions of certain aquatic plants and secure their oxygen from the plant tissues. Pupa. — With the fourth moult the pupa or '"tumbler" stage appears. Unlike the larvae, the pupae are lighter than water and do not feed. They are very sensitive to disturbances of the water and will go downward very rapidly in a jerking, trembling motion when disturbed. A pair of large breath- ing tubes (trumpets) on the cephalothorax enables the pupa to break the sur- face film and obtain atmospheric oxygen. The pupal stage lasts but a few days (usually 2 or 3) then the pupa extends its abdomen parallel to the surface film in preparation for the emergence of the adult. Adult. — When the adult is ready to emerge it swallows some of the air enclosed within the pupal skin and by increased muscular action and internal pressure causes a split to occur on the dorsum of the cephalothorax, per- mitting the adult to emerge. The newly emerged adult uses the cast skin or adjacent vegetation as a float and remains quiescent for a short period of time sufficient to dry and harden its body before flying away. The species of Anophelines and Culicines vary considerably in their hab- its, and the habits of the larvae and adults are particularly diversified. Only a brief discussion of the more obvious characteristics is included here. The food of a female mosquito includes not only the nectar of flowers and the juices of fruits, but also, in all but a few of our species, animal blood. The maxillae and mandibles of male mosquitoes are insufficiently developed for blood sucking purposes, consequently the male is an obligatory vegetarian. The majority of the Anophelines and many of the Culicines feed by preference during the twilight hours of morning and evening, although some will attack in direct sunlight as well. The females continue to feed throughout their life, which in non-hibernating species may, in exceptional cases, be as long as several months. It appears that warm-blooded animals and birds are the most common sources of blood, however, even cold-blooded vertebrates are attacked by some species. Some mosquitoes are opportunists and will attack indiscrimi- nately any warm-blooded animal encountered (zoophilism) . On the other hand, certain species, among which are numbered some of the Anopheles, show a marked predilection for the blood of man (androphilism) . Domes- 4 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 ticated species such as Aedes aegypti feed eagerly on human blood and definitely prefer it. Semi -domesticated and wild species vary in their feeding preferences. The length of life of adult mosquitoes under natural conditions is diffi- cult to determine and great variation occurs. Appearance of males in the spring is usually taken as indicating the emergence of the first brood. The mating habits vary considerably among the different species. With many species of Anophelines and Culicines the males swarm together in large numbers in the evening at which time the females invade the swarm, each emerging united with a male in the act of copulation. Some mosquitoes will mate in very small containers while in captivity. Males and females of a few species have been observed in copulation while resting on objects near their breeding places. The flight range varies considerably with different species of mosquitoes. The salt marsh mosquitoes are notorious wanderers, a flight of 50 miles or more is not considered too unusual. Aedes vexans is a strong flier and has been taken 10 to 15 miles from points where stained specimens were released. Most Anophelines are considered to be weak fliers and seldom disperse more than a mile from their breeding areas, however, many exceptions to this broad statement have been recorded as a result of the recapture of marked specimens. Males are seldom found far from their breeding grounds, although upon occasions they are reported to accompany the miprating females. Flight may be with or against winds of moderate velocity. Few mosquitoes are on the wing when the velocity of the wind exceeds 10 miles per hour. Mosquitoes may, on occasions, be dispersed by artificial means, includ- ing automobiles, trains, ships, and airplanes; and the danger of introducing disease-bearing species is now more critical than it ever has been in the past. Many of our southern species retire to sheltered locations during the daytime to rest and digest their blood meals. Such places as hollow trees, culverts, caves, stables, etc., are especially attractive and are frequently used as collecting stations in mosquito control operations to determine the species present and their relative abundance. A great many of our species of Anopheles and Culex hibernate as adult females in protected, moist, semi-dark shelters and come out in the spring in search of food and suitable places in which to deposit their eggs. Males do not overwinter but die with the advent of cold weather. Medical Importance Mosquitoes are known to transmit several important diseases of man and animals. These diseases are briefly described as follows: Human Malaria. — This is an acute and chronic febrile disease caused by the invasion of the red blood corpuscles by protozoa belonging to the genus Plasmodium and transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. Four species of para- sites are pathogenic to man; namely P. vivax, the causative agent of benign Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 5 or tertian malaria; P. falciparum, which causes malignant tertian, estivo- autumnal or subtertian malaria; P. malariae, which causes quartan malaria; and P. ovale, the cause of ovale malaria. The life cycle of the parasite consists of a sexual (sporogony) phase with multiplication in Anopheles mosquitoes and an asexual (schizogony) phase with multiplication in man. The primary vectors of human malaria in the United States are Anopheles qiiadrimaculatus in the eastern and southern states, and A. maculipenms freeborni in the western states. Bird Malaria. — This disease is caused by an infection with one or more species of blood-inhabiting protozoa belonging to the genus Plasmodium and is transmitted by various species of mosqu'toes. Since the behavior of the parasites causing bird malaria resembles closely that of the plasmodia of human malaria, experimental work with these forms have helped to solve many of the problems of human malaria. Mosquitoes which have been shown to be susceptible to infection with bird malaria parasites are found in the following genera: Aedes, Anopheles, Culex and Cidiseta. Culex pipiens and C. quinquejasciatus are generally considered to be important vectors. Yellow fever. — This virus disease often reaches epidemic proportions pro- ducing high mortality among non-immune populations. It occurs in the urban or epidemic form in the presence of the Aedes aegypti mosquito and in the jungle form as an infection of certain animals of tropical forests, trans- mitted from animal to animal, and occasionally to man, by various species of jungle mosquitoes. The two forms of the disease are quite similar in all respects except for variations in the epidemiology. The disease is known to occur in certain portions of Central and South America, the Caribbean region and west and central Africa. It has not occurred in the United States during recent years. Wild primates, marsupials and rodents have been shown to be susceptible carriers in whose blood the virus circulates for the initial few days of the disease and thus serve as a source of infection to susceptible mosquitoes. An impressive list of Culicine mosquitoes belonging to the genera Aedes, Haemagogus, Eretmapodites, Ctdex, Mansonia, Psorophora, Wyeomyia, and Limatus, have either been found naturally infected or have been shown experimentally to be capable of harboring and transmitting the virus. Dengue. — Dengue or "breakbone" fever is an acute infectious disease of man caused by a filterable virus and transmitted principally by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. It is endemic throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world and while it may occur sporadically, it usually appears in epidemic form. Filariasis. — Filariasis is a disease of man caused by the presence of a parasitic nematode worm, usually Wuchereria bancrofti, the immature forms (microfilaria) of which are transmitted by the bite of certain species of mos- quitoes. The dramatic clinical manifestation of enlarged extremities has given this disease the common name of elephantiasis. Wuchereria bancrofti, the 6 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 causative agent of Bancroft's filariasis, is the species most frequently en- countered in this disease, but in the Asiatic-Pacific zone Wuchereria malayi also occurs. The disease is endemic throughout the moist, warm regions of the world from about 36° N. to 25° S. latitude. In the Americas it is sporadic from about Central Mexico to Argentina, being confined on the mainland to coastal areas and river valleys. The West Indies and adjacent islands are endemic centers. More than 50 species of mosquitoes are reported to be natural or experimental vectors of filariasis. The following genera are repre- sented: Ciilex, Aedes, Mansonia, and Anopheles. Heartworm of Dogs. — Mosquitoes belonging to the genera Culex, Ano- pheles, and Aedes, are known to transmit Dirofilaria immitis, a parasitic nematode found in dogs, cats and various wild carnivores. The worms invade the heart (usually the right ventricle) and the pulmonary artery of the host where they often form tangled knots and may cause the death of the host. Mosquito-Borne Encephalitides. — These consist of several immunologically distinct epidemic virus diseases which have an affinity for the central nervous system and may be disseminated by the bites of arthropods, including various mosquitoes. The diseases are closely related both epidemilogically and clini- cally. The principal types are classified as follows: Equine encephalomyelitis (Eastern strain, Western strain and Venezuelan strain), St. Louis encepha- litis, and Japanese B encephalitis. Culex tar sails, C. pipiens, Culiseta inornata and Anopheles ynaculipennis freeborni have been found naturally infected with the virus of western equine encephalomyelitis and the disease has been transmitted in the laboratory by mosquitoes belonging to the genera Aedes, Culex and Culiseta. Culex tarsalis and C. pipiens have been found naturally infected with the virus of St. Louis encephalitis and several species belonging to the genera Aedes, Culex, and Culiseta will transmit the virus experimentally. Culex tritaentorhynchus is believed to be the principal vector of Japanese B encephalitis. Mosquito Vectors of Dermatobia. — Eggs of the tropical warble fly (Der- matobia hominis) are carried by mosquitoes belonging to the genera Aedes, Culex, Trichoprosopon, Haemagogus, Wyeomyia, Mansonia, Anopheles, and Psorophora. Psorophora lutzii and P. ferox are considered to be important carrier hosts in Central America and northern South America. Other diseases which may be transmitted by mosquitoes are leishmaniasis, tularemia, fowl-pox, and Rift Valley fever. Technique Collecting Adults Due to the varied habits of different species of mosquitoes, many types of adult collections made in different situations may be required to obtain a satisfactory picture of the mosquito population in an area. Many kinds of mosquitoes are attracted to relativelv dark shelters with little air movement and a high atmospheric humiditv for their davtime resting. Some species remain outdoors, apparently avoiding dwellings, and are commonly referred Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 7 to as wild or sylvan species; while those which readily enter buildings to feed are usually referred to as domestic or house-frequenting species. Most species of Anopheles and Culex found in the southern United States prefer to rest by day in such places as buildings, culverts, hollow trees and caves. Their relative abundance can usually be determined by making periodical collec- tions in these shelters. Several techniques for collecting adult mosquitoes are discussed here. Natural Shelters. — In making collections of mosquitoes in diurnal resting places for the purpose of determining densities, numerous favorable shelters should be e.xamined. After an extensive preliminary survey has been made, stations should be selected from which regular weekly collections are to be made throughout the active mosquito breeding season. When collecting mosquitoes inside houses, one should search carefully, particularly in dark, protected places. Large numbers of mosquitoes are some- times found on window screens after sundown, where they may be attempt- ing to leave the building in which they found refuge during the day. On the other hand, they may be collected during the night or early morning on the outer surface of window and door screens where they may be trying to enter. Window traps are used in some areas to sample species attempting to enter a building. Mosquitoes are frequently found concentrated in large numbers in stables where domestic animals are housed. The coloration of some species enable them to blend with their surround- mgs, making it very difficult for them to be seen. A flashlight properly focused is usually necessary for spotting specimens resting in dark places. After one has collected all visible specimens, it is frequently advisable to prod in corners, trash heaps, and dark places, collecting the disturbed mosquitoes in flight with a midge net. Artificial Shelters. — In army camps where practically all the buildings are well-screened, it is often difficult to find well-located stations in which to make collections. Nail kegs and small boxes are claimed by some workers to be satisfactory for this purpose when placed near extensive breeding areas (68, 175). A small privy-type house, however, has been proven by malaria- control workers in the southern United States to be more satisfactory (Fig. 1). The privy-type house may be constructed of weather-beaten lumber and should be approximately 4 feet square and 7 feet high. The front is left open to a height of about 30 inches from the ground. Mosquito Traps. — Several types of traps have been devised for use in connection with mosquito surveys and mosquito control. It cannot be said that any of the traps now in use are of much value as an anti-mosquito measure, but some of them do provide valuable information as to the species present in a given locality and their abundance. The more common types of traps used for samplmq and evaluatino mosquito densities are the New- Jersey Mosquito Trap (Fig. 2) and stable traps. The New Jersey trap should be fastened to a post by means of bolts, or 8 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 hung from the hmb of a tree with the hght approximately 51/2 to 6 feet from the ground. Care must be exercised in selecting trap locations. Traps should not be located near buildings where animals are housed, in the vicinity of lights which may serve as counter attractants, in locations open to prevail- ing strong winds, near industrial plants giving off a large amount of smoke or gas which might possibly serve as a repellant, or where any other existing condition would tend to cause abnormal mosquito catches. The New Jersey trap should be placed on a regular schedule of opera- tion of 3 to 7 nights each week throughout the mosquito-breeding season. It is usually operated from 7:00 P. M. to 7:00 A. M. in this region. A 25- or 40-watt frosted bulb is generally used, and an automatic time switch may be provided to start and stop the trap, or it may be turned on and off by hand. The mosquitoes from each collection should be promptly separated from other insect specimens to prevent molding and placed in properly labelled pill boxes for subsequent identification. Light traps have been widely employed by mosquito-abatement districts in the United States for making comparative studies in connection with the Fig. 1 . Artificial shelter for measuring mosquito densities (U. S. Army Signal Corps photograph). Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. control of salt-marsh mosquitoes, particularly Aedes sollicitans and A. taenio- rhynchus. They often yield adult specimens, particularly males, of species seldom taken by other collecting methods. There has been a considerable difference of opinion among workers in the United States as to the value of ?»955^555^55S9^9WWS5Q?^i5WRW j'Vi^v^^fsl'^'-rTT^. '."' 'S^V-^ ^"r-"' ■^/?'';' Fig. 2. The New Jersey Mosquito Trap (Modified from Mulhern. 1942): (I) galvanized iron tube (22 ga.), cut away to show interior; (2) roof of galvanized iron: (j) motor and 8 inch fan; (4) porcelain receptacle for light bulb; (5) sponge rubber to absorb vibration; (6) three supporting ribs of band iron ('/g' x I ); (7) screws and nuts for assembling trap; (8) screen funnel of 16 mesh bronze wire; (9) Mason jar cap; (10) jar with cyanide for killing specimens; (II) perforated paper cup; (12) galvanized screen. % mesh; (13) loop for carrying or hanging trap. 10 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 the New Jersey light trap for gauging Anopheline populations, however, since many of the factors relating to light reactions of mosquitoes and other stimuli which may attract or repel them are still unknown. It is known that Anopheles crucians, A. walkeri and A. atropos are readily attracted to these traps, but A. quadrimaculatus is known to be less readily attracted. Due to this fact, light traps have not been used on a large scale in connection with malaria control in the southern states. Stable traps are used for determining densities of Anopheline mosquitoes in many regions of the world. Two types, the Caribbean or Magoon trap (111, 136) and the Egyptian trap (13) are in general use. Each trap con- sists of a small portable building for housing an animal and is equipped with an ingress baffle along each side wall (Fig. 3). In both the Caribbean 3/4 Inch opening 3/4 inch opening BUHUuuuimwm wood cellophone- filled screen wire screen B Fig. 3. Side walls of stable traps, showing ingress baffles. A, Magoon or Caribbean trap. B, Egyptian trap. and Egyptian traps, the ingress baffle is so constructed as to permit mos- quitoes to enter the trap and to discourage their exit. A suitable animal, usually a calf, small horse or goat, is kept overnight in the trap and the trapped mosquitoes are caught by collectors the following morning. Biting Collections. — Records of the number of mosquitoes attempting to feed on a favorable host give direct information as to the species causing annoyance and their relative abundance. Both nocturnal and diurnal biting collections are important phases of a mosquito survey. Frequent collections should be made of hungry mosquitoes attracted to the collector or some other host provided for this purpose. Horses, mules, cows, and other docile animals are frequently used as attractants. Biting catches can be made by Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 11 two persons, one collecting from the other, or by one person collecting alone. In the latter case, it is best for the collector to be seated with his sleeves rolled above the elbows and his trousers rolled above the knees. The collector should sit quietly and capture the specimens with an aspirator or a chloroform tube as they alight or begin to feed. A flashlight may be used, but the amount of light should be reduced by removing the lens or covering it with a semi- transparent paper. The collecting at any one place should be done for a set period, usually 20 or 30 minutes. In a malarious area, this type of human exposure is to be discouraged. Many woodland species, particularly Aedes and Psorophora, may be cap- tured during the daytime in thickets, woodlands, and on occasions in open areas, while attempting to bite. The same method given for making night- biting collections is used except that the flashlight is not needed. Sweeping Vegetation. — Certain species of mosquitoes, particularly Aedes and Psorophora, in this region are seldom encountered in resting stations, but shelter during the day amongst the vegetation in moist, shady places, and especially near the water in which they breed. Mosquitoes can be cap- tured in situations of this kind by sweeping with a net or by disturbing them and catching the specimens in the net while they are in flight. It is frequently advisable to sweep the vegetation around the margins of a breeding place in order to obtain adult specimens which may have recently emerged. Male specimens of species seldom obtained by other collecting methods are occa- sionally taken by this latter procedure. Equipment. — A chloroform killing tube (Fig. 4, B) can be made from a large cork-stoppered shell vial or test tube about 1 inch in diameter and 6 or 8 inches long. The tube can be prepared as follows: Cut a scrap of old auto innertube into enough small cubes to occupy the bottom linear inch of space in the tube (rubber bands may be substituted if desired) . Pour chloroform into the tube until level with the top of the layer of rubber. After the chloroform has been absorbed by the rubber, a plug of tissue paper should be packed tightly into the tube and covered with one or two close-fitting circular sections of blotter or cardboard. To recharge the tube, remove the blotter or cardboard discs and tissue paper and add chloroform to the rubber as before. Cyanide may be used in the killing tube instead of rubber and chloroform, but should be handled with caution since it is extremely poisonous. An aspirator (Fig. 4, D) is a convenient device for collecting mos- quitoes in diurnal shelters or while they are biting or attempting to bite. The aspirator is made from a piece of glass tubing about 1/2 inch in diam- eter and about 6 inches long, fitted with a piece of rubber tubing about 30 inches long. A chemical test tube with the bottom end cut away makes a satisfactory tube. A cloth screen is held in place in the base of the glass tube by a cylindrically-coiled flexible card. Captured mosquitoes are blown from the aspirator into a small cage or directly into a killing tube. A folding midge net 8 inches in diameter when open, with a short 12 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 -cork Fig. 4. A, Small lantern chimney cage for holding live adult mosquito specimens. B, Chloroform tube for killing adults. C, Adult specimens mounted with micro-pin and triangular paper point. D, Aspirator for collecting adults. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 13 handle (approximately 12 to 18 inches) and with an 18-inch bag of good quality netting, is convenient for collecting mosquitoes in the field. It is particularly useful for catching mosquitoes on the wing. Larger nets may be used for catching mosquitoes under special conditions, such as when they are driven out of hollow trees or culverts by the aid of smoke or burning pyrethrum. A cage made of a small lantern chimney, the bottom of which is closed with bobbinet and the top with a double layer of thin sheet rubber, each layer slit in opposite directions is useful for holding adults while collecting in a resting shelter (Fig. 4, A). The specimens may be emptied from the aspirator linto the cage as often as necessary. They can be stupefied by placing the bottom of the cage firmly against the leg above the knee, thus closing the bottom, and inserting the open end of a chloroform tube through the slit openings in the rubber covers. After they are stupefied, they should be removed and placed in the chloroform tube until dead before finally packing them in pill boxes for study. Transporting, Mounting and Storing Adult Specimens Transporting Specimens. — It is often necessary for specimens to be carried or shipped to a laboratory before they can be properly studied. The speci- mens may be carried either in the living or dead state, according to the use to be made of them. Heavy mortality usually takes place among live speci- mens in transit unless great care is exercised. The receptacles must not be overcrowded and the atmosphere in the containers must be kept humid. This can easily be accomplished by wrapping the cage with a damp cloth. Mosquitoes will die quickly when cages or boxes containing collections are exposed to direct sunlight. Live specimens can be carried short distances in small cages made of lantern chimneys. Since glass cages break easily, small square cages approximately 4x4x6 inches, made of mxsquito netting on a wooden or wire frame are preferable for shipping specimens. A cage approxi- mately 18 x 18 X 18 inches will accomodate as many as 1,000 living adults during transit if proper precautions are taken. A cage of this type can be placed on the back seat of an automobile and carried on a trip requiring sev- eral hours, even durinq summer weather, if protected from direct sunlight and draped with wet cloths. Dead mosquito specimens can be transported in circular pill boxes, each containing a layer of glazed cotton pre.-^sed down over the bottom to form a smooth layer. This layer of cotton should not be more than one-eighth to one-fourth inch thick and the specimens should not be covered with cotton. If the cotton is pressed firmly into the box, it will hold the specimens sufficiently to prevent them from sliding about without their becoming ex- cessively entangled in the fibers. One should avoid placing too many specimens in a single box. Some workers prefer to pack specimens on cellucotton or crinkled lens paper. Specimens packed in the above manner may be satis- factorily shipped throufh the mails if tightlv placed in a mailing container and sufficiently insulated against excessive jarring. Pinned specimens may 14 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 be prepared for shipment by setting them firmly by means of pinning forceps in an insect box. It is preferable to spread a thin layer of cotton over the bottom of the box before setting the pins to protect any specimens which may become detached. Killing and Mounting. — Mosquitoes which have been reared from larvae or pupae should not be killed immediately after emergence but should be kept alive for at least 24 hours to permit the body to harden. They should not be left long in small vials after emergence, as they may become wet or badly rubbed. Better results are obtained if emergence is allowed to occur in a suitable cage. When recently killed specimens are available for pinning, micro-pins (minuten nadeln) should always be used. The micro-pin is pushed through a small rectangular piece of cork through which a larger insect pin (No. 3 or 4) is passed at right angle. The point of the micro-pin is thrust into the thorax of the mosquito, preferably between the coxae, directed toward but not piercing the scutum (Fig. 4, C). Dry specimens can be mounted on triangular paper points using cellulose cement ^ or shellac as an adhesive. An insect pin (No. 3 or 4) is passed through the base of the paper point. A small drop of cement is placed on the tip of the point and pressed against the left side of the thorax of the specimen with the tip directed toward the scutum (Fig. 4, C). Storage of Specimens. — Glass-topped cabinet drawers are desirable for storing reference collections. This is probably the most practical method of housing pinned specimens, especially if pinning trays are used for storage of a series of each species. At least two styles of insect drawers, the Cornell University type and the National Museum type, can be obtained from supply houses in this country. Pinned specimens to be used for teaching purposes, or small personal collections, may be stored in Schmitt boxes or other insect boxes of tight construction having bottoms lined with sheet cork or balsa wood. Unpinned specimens can be stored in labeled pill boxes prepared in the same manner as those used for shipping. Care must be taken to protect stored specimens from insect pests. If collections are neglected for even a few months, they may be completely destroyed. Flake napthalene and paradichlorobenzene are generally used for this purpose. Either of these chemicals or a mixture of the two should be placed in a small perforated container and fastened in one corner of the insect box. In damp climates, extra precautions mav be necessary to deter the growth of destructive molds. Mold growth may be prevented by storage in dry chambers, or by thinly painting the insides of the boxes with creosote 1 Cellulose cement can be prepared by dissolving celluloid in amyl acetate. Amyl acetate is a volatile substance and the stock cement will need to be thinned frequently. Cellulose cement can also be purchased in small tubes. When about one part balsam is added to three parts of the cellulose cement, a more adhesive, less brittle, and slower drying product is obtained. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 15 or pure carbolic acid. Specimens that are kept in pill boxes should be stored in large cans or jars containing napthalene or paradichlorobenzene. Preparing Male Terminalia for Study For making specific identifications and for studying relationships between the difiFerent species of mosquitoes, the examination of male terminalia is invaluable. Any medium used for mounting larvae may also be used for mounting terminalia. It is often not desirable, however, to make a perma- nent mount but merely to examine the specimen in water or gylcerin, and then store in 70 to 80 per cent alcohol for future reference. To prepare terminalia for study, carefully clip off the apical fourth of the abdomen with sharp scissors or forceps and place in a small casserole containing a 10 to 20 per cent solution of potassium hydroxide. Heat the solution to near the boiling point, and then transfer the terminalia to a beaker of water and allow to rinse for several minutes; then place it in a drop of water or gylcerin on a slide and examine with a dissecting microscope. To mount in chloral gum, transfer the specimen with a dissecting needle from water to a drop of the mounting medium on a clean slide. Remove the superfluous abdominal segments from the terminalia proper, orient it with the dorsal side up and extend the dististyles. Since the terminalia of the genus Ctilex have stout basistyles, either these structures should be dissected loose at their bases and laid flat, or the cover glass should be blocked up with small pieces of glass. In the Anophelines, the anal lobe and the ninth tergite often obscure characters of the phallosome; therefore it may be necessary to dissect these structures away from the rest of the specimen, but they should be left in the same field. Anopheline terminalia should be mounted flat so that the leaflets of the phallosome will straighten out and be easily seen. A specimen may tend to shift out of position when a cover slip is applied, but this can usually be prevented if slight pressure is exerted on the cover slip with a pair of forceps as it settles into place. Chloral gum is a convenient medium to use for mounting terminalia, but the mount usually lasts for only a few years. Specimens mounted in chloral gum are extremely easy to remount, however, which is a point not to be overlooked if a detailed study of the specimen in different positions is desired. For a more permanent mount, however, Canada balsam, clarite, creosote-balsam, or Euparal are preferred (see methods for mounting mosquito larvae) . If creosote-balsam is used, leave the specimen in 80 per cent and 95 per cent alcohol for 5 minutes each, and in absolute alcohol for 30 seconds; then transfer with a dissecting needle to a clean slide on which has been placed a drop of the creosote-balsam medium. If the standard Canada balsam method is followed, the same procedure as above can be used, except that a 2- or 3-minute clearing step must be introduced between the absolute alcohol and final mounting medium. The authors prefer creosote U. S. P., oil of winter- green, or clove oil over xylene as clearing agents since they do not cause the specimens to become brittle. 16 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 Some workers stain terminalia in order to make some of the delicate structures show up more clearly. Staining is seldom necessary, so the tech- niques have been omitted here. Good accounts of staining techniques are given by Edwards (56) and Komp (100). Preparing Cibarial Armature for Study The cibarial ("pharyngeal") armature has been most extensively used in separating subgenera and certain Old World species of Anopheles. Mich- ener (122) discusses its use in separating mosquitoes of the Culex (Mela- noconion) group in the southern United States. The methods for mounting male terminalia are also applicable to mounting the cibarial armature. Since these structures are so small, the chloral gum method will no doubt be pre- ferred because of the fewer steps required. Specimens may be prepared for study in the following manner: Heat the head of a female mosquito in a 10 to 20 per cent solution of potassium hydroxide for a short time; then rinse in a small beaker of water for a few minutes. Transfer the specimen to a drop of water on a slide under a dissecting microscope and break away the head capsule with fine needles. The pharynx and cibarium are attached to the hypopharynx, which may be transferred to a drop of chloral gum mounting medium for further dissection. Application of a small cover slip completes the mount. Dissection for Malaria Parasites Specimens containing blood should be kept either in test tubes plugged with damp cotton or in humid lamp chimneys for about 48 hours, thus allowing time for digestion. If a large number of specimens are to be dis- sected, considerable time may be saved by anaesthetizing several at once and placing them in a moist chamber. Care should be exercised not to prepare more than can be examined in a half hour. If only a few specimens are to be dissected, they may be transferred one at a time to a test tube and killed by striking the distal end of the tube smartly against the palm of the hand. It is not always necessary to remove wings and legs, especially where speed is of primary consideration. Several techniques of dissecting mosquitoes for malarial oocysts and sporo- zoites have been described by various workers, including Barber and Rice (10), Blacklock and Wilson (20), Boyd (22), Christophers et al. (41), Puri (139), Simmons and Aitken (173), and Wilcox and Logan (187). The following technique has proven satisfactory for dissecting and preparing the salivary glands and mid-gut for examination. Certain internal organs of a female mosquito are shown in Fig. 5. Mid-gut. — Orient the body under a dissecting microscope on a slide con- taining a drop of physiological saline with the abdomen pointing toward the observer and touching the drop of saline. Nick the integument on both sides of the penultimate abdominal segment, being careful not to sever the hind-gut. With a needle held in the left hand, press down or transfix the thorax in the region of the hind legs. Take the second needle in the right Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 17 hand, place it on the partially separated tip of the abdomen, and by gentle, intermittent traction, draw out the alimentary canal with attached Malpighian tubules and ovaries into the droplet of saline. Set aside the remainder of the specimen in physiological saline for salivary gland dissection. Pv D-D Fig. 5. Internal anatomy of a female mosquito (adapted from Marshall. 1938). Ac-G, accessory gland; D-D, dorsal diverticula; H-G, hmd-gut; M-G, mid-gut; M-T, malpighian tubules; Oe, oesophagus; Ov, ovary; Ov-D, oviduct; Ph, pharynx; Ph-P, pharyngeal pump; Pv, proventriculus ; S-D, salivary duct; S-G, salivary glands; Sp, spermatheca; V-D, ventral diverticulum. Prepare the mid-gut for examination for oocysts as follows: Carefully sever the digestive tract at the point of origin of the Malpighian tubules and transfer the mid-gut to a fresh drop of saline, discarding the Malipghian tubules, hind-gut, ovaries and other debris; apply cover slip; remove excess saline with filter paper. Transfer the slide to a compound microscope and carefully examine the stomach wall for the presence of oocysts. The younger forms of oocysts are clear, oval or round bodies and contain distinct pigment granules; larger forms are similarly shaped but have distinct cyst walls and contain pigment clumps. The mature oocysts have lost their pigment and are filled with hundreds of slightly curved sporozoites. Before calling a slide negative, the mid-gut should be rolled over by sliding the cover slip so that all surfaces may be observed in profile. Salivary glands. — Place the remainder of the specimen in a drop of physio- logical saline tinted with methylene blue and orient it so that the head will point away from the observer. With a needle held in the left hand, press down on the thorax across the region of the mid-coxae, causing the neck to bulge slightly; at the same time, with a needle in the right hand, transfix the head capsule, and with gentle traction, pull the head away from the thorax. As the head tears away, a small tag of tissue will be seen attach-'d to the head. This tag should contain the glistening, blue-stained salivary glands. If the glands do not come out with the head, they may be recovered by carefully tearing away tissues in the prothoracic region. Transfer the glands to a fresh drop of physiological saline, apply cover slip and remove excess saline with filter paper. Examine the salivary glands as follows: Using the dissecting microscope, center the glands in a low-power field and crush them by pressing on the 18 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 cover slip with a dissecting needle. Transfer the slide to a compound micro- scope and examine the crushed glands and adjacent fluid under high-dry magnification The sporozoite<: are minute, glistening, slightly curved rods. The technique of making permanent mounts of mid-guts and salivary glands is given by Wilcox and Logan (187). Collecting Mosquito Eggs It has become a generally accepted fact among mosquito workers that the study of mosquito eggs, in conjunction with other stages in the life cycle, is of much value. It may be of special importance when dealing with closely- related species. The importance of the study of mosquito eggs is clearly shown by Hackett and Missiroli (72) and Bates (12) in their works on the taxonomic status of the mosquitoes of the Anopheles malcupennis complex. Egg rafts of many species of Culicines are frequently encountered in the field and can be gathered and carried to the laboratory for hatching and rearing. Eggs of Anophelines may be collected in the field by placing a white muslin bag over the hand and sweeping the hand through the water in spots where ovi- position is likely to have taken place, or water can be taken with a dipper and poured through the muslin. Muslin fitted on embroidery hoops may also be used for this purpose. The cloth should be carefully examined with a hand lens at frequent intervals for the detection of eggs. Eggs of certain species of Aedes and Psorophora may be obtained in soil scraping from likely breeding spots and hatched in the laboratory. Gravid females may be captured and isolated for oviposition in small cotton-stoppered, flat-bottomed shell vials. Many species of Aedes, Psoro- phora and Anopheles will usually oviposit on cellucotton which has been tamped firmly into the bottom of the vial and saturated with water. When eggs are obtained from an ovipositing female in an isolation vial and are hatched and reared, one can study and correctly associate all stages of a species. In addition, this method of collection and study furnishes valuable information on the bionomics of the less common species. Collecting Larvae Mosquito larvae may occur in all types of waters, varying from large lakes and marshes to small collections of water in tree holes, leaf axils of plants and artificial containers; therefore in making an initial survey of mos- quito breeding in an area, every possible type of breeding place should be examined. A careful study of the different factors present in each breeding place should be made to determine, if possible, the breeding preferences and requirements of the different species. The association of a species of mos- quito with certain characteristics of the breeding place is helpful to the col- lector and is of practical value to the control worker. A uniform system of larval collections or inspections should be instituted as a part of every mosquito-control project to provide the following infor- mation: (1) The areas producing species of economic importance; (2) the Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 19 need for larval control; (3) the effectiveness of the larvicidal program; and (4) any changes in breeding conditions that may occur. Larval Stations. — The individual lakes, ponds, sections of streams, ditches, tree holes, groups of small adjacent pools and other specific larval habitats may be designated as larval stations from which regular collections are made, preferably at weekly intervals. In addition to the collections obtained from regular larval stations, frequent miscellaneous collections from other places should be made in order to obtain a more complete picture of the problem. Equipment. — Larvae are usually collected with a white-enameled dipper having a hollow handle into which a round stick or cane may be inserted for convenience. Shallow, white-enameled rectangular pans are preferred by some collectors. A rubber suction bulb attached to 3 or 4 feet of rubber hose is a convenient device for collecting larvae from tree holes, crab holes, and similar inaccessible places. Other apparatus for collecting larvae include nets of various types and sizes, soup ladles, small dishes, spoons, and large glass pipettes with rubber bulbs attached. Collecting Technique. — Dipping should be dore in a systematic and uni- form manner in order to provide data as to the comparative abundance of larvae at different seasons or in different areas. For Anopheles, the dips are made by skimming the surface of the water in places where aquatic vegetation or floating debris offer protection for the larvae. As it is usually desired to obtain a fair sample of the larvae present in a breeding place, the dips should be adequately distributed over the station: the tendency to make most of the dips in a few spots should be avoided. The number of dips made when search- ing for larvae should mainly depend upon the size and type of breeding place and the abundance of larvae. Larvae of some species sink to the bottom rapidly when disturbed and remain there for several minutes. If the collector will remain quiet near pools in which these mosquitoes breed, the larvae and pupae may be picked up singly with a dipper or pipette as they come to the surface. When collecting Anopheles larvae from small pools, it is often advisable to remove the vege- tation from a small area; then stir up the water, making it muddy. Larvae and pupae are very conspicuous against the muddy background anrl can be collected with a pipette or spoon as they appear on the surface. When col- lections are taken from tree holes, crab holes, and other specialized breeding places by means of a suction bulb and hose, the water should be emptied into a white-enameled pan to be examined for larvae. The suction bulb should be thoroughly rinsed after each collection, as specimens may cling inside it and appear to come from the next breeding place inspected. Fourth instar larvae should be selected for identification, as immature specimens of most species cannot be accurately identified. It is often advisable to preserve the larvae in small vials at the time of collection, but if they are to be taken alive to a laboratory for studv, they may be transferred bv means of a pipette from, the dipper or other collecting device to a wide-mouth bottle or jar. Such containers should never be left in open sunlight, and during warm 20 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 weather the corks or caps should be loosened occasionally to provide air. Collection Data. — Complete observations and field notes on all collec- tions provide valuable information on breeding and other habits of mosquitoes. The collector should not rely upon memory, but should make the notes at the time of collection. Bottles in which larvae are collected should each be given a collection number corresponding to a record kept in a field book. It is preferable to place penciled collection data inside the larval container rather than to use gummed outside labels which often become detached during transit. Rearing, Storing and Mounting Larvae Rearing. — Larvae collected for rearing should be brought into the labor- atory as soon as possible and transferred to jars or pans with sufficient water surface for free movement and feeding. In rearing larvae, a large water sur- face is necessary to provide proper aeration of the water, adequate feeding surface for Anophelines, and to prevent overcrowding which may lead to cannibalism. If possible, each rearing pan or jar should contain some of the water and vegetation of the breeding place from which the larvae were col- lected. It is often necessary to supplement the food supply by addition of small portions of pulverized dog biscuit, Pablum, or yeast. If a consider- able amount of evaporation takes place, fresh water should be added to the pans. Larvae of large, carnivorous species should be isolated in small jars and fed on larvae of some other species. Pupae should be transferred each day to containers in emergence cages. When it is desired to associate larval and pupal exuviae with the adult, single larvae are isolated in rearing vials. Shell vials measuring approximately 1 inch by 3i/2 inches are satisfactory for this purpose and should be properly labeled and lightly plugged with cotton. The exuviae should be removed with a pipette and preserved in 70 to 80 per cent alcohol, or mounted on a slide and given a number corresponding to that of the emerged adult. Killing and Storing. — Full-grown larvae may be killed and preserved in 70 to 80 per cent alcohol or 10 per cent commercial formalin. Larvae retain their form best if killed in hot, but not boiling water; but satisfactory speci- mens are usually obtained if they are placed alive directly into the preserva- tive. Another convenient method is to place a larva on a clean slide in a drop of water and hold for a short period of time on the hot shade of a desk lamp. For shipping, larval specimens may be placed in small vials filled with preservative and tightly corked. Large museum collections of larvae may be preserved in small stoppered vials which are in turn stored in a larger con- tainer filled with the preserving fluid. A label bearing the name of the species, collection number, locality, date of collection and name of collector written in pencil or India ink should be placed inside each vial with the larvae. Another satisfactory method of packing specimens for storage or for shipping is to place them in dental procaine hydrochloride cartridges as shown in Fig. 6. The empty cartridges, which are usually discarded by Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 21 dentists, can generally be obtained upon request. The specimens are packed as follows: Set the rubber plug at the middle of the cartridge; transfer the larvae to the cartridge and fill completely with preservative; insert a hypo- dermic needle into the rubber stopper, allowing the opening of the needle to come barely inside; push the rubber stopper, containing the inserted needle, into the cartridge (as the stopper is pushed into the cartridge, the excess preservative will escape through the needle) ; remove the needle. If the needle is set at the proper depth, the stopper can be inserted without trapping air in the tube. The collection data should be written on a small, flexible card, coiled and inserted in the open end of the cartridge below the rubber plug. This method of packing larvae reduces breakage of specimens and keeps evaporation of the preservative at a minimum. Mounting Larvae. — Permanent slide mounts of larvae are often necessary for study of characters used in mosquito identification. Several reliable tech- niques for making mounts are discussed here. Chloral gum, or Berlese's medium, may be conveniently used for mounting larvae since it has the advantage of being water-soluble. It has the disad- vantages, however, of being very slow to harden and of discoloring and crystalizing within a few years. The modification of Berlese's medium given by King, Bradley and McNeel (96) is as follows: Distilled water 8 cc. Chloral hydrate 70 gm. Gum arable (dry powdered) 8 gm. Glacial acetic acid 3 cc. Glycerin 5 cc. Dissolve in the above order in a water bath and strain through muslin. rubber plug rubber stopper preserved larva tiypodermic needle Fig. 6. Method of packing mosquito larvae for storage or shipment. If the larva has been preserved in alcohol or formalin, it should be allowed to stand in water for a few minutes to rinse, then placed in chloral gum on a clean slide. An applicator stick, whittled to form a small spatula is con- venient for lifting the larva without breaking hairs. The abdomen of a Culicine larva should be partially severed between the 7th and 8th segments with dissecting needles so that the siphon and anal segment will turn and lie flat. A similar procedure should be followed with Anopheline larvae when it is necessary to examine the pecten. After the larva has been properly ori- ented, a clean cover slip is applied. By gently touching the cover slip with a pair of forceps as it settles, shifting of the larva can usually be prevented. A little practice will soon enable the technician to know how much medium to 22 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 use for the different-sized larvae. Small bubbles usually work out and do not spoil the mount. The finished slide should be kept in a horizontal posi- tion until the medium has hardened; then it may be sealed with ringing cement to prevent further evaporation. Euparal is a very good alcohol-soluble mounting medium. Before mount- ing, the larva should be dehydrated by running it up through an alcohol series; 80 per cent, 95 per cent and absolute alcohol are all the graduations necessary. Allow the larva to stand about 5 minutes in each change. Cello- solve (ethylene glycol mono-ethyl ether) may be substituted for the 95 per cent and absolute alcohols. Place some Euparal on a clean slide, orient larva, and apply cover slip as described under the chloral gum mounting method. The drying is fairly rapid and no ringing is necessary. This method has an advantage over balsam in that there is no intermediate clearing step between the alcohol and mounting medium. Canada balsam is a common mounting medium which, if properly used, makes excellent, permanent mounts of mosquito larvae. For mounting in balsam, dehydrate the specimen by running it up through an alcohol series as described for the Euparal mounting method. Clear in creosote U. S. P., clove oil, oil of wintergreen, xylene or toluene. Before xylene or toluene is used for clearing, an additional 5-minute step in absolute alcohol is necessary to insure complete dehydration. Specimens cleared in creosote, clove oil, or oil of wintergreen remain more pliable and undergo less shrinkage than those cleared in xylene or toluene. Leave the specimen in the clearing agent until it becomes transluscent; 5 to 10 minutes is generally sufficient. Place some Canada balsam on a clean slide, orient specimen and apply cover slip as described under the chloral gum mounting method. Allow to dry in a hori- zontal position for about 2 weeks. No ringing is necessary. A creosote-balsam medium for mounting mosquito larvae is described by Wanamaker (185) and is used extensively by the authors. The pro- cedure is briefly summarized as follows: Prepare the medium by gently heating Canada balsam at about 120-130° F. until most of the solvent is driven off. Dilute this thick balsam to the proper mounting consistency with creosote U. S. P. The larva should be left in 80 per cent and 95 per cent alcohols for 5 minutes each, then in absolute alcohol ior 1 to 2 m-nutes, depending upon the size of the specimen. It is then transferred directly to the creosote-balsam mixture on a clean slide and cover slip applied. Clearing takes place as the medium hardens. No ringing is necessary, but the slides should be left horizontal for 3 or 4 weeks since the creosote-balsam medium dries rather slowly. A clearing and mounting medium composed of polyvinyl alcohol (Elva- nol 90A-25), phenol and lactic acid is excellent for mounting mosquito larvae. The PVA-lacto-phenol medium contains 56 per cent PVA (stock solution), 22 per cent phenol, and 22 per cent lactic acid by volume. The PVA stock solution is prepared by adding PVA (Elvanol) slowly to cold water, stirring it in thoroughly until the solution becomes as viscous as cold molasses. Any undissolved lumps should be removed by straining. The larval specimen is Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 23 taken from water and placed directly in the PVA-Iacto-phenol medium for mounting. It is often necessary in thick mounts to add more of the medium at intervals while drying. The mount will be cleared and the cover slip firmly glued in place within 2 or 3 days. Mosquito Identification The identification of adult and larval mosquito specimens requires a knowledge of morphology; suitable equipment, including microscopes and microscope lamps; and diagnostic keys or descriptions in which all the species in the area are included. This publication contains keys, descriptions, and illustrations dealing with the principal structures used for determining the identity of the different species occurring in the southern United States. A wide-field dissecting microscope equipped with low, intermediate and high-power objectives is satisfactory for identifying adult mosquitoes and most larval specimens. Frequently a compound microscope with a higher mag- nification is necessary for more detailed larval study and for the examination of male terminalia. The light from a flexible-arm desk lamp, condensed by a 1 -liter Florence flask filled with water, is satisfactory for use with a dissecting microscope, although other types of microscope lamps may give good results. For use with a compound microscope, the writers prefer a flexible-arm desk lamp as described above but without the water-flask condenser. An experienced technician will soon learn to identify adult mosquito speci- mens in the pill box in which they were stored at the time the collection was made, providing they are not overcrowded. The transfer of individual speci- mens from pill boxes to the stage of the dissecting microscope requires consid- erable time and often results in breakage. Some workers prefer transferring all the specimens of a single collection to a petri dish lined with white paper; as each specimen is examined and identified, is is moved to one side with a pair of forceps. When identifying large numbers of specim.ens in this manner, much time can be saved if two persons work together, one identifying the specimens and the other recording the data. When unmounted larvae are to be identified with a dissecting micro- scope, it is best to place them in a Syracuse watch glass in either water or the preserving fluid. Light from the flexible-arm desk lamp can be sharply focused by means of the water-flask condenser and the specimens may be manipulated as necessary with the aid of a dissecting needle or small camel's hair brush. All but the most minute structures are visible under the high power of the dissecting microscope when this method of examination is employed. Characters Used in Identification Adult Characters The body of an adult mosquito, as in other insects, is divided into three well-marked regions, the head, the thorax, and the abdomen, each of which 24 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 possesses variable characters useful in classification. The general appearance of an adult female mosquito is illustrated in Fig. 7. HEAD. — The head of a mosquito is somewhat spherical in shape and is narowly joined to the thorax by a membranous connection. Most of the lobelia ffl antenna HEAD clypeus frons — vertex onterior pronotol lobe — THORAX mesonotum holter - scutum scutellum — postnotum - ABDOMEN cerci - Fig 7 Generalized diagram of a female mosquito. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 25 lateral area of the head is occupied by the large compound eyes; ocelli are lacking. In the adult descriptions in this book the dorsal part of the head posterior to the eyes is termed the occiput, and that portion projecting for- ward between the eyes, the vertex. The jrons lies between the bases of the antennae and joins the anterior margin of the vertex. The vestiture of the occiput and vertex consists of scales and setae of various types and colors and is often used in identification. The frontal tuft, a group of setae arising from the anterior part of the vertex and extending forward over the frons, is well developed in Anopheles, and its color differences can be used as an aid in separating some of our dark-winged species. The dypeus is a short, usually nude, snout-like projection just anterior to the frons. It is longer than broad, with distal margin rounded, in the tribes Anophelini and Culicini, but wider than long, with distal margin somewhat trilobed, in the tribe Megarhinini. The antennae are a pair of long, slender, 15-segmented structures arising on either side of the frons between the eyes. The first segment, the scape, is small, cylindrical, and hidden beneath the globular second segment, the torus. The remaining 1 3 segments are filamentous and are collectively re- ferred to as the flagellum or individually as the flagellar segments. Each flagellar segment bears a whorl of hairs, usually long and bushy in the males and much shorter and sparser in the females (Fig. 8).i The ynaxillary palpi are 5-segmented (the first segment very short) and originate at the anterior margin of the head just below the clypeus. They are important to the taxonomist, not only because they may bear rings or patches of scales of contrasting color, but also because of sexual modification and striking variations in some genera, subgenera, and species. In Culicines the palpi of the female are more or less straight, much shorter than the pro- boscis, and usually smooth-scaled. The male Culicines usually have densely- haired palp' longer than the proboscis, each with the last two segments angled upward and tapered to a point.- These long, bushy palpi, together with the bushy antennae, usually make it comparatively easy to distinguish the sex with the naked eye. In the Anophelines the palpi of the fema'es are straight and, with the exception of the exotic genus Bironella, about as long as the proboscis. The palpi of male Anophelines are about as long or longer than the proS(^scis and usually less conspicuously haired than those of Culicines. The last two segments of each are somewhat ankylosed. flattened, analed upward, and rounded at tip. Differences between the palpi of Culicines and of Anophelines are illustrated in Fig. 8. The mouthparts, consisting of a conspicuous, greatly elongated lower iip or labium, with its enclosed piercinq and sucking structures, are collectively known as the proboscis (Fig. 9). The labium is a sheath-like organ which terminates in a pair of small, approximate lobes, the labella. As well as 1 Of the species occurring in the southern states, the males of Deiiioceriles cancer, Uranotaenia lowii and lV\)eom\)ia spp. have antennae similar to those of the females. 2 In the southern states, the palpi of the males are similar to those of the females in Deinocerites, Vranoiaenia, Wyeomxila and Acdes cinereus. 26 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 serving as a protective sheath, the labium guides and supports the enclosed piercing rnouthparts during the feeding process. It never enters the wound, however, but is bent out of the way until feeding is completed. ^^^^-e^X-^^ Fig. 8. Heads and appendages of mosquitoes. A, Female Anopheles. B, Male Anopheles. C, Female Culicine. D, Male Culicine. Carpenter et al. : Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 27 The moulhparts which He within the labium of the female, listed in order with the most dorsal first, are as follows: (1) The upper lip or labrum- epipharynx, an elongated organ pointed at its apex and inverted U-shape in cross-section; (2) the flat, blade-like hypopharynx, lying directly beneath the labrum-epipharynx and in close apposition to its ventral surface, forming a canal through which liquid food is drawn during ingestion (the hypopharynx itself is traversed by a minute salivary duct leading from the salivary glands) ; (3) the paired mandibles and distally dentate maxillae. The mandibles and maxillae are delicate linear-lanceolate organs, the former lying lateral to the labrum-epipharynx and the latter lying beneath and lateral to the hypopharynx. The mouthparts of the male mosquito differ somewhat from those of the female in that the hypopharynx is apparently fused with the labium. The maxillae are delicate structures, greatly reduced in some species. The mandi- bles, when present, are also greatly reduced. Torus I ^^^^Tx- ^-.====°*^'''^'°''^ ^--labrum-epipharynx V^^l«\^ /!^ -^. ~^ ' mandibles 1"^--^^;;;;^;^==^;-— _^_~ ■ — ZZir:;;;---- -^_ ^ maxillae clypeus I ~^^^~~~----^^^^^IZlZ~~— -— ^^^^11^^ hypopharynx palpus labium ~ labellum Fig. 9. Mouthparts of female mosquito. THORAX (Fig. 10) . — The thorax consists of three fused segments, the prothorax bearing the fore legs, the mesothorax bearing the second pair of legs and the wings, and the metathorax bearing the third or hind pair of legs and the halters or vestigial hind wings. The mesothorax is much more devel- oped than the other segments due to the fact that it contains large, powerful wing muscles. Prothorax (Fig. lOA, B). — The prothorax is reduced and consists of the anterior pronotum, a lateral prominence just back of the head; the posterior protiotum, the region behind the anterior pronotum and in front of the spiraciilar area (small triangular area immediately before the anterior spiracle and set off from posterior pronotum by a definite ridge) ; the pro pleura, a small portion just above the fore coxa; and the prosternum, the region be- tween the two fore coxae. The setae and scales of these regions serve as important taxonomic characters in some genera and species. In Uranotaenia, for instance, the propleural setae are reduced in number. Setae known as spiracular bristles arise from the spiracular area in Cidiseta, but are absent in Culex. The posterior pronotum may bear setae or be covered with scales of various types. The anterior pronotum may be clothed with setae and scales, that of the genus Wyeomyia, for example, being shingled with broad, 28 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 appressed scales, the hue of which is an important factor in separating the species occurring in the United States. Although the prosternum has been very little studied, Edwards (56) points out that the presence or absence of scales or bristles on its upper part might be used to good advantage since they are present in some mosquitoes and absent in others. Mesothorax (Fig. lOA, B). — The mesothorax comprises the largest por- tion of the thorax, as in all Diptera, and bears many structures of prime postspiracular bristles spirocular brrsties posterior pronotol bristles anterior pronotol bristles upper mesepimerol bristles sternopieurol bristles PrK Fig. 10. Parts of thorax and pleural chaetotaxy of an adult Psorophora. (A) Pleural chaetotaxy.(B) Lateral view with sclerites and positions of bristles indicated. AP, anterior pronotum; AS, anterior spiracle; C^, first coxa; Cg, second coxa; Cg, third coxa; HI, halter; M, meron; Mes, mesepimeron ; Mm, metameron; Mn, metanotum; Mp, metapleura; Pn, postnotum; PP, posterior pronotum; Ppl, propleura; PrK, prealar knob; PsA, postspiracular area; Pt, paratergite; S, scutum; SA, spiracular area; Sc, scutellum; Sq. squama; SsA, subspiracular area; Stp, sternopleura ; WB, wing base. (C) Dorsal view with positions of bristles indicated. Ac, acrostichal bristles; AP, anterior pronotal lobe; DC, dorso-central bristles; PsS, prescutellar space; S, scutum; SA, scutal angle; Sc, scutellum; SuA, supra-alar bristles. Carpenter et al. : Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 29 taxonomic importance. For discussion it may be conveniently divided into the mesonotum and the pleurae. The mesonotum includes most of the dorsal surface of the thorax and consists of the scutum (combined praescutum and scutum), which makes up the largest share of the mesonotum; the paratergite, a small region cut off from the lateral margin of the scutum by a strong furrow just anterior to and above the prealar area; the scutellum, a trilobed or rounded section connected bumper-like to the posterior margin of the scutum; and the postnotum, the convex structure between the scutellum and metanotum (45,56). The pleural sclerites of the mesothorax occupy most of the side of the entire thorax, with the exception of the small areas comprising the prothorax and metathorax. The most important mesopleural divisions are the post spiracular area, the region immediately behind the anterior spiracle; the sub- spiracular area, below the anterior spiracle and adjacent to the posterior pronotum and propleura; the sternopleura, a large, ham-shaped sclerite pos- terior to the subspiracular area, projecting downward between the 1st and 2nd coxae and extending dorso-posteriorly nearly to the lateral margin of the scutum; the pre-alar area, the neck-like upper portion of the sternopleura, terminating in the pre-alar knob anterior to the wing base; the meseptmeron, a large, well-defined, sub-rectangular sclerite adjacent to the posterior margin of the sternopleura; and the meron, a small, triangular sclerite slightly above and behind the 2nd coxa and immediately below the mesepimeron. The vestiture of the scutum (commonly referred to in most literature as the mesonotum) is of considerable taxonomic importance in specific deter- mination:,. The type of the scales and their coloration are characters com- monly u«ed, and in some mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti, for example, there can be little doubt as to the identity of the species once the definite bicolorous scale pattern is seen. In many other mosquitoes, such as most Culex, scutal scales are unicolorous, but their coarseness or fineness may be considered. Setae, as well as scales, are generally present to some extent on the scutum; and although not particularly uniformly distributed, considerable variation in number occurring even within members of the same species, they lie in fairly definite lines or areas (Fig. IOC). Those in the median longitudinal row are known as the acrostichal bristles. The submedian longitudinal row on each side of the acrostichals are dorso-central bristles. A supra-alar group on the scutum above and in front of the wing base is generally prominent. The anterior margin of the scutum, back of the head, may bear conspicuous setae, but the prcscutellar space (mid-posterior area) has none. Th3 paratrraites are scaled in Aedes. but usually bare in other mos- quitoes. The scutellum is definitely trilobed in all Culicines except Megarhinus, in which it is rounded as in most of the Anophelines. Setae are borne on the margins of the lobes of the scutellum, but are not as important in identifi- cation as the scales which are generally present dorsally. The shape and density of scutellar scales are often used in specific identifications of exotic A edes. 30 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 The postnotum is quite similar in all mosquitoes and therefore is of little taxonomic importance. In Wyeomyia, however, there is a small tuft of setae in the middle of the postnotum which helps distinguish the genus. The pleural sclerites are not in themselves of great value in a systematic study of the mosquitoes since they are too nearly alike in shape throughout the subfamily and would be difficult to use. In general, the chaetotaxy and scaling of the mesopleural region are the most important. The presence or absence of setae in the post spiracular area (post spiracular bristles) in con- junction with the presence or absence of spiracular bristles is often a character of generic strength. The genus Aedes, for example, has postspiracular bristles but no spiracular bristles, while Psorophora has both. The number and position of setae on the sternopleura may offer clues in some instances, since they may be sparse as in Wyeomyia and Uranotaenia, or abundant as in Aedes and Citlex. Deinocerites cancer is quite readily distinguished from other mosquitoes in the southern states by the presence of bronze scales arranged shingle-like on the sternopleura. The pre-alar and pre-alar knob may be densely or sparsely clothed, but are not of particular importance. The meron is always bare, and Dossesses no outstanding features in the mosquitoes of the southern United States. The mesepimeron furnishes two hair groups of value, the upper and lower mese- pimeral bristles. Orthopodomyia may be conveniently separated from Man- soma on this basis, since lower mesepimerals are lacking on the former, but present on the latter. Meiathorax (Fig. lOA, B) . — The metathorax is much reduced and is of no taxonomic interest. Dorsally the metanotum forms a narrow, usually indis- tinct, transverse band connecting the postnotum with the 1st abdominal ter- gite. Laterally a very small sclerite, the metameron, lies immediately above the hind coxa. Between the metameron and postnotum, and posterior to the mesepimeron, lies the metapleuron. It is separated by a diagonal suture into the metepisternum, with the posterior spiracle on its anterior margin, and the metepimeron, a narrow band bordering the 1st abdominal segment. Legs. — Each of the thoracic segments bears a pair of long, slender legs; the jore-legs arising from the prothorax, the middle legs from the meso- thorax, and the hind legs from the metathorax. Each leg is made up of a coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and a 5-segmented tarsus. The coxa is short, stout, conical, and connects with the ventral portion of the thorax. The tro- chanter is a small, hinge-like segment between the coxa and the long femur, which is the largest leg segment. The tibia is slender and about as long as the femur. The tarsus is slender and may be about as long as the femur and tibia combined, particularly on the hind or metathoracic pair of legs; segment 1 is the longest segment of the tarsus, often subequal to the tibia; segments 2, 3, 4, and 5 are progressively shorter in most mosquitoes, although the length of one or more of the segments in relation to the others may occasionally vary enough to provide good taxonomic characters (in Ortbo- Carpenter et al. : Mosquitoes or Southern U. S. 31 podomyia segment 4 of the fore-tarsus is much shorter than segment 5). The fifth or terminal tarsal segment of each leg bears a pair of small claws or ungues, one of which may be much larger than the other on the fore-legs of the males of some genera. Arising between the bases of the claws is a small, hairy empodnun, apparently always present but usually inconspicuous. A pair of small pad-like structures, the pulvilli, arise laterally near the base of the ungues in Culex and is a diagnostic feature of this genus. The ungues often exhibit generic and sexual differences, but since they are so small as to be inconvenient to examine, they are not discussed in detail. The vestiture of the legs consists of scales, hairs and bristles, but the scales are by far the most important from a taxonomic standpoint. They are usually rather broad, appressed, and imbricate, but may occasionally be longer, more slender, and suberect, as in the subgenus Psorophora. Ornamen- tation due to the arrangement of contrasting dark and pale scales, particu- larly on the tarsal segments, forms the basis for some of the most useful specific characters. This ornamentation is commonly present as basal, medial, or apical bands of pale scales (often both apical and basal white bands pres- ent on the same segment). The presence or absence of pale markings, and the position and extent of these markings when present, are very frequently used as key differences between species. Mesothoracic Wing. — The mesothoracic wings are well-developed organs of flight; their scales and type of venation serve as infallible means of distinguishing the Culicinae from other Diptera. They are elongate-oval in shape, each with two indentations near the base on the posterior margin. The small, flap-like structure nearest the thorax and delimited by the first inden- tation is the squama. In most mosquitoes the squama is fringed with hairs, but this fringe is absent in a few genera, including Megarhmus. Wyeotnyia, and Uranotaenia in the southern states. The area delimited by the second indentation, the small, lobate alula, is of little importance. The nomenclature of wing venation adopted here (Fig. 11) is essen- tially that used by Barraud (11), Edwards (56), and Ross and Roberts (150), costal cell subcostal cell fringe 2nd posterior cell Fig. II. longitudinal Wing of mosquito, with venation shown. C, costa ; Sc, subcosta ; 1. first vein; 2, second longitudinal vein (2.1, anterior branch; 2.2, posterior blanch); 3, third longitudinal vein; 4, fourth longitudinal vein (4.1, anterior branch; 4.2, posterior branch): 5, fifth longitudinal vein (5.1, anterior branch; 5.2, posterior branch); 6, sixth longitudinal or anal vein; H-v, humeral cross-vein; 2-3, 3-4 and 4-5, cioss-veins. Pt. petiole of vein 2. 32 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 The terminology of the Comstock-Needham system of wing venation is not included since it is rarely used by cuhcidologists. The membranous areas bounded by the various veins and cross-veins are known as cells and are clothed with very fine hairs or microtricbia. The veins themselves are clothed with scales, generally of two types: Those v^hich lie close to the veins and which are usually rather short and broad are termed squame scales; those which are suberect and usually narrow are known as outstanding or plume scales. The size, shape, and color of wing scales comprise important taxonomic characters. The entire posterior margin of the wing, from the tip to the alula, bears a close-set row of long, slender fi'inge scales. Great variation in alternating spots of pigmentation on the wing-fringe is exhibited by many Anophelines; a characteristic fringe pattern helps to distinguish Psorophora signipennis in the United States. With few exceptions, the wing venation is uniform in the Culicinae; the few differences that do occur, however, are convenient and reliable characters for separating some groups. Uranotaenia and Megarhinus, for example, have the apical, forked portion of vein 2 much shorter than its petiole. The posi- tion of cross-vein 3-4 in relation to cross-vein 4-5, the length of the subcostal vein and the length of vein 6 comprise most of the remaining variations. Halter. — In mosquitoes, as in other flies, the meta thoracic wings are greatly reduced and not used in flight, except perhaps as balancing organs. These rudimentary structures, the halters, arise behind and slightly above the posterior spiracle from the dorsal region of the metapleuron. Each is made up of three portions: The scabellum, or base; the mid-halter, or stem- like portion; and the capitellum, or terminal knob. Coloration of scaling and integument, particularly of the capitellum, may occasionally be conveniently employed in separating allied species. ABDOMEN. — The abdomen is elongate, cylindrical, and made up of 10 segments, the first 8 of which are distinct. The 9th and 10th segments of both the males and females have undergone great modification for carrying out je.xual functions. These modified terminal segments of the male, together with the eighth, are discussed separately under "Male Terminalia." These segments of the female, although possessing many generic and subgeneric characters, are not included in this work as they have been little studied and infrequently used by workers in this country. Each of the distinct abdominal segments is divisible into a large dorsal tergite and a smaller, ventral sternite, connected laterally by a pleural )nem- brane. Successive segments are joined by intersegmental membranes. It is convenient to speak collectively of the tergites as the dorsum of the abdomen and of the sternites as the venter. Both the dorsum and the venter are shingled with scales in the Culicines, but are usually bare or with few scales in the Anophelines. The first tergite often shows differences in number and position of scales in various Culicine genera and subgenera, as well as differences in scale and integument color. Bicolorous patterns of scales, generally in the Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 33 form of basal or apical bands or lateral patches, may be present on the tergites of many species. Although the shape and extent of these markings may vary somewhat on individuals within a species, they are nevertheless useful charac- ters. Scale patterns are usually not so evident on the venter, but the pre- dominating color of the scales may be important. The shape of the female abdomen may be of diagnostic significance. In Aedes and Psorophora, for example, the abdomen is tapered apically, with the 8th segment withdrawn into the 7th. In the other genera occurring in the southern United States, the abdomen does not taper appreciably, being broadly truncate or bluntly rounded at the apex, although the 8th segment may be partially withdrawn in some cases. MALE terminalia. — The terminal abdominal segments of the male mos- quito are greatly modified for copulation, exhibiting variations in structure which are of much taxonomic value. The term male terminalia is used here to include the anal and genital structures of the 8th, 9th and 10th abdominal segments. The terminology followed is essentially the same as that used by Ross and Roberts (150) with slight modifications. The male terminalia of the Culicinae undergoes a rotation of 180 on its longitudinal axis shortly after the adult emerges so that the structures which were dorsal become ventral, and vice versa. In referring to structures of the male terminalia, however, the original positions before rotation are used even though they appear opposite on the mature specimen. The presence or absence of certain structures, as well as the modification of these structures, comprises the taxonomic characters found in the male terminalia. The structures include the eighth abdominal segment, ninth tergite, ninth sternite, proctiger, phallosome and supporting structures, basistyles, disti- styles, and claspettes (Figs. 12 to 14). They are considered separately as follows : Eighth abdommal segment. — Although this segment is included in the male terminalia, it is usually unmodified. It is relatively unimportant in Aedes, Psorophora and most Ciilex, although it may bear diagnostic setae or spines dorsally in some genera, particularly Mansonia and Wyeomyia. Ninth tergite (IX-T). — The ninth tergite and the lobes of the ninth tergite borne postero-laterally or submedially on the transverse band of the ninth tergite, often provide good characters. The extent of sclerotization and the shape of the transverse band of the ninth tergite and the developmnt, position, and armature of its lobes are particularly significant. Ninth sternite (IX-S). — The ninth sternite is usually unmodified in the mosquitoes of the southern United States and unimportant in classification. Proctiger. — The proctiger, made up of elements of the tenth abdominal or anal segment, varies considerably in the different genera of mosquitoes. The tenth tergite is usually reduced. The tenth sternite (X-S) or paraproct is usually the most strongly developed portion and fonns a pair of slender, sclerotized supports for the anal membrane (A-M) in most genera, as in 34 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 Aedes, Psorophora, and Culiseta. It is vestigial or absent, however, in Anopheles and Uranotaenia, which have the anal lobe (An-L) or membrane unsupported. Although the tenth sternite may be characteristically knobbed or toothed api- cally in many species of several genera, the terminal armature has been found most valuable taxonomically in the genus Culex. This armature consists of a crown of spines in the subgenus Culex and a comb-like row of teeth in the subgenera Neoculex and Melanoconion. Phallosome (Ph). — The phallosome (mesosome) is a chitinous, tube-1'ke structure surrounding the penis. It is situated just ventrad of the proctiger and is held in position by supporting structures, the basal plates (B-P) and para- meres (Pm), which articulate with the basal processes of the tenth sternite, the phallosome, and with each other. The phallosome furnishes some of the most reliable generic and subgeneric characters; its variations range from a long, slender tube with apical leaflets in Anopheles to complex toothed plates in Culex, Uranotaenia and Deinocerites. XS-DA Pm Fig. 12. Diagram of male terminalia of Aedes. A-L, apical lobe; A-M, anal membrane; B-L, basal lobe; B-P, basal plate; Bs, basistyle ; Cl-F, filament of clasp- ette; Cl-S, stem of claspetfe; Ds, disfistyle ; Ds-C, claw of dististyle; Ib-F, interbasal fold; IX-T, ninth tergite; IXT-L, lobe of ninth tergite; Ph. phallosome; Pm, para- mere; X-S, tenth sternite; XS-DA, dorsal arm of tenth sternite. Carpenter et al: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 35 Baslstyle (Bs). — The basistyles are a pair of large, hollow, thigh-like processes apparently arising from the ninth sternite. They usually bear long setae and scales, and may or may not possess apical, subapical, or basal lobes on the inner surfaces. A subapical lobe (S-L) is evident in Cidex and bears important rods, spines, and leaf-like appendages. An apical lobe (A-L) is often present in Aedes, with varying shape and vestiture. A basal lobe (B-L) is present in several genera, but is best developed in some of the Aedes, where it may give rise to one or more large spines and characteristic hairs. The basal lobe is represented in Anopheles by only the large, parabasal spines (P- S) ; it is always absent in Cidex, which Ijears instead the subapical lobe, prob- ably homologous with the basal lobe of Aedes. Dististyle (Ds). — An articulated appendage, the dististyle, is borne on the x-S- Fig. 13. Diagram of male terminalia of Culex (right plate of phallosome is shown in bold lines for clearness, although it lies beneath the tenth sternite). B-P, basal plate; Bs, basistyle; Ds, dististyle; Ds-C, claw of dististyle; IX-S, ninth sternite; IX-T, ninth tergite; IXT-L, lobe of ninth tergite; Ph. phallosome; Ph-DA, dorsal arm of phallosome; Ph-T, lateral teeth of phallosome; Ph-VA, ventral arm of phallosome; S-L, subapical lobe; SL-A, appendages of subapical lobe; X-S, tenth sternite; XS-BA. basal arm of tenth sternite; XS-C, crown of tenth sternite; XS-DA, dorsal arm of tenth sternite. 36 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 apical portion of the basistyle. An articulated claw (Ds-C) is usually present at or near its apex. The shape of the dististyle, its vestiture, its place of origin from the apical portion of the basistyle, and the place of origin and type of claw are important characters. In Anopheles the dististyle is long, curved, and slender. In most Aedes it is slightly broader medially, somewhat pilose. In Psorophora great modification of the dististyle occurs. This is exhibited by the medially swollen type found in P. ferox, and P. confinnis (Figs. 73, 80), the truncate type of P. varipes with its claw subapical (Fig. 78), and the greatly modified type of P. howardii with its tremendously developed, lateral, hatchet- shaped lobe (Fig. 69). Fig. 14. Diagram of Male Terminalia of Anopheles. An-L, anal lobe; Bs, basi- style; Cl-DL, dorsal lobe of claspette; Cl-VL, ventral lobe of claspette; Ds, dis- tistyle; Ds-C, claw of dististyle; I-S, internal spine; iX-S, ninth sternite; IX-T, ninth tergite; Ph. phallosome; Ph-L, leaflets of phallosome; P-S, parabasal spines. Claspette (Cl). — The connecting membranous projections between the bases of the basistyles, the interbasal folds (Ib-F), may bear a pair of struc- tures known as the claspettes. Their position is ventrad of the phallosome and in some Aedes can be seen projecting dorso-ventrally in a lateral view. Anoph- eles has the claspettes present as a pair of fleshy, spined, bilobed structures, each being incompletely divided into an outer or dorsal lobe (Cl-DL) and an inner or ventral lobe (Cl-VL). In Aedes there is but one lobe, presumably corresponding to the ventral one of Anopheles, developed into a well-defined Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 37 stem (CI-S) and a distal f lament (Cl-F). Characters of the claspettes are generally clear-cut, reliable, and easy to use. Pupal Characters The pupae of both Culicines and Anophelines are comma-shaped and resemble each other in many respects. The enlarged anterior portion or cephaJo- thorax is composed of the head and thorax. The slender tail-like portion is the eight-segmented abdomen which terminates in a pair of broad flattened plates or paddles (Fig. 15A). The chief diagnostic characters used in the classification of pupae are to be found in the abdominal chaetotaxy, the paddles, and the respiratory trum- pets, particularly in their shape and the relative length of the closed tubular portion, the meatus. To mount the pupa for examination, the cephalothorax can be split on the mid-ventral line, spread open and mounted dorsal side uppermost. 15. Pupa of a mosquito. A, Culicine pupa (lateral view). B, Respiratory trumpet of Anopheles. 38 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 Fig. 16. Terminal abdominal segments of pupae (dorsal views). A, Culex. B, Anopheles. C, Megarhinus. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 39 RESPIRATORY TRUMPETS. (Fig. 15B).— Each thoracic respiratory trumpet consists of a closed tubular portion, the meatus, and an open portion, the pinna. The ratio of the length of the meatus to that of the entire trumpet has been much used in descriptions. The respiratory trumpets in the Anophelini are short, truncated at the distal end, and have a rather large oblique opening which terminates in a split. The respiratory trumpets in Culicines are variable, but are usually elongate or broadly conical and unsplit. Other characters of the cephalothorax are rarely used in classification. ABDOMEN. (Fig. 16). — The chaetotaxy of mosquito pupae has been studied by various workers, including Baisas (4), Christophers (40), Macfie (107) and Senevet (168). The bristles and hairs of the pupal abdomen are illus- trated in the following general works: Christophers (40), Edwards (56) and Evans (57). The presence of simple spines on the posterior comers of abdom- inal segments III to VII and a fringed spine in the same position on segment VIII is characteristic of the Anophelini. In the Culicini the corresponding hairs are usually fine and branched and do not arise exactly at the posterior lateral corners. These hairs are very long in the Megarhinini and are placed well back from the corners of the segment. PADDLES. (Fig. 16). — The shape, position or absence of hairs, and length and nature of the fringe of the paddles provide important diagnostic characters. In the Anophelini, there are two hairs near the posterior end of the paddle, the paddle hair arising near the hind margin, and the accessory paddle hair, on the ventral side, arising a little in front of the origin of the paddle hair. In the genus Culex there is a small accessory hair placed beside the small paddle hair. In other genera of the Culicini, the paddle hair is either single or absent. There is no paddle hair in the members of the tribe Megarhinini. Larval Characters The mosquito larva has three main body regions, head, thorax and abdo- men, each of which possesses variable structures important in classification. The general appearance of larvae and their main morphological features are illustrated in Figs. 17 to 22. The head capsule is more or less globular in shape, somewhat flattened dorso-ventrally, and formed of three large sclerites; a pair of latero-ventral ocular sclerites (^epicranial plates) and a single dorsal plate, the clypeiis (jronto-clypeiis) . A V-shaped epicranial suture is formed by the junction of these three sclerites. The ocular sclerites bear the antennae anteriorly and the imaginal and larval eyes mid-dorsally. The clypeus has attached to its median anterior border the narrow preclypeus, which bears the preclypeal spines. Both the ocular sclerites and the clypeus possess several pairs of important hairs. Although the mouth parts are ventral in position, parts of the labrinn project anteriorly and are visible in a dorsal view. The labrum is composed of a median piece, the hairy palatum, and lateral lobes bearing the mouth brushes. The mouth brushes are little used in classification except for separating out the predacious forms, such as Psorophora ciliata, P. howardii, and Megarhinus spp. 40 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 Fig. 17. Fourth instar larva of Aedes. A, siphonal hair; B, subsiphonal hair; C, anal hair; DPS, dorsal preapical spine; LC, lower caudal hair; LH, lateral hair of anal segment; LL, lower lateral abdominal hair; UC, upper caudal hair; UL, upper lateral abdominal hair. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 41 In addition to the labrum, the most prominent structures on the ventral side of the head are the large maxillae, occasionally armed with characteristic spines, and the heavily sclerotized mandibles, the teeth of which are used in conjunc- tion with the sclerotized mentum for mastication. The labium forms the remainder of the floor of the mouth and is composed of a proximal prementmn, an intermediate mentum and a distal submentum. The shape of the mentum and the size, shape and arrangement of its teeth provide useful diagnostic characters in some species. The thorax consists of three completely fused segments, the pro-, meso-, and metathorax, distinguished only by hair groups, particularly the pleurals, which are present on each segment. The abdomen is made up of nme segments, the first seven of which are somewhat similar. The eighth segment is modified to bear the breathing appa- ratus postero-dorsally. The modification of this respiratory organ is one of the most characteristic features in differentiating the larvae of Anophelines and Culicines. The ninth (anal) segment bears several structures of taxonomic importance, particularly in the identification of Culicines. The larvae of Culicines and Anophelines, while possessing many morpho- logical features in common as stated above, differ in numerous obvious respects. It is therefore convenient to discuss many of the diagnostic characters separately. CULICINE larvae Important characters used in classifying fourth instar Culicine larvae are shown in Figs. 17, 18. The terminology used here follows that employed by Hopkins (81), with modifications. HEAD. (Fig. 18). — Each antenna is an elongate, cylindrical structure, gener- ally curved inward. It bears an antennal tuft (often a single small hair) on the inner surface, and a pair of strong subterminal spines near the apex. A pair of strong terminal spines and a membranous papilla are located at the apex of the antenna. The principal taxonomic features of the antenna are its length, shape, the presence or absence of small spines on the shaft, and the position and nature of the antennal tuft. The paired hairs of the head capsule commonly considered in specific descriptions are as follows: Preantennal (A), lower head hairs (B), upper head hairs (C), postclypeal hairs (d), suturals (e), trans-suturals (f), supra- orbitals, basals and sub-basals. The position of these hairs, their size, and number of branches may vary greatly in the different genera and species. THORAX. — The pleural hair groups (propleural, mesopleural and meta- pleural) are indicators of the segmentation of the thorax. The dorsal submedian prothoracic hairs (1-3) are useful in separating the two species of Uranotaenia occurring in this region (Figs. 52, 54). The lateral hairs (5-7) are of diagnos- tic value in separating Mansonia indubitans and M. titillans. The other hair groups of the thorax are seldom used in the classification of the Culicines. 42 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 ABDOMEN. (Fig. 17). — Abdominal segments I to VII bear lateral abdomi- nal hairs and subdorsal and dorsal paired tufts. Segment VIII is somewhat triangular in shape when seen from a lateral view and bears the siphon (air- tube) postero-dorsally and three large hair tufts, the siphonal, the subsiphonal, and the anal, postero-Iaterally, with smaller, usually single, hairs between them. These large hair tufts are referred to by Hopkins (81) as tufts A, B, and C. The eighth segment also bears bilaterally a comb composed of a row or patch of tooth-like scales (absent in Megarhinini). The number, arrangement and shape of the comb scales are of considerable diagnostic value. Extending bilaterally from the base of the siphon there is a subventral longitudinal row of spines or teeth forming the pecten (absent in Megarhinus, Orthopodomyia and Wyeomyia) . The siphon also bears one or more pairs of subventral hair tufts (sometimes obsolete in Psorophora) . Lateral and sub- dorsal tufts and a subapical spine may be present in some genera. The orifice of the siphon is surrounded by five valves; an unpaired median or dorsal valve, a pair of small lateral valves, and a pair of large ventral or posterior valves, each of which commonly bears a single small hair. A small, sclerotized, anchor- like projection, the acus, may be present at the base of the siphon. Features of the siphon which are of taxonomic importance are its shape, the relationship of Fig. 18. Head of Culicine larva. A, preanlennal hair; B, lower head hair; C, upper head hair; d, posfclypeal hair; e, sutural hair; f, trans-sutural hair; pc, preclypeal spine; at, antenna! tuft; p, papilla; ss, subterminal spines; ts, terminal spines. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 43 length to width, the nature, number and position of the pecten teeth, and the number, development and position of hair tufts. The proportion of length to width is usually obtained by comparing the length of the siphon, excluding the acus and the valves, with its width at the base or at its widest point. A siphon is referred to as "inflated" if it is considerably wider near the middle than at the base, as exhibited by Psorophora cyanescens (Fig. 72). The ninth or anal segment possesses several important structures. A large sclerotized dorsal plate may or may not completely ring the anal segment and bears a lateral hair or tuft on either side near its posterior margin. From the dorso-apical angle of the anal segment arises the dorsal brush composed of the upper and lower caudal hairs. The ventro-apical margin has a ventral brush composed of a staggered row of hair tufts, the bases of which may be sclero- tized to form what is known as the barred area or grid. The tufts arising from the barred area or grid may be referred to as the cratal tujts, and those arising before the grid as the precratal tufts. The anal segment bears posteriorly two B inger-like A \/ nrnrAcc A 'fi vtntrol iODrc - popillo epicranial suture -lorvol eye -imoginol eye --ocular sclerife Fig. 19. Head of Anopheles larva. A, Dorsal view of head. (I), preclypeal spine; (2). inner clypeal hair; (3), outer clypeal hair; (4), postclypeal hair; (5), inner frontal hair; (6), middle frontal hair; (7), outer frontal hair; (8), sutural hair; (9), trans-sutural hair; (10), terminal hair of antenna; (11). antennal hair; (12). hasal hair; (13), sub-basal hair; (14), supraorbital hair. B, Tip of antenna. 44 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 to four cylindrical or tapering, thin-walled papilliform processes known as the anal gills. The number, length and shape of the gills are often used in classi- fication. ANOPHELINE LARVAE Important characters used in classifying fourth instar Anopheline larvae are shown in Figs. 19-22. The designation of hairs by numbers follows rather closely that used by Christophers (40), with some modification. HEAD. (Fig. 19). — The antenna is an elongate, cylindrical organ, usually somewhat spinose and possessing several structures of taxonomic value. The antennal shaft bears the antennal hair (11) on its basal half, and several prom- inent structures on its distal end; namely, a papilla, a finger-like process, a ventral ^ 9|I Fig. 20. Thorax of Anopheles larva. A, Ventral and dorsal views of thorax (pro = prothorax; meso. = mesothorax; meta. = metathorax) . Proihorax : (1-3), inner, middle and outer submedian prothoracic hairs; (4-8), lateral hairs; (9-12), prothoracic pleural hairs; (13), ventral submedian hair. Mesothorax : (9-12), mesothoracic pleural hairs. Metathorax : (1), metathoracic palmate hair; (9-12), mefathoracic pleural hairs. B, C, and D, Bases of pleural hairs of pro-, meso-, and metathorax rsepeclively. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 45 e K/<5rON Fig. 21. Abdominal segments I to VI of Anopheles larva (dorsal view). MTP, main tergal plate; ATP, accessory plate; (O), dorsal anterior submedian hair; (I), palmate hair; (2), antepalmate hair; (3-5). sublateral hairs; (6-8), lateral hairs. 46 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 terminal hdir (10), and the dorsal and ventral sabres (Fig. 19B). Characters of the following paired head hairs are generally referred to in specific descriptions : Inner clypeals (2); outer clypeals (3); postclypeals (4); the frontal hairs, which are made up of the inner frontals (5), middle frontals (6), and the outer frontals (7); sutural hairs (8); trans-sutural hairs (9); basal hairs (12); sub-basal hairs (13); supraorbital hairs (14); and the infraorbital hairs (15). The infra-orbitals are not seen in a dorsal view. THORAX. (Fig. 20). — Those hairs of the thorax which may be used in classifying the Anophelines are the inner, middle and outer submedian pro- thoracic hairs (1-3), sometimes referred to as the shoulder hairs; the lateral hairs (4-8); the groups of four hairs known as the pleural hairs (9-12) on the ventral surface of the pro-, meso-, and metathorax (Fig. 20B, C, D) ; and the ventral submedian hair (13). Most of the larger hairs are pinnately branched, a feature which is peculiar to Anophelines. Hair 1 of the metathorax is, in some species of Anopheles, a thoracic palmate hair similar to the palmate hair (1) on the abdominal segments. Hair 1 is similarly developed on the meso- onterior plate splrocle — Vloferol flop main tergal plote \ , median plate B dorsal brush Fig. 22. Abdomen of Anopheles larva. A, Spiracular apparatus (dorsal view). B, Terminal segments VII to IX (lateral view). Segment VII : (0-8), same as for segments I to VI in Fig. 21. Segment VIII : (4 and 5), hairs of lateral flap; (6), pecten hair; (7), subpecten hair; (8), small lateral hair; (9), ventro-lateral posterior hair; (10), small ventro-lateral hair; (13), ventral submedian hair. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 47 thorax in the genus Bironella. Located antero-dorsally on the thorax is a pair of transparent retractile notched organs of Nuttall and Shipley. When ex- tended, these organs make contact with the surface film and probably help to support the larva. According to some authors these organs may prevent the thorax from rotating with the head before and after feeding. ABDOMEN. (Figs. 21, 22). — The structures of most taxonomic importance on abdominal segments I to VII are the dorsal anterior submedian hair (0), pahnate hair (1), antepalmate hair (2), sublateral hairs (3-5), lateral hairs (6-8), the main tergal plate and the median accessory tergal plate. Segment VIII bears the spiracular structures postero-dorsally (a siphon is lacking), the pecten laterally, and hairs as illustrated (Fig. 22A, B). The pecten present on each side of segment VIII, is a sessile, sclerotized plate, bearing both long and short teeth, and according to Christophers (40) is homologous with the pecten of Culicine larvae. Segment IX (^anal segment) is partially ringed by a sclerotized dorsal plate which has toward its posterior margin a lateral hair, usually single. From the dorso-apical angle of the anal segment arises the dorsal brush composed of the upper and lower caudal hairs. The ventro-apical margin has a fan-shaped group of hairs known as the ventral brush. Four tapering papilliform processes, the anal gills, are borne posteriorly. Egg Characters The eggs of mosquitoes are composed of three distinct layers: The delicate vitelline membrane surrounding the yolk; the endochorion, a more or less heavily sclerotized outer shell; and the exochorion, a thin hyaline layer covering the endochorion and patterned with small protuberances and reticulations. The endo- and exochorion together make up the chorion. The anterior pole of the egg bears the micropylar apparatus, which consists of a small, rosette-shaped membrane and a ring of exochorial bosses surrounding a minute opening, the micropyle. The micropyle permits entrance of a sperm cell from the sperma- thecae of the female during oviposition. The eggs of Culicine mosquitoes are usually elongate-oval in sagittal section and circular in cross section. The larger, anterior end, containing the head of the developing embryo, is somewhat rounded, while the posterior end is bluntly pointed. The eggs are laid singly by some species while certain others lay them in rafts (Fig. 23). The shape of the individual egg is rather charac- teristic for various genera; the nature of the markings of the exochorion and the manner in which the eggs are laid are also useful in classification. The eggs of Anopheline mosquitoes are usually boat-shaped, flattened or slightly concave dorsally, and decidedly convex ventrally (Fig. 23C, D) . The larger, anterior end is somewhat rounded, while the slightly narrower posterior end is more or less bluntly pointed. The exochorion is modified to form a projecting jrill, which partially or entirely surrounds the upper portion, and a pair of air-filled lateral floats. The character of these structures, together with the bosses and reticulations of the exochorion, are of considerable value in separating allied species and races in some parts of the world. 48 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 B Fig. 23. Eggs of mosquitoes. A, Egg raft of Culex. B, Single egg of Culex. C, Egg of Anopheles (dorsal view). D, Egg of Anopheles (lateral view). E, Egg of Aedes aegypti. Family Culicidae Mosquitoes are two-winged insects belonging to the order Diptera, family Culicidae. The family Culicidae consists of three subfamilies, the Dixinae, the Chaoborinae and the Culicinae. Only species belonging to the subfamily Culi- cinae are included here. The main distinguishing characters of the three sub- families are presented in the following keys: Keys to the Subfamilies ADULTS Flagellum of antenna 14 segmented; wings without scales, vein Sc ending before or near the base of vein 2; mouth parts short, not fitted for piercing Dixinae Carpenter et al.: Mos:^uitoes op Southern U. S. 49 Flagellum of antenna 13 segmented; wings with scales at least on fringe, vein Sc extending beyond base of vein 2 2 2. Mouth parts short; scales almost confined to wing fringe (veins clothed, for most part, with long hairs) Chaoborinae Mouth parts prolonged into the form of a proboscis; wing veins with scales CitUcinac PUPAE 1. Swimming paddles fused and incapable of movement Dixinae and Chaoborinae (in part) Swimming paddles free and movable 2 2. Respiratory horn on thorax either almost closed, or if open, with the spiracular opening near its middle Chaoborinae Respiratory horn on thorax open at the tip and with the spiracular opening at its base Culicinae LARVAE 1. Thorax narrow and with distinct segmentation Dixinae Thorax distinctly broader than abdomen and without distinct segmentation 2 2. Antennae prehensile, with long and strong apical spines Chaoborinae Antenna not prehensile Culicinae Subfamily Culicinae The subfamily Culicinae is divided into three tribes: Anophelini, Megar- hinini and Culicini. Important characters for separating the three tribes in the larval, pupal and adult stages are presented in the following keys: Keys to Tribes ADULTS 1. Abdomen unsealed, or at least the sternites largely bare; palpi of female nearly as long as proboscis (except in Bironella) Anophelini, p. 50 Abdomen densely scaled both dorsally and ventrally; palpi of female short (in some Megarhinini they may be nearly 2/^ as long as proboscis) 2 2. Proboscis rigid, the basal half thickened, and apical half strongly downcurved; scutellum rounded Megarhinini, p. 83 Proboscis not rigid, of nearly uniform thickness, not down-curved at apical half; scutellum trilobed Culicini, p. 88 PUPAE 1. Lateral apical hairs spine-like on abdominal segments III to VI and placed almost exactly at the apical corners of the segment Anophelini Lateral apical hairs on abdominal segments III to VI each consisting of a single hair or a branched hair and placed well before the apical corners of the segment....2 2. Outer part of the swimming paddles lobe-like and extending beyond tip of the midrib .....Megarhinini^ Outer part of the swimming paddles not lobe-like and not longer than midrib....Cii/icini LARVAE 1. Eighth abdominal segment without an elongate dorsal siphon Anophelini Eighth abdominal segment with an elongate dorsal siphon which is as long or longer than broad '.".. 2. Mouth brushes prehensile, each composed of ten stout rods Megarhinini Mouth brushes composed of 30 or more hairs (prehensile only in subgenus Psorophora) Culicini 50 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 Tribe Anophelini The tribe Anophelini consists of three recognized genera: Genus Chagasia, found in Central and South America; genus Bironella, found in New Guinea and nearby islands; and genus Anopheles, which is worldwide in its distribution. SALIENT characters. — Adult: Palpi long in both sexes except in the genus Bironella; the two terminal segments clavate in the male. Scutellum rounded posteriorly and with marginal hairs arranged in an unbroken row except in genus Chagasia which has the scutellum trilobed. Abdomen either without scales or with loosely applied scales; the stemites, at least, are largely bare in scaly species. Wings usually with distinct markings. While the adult is in the resting position, the proboscis, thorax and abdomen are held nearly in a straight line. Larva: While feeding, the head can be rotated through an arc of 180° so that the ventral side is uppermost. Most of the larger hairs of the body are pinnately branched. The thorax has a pair of notched organs of Nuttall and Shipley. The eighth abdominal segment lacks a dorsal respira- tory siphon. Many of the abdominal segments, and the thorax in some species, bear palmate hairs on the dorsal surface. Genus Anopheles Meigen^ Anopheles Meigen, 1818, Sys. Beschr. Zweifl. Ins. 1:10. Edwards (55) divides the genus Anopheles into four subgenera, based largely on characters of the male terminalia: Anopheles, distributed through- out the Old and New World; Nyssorhynchus, found in the southern United States, Central and South America; Stethomyia, known from Central and South Arnerica; and Myzomyia, distributed throughout the tropical and sub- tropical regions of the Old World. Two subgenera, Anopheles and Nysso- rhynchus, are represented in the Anopheline fauna of the United States. The adult and larval characters given for the tribe Anophelini are appli- cable in general to the genus Anopheles. Important characters of the male terminalia are as follows: Phallosome tubular, tip bare or with one or more pairs of leaflets. Claspette usually bilobed, forming a dorsal and a ventral lobe. Basistyle cylindrical, conically tapered towards tip, the basal and apical lobes absent. The basistyle may bear parabasal spines, accessory spines, and internal spines. The subgenus Anopheles has two parabasal spines, no acces- sory spines and one internal spine. The subgenus Nyssorhynchus has o"e parabasal spine, two accessory spines and a single internal spine. The dis- tistyle is long, curved, and not swollen medially. Keys to the Species adult female 1. Wings with areas of pale scales 2 Wings entirely dark scaled ' 2. Tarsi, particularly on hind legs, with conspicuous white bands; costa with four or more spots of pale scales albimanus Wied., p. 80 1 Consult Dyar (1928) and Edwards (1932) for synonyms. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 51 Tarsi entirely dark; costa with no more than two pale spots 3 3. Costa with a pale spot at outer third opposite tip of subcosta ; anal vein with one or two areas of dark scales 4 Costa dark except for pale spot at extreme tip; vein 6 with three areas of dark scales (two m male) crucians crucians Wied., p. 60 crucians braJlexii King, p. 58 crucians georgianus King, p. 64 4. Veins 3 and 5 entirely dark-scaled; apical half and basal fourth of vein 6 dark- scaled punclipennis (Say) , p. 69 Vein 3 and 5 with long areas of pale scales; apical half of vein 6 dark, basal half white p. pseudopunctipcnnis Theob., p. 66 5. Wings without spots of dark scales; scutum with setae at least half as long as width of scutum; integument of scutum shiny on rubbed specimens; small species harberi Coq., p. 55 Wings with spots of dark scales, more or less disiinct ; scutum with setae rarely half as long as width of scutum; integument of scutum dull on rubbed speci- mens; medium sized species 6 6. Frontal tuft with some pale setae; wing with four distinct dark spots, palpi entirely dark quadrimaculalus Say, p. 73 Frontal tuft entirely dark; wing usually with indistinct dark spots; segments of palpi with or without distinct while apical rings 7 7. Knob of halter pale-scaled; segments of palpi with narrow white apical rings; knee spots present iDa/^ri Theob., p. 76 Knob of halter entirely dark scaled; segments of palpi with faint apical white rings or entirely dark; knee spots reduced or absent alropos D. and K., p. 52 MALE TERMINALIA I.Basistyle with one internal spine, two accessory spines, and one parabasal spine (Subgenus Niissorhvnchu-) a'bimanus Wied., p. 81 Basistyle with one internal spine, no accessory spines, and two parabasal spines (Subgenus Anopheles) 2 2. Phallosome with leaflets; medium sized species 3 Phallosome without leaflets; small species - barberi Coq., p. 55 3. Leaflets of phallosome serrated nearly to tips; dorsal lobe of claspette bearing three overlapping blade-like filaments on apex p. pseudopunctipcnnis Theob., p. 66 Leaflets of phallosome smooth, although they may bear a few coarse basal teeth; dorsal lobe of claspette bearing spines or stout rods, not blade-like 4 4. Claspette with dorsal and ventral lobes fused to form a single fleshy conical lobe on each side - crucians crucians Wied., p. 62 crucians bradlevi King, p. 58 crucians georgianus King, p. 64 Claspette with dorsal and ventral lobes distinct, at least apically 5 5. One or more leaflets of phallosome with a few coarse basal teeth; base of disli- style without spicules 6 Leaflets of phallosome without basal teeth; base of dististyle with a spiculate area ....7 6. One of the spines of dorsal lobe of claspette as wide or wider than apical spine of ventral lobe - quadrimaculalus Say, p. 74 Spine of dorsal lobe narrower than apical spine of ventral lobe punctipennis (Say), p. 69 7. Ante-apical pair of phallosome leaflets not more than one-half the length of the apical pair; spicules of dististyle present on basal third to basal half alropos D. and K., p. 53 Ante-apical pair of phallosome leaflets more than half as long as apical pair; spicules of dististyle restricted to the basal sixth ivall^eri Theob., p. 76 LARVAE (fourth INSTAr) 1. Frontal hairs (5-7) large, plumose; abdominal segments I-III with hair 6 plumose. ..2 52 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 Frontal hairs (5-7) small, simple; abdominal segments I-VI with hair 6 plumose barbed Coq., p. 57 2. Palmate hair (I) well-developed on abdominal segments I-VII, the individual leaflets with smooth margins albimanus Wied., p. 81 Palmate hair (1) obsolete or greatly reduced on abdominal segments I and II 3 3. Outer clypeal hair (3) simple; hair 9 of meso- and metathoracic pleural groups short and stout, no more than half as long as hair 10 p. pseudopunclipennis Theob., p. 66 Outer clypeal hair (3) feathered or branched; hairs 9 and 10 of meso- and meta- thoracic pleural groups nearly equal m length 4 4. Outer clypeal hair (3) sparsely branched (only 5-10 short branches) atropos D. and K., p. 54 Outer clypeal hair (3) strongly dichotomously branched (more than 25 branches) 5. Inner clypeal hair (2) with sparse minute feathering toward tip; prolhoracic hair 1 with 3-5 strong branches near base Tvall(eri Theob., p. 77 Inner clypeal hair (2) simple; prothoracic hair 1 short, single or weakly branched at tip 6 6. Hair 0 and hair 2 on abdominal segments IV and V both well-developed, each with 4-9 branches crucians crucians Wied., p. 62 Hair 0 absent or rudimentary ' 7. Palmate hair (1) on abdominal segments III-VII about equally developed (pal- mate on segment VII may be somewhat smaller) ; individual leaflets on palmates III and VII serrated on margins 8 Palmate hair ( I ) on abdominal segments IV- VI about equally developed, those on segments III and VII being rudimentary or only about one-half to two- thirds as large; individual leaflets on palmates III and VII usually with smooth margms 9 8. Basal tubercles of inner clypeal hairs (2) separated by at least the diameter of one tubercle; hair 2 usually single, sometimes double, on abdominal segments IV and V; sutural hair (8) generally 8 to 10-branched quadrimaculatus Say, p. 75 Basal tubercles of inner clypeal hairs (2) close together, separated by less than the diameter of one tubercle; hair 2 usually double, occasionally single or triple, on abdominal segments IV and V; sutural hair (8) generally 5 to 7- branched punctipennis (Say), p. 71 9. Palmate hair (1) functional on abdominal segments IV-VI only, those on seg- ments III and VII being rudimentary; hair 2 with 3-6 branches on segments IV and V (rarely with 2 branches) crucians eeorgianus King, p. 64 Palmate hair (1) functional on abdominal segments III-VII, although those on segment III and VII are reduced to about one-half to two-thirds the size of those on segments IV-VI ; hair 2 single or double on segments IV and V (sometimes triple) - crucians bradlexii King, p. 60 Anopheles (Anopheles) atropos Dyar and Knab Anopheles atropos Dyar and Knab, 1906, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19:160. ADULT FEMALE. — Medium-sized species. Head: Proboscis long, black; palpi about as long as proboscis, entirely dark or with very narrow pale rings at apices of distal segments. Occiput clothed with dark erect forked scales; frontal tuft dark. Thorax: Integument of scutum dark brown to dark reddish- brown, clothed with short golden-brown hairs and larger black setae, the black setae more numerous laterally. Abdomen: Integument dark brown to black, clothed with dark hairs. Legs: Legs dark, knee spots reduced or absent. Wings: Scales narrow, entirely dark, some of the scales often arranged in four darker spots, usually indistinct. Halter: Knob of halter dark scaled. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes oi- Southern U. S. 53 ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female. TERMINALIA (Fig. 24). — Ninth tergite (IX-T) a narrow, moderately sclerotized hand; lobes (IXT-L) lateral in position, slender, tapered, pointed or rounded at tip. Tenth sterntte ahsent. Anal lobe (An-L) large, triangular, spiculate. P hallo- some (Ph) cylindrical, furcate at base; apex with three or four pairs of ligulate leaflets (Ph-L), the apical pair usually about twice as long as the ante-apical pair; none of the leaflets with short, coarse, basal teeth. Claspette broad, fleshy, consisting of a dorsal lobe (Cl-DL) and a ventral lobe (Cl-VL). The dorsal lobe apically with one to several (usually 2 to 3) large, closely set, blunt, slightly capitate spines; the ventral lobe with a large, broad, pointed spine at apex and one or two smaller subapical spines. Basis tyle (Bs) conical, nearly twice as long as broad, rounded apically, clothed with long setae and few or no scales; two parabasal spines (P-S) and one internal spine (I-S) present. Dististyle (Ds) about as long or slightly longer than basistyle, e.KASToig Fig. 24. Anopheles atropos Dyai and Knab. A, Male terminalia. B, Claspetles. C, Phallosome. 54 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 curved, narrower medially, bluntly pointed at tip; numerous spicules (minute non-papillated hairs) present on basal third or basal half of dististyle; ter- minal claw (Ds-C) is short, blunt. larva (Fig. 25). — Head: Inner clypeal hairs (2) sparsely feathered at tip (sometimes simple), basal tubercles may or may not be separated by more than the diameter of a single tubercle: outer clypeal (3) sparsely branched (5 to 10 short branches on distal half); postclypeal (4) simple or branched distally, reaching near base of inner clypeal hairs (2); frontal hairs e.KAiTOM Fig. 25. Larva of Anopheles airopos Dyar and Knab. A, Thorax and abdomen. B. Pecten. C, Head. D, Leaflets of palmate hair. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 55 (5-7) large, plumose; sutural (8) and trans-sutural (9) single or 2- to 3-branched beyond base. Antenna sparsely spinose; terrninal hair (10) with several branches, longer than the sabres; antennal tuft (11) inserted on basal third of shaft, several-branched, reaching near middle. Thorax: Pro- thoracic dorsal submedian group (1-3) with hairs 1 and 3 short, simple, hair 2 larger, variable (with two to many branches). Prothoracic pleural group (9-12) of four hairs; hairs 9, 10, and 12 long, simple; hair 11 about one-fourth as long as 9, 10 or 12, simple or bifid. Mesothoracic pleura! group (9-12) of four hairs; hairs 9 and 10 long, simple, subequal; hair 11 manute, simple; hair 12 simple, short (much longer than hair 11); metathoracic pleural group (9-12) of four hairs; hairs 9 and 10 long, simple, subequal; hair 11 minute, simple; hair 12 is 2- to 3-branched, short (much longer than hair 11); metathoracic palmate hair (1) small, with transparent leaflets. Abdomen: Submedian dorsal hair (0) obsolete; palmate hair (1) rudimentary on segments I and II, partially developed on segment III and well-developed on segments IV to VII; individual leaflets with serrations beyond middle. Antepalmate hair (2) long, single (rarely bifid) on segments IV and V. Upper lateral hair (6) on segments I to III long, plumose. Pecten as illustrated. distribution. — Cuba (36); Atlantic and Gulf coastal regions of the United States from New Jersey to Texas. Southern States: Alabama and Florida (94); Georgia (125); Louisiana and Mississippi (94); North Caro- lina (166); South Carolina (94); Virginia (49). Other States: Marvland (19); New Jersey (77); Texas (108). bionomics. — The adults may be found in considerable numbers in salt- marshes near their breeding places where they occasionally attack men either during day or night. They rarely enter human habitations. Anopheles atropos breeds in permanent salt pools or in marshes where the salt content varies from approximately 1 to 12 per cent. jMEDICAL importance. — Mayne and Griflitts (120) were able to infect approximately 85 per cent of the specimens of A. atropos which had fed on suitable carriers of Plasmodium vivax. There are no data available on the infection rate of this species in nature. However, it is regarded as epidemio- logically unimportant, since its distribution is restricted to salt-marshes. Anopheles (Anopheles) barberi Coquillett Anopheles barheri Coquillett, 1903, Can. Ent., 35:310. adult female. — Small species. Head: Proboscis long, dark; palpi about as long as proboscis, dark. Occiput clothed with numerous erect forked scales, the ones on the central portion and vertex pale. Thorax: Integument of scutum brown, shiny, clothed with long dark setae, at least half as long as width of scutum. Abdomen: Integument brown, clothed with dark-brown hairs. Legs: Legs entirely dark. Wings: Scales slightly broadened, uniformly dark. Halter: Knob of halter dark-scaled. adult male. — Coloration similar to that of female. TERMINALia (Fig. 26). — Ninth tergite (IX-T) moderately sclerotized laterally, membranous 56 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 dorsally; lobes indefinite, but represented by the rounded, posterior por- tion of each lateral sclerotized area of the ninth tergite. Tenth sternite absent; anal lobe (An-L) large, triangular, finely spiculate. Phallosome (Ph) cylindrical, broadened at base; apex rounded and lacking leaflets. e.K A sroM Fig. 26. Anopheles barberi Coquilletl. A, Male lerminalia. B, Claspettes. C, Phallosome. Carpenter et al. : Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 57 Claspette broad, fleshy, consisting of a dorsal lobe (Cl-DL) and a ventral lobe (Cl-VL). The dorsal lobe apically with three overlapping spatulate filaments; the ventral lobe with a large, pointed, apical spine and two smaller subapical spines. Basistyle (Bs) conical, a little longer than broad, rounded apically, clothed with long setae; two parabasal spines (P-S) and one in- ternal spine (I-S) present. Dististyle (Ds) longer than basistyle and lacking spicules (minute non-papillated hairs), curved, narrower medially, bluntly pointed at tip; terminal claw (Ds-C) short, blunt. LARVA (Fig. 27). — Head: Inner clypeal hairs (2) simple, widely spaced; outer clypeal (3) reduced, usually simple; postclypeal (4) simple or bifid. EKflSToN Fig. 27. Larva of Anopheles harheri Coquilletl. A, Thorax and abdomen. B, Pecten. C, Head. D, Leaflets of palmate hair. 58 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 lateral in position, larger than outer clypeal (3); frontal hairs (5-7) small, simple; sutural (8) and trans-sutural (9) small, simple. Antenna dark, rather short, glabrous; terminal hair (10) simple, more than twice the length of the sabres; antennal tuft (11) represented by a small, simple hair inserted near the middle of shaft. Thorax: Integument sparsely spiculate. Prothoracic dorsal submedian hairs (1-3) with inner hair (1) long, usually sparsely feathered (feathering may be weak or strong and may be distributed along shaft or restricted to apex); middle hair (2) somewhat longer than inner hair (1), with many branches; outer (3) short, simple. Prothoracic pleural group (9-12) of four hairs; hair 9 long, barbed; hairs 10 and 12 long, simple; hair 11 minute. Mesothoracic pleural group (9-12) of four hairs; hair 9 long, barbed; hair 10 long, simple; hair 11 obsolete; hair 12 short, simple or branched apically. Metathoracic pleural group (9-12) of four hairs; hair 9 long, barbed; hair 10 long, simple; hair 11 obsolete; hair 12 short, simple or branched apically. Metathoracic palmate hair (1) obsolete. Abdomen: Submedian dor- sal hair (0) obsolete. Palmate hair (1) rudimentary on segment I, well- developed on segments II to VII; individual leaflets with serrations beyond middle. Antepalmate hair (2) long, branched apically, inserted lateral to palmate (1). Lateral hair (6) long, plumose on segments I to VI (lateral branches fine and short) . Pecten as illustrated. DISTRIBUTION. — Eastern United States, west to Kansas; Mexico (158). Southern States: Alabama (170); Arkansas (30); Florida and Georgia (96); Kentucky (140); Louisiana (96); Mississippi (52); Missouri (70); North Carolina and South Carolina (52); Tennessee (170); Virginia (49). Other States: Indiana (39); Maryland (52); New Jersey (94); New York (116); Oklahoma (159); Texas (108). BIONOMICS. — Thibault (179) states that the adults enter dwellings and are persistent biters, but are easily disturbed while in the act of feeding. Adults of this species are frequently taken in resting station and light trap collections. Larvae occur in rot cavities in trees and occasionally in artificial wooden receof-acles. The larvae usually dive when d'sturbed but soon rise to the surface where they are easily seen and recognized because of their shiny- black appearance. MEDICAL IMPORTANCE. — This species has been infected in the laboratory with Plasmodium vivax but no data are available as to its infection in nature. It is a rare species and the available evidence indicates that it is unimportant as a natural vector of malaria. Anopheles (Anopheles) crucians bradleyi King Anopheles crucians var. bradleyi King, 1939, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 19:468. ADULT FEMALE. — Practically identical with A. crucians crucians, but fre- quently has stem of vein 5 entirely white-scaled (Fig. 28). ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female, but with only two dark spots present on vein 6. TERMINALiA. — The terminalia is very similar to that of A. crucians crucians (Fig. 30). Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 59 ""^S^ ■ ■.•■/M>>..J%. %. ^^ ^^^- ^■■^•^ ^ ■ Fig. 28. Wing of Anopheles crucians bradle^i King. e KAJTOHJ Fig. 29. Larva of Anopheles crucians hradleyi King. A, Thorax and abdomen. B, Pecten. C, Head. D, Leaflets of palmate hair. 60 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 LARVA (Fig. 29). — Head: Inner clypeal hairs (2) simple, the distance between basal tubercles variable, usually less than the diameter of one of the tubercles; outer clypeal (3) densely, dichotomously branched, fan-shaped; postclypeal (4) small, single or double, rarely reaching preclypeus; frontal hairs (5-7) large, plumose; sutural (8) usually 3- to 5-branched; trans- sutural (9) usually 3- to 5-branched, reaching beyond base of frontal hair (7). Antenna spinose; terminal hair (10) with several branches, longer than the sabres; antennal tuft (11) inserted at basal third, several branched, reaching middle of shaft or slightly beyond. Thorax: Prothoracic dorsal submedian hairs (1-3) consisting of a short inner hair (1), simple or branched apically; a much longer stout middle hair (2), with many branches; and a short simple outer hair (3). Prothoracic pleural group (9-12) of four simple hairs; hairs 9, 10 and 12 long, subequal; hair 11 short. Mesothoracic pleural group (9-12) of four simple hairs; hairs 9 and 10 long, subequal; hair 11 minute; hair 12 about one-third as long as hair 9 or 10. Metathoracic pleural group (9-12) of four hairs; hairs 9 and 10 long, simple; hair 11, minute, simple; hair 12 short, 2- or 3 -branched. Metathoracic palmate (1) small, with transparent leaflets. Abdomen: Submedian dorsal hair (0) obso- lete on segments IV and V; palmate hair (1) well-developed and of equal size on segments IV to VI; individual leaflets serrated beyond middle; pal- mates usually about one-half to two-thirds as large on segments III and VII, individual leaflets usually smooth; palmates very weakly developed on I and II. Antepalmate hair (2) usually single on segments IV and V, some- times double or triple. Hair 5 on segment I is 4- or 5-branched (rarely more) and about twice the size of hair 4. Upper lateral hair (6) on seg- ments I to III long, plumose. Pecten as illustrated. DISTRIBUTION. — Along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts from Maryland to Texas. Its range also extends south to Vera Cruz, Mexico (182). Southern States: Alabama and Florida (94); Georgia (97); Louisiana and Mississippi (96); North Carolina (166); South Carolina (94); Virginia (49). Other States: Maryland (94); Texas (130). BIONOMICS. — Very little is known of the habits of the adults. The larvae occur in pools of brackish water near the coast. Water with a salt concentra- tion of 1.5 per cent or less seems to be preferred. King et al. (96) state that larvae have been taken with A. atropos in waters of rather high salt concen- tration and with larvae of A. crucians crucians in nearly fresh water. MEDICAL IMPORTANCE. — Boyd et al. (23) were able to infect A. crucians bradleyi with Plasmodium falciparum, but nothing is known of its ability to transmit malaria in nature. Anopheles (Anopheles) crucians crucians Wiedemann Anopheles crucians Wiedemann (in part), 1828, Ausser. Zweifl. Ins. 1:12. Anopheles crucians var. crucians King, 1939, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 19:470. ADULT FEMALE. — Medium-sized species. Head: Proboscis long, black; palpi a little shorter than proboscis, black, the third segment with a few Carpenter et al. : Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 61 white scales basally, the fourth segment white-ringed both basally and apically, the fifth segment entirely white (Fig. 30D). Occiput clothed with numerous erect forked scales, those of central portion white, the others dark; scales of vertex narrow, white; frontal tuft white. Thorax: Integument of scutum brownish-black, with a pair of dark-gray submedian longitudinal stripes; scutum clothed principally with numerous short yellowish hairs, but with P?e^ Fig. 30. Anopheles crucians crucians Wiedemann. A, Male terminalia. B, Claspettes. C, Phallosome. D. Palp and proboscis of female. E, Wing. 62 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 a few narrow whitish scales on anterior promontory and black setae on lateral fossae. Abdomen: Integument of abdomen dark-brown to black, clothed with numerous yellow to dark-brown hairs. Legs: Legs dark, femora and tibiae tipped with white. Wings (Fig. 30E) : Scales black and white to yellowish- white, arranged on the veins in contrasting lines and spots (costa dark-scaled except for pale spot at extreme tip; vein 6 with three spots of dark scales; stem on vein 5 apparently always partially or entirely dark-scaled). Halter: Knob of halter black-scaled. ADULT male. — Coloration similar to that of female but only two dark spots present on vein 6. TERMINAlia (Fig. 30). Ninth tergite (IX-T) a narrow, sclerotized band; lobes (IXT-L) lateral in position, very long and slender (about 7 to 9 times as long as broad), rounded or bluntly pointed apically. Tenth sternite absent; anal lobe (An-L) large, triangular, spiculate. Phallosome (Ph) cylindrical, furcate at base; apex with three or four pairs of ligulate leaflets (Ph-L), the more distal pairs longer, one or more pairs of leaflets with a few short, coarse, basal teeth. Claspette (CI) with dorsal and ventral lobes fused to form a single fleshy, conical lobe on each side; arma- ture variable but usually consisting of two large, pointed spines on apex (one slightly below the other), one long, slender spine arising from inner surface near middle, and one to three large pointed spines arising from outer sur- face near middle. Basistyle (Bs) conical, about twice as long as broad, rounded apically, clothed with long setae and many large scales on outer aspect; two parabasal spines (P-S) and one internal spine (I-S) present. Dististyle (Ds) longer than basistyle and lacking spicules (minute non-papillated hairs), curved, narrower medially, bluntly pointed at tip; terminal claw (Ds-C) short, blunt. larva (Fig. 31). — Head: Inner clypeal hairs (2) simple, arising from basal tubercles separated by less than the diameter of one of the tubercles; outer clypeal (3) densely dichotomously branched, fan-shaped; postclypeal (4) small, single or branched, extending slightly beyond bases of inner and outer clypeals (2 and 3); frontal hairs (5-7) large, plumose; sutural (8) and trans-sutural (9) usually 4- to 5-branched; antenna spinose; terminal hair (10) with several branches, longer than the sabres; antennal tuft (11) inserted on basal third of shaft, several branched, reaching to or slightly beyond middle. Thorax: Prothoracic dorsal submedian hairs (1-3) consist- ing of a short inner hair (1), simple or sparsely branched apically; a much longer stout middle hair 2 with many branches; and a short simple outer hair (3). Prothoracic pleural group (9-12) of four hairs; hairs 9, 10, and 12 long, simple; hair 11 short, usually simple. Mesothoracic pleural group (9-12) of four hairs; hairs 9 and 10 long, simple; hair 12 about one-third the length of hair 9 or 10, simple; hair 11 minute, simple. Metathoracic pleural group (9-12) of four hairs; hairs 9 and 10 long, simple; hair 12 short, branched beyond base; hair 11 minute, simple. Metathoracic palmate (1) small, with transparent leaflets. Abdomen: Submedian dorsal hair (0) well- developed on segments IV and V, 4- to 9-branched; palmate hair (1) rudi- mentary on segments I and II, well-developed and nearly equal in size Carpenter et al. : Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 63 on III to VII (occasionally smaller on III and VII); individual leaflets with serrations on outer third. Antepalmate hair (2) 4- to 9-branched on segments IV and V, about equal in size to hair (0) . Upper lateral hair (6) on segments I to III long, plumose. Pecten as illustrated. DISTRIBUTION. — Eastern United States, west to New Mexico. Its range also extends south along the Gulf Coast to northern Nicaragua (101), and occurs in the West Indies. Southern States: Alabama (96); Arkansas (30); Florida and Georgia (52); Kentucky (140); Louisiana and Mississippi (52); £ n a tr nrl Flo. 31. Laiva of Anopheles cruciam crucians Wiedemann. A, Tliorax and abdomen. B, Pecten. C, Head. D, Leaflets of palmate hair. 64 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 Missouri (70); North Carolina and South Carohna (52); Tennessee (96); Virginia (49). Other States: Connecticut (94); Delaware (106); District of Columbia (52); Illinois (94); Indiana (39); Maryland (19); Massa- chusetts (180); New Jersey (77); New Mexico (9); New York (94); Oklahoma (159); Pennsylvania (8); Texas (108). BIONOMICS. — The adults ocassionally enter houses but are principally outdoor biters, attacking mostly at night. Adults are apparently able to mi- grate several miles from their breeding grounds. They are frequently taken in large numbers in light traps located on the coastal plains. It breeds prin- cipally in swamps, ponds and lakes. This mosquito seems to prefer slightly acid water and occurs in large numbers in the acid waters in cypress swamps in Georgia and Florida. MEDICAL importance. — Several workers have been able to infect this mosquito with Plasmodium vivax and P. jalciparum under experimental con- ditions, and stomach and salivary gland infections have been found in wild specimens (172, 173). However, most workers regard it as being relatively unimportant as a vector of malaria when compared with A. quadrtmaculatus. Anopheles (Anopheles) crucians georgianus King Anopheles crucians var. georgianus King, 1939, Amei. Jour. Trop. Med., 19:462. ADULT FEMALE. — Indistinguishable from A. crucians crucians. ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of A. crucians crucians. TER- MINALIA. — Similar to that of A. crucians crucians (Fig. 30). LARVA (Fig. 32). — Head: Inner clypeal hairs (2) simple, arising from basal tubercles, rarely separated by more than the diameter of one of the tubercles; outer clypeal (3) densely, dichotomously branched, fan-shaped; postclypeal (4) small, single or branched apically, nearly reaching pre- clypeus; frontal hairs (5-7) large, plumose; sutural (8) 3- to 5-branched; trans-sutural (9) usually 3- or 4-branched, rarely reaching base of frontal hair (7). Antenna spinose; terminal hair (10) with several branches, longer than the sabres; antennal tuft (11) inserted at basal third of shaft, several- branched, reaching middle or slightly beyond. Thorax: Prothoracic dorsal sub- median hairs (1-3) consisting of a short inner hair (1), about 3- to 6- branched apically; a much larger, stout middle hair (2) with many branches; and a short simple outer hair (3). Prothoracic pleural group (9-12) of four hairs; hairs 9, 10 and 12 long, simple, subequal; hair 11 short, simple or bifurcate. Mesothoracic pleural group (9-12) of four hairs; hairs 9 and 10 long, simple, subequal; hair 11 simple, minute; hair 12 about one-third as long as 9 or 10, 2- or 3-branched beyond middle. Metathoracic pleural group (9-12) of four hairs; hairs 9 and 10 long, simple; hair 11 simple, minute; hair 12 short, with several branches beyond base. Metathoracic palmate hair (1) small, with transparent leaflets. Abdomen: Submedian dorsal hair (0) obsolete on segments IV and V. Palmate hair (1) well-developed and of Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 65 equal size on segments IV to VI, with individual leaflets serrated beyond middle; palmates very small and rudimentary on segments I to III, and VII, with individual leaflets smooth. Antepalmate (2) on segments IV and V, 3- to 6-branched (rarely 2-branched) . Hair 5 on segment I, 5- or 6- branched (rarely more) somewhat dichotomous, nearly twice as large as hair 4. Upper lateral hair (6) on segments I to III long, plumose. Pecten as illustrated. e K A STON Fin. 32. Larva of Anopheles crucians ^eorgianus King. A, Thorax and abdomen. B, Pecten. C, Head. D, Leaflets of palmate hair. E, palmate h.iir III. 66 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 DISTRIBUTION. — Southern States: Alabama and Florida (97); Georgia (96) ; Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina and South Carolina (97) . BIONOMICS. — Anopheles crucians georgianus cannot at this time be dis- tinguished from A. crucians crucians in the adult stage; therefore nothing is known of the habits of the adults. The larvae occur mostly in seepage pools at the head of small streams and at the bases of hills. MEDICAL IMPORTANCE. — No data on its relation to malaria. Anopheles (Anopheles) pseudopunctipennis pseudopunctipennis Theobald Anopheles pseudopunclipennis Theobald, 1901, Mon. Culic, 2:305. ADULT FEMALE. — Medium-sized species. Head: Proboscis long, dark; palpi about as long as proboscis, black, with the apices of segments 2, 3 and 4 narrowly ringed with white, the base of segment 4 more broadly ringed with white, the terminal segment entirely yellowish-white (Fig. 33D). Occiput clothed with numerous erect forked scales, those on central portion white, the others dark; scales of vertex white; frontal tuft white. Thorax: Integu- ment with a broad longitudinal frosted stripe medially, dark-brown laterally; the frosted area clothed with white or pale yellow hairs, the darker lateral areas with larger dark setae. Abdomen: Integument dark-brown to black, clothed with numerous golden-brown hairs. Legs: Legs dark-scaled, tips of femora and tibiae pale. Wing (Fig. 33E) : Scales black and pale yellow, arranged on the veins in contrasting lines and spots (costa with a pale spot at outer third opposite subcosta; vein 6 with apical half dark, basal half pale; veins 3 and 5 with long areas of pale scales). Halters: Knob of halter dark- scaled. ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female. TERMINALia (Fig. 33). Ninth tergite (IX-T) a narrow, sclerotized band; lobes (IXT-L) lat- eral in position, stout, about as long as broad, blunt or obtuse-angulate at tip. Tenth sternite absent; anal lobe (An-L) large, sub-triangular, spiculate. Phallosome (Ph) cylindrical, furcate at base; apex with two or three pairs of slender, curved leaflets (Ph-L) serrated nearly to tips. Claspette broad, fleshly, consisting of a dorsal lobe (Cl-DL) and a ventral lobe (Cl-VL) . Dorsal lobe bearing three overlapping, blade-like filaments on apex; ventral lobe with a long slender spine and a short weak spine apically, and a long, slender spine sub-apically. Basistyle (Bs) conical, about twice as lonq as broad, rounded apically, clothed with long setae; two parabasal spines (P-S) and one internal spine (I-S) present. Dististyle (Ds) a little longer than basistyle and lackinp spicules (minute non-papillated hairs), curved, nar- rower medially, bluntly pointed at tip; terminal claw (Ds-C) short, blunt. LARVA (Fig. 34). — Head: Inner clypeal hairs (2) long, simple, with basal tubercles separated by at least the diameter of one of the tubercles; outer clypeal (3) simple, nearly as long as the inner clypeals (2); post- Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 67 clypeal (4) long, simple, extending well beyond preclypeus; frontal hairs (5-7) large, plumose; sutural (8) and trans-sutural (9), with several branches arising from a stout shaft, extending to bases of frontal hairs. Antenna smooth on outer surface; terminal hair (10) 2- to 4-branched, slightly longer than the sabres; antennal tuft (11) usually represented by a single hair inserted near middle of shaft. Thorax: Prothoracic dorsal submedian hairs (1-3) '■^""^^^^iz^r^^^^"' Fig. 33. Anopheles pseuJofiiinciipennis picudopunclipennis Theobald. A, Male terminalia. B, Claspettes. C, Phallosome. D, Palp and proboscis of female. E, Wing. 68 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 consisting of a short inner hair (1) with about 2 to 4 branches beyond base, a much longer stouter middle hair (2) with many branches, and a simple outer hair (3) about twice as long as inner hair (1). Prothoracic pleural group (9-12) of four hairs; hairs 9, 10, and 12 long, simple; hair 11 much shorter, simple. Mesothoracic pleural hairs (9-12) of four hairs; hair 9 short, stout; hair 10 long, stout (about twice as long as hair 9); hair 11 minute; hair 12 weak, usually 2- to 3-branched (about two-thirds as long as hair 9). Metathoracic pleural group (9-12) of four hairs; hair 9 short, e K A irof^ Fig. 34. Larva of Anopheles pseudopunctipennis pseudopiwclipennis TTieobald. A, Thorax and abdomen. B, Pecten. C, Head. D, Leaflets of palmate hair. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 69 stout; hair 10 long, stout (about twice as long as hair 9); hair 11 obsolete; hair 12 weak, usually 3- or 4-branched (about half as long as hair 9). Meta- thoracic palmate hair (1) absent. Abdomen: Submedian dorsal hair (0) absent on segments I to VII. Palmate hair (1) rudimentary on segments I and II, well-developed on segments III to VII; individual leaflets with ser- rations beyond middle, filament long and slender. Antepalmate hair (2) single on segments IV and V. Lateral hair (6) long, plumose on segments I-III. Posterior lobes of spiracular apparatus each with a long slender sclero- tized projection arising from the inner angle. Pecten as illustrated. distribution.— Southern United States, south to Chile and Argentina. The distribution of this subspecies is not well known. Southern States: Arkan- sas (31); Louisiana and Mississippi (94); Missouri (128); Tennessee (94). Other States: Arizona, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas and Utah (116). bionomics. — The adults enter houses and attack man. The larvae re- quire a great deal of sunlight for their development and occur mostly in clear sunlit water, rich in algae. medical importance. — It has been experimentally infected with P. vivax and P. falciparum and natural infections with malaria parasites have been reported by several workers (172, 173). It is regarded as an important vector of malaria in some areas within its range and relatively unimportant in others. It is not known to be of much importance in the United States. Anopheles (Anopheles) punctipennis (Say) Culex punctipennis Say, 1823, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 3:9. ADULT female. — Medium-sized species. Head: Proboscis long, black; palpi about as long as proboscis, dark-scaled. Occiput clothed with numerous erect forked scales, those on central portion white, the others dark; scales of vertex white; frontal tuft white. Thorax: Integument with a broad longitudinal frosted stripe medially, dark-brown laterally; the frosted area clothed with short pale yellow hairs, the darker lateral areas with larger dark setae. Abdo- men: Integument dark-brown to black, clothed with numerous pale and dark hairs. Legs: Legs dark-scaled, tips of femora and tibiae pale. Wing (Fig. 35D) : Scales black and pale yellow, arranged on the veins in con- trasting lines and spots (costa with a pale spot at outer third opposite tip of subcosta; vein 6 with apical half and basal fourth dark-scaled; veins 3 and 5 entirely dark-scaled). Halter: Knob dark-scaled. ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female. TFRMINALIA (Fig. 35). — Ninth tergite (IX-T) a narrow, sclerotized band; lobes (IXT-L) lateral in position, about three times as long as broad, often slightly con- stricted medially, rounded or nearly truncate apicallv. Tenth sternite absent; anal lobe (An-L) large, triangular, spiculate. Phallosoyne (Ph) cylindrRal. furcate at base; apex with three or four pairs of ligulate leaflets (Ph-L), the 70 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 more distal pairs longer; one or more pairs of leaflets with a few short coarse basal teeth. Claspette broad, fleshy, consisting of a dorsal lobe (CI-DL) and a ventral lobe (Cl-VL), fused basally but more or less distinct apically. Dorsal lobe with one or two long, stout, pointed or rounded spines at apex; ventral lobe bearing a long, stout, pointed spine at apex (spine broader than the apical spine of the dorsal lobe), and with a slender short and a slender long spine subapically. Basistyle (Bs) conical, nearly twice as long as broad, rounded apically, clothed with long setae and sparse scales; two parabasal spines (P-S) and one internal spine (I-S) present. Dististyle (Ds) a little longer than basistyle and lacking spicules (minute non-papillated hairs), curved, narrower medially, bluntly pointed at tip; terminal claw (Ds-C) short, blunt. Fig. 35. Anopheles punclipennis (Say). A, Male Terminalia. B, Phallosome. C, Claspetles. D, Wing. Carpenter et al. : Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 71 LARVA (Fig. 36). — Head: Inner clypeal hairs (2) simple, arising from basal tubercles separated by less than the diameter of one of the tubercles; outer clypeal hair (3) densely, dichotomously branched, fan-shaped; post- clypeal hair (4) small, branched, rarely reaching preclypeus; frontal hairs (5-7) large, plumose; sutural (8) and trans-sutural (9) usually 5- to 7- branched (trans-sutural rarely reaching beyond base of outer frontal hair) . Antenna spinose; terminal hair (10) with several branches, longer than the sabres; antennal tuft (11) inserted at basal third of shaft, several-branched. e. KAiTOM Fig. 36. Larva of Anopheles punctipennis (Say). A, Head and thorax. B, Pecten. C, Head. D, Leaflets of palmate hair. 72 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 reaching middle or slightly beyond. Thorax: Prothoracic dorsal submedian hairs (1-3) consisting of a short inner hair (1), with several weak branches beyond base; a much longer stout middle hair (2), with many branches; and a short simple outer hair (3). Prothoracic pleural group (9-12) of four hairs; hairs 9, 10, and 12 long, simple; hair 11 short, simple. Mesothoracic pleural group (9-12) of four hairs; hairs 9 and 10 long, simple; hair 11 minute, simple; hair 12 short, simple, about one-third as long as hair 9 or 10. Metathoracic pleural group (9-12) of four hairs; hairs 9 and 10 long, simple; hair 11 minute, simple; hair 12 short, 2- or 3-branched. Metathoracic pal- mate (1) obsolete. Abdomen: Submedian dorsal hair (0) obsolete on seg- ments IV and V; palmate hair ( 1 ) on segments I and II rudimentary, well-developed and of about equal size on III to VII (may be somewhat smaller on VII); individual leaflets with serrations beyond middle. Antepalmate hair (2) usually double, occasionally single or triple on segments IV and V. Hair 5 on segment I is 3-branched (rarely 4-branched) and only slightly larger than hair 4. Upper lateral hair (6) on segments I to III long, plu- mose. Pecten as illustrated. DISTRIBUTION. — Occurs throughout most of the United States (absent from Rocky Mountain region), north to the southern part of Canada and south to the tablelands of Mexico. Southern States: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida and Georgia (96); Kentucky (140); Louisiana and Mississippi (96); Missouri (1); North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee (96); Vir- ginia (49). Other States: California (66); Colorado (128); Connecticut (21); Delaware (106); Illinois and Indiana (94); Iowa (155, 156); Kan- sas (79); Maine (103); Maryland (19); Massachusetts (96); Michigan (88); Minnesota (131); Montana (112); Nebraska (178); New Hamp- shire (105); New Jersey (77); New Mexico, New York and Ohio (94); Oklahoma (159); Oregon and Pennsylvania (94); Rhode Island (99); South Dakota (94); Texas (108); Vermont, Washington and West Virginia (94); Wisconsin (48); Wyoming (128). bionomics. — The females feed mostly after dusk but will bite during daylight hours in dense woodlands or in their daytime resting places. It is regarded as an outdoor species which seldom enters dwellings. Larvae are found along the margins of streams, also in temporary and permanent bodies of water of various types. It reaches its greatest abundance, in the southern states, in the early spring and late fall, becoming scarce in the summer. MEDICAL IMPORTANCE. — Anopheles piinctipennis has been infected experi- mentally with Plasmodium vivax, P. falciparum and P. malariae (172) but not a single gland infection has been reported in nature. Mayne (118) re- ports finding a sinqle specimen v/ith a stomach infection in nature but accord- ing to Simmons (172), there appears to be some doubt concerning the accu- racy of this observation. Although available data indicate that this species is susceptible to infection with the three principal species of malaria plasmodia, it is not regarded as an important vector. Carpenter et al. : Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 73 Anopheles (Anopheles) quadrimaculatus Say Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say, 1824, Keating's Narr. Exp. St. Peter's River. 2:356. adult female. — Medium-sized species. Head: Proboscis long, dark; palpi about as long as proboscis, dark. Occiput clothed with numerous dark erect forked scales, those on the vertex pale; frontal tuft with some pale setae. Thorax: Integument of scutum brown; clothed with numerous pale-yellow to golden-brown hairs, more numerous medially. Abdomen: Integument of abdomen dark-brown to black, clothed with pale-yellow to brown hairs. Legs: Fig. 37. Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say. A, Male terminalia. B, Claspettes. C, Phallosome. D, Halter. E, Wing. 74 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 Legs entirely dark-scaled except for small whitish knee spots. Wing: Scales narrow, entirely dark; some of the scales arranged in four distinct darker spots (Fig. 37E). Halter: Knob of halter dark-scaled (Fig. 37D). adult male. — Coloration similar to that of female, terminalia (Fig. 37). — Ninth tergite (IX-T) a narrow, sclerotized band; lobes (IXT-L) lateral in position, about two to three times as long as broad, usually some- what constricted medially, rounded or truncate apically. Tenth sternite absent; anal lobe (An-L) large, triangular, spiculate. Phallosome (Ph) cylindrical, e. KA s-roH Fig. 38. Larva of Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say. A, Thorax and abdomen. B, Pecten. C, Head. D, Leaflets of palmate hair. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 75 furcate at base; apex with three or four pairs of ligulate leaflets (Ph-L), the more distal pairs longer; one or more pairs of the leaflets with a few short coarse basal teeth. Claspette broad, fleshy, consisting of a dorsal lobe (CI-DL) and a ventral lobe (CI-VL), fused basally but more or less distinct apically. Dorsal lobe apically with about one to five stout blunt spines (often fused to one another) ; ventral lobe usually bearing apically two large pointed spines of unequal length, though occasionally with one or three (largest spine rarely as broad as the blunt spine or fused spines of the dorsal lobe). Basis tyle (Bs) conical nearly twice as long as broad, clothed with long setae and few or no scales; two parabasal spines (P-S) and one internal spine (I-S) present. D is t is tyle (Ds) about as long or slightly longer than basistyle and lacking spicules (minute non-papillated hairs), curved, narrower medially, bluntly pointed at tip; terminal claw (Ds-C) short, blunt. LARVA (Fig. 38). — Head: Inner clypeal hairs (2) simple, arising from basal tubercles separated by at least the diameter of one of the tubercles; outer clypeal hair (3) densely dichotomously branched, fan-shaped; post- clypeal hair (4) small, branched, not reaching preclypeus; frontal hairs (5-7) large, plumose; sutural (8) usually 8- to 10-branched; trans-sutural (9) usually 6- to 8-branched. Antenna spinose; terminal hair (10) with several branches, longer than the sabres; antennal tuft (11) inserted near middle, several-branched, reaching base of sabres. Thorax: Prothoracic dorsal sub- median hairs (1-3) consisting of a short inner hair (1), single or weakly branched at tip; a much longer stout middle hair (2), with many branches; and a short single outer hair (3). Prothoracic pleural group (9-12) of four hairs; hair 9 long, 2-branched before middle or simple; hairs 10 and 12 long, simple; hair 11 short, simple. Mesothoracic pleural group (9-12) of four hairs; hairs 9 and 10 long, simple; hair 11 minute, simple; hair 12 simple, about one-third as long as hairs 9 or 10; metathoracic pleural group (9-12) of four hairs: hairs 9 and 10 lona, simple; h=i'r 11 minute, simple; hair 12 short, 2- to 4-branched. Metathoracic palmate (1) small with transparent leaf- lets. Abdomen: Submedian dorsal hair (0) obsolete on segments IV and V; palmate hair (1) well-developed on abdominal segments III to VII, rudimen- tary on segments I and II; individual leaflets with serrations on outer third. Antepalmate hair (2) on segments IV and V single, sometimes double. Upper lateral hair (6) on segments I to III long, plumose. Pecten as illustrated. distribution. — Eastern and central United States, north to the southern part of Canadi and scu*h to Veri Cru-'. Mexico. It reach'^s its rr^atPSt abundance in the southern United States. Southern States: Alabama (96); Arkansas (30); Florida and Georgia (96); Kentucky (140); Louisiana and Mississippi (96); Missouri (1); North Carolina, South Carolina and Ten- nessee (96); Virginia (49). Other States: Connecticut (94); Delaware (106); Illinois (94); Indiana (76); Iowa (155, 156); Kansas (79); Mary- land (19); Massachusetts, Michigan and Minnesota (94); Nebraska (178); New Hampshire (94); New Jersey (77); New York (116); Ohio (94); 76 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 Oklahoma (159); Pennsylvania (8); Rhode Island (99); South Dakota (128); Texas (108); Wisconsin (48). bionomics. — The females are active feeders on man and wild and do- mesticated animals. The adults are active principally at night and rest in dark corners in buildings, underneath houses, in hollow trees and other shelters during daylight hours. They are very active for a short period after dusk but their activities are probably limited to flights in search of a blood meal during the remainder of the night except for another active period at dawn when they shift to daytime resting places. The effective flight range of this species varies, depending on the proximity to suitable hosts upon which they can feed and the number produced, but it is usually regarded as approximately one mile under average conditions. Anopheles quadrimaculatus breeds mostly in fresh-water in sluggish streams, canals, ponds and lakes with surface-growing or emergent vegetation or floating debris. medical importance. — The susceptibility of this species to experimen- tal infection with Plasmodium vivax, P. falciparum and P. malariae has been well established and infections in nature have been found by numerous workers. This mosquito is regarded as the most important vector of malaria in the United States. Anopheles (Anopheles) walkeri Theobald Anopheles n.a/^en Theobald, 1901. Mon. Culic, 1:199. ADULT FEMALE. — Medium-sized species. Head: Proboscis long, dark; palpi about as long as proboscis, dark-scaled except for a narrow white ring at apex of each segment (Fig. 39E). Occiput clothed with dark erect forked scales; the vertex with a few pale recumbent scales; frontal tuft dark. Thorax: Inte- gument of scutum dark-brown, clothed with short golden-brown to dark- brown hairs. Abdomen: Integument dark-brown to black, clothed with yellow to brown hairs. Legs: Legs entirely dark-scaled except for white knee spots. Wing: Scales narrow, entirely dark; some of the scales arranged to form four darker spots, more or less distinct (Fig. 39F) . Halter: Knob of halter pale scaled (Fig. 39D). ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female, terminalia (Fig. 39). — Ninth tergite (IX-T) a narrow, moderately sclerotized band; lobes (IXT-L) lateral in position, slender, tapered, pointed or rounded at tip. Tenth stermte absent; anal lobe (An-L) large, triangular, spiculate. Phallo- some (Ph) cylindrical, furcate at base; apiex with 3 to 5 pairs of ligulate leaflets (Ph-L), the ante-apical pair more than half as long as the apical pair (usually about three-fourths as long) ; none of the leaflets with short, coarse basal teeth. Claspette broad, fleshy, consisting of a dorsal lobe (Cl-DL) and a ventral lobe (Cl-VL) . Dorsal lobe apically with one or two large, blunt, often slightly capitate spines; ventral lobe with a large, pointed spine at ap>ex and a long sub-apical spine. Basistyle (Bs) conical, about twice as long as broad, rounded apically, clothed with long setae and few or no scales; Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 77 two parabasal spines (P-S) and one internal spine (I-S) present. Dististyle (Ds) a little longer than basistyle, curved, narrower medially, bluntly pointed at tip; a few spicules (minute non-papillated hairs) present on basal sixth of distist)'le; terminal claw (Ds-C) short, blunt. larva (Fig. 40). — Head: Inner clypeal hairs (2) arising from basal Ph-L Fig. 39. Anopheles nja//feri Theobald. A, Male terminalia. B, Phallosome. C, Claspetfes. D. Halter. E, Palp and proboscis of female. F, Wing. 78 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 tubercles rarely separated by more than the diameter of one of the tubercles, with sparse, minute feathering toward tips; outer clypeal hair (3) densely * dichotomously branched, fan-shaped; postclypeal hair (4) small, branched; frontal hairs (5-7) large, plumose; sutural (8) and trans-sutural (9) with several branches. Antenna spinose; terminal hair (10) with several branches, longer than the sabres; antennal tuft (11) inserted near basal third of shaft, several-branched, reaching outer fourth. Thorax: Prothoracic dorsal submedian e, K AsroM Fig. 40. Larva of Anopheles Tvall^eri Theobald. A, Thorax and abdomen. B, Pecten. C, Head. D, Leaflets of palmate hair. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 79 hairs (1-3) consisting of an inner hair (1) with 3 to 5 strong branches near base; a longer stout middle hair (2) with many branches; and a short, simple outer hair (3). Prothoracic pleural group (9-12) of four hairs; hairs 9, 10 and 12 long, simple; hair 11, short, simple. Mesothoracic pleural group (9-12) of four hairs; hairs 9 and 10 long, simple; hair 11 minute, simple; hair 12 simple, about one-third as long as hair 9 or 10. Metathoracic pleural group (9-12) of four hairs; hairs 9 and 10 long, simple; hair 11 minute, simple; hair 12 short, usually simple. Metathoracic palmate hair (1) small, with transparent leaflets. Abdomen: Submedian dorsal hair (0) compara- tively well-developed on segments IV and V (much smaller than antepal- mate hair 2) with 3 to 7 branches. Palmate hair (1) well-developed, nearly equal in size on segments III to VII, individual leaflets serrated beyond middle; palmate hairs rudimentary on segments I and II. Antepalmate hair (2) on segments IV and V usually single, sometimes double or triple. Upper lateral hair (6) on segments I to III long, plumose. Pecten as illustrated. distribution. — Eastern North America, from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada, west to Nebraska. It has been reported from Vera Cruz, Mexico, by Vargas (158). Southern States: Alabama (35); Arkansas (179); Flor- ida and Georgia (94); Kentucky (140); Louisiana (94); Mississippi (97); North Carolina (166); South Carolina (27); Tennessee (7); Virginia (49); Other States: Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa and Maine (94); Maryland (19); Massachusetts, Michigan, and Minne- sota (94); Nebraska (178); New Jersey (77); New York (116); Ohio (94); Rhode Island (99); Texas (130); Wisconsin (48). bionomics. — The females of this species are known to enter dwellings at night to feed on humans and then retire to secretive daytime resting places which are difficult to find. They will feed on man in the open, even at midday, in bright sunlight. Bang et al. (7) found that the adults rest in dark, extremely moist situations; their more favorite resting site was the shaded bases of cut-grass and shoreline shrubbery. Engorged females were occasionally found in human dwellings near Reelfoot Lake in Tennessee. This species is readily attracted to the New Jersey light trap and is fre- quently taken in biting collections. Bang et al. (7) took specimens of Ano- pheles walkeri in light traps located I1/2 to 2 miles from the nearest breeding places. The larvae occur in freshwater marshes containing aquatic vegetation. medical importance. — This species has been shown under experimental conditions to be susceptible to infection with Plasmodium vivax (117) and P. falciparum (98). A single wild-caught specimen was found by Bang et al. (6) containing oocysts and a sporozoite infection. They state that the human origin of the parasites was probably indicated since A. walkeri prefers to feed on mammals, including man, rather than birds. This species appears to be a potential vector of malaria, but additional investigations will be re- quired to determine its real importance in the transmission of the disease. 80 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albimanus Wiedemann Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann, 1821, Dipt. Exot., p. 10. ADULT FEMALE. — Mediutn-sized species. Head: Proboscis long, black, the labellae brown. Palpi about as long as proboscis dark, with the apices of segments 2 and 3 and all of segment 5 white (Fig. 4 IE). Occiput clothed dorsally with whitish erect forked scales, dark-scaled laterally; scales of vertex white; frontal tuft white. Thorax: Integument of scutum dark-gray to dark- Fig. 41. Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann. A, Hind tarsus. B, Male terminalia. C, Phallosome. D, Claspettes. E, Palp and proboscis of female. F, Wing. Carpenter et al. : Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 81 brown, with a pair of small submedian black spots slightly posterior to mid- dle and a postero-median black spot on prescutellar space; vestiture of scu- tum consisting of gray scales and pale setae, the setae more numerous lat- erally. Abdomen: Integument dark-brown to black, clothed dorsally with long setae and pale scales, the scales more numerous on middle of the seg- ments; ovate dark scales present laterally on segments III to VII. Legs: Fe- mora dark, sparsely speckled with pale scales, II and III each with a pale- scaled subapical spot on one side. Tibiae dark, tipped with white. Tarsi marked as follows: Fore-tarsus with segment 1 narrowly white-ringed at apex, 2 and 3 with apical halves white, 4 and 5 entirely dark; mid-tarsus with segments 1 and 2 narrowly white-ringed at apices, 3 to 5 entirely dark; hind- tarsus (Fig. 41 A) with segment 1 entirely dark except for a few white scales at apex, segment 2 usually with basal half dark and apical half white, 3 and 4 entirely white. 5 dark basallv and white apically. Wmg: Scales black and yellowish-white, arranged on the veins in contrasting lines and spots (Fig. 41 F). Halter: Knob of halter dark-scaled. ADULT male. — Coloration similar to that of female. TERMINALIA (Fig. 41). — Ninth tergite (IX-T) sclerotized laterally, membranous dorsally; lobes absent. Tenth sternite absent; anal lobe (An-L) sub-triangular, not spiculate, lateral margins darkly pigmented. Phallosome (Ph) cylindrical, furcate at base; apex rounded and lacking leaflets. Ventral lobes of claspette (Cl-VL) fleshy, fused on the mid-line, each rounded apically and with a large, ovoid lobe ventrally. Dorsal lobes of claspette (Cl-DL) widely separated, cylin- drical, apex of each with three or four sickle-shaped filaments set close to- gether. Basistyle (Bs) conical, about two and one-half times as long as broad, bluntly rounded apically, clothed with scales and a few long setae; one stout, recurved parabasal spine (P-S), two stout, recurved accessory spines (Ac-S) and one slender, straight internal spine (I-S) present. Dististyle (Ds) a little shorter than the basistyle and without spicules (minute non-papillated hairs), curved, narrower medially, bluntly pointed at tip; terminal clan' (Ds-C) bluntly pointed. larva (Fig. 42). — Head: Inner clypeal hairs (2) and outer clypeal hairs (3) barbed, basal tubercles nearly equidistant; postclypeal (4) single or branched apically, extending slightly beyond bases of inner clypeals; fron- tal hairs (5-7) large, plumose; sutural (8) usually 2- to 4-branched; trans- sutural (9> usuallv 2- to 5-branched. Antenna soinose ('seines on inner mar- gin at middle of shaft much coarser); terminal hair (10) 2- to 4-branched beyond middle, longer than the sabres; antennal tuft (11) short, inserted on basal third of shaft, 2- to 4-branched. Thorax: Prothoracic dorsal sub- median hairs (1-3) arising from a common sclerotized base; inner hair (1) and middle hair (2) with many branches on a stout shaft, inner hair (1) about half as long as middle hair (2); outer hair (3) small, simple. Pro- thoracic pleural group (9-12) of four hairs; hairs 10 and 12 long, simple; hair 9 long, with several lateral branches; hair 11 about one-half as long as hair 10 or 12, bifid or trifid. Mesothoracic pleural prouD (9-12) of four hairs; hairs 9 and 10 long, simple; hair 11 minute; hair 12 short (about one-fourth 82 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 the length of 9 or 10), simple; Metathoracic pleural group (9-12) of four hairs; hair 9 long, with several weak lateral branches; hair 10 long, simple; hair 11 minute; hair 12 short, usually bifid. Metathoracic palmate hair (1) with numerous slender transparent leaflets. Abdomen: Submedian dorsal hair (0) present on segments II to VII, small, branched. Palmate hair (1) well-developed on segments I to VII (smaller on segment I and VII), indi- vidual leaflets slender, with smooth margins. Antepalmate hair (2) long, Fig. 42. Larva of Anopheles alhimanus Wiedemann. A, Thorax and abdomen. B, Peclen. C, Head. D, Leaflets of palmate hair. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. ?3 simple on segments IV and V. Upper lateral hair (6) on segments I to III long, plumose. Pecten as illustrated. distribution. — Along the Rio Grande River in Texas; Mexico, the West Indies; Central America; and South America, south to Ecuador, Colom- bia, and Venezuela. A collection, consisting of 131 adult specimens, was taken at Key West, Florida by Dr. G. N. MacDonnell during 1904, and reported by King (91). One fourth instar larva was colletced by Ernest Erb at Boca Raton, Florida, during 1944 and reported by Carpenter et al. (35). bionomics. — The females are avid feeders on man and domestic animals. The adults are nocturnal and commonly invade houses in large numbers; how- ever, it has been observed that they usually leave houses before sunrise. Larvae may occur in almost any collection of sunlit fresh or brackish water, whether it be fairly pure or stagnant. A surface matted with vegetation furnishes ideal conditions for its breeding in lakes and canals. It is occasionally found breed- ing in artificial containers. MEDICAL importance. — Various workers have experimentally demonstrated the infectibility of A. albimanus with Plasmodium vivax and P- falciparum and it has been found infected in nature on several occasions. This species is regarded as the principal lowland vector of malaria in Central America and the West Indies. Tribe Megarhinini The tribe Megarhinini consists of large, usually brilliant-colored diurnal, non-bloodsucking mosquitoes. The tribe includes the single genus Megarhinus. Genus Megarhinus Robineau-Desvoidy Megarhinus Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827, Mem. Soc. d'Hist. Nat. 3:403. The adults of the genus Megarhinus are daytime fliers and feed on plant juices. The larvae are found in tree holes and occasionally in artificial water containers where they feed upon other mosquitoes occupying the same breeding places. The genus is primarily a tropical one, but its distribution extends into the north temperate zone. Edwards (55) divided the genus Megarhinus into three groups, A, B, and C. Groups A and B occur in the Americas, but group C is confined to the Old World. Two species, M. rutilus and M. septentnonalis, occur in the United States. SALIENT characters. — A dill t: Clypeus broader than long, front margin slighdy trilobed. Proboscis rigid on basal half, flexible and strongly curved downward and backward on apical half. Palpi of females vary in length in different species from only about one-sixth to about two-thirds the length of the proboscis. Scutellum evenly rounded, with a continuous row of setae. All species large, usually with flat scales of metallic luster on head, thorax, abdo- men, and legs. Squamae without a fringe of hairs. Spiracular brisdes present; 84 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 posterior pronotal and postspiracular bristles absent. Wing scales sparse, short and broad. Second marginal cell of wing much shorter than its stem; a slight emargination present on hind margin of wing opposite vein 5.2, and a submarginal V-shaped thickening of the membrane between 5.1 and 5.2. Cross- veins as in Anophelini, bent at right angles. Male Terminalia: Tenth sternite with not more than two or three terminal teeth. Phallosome consisting of two elongated plates, heavily sclerotized. Basistyle conical; basal lobe present, bearing spines; apical lobe absent. Claspette absent. Dististyle long, slender, not swollen medially. Larva: Larvae very large and predacious. Mouth brushes of strong, curved, flattened setae, about 10 in number, not serrated but with hooked tips. Head almost square; frontoclypeus divided by a transverse suture into an anterior part and a much larger posterior part which comprises most of the dorsal head surface. Mentum much broader than long. Antenna smooth, cylindrical, with a minute tuft beyond middle. Hairs of thorax and abdomen arising from heavily sclerotized plates; comb and pecten entirely absent. The fusion of the sclerotic plates of the upper and lower lateral hairs on abdominal segment VIII forms a large plate bearing strong serrated hairs in the position generally occupied by a comb in other mosquitoes. Key to the Species adult males Fore-tarsus entirely dark scaled ....septenlrioiialis D. and K., p. 85 Fore-tarsus with segment 2 and the basal portion of segment 3 white-scaled on one side - --......ruiilus Coq., p. 84 Megarhinus rutilus Coquillett Megarhimis rulila Coquillett, 1896, Can. Ent., 28:44. ADULT FEMALE. — Indistinguishable from M. septentr'tonalis. ADULT MALE. — Similar to male of M. septentrionalis, but with segment 2 and basal portion of segment 3 of fore- and mid-tarsi white on one side, ter- minalia. The male terminalia of this species appears to be indistinguishable from that of M. septentrionalis (Fig. 43). larva. — Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. — Florida and Georgia (96); South Carolina (4th Sv. C. Med. Lab. records, 1944, unpublished) . BIONOMICS. — Megarhinus rutilus breeds in rot cavities of trees, but it is a rare species and very little is known of its biology. Megarhinus septentrionalis Dyar and Knab Megarhinus seplentrionalis Dyar and Knab, 1907, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 15:12. ADULT FEMALE. — Very large brilliantly ornamented species. Head: Probos- cis long, black, tapered, the apical half strongly down-curved. Palpi about two- thirds as long as proboscis, metallic dark blue to violet, with golden-yellow Carpenter et al. : Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 85 scales laterally on second and third segments. Occiput clothed dorsally with flat metallic blue scales, the eye margins and lateral portions of occiput with flat, silver to golden-yellow scales. Thorax: Anterior pronotal lobe covered with broad flat scales, those on dorsal portion brilliant metallic blue. Integument of scutum dark brown, with a narrow median longitudinal stripe and sides primar- ily gold scaled, and with blue reflections when viewed from certain angles; a broad longitudinal submedian stripe of fine dark purplish-brown scales present on either side between the median stripe and lateral pale-scaled areas. Pleurae and coxae shingled with flat golden-yellow scales. Abdomen: Abdomen primar- ily covered dorsally with metallic blue-green scales, laterally with golden- yellow scales. Legs: Femora golden yellow on inner surfaces; tibiae primarily clothed with dark purple scales; fore- and mid-tarsi with ape.x of segment 1 and all of segments 2, 3 and 4 white; hind-tarsus with apex of segment 3, all of segment 4 and all but tip of segment 5 white. Whig: Scales rather broad, dark purple, sparse. ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female but the fore- and mid- tarsi with all segments dark purple, the hind-tarsus with the fourth and occa- sionally the base or all of the fifth segment white. TERMINALLA (Fig. 43). Ninth tergite (IX-T) a strongly convex band extending considerably dorsad of underlying structures; lobes (IXT-L) apico-lateral in position, poorly defined and broadly connected, each bearing numerous strong setae. Tenth sternite (X-S) prominent, heavily sclerotized apically. Phallosome (Ph) bottle-shaped, consisting of two separate lateral plates connected only sub- basally on the dorsum by a narrow sclerotized bridge; apical neck-like portion slender, nearly as long as broadened base, heavily sclerotized, pointed, with a bilateral row of short teeth directed ventrally. Claspette absent. Basistyle (Bs) conical, a little more than twice as long as basal width, clothed with scales and long setae; basal lobe (B-L) prominent, rounded, bearing three or four large spines and several smaller ones; apical lobe absent. Dististyle (Ds) nearly as long as basistyle, slender, sides nearly parallel, rounded apically; claw (Ds-C) slender, inserted a little before apex. LARVA. (Fig. 44). — Large larva. Head quadrate, about as long as broad. Antenna smooth, about one-third as long as the head; antennal tuft short, multiple, inserted at outer fourth of shaft, preceded by a pair of single hairs at outer third. Mouth brushes consisting of about ten stout, closely appressed, prehensile, smooth, curved rods. Head hairs: Preantennal (A), lower (B), and upper (C) single and of about equal length; postclypeal (d) short, mul- tiple; (hairs A, B, C, and d arranged more or less in a row on the antero- lateral region of the clypeus); sutural (e) absent; trans-sutural (f) and supra- orbital branched beyond bases. Abdomen with numerous stout, barbed hairs arising from sclerotized bases. Eighth abdominal segment without comb, but with a large sclerotized lateral plate bearing two long barbed hairs and two shorter weak hairs distally branched. Siphon one and one-half to two times as long as basal width; pecten absent; subventral tuft multiple, barbed, inserted near base of siphon. Anal segment about as long as wide; completely ringed by the dorsal plate; postero-lateral margin of dorsal plate fringed with a row 86 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 Fig. 43. Megarhinus rulilus Coquillett and M. sepienlrionalis Dyar and Knab. A, Fore tarsus of M. ruiilus. B, Head of M. sepienlrionalis (male). C, Scutum and scutel- lum of M. septenlrionalis. D, Male terminalia of M. septentrionalis. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 87 of inter-mixed short and long spines; lateral hair stout, barbed, inserted on distal margin of dorsal plate; dorsal brush consisting of a lower caudal tuft of about 4 branches and an upper caudal tuft of about 8 branches on either side; ventral brush well-developed, with individual hairs, feathered, confined to the barred area; gills 4, short, bulbous. Fig. 44. Larva of Mcgarhinus seplentrionaiis Dyar and Knab. A, Head. B, Terminal segments. distribution.— Eastern United States, north to New Jersey, west to Kansas and Texas. Southern States: Alabama (96); Arkansas (30); Georgia (52); Kentucky (140); Louisiana (96); Mississippi, Missouri and North Carolina (52); South Carolina (64); Tennessee and Virginia (52). Other States: District of Columbia (52); Kansas (79); Maryland (52); New Jer- sey (164); Oklahoma (159); Texas (108); West Virginia (52). bionomics.— The adults fly by day and feed on nectar in flowers. The larvae are found principally in rot cavities in trees and occasionally in water 88 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 in artificial wooden receptacles and in rock holes. The larvae are predacious, feeding on mosquito larvae and other aquatic animals with which they are associated in their breeding places. Tribe Culicini The tribe Culicini is represented in the Southern United States by nine genera, most of which are divided into subgenera. It is by far the largest of the three tribes of Culicinae, both in number of species and individuals. SALIENT CHARACTERS. — Adult: Clypeus longer than broad, rounded an- teriorly. Proboscis slender, flexible, not hooked. Thorax arched above. Scutel- lum trilobed, each lobe bearing a distinct group of setae. Abdomen clothed with imbricate scales. Cross-vein 3-4 not bent at right angles, no spur extend- ing basally from angle of vein 3. Wing without V-shaped thickening of mem- brane between veins 5.1 and 5.2. Second marginal cell about as long as its petiole (much shorter in U rano taenia) . Larva: Head rarely rotatable. Hairs of body never pinnately branched as in Anophelini. Thorax broad and without eversible organs. Abdomen without float-hairs. Eighth segment with a siphon. Lateral comb always present on eighth segment. Keys to the Genera ADULTS 1.2nd marginal cell short, less than half as long as its petiole _ Uranotaenia L. A., p. 100 2nd marginal cell at least as long as its petiole 2 2. Postnotum with a tuft of setae; squamae without a fringe of hairs IV^eom^ia Theob., p. 89 Postnotum' bare; squamae with a fringe of hairs 3 3. Spiracular bristles present 4 Spiracular bristles absent - - J 4. Postspiracular bristles present; tip of abdomen pointed Psorophora R. D., p. 130 Postspiracular bristles absent; tip of abdomen blunt Culiseia Felt, p. 107 5. Postspiracular bristles present o Postspiracular bristles absent ' 6. Wing scales very broad; tip of abdomen blunt (in part) ....Mansonia Blanch., p. 120 Wing scales narrow (rarely moderately broad) ; tip of abdomen pointed Aedes Meigen, p. 165 7. Antennae much longer than proboscis, first flagellar segment longer than the next three combined Deinocerlles Theob., p. 274 Antennae not longer than proboscis or only slightly so, first flagellar segment about as long as each succeeding segment -- " 8. Scutum bicolorous, with delicate longitudinal lines of white scales; penultimate segment of fore tarsi very short, only about as long as wide Orlhopodomyla Theob., p. 1 14 Scutum unicolorous, not marked with white longitudinal lines; penultimate seg- ment of fore tarsi much longer than wide 9 9. Wing scales very broad, brown and white mixed Mansonia Blanch., p. 120 Wing scales narrow, uniformly dark Culex Linn., p. 237 LARVAE (fourth INSTAR) 1. Distal half of siphon strongly altentuated, adapted for piercing roots of aquatic plants Mansonia Blanch., p. 120 Carpenter et ai..: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 89 Siphon cylindrical or fusiform, not adapted for piercing roots of aquatic plants 2 2. Siphon with a pecten 3 Siphon without a pecten 8 3. Lower and upper head hairs (B, C) very stout, spine-like, single; head longer than wide Uranolacnia L. A., p. 100 Lower and upper head hairs (B, C) slender, not spine-like, single, double or multiple; head at least as wide as long 4 4. Head with a prominent triangular pouch on each side; anal segment with divided dorsal and ventral sclerotic plates, membranous laterally - Deinoceriics Theob., p. 274 Head without a prominent triangular pouch on each side; anal segment completely ringed by the dorsal plate or membranous only ventrally 5 5. Siphon with a pair of large basal subventral hair tufts, or, if tufts are small, ccmb scales in a single row and bar-like Culiscta Felt, p. 107 Siphon without a pair of basal subventral hair tufts ..6 6. Siphon with several pairs of subventral hair tufts or single hairs Culex Linn., p. 237 Siphon with one median pair of subventral hair tufts (sometimes vestigial) or one pair of single hairs 7 7. Anal segment completely ringed by the dorsal plate and pierced on the midventral line by tufts of ventral brush Psorophura R. D., p. 130 Anal segment not completely ringed by the dorsal plate, or if ringed, not pierced on midventral line by tufts of ventral brush AeJes Meigen, p. 165 8. Anal segment with prominent median ventral brush consisting of a close-set row of tufts; comb with a row of short pointed scales and a second row of much longer pointed scales Orihopodompla Theob., p. 114 Anal segment without a median ventral brush, but with a pair of ventrolateral tufts; comb scales in a single row IVyieomvia TTieob., p. 89 Genus Wyeomyia Theobald i Wveompia Theobald, 1901, Mon. Culic, 2:267. The genus Wyeo7nyia is confined mostly to the tropical and subtropical regions of the New World. One species, W. smithii, extends into the north temperate zone in North America. The larvae are found in water collections in plants. The adults are mostly diurnal; the females are known to bite warm- blooded animals occasionally. The genus is represented in the United States by three species. SALIENT characters. — Adult: Postnotum always has a tuft of setae. Palpi short. Palpi and antennae of males and females are similar; however, the plumes are sometimes better developed in males than in females. Thorax dull colored, never conspicuously ornamented. Spiracular bristles always present. Abdomen blunt tipped. Squama without fringe, one to three small hairs rarely present. Male Terminalia: Basistyle and dististyle variable; dististyle usually with swollen head. Phallosome simple. Tenth sternites with 2 or 3 terminal teeth. Larva: Comb scales of eighth segment usually in a single regular row. Pecten absent or represented by a few teeth. Hairs of siphon single or branched, arising from all aspects, in no definite pattern. Ventral brush represented by bilateral ventro-lateral tufts. 1 Seette with about 5 or 6 seta-like filaments on crown signipennis (Coq.), p. 164 Claspette with 5 to 7 long pointed apically feathered blades and a single apical- ly feathered seta 9 9. Inner ventral margin of each plate of phallosome with a distinct triangular pro- jection turned ventro-laterally ; claspette bearing 5 or 6 blades and a single apically feathered seta discolor (Coq.), p. 159 Inner ventral margin of each plate of phallosome with only a narrow rounded portion turned ventrad, lacking a distinct triangular projection; claspette bear- ing 6 or 7 blades and a single apically feathered seta confinnis (L. Arr.), p. 154 LARVAE (fourth INSTAr) I.Pecten teeth numerous (about 18 or more), each terminating in a hair-like fila- ment; subventral tuft of siphon represented by a long single hair; mouth brushes of very stout filaments strongly pectinate on one side 2 Pecten teeth few (less than 10), not prolonged into hair-like filaments; sub- ventral tuft of siphon multiple, either large, small or obsolete, never long and single; mouth brushes normal hair-like, smooth or very weakly pectinate 3 2. Lateral hair of anal segment 3 or 4-branched near base ciliata (Fabr.), p. 135 Lateral hair of anal segment single or forked beyond middle ....horvardii Coq., p. 138 Carpenter et ai..: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 133 3. Subventral tuft of siphon very large, multiple, as long as siphon; siphon small, not inflated, with a pair of strong dorsal reflexed spines subapicaliy; antennae inflated discolor (Coq.), p. 159 Subventral tuft of siphon multiple, very small or obsolete; siphon large, more or less inflated medially, without a pair of strong dorsal reflexed spines subapical- iy; antennae not inflated 4 4. Upper head hair (C) and lower head hair (B) multiple confmnis (L. Arr.), p. 155 Upper head hair (C) single or double, lower head hair (B) single, double or triple 5 5. Upper head hair (C) and lower head hair (B) single; antennae no longer than the head 6 Upper head hair (C) double, lower (B) double or triple, antennae usually longer than head 8 6. Hair of lateral valve of siphon more than half as long as apical width of siphon 7 Hair of lateral valve of siphon less than half as long as apical width of siphon pygmaea (Theob.), p. 162 7. Antennal and preantennal tufts strongly multiple (antennal tuft generally 8 to 15-branched, preantennal tuft about 6 to 8-branched), conspicuously barbed; antenna apically with a short spine, a moderately long spine and a membran- ous papilla, and subapicaliy with 2 longer spines; comb with about 6 scales signipennis (Coq.), p. 164 Antennal and preantennal tufts only about 2 to 4-branched, occasionally rebranched toward rip, sparsely barbed; antennal tip with 3 long spines, one short spine and a membranous papilla, ail apical in position; comb with 4 scales, rarely 5 cpauescens (Coq.), p. 140 8. Siphon only slightly inflated; subapical spine of largest comb scale only about 1/5 to 1/4 as long as apical spine Varipes (Coq.), p. 152 Siphon strongly inflated; subapical spines of largest comb scale about 1/3 as long as apical spine 9 9. Lower head hair (B) triple, sometimes double, not reaching preclypeus, the branches nearly equal ; upper head hair (C) double, not reaching preclypeus, the branches nearly equal honida (D. and K.), p. 146 Lower and upper head hairs (B and C) double, reaching to or beyond pre- clypeus 10 10. Lateral abdominal hairs single or double on segments IV to VI; branches of lower head hair (B), as well as upper head hair (C), nearly equal ferox (Humb.), p. 143 Lateral abdominal hairs multiple on segments IV lo VI; branches of lower head hair (B), as well as upper head hair (C), not equal, one branch of each being shorter and weaker than the other longipalpls Roth, p. 150 PsoROPHORA (Psorophora) ciliata (Fabricius) Culex ciliata Fabricius, 1794, Ent. Syst., 4:401. adult female. — Very large species. Head: Integument of proboscis yel- low, becoming dark at apical fourth; scales on basal half long, dark, suberect; scales beyond middle of proboscis appressed, yellow, speckled with dark, those at tip entirely dark. Palpi about one-third as long as proboscis, clothed with dark suberect scales. Occiput white scaled, with a narrow longitudinal nude stripe. Thorax: Integument of scutum dark brown; vestiture consisting of a nar- row median longitudinal stripe of bright golden-yellow lanceolate scales, a sub- median longitudinal line of golden-yellow lanceolate scales adjacent to a line of slender black scales, and a large lateral area of broad appressed pale-yellow to 134 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 white scales; a narrow nude stripe present between the median stripe and sub- median lines; a broader nude area present on either side of the prescutellar space (prescutellar space white-scaled, bisected partially or entirely by a median gold stripe). Abdomen: Tergites pale yellow to brown scaled, the pale scales predominating dorsally, the brown laterally; stemites primarily white scaled. Legs: Femora yellow scaled, speckled with dark, except for apical portion of each, which is densely clothed with long dark erect scales; tibiae each with a narrow ring of yellow appressed scales basally, remainder clothed with long dark erect scales. Tarsi of fore and middle legs clothed with appressed scales; segments 1 to 3 pale basally, dark apically; segments 4 and 5 entirely dark. Each segment of hind tarsus with a ring of pale appressed scales basally. Scales beyond basal ring long, dark, erect on segments 1 and 2, dark, recumbent on segments 3 to 5 (Fig. 67A). Wing: Scales narrow, dark; a few inconspicuous pale scales distributed on costa and subcosta. ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female. TERMinalia (Fig. 67B). Ninth tergite (IX-T) with well-separated, rounded lobes (IXT-L) bearing numerous setae. Tenth sternite (X-S) prominent, heavily sclerotized. Fig. 67. Psorophora ciliata (Fabricius). A, Hind leg. B, Male terminalia. Carpenter et al. : Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 135 Phallosome (Ph) heavily sclerotized, conical, open ventrally, closed dorsally on basal half; apical half of each plate with a broad lateral thorn-like projec- tion and a dorsal longitudinal toothed ridge. Claspette (CI) extending to apical third of basistyle, stem slender; apex with a broad glabrous sickle-shaped fila- ment inserted on outer angle, and a strong fleshy thumb-like projection directed mesad, clothed with numerous flexible setae. Basistyle (Bs) cylindrical, rounded apically, about two and one-half times as long as broad, clothed with sparse scales and numerous long setae; basal and apical lobes absent. Dististyle (Ds) about two-thirds as long as basistyle, somewhat bowed inward medially, taper- ing at outer third, with short stout setae arising from inner surface; a dorsal angular projection present at outer fifth; tip curved and terminating in a short, strong claw (Ds-C). LARVA. (Fig. 68). — Large larva. Head quadrate, concave anteriorly, broader than long. Antenna about one-third as long as head, extending near anterior margin of head, sparsely spined; antennal tuft represented by a single short hair on outer third. Mouth brushes formed of stout prehensile hairs, each Fig. 68. Larva of Psorophora ciliata (Fabricius). A. Terminal segments. B, Mouth Brush. C, Pecten spine. D, Comb scale. E, Head. 136 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 hooked at tip and with a row of comb-like teeth along the side. Head hairs: Hair A single, branched distally; hair B single, branched distally, inserted near anterior margin of clypeus, expanding beyond anterior margin of head; hair C short, branched distally; hair d long, single, inserted mesad and slightly anter- ior to hair C, extending beyond anterior margin of head; sutural (e) and trans-sutural (f) multiple; supraorbital branched distally. Comb of eighth segment of about 12 to 16 thorn-shaped scales in a single curved row; individu- al scale trifid, with basal spines about one-third the length of the median spine. Siphon three to four times as long as basal width; pecten of numerous teeth on basal half of siphon; individual tooth long, hair-like, with one or more short stout basal teeth; subventral tuft represented by a long single hair inserted beyond pecten. Anal segment longer than wide, completely ringed by the dor- sal plate; lateral hair 3 to 4-branched near base; dorsal brush consisting of a long lower caudal hair and a shorter multiple upper caudal tuft on either side; ventral bush extending almost the entire length of the anal segment; gills 4, longer than the segment, sharply pointed. distribution. — Southern Canada; Eastern United States west to Nebraska and Texas. Southern States: Alabama (170); Arkansas (30); Florida and Georgia (52); Kentucky (140); Louisiana and Mississippi (52); Missouri (1); North Carolina (166); South Carolina (64); Tennessee (96); Virginia (49). Other States: Connecticut (52); Delaware (106); District of Columbia (52); Illinois (42); Indiana (76); Iowa (155, 156); Kansas (79); Maryland (19); Massachusetts (52); Michigan {SS); Nebraska (178); New Hampshire (105); New Jersey (77); New York (52); Oklahoma (159); Pennsylvania (8); Rhode Island (99); Texas (108); West Virginia (52); Wisconsin (48). bionomics. — The females are vicious biters, attacking any time during the day. The larvae occur in temporary rain-filled pools where they feed on the larvae of other associated species, particularly P. confinnis. Psorophora ciliata breeds from March to October in the extreme South and from May to Septem- ber farther north (4th Sv. C. Med. Lab. records, 1942-1944, unpublished). Psorophora (Psorophora) howardii Coquillett Psorophora howardii Coquillett, 1901, Can. Enl., 33:258. ADULT FEMALE. — Very large species. Head: Integument of proboscis brown, becoming darker apically; all scales dark, recumbent. Palpi nearly half as long as proboscis; scales dark, recumbent. Occiput white scaled, with a nar- row longitudinal nude stripe. Thorax: Integument of scutum shiny, dark brown (often nearly black) ; vestiture consisting of a narrow median longitudinal stripe of slender black scales, a narrow submedian longitudinal stripe of similar scales, and a large lateral area of broad appressed white scales; a narrow nude stripe present between the median and submedian stripes; a broader nude area present on either side of the white-scaled prescutellar space. Abdomen: First tergite white scaled; remaining segments blue-black scaled dorsally, each with an apical transverse line of white scales; lateral margin and venter white scaled. Legs: Femora yellow scaled, speckled with dark, except for apical portion of each which is clothed with long dark erect or suberect scales (most conspicuous Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 137 on middle and hind legs) ; tibiae mainly covered by blended yellow and purple recumbent scales, with those of apices dark purple, suberect, particularly on hind legs. Tarsi primarily dark scaled blended with yellow; second segment and often first segment of each tarsus with a narrow basal pale ring; segments 3, 4, and 5 dark. Wings: Scales narrow, dark. ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female. TERMINALIA (Fig. 69). Ninth tergite (IX-T) with dorsal band narrow, heavily sclerotized; lobes (IXT-L) narrow, heavily sclerotized, widely separated, each bearing a variable number of stout spine-like setae. Tenth sternite (X-S) prominent, heavily sclerotized. Phallosome (Ph) heavily sclerotized, conical, open ventrally, closed dorsally on basal half; apical third of each plate with a broad lateral thorn-like projection and a dorsal longitudinal toothed ridge. Claspette (Cl) extending near apical third of basistyle, consisting of a short broad stem fused with basi- style, and a very large subspherical crown; crown entirely covered with short curved setae and bearing subapically a large, erect sickle-shaped filament on outer margin. Basistyle (Bs) about twice as long as basal width, curved, nar- rower beyond middle, and bluntly rounded at apex, clothed with sparse scales and long setae; basal and apical lobes absent. Dististyle (Ds) about half as Fig. 69. Psorophora horeardii Coquillett. A, Hind leg. B, Male terminalia. 138 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 long as basistyle, densely setiferous ventrally, with a very large lateral hatchet- shaped lobe projecting mesad, closely followed by a long slender subapical projection, also directed mesad; claw (Ds-C) inconspicuous, inserted on this latter structure slightly before apex. larva (Fig. 70). — Large larva. Head quadrate, concave anteriorly, broader than long. Antenna about one-third as long as head, extending near anterior margin of head, sparsely spined; antennal tuft represented by a single hair on outer third. Mouth brushes formed of stout prehensile hairs, each hooked at tip and with a row of comb-like teeth along the side. Head hairs: Hair A single, branched distally; hair B single, branched distally, inserted near anterior margin of clypeus, extending beyond anterior margin of head; hair C short, branched distally; hair d long, single, inserted mesad and slightly anter- ior to hair C, extending beyond anterior margin of head; sutural (e) and trans- sutural (f) multiple; supraorbital branch:d distally. Comb of eighth segment Fig. 70. Larva of Psorophora horvardii Coquilleft. A, Terminal segments. B, Pecten spine. C, Comb scale. D, Head. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 139 of about 15 to 18 thorn-shaped scales in a single curved row; individual scale trifid with basal spines about one-third the length of the median spine. Siphon about four times as long as basal width; pecten of numerous teeth on basal half of siphon; individual tooth long, hair-like, with one or more short stout basal teeth; subrentral tuft represented by a single long hair inserted beyond pecten. Anal segment longer than wide, completely ringed by the dorsal plate; lateral hair single or branched beyond middle; dorsal brush consisting of a long lower caudal hair and a shorter multiple upper caudal tuft on either side; ventral brush extending almost the entire length of the anal segment; gills 4, longer than the segment, pointed. distribution.— Southern United States; Mexico, West Indies and Cen- tral America. Southern States: Alabama (125); Arkansas (30); Florida (52); Georgia (148); Kentucky (140); Louisiana and Mississippi (96); Missouri (1); North Carolina (166); South Carolina (64); Tennessee (170); Virginia (49). Other States: District of Columbia (52); Illinois (42); Indiana (76); Kansas (128); Maryland (52); Oklahoma (159); Texas (108). BIONOMICS. — The females are fierce biters and will attack any time during the day when their haunts are invaded. The larvae of P. howardii occur in temporary rain-filled pools. They are predacious, feeding on other mosquito larvae with which they are associated. This species breeds from March to Octo- ber in the extreme South and from May to September farther north (4th Sv. C. Med. Lab records, 1942-1944, unpublished). PsoROPHORA (Janthinosoma) cyanescens (Coquillett) Culex cyanescens Coquillett, 1902, Jour. N. Y. Ent. See, 10:137. ADULT FEMALE. — Medium sized to rather large species. Head: Proboscis slender, blue-black; palpi short, black. Occiput clothed dorsally with ovate curved white to pale-gold scales and numerous pale erect forked scales; occiput laterally with a small blue-black scaled patch, followed by broad yellowish scales. Thorax: Integument of scutum black, rather evenly clothed with small scales, those of the median region intermixed lanceolate and ovate, mostly pale yellow to gold or golden-brown, those of the lateral areas ovate, gold to pale yellow or white. Scales of posterior pronotum similar to those of the antero- lateral portion of scutum. Abdomen: First tergite whitish scaled; remaining tergites black scaled, with blue or purplish reflection, and with apical submedian triangular patches of golden-yellow scales; these apical patches narrow laterally, broadened toward the mid-dorsal line, those of the anterior segments usually joined medially. Sternites II to VI whitish-yellow to yellow scaled, VII dark. Legs: Small spots present on middle and hind legs; inner surfaces of all femora pale scaled, darker near apices; outer surface of femur I pale on basal half, femur III pale on basal three-fourths. Scales of tibiae and tarsi entirely black with blue to purple reflection, appressed or recumbent. Wing: Scales narrow, dark. ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female, terminalia (Fig. 71). Ninth tergite (IX-T) with lobes (IXT-L) broadly rounded, widely sep- 140 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 arated, each bearing several scattered setae. Tenth sternite (X-S) prominent, heavily sclerotized. Phallosome (Ph) heavily sclerotized, conical, broad at base, narrowly rounded at apex, closed dorsally, open ventrally; apical half with a lateral flange and a mid-dorsal longitudinal basally divaricated carina. Clas- pette (Cl) (exclusive of the apical filaments) reaching middle of basistyle or slightly beyond; stem slender, curved, its mid-portion fused to the basistyle, expanded apically into a broad triangular crown. Crown with about nine elon- gated pointed flattened filaments (filaments nearest basistyle larger, curved), and several feathered setae. Basistyle (Bs) nearly two and one-half times as long as broad, cylindrical, bluntly rounded at apex, clothed with sparse scales and numerous long setae; basal and apical lobes absent. Dististyle (Ds) reticu- lated, about three-fifths as long as basistyle, moderately expanded a little beyond middle (expanded inner margin pubescent and with four or five short spines), tapering distally, slender and curved near tip and terminating in a peg-like claw (Ds-C). larva. (Fig. 72). — Head broader than long. Antenna stout, shorter than head, coarsely spined; antennal tuft small, 2 to 4-branched, sparsely barbed, inserted slightly beyond middle of shaft; tip of antenna with three long spines, one short spine and a membranous papilla, all apical in position. Head hairs: -IXT-L IX-T Fig. 71. Male ferminalia of Psorophora c^anescens (Coquillelt). Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 141 Preantennal (A) double or triple, sparsely barbed; lower (B) and upper (C) long, single; postclypcal (d) small, branched; sutural (e) and trans-sutural (f) 2 to 4-branched; supraorbital, single or double. Comb of eighth segment of four, rarely five, thorn-shaped scales; individual scale trifid, with long central tooth. Siphon strongly inflated, about two and one-half to three times as long as basal width; pecten of three to five teeth on basal third of siphon; subventral tuft minute, multiple, inserted laterally beyond middle of siphon; hair of lateral valve longer than apical width of siphon. Anal segment somewhat longer than wide, completely ringed by the dorsal plate; lateral hair small, multiple; dorsal brush consisting of a long lower caudal hair and a shorter multiple upper Fig. 72. Larva of Psorophora cyanescens (Coquillett). A, Terminal segments. B, Pecten tooth. C, Comb scale. D, Head. 142 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 caudal tuft on either side; ventral brush extending almost the entire length of the anal segment; gills 4, longer than the anal segment, pointed. distribution. — Southern United States, north to Indiana and Kansas; Mexico; Central and South America. Southern States: Alabama (170); Arkansas (30); Florida (35); Georgia (97); Kentucky (140); Louisiana and Mississippi (52); Missouri (1); North Carolina (166); South Carolina and Tennessee (125); Virginia (49). Other States: Indiana (76); Kansas (79); Oklahoma (159); Texas (108). BIONOMICS. — This species is more abundant in certain areas of Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Arkansas than in the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains. The females are vicious biters and will engorge themselves until they are barely able to fly. The adults are often so plentiful in certain areas follow- ing prolonged summer rains, that they seriously annoy livestock and interfere with farm work. They are more commonly encountered in woodlands and thickets but will come out into open fields to attack. The larvae are found in temporary rain-filled pools in the southern states from May to October (4th Sv. C. Med. Lab. records, 1942-1944, unpublished). Psorophora (JanthinosOma) ferox (Humboldt) Culex ferox Humboldt, 1820, Voy. Reg. Equin., 7:119. ADULT FEMALE. — Medium sized species. Head: Proboscis dark scaled; palpi short, dark, about one-fifth as long as proboscis. Occiput clothed with numerous broad recumbent whitish-yellow to golden-yellow scales, paler anter- iorly; many yellow erect forked scales present on posterior half. Thorax: Scu- tum covered by rather broad dark-brown and golden-yellow (often whitish- yellow) scales, intermingled and in no definite pattern, the dark scales more abundant. Abdomen: All tergites (first included) dark scaled with purplish reflections, except for prominent apico-lateral triangular patches of whitish- yellow to golden-yellow scales; sternites yellow scaled on segments II to VI, mainly dark on segment VII. Legs: Knee spots present on middle and hind legs; inner surfaces of all femora primarily pale scaled, darker near apices; outer surfaces of femora I and III usually pale scaled on basal third or half. Tibiae and tarsi of fore and middle legs entirely dark scaled; segments 4 and 5 of hind tarsus, and frequently the apex of segment 3, white scaled, other segments dark (Fig. 73 A); segments 1 and 2 of hind tarsus and apical portion of hind tibia with scales suberect, appearing rather shaggy. Wing: Scales dark, narrow. ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female. TERMINALIA (Fig. 73B). Ninth tergite (IX-T) with lobes (IXT-L) widely separated, broadly rounded, each bearing many scattered setae. Tenth sternite (X-S) prominent, heavily sclerotized. Phallosome (Ph) heavily sclerotized, conical, broad basally and pointed apically, open ventrally, closed dorsally. Claspette (CI) slender, cylindrical, about three-fourths as long as basistyle, becoming abruptly broader at apical fourth, then tapering to tip; apical fourth with numerous slender, feathered filaments on inner margin; a large leaf-like contorted pointed fila- Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 143 ment at apex, a similar one and a shorter, straight blunt filament subapically. Basis tyle (Bs) about three times as long as broad, sides nearly parallel, some- what curved, nearly truncate at apex, clothed with scales and numerous long setae. Dististyle (Ds) reticulated, about three-fourths as long as basistyle, slender basally, strongly inflated medially, broadest slightly beyond middle, tapering distally, slender and curved near tip, terminating in a strong, peg- like c/dw (Ds-C). larva. (Fig. 74). — Head broader than long. Antenna longer than head, usually as long as the width of the head across the eyes, spinose; antennal tiijt multiple, barbed, inserted near middle. Head hairs: Preantennal (A) multiple, barbed, not reaching insertion of antennal tuft; tower (B) and upper (C) long, 2-branched, barbed, extending beyond preclypeus (branches of B as well as C nearly equal); postclypeal (d) small, branched; sutural (e), trans-sutural (f) and supraorbital usually double or multiple. Upper lateral abdominal hairs multiple on segments I and II, usually triple on III and single or double on IV to VI. Comb of eighth segment of 6 to 8 scales; indi- -■^ IXT-L Fig. 73. Piorophora ferox (Humboldt). A, Hind tarsus. B, Male terminalia. 144 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 vidual scale trifid, with subapical spines about one-third as long as apical spine. Siphon strongly inflated, about four times as long as basal width; pecten of 3 to 5 widely spaced teeth on basal fourth of siphon; subventral tuft minute, multiple, inserted laterally beyond middle of siphon. Anal segment longer than wide, completely ringed by dorsal plate; lateral hair small, usually multiple, branched near base; dorsal brush consisting of a long lower caudal hair and a shorter multiple upper caudal tuft on either side; ventral brush extending almost the entire length of the anal segment; gills 4, longer than the segment, each gradually tapering to a sharp point. iTOiS Fig. 74. Larva of Psorophora ferox (Humboldt). A, Terminal segments. B, C. and D, Pecten teeth. E, Comb scale. F, Head. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 145 DISTRIBUTION. — Southern Canada; eastern United States westward to Nebraska and Texas; Mexico; We^t Indies; Central and South America. Southern States: Alabama (170); Arkansas (30); Florida and Georgia (52); Kentucky (140); Louisiana and Mississippi (52); Missouri (1); North Caro- Hna (166); South Carohna (64); Tennessee (52); Virginia (49). Other States: Delaware (106); District of Columbia (52); Illinois (42); Indiana (76); Iowa (155, 156); Kansas (128); Massachusetts (52); Michigan (88); Minnesota (147); Nebraska (178); New Jersey (77); New York (160); Oklahoma (159); Pennsylvania (121); Texas (108); Wisconsin (48). BIONOMICS. — The adults of P. ferox are usually encountered in or near thickets or forests following rainy periods during the summer months. The females are persistent and painful biters. Larvae are found in temporary rain- filled pools in thickets and woodlands and occasionally in pot holes in stream beds. Larvae and adults occur from March to November in the extreme South, but are more common from May to September farther north (4th Sv. C. Med. Lab. reports, 1942-1944, unpublished). PsoROPHORA (Janthinosoma) horrida (Dyar and Knab) Aedes horridus Dyar and Knab, 1908, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 35:56 (in part). Psorophora (Janthinosoma) horrida. Roth, 1945, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 47:1 (synon- ymy given). ADULT female. — Medium sized species. Head: Proboscis long, dark scaled; palpi dark, less than one-third as long as proboscis, with the fourth segment usually curved, and about equal in length to the first three segments combined. Occiput dorsally with a large median patch of broad recumbent whitish to pale-yellow scales; a patch of broad appressed purplish scales present laterally, margined below by a patch of broad appressed yellowish scales. Pale erect forked scales numerous on central portion of occiput. Thorax: Integument of scutum black, with a broad longitudinal median stripe of lanceolate dark bronzy-brown scales; the longitudinal median stripe margined laterally with broad whitish to pale yellow scales, which extend down over the posterior pro- notum anteriorly; prescutellar space margined with broad pale scales. Abdo- men: First tergite entirely or primarily pale scaled; remaining tergites dark purplish scaled dorsally, with apical patches of pale yellow scales laterally (often absent on VII). Venter yellowish scaled, except for segment VII and bases of IV to VI, dark scaled. Legs: White knee spots present. Femora I and II dark purplish scaled except for pale inner surfaces (outer surface of femur I pale at base) ; femur III with the basal half to two-thirds pale on all aspects. Tibiae and tarsi of fore and middle legs entirely dark scaled; segments 4 and 5 of hind tarsus, and occasionally the apex of segment 3. white scaled, other segments dark (segment 4 rarely with dark scales as well as white) ; scales of segments 1 and 2 of hind tarsus and apical portion of hind tibia somewhat suberect, appearing rather shaggy. Wing: Scales narrow, dark. ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female. Proboscis slender, of about equal width for its entire length, not swollen apically. Palpus with the 146 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 last two segments much stouter than the preceding segments. Antenna extend- ing to the apex of the third palpal segment or only slightly beyond; the last two antennal segments comprising less than half the length of the entire antenna. TERMINALIA. The terminalia of this species is very similar to that of Psorophora ferox (Fig. 73B) . LARVA. (Fig. 75). — Head much wider than long. Antenna variable in length (may be shorter or slightly longer than head), spinose; antennal tufl multiple, barbed, inserted near middle of shaft, not reaching tip or barely so. Head hairs: Preantennal (A) multiple, barbed, not reaching insertion of antennal tuft; lower (B) triple, sometimes double, barbed, short, not reaching Fig. 75. Larva of Psorophora horrida (Dyar and Knab). A, Terminal segments. B, Pecten tooth. C, Comb scale. D, Head. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 147 preclypeus; upper (C) double, barbed, short, not reaching preclypeus (branches of B as well as C nearly equal); postclypeal (d) small, multiple; sutural (e), trans-sutural (f), and supraorbital multiple. Upper lateral abdominal hairs multiple and longer on segments I and II, 3 to 4-branched on III, usually double or triple on IV to VII. Comb of eighth segment of 6 to 8 scales in a curved row; individual scale trifid, with subapical spines about one-third as long as apical spine. Siphon strongly inflated, about four times as long as basal width; pecten of about 3 to 5 widely spaced teeth on basal fourth of siphon; individual tooth with one or more large coarse teeth on one or both sides; subventral tuft minute, multiple, about as long as apical pecten tooth, inserted laterally at apical third of siphon; hair of dorsal valve shorter than apical width of siphon. Anal segment longer than wide, completely ringed by the dorsal plate; lateral hair small, usually 6 to 8-branched near base; dorsal brush con- sisting of a long lower caudal hair and a short multiple upper caudal tuft on either side; ventral brush extending almost the entire length of the anal seg- ment; gills 4, longer than the anal segment, each gradually tapering to a point. DISTRIBUTION. — Eastern United States. Southern States: Alabama and Arkansas (153); Florida (4th Sv. C. Med. Lab. records, 1945, unpublished); Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia (153). Other States: District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, Ohio, Oklahoma and Texas (153). BIONOMICS. — The females are fierce biters, attacking any time during the day in shady places. The larvae have been taken by Eaton in Georgia in par- tially shaded temporary pools following prolonged rains. Adults have been collected from April to September in the southern states (4th Sv. C. Med. Lab. records, 1942-1944, unpublished). PsoROPHORA (Janthinosoma) longipalpis Rothi Psorophora longipalpis Roth, 1945, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 47:1 (synonymy given). ADULT FEMALE. (Adapted from Roth, 1945). — Medium sized species. Head: Proboscis long, dark scaled; palpi dark, a little more than one-third as long as proboscis, with the fourth segment straight, more than one and one- half times as long as the other segments combined. Occiput dorsally with a large median patch of both broad and narrow recumbent white scales; occiput laterally with a patch of broad appressed violet scales, margined with broad appressed white scales above and broad yellowish-white scales below. White erect forked scales numerous on central portion of occiput. Thorax: Integu- ment of scutum black, with a broad longitudinal median stripe of narrow dark bronzy brown scales; the longitudinal median stripe margined laterally with broad white to yellowish scales; lanceolate pale scales intermixed with broad ones on the posterior third of the scutum; prescutellar space margined by broad pale scales. Posterior pronotum with a few broad pale scales. Abdotnen: First tergite yellow scaled; remaining tergites violet scaled dorsally, with small apical patches of yellowish scales laterally on IV to VI (sometimes VII). 1 This species has been confused with P. horrida. 148 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 Venter yellowish scaled, except for segment VII, base of VI, and occasionally base of V, dark scaled. Legs: Pale knee spots absent. Femora I and II violet scaled except for pale inner surfaces (outer surface of femur I pale at base) ; femur III with basal two-thirds pale on all aspects. Tibiae and tarsi of fore and middle legs entirely dark scaled; segments 4 and 5 of hind tarsus, and sometimes the apex of segment 3, white scaled, other segments dark (segment 4 rarely with a few dark scales); scales of hind tibia and of segments 1 to 3 of hind tarsus somewhat suberect. Wing: Scales narrow, dark. ADULT MALE. (Head characters adapted from Roth, 153). — Coloration similar to that of female. Proboscis slender, distinctly swollen apically. Palpus with the last two segments not appreciably stouter than preceding segments. Antenna extending well beyond apex of the third palpal segment; the last two antennal segments comprising at least half the length of the entire antenna. TERMINALIA (Fig. 76). Ninth tergite (IX-T) greatly modified, with lateral portions separated by a strongly chitinized median structure; this structure is narrow basally (anteriorly), broadened beyond middle into a pair of elongate lateral projections, constricted subapically, broadly truncated at tip and often with a median terminal tooth. Tenth sternite (X-S) heavily sclerotized beyond middle; dorsal arm large, curved. Phallosome (Ph) ovoid, bluntly pointed at apex, open ventrally, closed dorsally, the opening at base small and with a wide lip. Cldspette (CI) slender, unequally bifurcate; the shorter branch armed with a long slender curved spine at tip and a strong seta arising from a tubercle near base; the longer branch bearing a long slender curved spine at tip and two spine-like setae arising from a short stout projection at basal third. Basistyle Fig. 76. Male terminalia of Psorophora longipalpus Roth. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 149 (Bs) about one and one-half times as long as wide, nearly hemispherical in shape with outer margin strongly curved; apex lobiform, directed mesad, bear- ing a dense patch of setae; vestiture of basistyle consisting primarily of numer- ous scales on basal half and long and short setae on apical half. Dististyte (Ds) about half as long as basistyle, the basal half constricted, the apical half strongly swollen, the tip rounded; a minute sub-ventral lobe bearing a few small setae present at apical fourth near outer margin; terminal claw (Ds-C) short, peg-like, inserted at tip of dististyle. Fig. 77. Larva of Psorophora longipalpus Roth. A, Terminal segments. B, Comb scale. C, Pecten tooth. D, Head. 150 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 LARVA. (Fig. 77). — Head much wider than long. Antenna longer than head, spinose; antennal tuft multiple, barbed, inserted a little beyond middle of shaft and not reaching tip. Head hairs: Preantennal (A) multiple, barbed, not reaching insertion of antennal tuft; lower (B) and upper (C) double, barbed, extending to or beyond preclypeus (one branch of each tuft a little shorter and weaker than the other); postclypeal (d) small, multiple; sutural (e), trans-sutural (f) and supraorbital usually multiple. Upper lateral abdoru' inal hairs multiple on segments I to VII, those on segments I and II longer. Comb of eighth segment of seven scales in a curved row; individual scale trifid with subapical spines about one-third as long as apical spine. Siphon strongly inflated, about four times as long as basal width; pecten of 3 to 4 widely spaced teeth on basal fourth of siphon; individual pecten tooth with a coarse basal side tooth; subventral tuft minute, multiple, about as long as apical pecten tooth, inserted laterally at apical third of siphon; hair of dorsal valve longer than apical width of siphon. Anal segment longer than wide, completely ringed by the dorsal plate; lateral hair small, usually multi-branched beyond middle; dorsal brush consisting of a long lower caudal hair and a short multiple upper caudal tuft on either side; ventral brush extending almost the entire length of the anal segment; gills 4, longer than the segment, each gradually tapering to a point. distribution. — Midwestern United States. The distribution of this species is not fully known. Southern States: Arkansas and Missouri (153). Other States: Kansas, Oklahoma, South Dakota and Texas (153). BIONOMICS. — Rozeboom (157) states that the larvae are found in heavily shaded, temporary, rain-filled pools. Rozeboom (159) reports that the males can be identified, even while resting, by their bulbous terminalia. Psorophora (Janthinosoma) varipes (Coquillett) Conchiliastes varipes Coquillett, 1904, Can. Enl., 36:10. Psorophora discrucians Howard, Dyar and Knab (not Walker). 1917, Mosq. N. and Cent. Amer. and W. I., 4:569. ADULT female. — Medium sized species. Head: Proboscis dark scaled; palpi short, dark, about one-fifth as long as proboscis. Occiput with pale erect forked scales centrally; broad appressed yellow or cream-colored scales dorsally, extend- ing forward to rear margin of eyes; and broad appressed dark and purplish scales laterally. Thorax: Scutum with a broad longitudinal stripe of dark lanceolate scales; this longitudinal stripe margined laterally with rather broad yellowish-white scales extending down over the posterior pronotum anteriorly (Fig. 78C). Abdomen: First tergite dingy-white scaled; remaining tergites dark scaled with purplish reflections except for whitish or pale yellow scales on apico-lateral angles; sternites primarily white scaled on segments II to VI, dark on segments VII. Legs: Knee spots present on middle and hind legs; basal two-thirds of femora I and III pale scaled on both inner and outer surfaces; femur II mainly dark scaled on outer surface, pale scaled at basal one-third on inner surface. Tibiae and tarsi of fore and middle legs entirely Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 151 dark scaled; 4th tarsal segment of hind leg (Fig. 78 A) white, at least on one side, other segments dark. Wing : Scales dark, narrow. . ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female. TERMINAlia (Fig. 78B). Ninth tergite (IX-T) with lobes (IXT-L) broadly rounded, bearing scattered setae. Tenth sternite (X-S) prominent, heavily sclerotized. Phallo- some (Ph) heavily sclerotized, conical, broad at base and pointed apically, open ventrally, closed dorsally. Claspette (CI) nearly straight, narrow, flattened dorso-ventrally, about four-fifths as long as basistyle; inner surface at tip bear- ing a single strong down-curved claw-like appendage; inner margin near middle of stem with a pair of long smooth setae, followed by a few smaller setae, some of which are feathered. Basistyle (Bs) nearly two and one-half times as long as broad, cylindrical, bluntly rounded at apex, clothed with sparse scales and numerous long setae; basal and apical lobes absent. Dististyle (Ds) nearly as long as claspette, narrow basally, expanded beyond basal third, constricted somewhat at apical sixth, broadly truncate at apex; claw (Ds-C) short, peg- like, inserted on inner margin of dististyle immediately preceding apical con- striction. Fig. 78. Psorophora varipes (Coquillett). A, Hind tarsus. B, Male terminalia. C, Scutum and scutellum. 152 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 LARVA. (Fig. 79). — Head broader than long. Antenna about as long as head, spinose; antennal tuft barbed, 5-branched, inserted a little beyond middle of shaft and reaching tip. Head hairs: Preantennal (A) multiple, barbed, reaching to insertion of antennal tuft; lower (B) double or triple, sparsely barbed, extending slightly beyond preclypeus; upper (C) double, sparsely barbed, extending to or slightly beyond preclypeus; postclypeal (d) small, multiple; sutural (e), trans-sutural (f), and supraorbital usually double or maltiple. Upper lateral abdominal hairs multiple on segments I and II, variable on III to VI. Comb of eighth segment of about seven thorn-shaped scales in a V-shaped row, the median scales much larger and longer than the outer scales; individual scale with subapical spines only about one-fifth to one-fourth as long as apical spine. Siphon only slightly inflated, about four times as long as basal Fig. 79. Larva of Psorophora varipes (Coquillett). A, Terminal segments. B, Pecten tooth. C, Comb scale. D, Head. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 153 width; pecten of 3 to 4 widely spaced teeth on basal third of siphon; siibventral tuft small, 4 to 6-branched, inserted beyond middle of siphon. Anal segment at least one and one-half times as long as wide, completely ringed by the dorsal plate; lateral hair single, about 4-branched apically; dorsal brush consisting of a long lower caudal hair and a shorter multiple upper caudal tuft on either side; ventral brush extending almost the entire length of the anal segment; gills 4, longer than the segment, pointed. DISTRIBUTION. — Southern United States north to Indiana and west to Texas; Mexico; Central and South America. Southern States: Alabama (170); Arkansas (30); Florida and Georgia (96); Kentucky (140); Louisi- ana and Mississippi (96); Missouri (1); North Carolina (166); South Caro- lina (125); Tennessee (96); Virginia (49). Other States: Indiana (76); Oklahoma (159); Texas (130). BIONOMICS. — The females are vicious biters, attacking any time during the day. Adults of this species have been reported by Horsfall (83) and Carpen- ter (30) as occurring in swarms in woodlands along creeks in Arkansas following flooding in the spring. Larvae develop in temporary floodwater pools. This species has been collected from April to September in the southern states (4th Sv. C. Med. Lab. records, 1942-1944, unpublished). PsoROPHORA (Grabhamia) conhnnis (Lynch Arribalzaga) Taeniorhynchus confinnis Lynch Arribalzaga, 1891, Rev. Mus. de la Plata, 2:149. Psorophora {Crahhamia) confinnis. Aitken, 1940, Rev. de Enf., 11:677 (Synonymy given). ADULT FEMALE. — Medium sized to rather large species. Head: Proboscis dark scaled, except for a very wide median whitish-yellow band (width about equal to half the length of the proboscis); palpi short, dark, with apical half of fourth segment primarily white scaled. Occiput clothed dorsally with narrow white to pale violet scales and numerous black erect forked scales; a patch of broad flat dark scales usually present laterally, followed by broad dingy-white to light brown scales. Thorax: Integument of scutum dull black, clothed with fine narrow bronzy-brown to blackish scales, except for the prescutellar space, a lunate patch on antero-lateral angle of scutum, a streak on scutal angle, a lateral patch above wing base, and a small submedian spot near middle of scutum, each whitish-scaled, usually tinted with lavender. Abdomen: First tergite whitish scaled. Remaining tergites dark, with whitish to pale-yellow scaled apical markings in the form of paired submedian patches; these apical submedian patches triangular on the anterior segments, becoming subquadrate on the posterior segments; the patches on II and III frequently joined medial- ly, those on III to VII usually well separated. Venter clothed with intermixed dark and pale scales. Legs: White knee spots present. Femora largely pale scaled on inner surfaces, the outer surfaces dark-brown to black scaled, liberally speckled with white scales; each femur with a narrow subapical white-scaled ring. Tibiae black, with numerous small white-scaled spots on outer surfaces. Segments of hind tarsus each with a broad white basal ring, the first segment with a pale median ring as well. Fore- and mid- tarsi similarly marked, but with white rings reduced or lacking on segment 4, absent on 5. Wing: Scales rather 154 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 broad, intermixed dark brown and white, the white scales in no definite arrangement; fringe entirely dark. ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female, but with the ring of the proboscis narrower. TERMINALIA (Fig. 80B). Ninth tergite (IX-T) with lobes (IXT-L) broadly rounded, widely separated, each bearing many scat- tered setae. Tenth sternite (X-S) prominent, heavily sclerotized. Phallosome (Ph) subcylindrical (slightly narrower across apical third than across base), bluntly pointed or rounded at apex, open ventrally, closed dorsally; middle of each plate with a narrow rounded portion of its inner ventral margin turned ventrad (not a distinct triangular projection as in P. discolor.) Claspette (CI) with stem curved, slender, expanded apically into a triangular crown; lower portion of crown attached to basal third of basistyle; apical portion free and bearing a row of six or seven long pointed apically feathered blades and a single apically feathered seta. Basistyle (Bs) nearly two and one- half times as f. X.AS10H Fig. 80. Psorophora confinnis (Lynch Arribalzaga). A, Hind leg. B, Male terminalis. C, Crown of claspette. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 155 long as broad, cylindrical, curved, nearly truncate at apex, clothed with scales and numerous long setae; basal and apical lobes absent. Dististyle (Ds) reticu- lated, about three-fifths as long as basistyle, strongly inflated medially, tapering distally, slender and curved near tip, terminating in a peg-like claw (Ds-C). LARVA. (Fig. 81). — Head broader than long. Antenna shorter than head, spinose; antennal tuft multiple, barbed, inserted near middle of shaft, extend- ing to tip. Head hairs: Preantennal (A), lower (B) and upper (C) multiple, strongly barbed, inserted in a straight line; postclypeal (d) small, multiple; siitural (e) usually single or double; trans-sutural (f) and supraorbital usually double or triple. Upper lateral abdominal hairs multiple on segments I and II, Fig. 81. Larva of Psorophora confmnis (Lynch Arribalzaga). A, Terminal segments. B, Comb scale. C, Pecten tooth. D, Head. 156 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 double on III to V. Comb of eighth segment of six thorn-shaped scales; indi- vidual scale with a long apical spine about three times the length of the stout subapical spines. Siphon slightly inflated, about three times as long as basal width; pecten of 3 to 6 widely spaced teeth, not reaching middle of siphon; subventral tuft small, multiple, inserted at outer third of siphon. Anal seg- ment longer than wide, completely ringed by dorsal plate; lateral hair double or triple; dorsal brush consisting of a long lower caudal hair and a shorter multiple upper caudal tuft on either side; ventral brush extending almost the entire length of the anal segment; gills, 4 longer than the anal segment, pointed. DISTRIBUTION. — United States, Mexico, West Indies, Central and South America. Southern States: Alabama (96); Arkansas (30); Florida and Geor- gia (52); Kentucky (140); Louisiana and Mississippi (52); Missouri (1); North Carolina (52); South Carolina (64); Tennessee (52); Virginia (49). Other States: Arizona and California (2); Colorado (128); Delaware (106); District of Columbia and Illinois (52); Indiana (76); Iowa (155, 156); Kansas (79); Maryland (19); Massachusetts (180); Nebraska (178); New Jersey (77); New York (52); Oklahoma (159); Pennsylvania (8); Te.xas (108); West Virginia (52). BIONOMICS. — The females are fierce biters, attacking any time during the day or night. This species reaches its greatest abundance in the Florida Ever- glades and in the rice fields of Arkansas. In these areas it occasionally kills livestock and at times makes it almost unbearable for people to remain out- doors at night, or in shaded areas during the day. Horsfall (86) found that the flight range of this species may be as great as nine miles in the rice fields in Arkansas. The females lay their eggs on damp soil in depressions subject to flooding by rainfall or overflow, particularly from irrigation canals in the rice fields. Soil with rank low-growing vegetation seems to provide ideal ovi- position sites. The larval period is relatively short, usually requiring only 4 to 10 days. The winter is passed in the egg stage. Breeding occurs throughout most of the year in the extreme South, but is more common from May to October farther north (4th Sv. C. Med. Lab. records, 1942-1944, unpublished). PSOROPHORA (GrABHAMIA) DISCOLOR (CoquiUett) Culex discolor CoquiUett, 1903, Can. Ent., 35:256. ADULT FEMALE. — Medium sized species. Head: Proboscis dark scaled, except for a very wide median whitish-yellow band (width of band about equal to half the length of the proboscis) ; palpi short, dark, the apices pale scaled. Occiput clothed dorsally with narrow golden-yellow scales and erect forked scales, the forked scales mostly dark but those of central region pale; occiput clothed laterally with broad flat yellowish scales. Thorax: Integument of scutum dark brown, clothed with fine narrow pale-yellow to pale golden-brown scales. Abdomen: First tergite whitish scaled; remaining tergites almost entire- ly whitish to pale-yellow scaled dorsally, more or less speckled with dark scales; basal dack-scaled patches present laterally, each pair sometimes con- nected dorsally by a narrow basal dark band. Venter pale scaled, frequently Carpenter et al. : Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 157 speckled with dark scales. Legs: Pale knee spots present. Femora largely pale on inner surfaces, the outer surfaces clothed with intermixed dark brown and pale scales; each femur with a narrow subapical pale-scaled ring (often indefi- nite) . Tibiae predominantly pale, sparsely speckled with dark scales, the apices usually dark. Hind tarsus with segments 1 mostly pale, usually speckled with dark scales, blending into a dark ring at apex (apical dark ring variable in width) ; segment 2 to 5 variably marked, but usually with basal halves p:ile, apical halves dark. Fore- and mid-tarsi similarly marked, but with basal pale rings lacking or greatly reduced on segment 4, absent on 5. Wing: Scales rather broad, dark-brown and white, arranged more or less in definite patterns. ^M:MBi^::^:r'^^^:^r^'' Fig. 82. Psorophora discolor (Coquillett). A, Wing. B, Male terminalia. C, Crown of claspette. 158 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 Costa with a streak of white scales at base and at point of union with subcosta, the remainder speckled with dark scales. Vein 6 with basal two-thirds white scaled, apical third dark. Remaining veins clothed with intermixed dark and white scales and with definite areas of all-dark and all-white scales. Fringe scales uniformly rather dark. Fig. 83. Larva of PsoTophora discolor (Coquillett). A, Comb scale. B, Terminal segments. C, D, Pecten teeth. E, Head. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 159 ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female, but with the ring of the proboscis narrower. TERMINALIA (Fig. 82B). Nirith tergite (IX-T) with lobes (IXT-L) broadly rounded, widely separated, each bearing many scat- tered seta. Tenth sternke (X-S) prominent, heavily sclerotized. Phallosome (Ph) subcylindrical (slightly narrower across apical third than across base), bluntly pointed or rounded at apex, open ventrally, closed dorsally; middle of each plate with a distinct triangular projection turned ventro-laterally from its inner ventral margin. Claspette (CI) with stem curved, slender, expanded apical- ly into a triangular crown; lower portion of crown attached to basal third of basistyle; apical portion free and bearing a row of five or six long pointed apical- ly feathered blades and a single apically feathered seta. Basistyle (Bs) nearly two and one-half times as long as broad, cylindrical, curved, nearly truncate at apex, clothed with scales and numerous long setae; basal and apical lobes absent. Disti style (Ds) reticulated, about three-fifths as long as basistyle, strongly inflated medially, tapering distally, slender and curved near tip, terminating in a peg-like claw (Ds-C). LARVA. (Fig. 83). — Head broader than long. Antenna longer than head, inflated, sinuate, spinose; antennal tuft multiple, barbed, reaching apex of anten- na; a pair of long spines inserted on the inner projection of the antennal shaft at distal fourth; tip of antenna with a short subapical spine, a short apical spine and a membranous papilla. Head hairs: Preantennal (A) long, double, slightly barbed; lower (B) and upper (C) very long, single, slightly barbed; postcly- peal (d) small, branched, inserted posterior to upper (C) ; sutural (e) and trans-sutural (f) usually double or triple; supraorbital single, or branched toward tip. Upper lateral abdominal hairs multiple on segments I and II, usually double on segments III to V. Comb of eighth segment of six large thorn-shaped scales; individual scale trifid, with long central tooth. Siphon small, not inflated, about three times as long as basal width (much narrower than anal segment) ; pecten of about 4 to 8 long teeth on basal half of siphon; subventral tuft multiple, as long as siphon, strongly barbed, inserted slightly beyond middle; dorsal preapical spine strong, reflexed. Anal segment about as long as wide, completely ringed by the dorsal plate; lateral hair very long, single; dorsal brush consisting of a long lower caudal hair and a shorter 3 to 4- branched upper caudal tuft on either side; ventral brush sparse, with about three tufts piercing the dorsal plate on the mid-ventral line; gills 4, three or four times as long as the anal segment, each conspicuously tracheate. DISTRIBUTION. — Southern United States, north to New Jersey and west to Nebraska and Texas. Southern States: Alabama (170); Arkansas (30); Flor- ida (96); Georgia (148); Kentucky (140); Louisiana and Mississippi (96); Missouri (1); North Carolina (166); South Carolina (97); Tennessee (96); Virginia (52). Other States: District of Columbia (52); Iowa, Kansas and Nebraska (128); New Jersey (77); Oklahoma (159); Texas (108). BIONOMICS. — This species reaches its greatest abundance in Arkansas, Oklahoma and Texas. Horsfall (86) reports that it constituted about 36 per cent of the total specimens collected in light traps located in the Arkansas rice fields from 1939 to 1941. The females are troublesome biters when abundant. 160 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 It breeds in temporary rain-filled pools and flooded areas, and is known to occur from April to October in the southern states (4th Sv. C. Med. Lab. records, 1942-1944, unpublished). PsoROPHORA (Grabhamia) pygmaea (Theobald) Gramhamia p\^gmaea Theobald, 1903, Men. Culic, 3:245. ADULT FEMALE. — Rather small species. Head: Proboscis dark scaled, except for a very broad median whitish band; palpi short, dark, with a few white scales at apices. Occiput clothed dorsally with narrow pale-yellow scales and numerous erect forked scales; the forked scales of central region usually pale, others dark. Occiput clothed laterally with broad flat whitish scales surround- ing a small black-scaled patch near eye margin. Thorax: Integument of scutum dark brown to blackish, clothed with fine narrow pale-yellow to golden-brown scales. Abdomen: First tergite white scaled. Remaining tergites dark basally, white apically, the apical white bands wider medially than laterally; VI and VII often entirely white-scaled. Venter primarily whitish scaled, speckled or spotted with dark scales. Legs: Pale knee spots present. Femora largely pale on inner surfaces, the outer surfaces dark, speckled with pale scales; each femur with a Fig. 84. Male lerminalia of Psorophora pygmaea (Theobald). Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 161 narrow subapical white-scaled ring. Tibiae dark scaled, speckled with white. Each segment of hind tarsus with a narrow white-scaled ring at base; segments 1 to 3 of fore- and mid-tarsi each with a very narrow white-scaled ring at base, absent on segments 4 and 5. Wing: Scales rather broad, intermixed white and dark-brown to black, the dark scales predominating, not arranged in a particular pattern; fringe entirely dark. ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female, but the ring of probos- cis narrower, as well as the apical white bands of the terminal abdominal segments. TERMINALia (Fig. 84). Ninth tergite (IX-T) with lobes (IXT- Fig. 85. Larva of Psorophora pvgmaea (Theobald). A, Terminal segments. B, Pecten tooth. C, Comb scale. D, Head. 162 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 L) broadly rounded, widely separated, bearing numerous scattered setae. Tenth stern'ite (X-S) prominent, heavily sclerotized beyond middle. Phallosome (Ph) bluntly conical, open ventrally, closed dorsally. Claspette (CI) with stem slender, triangular expanded apically, the expanded portion weakly attached to basistyle before middle, with a row of about five long slender filaments on crown, generally directed dorsad. Basistyle (Bs) slightly more than twice as long as broad, cylindrical, nearly truncate at apex, clothed with sparse scales and numerous long setae; basal and apical lobes absent. Dististyle (Ds) reticu- lated, about two-thirds as long as basistyle, narrow basally, expanded beyond middle and broadest at apical third, then tapering to a slender curved tip, terminating in a peg-like claw (Ds-C). LARVA. (Fig. 85). — Head broader than long. Antenna shorter than head, spinose; antennal tuft multiple, inserted before middle of shaft, not reaching tip. Head hairs: Preantennal (A) multiple, extending beyond insertion of antennal tuft; lower (B) and upper (C) long, single; postclypeal (d) small, branched; sutural (e), trans-sutural (f), and supraorbital usually double. Comb of eighth segment of six scales; individual scale with apical spine about twice as long as the stout subapical spines. Siphon somewhat inflated, about three times as long as basal width; pecten of about six teeth on basal third of siphon; subventral tuft small, usually 3-branched, inserted beyond middle of siphon; hair of lateral valve minute, less than half as long as the apical width of siphon. Anal segment longer than wide, completely ringed by the dorsal plate; lateral hair small, multiple; dorsal brush consisting of a long lower caudal hair and a shorter multiple upper caudal tuft on either side; ventral brush extending almost the entire length of the anal segment; gills 4, longer than the anal segment, pointed. DISTRIBUTION. — Florida Keys (52); Bahamas and West Indies. The species was recorded from Key West, Florida, in 1901, but has not since been found in the United States. BIONOMICS. — Dyar (54) states that the larva occur in temporary rain-filled pools. PSOROPHORA (GrABHAMIA) SIGNIPENNIS (Coquillett) Taeniorh^nchus signipennis Coquillett, 1904, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 6:167. ADULT FEMALE. — Medium sized species. Head: Proboscis dark scaled, except for a very wide median whitish-yellow band (width of band about equal to half the length of the proboscis); palpi short, dark, speckled with a few pale scales. Occiput clothed dorsally with narrow golden-yellow scales and erect forked scales; the forked scales of central region pale, others dark. Occiput clothed laterally with a patch of broad flat yellowish scales; this pale-scaled patch usually either speckled with dark scales or partially enclosing a small dark-scaled area near eye margin. Thorax: Integument of scutum dark brown, clothed with fine narrow pale-yellow to golden-brown scales. Abdomen: First tergite white scaled; remaining tergites primarily white scaled, more or less speckled or spotted with dark scales. Venter mostly pale scaled, speckled or Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 163 spotted with dark scales. Legs: White knee spots present. Femora largely pale on inner surfaces, the outer surfaces dark, liberally speckled with pale scales; each femur with a narrow subapical whitish-scaled ring (often indefinite). Tibiae dark, somewhat mottled with pale scales. Hind tarsus with segment 1 white-ringed basally, dark ringed sub-basally and apically; the area between the dark rings comprises about half the segment and is clothed with intermixed dark and pale scales, the pale predominating; segments 2 to 5 pale scaled on basal third or basal half, the remaining portions dark. Fore- and mid-tarsi similarly marked, but with the white scaling reduced on segment 4. absent on 5. Wing: Scales rather broad, intermixed white and dark-brown to black. Apical half of costa with two conspicuous spots of dark scales separated by a longer area of white scales; scales of vein 6 intermixed dark and white on basal Fig. 86. Psorophora stgnipenms (Coquillett). A. Wing. B. Male terminalla. 164 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 two-thirds, entirely white on apical third. Fringe scales arranged in alternately dark and pale groups. ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female, terminalia (Fig. 86B). Ninth tergite (IX-T) with lobes (IXT-L) broadly rounded, widely separated, each bearing several scattered setae. Tenth sternite (X-S) promi- nent, heavily sclerotized. Phallosome (Ph) cylindrical, rounded apically, open ventrally, closed dorsally. Claspette (CI) with stem curved, slender, expanded apically; expanded portion attached to basal third of basistyle and bearing about five seta-like filaments on crown. Basistyle (Bs) about twice as long as broad, cylindrical, nearly truncate at apex, clothed with sparse scales and numerous long setae; basal and apical lobes absent. Dististyle (Ds) reticulated, a little more than half as long as basistyle, moderately inflated medially, tapering distally, slender, and curved near tip, terminating in a peg-like claw (Ds-C). larva. Fig. 87). — Head broader than long. Antenna shorter than head, moderately spinose; antennal tuft generally 8 to 15-branched, barbed, inserted near middle of shaft; tip of antenna apically with a short spine, a moderately Fig. 87. Larva of PsoTophora signipenriis (Coquillett). A, Male terminalia. B, Comb scale. C, Peclen tooth. D, Head. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 165 long spine and a membranous papilla, subapically with two longer spines. Head hairs: Preantennal (A) about 6 to 8-branched, conspicuously barbed; lower (B) and upper (C) single, barbed; postclypeal (d) small, multiple; sutural (e) 2-branched; trans-siitural (f) 3 to 4-branched; supraorbital 2- branched. Comb of eighth segment of about six thorn-shaped scales; individual scale trifid, with long central tooth. Siphon somewhat inflated medially, about three times as long as basal width; pecten of 4 to 6 progressively longer teeth on basal third of siphon; subventral tuft minute, multiple, inserted at apical third of siphon; hair of lateral valve more than half as long as apical width of siphon. Anal segment longer than wide, completely ringed by the dorsal plate; lateral hair small, usually 2 to 3-branched; dorsal brush consisting of a long lower caudal hair and a shorter multiple upper caudal tuft on either side: ventral brush extending almost the entire length of the anal segment; gills 4. longer than the anal segment, pointed. DISTRIBUTION. — Central United States, south to Mexico. Southern States: Arkansas (30); Kentucky (140); Missouri (70). Other States: Arizona (52); Colorado (89); Iowa (155, 156); Kansas (79); Montana (112); Nebraska (178); New Mexico (52); North Dakota (127); Oklahoma (159); South Dakota (129); Texas (108). BIONOMICS. — According to Rozeboom (159), the females of this species are extremely annoying biters in Oklahoma when their haunts are invaded. Rowe (155) claims that they are also troublesome in Iowa. Mail (112) states that P. signipennis is well adapted to breeding in temporary ground pools in arid regions and that it can pass from the egg to adult stage in five days under favorable conditions. Genus Aedes Meigenl Aedes Meigen, 1818, Sysl. Beschr. Bek. Eur. Zweifl. Ins., 1:13. The genus Aedes is large, including a great many species distributed throughout the world. The members of this genus are frequently of consid- erable economic importance, since the majority are vicious biters and mr-.ny are vectors of diseases of man and animals. The eggs of most species are laid on damp soil in depressions subject to flooding by rains, melting snow or floodwater from streams, although a few species breed in more restricted habitats, such as rot cavities in trees and in artificial containers. In general, the eggs are able to withstand long periods of drying. The genus is represented in the southern states by 23 species belonging to the following subgenera: Ochlerotatus, Finlaya, Stegomyia, Aedimorphus and Aedes. SALIENT CHARACTERS. — Adult: Pulvilli absent or hair-like. Tarsal claws of female usually toothed. Spiracular bristles absent; postspiracular bristles present. Paratergites usually scaled. Postnotum without setae. Squama fringed. Fork of vein 2 much longer than its petiole. Tip of abdomen of female more or less pointed, the eighth segment retractile. Male Terminalia: The structure of the male terminalia varies greatly in different subgenera, providing useful charac- ters for classification. The extent of variation in the species of the southern 1 Consult Dyar (1928) or Edwards (1932) for synonymy. 166 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 states will be noted in the individual descriptions. Larva: The head hairs vary greatly in their position and branching. The siphon is usually short, with a single pair of subventral tufts never inserted near base; pecten present. Anal segment always with a barred area, the ventral brush rarely reduced. Comb scales variable in shape and number. Keys to the Species adult females 1. Proboscis with a white ring near middle 2 Proboscis without a white ring near middle 5 2. Abdomen with a white to yellow dorsal median longitudinal stripe or dorsal median longitudinal row of disconnected spots; wing scales either intermixed dark brown and white or entirely dark 3 Abdomen with transverse basal bands of white scales, but lacking a pale median longitudinal stripe; wing scales entirely dark laeniorh^nchus (Wied.), p. 209 3. Wing scales entirely dark; first segment of hind tarsus without a pale median ring; last segment of hind tarsus entirely white miichellae (Dyar), p. 195 Wing scales intermixed dark-brown and white; first segment of hind tarsus with or without a pale median ring; last segment of hind tarsus either entirely white or dark on apical half 4 4. Lateral pale markings of abdomen white, the dorsal pale markings yellowish; first segment of hind tarsus with a definite yellow median ring; last segment of hind tarsus entirely white solUcitans (Walker), p. 199 Lateral and dorsal pale markings of abdomen both white; first segment of hind tarsus variably marked (if a median pale ring is present, it is white, not yel- low) ; last segment of hind tarsus white basally, dark apically, rarely all white - - nigromaculis (Ludlow), p. 197 5. Integument of scutum bright yellow, except for a pair of large dark brown to black postero-lateral spots; proboscis yellow scaled, dark at tip fulvus pollens Ross, p. 185 Scutum and proboscis not as described above 6 6. Tarsal segments, at least on hind legs, with white rings 7 Tarsal segments without white rings 15 7. Tarsal segments white-ringed only basally 8 Tarsal segments white-ringed both apically and basally 12 8. Scutum with a very conspicuous lyre-shaf)ed marking of white scales against a dark background aegppfi (Linn.), p. 227 Scutum without such markings 9 9. Wing scales entirely dark, narrow; basal white rings of hind tarsus usually very narrow, no broader than the diameter of the tarsal segments (basal rings some- times rather broad, however, on segments 1 and 2) 10 Wing scales intermixed dark and white, either narrow or very broad; basal white rings of hind tarsus broad (several times broader than diameter of tarsal segments) 1 I 10. Lower mesepimeral bristles absent; seventh abdominal tergite mostly dark scaled dorsally except for white scaling at apex vcxans (Meigen), p. 230 A few lower mesepimeral bristles present; seventh abdominal tergite entirely pale scaled canlator (Coq.), p. 176 1 L Wing scales very large, broad, deltoid; scutum with a broad median longitudinal stripe, pale golden-brown on anterior half, dark bronzy-brown on posterior half grossbecl(i D. and K., p. 188 Wing scales moderate in size, narrow, llgulate; scutum with a broad median longitudinal stripe, bronzy-brown for its entire length ..siimulans (Walker), p. 206 12. Wing scales intermixed dark brown and white, the white scales predominating; abdomen entirely white scaled dorsally, except for a pair of submedian black patches on each segment (segments VI and VII often entirely white) dorsalis (Meigen) , p. 1 79 Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 167 Wing scales entirely dark or with only a small white-scaled patch at base of costa ; abdomen entirely dark scaled dorsally or with only narrow basal white bands (apices of the terminal segments may be white scaled) 13 13. Scutum with a wide median longitudinal stripe of dark bronzy-brown scales, broadly margined laterally by pale-yellow to golden-yellow scales, these pale scales indenting the longitudinal stripe along the prescutal-scutal suture atropalpus (Coq.) , p. 220 Scutum without a wide median longitudinal stripe of dark bronzy-brown scales broadly margined with pale scales 14 14. Hind tarsus with broad white rings present basally and apically on all segments except the last, which is entirely white; scutum clothed dorsally with golden- brown scales - canadensis (Theob.), p. 173 Hind tarsus with narrow white rings present basally and apically on segments 1 and 2 and basally on segment 3, the remaining segments entirely dark; scutum clothed dorsally with bronzy-black scales except for a very narrow median longitudinal line of golden-brown scales malhesoni Middk., p. 194 15. Scutum without a bicolorous pattern, being evenly clothed with golden-brown scales (a little paler on anterior and lateral margins and on prescutellar space) ; palpi short in both sexes cinereus Meigen, p. 234 Scutum with a definite pattern of bicolorous scales; palpi of males longer than proboscis 16 16. Scutum with a median longitudinal stripe of silvery-white to pale-yellow scales 17 Scutum without a median longitudinal stripe of pale scales 19 17. Median longitudinal stripe extending the full length of the scutum, generally narrower than the dark-scaled area on either side (variable in A. Jupreei) 18 Median longitudinal stripe extending from the anterior margin of the scutum to a little beyond middle, much broader than the dark scaled area on either side infirmaius D. and K., p. 191 18. Small species (wing about 2.5 mm.); occiput dorsally with a narrow median stripe of white lanceolate scales bounded submedially by a patch of broad white scales; the median longitudinal stripe of scutum silvery-white, about equal in width to the dark-scaled area on either side (very broad In males, covering most of the dorsal surface) - aiipreei (Coq.), p. 182 Medium sized species (wing about 3.5 mm.) ; occiput dorsally with a median stripe of white lanceolate scales bounded submedially by a patch of broad dark scales; the median longitudinal stripe of scutum usually pale yellow, a little narrower than the dark-scaled area on either side (similar In males) ailanticus D. and K., p. 1 70 tormentor D. and K., p. 214 19. Scutum with a pair of broad submedlan stripes of white to whitish-yellow scales, dark-brown scaled medially and laterally trivittatus (Coq.), p. 217 Scutum without a pair of pale submedlan stripes, but with a single broad dark stripe medially, pale scaled laterally 20 20. Scutum medially with a golden-brown scaled longitudinal strlp>e about as wide as the areas of pale yellow scales on either side; dark portions of femora speckled with pale scales; tibiae and segment I of tarsi pale scaled on one side for nearly the entire length sticticus (Meigen), p. 203 Scutum medially with a dark-brown to black scaled longitudinal stripe; dark portions of femora not speckled with pale scales; tibiae and segment I of tarsi not pale scaled on one side or only slightly so 21 21. Median longitudinal dark stripe of scutum broadly margined on anterior half by white lanceolate scales; posterior pronotum clothed with broad appressed white triserialus (Say), p. 224 Median longitudinal dark stripe of scutum broadly margined on anterior half by gold lanceolate scales; posterior pronotum clothed with gold lanceolate scales not appressed ihihaiilti D. and K., .211 168 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 MALE TERMINALIA l.Disfistyle furcate near base, inserted well before apex of basistyle cinereus Meigen, p. 235 Dististyle not furcate, inserted at apex of basistyle 2 2. Claspettes absent; basistyle very short (about V/i times as long as wide) aegypli (Linn.), p. 227 Claspettes present; basistyle elongate (2'/2 to 4 times as long as wide) 3 3. Claspette stem crowned with a dense tuft of setae, the filament lacking; claw of dististyle subapical in position, arising from a small thumb-like projection at apical fifth of dististyle vexans (Meigen), p. 231 Claspette with a distinct filament; claw of dististyle apical in position 4 4. Claspette filament broadly expanded, contorted, leaf-like, arising from a short lateral branch near middle of claspette stem thibaulti D. and K., p. 213 Claspette filament ligulate to blade-like, arising at apex of claspette stem 5 5. Apical lobe of basistyle absent; basal lobe without an enlarged spine 6 Apical lobe of basistyle present; basal lobe either with or without an enlarged spine 10 6. Basistyle with a small dense patch of long hairs arising on inner face at apical third; terminal claw about half as long as dististyle triseriatus (Say), p. 225 Basistyle without a dense patch of long hairs arising on inner face at apical third; terminal claw never more than one-third as long as dististyle 7 7. Claspette filament sharply pointed, with a prominent sharp retrorse projection medially laeniorhvnchus (Wied.), p. 209 Claspette filament slender, curved, without a retrorse projection - 8 8. Dististyle of nearly equal width throughout, glabrous except for a few short setae near apex; basistyle distinctly conical in shape; lobes of 9th tergite incon- spicous, without spines or setae atropalpus (Coq.), p. 221 Dististyle distinctly broadened before middle, pilose; basistyle cylindrical in shape; lobes of 9th tergite small but distinct, armed with short spine-like setae 9 9. Basal lobe of basistyle conical, rounded at apex, prominent mitchellae (Dyar), p. 197 Basal Jobe of basistyle only slightly rounded, not prominent .^ sollicitaus (Walker), p. 200 nigromaculis (Ludlow), p. 199 10. Basal lobe of basistyle without an enlarged spine; apical lobe clothed with numerous short flattened setae canadensis (Theob.), p. 174 maihesoni Middk., p. 194 Basal lobe of basistyle with an enlarged spine; apical lobe clothed with short slender setae 1 I 1 1. Basal lobe of basistyle with a short stout spine, in addition to a long stout spine and numerous setae dorsalis (Meigen), p. 180 Basal lobe without a short stout spine, bearing only a single long stout spine and numerous setae 12 12. Claspette filament with a median retrorse pointed projection infirmakis D. and K., p. 191 (rivittalus (Coq.), p. 218 Claspette filament without a median retrorse pointed projection 13 13. Claspette stem stout and sinuous, broad medially, constricted basally and api- cally, the median portion much broader than the claspette filament allanllcus D. and K.. p. 171 Claspette stem slender, never more than slightly broader than the claspette fila- ment 14 14. Claspette stem sinuous; enlarged spine of basal lobe arising from a stout elon- gated tubercle near base lormentor D. and K., p. 214 Claspette stem straight or curved, not sinuous; enlarged spine of basal lobe aris- ing from a short tubercle 15 15. Filament of claspette ligulate, curved, not expanded blade-like on convex side Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 169 dupreei (Coq.) , p. 1 83 Filament of claspette expanded blade-like on convex side 16 16. Enlarged spine of basal lobe with tip flattened, broadened, and usually slightly retrorse fulviis pallens Ross, p. 186 Enlarged spine of basal lobe sharply pointed, usually somewhat recurved 17 17. Basal lobe with a dense subapical tuft of fine long setae adjacent to the enlarged spine, distinct from the other shorter setae on the basal lobe sticticus (Meigen) , p. 203 Basal lobe without a distinct subapical tuft of fine long setae adjacent to the enlarged spme 18 18. Basal lobe bearing a few large setae, in addition to numerous small setae and an enlarged spine; claspette filament more than one one one-half times as long as claspette stem canlalor (Coq.), p. 178 Basal lobe without a few large setae, bearing only small setae and an enlarged spine; claspette filament less than one and one-half times as long as claspette stem 19 19. Margin of blade on convex side of claspette filament angulate near middle; claspette filament about as long as claspette stem or slightly longer stimulans (Walker), p. 206 Margin of blade on convex side of claspette filament rounded; claspette filament about two-thirds to three-fourths as long as claspette stem grossbecl(t D. and K., p. 189 LARVAE (fourth INSTAr) 1. Anal segment completely ringed by the dorsal plate 2 Anal segment not completely ringed by the dorsal plate 11 2. Pecten with distal teeth widely spaced 3 Pecten with all teeth more or less evenly spaced 4 3. Subventral tuft of siphon inserted beyond pecten; lower head hair (B) single - nigromacuUs (Ludlow), p. 199 Subventral tuft of siphon inserted within pecten; lower head hair (B) double, sometimes triple fulviis pallens Ross, p. 187 4. Comb scales arranged in a single (sometimes irregular) row usually less than 12 m number 5 Comb scales arranged in a triangular patch, usually more than 14 in number 7 5. Subventral tuft of siphon inserted within pecten tormenlor D. and K., p. 217 Subventral tuft of siphon inserted beyond pecten 6 6. Anal gills more than 5 times as long as anal segment, with conspicuous darkly pigmented tracheae; lower head hair (B) double or triple; antennal hair usually double dupreei (Coq.), p. 185 Anal gills never more than three times as long as anal segment, lacking conspicu- ous darkly pigmented tracheae; lower head hair (B) single; antennal hair multiple ailanlicus D. and K., p. 172 7. Individual comb scale rounded apically, fringed with subequal spinules iaeniorhvnchus (Wied.), p. 209 Individual comb scale thorn-like 8 8. Dorsal preapical spine of siphon as long as apical pecten tooth; upper lateral abdominal hair usually double on segments III to V 9 Dorsal preapical spine of siphon no more than half as long as apical pecten tooth; upper lateral abdominal hair single on segments III to V 10 9. Siphon 3 to 3!/2:l; pecten not quite reaching middle of siphon; lower and upper head hairs (B and C) well barbed milchellae (Dyar), p. 197 Siphon 2 to 2'/2:I ; pecten reaching middle of siphon or slightly beyond; lower and upper head hairs (B and C) smooth or very finely barbed sollicllans (Walker), p. 200 10. Apical spine of individual comb scale 3 or 4 times as broad and about twice as long as subapical spinules infirmaius D. and K , p. 192 Apical spine of individual comb scale about twice as broad and generally about 170 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 1 1/3 times as long as subapical spinules trivillalus (Coq.), p. 219 1 1 . Suhventral tuft of siphon inserted within pecten ; pecten with three or four distal teeth widely spaced alropalpus (Coq.), p. 222 Subventral tuft of siphon inserted beyond pecten; pecten either with distal teeth widely spaced or all teeth rather evenly spaced 12 12. Upper head hair (C) multiple 13 Upper head hair (C) single or double 19 13. Pecten with distal teeth widely spaced 14 Pecten with all teeth rather evenly spaced 15 14. Preantennal hair, lower head hair, and upper head hair (A, B, and C) inserted in a straight line; upper lateral abdominal hair single on segments III to V cinereus Meigen, p. 236 Preantennal hair, lower head hair, and upper head hair (A, B, and C) not in- serted in a straight line; upper lateral abdominal hair double or triple on segments III to V vexans (Meigen), p. 232 15. Lower head hair (B) double (sometimes single or triple) 16 Lower head hair (B) with 3 or more branches 17 16. Comb scales each with a long apical spine and short lateral spinules sticiicus (Meigen) , p. 204 Comb scales each with lateral spines nearly as long as apical spine grossbeclfi D. and K., p. 190 17. Inner preclypeal spines separated by a little more than the length of one spine, lightly pigmented; siphon about 4J/2 to 5:1 ; upper lateral abdominal hair 3 to 4-branched on segments I and II ihibaulii D. and K., p. 214 Inner preclypeal spines not separated by more than the length of one spine, darkly pigmented; siphon about 2|/2 to 4:1; upper lateral abdominal hair usually double on segments I and II 18 18. Anal gills usually about as long as the anal segment; siphon 3 to 4:1 canadensis (Theob.), p. 175 Anal gills usually very short, bud-like; siphon about 21/2:1 caniaior (Coq.) , p. 1 78 19. Comb of many scales (usually more than 20) arranged in a sub-triangular patch; antennal hair multiple 20 Comb of about 7 to 1 5 scales in a single or partly double row ; antennal hair single (rarely forked) 2 1 20. Upper head hair (C) double; anal gills about as long as the anal segment; sub- ventral tuft of siphon 3 to 4-branched slimulans (Walker), p. 207 Upper head hair (C) single (rarely double) ; anal gills usually very short, bud- like; subventral tuft of siphon usually with 5 to 9 branches dorsalis (Meigen), p. 182 21. Lower head hair (B) 2 to 4-branched; preantennal hair (A) multiple; indi- vidual comb scale long, gradually tapered, evenly fringed with fine short spinules triseriatus (Say), p. 225 Lower head hair (B) single; preantennal hair (A) single; individual comb scale with a strong apical spine and several shorter stout thorn-like lateral spines aegppfi (Linn.), p. 229 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) atlanticus Dyar and Knab Aedes atlanticus Dyar and Knab, 1906, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 14:198. ADULT female. — Medium sized species. Head: Proboscis dark scaled; palpi short, dark. Occiput dorsally with a rather broad longitudinal stripe of white lanceolate scales, extending forward between the eyes; this median stripe bounded on either side by a large submedian patch of broad dark scales; lateral region of occiput clothed with broad appressed dingy-white scales. Erect forked scales numerous, those on central portion of occiput pale. Thorax: Integument Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 171 of scutum dark brown, densely clothed with fine dark bronzy-brown scales, except for a silvery-white to pale-yellow scaled median longitudinal stripe extending the full length of the scutum and covering the middle lobe of the scutellum (this longitudinal stripe a little less than one-third as wide as scutum) . Dorsal half of posterior pronotum covered with narrow dark brown scales. Abdomen: Tergites dark scaled, with conspicuous basal triangular patches of white scales laterally; venter primarily whitish scaled, often speckled with dark scales. Legs: Legs dark scaled except for pale inner surfaces of femora. Wing: Scales narrow, dark. ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female, but with pale scales usually more prevalent on occiput. TERMINALIA. (Fig. 88A). Lobes of ninth tergite (IXT-L) about as long as broad, separated by a little less than the width of one lobe, each bearing several short spines. Tenth sternite (X-S) prominent, heavily sclerotized beyond middle. Phallosome (Ph) stoutly coni- cal, rounded apically, open ventrally, closed dorsally. Claspette stem (CI-S) pilose, large, stout, sinuous, broader medially, constricted basally and apically, extending a little beyond middle of basistyle; claspette filament (Cl-F) about one- third as long as stem but much narrower than expanded middle portion of stem, striated, curved and tapered at apical third. Basistyle (Bs) about three times as long as width across middle, narrower distally, rounded at apex. e. H A STOM Fig. 88. Aedes ailaniicus Dyar and Knab. A, Male terminalia. B, Scutum and scutellum. 172 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 clothed with scales and long setae on outer aspects; basal lobe (B-L) large, narrow at base, broadly expanded apically, bearing numerous short stout setae on apex and a large stout recurved spine near middle of outer margin; apical lobe (A-L) a prominent thumb-like projection bearing several short setae. Dististyle (Ds) approximately two-thirds as long as basistyle, broader medially; terminal claw (Ds-C) slender, about one-fifth as long as dististyle. larva. (Fig. 89). — Head broader than long. Antenna less than half as long as head, slightly curved, sparsely spined; antennal tuft small, multiple, Fig. 89. Larva of Aedes ailaniicus Dyar and Knab. A, Pecfen tooth. B, Terminal segments. C, Comb scale. D, Head. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 173 slightly barbed, inserted at middle of shaft, not reaching tip. Head hairs: Preantennal (A) multiple, sparsely barbed, projecting slightly beyond inser- tion of antennal tuft; lower (B) and upper (C) single, sparsely barbed; post- clypeal (d) small, multiple; sutural (e) single; trans-sutural (f) usually double; supraorbital single. Lateral abdominal hairs double on segments I and II, single on segments III to VI. Comb of eighth segment of about 5 or 6 large thorn-shaped scales in a single curved row; individual scale with minute lateral spinules. Siphon about twice as long as wide; pecten of numerous even- ly spaced teeth extending nearly to middle of siphon; subventral tuft multiple, barbed, inserted beyond pecten. Anal segment slightly longer than wide, com- pletely ringed by a heavily sclerotized dorsal plate; lateral hair single or double; dorsal brush consisting of a long lower caudal hair and a shorter multiple upper caudal tuft on either side; ventral brush well-developed, confined to the barred area; gills 4, longer than the anal segment, the upper pair longer than the lower pair. DISTRIBUTION. — Florida to New Jersey and west to Oklahoma and Texas. Southern States: Alabama (71); Arkansas (83); Florida, Georgia and Louisi- ana (52); Mississippi (125); Missouri (70); North Carolina (52); South Carolina (64); Virginia (49). Other States: Delaware (106); District of Columbia (52); Maryland (19); New Jersey (77); Oklahoma (159); Texas (108). bionomics. — King et ai, (96) state that the females are vicious biters. No characters are known for separating the females of A. atlanticus from those of A. tormentor; therefore adult records are based on structures of male termi- nalia. Larvae occur in temporary pools in both open fields and woodlands. Breeding extends from March to November in the South (4th Sv. C. Med. Lab. records, 1942-1944, unpublished). AeDES (OCHLEROTATUS) CANADENSIS (Theobald) Culex canadertsis Theobald, 1901, Mon. Culic, 2:3. ADULT FEMALE. — Medium sized species. Head: Proboscis dark scaled; palpi short, dark, with a few white scales at tip and at base of segment 4. Scales of postero-dorsal region of occiput narrow, whitish-yellow, arranged in a sub-triangular patch projecting anteriorly on the mid line; scales dorsally mar- gining eyes narrow, whitish-yellow; scales of submedian areas between the postero-dorsal patch and eye margins narrow, golden brown. Lateral regions of occiput clothed with broad whitish scales, often surroundnig a small dark- scaled patch near eye margin. Erect forked scales numerous on dorsal surface of occiput, those on central portion pale. Thorax: Integument of scutum red- dish brown; vestiture of small narrow golden-brown scales, paler on anterior and lateral margins and on prescutellar space; prescutellar space frequently bordered on either side by a narrow submedian line of pale scales extending anteriorly to near middle of scutum. Posterior pronotum clothed on dorsal half with narrow brown scales. Abdomen: Tergites dark scaled, with narrow transverse basal bands (frequently lacking) and conspicuous basal lateral 174 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 patches of white scales; the seventh segment, and often the sixth, white scaled on dorso-apical margin. Venter entirely whitish scaled or with apices of seg- ments dark. Legs: Legs dark scaled except for white knee spots, pale inner surfaces of femora and tibiae, a few white scales at tips of tibiae, and basal and apical white rings on tarsal segments. Hind tarsi with the white rings of segments 1 to 4 broader than the diameter of the segments and with segment 5 entirely white scaled. Fore- and mid-tarsi with white rings of segments 1 to 3 narrower than those of hind-tarsi, and with white rings entirely lacking or much reduced on segments 4 and 5. Wing: Scales narrow, dark. ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female, but the dorsal abdom- inal bands much broader and whitish occipital scales more prevalent. Termi- NALIA (Fig. 90B). Lobes of ninth tergite (IXT-L) as long as broad, rounded, separated by about the width of one lobe, each bearing several short stout spines. Tenth sternite (X-S) prominent, heavily sclerotized beyond middle. -IXT-L Fig. 90. Aedes canadensis (Theobald). A, Hind tarsus. B, Male terminalia. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 175 Phallosome (Ph) cylindrical, about twice as long as broad, rounded apically, open ventrally, closed dorsally, lightly sclerotized. Claspettc stern (Cl-S) slen- der, cylindrical, pilose, reaching near apex of basal lobe; claspette ^lament (Cl-F) ligulate, about two-thirds as long as stem, gradually tapering to a blunt point. Basis tyle (Bs) about three times as long as width across middle, rounded at apex, clothed with large scales and long setae on outer aspect; basal lobe (B-L) large, quadrate, densely clothed with short setae arising from small tubercles; apical lobe (A-L) large, broadly rounded, covered with numerous short flattened setae. D is t is tyle (Ds) about two-thirds as long as basistyle, broader medially; terminal claw (Ds-C) slender, about one-sixth as long as dististyle. LARVA. (Fig. 91). — Head broader than long. Antenna shorter than head, Fig. 91. Larva of Aedes canadensis (Theobald). A, Terminal segments. B, Head. C, Comb scale. D, Pecten tooth. 176 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 slightly curved, spinose; antennal tuft multiple, inserted before middle of shaft, reaching nearly to tip. Inner preclypeal spines darkly pigmented, not separ- ated by more than the length of one spine. Head hairs: Preantennal (A), lower (B), and upper (C) large, multiple, barbed, not inserted in a straight line; postclypeal (d) small, multiple; sutural (e), trans-sutural (f), and supra- orbital usually 2 to 3-branched. Upper lateral abdominal hairs usually double on segments I and II. Comb of eighth segment of many scales in a patch; individual scale pointed and fringed with rather slender subequal spinules. Siphon three to four times as long as wide; pecten of numerous evenly spaced teeth not reaching middle of siphon; subventral tuft multiple, barbed, inserted beyond pecten. Anal segment longer than wide, with dorsal plate reaching two- thirds of the way down the sides; lateral hair single; dorsal brush consisting of a long lower caudal hair and a shorter multiple upper caudal tuft on either side: ventral brush well-developed, with about two short tufts preceding the barred area; gills 4, variable in length, generally about as long as the anal segment. DISTRIBUTION. — Widely distributed in North America. Southern States: Alabama (97); Arkansas (30); Florida (52); Georgia (97); Kentucky (140); Louisiana and Mississippi (96); Missouri (1); North Carolina and South Carolina (52); Tennessee (96); Virginia (49). Other States: Connect- ed (21); Delaware (106); Illinois (42); Indiana (76); Iowa (155, 156); Maine (52); Maryland (19); Massachusetts (180); Michigan (88); Minne- sota (131); Montana (112); Nebraska (129); New Hampshire (52); New Jersey (77); Oklahoma (159); Pennsylvania (52); Rhode Island (99); Texas (130); Vermont (90); Wisconsin (48). BIONOMICS. — The adults are often encountered in considerable numbers in woodlands near their breeding places but are seldom troublesome biters and rarely enter dwellings. This species shows preference in its breeding for wood- land pools containing decaying leaves but is found to a lesser extent in small streams, pools, and ditches adjacent to woodland areas. It overwinters in the egg stage and hatches in large numbers in the South following late winter and early spring flooding. The larvae also occur in small numbers, following rains, during the summer, fall, and winter months in the Southern States (4th Sv. C. Med. Lab. reports, 1942-1944 unpublished). It is not known whether these late-season larvae are from eggs laid during the previous year or from recently deposited eggs. Aedes (Ochlerotatus) cantator (Coquillett) Culex canlalor Coquillett, 1903, Can. Ent., 35:255. ADULT FEMALE. — Medium sized to rather large species. Head: Proboscis long, slender, dark scaled; palpi short, dark. Broad dorsal region of occiput clothed with narrow whitish-yellow to pale golden brown scales and numerous dark erect forked scales; lateral region of occiput covered with broad dingy- yellow scales, usually speckled with dark or surrounding a small dark patch near margin of eye. Thorax: Integument of scutum reddish brown; vestiture consisting of narrow golden-brown scales, with those of anterior and lateral Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 177 margins and of prescutellar space paler. Scales of posterior pronotum similar to those of scutum. A few lower mesepimeral bristles present. Abdomen: First tergite predominately pale scaled; tergites II to V dark scaled, each with a yellowish band basally (bands narrow medially, broadened laterally) and a Fig. 92. Male terminalia of Aedes canlalor (Coquillett). 178 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 narrow margin of pale scales apically; sixth tergite mostly pale scaled, seventh entirely pale scaled. Venter yellowish-white scaled. Legs: Femora and tibiae brown scaled, yellowish on inner surface; knee joints pale. Tarsi usually darker, with first segment often streaked on one side with pale scales; each segment of hind tarsus with a narrow basal pale ring; fore- and mid-tarsi similarly marked but with basal rings of segments 4 and 5 much reduced or lacking. Wing: Scales rather narrow, brown. adult male. — Coloration similar to that of female, terminalia (Fig. 92). Lobes of ninth tergite (IXT-L) about as long as broad, usually separ- ated by a little more than the width of one lobe, each bearing several short spines. Tenth sternite (X-S) prominent, heavily sclerotized beyond middle. Phallosome (Ph) cylindrical, about twice as long as broad, rounded apically, open ventrally, closed dorsally. Claspette stem (Cl-S) pilose, curved, rather slender, extending a little beyond basal lobe; claspette filament (Cl-F) more than one and one-half times as long as stem, slender, curved, sharply pointed, with a blade-like expansion medially on the convex side. Basistyle (Bs) about three and one-half times as long as width across middle, bluntly rounded at apex, clothed with scales and long setae (setae very numerous and long on inner ventral margin) ; basal lobe (B-L) short, bluntly conical, bearing a stout recurved spine subapically on dorsal side and numerous short and two or three rather long setae apically; apical lobe (A-L) rounded, prominent, clothed with a few short setae. Dististyle (Ds) about two-thirds as long as basistyle, a little broader medially; terminal claw (Ds-C) slender, approximately one-fourth as long as dististyle. LARVA. (Fig. 93). — Head broader than long. Antenna shorter than head, spinose; antennal tuft multiple, finely barbed, inserted before middle of shaft, reaching nearly to tip. Inner preclypeal spines darkly pigmented, not separated by more than the length of one spine. Head hairs: Preantennal (A) large, multiple, barbed; lower (B) and upper (C) rather large, multiple, smooth or weakly barbed (hairs A, B, and C not inserted in a straight line) ; postclypeal (d) small, usually 3-branched; sutural (e), trans-sutural (f), and supraorbital small, usually double. Upper lateral abdominal hairs on segments I to V double, occasionally triple. Comb of eighth segment of many scales in a patch; individual scale fringed laterally with small spinules and apically with a few larger subequal spines, the middle spine somewhat longer and stouter. Siphon about two and one-half times as long as wide; pecten of numerous evenly spaced teeth, not reaching middle of siphon; subventral tuft multiple, barbed, inserted beyond pecten. Anal segment longer than wide, with dorsal plate reaching about two-thirds of the way down the sides; lateral hair single; dorsal brush consisting of a long lower caudal hair and a shorter multiple upper caudal tuft on either side; ventral brush well-developed, with about two short tufts preceding the barred area; gills 4, variable in length, but generally very short and bud-like. distribution. — Occurs along the Atlantic Coast, from Virginia to Canada. Southern States: Virginia (49). Other States: Connecticut (52); Delaware (106); Maine (52); Maryland (19); Massachusetts (52); New Hampshire Carpenter et al. : Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 179 (90); New Jersey (77); New York (52); Pennsylvania (8); Rhode Island (99). BIONOMICS. — The females are fierce biters, attacking principally in the open, but also freely entering houses. Adults frequently migrate considerable distances from their breeding places. Larvae occur in coastal marshes, including both fresh and salt water, but less brackish water seems to be preferred. Fig. 93. Larva of Aedes cantator (Coquillclt). A, Comb scale. B, Terminal segments. C, Head. D, Pecten tooth. MEDICAL IMPORTANCE. — According to Feemster and Getting (60) this species ranks high as a vector of equine encephalitis under laboratory condi- tions and may be an imporatnt vector of this disease in nature. AeDES (OCHLEROTATUS) DORSALIS (Meigen) Culex dorsalis Meigen, 1830, Syst. Beschr. Zweifl. Ins., 6:242. ADULT FEMALE.— Medium sized species. Head: Proboscis dark with a few scattered white scales near base; palpi short, dark, speckled with white scales. 180 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 Broad median area of occiput clothed with whitish lanceolate scales and erect pale forked scales; a small submedian patch of narrow brown scales and a few black erect forked scales bordering the median pale area on either side; lateral portion of occiput clothed with broad appressed scales, mostly pale but often sprinkled with dark. Thorax: Integument of scutum blackish; a narrow longi- tudinal stripe of brown lanceolate scales present medially (this stripe often variable in width); remainder of scutum, including prescutellar space, clothed with whitish-yellow lanceolate scales. Scales of dorsal half of posterior pro- notum golden brown, lanceolate. Abdomen: First tergite white scaled; remain- mg tergites each white basally, laterally and medially, with a pair of submedian black patches (last two segments often entirely white) . Venter white scaled. Legs: Femora and tibiae principally white scaled, speckled with dark on outer aspects; first segment of each tarsus dark, liberally streaked with white and with white basal and apncal rings. Hind tarsus with segments 2, 3 and 4 dark, ringed basally and apically with white; segment 5 almost entirely white. Mid- tarsus with segments 2 and 3 dark, narrowly white-ringed basally and apically; segment 4 dark except for a few white scales at base; segment 5 entirely dark. Fore-tarsus with segment 2 narrowly white-ringed basally and apically; segment 3 with a few white scales at base; segments 4 and 5 entirely dark. Wing: Scales narrow, mixed dark brown and white, the white scales predominating. ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female, terminalia. (Fig. 94). Lobes of ninth tergite (IXT-L) nearly as long as broad, separated by a Ds-C C . KA 5T»»J Fig. 94. Male terminalia of Aedes dorsalis (Meigen). Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 181 little less than the width of one lobe, each bearing several short stout spines. Tenth St emit e (X-S) prominent, heavily sclerotized beyond middle. Phallo- some (Ph) conical, about two-thirds as broad as long, rounded apically, open ventrally, closed dorsally. Claspette stem (CI-S) rather slender, pilose, some- what curved, extending to or a little beyond middle of basal lobe; claspette filament (Cl-F) about as long as stem, broad, blade-like, tapering to a slightly recurved tip. Basis tyle (Bs) cylindrical, about three and one-half times as long as width across middle, rounded at apex, clothed with scales and long setae on outer aspect and numerous long setae near inner ventral margin; basal lobe (B-L) prominent, conical or sub-quadrate, bearing numerous fine setae, a short stout spine, a long strong recurved spine, two or three long stout setae, and Fig. 95. Larva of Aedes dorsalis (Meigen). A, Comb scale. B, Terminal segments. C, Pecten tooth. D, Head. 182 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 several other progressively weaker setae; apical lobe (A-L) short, rounded, bearing a number of short curved setae. Dist'tstyle (Ds) about three-fifths as long as basistyle, slightly broader medially; terminal claw (Ds-C) slender, nearly one-fourth as long as dististyle. LARVA. (Fig. 95). — Head broader than long. Antenna less than half the length of the head, spinose; antennal tuft multiple, finely barbed, arising near middle of shaft. Head hairs: Preantennal (A) multiple, barbed, reaching in- sertion of antennal tuft; lower (B) and upper (C) single (hair C rarely double); postclypeal (d) small, multiple; sutural (e), trans-sutural (f) and supraorbital single or double. Upper lateral abdominal hairs usually 2 to 3- branched on segments I to IV, double on V and single on VI. Comb of eighth segment of numerous scales in a patch; individual scale fringed with subequal spines, the apical one a little longer and stouter. Siphon about two and one- half to three times as long as wide; pecten of numerous evenly spaced teeth not reaching middle of siphon; subventral tuft multiple, inserted beyond pecten. Anal segment longer than wide, with dorsal plate reaching well down the sides; lateral hair single; dorsal brush consisting of a long lower caudal hair and a shorter multiple upper caudal tuft on either side; ventral brush large, with several tufts preceding the barred area; gills 4, variable in length, usually very short and bud-like but occasionally as long or longer than the anal segment. distribution. — United States, Canada, Europe and Asia. Southern States: Kentucky (140); Louisiana (52); Mississippi (4th Sv. C. Med. Lab. records, 1945, unpublished); Missouri (1). Other States: California and Colorado (52); Connecticut (90); Idaho and Illinois (52); Iowa (155, 156) Kansas (128); Massachusetts (52); Minnesota (131); Montana (112) Nebraska (178); Nevada, New Mexico, New York and North Dakota (52) Oklahoma (159); Oregon and Pennsylvania (52); Texas (130); Utah (142) Washington (52); Wisconsin (48); Wyoming (129). bionomics. — The females are vicious biters, attacking any time during the day or night, but are particularly active toward the evening, or on calm, cloudy days. They are strong fliers and occasionally migrate considerable distances from their breeding places. The breeding places may vary from coastal salt marshes to fresh inland flood and irrigation waters. It is a common species in the rice fields of California. There appears to be considerable variation in this species, possibly due to different types of larval habitats. Aedes (Ochlerotatus) dupreei (Coquillett) Culex dupreei Coquillett, 1904, Can. Ent., 36:10. ADULT FEMALE. — Rather small species. Head: Proboscis dark scaled; palpi short, dark. Occiput dorsally with a longitudinal median stripe of lanceolate silvery- white scales extending the length of the occiput and projecting forward between the eyes; this median stripe bounded submedially by a patch of broad white scales which blend on either side with a large lateral patch of broad appressed brown scales. Erect forked scales on central portion of occiput pale. Thorax: Integument of scutum dark brown, clothed with narrow bronzy-brown Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 183 scales except for a broad longitudinal stripe of silvery-white scales extending the full length of the scutum (this longitudinal pale stripe usually slightly more than one-third as wide as scutum). Posterior pronotum with narrow bronzy-brown scales on dorsal half. Abdomen: First tergite clothed with dark scales, usually mixed with pale scales; remaining tergites dark, with white basal patches laterally. Venter white scaled. Legs: Legs dark scaled except for pale inner surfaces of femora and tibiae. Wtng: Scales narrow, brown. ADULT male. — Coloration similar to that of female, but with pale scales more prevalent on occiput, the longitudinal stripe on scutum very broad and covering entire dorsal surface, and the lateral spots of abdomen extending to, or nearly to, the mid-dorsal line. TERMINALiA (Fig. 96). Lobes of nitith tergite (IXT-L) as long as broad, rounded or truncate apically, separated by less than the width of one lobe, each bearing approximately four or five stout spines. Tenth sternite (X-S) prominent, heavily sclerotized beyond middle. Phallo- some (Ph) broadly conical, nearly twice as long as broad, rounded apically, open ventrally, closed dorsally, moderately sclerotized. Claspette stem (CI-S) slender, cylindrical, curved, pilose, reaching a little beyond apex of basal lobe; claspette filament (Cl-F) ligulate, curved, about as long as stem, gradually tapering to a point. Basis tyle (Bs) about two and one-half times as long as broad, rounded at apex, clothed with large scales and long setae on outer C. K * 5 fO N Fireei (Coquillelf). A, Terminal segments. B, Head. C, Pecten tooth. D, Comb scale. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 185 three-fourths as long as basistyle, broader medially; terminal claw (Ds-C) slender, about one-fifth to one-fourth as long as dististyle. LARVA. (Fig. 97). — Head broader than long. Antenna less than half as long as head, slightly curved, sparsely spined; antennal hair usually double, arising a litde beyond middle of shaft. Head hairs: Preantennal (A) small, double or triple barbed; lower (B) double or triple, usually feathered toward tip; upper (C) single; postclypeal (d) small, branched; sutnral (e) 2 to 4- branched; trans-sutural (f) small, multiple; supraorbital single or double. Comb of eighth segment consisting of a single curved row of 7 to 10 thorn- shaped scales; individual scale with strong apical spine and minute lateral spinules. Siphon about four times as long as wide, much narrower than the anal segment; pecten of numerous evenly spaced teeth reaching basal third of siphon; subventral tuft large, multiple, strongly barbed, inserted beyond pecten. Anal segment shorter than wide, completely ringed by the dorsal plate; lateral hair single; dorsal brush consisting of a long lower caudal hair and a smaller double or triple upper caudal tuft on either side; ventral brush large, posterior to the dorsal plate; gills 4, very long, more than five times the length of the anal segment, tapered, with prominent darkly pigmented tracheae. distribution. — From Florida to New York and west to Iowa. Southern States: Alabama (170); Arkansas (31); Florida (96); Georgia (97); Ken- tucky (140); Louisiana (96); Mississippi (97); Missouri (46); North Caro- lina (166); South Carolina (64); Tennessee (125); Virginia (49). Other States: Iowa (156); New Jersey (77); New York (162). bionomics. — Adults are frequently taken in light traps in the southern states. The larvae are found in temporary rain-filled pools and have a habit of hiding among the leaves and debris on the bottom, making it difficult to collect them. They are known to occur from June to October in the southern states (4th Sv. C. Med. Lab. records, 1942-1944, unpublished). Aedes (Ochlerotatus) fulvus fallens Rossi Aedes fulvus pallens Ross, 1943, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 45:148. ADULT FEMALE. — A medium sized to rather large bright orange-yellow species. Head: Proboscis long, yellow scaled, dark at tip; palpi about one-fifth as long as proboscis, yellow scaled, with dark-scaled tips. Integument of occiput yellow to light yellowish-brown, clothed dorsally with narrow bright-yellow scales, yellow setae, and yellow erect forked scales; clothed laterally with broad flat yellow scales. Thorax: Integument of scutum yellow except for a pair of large dark-brown to black postero-lateral spots, separated by the width of the prescutellar space. Vestiture of scutum consisting of sparse narrow yellow scales on the anterior half and sparse narrow dark-brown scales on the posterior half, particularly on the lateral dark patches. Anterior pronotum, posterior 1 This name was proposed by Ross for "bimaculatus" of the southern United States which had been confused with Aedes bimaculatus (Coquillett) and Aedes fulvus (Wiedemann). 186 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 pronotum and pleura yellow; a dark spot present beneath anterior spiracle. Abdomen: Tergites yellow scaled basally and laterally, dark scaled apically; the last two segments usually entirely yellow scaled. Venter yellow scaled. Legs: Femur, tibia and first tarsal segment of each leg yellow to orange-yellow, tipped with dark scales; remaining tarsal segments primarily dark scaled, blended with yellow, the amount of yellow being variable. Wing: Scales yel» low and rather broad on costa, subcosta and vein 1, narrow and darker on remaining veins. ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female. TERMINALIA (Fig. 98). Lobes of ninth tergite (IXT-L) about as long as broad, rounded or trun- cate apically, separated by a little less than the width of one lobe, each bearing several spines. Tenth sternite (X-S) prominent, heavily sclerotized beyond middle. Phallosome (Ph) stout, conical, narrowly rounded or bluntly pointed apically, open ventrally, closed dorsally, lightly sclerotized. Claspette stem (CI- S) slender, cylindrical, moderately pilose, extending to or slightly beyond the most posterior portion of the basal lobe; claspette filament (Cl-F) nearly as long as stem, broad, blade-like, gradually tapering to a recurved tip. Basistyle Fig. 98. Aedes fulvus pallens Ross. A, Male terminalia. B, Filament of claspette (flattened). Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 187 (Bs) about three times as long as width across middle, rounded at apex, clothed with scales and long setae (setae more numerous distally on dorsal sur- face and on inner margin of ventral surface); basal lobe (B-L) prominent, con- stricted laterally, expanded and truncate apical ly, bearing numerous small apical setae (each arising from a distinct tubercle) and a large basal rod with tip flattened, broadened, and usually slightly retrorse; apical lobe (A-L) a short thumb-like projection bearing a few stout curved setae on apex. D'nti- style (Ds) a little more than half as long as basistyle, broader medially; terminal claw (Ds-C) slender, about a fifth as long as dististyle. LARVA. (Fig. 99). — Head much broader than long. Antenna less than half as long as head, sparsely spined; antennal tuft about 4 to 6-branched, inserted at middle of shaft. Head hairs: Preantennal (A) multiple; lower (B) usually Fig. 99. Larva of Aedes fulviis pallens Ross. A, Comb scale. B, Terminal segments. C, Pecten tooth. D. Head. 188 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 double, sometimes triple; upper (C) single; sutural (e), trans-sutural (f), and supraorbital usually triple. Upper lateral abdominal hairs usually single on segments III to V. Comb of eighth segment consiting of about 30 scales in a patch; individual scale rounded apically and fringed with subequal spinules. Siphon about twice as long as wide; pecten reaching beyond middle of siphon, last tooth widely spaced; subventral tuft large, multiple, heavily barbed, in- serted within the pecten. Anal segment slightly longer than wide, completely ringed by the dorsal plate; lateral hair usually single or double; dorsal brush consisting of a long lower caudal hair and a shorter multiple upper caudal tuft on either side; ventral brush large, heavy, restricted to the barred area; gills 4, longer than the segment, pointed. DISTRIBUTION. — Southern States: Alabama (125); Arkansas (179); Flor- ida (96); Georgia (148); Kentucky (140); Louisiana (149); Mississippi (52); North Carolina (166); South Carolina (96); Virginia (49). Other States: Oklahoma (159); Maryland (149); Texas (141). BIONOMICS. — The females are fierce biters. Adults are occasionally taken in biting, resting and light trap collections. Larvae occur in temporary pools following rains throughout the summer months. Aedes (Ochlerotatus) grossbecki Dyar and Knab Aedes grossbeclfi Dyar and Knab, 1906, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 14:201. ADULT FEMALE. — Medium sized to rather large species. Head: Proboscis long, dark, with a few white scales; palpi short, dark, speckled with white. Occiput clothed dorsally with white lanceolate scales arranged in a broad median patch and projecting forward between the eyes; this median patch bounded dorso-laterally by dark scales. Lateral region of occiput clothed with broad appressed white scales enclosing a dark-scaled patch. Numerous erect forked scales present, those on central portion of occiput white. Thorax: In- tegument of scutum dark brown to black, broadly margined on either side by white lanceolate scales; a wide median longitudinal stripe of narrow darker scales present, originating near anterior margin of scutum and extending to the white-scaled prescutellar space; the anterior half of this longitudinal stripe of nearly uniform width, pale golden-brown; the posterior half of this longi- tudinal stripe widening slightly, dark bronzy-brown; a small patch of golden- brown to dark -brown scales usually present in submedian position above and slightly anterior to wing bases. Posterior pronotum clothed with pale golden- brown and white lanceolate scales. Abdomen: First tergite white-scaled; remain- ing tergites each with a broad basal band of white to pale-yellow scales; apical half of each tergite black scaled, speckled with pale scales. Venter primarily white scaled, spotted with dark. Legs: Femora, tibiae, and first segment of tarsi clothed with intermixed black and pale scales, the pale scales usually pre- dominating on the femora; white knee spots present. Segments of hind tarsus each with a broad basal white ring; segments 1 to 4 of fore- and mid-tarsi with narrower basal white rings than hind tarsus; segment 5 of fore- and mid-tarsi entirely dark or with white ring greatly reduced. Wing: Scales very broad, deltoid, intermixed dark and white. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 189 ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female. TERMINALIA (Fig. lOOB). Lobes of ninth tergite (IXT-L) about as long as broad, separated by the width of one lobe, each bearing several short spine-like setae. Tenth sternite (X-S) prominent, heavily sclerotized beyond middle. Phallosome (Ph) sub- cylindrical (a little narrower across apical third than across base), about twice as long as basal width, open ventrally, closed dorsally, and with a notch at apex. Claspette stem (Cl-S) pilose, slender, curved, extending beyond basal lobe; claspette filament (CI-F) about two-thirds to three-fourths as long as stem, broad, blade-like (the blade narrow or absent on basal third of filament, broadest near middle of filament and with margin rounded), tapering to a pointed curved tip. Basistyle (Bs) cylindrical, about three and one-half times as long as width across middle, rounded at apex, clothed with setae and scales IXT-L Fig. 100. Aedes grossbecl(i Dyar and Knab. A, Hind leg. B, Male terminalia. C. Wing. 190 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 on outer aspect and numerous long setae on inner ventral margin; basal lobe (B-L) prominent, conical, directed mesad, with numerous small apical setae and a stout slightly curved lateral spine; apical lobe (A-L) a prominent thumb- like projection bearing fine setae. Dististyle (Ds) a little broader medially, approximately two-thirds as long as basistyle; terminal claw (Ds-C) slender, nearly one-fourth as long as dististyle. LARVA. (Fig. 101). Head broader than long. Antenna moderate in length, spinose; antennal tuft multiple, inserted a little before middle of shaft. Head hairs: Preantennal (A) long, multiple, nearly reaching tip of anten- na; lower (B) double, sometimes triple; upper (C) triple, postclypeal (d) small, branched; sutural (e) trans-sutural (f) and supraorbital usually double. Upper lateral abdominal hairs usually double on segments III to VI. Comb of eighth segment of numerous scales in a patch; individual scale with lateral spines nearly as long as apical spine. Siphon a little more than three times as long as wide; pecten of numerous evenly spaced teeth not reaching middle of siphon; subventral tuft large, multiple, barbed, inserted beyond pecten. Anal Fig. 101. Larva of Aedes grossbecl^i Dyar and Knab. A, Terminal segments. B, Comb scale. C, Pecten tooth. D, Head. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 191 segment longer than wide, with dorsal plate finely spinose apically and extend- ing a little more than half way down the side; lateral hair single; dorsal brush consisting of a long lower caudal hair and a shorter multiple upper caudal tuft on either side; ventral brush large, with several small tufts preceding the barred area; gills 4, about as long as the anal segment, tapered. distribution. — A rare species occurring in the Eastern United States. Southern States: Arkansas (31); Kentucky (140); Louisiana and Mississippi (96); Missouri and Virginia (54). Other States: Delaware (106); Illinois (42); Maryland and New Jersey (52); New York (116); Ohio (Vernard, 1943, unpublished). BIONOMICS. — Very little is known of the habits of the adults of this species. Dr. Carl Vernard, who collected a good series of male and female specimens during May, 1943, in Ohio, states that the females are fierce biters. Aedes grossbecki breeds in early spring pools and is apparently single brooded. Aedes (Ochlerotatus) inhrmatus Dyar and Knab Aedes infirmatus Dyar and Knab, 1906, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 14:197. ADULT FEMALE. — Medium sized species. Head: Proboscis long, dark scaled; palpi short, dark. Occiput dorsally with a rather broad longitudinal stripe of white lanceolate scales, extending forward between the eyes; this median stripe bounded on either side by a large patch of broad brownish- yellow scales surrounding a dark-scaled patch; lateral region of occiput clothed with broad appressed dingy-yellow to brownish-yellow scales. Erect forked scales numerous, those on central portion of occiput pale. Thorax: Integument of scutum dark brown, clothed with fine dark bronzy-brown scales, except for a few pale scales on prescutellar space and a broad silvery-white to pale-yellow scaled median longitudinal stripe extending from the anterior margin of scutum to a little beyond the middle (this longitudinal stripe about half as wide as scutum). Dorsal half of posterior pronotum covered with narrow dark-brown scales. Abdomen: Tergites dark scaled, with conspicuous basal triangular patches of white scales laterally; venter white scaled, occasionally speckled with a few dark scales. Legs: Legs entirely dark scaled except for femora I and II having the inner surfaces pale and III having all aspects of basal two-thirds pale. Wing: Scales narrow, dark. ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female, but with narrow basal white bands usually present on some segments of abdomen, terminalia (Fig. 102A). Lobes of ninth tergite (IXT-L) about as long as broad, separated by about the width of one lobe, or a little less, each bearing several short spines. Tenth sternite (X-S) prominent, heavily sclerotized beyond middle. Phallo- some (Ph) stoutly conical, nearly one and three-fourths times as long as broad, rounded apically, open ventrally, closed dorsally. Claspette (Cl-S) pilose, slender, curved, extending well beyond basal lobe. Claspette filament (Cl-F) about four-fifths as long as stem, expanded blade-like, tapered and curved beyond middle; the blade-like portion with a large sharp retrorse pro- jection arising from its basal margin; one or more smaller accessory retrorse 192 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 spines usually present on inner margin of the large projection and between the large projection and non-expanded basal portion of the filament. Basistyle (Bs) nearly four times as long as width across middle, bluntly rounded at apex, clothed with scales and long setae (setae very numerous and long on inner ventral margin); basal lobe (B-L) prominent, bluntly conical, bearing numer- ous short setae apically and a large, curved spine on dorsal side; apical lobe (A-L) rounded, not prominent, its vestiture consisting of a few short fine setae. Dististyle (Ds) nearly two-thirds as long as basistyle, slightly broader medially; terminal claw (Ds-C) slender, about one-fifth as long as dististyle. LARVA. (Fig. 103). — Head broader than long. Antenna slightly less than half as long as head, sparsely spined; antennal tuft small, multiple, inserted near middle of shaft, not reaching tip. Head hairs: Preantennal (A) multiple, barbed, extending beyond insertion of antennal tuft; lower (B) and upper (C) long, single, slightly barbed apically; postclypeal (d) small, multiple; sutural (e) long, single; trans-sutural (f) shorter, double or triple; supraorbital single or double. Body spiculate. Upper lateral abdominal hairs single on segments III to V. Comb of eighth segment of about 15 to 22 thorn-shaped scales in a patch; individual scale with apical spine three or four times as broad and about twice as long as subapical spinules. Siphon about two and one-half times as long as wide; pecten of numerous long slender evenly spaced teeth extending Fig. 102. Aedes infirmalus Dyar and Knab. A, Male terminalia. B, Scutum and scutellum. Carpenter et al. : Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 193 slightly beyond middle of siphon; mbventral tuft multiple, inserted beyond pecten; dorsal preaptcal spine not more than half as long as apical pecten tooth. Anal segment longer than wide, completely ringed by the dorsal plate; lateral hair single; dorsal brush consisting of a long lower caudal hair and a shorter multiple upper caudal tuft on either side; ventral brush confined to the barred area; gills 4, longer than the segment, each tapering to a point. distribution. — Southern States: Alabama (125); Arkansas and Florida Fig. 103. Larva of Acdes infirmaliis Dyar and Knab. A and F, Comb scales. B, Terminal segments. C, Head. D, and E, Pecten teeth. 194 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 (52); Georgia (96); Kentucky (140); Louisiana (52); Mississippi (96); Missouri (128); North Carolina (166); South Carolina (64). Other States: Texas (108). bionomics. — The females are vicious biters, attacking during the day in or near wooded areas. They are occasionally encountered at night near dwell- ings, but seldom enter houses. Larvae are found in temporary pools following rains. Larval and adult collections have been recorded from March to Decem- ber in the South (4th Sv. C. Med. Lab. records, 1942-1944, unpublished). Aedes (Ochlerotatus) mathesoni Middlekauff Aedes mathesoni Middlekauff, 1944, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 46:42. adult female. — Medium sized species. Head: Proboscis long, slender, black with faint purplish iridescence; palpi short, black, with purplish irides- cence. Scales of postero-dorsal region of occiput white, lanceolate, arranged in a sub-triangular patch projecting anteriorly on the mid-line; scales of submedian areas between the postero-dorsal patch and eye margins black, lanceolate; later- al region of occiput clothed with broad appressed yellowish-white scales sur- rounding a small patch of broad appressed dark scales. Dark erect forked scales numerous on central portion of occiput. Thorax: Integument of scutum dark brown, clothed with narrow bronzy-black scales except for the following markings : A very narrow median longitudinal line of fine slender golden-brown scales; a narrow elongate patch of lanceolate yellow-white scales on the anterior angles and a similar patch laterally near middle; a few lanceolate yellowish- white scales laterally just above wing base; a few lanceolate yellowish-white scales on prescutellar space. Abdomen: Tergites uniformly purplish-black dorsally, with small triangular basal white-scaled patches laterally. Sternites white scaled basally, black scaled apically. Legs: Hind leg black scaled with purplish reflection except for pale inner surface of femur; a white knee spot; narrow white rings basally and apically on tarsal segments 1 and 2, basally on segment 3. Fore and middle legs each similarly marked, but with pale area on inner surface of femur usually less extensive and with tarsal rings restricted to the base and apex of segment 1 and base of segment 2. Wings: Scales narrow, purplish-black. ADULT male. — Coloration similar to that of female. TERMINALia. The male terminalia appears to be identical with that of A. canadensis (Fig. 90). LARVA. — Unknown. distribution. — Known only from a few specimens collected in Florida (123). bionomics. — Nothing is known of the habits of this species. Melanistic forms of A. canadensis nearly as dark as A. mathesoni have been recently collected in Florida. It may be possible that A. mathesoni represents an extreme in melanism of A. canadensis; therefore its validity is questionable until addi- tional specimens are available. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 195 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) mitchellae (Dyar) Culex milchellae Dyar, 1905, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 13:74. ADULT FEMALE. — Medium sized species. Head: Proboscis dark scaled, with a rather broad white-scaled ring at middle; palpi short, dark, with tips white scaled and frequently with a few white scales at basal third. Occiput dorsally with a rather broad longitudinal stripe of pale yellow to golden-yellow lanceolate scales, the stripe broader posteriorly, narrowed anteriorly and project- ing forward between the eyes; a submedian patch of narrow dark bronzy-brown scales present on either side of the median pale-scaled area; lateral region of £. K A Sr Olvl Fig. 104. Aedcs mitchelll (Dyar). A, Hind leg. B, Palp and proboscis of female. C, Male lerminalia. 196 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 occiput clothed with broad appressed whitish scales surrounding a patch of broad appressed dark scales. Erect forked scales numerous, those on central portion of occiput pale. Thorax: Integument of scutum black, clothed with narrow yellow-orange scales dorsally, becoming dark bronzy-brown laterally; anterior margin and prescutellar space golden-yellow scaled; frequently a pair of narrow, rather indefinite, longitudinal submedian lines of golden-yellow scales origmating at the outer margins of the prescutellar space and extending forward nearly the full length of the scutum. Posterior pronotum clothed with narrow dark bronzy-brown scales. Abdomen: Tergites dark scaled, with narrow basal bands of white to yellowish-white scales and central patches of yellowish- white scales, the central patches frequently extending to the apical margins of the segments; a broad patch of white scales present on each tergite laterally. Venter primarily white scaled, with intermingled dark scales. Legs: Femora and tibiae black scaled, speckled with white; white knee spots present. Hind tarsi black scaled, with broad white basal rings on segments 1 to 4 and with segment 5 entirely white; fore- and mid-tarsi black scaled, with white basal Fig. 105. Larva of Aedes mitchellae (Dyar). A, Comb. B, Terminal segments. C, Pecten tooth. D, Head. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 197 rings much narrower and on segments 1 to 3 only. Wnig: Scales narrow, dark. ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female. TERMINALIA (Fig. 104C). Lobes of ninth tergite (IXT-L) about two-thirds as long as wide, separated by a little less than the width of one lobe, each bearing several short stout setae. Tenth sternite (X-S) prominent, heavily sclerotized. Phallosome (Ph) stoutly conical, about two-thirds as broad as long, rounded apically, open ventrally, closed dorsally. Claspette stem (Cl-S) rather stout, pilose, somewhat curved, extending slightly beyond basal lobe and bearing a short seta near apex arising from a prominent tubercle; claspette filament (Cl-F) as long as stem, slender, curved. Basistyle (Bs) about three and one-half times as long as width across middle, cylindrical, rounded at apex, clothed with scales and numerous long setae; basal lobe (B-L) distinct, conical, bluntly rounded at apex and bearing numerous short setae; apical lobe absent. Dististyle (Ds) about two-thirds as long as basistyle, broader at basal third; terminal claw (Ds- C) slender, one-fifth as long as dististyle. LARVA. (Fig. 105). — Head broader than long. Antenna about half as long as head, slightly curved, spinose; antennal tuft multiple, inserted near middle of shaft, not reaching tip. Head hairs: Preantennal (A) multiple, barbed, extending beyond insertion of antennal tuft; lower (B) and upper (C) long, barbed, usually single; postclypeal (d) small, branched; sutiiral (e) trans- sutural (f) and supraorbital usually double or triple. Upper lateral abdominal hairs usually double on segments III to V. Comb of eighth segment of about 15 to 18 thorn-shaped scales in a patch; individual scale with long apical spine and smaller lateral spinules. Siphon three to three and one-half times as long as wide; pec ten of numerous, evenly-spaced teeth not quite reaching middle of siphon; subventral tuft multiple, inserted beyond pecten; dorsal preapical spine as long as apical pecten tooth. Anal segment a little longer than wide, com- pletely ringed by the dorsal plate; lateral hair single; dorsal brush consisting of a long lower caudal hair and a shorter multiple upper caudal tuft on either side; ventral brush large, confined to the barred area; gills 4, variable in length, but usually about as long as the anal segment, each tapering to a blunt point. DISTRIBUTION. — Along the coastal plain from Florida to Delaware and west to Texas. Southern States: Alabama, Florida and Georgia (52); Louisi- ana and Mississippi (97); North Carolina (166); South Carolina (97); Virginia (49). Other States: Delaware (106); Maryland (19) New Jersey (164); Texas (108). BIONOMICS. — King et al. (96) state that the females are rather severe biters. The larvae are found in temporary rain-filled pools. Both adults and larvae occur throughout the year in the extreme South (4th Sv. C. Med. Lab. records, 1942-1944, unpublished). Aedes (Ochlerotatus) nigromaculis (Ludlow) Crabhamia nigromaculis Ludlow, 1907, Geo. Wash. Univ. Bull., 5:85. ADULT female. — Medium sized species. Head: Proboscis dark scaled, ringed with white near middle; palpi short, dark. Broad median area of occiput clothed with pale yellow lanceolate scales and erect pale forked scales; a sub- 198 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 median patch of narrow brown scales and a few brown erect forked scales bordering the median pale area on either side; lateral portion of occiput clothed with broad appressed dingy-yellow scales, often surrounding a small patch of broad dark scales. Thorax: Integument of scutum blackish; a broad longitudinal stripe of golden-brown lanceolate scales present medially; most of remainder of dorsal surface of scutum, including prescutellar space, clothed with yellow lanceolate scales; lateral margins dark bronzy-brown scaled, particularly on anterior half of scutum. Scales of posterior pronotum brown, lanceolate. Abdomen: First tergite white scaled, remaining tergites each basally, laterally and medially white, with a pair of large quadrate submedian patches of dark scales. Venter white scaled. Legs: Femora and tibiae dark on outer aspects, Fig. 106. Larva of Aedes nigrcmaculis (Ludlow). A, Comb scale. B, Terminal segments. C, Apical peclen tooth. D, Median pecten tooth. E, Head. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 199 liberally speckled with pale scales; inner surfaces pale. Hind tarsal segments each broadly white-banded at base (the white markings of segment 1 quite variable, ranging from a rather narrow basal band to one occupying most of the segment) ; fore-and mid-tarsi with segments 4 and 5 entirely dark; basal white bands of other segments narrower than the corresponding ones of hind tarsus. Wing: Scales narrow, dark, sprinkled with a few pale ones, especially on costa and subcosta. ADULT male. — Coloration similar to that of female. TERMINAlia. The terminalia appears to be identical with that of A. sollicitans (Fig. 107C). larva. (Fig. 106). — Head much broader than long. Antenna less than half the length of the head, nearly smooth; antennal tuft 1 to 3-branched, smooth, inserted near middle of shaft, extending nearly to tip. Head hairs: Preantennal (A) multiple, smooth or very finely barbed, extending beyond insertion of antennal tuft; lower (B) and upper (C) single, smooth or weakly barbed, usually a little longer than antennae; postclypeal (d) small, single or branched; sutiiral (e) trans-siitural (f) and supraorbital small, usually single. Upper lateral abdominal hairs usually 2 to 3-branched on segments I to V. Comb of eighth segment of about 6 to 12 scales in either an uneven single row or an irregular triangular patch; individual comb scale thorn-shaped, with minute spinules on basal portion. Siphon two to two and one-half times as long as wide; pecten of numerous teeth extending to or slightly beyond apical third of siphon, with about 2 to 4 of the distal teeth widely spaced; subventral tuft small (much shorter than width of siphon), smooth, 3 to 5-branched, inserted beyond pecten at apical fourth of siphon; dorsal preapical spine about as long as apical pecten tooth. Anal segment a little wider than long, ringed by the dorsal plate; lateral hair short, single; dorsal brush consisting of a long lower caudal hair and a shorter, multiple upper caudal tuft on either side; ventral brush well developed, confined to the barred area; gills 4, longer than the segment, bluntly pointed. distribution. — Central and western United States, southern Canada and Mexico. Southern States: Kentucky (140); Missouri (1). Other States: Cali- fornia (67); Colorado and Idaho (52); Iowa (155, 156); Kansas (79); Minnesota (131); Montana (112); Nebraska (178); New Mexico and North Dakota (52); Oklahoma (159); Oregon (116); South Dakota (52); Texas (108); Utah (142); Wyoming (52). BIONOMICS. — The females bite readily during the day but are more active in the evenings. They are strong fliers and have been taken several miles from their breeding places. Larvae occur mostly in alkaline waters in rain-filled depressions and irrigation ditches. Aedes (Ochlerotatus) sollicitans (Walker) Culex sollicitans Walker, 1856, Ins. Saund. Dipt., p. 427. ADULT FEMALE. — Medium sized to rather large species. Head: Proboscis dark scaled, rather broadly ringed with white near middle; palpi short, dark, with a few white scales at tips. Occiput dorsally clothed with a broad longi- 200 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 tudinal stripe of narrow goIden-yellow scales, the stripe broader posteriorly, narrowed anteriorly and projecting forward between the eyes; a submedian patch of narrow dark bronzy-brown scales present on either side of the median pale-scaled area; lateral region of occiput clothed with broad appressed yellow- ish scales surrounding a patch of broad appressed dark scales. Erect forked scales numerous, those on central portion of occiput pale. Thorax: Integument of scutum black, clothed with narrow golden to golden-brown scales dorsally, becoming dark bronzy-brown laterally; anterior margin and prescutellar space somewhat paler; frequently a pair of narrow, rather indefinite, longitudinal submedian lines of pale yellow to golden-yellow scales originating at the outer margins of the prescutellar space and extending forward nearly the full length of the scutum. Posterior pronotum clothed with narrow dark bronzy-brown scales. Abdomen: First tergite whitish-yellow scaled; remaining tergites each laterally white, basally and medially pale yellow, and with a pair of large quadrate dark-scaled submedian patches. Venter whitish to pale-yellow scaled, speckled with dark scales. Legs: Femora and tibiae dark on outer aspects, liberally speckled with pale scales; inner surfaces pale; white knee spots present. Hind tarsus with segment 1 white-ringed at base and yellow ringed at middle, segments 2 to 4 broadly white-ringed at bases, and segment 5 entirely white. Fore-and mid-tarsi similarly marked, but with bands narrower on segments 1 to 3 and absent on 4; segment 5 of fore-tarsus usually entirely dark scaled; segment 5 of mid-tarsus usually principally white, blended with dark scales. Wing: Plume scales narrow; squame scales rather broad, mixed dark-brown and white. ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female. TERMINAlia (Fig. 107C). Lobes of ninth tergite (IXT-L) about two-thirds as long as wide, separated by a little less than the width of one lobe, each bearing several short stout setae. Tenth sternite (X-S) prominent, heavily sclerotized. Phallosome (Ph) stoutly conical, about two-thirds as broad as long, rounded apically, open ventrally, closed dorsally. Claspette stem (CI-S) rather stout (usually slightly stouter than in A. mitchellae) , pilose, somewhat curved, extending to or slight- ly beyond basal lobe and bearing a short seta near apex arising from a promi- nent tubercle; claspette filament (CI-F) as long as stem, slender, curved. Basistyle (Bs) about three times as long as width across middle, cylindrical, rounded at apex, clothed with scales and numerous long setae; basal lobe (B-L) only slightly raised, bearing numerous short setae; apical lobe absent. Dististyle (Ds) about two-thirds as long as basistyle, broader at basal third; terminal claw (Ds-C) slender, one-fifth as long as dististyle. The terminalia of this species is very similar to that of A. mitchellae. The most reliable character for separation is found in the basal lobe, which is more prominent in A. mitchellae. After carefully comparing terminalia of both species, it is usually possible to identify subsequent specimens with reasonable certainty. larva. (Fig. 108). — Head broader than long. Antenna about half as long as head, curved, spinose; antennal tuft multiple, finely barbed, inserted near middle. Head hairs: Preantennal (A) multiple, barbed, extending to insertion Carpenter et al. : Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 201 of antennal tuft; lower (B) and upper (C) long, usually single, smooth or very finely barbed; postclypeal (d) small, branched; sutural (e), trans-sutural (f) and supraorbital single, or double. Upper lateral abdominal hairs usually double on segments III to V. Comb of eighth segment of about 15 to 18 thorn-shaped scales in a patch; individual scale with a long apical spine and smaller lateral spinules. Siphon two to two and one-half times as long as wide; pecten of numerous evenly spaced teeth reaching middle of siphon or slightly beyond; subventral tuft multiple, inserted beyond pecten; dorsal preapical spine as long as apical pecten tooth. Anal segment about as wide as long, completely ringed by the dorsal plate; lateral hair single; dorsal brush consisting of a long Ds-C Cl-F ,-xs --CIS -Ph Fig. 107. Aedes sollicilans (Walker). A, Hind leg. B, Palp and proboscis of female. C, Male terminalia. D, Abdomen of female. 202 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 lower caudal hair and a shorter, multiple upper caudal tuft on either side; ven- tral brush large, confined to the barred area; gills 4, variable in length, usually short, but may be as long or longer than the anal segment, bluntly rounded. DISTRIBUTION. — The Bahamas; the Antilles; and Atlantic and Gulf coasts from Maine to Texas. It is also found in several inland areas where brackish water is available. Southern States: Alabama (96); Arkansas (30); Florida, Georgia, Louisiana and Mississippi (52); Missouri (1); North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia (52). Other States: Arizona (61); Connecticut and Delaware (52); Illinois and Indiana (61); Maine, Maryland and Massa- ~ig. 108. Larva of Aedes solUcilans (Walker). A, Terminalia segments. B, Comb scale. C, Pecten tooth. D, Head. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 203 chusetts (52); Nebraska (128); New Hampshire, New Jersey and New York (52); New Mexico (9); Oklahoma (159); Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and Texas (52). BIONOMICS. — The adults are strong fliers and often migrate in large num- bers to communities located many miles from their breeding places. The females are fierce biters and will attack any time during the day or night. Aedes sollicitans breeds in saltmarshes in coastal areas but also occurs in inland brackish water swamps, particularly in oil fields. Aedes (Ochlerotatus) sticticus (Meigen) Culex siiciiciis Meigen, 1838, Sysl. Beschr. Eur. Zweifl. Ins., 7:1. Aedes hirsuieron Dyar, 1928, Mosq. of Americas, 173. adult female. — Medium sized species. Head: Proboscis long, dark scaled; palpi short, dark. Occiput clothed dorsally with narrow pale yellow scales and yellowish erect forked scales; occiput clothed laterally with broad appressed yellowish scales surrounding a dark-scaled patch. Thorax: Integu- ment of scutum dark-brown to black, clothed with pale yellow lanceolate scales, except for a broad median longitudinal stripe of fine narrow gold'^n- brown scales; this median stripe about one-third as wide as scutum, originating near anterior margin and extending to the pale-scaled prescutellar space; a pair of short submarginal stripes of fine golden-brown scales present on either side of the prescutellar space and extending forward to near middle of scutum. Posterior pronotum with golden-brown lanceolate scales on dorsal half. Abdo- men: Tergites dark scaled, each with a narrow basal white band (occasionally lacking) which broadens on either side into a basal triangular white patch. Venter primarily white scaled, the apices of the terminal segments usually speckled with dark scales. Legs: Femora I and II dark scaled on outer aspects, speckled with pale scales, the inner surfaces pale; femur III mostly pale scaled, dark apically. White knee spots present. Legs beyond femora dark scaled, but with a pale streak extending down one side of tibiae and first segment of tarsi. Wing: Scales narrow, dark. adult male. — Coloration similar to that of female, but with dorsal abdom- inal white bands broader and dark scales usually more prevalent on the venter. TERMINALIA (Fig. 109A) Lobes of ninth tergite (IXT-L) about as long as broad, rounded or truncate apically, separated by a little less than the width of one lobe, each bearing several stout spines. Tenth sternite (X-S) prominent, heavily sclerotized beyond middle. Phallosome (Ph) broadly conical, about twice as long as broad, rounded apically, open ventrally, closed dorsally, lightly sclerotized. Claspette stem (CI-S) rather stout, cylindrical, slightly curved, pilose, extending to posterior margin of basal lobe; claspette filament (Cl-F) about two-thirds as long as stem, broad, blade-like, tapering to a recurved tip. Basistyle (Bs) about three times as long as width across middle, rounded at apex, clothed with scales and long setae on outer aspect; basal lobe (B-L) large, quadrate, bearing numerous short setae on apical portion and a dense tuft of longer setae subapically, this subapical tuft adjacent to a large recurved basal 204 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 spine; apical lobe (A-L) large, broadly rounded, bearing numerous short weak setae on inner margin. Dististyle (Ds) about three-fifths as long as basistyle, slightly broader medially; terminal claw (Ds-C) slender, nearly one-fourth as long as dististyle. larva. (Fig. 110). — Head broader than long. Antenna about half as long as head, moderately spined; antennal tuft multiple, inserted before middle of shaft, not reaching tip. Head hairs: Preantennal (A) multiple, extending beyond base of antennal tuft; lower (B) usually double, sometimes single or triple; upper (C) usually 3 to 4-branched; postclypeal (d) small, branched; sutural (e) double; trans-sutural (f) small, single; supraorbital long, single. Lateral abdominal hairs double on segments I to V. Comb of eighth segment of about 20 thorn-shaped scales in a patch; individual scale with a long apical spine and short lateral spinules. Siphon two and one-half to three times as long as wide; pecten of numerous, evenly spaced teeth, reaching to middle of siphon or nearly so; subventral tuft 4 to 6-branched, rather small, inserted beyond pecten. Anal segment longer than wide, with the dorsal plate reaching almost to the mid-ventral line; lateral hair single; dorsal brush consisting of a long lower caudal hair and a shorter multiple upper caudal tuft on either side; ventral brush well-developed, with a few shorter tufts preceding the barred area; gills 4, longer than the anal segment, pointed. Fig. 109. Aedes slicticus (Meigen). A, Male terminalia. B, Scutum and sculellum. Carpenter et al. : Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 205 distribution. — Canada to Florida, west to Utah and Montana. Southern States: Alabama (97); Arkansas (30); Florida (96); Georgia (148); Ken- tucky (140); Louisiana (96); Mississippi (97); Missouri (1); North Carolina (166); South Carolina (97); Tennessee and Virginia (52). Other States: Connecticut (52); Indiana (76); Iowa (155, 156); Kansas (128); Maine (90); Maryland and Massachusetts (52); Michigan (88); Minnesota (131) Montana (112); Nebraska (178); New Hampshire and New Jersey (52) New York (161); Oklahoma (159); South Dakota (52); Texas (108) Utah (142). bionomics. — The females are fierce biters, attacking during daylight hours and in early evening in woodlands and thickets near their breeding places. Matheson (116) says that the females are known to migrate several miles. The larvae of A. sticticus are found in flood pools in river valleys, especially in Fig. 110. Larva of Aedea sticticus (Meigen). A, Comb scale. B, Terminal segments. C, Pecten tooth. D, Head. 206 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 depressions containing vegetable matter. They develop from overwintering eggs, and there is but a single brood annually. Observations made by Rees (142) in Utah indicate that the eggs will remain viable for at least three seasons and probably longer in the absence of flooding. Similar observations have been made elsewhere by Twinn (181) and Dyar (54). Adults have been collected from February to August in the South but are more common from April to June farther north (4th Sv. C. Med. Lab. records, 1942-1944, unpublished) . Aedes (Ochlerotatus) stimulans (Walker) Culex slimiilans Walker, 1848, List. Dipt. Brit. Mus., 1:4. adult female. — Medium sized species. Head: Proboscis long, dark, in- conspicuously speckled with pale scales; palpi short, dark, speckled with pale scales. Occiput dorsally with a median triangular patch of pale yellow lanceolate scales, the patch broad posteriorly, narrowed anteriorly and projecting forward between the eyes; scales of the submedian area adjacent to the margin of the eye narrow, golden-brown; lateral region of occiput clothed with broad appressed yellowish-white scales surrounding a small dark-scaled patch. Erect forked scales numerous, those on central portion of occiput pale. Thorax: In- tegument of scutum dark brown, covered with narrow bronzy-brown scales, except for anterior and lateral margins, prescutellar space, and a pair of sub- median longitudinal lines, all of which are pale yellow to whitish scaled. Dorsal half of posterior pronotum with golden-brown lanceolate scales. Abdomen: First tergite white scaled; remaining tergites each with a broad basal band of white to pale-yellow scales; apical half of each tergite dark scaled, frequently speckled with a few pale scales; apices of terminal segments pale scaled. Venter primarily white scaled, frequently spotted with dark. Legs: Femora, tibiae, and first segment of tarsi clothed with intermixed dark and pale scales, the pale scales usually predominating on the femora; pale knee spots present. Segments of hind tarsus each with a broad basal white ring; segments 1 to 4 of fore- and mid-tarsi with narrower basal white rings than hind tarsus; segment 5 of fore- and mid-tarsi usually entirely dark. Wing: Scales narrow, ligulate, intermixed dark and dingy-white. ADULT male. — Coloration similar to that of female, terminalia (Fig. 11 IB). Lobes of ninth tergite (IXT-L) about as long as broad, separated by the width of one lobe, each bearing several short spine-like setae. Tenth sternite (X-S) prominent, heavily sclerotized beyond middle. Phallosome (Ph) sub- cylindrical (a little narrower across apical third than across base), about twice as long as basal width, open ventrally, closed dorsally, and with a notch at apex. Claspette stem (Cl-S) pilose, slender, curved, extending beyond basal lobe; claspette ^lament (CI-F) about as long as stem or slightly longer, broad, blade-like (the blade very thin, broadest and angulate near middle of filament) , gradually tapering to a pointed curved tip. Basis tyle (Bs) cylindrical, about three and one-half times as long as width across middle, rounded at apex, clothed with setae and scales on outer aspect and numerous long setae near inner ventral margin; basal lobe (B-L) short, bluntly conical, with numerous small apical setae and a stout curved, subapical spine; apical lobe (A-L) a prom- Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 207 inent thumb-like projection bearing short setae. Dististyle (Ds) a httle broader medially, approximately two-thirds as long as basistyle; terminal claw (Ds-C) slender, about one-fifth as long as dististyle. LARVA. (Fig .112). — Head broader than long. Antenna less than half as long as head, spinose; antennal tuft multiple, arising near middle of shaft. Head hairs: Preantennal (A) multiple, weakly barbed, barely reaching base of antennal tuft; lower (B) single; upper (C) double; postclypeal (d) small, branched; sutural (e), trans-sutural (f), and supraorbital single or double. Upper lateral abdominal hairs double or multiple on segment I, double on II to V and single on VI. Comb of eighth segment of numerous scales in a patch; individual scale with apical spine almost one and one-half times as long as subapical spines. Siphon about three times as long as wide; pecten of numerous evenly spaced teeth on basal third of siphon; subventral tuft 3 to 4-branched, inserted beyond pecten; anal segment longer than wide, with the dorsal plate reaching well down the sides; lateral hair single; dorsal brush consisting of a long lower caudal hair and a shorter multiple upper caudal tuft on either side; ventral brush large, with several small tufts preceding the barred area; gills 4, about as long as the anal segment, each tapering to a blunt point. DISTRIBUTION. — Mostly restricted to Northern United States, Canada and Alaska. Southern States: Mississippi (52). Other States: Colorado (129); IXT-L Fig. 111. Acic& stimulans (Walker). A. Hind tarsus. B, Male terminalia. C, Scutum and sculellum. 208 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 Connecticut (90); Delaware (106); Illinois (42); Iowa (155, 156); Maine (137); Massachusetts (52); Michigan (88); Minnesota (131); Montana (112); Nebraska (178); New Hampshire (105); New Jersey (77); New York (52); Pennsylvania (8); Rhode Island (99); Utah (142); Vermont (90); Wisconsin (48) ; Wyoming (129). bionomics. — The females are vicious biters and are often annoying in woodlands when abundant. The larvae are found mostly in rain-filled wood- land pools, and floodwater pools along rivers. Fig. 1 12. Larva of Aedes stimulans (Walker). A, Pecten tooth. B, Terminal segments. C, Comb scale. D, Head. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 209 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann) Culex iaeniorhvnchus Wiedemann, 1821, Dipt. Exot., p. 43. ADULT FEMALE. — Medium sized to rather small species. Head: Proboscis long, dark scaled, with a white ring near middle; palpi short, dark, white scaled at tips. Occiput dorsally with a broad longitudinal stripe of golden- yellow to pale golden-brown lanceolate scales, the stripe narrowed anteriorly and projecting forward between the eyes; this broad median stripe bounded on either side by a few dark scales, followed laterally by a large patch of broad appressed white scales enclosing a small dark-scaled area. Erect forked scales numerous, those on central portion of occiput pale. Thorax: Integument of scutum dark-brown, clothed dorsally with narrow golden-brown scales becoming dark-brown on lateral margins; the scales on the anterior margin, on prescutel- lar space, and immediately above the wing bases pale yellow to nearly silvery white. Posterior pronotum with narrow dark -brown scales. Abdomen: First tergite dark scaled; remaining tergites dark scaled, with narrow basal white bands dorsally and conspicuous white patches laterally; apices of the terminal tergites with a few pale scales. Sternites white scaled basally, dark scaled or speckled with white apically. Legs: Femora and tibiae dark brown to black scaled, pale on inner surfaces; femora usually tipped with a few white scales. Tarsi black; segments of hind tarsi each with a broad white basal ring, segment 5 occasionally entirely white; segments 1 to 3 of fore- and mid-tarsi with basal rings narrower than those of hind tarsi; segments 4 and 5 of fore- and mid- tarsi entirely dark. Wirjg: Scales narrow, dark. ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female, but with occiput usual- ly rather indefinitely marked. TERMINALla (Fig. 113B). Lobes of nhith tergite (IXT-L) about as broad as long, moderately sclerotized, separated by the width of one lobe, each bearing several short stout setae. Tenth sternite (X-S) prominent, sclerotized. Phallosome (Ph) a stout cylinder, rounded apically, open ventrally, closed dorsally, lightly sclerotized. Claspette stein (CI-S) slen- der, cylindrical, curved, pilose, extending a little beyond apex of basal lobe; claspette filament (Cl-F) nearly as long and broad as stem, curved, tapering to a point and bearing a prominent simple sharp retrorse projection medially. Basistyle (Bs) about three and one-half times as long as broad, cylindrical, rounded apically, clothed with large scales and numerous long setae; basal lobe (B-L) a broadly conical projection having many slender setae on apex; apical lobe absent. Dististyle (Ds) about half as long as basistyle, broadened medial- ly, slender and curved apically; terminal claw (Ds-C) slender, curved, a little more than one-fourth as long as dististyle. larva. (Fig. 114). — Head broader than long. Antenna less than half as long as head, slightly curved, sparsely spined; antennal tuft small, double or triple, inserted slightly before middle of shaft, not reaching tip. Head hairs: Preantennal (A) short, multiple, barbed; lower (B) and upper (C) long, single; postclypeal (d) small, branched; sutural (e), trans-sutural (f) and supraorbital single. Upper lateral abdominal hairs on segments III to V with three or more branches. Comb of eighth segment of numerous scales in a 210 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 patch, usually more than 15; individual scale small, rounded apically, fringed with subequal spinules. Siphon less than twice as long as wide; pecten of numerous short evenly spaced teeth reaching middle of siphon or slightly beyond; subventral tuft multiple, inserted beyond pecten; dorsal preapical spine as long as apical pecten tooth. Anal segment wider than long, completely ringed by the dorsal plate; lateral hair single; dorsal brush consisting of a long lower caudal hair and a shorter multiple upper caudal tuft on either side; ventral brush large, confined to the barred area; gills 4, very short, bluntly rounded. DISTRIBUTION. — Occurs along the Atlantic coast from Brazil to New Eng- land and along the Pacific coast from Peru to California. It is also found in several inland communities where brackish water is available for breeding. Southern States: Alabama (96); Arkansas (30); Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina and South Carolina ( (96) ; Virginia (49) . Other States: California (66); Connecticut (52); Delaware (106); Maryland (19); Fig. 113. Aedes laeniorhynchus (Wiedemann). A, Hind tarsus. B, Male terminalia. C, Palp and proboscis of female. Carpenter et al. : Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 211 Massachusetts (90); New Jersey (77); New York (52); Pennsylvania (8); Rhode Island (90); Texas (108). Fig. 1 14. Larva of Aedes taeniorhvrtchus (Wiedemann). A, Terminal segments. B, and C, Pecten teeth. D, and E, Comb scales. F, Head. BIONOMICS. — The females are fierce biters, attacking any time during the day or night. The adults are strong fliers and often migrate considerable dis- tances from their breeding places. This species breeds in saltmarshes flooded by tides or rains, and is occasionally found in freshwater pools. Aedes (Ochlerotatus) thibaulti Dyar and Knab Aedes thibaulti Dyar and Knab, 1910, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 11:174. ADULT FEMALE. — Medium sized species. Head: Proboscis long, black scaled; palpi short, black. Occiput dorsally with a longitudinal stripe of 212 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 narrow yellow scales, the stripe broad posteriorly, narrowed anteriorly and extending forward between the eyes; a small submedian patch of broad dark scales, bordered anteriorly by a line of narrow yellow scales margining the eye present on either side of the median pale-scaled area; lateral region of occi- put clothed with broad appressed pale scales. Pale erect forked scales numerous on dorsal surface of occiput. Thorax: Integument of scutum black, with a wide longitudinal stripe of narrow bronzy-black scales, the anterior half of Vv'hich is broadly margined laterally by golden lanceolate scales; the longitudinal dark stripe originating near anterior margin of scutum, remaining about con- stant in width to near middle, abruptly broadening beyond middle to cover entire postero-dorsal surface of scutum. A few golden scales present on the margins of the prescutellar space. Posterior pronotum clothed with golden lanceolate scales. Abdomen: Tergites blue-black scaled, with conspicuous basal patches of white to whitish-yellow scales. Venter primarily whitish scaled, with the apices of the terminal segments dark. Legs: Legs blue-black scaled except for white knee spots and pale inner surfaces of femora. Wing: Scales narrow, dark. e . K A » T 0 ►! Fig. 115. Aedes thibauiti Dyar and Knab. A, Male terminalia. B, Dislistyle. C, Scutum and scutellum. D, Claspette (side view). Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 213 adult male. — Coloration similar to that of female. TERMINALia (Fig. 115A). Lobes of 7iinth tergite (IXT-L) about as long as broad, separated by a little less than the width of one lobe, each bearing several short spines. Tenth sternite (X-S) prominent, heavily sclerotized beyond middle. Phallosome (Ph) cylindrical, about two-thirds as broad as long, strongly constricted just before apex, open ventrally and at tip, closed dorsally. Claspette stem (Cl-S) rather stout, pilose, bearing a short seta at tip and a short stout branch near middle; claspette ^lament (Cl-F) a large broadly expanded contorted leaf-like structure about as long as claspette stem and arising from the tip of the short median branch of the stem. Basistyle (Bs) cylindrical, nearly three times as long as broad, rounded at apex, clothed with scales and long setae (setae more numerous apically and near inner ventral margin) ; basal lobe (B-L) rounded, covered with numerous moderately long setae arising from distinct tubercles; apical lobe (A-L) a stout thumb-like projection bearing short curved setae on margin. Dististyle (Ds) approximately two-thirds as long as basistyle, broader Fig. 116. Larva of Aedes ihihaulti Dyar and Knab. A, Terminal segments. B, Head. C. Pecten tooth. D. Comb scale. 214 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 medially; terminal claw (Ds-C) slender, about one-sixth as long as dististyle. larva. (Fig. 116). — Head broader than long. Antenna nearly as long as head, slender, curved, spinose; antennal tuft multiple, inserted near middle of shaft, reaching tip. Inner preclypeal spines long, slender, lightly pigmented, separated by more than the length of one spine. Head hairs: Preantennal (A), lower (B), and upper (C) multiple, barbed, inserted nearly in a straight line; sutural (e) long, single; trans-sutural (f) and supraorbital 2-branched. Upper lateral abdominal hairs 3 to 4-branched on segments I and II, double on seg- ments III to VI. Comb of eighth segment of more than 20 scales in a patch; individual scale fringed with fairly stout spines, the apical spine somewhat longer and stouter. Siphon about four and one-half to five times as long as wide; pecten of numerous evenly spaced teeth not reaching middle of siphon; subventral tuft 5 to 7-branched, inserted beyond pecten. Anal segment longer than wide, nearly ringed by the dorsal plate; lateral hair single; dorsal brush consisting of a long lower caudal hair and a shorter multiple upper caudal tuft on either side; ventral brush well-developed, with two or three small tufts pre- ceding the barred area; gills 4, somewhat shorter than the anal segment. DISTRIBUTION. — Southern United States west to Texas. Southern States: Alabama (170); Arkansas (30); Florida (125); Georgia (96); Kentucky (140); Louisiana (24); Mississippi (54); Missouri (52); North Carolina (166); South Carolina (125); Tennessee (35). Other State: Texas (141). BIONOMICS. — The adults of this species are found during the spring in thickets and woodlands near their breeding places and are fierce biters, attack- ing even at midday. Hollow stumps and tree cavities are favorite resting places for the adults. Larvae are found in the hollow bases of gum trees following the flooding of lowland areas. Carpenter (30) states that he has found larvae of A. thibaulti in other kinds of trees on only two occasions. It is believed that very few trees, other than gum, have the type of cavities favorable for their breeding. Larvae of A. thibaulti have been collected from December to May in the South (4th Sv. C. Med. Lab. records, 1942-1944, unpublished). Aedes (Ochlerotatus) TORMENTOR Dyar and Knab Aedes tormentor Dyar and Knab, 1906, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 14:191. ADULT FEMALE. — The female cannot be separated at this time from Aedes atlanticus. ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female, terminalia (Fig. 117). Lobes of ninth tergite (IXT-L) about three-fourths as broad as long, separated by slightly less than the width of one lobe, each bearing several short spines. Tenth sternite (X-S) prominent, heavily sclerotized beyond middle. Phallosome (Ph) about three-fifths as broad as long, stoutly conical, rounded apically, open ventrally, closed dorsally. Claspette stem (Cl-S) pilose basally, glabrous toward apex, slender, sinuous, extending a little beyond middle of basistyle; claspette filament (Cl-F) about two-fifths as long as stem, striated, curved and tapered at apical third. Basistyle (Bs) about four times as long as Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 215 width across middle, slightly curved, rounded at apex, clothed with scales and long setae on outer aspects (numerous moderately long setae present on inner ventral margin); basal lobe (B-L) cylindrical, nearly four times as long as wide, bearing numerous short stout setae on apex and a long curved spine near base, the spine arising from a large elongated tubercle; apical lobe (A-L) a ---IXT-L --Ph Fio. 117. Male terminalia of Aedes tormentor Dyar and Knab. 216 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 Fig. 118. Larva of Aedes tormentor Dyar and Knab. A, Terminal segments. B, Pecten tooth. C, Comb scale. D, Head. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 217 prominent thumb-like projection bearing numerous short setae. Dististyle (Ds) approximately three-fifths as long as basistyle, broader medially; terminal claw (Ds-C) slender, about one-fourth as long as dististyle. LARVA. (Fig. 118). — Head broader than long. Antenna less than half the length of the head, slightly curved, sparsely spined; antennal tuft multiple, inserted before middle of shaft, not reaching tip. Head hairs: Preantennal (A) multiple, sparsely barbed, extending beyond insertion of antennal tuft; lower (B) and upper (C) single; postclypeal (d) small, 3 to 4-branched; sutural (e) long, single; trans-sutural (f) double or triple; supraorbital single. Lateral abdominal hairs usually single on segments III to V. Comb of eighth segment of about 9 to 12 thorn-shaped scales in a single curved, sometimes irregular row; individual scale with a long apical spine and short lateral spinules. Siphon about twice as long as wide; pecten of numerous evenly spaced teeth, extending to near distal fourth of siphon; subventral tuft multiple, barbed, inserted with- in the pecten. Atial segment longer than wide, completely ringed by the dorsal plate; lateral hair single; dorsal brush consisting of a very long lower caudal hair and a shorter multiple upper caudal tuft on either side; ventral brush well developed and with one of two small tufts preceding the barred area; gills 4, as long or longer than the anal segment, each tapering to a point. distribution. — Southern States: Alabama (96); Arkansas and Florida (52); Georgia (148); Louisiana (96); Mississippi (52); North Carolina (125); South Carolina (64). Other State: Texas (108). bionomics. — Very little is known of the habits of the adults of A. tor- mentor, since they cannot be separated from A. atlanticus except by examina- tion of the male terminalia. The larvae are rare and occur in temporary rain- filled pools during the summer months. Aedes (Ochlerotatus) trivittatus (Coquillett) Cidex trivitiaius Coquillett. 1902, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 10:193. ADULT FEMALE. — Medium sized species. Head: Proboscis dark scaled; palpi short, dark. Narrow median area of occiput clothed with white lanceolate scales and erect pale forked scales; remainder of occiput with a few dark erect forked scales and numerous broad appressed dingy-white scales (often a small patch of broad brown scales present laterally, surrounded by the broad pale scales). Thorax: Integument of scutum dark brown, with a pair of conspicu- ous longitudinal submedian stripes of narrow white to whitish-yellow scales; the submedian stripes uniting on anterior margin and often joined posteriorly on prescutellar space; remaining portions of scutum and dorsal half of posterior pronotum clothed with bronzy-brown lanceolate scales. Abdomen: First tergite dark scaled; other tergites dark scaled with basal patches of white scales later- ally. Scales of venter white to whitish-yellow. Legs: Scales dark except for pale inner surfaces of femora and tibiae and a white streak usually on inner surface of segment 1 of each tarsus. Wing: Scales narrow, dark brown. 218 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female, except that the abdo- men usually has narrow white basal bands dorsally, at least on some segments. TERMINALIA (Fig. 119A). Lobes of ninth tergite (IXT-L) about as long as broad, separated by approximately the width of one lobe, each bearing several short spines. Tenth sternite (X-S) prominent, heavily sclerotized beyond middle. Phallosome (Ph) stoutly conical, about one and three-fourths times as long as broad, rounded apically, open ventrally, closed dorsally. Claspette stem (Cl-S) pilose, slender, curved, extending beyond basal lobe. Claspette filament (Cl-F) nearly as long as stem, expanded blade-like, tapered and curved beyond C.KAiTan Fig. 119. Aedes trivittahis (Coquillett). A, Male terminalia. B, Scutum and scutellum. middle; the blade-like portion with a large sharp retrorse projection arising from its basal margin; one or more minute accessory retrorse spines occasional- ly present on inner margin of the large projection or between the large projec- tion and the non-expanded basal portion of filament. Basistyle (Bs) nearly four times as long as width across middle, bluntly rounded at apex, clothed with scales and long setae (setae very numerous and long on inner ventral margin) ; basal lobe (B-L) prominent, bluntly conical, bearing numerous short setae apically and a large curved spine on dorsal side; apical lobe (A-L) rounded, not prominent, its vestiture consisting of a few fine short setae. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 219 Dististyle (Ds) about two-thirds as long as basistyle, slightly broader medially; terminal claw (Ds-C) slender, approximately one-fifth as long as dististyle. LARVA. (Fig. 120) — Head broader than long. Antenna a little less than half as long as head, curved, sparsely spined; antennal tuft multiple, inserted near middle of shaft, not reaching tip. Head hairs: Preantennal (A) multiple, sparsely barbed, extending to insertion of antennal tuft; lower (B) and upper (C) single, sparsely barbed; postclypeal (d) small, branched; sutural (e) Fig. 120. Larva of Aedes trivitiaius (Coquillett). A, Terminal sesments. B, Head. C, Comb scale. D, Pecten tooth. 220 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 single; trans-sutural (f) double or triple; supraorbital single or double. Body spiculate. Upper lateral abdominal hairs single on segment III to V. Comb of eighth segment of about 18 to 25 thorn-shaped scales in a patch; individual scale with apical spine about twice as broad and generally about one and one- third times as long as subapical spinules. Siphon about twice as long as wide; pecten of numerous evenly spaced teeth, usually extending beyond middle of siphon; subventral tujt multiple, inserted beyond pecten; dorsal preapical spine less than half as long as apical pecten tooth. Anal segment wider than long, completely ringed by the dorsal plate; lateral hair single; dorsal brush consist- ing of a long lower caudal hair and a shorter multiple upper caudal tuft on either side; ventral brush well-developed, confined to the barred area; gills 4, longer than the anal segment, each tapering to a point. DISTRIBUTION. — Southern Canada; United States, south to South Carolina and Louisiana, west to Colorado and Montana. Southern States: Arkansas (31); Georgia (148); Kentucky (140); Louisiana (54); Missouri (1); North Carolina (97); South Carolina (27); Tennessee (97); Virginia (49). Other States: Colorado (89); Connecticut (21); District of Columbia (52); Illinois (42); Indiana (76); Iowa (155, 156); Kansas (128); Maine, Maryland and Massachusetts (52); Minnesota (131); Montana (112); Nebraska (178); New Jersey (77); New Mexico (52); New York (162); North Dakota (127); Oklahoma (159); Pennsylvania (8); Rhode Island (99); Texas (108); West Virginia (54); Wisconsin (48); Wyoming (129). BIONOMICS. — The females are fierce biters, attacking during daylight hours when their haunts are invaded. Owen (131) states that the bite of this mos- quito is the most painful he has experienced from any species in Minnesota. Larvae of A. trivittatus occur mostly in flood-water pools along rivers and in woodland pools. This species passes the winter in the egg stage and larvae may be found any time during the summer following rains. Aedes (Finlaya) atropalpus (Coquillett) Culex atropalpus Coquillett, 1902, Can. Ent., 34:292. ADULT FEMALE. — Medium sized species. Head: Proboscis long, slender, dark scaled; palpi short, dark. Occiput dorsally with a median patch of yellow lanceolate scales, the patch broad posteriorly, narrowed anteriorly and project- ing forward between the eyes; this dorso-median patch bounded submedially by a large area of broad appressed white scales which extend far down the sides, enclosing a lateral patch of broad dark scales. Pale erect forked scales numerous on central portion of occiput. Thorax (Fig. 121C) : Integument of scutum black, clothed dorsally with a very wide irregular longitudinal stripe of fine dark bronzy-brown scales; this longitudinal dark stripe broadly margined and partially interrupted by a lateral area of narrow pale-yellow to golden- yellow scales; the lateral area of pale scales extends from the anterior margin of the scutum to near the wing base and projects medio-posteriorly from the region of the scutal angle along the prescutal-scutal suture. Prescutellar space Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 221 margined with pale yellow scales; posterior pronotum clothed with narrow dark scales dorsally, broader pale scales ventrally. Abdomen: First tergite dark scaled; remaining tergites dark, all except the last with narrow basal white bands. Venter white scaled basally, speckled or entirely covered with dark scales apically. Legs: Hind leg dark scaled except for pale inner surface of femur, prominent white knee spot, white tip of tibia, and rather broad basal and apical rings on tarsal segments, the last segment entirely white. Fore and middle legs similarly marked, but with tarsal rings narrower on segments 1 and 2, entirely lacking or greatly reduced on 3 and 4; segment 5 always entirely dark. Wtng: Scales narrow, all dark except for a small white-scaled patch at base of costa. f , KA>to«« Fig. 121. Acdes alropalpus (Coquillett). A, Hind tarsus. B, Male terminalia. C, Scutum and scutellum. ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female, terminalia (Fig. 121B). Lobes of ninth tergite inconspicuous, without spines or setae. Tenth sternite (X-S) prominent, heavily sclerotized beyond middle. Phallosome (Ph) nearly twice as long as broad, subcylindrical (slightly constricted at basal third and somewhat bulbous at apical third), bluntly pointed at tip, open ventrally, closed dorsally. Claspette stem (CI-S) slender, extending a little beyond basal third of basistyle, pilose, slightly curved, and with a subapical seta arising from 222 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 a prominent tubercle; claspette filament (Cl-F) about three-fourths as long as stem, slender, sickle-shaped. Basis tyle (Bs) about three and one-half times as long as broad, nearly straight, conical, narrowly rounded at apex, clothed with long and short setae and numerous large scales; basal lobe (B-L) inconspicu- ous, represented by a small slightly raised darkly pigmented area covered by a dense patch of setae; apical lobe absent. Diitistyle (Ds) about two-thirds as long as basistyle, evenly curved, not expanded medially, glabrous except for a few setae near apex; terminal claw (Ds-C) slender, about one-fifth as long as basistyle. LARVA. (Fig. 122). — Head slightly broader than long. Antenna less than half as long as head, slightly curved, spinose; antennal tuft small, 2 to 3- branched, inserted at middle of shaft. Head hairs: Preantennal (A) 3 to 4- branched; lower (B) and upper (C) single; postclypeal (d) small, usually 2 to 3-branched; sutural (e), trans-sutural (f), and supraorbital single. Comb of eighth segment of many scales in a patch; individual scale fringed apically with subequal spinules. Siphon slightly less than twice as long as wide; pecten of numerous teeth extending nearly to tip of siphon, the last 3 or 4 teeth widely spaced; subventral tuft multiple, barbed, inserted within the pecten. Anal segment about as long as wide, with the dorsal plate extending halfway down the sides; lateral hair single or double; dorsal brush consisting of a long lower caudal hair and a shorter multiple upper caudal tuft on either side; ventral brush well-developed, confined to the barred area; gills 4, about three times as long as the anal segment. DISTRIBUTION. — Southern Canada; United States; Mexico (87); and Central America (54). Southern States: Arkansas (30); Missouri (70); North Carolina (166); Tennessee (170); Virginia (52). Other States: Ari- zona, Connecticut and District of Columbia (52); Maine (137); Maryland and Massachusetts (52); Minnesota (131); New Hampshire (52); New Jer- sey (77); New Mexico and New York (52); Oklahoma (159); Pennsylvania (52); Rhode Island (99); Texas (108) ; Vermont (90); Wisconsin (48). BIONOMICS. — The females of A. atropalpus are active biters and frequently annoying near rocky streams along which they breed. Carpenter (30) found adults, both males and females, resting during the daytime under rock ledges near their breeding places on Petit Jean Mountain in Arkansas in 1938, and several females were taken biting during daylight hours in the same area. Owen (131) states that females of this species feed freely on man in Minnesota when encountered but were never observed far away from their breeding places. Owing to the limited number of suitable breeding places, the species is never extremely abundant and only troublesome locally. The larvae are usually found throughout the summer in overflow pools in rock holes along mountain streams, but may also be taken on occasions in rain- filled depressions in rocks some distance from such streams. Although the larvae are slow in development, the species is several-brooded in warmer cli- mates. The eggs are laid singly above the water level and are apparently firmly attached to the rock so as to withstand winter floods. Larvae were collected Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 223 by Carpenter (30) in Arkansas during February, March, and September through December. medical importance. — During 1939, workers at the Harvard Medical School demonstrated in the laboratory that A. atropalpus can transmit the eastern variety of equine encephahtis. They concluded, however, that it is probably not an important natural vector of the disease due to its peculiar geographical distribution and to the small number of specimens ordinarily encountered. Fig. 122. Larva of Aedes alropalpus (Coquillett). A, Terminal segments. B, Comb scale. C, Pecten tooth. D, Head. 224 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 Aedes (Finlaya) triseriatus (Say) Culex Iriseriaius Say, 1823, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 3:12. ADULT FEMALE. — Medium sized species. Head: Proboscis long, black; palpi short, black. Occiput clothed dorsally with curved silvery-white lanceolate scales and white erect forked scales; occiput clothed laterally with broad appressed white scales. Thorax: Integument of scutum black, with a wide longitudinal stripe of narrow dark-brown scales, broadly margined on either side by white lanceolate scales; the longitudinal dark stripe of scutum originat- ing near the anterior margin, becoming gradually broader to middle, much ---IXT-L £. K A )TOM B Fig. 123. Aedes triseriatus (Say). A, Male terminalia. B, Scutum and scutellum. broader beyond middle (covering most of dorsal surface), and extending to posterior margin on either side of the white-bordered presuctellar space. Pos- terior pronotum clothed with broad appressed white scales. Abdomen: Tergites blue-black scaled, with conspicuous basal patches of white scales laterally. Venter white scaled, with the apices of the terminal segments black. Legs: Fore and middle legs black scaled except for femora, which are pale on inner sur- Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 225 faces and usually have a few white scales at tips. Hind legs black scaled except for femora, which have the basal one-half to two-thirds whitish scaled on all aspects and the tips conspicuously white scaled. Wing: Scales narrow, dark. ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female, terminalia (Fig. 123A). Lobes of ninth stermte (IXT-L) distinct but not as long as broad, moderatelv sclerotized, well separated, each bearing a row of stout setae. Tenth stermte (X-S) prominent, sclerotized apically. Phallosome (Ph) a stout cylinder, truncate apically, open ventrally, closed dorsally, lightly sclerotized. Claspette stem (Cl-S) slender, cylindrical, curved, pilose, reaching ba.sal third of basistyle; claspette filament (Cl-F) ligulate, slightly longer and narrower than stem, gradually tapering to a pointed, somewhat recurved tip, and extend- ing a little beyond middle of basistyle. Basistyle (Bs) nearly three times as long as broad, rounded apically, clothed with large scales and moderately long setae; basal lobe (B-L) ill-defined, represented by a dense patch of setae near base of basistyle; apical lobe also ill-defined, but probably represented by a small dense patch of long setae on inner face of basistyle at apical third. Disti- style (Ds) less than half as long as basistyle, broader basally and medially; termnial claw (Ds-C) slender, curved, about half as long as dististyle. larva. (Fig. 124). — Head slightly broader than long. Antemia about half as long as head, slightly curved, smooth; antennal tuft represented by a single hair inserted near middle of shaft, nearly reaching tip. Head hairs: Preantennal (A) short, multiple; lower (B) 2 to 4-branched; upper (C) long, single; post- clypeal (d) well-developed, multiple; sutural (e) and trans-sutural (f) single or double; supraorbital single. Lateral abdominal hairs on segments I and II triple, sometimes double; double on III to VI. Comb of eighth segment of about 9 to 15 scales in a single or partially double row; individual scale long, gradually tapered, evenly fringed with short spinules. Siphon two and one-half to three times as long as wide; pecten of numerous evenly spaced teeth extend- ing to near middle of siphon; subventral tuft represented by a single, sometimes double, barbed hair inserted beyond pecten. Anal segment about as wide as long, with dorsal plate extending a little more than half-way down the sides; lateral hair large, multiple, inserted near ventro-lateral margin; dorsal brush consisting of a long lower caudal hair and a shorter multiple upper caudal tuft on either side; ventral brush well developed, consisting of long rather sparse tufts and with two or three smaller tufts preceding the barred area; gills 4, small, blunt, shorter than the anal segment, the dorsal pair somewhat longer than the ventral pair. distribution. — Southern Canada; eastern United States west to Mon- tana. Southern States: Alabama (170); Arkansas (30); Florida and Georgia (52); Kentucky (140); Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia (52). Other States: Colorado (134); Connecticut (52); Delaware (106); District of Columbia (52); Illinois (42); Indiana (76); Iowa and Kansas (52); Maine (90); Maryland (19); Mas.^a- chusetts (52); Michigan (88); Minnesota (131); Montana (52); Nebraska (178); New Hampshire (52); New Jersey (77); New York (52); Oklahoma (159); Rhode Island (99) ; Texas (108); Wisconsin (48). 226 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 BIONOMICS. — The adults of this species frequent woodlands near their breeding places. The females attack man during the day or early evening in woodlands or around homes located in or near wooded areas. The bite of this mosquito is painful and lasting. The larvae occur in water in rot cavities of trees and occasionally in artificial containers, particularly wooden tubs, barrels, and troughs, and may be found throughout the year in the southern states (4th Sv. C. Med. Lab, reports, 1942-1944, unpublished). Fig. 124. Larva of Aedes Iriserialus (Say). A, Terminal segments. B, Pecten tooth. C, and D, Comb scales. E, Head. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 227 MEDICAL importance. — Laboratory experiments performed by the Har- vard Medical School during 1939 showed that A. tnseriatus can transmit the eastern variety of equine encephaHtis. Bennett et al. (16) were able to transmit the virus of yellow fever experimentally with this species, but it is unimportant as a vector since its range of distribution is outside the present endemic zones of the disease. Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus) 1 Culex aegypti Linnaeus, 1762, Hass. Pal. Reise, p. 470. ADULT FEMALE. — Medium sized species. Head: Proboscis dark scaled; palpi short, dark, tipped with silvery-white scales. Clypeus and tori with broad appressed silvery-white scales. Occiput clothed dorsally with a rather narrow longitudinal stripe of broad white scales, extending anteriorly between the eyes; this median stripe bounded on either side by a large submedian patch of broad dark scales (the anterior margin of the submedian dark patch with a line of narrow silvery-white scales bordering the eye) ; lateral region of occiput clothed with a patch of broad white scales, the patch interrupted near its middle by a smaller patch of dark scales. Erect forked scales pale, restricted to the dorso- posterior portion of occiput. Thorax: Integument of scutum dark brown to black, covered with narrow dark bronzy-brown scales except for a small patch of narrow white scales at the middle of the anterior margin and a conspicuous lyre-shaped pattern of pale scales. (The outer frame-work of the "lyre" con- sisting of a pair of strong lines of rather broad silvery-white scales; these lines broader, curved outward and crescent-shaped on the anterior half of scutum; these lines narrower, submedian in position and straight on posterior half of scutum and extending to posterior margin. The "strings" of the "lyre" con- sisting of a pair of narrow straight submedian lines of slender yellowish-white scales originating at the anterior margin of scutum and extending nearly to prescutellar space) . Anterior pronotal lobe, posterior pronotum and lobes of scutellum clothed with broad appressed white scales. Abdomen: Tergites dark scaled, with narrow basal white bands dorsally and silvery-white basal patches laterally. Venter white scaled except for the last two segments, which are prin- cipally dark. Legs: Legs dark scaled, but with white knee spots, white streaks on femora, and white-scaled basal rings on tarsal segments. Basal rings of hind tarsi broad on segments 1 to 4; segment 5 entirely white. Basal rings of fore- and mid-tarsi narrower than those of hind tarsi, present on only segments 1 and 2. Wing: Scales rather narrow, dark. ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female. TERMINAlia (Fig. 125E). Lobes of ninth tergite (IXT-L) large, triangular, clothed apically with a few very small setae. Tenth sternite (X-S) prominent, moderately sclero- tized, blunt apically, bearing a short ventral branch at basal third. Phallosome (Ph) conical in dorsal view, a little more than twice as long as basal width, open ventrally, closed dorsally at apical third; each plate with a row of strong ventral teeth beyond middle, those at tip more numerous and projecting dor- sally to form a crown at the apex of the phallosome. Claspette absent; inter- 1 Stegomyia fasciata of authors. The reader is referred to Dyar (1928) and Edwards (1932) for synonymy and references to this species. 228 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 basal fold (Ib-F) prominent; pilose. Basistyle (Bs) conical, short, about one and one-half times as long as wide, clothed on outer and ventral aspects with setae and numerous large scales; basal lobe (B-L) indistinct, represented by a few stout, apically bent spines and a dense patch of setae covering most of the inner face of the basistyle (this may not be a true basal lobe) ; apical lobe Fig. 125. Aedes aeg^pli (Linnaeus). A, B, and C. Hind-, mid-, and fore- legs, respectively. D, Scutum and scuteilum. E, Male terminaiia. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 229 absent. Dististyle (Ds) about five-eighths as long as basistyle, slightly expanded a little beyond middle, tapered and curved distally; terminal claw (Ds-C) pointed, about one-seventh as long as dististyle. LARVA. (Fig. 126). — Head slightly broader than long. Antenna about one- third as long as head, slightly curved, smooth; antennal tuft represented by a single hair inserted at middle of shaft. Head hairs: Preantennal (A), lower (B), and upper (C) single; postclypeal (d) about 3 to 5-branched; sutural (e) trans-sutural (f), and supraorbital single. Upper lateral abdominal hairs t. n/\ >rof» Fio. 126. Larva of Aedes aegvpli (Linnaeus). A, Terminal segments. B, Head. C, Pecten tooth. D, Comb scale. 230 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 on segments I to V variable, usually double or triple. Comb of eighth segment of 7 to 12 thorn-shaped scales in a single curved row; individual scale with a strong apical spine and several shorter stout thorn-like lateral spines. Siphon about twice as long as wide; pecten of numerous more or less evenly spaced teeth reaching middle of siphon; suhventral tuft about 3-branched, inserted beyond pecten. Anal segment about as long as wide, almost ringed by the dorsal plate; lateral hair single or double; dorsal brush consisting of a long lower caudal hair and a 2 to 4-branched upper caudal tuft on either side; ventral brush composed of about 7 to 10 long double hairs arising posterior to the dorsal plate; gills 4, each more than twice as long as the anal segment, broad, bluntly rounded at tip. distribution. — Occurs throughout most of the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Southern States: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, and Mississippi (52); Missouri (1); North Carolina (166); South Carolina and Tennessee (52); Virginia (49). Other States: District of Columbia (52); Indiana (76); New Mexico (9); Oklahoma (159); Texas (108). BIONOMICS. — This species is frequently abundant and troublesome in dwell- ings or near human habitations, especially in towns and cities. It is closely asso- ciated with man and seems to prefer the blood of man over that of animals. The females are quite wary and more commonly bite around the ankles; they may even crawl under clothing to reach a favorable spot. Feeding takes place mostly during daylight hours or under bright lights at night. The adults are frequently found resting inside houses in clothes closets, in cupboards, behind pictures, underneath beds, and in other similar places. Specimens are rarely taken in light trap collections but are frequently found in diurnal resting shelters. They remain near human habitations and probably do not fly more than a few hundred feet from their breeding places. The eggs are deposited almost exclusively in artificial containers around dwellings, either just above the water level or on the surface of the water. The species is able to pass the winter in the egg stage, but breeding may be continu- ous throughout the year in the extreme southern United States. It frequently breeds during the winter months in heated buildings throughout most of its range. medical importance. — Aedes aegypti is an important vector of yellow fever and dengue. Control of this species requires frequent inspections of premises and the elimination or screening of water containers in which breeding may occur. Aedes (Aedimorphus) vexans (Meigen) Culex vexans Meigen, 1830, Sysl. Beschr. Zweifl. Ins., 6:241. ADULT FEMALES. — Medium sized species. Head: Proboscis dark scaled; palpus short, dark, with fourth segment bearing a few white scales at base and tip. Broad dorsal region of occiput clothed with narrow pale yellow to golden- brown scales and numerous dark and pale erect forked scales; lateral region of occiput covered with broad whitish or pale-yellow scales adjacent to a dark- Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 231 scaled patch near margin of eye. Thorax: Integument of scutum brown; vesti- ture consisting of narrow golden-brown scales, with those of prescutellar space, postero-lateral and anterior margins paler; a pair of indefinite submedian spots or streaks of pale scales occasionally present anteriorly on scutum. Scales of posterior pronotum similar to those of scutum. Lower mesepimeral bristles absent. Abdomen: First tergite predominantly dark scaled, with a few white scales near base. Tergites I to VI dark scaled, each with a conspicuous white band basally and basal white patches laterally (basal bands usually not joining the lateral patches; mid-posterior margin of each band indented) ; white scales present on apical margins of the last three segments; seventh tergite mostly dark dorsally except for the apical white scaling. Venter whitish scaled, with each sternite marked medially with dark scales, often in a V-shaped patch with the base of the V directed anteriorly. Legs: Legs dark scaled, with inner sur- faces of femora, tibiae, and often segment 1 of tarsi pale scaled; knee joints pale. Each segment of hind tarsus with a narrow basal white ring; fore- and mid-tarsi similarly marked but with the basal rings of segments 4 and 5 much reduced or lacking. WiT2g: Scales narrow, dark. ADULT male. — Coloration similar to that of female. Terminalia (Fig. 127B). Lobes of ninth tergite (IXT-L) indistinct, widely separated, only 127. Aedes Vexans (Meigen). A, Hind tarsus. B, Male terminalia. C, Abdomen of female. 232 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 slightly elevated, each bearing several weak setae. Tenth sternite (X-S) lightly sclerotized. Phallosome (Ph) small, narrowest near base, open dorsally and ventrally, consisting of two heavily sclerotized plates bearing strong teeth api- cally. Claspette stem (Cl-S) stout, pilose, capitate, fused to basistyle and crowned with numerous short setae; claspette filament absent. Basistyle (Bs) about three times as long as basal width, curved, becoming narrower beyond basal third, rounded at apex, clothed with scales and long setae (setae more numerous on outer aspects and along inner ventral margin) ; basal and apical lobes absent. Dististyle (Ds) broad, flattened, about two-thirds as long as basistyle, with tip densely pilose and bluntly pointed; claw (Ds-C) stout, borne on a small thumb-like projection at apical fifth of dististyle. larva. (Fig. 128). — Head broader than long. Antenna half as long as head, curved, spinose; antennal tuft multiple, inserted near middle of shaft, nearly reaching tip. Head hairs: Preantennal (A) multiple, reaching beyond insertion of antennal tuft; lower (B) 2 to 3-branched; upper (C) 3 to 5- branched (hairs A, B, and C not inserted in a straight line) ; postclypeal (d) small, multiple; sutural (e) single; trans-sutural (f) and supraorbital single or double. Upper lateral abdominal hairs double or triple on segments I to V. Comb of eighth segment of about 9 to 12 thorn-shaped scales in an irregu- lar single or double row; individual scale with a long apical spine and short lateral spinules. Siphon about three to three and one-half times as long as wide; pecten reaching to middle of the siphon or beyond, with the last two or three teeth somewhat longer and widely spaced; subventral tuft small, multiple, in- serted beyond pecten. Anal segment longer than wide, with dorsal plate extend- ing ventrally nearly to mid-line; lateral hair single; dorsal brush consisting of a long lower caudal hair and a shorter upper caudal tuft of 4 or 5 branches on either side; ventral brush large, with 4 or 5 smaller tufts preceding the barred area; gills 4, longer than the segment. distribution. — A widespread species occurring throughout the Palearctic, Nearctic and Oriental regions. It is common in southern Canada and through- out most of the United States, but less abundant in the extreme South. South- ern States: Alabama (170); Arkansas (30); Florida and Georgia (52); Kentucky (140); Louisiana and Mississippi (52); Missouri (1); North Caro- lina (166); South Carolina (64); Tennessee (170); Virginia (49). Other States: Arizona, California, Colorado and Connecticut (52); Delaware (106); District of Columbia, Idaho, Illinois and Indiana (52); Iowa (155, 156); Kansas (79); Maine (137); Maryland and Massachusetts (52); Michigan (88); Minnesota and Montana (52); Nebraska (178); New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota and Ohio (52); Oklahoma (159); Pennsylvania (8); Rhode Island (99); South Dakota (129); Texas (108); Utah (142); Vermont (90); West Virginia (52); Wisconsin (48); Wyoming (129). bionomics. — The females are troublesome biters, feeding in shady places during the day and becoming especially annoying at dusk and after dark. Adults are able to migrate long distances from their breeding places. Rees (142) found that this species has a flight range of 5 to 8 miles in Utah, while Hearle (78) claims that in British Columbia it can migrate a distance of ten miles with ease. The larvae occur in rain-filled depressions and flood waters. Carpenter et al. : Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 233 Breeding occurs throughout the year in the extreme South but is more com- mon from May to October farther north. MEDICAL IMPORTANCE. — Aedes vexans has been shown through laboratory experiments to transmit both the eastern and western varieties of equine enceph- alitis. Feemster and Getting (60) state that it is not unhkely that this species may prove to be the most important natural vector of this disease. The virus of St. Louis encephahtis has also been successfully transmitted by Aedes vexans in the laboratory (74). £ KA i-ran Fig. 128. Larva of Aedes vexans (Meigen). A, Terminal segments. B, Comb scale. C, Pecten tooth. D, Head. 234 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 Aedes (Aedes) cinereus Meigen Aedes cinereus Meigen, 1818, Syst. Beschr, Eur. Zweifl. Ins., 1:13. ADULT FEMALE. — Medium sized to rather small species. Head: Proboscis brown scaled; palpi short, brown. Occiput dorsally with a median longitudinal stripe of narrow pale-yellow to light golden-brown scales, the stripe broader posteriorly, narrowed anteriorly and projecting forward between the eyes; median stripe bounded on either side by a large submedian patch of broad appressed brown scales, these submedian patches margined anteriorly along eye margin by a line of narrow pale scales. Lateral region of occiput clothed with broad brownish-white dingy-yellow scales. Erect forked scales numerous on dorsal surface of occiput, pale brown to brown. Thorax: Integument of scutum Fig. 129. Aedes cinereus Meigen. A, Male terminalia. B, Head appendage of male. reddish brown, evenly clothed with fine narrow golden-brown scales, paler on anterior margin, lateral margin above wing base, and on prescutellar space. Posterior pronotum with narrow golden-brown scales dorsally, paler ventrally. Abdomen: Tergites each with a narrow basal whitish-scaled band dorsally, abruptly broadened on either side to cover the entire lateral margin; remaining surface brown scaled. Venter whitish-yellow scaled. Legs: Legs brown scaled except for pale inner surfaces of femora and tibiae. Wing: Scales narrow, brown. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 235 ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female. Palpi minute, even shorter than those of female. Antennae extremely bushy. TERMINALIA (Fig. 129A). Lobes of nhith tergite (IXT-L) as long as broad, rounded or truncate apically, separated by about twice the width of one lobe, each bearing numerous setae, arising from distinct tubercles. Tenth sternite (X-S) heavily sclerotized, slender, rod-like; tip rounded, no broader than shaft. Phallosorjie (Ph) heavily sclerotized, closed at apex and base, open dorsally and ventrally; basal half narrow, apical half swollen, apex rounded or bluntly pointed. Claspette stem (Cl-S) unequally bifurcate; the shorter (inner) branch with one or two apical and one or two subapical spines; the longer branch generally with two apical and two to four subapical spines. Basistyle (Bs) about twice as long as basal width, shaped like a curved cone, tapered to a narrowly rounded apex bearing many long setae; lateral and ventral aspects of basistyle with scales and moder- ately long setae. Basal lobe (B-L) broad at base and with narrow conical apical Fig. 130. Larva of Aedes cinereus Meigen. A, Comb scale. B, Terminal segments. C, Head. D, Peclen tooth. 236 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 portion directed mesad, densely covered with setae arising from distinct tuber- cles, the setae stouter on apex; apical lobe absent. Dististyle (Ds) inserted well before apex of basistyle, unequally bifurcate near base; the shortened (inner) branch bearing small setae distally; the longer branch bifurcate at apex, with each small branch blunt and bearing numerous small tooth-like spines. larva. (Fig. 130). — Head broader than long. Antenna more than half as long as head, slender, slightly curved, spinose; antennal tuft multiple, inserted before middle of shaft. Head hairs: Preantennal (A), lower (B) and upper (C) long, multiple, barbed, and inserted in a straight line; postclypeal (d) small, multiple; sutural (e) and trans-sutural (f) usually triple; supraorbital usually double. Upper lateral abdominal hairs on segments I and II double, single on segments III to V. Comb of eighth segment consisting of about 10 to 14 thorn-shaped scales in a partially double row; individual scale with a strong apical spine and very fine lateral spinules. Siphon approximately four times as long as wide; pec ten of about 15 teeth extending beyond middle of siphon, the last two or three teeth somewhat longer and widely spaced; subventral tuft about 4-branched, inserted beyond pecten. Anal segment longer than wide, about three-fourths ringed by the dorsal plate; lateral hair double; dorsal brush consisting of a long lower caudal hair and a shorter multiple upper caudal tuft on either side; ventral brush well developed, with several small tufts preceding the barred area; gills 4, long, narrowly lanceolate, the dorsal pair slightly longer than the ventral pair. distribution. — United States, Canada, Europe and Asia. Southern States: Alabama (4th Sv. C. Med. Lab. records, 1945, unpublished); Arkan- sas (30); Florida (35); Georgia (97); Mississippi (35); North Carohna (125); South Carolina (97); Tennessee (125). Other States: California (66) ; Connecticut (52); Illinois (42); Iowa (155, 156); Maine (103); Mary- land (19); Massachusetts (52); Michigan (88); Minnesota (131); Montana (112); Nebraska (178); New Hampshire (52); New Jersey (77); New York and Oregon (52); Pennsylvania (121); Rhode Island (99); Utah (142); Washington (52) ; Wisconsin (48). BIONOMICS. — Adults are rarely taken in the southern states except in light trap collections; therefore very little is known about their habits in this region. Owen (131), Hearle (78) and Marshall (113) report that the females are troublesome biters on occasions. Larvae occur in woodland pools, unshaded temporary rain-filled pools, and occasionally in marshes. This species is appar- ently single-brooded, overwintering in the egg stage and hatching mostly in the late spring, although some larvae may be found any time during the summer following rains. Genus CuLEX Linnaeusi Cuhx Linnaeus. 1758. Sysl. Nat., Ed. 10:602. The genus Culex includes approximately 300 species, most of which are restricted to the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The genus is 1 Consult Dyar (1928) or Edwards (1932) for synonymy. Carpenter et al. : Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 237 represented in the southern United States by comparatively few species belong- ing to three subgenera, Culex, Melanoconion, and Neoculex. SALIENT characters. — Adult: A pair of pad-like pulvilli at the bases of the tarsal claws. Tarsal claws of female without teeth. Pharyngeal bar of female distinctly toothed. Eyes contiguous above antennae. Spiracular and postspiracu- lar bristles absent. Squama fringed. Tip of abdomen of female bluntly rounded, the eighth segment not retracted. Male Terminalia: Phallosome formed of a pair of heavily sclerotized, variously divided plates. Tenth sternite crowned with numerous short spines or a comb-like row of teeth. Claspette absent. Subapical lobe of basistyle present; and armed with modified spines and setae. Larva: Head wider than long. Comb of eighth segment usually consist- ing of many scales in a triangular patch. Siphon with pecten and several pairs of subventral tufts. Anal segment completely ringed by the dorsal plate. Keys to the Species adult females 1. Proboscis and tarsi ringed with white 2 Proboscis and tarsi dark scaled 3 2. White tarsal rings broad; femora and tibiae each with a longitudinal line of white scales on outer surface; a few white scales present on costa and subcosta tarsalis Coq., p. 256 White tarsal rings very narrow; femora and tibiae dark on outer surfaces; wing scales entirely dark hahamcnsis D. and K., p. 240 3. Abdominal segments each with an apical triangular patch of white scales on either side, usually joined by a narrow dorso-apical band of similar scales apicahs Adams, p. 271 Abdominal segments with white scaling basal when present 4 4. Occiput dorsally with broad appressed scales, sometimes limited to a narrow border back of eyes; wing scales slightly or distinctly broadened, at least on vein 2 (Subgenus Melonoconion) erraticus (D. and K.). p. 262 pllosus (D. and K.), p. 268 peccalor D. and K., p. 265 atrahis Theob., p. 260 Occiput dorsally without broad, appressed scales; wing scales narrow 5 5. Abdominal segments each with a broad basal band of whitish scales dorsally 6 Abdominal segments without broad basal whitish bands dorsally; pale scaling, if present, in very narrow bands or restricted to lateral angles 7 6. Abdominal bands broadly rounded on posterior margins, constricted laterally, rather narrowly joining or entirely disconnected from the lateral patches; scales of scutum somewhat coarse, golden; scutum lacking a pair of small pale-scaled submedian spots near middle quinquefasciahis Say, p. 247 pipiens Linn., p. 245 Abdominal bands with posterior borders nearly straight across, broadly joining the lateral patches (particularly on segments 3 - 5) ; scales of scutum fine, golden-brown; scutum usually with a pair of small pale-scaled submedian spots near middle reshtans Theob., p. 250 7. Lateral basal patches of abdomen dingy-yellow, rather poorly defined; abdom- inal segment usually with very narrow dingy-yellow basal bands dorsally, and with the apices of the segments more or less blended with yellowish scales, VII either primarily or entirely clothed with dingy-yellow scales; scales of scutum golden brown; pleura with several groups of broad pale scales, each group usually comprised of more than 6 scales salinarius Coq., p. 253 238 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 Lateral basal patches of abdomen while, sharply defined; abdominal segments entirely dark dorsaliy (rarely with very narrow white basal bands), VII entirely dark scaled except for white lateral patches; scales of scutum dark brown; pleura with few or no scales (if scales present, rarely more than 5 or 6 in any single group) nigripalpus Theob., p. 242 MALE TERMINALIA 1. lOth sternite crowned apically with a comb-like row of blunt teeth 2 10th sternite crowned apically with a dense tuft of short spines 6 2. Subapical lobe of basistyle not divided into two main trunks; lateral plates of phallosome columnar, blunt and denticulate at apices, connected at apical fourth by a narrow transverse bridge (Subgenus N eoculex) apicalis Adams, p. 272 Subapical lobe of basistyle deeply divided into two main trunks; lateral plates of phallosome not columnar, without a narrow subapical connecting bridge (Subgenus Melanoconion) 3 3. Lobes of 9th iergite slender, finger-like, widely separated, the tips slightly con- vergent pilosus (D. and K.), p. 268 Lobes of 9th tergite inflated, the bases contiguous or separated by no more than the width of one lobe 4 4. Basistyle very large, subspherical ; dististyle quadrately expanded apically peccator D. and K., p. 265 Basistyle moderate in size, only about half as broad as long; dististyle not quadrately expanded apically 5 5. Lobes of 9th tergite large, ovate, contiguous at bases, widely divergent apically, clothed on all aspects with numerous long smooth setae erraltcus (D. and K.), p. 262 Lobes of 9(h tergite large, pyriform, separated basally by nearly the width of one lobe, divergent apically, clothed on basal half with numerous long feath- ered and smooth setae, the apical halves bare and tapered atratus Theob., p. 260 6. Subapical lobe arising near middle of basistyle, stout, thumb-like, about twice as long as wide; apical armature consisting of three stout rods, shorter than the lobe - bahameusis D. and K., p. 240 Subapical lobe arising near apical third of basistyle, little if any longer than wide; apical armature consisting of a variable number of appendages, all longer than the lobe 7 7. Subapical lobe with 8 appendages, one of which is a broadly expanded leaf- like filament; basal arm of 1 0th sternite represented by a short protuberance, never long and curved -— 8 Subapical lobe with 5 or 6 appendages, one of which may or may not be a broadly expanded leaf-likS filament; basal arm of 1 0th sternite long, curved 9 8. Ventral arm of phallosome large, weakly sclerotized, broadly wing-like, curved outwardly, tapered to a point; dorsal arm of phallosome long, slender, straight, pointed or narrowly rounded at tip, directed posteriorly and crossing over the ventral arm nearly at right angle to its wing-like outward extension quinquefasciaius Say, p. 247 Ventral arm of phallosome large, moderately sclerotized, narrowly wing-like, curved outwardly, tapered to a point; dorsal arm of phallosome long, slender, straight, truncate or bluntly rounded at tip, directed postero-laterally and obliquely crossing over the wing-like lateral extension of the ventral arm pipiens Linn., p. 245 9. Leaf-like filament of subapical lobe narrow; crown of 10th sternite with outer spines blunt tarsalis Coq., p. 257 Leaf-like filament of subapical lobe very broad; crown of lOth sternite either with all spines pointed or with the outer spines blunt 10 10. Each plate of phallosome with several stout teeth between the dorsal and ventral arms; crown of 10th sternite either with all spines pointed or with outer spines blunt; basal arm of 10th sternite heavily sclerotized 11 Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoeg of Southern U. S. 239 Each plate of phallosome with a single short triangular tooth between the dorsal and ventral arms; crown of 10th sternite with all spines pointed; basal arm of 10th sternite weakly sclerotized resluans Theob., p. 250 II. Dorsal arm of phallosome bent medially at right angle; crown of 10th sternite with all spines pointed; lobes of 9th tergite widely separated, only slightly raised; apical margin of 8th tergite bearing numerous, rather long slender setae (longer than those on lobes of 9th tergite) salinarlus Coq., p. 253 Dorsal arm of phallosome nearly straight; crown of 10th sternite with outer spines blunt; lobes of 9th tergite separated by no more than the width of one lobe, prominent; apical margin of 8th tergite bearing numerous short stout setae (shorter than those on lobes of 9th tergite) nigripalpiis Theob., p. 243 LARVAE (fourth INSTAr) 1 . Siphon spinose; anal g'lls 2, thick, bulbous; pect:n teeth progressively more widely spaced hahamensis D. and K., p. 242 Siphon not spinose; anal gills 4, normal; pecten teeth usually evenly spaced 2 2. Antenna of nearly uniform shape, with antennal tuft inserted near middle of shaft; siphon with 4 to 6 long single irregularly placed hairs and a pair of small 2 to 3-branched subapical tufts restuans TTieob., p. 251 Antennal tuft placed in a distinct constriction at outer third of shaft, the portion beyond the tuft more slender; siphon with hair tufts multiple (occasionally double or single), not irregularly placed although the subapical pair may be laterally out of line 3 3. Both lower and upper head hairs (B and C) multiple, long 4 Lower head hair (B) single (sometimes double) 7 4. Siphon 4 or 5:1 ; lower head hair (B) usually with 5 or more branches 5 Siphon 6 or 7:1 ; lower head hair (B) usually w:th 3 or 4 branches 6 5. Siphon with subventral tufts in a straight line iarsalis Coq., p. 259 Siphon with subapical subventral tuft laterally out of line quinquefasciaius Say, p. 248 p'lpiens Linn., p. 246 6. TTiorax spicular; lateral hair of anal segment usually single nigripalpus Theob., p. 244 Thorax glabrous; lateral hair of anal segment usually double ..salinarius Coq., p. 254 7. Pecten teeth each with I to 4 long coarse side teeth; upper head hair (C) usually single, occasionally double, nearly as stout and about two-thirds as long as the lower head hair (B) ; siphon very long and slender, about 7:1 apicalis Adams, p. 272 Pecten teeth each fringed on one side nearly to tip; upper head hair (C) single, double, or multiple, much shoiter and weaker than the lower head hair (B) ; siphon long or short (Subgenus M elanocon'ion) 8 8. Comb scales long, thorn-shaped, arranged in a curved or irregular single or double row 9 Comb scales rounded apically and fringed with subequal spinules, arranged in a triangular patch -- 10 9. Siphon short, 3 or 4:1, with 8 pairs of very long subventral tufts, the proximal pairs about as long as siphon; upper head hair (C) single, occasicmlly double, about half as long as the lower head hair (B) and much weaker pilosus (D. and K.), p. 269 Siphon long and slender, 6 or 7:1, with 5 or 6 pairs of subventral tufts, none of which are more than one-third the length of the siphon; upper head hair (C) 4 or more branched, very short, weak erraticus (D. and K.), p. 263 10. Upper head hair (C) short, weak, 5 or 6-branched; siphon about 7 or 8:1 alratus Theob., p. 261 Upper head hair (C) short, weak, 2 or 3-branched, occasionally single; siphon about 6:1 peccalor D. and K., p. 266 240 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 CuLEX (CuLEx) bahamensis Dyar and Knab Culex bahamensis Dyar and Knab, 1906, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 14:210. ADULT FEMALE. — Medium-sized species. Head: Proboscis dark scaled, with a rather broad white band medially; palpi short, dark, pale scaled at tips. Occi- put clothed dorsally with pale-gold lanceolate scales and dark erect forked scales; clothed laterally with broad white scales. Thorax: Integument of scutum brown; scutal scales narrow, curved, golden-brown to brown. Pleura with a few broad white scales, particularly on sternopleura. Abdomen: Tergites dark- brown scaled, each with a basal band of white scales; sternites predominantly pale scaled. Legs: Each leg dark scaled except for the following markings: Pale inner surface of femur; white line on inner side of tibia and often on inner side of first tarsal segment; narrow white ring at tip of tibia; a very narrow basal and apical white ring on each segment of tarsus (apical rings may be absent on tarsi of fore and middle legs). Wing: Scales narrow, dark. ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female. TERminALIA (Fig. 131 C). Lobes of ninth tergite (IXT-L) only slightly raised, each bearing Fig. 131. Culex bahamensis Dyar and Knab. A, Hind tarsus. B, palp and proboscis of female. C, Male terminalia. Carpenter et al. : Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 241 several short setae. Tenth sternite (X-S) crowned with numerous short, pointed spines; basal arm (B-A) stout, slightly curved. Phallosome (Ph) formed of two plates, each with a slender outwardly-curved apical process and a large hatchet-shaped lateral lobe; apical portion of lateral lobe laminate, being overlaid by numerous flattened appressed teeth. Claspette absent. Basistyle (Bs) conical, about twice as long as basal width, clothed with numerous setae (longer ventrally and apically); two dense patches of moderately long setae present on inner surface, one patch arising near base of subapical lobe and the other just posterior to subapical lobe. Subapical lobe (S-L) arising near middle of basistyle, stout, thumb-like, a little more than twice as long as wide, bearing two long and one short, slightly flattened rods on apex (the longest rod shorter than the subapical lobe) and a row of several flattened setae on posterior side. Dististyle (Ds) about two-thirds as long as basistyle, broad at base, becoming more slender and bending sharply at basal third, gradually Fig. 132. Larva of Culex hahamensis Dyar and Knab. A, Terminal segments. B, Head. C, Comb scale. D, and E. Pecten teeth. 242 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 tapering distally, finely crenulate near apex, truncate at tip; terminal claw (Ds- C) minute, blunt, inserted slightly before apex of dististyle. LARVA. (Fig. 132). — Head broader than long. Antenna shorter than head, constricted beyond antennal tuft, with portion before constriction spinose, portion beyond constriction more sparsely spined; antennal tuft large, multiple, barbed, inserted at outer third of shaft, extending beyond tip. Head hairs: Preantennal (A) multiple, barbed, reaching nearly to insertion of antennal tuft; loryer (B) and upper (C) multiple, barbed, about as long as preantennal tuft (A); postclypeal (d) single, rather long; sutural (e), trans-sutural (f), and supraorbital small, multiple. Body finely and sparsely spicular. Lateral abdominal hairs double or triple on segments III to VI. Comb of eighth seg- ment of numerous scales in a patch; individual scale rounded apically and fringed with subequal spinules. Siphon four to five times as long as basal width, finely and densely spinose basally, growing progressively more coarsely spined toward apex; pec ten of numerous teeth progressively more widely spaced, extending slightly beyond basal third of siphon; individual pecten tooth with coarse teeth on one side; six to seven multiple, smooth subventral tufts present, two or three of the basal pairs inserted within the pecten and with branches little or no longer than the diameter of siphon. Anal segment slightly longer than wide, completely ringed by the dorsal plate; pigmentation of dorsal plate darker dorsally; lateral hair double or triple; dorsal brush con- sisting of a long lower caudal hair and a shorter 6-branched upper caudal tuft on either side; ventral brush large, restricted to the barred area; gills 2, short, bulbous. DISTRIBUTION. — Florida (63); Puerto Rico (136); Bahamas and Virgin Islands. BIONOMICS. — This species was collected by Fisk (63) from several breed- ing places, including a cistern containing brackish water at Key West, Florida. Additional recent collections are from Elliotts Key (96) and Boca Chica Key (4th Sv. C. Med. Lab. reports, 1942-1944, unpublished). CuLEX (CuLEx) NIGRIPALPUS Theobald Ciilex nigripalpus Theobald. 1901, Mon. Culic, 2:322. ADULT FEMALE. — Medium sized species. Head: Proboscis dark scaled, usually paler on under side of basal half; palpi short, dark. Broad dorsal region of occiput clothed with narrow pale golden-brown scales and dark erect forked scales; lateral region with a patch of broad pale scales, usually dingy white. Thorax: Integument of scutum brown, covered with fine dark bronzy-brown scales. Pleura with few or no scales; if scales present, rarely more than five or six in any single group. Abdomen: Tergites dark-brown to black scaled dorsally, usually with bronze to metallic blue-green reflection; sharply defined basal white-scaled patches present laterally (occasionally narrow white basal bands dorsally on some segments). Venter pale scaled. Legs: All legs , dark scaled with bronze to metallic blue-green reflection, except for whitish Carpenter et al. : Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 243 inner surfaces of femora (hind tibiae frequently streaked with white on inner surfaces and with a few pale scales at apices). Wing: Scales narrow, dark. ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female, but with white basal bands on dorsum of some abdominal segments. TERMINALIA (Fig. 133). Apical margin of eighth tergite (VIII-T) bearing numerous short stout setae (shorter than those of the lobes of the ninth tergite). Lobes of the ninth tergite (IXT- L) prominent, separated by no more than the width of one lobe, each bearing numerous setae. Tenth stermte (X-S) crowned with numerous short spines, the apical ones pointed, the outer ones blunt; basal arm (XS-BA) long, stout, strongly curved, heavily sclerotized. Phallosome (Ph) formed of two large heavily sclerotized plates. Each plate basally with a long stout pointed dorsal arm (Ph-DA) (not bent at right angles as in C. salinarius) and a slender pointed process nearly as large as the dorsal arm; each plate apically with a curved stout bluntly pointed ventral arm (Ph-VA), finely denticulate on its middle portion; between the dorsal and ventral arms arise four slender teeth (Ph-T), the apical one appressed to the ventral arm. Claspette absent. Basi- style (Bs) about two and one-half times as long as basal width, with outer '\ Ph-OA £, K* iron Fig. 133. Ciilcx nigripalpus TTieobald. A, Male terminalia. B, Plate of phallosome (flattened). 244 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 margin curved, portion beyond subapical lobe more slender, and apex bluntly rounded; vestiture of numerous setae, longer on outer aspects. Subapical lobe (S-L) prominent, undivided, bearing three long stout pointed rods hooked at tips, a large broad leaf-like filament and a stout seta. Dististyle (Ds) about half as long as basistyle, curved, tapered beyond middle, bluntly pointed at tip; terminal claw (Ds-C) short, blunt. LARVA. (Fig. 134). — Head broader than long. Antenna shorter than head, constricted beyond antennal tuft, with portion before constriction spinose, portion beyond constriction darker and with few spines; antennal tuft large, multiple, barbed, inserted at outer third, reaching beyond tip of antenna. Head hairs: Preantennal (A) multiple, barbed, extending near insertion of antennal tuft; lower (B) and upper (C) usually 3-branched, barbed, extending beyond preclypeus; postclypeal (d) single, rather long; sutural (e) and trans-sutural (f) double or multiple; supraorbital single or double. Thorax clothed with fine spicules. Upper lateral abdominal hairs usually 3 to 4-branched on segments I and II, usually double on III to VI. Comb of eighth segment of numerous scales in a patch; individual scale somewhat rounded apically, fringed with Fig. 134. Larva of Culex nigripalpus Theobald. A, Terminal segments. B, Pecten tooth. C, Comb scale. D, Head. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 245 subequal spinules. Siphon slender, six to seven times as long as basal width; pecten of about 10 to 15 rather evenly spaced teeth on basal fourth of siphon; individual tooth with 2 to 5 coarse teeth on one side; paired subventral tufts usually four in number and inserted beyond pecten (proximal tuft as long or longer than basal width of siphon and usually double or single; second and third tufts usually double or triple and inserted somewhat laterally; distal tuft small, 1 to 3-branched). Anal segment longer than wide, completely ringed by dorsal plate; lateral hair usually single, sometimes double; dorsal brush consist- ing of a long lower caudal hair and a shorter 2 to 3-branched upper caudal tuft on either side; ventral brush well-developed, confined to the barred area; gills 4, as long or longer than the segment, each tapering to a blunt point. DISTRIBUTION. — Southern United States, southward to Brazil. Southern States: Alabama and Florida (96); Georgia (148); Louisiana (96); Missis- sippi (125); North Carolina (35); South Carolina (64); Tennessee (125). BIONOMICS. — The adults are frequently taken in biting collections in Flor- ida and southern Georgia, but are less inclined to bite than C. salinarius. The larvae occur in ditches, grassy pools and marshes of a semipermanent or per- manent nature. Larvae and adults occur throughout the year in the extreme South (4th Sv. C. Med. Lab. records, 1942-1944, unpublished). CuLEX (CuLEx) pipiens Linnaeusi Culex pipiens Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., Ed., 10:602. ADULT FEMALE. — Very similar to C. quinquefasciatus, but usually with abdominal bands more broadly joined to the lateral basal white patches. ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female, but with basal bands of abdomen more broadly joined to the lateral basal patches and not rounded on posterior margins. TERMINALIA (Fig. 135). Lobes of ninth tergite (IXT- L) widely separated, only slightly raised, each bearing numerous setae. Tenth sternite (X-S) crowned with numerous short pointed spines; basal arm (XS- BA) variable in length, but usually represented by a short protuberance. Phal- losome (Ph) formed of two large sclerotized plates connected at base. Ventral arm (Ph-VA) of each plate large, wing-like (narrower and more heavily sclerotized than in C. quinquefasciatus), curved outwardly, tapered to a point (a much smaller pointed process, similarly curved, present laterally near middle of plate on same plane as ventral arm); dorsal arm (Ph-DA) of each plate long, slender, straight, truncate or bluntly rounded at tip (rarely pointed), directed postero-laterally and obliquely crossing over the wing-like lateral exten- sion of the ventral arm. Claspette absent. Basis tyle (Bs) nearly two and one- half times as long as basal width, with outer margin curved, portion beyond subapical lobe more slender, and apex bluntly rounded; vestiture of numerous setae, longer on outer aspects. Subapical lobe (S-L) prominent, undivided, with armature (in order from anterior margin) as follows: Two long stout rods and one long more slender rod, each pointed and usually slightly hooked 1 Consult Dyar (1928) and Edwards (1932) for synonymy of this species. 246 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 at tip; two stout setae with tips somewhat recurved; a stout rod, about two- thirds as long as the first three rods, often with tip minutely hooked; a large broad leaf-like filament; and a stout straight seta. Dististyle (Ds) about half as long as basistyle, curved, gradually tapered beyond middle, bluntly pointed at tip; claw (Ds-C) short, blunt. LARVA. — The larva appears to be identical with that of Culex quinquefas- ciatus (Fig. 137). distribution. — United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific, except in the extreme South; Canada; northern Europe and Asia; southern portion of South America and East and South Africa. Southern States: Alabama and Georgia (97); Kentucky (140); Mississippi (186); Missouri (1); North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee (97); Virginia (49). Other States: California (66); Connecticut (52); Delaware (106); District of Columbia (52); Illinois (42); Indiana (76); Iowa (155, 156); Kansas (79); Maine (90); Maryland (19); Massachusetts (90); Michigan (88); Minnesota (131); Nebraska (178); New Hampshire (90); New Jersey (77); New York (162); Ohio (52); Oregon (44); Pennsylvania (8); Rhode Island (99); Utah (142); Washington (52) ; Wisconsin (48). bionomics. — Culex pipiens is a domesticated species which commonly in- Fig. 135. Male terminalia of Culex pipiens Linnaeus. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 247 fests houses and bites at night. It is a serious pest throughout most of its range. Larvae occur in rainbarrels, tubs, catch basins, cesspools, ditches, and similar habitats, particularly in urban areas. MEDICAL IMPORTANCE. — Culex pipiens is a known intermediate host of Wuchereria bancrofti in China, Japan, and Egypt. It is a proven vector of western equine and St. Louis encephalitis viruses in Washington (145) and is known to transmit the organisms causing bird malaria. Heartworm of dogs (Dirofilaria ii7imitis) is also transmitted by this species. Culex (Culex) quinquefasciatus Sayi Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 3:10. Culex faligans Wiedmann, 1828, Auss. Zweifl., 1:10. ADULT FEMALE. — Medium sized species. Head: Proboscis dark scaled; palpi short, dark. Occiput clothed dorsally with narrow golden scales and numerous erect forked scales (forked scales of central portion usually pale, others dark brown); scales of lateral region of occiput broad, whitish. Thorax: Integument of scutum brown, covered with golden lanceolate scales (coarser than on C. restiians, salinarius and nigripalpus), paler on prescutellar space. Abdomen: Tergites dark scaled with bronze to metallic blue-green reflection, except for conspicuous transverse basal bands and basal lateral patches of white scales; each band broadly rounded on posterior margin, constricted laterally, narrowly joining or entirely disconnected from the lateral patches. Venter predominantly whitish scaled, usually speckled with a few brown scales, l^egs: Legs dark scaled with bronze to metallic blue-green reflection, except for pale inner sur- faces of femora and a few pale scales usually present at tips of tibiae. Wing: Scales narrow, dark. ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female, but with basal bands of abdomen broadly joined to the lateral basal patches and not rounded on posterior margins. TERMINALIA (Fig. 136). Lobes of ninth tergite (IXT-L) widely separated, only slightly raised, each bearing numerous setae. Tenth sternite (X-S) crowned with numerous short pointed spines; basal arm (XS- BA) variable in length, but usually represented by a short protuberance. Phal- losome (Ph) formed of two large moderately sclerotized plates connected at base. Ventral arm (Ph-VA) of each plate large, wing-like (broader and more weakly sclerotized than in C. pipiens), curved outwardly, tapered to a point (a much smaller pointed process, similarly curved, present laterally near middle of plate on same plane as ventral arm); dorsal arm (Ph-DA) of each plate long, slender, straight, pointed or narrowly rounded at tip, directed posteriorly and crossing over the ventral arm nearly at right angle to its wing-like out- ward extension. Claspette absent. Basistyle (Bs) nearly two and one-half times as long as basal width, with outer margin curved, portion beyond sub- apical lobe more slender, and apex bluntly rounded; vestiture of numerous setae, longer on outer aspects. Subapical lobe (S-L) prominent, undivided, with armature (in order from anterior margin) as follows: two long stout rods 1 Consult Dyar (1928) and Edwards (1932) for additional synonyms of this species. 248 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 and one long more slender rod, each pointed and usually slightly hooked at tip; two stout setae with tips somewhat recurved; a stout rod, about two-thirds as long as the first three rods, often with tip minutely hooked; a large broad leaf-like filament; and a stout straight seta. Dististyle (Ds) about half as long as basistyle, curved, gradually tapered beyond middle, bluntly pointed at tip; claw (Ds-C) short, blunt. LARVA. (Fig. 137). — Head broader than long. Antenna shorter than head, stout, constricted beyond antennal tuft, with portion before constriction spinose, portion beyond constriction sparsely spined; antennal tuft large, multiple, barbed, inserted at outer third of shaft, reaching beyond tip. Head hairs: Pre- antennal (A) multiple, barbed, reaching to insertion of antennal tuft; lower (B) and upper (C) usually five or more-branched, extending beyond precly- peus; postclypeal (d) single; sutural (e) usually double; trans-sutural (f) usually triple; supraorbital single or double. Body glabrous. Upper lateral abdominal hairs multiple on segments I and II, double on III to VI. Comb of eighth segment of many scales in a patch; individual scale rounded apical- ly and fringed with subequal spinules. Siphon about four times as long as -Ds-C XS-BA IXT-L Fig. 136. Male terminalia of Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Carpenter et al. : Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 249 basal width, the basal two-thirds stout, outer third tapered; pecten of about 8 to 12 rather evenly spaced teeth on basal third of siphon; individual tooth with 1 to 5 coarse teeth on one side; four or five pairs of subventral tufts inserted beyond pecten (the subapical tufts inserted laterally; the apical and subapical tufts usually double or triple; proximal tufts multiple, slightly barbed). Anal segment longer than wide, completely ringed by the dorsal plate; lateral hair long, single; dorsal brush consisting of a long lower caudal hair and a shorter 2-branched upper caudal tuft on either side; ventral brush well-developed, con- fined to the barred area; gills 4, as long as the segment, each tapering to a blunt point. DISTRIBUTION. — Occurs throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Southern States: Alabama (170); Arkansas (30); Florida and Georgia (96); Kentucky (140); Louisiana and Mississippi (96); Missouri Fig. 137. Larva of Culex quinquefascialus Say. A, Terminal segments. B, Comb scale. C, Pecten tooth. D, Head. 250 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 (1); North Carolina (166); South Carolina (64); Tennessee (96); Virginia (49). Other States: Arizona (52); California (66); District of Columiba and Illinois (52); Iowa (128); Kansas (79); Nebraska (178); New Mexico (9); Ohio (52); Oklahoma (159); Texas (108). BIONOMICS. — This is a troublesome, domesticated species that commonly infests houses and bites at night. Larvae are found in rainbarrels, tubs, catch basins, cesspools, ditches containing filth, and similar habitats. A heavy popula- tion of C. quinquefasciatus is usually associated with insanitary conditions. Larvae and adults occur throughout the year in the extreme South (4th Sv. C. Med. Lab. records, 1942-1944, unpublished). MEDICAL IMPORTANCE. — Culex quinquefaiciatus is an important vector of Wuchereria bancrofti in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is a known vector of the parasites causing bird malaria. CuLEX (CuLEx) RESTUANS Theobald Culex resluam Theobald, 1901, Mon. Culic, 2:142. ADULT FEMALE. — Medium sized species. Head: Proboscis dark scaled, usually with some pale scales on under side; palpi short, dark. Broad dorsal region of occiput clothed with narrow whitish to golden brown scales, the paler ones bordering the eyes and on the median and posterior portions; numerous dark erect forked scales present. Lateral region of occiput clothed with broad whitish scales. Thorax: Integument of scutum light brown to reddish brown; vestiture of fine golden-brown lanceolate scales, distinctly paler on anterior and lateral margins and on prescutellar space; a pair of small pale-scaled submedian spots usually present near middle of scutum (frequently absent). Pleura with a few patches of broad pale scales. Abdomen: Tergites dark scaled with bronze to metallic blue-green reflection; each tergite except the first with a broad basal band of white to whitish-yellow scales, usually somewhat irregular on posterior margin (rarely as evenly rounded as in C. quinquefasciatus), not appreciably constricted laterally, broadly joining a pair of basal lateral whitish patches. Venter mostly pale scaled. Legs: Legs dark scaled with bronze to metallic blue- green reflection except for pale inner surfaces of femora, small pale knee spots, pale streaks on inner surfaces of tibiae, and a few white scales at tips of tibiae. Wing: Scales narrow, dark. ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female. TERminalia (Fig. 138A). Lobes of ninth tergite (IXT-L) prominent, rounded, each bearing several small setae. Tenth sternite (X-S) crowned with numerous short pointed spines; basal arm (XS-BA) long, stout, usually curved, weakly sclerotized. Phallosome (Ph) formed of two large moderately sclerotized plates. Each plate apically with a long slender ventral arm (Ph-VA) directed posteriorly. Each plate basally with a short blunt dorsal arm (Ph-DA) curved outwardly to lock with the paramere; a short stout triangular tooth (Ph-T) arising iust posterior to the small dorsal arm. Claspette absent. Basis tyle (Bs) about two and one-half times as long as basal width, with outer margin curved, portion Carpenter et al. : Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 251 beyond subapical lobe more slender, and apex bluntly rounded; vestiture of numerous setae, longer on outer aspects. Subapical lobe (S-L) prominent, undivided, bearing three long rods with tips pointed and slightly hooked, a large broad leaf-like filament, and two stout setae, one of which is recurved. Dististyle (Ds) about half as long as basistyle, curved, gradually tapered beyond middle, bluntly pointed at tip; terminal claw (Ds-C) short, blunt. LARVA. (Fig. 139). — Head broader than long. Antenna shorter than head, slightly narrowed beyond antennal tuft, spinose; antennal tuft multiple, barbed, inserted near middle of shaft, barely reaching tip. Head hairs: Preantennal (A) multiple, barbed, reaching beyond insertion of antennal tuft; lower (B) and upper (C) multiple, barbed, extending beyond preclypeus; postclypeal (d) double; sutural (e) single; trans-sutural (f) multiple; supraorbital single or double. Body glabrous. Upper lateral abdomirtal hairs double on segments I and II, long and single on III to VI. Comb of numerous scales in a patch; individual scale rounded and fringed apically with subequal spines. Siphon four to four and one-half times as long as basal width; pecten of numerous rather Fig. 138. Culex resiuans Theobald. A, Male terminalia. B, Scutum and scutellum. 252 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 evenly spaced teeth on basal third of siphon; individual tooth with 1 to 5 coarse teeth on one side; tufts of siphon inserted beyond pecten and represented by three pairs of long hairs irregularly placed and a pair of small subapical tufts of 2 to 3 branches each. Anal segment longer than wide, completely ringed by the dorsal plate; lateral hair single or double; dorsal brush consisting of a single upper and a single lower caudal hair on either side; ventral brush well- developed, confined to the barred area; gills 4, longer than the segment, stout, each tapering to a blunt patch. DISTRIBUTION. — Widely distributed in North America from the Gulf of Mexico to southern Canada. Southern States: Alabama (170); Arkansas Fig. 139. Larva of Culex resluaus Theobald. A, Terminal segments. B, Head. C. and D, Pecten teeth. E, Comb scale. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 253 (30); Florida (52); Georgia (96); Kentucky (140); Louisiana (96); Missis- sippi (52); Missouri (1); North Carolina (166); South Carolina and Tennes- see (96); Virginia (49). Other States: Cahfornia (66); Connecticut (21); Delaware (106); Illinois (52); Indiana (76); Iowa (155, 156); Kansas (79); Maine, Maryland and Massachusetts (52); Michigan (88); Minnesota (131); Montana (112); Nebraska (178); New Hampshire (52); New Jersey (77); New York (52); North Dakota (127); Ohio (52); Oklahoma (159); Penn- sylvania (8); Rhode Island (99); Texas (108); Utah (142); West Virginia (52); Wisconsin (48). BIONOMICS. — The adults frequently enter houses and are regarded as troublesome biters by some observers, but they do not rival C qumqiiejasciatiis in this respect. The species reaches its greatest abundance during the late win- ter and spring months in the southern states. Larvae and adults occur through- out the year in the southern portion of its range but are rare in southern Florida (4th Sv. C. Med. Lab. records, 1942-1944, unpublished). Larvae are found in a great variety of breeding places, including ditches, pools in streams, rainbarrels and other artificial containers, and woodland pools. CULEX (CULEX) SALINARIUS Coquillett Ciilcx salinarius Coquillett, 1904. Ent. News. 15:73. ADULT FEMALE. — Medium sized species. Head: Proboscis dark scaled; palpi short, dark. Broad dorsal region of occiput clothed with narrow pale golden-brown scales and dark erect forked scales, except for whitish scales narrowly margining eyes; lateral region of occiput with a patch of broad whitish scales. Thorax: Integument of scutum brown, covered with fine golden-brown scales, paler on prescutellar space. Pleura with several small groups of broad pale scales, each group usually comprised of more than six scales. Abdomen: Tergites primarily dark brown to black scaled with bronze to metallic blue- green reflection; narrow dingy-yellow basal bands often present and apices of segments more or less distinctly blended with dingy-yellow scales; seventh and eighth tergites frequently entirely covered with dingy-yellow scales; basal lateral patches rather poorly defined and of similar pale scales. Venter yellowish- white. Legs: All legs dark scaled with bronze to metallic blue-green reflection, except for whitish inner surfaces of femora. Wing: Scales narrow, dark. ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female, but with dorsal abdom- inal pale bands much broader. TERMINAlia (Fig. 140). Apical margin of eighth tergite (VIII-T) bearing numerous rather long setae (longer than those of the lobes of the ninth tergite). Lobes of the ninth tergite (IXT-L) widely separated, only slightly raised, each bearing several slender setae. Tenth sternite (X-S) crowned with numerous short pointed spines; basal arm (XS- BA) long, stout, strongly curved, heavily sclerotized. Phallosome (Ph) formed of two large heavily sclerotized plates connected at base. Each plate with a stout sharply pointed dorsal arm (Ph-DA) bent medially at right angle, and a stout bluntly pointed ventral arjn (Ph-VA) bearing a small projection on its inner margin near middle; a group of several closely set pointed teeth (Ph-T) arising between the prominent dorsal and ventral arms. Claspette absent. Basi- 254 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 style (Bs) about two and one-half times as long as basal width; outer margin curved, portion beyond subapical lobe more slender, apex bluntly rounded; vestiture of numerous setae, longer on outer aspects. Subapical lobe (S-L) prominent, undivided, bearing three long stout pointed rods usually somewhat hooked at tips, a large broad leaf-like filament, and two stout setae, one of which is recurved. Dististyle (Ds) about half as long as basistyle, curved, tapered beyond middle, bluntly pointed at tip; terminal claw (Ds-C) short, blunt. LARVA. (Fig. 141). — Head broader than long. Antenna shorter than head, constricted beyond antennal tuft, with portion before constriction spinose, portion beyond constriction darker and with few spines; antennal tuft large, multiple, barbed, inserted at outer third, reaching beyond tip of antenna. Head hairs: Preantennal (A) multiple, barbed, extending to insertion of antennal tuft; lower (B) and upper (C) usually 3-branched, barbed, extending beyond preclypeus; postclypeal (d) rather long, single; sutural (e), and trans-sutural (f) multiple; supraorbital usually double. Thorax glabrous, although occasion- ~Ds-C Vlll-T Fig. 140. Male terminalia of Culex salinarius Coquillett. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 255 ally minute papillated hairs may be present. Upper lateral abdominal hairs 3- branched on segments I and II, usually 2-branched on III to VI. Comb of eighth segment of numerous scales in a patch; individual scale rounded apical- ly, fringed with subequal spinules. Siphon slender, six to seven times as long as basal width; pecten of about 10 to 15 rather evenly spaced teeth on basal fourth of siphon; individual tooth with 2 to 5 coarse teeth on one side; paired subventral tufts usually four in number and inserted beyond pecten (the proxi- mal tuft as long or longer than basal width of siphon, usually 3 or 4-branched, Fig. 141. Larva ol: Ciilex salinarius Coquiilett. A, Terminal segments. B, Comb scale. C, Head. D, Pecten tooth. 256 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 occasionally double; second and third tufts usually double or triple and inserted somewhat laterally; distal tuft small, usually double). Anal segment longer than wide, completely ringed by the dorsal piste; lateral hair double, sometimes single; dorsal brush consisting of a long lower caudal hair and a shorter 3- branched upper caudal tuft on either side; ventral brush well-developed, con- fined to the barred area; gills 4, as long as the segment or longer, each tapering to a blunt point. distribution. — Eastern United States, north to Massachusetts and west to Utah. Southern States: Alabama (170); Arkansas (30); Florida and Geor- gia (96); Kentucky (140); Louisiana (96); Mississippi (97); Missouri (1); North Carolina (166); South Carolina (64); Tennessee (97); Virginia (49). Other States: Colorado (128); Connecticut (90); Delaware (106); District of Columbia and Illinois (52); Iowa (155, 156); Kansas (128); Maryland (19); Massachusetts (52); Michigan (88); Minnesota (131); Nebraska (178); New Jersey (77); New Mexico (9); Oklahoma (159); Pennsylvania (52); Rhode Island (99); Texas (108); Utah (142) ; Wisconsin (48). bionomics. — The adults are frequently found in outbuildings and other daytime resting places. The females bite readily outdoors and occasionally enter dwellings to bite. Larvae occur in grassy pools, either fresh or brackish water, in ditches, ponds and occasionally in rain barrels. Larvae and adults of Culex salinarius occur throughout the year in the extreme South, but are more com- mon from April to October farther north (4th Sv. C. Med. Lab. records, 1942-1944, unpublished). Culex (Culex) tarsalis Coquillett Culex tarsalis Coquillett, 1896, Can. Ent., 28:43. ADULT FEMALE. — Medium sized species. Head: Proboscis dark scaled, with a rather broad white band medially; palpus short, dark except for a few white scales at tip and at apex of third segment. Scales of postero-dorsal region of occiput narrow, white, arranged in a triangular patch projecting anteriorly on the mid line; scales dorsally margining eyes narrow, white; scales of submedian areas between the postero-dorsal patch and eye margins narrow, golden brown. Lateral regions of occiput clothed with broad whitish scales. Erect forked scales numerous on dorsal surface of occiput, those on central portion pale. Thorax: Integument of scutum dark brown, clothed dorsally with golden-brown lanceo- late scales, narrowly margined anteriorly and laterally with white lanceolate scales. Prescutellar space mostly white scaled, bordered on either side by a narrow submedian white line extending anteriorly to near middle of scutum and terminating in a small white submedian spot (this line may be disrupted near the submedian spot by brown scales) . Pleura with a few patches of broad white scales. Abdomen: First tergite mostly pale scaled; remaining tergites with prominent basal bands of white to whitish-yellow scales (these scales may extend toward the posterior margin on the median line, particularly on second segment) ; the terminal segments often with apical pale scaling as well as basal, the eighth segment frequently entirely pale scaled. Venter pale scaled, with a V-shaped marking of dark scales on each sternite, the base of the V at the Carpenter et al. : Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 257 median anterior margin. Legs: Hind leg dark scaled widi the exception of the following markings: White scales covering inner surface of femur; a conspicu- ous white streak on outer surface of femur, tibia, and often on first tarsal segment; a patch of white at tip of tibia; wide basal and apical white bands on tarsal segments. Fore and middle legs similarly marked but with tarsal bands narrower on segments 1 to 3, much reduced or entirely lacking on segments 4 and 5. Wing: Scales narrow, dark except for a few white scales on costa and subcosta. ADULT male. — Coloration similar to that of female, but with abdominal white scaling usually more extensive. TERMINALia (Fig. 142C). Lobes of 7iijith Fig. 142. Culex larsalis Coquillett. A, Hind leg. B, Palp and proboscis of female. C, Male lerminalia. 258 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 tergite (IXT-L) only slightly raised, separated by about the width of one lobe, each bearing several setae. Tenth sternite (X-S) crowned with numerous short spines, the apical ones pointed, the outer ones blunt; basal arm (XS-BA) long, stout, strongly curved, heavily sclerotized. Pballosome (Ph) formed of two large heavily sclerotized plates. Each plate basally with a long pointed dorsal arm (Ph-DA), directed posteriorly and nearly reaching the crown of the tenth £, H A ^rofi Fig. 143. Larva of Culex tarsalis Coquillett. A, Terminal segments. B, Pecten tooth. C, Head. D, Comb scale. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 259 sternite; each plate apically with a long bluntly pointed ventral arm (Ph-VA), sUghtly curved outward and nearly reaching the crown of the tenth sternite; arising laterally near the base of the ventral arm are several stout pointed teeth (Ph-T). Claspette absent. Basistyle (Bs) about two and one-half times as long as basal width, with outer margin curved, portion beyond subapical lobe more slender, and apex bluntly rounded; vestiture of numerous setae, longer on outer aspects. Subapical lobe (S-L) prominent, undivided, armed with two stout rods, two stout setae, and a narrow leaf -like filament. Dististyle (Ds) about half as long as basistyle, curved, gradually tapered, bluntly pointed at tip; claw (Ds-C) short, blunt. LARVA. (Fig. 143). — Head broader than long. Antenna shorter than head, rather slender, constricted beyond the antennal tuft, with portion before con- striction spinose, portion beyond constriction darker and with fewer spines; antennal tuft large, multiple, barbed, inserted at outer third, reaching beyond tip of antenna. Head hairs: Preantennal (A) multiple, barbed, reaching to antennal tuft; lower (B) and upper (C) multiple, barbed, extending beyond preclypeus; postclypeal (d) small, single; sutural (e) and trans-sutural (f) usually multiple; supraorbital usually 2 to 4-branched beyond base. Thorax glabrous. Upper lateral abdominal hairs usually triple on segments I to VI. Comb of eighth segment of numerous scales in a patch; individual scale rounded apically and fringed with subequal spinules. Siphon about four and one-half to five times as long as basal width; pecten of about 10 to 15 rather evenly spaced teeth on basal third of siphon; individual pecten tooth with 1 to 5 coarse teeth on one side; five pairs of multiple subventral tufts present, all in line, the proximal pair inserted near or slightly before end of pecten. Anal segment longer than wide, completely ringed by the dorsal plate; lateral hair double or triple; dorsal brush bilaterally consisting of a long lower caudal hair and an upper caudal tuft of three hairs, one nearly as long as the lower caudal; ventral brush well-developed, confined to the barred area; gills 4, usual- ly about as long as the segment, each tapering to a blunt point. DISTRIBUTION. — Canada; central, southern and western United States; and Mexico. Southern States: Alabama (125); Arkansas (30); Florida and Geor- gia (125); Kentucky (140); Louisiana (96); Mississippi (125); Missouri (1); South Carolina (125); Tennessee (97); Virginia (54). Other States: Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho and Illinois (52); Indiana (76); Iowa and Kansas (52); Michigan (88); Minnesota (131); Montana (112); Nebraska (178); Nevada and New Mexico (52); North Dakota (127); Oklahoma (159); Oregon (52); South Dakota (129); Texas (108); Utah (142); Washington (52); Wisconsin (48); Wyoming (129). BIONOMICS. — The females are fierce biters, attacking at dusk and after dark, and they readily enter houses. The bite is very painful and according to Hearle (78) the swelling and pain last for hours. Larvae occur in either fresh or rather foul water in various types of breeding places, including ground pools, rain water barrels, roadside ditches, and irrigation water. MEDICAL importance. — This mosquito has been found naturally infected with the viruses of St. Louis and western equine encephalitis, and it has been demonstrated that it is capable of transmitting the infections. 260 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 CuLEx (Melanoconion) atratus Theobald Culex alratus Theobald, 1901, Mon. Culic. 2:55. ADULT FEMALE. — Small species. Head: Proboscis long, dark, slightly swol- len at tip; palpi short, dark. Occiput clothed with broad appressed scales on antero-dorsal and lateral regions (antero-dorsal scales dark; lateral scales pale), and with numerous light-brown lanceolate scales and dark erect forked scales centrally. Thorax: Integument of scutum dark brown, clothed with narrow reddish-brown scales. Abdomen: Tergites dark scaled, with white basal patches laterally; sternite white-banded basally, dark apically. Legs: All legs dark scaled with bronze reflection, except for pale inner surfaces of femora. Wing: Wing scales dark, mostly rather narrow, linear, but mixed with ovate ones on vein 3 and branches of veins 2 and 4. ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female, terminalia (Fig. 144). Lobes of ninth tergite (IXT-L) large, pyriform, separated by a little less than the width of one lobe, each bearing a number of stout irregularly placed feathered and smooth setae on basal half; apical half bare and tapered. Tenth sternite (X-S) crowned with a comb-like row of blunt spines. Phallo- some (Ph) formed of a pair of simple curved divergent blade-like plates, -IXT-L Fio. 144. Male terminalia of Culex alraliis Theobald. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 261 pointed at tips, connected at bases. Claspette absent. Basistyle (Bs) about twice as long as broad, clothed with scales and long setae (setae more numerous and longer beyond middle) ; three or four short, greatly flattened setae present between trunks of subapical lobe. Subapical lobe (S-L) widely separated into two distinct trunks: Tip of posterior trunk with a large striated deltoid leaf- like filament, a flattened recurved spine, two straight spines and one or two smaller setae; anterior trunk with a stout rod at apex and a slender subapical spine arising from a small lateral branch. Dististyle (Ds) about half as long as basistyle, broad at base, tapered and evenly curved to a narrow tip; claw (Ds- C) a small blunt spine inserted a little before apex. LARVA. (Fig. 145). — Head much broader than long. Antenna not quite as long as head, constricted beyond antennal tuft, the portion before constriction Fig. 145. Larva of Culex alraius Theobald. A, Terminal segments. B, Pecten tooth. C, Comb scale. D, Head. 262 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 spinose and that beyond constriction darker and with fewer spines; antennal tuft large, multiple, barbed, inserted at outer third, reaching considerable be- yond tip of antenna. Head hairs: Preantennal (A) multiple, barbed; lower (B) long, single; upper (C) a small 5 to 6-branched tuft; postclypeal (d) small, single; sutural (e) usually multiple; trans-sutural (f) and supraorbital usually double. Body finely spicular. Comb of eighth segment of numerous scales in a patch; individual scale rounded apically and fringed with subequal spinules. Siphon slender, seven to eight times as long as basal width; pecten of numerous teeth reaching beyond basal third of siphon; individual tooth fringed on one side nearly to tip; four or five multiple subventral tufts inserted beyond pecten, the basal tuft longer than width of siphon; three or more minute tufts inserted dorso-laterally on siphon. Anal segment longer than wide, completely ringed by the dorsal plate; lateral hair small, double; dorsal brush consisting of a long lower caudal hair and a shorter 5-branched upper caudal tuft on either side; ventral brush large, posterior to the dorsal plate; gills 4, shorter than the segment. DISTRIBUTION. — Boca Chica Key, Florida (154); Greater Antilles and Virgin Islands. BIONOMICS. — Dyar (54) states that Culex atratus breeds in ground pools. CuLEX (Melanoconion) erraticus (Dyar and Knab) Melanoconion atralus Dyar (not Culcx alraius Theobald, 1901), 1905, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 13:26. Culex erralicus King and Bradley, 1937. Ann Ent. Soc. Amer., 30:345 (additional synonymy given). ADULT FEMALE. — Small species. Head: Proboscis long, dark, slightly swollen at tip; palpi very short, dark. Occiput with large central portion clothed with dark erect forked scales and numerous brown to golden-brown lanceolate scales; antero-dorsal and lateral portions with broad appressed scales, the antero- dorsal ones predominantly brown with bronze or metallic blue-green reflection, the lateral ones predominantly dingy- white. Cibarial armature consisting of 7 or 8 teeth (122). Thorax: Integument of scutum dark brown, clothed with lanceolate golden-brown scales (the scales usually paler and coarser than those of C. peccator and C. pilosus) . Abdomen: Tergites dark-brown scaled, usually with bronze to metallic blue-green reflection; white basal patches present later- ally (occasionally narrow white basal bands present on some segments). Sternites each white-banded basally, the band joining the tergal patch of white scales on either side; dark apically. Legs: All legs dark scaled with bronze to metallic blue-green reflection, except for pale inner surfaces of femora. Wing: Scales all dark. Plume scales narrow; squame scales broader, ligulate to ovate. ADULT MALE — Coloration similar to that of female, terminalia (Fig. 146). Lobes of ninth tergite (IXT-L) large, ovoid, approximate at bases, widely divergent apically, clothed with numerous prominent smooth setae aris- ing from distinct tubercles. Tenth sternite (X-S) crowned with a comb-like row of blunt spines. Phallosome (Ph) of two elongate plates connected basal- ly; each plate with a short stout apical tooth, a strong slender subapical tooth on outer margin, and a stout ventro-lateral tooth at basal third; base of each Carpenter et al. : Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 263 plate giving rise to a long tail-like hook directed ventrally. Claspette absent. Basistyle (Bs) about twice as long as broad, outer margin strongly curved, apex narrow; vestiture of scales and numerous setae. Subapical lobe (S-L) deep- ly divided into two distinct trunks: Posterior trunk bearing a long flattened pointed strongly recurved spine, a large broadly expanded leaf-like filament, a narrow leaf -like filament, and two blunt slightly flattened rods; anterior trunk cleaft nearly to base into two stout branches, each bearing a long strong rod with tip flattened, curved and pointed (often with a small apical retrorse barb). Dististyle (Ds) about two-thirds as long as basistyle, curved, narrowed a little before middle, becoming broader at apical third (a row of very short, reflexed setae on outer margin near tip) , tapered to a pointed slightly reflexed apex; terminal claw (Ds-C) short, curved, blunt. LARVA. (Fig. 147). — Head much broader than long. Antenna about as long as head, constricted beyond the antennal tuft, with portion before con- striction spinose, portion beyond constriction darker and more sparsely spined; antennal tuft large, multiple, barbed, inserted at outer third, reaching consider- ably beyond tip of antenna. Head hairs: Preantennal (A) multiple, barbed, extending to antennal tuft; lower (B) single, barbed, reaching beyond precly- peus; upper (C) short, weak, 4 or more branched; postclypeal (d) small, s-C XT-L Fig. 146. Male terminalia of Ciilex erraticiis (Dyar and Knab). 264 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 single; sutural (e) and trans-sutural (f) multiple; supraorbital usually double or triple. Body densely clothed with long spicules. Upper lateral abdominal hairs usually double or triple on segments I and II, usually triple on III to VI. Comb of eighth segment of numerous scales in an irregular single or double row; individual scale thorn-shaped, with short lateral spinules. Siphon slender, six to seven times as long as basal width; pec ten of numerous teeth on basal third of siphon; individual pecten tooth fringed on one side nearly to tip; about five multiple barbed subventral tufts inserted beyond pecten, with proximal Fig. 147. Larva of Culex erralicus (Dyar and Knab). A, Terminal segments. B, Comb scale. C, Head. D, Pecten tooth. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 265 tuft much longer than basal width of siphon but no more than one-third its length; two 2 to 3-branched subdorsal tufts present; dorsal preapical spine as long or longer than apical pecten tooth, recurved. Anal segment longer than wide, completely ringed by the dorsal plate; lateral hair single or double; dorsal brush consisting of a long caudal hair and an upper caudal tuft of 2 to 3 hairs on either side (one of the upper caudal hairs nearly as long as the lower caudal); ventral brush well-developed, confined to the barred area; gills 4, shorter than the segment, each tapering to a blunt point. distribution. — Southern United States, north to New York and west to Nebraska and Texas. Southern States: Alabama (170); Arkansas (30): Flor- ida and Georgia (96); Kentucky (140); Louisiana and Mississippi (96) Missouri (1); North Carolina (166); South Carolina and Tennessee (96) Virginia (49). Other States: Delaware (106); Illinois (54); Indiana (76) Iowa (155, 156); Kansas (128); Maryland (19); Nebraska (178); New York (162); Oklahoma (159); Texas (108). BIONOMICS. — The adults may be found in enormous numbers near favor- able breeding places, but are not troublesome biters (30, 82, 83). Observations made by King et al. (96) in Louisiana indicate that the females may attack man at night outdoors but that they have a preference for the blood of fowl. Larvae occur in grassy areas in ponds, lakes, marshes and streams where they are frequently associated with the larvae of Anopheles, particularly A. quad- rimaculatus. Breeding occurs throughout the year in the extreme South, but is more common from May to October farther north (4th Sv. C. Med. Lab. reports, 1942-1944, unpublished). CuLEX (Melanoconion) peccator Dyar and Knab Culex peccalor Dyar and Knab, 1909, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Quart. Iss., 52:256. Culex peccator King and Bradley, 1937, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 30:350 (synonymy given) . ADULT FEMALE. — Small species. Head: Proboscis long, dark, slightly swollen at tip; palpi very short, dark. Occiput clothed with numerous broad appressed scales antero-dorsally and laterally (the antero-dorsal scales dark brown to black, with bronze or metallic blue-green reflection; the lateral scales whitish), and with a median area of brown lanceolate scales posteriorly; dark erect forked scales numerous. Cibarial armature consisting of 7 or 8 teeth (122). Thorax: Integument of scutum dark brown, clothed with fine brown scales. Abdomen: Tergites dark scaled with bronze to metallic blue-green reflec- tion, and with small white basal patches laterally; sternites primarily pale scaled, becoming darker on apical margins of segments. Legs: All legs dark scaled with bronze to metallic blue-green reflection, except for pale inner sur- faces of femora. Wing: Scales all dark. Plume scales narrow; squame scales broader, ligulate to ovate. adult MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female. TERMINALia (Fig. 148). Ninth tergite (IX-T) weak, broader laterally; lobes (IXT-L) well defined, approximate, triangular, cushion-like, bearing numerous long setae arising from distinct tubercles. Tenth sternite (X-S) crowned with a comb-like row of blunt spines. Phallosome (Ph) of two plates connected basally; each 266 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 plate elongate, with a short stout curved tooth at apex and a blunt subapical lateral lobe; base of each plate with a long, tail-like hook directed ventrally. Claspette absent. Basistyle (Bs) very large, nearly spherical, clothed with scales and numerous rather fine setae. (C. peccator may be easily distinguished macroscopically by these greatly swollen basistyles.) Subapical lobe (S-L) deeply divided into two distinct trunks: Posterior trunk with a large greatly expanded leaf-like appendage arising from a stout branch, and three rod-like filaments, each with a lamella apically, arising from smaller branches; anterior trunk bearing an apical rod retrorsely spined at tip, and a lateral rod somewhat flattened and angulate near tip. Dist'istyle (Ds) about half as long as basistyle, constricted at basal third, quadrately expanded beyond constriction, hirsute on crest; a short, curved spine inserted a little before apex. LARVA. (Fig. 149). — Head much broader than long. Antenna about as long as head, constricted beyond antennal tuft, with portion before constriction spinose and that beyond constriction darker and more sparsely spined; antennal tuft large, multiple, barbed, inserted at outer third, reaching beyond tip of antenna. Head hairs: Preantennal (A) multiple, barbed, reaching to insertion of antennal tuft; lower (B) single, sparsely barbed, extending beyond precly- peus; upper (C) small, double or triple, occasionally single, less than half as long as lower (B) ; postclypeal (d) small, single; sutural (e) usually double c-IXT-L ~IX-T Fig. 148. Male terminalia of Culex peccalor Dyar and Knab. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 267 or triple; trans-sutural (f) usually triple; supraorbital single or double. Body distinctly spicular. Upper lateral abdominal hairs usually double on segments I and II and triple on III to VI. Comb of numerous scales in a patch; indi- vidual scale rounded apically and fringed with subequal spinules. Siphon slender, about six times as long as basal width, with a darkly pigmented band at middle; pecten of numerous teeth on the basal third of siphon; individual pecten tooth fringed on one side nearly to tip; about five multiple barbed sub- ventral tufts inserted beyond pecten, the proximal tuft much longer than basal Fig. 149. Larva of Culex peccaior Dyar and Knab. A, Terminal segments. B, Pecten tooth. C, Head. D, Comb scale. 268 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 width of siphon; two 2 to 3-branched subdorsal tufts present; dorsal preapical spine as long or longer than apical pecten tooth, recurved. Anal segment longer than wide, completely ringed by the dorsal plate; lateral hah usually 3-branched; dorsal brush consisting of a long lower caudal hair and an upper caudal tuft of 3 hairs on either side (one of the upper caudal hairs nearly as long as the lower caudal); ventral brush well-developed, confined to the barred area; gills 4, shorter than the segment, tapered. distribution. — Eastern United States from Florida northward to Michi- gan and westward to Kansas. Southern States: Alabama (96); Arkansas (30) Florida and Georgia (96); Kentucky (140); Louisiana and Mississippi (96) Missouri (1); North Carolina (166); South Carolina and Tennessee (96) Virginia (49). Other States: Delaware (106); Kansas (128); Michigan (88) Oklahoma (159). BIONOMICS. — Adult specimens of C. peccator are frequently found in diurnal shelters, particularly in damp situations. They are occasionally taken in New Jersey type light traps. Since the females cannot be separated with certainty from other members of the subgenus Melanoconion in this region, nothing is known of their feeding habits. This is a summer species, but adults have been collected from April to December in the extreme South (4th Sv. C. Med. Lab. records, 1942-1944, unpublished) . Larvae occur in stream pools and in marshy areas. CuLEx (Melanoconion) pilosus (Dyar and Knab) Mochlosivrax pilosus Dyar and Knab, 1906. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 14:223. Culex pilosus King and Bradley, 1937. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 30:353 (additional synonymy given). ADULT FEMALE. — Small species. Head: Proboscis long, dark, slightly swollen at tip; palpi very short, dark. Occiput principally clothed with broad appressed scales, dark brown with bronze to metallic blue-green reflection on antero-dorsal portion, gradually fading to dingy-white laterally; a small median area of pale lanceolate scales present posteriorly; dark erect forked scales numerous. Cibarial armature consisting of 3 teeth (122). Thorax: Integument of scutum dark brown, clothed with fine dark bronzy-brown scales. Abdomen: Tergites dark brown or black scaled dorsally with bronze to metallic blue-green reflection and with basal white-scaled patches laterally (occasionally narrow white basal bands present dorsally on some segments). Sternites each with a white band basally, the band joining the white lateral tergal patches; dark api- cally. Legs: All legs dark scaled with bronze to metallic blue-green reflection, except for pale inner surfaces of femora. Wing: Scales all dark. Plume scales narrow; squame scales broader, ligulate to ovate. ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female. TERMINALia (Fig. 150). Lobes of ninth tergite (IXT-L) widely separated, slender, finger-like, about four times as long as broad, with tips slightly convergent; vestiture con- sisting of three or four short setae distributed on each lobe in addition to several small basal setae. Tenth sternite (X-S) crowned with a comb-like row Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 269 of blunt spines. Phallosome (Ph) of two plates connected basally; each plate elongate, the tip with a short stout apical tooth, a stout subapical tooth on outer margin, and a strong pointed ventral tooth; base of each plate giving rise to a long tail-like hook directed ventrally. Claspette absent. Basistyle (Bs) nearly twice as long as broad, outer margin strongly curved, apex narrow; vestiture of scales and numerous setae. Subapical lobe (S-L) deeply divided into two distinct trunks: Posterior trunk bearing a long flattened pointed strongly recurved spine, three shorter slightly flattened rods, a moderately-broad weakly striated leaf-like filament, and two narrower leaf-like filaments; anterior trunk cleft nearly to base into two stout branches, each bearing a long strong rod with tip flattened, curved, and pointed (often with a small apical retrorse barb). Dististyle (Ds) nearly three-fourths as long as basistyle, curved, narrow medi- ally, outer margin near tip expanded cap-like and bearing a row of very short reflexed setae, tip pointed and slightly reflexed; terviinal claw (Ds-C) short, curved, blunt. larva. (Fig. 151). — Head much broader than long. A stalked ovoid gill on ventral side of head at base of antenna. Antenna as long or longer than Fig. 150. Male lerminalia of Culex pilosus (Dyar and Knab). 270 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 head, constricted beyond antennal tuft, with portion before constriction spinose, portion beyond constriction more sparsely spined; antennal tuft large, multiple, barbed, inserted at outer third, reaching beyond tip of antenna. Head hairs: Preantennal (A) multiple, barbed, reaching near insertion of antennal tuft; lower (B) single, barbed, not reaching beyond preclypeus; upper (C) single, occasionally double, barbed, about half as long as lower (B) and much weaker; postclypeal (d) small, single; sutural (e) and trans-sutural (f) small, multi- ple; supraorbital usually double or triple. Body spicular. Upper lateral abdomi- nal hairs usually triple on segments I and II and double on III to VI. Comb C KA i-foii Fig. 151. Larva of Culex pilosus (Dyar and Knab). A, Terminal segments. B, Head. C, Pecten tooth. D, Comb scale. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 271 of eighth segment of about 8 to 12 scales in a single curved or irregular row; individual scale long, thorn-shaped, nearly smooth, but with a few minute spinules toward base. Siphon three to four times as long as basal width, dis- tinctly upcurved; pecten of about 6 to 9 rather evenly spaced teeth on basal third of siphon; individual pecten tooth fringed on one side to tip; eight pairs of very long multiple barbed subventral tufts present, the basal two inserted within the pecten and nearly as long as siphon; two small 2 to 3-branched tufts inserted laterally; dorsal preapical spine as long or longer than the apical pecten tooth, recurved. Anal segment a little longer than wide, completely ringed by the dorsal plate; lateral hair usually 2 to 3-branched; dorsal brush bilaterally consisting of a long lower caudal hair and an upper caudal tuft of one long and one short hair; ventral tuft well-developed, confined to the barred area; gills 4, each tapered to a blunt point, the ventral pair as long or longer than the seg- ment, the dorsal pair shorter. distribution. — Southern United States, Mexico, Central America, West Indies and northern South America. Southern States: Alabama and Florida (96); Georgia (148); Kentucky (140); Louisiana (96); Mississippi (97); North Carolina (52); South Carolina (64). bionomics. — Females of this species cannot be separated with certainty from other members of the subgenus Melanoconion, therefore nothing is known of their feeding habits. The larvae occur mostly in pools of a temporary nature, such as ditches, grassy pools and floodwater areas. King et al. (96) state that the eggs are able to withstand drying, an unusual trait in this genus. Larvae have been collected from April to December in the extreme South (4th Sv. C. Med. Lab. records, 1942-1944, unpublished). CULEX (NeOCULEX) APICALIS Adams Culex apicalis Adams, 1903, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., 2:26. ADULT FEMALE. — Rather small species. Head: Proboscis long, dark scaled; palpi short, dark. Broad dorsal region of occiput clothed with whitish to golden lanceolate scales and numerous brown erect forked scales (forked scales of central portion often pale) ; lateral region of occiput clothed with broad whitish scales. Thorax: Integument of scutum light brown; vestiture of lanceolate scales (somewhat coarser than on C. restuans, salinarius, and nigripalpus), usually light brown, but varying on different specimens from light gray to dark brown; scales of anterior and lateral margins and of prescutellar space paler; frequent- ly a pair of indefinite submedian spots of pale scales present near middle of scutum. Pleura with a few patches of broad white scales. Abdomen: Tergites dark-brown to black scaled with bronze to metallic blue-green reflection; each tergite except the first with a conspicuous apical triangular patch of white scales on either side, usually joined by a narrow dorso-apical band of similar scales. Venter whitish scaled. Legs: Legs dark scaled with bronze to metallic blue- green reflection except for pale inner surfaces of femora and tibiae and a pale streak usually present on one side of segment 1 of tarsi. Wing: Scales narrow, dark. 272 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female. TERMINALia (Fig. 152A). Lobes of ninth tergite (IXT-L) rounded, about as long as broad, sep- arated by about twice the width of one lobe, each bearing several setae. Tenth sternite (X-S) crowned with short blunt spines, arranged in a somewhat comb- like row. Phallosome (Ph) formed of a pair of stout columnar structures (lateral plates) strongly joined like a U-bolt at base and with a narrow trans- verse bridge at apical fourth; apex of each column blunt, crowned with numer- ous small denticles. Claspette absent. Basts tyle (Bs) about two and one-half times as long as basal width, with apex narrow, bluntly rounded; vestiture of numerous setae, longer on outer aspects. Subapical lobe (S-L) prominent, undivided, bearing two strong rods with tips pointed and recurved; four smaller flattened recurved spines, three of which are serrated on one side; and two stout setae. Dististyle (Ds) about half as long as basistyle, curved, slightly con- stricted at basal third, a little broader at apical third, then tapered to apex; terminal claw (Ds-C) about one-fifth as long as dististyle, with tip blunt and somewhat flattened. LARVA. (Fig. 153). — Head much broader than long. Antenna about as long as head, constricted beyond antennal tuft, with portion before constriction spinose, portion beyond constriction darker and with coarser and fewer spines; B -Ds-C -IXT-L Fig. 152. Culex apicalis Adams. A, Male terminalia. B, Abdomen of female. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 273 antennal tuft large, multiple, barbed, inserted at outer third of shaft, reaching considerably beyond tip. Head hairs: Preantennal (A) multiple, barbed, extending to insertion of antennal tuft; lower (B) single, barbed, extending beyond insertion of antennal tuft; upper (C) single, barbed, about two-thirds as long as lower (B) (either or both B and C occasionally double) ; postclypeal (d) small, single; sutural (e), trans-sutural (f) and supraorbital double or triple. Body finely spicular. Upper lateral abdominal hairs multiple on segments I and II, double on III to VI. Comb of eighth segment of numerous scales in a patch; individual scale rounded apically, fringed with subequal spinules. Siphon slender, about seven times as long as basal width, slightly expanded at the apex; pecten of 12 to 16 rather evenly spaced teeth on basal third of siphon; individual tooth with 1 to 4 long coarse side teeth; four or five pairs Fig. 153. Larva of Culex apicalis. A, Terminal segments. B, Head. C, Comb scale. D, and E, Pecten teeth. 274 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 of subventral tufts inserted beyond pecten, the individual hairs Uttle if any longer than diameter of siphon (apical tuft inserted somewhat laterally). Anal segment nearly twice as long as wide, completely ringed by the dorsal plate; lateral hair usually double; dorsal brush consisting of a long lower caudal hair and a shorter 4-branched upper caudal tuft on either side; ventral brush large, with 2 or 3 small tufts preceding the barred area; gtlls 4, about as long as the segment, tapered. distribution. — Widely distributed in North America, Europe and central Asia. Southern States: Alabama (170); Arkansas (30); Florida (52); Georgia (96); Kentucky (140); Louisiana (96); Mississippi (97); Missouri (1); North Carolina (166); South Carolina (64); Tennessee (170); Virginia (49). Other States: California (66); Colorado (128); Connecticut (21); Delaware (106); District of Columbia and Illinois (52); Indiana (76); Iowa (155, 156); Kansas (79); Maine, Maryland and Massachusetts (52); Michigan (88); Minnesota (131); Montana (112); Nebraska (178); New Hampshire (105); New Jersey (77); New Mexico (9); New York (52); Oklahoma (159); Pennsylvania (52); Rhode Island (99); Texas (108); Wisconsin (48). bionomics. — Culex apicalis is not known to feed on man but has been observed feeding on cold-blooded animals, particularly frogs. The adults are rarely taken inside dwellings but are usually found amongst vegetation and in shelters near their breeding places. The larvae are found in semi-permanent and permanent pools, in streams, and in swamps. Larvae and adults occur throughout the year in the southern portion of its range but are rarely taken in southern Florida (4th Sv. C. Med. Lab. records, 1942-1944, unpublished). Genus Deinocerites Theobald^ Deitwceriies Theobald. 1901, Mon. Culic, 2:215. The genus Deinocerites contains a few species which are confined to the Caribbean area, the Gulf of Mexico and adjacent regions. All the known species breed in saltwater in crab holes and the adults rest in the upper part of the holes. The genus is represented by a single species, D. cancer, in the southern United States. salient characters. — Adult: The adults resemble Culex but have the antenna much longer than the proboscis; the first flagellar segment is long in both sexes. Antennae and palpi are long in both males and females. Cerci prominent. Male Terminalia: Ninth tergite with two large elongated lobes. Tenth sternite with a crown of close-set teeth. Phallosome strongly toothed. Basistyle stout. Dististyle short, pubescent, with two terminal claws. Larva: Head with a prominent triangular pouch on either side. Comb of eighth seg- ment consists of many scales in a patch. Siphon of moderate length, with pecten well developed. Dorsal plate sclerotized dorsally and ventrally, indis- tinct laterally. Two short, bulbous anal gills present. 1 See Edwards (1932) or Dyar (1928) for synonymy. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 275 Deinocerites cancer Theobald Deinocerites cancer Theobald, 1901, Mon. Culic, 2:215. ADULT FEMALE. — Medium-sized species. Head: Proboscis long, slender, dark scaled; palpi short, dark; antennae much longer than proboscis with the first flagellar segment three times as long as the second and equal in length to the second, third, and fourth segments combined. Occiput clothed with numer- ous coppery-brown erect forked and lanceolate scales. Thorax: Scutum covered by brown lanceolate scales with a coppery sheen; sternopleura shingled with rather broad, coppery scales. Spiracular and postspiracular bristles absent. Abdomen: Dorsum with dark metallic scales, venter tan; terminal segments somewhat compressed, truncate, with large cerci prominently displayed. Legs: All leg scales dark. Wing: Scales narrow, brown. ADULT MALE. — Coloration similar to that of female; antennae and palpi similar to those of female, but with first segment of antenna less than twice as long as the second, and not equal in length to the second, third, and fourth segments combined. TERMINALia (Fig. 154). Ninth tergite (IX-T) with dorsal band narrow, curved; lobes (IXT-L) very large, widely separated, heavily sclerotized, flattened and elongate, extending to apical fourth of basi- style, blunt at tip and with numerous small setae on rounded inner surface at IXT-L- Fig. 154. Deinocerites cancer Theobald. A, Male terminalia. B, Phallosome (side view). 276 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 base. Tenth sternite (X-S) stout, about half as long as lobe of ninth tergite, with a dome-hke crown of numerous blunt heavily sclerotized teeth. Phallosome (Ph) large, heavily sclerotized, open dorsally and ventrally, with a pair of strong horn-like curved extensions apically, overlapping near tip; each plate with many long, slender filaments arising rib-like latero-ventrally and project- ing ventro-posteriorly. Claspette absent. Basi style (Bs) about two and one-half times as long as wide, gradually tapering to a rounded apex, clothed with many long and short setae; a fleshy, finger-like, posteriorly directed projection arising from inner margin near apex, probably representing the apical lobe; basal lobe (B-L) rounded, situated near middle of basistyle, bearing two short blunt dark rods and a longer more slender spine, pointed and recurved at tip. Dististyle (Ds) short, dark, densely covered with fine hairs, always held reflexed and not reaching basal lobe, swollen at apical third, obtusely pointed at tip; two stout, downcurved claws, pointed and nearly equal in size, inserted a little before apex. Fig. 155. Larva of Deinocerites cancer Theobald. A, Comb scale. B, Terminal segments. C, Head. D, and E, Pecten teeth. Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S 277 LARVA. (Fig. 155). — Head slightly broader than long, almost circular in outline, with a prominent triangular pouch on either side. Antenna about half as long as the head, sparsely spined basally; antennal tuft multiple, sparsely barbed, inserted near middle, extending near tip of antenna. Eyes small, rounded. Inner preclypeal spine weak. Head hairs: Preantennal (A) multiple, barbed, extending nearly to insertion of antennal tuft; lower (B) very long, single, sparsely barbed; upper (C) shorter, usually 3 to 4-branched, barbed, extending beyond preclypeus; postclypeal (d) small, single, inserted near anterior margin of clypeus; sutural (e) usually triple; trans-sutural (f) multi- ple; supraorbital usually 2 to 4-branched. Cornb of eighth segment of numerous scales in a patch; individual scale abruptly broadened and rounded apically, fringed with subequal spinules. Siphon about four to five times as long as basal width; pecten of 6 to 8 teeth progressively more widely spaced and restricted to basal third of siphon; a long double or triple subventral tuft near middle of siphon and two smaller 1 to 2-branched tufts apically, one of which is inserted subdorsally. Ajial segment slightly longer than wide; dorsal plate sclerotized dorsally and ventrally, indistinct laterally; lateral hair single; dorsal brush con- sisting of a long lower caudal hair and a short multiple upper caudal tuft on either side; ventral brush well developed, confined to the barred area; gills 2, short, bulbous. distribution. — Southern Florida (52); Antilles, Mexico and Central America. bionomics. — The adults of this species are frequently found resting in the upper portion of the crab holes in which they breed. Some observers claim that the females occasionally bite humans, but they are seldom encountered except in areas where breeding is heavy. The larvae are found in the holes of land crabs in the coastal salt marshes. T. E. Duffey collected several larvae of this species from a tin can, together with larvae of Aedes triseriatus, during Octo- ber, 1944, on Jupiter Island near Hobe Sound, Florida. Duffey has also observed numerous specimens in the act of copulation while resting on the sides of crab holes. Larvae have been collected from February to December in Florida(4th Sv. C. Med. Lab. records, 1942-1944, unpublished). 17S American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Adams, C. F. and Wm. M. Gordon. 1943 — Notes on The Mosquitoes of Missouri (Diptera, Culicidae). Ent. News 54:232-235. 2. AlTKEN, T. H. G. 1940 — The Genus Psorophora in California (Diptera, Culicidae). Rev. de Entomologia 11:672-682. 3. AlTKEN, T. H. G. 1945 — Studies en The Anopheline Complex of Western North America. Univ. Calif. Pub. in Ent. 7:273-364. 4. BaisAS, F. E. 1938 — Notes on Philippine Mosquitoes, Vii. A. Culex (Culex) with banded proboscis and tarsi. D. Anopheles : The pupae of three rare species; the leucosphyrus-subgroup. Monthly Bull. Philippine Hlth. Serv. 18:175-232. 5. Baker, F. C. 1936 — A New Species of Orthopodomvia, O. alba, sp. n. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 38:1-7. 6. 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S. 1939 — A Key to the Mosquitoes of Massachusetts. Psyche 46:113-136. 181. TwiNN, C .R. 1931 — Notes on the Biology of Mosquitoes of Eastern Canada. N. J. Mosq. Exterm. Assoc. Proc. 18:10. 182. Vargas, L. 1940 — Clave para Identificar las Larvas de Anopheles Mexicanos. Ciencia 1 :66. 183. ViOSCA, Percy. 1924 — Report of the Entomologist. Parish of New Orleans and City of New Orleans. Bd. Hlth. Ann. Rpt., 1923, 31:47. 184. ViOSCA, Percy. 1925 — A Bionomical Study of the Mosquitoes of New Orleans and Southeastern Louisiana. N. J. Mosq. Exterm. Assoc. Proc. 12:34-50. 185. Wanamaker. J. F. 1944 — An Improved Method for Mounting Mosquito Larvae. Amer. Jour. Trop. Med. 24:385-386. 186. Wanamaker, J. F., R. W. Chamberlain and S. J. Carpenter. 1944 — Distri- bution of Culex pipiens in the Southeastern United States. Jour. Econ. Ent. 37:106-107. 187. Wilcox, A. and L. Logan. 1941 — The Detection and Differential Diagnosis of Malarial Parasites in the Schizogonous and Sporogonous Cycles. Amer. 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INDEX abdomen : adult, 32, 33 ; anopheline larvae, 45, 46, 47; culicine larvae, 42-44; larval segmentation, 41; pupa 39 accessory gland 17 accessory paddle hair 39 acrostichal bristles 28, 29 acus 42 adult: collection, 6-13; life history, 3, 4; taxonomic characters, 23-37; transportmg, mountmg and stormg, 13-15 Aedes, 165; apical lobe, 35; basal lobe, 35; bird malaria, 5; claspettes, 36; coUectmg adults, 11; diagram of fourth instar larva, 40; dististyle, 36; eggs, 2, 18; eighth abdominal segment of adult, 33; encephalitides, 6; fe- male abdomen, 33; filariasis, 6; heartworm of dogs, 6; key to adult females, male terminalia and larvae, 166-170; male terminalia, 34; para- tergal scales, 29; pleural chaetotaxy, 30; scutellar scales, 29; tenth ster- nite, 34; tenth sternite similar to that of Psorophora, 131; tropical warble fly, 6; yellow fever 5 Aedcs aegypil, 227-230: aduh blood preference, 4; dengue, 5; egg, 48; scale pattern, 29; yellow fever 5 Aedes albopictus : dengue 5 Aedes at'anticus 170-173: 214, 217 Aedes airopalpus 220-223 Aedes canadensis 173-176: 194 Aedes canlator 176-179 Aedes cinereus, 234-236. palpi of males similar to those of females .... 25 Aedes dorsalis, 179-182 Aedes dupreei 182-185 Aedes fuIvLis pallens 185-188 Aedes grossbecki 188-191 Aedes infirmalus 191-194 Aedes malhesoni _ 194 Aedes milchellae 195-197: 200 Aedes nigromacuUs 197-199 Aedes solUcilans, 199-203: light traps 9 Aedes sticticus 203-206 Aedes siimulans 206-208 Aedes laeniorh^nchus, 209-211: light traps 9 Aedes thibauUi 211-214 Aedes tormentor 214-217 Aedes triseriaius, 224-227: association with Deinocerites cancer 277 Aedes trivittalus 217-220 Aedes vexans, 230-233: flight range.. 4 Aedimorphus, subgenus of Aedes 165 aegpp/i (see Aedes). air tube (see siphon). alba (see Orlhopodomyiia) . albimanus (see Anopheles), albopictus (see Aedes). alula 31 anal cell 31 anal gills 40. 44, 46. 47 anal hair 40, 42 anal lobe 34. 36 anal membrane, 33, 34 anal segment: adults, 33; larvae 43 anal vein 31 androphilism 3 Anopheles, 50: abdomen of larva, 45, 47; adult hibernation, 4; association with Uranoiaenia, 100, Culex errali- cus, 265 ; basal lobe, 35 ; bird ma- laria, 5; cibarial armature, 16; clas- pettes, 36; daytime resting shelters, 7; dististyle, 36; distribution, 50; eggs, 2, 18, 48; filariasis, 6; frontal tuft, 25; head of larva, 43; heart- worm of dogs, 6; human malaria, 4- 5; key to adult females, male termi- nalia and larvae, 50-52; larval col- lecting, 19; larval feeding, 2; male terminalia, 36; phallosome, 34; re- spiratory trumpet of pupa, 37; tenth sternite, 34; terminal abdominal seg- ments of pupa, 38; thorax, 44; tropi- cal warble fly 6 Anopheles albimanus 80-83 Anopheles atropos, 52-55: larval as- sociation with A. crucians bradleyi, 60; light traps 10 Anopheles barberi, 55-58 Anopheles crucians bradlepi 58-60 Anopheles crucians crucians, 60-64: light traps 10 Anopheles crucians georgianus, 64-66 Anopheles maculipennis : eggs 18 Anopheles maculipennis freehorni : en- cephalitides, 6; human malaria 5 Anopheles pseudopunctipennis pseudo- punctipennis 66-69 Anopheles punctipennis 69-72 286 Carpenter et al. : Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 287 Anopheles quadrimaculatus, 73-76: as- sociation with Uranotaenia sapphiri- na, 107, Culex erraticus, 265; human malaria, 5; light traps 10 Anopheles n>a/^eri, 76-79 anophelines ( ^ tribe Anophelini) : habits of adults, 3, 4; larval charac- ters, 44-47; scaling or dorsum and venter, 32; scutellum 29 Anophelini, tribe of Culicinae, 50; ab- dominal chaetotaxy of pupa, 39; key, 49; respiratory trumpets, 39; salient characters 50 antenna: adult, 24, 25; larva, 41, 42 antenna! tuft or hair: Anopheles, 43, 44; culicines, 41, 42 antepalmate hair, 45, 47 anterior plate 46 anterior pronotal lobe 28 anterior pronotum 27 apical lobe 34, 35 apicalis (see Culex). aspirator, 11, 12 atlanlicus (see Aedes) . atralus (see Culex). alropalpus (see Aedes). alropos (see Anopheles). axillary cell 31 bahamensis (see Culex). harheri (see Anopheles). barred area 43 basal arm of tenth sternite 35 basal hairs, 41. 42, 43, 46 basal lobe 34, 35 basal plate 34, 35 basistyle, 34, 35 bimaculalus (see Aedes fulvus pallens). bird malaria, 5: transmitted by Culex pipiens, 247, C. quinquefasciaius ....250 Bironella : distribution, 50; palmate hair on mesothorax, 47; palpi, 25; scutellum 50 biting collections 10, II bradlevi (see Anopheles). Brome'liaceae 91, 99, 114 canadensis (see Aedes). cancer (see Deinoceriles) . caniaior (see Aedes). capitellum 32 caudal hairs: lower, 40, 43, 46, 47; up- per 40, 43, 46, 47 cephalothorax 3, 37 cerci 24 chaetotaxy: of adult, 28, 29; of larva, 39-47; of pupa 39 Chagasia, genus of Anophelini : distri- bution, 50; palpi of adults 50 Chaoborinae, subfamily of Culicidae: key 49 chloral gum: mounting male ferminalia, 15; preparation and use of 21, 22 chorion 47 cibarial armature 16 ciliaia (see Psorophora). cinereus (see Aedes). claspette 36 claw (see also ungues) : on dististyle, 34, 35, 36 Climacura, subgenus of Culisela: 107 clypeal hairs: inner, 43, 46; outer, 43, 46; post 41, 42. 43. 46 clypeus: adult. 25; larva 39 collar 42, 43 collecting methods: adults, 6-13; eggs, 18; larvae 18-20 comb 40, 42 comb scales 40, 42 compound eyes 25 confinnis (see Psorophora). Coquillettidia, subgenus of Mansonia: -. 127 costal vein 31 coxae 28, 30 cratal tufts 43 cross-veins 31 crown of tenth sternite 35 crucians bradlevi (see Anopheles), crucians crucians (see Anopheles), crucians georgianus (see Anopheles) . Culex, 236: accessory paddle hair, 39; adult hibernation, 4; basal lobe. 35; bird malaria, 5; daytime resting shel- ters. 7; egg, 2, 48; eighth abdominal segment of adult, 33 ; encephalitides, 6; filariasis, 6; heartworm of dogs, 6 key to adult females, male terminalia and larvae, 237-239; male terminal- ia, 35; phallosome, 34; pleural chae- totaxy, 30; preparing male terminalia, 15, prothorax, 27; pulvilli, 31; scutal scales, 29; similarity to Culiseia, 107; to Deinoceriles, 274; subapical lobe, 35; tenth sternite, 34; terminal abdominal segments of pupa, 38; tropical warble fly, 6; ungues, 31; yellow fever 5 Culex, subgenus of Culex, 237: tenth sternite 34 Culex apicalis, 271-274: egg raft .... 2 Culex atralus 2 60-262 Culex bahamensis 240-242 Culex erralicus 262-265 Culex faligans (see C. qinquefasciatus) . Culex nigripalpus 242-245: scales on scutum 271 288 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 Culex peccalor, 265-268: scales on scutum 263 Culex pilosus, 268-271: scales on scu- tum 263 Culex pipiens, 245-247: bird malaria, 5 ; encephalitides 6 Culex quinquefasciatus, 247-250: bird malaria, 5 ; biting, 253 ; similarity to C. pipiens 245, 246 Culex resluans, 250-253 : scales on scutum 271 Culex salinarius, 253-256: biting, 245; scales on scutum 271 Culex tarsalis, 256-259 : encephali- tides - - 6 Cu^ex Iritaeniorhvnchus : encephalitides.. 6 Culicidae, 48: keys to subfamilies ..48, 49 Culicmae, subfamily of Culicidae, 49 : key, 49 ; key to tribes, 49 ; rotation of male terminalia, 33; wing venation.. 32 culicines ( = tribe Culicini) : eggs of, 47, 48; habits of adults, 3, 4; homol- ogy of pecten, 47 ; larval feeding habits, 2; respiratory trumpets of pupae, 39 ; scales on dorsum and venter, 32 ; scutellum, 29 ; taxonomic characters of larvae 41-44 Culicini, tribe of Culicinae, 88: abdom- inal chaetotaxy of pupae, 39; key .. 49 Culisela, 107: egg, 2; bird malaria, 5; encephalitides, 6; key to adult fe- males, male terminalia and larvae, 108; prothorax, 27; tenth sternite .. 34 Culisela inornata, 108-111: encephali- tides 6 Culiseta melanura 112-114 c^anescens (see Psorophora). Deinoceriies, 274: palpi of males, 25; phallosome 34 Deinoceriies cancer, 275-277: anten- nae of males, 25; scales on sterno- pleura 30 dengue 5, 230 Dermalobia hominis, transmitted by mosquitoes 6 Dirofihria immitis, transmitted by mos- quitoes .... 6, 247 discolor (see Psorophora). ■discrucians (see Psorophora varipes). dissection for malaria parasites (see ma- laria), •dissection of male terminalia (see ter- minalia). dististyle ...34, 35. 36 diverticula: dorsal, 17; ventral 17 Dixinae, subfamily of Culicidae, key, 48, 49 dorsal anterior submedian hair (see sub- median hairs). dorsal arm of phallosome 35 dorsal arm of tenth sternite 34, 35 dorsal brush 40, 43, 46, 47 dorsal hairs 42 dorsal lobe of claspette 36 dorsal plate 40, 43, 46, 47 dorsal preapical spine 40 dorsal submedian prothoracic hairs (see (submedian prothoracic hairs), dorsal valve (see median valve). dorsalis (see Aedes). dorso-central bristles 28, 29 dorsum 32 dupreei (see Aedes). egg: characters of, 47-48; collection, 18; life history, 2; raft of Culex apicalis 2 egg breaker 2 egg raft 48 eighth abdominal segment 33 elephantiasis (see filariasis). empodium 31 encephalitides 6 endochorion 47 epicranial plate (see occular sclerite). epicranial suture, 39; anopheline larvae, 43 equine encephalitis : transmitted by mos- quitoes ....179, 223, 227, 233, 247. 259 Eretmapodites: yellow fever 5 erralicus (see Culex). euparal 15, 22 exochorion 47 eye: imaginal, 24, 42; larval 42 fatigans (see Culex quinquefasciatus) . femur 30 ferox (see Psorophora) . filament of clasp>ette 34, 37 filariasis (see also Wuchereria ban- crofli and IV. mala^i) : transmitted by mosquitoes 5-6 finger-like process 43, 44 Finlaya, subgenus of Aedes 165 flagellum 25 flight range 4 floats 47 food: adults, 3; larvae 2 fowl-pox 6 freeborni (see Anopheles). frill 47 fringe of wing 31 fringe scales 32 frons 25 frontal hairs: inner, 43. 46; middle. 43. 46; outer 43. 46 Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 289 fronlo-clypeus, 39; of Anopheles 43 fulvus pallens (see Aedes). georgianus (see Anopheles). Grabhamia, subgenus of Psorophora 130. 131 grid (see barred area). grossbecf(! (see Aedes). Haemagogus : tropical warble fly, 6; yellow fever 5 halter 24. 28. 32 head: adult, 24-27; larva 39. 41. 42, 43, 44, 46 heartworm of dogs (see Dirofilaria im- milis) 6 hibernation 4 hind-gut 17 hirsiiieron (see Aedes sticticiis). horrida (see Psorophora). hoWardii (see Psorophora). humeral cross-vein 31 hypopharynx 27 identification of specimens 23 indubitans (see Mansonia). infirmatus (see Aedes). inflated siphon 43 infraorbital hairs 46 inornaia (see CuUseia). instar 2 interbasal folds 34, 36 internal spine 36 intersegmental membrane 32 Janthinosoma, subgenus of Psorophora : 130. 131 killing specimens: adults 14; larvae .... 20 labella 24, 25 labium: adult, 25; larva 41 labrum 39 labrum-epipharynx 27 larvae: collecting methods, 18-20; food of, 2; life history, 2. 3; rearing, storing and mounting. 20-23 ; struc- tures of 39-47 lateral flap 46 lateral hairs: abdomen (culicines) 40, 42; larval thorax (anophelines), 45, 46., 47; larval thorax (culicines), 44; of anal segment 40, 43, 46, 47 lateral teeth of phallosome 35 lateral valves 42 leaflets of phallosome 36 legs 30 leishmaniasis 6 life history: adult, 3, 4; egg, 2; larva, 2, 3; pupa 3 light traps: New Jersey 7-10 Limaius : yellow fever 5 lobe of ninth tergite 33, 34, 35, 36 longipalpus (see Psorophora). longitudmal veins 31 lower caudal hair (see caudal hairs). lower head hairs 41, 42 lower lateral abdominal hair (see ab- dominal hair). lowii (see Uranotaenia). hitzii (see Psorophora). maculipennis (see Anopheles). malaria: bird. 5; dissection for para- sites, 16; human 4. 5 male terminaha (see terminalia). Malpighian tubules 17 mandibles: adult. 27; larva 41 Mansonia, 120: egg, 2; eighth abdom- inal segment of adult, 33; filariasis. 6; larval habits, 3; pleural chaeto- taxy, 30; pupal habits. 3; tropical warble fly, 6; yellow fever 5 Mansonia indubitans. 121-123: dorsal submedian profhoracic hairs 41 Mansonia perlurbans, 127-130 Mansonia lilillans, 124-127: dorsal submedian prothoracic hairs 41 marginal cells 31 malhesoni (see Aedes). maxillae: adult, 27; larva 41 maxillary palps: adult, 24. 25; Anoph- elini & Bironella adults, 50; anophe- line larvae 43 meatus 37. 39 median plate 46 median valve 42 medical importance of mosquitoes 4-6 Megarhinini. tribe of Culicinae, 83: ab- sence of comb scales, 42; chaetotaxy of pupal abdomen, 39; key 49 Megarhiniis. 83: key to adult males, 84; larval feeding, 2: mouthbrushes, 39; pecten, 42; scutellum, 29; squa- ma, 31; terminal abdominal segments of pupa. 38; wing venation 32 Megarhinus rutilus 84 Megarhinus seplentrionalis 84-88 Melanoconion. subgenus of Culex : 237, 268, 271; cibarial armature, 16; tenth sternite 34 melanura (see CuUseia). mentum 41 meron 28, 29. 30 mesepimeron: 28. 29; generic value of, 30 mesepimeral bristles 28 mesonotum 29 mesopleural hairs 41 290 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 mesosome (see phallosome). mesothorax: adult, 28; larva 41, 44 metameron 28, 30 metanotum 28 metapleura .28, 30 metapleural hairs 41 metathorax: adult, 30; larva .. 41, 44 metepisternum 30 micropylar apparatus 47 microtrichia 32 mid-gut 16, 17 milchellae (see Aedes). milchelUi (see IV^eom^ia). mounting technique: adults, 12, 14; ci- barial armature, 16; larvae, 21-23; male terminalia, 15, 16; media ....21-23 mouth brushes ....- 2, 29, 42 Mpzompf'a, subgenus of Anopheles; dis- tribution 50 Neoculex, subgenus of Culex, 237: tenth sternite of 34 rtigripalpus (see Culex). nigromaculis (see Aedes). ninth sternite 33, 34, 35, 36 ninth tergite 33, 34, 35, 36 notched organs (Organs of Nuttall and Shipley) 44, 47, 50 Nyssorhynchus. subgenus of Anotihe'es : characteristics of male terminalia, 50; distribution 50 occiput 24, 25 Ochleratatus, subgenus of Aedes 165 ocular sclerite, 39; of Anopheles 43 oesophagus 17 oocysts 16 OTlhopodomy'io. 114: pecten, 42; pleural chaetotaxy, 30; tarsal seg- ments 30, 31 Orthopodomyia alba 114-116 Orthopodom'^ia signifera 116-119 ovary 17 oviduct 17 paddle hair 39 paddles 37, 39 palatum 39, 42 palmate hairs: abdominal, 45, 47; mesothoracic in Dironella, 46; meta- thoracic in Anopheles 44 palps (see maxillary palps). papilla 41, 42, 43, 44 parabasal spines 35, 36 parameres 34 paraproct 33 paratergite 28, 29 .peccalor (see Culex). pecten 40, 42, 46 penis 34 perturhans (see Mansonia). petiole of wing vein 31 phallosome 34, 35, 36 pharyngeal pump 17 pharynx 17 pilosus (see Culex). pinna 39 pipiens (see Culex). Plslia 123, 127 Plasmodium falciparum, 5: infection in Anopheles albimanus, 83; A. cruci- ans hradle\), 60; A. crucians cruci- ans, 64; A. pseudopunctipennis pseu- dopunclipennis, 69; A. punctipennis, 72; A. quadrimaculaius, 76; A. wall(eri 79 Plasmodium malariae, 5 : infection in Anopheles punctipennis, 72; A. quadrimaculaius 76 Plasmodium vivax, 4: infection in Anopheles albimanus, 83; A. atro- pos, 55; A. barberi, 58; A. cruci- ans, 64; A. pseudopunctipennis pseu- dopunctipennis, 69; A. punctipennis, 72; A. quadrimaculaius, 76; A. rvall(eri 79 pleurae 28, 29 pleural hair groups 41, 44, 46 plume scales 32 polyvinal alcohol 22, 23 posterior cell 31 posterior pronotum 27, 28 postnotum 24, 28, 29 postspiracular area 28, 29 postspiracular bristles 28 postspiracular hair 46 praescutum 29 prealar area 29 prealar bristles 28 prealar knob 28 preantennal hairs 41, 42 preclypeal spines 39, 42, 43 preclypeus 39, 42, 43 precrafal tufts 43 prementum 41 prescutellar space 28, 29 proboscis 24, 25 proctiger 33 pronotal bristles: anterior, 28; posterior 28 pronotum 27, 28 propleuva 27, 28 propleural bristles 28 propleural hairs 41 prosternum, 27: scaling of probable tax- onomic value 28 prothorax: adult, 27; larva 41, 44 proventriculus 17 Carpenter et al.: Mosquitoes of Southern U. S. 291 pseudopunciipennis pseud opiinclipennis (see Anopheles) . Psorophora, 130: collecting adults, II; distlstyle, 36; eggs, 2, 18; eighth ab- dominal segment of adult, 33; key to adult females, male terminalia and larvae, 131-133; larval feeding, 2; subventral hair tufts, 42; tenth ster- nite, 34; thorax and pleural chaeto- taxy, 28, 30; tropical warble fly, 6; vestiture of legs, 31; female abdo- men, 33; yellovsf fever 5 Psorophora, subgenus of Psorophora 130, 131 Psorophora ciliala, 133-136: mouth brushes 39 Psorophora confinnis, 153-156: disti- style, 36; fed upon by P. ciliala ....135 Psorophora cvanescens 139-142 Psorophora discolor 156-160 Psorophora ferox, 142-145, 146: dis- tistyle, 36; tropical warble fly 6 Psorophora horrida 145-147 Psorophora howardii, 136-139: disti- style, 36; mouth brushes 39 Psorophora longipalpus 147-150 Psorophora lulzii : carrier of tropical warble fly 6 Psorophora pygmaea 160-162 Psorophora signipennis, 162-165: wing fringe 32 Psorophora varipes, 150-153: disti- style 36 pulvilli 3 1 punctipennis (see Anopheles) . pupa: life history, 3; taxonomic charac- ters 37-39 pVgmaea (see Psorophora). qiiadrimaculalus (see Anopheles) . quinquefasciatus (see Culex). rearing methods 20 respiratory trumpets 37, 39 resiiians (see Culex). Rift Valley fever 6 rutilus (see Megarhimis) . sabre: dorsal and ventral 43, 46 salinariiis (see Culex) . salivary duct 17, 27 salivary glands: dissection of 17, 18 sapphirina (see Uranolaenia). Sarracenia purpurea 96 scabellum 32 scales: on legs, 31; on wings (fringe, plume, squame) 31 scape 25 schizogony 5 scutal angle 28 scutellum, 24, 28, 29: in Anophelini and Chagasia 50 scutum 24, 28, 29 sepientrionalis (see Megarhinus). shelters, 4: artificial, 7; natural 7 shoulders hairs (see submedian protho- racic hairs). signifera (see Orthopodomxiia) . signipennis (see Psorophora) . siphon, 40, 42: absent in Anophelini 50 siphonal hair 40, 42 siphonal index 43 siphonal valves: culicines 40, 42 smithii (see ^Fpeompia). sollicilans (see Aedes). spermatheca 17, 47 spiracles: anopheline larvae, 46, 47; culicine adults, 27, 28, 30; culicine larvae 42 spiracular apparatus: Anopheles larva 46 spiracular bristles 27, 28 spiracular valves: culicine larvae ...40, 42 sporogony 5 sporozoites 16 squama 28, 31 squame scales 32 stable traps 10 Stegomyia, subgenus of Aedes 165 Stegom\iia fasciaia (see Aedes aegypti). stem of claspette 34, 37 sternite 32 sternopleura, 28, 29; of generic value 30 sternopleural bristles 28 Ststhomyia, subgenus of Anopheles : distribution 50 sliciicus (see Aedes). siimulans (see Aedes). St. Louis encephalitis, mosquito borne, 6, 233, 247, 259 storage of specimens: adults, 14; larvae 20 subapical lobe 35 sub-basal hairs 41, 42, 43, 46 subcostal vein 31 subdorsal tufts 42 sublateral hairs, 45, 47 submarginal cell 31 submedian hairs: of abdomen. 45, 47; of prothorax (inner, median and out- er) 41, 44, 46 submentum 41 subsiphonal hair 40, 42 subspiracular area 28, 29 subterminal s[)ines 41, 42 subventral hair tuft 40, 42 292 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 3 supra-alar bristles 28, 29 supra-orbital hairs 41, 42, 43, 46 sutural hairs 41, 42, 43, 46 laeniorh^nchus (see Aedes). iarsalis (see Culex). tarsus 30 taxonomic characters: adults, 23-37; larvae, 39-47; pupae 37-39 tenth abdominal segment 33 tenth sternite 33, 34, 35, 36 tenth lergite 33, 34, 35, 36 tergal plates 45, 47 tergite 32 terminal hair of antenna 43, 46 terminal spines 41, 42 terminalia: female terminalia, 32; prep- aration for study, 15, 16; taxonomic features 33-37 Theobaldia (see Culiseta). thibaulti (see Aedes). thorax: adult, 27-32; anopheline lar- vae, 44, 46; culicine larvae 41 tibia 30 litillans (see Mansonia). tormentor (see Aedes). torus 24, 25 transporting: adults, 13, 14; larvae .... 20 trans-sutural hairs 41, 42, 43, 46 Trichoprosopon : carrier of tropical warble fly 6 triseriatus (see Aedes). tritaeniorh^nchus (see Culex). trivittatus (see Aedes). trochanter 30 tularemia 6 ungues 31 upper caudal hair (see caudal hairs). upper head hairs 41, 42 upper lateral abdominal hair (see lat- eral hairs). Uranotaenia, 100: egg, 2; palpi of males, 25; phallosome, 34; protho- rax, 27; squama, 31 ; tenth sternite, 34; wing venation 32 Uranotaenia lojvii, 101-104: antennae of males, 25 ; dorsal submedian pro- thoracic hairs 41 Uranotaenia sapphirina 104-107 vanduzeei (see lV})eom^ia) . venter 32 ventral arm of phallosome 35 ventral brush 40, 43, 46, 47 ventral lobe of claspette 36 ventral submedian hair 44, 46 ventro lateral posterior hair 46 vertex 24, 25 vexans (see Aedes). vitelline membrane 47 rval}(eri (see Anopheles). Western equine encephalitis: mosquito borne 6, 1 1 1 wing 24, 31. 32 Wuchereria bancrofti: mosquito borne 5. 247, 250 Wuchereria malayi : mosquito borne .. 6 Wyeomyia, 89 : antennae of males, 25 ; anterior pronotum, 27; eighth abdomi- nal segment of adult, 33 ; key to adult females, male terminalia and larvae, 90; palpi of males, 25; pec- ten, 42; pleural chaetotaxy, 30; post- notal tuft, 30; squama, 3l; tropical warble fly, 6; yellow fever 5 Wyeomwa mitchellii 90-93 IVyeom^ia smithii, 93-96 H^peompia vanduzeei 96-99 yellow fever: transmitted by mosquitoes 5, 227, 230