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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Miscellaneous Publication No. 336
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ISSUED JUNE 1939 WASHINGTON, D. C. . SLIGHTLY REVISED FEBRUARY 1944
‘THE MOSQUITOES OF || THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES
By W. V. KING, Senior Entomologist G. H. BRADLEY, Associate Entomologist and : T. E. MCNEEL, Assistant Entomologist Division of Insects Affecting Man and Animals
Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington,D.C. - - - - = - - - - = Price 25 cents
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION NO. 336
Washington, D. C. Issued June 1939 Saareetay Slightly revised February 1944
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES
By W. V. Kine, senior entomologist, G. H. BRADLEY, associate entomologist, and T. E. McNEEL, assistant entomologist, Division of Insects Affecting Man and Animals, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine
CONTENTS
Page Page
Im trod uctio meee ase a ee eae ea see 1 | Notes on the genera and species—Continued. Genera and species found in the Southeastern GenusyAledessMicicen= seen eee 45 SGA CES ee reer pet eee ON ee ce Tete 8 1 Genus Psorophora Robineau-Desvoidy __- 53 Literature on mosquitoes_________________ 4 Genus Mansonia Blanchard____________- 56 General characteristics and habits of mosqui- GenusiGuvliseiashelteaa = = eee 58 COGS eee eRe eb epee te reer ge ag 5 Genus Uranotaenia Lynch-Arribalzaga___ 59 Collection and preservation of material_______ 8 Genus Mecarhinus Robineau-Desvoidy___ 60 Mosquito: identification®= === es 13 Genus Orthopodomyia Theobald__________ 60 IMIOSGUILOTCOM ETO] eee epee em 13 Genus Deinocerites Theobald_____________ 61 IMOSQUITOISURVEYS= 5220 14 Genus Wyeomyia Theobald_______________ 61
ININCerIN SISURVECY Ss 18 | Synoptic tables for the identification of the Control of mosquito larvae_______________ 18 mosquitoes of the Southeast________________ 62 Control of adult mosquitoes_____________- 21 IGN WO CXGlDM NS Se 66 SDecifics problems wee ee ee 2 Key to larvae (fourth-stage)._____________ 76 Notes on the genera and species_____________- 28) elsiteratuine citediv= emilee aim en hyo eS RES 87 Genus Anopheles Meigen_____------------ ZON Bld Oxete A ee Rake oe es IS Sa ES Se Ee Ene 95
Genus Culex Linnaeus_.._______-_-__-_-_-_- 39 INTRODUCTION
This publication deals with the mosquitoes recorded from the nine States east of Texas and Oklahoma and south of the latitude of the Virginia-North Carolina border, bringing together information on these species that is widely scattered through the literature, and pro- viding a convenient means of identification. It contains notes on the habits of the species, their distribution, economic importance, and methods of control, together with descriptive keys for the identification of adults and larvae. Because fewer species are considered than in the more general reference works, an effort has been made to simplify the identification of adults by eliminating some of the more obscure generic characters in favor of others that can be made out with less difficulty. All the genera have therefore been included in a single synoptic table, and the species are separated on characters that have been found most useful. A brief generic key is added for convenient reference.
GENERA AND SPECIES FOUND IN THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES
The mosquitoes found in the Southeastern States, together with their distribution and status as to prevalence and economic impor-
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2 MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
tance, are listed in table 1. The information has been compiled from records in the literature, principally the comprehensive works of Howard, Dyar, and Knab (85)! and Dyar (50, 51), and from collec- tions of the present writers. The 65 species for which we have def- inite records include representatives of all the North American genera. The group is a fairly natural one, as most of the species are either restricted, in the United States, to the South or reach their greatest abundance there.
TABLE 1.—Genera and species of mosquitoes occurring in nine Southeastern States, and their relative prevalence
Occurrence recorded in ! | eee a q ; = lenge enus and species y 2 | an i Rlor- | Geor-| ala | ME | tout | Ab | TS [Ser | ne: impor ida gia | bama | sippi | siama | sas see | lina hae tance ? Aedes: | aegypti-____------------- a st st =F + = + -- - 1 QilantiCug=== seme eneenees — + + Sui] de a P a Slt 2 CEO DAL DUS sa ee rag | Re ee | ay eee | eae | See + + =F | sees 4 CONGUEN SIS =e ena + +1 P + + + + a= + 5) CLNLET CIES =e el | ee = a ip tea Le ? pe ieee Sa oe +1 4 DOTS LIS eee aoa ne [epee ve | er al | Cremer ee ee ie Oye WALL SEP | ga a | ee | Se [Pesarcree CUD CCE een - Seales seu |) se + P - + 4 UuLDUSspallens= == + + +2 + + Pp = + 4 GnOSS0CCK {=e ee |e See. | Co eee | eee + — SEU |e ene aes See ae | ee 4 infirmatus____--_-------- aI a7 P = + + iz _ ~ 2 MILALCHCLLG Cen a+ + a +1 abet ean Al Sen +4 +1 4 SOLILCILOM Goan ee a = + + ae Sepa Saerertees Se Gee = 1 SUOCELCUS ae se + + +1 + + + a5 +1 4 SEL TIOULLL TUS tae ame | ep | ees ea epee Stefi [7 oe oases | 4 taeniorhynchus___-------- + + + + + Se ee ota + oa 1 Chibatilit@aenn se eee ae a5 + -- + -- P + +2 4 LOMINEN LOT ee + —_ + + + “S| ae +2 a 4 LNISCHIQLUS eee + + + -- + _ + + 2 LRCUTEL OUULS eee ee | <fo" «| severest | aaa oes -- +1 +1 Sof) aoe 4 DELON S eee eee ee ats a= + a + = + | + 2 Anopheles: | alboimanuses ee Sh ty| ese i Sa ae ee aes | sry eae | ee 4 CEO DOS a ee + P ae + Sten De eames |e se +1 + 4 fay beri om tat ee eeceoe es a eee ey ee ee ee eS) ot 4 OE Pare eee + +1 + — eo ee lala te |e $2) 4 4 CILLCLON Sa eeee eee | Se + + + + + |) + _ + 3 GEONGIC 11.3 eae eee | ore + +1 +1 St eee aaa seh | set | “as SCULOD UNCED CTS se se en = | re er + _ Ca Tees keeellae Eas 4 DUI CLUDC TUNES ae semen aie at + + + — — _ + 3 quadrimaculatus________- + + + + + + + + ae 1 Walkerts aes = Be gees ke =F + Pe. +1 + + a +2 42 4 Culez: QDiCHliSs= ete eee 5 a7 + +! +- + + — 3 QE OUILS 3 ee +1 eee] ean | ee Sal ees Lie Se ee aE Oe |e 4 bakamensis= = Se | Pee eee px peerage (OU (eee [rem ee | eee SS 4 ChRALICUS) oan a aan eae a5 F + +. + + + + _ 3 MAGTi Pal pus eee + + + P Shey Gl aoe on | ee a ee ee + 4 PCCCULOT Ease Be cP = + + + + + + — 4 tL OSES eee + + ~_ +1 Shey Se Be eee + + 4 DUD ICT S eae Sa ee | +1 gl | pee ee (Be pee (ener Ee + + +1 4 quinquefasciatus___------ + + + oo -- -- + — -- 1 TCSLLLO Sens + + + = + + + + + 3 SOLUTES a ee + + + +1 — + +1 + — 2 LOTSCLS ee ee eee Spee | Sie el een ee | ae — aT [eae ae ee 4 gee + fort + | + | + | ae Ses 3 LILOLAUCL ee melanura_.2 = 22-288 + — - +1 — — P + + 4 Deinocerites: ; CONCCT eee ee aera oe SE eee slot css oe | Ses | ee ee ee ee Mansonia: pertur bans= = = =. === = + + +1 -- — + a= == : tiiliGins qe Wo fee a 2a ee ee ee ECO Ee 4 + 4 TUT US ee ee EO esc ce | ee Se ee a SCD Ons iow SERN AAs SS = + + — -- — + == 4 Orthopodomyia: : 4 CLC ee ee | ee a eae Bee eo foci elk | ee eee + === Panne i ae a + + ~ ~ + + aE 4 Psorophora: 9 CHAOLO ee -- + 4 + = + a5 Ts confinnis..___----------- + + + + + -- + 45 = 1
i Italie numbers in parentheses refer to Literature Cited, p. 87.
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES 3
TABLE 1.—Genera and species of mosquitoes occurring in nine Southeastern States, and their relative prevalence—Continued
Occurrence recorded in— Preva- Genus and species Mi nN Tp N Ss nee Flor- Geor- | Ala- can Loui- oon Le neuen one impor- ida gia bamar| 2-28) siana =| #HeS: LO boa anical sippi sas see lina lina Psorophora—C ontinued. | | CUCTUCSCEN SS near en anos e ne +1 — + — -— +2 +2 +2 4 iScol0}-a ees + + + + + -- + + +1 4 Cie te ats ap a at ats a as 2 nota SAR eds 5t SB Ne ee +1 +1 + +2 + + +1 +2 4 10.07, 111 —- + + + + + + | 4 pygmaeg______----------- ap. [pei oaceea Sos eto eS eee si a e — 4 Signipennises = ence ae Seeeere Bl rae, oat [eras eerie Menem ee ct eet caine samt Paes =a epee Pas eee 4 VORUD ES ee + | 1 2 Uranotaenia: a: | tea | oe ales | v ; Pres Ee pate He eee | +1 +1 +1 + Fr iC an [ees eae rt ee 4 SOP Dhining nee ee 1 ae ap IF | + | + aP ap aP | SpE ape 3 le ee oe | | 4 STL ieee ae || ene ee eee cee yeas we eran Rill re llemeecce ese. | IAN DOV ZCC ee ene ee S| ey eee eee 1 See Seva | eee (Cea Se ee oe ay sea 4 Motalit ss sae Al ce ce | Cel ao | ABs Aises| ae |e aon 22 | | 1+Jndicates definite records, +! those taken from KiNG, W. V., Rotu, L., TOFFALETI, J., and MIDDLE-
KAUFF, W. W. (NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORDS FOR THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES DURING 1942. Jour. Econ. Ent. 36: 573-577. 1948); +2, those taken from BRADLEY, G. H., Fritz, Roy F., and PERRY, L. E. (ADDITIONAL MOSQUITO RECORDS FOR THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES. Jour. Econ. Ent. In press); P, that the species probably occurs here although it has not been recorded; and ?, that the identifi- cation given in the record is questionable.
? 1=important economic species, 2=locally abundant and annoying, principally out of doors; 3=common species, not very troublesome; 4=usually rare or of very restricted distribution.
3 King et al. recorded Culex atratus Theob. from Florida, Boca Chica Key, Dee. 9, 1942.
4 Exclusive of questionable identifications.
The following species are listed as being of economic importance:
Anopheles quadrimaculatus, the common malaria mosquito, transmits malaria and is a bad pest otherwise.
Aedes aegypti, the yellow-fever mosquito, transmits yellow fever and dengue fever and is a serious house pest.
Culex quinquefasciatus, the southern house mosquito, is a serious house pest. It transmits bird malaria and is an intermediate host for some of the filaria.
Aedes sollicitans, the salt-marsh mosquito, is the most important salt-marsh species generally in the Eastern and Southern States.
Aedes taeniorhynchus, the small, black salt-marsh mosquito, is another salt- marsh species of economic importance, especially in Florida.
Psorophora confinnis, the Florida glades mosquito, is an important fresh-water species in southern Florida, and is also troublesome in other areas.
Mansonia perturbans, the common Mansonia, is a severe pest in areas where suitable breeding conditions occur.
(Some of these species may also transmit equine encephalomyelitis or other
diseases. )
The woods mosquitoes, taken collectively, are also important pests of man and animals. The principal ones in the Southeast are Aedes triseriatus, A. infirmatus, A. atlanticus, A. vexans, Psorophora ferox, and P. ciliata. Culex salinarius is important at times, and various other species, such as 7. cyanescens, P. varipes, A. canadensis, and Mansonia titillans, may become annoying in restricted localities.
Of the 51 species taken in Florida, 8 are tropical species, and 7 of these 8 have not been found elsewhere in the United States. Two (Psorophora pygmaea and Anopheles albimanus) have been recorded only once each on the extreme southern keys and apparently have not become established in the State. Two (Culex bahamensis and C. atratus) are known to occur at present only on the Florida Keys. The former is probably the same species as that reported several years ago as Culex corniger from Knights Key (50). The other 4 species (Wye-
4 MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
omyia vanduzeei, W. mitchellii, Mansonia titillans, and Deinocerites cancer) are fairly common in southern Florida, but have not been found north of about latitude 29°. Twelve species are recorded for Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi which have not yet been found: in Florida; some of them probably will be found there. The Arkansas records contribute 2 more species, which are incursions from the west- ern and northern faunas, and further collecting in the border States, particularly near their western and northwestern boundaries, will prob- ably increase the known number of such incursions. However, in the northeastern part of the region at least, the Virginia records contain only 1 species (Aedes cantator Coq.) not found in the list. The ques- tionable record for A. dorsalis in Louisiana is discussed in the text. The reported occurrences of Culex coronator in New Orleans (/5) and of Aedes nigromaculis in Louisiana (57) are believed to have been based on misidentifications, and the species are not included in the list.
LITERATURE ON MOSQUITOES
The literature on mosquitoes, especially that dealing with bionomics, methods of control, and disease transmission, has become exceedingly large, and the articles have appeared in widely scattered publications. General reference works covering the mosquitoes of the United States are, however, comparatively limited.
Of the references that include the southeastern species, the large monograph by Howard, Dyar, and Knab (85) contains detailed de- scriptions, a large number of illustrations, and much information on mosquito bionomics and distribution. The systematic part of this work was later extensively revised and condensed by Dyar (57). A shorter article by Dyar (50) is also available, but the names of many of the species given therein have since been revised.
Matheson’s handbook (7/5) is the most recent general reference work on North American mosquitoes. It contains brief descriptions of the genera and species and keys for their identification, numerous anatomical illustrations, an explanation of the taxonomic terms in use, and condensed accounts of mosquito biology, the relation of mosquitoes to human welfare, the problem of mosquito reduction, and instructions for their collection and study. Several of the southern species are not included in this work, and some of the descriptive matter and keys now need revision.
Edwards (53) has prepared a valuable catalog of the mosquitoes of the world, which contains, in addition to the list of species and synonyms, keys to the subfamilies, tribes, genera, and subgenera, and general information on distribution of the species.
The publications of the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion on the mosquitoes of that State (69, 139) have been utilized by southern workers, as they contain illustrations of a number of the species that occur in the South, as well as detailed information on mosquito bionomics and control. Komp (105) has published a guide to the identification of common mosquitoes in the Southeastern States. Tables for the identification of anopheline larvae have been prepared by Bradley (34) and King and Bradley (99).
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES 5
Among other references on bionomics and control special mention should be made of Boyd’s (20) work on malariology. Approxi- mately half of this volume has to do with the natural history of anophelines and their relation to the transmission of malaria. Har- denburg (68) and Herms and Gray (77) deal with practical phases of mosquito eradication, and Le Prince and Orenstein (7/2) with mosquito control in Panama. Covell (43) has published a comprehen- sive review of the literature on the control of Anopheles, which in- cludes 570 references. Two series of short papers on the engineering aspect of mosquito control have been issued, one by the National Malaria Committee * and another by the Engineering News-Record (54). The United States Department of Agriculture has published a bulletin (84) on mosquito remedies and preventives.
The serial publications that contain numerous original articles on mosquitoes include Proceedings of the National Malaria Committee, formerly published annually in the Southern Medical Journal and reprinted as symposia, Proceedings of the New Jersey Mosquito Ex- termination Association, the Public Health Service reports, the Public Health Service bulletins (which formerly included the transactions of conferences of malaria field workers (743), Proceedings of the Florida Anti-Mosquito Association (mimeographed), and Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus (discontinued in 1926). Articles on mosquitoes appear also in the American Journal of Tropical Medicine and in various other medical and entomological journals. The Review of Applied Entomology, Series B: Medical and Veterinary, is almost indispensable to workers who wish to keep informed on the current mosquito literature of the world.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND HABITS OF MOSQUITOES
Mosquitoes are small two-winged flies belonging to the order Dip- tera, family Culicidae. In the subfamily Culicinae, which comprises the true mosquitoes, the wings, legs, and other parts of the body are more or less covered with scales, and the mouth parts are produced into an elongate proboscis, which is employed for piercing and blood- sucking by the females of most species. The males do not suck blood. The males can usually be distinguished from the females by their bushy antennae and by differences in the length or shape of the palpi (fig. 1). The size of different species of mosquitoes varies consid- erably (fig. 2).
There are four stages in the life cycle of a mosquito—the egg; the larva, often called wiggler or wiggletail; the pupa or tumbler; and the adult winged insect or imago. The eggs are matured in batches of 50 or less to 200 or more, and several such batches may be laid by one female. Among the bloodsucking species a blood meal is usually nec- essary for the production of eggs. When ovipositing, some species glue the eggs together into a raft or boat-shaped mass (fig. 3, 4) which floats on the water, other species deposit the eggs singly on the water, and still others oviposit on the soil at the edge of the water or in moist depressions. The eggs of Anopheles (fig. 3, C) have lateral
2 NATIONAL MALARIA COMMITTEE, SUBCOMMITTEE ON ENGINEERING. MALARIA CONTROL FOR ENGINEERS, U.S. Pub. Health Serv. B—1210, 81 pp., illus. 1936. [Processed.]
6 MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
structures that keep them afloat. The incubation period is short in warm weather (usually 2 or 3 days), but in certain species, particu- larly Aedes and Psorophora, the eggs are able to withstand long periods of drying; in fact, they appear to require a certain amount of drying, and sometimes exposure to cold, before they will hatch.
FIGURE 1.—Heads and appendages of mosquitoes: A, Side view of Anoplieles female; 0, occiput; ft, frontal tuft; 1-5, palpal segments. B, Culex female (from above). C, Cule#w male. D, Anopheles male.
FIGURE 2.—Several species of mosquitoes, Showing difference in size: A, J/egar- hinus rutilus; B, Psorophora ciliata; C, Anopheles quadrimaculatus ; D, Aedes
atlanticus; EH, Culex quinquefasciatus; F, C. erraticus; G, Uranotaenia lowii. ©
The larvae of all mosquitoes are aquatic and most of them free swimming. Although possessing tracheal gills, the larvae of most species must come to the surface for air, and an elongated air tube or other modified apparatus is provided for obtaining air through the surface film. During the period of development, which lasts 4 to
Se
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES a
10 or more days, the larval skin is shed four times, each successive instar showing a progressive increase in size. The first two instars are very small and are easily recognized as immature. In the third instar the hairs have fewer branches than in the fourth instar, and the sclerotization of the anal segment is less complete. Immature Ano- pheles larvae usually have a collar of dark sclerotin around the base of the head.
The food of mosquito larvae consists of minute plants and animals and fragments of organic debris, which the larvae strain from the water by the action of their mouth parts. Barber (3, 4) reared the larvae on pure cultures of various organisms, and concluded that the presence of living food organisms was necessary for any consid-
AN
WAN
C
FIGURE 3.—Eggs of mosquitoes: A, Egg raft of Culex restuans; B, egg of Aedes taeniorhynchus; C, egg of Anopheles quadrimaculatus, showing floats. (How- ard, Dyar, and Knab.)
erable growth. Hinman (72) has suggested that materials in solution and colloids in suspension in the breeding waters may play a part in larval nutrition. A discussion of the food of anopheline larvae is given in the notes on Anopheles quadrimaculatus.
With the fourth molt the pupa appears. The pupal stage (fig. 4) is also aquatic and is a period of marked transformation, during which the adult insect is formed. The imago usually emerges after about 2 days.
The length of life of adult mosquitoes under natural conditions is difficult to determine, but for most of the southern species it is prob- ably only a few weeks during the summer months. Some of the northern species of Aedes that emerge early in the spring apparently live much longer. Daily observations on abundance following the emergence of a large brood of certain species of Anopheles (151) and
8 MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
Aedes have shown a marked reduction in numbers within 2 weeks. The southern house mosquito probably lives longer than this, and the yellow-fever mosquito may live, on an average, a month or more, with a maximum of several months.
In the North the females of Culex, Anopheles, and some other mos- quitoes hibernate. “True hibernation of Anopheles apparently does not occur in the South, as the females become active during warm periods and larvae are found in the breeding places (7, 8, 26, 64, 147). The same is true of some of the culicines in the warmer sections (47, 73). Aedes and Psorophora pass the winter in the egg stage, although some winter development of A. sollicitans occurs along the south At- lantic and Gulf coasts (66).
The piercing organs of the female mosquito consist of six elongated parts enclosed in a flexible sheath called the labium. When the mouth parts are inserted in the skin for bloodsucking, the sheath is bent back- ward in the middle like a bow. There are two pairs of slender cutting organs, the mandibles and the max- illae, and two additional organs called the hypopharnyx and the labrum-epipharnyx. The latter is channeled, and the last two organs, when pressed together, form a tube through which blood and _ other liquids are drawn. A very small separate duct is found in a ventral thickening of the hypopharnyx, through which is injected the secre- tion from the salivary glands. This salivary secretion is responsible ice Lion Ge Chile adnderns. for the itching sensation caused
(Howard, Dyar, and Knab.) by mosquito bites. Not all species
of mosquitoes have bloodsucking
females. In the genus Megarhinus the proboscis of the female is not
adapted to piercing, and some of the species in other genera are not known to take blood meals.
The mouth parts of the male are not adapted for piercing, and the males probably subsist on the nectar of flowers and fruit juices. Both the males and the females can be kept alive in the laboratory for con- siderable periods on fruit juices or sirups.
COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF MATERIAL
Anopheles larvae are usually found at the surface of the water among aquatic vegetation or floating debris and are collected by skim- ming through such material with a dipper or pan. A white-enameled dipper, having the handle lengthened by the insertion of a cane or smooth stick, makes a convenient implement for collecting larvae. Around emergent vegetation or logs the larvae may be drawn into the dipper by submerging one edge so that the water flows in rapidly as the dipper nears the obstruction. The larvae may be removed from the dipper to the collecting jar with a large-mouthed pipette provided with a rubber nipple (fig. 5), or a spoon may be used for this purpose. Wide-mouthed bottles (2 to 6 ounces) make convenient collecting jars.
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES 9
Uranotaenia larvae and certain species of Culex, especially C. erra- ticus, are taken frequently with anophelines. Many other mosquito larvae, however, particularly those of Aedes and Psorophora, are more active and usually drop to the bottom of the pool as soon as disturbed. A quick plunge of the dipper is required to intercept these larvae, or they may be collected by sweeping through the water with a cloth col- lecting net or a fine-meshed wire strainer. Other kinds of mosquitoes, such as Mansonia, Wyeomyia, the tree-hole breeders, etc., require a special technique depending upon the character of the br ceeding place.
FIGURE 5.—Large-mouthed pipettes for collecting larvae anc pupae, and chioro- form killing tubes for collecting adults. The first of the two tubes is equipped with a paper funnel.
As soon as a collection is made, the jar should be numbered and a record kept of the locality, date, and conditions under which the larvae were found.
The larvae and pupae may be kept alive for rearing, or the large larvae (fourth instars) may be preserved for identification in 70- to 80-percent alcohol or 10-percent commercial formalin. About 1 per- cent of glycerin should be added if the vials are to be stored. Speci- mens retain their form best if killed in hot water (not over 150°F.).
10 MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
Permanent slide mounts of the larvae (or of male genitalia) are conveniently made with Berlese’s chloral-gum solution or one of its modifications. A formula used by the writers is as follows:
Gum arabic (clear lumps or powdered)__________--__ grams__ 8 DISEER Hwatenesi ee Bre re ee ee om rd see milliliters__ 8 Gy COr ty es cs 5c Re pe Ng pee milliliters__ 5 Ghioral> hy Grace: 25226 ie eee ee eee eee grams__ 70 Glacial acetic 1ciG ==. eee Cea ee Op eae milliliters__ 3
The gum arabic is dissolved in the water, and the other ingredients are added in the order given. The thick solution is strained thr ough clean muslin and is then usually sufficiently cleared. Powdered gum arabic (or gum acacia) appears to give as good results as the lump gum and is more easily dissolved. Gater’s (58) modification of Berlese’s formula, which has been used extensively, contains 5 ml. of glucose sirup instead of glycerin, 10 ml. of distilled water, and 74 gm. of chloral hydrate. The glucose sirup is prepared with equal parts of glucose and water. In cold weather, however, white crystals may form in fresh preparations that contain glucose; therefore, honey appears to be preferable for use in this formula. Larvae may be mounted in chloral-gum medium direct from water or from a preserva- tive after rinsing in water. Several weeks are required for the mounts to harden, but the process may be hastened by placing them in a warm incubator. The cover glasses may be sealed by ringing with cellulose cement.
Suitable balsam mounts of entire larvae require somewhat pro- longed dehydration and hardening in alcohol. Good mounts can be obtained in Euparal after dehydration in Cellosolve.
For taxonomic study or for identification of species difficult to determine, it is frequently desirable to have both the larval skin and the adult of the same individual. For such rearings a nearly mature larva is isolated in a separate dish, and when pupation occurs the larval skin is removed with a pipette, spread out carefully on a slide, and a mount prepared in the chloral-gum medium. The dish or vial containing the pupa should be covered with cloth or a larger dish or plugged with cotton, and after the adult emerges sufficient time (about 24 hours) should be allowed for the sclerotin to become thoroughly hardened, before it is killed. The specimen is then placed in the collection with a number corresponding to that given the larval skin. If a balsam mount of the larval skin is desired, the specimen may be cleared on the slide with carbol-xylol or other medium.
Adult mosquitoes are usually collected while they are biting or resting in secluded corners inside or underneath buildings, in tree holes, ete. A chloroform killing tube (fig. 5) is convenient for this purpose. It may be prepared by placing a half-inch layer of cut rubber bands in the bottom of a large shell vial or test tube, saturat- ing the rubber with chloroform, and ¢ covering with a plug of crumpled paper and a circle of stiff paper. The writers prefer a shell vial seven- eighths of an inch in diameter and about 5 inches long. When the tubes are kept tightly corked, the rubber retains the chloroform for some time. As moisture is lable to condense on the inside of the tubes, the dead mosquitoes should not be left in them long. Cyanide may also be used in the killing tubes, but it has a slower killing action and should be handled with extreme caution since it is a deadly poison
te iti el igh ah ee il le
|
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES Wt
to man. Several types of suction collectors have been used for taking specimens alive or in large numbers.
A pill box, with a thin layer of cotton pressed down into the bottom and sides, is convenient for holding or shipping the speci- mens. The box should not contain so much cotton that the specimens will come in contact with the lid, and if more than a wisp is used its weight will cause it to shift about in the box during shipment. Cotton should not be placed on top of the specimens. Specimens that have been moist- ened, crushed, or rubbed are usually un- satisfactory for iden- tification.
The suction type of hght trap, as de- veloped by New Jer- sey workers, is being used extensively for obtaining samples of the mosquito fauna of an area and records of the relative abundance of different species, particularly in con- nection with control operations. The speci- mens captured are more or less damaged, however, and usually unsuitable for the per- manent collection. The upright model of this trap (fig. 6) is de- scribed by Mulhern C31).
Adult specimens that are to be retained in the permanent col- lection should be mounted and pinned into a Schmitt box or similar tight insect ee box having a bottom I'icgurE 6.—Mosquito light trap. lining of sheet cork or balsa wood. Freshly killed specimens may be mounted on minuten pins, and dry specimens on paper points cut from stiff paper (fig. 7). In using the paper mount, an entomological pin is passed through the base of the narrow paper triangle and a small drop of cement is dabbed on the tip of the paper. The paper is then pressed gently onto the side of the thorax of the mosquito, with the tip directed toward the mesonotum. Care should be taken not to smear the legs or wings with the cement. For uniformity the points are usually stuck onto the left side of the specimen. A cellulose cement is preferable to
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12 MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
the shellac formerly employed; it may be purchased at hardware stores in small tubes, or it may be prepared by dissolving celluloid in amyl acetate (known also as pear oil or banana oil). Because of
the volatility of the amyl acetate the stock of cement must be thinned —
frequently. In using the minuten-pin mount, the small pin is stuck into a small square or rectangular piece of cork, through which is
FiagurE 7.—Types of mounts used for adult mosquitoes.
also passed a larger pin (fig. 7). The tip of the small pin is then thrust through the thorax of the mosquito, usually from between the coxae toward the back. The tip of the pin should not protrude through the mesonotum. Very small, dry specimens may be stuck on the side of the minuten-pin point with a dr op of cement, instead of using the paper point. The No. 3 entomological pin is probably the best. general size for use with both types of mounts.
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES 13
Care must be taken to protect the stored specimens from insect pests, and for this purpose flake naphthalene and _paradichloro- benzene are most frequently used. The material may be sprinkled in the box or placed in a perforated container fastened in one corner of the box. Specimens that are to be kept temporarily in pill boxes may be protected by sprinkling a little flake naphthalene on the bot- tom of the box and covering this with a thin layer of cotton before introducing the mosquitoes. For longer storage the pill boxes may be kept in a larger box containing naphthalene or paradichloro- benzene, which must be renewed occasionally.
MOSQUITO IDENTIFICATION
The identification of the different species requires a knowledge of mosquito anatomy, as the distinguishing characters consist of varia- tions, frequently very slight, in shape, size, coloration, or scaling of the different parts of the body. Illustrations are provided herein to show the names and locations of the principal parts that are utilized in this connection, and the diagnostic keys have been made as simple and as nearly self-explanatory as accuracy will permit.
For the examination of the external characters of adult mosquitoes, a binocular dissecting microscope is necessary for satisfactory work. It should be provided with objectives and oculars giving mag- nifications up to about 85x. (Higher magnifications are sometimes needed.) With high magnifications a spotlight or other source of bright illumination is required. For the examination of larvae and slide mounts of male terminalia, a compound microscope is needed and should be equipped for magnifications of about 100 and 400. The oil-immersion objective is not ordinarily required, except for advanced work on the male terminalia. For field work and for pro- visional identification of adults, a good hand lens giving a magnifica- tion of 10 to 15x is very useful. In fact, after one has become thoroughly familiar with the species of a locality, he will be able to identify many of them with the hand lens, and some of them even with the naked eye.
Workers inexperienced in systematic work with mosquitoes should have on hand, for comparative study, at least a small series of cor- rectly identified species, which can be obtained by sending material to a specialist with the request that named specimens be returned. Until one has become thoroughly familiar with the species, the material should in any case be forwarded to an authority for a check on the identifications when questions of control or information on habits are involved, since misidentifications are liable to result in serious difficulties. Identifications may be obtained through the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine and in some of the State universities and experiment stations.
MOSQUITO CONTROL
Antimosquito work may be undertaken either as a means of con- trolling mosquito-borne diseases or purely to eliminate annoyance. Although disease control is regarded as the more important, the fact should not be overlooked that mosquito annoyance not only is a detriment to welfare and happiness but results in a direct economic
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14 MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
loss by reduction of property values, injury to livestock, expense of protective measures, and in other ways. These losses frequently are much greater than the cost of mosquito control. ttt
Nearly everyone is familiar with the efforts made to eliminate mosquito-breeding places and with the use of larvicides in antimos- quito work. The practical phases of the problem, however, form a large specialized subject, and a general summary only will be given here, with reference to underlying principles and to the practices and materials that have become more or less standardized or are of recent development.
Mosquito SURVEYS
Mosquitoes have extremely diverse breeding habits, particularly in respect to the type of place selected for oviposition. Because of this diversity the species to be dealt with and their individual habits must be known before control measures can be applied intelligently.
If the work is undertaken for the control of one of the common diseases, such as malaria or dengue fever, the presence of the disease itself, in the Southern States at least, indicates a particular species of mosquito. A study of the distribution of human cases of the disease serves to localize the problem, and a mosquito survey is undertaken to aid in developing the plan of procedure. At the same time the possibilities of including control measures against purely obnoxious species that may be present should not be overlooked. Where relief from annoyance is the main object, a thorough species survey is necessary to determine what the problem is and the relative impor- tance of the different kinds, since more than one species is usually involved. Even in coastal areas, where it is known that the salt- marsh species are the principal culprits, it is still highly important to know whether fresh-water breeders are sufficiently numerous to require consideration.
The surveys are begun by the collection and identification of both adult and larval specimens. During an outbreak of mosquitoes the species involved can be determined quickly by collecting adults from various parts of the affected area. In localities where mosquitoes are present more or less continuously, or where outbreaks are of frequent recurrence, collections should be repeated often enough for the rela- tive annual abundance of the different species to be determined. At the same time information should be accumulated as to the breeding places of the common species, the topography of the area, and the extent of the control problem. A year should ordinarily be regarded as the minimum time for such preliminary studies, since mosquito abundance varies greatly with the seasons. Several years are re- quired to obtain rehable averages as to normal abundance. Although control operations usually can be begun before such an extensive survey is completed, the practice of beginning such work with in- adequate information is highly wasteful and may result in complete loss of public confidence in a worth-while project and possibly cause its abandonment. An important item in the annual budget for financing the control operations should be the provision for con- tinuing the systematic collection and identification of specimens. Such work will furnish invaluable information as to seasonal changes in the mosquito problem and outbreaks from overlooked or distant
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES 15)
breeding areas, and is indispensable in measuring the results accomplished.
General methods of collecting mosquitoes have been discussed in a preceding section. Some of the special methods employed for obtaining data necessary in connection with surveys and control operations are described in the following paragraphs.
BITING RECORDS
Collecting mosquitoes while they are biting is the simplest and most direct method of determining the proportions of the different bloodsucking species. Such collections are usually made with a chloroform tube or other type of killing bottle. For data on com- parative abundance in different parts of the area or at different times of the year, stations are selected and collections made for equal periods and under conditions as nearly uniform as possible. In ob- taining such records the writers have adopted the procedure of sitting on a box or stool at the selected place, with the trouser lees rolled to the knees. After a minute or so has been allowed for the 1 mosquitoes to accumulate, they are collected as they alight, for a period of 10 or 15 minutes (10/). If the collecting is done after dark, a flash- light is necessary. ‘Two 15-minute collecting periods or three 10- minute periods may be totaled and multiplied by 2 for the hourly rate. Collections made during the first flight period (just at dark) should not be averaged with “later collections, as the numbers are usually much larger ‘at that time.
When the mosquitoes are numerous, the numbers caught can be increased considerably by placing a short paper funnel, or guard, in the mouth of the collecting tube (fig. 5), since this permits the collector to move to the next specimen without waiting for the first one to succumb to the chloroform fumes. The guards are useful otherwise in conserving the strength of the chloroform and in pre- venting the loss of specimens when the mouth of the tube is turned downward.
When collecting after dark the writers have taken an average of 10 mosquitoes per minute, or 600 per hour, with a tube cf this sort. If the mosquitoes are much more numerous than this, the discom- fort of collecting is so great that it is considered sufficient to record abundance as 600+, or other observed rate, per hour. When the collecting is to be done at different places by two or more persons, preliminary collections should be made at. one place to determine the relative attractiveness and dexterity of the different collectors, as much variation has been found in these respects.
HAND COLLECTIONS OR COUNTS OF RESTING MOSQUITOES
Some species can be obtained by daytime collecting in dark corners and other places where the adults (including the males) spend the daylight hours. This is an excellent method of obtaining compara- tive data on densities of adult Anopheles, especially those species found in the United States, since they fly into a shelter at daybreak and remain quietly there throughout the day. For these species also this method is much safer than the biting method, which is attended with danger of malaria transmission,
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Favorable daytime resting places for Anopheles are found under- neath buildings that are raised 2 or 3 feet from the ground and inside tightly boarded outbuildings or similar locations. In making the surveys a series of stations well distributed over the area under ob- servation are selected, and weekly, biweekly, or monthly collections are made (82, 92). At each location the most favorable resting place should be selected after examination of all the buildings on the premises. When the surveys are purely for comparative purposes, the collecting station does not always need to be an entire building, if it is found that one part is more favorable than another or that parts of the building are not conveniently accessible. Where the resting surface is fairly smooth and unobstructed, a well-trained and reliable collector, with the aid of a flashlight, can obtain satisfactory counts of the resting mosquitoes in much less time than would be re- quired for collecting the specimens in killing bottles. The sex can be determined and in most cases the species identified on sight. Col- lections over a definite period (10 or 15 minutes) have been used as an index of density, but they may be unreliable because of variations in the rate of collection under different conditions as well as in the mechanical limitations to the numbers of mosquitoes that can be collected in a given time.
TRAP COLLECTIONS
For most species the suction type of light trap (fig. 6) is very useful for obtaining samples of the mosquito population, for records of comparative abundance, and, in control areas, for immediate in- formation on the occurrence of outbreaks. In connection with con- trol work the traps are placed at strategic places throughout the area and are usually operated every night. For other purposes the traps may be run on a schedule of one or more nights each week. The traps should be hung in an open space with the light itself 5 or 6 feet from the ground, and they should not be placed in the immediate vicinity of a street light.
The number of mosquitoes caught per night frequently runs into the hundreds or even thousands, and many other kinds of insects are found in the killing bottles. Under these conditions the task of separating and identifying the material is considerable, especially when the specimens are badly damaged or wet. Species not taken while biting appear in the light-trap collections, and it has been found that the different bloodsucking species are not attracted to the lights equally. Over a series of nights the writers’ trap-collection records have shown more variation than the biting records, which, of course, are the more accurate index of annoyance. From a large series of trap collections made in Florida only an occasional specimen of Aedes aegypti has been obtained, and the numbers of Culex quin- quefasciatus and C. nigripalpus appear to be very small in compari- son with the amount of breeding in the neighborhood of the traps. This also seems to be true to some extent of Anopheles quadrimaculatus. The trap records, therefore, cannot be relied on as an index of density for these species.
Boxes of various sizes and shapes, having the inside painted black or lined with black cloth, have been employed to attract mosquitoes, particularly anophelines and the house Culex, as a daytime resting
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES 7
place. They are placed in corners of rooms or in sheltered places outside the houses. In the morning, after the mosquitoes have en- tered, the open end of the box is covered and the specimens are killed, for counting, by fumigation or by placing the box in the sun.
Animal-baited traps have been used for collecting mosquitoes and, in the Tropics at least, have been employed for determining densities of anopheline species that do not remain in accessible shelters during the daytime. A number of such traps have been described.
COLLECTIONS OF LARVAE
The collecting of larvae in connection with mosquito-control sur- veys has for its main purpose the locating of breeding places and the determination of their importance. Some information may be obtained as to the comparative abundance of different species from the identification of a large series of collections. Rough estimates of the relative abundance of a species can be obtained by counting the larvae per dip in a series of dips. ‘This method is utilized prin- cipally in connection with anopheline surveys. The relative impor- tance of the area in mosquito production can be expressed numerically by multiplying the average number per dip by a factor representing the extent of the breeding area (size times percentage of breeding surface). The productivity of a breeding place per unit of surface can also be determined by the use of cloth nets or screen cages placed over the water (29).
Breeding places may be divided into two general classes, permanent and temporary. The two classes frequently intergrade, however, and the status of a given area may change over a period of time. Ano- pheles and Culex occur typically in the permanent breeding places, whereas most Aedes and Psorophora are found in the temporary collections of water produced by rainfall, floodwaters, or high tides. The status of the breeding places, particularly the permanent ones, as to productivity may change greatly during the course of a season or from year to year, owing to changes in the amount of aquatic growth or flotage, the abundance of natural enemies, and other causes.
The importance of temporary breeding places of Aedes and Psorophora is frequently difficult to determine, because consider- able time may elapse between broods. One may visit suspected areas repeatedly without finding larvae, and such areas must be classified as potential breeding places until more definite evidence is obtained. The type of vegetation, especially in salt marshes, is often an indicator of the suitability of breeding conditions. Breeding occurs on the parts of the marsh that are above the normal daily tidal range, and the elevations are indicated by the type of plant growth, since many of the plant species are restricted rather sharply by the height of the water table and the frequency of tidal coverage. More definite information on suspected breeding areas can sometimes be obtained from samples of sod taken from dry depressions by scooping off a thin layer of topsoil with a small shovel. Samples from differ- ent parts of the area are placed in containers and covered with water to cause hatching of the eggs, which may begin within a few minutes. Glass containers are preferable, as the small larvae are more easily seen when these containers are held against the hight. If the sods
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are very moist at the time of collection, drying in the air for a week or so may be necessary to induce hatching of the eggs.
ENGINEERING SURVEYS
During a mosquito survey much information will be accumulated which will be valuable in determining the feasibility of an anti- mosquito project and the best methods to be employed in handling specific problems. Where malaria or salt-marsh mosquitoes are to be controlled, an engineering survey is then undertaken to lay out the detailed plan of ditching and other operations, and to determine the approximate costs. Whether the local situation can be handled successfully within the means at hand, or at a cost commensurate with the probable benefits, is one of the first questions to be decided. Matters of the legality of the proposed work (including jurisdiction over the area involved), the probability of obtaining necessary ease- ments on private property, etc., must also be considered.
Good maps are, of course, essential, and should be available both in smal] scale for use as key maps and in large scale for showing in detail the breeding places, ditching lay-outs, and natural topographic features. The different areas and the individual breeding places can then be given names or numbers for convenient reference to the mosquito-collection and engineering notes. Aerial photographic maps of rural or marsh areas are extremely valuable, as they show the bodies of water and the types of vegetation. A note-card system should be arranged and complete records kept of all inspection and survey data.
For breeding-place or other preliminary surveys when elevations or exact locations are not required, the directions given by Hulse (84) for preparing field maps in public-health work based on methods employed in the military service are very useful.
CoNTROL OF Mosquiro LARVAE
Mosquito-control measures are usually directed against the larvae, since this seems to be the most vulnerable stage in their life cycle.
ELIMINATION OF BREEDING PLACES
Where at all feasible, efforts are made to eliminate the breeding places permanently by filling, drainage, or sanitation.
Filling is frequently an economical method and gives permanent rehef when the fills are so graded as to leave no water-holding de- pressions. Large hydraulic fills, however, usually show shrinkage or surface cracks upon drying and may require one or more regrad- ings to prevent mosquito breeding.
Drainage undoubtedly has the widest application of the various antilarval measures, especially in the control of the malaria carriers and the salt-marsh species. The drainage of swamplands in the United States has done much to reduce the malarious area and at the same time has made the land suitable for agriculture. Drainage or ditching purely for mosquito control, however, should be looked upon as distinct from agricultural drainage, since it is directed mainly toward the elimination of surface water during the time required
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES 19
for larval development, or to aid in biological control. Comprehen- sive drainage plans, especially for malaria control, should be prepared with the aid of trained engineers.
Two phases of the drainage problem in mosquito control to which attention has been called in recent years are its possible effects upon wildlife and upon soil conservation. Through cooperative biological studies efforts are being made to determine what measures may be applied to large swamp areas, particularly those not close to centers of population, which will disturb as little as possible the natural breeding and feeding grounds of aquatic wild fowl and other desir- able animal life without sacrificing the success of the mosquito- control project. Specialists in soil conservation have also called attention to the adverse effects of the drainage of natural upland storage basins, the cleaning of stream channels, and the “brushing” of stream banks, all of which increase the rapidity of run-off of flood- water with consequent erosion that may cause serlous damage to agri- cultural lands. Such erosion is said to cause frequently a gradual widening of the flood plain and silting-up of downstream areas, which may create mosquito-producing areas as serious as those remedied.
Such factors as these must be considered in planning mosquito- control programs, and they emphasize the need of obtaining advice from competent specialists when making the preliminary surveys. The impoundage of water rather than drainage may be employed successfully in many cases, both in salt-water and fresh-water areas, since an open pond with clean margins and containing mosquito- destroying fish is not favorable for mosquito breeding (144). (PiE3.) Where the sacrifice of wildlife habitat appears necessary to accom- plish effective mosquito control, a decision must be made as to the greater benefit to be derived.
Sanitation, as applied to mosquito control, includes such measures as the elimination of artificial and other breeding places of the domes- tic mosquitoes. It also involves the treatment of permanent bodies of water by the removal of aquatic vegetation and other protective harborage for the larvae to make them unfavorable for mosquito development.
LARVICIDES
Various kinds of larvicides are employed where permanent methods of control are not feasible. Although there are many chemicals that will poison the larvae rather easily, the number of materials that are utilized in practical work is comparatively small.
Petroleum oils have been used extensively and are effective against nearly all economic species. They act as contact poisons and kill the larvae or pupae by entering the breathing tubes. The lighter and more volatile oils, such as gasoline and kerosene, are the more toxic, whereas heavy ‘oils are more lasting. Various mixtures of heavy and light oils have therefore been employed. Light distilled fuel oil (No. 2) is recommended for general use, since it is of fairly uniform quality, easily handled in large or small spraying equipment, and is economical in cost. Since fuel oil varies somewhat in toxicity according to the type of crude petroleum from which it is derived, preliminary tests of its effectiveness against mosquito larvae should be made before it is purchased in large quantities. The addition
20 MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
of about 1 percent of castor oil or crude cresol has been recommended as a means of increasing the spreading power of the oil.
Paris green is highly toxic as a stomach poison to mosquito larvae (5) and is now used extensively in the control of anopheline mosquitoes. It is effective in very small quantities and, since these iarvae feed at the surface of the water, the material can be applied economically as a dust in admixture with an inert diluent. Experl- ments by King and McNeel (103) have shown that this arsenical also is effective against the salt-marsh species and some of the other subsurface-feeding larvae, including Psorophora confinnis and Culex guinquefasciatus, when mixed with water and sprayed on the breed- ing places from a sprinking can. After several years’ experience in the control of domestic mosquitoes in Miami, Fla., Stutz* has con- cluded that paris green has a valuable place in the control of these species, being especially effective in unused toilet bowls and old tires, where it can be applied in excess and prevents breeding for longer periods than do other larvicides. A heavy dusting of large piles of used tires with undiluted paris green has been highly effective. It is also sprinkled into dry containers that will become filled with water at the next rain.
Soap emulsions of pyrethrum, extract in kerosene oil have been developed by workers in New Jersey (67) and are employed suc- cessfully as mosquito larvicides. The cost is low, and the use of pyrethrum greatly reduces the quantity of oil required, which is a desirable feature under some conditions. Two formulas for the preparation of the emulsion, adapted from those given by Ginsburg (60), are as follows:
Against fresh-water larvae—Two gallons of kerosene containing pyrethrum extract equivalent to 1 pound of pyrethrum flowers per gallon, and 1 gallon of water containing 8 to 10 ounces of liquid 40-percent potash soap.
Against salt-water or fresh-water larvae—Two gallons of kerosene containing pyrethrum extract as above plus 2 ounces of defoamer, and 1 gallon of water containing 2 ounces of sodium lauryl sulfate.
With both formulas the emulsifying agent is dissolved in the water and the oil containing pyrethrum extract slowly added with constant mixing (in a container with agitators or by pumping the mixture vigorously back into itself) until a creamy emulsion is obtained. After the foam has settled, 1 part of this stock solution is mixed with 9 parts of water, and the diluted mixture is sprayed onto the breeding places at the rate of about 50 gallons per acre. The stock emulsion can be prepared in large quantities by mixing in the tank of a power sprayer. The pyrethrum extract is usually purchased in a concentrated form, 20 pounds of the flowers per gallon, and diluted at the rate of 1 gallon of extract to 19 gallons of oil (6.4 fluid ounces per gallon of mixture).
The sodium lauryl sulfate and the defoamer can be obtained on the market, or the defoamer can be prepared by mixing equal parts of fuel oil and wool grease. The prepared stock emulsion can also be purchased. Other commercial wetting agents that may be em- ployed as emulsifiers are available.
39rurz, Prep H. SIxtTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA, ANTI-MOSQUITO DISTRICT COVERING ACTIVITIES FOR 1940. 17 pp. [Processed.]
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES Dak
While the dilute pyrethrum is not toxic to fish, it is probably more injurious than an oil film or paris green to many of the aquatic insect predators. For anopheline control it is much more expensive than paris green (70).
NATURAL ENEMIES OF LARVAE
Various kinds of insects and other animals prey upon mosquito larvae and undoubtedly destroy large numbers. Of the many nat- ural enemies, however, in most cases only the small larva-eating fishes have been found of practical use in control. In the Southern States the most important of these is the top-water minnow (Gambusia affints), which occurs in both fresh and brackish water. These fish are most effective against subsurface-feeding larvae and in places where the larvae are not protected by aquatic vegetation. They have been used to stock ornamental pools and other isolated bodies of water. They are highly useful in permanent ponds and in the salt marshes. The International Health Board of the Rockefeller Foun- dation (133) has prepared a review of the literature on the use of fish for mosquito control, and Hinman (75, 76) has given numerous references on other predators of mosquitoes.
Different aquatic plants have been claimed to be of value in elim- inating mosquito breeding. One species of Chara (C. fragilis) ap- pears to exert a deterrent effect, although certain other species of this genus have been found to be innocuous. The bladderworts (Utricularia) capture and destroy small aquatic animals, including mosquito larvae. Duckweed (Zemna) and similar floating plants (Azolla and Wolfiia) may form such dense mats on the water sur- face that they act as a mechanical barrier to mosquito breeding, al- though Anopheles and Culex larvae are found associated in abun- dance with them when the growth is scattered. Water hyacinths (Piaropus) may also act in somewhat the same way. Matheson (7/6) gives a review of the literature on this subject.
ContTRoL oF ADULT MOSQUITOES
Screens, bed nets, repellents, contact sprays, smudges, and fumi- gants are all employed for protection against mosquito annoyance.
In the screening of houses galvanized or copper screens are usually employed, and the 16-mesh screen has come to be a standard size for this purpose. Copper (or bronze) screens, although higher in first cost, are the more durable, especially in the vicinity of salt water. Monel-metal screens have also been recommended in such situations. To be effective the screening must be carefully done and special atten- tion paid to the fitting of door and window frames, as mosquitoes will find entrance through very small openings. Bed nets made of open-mesh cloth are used extensively in some localities in the absence of, or to supplement, screening. They are frequently employed for protection of individuals, especially in malarious or salt-marsh areas. To be of value they should be in good repair and carefully adjusted.
Kerosene extract of pyrethrum (insect powder) is very effective as a contact spray and is useful in destroying mosquitoes that have gained entrance to screened houses. Most of the commercial fly sprays con- tain this extract. Home-made sprays may be prepared by soaking
22 MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
1 pound of the ground pyrethrum flowers in a gallon of kerosene for 24 hours or longer, and then pouring off the supernatant fluid for use. Probably the most economical method of preparing a spray is to pur- chase a concentrated extract (usually sold to contain not less than 2.4 percent of pyrethrins by weight, or about 2 gm. per 100 ml.) and dilute it with a light oil at the rate of 1 part ‘of extract to 19 parts of oil. Water-white kerosene is generally used for this purpose to avoid staining of the clothing or w walls. The pyrethrum spray is also effective temporarily as a mosquito repellent when sprayed on the ankles or the clothing. For application on the skin, a mixture of a concentrated extract with a nonirritating oil such as petrolatum or liquid vaseline may be used. Oil of citronella and other essential oils have long been used as temporary repellents. A preparation contain- ing diethylene glycol monobuty! ether acetate and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether as the active ingredients has been shown to be more effective than citronella (63) and is now available in a commercial preparation.
The dry pyrethrum powder is sometimes burned as a fumigant for destroying mosquitoes in closed rooms. It is also used as a repellent smudge, and the writers have seen it employec with good results in a large screened camp into which swarms of salt-marsh mosquitoes gained entrance with each opening of the door. In the open room the fumes were not strong enough to be objectionable to the persons present but were sufficiently toxic to incapacitate the insects. To make the smudge the powder is mounded on a plate or other flat dish and ignited at the top with the aid of a little alcohol. One or more dishes may be used. depending on the size of the room. Grass or wood smudges provide some relief to livestock in open fields and stables during severe outbreaks of mosquitoes. It seems probable that the pyrethrum smudge would be much more effective than the wood smoke for use in the stables.
Recent work in New Jersey (6/7, 62. 145) has shown that outdoor gatherings of people can be protected more or less from mosquito annoyance by a thorough spraying of the grounds and surrounding vegetation with a diluted emulsion of pyrethrum extract (similar to the formula given tor pyrethrum larvicide). The spray is applied under sufficient pressure to produce a fine mist. Successful results were reported from tests in which areas as small as 1.000 square feet were sprayed, but Vannote (7/45) indicated that a marginal zone ap- proximately 100 feet wide should be treated in addition to the area to be protected. In experiments conducted in Florida by the present writers (101). effective results were not obtainable with the species ea perturbans on areas 106 and 150 feet in diameter (0.2 and 0.4 acre) when the ground was covered with only short vegetation, although marked reductions had occurred from the spr aying in the smaller area before the grass and weeds had been cut. It was indi-
cated that the method nd not be feasible, against this species at least, for the protection of lawn parties or similar small gatherings.
The beneficial effects of various plants or trees in repelling mos- quitoes have been reported, but apparently none of the reports have been substantiated when carefully investigated. (See Moznette (130) for one such instance.) Different plants have also been blamed for attracting mosquitoes to houses. Although no plants with such prop-
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES 23
erties are definitely known, it is true that dense vegetation is attractive
to many species of mosquitoes as a harboring place. This is probably due to the moisture and shade afforded by the vegetation, as well as to protection from winds. Some of the woods mosquitoes are also known to bite commonly in shady places during the daytime but will not fly into the open for a blood meal.
Adult mosquitoes have various natural enemies, such as certain birds, bats, and predacious insects, which prey upon them along with other insects. The erection of bat roosts in mosquito- infested areas has been urged as a means of control, but observations in places where bats are very numerous have shown that they have little effect in reducing the mosquito population (87).
SPECIFIC PROBLEMS
A few notes are given below in regard to problems of control of some of the more Important species.
THE COMMON MALARIA MOSQUITO (ANOPHELES QUADRIMACULATUS)
This species develops principally in permanent bodies of fresh water containing aquatic vegetation or floating debris (pls. 1-3). Because of the breeding habits of this mosquito, malaria in the South- ern States is largely a disease of rural communities and small towns. Malaria control in this region usually consists of measures against Anopheles quadrimaculatus, the first essential of which is the perma- nent elimination of the low swampy places by filling or drainage. This species does not ordinarily fly long distances, and the control of the breeding places within a mile of a populated area is thought usually to be effective (6, 59, 109, 111). Ditches and the margins of the deeper ponds and lakes should be kept free of vegetation, and breeding in shallow ponds full of aquatic growths or in the beds of occasionally flowing streams can sometimes be controlled economically by impounding the water with dams to a depth sufficient to overcome the aquatic vegetation (pl. 8, B). Periodic fluctuation of the water level in such impounded areas is important in reducing the marginal growth and flotage. The impoundage of large bodies of water for hydroelectric or other purposes, however, has introduced serious prob- lems in malaria control, and special legislation has been enacted by southern States covering the measures that must be taken to prevent breeding of anopheline mosquitoes in such projects. The Tennessee Valley Authority has found it necessary to provide for an extensive program of Anopheles control in the impounded areas on the Tennes- see River (76). As this work has progressed it has proved essential to establish minimum requirements as to reservoir preparation and shore-line improvement, with special reference to vegetation control, and to provide for adequate water-fluctuation schedules i185 Ll)
As previously mentioned, in planning extensive drainage opera- tions careful consideration should be given to problems of wildlife and soil conservation.
The use of chemical larvicides, such as oil and paris green, 1s _re- quired for treating breeding areas that cannot be eliminated, ‘and in many places, owing to local conditions, this constitutes the main part of the control program. Paris green dusted on the water will destroy
24 MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
anopheline larvae because of their habit of feeding at the surface and ingesting all small particles that he on the surface film. It is effective in such minute quantities that its use on ground waters is not danger-
ous to animals. One to ten percent of paris green is used with an
inert diluent such as fine road dust, hydrated lime, pulverized soap- stone, or other available earths. It is applied with various types of hand dusters or, for larger operations, with power dusters mounted in boats. Tests on the use of airplanes for treating large breeding areas were first carried out by the writers in 1923 and 1924 (96, 97), and this method has since been employed in practical control operations (42, 90, 148, 150). In airplane dusting the proportion of paris green is in- creased to 10 to 50 percent. The applications of both arsenicals and light oils must be repeated at about weekly intervals throughout the breeding season, since these materials remain effective for only a short period. :
An adult anopheline density index (92), obtained by periodic counts of the numbers present in favorable daytime resting places (inside and underneath dwellings, in stables, outhouses, etc.), is highly useful in measuring the effectiveness of the control operations.
THE DOMESTIC MOSQUITOES (AEDES AEGYPTI AND CULEX QUINQUEFASCIATUS )
Urban antimosquito campaigns usually combine control measures against the yellow-fever and the southern house mosquitoes, and, although their practical control offers no unsurmountable difficul- ties, continuous efforts and expense are required to keep the num- bers reduced. These species differ in breeding habits, especially as regards polluted waters and ground pools, although rain barrels and similar water containers are important breeding places for both. Where the water in these receptacles is required for domestic purposes, the barrels should be kept tightly covered and the water drawn from a spigot at the bottom; otherwise they require weekly emptying or treatment with oil, either of which is likely to be neglected. When larvae are present, spraying the surface with a small amount of kero- sene or a pyrethrum fly spray is effective and imparts little odor to the water. Fire barrels may be treated by adding borax or common salt at the rate of 4 or 5 pounds per 50 gallons of water. This will prevent larval development as long as the strength of the solution is maintained. ‘Tubs and other casual water containers left in the yard should be turned upside down when not in use, and worn-out equipment should be disposed of.
With the yellow-fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti) the smaller water containers, such as old cans, bottles, flower vases, and obstructed eave troughs, are important, and a campaign against this species should begin with a clean-up of yards and vacant lots. During the dengue- fever control work in Florida in 1934 a large proportion of the dis- carded automobile casings left in the open were found to contain water with aegypti larvae, and many breeding places were found in automobile-wrecking yards. Toilet bowls and flush tanks in vacant houses and apartments require systematic attention, and collections of water in the basements of buildings should not be overlooked. The adults of this species do not fly far, and when they become trouble-
Misc. Pub. 336, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 1
A, Anopheles breeding pool in a cypress swamp; B, airplane dusting of paris green for Anopheles control in a swamp lake in Louisiana. The lake has a dense marginal growth of water chinquapin or American lotus (Nelumbo lutea), with waterlilies (Nymphaea sp.) and other aquatic vegetation in the middle.
Misc. Pub. 336, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 2
A and B, Water conditions favorable for breeding of Anopheles quadrimaculatus.
Misc. Pub. 336, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 3
A, A seasonal bayou overgrown with willows; B, a portion of the same bayou after clearing and impounding to eliminate Anopheles breeding.
PLATE 4
ry he | = 3 = bp < Sad is) a oO o A vn) ~ Ne} ral roa O J Ou 2
ras GA
,
In North Carolina
A,
Mosquito-control ditches in salt-marsh areas
background.
rees 1
Florida, pickleweed in foreground, mangrove t
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES 25
some at any point the breeding source can usually be found on the premises or nearby. An essential part of any aegypti control program is the frequent and thorough inspection of premises by well-trained men.
One of the most prolific sources of production for the southern house mosquito (Culex quinquefasciatus) in a city or town is the storm-sewer catch basin, which is designed almost universally with a watertight debris trap below the level of the outlet. The larvae of Aedes aegypti also have been found in these places. In an anti- mosquito program the catch basins are usually oiled periodically with special equipment installed on trucks or motorcycles. Other important sources of mass production of C. guinquefasciatus are open cesspools, badly drained street gutters, and polluted ground pools, especially around city dumps or sewage outlets. Wherever possible these breeding places should be eliminated permanently by drainage, or the cesspools effectively covered; otherwise they require frequent treatments with larvicides.
Pyrethrum-extract emulsion has been recommended for treatment of polluted ground pools and sewage beds. Paris green will destroy the larvae in ditches, pools, and catch basins, although oil is usually preferred as its deters oviposition. The use of paris green for the control of both aegypti and quinquefasciatus larvae in artificial con- tainers has been discussed under Larvicides (p. 19).
SALT-MARSH MOSQUITOES (PRINCIPALLY AEDES SOLLICITANS AND A. TAENIORH YNCHUS )
The salt-marsh mosquitoes fly extremely long distances. Migra- tory swarms have been observed 40 miles or more from their breeding places, although the average length of flight is, of course, much less. Because of their great flight range, local work against these species may be of little benefit, and control programs are usually undertaken on a county-wide basis. Generally, however, the actual control work should begin on the breeding marshes nearest the population centers and should progress outwardly until the desired results are obtained.
Investigations and control work against the salt-marsh species were begun in New Jersey more than 30 years ago, and New Jersey’s exam- ple has been followed by most of the North Atlantic States. On the south Atlantic and Gulf coasts, except in a few counties in Florida, no large-scale operations had been attempted prior to 1933, when advantage was taken of the opportunity offered by the programs of the Federal Emergency Relief and the Civil Works Administrations (32, 47, 67, 93). Although this work was not long continued, many valuable experimental and survey data were obtained, and these have been useful in a number of counties that have since become en- couraged to provide funds for continuing the operations.
Mosquito-breeding conditions in salt marshes and the methods em- ployed to overcome them are extremely varied. In general, the mosquitoes breed on the parts of the marsh that are not covered by daily tides, usually in pot holes and depressions of various sizes, but sometimes over extensive level areas. By the usual control prac- tices a system of ditches (pl. 4) is installed (1) to provide for a fairly rapid run-off of surface water following the occurrence of
26 MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
heavy rainfall or of high storm tides, (2) to permit free circulation of tidal water into low areas that are otherwise landlocked, and (3)
to give larva-eating minnows access to the pools and ponds or other
places where the larvae accumulate as the surface water is drained off.
The ditch system on any marsh should be designed to give the maxi- mum degree of mosquito control with the least amount of ditching. The system for each marsh should be determined by the conditions presented, and stereotyped drainage systems should be avoided. Pre- liminary surveys are necessary to determine any natural drainage and to locate the water-holding, mosquito-breeding areas. The natural channels should then be improved and the ditches located so that they will extend from these channels to the breeding portions of the marsh, following the lowest contours. In general, the ditches should not be cut directly into ponds, but rather connected by short spurs, since it is often difficult to maintain the desired depth in the soft mud of the pond bottoms. On large marshes which are so flat that natural drainage is negligible or difficult to discern, the usual practice is to place the ditches in a parallel system at intervals of 100 to 300 feet, with main outlet ditches as needed. Even on such marshes, however, the amount of ditching may often be reduced by making preliminary surveys to locate the mosquito-breeding portions of the marsh and limiting control work to such areas. The installation of rim ditches for draining areas adjacent to the highland, where heavy breeding often occurs, is necessary on most marshes.
In New Jersey, where the marshes are usually well sodded, the standard ditch is 10 inches wide by about 20 inches deep, with the sides perpendicular. In other areas, especially in the South, the width and depth of the ditches and the slope of the sides have to be modified to meet other soil conditions and problems incident to other types of marsh vegetation. In the Florida marshes ditches 20 to 30 inches wide are most frequently dug.
Various types of heavy machinery for digging and cleaning the ditches have been developed by workers in the North, and special types of ditching spades and other tools have been designed for use by hand labor. The type of marsh in the locality in which work is to be done should govern the selection of tools. Many, or perhaps most, of the southern marshes are not adapted to the use of such machine ditchers or special spades, at least of the types so far devel- oped, and the best tool generally for salt-marsh ditching in this region is the long-handled square-pointed shovel. For larger ditches or outlet canals a dragline or other standard machine of suitable capacity may be used to advantage.
Another important method of treating certain classes of marsh is the installation of dikes and tide gates to prevent the entrance of high tides. The tide gates, opening at low tide, also provide for the run-off of rain water. Under special conditions the tide gates may be reversed to permit the entrance of high tides and to impound the water on the marsh. This is effective in reducing Aedes breeding, since it 1s the alternate drying and flooding of the marshes that brings about the hatching of their eggs.
Experimental work by members of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine in the vicinity of Savannah, Ga., has shown that the shutting off of the tides from marshes by means of dikes and tide
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES DAUh
gates so that the marshes become dry eliminates much breeding of the sand fly (Culicoides) as well as of the mosquito. It is probable that this practice can be combined with ditching in other sections where the sand fly is a serious problem.
In the southern half of Florida, where Aedes taeniorhynchus is the predominant salt-marsh mosquito, the marsh vegetation is dominated by growths of several species of mangrove. This presents special problems for the mosquito-control organization (ol 2h, Weel (Si) as the mangrove forms dense forests through which it is necessary to cut rights- of-way 15 to 25 feet wide before ditches can be dug. Dynamite ditching has been employed in such marshes and compares favorably in cost with hand labor.
Ficurn 8.—Red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) in a Florida salt marsh, show- ing the dense growth and characteristically divided base.
Another difficult problem is encountered in certain areas where the marshes border more or less landlocked bodies of water in which there is ordinarily little tidal range. Strong wind tides may cause a flood- ing of these marshes, and continuous winds may hold the water there long enough for a brood of mosquitoes to develop even though the marsh is thoroughly ditched. To meet this problem it has been pro- posed to dike such areas and remove the floodwaters when necessary by means of pumps. A program along this line, combining mosquito and sand fly control, was begun in Saint Lucie County, Fla., in 1936.
The control work against salt-marsh mosquitoes in the North Atlantic States has been criticized as unnecessarily destroying the feeding and breeding grounds of wildlife. It is believed that many of the deeper ponds, as well as the plant species that serve as food. can be saved without detriment to the antimosquito work. If the ponds are of value as feeding and resting grounds for wild fowl, the ditches may be diverted or, if they are run into the ponds, a
FC LEAT SOUR CR ORD lw, NIL Se nL
ek,
28 MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
sod dam or wooden spill gate may be inserted, somewhat lower than the marsh level, to prevent complete drainage of the pond and to permit the inflow of high tides. Deepening of the shallower ponds may be necessary to obtain surface drainage on the neighbor- ing marsh and should greatly increase their value and permanence.
Sump drainage may be employed to decrease mosquito breeding in small, enclosed areas where drainage is difficult, or in areas that are of special value from a conservation point of view. By this method ditches are dug so that the water is concentrated in the lowest portion of the marsh, where, if no pond or pool exists, one is excavated to serve as a reservoir for maintaining predacious min- nows and insect enemies of mosquito larvae. In successful operation light floodings of adjacent breeding areas are drained into the sump by the ditches, and when the whole marsh becomes flooded the ditches facilitate access of the predators to all parts of the area. Successful use of this method was reported by Stutz ** in Broward County, Fla., for controlling breeding in low subdivision squares where adequate drainage was impractical.
Another problem arises in connection with the lowering of the water table, which results sometimes in an undesirable change in plant species and sometimes in a subsidence of the marsh level. As such changes vary greatly with different soil and tidal conditions, a thorough study of such factors should be included in the original surveys. Where the soil texture indicates little water-holding capac- ity, excessive lowering of the water table may be avoided in some cases by the use of very shallow ditches.
Larvicides are employed in salt-marsh mosquito control for the treatment of areas that are not taken care of by the ditching system. Fuel oils are used extensively for this purpose and are usually ap- plied with a knapsack sprayer. Since the heavier, less volatile oils are harmful to wild birds, fish, and other aquatic animals, it is recommended that only relatively volatile oils, such as No. 2 fuel oil, be used in treating mosquito-breeding areas where wildlife is likely to be affected. The pyrethrum-extract emulsion as described on p. 20 has been recommended where wildlife is concerned. Paris green has given promising results against salt-marsh Aedes larvae, and is more economical than oil in labor, material, and transportation costs, in addition to being much less disagreeable to handle. It is mixed with water and sprayed over the breeding area with a sprink- ling can having a capacity of 3 or 4 gallons. Two gallons of water will cover about 1,250 square feet and should contain about 1 ounce of paris green for an application at the rate of 2 pounds per acre. For use in shallow water and with even distribution the amount of paris green can be reduced by at least one-half. The water used is dipped from the breeding place as needed. It should be strained, if necessary, to prevent clogging of the sprinkler head with trash.
NOTES ON THE GENERA AND SPECIES
The genera and species are discussed in the following pages. As few mosquitoes are known by common names, the scientific name will
3a Sturz, FRED H. SIxTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BROWARD COUNTY, FLORIDA, ANTI- MOSQUITO DISTRICT COVERING ACTIVITIES FOR 1940. 9 pp. [Processed. ]
act _ san tal teal
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES 29
be used to designate the kind under discussion.* During the early years of activity in mosquito studies, following the discovery of their disease-carrying habits, considerable confusion was caused by re- visions of generic and specific names. Fortunately, these names have now become much more stabilized as a result of continued studies in various parts of the world. In the following account of the species the principal synonyms that have appeared in the United States ht- erature are shown in parentheses under the valid name, and in a few cases the common name is also given.
Genus ANOPHELES Meigen
(Syn., Nyssorhynchus Blanch.)
The mosquitoes of this genus breed in a wide variety of aquatic environments, although their production on a large scale is chiefly in permanent bodies of water containing aquatic vegetation or sur- face debris. Descriptions of anopheline breeding places of various types, while not specifically referred to herein, are numerous in the literature cited in this publication. Some of the references dealing with the classification and types of breeding places in given localities are those of Bradley (27) for northeastern Louisiana, Barber and Komp (7) and Perez (132) for Mississippi, Boyd (78, 79) for north- eastern North Carolina, Watson and Spain (749) for northern Ala- bama, Meleney, Bishop, and Roberts (725) for western Tennessee, and Darling (46) for Georgia (Lee County). Boyd (20) has given a comprehensive review of the literature on the natural history of ano- phelines as well as on their relation to malaria transmission. The bio- nomics and ecology of the Nearctic species have recently been re- viewed by Bradley and King (35).
All our native anophelines are fresh-water breeders, with the ex- ception of Anopheles atropos and A. bradleyi, which breed in salt or brackish water.
The eggs (fig. 38, () are laid singly—that is, not stuck together in rafts—and are provided with floats to keep them at the surface of the water. Hatching usually occurs in 2 or 3 days, and breeding is con- tinuous during the summer months. Boyd (78) obtained records in- dicating that Te quadrimaculatus may have from 8 to 10 generations annually in the latitude of southwestern Georgia. In the warmer sections of the Gulf States breeding is also more or less continuous through the winter (8, 64), although much reduced in volume, and the rate of development is slower. The larvae of some species are able to withstand freezing temperature (7). The adults are active chiefly after dusk and spend the daytime resting in dark, humid situations.
When alive, most anophelines can be recognized by their typical resting position (fig. 9, A, B), the abdomen and proboscis being held in nearly a straight line and pointed at an angle toward the resting surface. Other kinds of mosquitoes hold the body more or less par: al-
£In scientific terminology two names, the generic and the specific, are employed for each kind of organism. A genus is sometimes divided into subgenera and, when given, the Subgeneric name is inserted in parentheses between the generic and specific names. The species may also be divided into subspecies or varieties. The name, spelled out or abbrevi- ated, of the person who first described the species is often added after the specific name. If the species is changed to another genus, the name of the author is enclosed in paren- theses. The designation of a species may therefore appear as Aedes aegypti or Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L.), ete.
561723 °—44—_—_3
30 MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
lel to the resting surface (fig. 9, (), while the head and proboscis are bent downward at an angle to the body. The larvae of Anopheles are easily recognized by the absence of a breathing tube and by their usual feeding position (fig. 10, 4) parallel to the water surface. Other mosquito larvae have an elongated breathing tube and while at the surface hang down- ward with only the tip of the tube penetrating the surface film (fig. 10, B). Anophelines have tufts of modified hairs, called palmate hairs, on the upper side of the abdominal segments, by which they suspend themselves just below and parallel to the sur- face. While they are in this position the head is rotated for feeding until the mouth parts are uppermost, and the food is taken from or near the surface film. In the pupal stage the breathing tubes are short and widely flared as compared with those of other mosquitoes (fig. 11). The wings of all the typically Nearctic species of Anopheles, including A. maculipennis Meig., which is not known to the Southeastern States, are shown in plate 5.
To this genus belong the mosquitoes that transmit malaria to human beings, and all except one (A. georgi- anus) of the species listed for the South- FIGURE 9.—Resting positions of mosquitoes: A and eastern States have
B, Anopheles; C, Culex. been proved susceptible
to infection with the
parasites of this disease. However, Anopheles quadrimaculatus is considered to be by far the most important species concerned in the transmission of the disease in this region. The others either are too rare or their blood-feeding habits appear to be such that they are seldom of importance as carriers. These conclusions are based on the
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES 31
Figure 10.—Feeding positions of mosquito larvae: A, Anopheles; B, Culez.
OZ 71M
FicurE 11.—Pupal breathing tubes: A, Anopheles crucians, from above and side; B, Culex salinarius; C, C. quinquefasciatus.
a2 MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
fact that malaria infection in this region has almost invariably been found associated with this species. A. crucians is prevalent along the coastal plains and in the lower Mississippi Valley, and since three specimens have been found infected in nature (120, 126), the species cannot be entirely eliminated from consideration. Investigations several years ago in the Okefenokee swamp in southern Georgia (127) showed that malaria was absent in an area where cruczans was preva- lent and the only anopheline present. In Florida the malaria rate is high in the northwestern part of the State, where A. guadrimaculatus predominates, but low in the southern half of the State, where cruczans is abundant and the predominating species. Such malarious foci as have been investigated in the southern part have shown locally favor- able conditions for guadrimaculatus breeding. Frequently the two species are found associated in the breeding places, but in general the occurrence of guadrimaculatus and the areas of high malaria endemic- ity in northern Florida and southern Georgia (25) appear to be cor- related with the presence of shghtly alkaline surface waters, whereas crucians apparently prefers water of an acid reaction as found more generally in the southern part of Florida.
Barber and coworkers (10) have given a critical review of the records on infection of southern species and their role in malaria transmission.
The species of Anopheles included here are divided into two sub- genera, albimanus being placed in Vyssorhynchus and the others in the subgenus Anopheles. King and Bradley (99, 100) have given a review of the classification and distribution of the Nearctic species.
ANOPHELES QUADRIMACULATUS Say
(Syn., A. annulimanus V. d. W.; the common malaria mosquito)
The common malaria mosquito breeds chiefly in permanent fresh- water pools, ponds, and swamps that contain aquatic vegetation or floating debris (pls. 1-3). It is found throughout the South and is the principal species concerned with malaria transmission in this region. It isa fairly large mosquito, dark in color, with four darker spots near the center of the wing field (pl. 5, @). In its resting posi- tion the angle at which the body is held is not so pronounced as with some of the cther species, and the position of specimens heavy with blood may not appear characteristic.
This species is active principally at night, although during the cooler months the females will seek blood meals in the daylight on warm days, in dwellings, or in the woods. The daily flight or dispersal period begins just at dusk and continues for a half hour or so. During the remainder of the night, flight is probably limited for the most part to local forays in search of a host. Another period of activity begins just at daylight and ends with a general shift to the daytime resting places. The flight range of Anopheles quadrimaculatus from the breeding places undoubtedly varies a good deal, probably depending largely upon the proximity of blood meals and the numbers pro- duced. In planning control operations the maximum effective flight range is taken as about 1 mile under average conditions during the summer. Prehibernation dispersal flights in the fall may be much greater than this,
PLATE 5
Misc. Pub. 336, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture
“WIQayg “FT ssnyoynavuriponb “p :sodoan ‘yy svsayjom “ay :svuuad mn ¢ ¢ “0 ; BY Fy +947 nan “Onym7- Aisi Orpar: 4 ; 192 1 -ypoundopnasd “qT :svuuodyound ‘y :stuuadynonm ‘g :sunvonso Wy <sajaydouy jo sowods o1yoIVON AT[BoId Ay oyY Jo Ssur Ay
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES 33
Although little is known of the extent to which this species feeds upon wild animals, man and most of the domestic animals are known to be attacked by the blood-hungry females. Information on the relative attractiveness of different hosts was obtained in a series of cage experiments conducted in Baltimore, Md. (35, 39). Two host species were exposed side by side to the bites of Anopheles quadrimacu- latus females, which were afterwards collected and the blood meals identified by the precipitin test. Among cattle and horses it was found that the attractiveness varied more between individuals than between the species, and that a decided variation also occurred between individuals of the human race. The latter received on an average about one-sixth as many bites as the horse or cow. Sheep, goats, dogs, and pigs appeared to be less attractive, in the order given, while rabbits and chickens proved to be very poor hosts even in the absence of other animals.
To determine the proportion of mosquitoes that obtained blood meals from different hosts under natural conditions, a large series of records had previously been obtained at Mound, La., by testing the blood from freshly fed females collected from the tenant dwellings and outbuildings on three plantations (702). From a general series of collections during the mosquito season of 1922, 38 percent of the specimens taken inside the house were found to have fed on man, and about 2 percent of those from underneath the house and in the outbuildings. The weighted average was 4.3 percent for the entire quadrimaculatus (female) population, being 6 to 8 percent when the average number of females per location was about 200 to 500 and decreasing to 3 percent or less when the average reached 1,500 or more. The average percentages for the other hosts for which blood tests were made were as follows: Cow, 36; horse, 33; pig, 16; dog, 8; and other animals (chicken and cat), 3.
Although very high malaria infection rates (10 percent or even more) have been found among anophelines in other countries, the percentage of infected guadrimaculatus in malarious areas in this country appears to be comparatively low, probably much lower than is generally supposed. From an examination of 9,340 specimens col- lected on plantations in the vicinity of Mound, La., in 1922 (97), only 10 were found to contain the sporozoite form of the parasite in the salivary glands and therefore to be capable of transmitting the infection at the time of capture. This gave a sporozoite rate of 0.107 percent, or approximately 1 infective specimen per 1,000. The annual malarial rate in humans on the same plantations during that year was about 45 cases per 100. At Edenton, N. C., a gland-infection rate of 0.383 percent was obtained from dissections of 1,486 mosquitoes over a period of 3 years (2/).
The larvae of Anopheles feed almost entirely at the water surface, and since they seem to make no selection of material provided it is small enough to be ingested, the food consists of the general variety of small organisms that are found at the water surface. From a large series of observations at Mound, where guadrimaculatus was the predominant anopheline, Bradley (37) reported that flagellates, diatoms, and the green algae made up a large proportion of the plankton content of the surface layer in the natural waters of that
Srore — +”
34 MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
area. The approximate average numbers of organisms per cubic centi- meter in breeding places having more than one larva per dip were as follows for the breeding seasons of 1928 and 1929, respectively: Total plankton, 8,600 and 6,300; flagellates, 5,400 and 4,200; diatoms, 1,800 and 500; green algae (other than flagellate forms), 700 and 900. Pres- ent in smaller numbers were the ciliates, blue-green algae, and amoe- boid protozoa, although the first two were fairly abundant at times. The four principal genera among the flagellate forms were Euglena, Chlamydomonas, Trachelomonas, and Phacus, which composed about 75 percent of the total organisms in this class in the places of high larval density. The report of studies made by Boyd and Foot (24) shows a similar plankton content in the surface waters at Edenton. A classification of ponds in which the abundance of desmids is used as an index to the suitability of the water for specific anopheline breeding has been suggested by Frohne (57).
In rearing the larvae in the laboratory various foods may be utilized, both those from the natural breeding places and artificial foods such as yeast. Barber (3) found that Anopheles quadrimaculatus could be reared to maturity on cultures of single species of organisms, in- cluding algae, bacteria, or infusoria, and that dead organic material was less suitable than living organisms. Komp (/08) reared Ano- pheles in a food culture made from Spirogyra killed by heating. Boyd, Cain, and Mulrennan (23) report that the infusoria develop- ing in a ripened hay infusion, when supplemented by yeast, forms an almost ideal food for the larvae, as it invariably produced large and healthy individuals. The ripening process requires at least 30 days in the summer, as the infusions must pass through a period of acid fermentation before they are satisfactory as a food supply. These authors found that the largest proportion of the larvae reached maturity at about 70° F. At this temperature development from egg to imago required about 21 days (22). Crowell (44) found that the larvae could be reared successfully on powdered dog biscuit. This is a convenient food to use and does not require a ripening process or a change of water in the rearing pans. This author also reported that, in an insectary maintained at a temperature of about 75° F., the larval period ranged from 16 to 24 days, with an average duration of each of the four instars of 4, 5, 5, and 6 days. The pupal stage required from 60 to 72 hours. At high summer temperatures, with an ample food supply, larval development under natural conditions may be completed in about 1 week, although some larvae develop more slowly than others under the same conditions. With a minimum of 3 or 4 days for the other aquatic stages (egg and pupa) and about 4 days for the preoviposition period, the minimum time for a complete generation would be 14 or 15 days. At low temperatures or with scanty food supply the developmental cycle is greatly prolonged.
ANOPHELES CRUCIANS Wied.
The crucians group is now known to include three closely related forms which are very similar in the adult stage but differ in larval and pupal characters. Two of the forms were described by King in 1939 (95) as varieties of Anopheles crucians (bradleyi and georgianus) , but it was believed that all three represented distinct species, and they are recognized as such by the present authors.
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES 35
Anopheles crucians is the common fresh-water form in the South- eastern States. In low coastal-plain areas it is frequently the predomi- nating anopheline, but elsewhere is usually limited in abundance and distribution. Its range extends up the Atlantic coast to Massachu- setts and westward into southern Illinois, central Oklahoma, and Texas, with an isolated occurrence in the Pecos Valley, N. Mex. (700). It also occurs on the east coast of Mexico and in some of the Caribbean regions.
Although this species is susceptible to infection with malaria para- sites, it is not known to be of serious importance in the transmission of malaria; in fact, the evidence at present points to the contrary. The species frequently bites out of doors at night or even during the day in the woods. The adults also enter houses, but at Mound, La., they were always found in a much smaller percentage of the total numbers present than was the case with Anopheles quadrimaculatus. In the vicinity of Lake Apopka in central Florida, where cruczans becomes extremely abundant, the number taken out of doors at night while they were attempting to bite has repeatedly been very small in comparison with the total numbers present as indicated by light-trap collections.
Observations made by the senior author in New Orleans indicate that this species may migrate for several miles when an unusual production occurs. MacCreary and Stearns (7/4) obtained specimens at two lighthouses in Delaware Bay, one 3.2 miles from the nearest shore and the other 5.5 miles. Since both these localities are near the coast, it is not certain whether the species represented was crucians or bradleyi.
The principal recognition characters for the female of this anophe- line and the two related species are the three dark spots on the anal vein and the dark-scaled front margin of the wing (pl. 5, 4). The palpi are ringed with white. The larva of cructans is distinguished from all other American Anopheles by the fact that the anterior submedian hair (hair 0) is well developed on several of the abdominal segments and the antepalmate hair on segments 4 and 5 is also multiple-branched.
ANOPHELES BRADLEYI King
(Syn., A. crucians var. bradleyi King: A. crucians, coastal or salt-water form)
This form was first mentioned by Root in 1924 (734) and was more fully described by Bradley in 1932 (30) as the “coastal variety” of Anopheles crucians. The species is now known to occur along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts from Maryland to Vera Cruz, Mexico (/00). The localities in the Southeastern States from which it has been re- ported from larval identifications are Buras, La., Coden, Ala., Parris Island, S. C., various counties in Florida (30), Grand Bayou (74) and Saint Bernard Parish, La. (47), Craven and Onslow Counties, N. C., and Hunter Field, Ga. (table 1). i
Anopheles bradleyi has been found only in brackish water near the coast, and water of a low concentration of salt (about 1.5 percent or less) appears to be preferred. The larvae have been taken with Anopheles atropos at the higher concentrations and with the typical crucians when the water was nearly fresh. The larvae were first collected in Florida in large roadside ditches near the Saint Johns River in Brevard County and have been found there repeatedly upon subsequent examinations. They were taken in aquatic grass and
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36 MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
especially in beds of Chara. Elsewhere they have been collected in salt-marsh pools containing flotage, algae, and grasses.
The larval characters most nearly resemble those of Anopheles punctipennis, from which they can usually be distinguished by the fact that the leaflets of the palmate hairs on segments 3 and 7 are slender, mostly with smooth margins and smaller than those on seg- ments 4 to 6. In pwunctipennis the palmate leaflets are all about equally broad and usually notched near the tip. Many adult speci- mens appear to be indistinguishable from those of typical erucians, but about half of the females examined have the stem of vein 5 com- pletely or mostly white-scaled, whereas it is entirely dark-scaled in crucians.
ANOPHELES GEORGIANUS King
(Syn., A. crucians var. georgianus King)
This species was first collected by Bellamy (77) in 1937 from fresh- water breeding places in southern Georgia and was described by King (95) as a variety of Anopheles crucians. The spots on the wings appear to be more contrasting than in crucians, but no positive charac- ters have been found for separating the adults. The larva, however, is unusual in that only three pairs of functional palmate hairs are present (on segments 4 to 6), whereas crucians and all the other species of Anopheles have at least five. The larvae are further distinguished from bradleyi by having a larger number of branches in the antepal- mate hairs of segments 4 and 5, and from crucians by the lack of devel- opment of the anterior submedian hairs (hair 0) on these and other segments. In the pupal stage the corresponding hair is usually un- branched in georgianus but with three to five branches in crucians. In bradleyi the branching is more irregular. Slight differences in the claspette spines of the male genitalia were described by King (95), with crucians intermediate in these characters.
Anopheles georgianus has been collected by Bellamy (77) in Brooks, Sumter, Terrell, and Thomas Counties, Ga. A single larva was identified from a collection of crucians made by G. H. Bradley in ponds near Hinesville, Ga., in March 1941. It has since been reported from all the Southeastern States except Tennessee and Arkansas. Its typical habitat appears to be in seepage areas at the head of small streams, and the larvae were usually found in pure culture or with a small proportion of crucians. Scattered larvae were also reported from other types of ponds.
ANOPHELES PUNCTIPENNIS (Say) (Syn., Culex hyemalis (Fitch), Anopheles perplexens Ludl.)
Anopheles punctipennis ranges from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast and has a variety of breeding places. In the South it appears to prefer the margins of flowing streams, probably because of the lower temperature of the water. Throughout the southern range it occurs much more commonly late in the fall and early in the spring than in the summer (7, 79). At Mound, where it was never abundant, it disappeared almost entirely during the warm months. In that vicinity pure cultures of the larvae were sometimes taken in the fall in small clay borrow pits or pools free of vegetation. Asa rule the species is rare in central and southern Florida. The writers have found the adults in some numbers at Rock Springs, Orange County,
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES il
near a natural spring having a good flow of clear, cool water, and have taken the larvae in a few other places in Orange and Seminole Coun- ties. Larvae and adults have been taken in the vicinity of Gainesville, the larvae occurring there in a seepage outcrop. 7
Although this species readily becomes infected with malaria para- sites under experimental conditions, it does not feed extensively on persons under natural conditions, and the epidemiological evidence indicates that it is not an important carrier of the disease.
The conspicuous white spot on the costa, about two-thirds the distance from the wing base (pl. 5, C), is the chief recognition char- acter for this species. ‘The palpi are unbanded. In specimens from central Florida the size of the costal spot 1s usually reduced consid- erably, and in some individuals the wing may be almost entirely dark- scaled. This variation has also been observed occasionally in other areas and is possibly the form described as A. perplewens (Mount Gretna, Pa.). In larval specimens from Florida the antepalmate hair of segments 4 and 5 is usually single instead of double as in other areas.
ANOPHELES PSEUDOPUNCTIPENNIS Theob.
Anopheles pseudopunctipennis and its variety franciscanus occur in the Southwestern States and in tropical America. The species has been recorded in small numbers from Tennessee (57), the Mississippi counties of Humphreys (40), Attala, Hinds, Holmes, Leake, Madison, and Yazoo (7/0), and by the writers from Mound and New Orleans, La. It has recently been taken in Arkansas (table 1). A Tennessee specimen in the National Museum collection is labeled from Memphis. In general appearance this species resembles A. punctipennis, but the palpi are ringed and the wing pattern (pl. 5, Y) is different. No records of its breeding places in the lower Mississippi Valley are avail- able, but in the semiarid southwestern region it 1s most commonly found in river valleys in open, sunlit ponds containing algae and other vegetation.
ANOPHELES ATROPOS D. and K.
Little is known of the habits of this species, which breeds in the salt water of coastal marshes. In southern Louisiana, Mississippi, and Florida adult females have been taken while biting in the open during the day, even in direct sunlight (14, 65, 74, 107). In Florida adults were once noted on an open marsh during the day and were en- countered in large numbers after dark in two other localities. A few adults have been taken in light traps in several localities on the coast in southern Florida, and larvae have been obtained at various places in the State and at Parris Island, S.C. The species has been recorded by Fisk (45) from Key West, Fla., and the writers have a specimen from Elliott Key, Fla. (F. H. Stutz, collector, February 1941). The species has been recorded as far north as Maryland.
Larvae were taken by Griffitts (65) in water ranging from 8 to 12 percent “salinity” (about 0.8 to 3.4 percent of salt), by Hinman (74) in water containing 0.8 to 1.85 percent of salt, and by the writers, in Florida, in water containing more than 1 percent of salt. Although the larvae of atropos and bradleyi have occasionally been taken to- gether, the latter has usually been found in water of a lower salt content.
38 MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
Anopheles atropos has been infected experimentally with malaria parasites (/22), but it is of doubtful importance as a transmitter of the disease. |
This species is dark brown, with few markings. The palpi are faintly spotted with white scales or entirely dark. The dark spots on the wings are inconspicuous or lacking (pl. 5, /’), and the legs are without distinct white knee spots at the tips of the femora, which are usually visible in walkeri and quadrimaculatus. Examination for the knee spots is best made against a dark background, the speci- men being viewed in different positions. Light reflections from the bristles or scales should not be confused with pale scaling. The characters of the male terminalia are similar to those of walkeri. In the larva, which was first described by Hinman (74), the outer clypeal hairs have only a few branches, the inner hairs are sparsely feathered near the tip, and the antepalmate hairs of segments 4 and 5 are usually single.
ANOPHELES WALKERI Theob.
This usually rare species breeds in fresh-water marshes containing aquatic vegetation. It has been taken in light traps in fairly large numbers at Zellwood, in the vicinity of Lake Apopka, Orange County, Fla. (36), at Reelfoot Lake, Tenn. (89), and at Wabasha, Minn. (45). The species has been recorded from Sumter County, Ga. (72), Crowley, La. (9, 107), Bondurant, Ky. (2), and Scott and Little Rock, Ark. (85, 142). It has also been collected by the writers at Orlando and in Volusia County, Fla. It has recently been taken in Mississippi, South Carolina, and North Carolina (table 1). The specimens listed by Dyar (51) from Terrebonne, La., were later identified by Hinman (74) as Anopheles atropos. The species has been reported from most of the Northern States from New Hampshire to Minnesota and Kansas, and in southeastern Canada (cf. 100).
A study of specimens from Florida has shown some larval char- acters distinct from those of specimens obtained in New York State (33). Matheson and Hurlbut (//9) have since reported that both forms occur in the vicinity of Ithaca, N. Y. Specimens from each State have been infected experimentally with malaria parasites (J04, 11S), and one specimen infected with the parasites in nature has been reported from Bondurant, Ky., in the vicinity of Reelfoot Lake (2). The adults are readily attracted to light traps at night and the females to human hosts both in the daytime and at night (36, 45, 89). The breeding places and the resting places of adults are usually difficult to locate (2, 45, 89). The adults seem to prefer to remain on the emergent vegetation in the breeding areas. Matheson and Hurlbut (179) and Hurlbut (8S) found that two distinct types of eggs were deposited by this species, “summer” and “winter” eggs, and they con- cluded that overwintering occurred, at least in the North, in the egg stage.
The females of this species from Florida are very dark. They usually have narrow but distinct white rings on the palpi and white knee spots at the tips of the femora. The wing spots (pl. 5, #) are less pronounced than in quadrimaculatus. In the larvae the inner clypeal hairs are set close together and are minutely feathered toward the tip, hair 1 of the prothorax is branched from the base, and hair 0 of the abdominal segments shows more development than in either
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES 39
punetipennis or quadrimaculatus. A study of the chaetotaxy of the four instars has been published by Hurlbut (87).
ANOPHELES BARBERI Cog.
The larvae of this mosquito are found principally in tree holes, although the writers once took them in wooden tubs at Mound, La. The adult is very small, with unspotted wings, and is rarely encoun- tered. It has been proved susceptible to infection with malaria para- sites but is of doubtful importance in malaria transmission (140). Thibault (742) in Arkansas noted that it enters dwellings readily and is a persistent biter, although easily disturbed.
The species has been recorded from various places throughout the East and South from Ithaca, N. Y., to Houston, Tex. With recent records from Reelfoot Lake (57) and Norris, Tenn. (736) and from several counties in Georgia (notes from Justin Andrews), it has now been reported from all the Southeastern States.
ANOPHELES ALBIMANUS Wied.
(Syn., A. albipes Theob.)
This species is the only anopheline included here in which the tarsi are white-banded. It is a tropical species, of much importance as a vector of malaria in tropical America. It was introduced into Key West, Fla., in 1904, and apparently developed one brood there. ac- cording to the records of its discoverer, George N. MacDonell. For- tunately it did not become established and has not since been reported from that locality. At the present time the only place in the United States where it is knewn to occur is the lower Rio Grande Valley, Tex. The distribution of this species and the possibilities of its be- coming established in southern Florida and along the Gulf coast have been discussed by King (94).
Genus CuLEx Linnaeus
(Syn., in part, Melanoconion Theob., Mochlostyraz D. and K., Neoculex Dyar, Choeroporpa Dyar)
The mosquitoes of this genus breed in more or less permanent col- lections of water. The eggs are laid on the surface of the water in rafts of a hundred or more (fig. 3, 4), and they hatch within 2 or 3 days at summer temperatures. Breeding is continuous during warm weather and even through the winter in the warmer parts of Florida and the Gulf coast. Elsewhere the winter is passed in hibernation as adult females.
In identifying some of their collections of Culex, particularly those taken in light traps, the writers have found it convenient to use subgeneric names, since the specimens frequently are in poor condition or difficult otherwise to identify as to species. For the small species of Culex Dyar’s subgeneric name Mochlostyrax has been employed previously, but Edwards (53) has reclassified them on larval charac- ters that place two of the three local species in Melanoconion. Since the differences are of a minor nature and it is difficult to define the two subgenera by either classification, the writers are of the opinion that only the earlier name J/elanoconion need be retained. The 11
40 MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
southeastern species of Culex may then be placed in three subgeuiera as follows: (Culex) quinquefasciatus, pipiens, restuans, salinarius, nigripalpus, tarsalis, and bahamensis; (Neoculex) apicalis; (Melano- conion) erraticus, peccator, and pilosus.
Adult specimens of IMe/anoconion sre of less than medium size and are distinguished superficially from the other subgenera by the wider wing scales (more noticeably on the branches of vein 2) and by the presence of flat, dusky, or pale scales on the occiput. In er- raticus the latter character is often obscure, and the examination should be made at fairly high magnifications and with good hghting. These scales should not be confused with the patch of broad white scales at the side of the head, which is present in the other subgenera as well.
CULEX QUINQUEFASCIATUS Say
(Syn., C. fatigans Wied., C. pungens Wied., ete.; the southern house mosquito, or house Culex)
The southern house mosquito breeds in water barrels and other artificial containers, in street gutters and catch basins, and also in ground pools if the water is polluted. It is one of the domestic mosquitoes and is generally the most abundant night-biting house mosquito in the cities and towns of the Southern States. In the North it is replaced by its very near relative Culex pipiens, and the range of the two overlaps in Virginia, northeastern Tennessee, North Carolina, and other intermediate States. The name fatigans has been retained for this species by the European workers and is in use in most of the Old World countries. Methods employed in the abatement of the domestic mosquitoes are discussed under Mosquito Control (p. 18).
Females are distinguished from those of other southern Culex. in which the proboscis and tarsi are unmarked, by the conspicuous white 2 bdominal bands, rounded on the posterior borders and interrupted or much narrowed at the lateral margins. The mesonotum is grayish, with narrow lanceolate scales.
CULEX PIPIENS L.
(The northern house mosquito)
This is the common house mosquito throughout the Northern States. In recent years the species has been recorded from Carey- ville and Concord, Tenn. (7/36), Smithfield, N. C. (D. F. Ashton, 1937), Lake Lure, N. C. (record from Alan Stone), and Georgia, Ala- bama, and South Carolina (table 1). A reported occurrence of pipiens in New Orleans (15) is not given consideration, as the identification was undoubtedly incorrect.
The habits and general appearance of Culex pipiens are similar to those of C. quinquefasciatus, and in areas where the two species over- lap identifications should be made by examination of the male terminalia. Even then the determination is often difficult for indi- vidual specimens. Females may be identified provisionally by the characters given in the key to species.
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES 41
CULEX SALINARIUS Cog.
(Syn., C. nigritulus Smith (not Zett.) )
The larvae are found principally in grassy pools of either fresh or brackish water, and sometimes also in the bilge water of boats, and in barrels. The species occurs throughout the Southeast. It is not abundant in peninsular Florida, although it becomes more numer- ous at Orlando during the winter. It is common elsewhere along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts and is found less abundantly inland. The adult females bite freely out of doors at night and will enter houses to feed if necessary.
Culex salinarius females are recognized by the presence of narrow bands or a few scattered scales of a yellowish or dingy-white color at the base of the abdominal segments. The seventh segment may be largely pale-scaled, and the posterior margins of the segments may appear whitish at times. The mesonotum is covered with fine, hairlike, brownish scales, and has a smooth appearance in contrast to those of guinquefasciatus and pipiens.
CULEX NIGRIPALPUS Theob.
(Syn., C. similis Theob.)
The larvae are common in ditches and grassy pools in central and southern Florida, where the species appears to have largely replaced its near relative Culex salinarius. At Orlando the larvae are occasionally found during the summer in street catch basins and in tubs. Judging by the small number of biting records in com- parison with the abundance of the larvae, the species 1s much less in- clined to attack people than is salinarius. Where the adults are numerous they have occasionally been taken inside houses, The species 1s principally of tropical occurrence and apparently does not extend far north in the United States. It has been recorded from Lee County, Ga. (134), and Charleston, S. C. (56). The writers have the species from New Orleans, La., and Brewton, Ala., and specimens have also been examined recently from Savannah, Ga. (M. A. Barber, collector, October 1940).
The adults differ from those of salinarius in having lateral white spots but no pale bands on the dorsum of the abdomen. The pleurae generally have few or no white scales.
CULEX RESTUANS Theob.
(Syn., C. territans in some recent literature; the white-dotted Cwler)
The larvae occur in pools and rain barrels, preferring somewhat foul water, especially that containing decaying grass or leaves. The species has usually been regarded as a troublesome biter and the authors have found it so in Louisiana. Thibault (742), from obser- vations made at Scott, Ark., stated that it “does not bite human beings very much, though it enters houses. Seems to prefer poultry and livestock, also juices of plants.” Carpenter (47) noted that it is seldom troublesome in Arkansas except when present in large num-
42 MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
bers. The species becomes locally abundant in the South, much more so during the winter and spring than in the summer. It is of general distribution in the Northern, Eastern, and Southern States, but becomes rare in southern Florida. The adults usually have a pair, sometimes two pairs, of small white dots on the mesonotum (fig. 12, A’). The abdomen has conspicuous white bands which are not narrowed at the lateral margins.
Unfortunately, the name terr7tans was changed to designate this species after it had been applied for years to the one now known as apicalis. Edwards (53) has shown that the synonymy is very doubt- ful, and the writers agree with him in the desirability of restoring the name restuans, so that there will be no confusion as to the species meant.
CULEX APICALIS Adams
(Syn., C. territans Dyar (not Walk.) in part, C. testaceus Dyar (not V. d. W.), C. saxatilis Gros., etc.)
Culex apicalis has a wide distribution and is found breeding in grassy pools and swampy places containing aquatic vegetation. The larvae are fairly common, but the adults apparently do not bite man. As they have been observed feeding on frogs, they probably live on cold-blooded animals.
The adults are recognized by the presence of narrow white bands, which widen laterally, on the posterior margins of the abdominal segments. The name apzcalis refers to this character.
CULEX TARSALIS Cog.
The writers have one collection of this banded-legged Culex from Louisiana (Mound, October 13, 1918, D. L. Van Dine). The larvae were taken in a clay borrow pit with Anopheles punctipennis, but were not obtained again, although many collections were made in the same locality during the following 10 or 15 years. It has also been reported from Arkansas (47, 85), from Orleans Parish (47) and Lake Charles, La. (75), and from Florida and Tennessee (table 1). This species is very common in the Western States.
CULEX BAHAMENSIS D. and K.
(Syn., 0. corniger Dyar (not Theob.) )
This is a tropical species that has recently been collected by Fisk (55) in several breeding places at Key West, Fla., including an un- derground cistern containing brackish water. The writers have also identified a male of this species collected on Elliott Key in the spring of 1940 by F. H. Stutz. It now seems probable that the specimens previously recorded by Dyar (50) as Culex corniger Theob., from Knights Key, Fla., were the same species, since the identification was based on a collection of females only and the two species are not easily distinguished in this stage.
The larva of Culex bahamensis has only two anal gills, instead of the normal four, and they are thick and bulbous. The adult female has narrow white rings on the tarsi, which occur on both sides of the joints on the hind tarsal segments.
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES
Yh y
/
LL oy Uf),
Sit ti A MG
SS
=
LDL
WT
Uf
a We Nya athts
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43
FicuREe 12.—Thoracic markings of several kinds of mosquitoes (diagrammatic) : A, Aedes aegypti; B, A. infirmatus; O, A. atlanticus; D, A. thibaulti; E, A.
trvittatus; F, A. triseriatus; G, Psorophora varipes; H, P. ciliata
(at a
Scale one-half the size of the others) ; I, Orthopodomyia signifera; J, Urano- taenia sapphirina; K, Culex restuans.
D617
20 25
—44——-4
44. MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
CULEX ERRATICUS D. and K.
(Syn., CO. egberti D. and K., C. peribleptus D. and K., OC. pose D. and K., C. degustator Dyar, ©. leprincei D. and K., C. homoeopas D. and L., ete.; also C. abominator D. and K., in part, and in the United States references to C. inhibitator Dyar (not D. and K.) and Melanoconion atratus Dyar (not Theob.) )
The name erraticus is adopted by the writers as the correct name for the common Melanoconion of the Southern States. This species has in recent years been known as inhibitator because of the synonymy published by Dyar (457), but a review of the original de- scriptions has shown that the larval and male characters of the United States form are distinct from those of the Santo Dominican species (98). The description and illustration of the male genitalia given by Dyar (51) for erraticus belong to abominator D. and K., a species that is known only from Texas.
The larvae of Culea erraticus are found in grassy permanent pools and swampy places, especially those having a growth of duckweed (Lemna). The egg raft is sometimes laid on the upper surface of the Lemna frond, although it is not known whether this is the usual habit. The larvae are taken frequently in association with Anopheles larvae. The species occurs throughout the South.
The United States species of the subgenus Melanoconion cannot at present be distinguished with certainty in the adult stage except by characters of the male terminalia. Since erraticus is the commonest one of the group, biting records for Melanoconion females are usually assumed to apply to this species. Female specimens having a limited area of flat scales and a large triangular patch of narrow scales on the occiput can be identified with some assurance as erraticus.
Melanoconion adults have been obtained in large numbers in lght- trap collections in Florida, and examinations of male specimens have shown both erraticus and pilosus, principally the latter, to be pres- ent. Females, probably all erraticus, have been taken in Florida and Louisiana while biting out of doors at might, but usually in small numbers when compared with the abundance of the larvae. The writers’ observations at Mound indicated that the species had a pref- erence for the blood of fowls, attacking them on the roosts at night. According to Thibault (142), Culex abominator (probably erraticus as now known) was the most abundant and annoying species in the woods in the vicinity of Scott, Ark., especially at dusk and early in the morning, but continuing to bite throughout the day. MHorsfall (79, SO) did not find them of importance in southeastern Arkansas in 1935 or 1936, although he reported them as occurring in enormous numbers in rice fields in association with Psorophora species in 1936.
CULEX PECCATOR D. and K. (Syn., C. incriminator D. and K.)
Larvae and males of this species are distinguished readily from those of Culex erraticus and C. pilosus, although the male genitaha are very similar to those of abominator (Texas) and anips Dyar (California). Nothing is known of the blood-feeding habits of the female. The larvae, when found, are almost always associated with C. apicalis.
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES 45
The writers have taken occasional specimens at New Orleans. Mandeville, and Mound, La., and in Orange and Osceola Counties. Fla. ‘The species has been reported previously from all the South- eastern States except Florida, but records based on female specimens alone are questionable. The larval description for the species by Dyar and Barret (52) was based on specimens of Culex erraticus. The description was corrected by King and Bradley (98).
CULEX PILOSUS (D. and K.)
(Syn., Mcchlostyrag floridanus D. and K., Culer deceptor D. and K.., C. agitator D. and K.., etc.)
This small mosquito breeds in shallow, grassy pools, roadside ditches, hoofprints, and flooded areas. The eggs are able to with- stand drying, a very unusual trait in the genus, and as a rule the breeding places are temporary. The collected larvae are easily recognized by their peculiar wriggling motions and by their habit of lying on their backs on the bottom of the container. The tip of the air tube has a pair of recurved dorsal spines, which may be used for retaining their submerged position. Nothing is known of the feeding habits of the adult. The species is common in Florida. In addition to the States listed by Dyar (50), it has been recorded in Lee County, Ga. (134), Brewton, Ala. (106), New Orleans, La. (E. S. Hathaway, personal communication), Charleston, S. C. (56), and Mississippi (table 1).
Genus AEDES Meigen
(Syn., Stegomyia Theob., Heteronycha Dyar (not L.-Arr.), Ochlerotatus L.-Arr., Taeniorhynchus L.-Arr., Finlaya Theob., Aedimorphus Theob., Culicelsa Felt)
With the exception of a few species, including the yellow-fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti) and the tree-hole breeder A. triseriatus, this genus typically breeds in temporary rain pools, floodwaters, and tidal marshes. The eggs are laid singly on damp soil at the edge of a pool or in moist depressions, and they are able to survive long periods of drying. When such places are flooded with water and the temperature is favorable, some of the eggs hatch almost at once and often produce enormous broods of mosquitoes; others may not hatch until subsequent floodings. With some species, at least, the eggs may also be deposited on the water surface, but most of them re- main unhatched until the pool evaporates and has again been flooded. Some species of Aedes have but one brood each year and are found only in the spring, whereas others recur commonly during a rainy season. The winter is passed in the egg stage.
All except five of the species of Aedes included here are placed by Edwards (43) in the subgenus Ochlerotatus. The others are divided as follows: (Aedes) cinereus; (Stegomyia) aegypti; (Aedi- morphus) verans; (Finlaya) triseriatus, atropalpus. Dyar’s (61) classification is similar except that the subgenus 7'aenzorhynchus (=Culicelsa) is recognized by him to include the species taenzorhyn- chus, sollicitans, mitchellae, and atropalpus.
46 MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
AEDES AEGYPTI (L.)
(Syn., Stegomyia fasciatus F., Culex calopus Meig., C. argenteus Poir., etc.; the yellow- fever or dengue-fever mosquito)
The adults are rather small and dark, with conspicuous rings of white scales on the tarsi, and patches of white on the sides of the thorax and abdomen. The lyre-shaped pattern on the mesonotum (fig. 12, 4), formed of lines of white scales, is characteristic of the species.
This species is the most thoroughly domesticated of any of the mosquitoes and apparently greatly prefers the blood of man to that of other animals. It breeds almost exclusively in artificial water containers in the vicinity of dwellings or in the dwellings them- selves. The larvae are found occasionally in tree holes and similar natural collections of water, but so far as known the eggs are never deposited in ground pools. The eggs are usually laid on the sides of the receptacle just above the water line, or on the surface of the water. It appears that places which are of solid material at the water line are selected for oviposition. In Orlando, Fla., the writers have found the larvae abundant at times in the underground street catch basins, which, although partly filled with sand and dirt, were lined with brick or concrete. Fairly clean water is preferred, and sewage-polluted water in wooden or concrete cesspools is not a favor- able breeding medium. The eggs are able to withstand drying for several months, and hatch very quickly when the receptacle is filled with water.
The adults are abundant during the summer in cities and towns throughout the South and are troublesome house pests. Biting is confined largely to the daylight hours, especially early in the morning and late in the afternoon, and the females seem able to gain entrance even into well-screened houses. ‘They are wary biters and are espe- cially annoying about the ankles. Aedes aegypti is thought to have been the only species involved in the epidemics of yellow and dengue fevers in the “inited States, although other species in other countries have been proved capable of transmitting both these diseases.
The adults have been kept alive in the laboratory for several months, and in the summer they probably live longer than any other of the southern species. They are very susceptible to cold, however, and are said to die out at temperatures below about 40° F. The eggs are more resistant, but the species probably does not overwinter in the United States except in the extreme southern part. Each sum- mer it becomes widely dispersed into territory farther north, prob- ably by carriage in trains, boats, etc. Although the adults are strong fliers, the usual flight range is considered to be not more than a few hundred feet.
The control of this species is discussed in the section on Mosquito Control (p. 13). A more extended account of its life history may be found in a bulletin by Howard (83).
AEDES SOLLICITANS (Walk.) (The eastern salt-marsh mosquito, sometimes called the New Jersey mosquito) This bronze, or golden-brown, species breeds in salt marshes along
the Atlantic and Gulf coasts and, except in southern Florida, is by far the most important of the salt-marsh species. It is a strong flier
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES 47
and commonly migrates in large swarms many miles from its breeding place. In Florida specimens sometimes are taken in the interior of the peninsula when broods emerge on the coast. The adults settle in the grass during the daytime and are extremely annoying to persons who come in their vicinity, attacking in full sunlight. The flight of migratory swarms begins just before dark. and the numbers that may be encountered in salt-marsh areas at this time are almost unbelievable. In the southern half of Florida the species may be found through the winter and is more prevalent in the spring and fall than in the summer. Adults have also been found in the winter along the Mississippi coast (66). Although breeding of this species is limited mostly to salt marshes or other coastal loca- tions, there are records of its development inland associated with salt water pumped from oil wells. Carpenter (47) found them to be rather common near oil fields in Union and Ouachita Counties in Arkansas, and adults and larvae from this area were sent the writers for confirmation of the identification. Of interest also is a record for the species from Eddy County, N. Mex., where they were found by M. A. Barber in 1938 in a brackish swamp near Artesia. Methods for the control of the salt-marsh species are discussed in the section on Mosquito Control (p. 13).
Adults of sollicitans are recognized by a median, dorsal longi- tudinal stripe of pale scales on the-abdomen, the mixed black and white scaling of the wings, and the golden color of the mesonotum. The proboscis and the legs have wide white rings, and the first seg- ment of the hind tarsus has a white ring in the middle.
AEDES TAENIORHYNCHUS (Wied.)
(Syn., A. taeniorhynchus niger Giles (not Theob.) ; the black salt-marsh mosquito)
This small black and white mosquito is the most abundant and troublesome salt-marsh species along at least the southern two-thirds of the Florida coasts, which is also approximately the area where mangrove and pickleweed (saltwort) form the predominant marsh vegetation (pls. 4,8, and 6, A). In smaller numbers taeniorhynchus occurs along the Atlantic coast as far north as the New England States and along the Gulf coast to Mexico. Unlike sollicitans it is found on the Pacific coast in southern California. It also occurs commonly in the West Indies and in Central and South America to the Guianas and Peru. While it is usually not the predominant species along the Atlantic coast north of Florida, collections from four light traps operated nightly at Charleston, 8. C., from July 19 to November 1, 1939 (56), gave a total of nearly 10,000 taenzo- rhynchus specimens compared with about 200 sollicitans. In a series of light-trap collections made by McCreary (7/3) at Fenwick Island lighthouse in southern Delaware in 1940, the total counts over a 60- day period, excluding the collection for one night, showed nearly equal numbers of the two species (about 6,500 of each from two traps). On the night of September 10 the enormous total of 271,- 772 mosquitoes were obtained from a single trap (operated at ground level), of which 192,221 were taeniorhynchus and 69,465 were sollici- tans. From many collections obtained by the writers in similar traps in Florida the maximum record for taeniorhynchus for a single
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48 MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
night has been about 3,000. The species seems much less inclined than sollicitans to attack in bright sunlight, but it commonly is very annoying in the shade in the mangrove and other woods.
et
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FIGURE 13.—Aedes taeniorhynchus, one of the salt-marsh mosquitoes.
Aedes taeniorhynchus breeds prolifically in the salt marshes when they are flooded by rains or tides and also in fresh-water pools nearby. In the laboratory the eggs have hatched and the larvae have
Misc. Pub. 336, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 6
A, A prolific breeding place of Aedes taeniorhynchus in a pickleweed marsh ; B, a breeding place of Mansonia perturbans, large shallow pond filled with pickerelweed.
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES 49
been reared in water varying in salinity from completely fresh to that of sea water. The females become troublesome at times in the interior of the Florida peninsula and have been taken in consider- able numbers in the vicinity of Orlando, which is about 30 miles from salt water. Many larvae were once found in fresh water stand- ing on a vacant lot within the city limits of Orlando, the only record of the species that the writers have among many collections of Aedes larvae from the same locality. In these larvae as well as in those of A. sollicitans from New Mexico (mentioned previously) the anal gills were as long as the anal segment, instead of in the normal budlike form, a condition that may be associated with their develop- ment in fresh water. The species was found by Carpenter (4/7) to be breeding inland, along with A. sollicitans, in salt water from oil wells in Union and Ouachita Counties, Ark., and by E. B. Johnson (June 1939) at Oil City, Caddo Parish, La. These locations are several hundred miles from the coast.
The adults are less than medium sized and are dark in color, with white rings on the proboscis and tarsi (fig. 13). The mesonotum is dark-scaled sprinkled with white, and the wings are dark-scaled. The abdomen is without a longitudinal stripe, and the first hind- tarsal segment lacks the median white ring of sol/icitans. Southern and tropical specimens having the tip of the last hind-tarsal segment dark are sometimes classified as variety nzger. Specimens from the North Atlantic States usually have this segment entirely white.
AEDES MITCHELLAE (Dyar)
This comparatively rare species resembles Acdes sollicitans except that the wings are entirely dark-scaled and the first segment of the hind tarsi is not ringed with white. It breeds in rain-water pools and is a rather severe biter. While it has not been found breeding in salt marshes, its range seems to be limited to the Coastal Plain. It has been recorded from Mobile, Ala., Victoria, Tex., southern Georgia, several places in Florida (40, 85), and Lee County (734) and Waycross, Ga. (D. G. Hall, 1981). The writers also have records from different places in Florida and have collected the species in light traps at Orlando and several points near the coast. It was taken at Holly Ridge, N. C. (G. H. Bradley, April 2, 1941). Recently Missis- sippi, Louisiana, and South Carolina have been added to the range of this species (table 1).
AEDES TRISERIATUS (Say)
(The tree-hole Aedes)
This common woods species has patches of silvery-white scales on the sides of the thorax (fig. 12, #7), which give it a rather conspicuous appearance. The proboscis and legs are unmarked. It breeds prin- cipally in tree holes but to some extent also in water barrels and other artificial water containers. It is widely distributed throughout the United States and has been reported in all the Southeastern States. It is frequently a troublesome biter in the woods. When the larvae are found in water barrels associated with those of Aedes aegypti, they can usually be distinguished with the naked eye by their darker appearance.
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50 MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
AEDES VEXANS (Meig.)
(Syn., Culex sylvestris Theob., C. stimulans Coq. (not Walk.) )
Aedes vexans is of wide occurrence throughout the United States and other countries and is a serious pest in many areas. It breeds in rain pools and floodwaters, and there may be several broods during the season. It is seldom abundant in the extreme South, and the writers have taken only occasional specimens in Florida. The adults have narrow rings of white scales on the hind tarsi, and the white abdominal bands usually show a V-shaped notch in the middle of the posterior border. The proboscis and thorax are unmarked.
AEDES INFIRMATUS D. and K.
(Syn., Culicelsa confirmatus Dyar (not L.-Arr.), in part)
This vicious biting mosquito breeds in temporary rain pools and at times becomes very abundant. The thorax has a wide, conspicuous central stripe of silvery scales (fig. 12, B), but the proboscis and tarsi are unmarked. In common with most of the other woods mosquitoes, the females attack readily during the daytime in or near woods, and at night they may be encountered in the vicinity of dwellings. They seldom enter houses except when they become excessively abundant. The species has been recorded from Arkansas, Louisiana, Florida, North Carolina (50), Georgia (734), and South Carolina (56). The writers also have collection records from Louisiana, Florida, and Mississippi. It probably will be found in all the Southeastern States.
AEDES DUPREEI (Cogq.)
This rare species breeds in temporary rain puddles. The larvae are seldom collected, owing to their habit of hiding among the leaves and trash at the bottom of pools. They are recognized by the ex- tremely long anal gills. The adult females closely resemble those of Aedes atlanticus and A. tormentor, although they are somewhat smaller. The writers have taken them in ieride at Perry, Boyd, and Carbur and in Orange County, and in Louisiana at New Orleans and Mound. The species has been recorded from Baton Rouge, La., Scott, Ark., (85), Pickwick Reservoir, Ala. (736), Charleston, eC. (56), ‘and North Carolina (GD, 1m. Ashton, 1938), as well as from some of the Northeastern States and the Tropics. It has recently been re- ported from Georgia and Mississippi (table 1).
AEDES ATLANTICUS D. and K.
(Syn., Ochlerotatus serratus Coq. (not Theob.), in part)
Aedes atlanticus breeds in shady temporary rain pools. It is vicious biter and is usually associated with A. infirmatus and other woods species. It resembles infirmatus except that the white stripe on the thorax is much narrower (fig. 12, 7). The species is common in the Gulf States and is probably ‘distributed throughout the south-
eastern region. In addition to the localities given by Dyar, it has been reported from Alabama (67), Arkansas (S80), South Carolina (56), and Mississippi (table 1).
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES 51
AEDES TORMENTOR D. and K.
(Syn., Ochlerotatus serratus Coq. (not Theob.), in part)
Aedes tormentor is almost identical in appearance with A. atlan- ticus, and its identification depends upon larval or male genitalic characters, which are given in the keys. The larvae are darker than those of ¢nfirmatus, with which it was usually taken in Louisiana. At New Orleans larvae of this species were more often taken than those of atlanticus, while the reverse was true in Florida. One larva of tormentor was collected on Parris Island, 8. C., in 1935, and in this specimen the thorax and eighth abdominal segment were white, in striking contrast to the rest of the body. Florida specimens are sometimes rather conspicuously marked in a similar manner. The species was taken by Root (134) in Georgia, and it has now been recorded from all the Southeastern States except Tennessee.
AEDES THIBAULTI D. and K.
This is a rare species that breeds in stump holes. It probably has but one brood each year, in the spring. The species is listed by Horsfall (79, SO) as of local importance in southeastern Arkansas. It was taken by the writers at Mound, La. (28), and has been re- ported from Mississippi (5/7), Mississippi County, Mo. (50), Wilson Dam, Huntsville (736), Leighton, and Madison County, Ala. (237), Edgecombe County, N.C. (D. F. Ashton, May 1938), and from Orange- burg County,S. C. (table1).
AEDES CANADENSIS (Theob.)
This mosquito is rare in Florida and elsewhere in the extreme South, but farther north it is a troublesome biter. It is said to have but one brood annually, which appears in the spring. It is not known to enter houses. In addition to the localities sted by Dyar (50), the writers have specimens from New Orleans and Mound, La., Lumberton, Miss., and Orlando, New Smyrna Beach, and Gainesville, Fla. It was taken by Dupree at Baton Rouge, La. Recently it has been taken in Georgia (table 1). It was reported by Horsfall (79, SO) to be the most annoying of the woods mosquitoes in Arkansas during March and April.
AEDES FULVUS PALLENS Ross (Syn., A. bimaculatus (Coq.), in part: A. fulvus Dyar (not Wied.), in part)
This is a bright-yellowish species of striking appearance, limited to the Southern States, and seldom collected. It was encountered in considerable numbers on one occasion (1914) in the vicinity of New Orleans, and the females were fierce biters. The writers have taken it in Orange, Volusia, and Seminole Counties, Fla. Root (134) ob- tained the species in Georgia, and a record for South Carolina has been received from S. L. Crosthwaite (Charleston County, September 4, 1941). It has now been recorded from all the Southeastern States except Tennessee. Edwards (53) considered this species distinct from the tropical fulvus to which Dyar (57) assigned it, and in a communication to the writers (September 12, 1938) confirmed
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yy MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
this opinion after comparing Florida specimens with fulvus and related species from South America. It has recently been described as a distinct subspecies by Ross.°
AEDES STIMULANS (Walk.)
(Syn., variety mississippi Dyar, Culicada subcantans Felt)
This is a northern forest species which has been recorded once from Mississippi (Electric Mills). These specimens were named A. st¢im- ulans mississippi by Dyar (49), but the variety was later placed as a synonym of the type form. Ochlerotatus subcantans, reported from Baton Rouge, La., by Mitchell (727), was probably Aedes vexans.
AEDES GROSSBECKI D. and K. (Syn., Culex squamiger Smith (not Coq.), C. sylvicola Gros.)
This is a rare northeastern species that has been recorded from two localities in Mississippi (Natchez and Scott). Dupree’s (48) Culex squamiger and Mitchell’s Lepidoplatys sylvicola, reported from Baton Rouge, La. (727), may have been this species. A specimen of Aedes grossbecki was collected by E. B. Johnson at Monroe, La., in 1939, and the identification was confirmed by the present writers. A collection from Arkansas has recently been reported (table 1). The adults are of rather striking appearance, with patches of white on the sides of the mesonotum, a mixture of black and white scales on the legs and wings, and wide tarsal bands. ‘The writers are not familiar with the larva.
AEDES STICTICUS (Meig.)
(Syn., Culex pretans Gros., Aedes hirsuteron (Theob.) )
This species, previously known in the United States as Aedes hirsuteron, has been recorded in the Southeast from Lee County, Ga. (134), Rives and Memphis, Tenn., and Scott, Ark. (50), Wilson Dam, Florence, and Huntsville, Ala. (736), and Bladen County, N. C. (D. F. Ashton, March 1939). The writers have examined a specimen, prob- ably of this species, from Monroe, La. (E. B. Johnson, collector, March 1939), and have a specimen from Tallahassee, Fla. Ochlerotatus pre- tans, reported from Baton Rouge, La., by Mitchell (727), may have been sticticus, or perhaps thibaulti. With the recording of the species from Mississippi and South Carolina it has now been found in all of the Southeastern States (table 1). Edwards (53) places hirsuteron as a synonym of sticticus.
AEDES TRIVITTATUS (Coq.)
This is a northern species that has been recorded from Georgia (134), Louisiana (57), and recently from Arkansas, Tennessee, South Carolina, and North Carolina (table 1).
AEDES ATROPALPUS (Coq.)
This species has been recorded in the Southeast from North Carolina (51), Kinzel Springs and Knoxville, Tenn. (736), and Petit Jean Mountains, Ark. (47). Breeding occurs normally in rock holes, but Shields (736) found the larvae on one occasion in an abandoned septic tank at Knoxville, Tenn.
>Ross, E. 8. THE IDENTITY OF AEDES BIMACULATUS (COQUILLETT) AND A NEW SUBSPECIES
OF AEDES FULVUS (WIEDEMANN) FROM THE UNITED STATES (DIPTERA, CULICIDAE). Wash. Ent. Soc. Proce. 45: 143-151, illus. 1948.
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES 53
AEDES CINEREUS Meig. (Syn., A. fuscus O. S., ete.)
This is a comparatively rare northern species that has been recorded from Arkansas, where it was said to be abundant but a nonbiter (142), and recently from South Carolina and Georgia (table 1). Dupree’s identification of Aedes fuscus from Baton Rouge, La., may have been correct, although the species was not taken by the present writers at Mound or New Orleans. Specimens identified as fuscus by Beyer (13) and others in New Orleans were undoubtedly Uranotaenia lowii. A peculiar character of this species is that both the male and the female have short palpi.
AEDES NIGROMACULIS (Lud.)
Aedes nigromaculis belongs to the arid western regions. It was re- ported from Louisiana by Dyar (4/), but the identification was be- lieved by Alan Stone, after examination of the original specimen, to be incorrect.
AEDES DORSALIS (Meig.)
Aedes dorsalis was reported from Delta, La., by Howard, Dyar, and Knab (85), but the record is questionable, as the collection date was 1904 and the species has not been reported since from that locality. The specimen has now been lost. Beyer’s identification (15) of the species from Lake Charles, La., needs confirmation. This species is abundant and widely distributed in the Western and Northwestern States, and is said to breed in either salt or fresh water.
Genus PsoropHora Robineau-Desvoidy
(Syn., Janthinosoma L.-Arr., Grabhamia Theob.)
To this genus belong some of our larger and showier mosquitoes. Most of them are severe biters, but at the present time none are known to carry disease, although one species (Psorophora confinnis) appears in such swarms in southern Florida as to cause the death of livestock by its mass attacks. The breeding habits of the group are similar to those of the typical Aedes, to which they are closely related. The eggs are adapted to withstand drying and may he dormant on the ground for long periods. They hatch upon being flooded, and the larvae may complete their development in transient pools, as they develop very rapidly. The larvae of two of the species (subgenus Psorophora) are predacious upon other mosquito larvae and are there- fore of some benefit to mankind. The females of these two species, the familiar gallinippers, offset the benefit to some extent, however, as they are themselves avid bloodsuckers.
The species of this genus are divided into three subgenera as follows: (Psorophora) ciliata and howardii; (Grabhamia) confinnis, discolor, pygmaea, and signipennis; (Janthinosoma) ferox, varipes, CYaNescens, and horrida.
54 MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
PSOROPHORA CONFINNIS (L.-Arr.)
(Syn., P. columbiae (D. and K.), Janthinosoma floridense D. and K., and Culex jamaicensis yar (not Theob.), in part; the Florida glades mosquito)
The Florida glades mosquito, long known as Psorophora columbiae, breeds in temporary pools of rain water and occurs commonly throughout the Southeast. It is most abundant in the Florida Ever- glades, where it occasionally appears in enormous swarms and has caused large losses of livestock by its attacks (17). During these out- breaks it is almost impossible for humans to remain out of doors at night or in sheltered places during the day without some protection. Workers in sugarcane fields sometimes protect themselves by means of smudge pots, and large smudges are employed for the relief of stock. The problem in the Florida Everglades has not been thoroughly in- vestigated, and the possibilities of control have not been determined, although breeding would appear to be too widespread to offer much encouragement to any efforts in this direction. The species also de- velops abundantly from grassy swales and depressions in other parts of Florida. During 1936, when conditions were not generally favor- able for the production of Aedes taentorhynchus, Psorophora confinnis was the predominant species along both the east and west coasts in the southern half of the State.
The writers have observed the species in fairly large numbers in Louisiana, but it was seldom annoying there. Thibault (742) re- ported it as being annoying near its breeding place and troublesome to livestock in Arkansas. Horsfall (79, SO) found it developing in large numbers in rice fields in the same State.
Psorophora confinnis adults are fairly large and dark, with the proboscis and tarsi conspicuously banded. The thorax and legs are speckled with white, and the femora have a narrow white ring near the apex. The abdomen has diffuse pale scaling, which tends to con- centrate on the middle and posterior parts of the segments.
PSOROPHORA CILIATA (F.) (Syn., P. ctites Dyar; the shaggy-legged gallinipper)
This is a very large, yellowish-black mosquito with heavily scaled legs and a median longitudinal stripe of yellow scales on the meso- notum (figs. 2,B,and 12, H). It breeds in temporary rain pools, and its larvae feed on those of other mosquitoes, especially Psorophora con- finnis. It is a severe biter, is widely distributed in the South and East, and at times becomes fairly abundant. Notes on the breeding habits of this and the following species were published by Morgan and Dupree in 1903 (729).
PSOROPHORA HOWARDII (Coq.) (Howard’s gallinipper) This large, bluish-black mosquito is commonly associated with Psorophora ciliata in the Southeastern States, but is usually less
abundant. Its habits are similar to those of cz/éata, and the larvae feed on those of other species or on each other. They have also been
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES aS
observed devouring small polliwogs. Dyar (50) recorded P. howardii from five of the Southeastern States, and it has since been reported from Georgia (134), Louisiana (75), and Alabama and Tennessee (136). The writers have collected specimens in Louisiana and Florida.
PSOROPHORA FEROX (Humb.)
(Syn., Janthinosoma sayi D. and K., Culex posticatus Wied., C. musicus Say, ete.; the white-footed woods mosquito)
The white-footed woods mosquito is encountered frequently in for- ests and shady spots throughout the South and East and is a severe biter. The last two segments of the hind tarsi are white; the other tarsal segments and the proboscis are uniformly dark. The waving white tips of the hind feet make it easily recognized in the field even while on the wing. The larvae breed in temporary rain pools. They, too, are easily recognized (except from Psorophora varipes) by the unusual length of the antennae. The first notes on the life history of this species were published by Morgan in 1902 (128).
PSOROPHORA VARIPES (Coq.)
(Syn., P. discrucians H., D., and K. (not Walk.), in part)
This mosquito breeds in temporary rain pools and is a severe biter. It is rare in most of the Southeast, but the writers found it to be exceedingly annoying in the woods of northeastern Louisiana. It does not fly out into the sunlight to bite, and its presence may be un- suspected unless woods are entered. The species has not been ob- served to travel far from its breeding places. Horsfall (79) and Carpenter (47) have reported it as occurring in large swarms in Arkansas following the spring floods. The recorded localities in the United States for the species are Clarksdale, Miss., Scott, Ark., Charleston, Mo., Wister, Indian Territory (57, 85), Lee County (417) and southeastern Arkansas (79), Guntersville (136) and Shef- field, Ala. (E. H. Hinman, collector, 1940); and the writers have records for Memphis, Tenn., Mound, La., Brunswick, Ga., and Mce- David, Ocklockonee, Matecumbe, and Villa Tasso, Fla.; and it has recently been reported from North Carolina and South Carolina (table 1). It is also found in tropical America, where its range overlaps that of the related species Psorophora discrucians.
The species is similar to Psorophora ferox except that the white marking on the hind tarsi is limited to the fourth segment and the thoracic sealing (fig. 12, G) is somewhat different.
PSOROPHORA CYANESCENS (Cogq.)
Psorophora cyanescens is recorded from all the Southeastern States except Florida and also from Texas, Kansas, and tropical America. It is rare in most of the South, but is reported as very abundant and annoying at times in Arkansas (742) and Alabama (136). The adults are similar to those of fevoaw except that the tarsi are entirely dark.
PSOROPHORA HORRIDA (D. and K.)
This comparatively rare species has a rather wide distribution, having been reported from Maryland to Missouri and Texas. In the
56 MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
Southeast it has been recorded from all the States except Florida. A reported occurrence in New Orleans, La. (7/46), is considered question- able. It is one of the four species of the subgenus Janthinosoma oc- curring in the United States. Matheson (7/7) has described unusual male genitalic characters for the species, and Rozeboom (135) has given the first description of the larva, which he found to have long antennae, similar to those of Psorophora ferox. The two species were taken together and were found only in shaded pools. The adults of both species have the last two segments of the hind tarsi white, but in ferox the broad whitish scales of the mesonotum are scattered (as in P. cyanescens) whereas in horrida they are segregated 1n patches at the sides (as in P. varipes).
PSOROPHORA DISCOLOR (Cogq.)
Psorophora discolor occurs sparingly throughout the South. The larvae have unusually large, S-shaped antennae and long anal gills. The adults have well-defined wing spots and are distinguished from P. signipennis by the characteristic distribution of these spots, as given in the key. The writers’ specimens of this species are from Mound, La. (G. H. Bradley), Loyston, Tenn. (S. E. Shields), Paducah, Ky. (G. E. Quinby), McComb, Miss. (T. T. Bracken), Decatur, Ala. (W. V. King), Leon County, Fla. (B. V. Travis), and Monroe, La. (EK. B. Johnson). Previously published records are for Brewton, Ala. (1705), Lee County, Ga. (124), Scott, Ark. (742), southeastern Arkansas (79), Huntsville, Ala. (736), Charlotte, N. C., Clarksdale, Miss., and Baton Rouge, La. (50). It has recently been reported from South Carolina (table 1).
PSOROPHORA PYGMAEA (Theob.)
This tropical species has been recorded once from the Florida keys (Key West) (85). The collection was made in 1901 and the species has not since been reported from the United States.
PSOROPHORA SIGNIPENNIS (Coq.)
Psorophora signipennis occurs in the arid western regions. It was reported from Arkansas by Dyar (57), and Carpenter (47) has since reported it from Dyess, Ark. The writers have a single larva, apparently of this species, from Mercedes, Tex. (sent in by P. T. Riherd), in which the hairs at the tip of the air tube are rather long, about two-thirds as long as in larvae of P. cyanescens from the same locality, and do not therefore agree with the characters usually given in keys for the separation of these species. The larva, how- ever, 1s readily distinguished on other characters, as shown in the present key.
Genus MAnsoniA Blanchard
(Syn., Taeniorhynchus L.-Arr., Coquillettidia Dyar)
The mosquitoes of this genus lay their eggs in rafts on marshes or lakes having certain kinds of aquatic vegetation. Upon hatching, the young larvae descend below the surface of the water and attach themselves by inserting the tip of the air tube into the stems and roots of aquatic plants, through which they obtain air. The pupae
se
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES it
also have breathing tubes specially modified for penetrating the soft tissues of the plants, to which they remain attached until ready to transform to the adult stage, when they rise to the surface.
Because of their habits, which are unique among mosquitoes, the larvae cannot be reached by ordinary surface larvicides such as oil. In experiments carried out by the writers in Florida, partial control has been obtained with common salt and with soap emulsions of pyrethrum extract in oil, but the results have been variable and the methods were not sufficiently economical to be feasible. In limited areas practical control can be obtained by destroying the host plants or by draining the ponds for a short per'od during the winter or early in the spring before the adults emerge. }
As Mansonia larvae are often difficult to locate, the following notes are given on the methods found by the writers to be successful in collecting them (723). Since the larvae of MW. perturbans have the habit of detaching themselves when their host plants are disturbed, they are likely to be missed if only the roots of such plants are examined. It is therefore necessary to search for the larvae in the bottom muck and trash of a pond area from which the host plants have been uprooted. ‘This material may be scooped up with a large strainer and then examined in small quantities in shallow pans of clear water. As the larvae usually stay on the bottom of the pans, a careful search must be made. The white color of the larvae and their continuous movements a‘d in locating them among the trash. The collection of the larvae of J/. t¢til/ans, which attach themselves to the roots of a floating plant (waterlettuce), is much simpler. These lar- vae are readily taken by hfting the host plants quickly into a pan of water for examination, or the plants may be lifted from the water by bringing the dish up under them. Some larvae usually remain attached to the roots, while others are found moving about in the dish. Specimens of WV. pertwrbans are also found at times on the same plant.
Mansonia adults have very broad wing scales, mixed brown and white, and the proboscis and tarsi are banded. The abdomen is blunt at the tip and lacks the longitudinal stripe of white scales found in Aedes sollicitans. The two species found in this region are placed in separate subgenera, ¢iti//ans in subgenus Mansonia and perturbans in Coquillettidia.
MANSONIA PERTURBANS (Walk.)
This speckled brown and white mosquito is widely distributed in the Eastern and Southern States. The adults are strong fliers and severe biters, and in many localities become a serious pest. The eggs are laid on the surface of the water in rafts similar to those of Culex. Breeding takes place in marshes and lakes having a thick growth of aquatic vegetation, to the roots of which the larvae and pupae at- tach themselves. Larval development is extremely slow, and the winter is spent in this stage. The pupal period is also long for mosquitoes, lasting 5 or 6 days.
Throughout most of its range this species is believed to have a single generation each year, a large proportion of the adults emerg- ing over a comparatively short period late in the spring or early in
561723 °—44 5)
58 MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
the summer. In the vicinity of Lake Apopka in central Florida, adults are present from March to December, a peak of abundance oc- curring in May or the last of April and a secondary peak the first part of August. Rearing experiments in artificial containers at Orlando have shown that, from eggs obtained in the spring, prac- tically all the larvae will have reached the fourth stage and some adults may emerge in about 3 months, but the remainder of the larvae go through until the next year. It appears, therefore, that a partial second brood occurs in this area.
In northern localities larvae have been found associated with such plants as cattail (7ypha), aquatic sedges (Carex), pickerelweed (Pontedervia), and swamp-loosestrife (DVecodon verticillatus). In Florida the principal host plant is the common pickerelweed (Ponte- deria cordata) (pl. 6, B). Larvae have also been collected, in vary- ing numbers, from the following plants, which are named in the approximate order of importance: Cattail (Typha latifolia and the rarer 7. angustifolia), frog’s-bit (Limnobium spongia), waterlettuce (Pistia stratiotes), arrowhead (Sagittaria lancifolia and S. monte- vidensis), spatterdock (Vymphaea macrophylla), and water-hyacinth (Piaropus crassipes) (124). Fortunately the water-hyacinth is not a favorable host plant. Otherwise the pest would undoubtedly be much more widely distributed and abundant in the extreme South, where the hyacinth covers large areas of lakes, bayous, and canals.
A method for collecting the larvae is mentioned in the preceding discussion of the genus M/ansonia.
The females will bite readily during the daytime in shady, moist places, but the main flight takes place during the half hour just be- fore and after dark. Following this dispersion they are more active in the early part of the night than later.
MANSONIA TITILLANS (Walk.)
This is a tropical species and is found in the United States only in southern Florida. It closely resembles Wansonia perturbans, and the two are found in the same breeding places. The eggs are laid on the under surface of the leaves of waterlettuce, and the larvae and pupae have been found attached to the roots of this plant only. The adults may become fairly abundant and annoying locally. In 1933 larvae were taken in some numbers near the Saint Johns River at the latitude of Melbourne, but none could be found there the following year. Adults have been taken in light traps as far north as New Smyrna Beach on the coast, and several specimens have been collected in Orange County (latitude about 29°).° This appears to be about the northern limit of its range, although its host plant occurs farther north.
Genus CuLISETA Felt
(Syn., Theobaldia Neveu-Lemaire, Culicella Felt, Climacura H., D., and K.)
Most of the species of this genus have a northerly range, and only two occur in the South, these two being very diverse in appearance, and neither of them important as a pest or as a disease carrier. The
®In January 1942 they were taken at Leesburg, Fla., by T. E. McNeel.
Se
a
eee eae eats
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES 59
eggs are laid in rafts, and both the larvae and the adults resemble Culex. Culiseta inornata is placed in subgenus Culiseta and C. melanura in subgenus Climacura.
CULISETA INORNATA (Will.)
(Syn, Culex consobrinus How. (not R.-D.) )
This is a rather large species, which breeds in open grassy pools and occasionally in artificial water receptacles. It is widely dis- tributed throughout the United States, and has been reported for all the Southeastern States. In the South the larvae and adults are en- countered usually only during the cooler months. In New Orleans the larvae were sometimes found in abundance during the winter, but they disappeared completely from March to November, and the manner of passing the summer is unknown. The larvae were usually found asso- ciated with those of Culea restuans. In Florida the writers have taken the species at Zellwood, New Smyrna Beach, and Palm Beach.
CULISETA MELANURA (Cogq.)
Culiseta melanura breeds in small permanent collections of water. It is rare and of sylvan habits but occurs over a wide range in the Southern and Eastern States. The writers have taken the species at Mound and New Orleans, La., Wilson Dam, Ala., and in several places in Orange and Volusia Counties, Fla. It has now been recorded from all the Southern States except Tennessee.
Genus URANOTAENIA Lynch-Arribalzaga
The members of this genus are very small, and some are brilliantly colored. They are recognized as a group by the very short forks of wing vein 2. The palpi of both males and females are short, but the male antennae are plumose. The eggs are laid in irregularly shaped rafts on the surface of permanent bodies of water in which there is considerable plant growth. The larvae are commonly associated with anopheline larvae and, when viewed in the water from above, some- what resemble the latter in the shape and dark color of the head and the position of the body. Three species are found in the United States, and two of them occur in the Southeast, neither of which is of economic importance. Hinman (77) has published some biological notes on these two species in southern Louisiana.
URANOTAENIA SAPPHIRINA (O.-S.)
(Syn., U. socialis Theob.)
This mosquito breeds in grassy pools, swamps, and vegetation at the margins of lakes. The adults are rarely seen on the wing but may be found resting in hollow trees and in the grass or around the bases of trees and stumps in swampy places. They are said to bite humans on occasion, but their biting has never been observed by any of the writers. The specific name comes from the median longitudinal line of brilliant blue scales on the mesonotum. The species is a common one and undoubtedly occurs throughout the South. It has been reported from all the Southern States.
60 MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. S DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
URANOTAENIA LOWII Theob.
(Syn., U. continentalis D. and K.)
The larvae of this species occur in ground pools, chiefly the grassy margins of lakes. The adults are rarely seen and are not known to bite humans. The species has been recorded from Florida and Louisi- ana (50, 85), and there are recent records from Charleston, 8. C. (56), Arkansas, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi (table 1). In south- ern Florida it appears to be the predominant one of the two species. The last two segments of the hind tarsi are white, and the sides of the thorax have a few pale purplish scales.
Genus MEGARHINUS Robineau-Desvoidy
The mosquitoes of this genus are very large and brilliantly colored. The long, tapered proboscis is bent downward (fig. 2, 4) at nearly a right angle and is not fitted for puncturing, the adults probably subsisting entirely on nectar, as they have been observed feeding in flowers. The eggs are laid singly on the surface of the water. The larvae breed in water in tree holes and occasionally in artificial re- ceptacles. They are predacious on other mosquito larvae, principally Orthopodomyia signifera and Aedes triseriatus, as well as being cannibalistic, but owing to their rarity and their restricted habitat they cannot be of much benefit in controlling economic species.
Two closely related species are found in the United States dis- tinguishable only by tarsal markings in the male.
MEGARHINUS SEPTENTRIONALIS D. and K.
(Syn., M. portoricensis How. (not Von Réder), M. herrickii Theob.)
The larvae of this large mosquito are found principally in water in tree holes, and occasionally in rock holes and artificial water recep- tacles, where they feed on other mosquito larvae. Several male speci- mens in the writers’ collections from Mound, La., and Bay Saint Louis, Miss., all have the dark fore tarsi of this form. The species has been recorded from all the Southeastern States except Florida.
MEGARHINUS RUTILUS Cog.
This species also breeds in tree holes, but it is very rare and almost nothing is known of its habits. It is distinguished from septentri- onalis by minor characters of the males. It has been recorded from Florida and Georgia (85). Two males at hand from Savannah, Ga., (D. G. Hall, collector) and several males from Orlando, Fla., show the pale tarsal markings of this form. Single records from Alabama and Mississippi are very questionable, since the identifications were made from female specimens and Dyar afterwards (57) listed the species only from Florida.
Genus OrtHopopomyiA Theobald (Syn., Bancroftia Lutz)
The mosquitoes of this genus breed in water in tree holes and oc- casionally in artificial water containers. The eggs are laid singly at the water’s edge and hatch in 2 to 3 days. Two species are found in the Southern States.
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES 61 ORTHOPODOMYIA SIGNIFERA (Coq.)
Orthopodomyia signifera is a medium-sized mottled black and white mosquito, which superficially resembles the yellow-fever mos- quito. The mesonotum (fig. 12, 7) has six or eight delicate longi- tudinal lines of white scales, all of which are nearly straight. The larvae breed in water in tree holes and rain barrels and are preyed upon by Megarhinus larvae. Thibault (142), in Arkansas, reported it as being abundant near the breeding places and as entering dwell- ings to bite, an observation that the writers have not been able to confirm. The species has been collected in all the Southern States. Dyar (50, 51) gives the range of the species as the Southern States and the Eastern States from Texas to Massachusetts.
ORTHOPODOMYIA ALBA Baker
Orthopodomyia alba was described in 1936 from specimens col- lected in tree holes near Ithaca, N. Y., where they were found asso- ciated with the larvae of O. signifera. Adults of the two species were said to be similar in appearance, but the larvae differed considerably, particularly in the absence of sclerotic plates on the abdomen in O. alba and in other characters as shown in the key. The species was first recorded for the South by Shields and Miles (738), who obtained it from a tree hole in Colbert County, Ala., and the writers have examined a few larvae and reared adults from this series. With a few minor exceptions, the larval characters agree with those given tt He description. Lately it has been collected in North Carolina
table 1).
Genus DEINOCERITES Theobald
The mosquitoes of this genus breed exclusively in holes made by certain species of crabs, and the adults rest in the upper part of the crab holes. It is said that they will bite humans on occasion, but they are rarely encountered and are of little or no economic impor- tance. Only one species occurs in Florida. The antennae are ex-
tremely long, and the sides of the thorax have a shingled appearance. The palpi are short, and the antennae are similar in both sexes.
DEINOCERITES CANCER Theob.
(Crab-hole mosquito)
The crab-hole mosquito breeds in holes made by land crabs in the marl soil of the coastal marshes of southern Florida. The larvae of Aedes taeniorhynchus and occasionally Psorophora confinnis have been found associated with those of De¢nocerites cancer when the sur- face water left on the marshes by rain or high tides had drained away. The adults are seldom seen, but have been taken in light traps at Miami and in several other localities as far north as New Smyrna (latitude about 29°). They have been taken occasionally, while biting at night in Dade County, Fla., by the writers and by F. H. Stutz.
Genus WyeomyiA Theobald
The species of this genus breed in water that collects in such plants as the bromeliads (air plants). The eggs are laid singly on the leaf
62 MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. § DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
surfaces and hatch when flooded by rain water that collects at the leaf bases. The adults are small and are rarely seen except in forests and shady places, where their host plants occur. The females of some of these species bite readily, but their attacks are usually rare and they are troublesome only where the host plants are abundant. Three species occur in the United States, two of which are limited to southern Florida. All these species have some white markings on the tarsi, although they are usually faint in dead specimens and are easily overlooked. The most obvious recognition character is the marking of the abdomen, in which the dark scales of the dorsum and the white scales of the venter meet at the side to form a straight line. The mesonotum lacks the dorsocentral bristles and is covered with broad, appressed scales instead of the narrow, semierect scales of Culex. They differ from all the other genera in having a tuft of bristles on the postnotum. The palpi are short in both sexes.
WYEOMYIA MITCHELLII (Theob.)
The larvae of this mosquito occur in water that collects at the base of the leaves of epiphytic Bromeliaceae. They occur throughout the year, provided their breeding places do not become dry. The females bite readily and are encountered occasionally in some abundance. They do not migrate far from their breeding places. The white markings on the feet are more noticeable when the insects are flying. When at rest the hind legs are turned up over the back with the feet pointing forward. The species is found in the United States only in southern Florida. Specimens have been taken as far north as Orange and Volusia Counties (latitude 28.5-29°).
WYEOMYIA VANDUZEEI D. and K.
The habits and distribution of this species are almost identical with those of Wyeomyia mitchellii. The adults of the two species are distinguished with difficulty, except by male terminalia.
WYEOMYIA SMITHII (Coq.)
(Pitcherplant mosquito)
This is a northeastern species that has been reported as far south as Theodore, Ala. It breeds exclusively in the pitcherplant (Sar- racenia purpurea). The female is not known to bite.
SYNOPTIC TABLES FOR IDENTIFICATION OF THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEAST
The accompanying tables have been prepared in the usual form of opposed couplets, but the principal keys are more detailed than usual, to provide in one place a fairly complete comparative description of each species. The most obvious characters are given in the first sentence of each couplet and are followed, in brackets, by others that help to define the species or group. The latter are used fre- quently in confirming a provisional identification, and should be of especial value to one just beginning a study of mosquito taxonomy. Many of them are of further use when the first characters mentioned
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES 63
cannot be employed owing to the loss of scales or appendages. When there is doubt as to which part of a couplet the specimen fits, it is the practice to follow out both divisions to find a later fit if possible. When a character is mentioned (usually within the brackets) in one part of a couplet but not in the other, it may or may not be present In one or more of the species to which the other part of the couplet leads and is referred to later with each of these species or oroups. While these are not specific characters, they are of assistance at times in determining which division of the key to follow.
~~ , Noe \
; y SN {\ 8 ¢ . a | / \F
2 / ; Vy
“ / i &§
Y EOD:
1} L ly / :,
: l Ne
4 Me ye PL -Oceyour
lesororuin
ca Z <—
| Basa/ - segietital Lard
Basa! HINGS gai ‘\ NN
Figure 14.—Female mosquito (Aedes sollicitans), with names of the parts.
As previously mentioned, a preliminary identification of the genus ig not required in using the key to acne In practical experience it is found that specific characters in the adult frequently are more easily recognized than generic characters, and in routine work most identifications are made without reference, for example, to the thoracic bristles, the genus being known by the recognition of the species. However, some of the genera, such as Anopheles and Megarhinus, are recognizable on sight, and in the larval stage prac- tically all the species fall naturally into the generic groupings, as may be noted in the larval key.
64 MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
The external characters and the terminology of the parts employed in the descriptions of adult mosquitoes are shown in figures 14, 15, and 16.
Mesonotura
Scutelurn
"Abdorme
<—+-—-—---—---- /lesonotur
eS =—===——= Base of} Wing
ae ————————————— —Scutel/urm Afar Ty
Se eS Lost 7107urn
SSS > oe oe ae Halter
—----—--- /°7 abdominal segment
B
FIGURE 15.—A, Composite diagram of thorax of adult mosquito, showing the groups of pleural bristles: apn, Anterior pronotal (prothoracic) ; ppn, posterior pronotal (proepimeral) ; ppl, propieural (prosternal); sp, spiracular; psp, postspiracular; pa, prealar; stp, sternopleural; wme, upper mesepimeral; Ime, lower mesepimeral. 8B, Posterior portion of thorax from above.
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES 695
In preparing to identify a mosquito specimen, one should make a preliminary examination at a comparatively low magnification, to note the more obvious markings of the tarsi, proboscis, thorax, ete. With experience the approximate position of the insect, frequently both genus and species, is recognized from this examination. In the Southern States, after the Anopheles are separated, nearly all the
Petiole of 2 oe
Aunera/ Costa/ Sébcosta/ ATG a/ cel
Cross vein aH rer 4 Subcosta/ He Costa/ vel? of ! 1 cell
SaQuama
C Ca/ vein
FicgurE 16.—Wing of mosquito (Howard, Dyar, and Knab). The correspon- ding symbols for the veins in the Comstock-Needham system are: 1, R; 2.1 and 2.2, R. and Rs; 8, Rais; 4.1, Mire; 4.2, Ms; 5.1 and 5.2, Cui and Cue; an- terior cross vein, 7-m; posterior (basal) cross vein, m—cu.
species having the legs unbanded and the mesonotum unmarked are Culex, Culiseta, or Deinocerites. The species of banded-legged Culex are extremely rare in this area. In the species of all the other genera, except Psorophora cyanescens and Aedes cinereus, some of the tarsal segments are ringed with white, or the mesonotum has bicolorous scaling in definite patterns.
Scpnernt Co
SEGQINET 6
SEGMENT Ta
INS
FicurrE 17.—Characteristic shapes of tip of female abdomen: A, Aedes (also similar in Psorophora) ; B, Culex.
Aedes and Psorophora females can nearly always be distinguished from those of other genera by the tapered end of the abdomen, as shown in figure 17. This is a very useful character to remember 1n working with the keys, but it has not been employed as the principal means of separating these genera because it is not always definite. (Particular care must be taken in examining specimens filled with
66 MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
blood or ova.) As shown in the generic key, Aedes and Psorophora are distinguished also from the other mosquitoes, except Mansonia titillans, by the presence of postspivacular bristles. The Psorophora are distinguished from Aedes by having spiracular bristles as well, although it is frequently very difficult to see them. In Psorophora, however, the dorsal or lateral pale scaling of the abdominal segments is apical or diffuse, whereas in Aedes it 1s generally basal or extends from the base. In Psorophora, subgenus Grabhamia, the femora and tibiae are speckled, and at least the hind femur has a narrow white ring near the apex. In subgenera Psorophora and Janthinosoma the mesonotum is partially or completed covered with broad, flat scales, and some of the leg scales frequently are erect. The subgeneric divisions of Aedes are not easily defined on markings, and these ¢ eroup- ings have not been included. The subgenera of Culex have been referred to in the discussion of that genus.
Difficulties may arise from the separation of the species of Wyeo- myia on the pale tarsal markings, as these are easily overlooked. The species are of extremely limited distribution, however, and are rarely collected. The positive means of identification of the genus is by the presence of postnotal bristles.
Keys To ADULTS
All the known southeastern species are included in the first key. Following this is a short key to the male terminalic characters of the dark- legged Culex and then a separate key giving a synopsis of gen- eric characters.
SPECIES KEY
In the species key the characters apply primarily to the female, unless the male is mentioned. Although the markings of the male are generally similar to those of the female and the males of most species can be identified by the characters given, some differences occur in the distribution of the pale scales. The white bands on the abdominal segments, for example, cannot be used satisfactorily in identifying the males of the subgenus Culex. This key is preceded by a synopsis
of the principal divisions.
Mosquitoes" having lone jpalpi in both) sexess 2 2s eee eee Couplet 2 Genus Anopheles ses SO SS I a NE a a ne 2 Mosquitoes having a rigid proboscis, down- curvy “ed on outer half; very large, iridescent species___-________ eevee ranean Se re ead ee 10 Genus Megarhinus__________- oe Ee Shi 2 ee ee 10 Mosquitoes having the second marginal cell very short; very small species having iridescent thoracic markings ase = rR ed OFS 3: 12 Genus * Unranotaenia. 22" 2 es ee DD, Mosquitoes without tarsal or mesonotal ‘markings Sf gs LT SS 14 Genus: Deimocerités 2 ee ee eee 14 Genus Psorophora (P. cyanescens) ; Aedes (A. cinereus)_____________ 16 Genus Culex (except C. bahamensis and C. tarsalis) ; Theobaldia______ aT Mosquitoes with tarsal or mesonotal markings, or both_____________________ 26 Large species, with long, erect scales on femora and tibiae; the galli- NIPPCUS 2222 ee ee es Ce aed es gia. a ie See mate Genus PLsorophora ((Esorophore) = 2 2-3 e Soo Bright yellow species tee Sc SL ae SERS Genus Aedes (A. fulvus pallens) _ eee Mee A ree SC ERE es SS aes
ee lal
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES
Mosquitoes with tarsal or mesonotal markings, or both—Continued, Species with both the tarsi and the proboscis ringed Genus) Manson. = Genus Culex (C. bahamensis and C. ‘tarsalis) Genus Aedes (tdeniorhynchus group) Genus Psorophora (Grabhamia) ~~~ __ Species with tarsal rings or bands but the proboscis not ringed Genus Psorophora (Janthinosoma, part) _____ Genus Aedes (A. aegypti, A. verans, ete.) —~____ Genus OGiVopodomyige= =e ee CSTE SHG COIL YC Ci ae Ee ee UE ROR Oa Ee 5 et ae Pe ar Species with tarsi and proboscis unbanded, but with thoracic markings__ Genus Aedes (A. infirmatus, A. triseriatus, etc.) _________
1. Female palpi as long as proboscis or nearly so (fig. 1, 4). [Abdomen not covered with flat scales; scutellum evenly rounded; wings usually spotted ; male palpi long, clubbed at tip (fig. 1, D).] Tribe Anophelini, CEMUSSPAIO PILCLES wus Pre adn ee ee ea aA SENS Ce es ore oe See veer 2 OREO
Female palpi much shorter than proboscis. [Abdomen covered with flat scales; wings usually unspotted; male palpi not clubbed at tip.]——
Wings with areas of White scales___ fee ek TE Ur rn feel alk re
Wings entirely dark-scaled______ ee pcan ad SNM
Tarsi dark a et Nn a I Te RAS EN ESD =n eae
Tarsi with conspicuous white rings. [Hind tarsi with segments 3 and 4 and the apical half of segments 2 and 5 white: a narrow white ring at apex of segment 1; some of segments on other tarsi narrowly ringed; wings well spotted with white.] A tropical species, reported ONCEEELOMPINC Vie CSU oes a ee a ee Anopheles albimanus
4. Costa with a white spot at the outer third (opposite tip of subcostal
vein) ; anal vein with one or two areas of dark scales______________ Costa dark except at extreme tip of wing; anal. vein with three dark spots separated by white (two spots in male). [Apical segment of palpi pale and segments 3 and 4 with narrow pale bands or a few pale scales at the joints; stem of vein 5 frequently white-scaled in bradleyi but always dark in crucians and georgianus. | Anopheles crucians Anopheles bradleyi Anopheles georgianus 5. Veins 3 and 5 entirely dark-scaled. [Subcosta and vein 1 dark opposite base of vein 2; apical half and basal one-fourth of anal vein dark- sealed; palpi dark; mesonotum with a wide median frosted stripe, the sides dark.] Common in certain parts of the South Anopheles punctipennis Veins 3 and 5 with long pale areas centrally. [A white spot on subcosta and vein 1 opposite base of vein 2: apical half of anal vein dark, basal half white; apical palpal segment pale and a narrow ring at base of fourth segment.]| Has been taken occasionally in the States along the Mississippi River____-_------—- Anopheles pseudopunctipennis
6. Wings with spots of dark scales, more or less distinct, or palpi with
rings of white scales; mesonotal bristles mostly short-_____________ Mesonotal bristles very long, average length about one-half width of mesonotum : wings unspotted: palpi and legs dark-scaled. A small Snecies: breeding =in tree holes_—-_.-=--=- —_--—-=- __ Anopheles barberi 7. Wings with four distinct black spots; palpi dark; femora with very small spots of white at tips (knee spots). [Processes of ninth tergite
of male stout, expanded at tip.] Prevalent throughout the South Anopheles quadrimaculatus Palpi ringed with white scales or knee spots lacking; dark spots on wings usually indistinct; general appearance very dark. [Processes Oi ninthstercite of male long and poimted:|=2==—-=-__-_==_ === 8. Palpi narrowly but usually distinctly ringed at apex of each segment; knee spots present. [Phallosome (mesosome) of male with second pair of leaflets from apex more than half the length of first pair.] PB Treedspiimires Niwa tess ase ee Anopheles walkeri Knee spots usually absent; palpi with faint white rings on apical seg- ments or entirely dark; wing spots indistinct or lacking. [Phallosome of male with the second pair of leaflets no more than half the length Seursiepairy Breeds im salt water. _——- Anopheles atropos
bo
OO
dep) —
oO ve
68
MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
9. Proboscis normal, straight or only slightly curved, not tapered. [Scutel-
lum tYrilobed and with separated tufts of setae.]_~_-___ Tribe Culicini Very large iridescent species of striking appearance ; proboscis rigid, the outer half tapered and sharply curved downward (fig. 2, A). [Fe- male palpi one-half or two-thirds as long as proboscis; second mar- ginal cell less than half as long as its petiole; scutellum evenly
rounded and scaled.] Rare tree-hole breeders Tribe Megarhinini, genus Megarhinus
10. Front tarsi of male entirely dark. [Mesonotum dark, with a median
line and a border of white or yellowish scales; abdomen dark blue above, yellowish below; palpi and legs with iridescent blue reflections ; female tarsi of front and middle legs with second, third, and part of fourth segments white; hind tarsi with fourth and most of fifth segments white; male with fourth segment of hind tarsi pale and second segment of middle tarsi pale on one side, or dark; front tarsi dark.] Occurs sparingly in most of the South Megarhinus septentrionalis Female very similar to above; male also similar except that second and part of third segments of front and middle tarsi are pale dorsally. Very rare, Florida and Georgia__________________Megarhinus rutilus
11
10
FIGURE 18.—Wing of Uranotaenia, showing relation of length of the second mar-
106
12.
13.
14.
ginal cell (0) to its petiole (a) ; also the short anal vein (an).
Second marginal cell normal, as long as or longer than its petiole; mostly medium-sized or large species, or, if small, without lines of bluish Scales: OD) thorax. 20 = see So ee ee ee ee ee ee
Second marginal cell less than half as long as its petiole (fig. 18) ; very small species with lines of bluish or purplish scales on thorax and on base of vein 5. [Anal vein short, ending before level of fork of vein 5; squamae bare; palpi short in both Sexes. ]__-___ Genus Uranotaenia
Mesonotum with a narrow median longitudinal line of bright bluish seales (fig. 12, J); tarsi all dark. A common species
Uranotaenia sapphirina
Mesonotum dark above, with a short line of purple scales on lateral margin; patches of pale purplish scales on sides of thorax and on anterior pronotal lobes; apex of third and entire fourth and fifth hind-tarsal segments white. Common in Florida and southern Loui- STAM Aaa Ss SOE ee ee ee ee 2 _ _ Uranotaentastowin
Tarsi not ringed with white and ‘mesonotum without distinet mark- ings’ (except small white dotsun' CC, ;estuans) =e eee
Tarsi with pale markings or mesonotum marked with bicolorous sealing in 2definite- patterns (lines or patches) =e ee eee
Antennae normal, not longer than proboscis, first flagellar segment of about, same lengthy as succeed igs OMe ge ee ee
Antennae much longer than proboscis, with a very long first flagellar segment, equal in length to several of succeeding ones. [Tip of ab- domen somewhat appressed laterally, making height equal to width; sternopleural sclerite almost completely covered (shingled) with dark appressed scales; mesonotum with hairlike scales; palpi and antennae similar in both sexes.] The crab-hole mosquito, found in coastal areas of southern: Mlorid ass ees ae a eee Deinocerites cancer
5. Tip of abdomen blunt (fig. 17, B), eighth segment visible, the cerci
retracted or inconspicuous ; mesonotum covered with narrow lanceolate scales or with hairlike scales (if very small species, covered with
13
12
14 26 15
16.
MG
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
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THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES
broad, dark, appressed scales, see last half of couplet 48). [Post- SpiracwularpristlesmabSsenie|==— =. ee ee ee Culex, Culiseta Tip of abdomen tapered (fig. 17, 4), eighth segment usually retracted, the cerci exserted. [Postspiracular bristles present.]_______________ Mesonotum with scattered broad, pale scales; abdominal segments with apical pale scaling. A bluish Psorophora (Janthinosoma), which lacks the white bands on the hind tarsi (see couplet 40) Psorophora cyanescens Mesonotal scales narrow, dark; abdomen usually with basal segmental bands that widen laterally. [Palpi short in both sexes.] Rare in SS OU ty eee eee a ee eee ee es Aledes GINeEreUus Medium-sized or small species; wings and legs not speckled with white scales. [The two cross veins arising from vein 4 well separated. ]____ A large species with unusually broad, lightly scaled wings; costa and first vein, femur, and tibia sprinkled with white. [The two cross veins in center of wing (arising from vein 4) separated by less than the length of either one; dorsal surface of abdominal segments with diffused pale scaling basally and laterally; spiracular bristles present ; base of subcostal vein on under side of wing with a row of long setae. | Rare in Florida but occasionally common elsewhere Culiseta inornata Dorsal abdominal white bands or lateral spots basal when present__ Abdomen with narrow dorsal bands and (or) lateral spots of white scales on apical (posterior) margin of segments____ Culex apicalis Abdomen dorsally -with conspicuous segmental bands cf white scales. [Seventh segment without pale scales posteriorly; occiput with nar- row, curved scales; outstanding wing scales narrow. ]___~ Abdomen unbanded dorsally or with narrow segmental bands 2 fairly broad bands of yellowish scales sometimes present in C. salinarius)__ Abdominal bands with a rounded posterior border (usually most typical on segments 3 to 5) and the bands interrupted or much narrowed at lateral margins. [Mesonotum without dots; mesonotal vestiture of narrow, curved, or lanceolate scales pale brown or grayish and having a coarse appearance; second marginal cell usually two and a half to three times the length of its petiole.]| The southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Abdominal bands continuous to lateral margins, their posterior borders somewhat irregular but not evenly rounded. [Second marginal cell long, usually four or five times as long as its petiole.]_.___-___________ Mesonotum usually with a pair, sometimes two pairs, of small white dots near the middle (fig. 12, K) and with grayish scales around the mar- gins; mesonotal vestiture otherwise brownish and with a smooth ap- pearance, mostly of fine hairlike scales. The white-dotted Culex Culex restuans Mesonotum without white dots; mesonotal scales coarser and grayish in color (similar to C. quinquefasciatus). The northern house mos- quito, recorded from several Southern States_____—--_~ Culex pipiens Wings with all outstanding scales long and slender (fig. 19, 4) ; occiput (top part of head back of eyes) without flat scales; mesonotum with very fine dark-brown hairlike scales. Medium-sized species___-—--__ Outstanding scales of wing, at least on branches of vein 2, slightly or distinctly broadened (fig. 19, B) ; occiput with some broad, flat scales (except in Ouliseta melanur qe Abdomen usually with a few yellowish or dingy white scales at base of some segments, or with narrow transverse ‘hands: tips of segments sometimes slightly pale-scaled and seventh segment frequently en- tirely pale-scaled; three or four groups of white scales on side of thorax. Abundant in some sections of South and Hast Culex salinarius Abdomen dark-scaled above except for lateral white spots on some segments; scaling on pleurae somewhat variable but frequently en- tirely lacking or, if present, limited as a rule to less than a half dozen seales in any of the groups. Abundant in Florida, rare elsewhere Culex nigripalpus
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70 MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
24. Occiput with broad dusky or pale appressed scales in front, sometimes limited to a narrow border along the eyes, but extending to or nearly to vertex; abdominal segments with or without narrow white bands. Smalls OuleaySubsenus wieclan0conton = eA ee 25
Oecciput without flat scales. [Proboscis unusually long (longer than abdomen) ; wing scales dense and distinctly broadened; spiracular bristles and ventral setae at base of subcosta present as in Culiseta inornata (lacking in all Culex).] A comparatively rare species, greatly resembling typical Culex_— ano ____ Culiseta melanura
25. Occiput mostly covered with broad appressed scales, the narrow scales limited to a median line or a small triangular patch. [Tip of male abdomen much enlarged in Culex peccator.|_—~~_______ Culex pilosus
Culex peccator
0.1mm
FIGURE 19.—Representative shapes of the outstanding wing scales on fhe central portion of the forks of vein 2: A, Culex (Culex); B, Culex (Melano- conion).
Occiput with a large median triangular area of narrow scales extending nearly to the vertex, the broad appressed scales often reduced to a narrow line bordering the eyes. [Mesonotal scaling often bronzy or Foldens| 22 ses. ec se ee eee oe gM ES ie SO Culex erraticus
(Adults of the Melanoconion species cannot be identified with certainty except by characters of the male terminalia, which are given in a Separate table).
26. (13) Not exceptionally large species; legs not markedly shaggy___——— 28 Very large species of striking appearance, the gallinippers (fig. 2, B) ; legs shaggy or with tufts of long, erect scales toward tips of femur and tibia. [Side of mesonotum with an area of broad white ap- pressed scales, bordered by smooth nude areas; posterior pronotal lobe nude, or with very few scales or bristles. |
Psorophora (Psorophora)
27. Legs, especially the hind pair, with long, erect scales; mesonotum with a median stripe of golden scales (fig. 12, H); tarsi with basal pale rings; proboscis ringed; general color yellowish_- Psorophoru ciliata
bo -|
o> ovVU.
31.
36.
37.
. Proboscis and tarsi ringed with AGA OD eee ek es Mg
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES
Legs much less shaggy, only tips of femora and hind tibiae with long, erect scales; mesonotum without a median stripe of golden scales; first two segments of hind tarsi usuaily with very narrow pale basal rings; proboscis not ringed; general color bluish
Psorophora howardii
. Mesonotum bright yellow (both scales and integument), with two
prominent, shiny, black spots on posterior corners; costa and vein 1 yellow-scaled from base to tip of subcostal vein. [Proboscis, femora, and tibiae yellow, tipped with dark; first two tarsal segments largely yellow, apical segments darker.| A conspicuously yellow species; US Wally rai Cs s SAets Ses yreie a Where at eee pe PO Sells Aedes fulvus pallens INotssonmarrkedee 22522225 fae sae Sts Ee Ee
Proboscis not ringed with white _______ peor sexs Wing scales very broad, mixed brown and “white. ~ [Abdomen plunt : femora, tibiae, and proboscis with mixed brown and white scaling. ] Genus Mansonia
Outstanding wing scales narrow (cf. veins 2 and 4) ae a Hind tibiae with a wide pale ring on apical half, and first segment of hind tarsi with a wide pale ring at middle; proboscis broadly ringed ; nostspiracular hairs absent. Locally prevalent in Southern and East- ern States eas le a OS Ne __ Mansonia perturbans Tibia and first segment of hind tarsi unbanded or bands indistinct; pale ring on proboscis narrow ; postspiracular hairs present. Southern Florida and Tropics_______ = Mansonia titillans
. Femora without white rings: abdominal tergites with basal pale bands
or lateral spots, or a longitudinal paie stripe_____________ at Hind femur with a very narrow ring of white scales toward apex; ab- dominal segments pale-scaled apically, the pale scaling diffuse or extending forward at sides or centrally. [Legs and wings with mixed dark and pale scales, wings of some species also with spots of pale scales; spiracular and postspiracular bristles present; claws of females not toothed: |=22=_ == Psorophora (Grabhania)
. Tarsal segments with basal and apical pale rings, at least on hind tarsi.
[Female abdomen blunt; postspiracular hairs absent.| Banded-legged CUCU ess re a Ons aD ate ieee te Tarsal segments without apical banding, | [Abdomen tapered ; post- spiracular hairsspresents|==.— = sae Aedes (taeniorhynchus group) Tarsal rings broad; femora and tibiae with a longitudinal line of white scales on outside ; wings usually with a patch of white scales at base of costa. Taken very rarely in Louisiana, Arkansas, Florida, and Ten- nessee, common in Western States____ ar Culex tarsalis Tarsal rings very nalrow, apical banding limited to hind tarsi; femora and tibiae not lined with white; wing scales entirely dark. <A tropical species that has been recorded from the Florida keys Culex tahamensis Abdomen with a dorsal longitudinal stripe of yellowish scales (fig. 14) ; femora and tibiae Speckled with white. [Mesonotum golden; proboscis and hind-tarsal segments broadly ringed; last hind-tarsal segment entirely white. ]-____- pores Neer eee Me isnt Abdomen with transverse dor sal pands but without a longitudinal sth ipe ;
dark portions of femora not speckled; mesonotum with dark or .
brownish Scales, sprinkled with silver posteriorly. [Proboscis and tarsi usually with rather narrow bands of white scales; first hind- tarsal segment not ringed in middle; tip of last hind-tarsal segment usually dark in southern specimens; wing scales narrow, entirely dark.] An important salt-marsh ve of somewhat less than the average size___ _.____ Aedes taeniorhynchus Wing scales brown and white mixed ; first hind-tarsal segment with a pale ring in middie. Important salt-marsh species___Aedes sollicitans Wing scales entirely dark, first hind-tarsal segment without a central pale ring. A fresh-water breeder, usually rare__--_~ Aedes mitchellae First hind-tarsal segment ringed in middle or largely pales First hind-tarsal segment without a central ring. A West Indian species, recorded once from Florida (Key West) Psorophora pygmaea
a
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MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
Legs and wings black-sealed, speckled with white, but wings without well-defined areas of pale scales; first hind-tarsal segment dark, ringed with white in middle and at base; mesonotal scales dark, well sprinkled or frosted with white. A fairly large, blackish species, common in the Southern States ae ee TE SOFOPNOTGscOnfiuunis Costa and veins with well-defined areas of pale scales; tibia and first hind-tarsal segment largely pale-scaled, intermixed with dark and ringed withedarkiscalestapieallliy2ses esas ee
Wing costa with a spot or area of pale scales at base and one at tip of subcostal vein, remainder of costa dark intermixed with white; anal vein with apical third dark-scaled, basal portion pale; wing fringe without pale spots. [Vein 3 with apical half and base dark-scaled, separated by a spot of pale scales; anterior fork of vein 4 and both forks of vein 5 pale centrally.] Rare southern species
Psorophora discolor
Apical half of costa with two prominent dark spots separated by a longer pale area; anal vein with pale scaling apically and basally, separated by a spot of dark scales at about apical third; pale fringe spots present opposite tips of all longitudinal veins. Recorded only from Arkansas in the Southeastern States____ Psorophora signipennis
(29) Tarsal pale scaling restricted to one or more of last three seg- ments of hind tarsi. [Abdomen blue-black, the tergites with apical or jateral pale scaling; mesonotum with broad appressed pale scales, mixed with the dark scales or segregated at sides. ]
Psorophora (Janthinosoma, except P. cyanescens)
Tarsal pale scaling not restricted to apical segments of hind tarsi or tarsi entirely dark. [Dorsal segmental pale scaling of abdomen basal when present. | Ped ae Pipeayen ee ae ies eee
Last two segments of hind tarsi white___ se I ip Ia ie re
Fourth segment of hind tarsi white, at least dorsally, the fifth seg- ment dark. [Mesonotum dark in center, sides covered with broad white scales (fig. 12, G).] Usually rare. (Formerly known as Psorophora diserueians) — == 2=— es ee Psorophora varipes
. Mesonotum covered with a mixture of brown and broad white seales.
[Hind tibia and tarsus with erect scales; tarsal markings usually ex- tending onto tip of segment 3.] Common woods species, the white- footed mosquito. (Formerly known as Psorophora sayi) Psorophora ferox Mesonotum dark centrally, the sides covered with broad yellowish- white wSeales!? Rares. 2.) Si Bee eee ee Psorophora horrida Medium-sized species; mesonotum with a vestiture of narrow-curved or hairlike seales. [Metanotum without setae; abdominal tergites with pale bands or lateral spots on the segments. | ‘S Very small species, mesonotum covered with broad, appressed, dark scales; some of midtarsal segments white for entire length on one Side, but tarsal markings sometimes very indistinct; abdominal scales entirely dark dorsally and pale ventrally, the two colors meeting at side in a straight line. [Metanotum with a tuft of setae; dorso- central bristles of mesonotum absent; anterior pronotal lobes large, covered with flat scales; tip of abdomen blunt and more or less ex- panded; palpi short in both sexes. | a Genus Wyeomyia Tarsi ringed with white_____ Seat SD oe ee = es Tarsi not ringed with white i ee Ss! Mesonotum with delicate longitudinal lines of white or Silvery scales__ Mesonotum without such lines_____________ ast BR ES Thorax with four silvery lines, the outer pair “curved to form a lyre- shaped marking (fig. 12, 4); outstanding wing scales narrow and dark. [Hind tarsi with wide contrasting basal white bands, last two segments largely white; front and middle tarsi with narrow basal bands or spots on first two segments, the others dark.] The yeliow- fever INOSGMItOk >see Ae ee eee Se eee A edesnaegupit Mesonotum with four long silvery lines, and four short lines posteriorly, not in Shape of lyre (fig. 12, J); wing scales broad, mixed with white. [Hind tarsi with broad basal and apical bands; femora sprinkled with white; tibiae and proboscis with longitudinal lines of white scales; fourth segment of fore tarsi very short; wing with a
39
44
So.
47.
48.
49.
dl.
52.
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54.
50.
56.
oT.
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES
white spot extending across the veins from the stem of vein 2 to 5.1, and base of anal vein white; spiracular and postspiracular bristles absent; posterior pronotum with two to five bristles.] Rare, tree- MOVER IE CCC GIS See ak este es Genus Orthopodomyia Tergite of second abdominal segment with continuous black sealing apically ; integument of segment 1 brownish_ Orthopodomyia signifera Tergite of segment 2 almost entirely pale-scaled, extending to the apex
in middle of segment; integument of segment 1 yellowish Orthcpodomyia alba
Tarsal segments ringed only basally Ese
Hind-tarsal segments ringed basally and apically; last ‘hind- tarsal segment entirely white____________ anes
Tarsi with very narrow basal bands, those on hind tarsi usually no wider than diameter of segment; basal abdominal pale bands with a V-shaped notch in middle of posterior margin on some segments; wing scales narrow, entirely dark. Rare in Florida, frequently abundant elsewhere. (Formerly known as A. sylvestris) ______ Aedes verans
Tarsal segments with broad basal bands; wing scales intermixed with white; mesonotum whitish on sides, with a median dark stripe
. Wing scales narrow. Recorded from Mississippi__———~ Aedes stimulans
Wing scales broad; femora and tibiae speckled. Recorded from Mississippi, Louisiana, and Arkansas___-___--__--__ Aedes grossbecki Wing scales dark; abdomen dark-scaled dorsally, with basal bands or lateral pale spots Suave cans ae oe Wing scales bicolored; abdominal segments almost entirely “pale- -scaled except for dark quadrate spots laterally; mesonotum pale, with a median dark stripe of variable width. Reported from Louisiana Aedes dorsalis
Mesonotum golden brown, without a median longitudinal dark stripe.
Occurring sparingly throughout the South__________ Aedes canadensis Mesonotum pale, with a well-defined median dark stripe. Breeds in ROG INONGS = a ee eee Aedes atropalpus
(44) Mesonotum dark brown. n, with a median longitudinal silvery stripe. [Abdominal segments with lateral pale spots.]—--_~~ Mesonotim:= without_a median silvery Stripe] 22 > 8 ee Median stripe extending full length of mesonotum, the “pale area usually narrower (variable in A. dupreei) than-the dark area on each side (Gi ee 0 oe (7) eee tet ee ee ee ee ee ee Median stripe ending just back of middle of mesonotum, the silvery area wider than the dark area on each side (fig. 12, B). [Claspette of male terminalia with a flattened filament having one long and several shorter median, retrorse spines.| Fairly common__ Aedes infirmatus Medium-sized species (wing about 8.5 mm.) ; occiput with a large median area of pale lanceolate scales bordered by broad, appressed, mostly GMoaike ss Galea eat ae ven 2 BIO ee eee fee zs Small species (wing about 2.5 mm.) ; occiput with a narrow median line of pale lanceolate scales, bordered by broad pale and dark scales. [Mesonotum of male with a very broad median stripe or entirely silvery-scaled; claspette of male terminalia with a slender stem and filament, the latter slightly longer than the stem and tapered to a sharp point; stem of claspette with a bristle inserted in a raised tnMerclezneatr base. |/==—2 5 = Sane ee ______ Aedes dupreei Two species that are difficult to separate except by male characters. ‘Male terminalia: Stem of claspette long, greatly enlarged in middle, and densely hirsute; filament stout, much shorter than stem__ Aedes atlanticus Stem of claspette long and slender, slightly pilose; filament much shorter, with a short, pointed, slightly hooked tip Aedes tormentor Mesonotum with a prominent patch or stripe of pale scales on each Side mdanrkeccentrallliyeees 5-2 ses eees ee yn se Gitta SNR Mesonotum with two broad submedian stripes of yellow ish-white scales, dark centrally and along lateral edges (fig. 12, #). [Dark portions of femora not speckled with white; tibiae and first tarsal segments slightly pale on one side. | Usually rare in South___ Aedes trivittatus
564723 °—44—_6
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74 MISC. PUBLICATION 3386, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
58. Tibiae and tarsi almost entirely dark-sealed; dark portions of femora not speckled with white; abdominal tergites with lateral pale spots____ 58
Tibiae and first segments of tarsi pale on one side for nearly their en-
tire length; dark portions of femora speckled with white; abdominal
segments sometimes with basal pale bands that widen laterally.
[Mesonotum broadly pale-scaled for its full length on each side, the
disk also with pale scales; posterior pronotum with lanceolate scales. ]
Rare in Southern States Sea Neat ADO U SPR SS Rs ee Aedes sticticus
59. Posterior pronotum densely covered with broad, appressed, white scales;
mesonotum with silvery-white scales along sides, the median area
broadly dark-sealed (fig. 12, F). A common woods species, breeding
in®treeNOles ss Se eee ee Ae ee Ee eee ee er ee Aedes triseriatus
Posterior pronotum with lanceolate scales, not closely appressed ; meso-
notum with broad patches of yellowish-whiite scales anteriorly, reduced
to narrow lateral stripes posteriorly by an abrupt widening of the
median dark-scaled area (fig. 12, D). A fairly large species, usually
PATE oe Cee eae a ea ee OR Ce IE a arene eae ____ Aedes thibaulti 60. (43) Hind legs without markings : - segments 3 to 5 of midtarsi white on one side. The pitcherplant mosquito, rare______ Wueomyia smithii
Hind-tarsal segments with basal spots or streaks of white scales under- neath; midtarsi as in W. smithii. Two species found in the United States only in southern Florida, breeding in the water in air plants
(Bromeliaceae) .--—_ mies sete oe = foal 61. Anterior pronotal lobes sily eny-scaledaa2=22=.2 a= _ Wyeomyia vandue eel These scales darker, with purplish reflections (difficult to distinguish from the preceding) ________ mens ______ Wyeomyia mitchellit
KEY TO DARK-LEGGED SPECIES OF CULEX BY MALE TERMINALIA ‘
1. Tenth sternite with an apical tuft of short bristles or spines; sub- apical lobe of sideniece not divided Sa Sevan Subgenus Culex Tenth sternite comb-shaped apically, with a row of short, stout teeth___ 2. Subapical lobe of sidepiece with eight appendages; base of tenth sternite produced laterally into a blunt point or a short, nearly straight arm____ Subapical lobe with five or six appendages; base of tenth sternite pro- duced into: a long; stout. strong lye Curves ait rig eee eee 38. Ventral arm of mesosomal plate long, ribbonlike, curved sharply out- ward toward sidepiece at about the outer third and tapered to a point; dorsal arm slender, pointed, lying more or less parallel with the inner margin of the ventral arm and extending little if any beyond the curved shoulder of this arm_____ eas __ Culex quinquefasciatus Ventral arm of mesosomal plate of same general shape as above but some- what shorter; dorsal arm broader, semicylindrical in appearance, with a truncate, slightly upturned tip; this arm placed obliquely, usually extending to or toward tip of ventral arm_________- Culex pipiens 4. Mesosomal plate with two arms and with a median row or group of four to seven short, stout teeth_______ 5 Mesosomal plate without a median row y of ‘teeth, ‘the processes consist- ing of a short lateral arm and a longer posterior arm, which has a small tooth near the base. (Subapical lobe of sidepiece with three rods, a leaf, and two setae)_______ Culex restuans 5. Dorsal arm of mesosomal plate short, bent in middle at a right angle (thumblike), with a pointed tip; subapical lobe of sidepiece with three rods, a leaf, and two setae; spines of tenth sternite all sharp- pointed Seimei 380 By eae sat pene pian as: Culex salinarius Mesosomal plate with a stout, str aight, dorsal arm from near base; lobe of sidepiece with only one seta after the leaf (apieally) ; spines on one side of tuft of tenth sternite short and bluntly rounded Culex nigripalpus 6. Subapical lobe of sidepiece with distinct divisions: comb-shaped portion of tenth sternite bent inward nearly at right angles; mesosomal plate with a long, curved basal arm, directed ventrally (basal hook) Subgenus Melanoconion 7
ere oO ON
7 Tllustrations of these structures have been omitted, on the assumption of some famili- arity with this specialized subject on the part of those using this key.
3 eae
a
7 = et le eS
10.
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES
Subapical lobe not distinctly divided ; apex of tenth sternite less strongly curved ; mesosomal plate without basal hook; outer end of mesosomal plate studded with small tubercles. Subgenus Neoculex, Culex apicalis
. Basal division of subapical lobe of sidepiece divided into two subequal
arms, each with a long, stout, capitate filament at tip; stem of clasper comparatively Slend Crees waces on eaten Seiwa ae eat ee Basal division of subapical lobe with one arm bearing | a stout filament at tip and a second filament arising from a tubercle near the base; apical division of lobe with a very large, fan-shaped leaf; clasper greatly enlarged apicaliy, the stem stout and constricted near middle; sidepiece subspherical, with a dense patch of fine hairs on inner sur- REA C C ents aes Dire Se oes Weta ts ee ee eee ane ae SE Culer = peccator Ninth tergite with a widened plate, the lobes projecting from its pos- terior corners as a pair of short arms; apical swelling of clasper cap-Shaped, tapering abruptly; lobe of sidepiece without an expanded leaflet__ a A A a Ss es MO NS a TNE Sree NA Culex pilosus Lobes of ninth tergite ovate, prominent, with numerous hairs; apical swelling of clasper moderate, gradually tapered; lobe of sidepiece with an expanded leaflet on the apical division ______ Culex erraticus
KEY TO GENERA
. Abdomen with a vestiture of fine hairs; female palpi as long as proboscis;
male palpi long, clubbed at tip; scutellum rounded Tribe Anophelini, genus Anopheles Abdomen covered with flat scales; female palpi much shorter than pro- boscis=]male palpilong.or short, not clubbed\at tipl.2=-- = 222s. =
. Proboscis rigid, outer half tapered and strongly curved downward;
secutellum evenly rounded and scaled Tribe Megarhinini, genus Megarhinus Proboscis flexible, not bent downward; scutellum trilobed, with sepa- EAC CsCUO SOI Cla Cw a= eet Sto eles Sa le Tribe Culicini
. Wings with second marginal cell less than half as long as its petiole
Uranotaenia Wings with second marginal cell at least as long as its petiole__________
. Postnotum with a tuft of setae; squamae without a fringe of hairs
Wyeomyia Postnotumybaresisquamae-with a fringe of Nairsi 2225022 5 se Postspiracular bristles present; segment 1 of abdomen narrowed, seg- ment 8 much narrowed and retractile_ s stele Be Postspiracular bristles absent (except in Mansonia titillans, in which wing scales are very broad); segment 7 of abdomen not narrowed; segment 8 short but not retr actile os = oe ae Spiracular bristles present; dorsal segmental pale scaling of abdomen usually apical; mesonotum with at least some broad appressed scales or (in subgenus Grabhamia) with simple claws in female__ Psorophora Spiracular bristles absent; dorsal abdominal pale scaling usually basal;
scales of thorax narrow or only slightly broadened____ 2___-Aedes Spiracular bristles present ; base of subcostal vein with a tuft of hairs OnmUnGeRe cide of: a.winee =. = ee ee OAS CLE,
Spiracular bristles absent; hairs absent on under side of subcostal vein__
. Wing scales broad, mixed brown and white; setae absent at base of
Vil retee ee as eee Norte ee die ce hot, Shears oN 4 Ten ets eechiee Outstanding wing scales narrow or only slightly broadened, dark; a few
setae near base of vein 1 on upper side of wing____~ aE Ss Seine ee Fourth segment of fore tarsi very short; lower mesepimeral
bristles absent; mesonotum with longitudinal lines of white
SCAG eats 28 2a re eo = _Orthopodomiyia Fourth segment of fore tarsi normal: lower mesepimeral bristles pres- ent; mesonotum without lines of white scales__ See M CN SONUG
Antennae not longer than proboscis, the first flagellar segment of nor- mal length; male with bushy antennae and long palpi (in United States species) _____ __ Rese BAe a ___ Culex
Antennae much longer than proboscis, the first flagellar segment as long as several of succeeding segments; male antennae and _ palpi Similars tomthosesOferemalemse. = see yes. | oie See Deinocerites
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76 MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
KEY TO LARVAE (FOURTH-STAGE)
The genera are separated in couplets 1 to 9, and the species in the couplets that follow. Air-tube lengths, when mentioned in connec- tion with the species, are given in multiples of the diameter of the base of the tube. Mounted larval skins become flattened by pressure of the cover glass, and allowance must be made for this in estimating the proportions of the tube. Variations may occur in the number of branches as given for certain hairs; that is, a normally double hair may occasionally be single or triple, or a single hair double. In ex-
Upper RCIA PU a ane z | Lower head hair ----~- Wa pares Antennal hair Xi | ' AA a Pee --~4p rena WAN EE \ ND f LY HEAD RN FLL Lets Latera/ hair----= > Subaorsal a/r--~~-~ ZG Se sy Lateral cormb ____ of BY segment Ara/ SCGIIELIT ~~ — << herntral brush —> QQ Baa F: ee Yr FubLE
Atal 9/3 --— ee
AV
Dorsal 7uf?-———- “Z/]\\\\ 0 --------- VES
Figure 20.—Larva of Culex quinquefasciatus with the parts named (Howard, Dyar, and Knab).
amining flattened specimens care must be taken to distinguish between the upper and lower surfaces of the body. The terminology of the larval parts is shown in figures 20, 21, and 22.
Some difficulty is often experienced in distinguishing between third and fourth instars, and no certain rules can be given except for dif- ferences in size and in the width of the head capsule. In Anopheles larvae a comparatively wide collar of dark sclerotin (chitin) at the base of the head is usually distinguishable in the third instar. In larvae of Psorophora and Culex, and in those species of Aedes in which the anal segment is completely ringed by a plate of sclerotin in the
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES OG
fourth instar, the ring is incomplete, so far as observed, in the third instar. With other species of Aedes the plate is reduced to a small dorsal saddle in the third and earlier instars.
1. Kighth abdominal segment with an elongate air tube (figs. 10, B, and 20) ;
abdomen without palmate hairs__ tre bana a Air tube lacking (spiracles sessile); some abdominal segments with
dorsal palmate hairs (figs. 10, A, and 22, B)_ gS Anopheles 19 2. Air tube of normal shape, cylindrical or fusiform___________ Shit, 3
Mouth brushes
/ \ \ \
\Y
~
)
CS ee Antennal hair tut?
== -==-— —Antenna
€-—-—----- /vreantennal hair
Vi
----Lower head hair
Ygper head hair
[epee ae |
C—O een! 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 21.—Head of larva of Aedes vexrans.
4. Head hairs normal, sJender, frequently multiple; head wider than long,
spinelike (fig. 25, 4). [Eighth abdomina! segment with a lateral plate having a row of teeth on its posterior margin; air tube with one pair
of ventral brushes; anal segment ringed by plate. ]_-----__ Uranotaenia 20 bd. Air tube with several paired ventral hair tufts or single hairs, a row ot hairs beyond pecten, or a pair of tufts at base (Culex, Culiseta)_______ 23
Air tube with a single pair of ventral hair tufts, more or less centrally placed (sometimes very small or obsolete in Psorophora; a second very small pair near apex in Deinocerites). [Antennae in most of the species of uniform shape, the hair tuft placed near middle.| (Psorophora, VAC SHED CLIOCCT ULES) eect oe ears nee le ee rte a A ee 6
6. Anal segment not completely ringed by plate, or, if ringed, tufts form- ing ventral brush posterior to plate (fig. 24, A and B); air tube not
-]
midventral line by tufts of ventral brush (fig. 23, 4); mouth brushes formed of stout prehensile hairs (subgenus Psorophora), or air tube large and swollen centrally (except in P. discolor), with few pecten spines. [Comb of few scales in a single row. ]_----------~ Psorophora 34
78 MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
SCUMEM# g
QOS 7/1
FIGURE 22.—Dorsal hairs of larva of Anopheles quadrimaculatus: A, Head and part of prothorax; B, abdominal segments 4 and 5. Head hairs: 1, Pre- clypeal; 2, inner clypeal; 3, outer clypeal; 4, postclypeal; 5-7, frontal; 8-9, inner and outer sutural (occipital) ; 10, terminal antennal; 11, antennal; 12, preantennal (basal) ; 18, subbasal; 14, orbital; map, maxillary palp. Pro- thorax: 1, Inner submedian; 2, middle submedian; 3, outer submedian; 4-7, lateral, Abdominal segment 4: 0, Anterior submedian; 1, palmate; 2, ante- palmate ; 3-5, sublateral; 6, lateral; tp, tergal plate. Segment 5: pl, Enlarged palmate leaflec.
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES 7
A Q yondd ost
/ /
C ie
Figure 23.—Types of air tubes: A, Psorophora ferox (also showing terminal segments of abdomen); B, Mansonia perturbans; C. Culiseta inornata.
7. Head normal, without lateral pouches; anal gills four; air tubes short and stout in most species____ Sd tot Tee ey ee amet ACW CS aS
DEINOCERITES
Head with a prominent triangular pouch on each side (fig. 25, B); only two, very short, anal gills; air tube about 4:1. [Lower head hairs Single or double, much longer than upper head hairs; comb of eighth segment of many scales in a patch; tuft of air tube usually double or triple; anal segment with divided dorsal and ventral sclerotic plates.] Breeds in crab holes along coast of southern Flor- ldap e PONESSPCClES= =2 es Se fies ee sae 4 CONCET
8. Eighth abdominal segment with comb scales: mouth brushes ciliform__-__ 9
MEGARHINUS
Highth abdominal segment without comb scales but with a lateral plate bearing two stout spinulose hairs on posterior margin; mouth brushes consisting of about 10 stout, closely appressed, prehensile, curved rods (fig. 25, C). [Air tube short, a single pair of ventral tufts near base; anal segment ringed by plate; anal gills very short.] Very large pre- dacious larvae, occurring in tree holes. The two United States species aneaseparated on male characters 222 == 2 M. septentrionalis
M. rutilus
80 MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
. ___}__ Lateral comb Lorsa/ Bivona —— —47a/ us “Spine. ze SCHITIENT = Dorsal plate —— JSS Se, Ventral tut} WGA WME Oe TX NS =
Dorsal hair turf -- ey Ses
FieurE 24.—A, Posterior portion of abdomen of larva of Acdes vexans; B, anal
segment of larva of Aedes mitchellae; C, same of Wyeomyia mitchellii.
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES 81
FicurE 25.—Portions of heads of various mosquito larvae: A, Uranotaenia sapphirina ; B, Deinocerites cancer; C, Megarhinus septentrionalis ; D, Psoroph- ora ciliata. Ip, lateral pouch ; 1b, mouth brush.
82 MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
9. Anal segment with usual median ventral brush, consisting of a close-set row of tufts; air tube with one pair of hair tufts, attached before middle, each with several long hairs. [Comb with one row of short seales and a second row of very long, pointed scales; antenna with a tuft of about four long hairs, attached before middle; head hairs all multiple; lateral hairs on abdominal segments 8 to 6 long and single; air tube 3 or 4:1.] ‘Tree-hole breeders______________ Orthopodomyia
Anal segment without a median ventral brush, but with a pair of ventrolateral tufts (fig. 24, C); air tube with scattered hairs or small tufts. [Comb scales in a single row; antenna with a Single or double hair beyond middle.] Breed in water-holding plants______ Wyeomyia
ANOPHELES
10. Abdomen with plumose lateral hairs on first three segments only; head with large: plumose fromballnaics = (hie) 22) eee ea Abdomen with plumose lateral hairs on first six segments _ (the branches sparse) ; frontal head hairs minute, single. [Palmate hairs well de- veloped on segments 2 to 7%7.] A tree-hole breeder________ A. barberi
11. Outer =clypeal hair pranched see ee All clypeal hairs simple, the inner pair well separated. [Palmate hairs developed on segments 8 to 7, the leaflets ending in long, slender filaments; postspiracular plate sometimes with a slender tail on each
ro) el eee ei ier ie api ieee Nee | NE ee A. pseudopunctipennis
12. Outer clypeal hairs sparsely feathered or branched (5 to 10 short branches) on apical half. [Inner clypeal hairs forked or sparsely feachereds cataetlps =.= Pee ete eee Outer clypeal hairs thickly branched, ‘the branching dichotomous ese ee
13. Inner clypeal hairs closely approximated; lateral hairs on abdominal segments 4 and 5 branched, usually in threes; palmate hairs well developed on segments 4 to 7 and partially developed on segment 3,
the leaflets with notched or serrated edges toward tip__.__ A. atropos Inner clypeal hairs widely separated (by about one-third the distance between the outer clypeal hairs) ; lateral hairs on segments 4 and 5 simple; palmate hairs developed on segments 1 to 7, sometimes a
pair on the metathorax also; leaflets long and slender, with smooth TUNERS TN Si ea ee eS A. albimanus
14. Abdominal segments with but one conspicuous hair anterior to palmate hair, this hair (the antepalmate hair, or hair 2) usually single or double, but sometimes with three to six branches, on segments 4 and
5; hair 0 undeveloped or very much smaller than hair 2__-__-_______ Abdominal segments with two conspicuous tufted hairs (hairs 2 and 0) anterior to palmate hair; these hairs usually approximately equal in
size and with four to nine branches on segments 4 and 5. [Lateral hairs of segments 4 and 5 usually branched at about basal third; palmate hairs developed on segments 3 to 7.]_--__--__-__ A. crucians
15. Basal tubercles of inner anterior clypeal hairs separated by more than the ‘diameter:.of*one:-tubercles==_ es) se ee ee Basal tubercles of inner anterior clypeal hairs separated by less than their diameter; occipital hairs usually with not more than five Dranches=222e5s sar Me eee me
16. Occipital hairs usually with 8 to 10 branches; “palmate hairs on seg- ment 3 developed about equally as those on segment 4, and palmate hairs on segment 2 frequently partially developed and functional. [Antepalmate hairs of segments 4 and 5 mostly single; antennal hair
tuft usually attached near middle, the hairs reaching base of apical SPUN ls he oe aa ee eS es ee A. quadrimaculatus Occipital hairs with 2 to 5 branches; palmate hairs less developed on segment 3 than on segment 4 and rudimentary on segment 2; see also couplet’ 19222 2 on ee ee eee A. bradleyi
17. Inner anterior clypeal hairs simple (rarely forked toward tip); hair 1 of prothorax short, single or weakly branched at tip; palmate hairs rudimentary on segments 1 and 2___________-_ Fe Soe Inner clypeal hairs with sparse, minute feathering toward tips hair
of prothorax with three to five strong branches from near base. [Hair
0 on abdominal segments comparatively large, with three to seven
22
62
11
13 14
15
16
17
18
18.
19.
21.
24.
25.
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES
branches; palmate hairs on segments 1 and 2 partially developed; antepalmate hairs on segments 4 and 5 usually single, sometimes dou- DlewrO GaaUIst |) Les | eee eee ween ee oh See 2 ee ee A. walkeri Five pairs of functional palmate hairs (segments 3 to 7); antepalmate hairs on segments 4Zsandsousingleror doubles 2 = Only three pairs of functional palmate hairs (segments 4 to 6); ante- palmate hairs on segments 4 und 5 with three to six branches (occasion- Allllavae W,O)) ee tance ies hae iy ee ae ee Ss. AL JEOTGI anus Leaflets of palmate hairs on segments 3 and 7 slender, usually somewhat smaller than those on segments 4 to 6 and mostly with smooth mar- gins. [Antepalmate hairs on segments 4 and 5 single or double; dis- tance between clypeal hairs variables) 222-2 se A. bradleyi Palmate hairs on segment 3 with broad leaflets, usually notched or ser- rated on outer half and about equal in size to those on segments 4 to 6. [Antepalmate hairs on segments 4 and 5 usually double, except in specimens from central Florida, in which they are usually single. | A. punctipennis
URANOTAENIA . Upper lateral hair of abdominal segments 1 and 2 double_______-__ U. lowii Upper lateral hair of abdominal segments 1 and 2 triple (lower hair Sing lesine Hotes peGles) = sas 3 ee ae oie ee Pee U. sapphirina MANSONIA
Anal segment with ventral tufts piercing the sclerotic ring; antenna with two long hairs from a notch beyond the tuft, extending to end of antenna; lateral spine of maxilla serrate_______________ M. titillans
Anal segment without ventral hair tufts piercing the sclerotic ring; antenna with two short hairs from a notch beyond tuft, extending less than halfway to tip; lateral spine of maxilla smooth
M. perturbans ORTHOPODOMYIA
Segments 7 and 8 of abdomen each with a large sclerotic plate (a much smaller one usually present also on segment 6). [Lateral hairs of abdominal segments 1 and 2 comparatively short, multiple; tuft of air tube with many branches; anal segment ringed by the plate, the lateralaheiresin ele a] sso e Pee ee es O. signifera
Abdominal segments without sclerotic plates. [Lateral hairs of seg- ments 1 and 2 double or triple, long; tuft of air tube with three or four hairs; anal segment not completely ringed by the plate, the lateralnain double or triples|- 222-2 Ei Spgs a O. alba
CULEX ; CULISETA
Both upper and lower head hairs multiple, long. [Comb of many scales insaspatche| =" 2c « A, Rice Zoe ee trio tees ees pag Upper and lower head hairs NOMDOLMEMULG lees ween ee ee Air tube with hair tufts or a few single hairs beyond pecten, none at
bases ness Ra wee Ouler (Culex) Air tube with a pair of” multiple hair tufts at base; pecten with a short row of strong teeth, followed by a row of long setae (fig. 28, C); air tube stout, about 3:1 ee See whe = _ Ouliseta inornata Antenna with the hair tuft placed in a constriction at outer third, the part beyond the tuft more slender; hair tufts of tube multiple, mostly in parallel lines_____-~ a Antenna rather short, of uniform shape, the hair tuft placed near mid- dle: air tube about 4:1, with four to six long single hairs irregularly placed and one pair of small subapical tufts, usually triple. Culex restuans Anal gills four, normal, tapered ; pecten spines evenly spaced = Only two anal gills, thick and bulbous; apical pecten spines progressively more widely spaced. [Air tube spinose, 5 or 6:1, with six or seven pairs of multiple ventral tufts, two or three of the basal pairs attached before end of pecten; lateral abdominal hairs on segments 8 to 6 doublesorstriples| Mloriday keys = -=—9=2 === __ C. bahamensis
83
19
84 MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. S. DEPT. CF AGRICULTURE
27. Air tube with four or five pairs of hair tufts beyond pecten, the subapical pair laterally out of line (fig. 20); hairs usually little, if any, longer than’ diameter iol Cully esas eee ai ea Te 28 Air tube with five pairs of long tufts, the proximal pair attached near or before end of pecten, none out of line. [Air tube about 4:1.] C. tarsalis 28. Air tube long and slender, 7 or 8:1, sides nearly parallel; frontal head hairs usually with three or four branches SU Er SR es ee ae Se el 29 Air tube stouter, about 4:1. head hairs usually with five or more | 0) S20 ORE) OVS) spate one me SE HAs aPivat fe 5 ee ee tw ec UN eee C. quinquefasciatus C. pipiens 29. Thorax with fine spicules (best observed toward sides); lateral hair of anal segment usually single; basal (or proximal) tufts of air tube usually double or long and single, occasionally triple__ C. nigripalpus Thorax glabrous; lateral hair of anal segment usually double, occasion- ally single; basal tufts of air tube usually with three or four branches, oceasiomallliy: sw tlicss ws eres ee ore ae rene C. salinarius 30. Pecten spines fringed on one side nearly to tip; ventral tufts of air tube long. (those nearest base about twice diameter of tube or more), multiple and finely feathered_=—_=_—~=__ === _ Culex (Melanoconion) 32 Pecten spines with one to four coarse side teeth; air tube with compara- tively short tufts (little, if any, longer than diameter of tube). [Air tubeslong Gi 0K (yD ok. ee a ee SL eee | 31. Head hairs long, usually single, the lower pair or both hairs occasionally double; air tube slightly expanded toward tip, with four or five paired ventral tufts beyond pecten (none at base) ; comb a patch of seales, the single scale rounded and fringed apically; body finely PLEO SC ce ser Be co ka Na ee C. apicalis Lower head hairs single, the upper ones shorter and multiple; air tube with a tuft of hairs at base and with a row of about 12 short, sub- equal tufts on midventral line; comb a single row of tong barlike
SCC Ses ea ALA sate eae Se Culiscia melanura 32. Air tube long and slender, 5 or 6:1, with four to six pairs of ventral hair
Air tube short (about 3:1), with ‘about eight. pairs of very long hair tufts, basal two within pecten. [Comb of eighth segment of 8 to 12 Scales in a curved or irregular row, the single scales long and pointed, unfringed; a stalked ovoid gill at base of antenna; head hairs small, usually single, upper ones sometimes double; thorax slightly spicular. ] Culex pilosus 383. Lower head hairs single, upper ones shorter, double or triple; body sparsely spicular; comb with the seales in a patch, each scale rounded and fringed apically; air tube slightly flared at tip______ C. peccator Lower head hairs long, single, upper ones short, multiple (four or more) ; body usually densely spicular-pilose; comb with one irregular or par- tially double row of scales, the individual scales long and pointed and fringedsont basal hal fis oo Be ee ae ee ee ae eee C. erraticus
tufts beyond pecten_____ neat Eee ea |
PSOROP HORA
34. Mouth brushes formed of stout prehensile hairs (each hooked at tip and with a row of comblike teeth along the side) (fig. 25, D). [Air- tube pecten with numerous teeth, which are prolonged into hairs; tuft of air tube a single long hair.] Very large predacious larvae________ 35
Mouth brushes normal, ciliform. [Pecten with a few strong, widely spaced teeth; tuft of air tube sometimes very small.]_-__--__________ 36
35. Lateral hair of anal segment with three or four branches near base
P. ciliata
Lateral hair of anal segment single or forked some distance from base:
teeth of pecten somewhat stouter than in P. ciliata______ P. howardii
36. Antenna very large, inflated apically, two long bristles at outer third in addition to central hair tuft; air tube small with a paired tuft of very
LOWS LATS 5 SEE LUTTE Ss ST ee P. discolor Antenna not inflated; air tube large, inflated, ventral tuft small or ODSOlEEC HL ah alas: UPR OEE aoe nee BARE EME ETE, 8D £ SS rer Sip Eleads hairs, Gouble Onesie] ema eae ra a SR ar a 38
Both upper and lower head hairs muliiple2=— ==. P, confinnis
D8.
39.
40.
41.
44,
45.
47.
49.
50.
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES
Upper head hairs double, lower double or triple; antennae unusually KO ra MAL” [ORO NETO ETIN Gee i se ee Upper and lower head hairs single; antennae normal, no longer than DAN SEEN es Sena eS ae a eae eee Oe eee ae eee Lateral abdominal hairs single or double on segments 4 to 6: later: al hair Ofeanaleses ments branched strom: Meats) ASCs se ane ee ee ee Lateral hairs usually multiple, with three to five branches, on segments 3 to 6; lateral hair on anal segment branched at tip or single. [Pecten with three or four short spines; tuft of air tube small and laterally placed; comb with seven seales.] (Rozeboom, 135) P. horrida Pecten of four to six spines, each with a small basal tooth on each side, subequal in size; lateral abdominal hairs double on segments 8, single on segments 4 to Gre COMDTOfehivies sal CS isan eee ___P. varipes Pecten of three or four long spines, each except the basal pair with a comparatively long basal tooth on one side, and usually with one or two much smaller ones on the same side, sometimes a very small tooth on opposite side; lateral abdominal hairs branched three or four times on segment 3, double on segment 4, and single on 5 and 6; comb with seven ORRCIZ Nt SCA eg es ke ae se Pe ea Oh es Gi a P. feroxr Air tube with a pair of long hairs at tip; pecten with three or four SIM CS eset ieee is ee ere nek nee MU ent ae ure aa = ‘es Hairs at tip of air tube inconspicuous ; pecten with six spines P. pygmaea Antennal and preantennal tufts multiple, conspicuously feathered; tip of antenna with three short apical spines and two longer subapical spines ; SixXerCOMD ACCA CS ween see eer eee a ee P. signipennis Antennal and preantennal tufts with two or three branches, some of which may be secondarily divided, sparsely feathered; antenna with three long apical spines only; four comb scales_________ P. cyanescens
AEDES
. Upper head hairs multiple, lower ones double or multiple (fig. 21). [Anal
segment not completely ringed by the sclerotic plate; tuft of air tube FG 4 Ge a fc a Hither the upper or the lower head hairs single (both pairs single except aAStShOwMeund cr=individual SNPeCieS) ja. = as se eee Pecten with one to three distal teeth more widely spaced (fig. 24, A); comb of few scales in a single irregular or partially double row______ Pecten with evenly spaced teeth; comb seales in a triangular patch______ Upper head hairs with three to five branches, lower ones usually with two or three; lateral abdominal hairs double or triple on segments
SOME ge ae een ie te ae ee ee eee eee A. verans Upper and lower head hairs with more than four branches; lateral ab- dominal hairs single on segments 3 to 5_______________ __A. cinereus
SR Tepe Tee ING ACH SEM AMES CLO UND 1 a
Lower head hairs with three or more branches___-____________________ Single comb seale with a long apical spine Eee A StICLiCUs Single comb scale with lateral spines nearly as long as apical spine
A. grossbecki
. Upper lateral hairs on abdominal segments 1 and 2 double, lower hairs
single or double; antennae much shorter than head and little longer than preantennal hair; comb scales rounded and fringed with sub- COMAPES PMN Suerte, Dele ate a ee ey A. canadensis Upper lateral hairs or both pairs on segments 1 and 2 multiple; antennae nearly as long as head and much longer than preantennal hair; comb scales with apical spine somewhat longer and stouter than other SFO DN SS ec Sy SS a SS pate i ee A. thibaulti Pecten with the distal teeth more widely spaced. [Comb of many scales in a patch, single scales with apical fringe of subequal spinules. ]——-~ Pectenswithevenly spaced teeth=—_ === = ss=— 52) Eau! Both head hairs single; lateral hairs multiple on segments 3 and 4: scle- rotic plate on anal segment small, covering about half the segment ; | OXON? GW OHO Ma ee a eee a A. atropalpus Lower head hairs double: lateral hairs usually single on segments 3 to 5; anal segment completely ringed by plate; body spicular- Oc Cea ener ereaen amie Nie Ay Ph ey A. fulvus pallens
42
44 49
45 46
47 48
Kc
51
86 MISC. PUBLICATION 336, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
51. Anal segment not completely ringed by the sclerotic plate. [Lateral hairs
normallive double vor GripleyonESe sive ws resem oy | eee 52
Anal sesment completely. ringzed= Dy atinen pl aie ama 55 52. Antennal hair single (rarely forked) ; comb of few (8 to 15) scales in a
single<or: partly double Tow 22225 2 = ee See ee ee eee 53
Antennal hair multiple; comb of many scales in a patch_______-_______ 54
53. Single comb scale with a stout apical spine and shorter side spines (fig. 26, C) ; head hairs and preantennal hair single; tuft of air tube with three or more branches; lateral hair of anal segment single Or “COW DIOS Se ea ENE eee A. aegypti
Single comb scale elongate, evenly fringed with short spinules (fig. 26, D); lower head hair with two to four branches; preantennal and lateral hair of anal segment multiple; tuft of air tube usually single Or doubles 222 = 22 es Soe en Te ee ees A. triseriatus
54. Upper head hair double; anal gills as long as the segment; single comb scale pointed, with an apical spine somewhat longer than others;
body: glabrous 222202262 see Se) Ae a See ee A. stimulans Head hairs usually single; anal gillS very short, budlike; comb scale rounded, fringed apically with subequal spinules__________ A. dorsalis
——————— OO02ZS5 1717 —— QO0Z5 1717
FigurE 26.—Enlarged comb seales of Aedes larvae: A, sollicitans; B, taeniorhynchus ; C, aegypti; D, triseriatus.
55. Comb of few seales (less than 12) in a single row. [Single comb scale pointed, thornlike; lateral hairs usually single on segments 3 to 5; dorsal: preapical spines on air tube small] = ee D6 Comb: of many scales: inva’ patches aes ee ee eee D8 56: Tutt of air: tube. beyond. the pectens-22 "2-22 eee aye Tuft of air tube before end of pecten; anal gills about twice the length of: segment2 =. < 2s S25 ee oe 2 ee ee A. tormentor of. Anal gills very long with prominent tracheae; lower head hairs double or triple; antennal hair-usually, doubles=—222 2 A. dupreei Anal gills no more than twice length of segment, one pair longer than the other ; head hairs single; antennal hair multiple____-- A. atlanticus 58. Comb scale thorn-shaped, with a long apical spine and smaller lateral spinules (fig. 26, A) ; lateral abdominal hairs single or double_--__--~~ 59
Comb scales rounded apically, with a fringe of subequal spinules (fig. 26, B) ; lateral hairs on segments 3 to 5 with three or more branches. [Body distinctly pilose; air tube short, 2:1 or less, dorsal preapical spines nearly as long as pecten teeth; antennal hair small, usually double or triples] 252222222 eS See eee A. taeniorhynchus
59. Dorsal preapical spines of air tube (fig. 24, 4) as long as apical pecten tooth; lateral abdominal hairs usually double on segments 3 to 5, body SLADLOUS OR ecNS aT Gy IS Os See a oe ae 60
60.
61.
62
>) 30.
THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES
These spines small, not more than half as long as apical pecten tooth: lateral hairs single on segments 3 to 5; anal gills longer than analesegment= 22220. 22s Se A Sos ty ace a OC le ae ee eo ee ET
Air tube about 3:1; anal gills longer than segment, tapered to a blunt point; upper head hairs sometimes double__---__________. A. mitchellae
Air tube about 2:1; anal gills shorter than segment, budlike
A. sollicitans
Apical spine of comb scale longer than lateral spinules by about half its length; body sparsely spiculate; anal gills longer than the seg- ment; pecten ends about at middle of air tube____________ A. infirmatus
Lateral spinules of comb scale nearly as long as apical spine; body glabrous; pecten extending beyond middle of air tube. (Krom _ pub- HShedvdeSerip HONS a Sos cs 9) eee ee A. trivittatus
WYEOMYIA
Wppersandalowersheadshairse singles ae eence aes ee a eee Upper head hairs multiple, lower ones double; ventrolateral tufts of anal segment of about 12 subequal hairs; air tube with numerous long, single, irregularly placed hairs, a few shorter double tufts
ATT Cea Ny peek SR RE SS eS a eee oe a W. mitchellii Ventrolateral tufts of anal segment with three long hairs; air tube with pI SSF eas 13 SB Sade ee ce ee ee ee W. smith
Ventrolateral tufts of anal segment with one or two long and three or four shorter hairs; air tube with a row of six small single or double tufts dorsally, a large double or triple tuft below, and two or three small single or double ones apically____________-_ W. vanduzeei
LITERATURE CITED
(1) BaAtFour, MARSHALL C. 1928. STUDIES ON THE BIONOMICS OF NORTH AMERICAN ANOPHELINES. WINTER ACTIVITIES OF ANOPHELINES IN COASTAL NORTH CAROLINA
(36° N. LAT.). Amer. Jour. Hyg. 8: 68-76, illus.
(2) Bane, F. B., QuinBy, G. E., and Simpson, T. W. 1940. ANOPHELES WALKERI (THEOBALD): A WILD-CAUGHT SPECIMEN HAR- BORING MALARIA PLASMODIA. U. S. Pub. Health Serv. Rpts.
55: 119-120, illus.
(3) Barser, M. A. 1927. THE FOOD OF ANOPHELINE LARVAE—FOOD ORGANISMS IN PURE CULTURE. U. S. Pub. Health Serv. Rpts. 42: 1494-1510, illus.
(4)
AS le (5) and HAYNE, T. B. 1921. ARSENIC AS A LARVICIDE FOR ANOPHELINE LARVAE. U.S. Pub. Health Serv. Rpts. 386: 3027-8084. (6) and Haynes, T. B. 1924. SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE DISPERSAL OF ADULT ANOPHELES. U. S. Pub. Health Serv. Rpts. 39: 195-203. (7) and Komp, W. H. W. 1929. BREEDING PLACES OF ANOPHELES IN THE YAZOO-MISSISSIPPI DELTA. U. S. Pub. Health Serv. Rpts. 44: 2457-2462. (8) Komp, W. H. W., and Hayne, T. B. 1924. SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE WINTER ACTIVITIES OF ANOPHELES IN SOUTHERN UNITED STATES. U. S. Pub. Health Serv. Rpts. 39: 231-246. (9) — Komp, W. H. W., and HAyNgE, T. B. 1926. MALARIA IN THE PRAIRIE RICE REGIONS OF LOUISIANA AND ARKANSAS. U. S. Pub. Health Serv. Rpts. 41: 2527-2549. (10) ——— Komp, W. H. W., and Hayne, T. B.
S7
OL
1928. THE FOOD OF CULICINE LARVAE. U. S. Pub. Health Serv. Rpts.
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1910. NOTES ON THE MOSQUITOES OF ARKANSAS. [DIPTERA, CULICIDAE].
Ent. Soe. Wash. Proe. 12: 13-26. UNITED STATES Pustic HEALTH SERVICE.
1919-25. [TRANSACTIONS OF ANTIMALARIA CONFERENCES 1 TO 5.] U. S. Pub. Health Serv., Pub. Health Buls. 104, 115, 125, 187, 156, illus.
VAN DINE, D. L.
1922. IMPOUNDING WATER IN A BAYOU TO CONTROL BREEDING OF MALARIA
MosquiIToES. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 1098, 22 pp., illus. VANNOTE, ROBERT L.
1937. METHOD OF APPLYING THE LARVICIDE AS A REPELLENT. N. J. Mosquito
Extermin. Assoc. Proc. 24: 11-15. VIOSCA, PERCY. JR:
[1924.] REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Parish of Orleans and City of New
Orleans Bd. Health Ann. Rpt. 1923: 31-47, illus.
1925. A BIONOMICAL STUDY OF THE MOSQUITOES OF NEW ORLEANS AND SOUTHEASTERN LOUISIANA. N. J. Mosquito Extermin. Assoc. Proce. 12: 34-50, illus.
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THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES 95
(148) Watson, R. B., KIKER, C. C., and JoHNSON, H. A. 1938. THE ROLE OF AIRPLANE DUSTING IN THE CONTROL OF ANOPHELES BREED- ING ASSOCIATED WITH IMPOUNDED WATERS. U. S. Pub. Health Serv. Rpts. 53: 251-268, illus. (149) ———— and Spain, E. L., JR. 1937. STUDIES ON MALARIA IN THE TENNESSEE VALLEY. THE INFLUENCE OF PHYSIOGRAPHY ON THE OCCURRENCE OF BREEDING PLACES OF ANOPHELES QUADRIMACULATUS IN NORTHERN ALABAMA. Amer. Jour. Trop. Med. 17: 289-305, illus. (150) WittiaMs, L. L., JR., and Cook, S. S. 1927. PARIS GREEN APPLIED BY AIRPLANE IN THE CONTROL OF ANOPHELES PRODUCTION. U. S. Pub. Health Sery. Rpts. 42: 459-480, illus. (151) —— and LeEcargE, A. E. 1928, LENGTH OF LIFE OF ANOPHELES QUADRIMACULATUS AFTER BEGINNING OF CONTROL OF PRODUCTION. South. Med. Jour. 21: 735-737, illus.
INDEX
(Valid names are in roman type, synonyms in italics. Figures in bold-faced type indicate page on which the genus or species is described. )
Page Page abominator D. and K., Culex__---~ ee 44 | ctites Dyar, Psorophora___________ 54 abominator D. and K., Culer_--_--—-~- 44 {Culex Linnaeus = Eee Gs Os Aedes Meigen____ 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 17, 28, 45, 53, Oia Oneal 39, 40, 57, 59. 62, 65. 66, 67, 75, 76, T7, 79, 85, 86 66, 67, 69, 70, 74. 75. 16, 77, 83, 84 Acdimorphus TheobS=—— === —— = === 45 | Culicada._ See subcantans Felt, Culi- Aedimorphus Theob, subgenus__-—__~— Se ee) cada. He DLIMIES Recon een Gna te 5) 9a licellanMeltes 58 Bie oa aoe 45, 46, 49, 67, 72, He GuncelxG HES ft Sentence 45 COUCTCOTAD Andee Ciuler= == Dil (CHOU LNG PGS Soa ies ee eee 5 dbase aker.Orinopodomylaa=——= >, -Olsa(3,- oo. | Oulicinacs = =eu sea a aoe ees Eee 5 albimanus Wied., Anopheles_—_---~--— 2 Pe Gulicinise = aa ee et eeee ines See ee 75 3, 32, 39, 67, 82 | Culiseta Felt______- 3, 58, 59, 65, 6Y, 83 albipes Theob., Anopheles—-___~---~- 39 | eyanescens (Coq.), _Psorophora se Re Aries! Dee, (Cullescs a SED 44 53, 55, 56, 65, 66, 69, 72, 8b annulimanus V. d. W., Anopheles___~ 32 | deceptor D. and-K., Culer__________ 45 Anopheles Meigen__—--——-________ 5 2,2: CEGUSEGLOTAD yal Oulene ae tt ee 44 6, 7,8, 15, 16, 17, 23, 29, 30, 21, 3°; | Deinocerites Theobald 2 33, 84, 35, 44, 63, 66, 67, 75, 76, 61, 65. 66. 75. 77. 79 =—=— ) : > Py U ’ ® ’ Maeohelin 82. pnts Ue age a 67, 75 | discolor (Coq.), Psorophora_———-____ a5 a 3: apicalis Adams, Culex__ 2, 40, 42, 69, 75, 84 53, 56, 72, 77, 84 argenteus Poir.. Culex Bees tite eee 46 discr ucians H., 1D); and K. , Psor ophora_ Do, 72 atlanticus D. and K., Aedes________- 73, a eae (Meig-). Aedes —___- 2,4, ee ae ee 3, 6, 43, 50, 51, e :), Aedes___—-___ 2,°50, 13, § atratus Theob:. Culex__..____-_____-__ yess egbertiD mand ke, Culer= = aes Se 44 atropalpus (Cog.), Aedes___ 2, 45, 52, 73, 85 | erraticus D. and K., Culex________ = _. 2: atropos D. and K., Anopheles_-__-_- 2, 6, 9, 40, 44, 45, 70, T5 29, 35, 37, 38, 67, 82 | fasciatus F., Stegomyia___________-_ 46 bahamensis D. and K., Culex_____-~—~ 2; | fatigans Wied., Culer=_—___=_—_____ 40 3, 40, 42, 66, 67, 71, 83 | ferox (Humb.), Psorophora spel le aS de 3, BOM CEO Gt Cae tz 60 JS DO DOM OSD Pe tang. Atéplicles ee eee 2, 39, 67, 82 | Finlaya Theob_____ : ees 45 bimaculatus (Coq.), Aedes_—__-—-_-—— 51} Finlaya Theob., subgenus___________ 45 bradleyi King, Anopheles_______-~-~_~ ee kos floridanus D. and K.. Mochlostyrax_—— 45 29, 34, 35, 37, 67, 82, 83 | floridense D. and K., Janthinosoma__ 54 bradleyi King, Anopheles crucians__. 34, 35 | franciscanus McC., Anopheles pseudo- calopuse Meigs -Culer= a eee 46 DUM Cite Ti See ee re ee ee 37 canadensis Cebeob odes —- 2, 3, o1,.73, 85 | fulvus Dyar, Aedes_-________-__=__ 51 cancer eob., Deinocerites_——__~~-~ <=. |fulvus pallens Ross, Aedes__------~ 2 4, 61, 68, 79, 81 51 66 Tal 85 eantavoreCog, -Aedes=—= ——- 2 =a Ale iscusiOMS a Acdcs == a ae ee PRS Choeroporpa Dyar_—_—-—-----~--~___~ 39 | georgianus King, Anopheles__ 2 ciliata (F.), ESecopnetas === 3, = = ‘ 30. 34. 36, G7. 83 Gearone “Nee” een ee: Pera 81, = USELESS King, 4nopheles crucians__ 34, 36 ee == = abhamia Theob_ E ieee ae 53 45, 53, 65, 66, 69, 85 | Arahham:: : = =5 Chinn linG. HED and K =e Grabhamia Theob., subgenus_________ D5, Climacura H.. D., and K., subgenus___——59 : 66. 67, 71, 75 columbiae (D. and K.) Psorophora____ 54 | stossbecki D. and K., Aedes____ 2, 52, 73, 85 econfinnis (L.-Arr.). Psorophora See Cy herrickit Theob.., Megarhinus—=— 60 53, 54, 61, 72, 84 ECLCRONY CHUM Yate Sao a ee 45 confirmatus Dyar, Pies: iS een ged es 50 | irsuteron (Theob.), Acdess=— es a2 consobrinus How., Culex ___________ 59 NOM CCOD as: D. and Bue SeranSes se continentalis D. and K., Uranotaenia_ 60 | horrida (D. and K.), Psorophora_----_ Coquillettidia Dyar__________ Cres Ss 56 S 55,56, 72, 85 Coquillettidia Dyar. subgenus_______- 57 | howardii (Coq.), Psorophora________- 3 corniger Dyar, Culer_______________ 42 53, 54, 55,71, 84 Conniger -Theop:. Ciuler == == 3,42; |-hnyematis (iteh), Culero_—_—_ = = = 36 cCoranatons beyer, Culex] === = = a 4 | incriminator D. and K., Culer__-__--- 44 crucians Wied., Anopheles__________ _ 2:| infirmatus D. and K., Aedes_______-_ De Bilao o4s SOO UG. oe 3, 43, 50, 51, 67, 73, 87
96
MISC. PUBLICATION
Page imMbitato7n Dyar. Culer= 44 iInornata. | GWall)_Culisetas == 3, , 69, 70, 79, 83 jamaicensis Dyar, Culega = === == o4 JAnthinos oma AC eee 53 Janthinosoma L.—Arr., subgenus_—___ 53 56, 66, 67, 69, 73
Lepidoplatys. See sylvicola Mitch.,
Lepidoplatys. lepnincesDsandeke. Culese= 44 lowii Theob., Uranotaenia__________ Ry 6, 53, 60, 68, 83 maculipennis Meig., Anopheles. be a 30 Mansonia Blanchard a
SIGH Ay Ne INCRE, Tale és Meocachininiee Ne aR eae eee ial Oho wa (a Megarhinus Robineau-Desvoidy——_—__ , 8. 60; 61, 63, 66, 68, 75,-77, 19 Melanoconion Theob pee a ae ae 3 Melanoconion Theob., subgenus__~~~ 39, 40, 44, 70, 74, 8 melanura (Coq.), Culiseta____- eae 3, 59, 69, 70, 84 mississippi Dyar, Aedes stim ulans___ 52 mitchellae (Dyar), Aedes_______----_ D4 45, 49, 71, 80, 87 mitchellii (Theob.), Woycomy ia a ee 3, , 62, 74, 890, 87 MochlostynadreD and kee eee 39 MUSICUSES ay. OU 55 INCOCtwlEr Dy ae ae eee 39 Neoculex Dyar, subgenus____________ 40, 75 niger Giles, Aedes taeniorhynchus__—~ AT nigripalpus Theobss2 Cullexcea aes ee Pee 16, 40, 41, 69, 74, 84 nigritulus. Smith, Culex ___________ 41 nigromaculis (Ludl.), Aedes________ 4,53 INYSSOLRYUNELUS blanch =a= ae ee 29 Nyssorhynchus Blanch., subgenus____ 32 Ochlerotatus L.-Arr o spe saree Ser 45 Ochlerotatus L.-Arr., subgenus__—___ 45
Orthopodomyia Theobald____-__ 2) 60, 67, 73, 1, Lip, 82, 83 peceator D. and K., Culex Soe te idee aeees 40, 44, 70, 75, 84 peribleptus D. and K., Culex_-__-_____ 44 perplexens Ludl., Anopheles________- perturbans (Walk.), Mansonia___~~~
pyvgmaea (Theob.), Esorophora——
Si EOUEO Samal ios $3 pilosusm@Daandek*)-eCulexe= === DE 40, 44, 45, 70, 75, 84 pipiens i; Culex=2222=_ 8, 40, 41, 69, 74, 84 portoricensis How., Megarhinus———~—~ 60 DOSED wan eke Clear ee eee 44 posticatus Wied., Culer________-—-= 55 pretans Grosz. Culer = 52 pseudopunctipennis Theob., Anopheles 2. 3s Gin S2 Esoropnor. Roping Desvoidy———_—_ 3: 6, elem: nok: 65, 66, 67, 69, 70,
71, cok (5, 76, S4 punctipennis (Say), peenicics eres 2) 36, 37, 39, 42, 67, 83 pungens Wied., Culer_—____ ee 40
336, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
ve quadrimaculatus Say, Anopheles ___
7, 16, 23, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35° 5 BO) Bra 78, 82.
quinquefasciatus ae Culex= aaa Pes Bx, (Or, , 20, 25, 31, 40, 41, 69, 74, 76, 84 restuans Thee Culexs=s = = pe. 40, 41, 42, 43, 59, 68. 69, 74, 83 rutilus Coq., Si\cceenniii ae mie 216.1605 68. 79 salinarius Coq., Gulex-2 5 3a ee D. , dl, 40, 41, 69, 74, 84 sapphirina (O.-S.), Uranotaenia____ 3, 43, 59, 68, 81, 83 sacatilis Gros. Ciuler = 42 sayi D, and K., Janthinosoma_______ By yeahs septentrionalis D. and K., Megarhinus we 60, 68, 79, 81 serratus Coq., Ochlerotatus__..______ 50, 51 signifera (Coq.), Orthopodomyia____ Pee Boa 45, 60, 61, 83 signipennis (Coq.), Psorophora______ 3, Bh G5 WA 85
SimiliseEheope Gil 7 smithii (Coq.), Wyeomyia_____ 3, 62, 74, 87 socialis Theob., Uranotaenia________ 59
sollicitans (W alk.), A@deS= sie ae 8, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 57, 63, 71, "36" 87 52
squamiger Smith, Calera ees Stegomyia MH Eos ot = ie wae ee re Stegomyia Theob., subgenus________ stictitus (Meig.), Aedes_______ BPs "(Gs 35 shumulans= Coq Culler. stimulans (Walk.), Aedes_____ 2 525 (o4 80 swocantans Hel (Culicadanan =e 52 sylvestris Theob., Culer = ae 50, a8 sylvicola Gros., Culeg fn ene
sylvicola Mitch.., Lepidoplatys______ Taeniorhynchus V.-Arr________ 45 (eae 56 (Mansonia) teentonhyichus (Wied.), Aedes___ = _ 9. 7, 27, 45, 47, 48, 61, 67, 71, 86 tarsalis Coq., Gales 2) 40, 42, 66, 67, 71. a territans auct., Culex
CORTOECIUS) 1D Valls OL C 1a 43 testaceus Dyar, Culemii2112 a 42 Theobaldia Neveu-Lemaire_____--___ 58 thibaulti-Ds and ke. Aedes== ee 43, 51, 52, 74, 85
titillans (Walk.), Mansonia Joe eee ; : D1, 58; 06) (il. (os Se
tormentor D. and K.., edecd 2, 50, 51, 73, 86 triseriatus (Say), Aedes_--==—= = = Pe, | 3, 43, 45, 49, 60, 67, T4, 86 trivittatus (Coq.), Nedecmaa aia a5 28 UB, SH Uranotaenia Lynch-Arribalzaga______ 3) 9, 59, 66, 68, 75, TT, 83
Vanduzeei D. and K., Wyeomyia__-_~_ 3, 2, 74, 87
Wakipes, (Coq: sesorophoras=== =e 35 43, 55, 56, 72, 85
yvexans @feica); Aedes==s5 === ws 3, 45, 50, 52, 67, 73, 77, 80, 85
walkeri Theob., Anopheles_____ 2, 38, 67, 83 Wiyeomyia Rheobald= = === See ah 3, SO) CU KOS Oy Ds Te oS, SIT
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1944
SPI SLOT — 5 arr ’ PILI TIS LETT ; 5