eee i) he Cuye san iti aa " “ 4/36 * 4a Plata bts te d . Chai i ela hee 4 , a vars ity j ty tate WEP ware Sir at ee . va bee CURL SU Taare a An i ae eB AUR A tM a Ce HiT We votes Wate tek 4 ia SOM ey Fete Fade 8 en WIC Ob 4 ave A POS Latha gaa AEs i iis VAT Was ‘ Ve 44 mon) “a a Le at 6 ty vo ev rk, pan VOSA Le \ ra iit van} | thd 4 ey ‘ ve , a) Medio RKC rey 1 Yo tender pda te yy a pha, Vy gen end iye) te 1 ack i vt aak aye houw mn ye Vea PA RC | | wets i on Who’ Wer betty i iwek a it wate wore ipitaayh % sh ‘ Phadieed eee ise PS oes Si veales stator stirs Te Been i ae LH vee ate 3 ‘ andre ital} its ih oe. THE MOTH BOOK oA SUNOS: fe ee : t Cal sy THe Mory Book : PLaTe | (FRONTISPIECE ) sat i ee Lg E.LiHyat agi COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND. AMERICAN COLOATYPE CO,, N.Y. & CHb CO MOYANDRWHH Io. EXPLANATION OF PLATE I (FRONTISPIECE) LARV4 OF MOTHS Hyloicus chersis Hiibner. Callosamia promethea Drury. Cucullia convexipennis Grote & Robinson. Citheronia regalis Fabricius. Euchetias egle Drury. Sibine stiumulea Clemens. Catocala innubens Guenée. Samia cecropia Linnzeus. Prolimacodes scapha Harris. Seirarctia echo Abbot & Smith. Mamesira picta Harris. Achatodes zee Harris. Datana ministra Drury. Phobetron pithecium Abbot & Smith. Nerice bidentata Walker. Eurycyttarus confederata Grote & Robinson. Lycia cognataria Guenée. Cerura multiscripta Riley. Tortricidia testacea Packard. ets we ot ae . TAIT SO WOT AM AI hee Sa : a ; ronda woe ee Deane Pi. IOP" TAISEN 2 Means. iRise atitiost nba °) Seep hantle shag oo erremal), alvin 2° oSnrasn saleby irae a Pood ApelPSt “piacesaatla a Desa Hoot or COPYRIGHT, 1903, BY W. J. HOLLAND Nortoood JBress : Berwick & Smith Co., Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. “ THE MOTH BOOK A POPULAR GUIDE TO A KNOWL- ~ EDGE OF THE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA BY We HOLLAND, D.D), Pa) D., Sc. D., LL, D. ' DIRECTOR OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM, PITTSBURGH, PA.; LATE CHANCELLOR OF THE WESTERN UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA; PRESIDENT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA; FELLOW OF THE ZOOLOGICAL AND ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES OF LONDON; MEMBER OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF FRANCE; ETC., ETC. gor &\ WITH FORTY-EIGHT PLAT£®S IN COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY, AND NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT, REPRO- DUCING SPECIMENS IN THE COLLECTION OF THE AUTHOR, ‘ AND IN VARIOUS PUBLIC AND PRIVATE COLLECTIONS NEW YORK DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY 1905 COPYRIGHT, 1903, BY W. J. HOLLAND Gos Ke BY TRANSFER FEB 29 1908 Nortoood JBress: Berwick & Smith Co., Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. TO MY HONORED FRIEND, ANDREW CARNEGIE, WHOSE NAME IS A SYNONYM FOR FINANCIAL SAGACITY AND PRACTICAL BENEVOLENCE, I DEDICATE THIS BOOK i = ae ws taer) PREFACE Vy EN a few years ago | published ‘‘The Butterfly Book,” | stated in the preface to that volume that I would follow it by the preparation of a similar work upon the moths of the United States and Canada, provided the reception given that venture should seem to justify me in so doing. ‘‘The Butterfly Book” was very favorably received, and not only I, but my publishers, have been besieged with letters from all parts of the continent, urging the fulfillment of the provisional promise made by me in 1898. A prompt compliance with these requests has, however, unfortunately been impossible, owing to the fact that my official duties, which are numerous and exacting, prevent me from devot- ing any but the evening hours to the work of literary composition. In addition to the difficulties arising from this source, there were other and even greater difficulties which presented themselves. The species of moths known to occur in the United States and Canada vastly exceed in number the species of butterflies found within the same limits. While it was possible to bring together brief descriptions and numerous illustrations of the majority of the species of butterflies found in the region, it became evident at the outset that in dealing with the moths it would be necessary to resort to a different method. It became plain that a process of selection would have to be followed, if the volume were to be kept within proper limits as to size and cost. It would have been comparatively easy to have selected from the abundant material at my command a series of the more showy insects, and to have illustrated these, but as it is the purpose of the series of the books of which ‘‘The Moth Book” is one to provide in reasonably compact form manuals which will with tolerable completeness cover the whole field, the plan had to be materially altered. In- stead, therefore, of attempting to briefly describe and figure all the thousands of species of moths which have been ascertained to Vil Preface occur in North America north of Mexico, the effort was made to select those species which would adequately represent the various families and the commoner and more important genera, thus pro- viding a work which might serve as an introduction to the study. This process of selection had to be made with much patience and care. Another cause of delay arose from the fact that it is some- times difficult to obtain perfect specimens for purposes of photo- graphic reproduction. Even where species are well known and common, and are abundantly represented in the collections to which I have access, it has not infrequently happened that it was almost impossible to discover specimens so perfect as to allow of their being reproduced by color-photography in a satisfactory manner. Minor defects, which signify little to a working natural- ist, and which can easily be eliminated from sight by a draughts- man, becomevery serious blemishes when resort is had to methods of photographic illustration. Much time had, therefore, to be spent in searching through various collections for the kind of material which was required, and often in remounting specimens which, while good enough for the cabinet, were not so set as to permit them to be employed in the photographic laboratory. Patience and perseverance, however, always bring in due time their re- ward, and I have been able to assemble enough properly prepared material to enable me in the main to accomplish my purpose. ‘Brevity is the soul of wit,’’ and this fact has not been forgotten by the writer in preparing the pages of this book. The limitations necessarily imposed by the space available precluded the preparation of lengthy descriptions. This brevity in descrip- tion is, however, as the writer believes, abundantly compensated for by the illustrations in the Plates. One good recognizable figure of a species is worth reams of mere verbal description. Those who desire to go deeply into the subject, and who wish to famikiarize themselves with all its technicalities, will find in the list of works named in that part of the introduction devoted to the bibliography of the subject much that they desire. I am indebted to many scientific friends for assistance, but to no one am I! more indebted than to Dr. L. O. Howard, the Ento- mologist of the United States Department of Agriculture and the Honorary Curator of Entomology in the United States National Museum, and to his amiable associates, Dr. William H. Ashmead Vill Preface and Dr. Harrison G. Dyar. With unfailing courtesy these gentle- men most generously aided me by allowing me to use the material in the National Collection, when it became necessary to do so, and in many other ways gave me invaluable help. I gratefully acknowledge the kindness of Professor J. B. Smith, of Rutgers College, who very graciously went over the Plates con- taining the Noctuidae, thereby saving me in several instances from errors in determination. My best thanks are due to Mr. William Beutenmiller, the Curator of Entomology in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, for his most obliging courtesy and for much valued assistance. To Mrs. Beutenmilller’s facile fingers | owe the frontispiece and many illustrations in the text. To Sir George F. Hampson, of the British Museum, and to the Trustees of that great institution, a debt of gratitude is due for many favors, and especially for permission to use some of the illustrations employed in their publications. From Dr. Henry Skinner, of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, and Mr. Jacob Doll, of the Brooklyn Institute, | received great assistance. To the Messrs. F. A. and H. S. Merrick, of New Brighton, Pa., to Dr. William Barnes, of Decatur, IlI., and to Mr. O. C. Poling, of Peoria, Ill., | return thanks for the loan of specimens used for illustration. The Honorable Walter Rothschild and Dr. Carl Jordan, of Tring, England, placed me under special obligations by permitting me to see advance proofs of the pages of their great work upon the Sphingidew. To all of these gentlemen, as well as to scores of others, who have lent their aid in the preparation of the book, I extend my heartfelt thanks. While recognizing its imperfections, I trust that the volume will accomplish much to quicken an interest, especially among the young people in our schools and colleges, in that beautiful department of scientific inquiry, which it is designed to some extent to illustrate. Drrector’s OFrFice, Werle Ele CARNEGIE Museum, PittsBurGuH, Pa. September 8, 1903. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE WWeciGattO tte coe tte ee Miah bee Grav uNinece Me neu ag itis) (a NSTC MM ae Vv eretacely ss. |. ARO ac hete eat aie etn en eae al ath Wie eT NED] Table of Contents ae aa List OF MieNOIMNS War Wine Wee 5 5 5 605 6 6 6 5 6 Sey WistaoteGolorede Platesa chi ea Ae ee ae XAT INTRODUCTION CHAP. PAGE J. THe Lire-HistoRy AND ANATOMY OF MoTHs . . . 3-18 How to distinguish a moth from a butterfly. The Eggs of Moths; Caterpillars: Structure, Form, Color, Habits, etc.; The Pupe of Moths: Form, Covering, etc.; Anatomy of Moths: Head, Thorax, Abdomen, Legs, Wings. It. THE CapTURE, PREPARATION, AND PRESERVATION OF SPECI- MENS) SwPnS Ne hipcoMih es Mie aie due etE | ok bnadar Stone =2 ih Special Instructions for Mounting and Preparing the Smaller Forms. MRE CLASSIFICATION OF MOTHS «= 192 se = « 22-26 The Difficulties of Classification. Various Views Entertained by Writers. Key to the Families of North American Heterocera. IV. Books aBouT THE Motus OF NorTH AMERICA. . . 27-38 Early Writers. Periodicals. General Catalogues and Lists. General Works Containing Information as to the Moths of North America. Works Particularly Useful in Studying the Different Families of the Moths of North America, Xi Table of Contents THE BOOK THe Motus oF NortH America NortTH OF Mexico. Family I. The Sphingide . Family Il. The Saturniidz Family Ill. The Ceratocampide . Family IV. The Syntomide . Family V. The Lithosiidz Family VI. The Arctiide . Family VII. The Agaristide . Family VIII. The Noctuidz Family IX. The Nycteolidz Family X. The Pericopide Family XI. The Dioptide . Family XI]. The Notodontide Family XIII. The Thyatiridz Family XIV. The Liparidze Family XV. The Lasiocampide . Family XVI. The Bombycidze Family XVII. The Platypterygide . Family XVIII. The Geometridz Family XIX. The Epiplemidze Family XX. The Nolide Family XXI. The Lacosomide . Family XXII. The Psychide . Family XXIII. The Cochlidiide . Family XXIV. The Megalopygide . Family XXV. The Dalceridz Family XXVI. The Epipyropide Family XXVII. The Zygenide . Family XXVIII. The Thyrididz Family XXIX. The Cosside . Family XXX. The /égeriidz Family XXXI. The Pyralidz . Family XXXII. The Pterophoride . Family XXXII. The Orneodide . Xii Table of Contents Family XXXIV. The Tortricidz Family XXXV. The Yponomeutidz Family XXXVI. The Gelechiidz Family XXXVII. The Xylorictide . Family XXXVIII. The Cécophoride Family XXXIX. The Blastobaside . Family XL. The Elachistide . Family XLI. The Tineide . Family XLII. The Hepialide . Family XLIII. The Micropterygide DIGRESSIONS AND QUOTATIONS The World of the Dark Eeoplitvers) and ““Lumipers ~ Sugaring for Moths . The Tragedy of the Night Moth Girone Cz aly) Walking as a Fine Art . Das Lied vom Schmetterlinge (Herder) Ode to an Insect ee ey Nasu-no Take . : Moth Song (Cortissoz) . The History of Silk Culture Transformation (Henry Brooke) . Living and Dying (Gosse) . Far Out at Sea (Horne) Faunal Subregions Cupid’s Candle (Felix Carmen) . Clothes-moths The Er.d of All! Temmyson) . Xiil 1307 Aor, - 434 - 445 PAGE » ALF 423 3) Ay . 428 . 428 . 429 ABO . 430 - 443 - 444 PAGE el 2 . 146 . 209 5 BO) . 290 291 . 301 > BO £36 » 52) > DDD 363 Cag ae tog ae i 2 >) GOS DA AWW WD = % LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT . Dahlia hesperioides Pagenstecher . Egg of Peridroma saucia . Egg of Samia cecropia . Larva of Hyloicus kalmiz . Pupa of Telea polyphemus . Pupa of cut-worm in underground ell . Front view of the head of a moth . Lateral view of the head of a moth . Antenne of moths . Antenna of Telea polyphemus . Legs of a moth f . Diagram showing the enue oe the wings of a moh ; Netration of the wings of Hepialus gracilis . . Figures showing the frenulum and the retinaculum . Figure showing the maculation of the wings of a Noctuid . Setting-needle used in mounting microlepidoptera . Setting-board used in mounting microlepidoptera . Double mount MeeASHitis) mot done’ Meaterte aes . Three joints of the antenna of Protowaree quinquemacu- Jatus . . Neuration of then wings of Sess “amie 2. Pupa of Protoparce quinquemaculatus . Isoparce cupressi . Hyloicus eremitoides . Hyloicus canadensis . Protambulyx strigilis . Larva of Pholus satellitia . . Larva of Pholus achemon . . Larva of Darapsa myron a . Parasitized larva of Darapsa myron XV List of Illustrations in the Text FIG. Bile Bm. 33: PAGE Microgaster which preys upon the larvaof Darapsamyron 69 Rupa ot Dakapsalmayione sae 4). 30 oS) Larva and moth of Sphecodina abbotti PO TO A, Light ion onlanvavotCelertoulineatam: y)450)) en » Dark fonm of larvalof, Celertovlineatas. 7 59s eOn 9. Philosamia cynthia, ., 0. 22 waar 2 ay cb oe er = COCOONLOL, SamMlaycechopiay ye) sess) een een yn ao: » Larva ot Callosamia\prometheays 9 2 eat) lae eee - Cocoon ot Eallosamia prometheas: >.) Ce SS «Larva-of Actias luna: (ojo. et 4 ee ~ Larva of Welea polyphemus 2 955) 5.02 eee = Cocoon of Nelea polyphemus 2)... 0): © .) Larva.of Automernisiot, ¢ os 5) ial oO + Eggs ot Buck-moth ~f002 2 ahs 2 Sea ero . Larva of-Buck-moth 2°) 3907.0 0.9 ls ee > Anisota rubicunda, larvaand pupa.) Os . Crambidtapallida® 2.0). e) 2 2 2 Eo » (Crambidia casta wii si ss, ws se or! sj Ralpidia’ pallidion: © 30 s..2 2) pl Os / Hypoprepia fucosas. oie 20 6 2 ae” Oo so izmatomis mexicana). 0555) (a Oy - Comacla'simplex.) £0.) 2 2-7. 0258. 2.9 905 UOT) . Brucélapulverina 55.08 os 4 Seo. Se Os . Clemensia-albata 2.02 5.) 3 \3, 2. (0) OS « Ilicesumifasciay. os. a ee. PO) e Mlice:subyjecta sy ee Se ee roe _ Lerinainearnata’ 2 04. a ee err » Dodia-alberte ~ 2 ie gue a ne) « Haploa‘lecontei . (2S sk ey er) » Haploa contigua 22° 2 2° soe Eo st Se Suerytliral pliasiiale wma Erne 120 . Larva of Ecpantheria deflorata eee ss (DO > Turuptiana permaculata 5 5 (2 \/.) 0. 0) 422 een _Seitaretiaechoj lao ease cel aie es rrr » “Alexicles:-aspersa, | 6 Sl. (4- [vO rr .-Estigmene prima 2) 40 af) oat re . Estigmene acr@a <9 = 21.6) / si a eS wlsia isabella. oo. ..2 (eee ee ee TS List of Illustrations in the Text . Caterpillar and pupa of Isia isabella . . Phragmatobia fuliginosa . . Phragmatobia yarrowi . Apantesis anna Kodiosoma fulva . Ectypia bivittata . . Euchetias egle Pygarctia elegans . Hypocrisias minima . Egg of Copidryas gloveri . Pupa of Copidryas gloveri . : . Larva and moth of Copidryas sllowat ; . Tuerta sabulosa . . Alypia disparata . Alypia octomaculata . Alypiodes bimaculata . . Apatela populi, 2 . Apatela populi, larva . . Apatela oblinita . . Apharetra dentata . Apharetra pyralis . Cerma cora . Copibryophila pneelica . Platyperigea przacuta . Platyperigea discistriga Fishea yosemite . Momaphana comstocki F . Pyrophila pyramidoides, lea . Larva of Laphygma frugiperda . Moth of Laphygma frugiperda . Podagra crassipes 5 . Abagrotis erratica 1. Metalepsis cornuta . . Setagrotis terrifica . . Agrotis ypsilon . . Pronoctua typica . Feltia subgothica . Eucoptocnemis fimbriaris XVil PAGE 125 . 126 nl 27 . 130 oN )p) - 133 oN) = 1136 P30 Satan . 142 . 142 - 143 - 144 - 144 - 145 - 154 - 154 5 Kei . 158 2 WES) 161 . 162 . 164 . 164 21070 . 172 - 173 - 174 way: tyke) . 180 ay ite at ten . 182 . 185 . 186 . 190 List of Illustrations in the Text FIG. 107. 108. 109. 110. Ilble Tele Tile 114. 115. 116. Welz 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 1125. 126. 7], 128. 129. 1 30. IBit. 132) (535% 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. Mamestra picta . Trichopolia serrata . Eupolia licentiosa Larva of Heliophila unipuncta Pupa of Heliophila unipuncta . Moth of Heliophila unipuncta . Larve and eggs of Heliophila albilinea Neleucania bicolorata . Stretchia muricina . Perigrapha prima Xylina antennata Asteroscopus borealis . Bellura gortynides . Gortyna immanis Larva of Papaipema nitela . Ochria sauzezelitz Pseudorthosia variabilis . Selicanis cinereola . Orrhodia californica Tristyla alboplagiata Pippona bimatris Bessula luxa Oxycnemis jisimeeela Boll-worm feeding on tomato . Heliothis armiger Derrima stellata . Pseudacontia crustaria Greperia magnifica Trichosellus cupes . Eupanychis spinosz Canidia scissa Palada scarletina Sympistis proprius . Heliodes restrictalis Heliosea pictipennis Eupseudomorpha brillians Larva of Psychomorpha epimenis Pseudalypia crotchi XVili PAGE - 194 - 199 - 199 . 200 1200 . 201 . 202 . 203 . 205 205 . 206 . 209 5 AR 22 5 D3} | DA 5 AKO . 216 5 AM} 220 2am p2om 222i 223 21228 = 224 2225 » 225 . 226 . 226 226 . 229 5229) - 230 » 230 = 231 232 232 FIG. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. ae 172s 5% 174. 175. 176. Wie 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. List of Illustrations in the Text Larva of Euthisanotia grata Acherdoa ferraria Neumeegenia poetica . Autographa brassice . Diastema tigris Eutelia pulcherrima Alabama argillacea, egg, larva, aad tie Anepischetos bipartita Diallagma lutea . Incita aurantiaca Trichotarache assimilis Thalpochares etheria . Gyros muiri Tornacontia sutrix Cerathosia tricolor Hormoschista pagenstecheri Sylectra erycata . Melanomma auricinctaria Argillophora furcilla Parora texana : Capnodes punctivena . Selenis monotropa . Latebraria amphipyroides Epizeuxis americalis Epizeuxis zmula Zanclognatha protumnusalis Sisyrhypena orciferalis Hypenula cacuminalis Hypenula opacalis . Tetanolita mynesalis Dircetis pygmeza Salia interpuncta . Lomanaltes eductalis . Hypena humuli . Eunystalea indiana . Euphyparpax rosea Cargida cadmia Hemerocampa leucostigma, noth SxGIEK: PAGE - 233 - 234 - 235 - 239 . 241 242) - 243 - 245 - 245 . 246 . 246 - 249 - 249 . 250 - 253 - 253 - 254 » 255 » 255 - 255 - 277 List FIG, 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191. 192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 20% here 2M» BW), 214. 215. 216. ANG la 218. 219. of Illustrations in the Text Hemerocampa leucostigma, female moth, male and female pupz . Hemerocampa ee full aoe ‘eaale nee « Doa ampla . Leuculodes Teereolarialk Hypopacha grisea . Malacosoma americana, eggs, ean, aa cocoon . Malacosoma disstria, mature larva Malacosoma disstria Larva of Bombyx mori Cocoon of Bombyx mori. Moth of Bombyx mori Eudeilinea herminiata . A Paleacrita vernata, egg, and eve Paleacrita vernata, male and female moths Alsophila pometaria, egg, larva, and pupa . Moths of Alsophila pometaria . Larva of Eois ptelearia Moth and cocoon of Eois aidlenite Fernaldella fimetaria Cymatophora ribearia, moth Egg of Goose-berry span-worm . Goose-berry span-worm . Coniodes plumigeraria Coniodes plumigeraria, larva Nigetia formosalis Oiketicus abboti : Thyridopteryx anihonansiiormats : Harrisina americana, larva, and moth . Harrisina americana, larve on grape-leaf . Zeuzera pyrina Inguromorpha basalis . Cossula magnifica . Synanthedon acerni Desmia funeralis . : Glyphodes qraulestonelis : Phlyctzenodes sticticalis . Phlyctzenodes sticticalis, larva KX PAGE 5 07] BOR . 309 . 310 : Be 5 BS BB 5 5A 5 Sle = BO . 316 . 320 2 325 . 325 5 320 "326 - 334 2 BD) 25)3)1| . 340 . 340 = BAI : 340 . 346 . 358 =» BO + BOM 5 B72 Se "370 5 Bye SOD . 386 . 392 - 394 o Se) . 396 FIG. 220. DPVc 222. Ay. 224. 225. 226. Dore 228. 2209. 230. 231. 232. B38, 234. 235. 236. 237. 238. 239. 240. 241. 242. 243. 244. 245. 246. 247. 248. 240. 250. ore 252. 253. 254. 255. 256. 257. List of Illustrations in the Text Phlyctznodes sticticalis, pupa Hypsopygia costalis Pyralis farinalis . : Diatrzea saccharalis, larvze : : Cornstalk attacked by Diatrza snacnenelis : Moth and pupa of Diatrzea saccharalis The Bee-moth. Mineola juglandis Mineola indigenella, larve and anetn Mineola indigenella, larval case among leaves . Zophodia grossularie . Canarsia hammondi Ephestia kuehniella Cocoons of Ephestia ene Larva of Ephestia cautella Ephestia cautella Plodia interpunctella . Oxyptilus periscelidactylus . Orneodes hexadactylus Eucosma scudderiana . Ancylis comptana . Cydia pomonella Alceris minuta . : Phthorimeea operculella Gnorimoschema gallzsolidaginis Anarsia lineatella, larve . Anarsia lineatella, moths Depressaria heracliana Holcocera glandulella . Walshia amorphella Bucculatrix canadensisella Bucculatrix pomifoliella : Tineola bisselliella (The Clothes- TAS) Tinea pellionella. (The Fur-moth) . Trichophaga tapetzella. (The Carpet-moth) . Prodoxus quinquepunctella, larve Prodoxus quinquepunctella, moth Prodoxus marginatus . XXi PAGE . 396 . 400 . 401 . 403 . 404 . 405 . 406 . 408 . 409 . 410 . All AI 2 A . 413 . 414 . 414 5 AIG . 416 eA] AIS: . 419 . 420 Aol . 424 . 425 _ ALG 5 AY List of Illustrations in the Text FIG 258. 259. 260. 261. 262. 263. Prodoxus y-inversa . Prodoxus reticulata Prodoxus coloradensis Prodoxus cinereus Pronuba yuccasella Pronuba yuccasella, pupe . XXil PAGE . 440 . 440 . 440 . 441 . 442 442 EIS OF COLORED ELADES Produced by the color-photographic process of the American Colortype Company, New York and Chicago FACING PAGE Il, JUAIAVES OIC a) G6 ee ae ae ee dary a Hee Sphingidzes (Mawicmoths) pe weenie lee eae ADioa Mee Sphingidas (haw kimeoths)Scen Won eis acne) ey on 4Sen IWeeSphinevdaer (daw kmoshs)\y snc pee cs oe ek 56) Va Splatinwices (slawyisinolns) < 56 9a Bo ba ar Vi, Solntnatees (Geeylametin)) 4 5 2 696 674 6 5 God WileeSpmincida (Maw kimoths) asain luck e) ale FOr MllmesavunmitdeCeratocampidcr Gc. ju iy ie yes SOL De@eSatuniniidasy Sew a) cork es ea Wi Ae ye Odi X. Saturniide, Ceratocampide, Lasiocampide . . . oe XI. Saturniide, Ceratocampide, Lasiocampide, &c. . . 92” XII. Saturniidz, Cosside, Lasiocampide. . ... . 96% MIM: Syntomidz, Lithosiide, Arctiide. . . ... .. 2 108” SOV MAT CUIIG cern nrc Pon RrrTb emma el Ay ete). Tes VAP Arctiidae ak in Uae le ee ek Ul ae it XVI. Arctiide, &c. PT ds Mayne MO TAUSAY aS Te em VY Mevilteranctida, Aganistide, Noctuidae a. a0. =). 2 140) 2S WIV INCUTCE: ae AEE ee Omri ty Five ls hae ee MLD (Lo JID Xo INOXCTIOUGG EE Sn ia Paar eames Nair uci ee SUE aN ER Nasdiag (0) (oy OC NO CEU Ws he tees ar yah merc eng RN i TO KOMIREING ctinidcomr vag Opus) So nS ea a no PONOIEmINO tua. yy ie ire) hein ea tae aE TET RS Y Pe CEINO EMG heen bamepee: (a. cid te UAM yam hrs uae GUL OIWe NO etd stu We Woo. eu) Sa) ania Ne nel aoa OAVE NC GUMIG ce ie tcirettia tee)! rice ame WORM ter uee wh BUOL NS Wale: NICYETIUDIG IE SL Anas SFI Rae a A) XN List of Colored Plates XXVII. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. XXXI. XXXII. XX XIII. XXXIV. XXXV. XXXVI. XXXVII. XXX VIII. XXXIX. We XLI. XLII. XLII. XLIV. XLV. XLVI. XLVII. XLVIII. Noctuidz Noctuidz Noctuidz Noctuidz Noctuidz Noctuide Noctuidz Noctuidz Noctuide Noctuidz Noctuidz Pericopide, Dipti Liparide Megalopyeide, &c. Notodontidz Notodontide, There &c. : Lasiocampidz, Hepialidz, Psychidz, Platyptery- 314° gide, Lacosomide, &c. : Noctuidz, ‘Nycteolide, Geometridz Geometridz ee eb es Geometridze Geometride /Egeriide Cochlidiide, Zyg wean, TMasvasticles, Poetics Pyralidz, Tortricidae, Tineidz, &c. : WA es f INDKODU CITON CHAPTER | THE LIFE-HISTORY AND ANATOMY OF MOTHS “T suppose you are an entomologist ?” “Not quite so ambitious as that, sir. I should like to put my eyes on the individual entitled to that name. No man can be truly called an entomologist, sir; the subject is too vast for any single human intelligence to grasp.” OLIVER WENDELL HoLMEs, Zhe Poet at the Breakfast Table. THE great order of the scale-winged insects, or /epidoptera, by the consent of almost all naturalists has been subdivided into two suborders, the Rhopalocera, or Butterflies, and the Hefero- cera, or Moths. As Dr. David Sharp well says, ‘‘The only definition that can be given of Heterocera is the practical one that all Lepidoptera that are not butterflies are Heterocera.”* The distinction made between butterflies and moths, accord- ing to which all lepidoptera having clubbed antennz are to be classified as Rhopalocera, or butterflies, and those without clubbed antennz are to be classified as Heterocera, or moths, while holding good in the main, yet is found with the increase of our knowledge to have exceptions, and there are a few fami- lies of lepidoptera, apparently forming con- necting links between the butterflies and the moths, in which, while most of the structural characteristics are those of the Heterocera, the antennez are distinctly clubbed. This is true of the Castniidw, found in tropical America, Fic. r.— Dahlia the Neocastnitde of the Indo-Malayan region, bese: peeee: the Euschemonide of Australia, and certain obscure genera of the Agaristidv, among them that remarkable insect, Dahlia hespertoides Pagenstecher, which occurs in the *Cambridge Natural History, Vol. VI. p. 366. 3 The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths Bismarck Archipelago and the island of Buru. When, a few years ago, | communicated a specimen of this strange little moth to Sir George F. Hampson, he suggested that a trick had been played and that the head of a butterfly (a skipper) had been affixed to the body of a moth, but such was not the case, as a considerable series of specimens in my possession showed. The incident reveals that in classification hard and fast lines, based upon the character of a single organ, can not be always adhered to. There is scarcely any generalization in reference to-organic structures which students have made which has not been found with the increase of knowledge to have its limitations. While all this is true, it is nevertheless also true that, so far as the lepidoptera of the United States and the countries of British North America are concerned, the old distinction between the two suborders, based upon the form of the antennz, holds good, with the sole excep- tion of the insects belonging to the genus Megathymus, which are by many authors classified with the Castniida@, and by others with the Hesperitd@. In the ‘‘ Butterfly Book” I have left these insects with the Hesperiid@. Leaving them out of sight, we may say that all lepidoptera found in the region with which this book deals, and which do not possess clubbed antennz, are moths. The easiest way for the beginner who lives in the United States, or Canada, to ascertain whether the insect before him is a moth, is to first familiarize himself with the structure of the antennz of butterflies, and then by comparison to refer the specimens before him to their proper suborder. Moths undergo metamorphoses analogous to those through which butterflies pass. They exist first in the embryonic form as eggs. When the eggs hatch the insects appear as larve, or caterpillars. They are then, after undergoing a series of molts, transformed into pupe, or chrysalids, which may be naked, or may be provided with an outer covering, known as the cocoon, which is more or less composed of silk. After remaining for some time in the pupal state, they appear as perfect four-winged, six-footed insects. THE EGGS OF MOTHS The eggs of moths, like those of butterflies, consist of a shell containing the embryo and the liquid food upon which it subsists 4 The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths until it has attained the degree of maturity which permits it to hatch, or come forth in the first larval stage. The eggs of moths have various forms. Spherical, hemispherical, cylin- drical, and lenticular, or lens-shaped eggs arecommon. The eggs of the Cochlidide, or Slug-moths, are broad and very flat, looking like microscopic pancakes. The surfaces of the eggs of moths are seen under a micro- Tie. alias ot scope to be more or less ornamented by Peridroma saucia, raised lines and sculpturings. While insome 8*¢#4ly enlarged. cases the eggs of moths are beautifully spotted and mottled, they are generally quite plain in color, white, pale green, bluish- green, or brown. Like the eggs of butterflies, they are provided with a micropyle. The micropyle, in the case of such eggs as are globular, conical, or cylindrical, is situated on top. In the case of those eggs which are flattened or lenticular, the micro- pyle is located on the outer margin or rim. The eggs are always laid by the female in a state of freedom upon that food-plant which is most congenial to the larva. In captivity moths will often deposit their eggs in the receptacle in which they are con- fined. In such cases, unless the observer knows the food-plant upon which the species feeds, he will be apt to have great difficulty in rearing the larve, unless by a Fic. 3.—Eggof Samia happy chance he succeeds experimentally pee ey in ascertaining the proper plant. This may sometimes be done by introducing the leaves of a number of plants found in the neighborhood and observing those to which the young caterpillars resort. The date of oviposition varies with different families and genera. Some moths deposit their eggs in the fall and the young insect passes the winter in the egg, emerging when the early springtime brings opening flowers and leaves. Some moths lay their eggs in the late summer and early fall; the eggs hatch shortly afterward, and the larve, after molting one or more times, hibernate in the caterpillar state, and in the following spring resume the process of feeding and molting until such time as they are ready to undergo further transformation. Most 5 The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths moths in temperate regions oviposit in the spring or early summer, and the eggs hatch shortly afterward. THE CATERPILLARS OF MOTHS The caterpillars of moths are of course extremely small when they first emerge from the egg. They, however, rapidly increase in relative size as they continue the process of feeding and molting, and in the case of some of the larger species become to the ignorant and uninformed even formidable in appear- ance. The larva of the Royal Walnut-moth, or ‘‘ Hickory Horn- Devil,’’ as it is sometimes called, is a striking object. (See Plate ], Fig. 4.) Specimens six and seven inches in length are not at alluncommon. With its curved horns and numerous spines it presents to the uninitiated a truly repellent aspect. The larve of the Heterocera, like those of the Rhopalocera, are principally phytophagous, that is to say, they feed upon vege- table matter. The food of the vast majority consists of the leaves of grasses, shrubs, and trees. A few larve feed upon woody tissues, and hore long galleries under the bark or in the wood of trees. Others feed upon the pith of herbaceous plants. A number of species feed upon the inside of growing fruits. Only a very few species are known to be carnivorous. In Australia there occurs a Galleriid moth, the larva of which burrows into the fatty tissues of one of the great wood-boring caterpillars of the region, and preys upon it somewhat as is done by the great family of parasitic Hymenoptera, known to scientific men as the Ichneumonidae. Certain Phycids and Noctuids feed upon scale- insects, in the same way in which the larva of the butterfly known as Feniseca tarquinius feeds upon the same class of in- sects. Among the 7inezd@ there are certain species which, as is well known, feed upon hair and on horn. Every house- wife is more or less acquainted with the ravages committed by the destructive larvz of the clothes-moth. There is considerable variety in the form of heterocerous larve, and still greater variety in the manner in which their bodies are adorned by various growths and colors. The body, as is the case with the larve of the Rhopalocera, is composed normally of thirteen rings or somites, anterior to which is the head. 6 The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths The head is usually prominent, and is provided with man- dibles, or jaws, eyes, rudimentary antenne, maxillz, palpi, and a spinneret for the production of silk. The head may be globular, hemispherical, or conoid. It is sometimes cleft on top, or bifid. It is generally more or less retractile, or capable of being drawn back, so as to be partially concealed in the folds of the anterior somite of the body. Of the thirteen somites forming the body of the caterpillar, the three foremost are thoracic, and each is furnished with a pair of legs which correspond to the six legs of the perfect insect, or imago. The last two somites of the body are often so closely united with each other as to be superficially indistinguishable. The somites from the third to the eleventh inclusive are provided on either side with spiracles connecting with the trachee, through which the creature receives the external air in order to the oxy- dization of the waste products of the circulation. Fic. 4.—Larva of Hyloicus kalmia@: a, thoracic legs; b, prolegs; c, anal proleg; d, anal horn; e, head. The body is usually supported at the middle and at the end by prolegs, or false legs. In the majority of families there are four pairs of these prolegs, situated upon the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth somites, and a fifth pair situated on the thirteenth or last somite. The latter pair are called the anal prolegs. In the larve of the greater portion of the Geometridae, and in those of numerous Nocfuid@, the prolegs are reduced in number, and in many of the Psychidw they appear to be wholly wanting. In most of the Geometride the pair found on the ninth and thirteenth somites are the only prolegs, and therefore in order to progress the creature makes a series of movements in which the body is looped upward. These caterpillars are 7 The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths known as ‘‘loopers”’ or ‘‘ measuring-worms.”” When, as is the case with many genera of the Noctuide, a less complete abortion of the prolegs occurs, and only a partial approximation to the movement employed by the larve of the Geometride is wit- nessed, the caterpillars are said to be ‘‘half-loopers,” or ‘‘semi- loopers.’’ As examples of such caterpillars we may cite those belonging to the genus Plusza, in which there are only two pairs of abdominal prolegs. In the family of the Megalopygide the prolegs are supplemented by sucker-like pads on the somites ranging from the fifth to the tenth, inclusive. In the Cochlidiide the prolegs are wanting, their function being wholly assumed by such sucker-like pads, ranging on the ventral surface from the fourth to the eleventh somites, inclusive. In the Eriocephalide, which are regarded as ancestral forms, there are, as has been pointed out by Dr. T. A. Chapman, eight pairs of abdominal prolegs and an abdominal sucker situated upon the ninth and tenth somites, having the shape of a trefoil or clover leaf. These larvee are further remarkable in having well-developed antenne. After the larvae have emerged from the egg and fed for a longer or shorter period, the outer skin, or epidermis, becomes too small to admit of further growth, and the insect then molts, or sheds its skin, and resumes feeding until increased develop- ment makes another molt necessary. The number of such molts varies in the case of different species. Ordinarily, hetero- cerous caterpillars do not molt more than five times before trans- forming into pupz, but some genera molt as often as ten times, while others only molt thrice. The skin which is cast off pre- serves the outline not only of the body, but also of the horn-like processes, the hairs, and various other appendages attached to the body at the time of molting. The molting period is a critical time in the life of larve, and those who are endeavoring to rear them should never disturb them in the least at this time. The bodies of the larve of moths are covered with tubercles, the location and arrangement of which has in recent years received considerable attention from students, and is thought to furnish a clue to the lines of descent of certain families. These tubercles sometimes carry only a single hair, in other cases they carry large tufts of hairs; they may be small and inconspicuous, or they may be developed until they assume the form of great 8 The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths spines, horns, or bulbous projections. The hairs and spines with which some larve are ornamented possess stinging proper- ties. This is true of some genera among the Saturniide and the Cochlidiide in temperate America and of many genera in the same families and among the Lasiocampide in the tropics. The sting- ing hairs of a large caterpillar found in tropical Africa are employed by the natives in preparing the poison which they put upon their arrows. The inflammation caused by these hairs, even in the case of specimens long dead, I know from personal experience to be very severe. The coloration of caterpillars is often very striking and beau- tiful, and in most cases is such as to adapt them more or less to their surroundings in life. Cases of protective mimicry are very numerous. A beautiful illustration of this is seen on Plate I(, fig. 15, where the singular form of the caterpillar, combined with its green tint, suggests the serrated edge of the leaf of the elm, upon which plant it feeds. There is almost endless diversity in the modifications of form and color in the larval stages of moths, and they are as characteristic as are the forms and colors of the perfect insects. There is much diversity in the social habits of the larve of moths. Some are gregarious and exist in colonies which disperse at the time of pupation; but there are a few singular instances, in which the communistic instinct perdures, and leads the entire colony to form a common cocoon, or envelope of silk, in which each individual subsequently spins a smaller cocoon for itself. In 1893 | had the pleasure of communicating some information in regard to this curious phase of insect life to the pages of the journal of the Cambridge Entomological Club (See Psyche, Vol. VI., p. 385). This habit is characteristic of certain genera of African moths, but has not thus far been observed as occur- ring in the case of any American species. THE PUPA: OF MOTHS When the caterpillar has gone through its successive molts and attained to full development it undergoes the transformation known as pupation. From a life of freedom and motion it passes into a condition in which freedom and almost all power of motion are lost. The flexible and more or less agile body is 9 The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths encased in hard chitinous rings and sheathings. As a measure of protection during this stage, the insect, before transforming into a pupa, descends into the earth, and forms there a cell at a greater or lesser depth beneath the surface, or else weaves a cocoon of silk about its body. In some cases the transformation takes place at the surface of the earth under leaves or under fallen branches and the loose bark of trees. In almost all such cases there is apparently an at- ee a pase Relais tempt, though often slight, to throw polyphemus. (Riley.) a few strands of silk about the body of the caterpillar, if only to hold in place the loose material amidst which transformation is to occur. The forms assumed in the pupal stage are not as remarkably diversified as in the larval or imaginal stages. The pupe of moths are generally brown or black in color, though a few are more or less variegated. The bright golden and silvery spots which ornament the pupz of many species of butterflies, causing them to be called chrysalids, are seldom, if ever, found. While the change into a pupa might at first sight appear to the superficial observer to be disadvantageous because of the loss of motion and the imprisonment within narrow bounds, it neverthe- less distinctly marks a progression in the life of the creature. The pupal case contains within it the moth, as may easily be ascertained by a care- ful dissection made in the very earliest period after the change has occurred, and which becomes very evident at a later time when the period of the pupal life is drawing to its close. In the cocoon or in the cell in which pupation has taken place will always be found the exuviz, or the larval skin, etc., of the caterpillar, which have been cast off. When the time comes for the perfect insect to emerge from the pupa, nature has provided methods by which escape from the prison cell underground, or the tightly woven cocoon, can be effected. Inthe case of those pupz which lie deeply buried Fic. 6.—Pupa of Cut-worm inearthen cell. (Riley.) 10 The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths under the soil escape is made by means of the power possessed by the abdominal somites, or rings, of moving with a sort of spiral twist. The pupa ‘‘wriggles” itself upward through the soil until it reaches the surface, following in its course the line of least resistance, which is generally the line through which the larva burrowed downward to its hiding place. In this movement the pupz are often aided by spinous projections at the lower edge of the somites which prevent backward motion. When emer- gence from a cocoon occurs, the insect is provided with the power of ejecting from its mouth a fluid, which has the property of dissolving and cutting the silken threads. When the moth first emerges from the pupa its wings are soft and flabby and its body is long and vermiform. The first act is to secure a quiet resting place. The fluids of the body are in the process of circulation rapidly absorbed from the abdominal region, and, pressing out- ward under the action of the heart, cause the wings to expand and assume their normal form and the other parts to acquire adjustment. There is no more interesting spectacle than to witness the rapid development of a moth from its apparently helpless condition at emergence from the pupal stage into an insect strong of wing and often gloriously beautiful in color. THE ANATOMY OF MOTHS The body of all lepidoptera consists of three subdivisions, the head, the thorax, and the abdomen. The head bears the princi- pal organs of sense and of nutrition, the thorax those of locomo- tion, and the abdomen those of generation and in large part those of assimilation, respiration, and circulation. The reader who desires to ascertain the names and the func- tion of the various organs of the body of moths may consult in this connection the corresponding portion of the ‘‘ Butterfly Book,” in which the principal facts have been fully set forth as to the diurnal lepidoptera. The anatomy of moths does not radically differ in its main outlines from that of the Rhopalocera. The same names are applied to the parts, and the differences which occur are not so much differences in function as in outline. In studying the head of moths we find that as a rule the head is not as prominent as is the case in butterflies. It is more retracted, as a rule, though in the case of some families, It The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths as the Sphingida, it is produced well in advance of the thorax, but even in such cases it is generally more solidly attached to the ante- rior part of the thorax and is less mobile than in the butterflies. The suctorial apparatus is formed in the moths as in the case of the butter- flies by the peculiar modification of the maxilla into semi-cylindrical and inter- locking tubes forming the proboscis. This is enormously produced in some groups, enabling the insect to hover upon the wing over flowers and rob their cups Fie. 7.—Head of a f 9 : moth wiewedl oman. ol the honey whichithey contain @aalins front. a, antenna; c, is especially true of the Sphingide@ and Ae Onna some subfamilies of the Noctuidae. In other cases, as in the family of the Satur- nude and Bombycide, the proboscis is very feebly developed or aborted. In fact, we know that some of these creatures are without mouths and that they do not partake of nourishment in the winged state. They are simply animate, winged reservoirs of reproductive energy, and, when the sexual functions have been completed, they die. i The eyes of moths are often greatly developed. This is especially true of those species which are crepuscular in their hab- its. The eyes of the heterocera are, as in all other insects, compound. They may be naked, or may be more or less studded with hairs, or lashes, projecting from points lying at the juncture of the various facets making ONES staal of A up the organ. This fact has been utilized to moth viewed from the some extent in classification. Ocelli, or hoe be Bea ee minute simple eyes, subsidiary to the large maxillary palpus;J.p., compound eyes, occur in some forms, He pogo FeO just above the latter, but are generally so concealed by the covering of the head as to be only recognizable by an expert observer. The labial palpi of moths, as of butterflies, consist of three joints, but there is far greater diversity in the development of the palpi among the moths than among the butterflies. In some 12 The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths cases they are but very feebly developed, in others they attain relatively enormous proportions and strangely eccentric forms. Maxillary palpi are found in some groups. The maxillary palpi have two joints. The antenne of moths, which, as has already been pointed out, differ greatly in form from those of butterflies, are attached to the head in the same relative location as in butterflies. Antennz may be filiform, threadlike, fusiform, spindle-shaped, or dilate, more or less swollen toward 6 the tip. They may be simple, Fic. 9—Antenne of moths. 1, 7. é., without lateral projec- fusiform; 2, filiform; 3, dilate; 4, L ie he ciliate; 5, bipectinate; 6, setose- tions, but this is rarely the ciliate; 7, fasciculate; S, dentate; case. The shaft may be set 9, serrate; ro, lamellate. with cilia, or small hair-like projections on the side of the joints. Such antenne are said to be ciliate. Sometimes instead of cilia we find bristle-shaped projec- tions on the joints. These are called sefose antenne. In some Fic. to.—Antenna of Telea polyphemus. Plu- mose; doubly bipectinate. (From ‘‘ Insect Life,” Vol. VII. p. 40.) forms both cilia and bristles occur on the antenne. When the bristles are arranged in clusters on the joints of the antenne they are said to be fasciculate. Many forms have tooth-like projections on the antennz; in such cases the antenne are described as den- 13 The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths tate. The form and arrangement of the joints may be such as to suggest the teeth of a saw; such antennz are said to be serrate. When on the lower side of the joints of the antenne there are minute plate-like projections, the antennz are described as Jamel- late. Many moths have pectinate antenne, the projections resem- bling little combs, which may be arranged singly or in pairs on each joint. Occasionally, but not often, there are two pairs of such appendages on each joint. When the pectination is excessive, So as to cause the antennz to resemble a feather, they are said to be plumose. Figures 9 and 1o illustrate some of these forms. In addition to the peculiarities which have just been mentioned, antennez may be variously adorned with scales, especially upon the upper side of the shaft, and they may be notched, or provided with knot-like enlargements, in which case they are said to be nodose, or they may be curved, or bent in peculiar ways, when they are described as sznuate. The thorax, as in butterflies, consists of three segments, the prothorax, the mesothorax, and the metathorax. The pro- thorax bears the tegulz or collar-lappets, the patagia, or shoulder- lappets, and the anterior pair of legs. The mesothorax carries the second pair of legs and the fore wings. The metathorax the last pair of legs and the hind wings. The abdomen, just as in butterflies, is normally composed of nine segments, though the modifications of the terminal seg- ments are often such as to make it difficult to recognize so many. At the base of the thorax is situated a pair of large tracheal spiracles, and on the other segments pairs of smaller spiracles. Through these spiracles respiration is carried on. At the end of the abdomen, more or less concealed by variously arranged tufts of hair, are the organs of generation, which have in recent years been studied quite closely by a few authors and are useful in distinguishing species. The legs of moths are composed of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus, the latter composed of five joints, and armed at its end with two more or less developed hooks, or claws, known technically as the wngues, and also a pulvillus, or pad, just back of the claws on the lower side. The legs are armed with spines and spurs, and there are different sexual appendages in the males of various genera. The cut (Figure 11) shows the structure 14 The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths of the legs. It will be well for the student to thoroughly famil- jarize himself with the location and names of the different parts indicated in this and the following figure. Fic. 11.—Legs of a Moth. (From ‘‘Packard’s Guide,” p. 231.) 1. Fore Lec. 2. MIDDLE Lec. 3. HIND Lec. Guncoxar u. Ungues. t. Trochanter. p. Pulviilus. fj. Femur. sp.1. Single anterior spur. t, ‘Tibia. sp. 2. Paired medial spurs. tar. Tarsus. sp. 3. Two pairs of posterior spurs. The structure of the wings of moths is essentially like that of butterflies, and consists of a framework of hollow tubes which support a double membrane which bears upon its surfaces the scales, which overlap each other like the tiles upon the roof of a house. The tubes, which are known as veins, communicate with the respiratory system and are highly pneumatic. They are also connected with the circulatory system, and are furnished, at least through their basal portions, with nerves. The fore wing has normally twelve veins. The hind wing has also in primitive forms, as the Hepzalidav, twelve veins, but in the vast majority of cases this number has been reduced, and eight veins is the number which is found in the majority of cases in the hind wing. The accompanying figures, with their expla- nations, will suffice far better than any mere verbal explanation to explain the structure of the wings of moths. (See Figures 12 and 13.) The relative position of vein five in relation to the median or subcostal systems has been much utilized in recent years by systematists in their classification of the various groups. 15 v The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths The fore and hind wings in some of the primitive forms are not connected with each other in the operation of flight. In the Hepialide there is a lobe near the base of the primaries which is Fic. 12.—Diagram of Wings of a Moth. (After Hampson’s ‘‘Moths of India,” Vol. I., with modifications.) A. Fore Winc. B. HIND WING. c.m. Costal margin. c.n. Costal nervure, vein 12 of fore wing, om. Outer margin. 8 of hind wing. a.m. Inner margin. s.m. Subcostal nervure. a.a. Apex. m.m. Median nervure. t.a. Inner angle. t a,b,c. Three branches of internal nervure. c. Discoidal cell. 2,3,4. Three branches of median nervure. d. Discocellulars. 5. Lower radial. ar. Areole. 6. Upper radial. j. Frenulum. 7,8,9,10,11. Five subcostal branches of fore wing. 7. Subcostal nervure of hind wing. known as the jugum, but it does not appear to serve the practical functions of a yoke. This is illustrated in Figure 13. In the vast majority of cases a connection between the fore and hind wings is made by means of the frenu/um on the hind wing, which hooks into the retinaculum upon the fore wing, as illustrated in Figure 14. The form of the frenulum is of use in determining the sex of specimens, as in the case of the males it consists of a single curved, hook-like projection, whereas in the case of the females it is split up into a number of bristles. However, in some 16 The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths groups, as the Phycitine, the frenulum is simple in both sexes. In some of the families the frenulum is aborted, and its function is assumed by a lobe-like expansion of the basal portion of costa of the hind wing. The nomenclature of the parts of the wings of moths is not essentially different from that which is employed J in describing the wings of butterflies. There are, however, certain conventional terms which have been applied by authors to the markings upon the wings, espe- ee a Maes cially of the Noctuid@, and Figure 15 will ified. j, jugum. serve to explain and illustrate these terms. A great deal of useful information in regard to the anatomical structure of the Lepidoptera, and of moths in particular, may be Fic. 14.—Frenulum and Retinaculum. (From “Moths of India,’’ Vol. I.) I. 63; 2. 9.—A. Fore Winc. B. Hind Winc. 7. Frenulum. s.n. Subcostal nervure. r. Retinaculum. m.n. Median nervure. c.m. Costalnervure. im. Internal nervure. derived from the study of various manuals and special papers, reference to which will be made hereafter as the various families are successively taken up and studied. Among works to be particularly recommended in this connec- tion are those of Professor A. S. Packard and Professor Comstock’s ‘“Manual for the Study of Insects.” A very useful treatise is found in Professor David Sharp’s two volumes upon the /nsecta contained in the ‘‘ Cambridge Natural History.” Every student, as he advances in the study of the subject, will have frequent occasion to consult these useful books, which embody the results of the most recent researches and are invaluable for purposes of 17 The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths reference. An even more valuable work than these is the great “Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalznz contained in the Collec- ? tion of the British Museum,” which is being prepared by Sir Fic. 15.— Wing of Noctuid Moth. (After Beutenmuller, ‘Bulletin American Museum Natural History,” Vol. XIV., p. 230.) C, collar lappet; tg, patagium or shoulder lappet; T, thorax; ab, abdomen; H, head; p, palpus; E, eye; ant, antenna; b, basal line; bd, basal dash; ta, transverse anterior line; cl, claviform; or, orbicular; ms, median shade; ren, reniform; tp, transverse posterior line; ap, apical patch; apex, apex; tl, terminal lunules; st, subterminal line; jr, fringes; om, outer margin; /a, hind angle; ds, discal mark; e/, exterior line; an, anal angle; 7m, inner margin. George F. Hampson, and published by the Trustees. The endeavor in this work is to give a complete view of the entire subject in compact form, and the learned author has enlisted the cooperation of the most distinguished lepidopterists through- out the world in the prosecution of his great task. The work is of course somewhat expensive, but the working lepidcpterist cannot well do without it. Much help may also be derived from the older works of Burmeister and Westwood, which, though old, are far from being obsolete and useless. 18 : CHAPTER II THE CAPTURE, PREPARATION, AND PRESERVATION OF SPECIMENS “ Does he who searches Nature’s secrets scruple To stick a pin into an insect ?”’ A. G. GEHLENSCHLAGER, Aladdin’s Lamp. EVERYTHING that has been said in ‘‘ The Butterfly Book” in reference to the capture, preparation, and preservation of speci- mens holds good in the case of the Heterocera. Inasmuch, however, as many of the moths are exceedingly minute in form, it is worth while to state that a greater degree of care must be observed in the collection and preservation of these minute species than is necessary in the case of even the smallest butter- flies. The best method of collecting the micro-lepidoptera is to put them, after they have been netted, into pill-boxes, which have glass covers, or into vials or test tubes of large size. These receptacles may be carried ina bag or pocket by the collector. When he has returned from the field, the specimens may be killed by subjecting them to the action of sulphuric ether applied to the corks of the vials, or introduced into the boxes on a camel’s-hair pencil. By dipping the cork into the ether and moistening it with a drop or two and then replacing it in the vial the insect is stunned. Sometimes two or three successive applications of ether are necessary. When the insect has been killed and is still Fic. 16.—Setting needle used in adjusting wings of micro- lepidoptera upon the glass surface of the setting board. lax, it is fixed upon a small silver pin of a size proportionate to that of its body, and is then transferred to the setting board. Setting boards for mounting micro-lepidoptera should be made 19 The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens differently from setting boards commonly used for butterflies and larger moths. The best form known to the writer is one, which has for many years been employed by Mr. Herbert H. Smith, the vet- eran collector. Small pieces of glass about one inch square, with their edges very lightly beveled, so as to remove all sharpness, are spaced upon a strip of cork fastened to a wide piece of soft pine in such a way that an interval of from one-sixteenth to one- eighth of an inch occurs between them. This serves as the groove to receive the body of the specimen. Having been fixed upon the pin the insect is placed in one of these grooves. The wings are then carefully expanded with a crooked needle fastened in a handle, as illustrated in Figure 16, and are then bound Fic. 17.—Setting board for mounting micro-lepidoptera ; a, pieces of glass attached to papered cork with shellac ; b, base of soft pine ; co., cork ; d, white paper covering cork ; ee, brads, to which setting threads are tied; ff, pins set firmly beyond groove to secure alignment of setting threads; tt, setting threads ; pp, pins to which setting threads are fastened, and which are stuck into the pine base to hold down the wings in position ; #, small silver pin transfixing thorax of specimen. in place by a thread which is held in place by a pin, as shown in Figure 17. Though the wings of these small insects may, when mounted, at first curl up a little under the pressure of the thread drawn across them, they generally recover their position after removal from the setting board. The advantage of mounting these insects upon glass arises from the fact that the sharp point of the needle will glide over the glass and the surface is smooth, 20 The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens so that they are not torn, nor are the fringes and other delicate portions injured. In doing this work it is best to use a reading- glass mounted in a frame, so that the operator can see the objects before him magnified two or three diame- ters. The mounting of micro -lepidoptera taken in the field and put into envelopes, as often has to be done, is a very trying opera- tion. After the insects: have been sufficiently dried they may be set up as double mounts, the small silver pins being thrust through pieces of pith held upon a larger pin. The Fic. 18.—Double Pyralide, the Tortricide and all the smaller pout: micro-lepidoptera should, if possible, be collected in the way which has just been described, and it is only thus that specimens worthy of installation ina well ordered cabinet can be secured. Larger forms may be placed in envelopes if intended to be transmitted to great distances prior tostudy. Larve may be inflated in the manner described in ‘‘ The Butterfly Book.” In all other particulars the directions contained in that volume may be safely followed by the student. © As the moths around a taper, As the bees around a rose, As the gnats around a vapour, So the spirits group and close Round about a holy childhood, as if drinking its repose.” E. B. BROWNING, A Child Asleep. 21 CHAPTER III THE CLASSIFICATION OF MOTHS “The filmy shapes that haunt the dusk.” TENNYSON, Jn Memoriam, xcitt. THE insects of to-day, like the animals of all other classes found upon the globe, represent lines of descent from an ancestry, which runs back into the remote geologic past. The attempt to trace the lines of descent in any order by studying the resem- blance between genera and species as they exist to-day, while throwing considerable light upon the subject, can never yield wholly satisfactory results in the absence of testimony derived from the field of paleontological inquiry. The study of fossil insect life is as necessary to elucidate the story of the development of the insect world, as the study of fossil vertebrates is necessary in order to understand the manner in which existing mammals have been derived from preéxisting forms. At best descent can only be positively asserted within the lines of those groups, to which naturalists have given the name of families. Within these it is possible to declare of this or that genus that it has been possibly, or even probably, derived from the same stock as another. Reference to a common ancestral form may safely be predicated of very few families, so far as such assertion of a common parentage rests upon evidences found in the living structures of to-day. All attempts to classify the lepidoptera in such a manner as to show the derivation of one of the existing families from another, and to maintain a lineal sequence in the order given, must necessarily prove wholly disappointing. The fact is, that the various families represent divergences from the parent stem, which may be likened to the divergence of the branches from the trunk of a tree. Any system of classification, which leaves this 22 The Classification of Moths fact out of sight, is necessarily defective, and as unnatural as it would be for a man to lop off the branches of a tree, and then, laying them down side by side, declare, as he contemplated the result of his labors, ‘‘This is a tree scientifically arranged.” In- asmuch, however, as in books and cabinets serial order must be preserved, the best that the student can do is to collocate those forms, which display some traces of likeness, and give some hint of their common origin. Exceedingly different views have been entertained by natural- ists in recent years in reference to the matters which we are dis- cussing, and various schemes of systematic arrangement have been evolved, many of which are contradictory, and not a few of which appear to the unprejudiced to be more ingenious than natural. Inasmuch as this book is intended for the use not so much of advanced students, as of those who are entering upon the study of the subject, it does not seem to the writer worth while to encumber these pages with what would necessarily be a lengthy recital of the various schemes for classification to which he has alluded. He is inclined to regard the scheme which has been adopted by Sir George F. Hampson in the preparation of his great work upon the moths of the world, which is now being issued by the Trustees of the British Museum, as upon the whole as satisfactory as any which has recently been evolved. Inas- much, however, as Dr. Harrison G. Dyar has quite recently pub- lished a List of the Lepidoptera of the United States, which is certain for many years to come to be used very largely by Ameri- can students in arranging their collections, it has seemed upon the whole to be best to conform the text of the present volume to the serial arrangement given in Dr. Dyar’s List, although the writer differs very positively from the learned author of that work in his views as to the position which should -be held in relation to each other of a number of genera. The last word in reference to the classification of the insects contained in this group has certainly not yet been spoken by any one, and we are very far from having attained in our studies to conclusions which may be accepted as final. For the assistance of students the writer herewith gives a key to the families which are represented in this book, which is based upon the key given by Sir George F. Hampson in the first 23 The Classification of Moths volume of his ‘‘ Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalznz,”’ and in the preparation of which he has been assisted by Dr. Dyar. KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF NORTH AMERICAN HETEROCERA. Antenne not clubbed or dilated, or frenulum present when clubbed or dilated. Frenulum present when not otherwise indicated. .1 1—Hind wing with cell emitting not more than six veins; wings unlike InShape!s iis aiciee ne Shin eas aeerteyare ceases OE SaaS Ge lle ee 2 Hind wing with cell emitting more than six veins; wings similar in Shapes pila sy-calgn sciah les alarauodaheaetieacsameyee tee ay aeaces teacileGar ty oleae ene eae 44 2— Hind swinrewibhiveiny toa bSenitine saree aerate eer 3 andiwineowithiveinincpresentan ae eee cei 22 3—Hore wingawathiveins meaner 4) than Onsite seein ester eee 4 Fore wing with vein 5 from middle of discocellulars or nearer 6 Rel okcho\ir ANP eeepc Aen sun ceca a RA AION els 6-0 0 15 4—Hind wing with vein 8 absent.................. Fam. 4, Syntomide. Jebwavel \yisbayer into Verbavts) joRRENSIME, GooudodsoducbcaccguogodosdoccuGG 5 5——Huindiwangawith!vein 8remote from 7.) eric se ia ae eee 6 Hind wing with vein 8 touching or approximate to 7 beyond cell. ..12 6—Hind wing with vein 8 anastomosing with cell to near or beyond mid dle yeiser ate Me eae ae ears eae En ANS UA 7 Hind wing with vein 8 anastomosing with cell near base only...... 9 Hind wing with vein 8 joined to cell by a bar.. Fam. 14, Liparide. 7=—— OCCU PKESEMb era ares Se ey ee ou cue ecu Me SIC eeehe erence RALE Fam. 6, Arctiidae. Ocelliabsent 0 La eae Ue a be ee etisalat ee 8 8—Fore wing with tufts of raised scales in the cell. .Fam. 20, Nolida. Fore wing without such tufts................ Fam. 5, Lithosvde. 9—Antenne with shaft more or less dilated toward tip..... Br ols 6'5,0.6.0.0 Js SEO PROD A oIOCOS Gols HOO UR Se ONO baba Fam. 7, Agartstida. Asstiesaran withishaftimotidilated ya jaern alee ee eine ieee 10 1o—Hind wing with veins 3 and 4 stalked...... Fam. 10, Pericopide. Hind wing with veins 3 and 4 not stalked...................... Ir 11—Fore wing with costa and inner margin parallel, arched at base.. .. RRO Sa ERR ETT TE RE ore Ere Gators To OL ao aere Fam. 9, Nycteolide. Noreswineatrvonatermn a errr in ieeiereicr Fam. 8, Noctude. 12—Hind wing with vein 1a absent or not reaching analangle........ a auint/egarestes eoallavcec d . pre, fi eit eels ) | abst 7 Bieh te lee eins MISH v 4 ae A SOE) anne SDMA CHD HA “ie onic AY tart) adits piamtitios aH, og: reoanidost Pyoascirre, 2pees rats Pies: 1 is is Ry, af: sais Gaon a QB ono seria) Dele SaaS 5s Nt eee 9 (aa SOOT aaa Rr oa es on as mit it Hios a. NSTSRY cea NEG NCO | “ois eS oat ys stor)! pedal CAMEWSZON SL oo ane ABVEbEGA sutasy\s. 20: MAIGRET | log = SO thee AXA isis apobout BOT 7 Se TSS TO Ove UR 910) leangur ony ce igaqea ott’! ) ponies ons fr’ Ys tet fs er = ( baallol, - » EXPLANATION OF Pate II (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) e Hemorrhagia thetis Boisduval, 3. Hemorrhagia tenuis Grote, 9. Hemorrhagia axillaris Grote & Robinson, 3. Hemorrhagia axillaris Grote & Robinson, 2. Hemorrhagia thysbe Fabricius, 3. Hemorrhagia cimbiciformis Stephens, 2. Hemorrhagia brucet_French, 3. Proserpinus flavofasciata Walker, 9. 9. Euproserpinus phaeton Grote & Robinson, 6. 10. Proserpinus clarkie Boisduval, Q. 11. Pogocolon gaure Abbot & Smith, o. 12. Pogocolon juanita Strecker, 3. 13. Xylophanes tersa Linnzeus, <. 14. Celer1o lineata Fabricius, ©. 1s. Detdamia inscriptum Harris, 3. 16. Sesia titan Cramer, o. 17. LEpistor lugubris Linneus, o'. 18. Amphion nessus Cramer, ©. 19. Sphecodina abbotts Swainson, 6. 20. Celerio intermedia Kirby, 9. 21. Cautethia grotei Henry Edwards, 6. CIR VEER SE) 1S THE Motu Book. PLATE I]. COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND, 1909, Sphingide ‘‘telescoping’”’ into one another, and the anterior portion of the body being often raised, as illustrated in Plate 1, Figure 1. It is alleged that the habit of assuming this posture, suggesting a resemblance to the Egyptian Sphinx, prompted the application of the name to these creatures. The larve are not gregarious, but feed solitarily upon their appropriate food-plants. Some forms pupate in acell deep under the soil, others spin a loose cocoon among damp fallen leaves and pupate at the sur- face. The pupz are as remarkable as the larve. A few genera have the proboscis enclosed in a sheath which is separate along the greater portion of its course from the adjacent wall of the body. This is illustrated in Figure 22. Fic. 22.—Pupa of Protoparce quinquemaculatus. (After Riley.) The Hawkmoths of the United States and Canada fall into five subfamilies, the Acherontiine, the Ambulicine, the Sesiine, the Philampeline, and the Cherocampine. SUBFAMILY ACHERONTIINZE Genus HERSE Oken (1) Herse cingulata Fabricius, Plate VI, Fig. 3, 4, (The Pinkspotted Hawkmoth.) Syn. convoluuli, var. Merian; affinis Goeze; drurei Donovan; pungens Eschsholtz; decolora Henry Edwards. This large and elegant hawkmoth, the larva of which feeds upon sweet-potato vines and various other Convolvulacee, has been confounded by writers with H. convolvuli Linneeus, which it resembles, but from which it is abundantly distinct. The latter species is confined to the old world. H. cingulata, the only species of the genus occurring in the western hemisphere, ranges from Canada to northern Patagonia, and is also found in the Galapagos and Sandwich Islands. I have a specimen taken at sea in the Atlantic, five hundred miles from the nearest land. 43 Sphingide It settled in the cabin of a ship and was caught by the captain of the vessel. Genus COCYTIUS Hubner The genus Cocytius, which includes some of the largest hawkmoths which are known, contains five species, all of which are found in the tropics of the new world. They may easily be recognized by the fact that the third joint of the labial palpi is in both sexes prolonged into a small, sharp, conical, naked horn. The larve, which feed upon the Anonacew, are covered with fine hairs. Only one of the species is found within the faunal limits covered by the present work. It occurs in southern Florida, and in southern Texas as a straggler. (1) Cocytius antzeus Drury, Plate VI, Fig. 1, 9. (The Giant Sphinx.) Syn. carice Muller (non Linneus); jatrophe Fabricius; hydaspus Cramer; medor Stoll; anone Shaw; tapayusa Moore. The species is somewhat variable, specimens from the Antilles being often lighter in color than those from Central America, and the continental portions of its habitat. This lighter form is accepted by Rothschild & Jordan as typical, and the darker form is called by them Cocytins antwus medor Stoll. The difference is hardly sufficiently constant to justify the separation into two subspecies. The insect ranges from Florida into southern Brazil. Genus PROTOPARCE Burmeister The head is prominent. The body is stout and heavy. The tongue in both sexes is at least as long as the body. The palpi are large, ascending, and appressed to the front, having the basal joint long, the second a little shorter, but broader, and the terminal joint minute. The eyes are large, feebly lashed. The tibiz are either without spines, or feebly armed with minute spinules. The mid tarsus is provided with a comb of long bristles. The venation of the wings is typically sphingi- form. The outer margins of the primaries are evenly rounded. There is a slight projection of the secondaries at the extremity of vein 1b. The prevalent colors of the wings are shades of gray, banded and mottled with darker and lighter lines and 44 Sphingidz spots. The abdomen is generally marked on the sides by rows of yellowish spots. The larve are cylindrical with the head rounded. The anal horn curves downward and is granulose. The prevalent colors are shades of green. The segments, from four to eleven inclusive, are marked on the sides with whitish diagonal stripes. The pupa has the tongue-case free, curved, and nearly touching the pectus. This genus, which is confined to the two Americas, includes thirty species, of which four occur within our faunal limits. (1) Protoparce sexta Johanssen, Plate IV, Fig. 2, @. (The Tomato Sphinx.) Syn. carolina Linneus; nicotiane Ménétriés; lycopersict Boisduval. This is one of our commonest hawkmoths. Its larva feeds upon the potato, tomato, and other Solanacew. It ranges over the United States and is represented in Central and South America by several subspecies or local races. (2) Protoparce quinquemaculatus Haworth, Plate IV, Fig. 1, 9. See also text figures 20 and 22. (The Five-spotted Hawkmoth.) Syn. celeus Hubner; carolina Donovan. Like the preceding species, this hawkmoth is very common. Its larva feeds upon the Solanacecw and is particularly destructive to tobacco. It is familiarly known in the South as the *OIGENCEO) Whi (3) Protoparce occulta Rothschild & Jordan, Plate IV, igen 2. (ihe Occult Sphinx) This hawkmoth is found in a number of American collections confounded with P. sexta = carolina Linneus. It may readily be distinguished by the different markings of the hind wings, the absence of the two rows of small white spots on the back of the abdomen, and by the small but conspicuous whitish dot at the end of the cell of the fore wing. It occurs in Texas and Arizona and ranges southward to Central America. Its larval habits are not known. (4) Protoparce rustica Fabricius, Plate VII, Fig.5, 9. (The Rustic Sphinx.) Syn. chionantht Abbot & Smith. The caterpillar of this hawkmoth feeds upon the fringe-bush 45 A Sphingide (Chionanthus) and the jasmine. It is a common species in the southern States and Central America, but is only occasionally found in the northern States. I have not infrequently taken specimens in southern Indiana, and it is now and_ then captured in Pennsylvania and even in New England. Genus CHLAZNOGRAMMA Smith This genus, which is very closely allied to the preceding, may be distinguished from it by the fact that the comb of long bristles of the mid tarsus, which is characteristic of Protoparce, is wanting or reduced to at most one or two bristles. Pulvillus and paronychium present. The eyes are smaller than in Protoparce, and are not lashed. There are two species in the genus, one South American, the other found in the eastern portion of the United States. (1) Chlenogramma jasminearem Guérin, Plate VII, Fig. 6, @. (The Ash Sphinx.) Syn. rotundata Rothschild. The larva of this hawkmoth feeds upon the various species of ash (Fraxinus). It is found in the middle Atlantic States and southward, and ranges as far west as the Mississippi. Genus DOLBA Walker Head small; eyes small and lashed. The antenne are fusiform with a short abrupt hook at the tip. The tibiz are not spinose. The mid tarsus has a comb. The genus, which contains but a single species, is differenti- ated from all those in which the eyes are lashed by the non- spinose tibiz. (1) Dolba hylzus Drury, Plate VI, Fig. 4, 9. (The Papaw Sphinx.) This small, but neatly colored hawkmoth, may readily be distinguished by the figure given in our plate. Its larva, which is green, marked with lateral oblique red bands, commonly feeds upon the papaw, (Asimina triloba), and is generally abundant where that plant is common, as in the Valley of the Ohio. It is also said to feed upon Prinos. It ranges from Canada to the Gulf States and westward to Iowa and Missouri. 46 Sphingide Genus ISOGRAMMA Rothschild & Jordan This genus has been erected by Rothschild & Jordan for the reception of the single species which we figure. The learned authors say: ‘‘In the shortness of the fore tibia and first segment of the fore tarsus the only species of this genus agrees with the species of Ceratomia, and in the preservation of the pulvillus with Chlenogramma, while it differs from both genera in the fore tibia and the extreme apex of the mid tibia being armed with spines. The spinosity of the tibia is an advanced character, not acquired by Ceratomia, while the pulvillus is an ancestral structure already lost in Ceratomia.” (1) Isogramma hageni Grote, Plate IV, Fig. 8,6. (Hagen’s Sphinx.) This obscurely colored hawkmoth, which is liable to be confounded with some of the species of Ceratomia, which it superficially resembles, may be distinguished at a glance by the slightly greenish shade of the primaries and by the absence of the dark-brown border of the hind wings, which is charac- teristic of all the species of Ceratomia. It occurs in Texas. Genus CERATOMIA Harris The tongue is reduced in size. The palpi are small. The eyes are small. The tibdiz are unarmed. There is no comb of bristles on the mid tarsus, the pulvillus is absent, the paronychium is present. The primaries are relatively large with evenly rounded outer margin. The secondaries are slightly produced at the end of vein 18. The species have dissimilar larve. In the case of amyntor the larva has four horn-like projections on the thoracic seg- ments ; in the case of the other two species of the genus the larvee are distinctly and normally sphingiform. The tongue-case of the pupa is not projecting. (1) Ceratomia amyntor Hubner, Plate IV, Fig 6, 9¢. (The Four-horned Sphinx.) Syn. quadricornis Harris; ulmi Henry Edwards. This common hawkmoth, which may be easily recognized by our figure, lives in the larval state upon the elm. It ranges from Canada to the Carolinas and westward through the Mississippi Valley, wherever its food-plant is found. 47 Sphingidz (2) Ceratomia undulosa Walker, Plate VI, Fig. 7, 9. (The Waved Sphinx.) Syn. repentinus Clemens; brontes Boisduval (non Drury). This hawkmoth, which may easily be separated from its congeners by its lighter color and the distinct wavy maculation of the fore wings, lives in the larval stage upon the ash and the privet. It ranges from Maine and Canada to the Carolinas and westward into the trans-Mississippi region east of the great plains. (3) Ceratomia catalpz Boisduval, Plate IV, Fig. 7, ¢@. (The Catalpa Sphinx.) The larva feeds upon various species of catalpa, and has in recent years been charged with doing considerable damage to these trees by denuding them of their foliage. The insect ranges from New Jersey and southern Pennsylvania southward to Florida and westward through the Mississippi Valley, wherever its food-plant occurs. Genus ISOPARCE Rothschild & Jordan Tongue short and weak. Palpi small. Tibiz without spines. The first protarsal segment is short. Hind tibia armed with long spurs. Comb on mid tarsus wanting; pulvillus wanting. Paronychium without lobes. Veins 6 and 7 of the hind wing on a long stalk. (:) Isoparce cupressi Boisduval. (The Cypress Sphinx.) The insect is of an almost uniform brown color on the upper surface of the wings, and may be distinguished from other species by the two con- spicuous parallel dark markings on the limbal area of the fore wings. It is extremely rare in collections, only Fic. 23.—Isoparce cupressi three or four specimens being as yet Bouseinvell. known. It has been reported from Georgia and Florida. Genus DICTYOSOMA Rothschild & Jordan This genus has been erected by Messrs. Rothschild & Jordan for the reception of the single species originally described by Strecker as Sphinx elsa. 48 oe , ,, A L ee ‘ ‘ aay . — > ose ae ey a > i. Soh, py Nine in) e . ee Til aracd™9o yorrawasixd 1 rier a £3 2. {5 est rid PAW Z SONG. eat i i P e HE Pos ooh Baryon mag; rip Meets) Ny “eMC wowalos: 237 OM SE A) MANY WR a SO Stir wae nos . SW die 1 oF Wo Gb Tun ter yi \ ce. if Los RRS eS 7 TMS a ie * Ms aa IG mgt ecrarmtooge off} hotsotbat oztvrodio Jon m5W) BO. WF 30 r@ SSB, {3 ork Tass EXPLANATION OF PuaTE III (When not otherwise indicated the specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) Om An BW NH Pholus vitis Linneus, 3. Pholus fasciatus Sulzer, ©. Darapsa pholus Cramer, ©. Darapsa myron Cramer, . Pholus achemon Drury, ©. Pholus pandorus Hubner, ©. Lapara bombycoides Walker, 3. Hemeroplanes parce Fabricius, ©. Psychomorpha epimenits Drury, &. Dysodia oculatana Clemens, <6’. Pholus labrusce Linneus, 6’. Pachylia ficus Linneeus, @. Darapsa versicolor Harris, o. Arctonotus lucidus Boisduval, ©. Hemorrhagia gracilis Grote & Robinson, 3. : Lapara contjerarum, Abbot & Smith, 9, U.S.N.M. THe Motu Bock Pirate III. COPYRIGHTED BY W. J, HOLLAND, 1909 AMERICAN COLORTYPE CO. N.Y bo Sphingidze (1) Dictyosoma elsa Strecker, Plate V, Fig. 14, 6. (The Elsa Sphinx.) This peculiarly colored hawkmoth, which may easily be recognized by the figure in our plate, occurs in Arizona. A number of years ago Mr. Jacob Doll reared a large number of specimens from the larvae. Since then but few specimens have been obtained, and it is as yet comparatively rare in collections. Genus ATREIDES Holland The generic name Afdreus proposed by Grote and adopted on structural grounds by Rothschild & Jordan for this genus, having been preoccupied by Koch in the Arachnida, | have given the name Afrezdes to the genus, which contains the single species named originally Sphinx plebeja by Fabricius. (1) Atreides plebeja Fabricius, Plate V, Fig. 6, 4. (The Ple- beian Sphinx.) This common species feeds in its larval state upon the trumpet-vine (Tecoma). It ranges from Canada to the Gulf States and westward to the Mississippi, wherever its food- plant is found. It is double-brooded in the Middle States, one brood appearing in June, the second in August. Genus HYLOICUS Hubner This genus, which includes some thirty species, most of which are found in America, though a few occur in Europe and Asia, is represented in our faunal limits by sixteen species, of which eleven are figured in our plates. It corresponds largely with the genus Sphinx as defined by many recent writers. (1) Hyloicus eremitus Hubner, Plate VI, Fig. 6,9. (The Hermit Sphinx.) Syn., sordida Harris. This hawkmoth, which is double-brooded, lives in the larval stage on spearmint (Mentha) and wild bergamot (Monarda). It ranges from New England southward to Georgia, and westward into the Mississippi Valley. It is not uncommon in western Pennsylvania, where it is double-brooded. (2) Hyloicus eremitoides Strecker. (The Hermit-like Sphinx.) Syn., lugens Grote (non Walker). 49 Sphingidze This species, which is allied to the preceding, may be easily recognized by its pale, silvery-gray color, by the almost entire absence of a dorsal stripe on the abdomen, and by the marking of the secondaries, which are grayish-white, having on the outer margin a broad band which is black inwardly, fading into darkish gray near the margin, a median irregularly curved black band, and at the insertion of the wing a black basal patch. The cut (Fig. 24) will enable the student to recognize the species, which is not common in collec- — Fig. 24.—Hyloicus eremitoides. tions. The insect is found in Kansas and the southwestern States. (3) Hyloicus separatus Neumegen, Plate VI, Fig. 10, ¢. (Neumeegen’s Sphinx.) Syn. andromede Boisduval (partim.); lugens Smith (partim.). This species has been confounded with others, but may easily be recognized from the figure which we give in our plate. It ranges from Colorado southward through New Mexico and Arizona into Mexico. (4) Hyloicus chersis Hubner, Plate I, Fig. 1, larva; Plate VII, Fig 8, 9. (The Chersis Sphinx.) This common and widely distributed species ranges from Canada to Florida, westward to the Pacific, and southward into Mexico. Several local races are recognized, that which occurs upon the Pacific coast having been named oreodaphne by Henry Edwards. The caterpillar feeds upon the wild-cherry, the ash, the privet, and other allied plants. The insect is double-brooded in the Middle States, appearing on the wing in the latter part of May, and again in August. (5) Hyloicus vancouverensis Edwards. Syn. vashti Strecker. Form albescens Tepper, Plate VI, Fig. 5, ¢. (The Van- couver Sphinx.) . There are two forms of this hawkmoth, one, Hyloicus van- 50 Sphingide couverensis vancouverensis in which the middle of the thorax is pale gray, and the other, Hyloicus vancouverensis albescens, which has a very dark thorax, and which is figured on our plate. The moth is found from northern California to British Columbia, and eastward to Montana and Alberta. (6) Hyloicus insolita Lintner, Plate V, Fig. 4, ¢. (Lintner’s Sphinx.) This species, which is well represented on our plate, occurs in Texas. It is not common in collections. Rothschild & Jordan regard it as a form of H. libocedrus Henry Edwards, and apparently with reason. (7) Hyloicus perelegans Henry Edwards. (The Elegant Sphinx.) This hawkmoth may be distinguished by the even dark silvery-gray color of the fore wings, which are crossed by a dis- tinct submarginal whitish band. The maculation recalls a dark chersis with the dark thorax and the body of H. drupiferarum. It is found on the Pacific coast. (8) Hyloicus canadensis € Boisduval. Syn. plota Strecker. This species, which is not common, is represented by the accompanying cut (Fig. 25), drawn from a specimen in the Engel Collection in the Carnegie Museum, and taken in Massa- chusetts. It occurs in eastern Canada, northern New York, 4, and New England. (9) Hyloicus kalmiz Abbot & Smith, Plate VI, Fig. 8, ¢. (The Laurel Sphinx.) This hawkmoth feeds in the larval stage upon Rane Chi- onanthus, and Fraxinus. It is not uncommon in the Middle States of the Atlantic coast region, ranging from southern Canada to Georgia. (10) Hyloicus gordius Cramer, Plate V, Fig. 13, 6. (The Gordian Sphinx.) Syn. pecila Stephens. . 25.—Hylowus canadensis. 51 Sphingide The larva of this hawkmoth feeds upon various rosaceous plants, as the wild rose and the crab-apple. It ranges over the Atlantic region from southern Canada and New England to Georgia, and westward to Colorado. (11) Hyloicus luscitiosa Clemens, Plate V, Fig. 1, ¢. (Clemens’ Hawkmoth. ) The caterpillar feeds upon various species of willow. The insect occurs from Canada to the Carolinas, and westward through the eastern portion of the valley of the Mississippi. (12) Hyloicus drupiferarum Abbot & Smith, Plate VII, Fig. 7, 6. (The Wild-Cherry Sphinx.) This common and easily recognizable species ranges over the whole of temperate North America from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The caterpillar feeds upon various trees and shrubs, but seems in the Middle Atlantic States to prefer the wild-cherry as a food-plant. (13) Hyloicus dolli Neumcegen. Form coloradus Smith, Plate IV, Fig. 3, @. (The Colorado Sphinx.) Rothschild & Jordan recognize two forms of this species, H. dolli dolli Neumcegen, and H. dolli coloradus Smith. The latter we figure. The former is prevalently lighter in color than the form coloradus. The insect ranges from Colorado to Arizona. (14) Hyloicus sequoiz Boisduval, Plate V, Fig. 8, $. (The Sequoia Sphinx.) Syn. contferarum Walker (parti). The early stages of this insect we do not remember to have seen described. It occurs on the Pacific coast. Boisduval’s type was found sitting on the trunk of a red-wood tree (Sequoia). (15) Hyloicus pinastri Linnzus. (The Pine Sphinx.) Syn. saniptri Strecker. The late Dr. Strecker reported this species as having been found by him in the vicinity of Reading, Pennsylvania, on one or two occasions. No one else has taken it, so far as is known. It is common in Europe, and has often been figured by European writers. Besides the species above given, there are one or two other species of the genus found in our territory. 52 Sphingidz Genus LAPARA Walker. Head small. Palpi short and slender. Tongue very short, almost obsolete. Eyes small. Antenne slender. Thorax stout and short. Abdomen long and cylindrical, tapering. Legs weak. Fore and mid tibiz spinulose. The larva is without an anal horn, cylindrical, tapering slightly from the middle forward and backward, pale green, striped with white, and checkered with darker green. The caterpillars feed upon various species of pine, and are not at all sphingiform in appearance. There are reputed to be four species of the genus found in our fauna, two of which we figure. L. halicarnie Strecker, of which only one specimen is known, which I have recently examined, appears to be a somewhat hypertrophied and, in consequence, aborted female of L. coniferarum Abbot & Smith. It is very doubtfully a valid species. (1) L. coniferarum Abbot & Smith, Plate III, Fig. 16, 9. (Abbot’s Pine Sphinx.) Syn. cana Martyn. This species is somewhat variable, especially in the size of the females and in the amount of marking upon the fore wings. It is a common insect in the foot-hills of the Alleghenies about the headwaters of the Potomac River. | found the larve in great abundance upon pines at Berkeley Springs, West Virginia, in the summer of 1884. It ranges from Canada to Florida and west- ward into the basin of the Mississippi, but has never been reported from any point west of that river, south of Minnesota, so far as is known to the writer. (2) L. bombycoides Walker, Plate III, Fig. 7, ¢. (The Bombyx Sphinx.) Syn. harrist Clemens. This little hawkmoth, which may easily be recognized from the figure we give, has the same geographical distribution as the preceding species, and feeds upon the same forms of vegetation in the larval stage. Lapara pineum Lintner (Lintner’s Pine Sphinx) is a species of which thus far only two specimens have turned up. They differ from the two species we have figured in being wholly devoid of discal streaks and markings upon the fore wings. It is believed by recent authorities that these 53 Sphingidz specimens represent an extreme variation of the very variable L. contferarum. SUBFAMILY AMBULICIN/E Genus PROTAMBULYX Rothschild & Jordan This genus is represented in our fauna by a single species, which occurs as a straggler into the extreme southern limits of the United States, and is represented in Florida by a local race, to which Rothschild & Jordan have given the subspecific name of carterz in honor of Sir Gilbert T. Carter, the Governor of the Bahamas, an ardent lepidop- terist. From A. strigilis Lin- nus, which is represented in the annexed cut, A. carteri may be distinguished by the fact that the fore wing is broader, less deeply excavated below the apex, and by the further fact that most of the lines and markings on the upper side of the wings and all the markings on the lower side of the wings are ob- solete. While strigilis has not yet been reported from our territory, except as represented by the form above men- tioned, it is highly probable that it will be found to occur in southern Florida. Fic. 26.—Protambulyx strigilis. (Somewhat reduced.) Genus SPHINX Linnzus The type of the genus Sphinx of Linnzus is unquestionably the well-known European species named by the immortal Swede Sphinx ocellata. With this species the following two species, which have for many years been referred to the genus Smerinthus Latreille, which sinks as a synonym, are strictly congeneric. (1) Sphinx cerisyi Kirby, Plate VII, Fig. 3, 9. (Cerisy’s Sphinx.) The larva feeds upon different species of willows. There are several forms, or subspecies, which have received names, and 54 Sphingidz which run into each other to such an extent as to make it often impossible to distinguish them. These forms are Sphinx astarte Strecker, in which the outer margin of the fore wing is a little less dentate, and the brown markings of the same wing area little narrower; Sphinx ophthalmica Boisduval, which has rather pale fore wings; Sphinx pallidulus Henry Edwards, in which the color of the fore wings is cinnamon-gray; and Sphinx salicett Boisduval, in which the blue markings of the ocellus on the hind wing do not form a ring, but appear as two opposed crescents. The insect is comparatively rare in the eastern part of the continent, but is not uncommon in the western States. It ranges from Canada in the north to the upper portions of the Gulf States, and westward to the Pacific, extending its habitat southward along the high lands of Mexico. (2) Sphinx jamaicensis Drury. Normal form geminatus Say, Plate IV, Fig. 11, ¢. (The Twin-spot Sphinx.) This beautiful hawkmoth was originally named and described in error by Drury as coming from the Island of Jamaica. He also was so unfortunate as to have had for his type an aberrant speci- men in which the ocellus of the hind wing had but one blue spot. Such specimens now and then occur, and have been obtained by breeding from the normal form, to which Say gave the name geminatus. Specimens also sometimes occur in which there are three blue spots in the ocellus, and Mr. Grote gave to this aberrant form the name ¢ripartitus. The caterpillar feeds upon willows, birches, and various species Of wild-cherry. The insect is quite common in the Middle Atlantic States, and ranges from southern Canada to the Carolinas and northern Georgia, and westward to eastern Kansas and Iowa. Genus CALASYMBOLUS Grote The genus differs from Sphinx in the fact that the head is crested, and the hind wing is on its costal margin toward the apex produced into a somewhat broad lobe. There are three species recognized as belonging to the genus, all of which we figure. 55 Sphingide (1) Calasymbolus exczcatus Abbot & Smith, Plate VII, Fig. 4, 6. (The Blinded Sphinx.) Syn. pavonina Geyer. The larva feeds upon various plants of the order Rosacee, but does not strictly confine itself to these. It has been reported as found upon the willow, the hazel, iron-wood, and other allied plants. It is a common species, and in the region of Pennsyl- vania is double-brooded. It ranges from southern Canada to Florida and westward across the valley of the Mississippi to the borders of the great plains. (2) Calasymbolus myops Abbot & Smith, Plate IV, Fig. 12, 9. (The Smail-eyed Sphinx. ) Syn, rosacearum Boisduval. The food-plants and the geographical distribution of this species are very much the same as those of the preceding species, though it seems to range a little further westward, examples having been received from Colorado, It is not nearly as common as C. excecatus. (3) Calasymbolus astylus Drury, Plate IV, Fig. 10, 4. (The Huckleberry Sphinx.) Syn. 10 Gray; tntegerrima Harris. A rather scarce species, which is found from New England to Pennsylvania. The caterpillar feeds upon various species of Vaccinium and allied plants. The moth is easily distinguished by the fact that the outer margins of the fore wings are almost even, whereas in myops they are distinctly produced at the end of vein 3, and in excecatus they are scalloped. The transverse lines on the limbal area of the fore wings, which are distinct in myops, are almost wanting in astylus, and the inner margin of the primaries is heavily margined with dark brown. Genus PACHYSPHINX Rothschild & Jordan The genus Pachysphinx has been erected for the reception of the single species, two forms of which we figure on our plates. It is very different from the oriental genus Marumba, into which Mr. Dyar, following Kirby, has put it in his recent List. Any one who is familiar with the peculiar style of coloration of the species of Marumba, as well as with the structural differences, which 56 ( As iene ne tase r, Yon) Tub . EXPLANATION OF PriatE IV (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) Protoparce quinquemaculatus Haworth, 9. Protoparce sexta Johanssen, 9. Hylotcus dolli coloradus Smith, 9°. Protoparce occulta Rothschild & Jordan, 9°. Hemorrhagia senta Strecker, 3. Ceratomia amyntor Geyer, 9. Ceratomia caialpe Boisduval, 2. Isogramma hagent Grote, 3. 9. Xylophanes pluto Fabricius, 3. to. Calasymbolus astylus Drury, 3. 11. Sphinx jamaicensis Drury, form geminatus Say, @. 12. Calasymbolus myops Abbot & Smith, ©. OI ANB WHH, cea THE MotH Bock Pate IV. COPYRIGHTED BY W » HOLLAND, 1908, — ——- —— + $e Sphingidz present themselves, will recognize the propriety of the separa- tion, which has been made. (1) Pachysphinx modesta Harris, Plate VII, Fig. 1, ¢. (The Big Poplar Sphinx. ) Syn. princeps Walker. Form occidentalis Henry Edwards, Plate VII, Fig. 2, 9. (The Western Poplar Sphinx. ) Syn.imperator Strecker. This noble hawkmoth feeds in the larval stage upon various species of the genus Populus and upon willows. There are a number of local races or subspecies, two of which we give ; the common eastern form and the western variety. The latter may at once be distinguished by its generally paler coloration. It ranges over the United States and as far south as northern Mexico. Genus CRESSONIA Grote & Robinson There is but one species in this genus. The insect is easily recognizable, in spite of the fact that it varies considerably in the color of the wings. (1) Cressonia juglandis Abbot & Smith, Plate VI, Fig. 9, 9. (The Walnut Sphinx. ) Syn. zmstabilis Martyn; pallens Strecker; robinsont Butler. The caterpillar feeds upon the black walnut, the butternut, and the hop-hornbeam. Some of the larve are green, others are reddish, but the color of the larvae seems to have no relation to any variation in color of the perfect insects. The species is dis- tributed from Canada to Florida and westward to the eastern boundary of the great plains. SUBFAMILY SESIIN/ZE Genus PSEUDOSPHINX Burmeister There is but one species in this genus, which is structurally closely related tothe species falling into the genus Erimnyzs. It is a characteristic insect of the American tropics, and possesses a very wide range. (1) Pseudosphinx tetrio Linneus, Plate VI, Fig. 2, @. (The Giant Gray Sphinx.) Syn. plumerie Fabricius; rustica Sepp; hasdrubal Cramer; asdrubal Poey; obscura Butler. 57 Sphingidze The larva of this hawkmoth has a long thread-like anal horn. It is very strikingly colored, the body being purplish black, girdled with yellow rings between the segments, and the head and anal claspers being bright red, of the coior of sealing wax. It feeds upon various Euphorbiaceous plants, preferably Plum- erta. ‘he insect occurs not uncommonly in southern Florida. Genus ERINNYIS Hubner This is a moderately large genus, the species of which are all confined to the tropical or subtropical regions of the Western Hemisphere, though one species, as we shall see, occasionally occurs as a Straggler far north of the metropolis of the genus. (1) Erinnyis alope Drury, Plate V, Fig. 12, 4. (The Alope Sphinx.) Syn. flavicans Goeze; fasciata Swainson; edwardsi Butler. The caterpillar is brown on the upper side, and pale green on the lower side, the colors being separated by a dark brown inter- rupted lateral band on either side of the body. On the third segment from the head there is a dark spot relieved by a red ting in the centre. The anal horn is quite short. The larva feeds upon Jatropha and Carica. The insect occurs in southern Florida and ranges southward as far as northern Argentina. (2) Erinnyis lassauxi Boisduval. Form merianz Grote, Plate V, Fig. 2, 9. (Madame Merian’s Sphinx. ) Syn. janiphe Boisduval. This hawkmoth, which is widely distributed through the tropics of the new world, displays considerable variation, and several forms, or local races, have been recognized. The one which occurs within our territory we have figured, and the student will have no difficulty in recognizing it. The larva, which is said to closely resemble that of the next species, is reported to feed upon Morrenia in the West Indies. It occurs in Florida. (3) Erinnyis ello Linnzus, Plate V, Fig, 10, 4; Fig. 3, 9. (The Ello Sphinx.) This is quite the commonest of all the hawkmoths of the American tropics, and becomes a perfect drug in collec- tions made by amateur naturalists, who venture into those 58 Sphingidz regions, net in hand. It may at once be recognized by the figures we have given, which are taken from specimens bred on the Indian River by Mr. Wittfeld. The sexes are dissimilar, as the student may observe. It straggles north sparingly, even as far as Canada, and is common in the Gulf States. (4) Erinnyis cenotrus Stoll, Plate V, Fig. 11, @. (The (Enotrus Sphinx.) Syn. peneus Fabricius; melancholica Grote; piperts Grote & Robin- son; picta Kirby. The sexes in this species are dissimilar, the female being as represented on our plate with light fore wings, marked with dark spots and lines, while the male is prevalently quite dark on the fore wings. The species may easily be recognized by the black spots on the under side of the abdomen. (5) Erinnyis crameri Schaus, Plate V, Fig 7, 9. (Cramer’s Sphinx. ) This species, which has often been confounded with the pre- ceding, may easily be distinguished from it by the pale shoulder lappets, the absence of black spots on the under side of the abdomen, and the more evenly colored fore wings, which recall those of E. meriane, from which it is at once distinguished by the absence of the white lateral markings on the abdomen. The species occurs in Florida and Texas. (6) Erinnyis obscura Fabricius, Plate V, Fig.5, ¢. (The Obscure Sphinx.) Syn. rustica Schaller; phalaris Kirby; stheno Hiibner; pallida Grote; cinerosa Grote & Robinson; rhebus Boisduval. This small species is well represented in our plate by a speci- men which in the main conforms to the most usual style of marking. It can always be distinguished from E. e//o, which it resembles in having a dark longitudinal shade through the fore wings, by its much smaller size, and by the absence of the white and black lateral stripes upon the abdomen, which are character- . istic of the latter species. It is common in Florida. (7) Erinnyis domingonis Butler, Plate V, Fig. 9, 9. (The Domingo Sphinx.) Syn. obscura Walker (non Fabricius); festa Henry Edwards.‘ This species, which occurs in Florida and the Antilles, may be distinguished from the preceding by the darker color of the 59 Sphingide primaries and the absence of the pale color on the outer margin of the shoulder lappets, which is characteristic of E. obscura. It is also considerably larger than E. obscura. There remains one other closely allied species in this group, to which Cramer gave the name caicus, and which occurs occasionally in Florida. The body is marked like E. e//o, the fore wings are dark with longitudinal paler stripes, the secondaries are red as in E. cramer, but almost wholly without the dark border found in that species, it being replaced by a series of dark stripes running inwardly from the border toward the middle of the wing. For this species, hitherto associated with the preceding in the genus Dilophonota, Rothschild & Jordan have erected the genus Grammodia, upon. structural grounds. Genus PACHYLIA Walker This is a small genus, containing four species, of which one occurs in our territory. It is not likely to be confounded with anything else. (1) Pachylia ficus Linnzus, Plate Ill, Fig. 12, 9. (The Fig Sphinx.) Syn. cramert Ménétriés; lyncea Clemens; venezuelensis Schaufuss; undatifascia Butler; aterrima Bonninghausen. This great hawkmoth, which is very common in Central and South America, occurs sparingly in Florida and Texas. Genus HEMEROPLANES Hubner This small genus, the species of which may at once be detected by the silvery spots of the fore wings, being the only American genus of sphingids thus adorned, is characteris- tically neotropical. It is represented in our fauna by a single species. (1) Hemeroplanes parce Fabricius, Plate Ill, Fig. 8, ¢- (The Silver-spotted Sphinx.) Syn. licastus Stoll; galianna Burmeister. The figure given on our plate is sufficiently accurate to make a verbal description unnecessary. The insect occurs in southern Florida in the vicinity of Biscayne Bay, and ranges thence south- ward over the Antilles into South America. 60 Sphingidz Genus EPISTOR Boisduval Five species belong to this genus, the type of which is the species which we figure, and the only representative of the genus found in our territory. (1) Epistor lugubris Linnzus, Plate II, Fig. 17, 2. (The Mourning Sphinx.) _ Syn. fegeus Cramer; luctuosus Boisduval. There can be no difficulty in identifying this well-marked but obscurely colored hawkmoth, which occurs in Florida and Georgia, and even straggles now and then as far north as New Jersey. It is very common in the Antilles and South America. In Florida it is double-brooded, appearing on the wing in May and September. The larva feeds on the Vitacea. Genus CAUTETHIA Grote There are three species of this genus, only one of which occurs within the limits of the United States. The figure we give will permit of its identification without difficulty. (1) Cautethia grotei Henry Edwards, Plate II, Fig. 21, ¢. (Grote’s Sphinx.) The habitat of this species is southern Florida, where it apparently is not uncommon. Genus SESIA Fabricius The body is depressed, fusiform, without lateral tufts, but with a‘broad fan-shaped anal tuft, composed of coarse flattened scales. The abdomen is produced for more than half its length beyond the hind wings. The palpi are produced and appressed, forming a short snout-like projection beyond the head. The tongue is stout, but comparatively short. The antennz are slightly thickened at the end, and have a sharp recurved tip. The mid tibize have terminal spurs, and the hind tibiz two pairs of spurs. The fore wings have eleven veins. The venation is characteristically sphingiform, and is illustrated in Figure 21. The prevalent colors are black and dark brown with white spots and bands on the wings and in some species on the abdomen. The moths fly in the hottest sunshine. The type of the genus Sesza established by Fabriciusis the species named /antalus by Linné. Rothschild & Jordan, in the 61 Sphingide latest Revision of the Sphingidw, recognize five species as belonging to the genus, three of which occur within the limits of the United States, tantalus Linnzeus, fadus Cramer, and the species we figure upon our plate. All three have by some recent writers been regarded as practically identical. Into the somewhat vexed question of their specific relationship it is not our purpose to enter in these pages. (i) S. titan Cramer, Plate Il, Fig. 16, 6: (ihe White= banded Day-Sphinx.) The white spots of the fore wings are semi-transparent. On the under side the wings are whitish at the base and on the inner margin of the secondaries. They are crossed about the middle by two parallel distinct dark bands, which are quite close to each other. The moth sometimes strays as far north as Massachusetts. It is very common in southern Florida and throughout tropical America. Genus HAXMORRHAGIA Grote Moth.—Head small. Tongue as long as the body. Antennz clavate, two-thirds the length of the costa, with a minute recurved hook at the tip. Thorax smooth, strongly projecting before the insertion of the wings. Abdomen more or less flattened beneath, and, especially in the males, adorned with a broad fan-shaped anal tuft. The primaries have eleven veins. Both primaries and secondaries are transparent about the middle; the outer margin of the former is evenly rounded, and of the latter slightly excavated between veins 1 } and 2. Larva.—Characteristically sphingiform, provided with an anal horn. The epidermis in most species of the genus is more or less granulated. The caterpillars feed for the most part upon Symphoricarpus, Lonicera, Viburnum, Crategus, and allied plants. Pupa.—The pupa, which is brown in color, is enclosed in a somewhat dense cocoon, formed on the surface of the ground under fallen leaves. (1) Hemorrhagia thysbe Fabricius, Plate I, Fig. 5, ¢. (The Humming-bird Clearwing.) Syn. pelasgus Cramer; ruficaudts Kirby; etolus Boisduval, 62 ' f} a €. Sh ee .% oe " 2 sg Siw : oe se ~ : * ys d > P, elloo oi} sti bontstao2 o1s bate eromiasqe ox'L) cS E] ee. (.biratlofl ag : N37) Wer ams eZ Zp wre Sh erernoloe 69 “Si Omed otis, DAs. EN Ad) ; TOSS ZONE ER ae i ; DNNI20G 2 ipsa : sae) ee ~ RE ORT + Q esrtSTic nisdoly ayhest eee bas ae Be Viana on : Sat ca ESENIVILL «<3 i So ,Levarbsind sionpse anoroly ll 2 Fi | A rG&. Aoltw sogwtswoks ZOLMITALL : CNS ee creaht ‘olty (Qs, Medes aL a EXPLANATION OF PLATE V (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) Hyloicus luscitiosa Clemens, 6’. Errinyis lassauxi meriane Grote, 2. Errinyts ello Linneus, 9. Hylotcus libocedrus insolita Lintner, ©. Errinyis obscura Fabricius, 3. Atreides plebeja Fabricius, 3. Errinyis cramert Schaus, 9. Hyloicus sequoie Boisduval, 3. 9. LErrinyis domingonis Butler, 9°. 1o. Errinyis ello Linneus, 3’. -11. Errinyis enotrus Stoll, 9. e 12. LErrinyis alope Drury, 9. 13. HHyloicus gordius Stoll, 3. 14. Dictyosoma elsa Strecker, <. Oram fw NH THE Motu Boox PLATE V. COPYRIGHTED BY W, J, HOLLAND, 1909 AMERICAN COLORTYPE Co. N.Y, & ON ) \ ; ‘ al j LA < ; \ Sphingidze Form cimbiciformis Stephens, Plate II, Fig. 6, @. Syn. ruficaudis Walker (partim); floridensis Grote; unijormis Grote & Robinson; buffaloensts Grote; pyramus Boisduval. This is the largest and the commonest species of the genus. It may easily be recognized by the figures given on Plate Il. It is subject to considerable variation. The form cimbictformis is distinguished by the absence of the dentations on the inner side of the marginal brown band of the fore wings. It has been obtained by breeding from the eggs of H. thysbe, and thysbe has been bred from it. It is a dimorphic form of the species. The caterpillar of H. thysbe feeds upon Viburnum and allied plants. The insect ranges from Canada and Nova Scotia southward to Florida and westward to the Mississippi. (2) Hemorrhagia gracilis Grote & Robinson, Plate III, Fig. 15, 6. (The Graceful Clearwing.) Syn. ruficaudis Walker (non Kirby) (partum). The thorax and basal segments above are olive-green. The middle segments are black, the two preterminal segments are margined laterally with reddish. The anal tuft is black, divided in the middle by red hairs. On the under side the palpi, pectus, and thorax are white, and the abdomen pale red. The pale area of the thorax is traversed on either side by a stripe of reddish hair, and there are three rows of white spots on the under side of the abdomen. It occurs in the States of the Atlantic seaboard from New England to the Carolinas. (3) Hemorrhagia diffinis Boisduval. (The Snowberry Clearwing. ) Spring form tenuis Grote, Plate I], Fig. 2, 9. Syn. /umosa Strecker; metathetis Butler; diffinis Beutenmuller. Summer form diffinis Boisduval. Syn. marginalis Grote. Summer form axillaris Grote & Robinson, Plate II, Fig. 3, 2 ; Jel, ily Mo Syn. grotet Butler; e@thra Strecker. This species is trimorphic. The life history has been in part very carefully worked out by Mr. Ellison Smythe of Blacksburg, Virginia. (See ‘‘Entomological News,” Vol. XI, p. 584.) The form diffints has the marginal band dentate inwardly. The caterpillar feeds upon Symphoricarpus, Lonicera, and Diervilla. The insect has a wide range from New England to 63 Sphingide Georgia and westward to the eastern boundaries of the great plains. (4) Hemorrhagia senta Strecker, Plate IV, Fig. 5, 6. (The Californian Clearwing.) Syn. rubens Hanham (non Edwards). The head, thorax, and basal segments of the abdomen are brownish-olivaceous. The abdomen is black. The two seg- ments immediately preceding the terminal segment are marked laterally by yellow tufts of hair. The anal tuft is wholly black. The wings are very narrowly bordered with brown. There is no rusty red spot at the apex of the primaries. The clear portions of the wing in certain lights have a bright steel-blue luster. The under side of the palpi, the pectus, and the abdomen are pale straw-yellow. In size this species is about as large as H. diffinis. The perfect insect occurs in Utah and California, frequenting the blossoms of Lupinus. (5) Hemorrhagia thetis Boisduval, Plate II, Fig. 1, ¢. (The Thetis Clearwing.) Syn. palpalis Grote; rubens Edwards. Decidedly smaller than either of the two preceding. species. The thorax is olive-green, passing on either side into pale yellow. This color is continued dorsally on the abdomen as far as the terminal segment, but is more or less lost in the broad yellow preanal band. The basal and middle segments of the abdomen are marked laterally with black, and the anal tuft is correspondingly marked with black on either side. The marginal band of the fore wings is narrow, as in H. diffinis, and is always distinctly marked above and below at the apex by a rust-red triangular spot. The wings at their insertion are more or less shaded with pale rusty red both above and below. This species ranges from Colorado and Wyoming westward and northward to Oregon and British Columbia. It has been by Dr. Dyar made synonymous with the following species, from which it is, however, quite distinct. (6) Hazmorrhagia brucei French, Plate II, Fig. 7, @. (Bruce’s Clearwing.) This is a small species, in size approximating H. ¢hetis, from which it may be at once distinguished by the green color of the 64 Sphingide scales upon the thorax and the basal segments of the abdomen, and the fact that the anal tuft is wholly black, not divided by yellow scales in the middle as is the case in H. thetis. The species is not uncommon in Colorado and Utah. SUBFAMILY PHILAMPELIN/E Genus PHOLUS Hubner This is a large genus, including nineteen species, and a num- ber of subspecies. It is confined to the Western Hemisphere. SISK SPSCIOS) Wreebre within our territory. P. typhon Klug, which we have not figured, is occasionally found in Arizona. The larvee feed upon the Vitacee, and in the case of two of the species have done at times some damage to vineyards. (1) Pholus satel- litia Linneus. (The Satellite Sphinx.) Form pandorus Hubner, Plate Ill, Fig. 6; 3. Syn. ampelophaga Walker. This insect which is widely distributed throughout the eastern United States, and ranges northward into southern Canada, is well-known to all Fic. 27.—Larva of Pholus satellitia pan- growers of vines. The dorus; a, mature larva; b, larva after third caterpillar when it molt, head retracted; c, young larva. (After ; Riley.) first emerges from the egg and for several successive molts is green in color, and 65 Sphingidz has at the anal extremity a very long caudal horn, which begins gradually to curl up, as represented in the accompanying cut, and after the third molt entirely disappears, being replaced by a lenticular shining eye-like prominence. In the latter stages of development the larve frequently become dark brown, and Professor Riley maintains that this is invariably the case in the neighborhood of the city of St. Louis. It is not invariably the case in other localities, as | know from experience. I have reared a number of specimens in which the green color perdured to the time of pupation, though the brown form is very common. Like the larva of the following species, the caterpillar of P. satellitia has the power of withdrawing the first two segments of its body into the third, when at rest, or when suddenly alarmed. When crawling or feeding the first segments are protruded, as represented in the cut by the larger figure. Several local races of P. satellitia are recognized as occurring in the Antilles and in South America, one of these, for which Mr. Grote proposed the name posticatus, occurs in Florida, as well as in Cuba and the Bahamas. It may be distinguished from the form pandorus by its slighter build, its narrower wings, which in the case of the primaries have the outer margin straighter than in pandorus, and by the presence of a large roseate spot cover- ing the anal angle of the secondaries. There are other differences of a minor character, but those mentioned will enable the student to discriminate this form from the one we have figured. (2) Pholus achemon Drury, Plate Ill, Fig._5, ¢. (The Achemon Sphinx.) Syn. crantor Cramer. Like the preceding species the caterpillar of this beautiful Fic. 28.—Larva of Pholus achemon. (After Riley.) the grape. It is also addicted to the Virginia creeper (Ampe- lopsis). The description of the habits of the larva given by 66 Sphingidz Professor C. V. Riley, ‘‘ Missouri Reports,” Vol. III, p. 75, is most excellent. The figure which we give is taken from that Report. The insect ranges over the entire United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from southern Canada to northern Mexico. (3) Pholus vitis Linnzus, Plate III, Fig. 1, 6. (The Vine Sphinx.) Syn. hornbeckiana Harris; linnet Grote & Robinson; fasciatus Grote (partim). The true Pholus vitis, which we figure in our plate, may easily be distinguished from its near ally, Pholus fasciatus Sulzer, by the absence of the pink outer marginal area on the upper two-thirds of the secondaries, by the inward prolongation of the large black spot near the inner margin of the secondaries into a well marked mesial band, and by its larger size. It occurs in Florida and in southern Texas and Arizona, whence it ranges southward over wide areas. (4) Pholus fasciatus Sulzer, Plate III, Fig. 2, ¢. (The Lesser Vine Sphinx.) Syn. vitis Drury (non Linneus); jusszeue Hubner; strigzlis Vogel. The caterpillar is reported as feeding upon /usszeua in the tropics. In our territory it feeds upon various species of Vitacec. It is quite common in the region of the Gulf States and south- ward, and sometimes is even taken as a straggler as far north as Massachusetts. (5) Pholus labruscee Linnzus, Plate Ill, Fig. 11, 6. (The Gaudy Sphinx.) Syn. clotho Fabricius. This beautiful creature is characteristic of the Monies where it is not uncommon. It occurs quite abundantly in southern Florida and along the borders of the Gulf, and throughout the Antilles, Central, and South America. Specimens, in spite of the subtropical habitat of the species, have been taken in Canada, illustrating the wonderful power of flight which is possessed by these insects, the frail wings of which bear them in the dusk of evening, during the few days of their existence in the winged form, from the orange-groves of the south to the banks of the St. Lawrence, a thousand leagues, across rivers, plains, and mountains. 67 Sphingidz Genus DARAPSA Walker We include in this genus three species, all of which occur within our territory, and all of which we figure upon our plates. (1) Darapsa pholus Cramer, Plate Ill, Fig. 3, ¢. (The Azalea Sphinx.) Syn. choerilus Cramer; azalee Abbot & Smith; clorinda Martyn. This medium-sized hawkmoth, which is one of our com- monest species in western Pennsylvania, may easily be distin- guished from its very near ally, D. myron, by its reddish color. The caterpillar feeds upon Viburnum and AZalea. (2) Darapsa myron Cramer, Plate Ill, Fig. 4, 6. (The Hog Sphinx.) Syn. pampinatrix Abbot & Smith; cnotus Hitbner. The caterpillar, of which we give a figure, feeds upon wild and domestic grape-vines, and also upon the Virginia Creeper. It is a very common insect in the Atlantic States, and ranges as far west as Kansas and Iowa. It has been re- garded as injurious to vineyards, but the damage done is incon- siderable, and the in- sects can easily be combated by picking off the larve from the vines and crushing » them under foot. The reason why these in- sects do comparatively small damage is per- haps found in the fact that they appear to be especially subject to the attacks of a small hymenopterous parasite, belonging to the family /chneumonide. The female ichneumon-fly deposits her eggs upon the epidermis of the young caterpillar. As soon as the eggs hatch, the grub penetrates the body of the caterpillar and feeds upon the fatty tissues lying just under the skin. 68 Ul | \" iH) i \ \4A Fic. 29.—Larva of D. myron. (After Riley.) Sphingide Before the caterpillar reaches maturity the grubs emerge from beneath the skin, and attaching themselves to the epidermis, proceed to weave about themselves little white cocoons, in which they are transformed into perfect insects, emerging to repeat the cycle of a4 Ac piso NEN ee life. Caterpillars which have been va of D. myron. (After thus parasitized do not survive the Riley.) ordeal. The accompanying cut (Fig. 30), shows a larva upon whichthe ichneumon-flies have done their deadly work. The insect, which accomplishes the task ~ of destruction imposed upon it in the S economy of mature, is very small. The figure given herewith shows it of its natural size, and also enlarged, so that its structural peculiarities may be more easily Fic. 31.—Micro- recognized. The species which we are con- gaster which de- ; ; ; a eee Bie stroys larve of D, Sidering shares this liability to parasitism myron. with its congeners, as well as with the repre- sentatives of many other genera of the Sphingide@. | was greatly annoyed a number of years ago by having a large series of the larvee of the beautiful Darapsa versicolor, which | had collected in their early stages, destroyed by this ichneumon-fly, and the following summer, and, in fact, for several summers following, the larve of D. versicolor, which had been for awhile quite abundant in certain localities known to me, almost entirely dis- appeared. In one ravine, where I had obtained them by the hundreds, they were not to be found. | account for their dis- appearance by the unusual num- bers of the parasites which had Wey infested them that summer. Ss The larva of myron under- goes pupation ina loose cocoon = Fic. 32.—Pupa of D. myron of coarsely woven threads of silk, which it spins under leaves at the surface of the ground. In this respect its habits are strictly like those of the other species of the genus. (3) Darapsa versicolor Harris, Plate III, Fig. 13, $. (The Hydrangea Sphinx.) Aa 69 Sphingidz This lovely hawkmoth, which is accounted quite rare in localities, has been found very commonly at certain times in western Pennsylvania. Its larva feeds upon the wild hydrangea, which grows abundantly in deep wooded glens, along the margin of brooks. The insect ranges from New England to the mountains of the Carolinas and westward into the eastern border of the Mississippi Valley. Genus SPHECODINA Blanchard The head is broad. The proboscis is nearly as long as the body. The antennz are fusiform, with a recurved hook at the tip. The body is broad, flattened beneath. The abdomen has a pointed anal tuft, and the segments are adorned laterally with prominent truncated tufts of coarse hairs. The wings in their outline closely resemble those of the genus Amphion. Only one species of the genus is known. (1) Sphecodina abbotti Swainson, Plate II, Fig. 19, @. (Abbot's Sphinx.) This beautiful hawkmoth is found throughout the Eastern States and southern Canada and ranges westward as far as Iowa and Kansas. The . larva feeds on the Vitacee and is not uncommon on Ampelopsis. The caterpillar is not provided with an anal horn, but has instead an eye-like tubercle, or boss, at the anal extremity. It has the habit, when disturbed, Fic. 33.—Larva and moth of S. abbottt. of throwing its (After Riley.) head _ violently from side to side, a movement found in other sphingid larve, and also in some of the Ceratocampide. 7O Sees ee AV STAT Gaeta nasa xa v fy Veeiagetro ore BW WO. noitosllos Sing Gees EM stan gavasshe VL rain i. o2olwhinti- oneal} PEON 7 WAS AN: \4 iibinea: tod A Netty ius) Hyragy (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of w. Holland.) oO wO~s Ovo, (GIN) Ft Zt Lead Hyloicus eremitus Hubner, 9°. -Cressonia juglandis Abbot & Smith, a EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI } Cocytius anteus Drury, 9. Pseudosphinx tetrio Linneus, 3). Herse cingulata Fabricius, 6. Dolba hyleus Drury, 2. Jel yloicus vancouverensis albescens Tepper, 3. Ceratomia undulosa Walker, 2. oA 4 Hyloicus kalmie Abbot & Smith, Q. Hyloicus separatus Neumcegen, Se - j THe Motu Book. PLATE VI. OPYRIGHTED BY W, J, HOLLAND, 1909, AMERICAN COLORTYPE 00, NY. & CHI Sphingidz Genus DEIDAMIA Clemens The head is small, narrow, retracted, crested. The eyes are small. The antennz are fusiform, with the tip bent back slightly, scarcely hooked. The thorax is stout, somewhat crested. The abdomen is conic, and in the male has a small anal tuft. The fore wings, which have twelve veins, are narrow, with the inner margin sinuate. The apex of the fore wings is truncated, and the outer margin is deeply excavated opposite the end of the cell and also just above the inner angle, which is distinctly produced. The hind wings are slightly crenulate on the outer margin. There is only one species belonging to the genus. (1) Deidamia inscriptum Harris, Plate II, Fig. 15, é. (The Lettered Sphinx.) The caterpillar feeds upon the wild grape-vine. The moth appears in the early spring. It is a common species in western Pennsylvania, but seems elsewhere to be regarded as quite rare. It ranges from Canada to Virginia and westward to the Mississippi. Genus ARCTONOTUS Boisduval This small genus, in which there are reputed to be two species, is very closely related to the genus Proserpinus, from which, as has been pointed out by Rothschild & Jordan, it differs in appearance ‘‘owing to the more woolly scaling.” The chief structural difference is found in the fact that the antenna is not clubbed but fusiform, gradually curved, and the feet are without a pulvillus, and have only vestiges of the paronychium. (1) Arctonotus lucidus Boisduval, Plate III, Fig. 14, ¢. (The Bear Sphinx.) This insect, which hitherto has been rare in collections, appears to have a wide range along the Pacific coast, from southern California to British Columbia. It appears upon the wing very early in the spring of the year. The name Arctonotus terloot is applied to a species, reported from northern Mexico by Henry Edwards, and described by him, in which the hind wings are wholly vinous red, and the green basal band of the fore wings is wanting. 71 Sphingidz Genus AMPHION Hubner Head small. Eyes small, hemispherical. Palpi rather short. Tongue nearly as long as the body. Antenne fusiform with a long curved hook at the tip. Body plump, somewhat globose, the thorax projecting very little beyond the insertion of the primaries, and the abdomen terminating in a conspicuous fan-like tuft. The fore wings are comparatively short and narrow, exca- vated on the outer margin below the apex and above the inner angle, which is strongly produced. The inner margin is deeply sinuate. The hind wings are bluntly lobed at the anal angle. There is only one species in the genus. (1) Amphion nessus Cramer, Plate II, Fig. 18, 6. (The Nessus Sphinx.) This species, which may easily be recognized from the figure on the plate, is not uncommon in the Middle States. It ranges from Canada to Georgia and westward to Wyoming. It flies in the daytime on cloudy days and in the late afternoon before sun- set. The caterpillar feeds on Ampelopsis and the wild grape. Genus POGOCOLON Boisduval This small genus, which is closely related in many structural respects to Proserpinus, differs from it very decidedly in the form as well as in the habits of the insects belonging to it. In the structure of the antennz and neuration of the wings the insects belonging to Pogocolon show a close relationship to the insects referred to the genus Proserpinus, but the form of the abdomen is wholly different, elongated, cylindrical, and not bombyliform. The moths, moreover, are crepuscular, whereas the moths re- ferred to the genus Proserpinus are diurnal in their habits, in this respect resembling the species of the genus Haemorrhagia. There are at least three species belonging to this genus. (1) Pogocolon gaurze Abbot & Smith, Plate Il, Fig. 11, 2. (The Gaura Sphinx.) The upper side of this small species is sufficiently delineated in the plate to require no verbal description. On the under side the wings are vinous brown, shading on the outer third into olive-green, and reproducing the maculation of the upper surface. The hind wings are deep olive at the base, passing into yel- lowish green outwardly. 72 Sphingidz The insect feeds in the larval stage upon various species of Gaura, and ranges from Georgia to Texas and as far north as southern Kansas. (2) Pogocolon juanita Strecker, Plate II, Fig. 12, 6. (Strecker’s Day-sphinx. ) The moth in the general style of its maculation is very much like the preceding species, but is considerably larger, and the colors are decidedly brighter. The caterpillar is quite different in its markings from the larva of L. gaure. The habitat of this species is Texas, so far as is now known. One other species of Pogocolon, P. vega Dyar, occurs in our region. It is much darker in color than the two former species, which it otherwise somewhat closely resembles. Genus PROSERPINUS Hubner Head small; proboscis moderate or long ; antennz clavate ; body stout ; abdomen with or without lateral tufts, but always with a more or less well developed anal tuft. Anterior tibiz stout, armed with spines outwardly and at tip. Fore wings elongate, generally somewhat curved outwardly about the middle, and with the inner angle more or less distinctly produced ; more or less densely clothed with scales over their entire surface. The moths are diurnal in their habits, and mimic bumblebees in their appearance. (1) Proserpinus flavofasciata Walker, Plate II, Fig. 8, 9. (The Yellow-banded Day-sphinx. ) The head and thorax are pale yellow, the latter obscured with brownish hairs about the middle. The abdomen is black with the basal segment about the middle and the preterminal segment on either side pale yellow. The fore wings on the upper side are blackish, crossed by an oblique whitish band. The hind wings are deep black, crossed by a broad orange-yellow band. The fore wings on the under side are bright orange-yellow at the base. This is always a rare insect in collections. It ranges, so far as is known, through British America, and southward and east- ward to Maine and Massachusetts. It is found in very early summer hovering over flowers. (2) Proserpinus clarkiz Boisduval, Plate II, Fig. 10, @. (Clark’s Day-sphinx.) 73 Sphingidz Syn. victorie Grote. The head, thorax and abdomen on the upper side are preva- lently pale olive-green, the fifth and the three anal segments of the abdomen being darker green. The fore wings are pale green with an oblique brownish median band, and a triangular paler brownish spot at the apex. There is a small black discal dot at the end of the cell. The hind wings are deep orange-yellow, margined with black. On the under side the wings are olive- green, darker at the base. The hind wings have a waved whitish band about their middle on the under side. The legs are greenish-white. This species is found from Oregon to northern California, and eastward to Utah and Montana. Genus EUPROSERPINUS Grote & Robinson This genus is discriminated by Rothschild & Jordan from Proserpinus by the fact that the antenna is more abruptly hooked and slenderer at its extremity than in Proserpinus, and by the absence of the pulvillus and paronychium, which are found in Proserpinus. Two species belong to the genus, both having white hind wings margined with darker color and the under side of the pectus and the wings also white. (1) Euproserpinus phaeton Grote & Robinson, Plate Il, Fig. 9, 6. (The Phaéton Sphinx. ) Syn. errato Boisduval. The head and thorax above are gray, the abdomen blackish. The preterminal segment has yellow lateral tufts. The anal tuft is black. The fore wings above are of the same color as the thorax. The hind wings are yellowish-white with a broad black marginal band. Expanse 32mm. The habitat of this species is southern California. (2) Euproserpinus euterpe Edwards. (The Euterpe Sphinx.) This species, which is only known to the writer through an examination of the type, is discriminated from the preceding by the absence of pale tufts on the side of the abdomen and the fact that the marginal band of the hind wing is bowed inwardly and Not straight as in E. Phaeton. 74 Sphingidz SUBFAMILY CHEROCAMPINZE Genus XYLOPHANES Hubner This genus, which is American, is very large, containing fifty species and many subspecies. Of these species two only are found, so far as is now known, within our territory, though it is possible that a thorough exploration of southern Florida may show that one or two of the species which are found in the Antilles also occur in that State. The student will have no diffi- culty in recognizing the species occurring within our borders by means of the figures which are given upon our plates. (1) Xylophanes pluto Fabricius, Plate IV, Fig. 9, ¢. (The Pluto Sphinx. ) Syn. berhavie Fabricius; cresus Dalman; thorates Hubner; eson Walker This beautiful hawkmoth, which is very common in the Antilles, ranging southward to southern Brazil, occurs in southern Florida. The larva feeds upon Erythroxylon. (2) Xylophanes tersa Linneus, Plate Il, Fig. 13, 6. (The Tersa Sphinx.) This common and easily recognized species has a wide range, occurring very rarely as far north as southern Canada, thence southward to Texas and Mexico, and as far south as northern Argentina. The larva feeds on Bouvardia, Spermacoce, and Manetta. Genus CELERIO Oken Head of moderate size. Eyes hemispherical, not prominent. Antenne distinctly clavate, and armed at the tip with a minute hook. The thorax is stout, projecting for about one-third of its length beyond the insertion of the fore wings. The abdomen is conic, untufted, produced more or less at the tip, and project- ing for half its length beyond the hind margins of the secondaries. The fore wings, which have eleven veins, are produced at the apex. Their outer margin is slightly and evenly bowed out- wardly. Their inner margin is very slightly sinuate. The hind wings have their outer margin evenly rounded, except at the extremity of vein 1, where they are slightly produced. The genus is well represented in the Old World, and there are several South American species. Only two species occur in our territory. 75 Sphingidz (1) Celerio lineata Fabricius, Plate II, Fig. 14, 6. (The Striped Morning Sphinx.) Syn. daucus Cramer. This is probably the commonest of all the North American Sphingide. The larva feeds upon Portulaca. There is con- siderable diversity in the maculation of the larve. The two figures here given represent the two most usual forms of the caterpillar. The insect ranges over the southern portions of Sie Fic. 34.—Light form of larva of C. lineata. (After Riley.) British America to the Gulf of Mexico and southward to the Antilles and Central America. I have seen hundreds of the moths swarming about the electric lights in the streets of Denver, Cheyenne, and Colorado Springs. The moth flies con- Fic. 35.—Dark form of larva of C. lineata. (After Riley.) stantly in bright sunshine on the Laramie Plains of Wyoming in the month of August, frequenting the blossoms of thistles. I have seen it busily engaged in extracting the sweets from dew- spangled beds of Soapwort (Saponaria), in the valleys of Virginia long after the sun had risen in the morning. (2) Celerio intermedia Kirby, Plate II, Fig. 20, 9. (The Galium Sphinx.) Syn. epilobit Harris (non Boisduval); chamenerti Harris; galit Walker; oxybapht Clemens; canadensis Guenée. This hawkmoth, which is the North American representant of Celerto gallit, which is found all over the north temperate regions of the Eastern Hemisphere, ranges from Canada to 76 v4 te ae ; : . 41 ashe Oe worthne saz S.sacd- ot bon rH avai bowrsit® Sepraooge, —e anol Hz SHORT ws sialon PD tests nee a : : sob e ©) wei, He ‘ eco fititne B dodkd£ 4 oc ae : 22 eniomde ait Visa Mure tin 0. / S EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII = (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. Mo Holland.) Pachysphinx modesta Harris, 3. Pachysphinx modesta occidentalis Henry Edwards, 9 . Sphinx cerisyi Kirby, @. Calasymbolus excecata Abbot & Smith, 3. Protoparce rustica Fabricius, 9. Chlenogramma jasminearum Boisduval, 2. Hyloicus drupiferarum Abbot & Smith, 3. Hylotcus chersis Hitbner, 9. SIAN RWS THE Motu Book PLATE VII. t : MOPYRIGHTED bY W. J. HOLLAND, 1908, World of the Dark Vancouver and southward through the mountains of the Appalachian System and along the higher plateaus and mountain ranges of the West as far as Central Mexico. I have specimens taken in the Sierra Madre of Chihuahua. The identification of the species may easily be made by means of the figure on our plate. THE WORLD OF THE DARK Heo Peid eae Sorrowing we beheld The night come on; but soon did night display More wonders than it veil’d; innumerous tribes From the wood-cover swarm’d, and darkness made Their beauties visible.” SOUTHEY. There are two worlds; the world of sunshine, and the world of the dark. Most of us are more or less familiarly acquainted with the first; very few of us are well acquainted with the latter. Our eyes are well adapted to serve us in the daylight, but they do not serve us as well in the dark, and we therefore fail to know, unless we patiently study them, what wonders this world of the dark holds within itself. There are whole armies of living things, which, when we go to sleep, begin to awaken; and when we awaken, go to sleep. The eyes of the creatures of the dark are adapted to seeing with less light than our eyes require. The broad daylight dazzles and confounds them. Sunshine has much the same effect upon them that darkness has upon us. Our twilight is their morning; our midnight is their noonday. This is true even of many of the higher vertebrates. The lemurs, which are a low family of simians, are nocturnal in their habits. So also is the Aye-Aye of Madagascar, and that curious little member of the monkey tribe known as the Specter (Tarsius spectrum). No one can see the great eyes of these creatures without realizing at a glance that they love what we call darkness better than what we call light, though they are far from being evil-doers. The great family of the cats are principally nocturnal in their habits. Their eyes are capable of being used in daylight, for the beautifully contracting and ex- panding iris modifies the amount of light admitted to the retina 77 World of the Dark far more delicately and instantaneously than any device, attached to the most perfectly constructed camera, regulates the amount of light transmitted through its lens. The tiger in the jungle sees what is going on about him in the starlight as well as we see what is happening in the noontide. I have studied the eyes of lions and tigers in the dark. The yellowish-green iris in the night almost entirely disappears from view, and shrinks down into a narrow ring. The windows of the eyes have the curtains drawn back wide, so as to let in all the light which the darkness holds within itself. The great orbs then look like globes of crystal, framed in a narrow band of gold, lying ona background of the blackest velvet, while in their pellucid depths, fires, tinged with the warm glow of blood, play and coruscate. The eyes of many birds are adapted to the dark. This is true, as everybody knows, of the owls, and of their not distant relatives, the goat-suckers. I remember having, when a boy, dissected an owl, which I found dead after a long protracted period of intensely cold weather. The thermometer had stood at twenty degrees below zero for several nights in succession. The earth was wrapped deep in snow. Upon the sleety crust ] found a great horned owl, lying dead, and frozen stiff. It may have died of old age, or it may have starved to death. The instinct of the child, who takes his toys to pieces in order to see how they are made, seized me, and, with a sharp penknife as a scalpel, and a few needles set in sticks of pine, I took my owl apart, and made drawings of what I found. I did not then know the names and functions of all the parts, but the drawing of the eye, which I made, I still have in an old portfolio, and there I saw it the other day. The eye of an owl is a wonderful piece of mechanism. It is a wide-angle lens of beautiful powers of adjustment. It is adapted to taking in all the light there is, when the light is almost all gone; and it is so contrived as to shut out light, when too much of its splendor would dazzle and hurt. Among the insects thousands and tens of thousands of species are nocturnal. This is true of the great majority of the moths. When the hour of dusk approaches stand by a bed of evening primroses, and, as their great yellow blossoms suddenly open, watch the hawkmoths coming as swiftly as 78 World of the Dark meteors through the air, hovering for an instant over this blossom, probing into the sweet depths of another, and then dashing off again so quickly that the eye cannot follow them. My friend, Henry Pryer, had a great bed of evening primroses in his compound on the Bluff in Yokohama. Well I remember standing with him before the flowers, and, as the light began to fade upon the distant top of Fuji-no-yama, with net in hand capturing the hawkmoths, which came eagerly trooping to the spot. When it grew quite dark O-Chi-san held a Japanese lantern aloft to help us to see where to make our strokes. A dozen species became our spoil during those pleasant evenings. Ah! those nights in Japan! Can I ever forget them? Did you ever reflect upon the fact that the wings of many moths, which lie concealed during the daytime, reveal their most glorious coloring only after dark, when they are upon the wing? Take as an illustration, the splendid moths of the great genus Catocala, the Afterwings, as we familiarly call them. The fore wings are so colored as to cause them, when they are quietly resting upon the trunks of trees in the daytime, to look like bits of moss, or discolored patches upon the bark.. They furnish, in such positions, one of the most beautiful illustrations of protective mimicry which can be found in the whole realm of nature. The hind wings are completely concealed at such times. The hind wings are, however, most brilliantly colored. In some species they are banded with pink, in others with crimson; still others have markings of yellow, orange, or snowy white ona background of jet-black. One European species has bands of blue upon the wings. These colors are distinctive of the species to a greater or less extent. They are only displayed at night. The conclusion is irresistibly forced upon us that the eyes of these creatures are capable of discriminating these colors in the darkness. We cannot do it. No human eye in the blackness of the night can distinguish red from orange, or crimson from yellow. The human eye is the greatest of all anatomical marvels, and the most wonderfu piece of animal mechanism in the world, but not all of power is lodged within it. There are other allied mechanisms which have the power of responding to certain forms of radiant energy to a degree which it does not possess. Let me commend to the study of my readers this world of the 18) Saturniide dark of which I have been speaking. Some of the pleasantest excursions afield which can be made are those which the naturalist takes, when he has only moonlight or starlight to guide his steps. Always take a dark lantern with you. Without it you cannot see, and even with it you will not see much which it might be delightful to behold. But without a lantern you will not see a great deal, and you may in the thick wood get deeply mired in a boggy hole, or even break a limb. Your eyes are not made like those of the owl and the cat. Do not be afraid of the ‘night air.” The air of the night has the same chemical com- position as the air of the day. It is cooler, of course, and some- times it has fog in it, but cool and even foggy air is not un- healthful. Scotchmen live half their lives in fog, but are healthy. The only things to be dreaded are the mosquitoes, carrying with them the germs of malaria, as we call it. These may be kept off if you only know how to anoint yourself with a properly prepared lotion. FAMILY SATURNIID/E “When, hypocritically clad in dressing-gown and slippers, I stopped at my guest’s inner door and Fontenette ‘opened it just enough to let me in, I saw, indeed, a wonderful sight. The entomologist had lighted up the room, and it was filled, filled ! with gorgeous moths as large as my hand and all of a kind, dancing across one another’s airy paths in a bewildering maze, or alighting and quivering on this thing and that. The mosquito- net, draping almost from ceiling to floor, was beflowered: with them, majestically displaying in splendid alternation their upper and under colors, or, with wings lifted and vibrant, tipping to one side and another as they crept up the white mesh, like painted and gilded sails in a fairies’ regatta.”’—G. W. CABLE. This family is composed of moths, which are for the most part medium-sized or large. The larve are cocoon-makers. The perfect insects have vein 8 of the hind wings diverging from the cell from the base of the wings. The frenulum is wanting. The tongue is aborted, being at most extremely rudimentary. There are no tibial spurs on the legs. The antenne are either singly or doubly bipectinated to the tips in the case of the males, and often in the case of the females. Bipectination of the antenne occurs also in the family Ceratocampide, but in the latter family it never extends to the tip of the organ. The family falls into three subfamilies: the Atfacine; the Saturniine,; and the Hemi- 80 ES Sean wiz Ko nas ue = ¥ i EXPLANATION OF PLaTE VIII (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) Samia cecropia Linneus, 3. Samia rubra Behr, @. Callosamia angulifera Walker, Callosamia angulifera Walker, Automeris zgphyria Grote, 2. Pinconia coa Schaus, 3. Heteropacha rileyana Harvey, 9. Samia columbia Smith, ©. 9. Antsota virgimensis Drury, 3. 10. Amtsota virginiensis Drury, 2. 11. Amnisota rubicunda Fabricius, 3. 12. Hylesia alinda Druce, ©. 40% Cows AM PWN H THE Motu Book. 12) $a COPYRIGHTED by Ww, J, HOLLAND, 1909, Saturniidze leucine. These subfamilies may be discriminated by the help of the following Key: Hind wings with one distinct internal vein. Discal cell of both wings open - - - Attacine. Discal cell of both wings closed - - - Saturniine. Hind wings with two distinct internal veins - Hemuleucine. 4 a : \ ( i PPT iT i K ma Ma ASS \\ A Fic. 36.—Philosamia cynthia. a. Eggs; b. Larva; c. Cocoon; d. Pupa; e. Moth. (After Riley.) 81 Saturniidz SUBFAMILY ATTACIN/E Genus PHILOSAMIA Grote This genus, which may be distinguished from all others in our fauna by the tufted abdomen of the perfect insect, is represented by a single species, which, originally imported from the eastern parts of Asia, has become thoroughly acclimatized on the Atlantic seaboard in the vicinity of the larger cities, from which, as centres, it has spread to some extent to the surrounding country. (1) Philosamia cynthia Drury, Plate IX, Fig. 2, 6. (The Ailanthus Silk-moth.) Syn. aurotus Fabricius; znsularis Vollenhoven; vesta Walker; canningi Walker; walkeri Felder; pryeri Butler. The cut (Fig. 36) and the representation on our plate obviate all necessity for mere verbal description of the species. The in- sect which was originally introduced into Europe about the middle of the last century was first introduced into America in the year 1861. It was hoped that it would prove a valuable silk- bearing species, but although a good grade of coarse silk may be made from it by the process of carding, and strong and service- able fabrics are manufactured from it in China, no method of successfully and economically reeling the cocoons has yet been invented. The caterpillar feeds upon the ailanthus, and these shade trees in some places have been known to be completely defoliated by the worms. Genus ROTHSCHILDIA Grote This characteristically neotropical genus may always be rec- ognized by the large more or less triangular translucent spots of the wings, and the general likeness to the species we figure upon our plate. The abdomen is without tufts. The antennz of both sexes are doubly bipectinated. The fore wings are generally considerably produced at the apex. Two species occur within our faunal limits. (1) Rothschildia orizaba Westwood, Plate X, Fig 1, 9. (The Orizaba Silk-moth. ) From Rothschildia jorulla Westwood, the other species found in our territory, this is easily separated by its generally lighter color and the much larger size of the translucent spots 82 Saturniide upon the wings. Both species occur in Arizona, where they are not, however, nearly as common as they are in Mexico. Genus SAMIA Hubner In this genus, composed of quite large moths, characterized, as are the moths of the two preceding and the next succeeding genera, by having the discal cells open, we find that the spots on the middle of the wings are opaque, not hyaline, as in the genus Rothschildia ; and, furthermore, the fore wings are more rounded and less produced than in that genus. (1) Samia cecropia Linnaeus, Plate VIII, Fig. 1, 4; Plate I, Fig. 8, larva, (The Cecropia Moth.) This splendid moth, which is very common, is one of a small number of our native silk-moths, which attract more or less Fic. 37.—Cocoon of Samia cecropia. (After Riley.) popular attention, and the spring of the year in our museums is always regarded as a period in which a certain portion of the time of the entomological staff will be consumed in replying to the letters of persons who, having for once opened their eyes to the wonders of the insect world, have sent in old matchboxes through the mails specimens of this insect, generally adding the information that the species is probably ‘‘new to science”’ or ‘excessively rare,” they having for the first time in their lives noticed the moth. The larva feeds upon a great variety of deciduous trees and shrubs, though manifesting a predilection for the Rosacea, willows, maples, and the lilac. The cocoon is a familiar object. The insect is found over the whole Atlantic seaboard, and ranges westward to the eastern margin of the great plains. 83 Saturniidz (2) Samia gloveri Strecker, Plate XII, Fig. 4, 4. (Glover's Silk-moth.) This species, which may be distinguished from the preceding by the more obscure, purplish color of the outer band, which in S. cecropia is bright red, ranges over the region of the Rocky Mountains from Arizona in the south to Alberta and Assiniboia in the north. A small dwarfed form has been taken upon the high mountains of Colorado, to which Neumcegen gave the sub- specific name reducta. (3) Samia columbia Smith, Plate VIII, Fig. 8, ¢. (The Columbian Silk-moth.) This species, which is well represented in our plate, may be discriminated from its allies by its smaller size, and by the absence of the reddish outer shading of the transverse white line which crosses the wings about their middle. It ranges from Maine to Wisconsin, never, so far as is known at present, rang- ing south of the forty-first parallel of north latitude. While closely allied to S. glovert, it is much smaller, and the larva shows marked differences. The caterpillar feeds upon the larch. (4) Samia rubra Behr, Plate VIII, Fig. 2, ¢. (The Ceano- thus Silk-moth ) Syn. ceanotht Behr; euryalus Boisduval; californica Grote. The species which is easily separated from its congeners by its small size and prevalently redder cast of coloration, is found on the Pacific coast, ranging eastward to Utah and Wyoming. The larva feeds upon Ceanothus thyrsifiorus. Genus CALLOSAMIA Packard The structure of the moths of this genus is much like that of the preceding genus, but the species composing it may invari- ably be discriminated from others by the fact that the pectinations of the antennz of the females in the anterior pair on each joint are shorter than the posterior pair. The genus contains several species; two of which are common in portions of our territory, and the other is a straggler into our fauna from Mexico. (1) Callosamia promethea Drury, Plate I, Fig. 2, larva; Plate XI, Fig. 11, 6, Fig. 12, 9. (The Spice-bush Silk-moth.) Every country boy who lives in the Atlantic States is familiar with the cocoons, which in winter and spring he has found 84 BA Lesnar AGT OSS “eo Ps DUCT AS Me Bia eB F i eH rs guislng Hib naeae 5 @uondst « ae ; auprd sy GRAF 48 his te aso peso Vi Lay eet beat tye Vetoslooe Mi Cua UTS pie as ; AOTBHS bap: : at iri agi: th EXPLANATION OF PLATE JX (Except when otherwise indicated the specimens figured are con- tained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) Telea polyphemus Cramer, 9. Philosamia cynthia Drury, @. Agapema galbina Clemens, 3, U. S. N. M. Automeris 10 Fabricius, o’. Automeris 10 Pabricius, 92. Automeris pamina aurosea Neumoegen, 6. Pseudohazis eglanterina nuttalli Strecker, ©. Pseudohazis hera Harris, 3. Zeuzera pyrina Linneus, OMI AN Aw SH Tue Motu Boox PLatE IX. SOPYRIGHTED bY W. Jk HOLLAND, 1908, Saturniidz hanging from the twigs of the spice-bush, the sassafras, and other trees. As they dangle in the wind they are easily de- tected, though they are often wrapped in the dead leaf in which the caterpillar originally spun them. The larva of which, in addition to the figure given in Plate 1, we furnish a cut herewith, is a rather striking object, the coral-red tubercles on the second and third anterior segments showing conspicuously against the bluish-green epidermis. The insect subsists in the larval stage upon a great variety of deciduous shrubs and trees, showing a A i cD i a Fig. 38.—Callosamia promethea. a, Young larva; b, front view of head; c, magnified view of a seg- ment of young larva; d, mature larva. (After Riley.) Fig. 39.—Cocoon of C. promethea. (After Riley.) special predilection for the Lauracee, Liritodendron, Liquidambar, and the wild-cherry. It ranges over the Atlantic States from Florida to New England into southern Canada, and thence westward through the valley of the Mississippi to the eastern boundaries of the great plains. Whether the silk produced by this common and easily reared species could be utilized in such a way as to make its production commercially profitable is a problem to be solved in the future. No one up to 85 Saturniidz the present time has succeeded either in reeling or carding the silk of the cocoons. (2) Callosamia angulifera Walker, Plate VIII, Fig. 3, ¢, Fig. 4, 92. (The Tulip-tree Silk-moth.) This species may easily be discriminated from the last named by the fact that the males are not without discal spots as in that species, but have large angular white spots, causing them to resemble in this respect the females of C. promethea. The larva feeds commonly on the tulip-poplar (Lirtodendron). The cocoon is not suspended from the twigs, as in the case of C. promethea. The only other species of the genus, which occurs in our fauna, is Callosamia calleta Westwood, which may be differentiated from the two foregoing species by the fact that it has a whitish band on the collar and at the base of the thorax. SUBFAMILY SATURNIIN/E The discal cells are closed. The antennz are pectinated in both sexes to the tip. The hind wings have but one internal vein distinctly developed. But four genera representing this sub- family are found within our territory. Genus AGAPEMA Neumeegen & Dyar The antennz of both sexes are doubly bipectinated, those of the female having both the anterior and posterior pectinations of equal length. Only one species is known. (1) Agapema galbina Clemens, Plate IX, Fig. 3, 6. (The Galbina Moth.) This interesting insect occurs in southern Texas, Arizona and Mexico. The larval stages have been described by Henry Edwards (see ‘‘Entomologica Americana,” Vol. 1V, p. 61). The specimen figured is considerably darker than the figures given by Strecker. Specimens as light as those he depicts have never fallen into the hands of the author. Genus ACTIAS Leach The species of this genus may easily be discriminated by their pale green color, and the tailed hind wings. The pectinations of the antennz in the female sex are shorter in the anterior pair on 86 Saturniidz each joint than the posterior pair. The genus is quite large, but only one species occurs in temperate North America. It is better represented in the Old World. (1) Actias luna Linnzus, Plate XII, Fig. 7, 6. (The Luna Moth. ) This common and well-known insect has an extensive range from Canada to Florida and westward to Texas and the trans- Mississippi States as far as the region of the great plains. The larva, of which we give < a representation, feeds upon the various species of walnut and hickory, the sweet-gum (Liqui- dambar ), the persimmon (Diospyros), and other trees. In North Caro- lina it appeared to be particularly fond of the persimmon. The cocoon is thin and papery, spun among leaves, and falls to the ground in autumn. In consequence it is not nearly as often found as those of some other species, which have been described in the preceding pages. Fic. 40.—Larva of A. luna. (After Riley.) Genus TELEA Hubner This is a very small genus, including only two or three species. It is confined to the New World. The only represen- tative in our faunal limits is the well-known species, which we figure. (1) Telea polyphemus Cramer, Plate IX, Fig. 1, @. (The Polyphemus Moth. ) Syn. paphia Linneeus; fenestra Perry; oculea Neumcegen. This very common moth feeds in the larval stage upon a great variety of trees and shrubs. | have found the caterpillar upon various species of oaks, upon the two species of Juglans, which grow in the Eastern States, upon hickory, basswood, elms, maples, birches, chestnuts, the sycamore (Platanus), wild- 87 Saturniide roses, and the beech. Other observers have reported the larva as found upon a great variety of other trees. The caterpillar, Fic. 41.—Larva of Telea polyphemus. (After Riley.) which is of a beautiful shade of green, is ornamented on the sides by raised lines of silvery white, and is altogether a beauti- ful object, so far as coloration is concerned. The cocoon is in form like that of Actias luna, but is much more dense, and, after it has been spun up, is injected by the larva with a fluid, which appears to precipitate a white chalky matter through the fibers after it has dried. Efforts to reel the silk have hitherto amounted to but little. The insect is double-brooded in the southern States. In Pennsylvania and north- ward it is single-brooded. The moth ranges across the entire continent and into Mexico in the South. = We have given in Figure 5 ees a representation of the Fig. 42.—Cocoon of Telea polyphemus. pupa, in Figure 10 a cut Coley) of the antenna greatly en- larged, and in Figures 41 and 42 are shown the larva and the cocoon. The latter, as is illustrated in the cut, is spun among leaves, and falls in the autumn to the ground. A number of aberrant forms and local races have been described, and there is considerable variety in the depth of the ground-color of the wings 88 7 a. wl 4 cae 3 "ite ¥ — y hay ay - 4 r. th retenanrpemrver ant i } i Ks if x saad 10 eo ina ra Neate" Bc Ca ear 3 ioage of vi Hs EXPLANATION OF PLATE X (Except when otherwise indicated the specimens figured are in the collection of W. J. Holland.) Rothschildia orizaba Westwood, 9. Basilona imperialis Drury, 9°. Citheronia regalis Fabricius, @ Citheronia mexicana Grote & Robinson, ©. Adelocephala bicolor Harris, ©. Adelocephala bicolor Harris, @. Syssphinx albolineata Grote & Robinson, <. Coloradia pandora Blake, ©. 9. Malacosoma disstria Hitbner, op‘, U.S. N. M. to. Malacosoma erosa Stretch, ©. 11. Malacosoma californica Packard, ©’. 12. Malacosoma americana Fabricius, 9, U. S. N. M. Or An bw dH Tue Motu Book. PLATE K, COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND, 1995, seatcnn ae Saturniidz in a long series of specimens collected in the same locality. I have one or two fine melanic specimens, in which the wings are almost wholly black on the upper side. Albino specimens are also occasionally found. Genus SATURNIA Schrank This genus is represented in our fauna by a single species. (1) Saturnia mendocino Behrens, Plate XII, Fig. 6, ¢. (The Mendocino Silk-moth. ) The insect inhabits northern California, where it is not uncommon. The larva feeds upon Arctostaphylos tomentosa. Genus AUTOMERIS Hubner Four species of this genus occur within our borders. Three of them we figure on our plates. The other, Automerts Zelleri Grote & Robinson, may be distinguished from those we give by its much greater size, the female expanding fully five inches across the wings, and having three broad brown bands parallel to the margin of the hind wing, a large blind ocellus in the middle of that wing, and the fore wings purplish brown, marked with darker brown spots at the base, the end of the cell, and on the limbal area. (1) Automeris pamina Neumeegen, Plate IX, Fig. 6, ¢. (The Pamina Moth.) The figure we give is taken from an example of the form called aurosea by Neumeegen, in which the hairs along the inner margin of the hind wings are somewhat more broadly rosy red than in the specimens which he indicated as typical. The specimen was labeled by, and obtained from, the author of the species. (2) Automeris zephyria Grote, Plate VIII, Fig. 5, ¢@. (The Zephyr Silk-moth.) This beautiful insect which is found in New Mexico, is well delineated in our plate, and may easily be discriminated from ‘other species by the white transverse lines of the fore wings. (3) Automeris io Fabricius, Plate IX, Fig. 4, 6, Fig. 5, ?. (The Io Moth. ) Syn. corollaria Perry; varia, Walker; fabriciz, Boisduval; argus Neumcegen & Dyar. 89 Saturniide This common insect, which ranges from Canada to Florida, and westward and southward to Texas and Mexico, subsists in the larval stage upon a large variety of trees and shrubs; in fact, the caterpillar is almost omnivo- rous. The iarva is a beautiful object, the body being green, ornamented with a _ lateral stripe of pink and creamy White and covered with clusters of branching spines. These are possessed of sting- ing properties, and the cater- pillar should be handled with extreme care, if painful con- Sequences are to be avoided. In spite of this defense the larve are greatly liable to the attack of ichneumon wasps, which destroy multi- Fie. 43.—Larva of Automerts to, (After Riley.) tudes of them. Genus HYLESIA Hubner This is a neotropical genus of small size, one species of which, common enough in Mexico, is occasionally found in Arizona. It is a true Saturnian, the secondaries having but one inner vein and the discal cells in both wings being closed. (1) Hylesia alinda Druce, Plate VIII, Fig. 12, ¢. (The Alinda Moth.) The specimens | have were taken on the Mexican border of Arizona. So far as | remember, nothing has been written upon the life-history of the species. SUBFAMILY HEMILEUCIN/E. The moths of this subfamily may be structurally differentiated from their near allies by the fact that the hind wings have two distinct internal veins, 1a and 1b. The antenne of the male insect in the genus Co/oradia are doubly bipectinated. In the gO Saturniide genera Hemileuca and Pseudohazis, the antenne of the males are singly bipectinated. In the former genus the females have bipectinated antennz; in the latter the females have the antenne serrate, or very feebly pectinated. Genus COLORADIA Blake (1) Coloradia pandora Blake, Plate X, Fig. 8, 6. (The Pandora Moth.) The range of this insect is from the eastern foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains to the Cascades, and from Montana to Mexico. Genus HEMILEUCA Walker Eight species of this genus are known from our territory, four of which we figure. H. electra Wright has the hind wings more or less red with a black border. H. grotez is a black species with a white collar, and a series of narrow white spots covering the middle of the wings, three on the fore wing, and those on the hind wing composing a narrow median band. H. neumegent is a beautiful insect with snowy white thorax and reddish brown abdomen. The wings are snowy white with orange discal marks crossed by two black bands on the pri- maries and one on the secondaries, the inner line of the primaries being relieved externally by an orange spot bordered with black. H. hualapat Neumcegen has the wings dull pink, either without markings, or crossed by two pale lines. The form with the pale transverse lines has been dubbed sororius by Henry Edwards. (1) Hemileuca maia Drury, Plate Xl, Fig. 1, ¢. (The Buck-moth.) Syn. proserpina Fabricius. In the fall of the year, when the leaves are falling and the days are still mellow and warm, the Buck-moths may be seen flitting through the air at noonday. They especially frequent the edges of groves of oaks. Upon the twigs of these trees, as well as occasionally upon willows, wild cherry-trees, and hazels, they deposit their eggs in clusters, as represented in Figure 44. The larve, which are gregarious and have stinging spines or bristles upon the somites, hatch in the latter part of April or in May, according to latitude, and after undergoing five molts, pupate in op Saturniide the ground. The moths emerge in the fall, though a few winter over in the soil until the next spring, when they emerge, or they may even remain dormant until the following fall. The wings are semi-translucent, and in some specimens are apparently almost devoid of scales. The insects are diurnal, or semi-crepus- cular in their habit, and I have never known them to be attracted to artificial light. The name ‘‘Buck-moths” is said to have been given to them because they fly at the time when deer- stalking is in order. The insect ranges from Maine and Nova Scotia to Florida and westward to Fic. 44.—Eggs the eastern edge of of Buck-moth. i" Jai (After Riley.) the great plains. In the Carolinas it is very common, especially in groves of the Black-jack Oak, which grow on barren up- lands. (2) Hemileuca neva- densis Stretch, Plate XI, Fig 2, 6. (The Nevada Buck-moth.) Syn. californica Wright; artemts Packard. This species, which closely resembles the pre- ceding, may be _ distin- NaS nein ie shy tame Fic. 45.— Buck-moth; a, mature much wider expanse of the Jarva: b, pupa; c-d, bristles on larve in transverse discal bands in first stage; e, thoracic spine in second ; stage; 7, spine in third stage; g, spine both wings, and the much jn fifth stage. (After Riley.) redder tuft of anal hairs. It may be a mere local race of Hemileuca maia, but most authors have recently accorded it specific rank. (3) Hemileuca juno Packard, Plate XII, Fig. 8, ¢. (The Juno Moth.) Syn. yavapai Neumeegen. 92 Avpeat TX araid ro worravsrixd oT) i io ae (.brisioH “ ‘ ca Ray: Fea RT Beeb s Stas oo EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) Hemileuca maia Drury, o. Hemuleuca nevadensts Stretch, ©. Pseudohazis hera pica Walker, &. Pseudohazs hera pica Walker, ©. Pseudohazis eglanterina nuttalli Strecker, 3. Ctenucha brunnea Stretch, 6. Tolype velleda Stoll, 3. Tolype velleda Stoll, 9. 9. Amtsota stigma Fabricius, 3. to. Antsota stigma Fabricius, 9 . 11. Callosamia promethea Drury, 3. 12. Callosamia promethea Drury, 2. 13. Bastlona imperialis Drury, 3. 14- Syssphinx heiligbrodi Harvey, 9. 15. Cargida pyrrha Druce, . 16. Fenaria longipes Druce, . 17. Xanthopastis timais Cramer, 9. 18. Euchetias murina Stretch, 9. 19. Copidryas cosyra Druce, 3. 20. .Apantesis intermedia Stretch, ©. ON An BW NH FLATE 41 THE Motu Boox J. HOLLAND. COPYRIGHTED BY W. Saturniide This beautiful moth occurs in Arizona and northern Mexico. (4) Hemileuca tricolor Packard, Plate XII, Fig. 9, 6. (The Tricolor Buck-moth.) This species, like the preceding, is found in Arizona and in New Mexico. The larve feed upon the Grease-wood, according to report. Genus PSEUDOHAZIS Grote & Robinson This is a small genus of rather striking and exceedingly vari- able insects, the life histories of which have not been as thor- oughly studied as is desirable. The moths appear to be diurnal in their habits, and may be found in vast numbers in the morn- ing hours on bright days in their favorite haunts in the region of the Rocky Mountains. I have found them particularly abundant about Laramie Peak in Wyoming in the latter part of June and July. They appear to frequent flowers in company with diurnal lepidoptera, as the various species of Argynnis, and they may then be easily taken. Their flight is rapid. They are character- istic of the country of the sage-brush, and the ranges of the western sheep-herder. (1) Pseudohazis eglanterina Boisduval. Form nuttalli Strecker, Plate IX, Fig. 7, ¢; Plate XI, Fig. 5, 6. (Nuttall’s Sheep-moth.) Syn. shastaensis Behr; denudata Neumcegen. The two figures given on our plates show two forms of this well-known insect. Whatever the amount of black or purple upon the fore wings the specimens may always be distinguished from others by the presence just beyond the discal spot of the fore wings of a longitudinal dash of Indian yellow. This is characteristic, and | have never failed to find it in a long series of specimens, no matter how the other markings varied. (2) Pseudohazis hera Harris, Plate IX, Fig. 8, $. (The Hera Moth. ) Romuspicay Walkers plates x, Figeaa ecg higeedz ea (line Magpie Moth.) This extremely variable moth is represented by the typical form in the figure given upon Plate IX, and in the figures given upon Plate XI by two specimens showing the form, which is 93 Ceratocampide most common in Colorado and Wyoming, in which the wings are greatly suffused with black. To this form Walker’s name pica properly applies. FAMILY CERATOCAMPID/E ‘In Nature’s infinite book of secrecy A little I can read.’’—SHAKESPEARE. This family contains moths of large or medium size, the larve of which do not produce cocoons, but undergo transforma- tion in the ground. The larve are generally more or less orna- mented with spines and bristly protuberances. The moths have the tongue developed, but nevertheless feebly. The tibial spurs are present. The frenulum is lacking. The genera belonging to this family are American, and only five of them occur within our faunal limits. Genus ANISOTA Hubner Of the five species, recognized as belonging to this genus and occurring within our borders, we have selected three for repre- sentation. Anisofa senatoria, a common species found in the Atlantic States, is distinguished from its very near ally, Anzsota virginiensis, not only by marked differences in the larval stage, but by the fact that the females are almost exactly like the female of Anisola stigma, profusely covered with black spots or freck- lings on the wings, while the females of virginiensis, as shown in the plate, are almost wholly destitute of such spots. The males of these two species are almost alike, the only difference being that the male insect in the case of virgintensts is somewhat darker than in the case of Anisota senatoria, and less ochreous. (1) Anisota stigma Fabricius, Plate XI, Fig. 9, 4; Fig. 10, 2. (The Stigma Moth.) The caterpillar feeds upon various species of oak. It is orna- mented with short spines upon the segments, arranged in rows, those on the second segment from the head being long and recurved.. The color of the larve at maturity is a dull reddish brown, marked with small creamy-white and gray punctulations. The insect occurs in the Appalachian faunal region, from Canada to the Carolinas, and westward to Kansas and Missouri. 94 Ceratocampide (2) Anisota virginiensis Drury, Plate VIII, Fig. 9, 4 ; Fig. 10, @. (The Virginian. Anisota.) Syn. astymone Olivier; pellucida Herrich-Scheffer. The male insect has the fore wings almost transparent about the middle, as is the case with Antsofa senatoria, as has already been pointed out, but the female is not heavily spotted, as is the case in that species. The caterpillar feeds upon oaks. The moth has the same geographical distribution as the preceding species. (3) Anisota rubicunda Fabricius, Plate VIII, Fig. 11, ¢. (The Rosy Maple-moth.) The larva of this beautiful moth feeds commonly upon the silver-maple, which in many of our western cities has been extensively planted as a shade-tree. The depredations it commits upon the foliage have subjected it to the indignation of arbori- culturists. It was formerly very com- mon in the city of Pittsburgh, but for many years past it has almost entirely disappeared, so that it is now regarded as a rather rare insect by local collectors. The disappearance of the moth is due no doubt to the combined influ- ence of the electric ; ; Fic. 46.—Anisota rubicunda. a. larva; b. lights, iylnvela aE) upa;c. female moth. (After Riley.) destroy millions of insects, which are attracted to them, and to gas-wells, and furnaces, which lick up in their constantly burning flames other millions of insects. Perhaps the English sparrow has also had a part in the work of extermination. — In Kansas the insect is very common. I recently saw in the city of Atchison numerous maples, which had almost been stripped of their leaves by these larve. The range of the insect is practically the same as that of the other species of the genus. 95 Ceratocampide Genus ADELOCEPHALA Herrich-Scheffer As in the preceding genus, vein 11 of the fore wing is stalked with veins 6-8, but the outer margin of the wing is not straight as in that genus, and longer than the internal margin, but it is convex and shorter than the inner margin. There are a number of species belonging to the genus, which are indigenous in Central and South America, but only one occurs within our borders. (1) Adelocephala bicolor Harris, Plate X, Fig. 5, 4; Fig. 6, g. (The Honey-locust Moth.) Syn. disitgma Walsh. The larva feeds upon the Honey-locust (Gleditschia) and the Kentucky Coffee-tree (Gymnocladus). It is a rather common: insect in the valley of the Ohio, and ranges from the region of the Great Lakes southward to Georgia and Kansas. Genus SYSSPHINX Hubner The insects assigned to this genus by recent writers do not differ greatly in structure from those referred to the preceding genus. The principal structural differences consist in the fact that the antennz of the females are somewhat shorter and less strongly pectinated, and the abdomen is generally longer, in some species greatly exceeding the hind margin of the hind wings. The genus is well represented in Mexico and Central America. Only four species occur in our territory, two of which we figure. (1) Syssphinx albolineata Grote & Robinson, Plate X, Fig. 7, 6. (The White-lined Syssphinx. ) Syn. raspa Boisduval. The figure we give is sufficient to enable the student to iden- tify this species which is common in Mexico, and also occurs in southern Arizona. (2) Syssphinx heiligbrodti Harvey, Plate XI, Fig. 14, 9. (Heiligbrodt’s Syssphinx.) This very pretty moth, which may easily be determined by the help of the figure we give, is not uncommon in southern Arizona. The caterpillar feeds, it is said, upon Grease-wood bushes. 96 / ; t f rat. : es 5 ee “

ae ae >) Streep Sahep, ommozonio.) 5 m. ie Veet Oe Seda zinligs obiaimonn2, s rh ae Witte ‘ foo ZAHOENID sep loc. Bee i : ae AM a9iwoqs obi aioli? ts e ip ) Stor wieso milo {fe eas vie Kirotl oioy: erorgiel of ; ; Sy ee or ton DRDWS IPH osinls7) ee Se dif ; i if as ere Oe -=bal yar ie Shustate dipesant e 4, ae ‘ We = 7 a ea a = FS absre wy . . Q area ola samt teak Wee, DIO Pe: neaseallee io i } ene ; Foon obiovilg oscl; ee ar ee a ae > ,9t0%) ~olosid ef MVE. 0, Sten od sont if “Ry erode Hizoo Hobs! oe OR. iii 9 sion) lod zy % Hh Jolt arenonnstlas\in oibideioyd. . ae $20 eon) ae sos ts a pe H | ™ 5 (basl sea fi DU ao ET dasti itos. iA E SIOZ NTO Eye — Mi xe é ; | a: ang BE a OTe), Rea oxiiny A AE “ae tee woud ZMlostulasy zzqooe 8 alstosse oils NW 2igdesd op7 f f ony th eigen EE Ai eS Dagon ‘ i, e A relist ; ‘ G » sha areal soa pilqrosioagcl ayy A) . .2 lebiusw P osbwigris pilose 8x hep OM Ng oy al)’ ox Me Pa ee, a ey pea Peon make see os Pre) owt "einai eoce ae ; ee i nue 5 HBOoNY Marya OR. ne Beis ints BE coune nmnzolber yes =: tastes iMatsde slosixy ourozatho vl hep a % flodevte olay WwW DY H EXPLANATION OF PLaTE XIII (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) . Cosmosoma auge Linneus, o'. . Syntomeida epilais Walker, . . Syntomeida tpomee Harris, 9: . Triprocris rata Henry Edwards, S . Trtprocris latercula Henry Ed- wards, do’, U.S.N. M. . Pseudomya minima Grote, 3, Ws Ss Ne We . Didasys bele Grote, ,U.S.N.M. . Didasys bele Grote, 2. . Horama texana Grote, 6. . Excereon confine Herrich- Schaeffer, 9, U.S. N. M. . Lymire edwardsi Grote, 2. . Scepsis fulvicollis Hiibner, 9. . Scepsis wrightt Stretch, o\, type. . Lycomorpha grotet Packard, 9. . Lycomorpha pholus Drury, 3. . Triprocris constans Henry Ed- wards, <’. . Lycomorpha fulgens Henry Ed- wards, 9. . Ctenucha virginica Charpentier, . Ctenucha multifaria Walker, 9 , U.S. N. M. . Ctenucha venosa Walker, 3. . Ctenucha cressonana Grote, 3. 45. Kodzosoma fulva . Ctenucha rubroscapus Ménétries, © IO, So INle Wile . Dahana atripennis, Grote, 3. . Nola ovilla, Grote 3. . Celama triquetrana Fitch, 3. . Celama pustulata Walker, 3, U.S. N. M. . Reselia fuscula Grote, 9°. . Ptychoglene phrada Druce, . . Lexis bicolor Grote, 3. . Crambidia casta Sanborn, '. . Crambidia allegheniensis Hol- land, o. . Nigetia formosalis Walker, 3. . Bruceta pulverina Neumeoegen, Cue . Comacla simplex Walker, o. . Illice subjecta Walker, ©’. . Illice unifascia Grote & Robin- son, o’. . Illice nexa Boisduval, ©. . Clemensita albata Packard, oh We. So IN, Wl . Hematomtis mexicana Druce, 3. S) . Pygoctenucha funerea Grote, 9, Acad. Nat. Se. Phila. . Hypoprepia miniata Kirby, 2. . Hypoprepia fucosa Hiibner, o. . Kodiosoma eavest Stretch, ©. Kodtosoma tricolor Stretch, ©. tretch, ’. - THE MotH Book E é. __Puate XIil. COPYRIGHTED BY W, J, HOLLAND, 1909 Lithosiidz the hind wing is slightly produced at the anal angle. Here come two of the species found in our fauna, /. schwarziorum and /. unifascia. In the third section, typical ///rce, fall the species in which the anal angle is not produced. Here are placed five species. The student may find the following key helpful in determining his specimens: A. Hind wing slightly produced at the anal angle. Lappets and markings of fore wing yellow, hind wings crimson, fuscous at apex. 1. Fore wing with the band across the wing crimson on the sbobavssespoal=h ceab ol ailoL seni cuReaebetn MioIlGicta 0.0 cao schwarziorum Dyar 2. Fore wing with the band across the wing not crimson on thepmner mMareims./. eee, «werent eae. untfascia Grote B. Hind wing not produced at the anal angle. Abdomen crimson; fore wing slaty-gray in ground color. 1. Fore wing with criinson patch on the costa....... subjecta Waller 2. Fore wing without crimson patch on costa, and with a pink streak on the inner margin at the base. . ..strzata Ottolengui 3. Fore wing with whitish patch about the middle of the inner AT AT OUT pe de) Seay cacy seheh =) Suck eucie eaten CHe en ors plumbea Stretch Abdomen orange or yellowish. 1. Hind wing pale yellow, with apex blackish....... .mexa Boisduval 2, labial Warne SINOGAPAEH, coaouscocboobcuooe faustinula Boisduval (1) Illice unifascia Grote & Robinson, Plate XIII, Fig. BO 2: (ihe Banded Lichen= moth.) Syn. lenuifascia Harvey. The insect ranges from Fyg. 55. —Titice unifascia, d. }. the Ohio Valley southward to (After Hampson.) Texas, and from Virginia to Florida. The transverse band is often interrupted in the middle of the wing, and there is variation in the color of the hind wings, which, while usually red or crimson, may Fic. 56.—Illice subjecta,6.3, also. be orange, or even (After Hampson.) yellow. (2) Illice subjecta Walker, Plate XIII, ices syeoe Glhe Subject Lichen-moth.) Syn. packardi Grote. 109 Lithosiidz The distribution of this species is much the same as that of the preceding. Its range is slightly more northern than that of /. unifascia. (3) Wice nexa Boisduvaly plate) Xu Figs ss7he crn Gene Yellow-blotched Lichen-moth.) Syn. grisea Packard; deserta Felder. This species is found upon the Pacific coast, and is not uncommon in southern California. Genus PTYCHOGLENE Felder A small genus confined to the southwestern portions of our territory. The four species occurring within our fauna may be briefly characterized as follows: 1. Head, thorax, base of abdomen, basal two-thirds of prima- ries and basal half of secondaries bright carmine; black marginal borders of both wings strongly dentate AWaLdlyice . Wes vledeicinein a nimacsdenierdiene sate me coccinea Henry Edwards 2. Head, thorax, and abdomen black; fore wings crimson, narrowly edged with black on inner margin, and with a black marginal band covering the wing for about one- fifth of its length, dentate inwardly opposite end of cell. Hind wing blackish-brown, more or less broadly laved with crimson on costal margin................phrada Druce 3, Head, thorax, and abdomen black; fore wing crimson, with the costal margin narrowly edged with black; terminal black band of the same width as in the preceding species, but not dentate inwardly. Hind wing pale yellowish crimson, with the outer marginal band. strongly toothed inwardly on vein 2........sanguineola Boisduval 4. Head, thorax, and abdomen, deep black; patagia crimson; fore wings deep crimson, very narrowly edged on external margin with black, extending on costal margin a short distance from the apex toward the base. Hind wings deep bluc-black, very narrowly edged on the costa with crimson, the crimson fascia not quite reach- INS Chea Pex ereccie ess teve Guercusis orsre om ece eaenenevet tenuimargo sp. nov. (1) Ptychoglene phrada Druce, Plate XIII, Fig. 28, ¢. (Druce’s Lichen-moth. ) Syn. flammans Dyar. (2) Ptychoglene tenuimargo sp. nov., Plate XIIl., Fig. 17, @. (The Narrow-banded Lichen-moth.) 110 Lithosiidze The type of this species, which I have received in recent years from Arizona and in great abundance from the State of Chihuahua in Mexico, is figured upon our plate. Genus PYGOCTENUCHA Grote A small genus containing three species, two of which are found within the limits of the United States. They may be discriminated as follows: 1. Uniformly black, collar-lappets and tip of abdomen ochre- pe llowimesizensraialllly hes ete eta teen sie oren etter junerea Grote 2. Head, thorax, and abdomen black shot with brilliant blue; fore coxe, tegule, patagia, and anal tuft scarlet, the latter white in the female; fore wings black shot with green; hind wings black shot with blue. Fully one- third larger than preceding species............. terminalis Walker (1) Pygoctenucha funerea Grote, Plate XIII., Fig. 40, 6. (The Funereal Lichen-moth.) The specimen figured on our plate was kindly loaned for the purpose by the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. The insect occurs in New Mexico. (2) Pygoctenucha terminalis Walker. (The Blue-green Lichen-moth.) Syn’ harrist Boisduval; pyrrhowra Hulst; votiva Henry Edwards. This insect, referred by Hampson to his genus Profosia, must be placed here, Pygoctenucha having priority over Protosia, which falls as a synonym. Genus LERINA Walker Only one species belongs to this genus. It was originally named by Walker, and made the type of the genus. Subse- quently it was redescribed by Boisduval as Cienucha robinsont, under which name it has passed current in American collections until recently. (1) Lerina incarnata Walker. (The Crimson- bodied Lichen-moth.) Fic. 57.—Lerina incarnata, 4 . 3. Syn. robinsoni Boisduval. (After Hampson.) The head, tegule, and patagia, with the terminal half of the abdomen are deep crimson. The rest of the body and Ii ‘Splitters’”’” and ‘“‘ Lumpers”’ its appendages are black. The wings are bronzy-green. The insect inhabits Mexico and southern Arizona. “SPLITTERS” AND “LUMPERS” Every true naturalist is called upon to exercise the faculty of discrimination and the faculty of generalization. His work trains him to detect dissimilarities on the one hand and like- nesses on the other. His judgments as to likeness are expressed in the genera, the famiies, the orders, which he proposes. His judgment as to dissimilarities is most frequently expressed in his views as to species. When the two faculties of discrimination and generalization are well balanced and accompanied by the habit of patient observation, ideal conditions are reached, and the work of the naturalist in classification may be expected to stand the test of time. But where, as is often the case, one of these faculties is exalted at the expense of the other, there are certain to result perversions, which will inevitably cause trouble to other students. When a man cultivates the habit of discrimination to excess, he is apt to become, so far as his labors as a systematist are concerned, ‘‘a splitter.” A ‘‘splitter” magnifies the importance of trivial details; he regards minute differences with interest; he searches with more than micro- scopic Zeal after the little things and Icaves out of sight the lines of general resemblance. Huber, the celebrated naturalist, said that by patient observation he had come to be able to recognize the different ants in a hill, and, as one by one they emerged from their subterranean galleries, he knew them, as a man living upon a certain thoroughfare in a great city comes at last to know by sight the men and women who are in the habit of daily passing his windows. No doubt the critical eye can detect as great individual differences in the lower animal world as are to be detected among men. A student comes to apply himself with great zeal to searching out and describing these differences, and when he undertakes to say that because of them one form should be separated specifically from another he becomes ‘‘a splitter.” I recall an entomologist whose chief weapon of research was a big microscope. He would take a minute insect and study it until he was able to number the hairs upon its head. Then he would describe it, giving it a specific name. The next 112 “Splitters” and ‘“‘ Lumpers”’ specimen he would subject to the same critical process, and if the number of hairs was not just the same, or a small wart was detected here or there, or a bristle grew in a place where a bristle did not grow in the specimen previously examined, it too, was described and a specific name was given it. It was as if a man, sitting and looking out on the throng upon Broadway, should resolve to give every individual a specific name and should declare he had seen as many species of men as he had seen men passing his window. The labors of such naturalists may be highly entertaining to themselves, but they are, to say the least, provocative of unpleasant feelings in the minds of others who come after them and are compelled to deal with and review their labors. The ‘‘lumper,”’ on the other hand, is a man who detects no differences. ‘‘All cocoons look alike to me!” he says. Any two moths which are of approximately the same size and the same color, are, by him, declared to belong to the same species. Questions of structure do not trouble him. General re- semblances are the only things with which he deals. No matter if egos, larve, legs, veins, and antenne are different it is ‘‘all one thing” to him. His genera are ‘‘ magazines,” into which he stuffs species promiscuously. The ‘‘lumper” is the horror of the ‘‘splitter,” the ‘‘splitter” is anathema to the ‘‘lumper’; both are the source of genuine grief and much hard- ship to conscientious men, who are the possessors of normally constituted minds and truly scientific habits. Nevertheless, we are certain to have both ‘‘splitters” and ‘‘lumpers” in the camps of science until time is no more. ‘‘This kind goeth not forth” even for ‘‘fasting and prayer.” “Look at this beautiful world, and read the truth In her fair page; see every season brings New change to her of everlasting youth— Stil! the green soil, with joyous living things Swarms—the wide air is full of joyous wings.” BRYANT. 113 FAMILY ARCTIID/E “All diamonded with panes of quaint device, Innumerable of stains, and splendid dyes, As are the Tiger Moth’s deep damask wings.” Keats. “There is another sort of these caterpillers, who haue no certaine place of abode, nor yet cannot tell where te find theyr foode, but, like vnto superstitious Pilgrims, doo wander and stray hither and thither (and like Mise), consume and eat vp that which is none of their owne; and these haue purchased a very apt name amongst vs Englishmen, to be called Palmer-worms, by reason of their wandering and rogish life (for they neuer stay in one place, but are euer wandering), although by reason of their roughnes and ruggednes some call them Beare-wormes. They can by no means endure to be dyeted, and to feede vpon some certaine herbes and flowers, but boldly and disorderly creepe ouer all, and tast of all plants and trees indifferently, and liue as they list.”—TopsELL, History of Serpents, p. 105 (1608). This is a large family including many genera and reckon- ing, according to recent lists, over two thousand species. The family is represented in our fauna by thirty-eight genera, and at least one hundred and twenty species. The following characterization of the family is adapted from Hampson, with special reference to the genera occurring within our territory: Proboscis more or less aborted in the typical genera Arctia, Diacrisia, and allies, fully developed in most neotropical genera, and in Ufetheisa and its allies; palpi slight and porrect, or well developed and upturned; ocelli present; eyes rarely hairy; antennz pectinate or ciliate; tibial spurs typically small, but often well developed, the hind tibiz with the medial spurs absent in a few genera and the fore tibiz in others with curved apical claw, the mid and hind tibiz rarely spined. Wings usually well developed. Fore wing with vein 1a separate from 1b; 5 from near lower angle of cell or well below angle of discocellulars; 6 from or from near upper angle; areole present in many genera. Hind wing with vein 1a present; Ic absent; 114 Arctiide 4 often absent; 5 from near lower angle of cell or well below angle of discocellulars;. 6, 7 sometimes coincident; 8 coin- cident with the cell from or almost from base to near middie, or extremity of the cell and even in some genera beyond the extremity of the cell. In the genus Ha/istdofa vein 8 is obsolete. The larvz have all the prolegs and are generally profusely clothed with hairs. They pupate in cocoons woven of silk mixed with the hairs which are shed during the process of spinning. The caterpillars of some species have received the common appellation of ‘‘ woolly bears,” and the moths are familiarly known as ‘‘tiger-moths.” Genus HOLOMELINA Herrich-Scheffer The names Eubaphe and Crocofa, proposed by Hubner, and applied recently by some writers to this group of insects, being what are known to students as nomina nuda, cannot stand. It may be said in passing that this genus from a classi- ficational standpoint is in a very unsatisfactory condition, so far as some of the species are concerned. The ‘‘Splitters” and the “Lumpers” have been hard at work upon it, and inasmuch as the insects show very little purely structural variation, and vary greatly in color and size, there has resulted great con- fusion. Within the limits of the space assigned to us in the present compendium we have not the opportunity to discuss these questions, but suggest to our readers that there is here an opportunity to use both eyes and mind to advantage in solving some of the vexed points. The test of breeding should be rigorously applied, and the larval stages of the insects should be critically observed. (1) Holomelina ostenta Henry Edwards, Plate XIV, Fig. 17,4. (The Showy Holomelina.) This conspicuous and very beautifully colored insect ranges from Colorado through New Mexico and Arizona into Mexico. (2) Holomelina opella Grote, Plate XIV, Fig. 23, ¢. (The Tawny Holomelina.) Syn. obscura Strecker; rubricosta Ehrman. This species is rather common in Pennsylvania and the Atlantic States as far south as Georgia. 115 Arctiidze Form: belmaria >) Ehrman) iPlate XxIVe = Bicts 24 noe (Ehrman’s Holomelina.) This insect, a paratype of which is figured as above cited, is regarded by Dr. Dyar as a varietal form of H. opella. The author is inclined to question the correctness of this determi- nation, because all specimens of the moth so far seen, and a considerable series has come under observation, appear to be structurally different from H. ope/la, in so far forth that the fore wings are narrower, longer and more produced at the apex. The mere fact that they are always black in itself could hardly constitute a valid ground for specific discrimination. (3) Holomelina immaculata Reakirt, Plate XIV, Fig. 20, @. (The Plain-winged Holomelina. ) The range of this species is the same as that of the preceding. (4) Holomelina diminutiva Gref, Plate XIV, Fig. 22, 2. (The Least Holomelina.) Very common in Florida, and apparently quite constant in size and markings. It is sunk as a synonym of aurantiaca, form rubicundaria, by Dyar, but the writer is not willing to admit that this is correct. (5) Holomelina brevicornis Walker, Plate XIV, Figs. 19, 21, @. (The Black-banded Holomelina. ) Syn. belfraget Stretch. This species has also been sunk as a synonym of aurantiaca by recent writers, but with doubtful propriety. It is common in the Gulf States and particularly in Louisiana and Texas. (6) Holomelina quinaria Grote, Plate XIV, Fig. 18, ¢. (The Five-Spotted Holomelina.) Syn. choriona Reakirt; bimaculata Saunders. Characterized by the creamy white spots upon the fore wings. The depth of color of the primaries varies much, from dark brown to pale ferruginous, the specimen figured being representative of the latter form. The spots also vary much in size. ““And there’s never a blade nor a leaf too mean To be some happy creature’s place.” —LoweEL.. 116 8 att honisino> one ier anomivoq: one bated ee ae melelty “Preeti ae TF ae | ae Ne a, ae iat % ator Paar. silent}, 8r% bd " nalogdinsll ‘ A 9 ey Maia Paine Whee soda telelsianwol- 4 dace : s: pode DDN ptolectih 8 Co y atihus oimeieed eal vat Sk aa ine «arr pHipigsd ee: ae _bisdligl psnalps srobielig davnb2io8 nish pitoinsq 1 : iat 5 Abyubeiogk:: OMG! oitADIo.\ iB a ubhte’ Prrer: AGW pio LOI Sonera And Bitathos Vi 08. detete; ecru OL oles bioblet pH. eho £, ME Ve oh omer Wy. gg SP SARE ae oo) puaOUSA og R Sea py cebu ite stow) rsa ' ‘shobieibot B) sf oni: Pidotongon\ a5 ee 9 Feet anna c G rest bile Tamrasivondommitenelc : . re ‘iegereae Poivaiw ible’ PG ee) : rita polaron aan 2 swale ania AaAlyy: 8 f as ee ee Hi ie Ww Nn EXPLANATION OF PLaTE XIV (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in > the collection of W. J. Holland.) Eupseudosoma involutum Sepp, thy Wis Ss Na MM . Bertholdia trigona Grote, . . Pareuchetes insulata Walker, ° . . Pareuchetes eglenensis,Clemens, OF . Opharus astur Cramer, ©. . Hemihyalea edwardst Packard, fe) . Hemthyalea labecula, Grote, 3. . Halisidota argentata Packard, Sto . Halisidota argentata Packard, 9. . Halisidota carye Harris, 3. . Halisidota maculata Harris, 3. . Halisidota tessellaris Abbot & Smith, ¢. . Halisidota cinctipes Grote, 3. . Atmilia roseata Walker, 9. . Atmilia ambigua Strecker, . . Halisidota longa Grote, 3. . Holomelina ostenta Henry Ed- wards, o'. 18. IQ. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 206. Die 28. 29. 30. Bite Bak 33: Holomelina quinaria Grote, 3. Holomelina brevicornis Walker, Q, Holomelinaimmaculata Reakirt, ee Holomelina brevicornis Walker, Q, var. Holomelina diminutiva Gref, 3’. Holomelina opella Grote, 3. Holomelina belmaria Ehrman, Q , paratype. Leptarctia californie Walker, 9 . Leptarctia dimidiata Stretch, 3. Leptarctia decia Boisduval, ¢. Leptarctia lena Boisduval, @. Neoarctia beani Neumcegen, 9, UnS= Neve Neoarctia brucet wards, ©. Phragmatobia jfuliginosa Lin- neus, 9. Diacrisia rubra Neumoegen, 9. U.S.N.M. Diacrisia vagans Boisduval, . Henry Ed- 34. Diacrisia vagans Boisduval, 92. Piate AlV. Tue MoTH Boox. COPYRIGHTED BY W. J, HOLLAND, 199, Ss CRA Shon Le acl jal Arctiida Genus DODIA Dyar Only one species has thus far been assigned to this genus. It was named Dodia albertz by Dr. Dyar in the year 1901. The description both of the genus and the species will be found in the Journal of the New York Entomologi- cal Society, Vol. IX, p. 85. The an- nexed cut (Fig. 58) is taken from the type of the species in the United States National Museum. The in- sect has thus far only been found in the Territory of Alberta. Fic. 58.—Dodia alberte. Genus UTETHEISA Hubner A genus of small extent, represented both in the Old World and the New by nine species, two of which occur within our territory. (1) Utetheisa bella Linnzus, Plate XV, Fig. 27, 9. (The Beautiful Utetheisa.) Syn. hybrida Butler; intermedia Butler; terminalis Neumcegen & Dyar. This common moth, which frequents the blossoms of the golden-rod (Solidago) in the late summer and fall, is widely distributed in the States of the Atlantic seaboard, and shows some tendency to local variation. (2) Utetheisa ornatrix Linnzus, Plate XVII, Fig. 8, ¢. (The Ornamented Utetheisa.) Syn. stretcht Butler; pura Butler. This species may easily be distinguished from the preceding by the washed-out appearance of the primaries. In the form named pura by Butler the fore wings are white, immaculate, except for the red costal streak. The species is common in the Antilles, and occurs in southern Florida. Genus HAPLOA Hubner The genus Hap/oa, which is confined to our territory, has furnished a great deal of amusement to classificationists, who have busied themselves with the spots and markings on the wings of the species, which are very variable. In a long Series of specimens of any one of the species it will be found 117 Arctiidze that scarcely two are exactly alike in the amount of black or white displayed upon the fore wings. The reader will do well in this connection to consult the Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. X, pp. 338-353, where Prof. John B. Smith has written upon the subject, the Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XIX, p. 181 ef seg., where Mr. H. H. Lyman has presented his views, and the Plate given by Mr. F. A. Merrick in the Entomological News for 1903, in which the extreme variability of H. Jlecontet in a given locality is illustrated. (1) Haploa clymene Brown, Plate XVII, Fig. 7,¢. (The Clymene Moth.) Syn. ¢nterruptomarginata De Beauvois; comma Walker. This is one of the most constant species of the genus, and may easily be recognized by the figure we have given upon the plate. Itranges from southern New England to Georgia, and westward to the Mississippi. The larva feeds upon Eupatorium it is said, and the writer believes that the state- ment, which has been called in question, is correct, for, although he has never reared the larvze to maturity himself, he has observed the female moth ovipositing upon this plant in southern Indiana. It is also said to feed upon willows. (2) Haploa colona Hibner, Plate XVII, Fig. 2,9. (The Colona Moth.) Syn. carolina Harris. Form consita Walker, Plate XVII, Fig. 5, 4. Syn. lactata Smith. : This species, which is the largest of the genus, is very variable in the amount of the black shown upon the fore wings. We give two extremes. Other forms arc recognized. The insect has its metropolis in the southwestern States, though it occurs also very sparingly in the northern Atlantic States, and more commonly in the southern Atlantic States. It is common in Texas. (3) Haploa lecontei Boisduval (Leconte’s Haploa). Form dyari Merrick, Plate XVII, Fig. 9, ¢. Forme imilitaris) (Harris) slate, XVIIS SFigs:) 14)5 Ome Pie Bo Oo Form vestalis Packard, Plate XVII, Fig. 3, ¢. 118 Arctiidz This is a protean species, of which a half dozen, or more, forms have been recognized, named, and described. We give in our cut (Fig. 59), a figure of the wings of a specimen, which agrees in its markings with the specimen figured by Boisduval, the author of the species, in his Plate given in the Regne Animal. Such specimens come in the form of their maculation very near the next species, which has been Fretroeelariog differentiated by Lyman under the name eGR, @ 6 confusa. Haploa lecontet ranges from New England to Georgia and westward to the Mississippi. It is a very common insect in western Pennsylvania. The cater- pillar feeds upon Triosteum perfoliatum, and in localities where this plant is abundant the moths may be found in swarms at the end of May and the beginning of June. (4) Haploa confusa Lyman, Plate XVII, Fig. 6, 6. (Lyman’s Haploa. ) This form, or species, is well represented in our plate. It appears to be constant, and is indigenous to the New England States. The specimen figured came from the neighborhood of Claremont, New Hampshire. (5) Haploa contigua Walker. (The Neighbor.) The cut we give (Fig. 60), shows the maculation of the wings of this species sufficiently well to enable it to be separated at once from its congeners. It occurs in the Atlantic region from New England northward and westward. It is found in the Catskills and the Adiron- dacks, and probably occurs in the mountains of northern Pennsylvania, although | do not recall any reference to its having been taken in that State, nor have I seen it on the summits of the Alleghenies, where I have passed several summers. Fic. 60.—Haploa contigua, $ Genus EUERYTHRA Harvey There are two species of this genus known, Euerythra phasma Harvey, which is represented in the accompanying cut 119 Arctiidz (Fig. 61), and Euerythra trimaculata, which is figured on Plate XVI, Fig. 4. The insects occur in Texas and Arizona. They are not common in collections as yet, and so far as the Fic. 61.—Euerythra phasma, 6.4. (After Hampson.) writer recalls, their larval habits have not been described. The student who desires to study the structure of the genus should consult Hampson’s Catalogue, or Prof. Smith’s Paper pub- lished in the Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. X, p. 335 et seq. Genus ECPANTHERIA Hubner This is a large genus, well represented in the tropics of America. Only two species occur within the limits of our fauna, Ecpantheria muzina Oberthtir, which is found in Texas as a straggler from the Mexican territory, and Ecpan- theria deflorata Fabricius, which is more commonly known by its synonymical name, scribonia, given to it by Stoll. The larva of this handsome moth is itself a beautiful object. It is deep black, clothed with black hairs,. and at the junction of the somites, or segments of the body, it is banded with rings of crimson. The male of the perfect insect is figured on Fic. 62.—E. deflorata; alarva; Plate XVI, Fig. 16, and in the B Si o(Ace teen ae accompanying cut we give a figure of the larva. The Eyed Tiger-moth ranges from southern New England, where it is rare, through the southern parts of the United States into Mexico. It is quite common in the Carolinas, and in my boyhood I derived much pleasure from rearing the larve, which fed very freely upon the plantain (Plantago). 120 Arctiidz Genus TURUPTIANA Walker There are eight species in this genus, but only one of them occurs within the limits of the United States. (1) Turuptiana permaculata Packard, Plate XVI, Fig. 15, 6. (The Many-spotted Tiger-moth. ) Syn. reducta Grote; ceca Strecker. Fic. 63.—Turuptiana permaculata, 6. 4, (After Hampson.) This neat moth is found in Colorado and thence southward as far as Arizona and Mexico. Genus LEPTARCTIA Stretch There is only one species in this genus, but the single species by assuming protean colors has caused a great multi- plication of names. We have figured a few of the varietal forms. (1) Leptarctia californiz Walker, Plate XIV, Fig. 25, 9. Form lena Boisduval, Plate XIV, Fig. 28, ¢. Form decia Boisduval, Plate XIV, Fig. 27, ¢. Form dimidiata Stretch, Plate XIV, Fig. 26, ¢. The moth is found in southern California, where it is quite common. The student will have little trouble in recognizing the commoner varieties by the help of the figures we have given, but these are only a few of the forms which occur. ““And with childlike credulous affection We behold those tender wings expand, Emblems of our own great resurrection, Emblems of the bright and better land.” —LONGFELLow. 121 Arctiidz Genus SEIRARCTIA Packard (1) Seirarctia echo Abbot & Smith, Plate I, Fig 10, larva; Plate XVI, Fig. 23, 9. (The Echo Moth.) Syn. niobe Strecker. This beautiful moth, the caterpillar of which feeds upon the ‘Fic. 64.—Seirarctia echo, &. 4. (After Hampson.) sabal palmetto, occurs in Florida, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. Genus ALEXICLES Grote (1) Alexicles aspersa Grote. (The Alexicles Moth.) This moth is referred by Hampson ¢ lex to Hyphantria. \t may belong there, but I leave it in the genus erected for it) by. ;Grote;) Ihe» sabdomien. 1s vermilion-colored, with black dorsal spots. The wings are dark brown, Ha, si ; : i Fic. 65.—Alexicles the primaries somewhat lighter than aspersa, 3. the secondaries and showing obscure darker spots, arranged in transverse bands. Genus ESTIGMENE Hubner There are reputed to be four species of this genus found sw, Within the United States. Albida Stretch is possibly only an extreme white varia- tion) ol ES vacnaa: Es pring Slossonems represented in Fig. 66. It is found in the : New England States, northern New York, Fic. 66.—Estigmene and Canada. The three species just named prima, 6 « all agree in having the abdomen yellowish or orange above, and ornamented dorsally by a series of black 122 TAT hy OTT A eins sie tions -epact neflabe OP mottasllos oslt ce: it Sr eteshng Reo So. ° asgrtbrnie Af sey VN LSNBS t: Se A nes r F ; ANS. Ay ANDI MSH So wee HSYSOmo DIP MTN seetz fron). sii oAS “prsaprrerr ot iy T Sapaloak ‘ VE2aieyh 5 crane | Jo’ ; ; 2ygaiti bo og Ness, eee hii : a t {PR 7 Cus chat Je eT eS Se “ mee Ta hiseHases, 23 Pe 2 | ay J oon NG 242 Suan Oe\s phy ’ ENE i 1. GA SAAN SOs PIP OTT VITAMIN hoe ss Q ape oad ozseieie as 5 . i 4 zs : « ‘ é ~ ui : * SV 5 Brn ° ee $5 ' = ings U.S. Nat. Mus.,” Vol. XXII, p. 416), : ; we give a cut made from a drawing of Fic. g1.—Copibryophila the type, which is contained in the CURIA, 3 3 National Museum at Washington. Us =< ‘ewetea” reer Sead Genus ALEPTINA Dyar This genus has been erected by Dyar to accommodate the species named inca by him in the ‘‘ Canadian Entomologist,” Vol. XXXIV, p. 104. The male is figured on Plate XVII, Fig. 28. The insect is found in Arizona and Texas. Genus BAILEYA Grote A small genus, the species in which have been commonly referred hitherto to the genus Leptina, but erroneously. (1) Baileya ophthalmica Guenée, Plate XVII, Fig. 25, @. Not an uncommon species in the Appalachian Subregion. It comes freely to sugar, and is rather abundant in the forests of southern Indiana. (2) Baileya australis Grote, Plate XVII, Fig. 27, ¢. This is smaller than the preceding species, and generally lighter in color, with a very pronounced blackish apical shade on the fore wings. It occurs in the Gulf States from Florida to Texas. (3) Baileya doubledayi Guenée, Plate XVII, Fig. 26, 6. Of the same size as ophthalmica, but differently marked. From australis it may readily be distinguished by its larger size, and by the different marking of the apex of the fore wings. Genus HADENELLA Grote (1) Hadenella pergentilis Grote, Plate XIX, Fig. 24, ¢. This inconspicuous, but neatly marked little insect, belongs to the region of the Pacific coast, and ranges eastward as far as Colorado. (2) Hadenella subjuncta Smith, Plate XIX, Fig. 25, ¢. 162 Noctuidz The identification of this insect with mznuscula Morrison, made by Dr. Dyar, is open to question. The range of this species is from the Atlantic to the mountains of Colorado, north of the Gulf States. Genus ACOPA Harvey (1) Acopa carina Harvey, Plate XIX, Fig. 16, 6. The habitat of this species is Texas. Three other species belonging to the region of the Southwestern States have been referred to this genus. - Genus CATABENA Walker (1) Catabena lineolata Walker, Plate XIX, Fig. 15, 2. Syn. miscellus Grote. This is a common little moth which ranges from the Atlantic States to California. It is freely attracted to light. The larva feeds on Verbena. Genus CRAMBODES Guenée (1) Crambodes talidiformis Guenée, Plate XIX, Fig. 17, ¢. Syn. conjugens Walker. A common species in the Appalachian Subregion, ranging westward as far as Colorado. Like the preceding species the larval form feeds on Verbena. Genus PLATYSENTA Grote (1) Platysenta videns Guenée, Plate XIX, Fig. 21, @. Syn. tndigens Walker; meskez Speyer; atriciliata Grote. This species has the same range as the preceding. It is common at sugar. (2) Platysenta albipuncta Smith, Plate XIX, Fig. 23, ¢. This moth was originally described from Colorado, but it occurs all through the Southwestern States. The specimen figured came from Texas. Genus BALSA Walker (1) Balsa malana Fitch, Plate XIX, Fig. 18, ¢. Syn. obliquifera Walker. 163 Noctuidee This is a very common species in the Atlantic States and is freely attracted to light. Genus PLATYPERIGEA Smith This genus has been erected by Prof. J. B. Smith for the reception of three species, two of which we figure in the annexed cuts, which have been made for me from the types through the COURECSY Oil Di iarGas Dyan of Washington. All of the species have been re- corded from Colorado. They also occur OS Oe in Wyoming, and I have specimens col- lected for me in the Freeze-out Mountains in that State. They probably have an extensive range in the Rocky Mountains. Fic. 92. is preacuta, 9. t. Genus ANORTHODES Smith (1) Anorthodes prima Smith, Plate XIX, Fig. 19, ¢. This inconspicuous insect is quite common in central Ohio, and its range extends thence southward into the Southern States. It occurs in Kentucky, Tennessee, the Carolinas, and Georgia. Genus CARADRINA Ochsenheimer This is a genus of moderate extent, represented both in the Old World and the New. We have chosen a few species, familiarity with which will enable the student to recognize others. (1) Caradrina meralis Morrison, Plate XIX, Fig. 22, 6. (The Mooned Rustic.) Syn. bilunata Grote. The moth is distributed from the Atlantic seaboard to the interior of New Mexico. It is common in Texas. (2) Caradrina multifera Walker, Plate XIX, Fig. 29, 9. (The Speckled Rustic.) Syn. fidicularia Morrison. The habitat of this species is the Atlantic Subregion. 164 Noctuidz (3) Caradrina spilomela Walker, Plate XIX, Fig. 28, ¢. (The Convivial Rustic.) Syn. conviva Harvey. This is a neotropical species found all over the hotter parts of North and South America, and ranging northward into Arizona and Texas. (4) Caradrina extimia Walker, Plate XIX, Fig. 26, ¢. (The Civil Rustic.) Syn. civica Grote. The moth occurs in Colorado and thence westward to the Pacific. (5) Caradrina punctivena Smith, Plate XIX, Fig. 27, ¢. (The Brown-streaked Rustic.) The identity of this insect with C. rufostriga Packard has been suggested as probable. Its habitat is Colorado, among the mountains, and Labrador. It no doubt occurs at intermediate points at suitable elevations. It is evidently a strictly boreal form. Genus PERIGEA Guenée This is a rather extensive genus, well represented in the warmer parts of the New World, and also occurring in the Eastern Hemisphere. Twenty-four species are credited to our fauna in the latest catalogue. We figure two of the commoner species, which have a wide range. (1) Perigea xanthioides Guenée, Plate XIX, Fig. 30, ¢. (The Red Groundling. ) This is not a scarce species in the Appalachian Subregion. It is particularly abundant in southern Indiana and Kentucky, where | have obtained it in large numbers. (@)prerigea vecors iGuence,)Platey Nw bricupicne= (ihe Dusky Groundling.) The distribution of this species is very much the same as that of the preceding. N Genus OLIGIA Hubner Nine species belonging to this genus are credited to our territory, of which number three are selected for illustration. (1) Oligia festivoides Guenée, Plate XIX, Fig. 32, ¢. (The Festive Midget.) Syn. varia Walker. 165 Noctuidze This is not an uncommon species in the Atlantic States. (2) Oligia fuscimacula Grote, Plate XIX, Fig. 34, ¢. (The Brown-spotted Midget.) A common species in the Gulf States. (3) Oligia grata Hubner, Plate XIX, Fig. 33, 6. (The Grateful Midget.) Syn. rasilis Morrison. This species is quite widely distributed through the Atlantic States. Genus HILLIA Grote There are three species in this genus. They are found in the more temperate regions of our territory, being confined to the Northern States or to high elevations among the mountains of the West. (1) Hillia algens Grote, Plate XIX, Fig. 35, ¢. This obscurely colored moth is found in Maine, northern New York, southern Canada, and among the mountains of Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana. Genus HADENA Schrank This is a very large genus which is represented in both the Old World and New. More than one hundred species are credited to our fauna. Of these we have selected a number for purposes of illustration, knowing that familiarity with these will enable the young collector presently to recognize other species, which he will then be able to determine with the help of accessible literature. (1) Hadena bridghami Grote & Robinson, Plate XX, Fig. 2, 6. (Bridgham’s Hadena.) A bright little species, the reddish color of the medial area of the fore wings being quite distinctive. It is found in the Appalachian Subregion. (2) Hadena transfrons Neumeegen, Plate XX, Fig. 7, @. (Neumcegen’s Hadena. ) Closely allied to the preceding species, but with darker primaries, and dark hind wings. Habitat Alberta and British Columbia. 166 Noctuide (3) Hadena violacea Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 12, 9. (The Violet Hadena.) This species, which ranges over the region of the Rocky Mountains from Colorado to California, may be distinguished from the preceding two species by its somewhat larger size, and by the fact that the secondaries are immaculately white. (4) Hadena claudens Walker, Plate XX, Fig. 6, 6. (The Dark-winged Hadena.) Syn. hallz Grote. This species is apparently confined to the northern portion of the Atlantic Subregion. (5) Hadena modica Guenée, Plate XX, Fig. 14, 6. (The Black-banded Hadena.) Syn. subcedens Walker. Ranges from the Atlantic coast to the mountains of Colorado. (6) Hadena characta Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 3, 6. (The Double-banded Hadena.) The habitat of this species is in the southwestern portion of the Rocky Mountains. It is not uncommon in Arizona. (7) Hadena mactata Guenée, Plate XX, Fig. 8, 9. (The Dark-spotted Hadena.) The distribution of this species is over the Appalachian Subregion and westward to the eastern ranges of the Rocky Mountains. (8) Hadena turbulenta Hiibner, Plate XX, Fig. 16,2. (The Turbulent Hadena.) Syn. arcuata Walker. This little species is not uncommon in the Atlantic Subregion. (9) Hadena versuta Smith, Plate XX, Fig. 4, ¢. (The Albertan Hadena.) So far as is now known this species is found in the Territory of Alberta, but it probably has a wide range on the eastern slopes of the northern ranges of the Rocky Mountains. (10) Hadena miseloides Guenée, Plate XX, Fig. 15, @. (The White-spotted Hadena.) This is not a scarce species in the Atlantic States. It may easily be recognized by its greenish fore wings, generally marked near the middle by a large white spot. 167 Noctuide (11) Hadena chlorostigma Harvey, Plate XX, Fig. 13. ¢. (The Green-spotted Hadena.) This species is variable in color, some specimens having green spots on the disk of the fore wings, others being, as repre- sented in the plate, almost entirely brown. It is a common species in the central portions of the Mississippi Valley, ranging thence southward. The example figured was taken at Columbus, Ohio. (12) Hadena fractilinea Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 10,6. (The Broken-lined Hadena. ) : Not a scarce species in the Appalachian Subregion. (13) Hadena basilinea Fabricius, Plate XX, Fig.9,4. (The Base-streaked Hadena.) Syn. cerivana Smith. This species, which is also found in Europe, occurs in Alberta, and the northwestern portions of British North America. (14) Hadena passer Guenée, Plate XIX, Fig. 36, ¢. (The Passerine Hadena.) Syn. incallida Walker; loculata Morrison; viralis Grote; conspicua Morrison. Not a very common species, ranging from southern Canada and the northern Atlantic States westward in the same latitudes to the Pacific, and southward into the mountains of Colorado. (15) Hadena burgessi Morrison, Plate XIX, Fig. 37, ¢. (Burgess’s Hadena.) Syn. discors Grote. The habitat of this well-marked species is the Atlantic Sub- region and the valley of the Mississippi as far west as the Great Plains. (16) Hadena vultuosa Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 11, ¢. (The Airy Hadena.) Not a very common species, confined to the Atlantic Subregion. (17) Hadena lateritia Hiibner, Plate XIX, Fig. 38,6. (The Red-winged Hadena. ) Syn. molochina Hubner; obliviosa Walker. Found throughout temperate North America and Europe. (18) Hadena dubitans Walker, Plate XIX, Fig. 39,9. (The Halting Hadena.) Syn. znsignata Walker; sputatrix Grote. 168 Noctuidz (3) Charadra decora Morrison, Plate XVII, Fig. 29, ¢. (The Dandy.) Syn. felina Druce. This is likewise a Mexican species, which is said to occur in Arizona, but the fact of its being found there requires verification. One other species of the genus, C. dispulsa Morrison, occurs in the Southern States. Genus RAPHIA Hubner (1) Raphia frater Grote, Plate XVIII, Fig. 3, 9. (The Brother.) Syn. personata Walker; flexuosa Walker. There are three species belonging to this genus in our fauna. They are closely alike in appearance. The species we figure occurs in the Eastern States. R. abrupta Grote is also an eastern species, while R. coloradensts is found in the West. Genus APATELA Hubner This is a large genus, well represented in the temperate regions of both the Old World and the New. The latest Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of the United States credits our fauna with seventy-five species. The genus has been mono- graphed by Smith & Dyar. (See Proceedings U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. XXI, pp. 1-104.) Within the compass of these pages we cannot do more than give a representation of a number of the forms, which have been described, leaving the student to further researches in the readily accessible literature of the subject. (1) Apatela americana Harris, Plate XVIII, Fig. 12, @. (The American Dagger-moth.) Syn. acericola Guenée; obscura Henry Edwards; aceris Abbot & Smith (non Linnzus). This is one of the largest species of the genus. The caterpillar feeds upon deciduous trees of many genera, and the insect occurs from New England to Utah and south to the Gulf States. (2) Apatela dactylina Grote, Plate XVIII, Fig. 17, ¢. (The Fingered Dagger-moth). Easily distinguished from the preceding species, which it 153 Noctuide resembles in the markings of the fore wings, by its smaller size and the white hind wings. It ranges from Canada to Virginia and westward to the Rocky Mountains. The caterpillar lives upon alder, willow, and birch. (3) Apatela populi Riley, Plate XVIII, Fig. 14, ¢ (The Cottonwood Dagger-moth.) _ The moth, of which we reproduce the figures of the larva and imago given by Professor Riley, who first described the species, ranges from Canada to the western parts of the Carolinas, thence across the continent to the Pacific coast, avoiding the warmer regions of the Gulf States and southern California. The imago is discriminated from A, Be Ae populi, 2. Apatela lepusculina Guenée by (After Riley.) the broader wings, especially of “the female, by the paler ground- color of the primaries, and by the absence of the orbicular spot, which is very rarely as conspicuous as it appears in the figure given by Riley, and still further by the very short basal dash on the fore wings, which in A. lepusculina is long, reaching out- wardly as a sharply defined black line one-third of the length of the cell. The larva is also quite different in impor- tant particulars from that of the species, which has _ been named, but with \ : inte: Fic. 86.—A patela populi, larva. which this species is (After Riley.) often confounded in collections. The caterpillar feeds upon the foliage of different species of the genus Populus, and is particularly common in the 154 q r 5 Noctuidz States of the Mississippi Basin upon the Cottonwood (Populus monilifera and Populus heterophylla.) (4) Apatela innotata Guenée, Plate XVIII, Fig. 13, ¢. (The Unmarked Dagger-moth.) Syn. grefi Grote. The figure given in the plate represents a form intermediate between those depicted by Smith & Dyar. (See Proceedings U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. XXI, Plate II, Figs. 17, 18). The ground color is a dirty yellowish-white. The species occurs in Canada and the northern Atlantic States. (5) Apatela morula Grote, Plate XVIII, Fig. 8, ¢. (The Darkish Dagger-moth. ) Syn ulmi Harris. This insect occurs from Canada southward and westward to the Rocky Mountains. The caterpillar feeds upon elm, apple, and linden. (6) Apatela interrupta Guenée, Plate XIX, Fig. 5, 9. (The Interrupted Dagger-moth.) Syn. occidentalis Grote & Robinson. The larva feeds upon the Rosacew, and also upon the elm and the birch. The insect has a wide range from the Atlantic seaboard to the Rocky Mountains and from Canada to the northern portions of the Gulf States. (7) Apatela lobeliz Guenée, Plate XVIII, Fig.9, 6. (The Lobelia Dagger-moth.) The caterpillar feeds upon oak, in spite of the fact that the author of the species attributed it to the Lobelia, which would no doubt poison it if administered. It ranges from Canada to Florida and Texas, and westward to the Rocky Mountains. (8) Apatela furcifera Guenée, Plate XVIII, Fig. 10, ¢. (The Forked Dagger-moth.) The range of this species is practically the same as that of the preceding. The larva feeds upon various species of wild-cherry. (9) Apatela hasta Guenée, Plate XIX, Fig. 6, @. (The Dart Dagger-moth.) Syn. telum Guenée. The insect is found in the northern Atlantic States and Canada. It is smaller and darker than the preceding species, to 155 Noctuide . which it is closely allied. The figure in the plate is hardly dark enough. (10) Apatela quadrata Grote, Plate XVIII, Fig. 15, @. (The Quadrate Dagger.) This species occurs on the Pacific coast and ranges eastward as far as Alberta in the north and Kansas in the south. . The author does not recall a description of the larva. (11) Apatela superans Guenée, Plate XVIII, Fig. 26, @. (The Chieftain Dagger.) This is a well-marked species, which cannot easily be mis- taken. It occurs in Canada, southward to the Carolinas, and westward through the valley of the Mississippi. The larva feeds on the same plants as its allies, which have been mentioned above. (12) Apatela lithospila Grote, Plate XVIII, Fig. 24, ¢. (The Streaked Dagger.) Ranges from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The larva feeds upon oak, hickory, and chestnut. (13) Apatela connecta Grote, Plate XVIII, Fig. 19, ¢. (The Connected Dagger.) The habitat of this species is found from Canada to the Carolinas and westward to the Mississippi. The larva feeds on willows. (14) Apatela fragilis Guenée, Plate XIX, Fig. 1, 6. (The Fragile Dagger-moth.) Syn. spectans Walker. This delicate little species has by some authors been referred to the genus Microcelia, but is a true Apatela. It ranges from Canada to the Carolinas and westward to the Mississippi. The caterpillar feeds on birch and various plants belonging to the Rosacee. (15) Apatela vinnula Grote, Plate XVIII, Fig. 25, 9. (The Delightful Dagger.) This pretty and easily recognizable species feeds in the larval stage upon the elm and ranges from the Atlantic coast to the border of the Great Plains. It comes very freely to sugar. (16) Apatela grisea Walker, Plate XVIII, Fig. 11, ¢@. (The Gray Dagger-moth. ) Syn. pudorata Morrison. The caterpillar feeds on apple, birch, willow, elm, and arrow 156 ; Oe TIVE ard a YOY 7am 15% a 105 18 Saou ecvomnisade ot, Bibsoibnat Sbiwisdep evaelyy dceoxel) Be ; (peel B LOW to. sorta: ilogyer a Beste: 4 Fe (Batten ert IT hoor axedylgec = oer ‘torts We ciobaltt nabs Baton, satpry. =e cree san vats 8 BS ‘ a) “see nal gaat quer eee Ra Saloiwalorat Re arier tia ) story oii oles SIT) pres ma pes a me partaee) “e ¥ soo “ Naess se al. = EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII (Except when otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are con- tained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) 1. Diphthera fallax Herrich-Scheffer, ©. 2. Charadra illudens Walker, 9. 3. Raphia frater Grote, 9, U. S. N. M. 4. Charadra deridens Guenée, 9. 5. Charadra tlludens Walker, ©. 6. Arsilonche albovenosa Gceze, @. 4. Merolonche lupini Grote, &, Merrick Collection. 8. Apatela morula Grote, 3. 9. Apatela lobelie Guenée, 3. 10. Apatela furcifera Guenée, 3’. 11. Apatela grisea Walker, Q. 12. Apatela americana Harris, Q. 13. Apatela innotata Guenée, '. 14. Apatela lepusculina Guenée, ¢. 15. Apatela quadrata Grote, 9. 16. Apatela radcliffe: Harvey, 3. 17. Apatela dactylina Grote, ¢. 18. Apatela oblinita Abbot & Smith, 9. 19. Apatela connecta Grote, ¢'. 20. Apatela noctivaga Grote, 2 21. Apatela unpressa Walker, o. 22. Apatela impleta Walker, 2. 23. Apatela brumosa Guenée, 3. 24. Apatela xyliniformis Guenée, C, Merrick Collection. 25. Apatela vinnula Grote, Q. 26. Apatela superans Guenée, 9. THE Motu Book PLate XVIII, COPYRIGHTED BY W, J, HOLLAND, 1909 AMERICAN COLORTYPE O04 N.Y. & ONT, — Noctuidze wood (Exonymus). The insect is found from Canada to Georgia and westward to Missouri and Minnesota. (17) Apatela albarufa Grote, Plate XVIII, Fig. 16, 6. (The Reddish-white Dagger.) A somewhat variable species characterized by a very faint reddish cast upon the primaries. It ranges from the Atlantic to New Mexico and Colorado. (18) Apatela brumosa Guenée, Plate XVIII, Fig. 23, 6. (The Frosty Dagger-moth. ) Syn. znclara Smith. Very closely allied to A. *mpressa Walker, but easily dis- tinguished from that species by the lighter hind wings. The larva feeds upon willow, birch, and alder. (19) Apatela noctivaga Grote, Plate XVIII, Fig. 20, 9. (The Burglar Dagger.) The larva feeds upon poplar and various herbaceous plants. The insect is found over almost the entire United States and southern Canada. (20) Apatela impressa Walker, Plate XVIII, Fig. 21, ¢. (The Printed Dagger.) The larva feeds upon willow, plum, hazel, currant, and blackberry. It is found from the Atlantic coast to the Rocky Mountains. (21) Apatela impleta Walker, Plate XVIII, Fig. 22, ¢@. (The Yellow-haired Dagger.) Syn. luteicoma Grote. The range of this species is from Canada to Florida and westward far into the valley of the Mississippi. The larva feeds on a great variety of deciduous trees and shrubs. (22) Apatela oblinita Abbot & Smith, Plate XVIII, Fig. 18, 9. (The Smeared Dagger.) Syn. salicis Harris. This is probably the commonest species of the genus. It occurs from eastern Canada to Florida and westward to the Rocky Mountains. The larva feeds on a great variety of shrubs and herbaceous plants. It never is found upon trees. It is very fond of the various species of smart-weed ( Polygonum), and in the 157 Noctuide fall of the year it is very abundant in places where this plant grows. It does some damage to cotton-plants in the South, but by hand- picking it can easily be kept under. The cocoon, which is com- posed of yellowish silk, is long and oval. There are two broods in the Middle States. The hibernating in- Sects emerge irom their cocoons in May, and lay their eggs. The caterpillars de- velop and the second brood of moths ap- pears upon the wing Fic. 87.—Apatela oblinata. a. Larva; b. in July. They ovi- Cocoon; c. Moth. (After Riley.) posit and the cater- pillars of this gene- ration, having made their cocoons, pass the winter in the pupal state. Genus APHARETRA Grote This is a small genus, the species of which have been separated from Apatela, in which they have been formerly placed. We give figures of both species known to occur within our territory. They have been drawn from the types, and will suffice for the identification of the perfect insects. Nothing is as yet known as to their larval stages. (1) Apharetra dentata Grote. (The Toothed Apharetra. ) This insect occurs in Canada and the northern portions of Fic. 88.—A pharetra dentata, g. +. New York and New England. It is, however, for some reason as yet very rare in collections. The annexed cut has been 158 Noctuidz drawn for me by Mr. Horace Knight from the type which is contained in the British Museum. (2) Apharetra pyralis Smith. (Smith’s Apharetra.) The specimen represented in Fig. 89 is the type contained in the United States National Museum, a drawing of which | was kindly permitted to make. The species Meee is considerably darker than the preceding. It is thus far only known from the Territory of Alberta in British America. - Genus ARSILONCHE Lederer Two species belonging to this genus are represented in our fauna. Arstlonche colorada was described by Smith in the Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. XXII, p- 414, in 1900. The other species, which is well known, we figure. (1) Arsilonche albovenosa Geeze, Plate XVIII, Fig. 6, ¢. (The White-veined Dagger.) The abdomen in our figure is dark, the specimen being greased. It should be light, like the thorax. The insect occurs quite commonly in Canada and the northern portions of the United States, and also in Europe and northern Asia. Genus MEROLONCHE Grote For a full account of the three species contained in this genus the student is referred to the Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. XXI, p. 179. (1) Merolonche lupini Grote, Plate XVIII, Fig. 7, ¢. (The Lupine Dagger.’) Like all the species of this genus the Lupine Dagger is an inhabitant of the Pacific States. Good specimens are rare in collections. Genus HARRISIMEMNA Grote Only one species of this genus is thus far known. (1) Harrisimemna trisignata Walker, Plate XIX, Fig. 4, 2. (Harris’s Three-spot. ) 159 Noctuide The moth ranges from Canada to Texas, and from the Atlantic to the Great Plains. The larva feeds on the winterberry and the lilac. Genus MICROCCELIA Guenée This genus is like the preceding represented in our territory by but one species. (1) Microccelia diphtheroides Guenée, Plate XIX, Fig. 9, 2 ; form obliterata Grote, Plate XIX, Fig. 10, ¢. (The Marbled Microccelia.) The form obliterata in which the marblings are wanting is common. The species is found in the Atlantic Subregion of the United States. Genus JASPIDIA Hubner This is a moderately large genus embracing five species, which occur in our fauna. We figure two of them. (1) Jaspidia lepidula Grote, Plate XIX, Fig. 7, ¢. (The Marbled-green Jaspidia. ) This is a common species in the Atlantic Subregion, ranging from Canada to the Carolinas and westward to the Mississippi. (2) Jaspidia teratophora Herrich-Scheffer, Plate XIX, Fig. 8, 6. (The White-spotted Jaspidia.) The distribution of this species is practically the same as that of the preceding. Genus DIPHTHERA Hubner There is but one species of this genus in our fauna. (1) Diphthera_ fallax Herrich-Scheffer, Plate XVIII, Fig. 1, 6. (The Green Marvel.) This beautiful little moth is not uncommon in the Appala- chian, or Atlantic, Subregion of the Continent. Genus POLYGRAMMATE Hubner This genus like the preceding is represented in our territory by but a single species. (1) Polygrammate hebraicum Hibner, Plate XIX, Fig. 11, 6. (The Hebrew.) Syn. hebrea Guenée. 160 Noctuide The caterpillar feeds upon the sour gum-tree (Nyssa sylva- tica). The larval stages have been described by Dyar. (See Proceedings U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. XXI, p. 9.) The insect is not uncommon in Pennsylvania and has much the same range as the preceding three or four species. Genus CERMA Hubner Three species of this genus are credited to our fauna. The one of which we give a cut has been by some authors con- founded with Polygrammate hebraicum. (1) Cerma cora Hiibner. (The Cora Moth.) Syn. festa Guenée. The ground-color of this pretty little moth is white shading into vinaceous gray, upon which the darker markings stand forth conspicuously. F See ail It is quite rare, and so far as is known is con- =a fined to the Atlantic Subregion of the continent. The figure was drawn by the author from a specimen in the possession of the Brooklyn Institute, belonging to the Neumeegen Collection. Genus CYATHISSA Grote (1) Cyathissa percara Morrison, Plate XIX, Fig. 12, ¢. (The Darling Cyathissa.) This pretty little species is found in the Gulf States and has been reported as ranging northward as far as Colorado. A second species of the genus has during the past year been described by Prof. J. B. Smith, from southern California, under the name pallida. Genus CHYTONIX Grote (1) Chytonix palliatricula Guenée, Plate XIX, Fig. 13, 3; Fig. 14, 6, var. (The Cloaked Marvel.) Syn. zaspis Guenée. A common species in the Northern Atlantic States. It may be found in June and July in Pennsylvania seated upon the bark of oak-trees in the forest. It comes freely to sugar and to light. 161 Noctuidz Genus COPIBRYOPHILA Smith Of the sole species, named angelica, belonging to this genus, which was erected by Prof. J. B. Smith in the year 1900 (see ‘‘Proceed- ings U.S. Nat. Mus.,”’ Vol. XXII, p. 416), ; we give a cut made from a drawing of Fic. 91.—Copibryophila the type, which is contained in the HISD 3 National Museum at Washington. Genus ALEPTINA Dyar This genus has been erected by Dyar to accommodate the species named inca by him in the ‘‘ Canadian Entomologist,” Vol. XXXIV, p. 104. The male is figured on Plate XVII, Fig. 28. The insect is found in Arizona and Texas. Genus BAILEYA Grote A small genus, the species in which have been commonly referred hitherto to the genus Leptina, but erroneously. (1) Baileya ophthalmica Guenée, Plate XVII, Fig. 25, @. Not an uncommon species in the Appalachian Subregion. It comes freely to sugar, and is rather abundant in the forests of southern Indiana. (2) Baileya australis Grote, Plate XVII, Fig. 27, ¢. This is smaller than the preceding species, and generally lighter in color, with a very pronounced blackish apical shade on the fore wings. It occurs in the Gulf States from Florida to Texas. (3) Baileya doubledayi Guenée, Plate XVII, Fig. 26, ¢. Of the same size as ophthalmica, but differently marked. From australis it may readily be distinguished by its larger size, and by the different marking of the apex of the fore wings. Genus HADENELLA Grote (1) Hadenella pergentilis Grote, Plate XIX, Fig. 24, 9. This inconspicuous, but neatly marked little insect, belongs to the region of the Pacific coast, and ranges eastward as far as Colorado. (2) Hadenella subjuncta Smith, Plate XIX, Fig. 25, ¢. 162 Noctuidz The identification ef this insect with mznuscula Morrison, made by Dr. Dyar, is open to question. The range of this species is from the Atlantic to the mountains of Colorado, north of the Gulf States. Genus ACOPA Harvey (1) Acopa carina Harvey, Plate XIX, Fig. 16, 4. The habitat of this species is Texas. Three other species belonging to the region of the Southwestern States have been referred to this genus. Genus CATABENA Walker (1) Catabena lineolata Walker, Plate XIX, Fig. 15, 2. Syn. mtscellus Grote. This is a common little moth which ranges from the Atlantic States to California. It is freely attracted to light. The larva feeds on Verbena. Genus CRAMBODES Gueneée (1) Crambodes talidiformis Guenée, Plate XIX, Fig. 17, ¢. Syn. conjugens Walker. A common species in the Appalachian Subregion, ranging westward as far as Colorado. Like the preceding species the larval form feeds on Verbena. Genus PLATYSENTA Grote (1) Platysenta videns Guenée, Plate XIX, Fig. 21, @. Syn. indigens Walker; meskei Speyer; atriciliata Grote. This species has the same range as the preceding. It is common at sugar. (2) Platysenta albipuncta Smith, Plate XIX, Fig. 23, ¢. This moth was originally described from Colorado, but it occurs all through the Southwestern States. The specimen figured came from Texas. Genus BALSA Walker (1) Balsa malana Fitch, Plate XIX, Fig. 18, 6. Syn. obliquifera Walker. 163 Noctuidee This is a very common SECS. in the Atlantic States and is freely attracted to light. Genus PLATYPERIGEA Smith This genus has been erected by Prof. J. B. Smith for the reception of three species, two of which we figure in the annexed cuts, which have been made for me from the types through the COUMLECS IW OF Dye Jol, Gi, IDyyvete, of Washington. All of the species have been re- corded from Colorado. They also occur Pie, 93-—Platypiiges in Wyoming, and I have specimens col- lected for me in the Freeze-out Mountains in that State. They probably have an extensive range in the Rocky Mountains. Fic. 92. 2. Phare preacula, Q. Genus ANORTHODES Smith (1) Anorthodes prima Smith, Plate XIX, Fig. 19, ¢ This inconspicuous insect is quite common in central Ohio, and its range extends thence southward into the Southern States. It occurs in Kentucky, Tennessee, the Carolinas, and Georgia. Genus CARADRINA Ochsenheimer This is a genus of moderate extent, represented both in the Old World and the New. We have chosen a few species, familiarity with which will enable the student to recognize others. (1) Caradrina meralis Morrison, Plate XIX, Fig. 22, 6. (The Mooned Rustic.) Syn. bilunata Grote. The moth is distributed from the Atlantic seaboard to the ~ interior of New Mexico. It is common in Texas. (2) Caradrina multifera Walker, Plate XIX, Fig. 29, 9. (The Speckled Rustic.) Syn. fidicularia Morrison. The habitat of this species is the Atlantic Subregion. 164 ips). Bas Biyori, rot 2s\orors) Pree rts so aS pierre, ota sgidio Az hee aie Cae SoH sionsine i a a ee rie) aera ret eer Y SHU SAE De phi sc Ve ie raiee WW lets “i Tato). seats . ax, ‘ons, gato Tae pissin os a. fy: Paes in the collection of W. J. Holland.) I. EXPLANATION OF PLaTE XIX (Except when otherwise indicated, the specimens are contained A patela fragilis Guenée, <. 2. Ciris wilsont Grote, . 3. Demas ont Aun Io. Il. I2. WB) 14. Tse 16. 17. x8. propinquilinea Grote, OP aU Ss Neer Harristmemna Walker, 9. A patela interrupta Guenée, 2. Apatela hasta Guenée, 2. Faspidea lepidula Grote, 3. Faspidea teratophora Herrich- Scheeffer, ci’. Microcelia Guenée, o. Microcelia diphtheroides var. obliterata, Grote, 3. Polygrammate hebraicum Hubner, ©’. Cyathissa percara Morrison, ¢, Wis No Ie Chytonix palliatricula Guenée, 6. Chytonix palliatricula Guenée, Welbon to Catabena lineolata Walker, 3. Acopa carina Harvey, 6, U. So Nios IME Crambodes talidiformis Guenée, Sue Balsa malana Fitch, 3. trisignata diphtheroides 40) 20. . Anorthodes prima Smith, ¢. Orthodes vecors Guenée, 6. . Platysenta videns Guenée, 2. . Caradrina meralis Morrison, é . . Platysenta albipuncta Smith, ¢ . . Hadenella pergentilis Grote, 2 . WY. Ss ING IME . Hadenella subjuncta Smith, 6 . . Caradrina extimia Walker, ©. Caradrina punctivena Smith, 3. Caradrina spilomela Walker, ©. Caradrina multifera Walker, Q. . Perigea xanthioides Guenée, 3. . Perigea vecors Guenée, 9. Oligia festivoides Guenée, 3. . Oligia grata Hiibner, oS. . Oligia fusctmacula Grote, ¢. . Hillia algens Grote, 3. . Hadena passer Guenée, 3. . Hadena burgessi Morrison, 3. . Hadena lateritia Hivbner, 3. ~ . Hadena dubitans Walker, 9. . Hadena ducta Grote, @. . Mamestra juncimacula Smith, Che : . Hadena nigrior Smith, 9. . Hadena verbascoides Guenée, 2 . . Hladena devastatrix Brace, 3. . Hadena arctica Boisduval, gj. THE Motu Book COPYRIGHTED BY W, J. HOLLAND, ANTRICAN © PLATE ALKA £4 NY. & OND Noctuidz (3) Caradrina spilomela Walker, Plate XIX, Fig. 28, ¢. (The Convivial Rustic.) Syn. conviva Harvey. This is a neotropical species found all over the hotter parts of North and South America, and ranging northward into Arizona and Texas. (4) Caradrina extimia Walker, Plate XIX, Fig. 26, ¢. (The Civil Rustic.) Syn. civica Grote. The moth occurs in Colorado and thence westward to the Pacific. (5) Caradrina punctivena Smith, Plate XIX, Fig. 27, <2. (The Brown-streaked Rustic.) The identity of this insect with C. rufostriga Packard has been suggested as probable. Its habitat is Colorado, among the mountains, and Labrador. It no doubt occurs at intermediate points at suitable elevations. It is evidently a strictly boreal form. Genus PERIGEA Guenée This is a rather extensive genus, well represented in the warmer parts of the New World, and also occurring in the Eastern Hemisphere. Twenty-four species are credited to our fauna in the latest catalogue. We figure two of the commoner species, which have a wide range. (1) Perigea xanthioides Guenée, Plate XIX, Fig. 30, ¢. (The Red Groundling.) This is not a scarce species in the Appalachian Subregion. It is particularly abundant in southern Indiana and Kentucky, where | have obtained it in large numbers. (2) Perigea vecors Guenée, Plate XIX, Fig. 31, 9. (The Dusky Groundling.) The distribution of this species is very much the same as that of the preceding. , Genus OLIGIA Hubner Nine species belonging to this genus are credited to our territory, of which number three are selected for illustration. (1) Oligia festivoides Guenée, Plate XIX, Fig. 32, ¢. (The Festive Midget.) Syn. varia Walker. 165 Noctuidz This is not an uncommon species in the Atlantic States. (2) Oligia fuscimacula Grote, Plate XIX, Fig. 34, ¢. (The Brown-spotted Midget.) A common species in the Gulf States. (3) Oligia grata Hubner, Plate XIX, Fig. 33, ¢. (The Grateful Midget.) Syn. rastlis Morrison. This species is quite widely distributed through the Atlantic States. Genus HILLIA Grote There are three species in this genus. They are found in the more temperate regions of our territory, being confined to the Northern States or to high elevations among the mountains of’ the West. (1) Hillia algens Grote, Plate XIX, Fig. 35, 4. This obscurely colored moth is found in Maine, northern New York, southern Canada, and among the mountains of Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana. Genus HADENA Schrank This is a very large genus which is represented in both the Old World and New. More than one hundred species are credited to our fauna. Of these we have selected a number for purposes of illustration, knowing that familiarity with these will enable the young collector presently to recognize other species, which he will then be able to determine with the help of accessible literature. (1) Hadena bridghami Grote & Robinson, Plate XX, Fig. 2, 6. (Bridgham’s Hadena.) A bright little species, the reddish color of the medial area of the fore wings being quite distinctive. It is found in the Appalachian Subregion. (2) Hadena transfrons Neumegen, Plate XX, Fig. 7, 9. (Neumcegen’s Hadena. ) Closely allied to the preceding species, but with darker primaries, and dark hind wings. Habitat Alberta and British Columbia. 166 Noctuidz (3) Hadena violacea Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 12, @. (The Violet Hadena.) This species, which ranges over the region of the Rocky Mountains from Colorado to California, may be distinguished from the preceding two species by its somewhat larger size, and by the fact that the secondaries are immaculately white. (4) Hadena claudens Walker, Plate XX, Fig. 6, ¢. (The Dark-winged Hadena.) Syn. hillt Grote. This species is apparently confined to the northern portion of the Atlantic Subregion. (5) Hadena modica Guenée, Plate XX, Fig. 14, 6. (The Black-banded Hadena.) Syn. subcedens Walker. Ranges from the Atlantic coast to the mountains of Colorado. (6) Hadena characta Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 3, 6. (The Double-banded Hadena.) The habitat of this species is in the southwestern portion of the Rocky Mountains. It is not uncommon in Arizona. (7) Hadena mactata Guenée, Plate XX, Fig. 8, 9. (The Dark-spotted Hadena.) The distribution of this species is over the Appalachian Subregion and westward to the eastern ranges of the Rocky Mountains. (8) Hadena turbulenta Htbner, Plate XX, Fig. 16,9. (The Turbulent Hadena.) Syn. arcuata Walker. This little species is not uncommon in the Atlantic Subregion. (9) Hadena versuta Smith, Plate XX, Fig. 4, ¢. (The Albertan Hadena.) So far as is now known this species is found in the Territory of Alberta, but it probably has a wide range on the eastern slopes of the northern ranges of the Rocky Mountains, (10) Hadena miseloides Guenée, Plate XX, Fig. 15, @. (The White-spotted Hadena.) 5 This is not a scarce species in the Atlantic States. It may easily be recognized by its greenish fore wings, generally marked near the middle by a large white spot. 167 Noctuidze (11) Hadena chlorostigma Harvey, Plate XX, Fig. 13. ¢. (The Green-spotted Hadena.) This species is variable in color, some specimens having green spots on the disk of the fore wings, others being, as repre- sented in the plate, almost entirely brown. It is a common species in the central portions of the Mississippi Valley, ranging thence southward. The example figured was taken at Columbus, Ohio. (12) Hadena fractilinea Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 10,4. (The Broken-lined Hadena. ) Not a scarce species in the Appalachian Subregion. (13) Hadena basilinea Fabricius, Plate XX, Fig.9,¢. (The Base-streaked Hadena.) Syn. cerizvana Smith. This species, which is also found in Europe, occurs in Alberta, and the northwestern portions of British North America. (14) Hadena passer Guenée, Plate XIX, Fig. 36, 6. (The Passerine Hadena.) Syn. incallida Walker; loculata Morrison; viralis Grote; conspicua Morrison. Not a very common species, ranging from southern Canada and the northern Atlantic States westward in the same latitudes to the Pacific, and southward into the mountains of Colorado. (15) Hadena burgessi Morrison, Plate XIX, Fig. 37, ¢. (Burgess’s Hadena.) Syn. discors Grote. The habitat of this well-marked species is the Atlantic Sub- region and the valley of the Mississippi as far west as the Great Plains. (16) Hadena vultuosa Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 11, ¢. (The Airy Hadena.) Not a very common species, confined to the Atlantic Subregion. (17) Hadena lateritia Hubner, Plate XIX, Fig. 38,¢. (The Red-winged Hadena. ) Syn. molochina Hubner; obliviosa Walker. Found throughout temperate North America and Europe. (18) Hadena dubitans Walker, Plate XIX, Fig. 39,2. (The Halting Hadena.) Syn. insignata Walker; sputatrix Grote. 168 Noctuide Much darker than the preceding species, which it somewhat resembles. It is found in the northern portions of the Atlantic Subregion. (19) Hadena ducta Grote, Plate XIX, Fig. 40, 29. (The Speckled Gray Hadena.) The range of this species is the same as that of the last mentioned. (20) Hadena devastatrix Brace, Plate XIX, Fig. 44, °¢. (The Destroying Hadena.) Syn. ordinaria Walker; contenta Walker; marshallana Westwood. Universally distributed throughout the United States and southern Canada. (21) Hadena arctica Boisduval, Plate XIX, Fig. 45, ¢. The Northern Hadena. ) Syn. amputatrix Fitch. A large and handsome species, easily recognizable. It ranges from Canada and New England into the Carolinas and westward to Colorado. (22) Hadena occidens Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 20, ¢. (The Great Western Hadena.) The species is distributed from Colorado to California. (23) Hadena verbascoides Guenée, Plate XIX, Fig. 43, 2. (The Mullein Hadena.) A peculiarly marked species, which cannot easily be mistaken for anything else. It occurs in the northern Atlantic States. (24) Hadena nigrior Smith, Plate XIX, Fig. 42, 9. (The Darker Hadena.) Allied to the preceding species, but with the light color of the costal area confined to the basal portion of the wing. Found in New England «nd Canada. (25) Hadena lignicolor Guenée, Plate XX, Fig. 5, ¢. (The Wood-colored Hadena.) A well-marked species, in color recalling H. vultuosa, but larger. It ranges from the Atlantic to Colorado and Arizona. (26) Hadena semilunata Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 41, @. (The Half-moon Hadena.) Not uncommon in Colorado and ranging thence westward to the Pacific. 169 Noctuide (27) Hadena vinela Smith, MS., Plate XX, Fig. 19, 3. (The Dark Ashen Hadena.) This species has been long distributed in collections as Fishea enthea, which it is not. I apply to the figure the manuscript name, which has been given me by Prof. J. B. Smith. It is found in New England and southern Canada. Genus CALOPHASIA Stephens The only species of this genus credited to our fauna is C. strigata Smith, represented in Plate XX, Fig. 17, by a female specimen, loaned to me by the United States National Museum. It occurs in Colorado and Wyoming. Genus EPIDEMAS Smith This genus was erected by Professor J. B. Smith for the reception of the species figured in Plate XXIII, Fig. 2, from a female specimen in the National Collection, and named by him cinerea. It occurs in Colorado. Genus MACRONOCTUA Grote (1) Macronoctua onusta Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 18, 9. There is only one species of this genus, which occurs in the southern Atlantic States. Genus FISHEA Grote A small genus. There are only two species known. (1) Fishea yosemite Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 1, 6. (The Yosemite Fishea. ) This species, which is gen- erally referred to the genus Aporophila Guenée, is placed here on the authority of Prof. je) Bay Smiths. eineealdidhiGirom to the figure given in the plate Fig. 94.—Fishea yosemite, 2-1 we have inserted a cut drawn : from the type. By the help of these the student will no doubt be able to identify the species. The insect is found in California. 170 Noctuidz Genus POLIA Hubner A moderately large genus, which includes about twenty species in our fauna. Of these we have selected two for illustration. (1) Polia theodori Grote, Plate XX, Fig.21, 4. (Theodore’s Polia.) The home of this species is the southwestern portion of the region of the Rocky Mountains. . (2) Polia diversilineata Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 22, 6. (The Varied-banded Polia. ) Syn. zlepida Grote. Like the preceding species this is an inhabitant of the Rocky Mountains. Genus DRYOBOTA Lederer (1) Dryobota illocata Walker, Plate XX, Fig. 24, 9. (The Wandering Dryobota.) Syn. stigmata Grote. A native of the Atlantic Subregion wandering as far west as Colorado. Genus HYPPA Duponchel The genus is found in both hemispheres. Four species are credited to North America. (1) Hyppa xylinoides Guenée, Plate XX, Fig. 23,9. (The Common Hyppa.) Syn. contraria Walker; ancocisconensis Morrison. A very common species in the Atlantic Subregion. It is freely attracted to light in the spring of the year. Genus FERALIA Grote A small genus containing four species in our territory. The insects are generally found in groves of pine. (1) Feralia jocosa Guenée, Plate XVII, Fig. 32, 6. (The Joker.) Found in suitable localities throughout the northern Atlantic States. 171 Noctuidz Genus MOMOPHANA Grote The only species of this genus known is a very rare insect so far as has been ascertained. The cut we give was drawn from a unique specimen in the Neumcegen Collection at the Brooklyn Institute. The type is at Cornell Ny University. All the specimens which Fic. 95.—Momophana have been taken have occurred in New comstocki Grote. }. | York and Canada. Genus VALERIA Germar This genus occurs on both sides of the Atlantic. The only species in our fauna is Valeria opina Grote, the male of which is figured in Plate XX, Fig. 25. It is found in California. Genus EUPLEXIA Stephens But one species of this genus, which is also found in Europe, occurs in North America.- English entomologists call the moth ‘‘The Small Angle Shades.”” The scientific name is Euplexia lucipara Linnzus, and it is depicted on Plate XX, Fig. 26. It occurs all over the United States and Canada. Genus TRACHEA Hubner This genus is also found in both hemispheres. Only one Species is found in America, and is confined to the Atlantic Subregion. It is known as Trachea delicata Grote, and the male is shown on Plate XX, Fig. 27. . Genus DIPTERYGIA Stephens The genus Dipterygia is represented in the New World by the species named scabriuscula by Linnzus, which also occurs in Europe. There are several Asiatic species. It is shown on Plate XX, Fig. 28. It ranges from the Atlantic westward to the Rocky Mountains. Genus ACTINOTIA Hubner This small genus is represented in the United States and Canada by the insect to which Guenée applied the specific name 172 Noctuidz ramosula, and which is delineated on Plate XX, Fig. 29. It is very common in Pennsylvania. Genus PYROPHILA Hubner This genus is better represented in Europe and Asia than in America. (1) Pyrophila glabella Morrison, Plate XX, Fig. 32, ¢@. (The Gray Pyrophila.) Not nearly as commonas the next species, but widely distrib- uted throughout the United States and Canada. (2) Pyrophila pyramidoides Guenée, Plate XX, Fig. 30, 6. (The American Copper Underwing.) This insect, which is one of the commonest moths in the Atlantic Subregion, and ranges westward as far as Colorado, conceals itself under the loose bark of trees during the daytime, and comes forth at night. It sometimes fairly swarms at sugar, and becomes a veritable pest to the collector, who desires rarer things. The caterpillar does a good deal of damage to vegetation. I have re- : Hat cently been annoyed by Fic. 2a en ee pyranudoides. the ravages inflicted by . the larve in the spring of the year upon the foliage of imported rhododendrons, for which they seem to have a partiality in my garden. They feed freely on a great variety of shrubs and herbaceous plants. (3) Pyrophila tragopoginis Linnzus, Plate XX, Fig. 31, 6. (The Mouse-colored Pyrophila.)' Syn. repressus Grote. A circumpolar species ranging throughout the temperate zone. Genus HELIOTROPHA Lederer The genus is represented in the Atiantic States by a species, of which alight and a dark form occur. The typical, or light form, was named reniformis by Grote, and is depicted on Plate XX, Fig. 33, while the dark form, named atra by the same author, is shown on the same plate by Figure 34. 173 Noctuide Genus PRODENIA Guenée A small but widely distributed genus found in all parts of the globe. Illustrations of two of the three species found in our fauna are given. (1) Prodenia commelinze Abbot & Smith, Plate XX, Fig. 36,2. This species, which occurs in the Atlantic Subregion, is common in the southern portion of its range. (2) Prodenia ornithogalli Guenée, Plate XX, Fig. 35, 2. Not as common as the preceding species, but ranging over the entire United States. Genus LAPHYGMA Guenée A small but widely distributed genus, represented in our fauna by but one species. (1) Laphygma frugiperda Abbot & Smith, Plate XX, Fig. 37, 6. (The Fall Army Worm.) Syn. macra Guenée; signifera Walker; plagiataWalker; autumnalis Riley. This destructive insect, which is found all over the Atlantic States, the Mississippi Valley, and thence southward through (peng! Ie | d Fic. 97.—Laphygma frugiperda. Fic. 98.—Laphygma frugiperda. a. full grown larva; b. head, mag- q, typical form of moth; b.c. vari- nified; c segment of body, viewed ti (After Riley ) from above; d. viewed from side, ©™US> sei enlarged. (After Riley.) = Central and South America, feeds in its larval state upon a great variety of succulent plants, showing, however, a decided prefer- 174 a i Noctuide ence for the cereals. It does considerable damage to garden crops, and attacks cotton. It is said to inflict damage upon winter wheat, blue-grass, and timothy. The moth is variable in its markings. The typical form is represented on Plate XX, and by the upper figure in the annexed cut. It has frequently been mistaken by observers for the true Army Worm (Leucania unt- puncta). Because its ravages are generally committed in the fall of the year it was named The Fall Army Worm by the late Prof. C. V. Riley. A very excellent account of the insect is given by this distinguished authority in the ‘‘ Eighth Annual Report” of the State Entomologist of Missouri, p. 48, ef seg., which the student will do well to consult. It is from this article that the two accompanying figures have been taken. Genus LUSSA Grote (1) Lussa nigroguttata Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 38, 4. This little moth is found in Florida. Not much is as yet known in regard to its life-history. Genus MAGUSA Walker (1) Magusa dissidens Felder, Plate XXI, Fig. 2, ¢. Syn. divaricata Grote; angustipennts Moeschler; dzvida Mceschler. The sole species of the genus found within our territory, ranging from the southern Atlantic States into South America. Genus PSEUDANARTA Henry Edwards We figure three of the five species attributed to this genus and reported to occur within the limits of the United States. (1) Pseudanarta flava Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 39, 6. (The Yellow Pseudanarta. ) Syn. crocea Henry Edwards. The range of this species is from Colorado and Arizona to the southern portions of British Columbia. (2) Pseudanarta singula Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 40, $. (The Single Pseudanarta.) The habitat of this species is the southwestern United States. (3) Pseudanarta falcata Neumcegen, Plate XX, Fig. 41, ¢. (The Falcate Pseudanarta.) The species occurs in Arizona and Mexico. UWP) Noctuidz Genus HOMOHADENA Grote A considerable genus, one species of which we represent. (1) Homohadena badistriga Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 1, ¢@. This is the only species of the genus, which occurs in the northern Atlantic States. Most of them are western and southern. The range of badistriga is from the Atlantic to Colorado. Genus ONCOCNEMIS Lederer An extensive genus, in which are included over forty species, most of which are found in the western and southwestern States. We have selected for representation seven of their number. (1) Oncocnemis dayi Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 4, ¢. (Day’s Oncocnemis. ) Not an uncommon species in Colorado and Wyoming. (2) Oncocnemis tenuifascia Smith, Plate XXI, Fig. 5, ¢. (The Narrow-banded Oncocnemis.) The distribution of this species is the same as that of the last mentioned. (3) Oncocnemis occata Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 8, 9. (The Harrow-moth. ) This species occurs in Texas, Colorado, and the States lying westward of these, as far as the Pacific. (4) Oncocnemis chandleri Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 7, 92. (Chandler’s Oncocnemis. ) Indigenous to the Rocky Mountains. (5) Oncocnemis atrifasciata Morrison, Plate XXI, Fig. 3, 2. (The Black-banded Oncocnemis. ) This fine species is found in the northern portions of the Atlantic Subregion. The specimen figured was taken in Maine. (6) Oncocnemis iricolor Smith, Plate XXI, Fig. 6, @. (The Iris-colored Oncocnemis.) So far this species has only been reported from Colorado and Wyoming. (7) Oncocnemis cibalis Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 9, ¢. (The Gray Oncocnemis.) The only specimens so far found have been taken in Colorado. 176 b Tae Mota Back Argos i iS silto Sei! ay ; we e AI to noingpios » tees oe Stam bakes ee ree il hoe “i. = gts 5 ll Graves: SO oc. Peon of ee ae ie ohostiat Ganson yk” Poti ee ; eee ie: wa ae o4 g he. Be osacraRd CL Skt ; ete anced : aon Fei a ate uw ai mrehm tl .d avon onsbe Posy) Seu apensce bs nS? att ities si 0G axis dione az sinioll aiccara rah . {steed giv ilghon\o\y a ey ae FRET SAW eaaes yaa sie ; oan t Cehy Saar are : ais , rahe i} HUI a 1 z carscliyd starshwGvint Sassy hex VOR Pst: mioRe? Tae Si ; nga: =o Bis AB Med BU Pe ae sk 54d me. ee FS natow) a ae SO pone Rae ies pee ‘ Ne ae | BNSisoO, GRSbRt’ rsp * ay e y Darcou.ih oAGe OT eo eae Os eS chs oy sd cht)" Mi ota Sh ADE) SEN Ls ee el xpos shy Menai : _ : I. iS) . Macronoctua onusta Grote, EXPLANATION OF PLaTE XX (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) Fishia yosemite Grote, 3. Hadena bridghami Grote & Robinson, ©’. Hadena characta Grote, 3’. Hadena versuta Smith, . Hadena lignicolor Guenée, ©. Hadena claudens Walker, ©. . Hadena transfrons Neumcegen, Or . Hadena mactata Guenée, 9. . Hadena basilinea Fabricius, ©. . Hadena fractilinea Grote, ©. . Hadena vultuosa Grote, 3. . Hadena violacea Grote, ©. . Hadenachlorostigma Harvey, o\. . Hadena modica Guenée, . . Hadena miseloides Guenée, 9. . Hadena turbulenta Hubner, 9. . Calophasia strigata Smith, 2, U.S.N. M. 2, U.S. N. M. . Hadena vinela Smith, . . Hadena occidens Grote, 3, U. S. N. M. . Polia theodori Grote, 3. . Polia diversilineata Grote, 3. . Hyppa xylinoides Guenée, 9. 24. Dn Dryobota illocata Walker, ©. Valeria opina Grote, 5, U.S. N. M. . Euplexia lucipara Linneus, Q. . Trachea delicata Grote, 3. . Dipterygia scabriuscula Linneus, 9. . Actinotia ramosula Guenée, 9. . Pyrophila pyramidoides Guenée, Cie . Pyrophila tragopoginis Linneus, Sc . Pyrophila glabella, Morrison, @. . Helotropha rentformis Grote, 2. . Helotropha rentformis var. atra, Grote, 92. . Prodenia ornithogalii Guenée, on . Prodenia commeline Abbot & Smith, ©. . Laphygma frugiperda Abbot & Smith, <. . Lussa nigroguttata Grote, g\, U. Ss. .N. M. . Pseudanarta flava Grote, ¢'. . Pseudanarta singula Grote, ©. . Pseudanarta falcata Neumeegen, Cus ‘THE Motu Book PLATE KK COPYRIGHTED BY W, J, HOLLAND, AMERICAN COLORTYPE OO, N.Y. & OND Noctuidz Genus LEPIPOLYS Guenée (1) Lepipolys perscripta Guenée, Plate XXI, Fig. 11, 9. Only one species occurs in our territory, ranging from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Genus ADITA Grote (1) Adita chionanthi Abbot & Smith, Plate XXI, Fig. to. A rather rare moth, which is found in the Atlantic Subregion, but is much commoner in Colorado and Wyoming. It is the only representative of its genus. Genus COPIPANOLIS Grote A small genus said to contain four species, which are not as distinctly separable as might be desired. (1) Copipanolis cubilis Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 12, @. The habitat of this insect is the northern United States. It appears upon the wing in Pennsylvania early in April. Genus EUTOLYPE Grote (1) Eutolype bombyciformis Smith, Plate XXI, Fig. 13, 2. The genus represented by this species contains four others within our limits. They all occur in the Atlantic Subregion, except the species named damalis by Grote, which is Californian. Genus PSAPHIDIA Walker Of the four species of this genus occuring within our territory we give illustrations of two. (1) Psaphidia grotei Morrison, Plate XXI, Fig. 14, ?. The home of this species is the northern Atlantic States. It occurs upon the wing very early in the spring of the year. (2) Psaphidia resumens Walker, Plate XXI, Fig. 15, ?. Syn. viridescens Walker; muralis Grote. The range of this insect is the same as that of the preceding species. Genus CERAPODA Smith Only one species of this genus is known. It was named Cerapoda stylata by Prof. J. B. Smith, and is shown on Plate XXIII, Fig. 1. Its habitat is Colorado. 177 Noctuide Genus FOTA Grote There are two species of this genus, both of which we figure. They both occur in Arizona and Mexico. (1) Fota armata Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 16, ¢. (2) Fota minorata Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 17, ¢. We do not recall any description of the habits of these two species. Genus PODAGRA Smith This genus has been quite recently erected by Smith for the reception of the species, a represen- LS tation of the type of which, based upon the specimen in the United States National Museum, Fic.g9.—Poda- ." : ; gra crassipes. 1S given In Fig. 99. Genus RHYNCHAGROTIS Smith Over twenty species have been attributed to this genus. Of these we figure six. (1) Rhynchagrotis gilvipennis Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 18, 2. (The Catocaline Dart-moth.) This pretty species is found in the northern parts of the United States, in Canada, and British America. It is scarce in the eastern parts of its range south of Maine and the Adirondack Woods. (2) Rhynchagrotis rufipectus Morrison, Plate XXI, Fig. 22, 9. (The Red-breasted Dart-moth.) The general distribution of this species is like the former, but it extends much farther southward. (3) Rhynchagrotis minimalis Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 21, 2. (The Lesser Red Dart-moth.) This species is found in Maine, southern Canada, and also in Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana. (4) Rhynchagrotis anchocelioides Guenée, Plate XX], IDG, MO}; Qe Syn. cupida Grote; velata Walker. A common species in the northern Atlantic Subregion, extending its habitat to the region of the Rocky Mountains. (5) Rhynchagrotis placida Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 23, 6. (The Placid Dart-moth.) 178 Noctuidz A very common species in the northern United States, found as far westward as the Rocky Mountains. (6) Rhynchagrotis alternata Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 20, ?. (The Greater Red Dart-moth.) This species closely resembles in general appearance the species named minimalis, but may be distinguished by its larger size, and the darker color of the hind wings. Genus ADELPHAGROTIS Smith Of the five species belonging to the genus we select the commonest for illustration. (1) Adelphagrotis prasina Fabricius, Plate XXI, Fig. 24,2. (The Green-winged Dart-moth.) This insect occurs all over Canada, the northern Atlantic States, the Rocky Mountains, and British Columbia. It occurs also in Europe. Genus PLATAGROTIS Smith The species of this genus are confined to the more temperate regions of our territory. — (1) Platagrotis pressa Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 25, ¢. (The Dappled Dart.) Occurs in the northern portions of the Atlantic Subregion. Genus EUERETAGROTIS Smith Three species of the genus occur, all of them within the Atlantic Subregion. (1) Eueretagrotis sigmoides Guenée, Plate XXI, Fig. 26, 2. (The Sigmoid Dart.) From the following species distinguished readily by its larger size, and the darker coloration of the fore wings. (2) Eueretagrotis perattenta Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 27, 2. (The Two-spot Dart.) A common species in the Atlantic States. “Yon night moths that hover where honey brims over.” Jean INGELOW. Songs of Seven. 179 Noctuidze Genus ABAGROTIS Smith Only one species is attributed to this genus. It is represented by the accompanying cut, drawn from the type in the United States National Museum. Abagrotis erratica is thus far only recorded from California. It is rare in collections. The * nee oe color of the wings is ashen gray in some Abagrotis erratica. Specimens; in others pale reddish. Genus SEMIOPHORA Stephens (1) Semiophora elimata Guenée, Plate XXI, Fig. 29, 9. Form janualis Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 30, ¢. (The Variable Dart.) Syn. dilucidula Morrison; badicollis Grote. Not at all an uncommon species, ranging from Canada to Georgia. (2) Semiophora opacifrons Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 28, 9. (The Black-fronted Dart.) This species is found in the more northern portions of the Atlantic Subregion ranging into Quebec. (3) Semiophora tenebrifera Walker, Plate XXI, Fig. 33, 6. (The Reddish Speckled Dart.) Syn. catharina Grote; mantfestolabes Morrison. A well-marked species, the fore wings of which have a prevalently reddish cast. It ranges from New Jersey northward into Canada. Genus PACHNOBIA Guenée The species are mainly boreal, being found in the northern portions of our territory, principally in Canada, and on the higher mountain ranges. (1) Pachnobia littoralis Packard, Plate XXI, Fig. 32, ¢. (The Reddish Pachnobia.) Syn. pectinata Grote; ferruginoides Smith. The species occurs from the mountains of Colorado north- ward to Alberta. (2) Pachnobia salicarum Walker, Plate XXI, Fig. 31, ¢. (The Willow Pachnobia.) Syn. orilliana Grote; claviformis Morrison. 180 Noctuidz This species, readily distinguished from all others by the well defined claviform spot, ranges from Massachusetts to Alberta and northward. Genus METALEPSIS Grote Two species of this genus are credited to our fauna. Of the type of one of these, preserved in the British Museum, I am able to give an excellent figure taken from Sir George F. Hampson’s Fic. ror.—Metalepsis cornuta, 4. }. fine work upon the moths of the world, which is being published by the Trustees of the above named institution. The insect occurs in California. Genus SETAGROTIS Smith Eight species, all of them found in the northern parts of our territory or at considerable elevations among the mountains of the West, are attributed to this genus. I am able to give a figure of one of these, which Dr. Dyar kindly had drawn from the type in the United States National Museum. It occurs among the i mountains of Colorado and Wyoming. The py¢, 162 —Seragrotis ground color of the wings is pale luteous. ‘errifica, @. f. Genus AGROTIS Ochsenheimer (1) Agrotis badinodis Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 37, ¢. (The Pale-banded Dart.) Not an uncommon species in the northern Atlantic States and Canada. 181 Noctuidz (2) Agrotis ypsilon Rottemburg. (The Ypsilon Dart.) Syn. suffusa Denis & Schiffermiller; telifera Harris; idonea Cramer. This is an exceedingly common species, which occurs every- where in Canada and the United States. It is also found in Europe. Its larva is one of the species, which under the name of ‘‘cut- worms,” are known to inflict ex- tensive injuries upon growing plants. They burrow into the loose soil during the day, and Hic. 103i, 1270s Ypsvon— | come) forth at might and) domtheik (After Riley.) : t mischievous work. They are a plague to the market-gardener in particular. (3) Agrotis geniculata Grote & Robinson, Plate XXI, Fig. 36, 2. (The Knee-joint Dart.) Not a scarce species in the northern Atlantic Subregion. Genus PERIDROMA Hubner This is a moderately large genus, represented in the United States and Canada by about a dozen species. Half of these we illustrate. (1) Peridroma occulta Linnzus, Plate XXI, Fig. 42, 9. (The Great Gray Dart.) The habitat of this insect is the northern portion of our territory. (2) Peridroma astricta Morrison, Plate XXI, Fig.-41, 92. (The Great Brown Dart.) The species is found in the northern parts of the Atlantic Subregion, and also in Colorado. (3) Peridroma nigra Smith, Plate XXI, Fig. 43, 9. (The Great Black Dart.) Found in Colorado and Wyoming. (4) Peridroma saucia Hubner, Plate XXI, Fig. 40, 9; Egg, Text-figure No. 2. (The Common Cut-worm.) Syn. inermis Harris; ortonit Packard. Almost universally distributed throughout the United States and southern Canada. It also occurs in Europe. 182 wets ah? x ort sl Sts Posting ag) alas Ss ir? Sam aie) io. DIZ Soyssiras ASE oak =e Seg ongoHe % BBY. mre 10 ay 5} fice sviwraitto ko 7 ieee Tate Ie ei oe a 30 Aloisslion a3 aN ahi bay ee cS Uy Tait BHMOR Baas 5 Shios i re Moggers ie Bes hem oR ‘uae BATS og aa : +s ro erney voila ZHI ai 3 MUI a: eon) mt) are ston sinh pes alone ony ees oe iow a Pe “Si at We vi" cpt Gok oe Wek Bina ee cigs ir MM vatony: nilonsta sy ae eee tows Ay ee u ‘oystiaR on _eadEL —o () ene «i EP MITOIS ibe os soa ssi nS my tad fs a sane os ’ ay. are as aaa sealant 3M We iF ay pain ae ‘ +), SATA. sian Te. _ J. satis sai pig a4 : ne cS sauihinih Aa Let. 28 6anonD ago) ae “Alario DHA. Cie a a LG) 9807) Sai rag ie aneranaancas Storey bse, 166 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI (Except when otherwise indicated the collection of W. J. Holland.) Hlomohadena badistriga Grote, hy We Se IN, ME 2. Magusa dissidens Felder, @. 3. Oncocnenits atrifasciata TeIt 12). 1633 I4. ie 16. 17. 18. IQ. 20. 21. Morrison, 9. Oncocnemis dayi Grote, 3’. Oncocnemtis tenutjascia Smith, CO. Oncocnemts tricolor Smith, 9. Oncocnemis chandlert Grote, 9. Oncocnemts occata Grote, 9. Oncocnemts cibalis Grote, 3’. Adita chionantht Abbot & Smith, gf, U.S. N. M. Leptpolys perscripta Guenée, 9 , U.S. N. M. Copipanolis cubilis Grote, Wi. Ss Ne Wie Eutolype bombyciformis Smith, Q. Psaphidia grote: Morrison, U.S. N. M. Psaphidia resumens Walker, 9 . Fota armata Grote, 3’. Fota minorata Grote, o. Rhynchagrotis gilvipennts Grote, Q. Rhynchagrotis anchocelioides Guenée, 9. Rhynchagrotis alternata Grote, Q. Rhynchagrotis placida 6’, red variety. 25 2, Grote, 22. . Pachnobia salicarum the specimens are contained in Rhynchagrotis rufipectus Morrison, @. . Rkhychagrotis placida Grote, 3’. . Adelphagrotis prasina Fabricius, Q. . Platagrotis pressa Grote, 3. . Eueretagrotis sigmoides Guenéc, fo . Eueretagrotis peraitenta Grote, or . Semiophora opacifrons Grote, Q. . Semiophora elimata Guenée, . . Semiophora elimata var. janua- lis Grote, 3’. : Walker, a. . Pachnobia littoralis Packard, ots . Semiophora tenebrifera Walker, Oe . Noctua normaniana Grote, 3. . Noctua bicarnea Guenée, 2. . Agrotis geniculata Grote & Robinson, 9. . Agrotis badinodis Grote, @. . Peridroma simplaria Morrison, oF . Peridroma incivis Guenée, Co’. . Peridro masaucia Hiibner, 2. . Peridroma astricta Morrison, 3’. . Peridroma occulta Linneus, 9. . Peridroma nigra Smith, o. Tue Motu Book PLaTe AAI COPYRIGHTED BY W, J, HOLLAND, Noctuidz (5) Peridroma incivis Guenée, Plate XXI, Fig. 39,6. (The Uncivil Dart.) Syn. alabame Grote. Ranges from the Atlantic to the Pacific. (6) Peridroma simplaria Morrison, Plate XXI, Fig. 38, ?. (The Pale-winged Dart.) Not an uncommon species in Texas and Arizona. Genus NOCTUA Linnzus This is a very extensive genus, to which over forty species found in our territory are referred in recent lists. (1) Noctua normanniana Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 34, ¢. (Norman’s Dart.) j Syn. obtusa Speyer. Found everywhere in the Atlantic Subregion. (2) Noctua bicarnea Guenée, Plate XXI, Fig. 35,9. (The Pink-spotted Dart.) Syn. plagiata Walker. This is likewise a common species ranging from the Atlantic as far west as Colorado. (3) Noctua c-nigrum Linnzus, Plate XXII, Fig. 1,2. (The Black-letter Dart.) Universally distributed through the Appalachian Subregion and also occurring in Europe. (4) Noctua jucunda Walker, Plate XXII, Fig. 5, 9. (The Smaller Pinkish Dart.) Syn. perconflua Grote. Very commonly found in the northern United States. (5) Noctua oblata Morrison, Plate XXII, Fig. 3, 6. (The Rosy Dart.) Syn. hillzana Harvey. The habitat of this species is the North. It is common in Alberta. (6) Noctua fennica Tauscher, Plate XXII, Fig. 4,4. (The Finland Dart.) Syn. intractata Walker. A circumpolar species found throughout northern Europe, Asia, and America. 183 Noctuidze (7) Noctua plecta Linnzus, Plate XXII, Fig. 6, . (The Flame-shouldered Dart.) Syn. vicaria Walker. f The distribution of this small and well-marked species is some- what like that of the preceding, but it extends farther to the south. (8) Noctua collaris Grote & Robinson, Plate XXII, Fig. 7, 2. (The Collared Dart.) Occurs in the northern parts of the Atlantic Subregion. (9) Noctua juncta Grote, Plate XXII, Fig, 12, 6. (The Scribbled Dart.) Syn. patefacta Smith. The species ranges from Nova Scotia to Alberta. (10) Noctua haruspica Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 9,2. (The Soothsayer Dart.) Syn. grandis Speyer. Widely distributea through the northern portions of our territory. (11) Noctua clandestina Harris, Plate XXII, Fig. 14, 9. (The Clandestine Dart.) Syn. unicolor Walker; nigriceps Walker. A common species ranging from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains, and readily separated from the preceding species by the narrower and darker fore wings. (12) Noctua havilze Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 18, ¢. (The Havilah Dart.) A smaller species than either of the preceding. It occurs from Colorado and Wyoming westward to California. (13) Noctua atricincta Smith, Plate XXII, Fig.-11, ¢. (The Black-girdled Dart.) Thus far this species has only been reported as occurring in Alberta. (14) Noctua substrigata Smith, Plate XXII, Fig. 10, ¢. (The Yellow-streaked Dart.) This species, like the preceding, is found in Alberta. Both probably have a wider range. (15) Noctua calgary Smith, Plate XXII, Fig. 13, 6. (The Calgary Dart.) The remarks made as to the two preceding species apply to this also. 184 Noctuidz (16) Noctua lubricans Guenée, Plate XXII, Fig. 8,6. (The Slippery Dart.) Syn. associans Walker; illapsa Walker; beata Grote. A very common species, universally distributed throughout the United States. Genus PRONOCTUA Smith Only one species of this genus, named typica by Prof. J. B. Smith, is known. It is y i found in Colorado and Wyo- ming. Through the. kindness of Dr. Dyar a drawing of the type was made for me at the United States National Museum REN and it is reproduced in the an- “etna ae nexed cut (Fig. 104). Fic. 104.—Pronoctua typica. Genus CHORIZAGROTIS Smith Eight species are attributed to this genus by Dyar in his recent Catalogue of the moths of the United States. We figure three of them. (1) Chorizagrotis introferens Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 15, 2. (The Interfering Dart.) This insect is not scarce in Texas and Colorado, and thence ranges westward to California. (2) Chorizagrotis inconcinna Harvey, Plate XXII, Fig. 22, 2. (The Inelegant Dart.) An obscurely colored species occuring in the southwestern States. (3) Chorizagrotis balanitis Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 17, @. (The Acorn Dart.) The range of this insect is from Colorado to British Columbia. Genus RHIZAGROTIS Smith About a dozen species have been assigned to this genus by recent writers. We figure one of them, to which Prof. J. B. Smith has applied the name proclivis. It is represented by a female specimen on Plate XXII, Fig. 16. The insect occurs in Arizona and northern Mexico. 185 Noctuide Genus FELTIA Walker This is a considerable genus, represented by species in the northern portions of both hemispheres. (1) Feltia subgothica Haworth. (The Subgothic Dart.) Of this common species, which is found in the northern portions of the United States and also in Canada, and which likewise occurs in Europe, we give a figure on Plate XXII. We also have re- produced a cut of the species taken from Prof. CVe Ri Ney ss sagas Missouri Report. The larva is one of the com- monest cut-worms, found Fic. 105.—Feltia subgothica. Moth with wings expanded; moth with more abundantly, how- wings closed. ever, in the West than in the East. The species has a wide range over the northern portions of the United States and through southern Canada. (2) Feltia herilis Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 20, 6. “@he Master’s Dart.) The insect ranges from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains. (3) Feltia gladiaria Morrison, Plate XXII, Fig. 19,9. (The Swordsman Dart.) Syn. morrisoniana Riley. The distribution of this species is the same as that of the previous. (4) Feltia venerabilis Walker, Plate XXII, Fig. 26,6. (The Venerable Dart. ) Widely distributed throughout the United States. (5) Feltia vancouverensis Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 42, 9. (The Vancouver Dart.) Syn. hortulana Morrison; semiclarata Grote; agilis Grote. I have given the above name to the specimen figured on the Plate as cited upon the authority of Prof. J. B. Smith, who has kindly examined the figure. The specimen came from Labrador. (6) Feltia volubilis Harvey, Plate XXII, Fig. 23,9. (The Voluble Dart. ) Syn. stigmosa Morrison. 186 Noctuidz Found throughout our entire territory. (7) Feltia annexa Treitschke, Plate XXII, Fig. 28,9. (The Added Dart.) Syn. decernens Walker. Found throughout the southern Atlantic and Gulf States and ranging into South America. (8) Feltia malefida Guenée, Plate XXII, Fig. 32, 2. (The Rascal Dart.) This species has the same range as that of the last mentioned form. Genus POROSAGROTIS Smith Eleven species are assigned by Dr. Dyar in his Catalogue to this genus. As representatives of these we have chosen five for illustration. (1) Porosagrotis vetusta Walker, Plate XXII, Fig. 25, 2. (The Old Man Dart.) Syn. murenula Grote & Robinson. This pale-colored species extends in its range from the Atlantic to Colorado. (2) Porosagrotis fusca Boisduval, Plate XXII, Fig. 31, @. (The Fuscous Dart.) Syn. septentrionalis Moeschler; patula Walker. The specimen figured was taken at Nain, Labrador. The insect is said also to occur in the Rocky Mountains. (3) Porosagrotis tripars Walker, Plate XXII, Fig. 24, ¢; Fig. 37,2. (The Tripart Dart.) Syn. worthingtont Grote. The specimens figured came from Colorado. (4) Porosagrotis rileyana Morrison, Plate XXII, Fig. 33, 2. (Riley’s Dart.) This species is spread from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains. (5) Porosagrotis dzdalus Smith, Plate XXII, Fig. 29, ¢. (The Dedalus Dart.) The insect is peculiar to the region of the Rocky Mountains. Genus EUXOA Hubner This great genus, including nearly two hundred species, which are found in the region, with which this book deals, has 187 Noctuidz in recent years been ranged under the name Carneades after the teaching of Grote, but as Carneades, which was erected by Bates, includes a different concept, this name was abandoned by Dr. Dyar, and the name Paragrotis Pratt was substituted for it. This name, however, must yield to the older name proposed by Hubner, and which we have adopted at the suggestion of Prof. J. B. Smith. (1) Euxoa quadridentata Grote & Robinson, Plate XXII, Fig. 30,6. (The Four-toothed Dart. ) This insect is distributed from Colorado to Oregon. (2) Euxoa brevipennis Smith, Plate XXII, Fig. 27,9. (The Short-winged Dart.) The range of this species is the same as that of the preceding. (3) Euxoa olivalis Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 34, 6. (The Olive Dart.) The species occurs in Colorado and Utah. (4) Euxoa flavidens Smith, Plate XXII, Fig. 38, ¢. (The Yellow-toothed Dart.) This moth is spread through the region of the Rocky Mountains from Colorado to northern Mexico. The specimen figured came from the Sierra Madre of Chihuahua. It has been compared with the type in the National Museum at Washington. (5) Euxoa perpolita Morrison, Plate XXII, Fig. 36,3. (The Polished Dart.) It ranges from the States of the northern portion of the Atlantic Subregion to the mountains of Colorado. . (6) Euxoa velleripennis Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 35, ¢. (The Fleece-winged Dart.) It has the same range as the preceding species. It may at once be distinguished from it by its slighter build, and by the whiter hind wings. (7) Euxoa detersa Walker, Plate XXII, Fig. 39, ¢. (The Rubbed Dart.) Syn. pityochrous Grote; personata Morrison. A pale and inconspicuously colored insect, which has the same distribution as the two preceding species. (8) Euxoa messoria Harris, Plate XXII, Fig. 4o, ¢. (The Reaper Dart.) 188 Cae TEE are ay Bie ng gale pau 3 tli fine avout 3 et MOY a ee ; ARTEOM) es ie a NGI A oii, As pitas (sre mani WOES SIGRAVCA Sy 2 Bk oe i d 3 “a Tie®) SERoloat Dales vee ; ae BACON { ies et (QFOT Th reat ast oy progrie Mf oxi ae sia a wt ‘eighae ENO seas | Sar oak Fees pues Ps ots es 9 boi 5iaqlil ie 4 (Biss tl LiLong nero OD ee ier Q moakrolt ees eotooiow nation AOMPAMAIIZS fu: ee EE i IY 308 HR aalios« gtktestt inn ae Ge caeiahl BUN a mane OT oohORgald npsiooV. Fa nozinio Wy vee PANiIG eS qos: % “ta eS > gee se" roads Sarrso0, eapandate Bulwer ae pani wh ifr Sty Tape a x1 a bia: on Pines Suro" ea i) Pisin: Apo ayy antag / jk: weatrie ht os Shays Bistot ; Ore ; ehaow se ; GP yddions evitoan, ZNoN Zhe ab lndmige stone 7 wid nabettees Uae: 2) iby jms parly Lali. a sae es ak ge Ss sah: a on pul i © boa oe ay J i dhowsl Saat By prema Dkr te 19h tained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII (Except when otherwise indicated the specimens figured are con- Noctua c-nigrum Linneus, 2 . Noctua phyllophora Grote, @. Noctua oblata Morrison, @’. Noctua fennica Tauscher, . Noctua jucunda Walker, Q. Noctua plecta Linneus, 6. Noctua collaris Grote & Robinson, <. Noctua lubricans Guenée, ©. . Noctua haruspica Grote, 9. . Noctua substrigata Smith, . . Noctua atricincta Smith, ©. . Noctua juncta Grote, ©. . Noctua calgary Smith, 3. . Noctua clandestina Harris, 9 . . Chorizagrotis introferens Grote, Q. . Rhizagrotis proclivis Smith, 2. . Chorizagrotis balanitis Grote, om . Noctua havile Grote, ©. . Feltia gladiaria Morrison, 9. . Feltia hertlis Grote, &. . Feltia subgothica Haworth, ©. 22. 23. 24. Dis 26. NG 28. 209. 30. Bite Chorizagrotis inconcinna Harvey, @. Feltia volubtlis Harvey, 2. Porosagrotis tripars Grote, 3). Porosagrotis vetusta Walker, 3. Feltia venerabilis Walker, @’. Euxoa brevipennis Smith, 2. Feltia annexa Treitschke, ©. Porosagrotis dedalus Smith, @ Euxoa quadridentata Grote & Robinson, ©. Porosagrotis fusca Boisduval, Ce . Feltia malefida Guenée, 9. . Porosagrotts rileyana Morrison, Q. . Euxoa olivalis Grote, 3. . Euxoa vellertpennis Grote, ©. . Euxoa perpolita Morrison, ©. . Porosagrotis tripars Walker, 3. . Euxoa flavidens Smith, o. . Euxoa detersa Walker, ©. . Euxoa messoria Harris, ©. 41. Hadena semilunata Grote, 6. 42. Feltia vancouverensis Morrison, @. KXI1 THE Moty Book PLATE COPYRIGHTED BY W. J, HOLLAND, Noctuide Syn. spissa Guenée; cochrani Riley; repentis Grote & Robinson; dis- pliciens Walker, etc. This wretched little creature, the larva of which is one of our most destructive cut-worms, was described seven times by Walker under different names. The more inconspicuous, or the smaller an insect, the more names it bears. The littlest bugs have the biggest names. It is thus also, sometimes, with men. (9) Euxoa lutulenta Smith, Plate XXIII, Fig. 13, 4. (The Muddy Dart.) An inconspicuous species, which ranges from Alberta in the north to Colorado in the south, and thence westward to California. (10) Euxoa dissona Meeschler, Plate XXIII, Fig. 5, 9. (The Dissonant Dart.) This moth is found in Labrador. (11) Euxoa titubatis Smith, Plate XXIII, Fig. 6, $. (The Tippling Dart.) The distribution of this species is coincident with that of the preceding. (12) Euxoa insulsa Walker, Plate XXIII, Fig. 3, @. (The Silly Dart.). Syn. insignata Walker; expulsa Walker; declarata Walker; decolor Morrison; campestris Grote; verticalis Grote. This is another poor creature, which unconsciously has suffered much at the hands of the species-makers. It is found all over the United States. (13) Euxoa albipennis Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 7, 6. (The White-winged Dart.) Syn. nigripennts Grote. A common species in the Atlantic Subregion ranging across the valley of the Mississippi into Colorado. (14) Euxoa tessellata Harris, Plate XXIII, Fig. 4, ¢. (The Tessellate Dart.) Syn. maizt, Fitch; atropurpurea Grote. Universally distributed throughout our region. (15) Euxoa basalis Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 8, ¢. (The Basal Dart.) This species is found in Colorado and Wyoming, and probably has a still wider range. 189 Noctuide (16) Euxoa ochrogaster Guenée, Plate XXIII, Fig. 10, 6. (The Yellow-bellied Dart.) Syn. tllata Walker; cinereomaculata Morrison; gularis Grote; turris Grote. This moth is found in the northern Atlantic States and thence westward to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. (17) Euxoa furtivus Smith, Plate XXIII, Fig. 11, 4. (The Furtive Dart.) The habitat of this species is the region of the Rocky Mountains. (18) Euxoa obeliscoides Guenée, Plate XXIII, Fig. 12, 9. (The Obelisk Dart.) Syn. sexatilis Grote. Distributed over the northern Atlantic States, and across the valley of the Mississippi to Wyoming and Colorado. (19) Euxoa redimicula Morrison, Plate XXIII, Fig. 9, 6. (The Fillet Dart.) The insect has exactly the same range as the last mentioned species. Genus EUCOPTOCNEMIS Grote There is but one species of the genus recognized in our fauna. To this Guenée gave the name fimbriaris. It was afterward named obvia by Walker. Its habitat is New England. It is a scarce species in col- lections. The figure we give was taken Iie, xob-—IEnaatoccamis from a specimen in the United States fimobriaris. National Museum. Genus RICHIA Grote A small genus of obscurely colored moths. They are found in the southwestern States. (1) Richia aratrix Harvey, Plate XXIII, Fig. 14, ¢. (The Plough-girl. ) The species is found in Colorado and Texas. (2) Richia parentalis Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 15, $6. (The Parental Dart.) 190 Noctuide This is a New Mexican species. It also occurs in Texas, and in the mountains of northern Mexico. Genus ANYTUS Grote Only a few species have been recognized as belonging to this genus. Of the five which have been named, we figure two. (1) Anytus privatus Walker, Plate XXIII, Fig. 16,¢. (The Sculptured Anytus.) Syn. sculptus Grote. A native of the Atlantic Subregion. (2) Anytus obscurus Smith, Plate XXIII, Fig. 17, 6. (The Obscure Anytus. ) Thus far this insect has only been reported from Alberta. Genus UFEUS Grote A small genus of rather large, plainly colored moths, having a robust habitus, which permits them to be easily distinguished from others. (1) Ufeus plicatus Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 19, (The Pleated Ufeus. ) Syn. barometricus Goossens. Distributed over the northern Atlantic States, and westward as far as California. The insect is not, however, very common. (2) Ufeus satyricus Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 20, 6. (The Satyr.) This moth ranges over the northern Atlantic States, but, like the other species of the genus, does not appear to be anywhere very common. Genus AGROTIPHILA Grote There are seven species attributed to this genus by recent authors. We can only figure one of them. (1) Agrotiphila incognita Smith, Plate XXIII, Fig. 18, 2. The species occurs in Alberta and westward to British Columbia. Genus MAMESTRA Ochsenheimer A very large genus, represented in both hemispheres by a large number of species. The caterpillars of some species are 191 Noctuide quite destructive to cultivated plants. Of the one hundred and ten or more species occurring in our territory we have selected thirty for purpose of illustration. This number of species, if correctly ascertained by the student, ought to enable him to form some idea of the general character of the complex of insects, with which we are now dealing. (1) Mamestra imbrifera Guenée, Plate XXIII, Fig. 32, ?. (The Cloudy Mamestra. ) A native of the northern Atlantic States. It is not rare in New England. (2) Mamestra purpurissata Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 26, ¢. (The Empurpled Mamestra. ) This is a very common species in Maine and Quebec. It occurs less commonly south of these localities. (3) Mamestra juncimacula Smith, Plate XIX, Fig. 41, ¢. (The Fused-spot Mamestra.) The habitat of this species is Colorado. (4) Mamestra meditata Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 21, @. (The Studied Mamestra.) Quite a common species in the Appalachian Subregion. (5) Mamestra lustralis Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 22, @. (The Lustral Mamestra. ) Syn. suffusa Smith. The range of this species is through the Atlantic States south and west to Arizona and northern Mexico. (6) Mamestra detracta Walker, Plate XXIII, Fig. 24, 6. (The Disparaged Mamestra.) Syn. claviplena Grote. The range of this insect is the same as that of the last men- tioned species. (7) Mamestra farnhami Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 23, 9. (Farnham’s Mamestra.) A native of the eastern portions of the region of the Rocky Mountains. (8) Mamestra liquida Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 36,2. (The Liquid Mamestra.) The range of this insect is in the northwestern part of our territory as far as British Columbia. 192 Noctuidz (9) Mamestra radix Walker, Plate XXIII, Fig. 25, 2. (Dimmock’s Mamestra.) Syn. dimmocki Grote; desperata Smith. Distributed from Maine and Quebec across the northern parts of the United States and the southern portions of the British possessions to the Pacific. (10) Mamestra nevadz Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 33, 9. (The Nevadan Mamestra. ), Found in Nevada and California. (11) Mamestra subjuncta Grote & Robinson, Plate XXIII, Fig. 27,4. (The Harnessed Mamestra.) Not at all an uncommon species in the Appalachian Subregion, ranging across the Mississippi Valley to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. (12) Mamestra grandis Boisduval, Plate XXIII, Fig. 41, ¢. (The Grand Mamestra. ) Syn. libera Walker. (13) Mamestra trifolii Rottemburg, Plate XXIII, Fig. 29, 2. (The Clover Mamestra.) Syn. chenopodii Fabricius; albifusa Walker; glaucovaria Walker; major Speyer. Found throughout Europe, northern Asia, and the United States and Canada. The caterpillar does at times considerable damage to crops. (14) Mamestra rosea Harvey, Plate XXIII, Fig. 30,9. (The Rosy Mamestra. ) Distributed generally through the northern portions of the United States and the southern portions of Canada and British Columbia. (15) Mamestra congermana Morrison, Plate XXIII, Fig. 31, @. (The Cousin German. ) This insect ranges from the Atlantic to the eastern portions of the region of the Rocky Mountains. (16) Mamestra picta Harris, Plate I, Fig. 11, larva; Plate XXIII, Fig. 34,4. (The Painted Mamestra.) Syn. exusta Guenée; contraria Walker. This is one of the commonest species of the genus. The caterpillar is a conspicuous object, and in the fall of the year is 193 Noctuide generally very noticeable, feeding upon various herbaceous plants. It is a promiscuous feeder, and to enumerate all the vege- tables which it attacks would al- most be to provide a list of the plants of the United States. They manifest, however, a decided preference, when accessible, for the cruciferous plants, and do much dam- age: in fields) ¥of cabbages and beets. There are two Fic. 107.—Mamestra picta. a. larva; b. moth. broods in the (After Riley.) Middle States. The species does not occur on the Pacific coast, so far as is known to the writer. Its range is from the Atlantic to the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains. (17) Mamestra lubens Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 28,6. (The Darling Mamestra.) A denizen of the northern portions of the United States. (18) Mamestra latex Guenée, Plate XXIII, Fig. 40,9. (The Fluid Mamestra.) Syn. demissa Walker. This insect has the same range as the preceding species. (19) Mamestra adjuncta Boisduval, Plate XXIII, Fig. 38, @. (The Hitched Mamestra.) This species occurs from southern Canada to the Carolinas and westward to Missouri and Minnesota. (20) Mamestra rugosa Morrison, Plate XXIV, Fig. 3, ¢. (The Rugose Mamestra.) The habitat of this species is Maine and Nova Scotia. (21) Mamestra lilacina Harvey, Plate XXIII, Fig. 29, ¢. (The Lilacine Mamestra.) Syn. zlabefacta Morrison. 194 eri bonis, Stay Os Borits i 2 2 See Oss i eat) - SHADED SE vols W oip ps7 THOe Pee lee ~ wi> sphom) “cal episneb REE NAS Ws ; i cenenGe Reiioyiy ‘vecnothe Reta) . Euxoa . Euxoa . Euxoa . Euxoa . Richia . Richia parentalis Grote, . . Anytus privatus Walker, ¢. . Anytus obscurus Smith, ©. . Agrotiphila incognita Smith, @. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) . Cerapoda stylata Smith, o', U. S. N. M. Epidemas cinerea Smith, 9, We. 5 INE IML Euxoa insulsa Walker, 9. Euxoa tessellata Harris, 3. Euxoa dissona Mceschler, 9 . Euxoa titubatts Smith, ©. Euxoa albipennis Grote, @. Euxoa basalts Grote, ©. Euxoa redimicula Morrsion, ©’. ochrogaster Guenée, 3. furtivus Smith, o. obeliscoides Guenée, ©. lutulenta Smith, @. aratrix Harvey, o. Ufeus plicatus Grote, 6. Ufeus satyricus Grote, 3. . Mamestra meditata Grote, ©. . Mamestra lustralis Grote, 9. B20 24. DE, 20. Dif Mamestra farnhamt Grote, 9. Mamestra detracta Walker, Q’. Mamestra radix Walker, ¢’. Mamestra purpurissata Grote, ue Mamestra subjuncta Grote & Robinson, <. . Mamestra lubens Grote, 3. . Mamestra trifolia Rottemburg, Oho . Mamestra rosea Harvey, Q. . Mamestra congermana Morrison, Q. . Mamestra wnbrifera Guenée, 2. . Mamestra nevade Grote, 9. . Mamestra picta Harris, 3. . Mamestra renigera Stephens, 2 . . Mamestra liquida Grote, 9. . Mamestra olivacea Morrison, ©’. . Mamestra adjuncta Boisduval, 9. . Mamestra lhlacina Harvey, o. . Mamestra latex Guenée, 9. . Mamestra grandis Boisduval, 3. THE MoTH Boox PLATE KXIII GOPYRIGHTED BY W, J, HOLLAND, Noctuidze This moth ranges from the Atlantic coast to Colorado and New Mexico. (22) Mamestra renigera Stephens, Plate XXIll, Fig. 35, @. (The Kidney-spotted Mamestra.) Syn. herbimacula Guenée; ¢nfecta Walker. This prettily marked little moth is found from New England and Ontario to Colorado. It occurs also in Europe. (23) Mamestra olivacea Morrison, Plate XXIII, Fig. 37, ¢. (The Olivaceous Mamestra.) For the very extensive synonymy of this insect the reader is referred to Dr. Dyar’s ‘‘ Catalogue of the Moths of the United States.” It is too lengthy to impose upon these pages. The moth ranges over the northern portions of the United States and southern Canada. (24) Mamestra laudabilis Guenée, Plate XXIV, Fig. 1, @. (The Laudable Mamestra.) Syn. indicans Walker; strigicollis Wallengren. This species extends its range from New Jersey through the southern States to Texas and southern California and northern Mexico. (25) Mamestra lorea Guenée, Plate XXIV, Fig. 2, ¢. (The Bridled Mamestra.) Syn. ligata Walker; dodgez Grote. An obscurely colored species, which ranges from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains. (20) Mamestra erecta Walker, Plate XXIV, Fig. 4,4. (The Erect Mamestra.) Syn. constipata Walker; innexa Grote. This little moth occurs in Texas, Arizona, and northern Mexico. (27) Mamestra anguina Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 5,9. (The Snaky Mamestra.) The insect occurs in the northern portions of our territory, and among the higher mountains of the States of Colorado and Wyoming. (28) Mamestra vicina Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 6, @. (The Allied Mamestra.) Syn. teligera Morrison; acutipennits Grote. Ranges from the Atlantic to the Pacific. 195 Noctuidz (29) Mamestra neoterica Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 7, é. (The Modern Mamestra. ) The range of this species is from Manitoba to Alberta, so far as is at present known. (30) Mamestra negussa Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 8, @. (The Brown-winged Mamestra.) The species was originally described from Alberta. It occurs also in northern Montana. Genus ADMETOVIS Grote (1) Admetovis oxymorus Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 9, ¢. This insect which is one of two species, which are attributed to the genus, is found from Colorado to California. Genus BARATHRA Hubner (1) Barathra occidentata Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 10, 9. This is a New Mexican species. Another species of the genus, named curialis by Smith, has been described by him as coming from Maine and New Hampshire. Genus NEURONIA Hubner (1) Neuronia americana Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 12, @. (The American Neuronia. ) This is the only species of the genus represented in our terri- tory. It occurs in Montana and Alberta. Genus DARGIDA Walker The only species of this genus found within the limits of the United States was named procinctus by Grote. It is represented by the figure of the male insect on Plate XXIV, Fig. 11. Itis found from Colorado to California and Oregon. Genus MORRISONIA Grote Six species are attributed to this genus. We figure two of them. (1) Morrisonia sectilis Guenée, Plate XXIV, Fig. 13, 6. Syn. evicta Grote. Form vomerina Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 14, 2. 196 Noctuidz The home of this insect is the Northern Atlantic States. It occurs in both forms in western Pennsylvania and Indiana. (2) Morrisonia confusa Hubner, Plate XXIV, Fig. 15, 6. Syn. infructuosa Walker; multifaria Walker. Not uncommon in the Atlantic Subregion. Genus XYLOMIGES Guenée In our fauna are found fifteen species which have been assigned to this genus. From their number we have chosen seven to put before the students of this book. (1) Xylomiges simplex Walker, Plate XXIV, Fig. 17, 6. (The Simple Woodling.) Syn. crucialis Harvey. A well marked and easily recognizable species, recalling the genus Apatela, so far as the pattern of the maculation is con- cerned. It is spread from Colorado westward to California. (2) Xylomiges dolosa Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 20,6. (The Grieving Woodling.) Distributed over the northern Atlantic States, and westward to Colorado. (3) Xylomiges perlubens Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 19, 3. (The Brown Woodling.) Syn. subapicalis Smith. This species belongs to the fauna of the Pacific coast, ranging eastward to Colorado. (4) Xylomiges pulchella Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 21, ¢. (The Beautiful Woodling. ) Habitat British Columbia. (5) Xylomiges patalis Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 18, 9. (Fletcher’s Woodling. ) Syn. fletcheri Grote. Found in the Pacific States. (6) Xylomiges cognata Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 22, ¢. (The Oregon Woodling. ) Ranges from British Columbia and Oregon eastward to Colorado. (7) Xylomiges indurata Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 23, ¢. (The Hardened Woodling.) 197 Noctuide Readily distinguished from X. dolosa by the lighter color of the primaries and the pure white secondaries, as well as by the different maculation. It is found in Colorado. Genus SCOTOGRAMMA Smith Of the thirteen species belonging to this genus and occurring in our fauna we depict three. (1) Scotogramma submarina Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 24, 3. A native of the region of the Rocky Mountains ranging from Arizona to Montana. (2) Scotogramma infuscata Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 25, 6. The figure given on the plate is taken from a specimen in the United States National Museum. The insect is found in Colorado. (3) Scotogramma inconcinna Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. Xs Oo This plainly colored species, like its predecessor, occurs in Colorado. Genus ULOLONCHE Smith A genus of moderate extent, all of the species belonging to which are western, except the one we figure, which occurs in the Atlantic Subregion. (1) Ulolonche modesta Morrison, Plate XXIV, Fig. 16, ¢. The species is not common. Genus ANARTA Ochsenheimer A subarctic genus, represented in both hemispheres. The insects occur either in high northern latitudes, or at great eleva- tions upon high mountains. There are many species. We give illustrations of five of those found in our fauna. (1) Anarta cordigera Thunberg, Plate XXIV, Fig. 28, 3. (The Catocaline Anarta.) Found in northern Canada, Labrador, Alaska, and thence southward along the summits of the higher ranges of the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. It also occurs in the north of Scotland, and from Norway to Kamschatka. (2) Anarta melanopa Thunberg, Plate XXIV, Fig. 27, ¢. (The Black-mooned Anarta.) Syn. nigrolunata Packard. 198 Noctuidze A circumpolar species commonly found in both hemispheres. (3) Anarta schoenherri Zetterstedt, Plate XXIV, Fig. 30, 3. (Scheenherr’s Anarta.) Syn. leucocycla Staudinger. Its habitat is Labrador, Greenland, Norway, Lapland, and arctic Asia. (4) Anarta richardsoni Curtis, Plate XXIV, Fig. 29, 9. (Richardson’s Anarta.) Ranges from Alaska to Labrador, and has been found on the mountains of Norway. (5) Anarta impingens Walker, Plate XXIV, Fig. 31, 2. (The Dull Brown Anarta.) Syn. nivaria Grote; curta Morrison; perpura Morrison. Found on the mountains of Colorado. Genus TRICHOCLEA Grote A small genus confined in its range to the mountain regions of the West. (1) Trichoclea antica Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 32, 3. The specimen figured is one kindly loaned me from the national collection, and determined by the author of the species. Genus TRICHOPOLIA Grote Of this small genus we are able to give a figure of the type of the species named serrata by Professor Smith. The moth occurs in Texas. serrata,&@. 4. Genus EUPOLIA Smith Only one species has thus far been referred to this genus. It was named licentiosa by Prof. J. B. Smith. The annexed cut gives a figure of the type, which is preserved in the . United States National Museum. Its home Fic.109.—Eupolia . licentiosa. @.%, iS Utah. Genus NEPHELODES Guenée (1) Nephelodes minians Guenée, Plate XXIV, Fig. 33, @. Syn. expansa Walker; sobria Walker; violans Guenée; subdolens Walker. 199 Noctuidz A common species in the Atlantic States. It is abundant in the fall of the year in western Pennsylvania. Genus HELIOPHILA Hubner A large genus well represented in both the eastern and the western hemispheres. Thirty-six species are credited to our fauna. Of these we give figures of eight, selecting the commoner and a few of the rarer forms. (1) Heliophila unipuncta Haworth, Plate XXIV, Fig. 40, ¢. (The Army Worm.) Syn. extranea Guenée. This species, the larva of which is known as the ‘‘ Northern ” Army Worm,” or simply as the ‘“‘Army Worm,” is found from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains, and from Canada to Texas and southward at suitable elevations upon the higher plateaus of northern Mexico. It appears occasionally in vast numbers, and is regarded by the farmer and the horticulturist as one of those pests against the ravages of which they must direct a great deal of energy. The first appearance of these insects in great numbers is recorded as having occurred in New Hampshire and Massachusetts in the year 1743. In the year 1770 they devastated the fertile fields of the valley of the Con- necticut. They devoured the grasses and cereals, but neglected the pumpkins and potatoes. The chronicler of this invasion says: ‘‘Had it not been for pumpkins, which were exceedingly abundant, and potatoes, the people would have greatly suffered for food. As it was, great privation was felt on account of the loss of grass and grain.” Suc- cessive attacks of the insect have been made since then upon the crops in various parts of the P16. 111-—Pupa : : of H. unipuncta. country. The year 1861 is memorable as having (After Riley.) been marked by their ravages, which were particularly noticeable in the State of Missouri and in southern Illinois. An excellent account of this invasion has been published Fic. 110.—Larva of AH. unipuncia. (After Riley.) 200 Noctuidz by Prof. C. V. Riley in his ‘‘Second Annual Report’’ as State Entomologist of Missouri. It appears from the investigations of those who are familiar with the habits of the insect that they appear in greatest numbers in years which are characterized by being wet and cool, following years in which there has been drought. Such conditions seem to be favorable to the develop- ment of the insects in great swarms. Their appearance in the fields is often at first not observed; but when, having attained con- siderable size, the supply of grain and grasses gives out, and they begin to migrate in vast bodies in search of provender, they at once attract attention. The best remedy for these pests is to burn over grass lands in the winter, to keep the fence-rows clear of grass and weeds, and to plough under the land in the spring or the fall. Untilled grass lands on which crops are not properly rotated become centres of infection. (2) Heliophila pseudargyria Guenée, Plate XXIV, Fig. 47,@. (The False Wainscot. ) A common species in the Atlantic States, freely attracted to sugar. (3) Heliophila subpunctata Harvey, Plate XXIV, Fig. 35,@. (The Dark-winged Wainscot.) Syn. complicata Strecker. The range of this species is from New Mexico and Texas to Arizona. (4) Heliophila minorata Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 41, 2. (The Lesser Wainscot.) This species is found in California and Oregon. (5) Heliophila albilinea Hubner, Plate XXIV, Fig. 34, ¢. (The White-lined Wainscot.) Syn. harveyi Grote. The insect is widely distributed, ranging from Nova Scotia to New Mexico and Texas, but apparently avoiding the Great Plains and the regions lying west of them. Fic. 112.—Moth of H. unipuncta. (After Riley.) 20! Noctuidz It is.a very common species in the Atlantic States, Fic. 113—Heliophila albi- linea. a. Larve; b. Mass of eggs laid on the stem of wheat; c. Egg viewed from above; d.Egg viewed from the side; (eggs great- ly magnified). (After Riley.) and at times does _ considerable injury to the crops. It has never, however, equaled in destructiveness the first species of the genus, to which we have given our attention on the preceding pages. It is said to be particularly attracted to the wheat when the grain is in the milk and the heads are just maturing. The damage done at this time is, in the Middle States, where winter wheat is commonly grown, due to the first generation of the insects. There are in fact two broods, one appearing on the wing in spring or early summer, the second in the late summer. The latter brood, which generally is more numerous than the first, produces the caterpillars, the pupze of which yield the moths, which, coming out in the spring of the year, lay their eggs in the wheat- fields. It is said that the habit of attacking wheat in its period of matu- ration has lately been acquired by this insect, and is an illustration of the way in which species, long regarded as innocuous, develop with apparent suddenness destructive tendencies. (6) Heliophila heterodoxa, Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 36, ¢. (The Heterodox Wainscot.) The insect ranges from British Columbia and northern California as far east as Minnesota. (7) Heliophila multilinea Walker, Plate XXIV, Fig. 39, 3. (The Many-lined Wainscot.) Syn. /apidaria Grote. Not a scarce species in the Atlantic States. 202 Noctuidz (8) Heliophila commoides Guenée, Plate XXIV, Fig. 42, 2. (The Comma Wainscot.) The insect occurs from the Atlantic westward as far as Colorado. It is not very common. Genus NELEUCANIA Smith This is a small genus composed of species, which are, so far as is known, exclusively Western. (1) Neleucania bicolorata Grote. (The Two-colored Neleucania. ) Of this species, which occurs in Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona, and probably has a still wider distribu- tion, we are able to give a figure based upon a specimen contained in the United = yg, r14,—Neleucania States National Museum. bicolorata. &, 4. Genus ZOSTEROPODA Grote Only one species of this genus is known at present. (1) Zosteropoda hirtipes Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 46, ¢. The insect occurs in California. Genus ORTHODES Guenée Of the ten species reputed to belong to the genus and said to be found in our territory four are figured. (1) Orthodes crenulata Butler, Plate XXIV, Fig. 37, ¢. (The Rustic Quaker.) An exceedingly common species in the Atlantic States, rang- ing westward throughout the valley of the Mississippi. (2) Orthodes cynica Guenée, Plate XXIV, Fig. 38,6. (The Cynical Quaker.) Syn. candens Guenée; tecta Walker. Quite as common as the preceding species, and having the same range. (3) Orthodes vecors Guenée, Plate XIX, Fig. 20,¢. (The Small Brown Quaker.) Syn. enervis Guenée; nimia Guenée; togata Walker; velata Walker; prodeuns Walker; griseocincta Harvey; nitens Grote. 203 Noctuidz This is another small creature, which has caused the species- makers much exercise. It is found very generally throughout the Atlantic States. (4) Orthodes puerilis Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 45,8. (The Boyish Quaker.) This insect is found in northern California. Genus HIMELLA Grote (1) Himella contrahens Walker, Plate XXIV, Fig. 44, 9. Syn. thecata Morrison. This insect is found from the northern Atlantic States south- ward and westward to New Mexico and Colorado. Genus CROCIGRAPHA Grote (1) Crocigrapha normani Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 43, 4. Not an uncommon insect in the northern portions of the Atlantic Subregion. Genus GRAPHIPHORA Hubner This is an extensive genus, represented in both hemispheres, and containing thirty-six species, which occur within our ter- ritory. We illustrate four of them. é (1) Graphiphora culea Guenée, Plate XXV Fig. 1,2. Syn. modifica Morrison. This species is quite common in the Appalachian or Atlantic Subregion. (2) Graphiphora oviduca Guenée, Plate XXV, Fig. 2, 6. Syn. capsella Grote; orobia Harvey. The insect has the same range as the preceding species, and is equally common. (3) Graphiphora alia Guenée, Plate XXV, Fig. 3,9. Syn. imstabilis Fitch; insciens Walker; hibisct Guenée; confluens Morrison. Not a scarce species in the Atlantic Subregion. (4) Graphiphora garmani Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 5, 2. A rather scarce insect ranging from western Pennsylvania throughout the valley of the Mississippi as far as Illinois and Iowa. 204 carte, Ales sorta Phe veri eae es ae a on ie; i, hora ATOM vst Bo <86 2 soto7®), Shute oul’: : soa" foes eee MGoMAG Bion i ewig oust > ap speed ivtd he ol Vie oea iano, § whe BLOM sake AAI By Bx ‘sey, pegsnwelitat ee i apart Jin A ey Ela re poe , 2 neeys NOE. Srl tetas Aneaal t ae raeoastiqante iets mi ; tee DowtstD, SOR Eine. Yo eltne SHINGO: ae oe ca) EXPLANATION OF PLatE XXIV _ (Except when otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are con- tained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) Mamestra laudabilis OF Guenée, - Mamestra lorea Guenée, i. . Mamestra rugosa Morrison, 3’. Mamestra erecta Walker, ¢. Mamestra anguina Grote, 9. Mamestra vicina Grote, 9. Mamestra neoterica Smith, 6. Mamestra negussa Smith, 9. Admetovis oxymorus Grote, 3. Barathra occidentata Grote, 9. . Dargida procinctus Grote, 3’. . Neuronia americana Smith, do. . Morrisonia sectilis Guenée, 3. . Morrisonia sectilis var. vome- rina, Grote, @. . Morrisonia confusa Hubner, 3’. . Ulolonche modesta Morrison, ©’. . Xylomiges . Xylomiges . Xylomuges . Xylomiges . Xylomiges . Xylomiges . Xylomiges indurata Smith, o. . Scotogramma submarina Grote, simplex Walker, 3. patalis Grote, @. perlubens Grote, ©. dolosa Grote, ©. pulchella Smith, oj. cognata Smith, ©. Gus . Scotogramma infuscata Smith, of, Ua S. ING WE 26. 27. 28. 20. 30. Bits BzE 33: 34. 35: 36. 37- 38. 39- 4o. Aste 42. 43. 44. 45 46. Scotogramma inconcinna Smith, ofp. We Ss No WE Anarta melanopa Thunberg, ©. Anarta cordigera Thunberg, . Anarta richardsoni Curtis, 2. Anarta schenherr1 Zetterstedt, Sr. Anarta impingens Walker, 3. Trichoclea antica Smith, ¢', U. S.-N. M. Nephelodes minians Guenée, @. Heliophila albilinea Hubner, 3. Heliophila subpunctata Harvey, OF Heliophila heterodoxa Smith, @. Orthodes crenulata Butler, 3. Orthodes cynica Guenée, 3. Heliophila multilinea Walker, 3. Heliophila unipuncta Haworth, S. Heliophila minorata Smith, <. Heliophila commoides Guenée, Gus Crocigrapha normani Grote, 3. Himella contrahens Walker, 9 . Orthodes puerilis Grote, o. Zosteropoda hirtipes Grote, o, UW So WN. We 47. Heliophila pseudargyria Guenée, 2. PLATE KXIYV THE Motu Book WY aC AMERICAN COLORTYPE CO COPYRIGHTED BY W, J. HOLLAND, Noctuidz Genus STRETCHIA Henry Edwards This is an extensive genus, to which a number of Western species have been referred. It badly needs revision by a critical authority. We figure one of the best known forms. (1) Stretchia muricina, Plate XXV, Fig. 5, 4. In addition to the figure given on the plate we annex a cut made from a drawing of a specimen contained in the collection of the late Henry Edwards, and now in the possession of the American Museum of py. 115.—Stretchia Natural History in New York. muricina. Genus PERIGONICA Smith This is a small genus, which we represent by a figure of the Coloradan insect to which Prof. J. B. Smith has applied the specific name fulminans. The male is depicted on Plate XXV, Fig. 6. Genus PERIGRAPHA Lederer The only species of this genus found in our fauna has been named prima by Professor Smith. It is represented by a drawing of the type, which is contained in the Fic. 116 — Perigrapha American Museum of Natural History. prima. The insect is a native of California. Genus TRICHOLITA Grote (1) Tricholita signata Walker, Plate XXV, Fig. 7, ¢. Syn. semtaperta Morrison. This is the only species of the genus found in the eastern portion ot the United States. There are four other species, but they are western in their habitat. Genus CLEOSIRIS Boisduval This is a small genus found in Europe as well as in America. The species which has been chosen to represent the genus was named populi by Strecker, who first described it. It is not at all uncommon in Colorado and Wyoming. It 205 Noctuidz occurs abundantly about the city of Laramie. It is represented upon Plate XXV, Fig. 8, by a female specimen. Genus PLEROMA Smith (1) Pleroma obliquata Smith, Plate XXV, Fig. 11, 6. The species of this genus are all found in the western half of our territory. Genus LITHOMOIA Hubner (1) Lithomoia germana Morrison, Plate XXV, Fig. 12, 92. This is not at allan uncommon species in the northern Atlantic States. Genus XYLINA Ochsenheimer An extensive genus found both in the New World and the Old. Thirty-five species are attributed to it as found in our fauna. Of this number ten are depicted in this book. (1) Xylina disposita Morrison, Plate XXV, Fig. 13,9. (The Green-gray Pinion.) The moth is found in the northern Atlantic States. (2) Xylina petulca Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 9, 9. (The Wanton Pinion.) Nota common species, having the same range as the preceding. (3) Xylina antennata Walker. (The Ashen Pinion.) Syn. cinerea Riley. The moth is a native of the Atlantic States. The larva feeds upon the apple, poplar, hickory, and other deciduous trees. It has the habit of boring into apples and peaches, and the galls which are found upon oaks. The caterpillar is green, marked with a cream-colored lat- eral stripe, and Fie. 117.—Xylina antennata. a. Larva boring spots of the same into peach. 6b. Moth. color. It pupates beneath the soil in a loose, filmy cocoon of silk, to which the particles of earth are adherent. Pupation takes place at the end of June, or the 206 Noctuidz beginning of July, and the moth emerges in September and October. (4) Xylina laticinerea Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 17,4. (The Broad Ashen Pinion.) The distribution of this species is the same as that of the last mentioned. (5) Xylina innominata Smith, Plate XXV, Fig. 10, ¢. (The Nameless Pinion.) The range of the Nameless Pinion is from the Atlantic to Colorado. : (6) Xylina unimoda Lintner, Plate XXV, Fig. 16,4. (The Dowdy Pinion.) The species occurs in New England and the Middle States. (7) Xylina tepida Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 15, 6. (The Warm Gray Pinion.) An eastern species, not uncommon in Pennsylvania. (8) Xylina baileyi Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 19,2. (Bailey’s Pinion.) A rather pretty species, which has thus far only been reported from northern New York. (9) Xylina thaxteri Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 18, 9. (Thaxter’s Pinion.) The home of this species is New England. It was originally described from Maine. (10) Xylina pexata Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 20, 9. (The Nappy Pinion.) Syn. washingtoniana Grote. The species ranges from New England to Washington and Oregon. Genus LITHOLOMIA Grote There are only two species reckoned in this genus. The one, which we figure on Plate XXV, Fig. 22, by a male specimen, ranges over the entire northern portion of the United States from ocean to ocean, but is nowhere very common. The other species, L. dunbari Harvey, is only known from British Columbia. Genus CALOCAMPA Stephens The genus is found in both hemispheres. The species have a habitus which enables them to be easily recognized. Of the 207 Noctuidze six occurring within the faunal limits, with which this book deals, we illustrate two. (1) Calocampa nupera Lintner, Plate XXV, Fig. 24, ¢. (The American Swordgrass.) A rather large moth, easily distinguished from the following species by the absence of the dark markings, which are found in the disk of the primaries of the latter insect. It occurs in the Atlantic Subregion. (2) Calocampa curvimacula Morrison, Plate XXV, Fig. 23, 6. (The Dot and Dash Swordgrass.) The species is found throughout the northern portions of the United States and also in Canada. Genus CUCULLIA Schrank This is a considerable genus, which occurs in the temperate regions of both the Old World and the New. Four of the fourteen species attributed to our territory are chosen for repre- sentation. The larve feed on Solidago and other Composite. | (1) Cucullia convexipennis Grote & Robinson, Plate I, Fig. 3, larva; Plate XXV, Fig. 29, 6. (The Brown-bordered Cucullia.) A native of the Atlantic States. (2) Cucullia asteroides Guenée, Plate XXV, Fig. 27, ?. (The Asteroid.) Found in the same localities as the last named species. (3) Cucullia speyeri Lintner, Plate XXV, Fig. 26, ¢. (Speyer’s Cucullia.) Ranges through Colorado, Wyoming, and the adjacent regions to the west. (4) Cucullia intermedia Speyer, Plate XXV, Fig. 30, 2. (The Intermediate Cucullia.) An Atlantic species. Genus COPICUCULLIA Smith (1) Copicucullia propinqua Smith, Plate XXV, Fig. 28. 9. A native of Colorado and Wyoming 208 Noctuidz Genus RANCORA Smith (1) Rancora solidaginis Behr, Plate XXV, Fig. 25, 9. Syn. strigata Smith. The range of this insect is from northern California to British Columbia. Genus LATHOSEA Grote (1) Lathosea pullata Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 32, 4. The species occurs in Oregon and eastward to Colorado. (2) Lathosea ursina Smith, Plate XXV, Fig. 31, @. A native of Colorado and the southern portions of Wyoming. Genus ASTEROSCOPUS Boisduval We are able to give a cut of the sole species which has been assigned from our fauna to this genus. It is based upon the type of the species which was named borealis by Smith, and which is preserved in the United States National Museum at _ Washington. The insect is a male ae ue See Aas : : orealis. }. TRAGEDY OF THE NIGHT-MOTH Magna ausus ’Tis placid midnight, stars are keeping Their meek and silent course in heaven; Save pale recluse, for knowledge seeking, All mortal things to sleep are given. But see! a wandering Night-moth enters, Allured by taper gleaming bright; Awhile keeps hovering round, then ventures On Goethe’s mystic page to light. With awe she views the candle blazing; A universe of fire it seems To moth-savante with rapture gazing, Or Fount whence Life and Motion streams. What passions in her small heart whirling, Hopes boundless, adoration, dread; At length her tiny pinions twirling, She darts, and—puff !—the moth is dead. 209 Tragedy of the Night-Moth The sullen flame, for her scarce sparkling, Gives but one hiss, one fitful glare; Now bright and busy, now all darkling, She snaps and fades to empty air. Her bright gray form that spread so slimly, Some fan she seemed of pygmy Queen; Her silky cloak that lay so trimly, Her wee, wee eyes that looked so keen. Last moment here, now gone forever, To nought are passed with fiery pain; And ages circling round shall never Give to this creature shape again ! Poor moth! near weeping I lament thee, Thy glossy form, thy instant woe; ’Twas zeal for ‘‘things too high’ that sent thee From cheery earth to shades below. Short speck of boundless Space was needed For home, for kingdom, world to thee ! Where passed unheeding as unheeded Thy little life from sorrow free. But syren hopes from out thy dwelling Enticed thee, bade thee earth explore— Thy frame, so late with rapture swelling, Is swept from earth forevermore ! Poor moth! thy fate my own resembles. Me, too, a restless, asking mind Hath sent on far and weary rambles, To seek the good I ne’er shall find. Like thee, with common lot contented, With humble joys and vulgar fate, I might have livedand ne’er lamented, Moth of a larger size, a longer date! But Nature’s majesty unveiling What seemed her wildest, grandest charms, Eternal Truth and Beauty hailing, Like thee, I rushed into her arms. What gained we, little moth? Thy ashes, Thy one brief parting pang may show: And thoughts like these, for soul that dashes From deep to deep, are—death more slow! THOMAS CARLYLE. 210 yi (Deane ‘wre ‘. v let Py - 6 5 if ye rs ah ‘ e 4 ‘ 7 7. < . ee a ON i } 4 ‘eT = 7 bs A 7 Pe. ti . », | i *s F 3 ‘ ae uM \ a! , “fe fo a 2h, i ie 4 afk . . 7 * fi gi oe, i ey) - 2 ; . ’ N ene ee ee pe eae o \ “3 Fr osracit Rd: pace PON yovieH a; Geib aes : ait) oye wa call nip ; Stored) npatind buek adOTMO: shod! ay Suasli( Z. st ee a. fas 4 f \ ey yey my A WT OG Heiss ; at, pre ee Pali AS ASM plato Vertis pyD slp) Me See - op (enttel Swi adsuDiole oO Deh warled, OCA ND q38h 02 n Peat - Was, ‘SMD DE AED LO ROVSVED sae ae 9 . g tes se tire 2. a px ecu Ors hgyoanas sig ic Pes uitoznidasl Bote AWS SEOUNGG, BY ‘Shots ‘ See W9izoqe HVAT TNS oattgea Kot ee g iboats mascot te ae oe a erat ee john, poze. ccm: i) “We Pig oe oH seid preys a @ r only iz vinsaenioVs oe oa - : ety AoE yuk Diy Me" a a Hsia sy b ' : ‘i : er % ne ; ‘ : is ' ‘ / es : 5; : ae f ; EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV (Except when otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are in the collection of W. J. Holland.) > 1. Grapliphora culea Guenée, 9. 2. Graphiphora oviduca Guenée, ’. 3. Graphiphora alia Guenée, 9. 4. Graphiphora garmani Grote, 3, Merrick Col- lection. 5. Stretchia muricina Grote, 3. 6. Perigonica fulminans Smith, o. 4. Tricholita signata, Walker, 3. 8. Cleostris popult Strecker, 9, U. S. N. M g. Xylina petulca Grote, 9. 10. Xylina tnnominata Smith, 3. 11. Pleroma obliquata Smith, 3, U. S. N. M. 12. Lithomoia germana Morrison, @. 13. Xylina disposita Morrison, @. 14. Homoglea carbonaria Harvey, @. 15. 28. Copicucullia propinqua Smith, 9. 29. Cucullia convextpennis Grote & Robinson, ¢. 30. Cucullia intermedia Speyer, 9. 31. Lathosea ursina Smith, 9, U.S. N. M. 32. Lathosea pullata Grote, 3, U.S. N. M. 33. Nonagria oblonga Grote, 3, U. S. N. M. 34. Nonagria subflava Grote, 9. 35. Ommatostola lintnert Grote, o, U. S. N. M. 36. Sphida obliqua Walker, 9. THE MotH Book PLATE KKV QOPYRIGHTED BY W, J. HOLLAND. AMERICAN COLORTYPE CO, Ni Y, & ONE Noctuidz Genus BELLURA Walker We cause this genus to be represented by a figure of the species named gortynides by Walker. Synonyms are densa Walker, vulnifica Grote, mela- nopyga Grote. The insect is peculiar to the Atlantic States, so far as is known. The cut was drawn from a specimen in the American Museum of Natural History in New York. Fic. 119.—Bellura gortynides. 2. }. Genus SPHIDA Grote (1) Sphida obliqua Walker, Plate XXV, Fig. 36, 2. Syn. obliquata Grote & Robinson. The range of this moth is from the Atlantic to the Mississippi. The specimen figured was taken by the writer at light in Minneapolis. It feeds in the stems of Typha latifolia. Genus NONAGRIA Ochsenheimer A rather small genus of obscurely colored moths, the larvz of which burrow in the stems of aquatic plants, below the water- line. The genus is represented in both hemispheres. Six species belong to our fauna. (1) Nonagria oblonga Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 33,6. (The Large Nonagria. ) Syn. permagna Grote. This is a Southern species, thus far only recorded as found in Florida. (2) Nonagria subflava Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 34,2. (The Yellowish Nonagria.) The insect ranges from Maine to Illinois, where it is found in the vicinity of lakes and pools of water in which rushes grow. Genus OMMATOSTOLA Grote (1) OmmatostolalintneriGrote, Plate XXV, Fig. 352. Thus far this species has only been recorded from New York and New Jersey. 211 Noctuidze Genus ACHATODES Guenee (1) Achatodes zez Harris, Plate 1, Fig. 12, larva; Plate OYE NE IS 6 This common insect, like those of the next three genera, is a stem-feeder, burrowing in the pith of its food-plants. It feeds in stems of elder (Sambucus), and Indian corn. Genus GORTYNA Ochsenheimer This genus is represented in the faunze of both hemispheres. It is quite extensive. (1) Gortyna velata Walker, Plate XXVI, Fig. 3, 6. (The Veiled Gortyna.) Syn. sera Grote & Robinson. Not uncommon in the Atlantic States. (2) Gortyna nictitans Borkhausen, Plate XXVI, Fig. 2, 3. This species, which is also found in Europe, has an extensive synonymy. It is found from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and shows in different localities slight differences in ground-color and mark- ings, which have led to the creation of a number of subspecific distinctions by writers. (3) Gortyna immanis Guenée, Plate XXVI, Fig. 4,2. (The Hop-vine Gortyna. ) The insect is not often found south of New York and New England to any great extent, though its occur- rence as far south as Maryland as a rarity has been nio ted .7 kh ior western New York it ranges across the Fic. 120.—Gortyna immanis. a. enlarged seg- continent to the ment of larva; b. larva; c. pupa; d. adult } Pacific. As it (After Howard.) particularly infests the hop it will not be abundant in places where that plant is not grown. In the centre of the hop-growing region of 212 Noctuidz New York and Ontario it is very abundant at times, and its depredations have been complained about by those interested in this industry. The eggs are laid on the young shoots and the little larvee immediately bore into the stem near the tip. Here they remain until they are half an inch long, when they descend and attack the plant at the level of the ground. It has been rec- ommended to pinch the tips which are seen to be affected and thus to kill the young worms. Various applications to be put about the roots have been advocated, for which the reader may consult ‘‘ Bulletin No. 7 (New Series) of the United States Department of Agriculture.” The hop-vines should at all events not be hilled up until the end of July or the beginning of August. This prevents the larve from having easy access to the stems at the level of the ground. (4) Gortyna obliqua Harvey, Plate XXVI, Fig. 13, 6. (The Oblique Gortyna.) The habitat of this species is the Atlantic States and the Mississippi Valley. Genus PAPAIPEMA Smith (1) Papaipema inquzsita Grote & Robinson, Plate XXVI, Figen5) o This species is, so far as we know, confined to the northern Atlantic States. : (2) Papaipema purpurifascia Grote & Robinson, Plate DOVE INTC) s The range of this, as well as of all the species subsequently men- tioned, is the same as that of the first species named in the genus. (3) Papaipema nitela Guenée, Plate XXVI, Fig. 9,¢. Form nebris Guenée, Plate XXVI, Fig. 8, ¢. The caterpillar inflicts a good deal of damage upon Indian corn by burrowing into the end of the ear when the seed is in the milk. Those who have had to do with the preparation of KOaStingy (es igen aide lenny: Pepai ears well know the unsightly larve, pema nitela, (After Riley.) which, as they have stripped the husk from the cob, have revealed their presence. Cooks know more about these things than the farmer. The farmer 213 Noctuidz pulls his corn after the seed is hard and dry, but the ‘‘kitchen mechanic,” who has to deal with green vegetables, often has light upon subjects which elude the observation of the grower. (4) Papaipema necopina Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 12, 9. The species occurs in the Middle States, and has been more frequently found in New York than elsewhere. (5) Papaipema cerussata Grote & Robinson, Plate XXVI, Figo mlOnner A pretty species, which occurs in New England and the Northern States as far west as Minnesota. (6) Papaipema cataphracta Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 6, 2. The species is found in the northern Atlantic States, and is not unusual in western Pennsylvania. (7) Papaipema marginidens Guenée, Plate XXVI, Fig. Il, ¢. A rather scarce species, which has the same range as the preceding. (8) Papaipema furcata Smith, Plate XXVI, Fig. 14, 2. The specimen shown on the plate was taken in western Pennsylvania. ; Genus OCHRIA Hubner Dr. Dyar in his recent list refers to this genus the insect which was accorded the specific name sauzelite by Grote. We give a figure of the moth taken from a specimen in the American Museum of Natural History, for the skilful ae, delineation of which we are indebted “* to the facile fingers of Mrs. William Beutenmiller, one of the most accomplished delineators of insect life in America. Fic. 122.—Ochriasauz Genus PYRRHIA Hubner (1) Pyrrhia umbra Hufnagel, Plate XXVI, Fig. 15, @. This species, which occurs in Europe, ranges in North America from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains. Genus XANTHIA Hubner (1) Xanthia flavago Fabricius, Plate XXVI, Fig. 16, 2. Syn. togata Esper; silago Hubner. 214 Noctuidz This is likewise a European species, which has a wide range in the northern parts of the United States. Genus JODIA Hubner (1) Jodia rufago Hubner, Plate XXVI, Fig. 17, 6. (The Red-winged Sallow. ) Syn. honesta Walker. A European as well as a North American species. Genus BROTOLOMIA Lederer (1) Brotolomia iris Guenée, Plate XXVI, Fig. 19, ?. Not a very common moth, which occurs from New England to Colorado. Genus TRIGONOPHORA Hubner (1) Trigonophora periculosa Guenée, var. v-brunneum Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 18, ¢. This is a very common species, having the same range as the preceding. The form we figure has the V mark on the wings heavy and dark. In the typical form this mark is light in color. Genus CONSERVULA Grote (1) Conservula anodonta Guenée, Plate XXVI, Fig. 20, ?. A rather scarce species, which is found in the northern part of our territory, south of Canada, and east of the Mississippi. Genus EUCIRRCDIA Grote (1) Eucirrceedia pampina Guenée, Plate XXVI, Fig. 21, @. The moth comes out late in the fall. I have often found them when a warm day has occurred in the autumn, freshly emerged, and hanging from the stems of bushes from which all the leaves had already fallen. The insect is common in the Appalachian subregion. Genus SCOLIOPTERYX Germar (1) Scoliopteryx libatrix Linnzus, Plate XXVI, Fig. 22, ¢. (The Herald.) A common insect found in Europe and the entire temperate zone in North America. The larva feeds on willows. 215 Noctuidz Genus CHCZPHORA Grote & Robinson (1) Cheephora fungorum Grote & Robinson, Plate XXVI, Pies, BZ}, Not a very common moth. It is found among the Alleghanies in western Pennsylvania, and also occurs in other portions of the northern Atlantic subregion. Genus PSEUDORTHOSIA Grote The only species of the genus was named variabilis by Grote. It ranges from Cali- fornia to Colorado. We give a figure of the species drawn by Mrs. Beutenmiller from a specimen contained in the collection of the Fic. 123.—Pseudor- late Henry Edwards, and now in the American thosia variabilis,4.1. Museum of Natural History. Genus PSEUDOGLAA Grote (1) Pseudogleza blanda Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 24, ¢. Syn. tedata Grote; decepta Grote. The habitat of the species is the Pacific States from which it ranges eastward to Texas and Colorado. Genus ANCHOCELIS Guenée (1) Anchocelis digitalis Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 25, ¢ The only species in our fauna so far known is found in the northern Atlantic States. Genus SELICANIS Smith Under this generic name Prof. J. B. Smith in 1900 described a species from Colorado to which he gave the specific name cinereola. The type of this insect, which is preserved in the United States BX National Museum, is represented in the yo. y24.—Selicanis accompanying cut. cinereola, & . ¢ Genus TAPINOSTOLA Lederer (1) Tapinostola variana Morrison, Plate XXVI, Fig. 26, 2. The figure we give is taken from a specimen belonging to the United States National Museum and coming from Michigan. 216 Noctuidz Genus FAGITANA Walker Two species, which were formerly attributed to the genus Pseudolimacodes Grote, occur in the United States. We figure both of them. (1) Fagitana obliqua Smith, Plate XXVI, Fig. 27, 2. The habitat of this species is Florida. (2) Fagitana littera Guenée, Plate XXVI, Fig. 28, ?. Syn. lucidata Walker; niveicostatus Grote. This is a rare insect, which occurs in the Atlantic States. Genus COSMIA Ochsenheimer (1) Cosmia paleacea Esper, Plate XXVI, Fig. 32, 6. (The Angle-striped Sallow.) Syn. discolor Walker; infumata Grote. This insect is found all over northern Europe and the United States. Genus ORTHOSIA Ochsenheimer The genus is well represented both in the New World and the Old. Of the fifteen species reckoned as belonging to our fauna two are selected for illustration. (1) Orthosia bicolorago Guenée, Plate XX VI, Fig. 29, ¢. An eastern species, which is not uncommon. (2) Orthosia helva Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 30, 2. A very common species in the Atlantic States, ranging west- ward as far as Colorado. Genus PARASTICHTIS Hubner (1) Parastichtis discivaria Walker, Plate XXVI, Fig. 31, ¢. Syn. gentilis Grote. Found throughout the northern Atlantic States. Genus SCOPELOSOMA Curtis This genus represented in Europe by a single species is represented in the United States and Canada by half a score of species. They appear upon the wing very early in the spring, when the nights are still cool and even frosty. This fact is the reason why they are for the most part not well represented in 217 Noctuide collections. A good place to collect them is in maple-sugar camps, about the sap-buckets. (1) Scopelosoma moffatiana Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 33, 6. (Moffat’s Sallow.) This as well as all of the other species is found in the northern portion of the Atlantic subregion. (2) Scopelosoma ceromatica Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 34, g. (The Anointed Sallow.) Ranges from New Jersey to Maine. (3) Scopelosoma walkeri Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 35, ¢. (Walker’s Sallow.) The moth is known to fly from Texas to lowa and eastward to Maine and Canada. The larva feeds upon oaks. (4) Scopelosoma devia Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 42, ¢. (The Lost Sallow. ) It occurs in northern New York and Canada. Genus ORRHODIA Hubner The genus is found both in Europe and America. Prof. Smith has attributed to it a species to which he gave the name of cali- fornica. The type is in the United States i National Museum and the annexed figure gives Fic. 125.—Orrhodia 4fepresentation of it. It is the only species of californica. the genus in our fauna. Genus GLAZA Hubner (1) Gleea viatica Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 38, ¢. (The Roadside Sallow.) The species appears very late in the fall of the year. It ranges from Texas in the south to Massachusetts in the north. (2) Gleza inulta Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 37, ¢. (The Unsated Sallow.) The moth ranges from Canada to Virginia and westward to Illinois and Iowa. (3) Gleea sericea Morrison, Plate XXVI, Fig. 36, ¢. (The Silky Sallow.) The range of this species is much the same as that of the preceding. 218 aT A wad a0 “YOLT AK. bet 59qe oi /botsotbar: aeiurtadso moth dqaox) =A eh oor) HVS CODING win eh gol . ese ae ; dlozaidoA OT?) Tek BAIy Dass HASAs 0 4 ont Whe, rs (tov) aan ety hc oe es ae opr yy ee Ostts ay e Qe Siov) nicotegeasg, prmsqiogna yh i ioe AB .nosnidot aio cease DANK yepq”l a) a sant BY ; , : four ray Recs: jouer nage Du Sigil 0 4 youn nin? che DMISG IHGw Lox zn " moznidod. Sina yineqad i Bre: poo AKOTA WIV OS BID Sgn .ct See. Ty, fey. TTBS huspilte,, crete” 2 MONS, HMGeviotood HE ae “gina note} Hpiwsqingor pel a eo: pa dag an PAGE “write es 219 wk Soa SN De BOL Seat nsw r LINGZMsyooe 7 15 soto, nee ee Hwarezaksdoae 726 0 ~s: yemiot HRD opnos\ oi Aired, a fS a {roerIOh saree pple 20g oc, Uo ronda ogni ee ; Weye.ctou) Ow sh, 15 a a ae sssnuder Cae et Bi a oy i 5, oot) DAV HE Ha) 1% J% gtoritrol Piura Holyonto Los ze ie) oe oT taal eae Se stipe SOR seen ate bine: aveprmalotorG. .o1 , era © ode aN) pin Ghates: shes) DR ban i aoe at, oe 1D tor) Ds yah DIK? ayo ee a. 0) = } ‘ ~ y : Ps “th uA Rats , ° rs hy = . » Ms fat tary ; Ney ~ ' . ‘ * SZ * { aaa UW to. Geitostiod:; ors mt boas te i 24°, ene .wee esbotpsts g cc So)” a Bee 3. ON ceeeroglle HHOUABAD 68 Row noisy Silos pimgwo a ies ae oemidor ao 798 srosOe fase cerns psrssox), = iP a As a % ~ =e e racy z ie wv s I 7s « > + > \\! A ND a — OE A es OC CI 5 zg ee - i — > —— - sapsilhdalicncabaitciaainanindadcdanaciatind:ds oteeeasneaniaes chedaaeacaditiatiaeammeratieimama tiene eae Us Il. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVI (Except when otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are con- tained in the collection of W. J. Holiand.) Achatodes zee, Harris 3, U. S. N: M. Gortyna nictitans Borkhausen, Cus Gortyna velata, Walker, ¢. Gortyna immanis, Guenée, ©. Papaipema inquesita Grote & Robinson, o'. Papatpema cataphracta Grote, Che Papatpema purpurifascia Grote & Robinson, ©. Papaipema nitela, var. nebris, Guenée, <. Papaipema mitela Guenée, . Papatpema cerussata Grote & Robinson, 9°. Papaipema marginidens Guenée, ©. . Papaipema necopina Grote, 2. . Gortyna obliqua Harvey, @. Papatpema jurcata Smith, 9. . Pyrrhia umbra Hufnagel, 9. . Xanthia flavago Fabricius, 3. . Fodia rufago Hiibner, &, U.S. N. M. Trigonophora v-brunneum Grote, o. . Brotolomia iris Guenée, 9. . Conservula anodonta Guenée, @ , Wi Ss INE WG 21. Do Be 24. DG. 206. 27. 28. 29. 30. Bits Rize 33: 34- 35- 36. 37: 38. 39- 40. 41. Eucirredia pampina Guenée, Q. Scoliopteryx libatrix Linnzeus, rot Chephora fungorum Grote & Robinson, 9. Pseudoglea blanda Grote, 6', WS NE IME Anchocelis digitalis Grote, 3, U.S. N. M. Tapinostola variana Morrison, 3, U. S. N. M. Fagitana obliqua Smith, 3. Fagitana littera Guenée, 2. Orthosia bicolorago Guenée, ¢. Orthosia helva Grote, 9. Parastichtis discivaria Walker, Se Cosmia paleacea Esper, 3. Scopelosoma moffattana Grote, Che : Scopelosoma ceromatica Grote, OF Scopelosoma walkeri Grote, 3. Glea sericea Morrison, ©. Glea inulta Grote, 3. Glea viatica Grote, 3. ° Homoglea hircina Morrison, 3’. Epiglea decliva Grote, . Epiglea pastillicans Morrison, hs 42. Scopelosoma devia Grote, 6. THE Motu Book PLATE AKVI COPYRIGHTED pY w, J, HOLLAND, Noctuidz Genus EPIGLAZA Grote (1) Epigleea pastillicans Morrison, Plate XXVI, Fig. 41, 2. (The Round-loaf Sallow.) The species occurs from West Virginia to Maine, and west- ward to Ohio. (2) Epiglza decliva Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 40, ¢. (The Sloping Sallow.) Syn. deleta Grote. The moth occurs from Canada to Virginia, and westward to Illinois. Genus HOMOGLAZA Morrison (1) Homoglza hircina Morrison, Plate XXVI, Fig. 39, ¢. (The Goat Sallow.) The habitat of this species is the northern part of our territory. It ranges from Alberta to Nova Scotia, and southward along the Alleghany Mountains into the Western part of North Carolina. (2) Homogleza carbonaria Harvey, Plate XXV, Fig. 14, 9. (The Smudged Sallow.) The species ranges from Washington and Oregon eastward to Colorado. It has been located in the genus Euharveya, but this name is a synonym for Homoglea, according to Prof. J. B. Smith, and accordingly sinks. Genus CALYMNIA Hubner (1) Calymnia orina Guenée, Plate XXVII, Fig. 1, ¢. Syn. canescens Behr. This easily identified moth ranges over the entire temperate portion of the North American continent. The larva feeds upon oaks. Genus ZOTHECA Grote (1) Zotheca tranquila Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 2,6. (The Western Elder Moth.) Syn. sambuct Behr; viridula Grote. The larva feeds upon elder (Sambucus). The moth ranges from northern California to British Columbia and eastward to Wyoming. The greener form was named viridula by Grote. The difference is hardly subspecific, as the shade of green on the wings is hardly alike in any two specimens, and the color soon fades out. 219 Noctuide Genus IPIMORPHA Hubner (1) Ipimorpha pleonectusa Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 3, 2. (The Even-lined Sallow.) Syn. equilinea Smith. The species occurs from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains. Genus ATETHMIA Hubner (1) Atethmia subusta Hubner, Plate XXVII, Fig. 4, 2. A very common species ranging through the warmer parts of the Gulf States through Central and South America as far as Argentina. (2) Atethmia rectifascia Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 5, ¢. Found from New Jersey to Illinois and southward. Genus TRICHOCOSMIA Grote (1) Trichocosmia inornata Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 6, ¢. The insect is found in Arizona and northern Mexico. Genus TRISTYLA SMITH The genus was erected by Smith for the reception of a Californian species to which he gave the specific name alboplagiata. Through wi the kindness of the authorities of the United Fic. 126.—Tristyla States National Museum I am able to give a alboplagiata,@. representation of the type of this insect. Genus ANTAPLAGA Grote A small genus composed exclusively of western species. (1) Antaplaga dimidiata Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 7, 6. Hitherto only reported from Colorado. Genus GROTELLA Harvey (1) Grotella dis Grote, Plate XX VII, Fig. 8, 6. A small moth found in New Mexico and Arizona. 220 Noctuide Genus PIPPONA Harvey The only species hitherto referred to this genus is found in Texas. We give in the cut, which is herewith presented, a figure of a speci- men which is contained in the American Museum of Natural History, and which was care- fully drawn for this book by Mrs. Beutenmiller. yg. 17. Pippo- It was named bimatris by Dr. Harvey. na bimatris,. 2 t. Genus BESSULA Grote Through the kindness of the authorities of the British Museum and Sir George F. Hampson I am able to give herewith a figure Fic. 128.—Bessula luxa. @. 1. of the type of the genus and species, which is preserved in the Grote Collection. The moth occurs in New Mexico and Colorado. Genus OXYCNEMIS Grote This genus is composed wholly of species which are found in the southwestern portions of our ter- ritory. Of one of these, found in California, to which Smith has applied the specific name fusimacula, we are permitted to give a figure taken from a specimen preserved in the American Museum of Natural History. It was drawn by Mrs. Beutenmiller. Fic. 129.—Oxycnemts fusimacula. 6. }. Genus NYCTEROPHAETA Smith (1) Nycterophzta luna Morrison, Plate XXVII, Fig. 9, @. Syn. magdalena Hulst; notatella Grote. The moth ranges from Dakota and Montana southward to southern Colorado. 221 Noctuidz Genus COPABLEPHARON Harvey (1) Copablepharon grandis Strecker, Plate XX VII, Fig. 10, 2. The species ranges from northern California and Oregon eastward to Montana. (2) Copablepharon longipenne Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. i, 1s From the preceding species it may easily be distinguished by its much greater size. It has thus far only been found in Montana. (3) Copablepharon album Harvey, Plate XXVII, Fig. 12, 2. The fore wings in this species are pure white, and not shaded with yellow, as is the case with the other two species, which have been mentioned. It occurs from Oregon to Montana and southward to Colorado. Genus THYREION Smith (1) Thyreion rosea Smith, Plate XXII, Fig. 13, @. This insect is thus far only known to occur in Colorado. Genus CHLORIDEA Westwood (1) Chloridea virescens Fabricius, Plate XXVII, Fig. 14, ¢. Syn. rhexie Abbot & Smith; spectanda Strecker. Found from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from Canada southward into Mexico. Genus HELIOCHEILUS Grote (1) Heliocheilus paradoxus Grote, Plate XX VII, Fig. 15, 2. The insect ranges from the middle of the Mississippi Valley south and west. It does not appear to be common in collections, Genus HELIOTHIS Ochsenheimer The genus is represented in both hemispheres by a number of species. It used to be made to include a large assemblage of insects, but latterly has been restricted by authors. (1) Heliothis armiger Hubner, Plate XXVII, Fig. 17, ¢. (The Boll-worm.) This insect, which is known to English entomologists as the “Scarce Bordered Straw,” is unfortunately not scarce in the 222 Noctuidz United States, and being of a singularly gluttonous habit in the larval stage, has become the object of execration to farmers and horticulturists. It is a very promis- cuous feeder, but shows a special fondness for young Indian corn in the ear and for cotton bolls. On account of the latter peculiarity it has received the name we _ have applied above. It Fic. 130.—Boll-worm feeding upon a tomato. attacks the fruit (After Riley.) of the tomato when still green, and causes it to rot on the vines. It also feeds upon pumpkins, peas, beans, hemp, and, it is said, Fic. 131.—Heliothis armiger. a. Egg viewed from the side; b. Egg viewed from on top (both eggs magnified) ; c. Larva; d. Pupa; e-f. Moth. (After Riley.) upon tobacco, An excellent ac- count of its habits has been given by ProfiiG Ve Rileyaain his ‘‘ Third Annual Report” as State Entomologist of Missouri. It is from that paper that we have extracted the figures, which are herewith given, and which serve to illus- trate the life-history of the insect. The moth ranges all over the United States and southern Canada. It is most abundant in the southern portion of our territory, where there are from three to four broods annually. It is here in the 223 Noctuide cotton-fields and in the growing corn that the greatest damage is inflicted. There appears to be no way of applying remedies in a wholesale manner to the crops so as to prevent the depreda- tions of this insect. The only resort is for the grower to go carefully over the fields, and where he detects the presence of the insects in their early stages, to pick them off and destroy them. In the case of corn the presence of the worm is shown by the premature drying of the silk, and in the case of cotton by the fallen flower-buds, which lie withering on the ground. (2) Heliothis scutosus Fabricius, Plate XXVII, Fig. 16, ¢. (The Spotted Clover-moth.) Syn. nuchalis Grote. This species, which occurs in Europe and Asia, is also found not infrequently in the western part of our territory. Genus DERRIMA Walker (1) Derrima stellata Walker, Plate XXIX, Fig. 67, ¢. (The Pink Star-moth.) bs Syn. henrtetta Grote. The specimen figured was taken in Maine. We also give a cut taken from a specimen in’ the American Museum of Natural History. It : is a rare insect, but widely distributed from Fic. 132.—Derrima New England to the Mississippi through the stellata, . {- northern tier of states. Genus RHODOPHORA Guenee (1) Rhodophora gaure Abbott & Smith, Plate XXVIL, Pe MSG Syn. matutina Hubner. A very common species in the southern and southwestern portions of our territory. The larva feed§ upon Gaura biennts. (2) Rhodophora florida Guenée, Plate XXVII, Fig. 19, ¢. Ranges from Canada to the Carolinas and westward as far as Utah. (3) Rhodophora citronellus Grote & Robinson, Plate XX VII, Riga 2Omior This is a common species in Texas and Arizona. It occurs also in Colorado. 224 Noctuid7 Genus RHODOSEA Grote (1) Rhodosea julia Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 53, 2. The moth occurs in New Mexico and southward to northern Mexico. The specimen figured on the plate is contained in the United States National Museum. Genus RHODODIPSA Grote (1) Rhododipsa volupia Fitch, Plate XXVII, Fig. 22, ¢. Habitat Colorado and Texas. (2) Rhododipsa miniana Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 23, ¢. The insect occurs in New Mexico. (3) Rhododipsa masoni Smith, Plate XXVII, Fig. 24, @. This species has thus far only been reported from Colorado. Genus TRIOCNEMIS Grote There is only one species of this genus, to which Grote applied the specific name saporis. The male is depicted on Plate XX VII, Fig. 21. It ranges from Washington and California eastward to Colorado. © Genus PSEUDACONTIA Smith This is another genus represented thus far by one species. The insect received the specific name crustaria at the hands of Morrison. The figure we give was taken from a specimen contained in the United States National Museum at Washington. The insect ranges from py 132 Pseuda- Nebraska to Colorado and Wyoming. PON CNCHIiAri@ Genus GRAPERIA Grote The only species attributed thus far to this genus is still a rare insect in collections. We give a figure of the type contained in the collection of the late Berthold Neumcegen, which is preserved : at the Brooklyn Institute. The insect occurs Fic. 134.—Greperia in Texas. The fore wings are deep maroon, magnifica, 8. t. edged anteriorly with pale creamy white. 225 Noctuidz Genus PORRIMA Grote (1) Porrima regia Strecker, Plate XXVII, Fig. 26, 9. This is a southern species, found in Texas, and also ranging northward as far as Kansas and Colorado. Genus TRICHOSELLUS Grote (1) Trichosellus cupes Grote. Syn. crotcht Henry Edwards. This little moth, which is the only one belonging to the genus, is represented in the annexed figure by a drawing of the type, Fic. 135.—Tricho- Which is preserved in the American Museum sellus cupes,@. 4. of Natural History. Genus EUPANYCHIS Grote The only species belonging to the genus was originally named spinosz by Guenée. Grote & Robinson subsequently called it hirtella. It occurs from Canada southward to the Potomac and westward to Illinois. The figure we give is from a A drawing of a specimen in the United States pig, 136 —zupanychis National Museum. spinos@, . Genus CANIDIA Grote Fic. 137.—Canidia sctssa. This is a Floridan species, a figure of the type of which has been prepared for this book under the supervision of Sir George F. Hampson. Genus SCHINIA Hubner This is a very extensive genus of small and rather pretty moths, which are particularly abundant in the grassy and semiarid 226 Noctuids lands of the southwestern States. There are, however, a number of species, which occur in the Atlantic subregion. (1) Schinia chrysellus Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 28, ?. The fore wings are silvery white. The insect is strikingly beautiful, and is not at all uncommon in the States of Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. (2) Schinia aleucis Harvey, Plate XXVII, Fig. 29, 2. This species is smaller than the preceding, which it resembles in a general way. The hind wings are darker. It occurs in Texas. (3) Schinia cumatilis Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 30, 4. A beautiful species, with silvery-white wings. It may at once be distinguished from the two preceding species by the different arrangement of the bands upon the fore wings. It is found in Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. (4) Schinia trifascia Htibner, Plate XXVII, Fig. 35, 2. Syn. lineata Walker. The moth is found from the Atlantic to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado and Wyoming. (5) Schinia simplex Smith, Plate XXVII, Fig. 32, 9. The home of this species is Colorado. The fore wings in some specimens are much brighter green than shown on the plate. (6) Schinia nundina Drury, Plate, XXVII, Fig. 33, 6. Syn. nigrirena Haworth. This is a strikingly marked species, which cannot easily be mistaken for anything else. It ranges from New Jersey south- ward and westward to Illinois and Kentucky. (7) Schinia acutilinea Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 34, ¢. Syn. separata Grote. The moth is found in Colorado and Utah. (8) Schinia brucei Smith, Plate XX VII, Fig. 37, 6. The home of the insect is Colorado. (9) Schinia lynx Guenée, Plate XXVII, Fig. 38, 4. Is taken from Massachusetts to Florida and westward to the Mississippi. (10) Schinia roseitincta Harvey, Plate XXVI, Fig. 36, ¢. Syn. exaltata Henry Edwards. Has been found from Colorado to Texas. (11) Schinia saturata Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 43, ¢. Ranges from Massachusetts to Florida, and westward to Texas and southern California. 227 Noctuidz (12) Schinia tertia Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 39, 9. This species is common in Texas. (13) Schinia albafascia Smith, Plate XXVII, Fig. 45, 92. The habitat of this species is Utah and Colorado. (14) Schinia jaguarina Guenée, Plate XXVII, Fig. 41, 2. The species ranges from western Pennsylvania to Nebraska and Colorado and southward to Texas. (15) Schinia arcifera Guenée, Plate XXVII, Fig. 42, 9. Syn. spraguet Grote. The species occurs from New England to New Mexico and southward. (16) Schinia packardi Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 31, ¢. Syn. mortua Grote; nobilis Grote. Distributed from Colorado to Texas and Arizona. (17) Schinia thoreaui Grote & Robinson, Plate XXVII, Fig. 46, 6. Ranging from the valley of the Ohio southward into Texas. (18) Schinia marginata Haworth, Plate XXVII, Fig. 44, 3. Syn. rivulosa Guenée; divergens Walker; contracta Walker; designata Walker. Found from New York to Iowa and thence southward. (19) Schinia brevis Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 4o, ¢. Syn. atrites Grote. This species is spread from Massachusetts to lowa and southward to New Mexico. Genus DASYSPOUDAA Smith (1) Dasyspoudza lucens Morrison, Plate XX VII, Fig. 47, 6. A common insect in Nebraska and westward in Colorado and Wyoming. (2) Dasyspoudzea meadi Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 48, 6. Ranges from Montana southward to Colorado. Genus PSEUDANTHCGCIA Smith (1) Pseudantheecia tumida Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 49, 4. This insect occurs from Colorado to the higher plateaus of northern Mexico. It is common in Chihuahua. 228 “ yen trast ao soa et! , pee Ss ee Bas O18 bourgil anti odd botssibarsekwrorkto monde, depooxd.)’ . ; ; ait ‘pinaltoH LW to, noidpelios “ely Ties hit, ay. Swe oh eae S101 vailWezonils DMs? 8c - Bh oagronD Hato Bpnswsyid Bes ; : “ oD POVISH tprs\o, Hive. .os° A data BMFprnaypaedjos, Ss : OO} Sto otonevesisinstiys: nsw? cog yslore - seutoon ual oe be. ; BS xi ey tod Buanelad orp, ‘ ot ee wee caf polly sey Aa Pape dea . Se, IOI SIMMIMSY Tr. oe d ‘ i ok Wie 2 Ul tg a ie le ay e018 DUO WTAE anne ae ibe ag. ae eae | Qi wrperrt it cae oheiqowtna ; gk ae Tost OTHE, ZR ape Moreh ASSS 0. e ; eRe ae oe sm \ fay be: . = re ; eS) oS ae fh ject rie snot sa es Pinstrdnl. 28a: shy, “iabrolt ) 4% pe : if oon. nibs fA, et + Sas ee eee A “Sn oR " f JD ae aa «Mie Tae os eit ioe calbewlonk ext; a a oe: vd lade Aa a * ve toon PaMhoal into X Go ap wal pita: as oe \ am ri » a ee — iss ee aS * Ay Te ae . pee ra ; we os j % uae} ING 2. 3- on at 05 I2. 13} T4. 15. 16. a7 18. 19. 20. 22505 DD. Ze 24. 25. 26. 27h EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVII (Except when otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are con- tained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) Calymnia orina Guenée, ©. Zotheca tranquilla Grote, o. Ipimorpha pleonectusa Grote, . Atethmia subusta Htibner, SVE alo sdiey. Heuser WEL sent OTe AVON EXPLANATION OF PLaTE XXXIX (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) COR ON ea Nadata gibbosa Abbot & Smith, 9. Nerice bidentata Walker, o. Hyparpax venus Neumeegen, o, U.S. N. M. Hyparpax aurora Abbot & Smith, o', U. S. N. M. Dasylophia anguina Abbot & Smith, o. Dasylophia thyatiroides Walker, 9. Simmerista albifrons Abbot & Smith, Q. Harpyia cinerea Walker, 9, U. S.N. M. Harpyia borealis Boisduval, o. Harpyia albicoma Strecker, 6’, UW. SNe ML, Harpyia scolopendrina Boisduval, @. Cerura multiscripta Riley, o. Schizura ipomee Doubleday, var. cinereofrons, Packard, ©. Schizura badia Packard, 9, U.S. N. M. Schizura concinna Abbot & Smith, ~. Schizura leptinoides Grote, o. Schizura unicornis Abbot & Smith, o. Hippia packardi Morrison, Q. Tanassa lignicolor Walker, 9, U.S. N. M. Litodonta hydromeli Harvey, 3. Misogada unicolor Packard, 2. \ Heterocampa astarte Doubleday, <. Heterocampa manteo Doubleday, re Heterocampa bilineata Packard, Oe. Heterocampa biundata Walker, @. Heterocampa umbrata Walker, o. Gluphisia severa Henry Edwards, 6’, U. S. N. M. Gluphisia septentrionalis Walker, 3. Gluphisia wrighti Henry Edwards, ©. Fentonia marthesia Cramer, 3. Ellida caniplaga Walker, @. Tue Motu Book PLATE KAKI, GOPYRIGHTED BY W J. HOLLAND, 1903, Notodontidz our fauna, is not at all uncommon in Texas and Arizona, and ranges southward into northern Mexico. Genus HETEROCAMPA Doubleday Eleven species belonging to this somewhat extensive genus are recognized as occurring within the limits with which this book deals. Six of these have been selected for illustration. (1) Heterocampa astarte Doubleday, Plate XXXIX, Rigen 22516". Syn. varia Walker; menas Harris. The moth is not uncommon in the southern States and ranges northward as far as Pennsylvania and Ohio. (2) Heterocampa obliqua Packard, Plate XL, Fig. 2, 2. = The insect occurs in the northern portions of the Appalachian subregion. (3) Heterocampa umbrata Walker, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 26, 2. Syn. semiplaga Walker; pulverea Grote & Robinson; athereo Harris. The moth is rather common in the Appalachian subregion, ranging from the Atlantic as far west as the Mississippi. (4) Heterocampa manteo Doubleday, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 23, 2. Syn. cinerascens Walker; subalbicans Grote. The distribution of this species is the same as that of the last mentioned. (5) Heterocampa biundata Walker, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 25, 2. Syn. olwatus Packard; mollis Walker. Like the preceding species, this is a native of the eastern portion of our territory, and occurs from Canada southward to Georgia. (6) Heterocampa bilineata Packard, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 24, 2. Syn. turbida Walker; associata Walker; ulmi Harris. Not uncommon in the eastern States. Genus MISOGADA Walker (1) Misogada unicolor Packard, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 21, ¢@. Syn. marina Packard; cinerea Schaus (non Packard); sobria Walker. This is the sole species of the genus. It inhabits the Appalachian subregion. 297 Notodontids Genus EUHYPARPAX Beutenmuller The only species of the genus as yet known is that to which Beutenmiller applied the name rosea. It is a native of Colorado, and is as yet very rare in collec- tions, only one specimen, the type, being known. This is found in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History in New York. The moth is pale rosy red in color, and marked as shown in the cut, which was drawn from the type by Mrs. Beutenmiuller. Fic. 180.—Euhyparpax rosea, Bee Genus IANASSA Walker (1) Ianassa lignicolor Walker, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 19, @. Syn. virgata Packard; lignigera Walker. The habitat of the species is the Appalachian subregion. Two other species, both of them inhabiting the southwestern portions of our territory, are known to belong to the genus. Genus SCHIZURA Doubleday (1) Schizura ipomcez Doubleday, form cinereofrons Pack- ard) rlate XX XIX rrigai3n)¢.. The species is widely distributed throughout the United States. Several subspecific or varietal forms have been described, and a number of synonyms have been created for the species. For a knowledge of these the reader may refer to the Monograph by Professor Packard, to which allusion has already been made. (2) Schizura concinna Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 15, 6. Syn. nitida Packard. This is also a widely distributed species. The larva feeds upon the Rosacee. (3) Schizura unicornis Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXIX, Fig. May eyo f Syn. edmandst Packard; humilis Walker; conspecta Henry Edwards. This is a very common species of wide distribution. Its habits are much the same as those of the last mentioned. 298 Notodontidz (4) Schizura badia Packard, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 14, @. Syn. significata Walker. The habitat of the species is the Appalachian subregion. (5) Schizura leptinoides Grote, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 16, 2. Syn. mustelina Packard. The insect ranges through the Atlantic States westward to the Mississippi. Genus HYPARPAX Hubner (1) Hyparpax aurora Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXIX, Fig. » Bo : Syn. rosea Walker; venusta Walker. The moth occurs in the Appalachian subregion, but is more common in Virginia than elsewhere, so far as the observations of the writer extend. (2) Hyparpax venus Neumeegen, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 3, ¢. The habitat of the insect is Colorado. (3) Hyparpax perophoroides Strecker, Plate XL, Fig. 28, ¢. The insect has thus far been reported only from Florida. Iam indebted to Mr. Beutenmiiller for the loan of the specimen, which is figured upon the plate. Genus CERURA Schrank The genus is found in both hemispheres. Two species are attributed to it as being found in the United States. (1) Cerura scitiscripta Walker, form multiscripta Riley, Plate I, Fig. 18, larva; Plate XXXIX, Fig. 12, ¢. The moth is known to occur from New England to Mexico. Genus HARPYIA Ochsenheimer (1) Harpyia borealis Boisduval, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 9, ¢. The range of the species is through the Appalachian subregion. (2) Harpyia cinerea Walker, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 8, 9. The moth occurs almost everywhere throughout the United States and southern Canada. (3) Harpyia scolopendrina Boisduval, Plate XXXIX, Fig. Grea: Syn. aquilonaris Lintner. Form albicoma Strecker, Plate XXXIX, Fig, 10, ¢. 299 Notodontidze The insect is a denizen of Canada and the northern portions of the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Genus FENTONIA Butler (1) Fentonia marthesia Cramer, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 30, 2. Syn. tessella Packard; turbida Walker. The moth, which is by no means common, has a wide range through the Appalachian subregion. Genus GLUPHISIA Boisduval (1) Gluphisia septentrionalis Walker, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 28,6. Syn. clandestina Walker; trilineata Packard. Widely distributed throughout the entire territory. (2) Gluphisia wrighti Henry Edwards, Plate XXIX, Fig. 29, 6. Syn. albofascia Henry Edwards; rupta Henry Edwards; formosa Henry Edwards. The moth is found in southern California and Arizona, as well as in northern Mexico. (3) Gluphisia severa Henry Edwards, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 2G): Syn. danbyi Neumcegen; avimacula Hudson; slossoni Packard. The species, which is somewhat variable in the maculation of the wings, is found in the northern portions of our territory. Genus ELLIDA Grote (1) Ellida caniplaga Walker, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 31, 2. Syn. transversata Walker; gelida Grote. The moth in Pennsylvania is double-brooded. The first brood appears upon the wing in the early spring. The cater- pillar feeds upon the linden (77a). The second brood is matured about the end of July. The insect is not common in collections, because its habits have not been hitherto understood. Genus CARGIDA Schaus (1) Cargida cadmia Guenée. Syn. obliquilinea Walker. The moth is a native of the southern States, and ranges from Texas southward to Costa Rica. The cut which we give is 300 Io. . Datana integerrima Grote . Datana perspicua Grote . Lophodonta angulosa Abbot EXPLANATION OF PLaTE XL (When not otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) . Hypereschra stragula Grote, ©. . Heterocampa obliqua Packard, re . Odontosia elegans Strecker, o’.. . Hypereschra tortuosa Tepper, Oe Wa Ss, IN, ML . Notodonta basitriens Walker, OWS, No ML . Notodonta simplaria Gref, 2, U.S. N. M. . Hypereschra georgica Herrich- Scheeffer, o’. td . Lophodonta ferruginea Packard, ? ._Pheosia dimidiata Herrich- Scheffer, . Pheosta_ portlandia Henry Edwards, 3, U.S. N. M. . Datana ministra Drury, ©. . Datana angus? Grote Robinson, ©. Robinson, ’. Robinson, o’. SO Ss fe & Smith, o. 16. 7p 18. IQ. 22). 27. 28. Melalopha albosigma_ Fitch, Melalopha strigosa Grote, o, We Ss INE Wile Melalopha apicalis Walker, var. ornata Grote & Robinson, Cy Uso NEM: Melalopha inclusa O's Hubner, . Apatelodes torrejacta Abbot & Smith, o. . Apatelodes angelica Grote, 3). Habrosyne scripta Gosse, ©. . Euthyatira pudens Guenée, 3, Merrick Collection. . Euthyatira pudens var. pennsyl- vanica Smith, @, Merrick Collection. _ Pseudothyatira cymato phoroides Guenée, Go’. . Pseudothyatira expultrix Grote, ue Bombycia tearli~ Henry Edwards, o', U. S. N. M. Hyparpax perophoroides Strecker, o', Beutenmuller - Collection. Tue Motu Boox. PLate AL AMERICAN COLORTYPE 0. N.Y. & ON COPYRIGHTED BY W J. HOLLAND, 1903, Notodontide drawn from the type of Walker’s species, which is contained in the British Museum. The insect is rare as yet in collections, though specimens coming from Central America are far more (err Fic. r81.—Cargida cadmia,. }4. numerous in cabinets than specimens obtained from points within the limits of the United States. (2) Cargida pyrrha Druce, Plate XI, Fig. 15, 6. The insect occurs in southern Arizona and in Mexico. Genus CRINODES Herrich-Scheffer (1) Crinodes beskei Hubner, Plate XLI, Fig. 4, ¢. This very peculiar moth is the only representative of its genus which occurs within our territory. There are numerous species found in the tropics of the New World. The habitat of the present species is Arizona and Mexico. NASU-NO TAKE Nasu-No TAKE is a volcano in the interior of Japan. Tora-san came into my room on the upper floor of the tea-house where we had made our stay while exploring the summit of the moun- tain, which was in eruption at the time. Tora-san was my fidus Achates. He could make an insect-box or repair a jinrickisha, for he was ‘‘an honorable carpenter.” He did not disdain, when necessity demanded, to prove himself a capable cook, though this was not his calling. He could provide a meal of ‘‘America-no Chow” or ‘‘Nippon-no Chow,” the cuisine of Anglo-Saxon and of Japanese being alike familiar to him. He was best of all an enthusiastic entomologist, and much preferred sugaring for moths to making curries. ‘‘Danna-san,” he said, ‘‘Nasu-no Take have got many moth Tokio no have got.” ‘“Yea, verily! good Tora-san.” ‘‘Danna-san, me catchee moth 301 Nasu-no Take ko komban sugar way. Danna-san go long?” ‘‘ With all my heart! Sayo!” And so it was arranged. In the oak-forest below the tea-house we sugared the trees. When the night came on we went with our lanterns to the spot. The black shadows clung to the woodland path. As the lanterns went bobbing along the narrow way, each turn produced a weird and beautiful effect. The gnarled old pines, the oaks and the bamboos, the wild yams festooning the shrubbery, thrust forth for a moment into relief against the universal darkness, were fascinating to look upon. Here and there white lilies held up their stately blossoms, and starry flowers, from which the moths fled as we came along, bloomed everywhere. The effect of moving lights in shrubbery and forest-growths is always charming. But the captures of that night were more memorable than all the witchery of the strange and beautiful scenery in the midst of which we walked. The gems of our catch were a dozen perfect specimens of the great Snowy Underwing, the most beautiful as well as one of the rarest species of the splendid genus to which it belongs. I never pull out the drawer in the cabinet, where these things have rested full many a day since then, without seeing visions and dreaming dreams of the happy past. How much ‘‘globe-trotters’”” miss when they are not students of nature! The memory of one such night spent in the wild woods is worth the memory of weeks spent in palaces. “ The insect legions, prank’d with gaudiest hues, Pearl, gold and purple, swarm’d into existence. Minute and marvellous creations these. : : : some proudly shone Like living jewels; some grotesque, uncouth, And hideous : : s é Those lived deliciously on honey-dews, And dwelt in palaces of blossomed bells. Millions on millions, wing’d and plumed in front, Fill’d the dim atmosphere with hum and hurry. Monrcomery.— Pelican Island. 302 FAMILY THYATIRID/E “Feeble though the insect be, Allah speaks through that to thee! As within the moonbeam I, God in glory sits on high, Sits where countless planets roll, And from thence controls the whole: There with threads of thousand dyes Life’s bewildered web he plies, And the hand which holds them all Lets not e’en the feeblest fall.” CHHLENSCHLAGER.— Aladdin's Lamp. The family has been characterized as follows by Sir George F. Hampson, in his work upon the moths of India: ‘“A family of moths resembling the Noc/uid@ in appearance. Proboscis present. Antennz usually rather thickened and flattened. Mid tibia with one pair of spurs, hind tibia with two pairs. Fore wing with vein 1a@ short and slight, not forming a fork with 10; 1c absent; 5 from the center of the discocellulars; veins 7 and 8 stalked; and 9 and 10 stalked, and almost or quite anastomosing with veins 7 and 8 to form an areole. Hind wing with two internal veins; vein 5 from the center of the discocellu- lars, or generally from below the center; veins 6 and 7 given off not far from the base; 8 bent down and quite or almost touching 7 after the bifurcation. Larva noctuiform, with five pairs of prolegs.” Genus HABROSYNE Hubner (1) Habrosyne scripta Gosse, Plate XL, Fig. 22, 4. The moth is quite common locally in the northern States of the Atlantic seaboard, and ranges westward to the central por- tions of the Valley of the MississippI. 303 Thyatiridz Genus PSEUDOTHYATIRA Grote (1) Pseudothyatira cymatophoroides Guenée, Plate XL, Rige25 non Form expultrix Grote, Plate XL, Fig. 26, 2. The moth, which occurs in the two forms which we have delineated on the plate, is a native of the northern portions of the Appalachian subregion. It is common in Pennsylvania. Genus EUTHYATIRA Smith (1) Euthyatira pudens Guenée, Plate XL, Fig. 23, 4. Form pennsylvanica Smith, Plate XL, Fig. 24, 2. The moth emerges in the very early spring, and may be found where it is common, seated about three inches from the end of twigs in the woodlands, with its wings folded about the twig in such a way as to elude the observation of those who are not familiar with its habits. The form pennsylvanica is found in both sexes in every brood. It represents a curious case of dimorphism. Genus BOMBYCIA Hubner (1) Bombycia improvisa Henry Edwards, Plate XL, Fig. SR) c Syn. tearli Henry Edwards. The habitat of the insect is on the Pacific slope, in the northern portions of the coast ranges. “‘Then rapidly with foot as light As the young musk-roe’s, out she flew To cull each shining leaf that grew Beneath the moonlight’s hallowing beams For this enchanted wreath of dreams, Anemones and Seas of Gold, And new-blown lilies of the river, And those sweet flowrets that unfold Their buds on Camadeva’s quiver.” ' THoomas Moore.—Lalla Rookh. 304 FAMILY LIPARID/E “The study of entomology is one of the most fascinating of pursuits. It takes its votaries into the treasure-houses of Nature, and explains some of the wonderful series of links which form the great chain of creation. It lays open before us another world, of which we have been hitherto unconscious, and shows us that the tiniest insect, so small perhaps that the unaided eye can scarcely see it, has its work to do in the world, and does it.”,—Rrv. J. G. Woop. The following characterization of the family is adapted from the pages of Sir George F. Hampson’s ‘‘ Moths of India,’”’ Vol. I, Pp. 432: ‘A family of moths generally of nocturnal flight, though some genera, as Aroa of the Eastern Hemisphere and Hemero- campa, are more or less diurnal in their habits. The perfect insects are mostly clothed with long hair-like scales upon the body. The males have the antenne highly pectinated, the branches often having long terminal spines, and spines to retain them in position. The females often have a largely developed anal tuft of hair for covering the eggs. The proboscis is absent. The legs are hairy. The frenulum is present, except in the genus Ratarda, which does not occur in America. The fore wing with vein 1a not anastomosing with 10; 1cabsent except in Ratarda ; 5 from close to lower angle of cell. Hind wing with two internal veins; 5 from close to lower angle of cell, except in the eastern genera Gazalina and Porthesia, 8 nearly touching 7 at middle of cell and connected with it by a bar. Larva hairy; generally clothed with very thick hair or with thick tufts of hair, and forming a cocoon into which these hairs are woven, they being often of a very poisonous nature.’ Genus GYNA®PHORA Hubner (1) Gynzphora rossi Curtis, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 10, 2, Rice 112. The genus is arctic, and the species is found in the arctic 305 Liparide regions of America, the specimens figured having been received by the writer from Point Barrow in Alaska. Genus NOTOLOPHUS Germar (1) Notolophus antiqua Linnzus, Plate XX XVIII, Fig. 18, 2. Syn. zova Fitch. The moth is found in Europe and in the northern portions of the United States and in Canada. Genus HEMEROCAMPA Dyar The females in this genus are wingless, or have the wings at most rudimentary. The eggs are deposited in masses, generally upon the surface of the cocoon from which the female has emerged. The larve are voracious feeders; and as the species are generally very prolific, the insects inflict a great deal of dam- age upon vegetation. (1) Hemerocampa vetusta Boisduval, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 19, 6. Syn. cana Henry Edwards; gulosa Henry Edwards. The insect replaces on the Pacific coast the following species, which in its habits it closely resembles. (2) Hemerocampa leucostigma Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 20, 6, Fig. 21, 2. (The White-marked Tussock Moth.) Syn. leucographa Geyer; intermedia Fitch; borealis Fitch; obliviosa Henry Edwards. The moth is widely distributed in the Appalachian subregion, and its ravages upon shade-trees and shrubbery are matter of familiar observation. The insect is double-brooded in the more northern portions of its range, and _triple- brooded farther south. The first generation is matured from eggs which, having been de- posited in the fall of the year, remain 7m situ | upon the cocoons upon which they were de- posited until they are hatched by the heat of a \ the sunshine of spring. The caterpillars rap- : idly develop, and the second generation, which | is always much more numerous than the first, Fic. 182.—H7. : ; 9 leucostigma, &. +. begins to appear about the middle of July in (After Riley.) "the latitude of New York and Philadelphia. 306 Liparide A third generation follows in the month of September. This generation lays the eggs from which the larvae which appear in the following spring are hatched. The female, as has already been stated, is wingless, and lives solely for the purpose of oviposition. Having iaid her eggs, which she covers with the hairy scales which she plucks from the abdomen, and mingles with a viscid secretion, which she deposits with the eggs, and which on drving becomes hard and brittle, she dies. The young larva on being hatched has the power of spinning a thin thread of silk, with which ue lowers Fic. 183.—Z. leucostigma. a, female; 6, young itself from its resting- larva, magnified; c, female pupa; d, male pupa. place when disturbed, ‘After Riley.) and by means of which it regains the place from which it has dropped. This power is lost as the insect develops after succes- sive molts. The mature caterpillar is a rather striking and not unbeautiful creature. The head is brilliant vermilion in color; the body is white banded with black, and adorned with black-tipped tufts and bundles of cream-colored hairs. There is considerable disparity in the size of the larvae and the pupe of the two sexes, as is partially shown in Fig. 183. The larva and the pupa of the female moth are generally twice as large as those of the male. The best means of combating the ravages of this insect is to see to it that in the fall and winter the cocoons, which may be found adhering to the twigs of trees and shrubs and secreted in the nooks and crannies of fences, are gathered together and destroyed. It is also useful to spray the young foliage of Pic. 184.—/7. leucostigma. Larva of female moth. trees which are liable (After Riley.) to attack with any one 307 Liparide of the preparations which are made by reputable firms for the pur- pose of destroying the larve of this and other destructive insects which attack our shade-trees. The spraying should take place at intervals when the young larve are observed to be moving upward upon the trunks of the trees. (3) Hemerocampa definita Packard, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. Wh ee This species, which is closely allied to the last, is found in the northern Atlantic States. What has been said as to the habits of H. leucostigma applies also to this insect. Genus OLENE Hiibner (1) Olene achatina Abbot & Smith, Plate XX XVIII, Fig. 9, 4. Syn. farallela Grote & Robinson; tephra Hiibner; cimnamomea Grote & Robinson. The moth, which is somewhat variable in the style and intensity of the dark markings upon the wings, is found in the Appalachian subregion, but is somewhat more frequent in the south than in the north. (2) Olene leucophza Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. ah Oy eli Sh Qe Syn. dasifava Packard; atrivenosa Palm; manto Strecker. This is likewise a variable insect, the range of which is prac- tically coincident with that of the last-mentioned species. Genus PORTHETRIA Hubner (1) Porthetria’ dispar Linnzus, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 12, 6, Rice ia os = (ihe Gypsy Moths) This well-known insect is a native of the Old World. A number of years ago, a gentleman interested in entomology, and residing at the time in Cambridge, Massachusetts, received from a friend in Europe a number of cocoons of the moth, from which the insects in due season emerged. A few of the number were prepared and mounted in his cabinet, and the remainder were allowed to escape through the window of the room in which they were. Unchecked by the presence of parasites, which in their native habitat keep their numbers down, they rapidly mul- tiplied and became a scourge. Fully a million of dollars has thus far been expended in the effort to exterminate them. In spite of 308 Liparide all the exertion which has been put forth, the insect appears to have obtained a permanent foothold in the New England States, though in recent years the destruction wrought has not been very great, owing to the incessant vigilance which is maintained by the civic authorities in repressing the nuisance. Genus PSILURA (1) Psilura monacha Linneus, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 14, 2, JP TUS eee This is another insect which is said to have been imported from Europe, and is reputed to have found a foothold on the soil of the New World. The specimens figured on our plate are from a brood which the writer is informed by Mr. George Franck, of Brooklyn, to have been found in the eastern suburbs of that place. Mr. Franck has assured me that it is certainly already well domi- ciled in the region. Genus EUPROCTIS Hubner (1) Euproctis chrysorrheea Linnzus, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 16, 6. (The Brown-tail Moth.) This insect, like the two preceding species, is an importation from Europe. It has become domiciled in the vicinity of Boston, Massachusetts, and is very common in the vicinity of Magnolia, Beverly Farms, and Manchester-on-the-Sea. Genus DOA Neumegen & Dyar The only species of the genus, named ampla by Grote, is a native of Colorado, and ranges thence southward through Arizona to the higher mountain plateaus of Mexico. It also occurs not infrequently in northwestern Texas. It may easily be recognized with the help of the accompanying cut, which is drawn from a specimen in the collection of the writer. Fic. 185.—Doa ampla, @ . i. “Maidens, like moths, are ever caught by glare, And Mammon wins his way where seraphs might despair.” Byron. —Childe Harold, Canto I. 309 Liparidze Genus LEUCULODES Dyar The genus is thus far represented in our fauna by but a single species, to which Hulst applied the specific name lacteolaria. It is a native of Arizona. The figure which is here- mall = with given was drawn by the writer from the Fic. 186.—Leuculodes type which is preserved in the United States lacteolaria, 8. {- National Museum. MOTH-SONG ‘¢ What dost thou here, Thou dusky courtier, Within the pinky palace of the rose? Here is no bed for thee, No honeyed spicery,— But for the golden bee, And the gay wind, and me, Its sweetness grows. Rover, thou dost forget ;— Seek thou the passion-flower Bloom of one twilight hour. Haste, thou art late! Its hidden savors wait. For thee is spread Its soft, purple coverlet ; Moth, art thou sped ? — Dim as a ghost he flies Thorough the night mysteries.” ELLEN Mackay HUTCHINSON CoRTISSOZ. 310 FAMILY LASIOCAMPID/E ““Now busily convened upon the bud That crowns the genial branch, they feast sublime, And spread their muslin canopy around, Pavilioned richer than the proudest kings.” The Lasiocampide have been characterized as follows by Sir George F. Hampson, in ‘‘ The Moths of India,” Vol. I, p. 402: ‘‘Moths mostly of large size. Palpi porrect and generally large. Proboscis absent; eyes small; antennz bipectinate in both sexes; legs generally with minute terminal pairs of spurs to mid and hind tibiz and rather hairy. Fore wing with vein 14 not forked with J, 1c rarely present; the cell medial in position; veins 6 and 7 from the angle; veins 9 and 10 always stalked and from before the angle. Hind wing with two internal veins; 6 and 7 arising very near the base; 8 curved and almost touching 7, or connected with it by a bar, thus forming a precostal cell; accessory costal veinlets generally present. Frenulum absent. Larva with lateral downwardly-directed tufts of hair, and often subdorsal tufts or dorsal humps on anterior somites thickly clothed with hair. Cocoon closely woven of silk and hair.” Seven genera belonging to the family are recognized as occurring within our faunal limits. Genus GLOVERIA Packard (1) Gloveria arizonensis Packard, Plate XLI, Fig. 3, @. Syn. dentata Henry Edwards. The moth is found in Arizona and northern Mexico. (2) Gloveria psidii Sallé, Plate XLI, Fig. 2, ¢. The habitat of the species is the same as that of the foregoing. (3) Gloveria howardi Dyar, Plate XLI, Fig. 1, 9. The specimen figured on the plate is one of several which are contained in the collection of the United States National Museum, 311 Lasiocampidz and which constituted the material upon which the original description of the species was based by Dr. Dyar. Genus ARTACE Walker (1) Artace punctistriga Walker, Plate XII, Fig. 5, 2. Syn. rubripalpis Felder. This rather rare little moth has its habitat in the southern Atlantic States. Genus TOLYPE Hiibner Five species are accounted as belonging to this genus. We give illustrations of the one which is commonest. (1) Tolype velleda Stoll, Plate XI, Fig. 7, 4, Fig. 8, 9. The species is found throughout the Appalachian subregion. Genus HYPOPACHA Neumegen & Dyar The only species known to belong to this genus was named grisea by Neumcegen. The only specimen of which the writer has knowledge is the type which is contained in the collection of the Brooklyn Institute. Of this I have, through the kindness of the authorities of that institu- tion, been permitted to make a drawing, which is reproduced in the annexed cut. The habitat Fic. 187.—#. pent t : grisea Ts §. of the species is Arizona. Genus MALACOSOMA Hiibner (1) Malacosoma americana Fabricius, Plate X, Fig. 12, 9. Syn. decipiens Walker ; frutetorum Boisduval. The species, which is commonly known as ‘‘ The American Tent-caterpillar,” is widely distributed throughout the Appalachian subregion, and at times inflicts considerable injury upon the foliage of trees. It especially affects trees belonging to the Rosacea, as the wild cherry and wild plum, and attacks apple-orchards with avidity. The great white webs woven by the caterpillars are familiar objects in the rural landscape, detested by the fruit- grower, and equally despised by the man who loves to see trees in perfect leaf. An orchard cobwebbed by the tent-caterpil- 312 Lasiocampidze lar is not pleasant to “AN contemplate. The best Ss ane \\ \, AN way to combat these destructive insects is to diligently search for their webs when they first are being formed, and) to “cutoff the branches to which they are attached and burn them. By following this method carefully, their ravages may be held in check. (2) Malacosoma californica Packard, PIAem NG 10s 11, 1S - Syn. pseudoneustria Bois- duval. The species, which IS in’ tts habits MY Fic. 188. — I. americana. a, lateral view of closely alliedestommthe larva; 6, dorsal view of larva; c, mass of eggs; Drecedines hasits) home) .4>,coccom. || (iiter Riley) upon the Pacific coast. (3) Malacosoma disstria Htbner, Plate X, Fig. 9, 6; form erosa Stretch, Plate X, Fig. 10, 3. Syn. sylvatica Harris; drupacearum Boisduval; thoracicoides Neumeegen & Dyar; sylvaticoides Neumcegen & Dyar; thoracica Stretch; pevversa Neumcegen & Dyar. The moth is universally distributed through the United States and Canada. It appears to be rather variable, and a number of subspecies or varietal forms have been recognized. Many of the races, if such they can be called, differ so little from the typical stock that it hardly appears worth while to regard the names which have been applied to them as other than synonyms. Fic. 189.— The habits of the larve are almost identical with MM. disstria, aie We “afar, Ag jaan UNTER those of the species to which reference has already Riley.) been made. Like them, they prefer to attack the 15 No Lasiocampidze Rosacee, although they also at times feed upon other trees. The hickories of various species and the walnuts are not exempt from their ravages. The writer has never observed them feeding upon oaks, birch, or beeches. An ex- cellent account of the hab- its of these creatures may be found in Riley’s Mis- souri Reports, Number III, from which the illustra- tions here given have been Fic. 190.—M. disstria. a, egg mass; 6, taken. The means of moth; c, egg viewed from top; d, eggs viewed : : : from side; c,d, magnified. (After Riley.) holding the insects in check are the same which have been recommended in the case of M. americana. Genus HETEROPACHA Harvey (1) Heteropacha rileyana Harvey, Plate VIII, Fig. 7 9. The moth is not uncommon in the Valley of the Mississippi, ranging from western Pennsylvania to Kansas and Missouri, and southward into Texas. Genus EPICNAPTERA Rambur (1) Epicnaptera americana Harris, Plate XLI, Fig. 19, 4, FigaZon?s Syn. occidentis Walker; carpinifolia Boisduval. There are a number of color forms of this insect which have received names, and which appear to be local races of some mea- sure of stability in the regions where they occur. We have given in our plate the form which is common in the Mississippi Valley. The specimens figured were bred from larve reared by Mr. Tallant at Columbus, Ohio. ‘“The Baron was an entomologist. Both the Fontenettes thought we should be fascinated with the beauty of some of his cases of moths and butterflies.” G. W. CaBlEe 314 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLI (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) Gloveria howardi Dyar, 9, U. S. N. M. Gloveria psidu Sallé, g', U. S. N. M. Gloveria arizonensis Packard, 9, U. S. N. M. Crinodes beskei Hiibner, ©. Citheronia sepulchralis Grote & Robinson, 9. Oreta irrorata Packard, 9. Falcaria bilineata Packard, 9. : Eurycyttarus confederata Grote & Robinson, ©. 9. Cossus undosus Lintner, 2. 19. Prionoxystus robinie Peck, 9. The Crambine, or “ Grass-moths,” as they are commonly called, constitute a large subfamily. The North American species have been well described and delineated by Fernald in his little book entitled “The Crambide of North America,” which was published in 1896. To this the student will do well to refer. There are fourteen genera in our territory, and over eighty species. Only a few of these can be represented in our plates. Genus CRAMBUS Fabricius (1) Crambus laqueatellus Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 17, 3. Syn. semifusellus Walker. : The moth ranges from New England to Texas. Like all the other species of the genus, it feeds in its larval state upon the grasses. (2) Crambus alboclavellus Zeller, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 18, ¢. The insect is very common in the Appalachian subregion. — (3) Crambus turbatellus Walker, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 19, 2. Syn. dipunctellus Zeller. 402 Pyralide The insect occurs from Canada and New England in the North to the Potomac and the Ohio in the South. (4) Crambus trisectus Walker, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 20, 2. Syn. znterminellus Walker; exsiccatus Zeller; biliturellus Zeller. This is a very common and widely distributed species, rang- ing from the Atlantic to the Pacific through more temperate latitudes. Genus DIATR/ZA Guilding (1) Diatrzea saccharalis Fabricius. (The Larger Corn-stalk Borer.) Syn. Jeucaniellus Walker; lineosellus Walker; obliteratellus Zeller; crambi- doides Grote. As early as the year 1828 the attention of the world was called to the damage inflicted upon the sugar-cane in the West Indies by the larva of a lepidopterous insect. The author of the paper in which it was described was the Rev. Lansdown Guilding, who was awarded a gold medal by the Society of Arts for his account of the insect. About thirty years later, attention was called to the ravages of a similar insect in the island of Mauritius, into which it had been intro- duced. From the West In- dies the insect was transport- ed to Louisi- Zing, Bll A study of its pernicious habits was ac- curately made Fic. 223.—D. saccharalis. a, 6, c, varieties of larva, en- : larged; d, third thoracic segment; ¢, eighth abdominal seg- In the year 1881 ment; 4, abdominal segment from side; g, same from above, by Dr. L. O. enlarged. (After Howard, ‘‘ Insect Life,’ Vol. IV, p. 101.) Howard of the United States Department of Agriculture. It had been known in Louisiana as a pest since 1855. 403 Pyralidz The ravages of the insect are not confined to the sugar-cane. It attacks with equal avidity sorghum and the stalks of the com- mon Indian corn, or maize. The insect has gradually worked its way northward from the region of the Gulf, having found lodg- ment here and there throughout the Southern States, and is now known to occur quite abundantly at times as far north as Mary- land. It is double-brooded in Virginia. The most serious damage is inflicted upon the crop where the larvee attack young stalks. Plants which are older and well established, though they may suffer to some extent from the insects, are generally not damaged © suffi- ciently to prevent the maturing and harden- ing of the grain; but where the stalks are young and quite ten- der, they fail to mature, are stunted, sicken, and ultimately die. The accompanying figure shows the dwarfed and sickly appearance of such a stalk, which has been invaded by the borer. The life- history of the insect has been briefly given by Howard as follows: “In early spring the parent moth lays her eggs upon the young Fic. 224.—D. saccharalis. a, appearance of corn-stalk infested by larva; 4, stalk cut open to cane near the axils, and show larval tunnel and pupa. (After Howard ‘Insect Life,” Vol. IV, p. 99.) ’ the young borer pene- trates the stalk at or near the joint, and commences to tunnel, usually upward, through the soft pith. The larval growth is rapid, and the borer is active, 404 Pyralidz and frequently leaves the stalk at one place and enters at another, making several holes in the course of its growth. When ready to transform, it burrows to the surface, making a hole for the exit of the future moth, and transforms to the pupa state. There are several generations in the course of a season, and the insect hibernates in the larval state within the stalks.” The fact that the insect makes its home in the winter months in the dry stalks furnishes the means for most effectually com- bating its attacks. The remedy is found in destroying the stalks, either by burning them or by gathering them up and feeding them to live stock. It is well known that where crops are ro- tated, and the stalks are not left standing in the fields all winter, the insect does not succeed in inflict- ing much damage. Care- ful and intelligent tillage of the soil, cleanliness in the fields, will do much to pre- vent the increase of these insects, as well as of many Fic. 225.—D. saccharalis. a, female, en- Rag ancae 9 larged; 4, wings of male; c, pupa, enlarged. other Injurtous SpecleS (After Howard, ‘Insect Life,” Vol. IV, which might be named. P- 95-) In addition to feeding upon sugar-cane, sorghum, and corn, it has been ascertained that the insect will attack “Gama-grass” (Tripsacum dactylotdes), and it is recommended to burn over fields in which this grass grows in proximity to corn-fields. The student who is desirous to know more about this insect may consult the pages of “Insect Life,” Vol. IV, p. 95, where Dr. Howard has written at length upon its habits. It is from this article that much of the infor- mation contained in the preceding paragraphs has been drawn. SUBFAMILY GALLERIIN/E This is a subfamily the larvz of at least one species of which have the remarkable habit of making their abode in the hives of 405 Pyralidz bees, where they feed upon the wax and destroy the young of the insects upon whose industry they prey. Genus GALLERIA Fabricius (1) Galleria mellonella Linnezus. (The Bee-moth.) Syn. ceveana Linneus ; cerella Fabricius ; odliguel/a Walker. The Bee-moth was undoubtedly introduced into this country from Europe. It is a well-known enemy of the apiarist, and has been active in doing mischief on this side of the Atlantic for more Fic. 226.—The Bee-moth. a, larva; 4, cocoon; ¢, pupa; d, female moth with wings expanded; ¢, male moth with wings closed. (After Riley. ) than a century, while it has been known from time immemorial in Europe as one of the most dreaded pests of the hive. The moth is double-brooded, the first generation appearing on the wing in the latter part of May and the beginning of June, and the second in August. We cannot do better than to quote in this connection the following account of the insect which is given by Professor C. V. Riley in the ‘‘ First Annual Report of the State Entomologist of Missouri,” p. 166: ‘During the daytime these moths remain quietly ensconced in some angle of the hive, but, as night approaches, they become active, and the female uses her best endeavors to get into the hive, her object being to deposit her eggs in as favorable a place as possible. Wire-gauze contrivances are of no avail to keep her out, as she frequently commences flying before all the bees have ceased their work. But even if she were entirely prevented from entering the hive, she could yet deposit her eggs on the outside, or, by means of her extensile ovipositor, thrust them in between the slightest joint or crack, and the young worms hatching from them would readily make their way into the hive. The moment 406 Pyralidze the worm is hatched, it commences spinning a silken tube for its protection, and this tube is enlarged as it increases in size. The worm cuts its channels right through the comb, feeding on the wax, and destroying the young bees on its way. When full- grown, it creeps into a corner of the hive or under some ledge at the bottom, and forms a tough white cocoon of silk mingled with its own black excrement, as shown in Figure 226, 6. In due time the moth emerges from this cocoon. A worm-infested hive may generally be known by the dis- couraged aspect which the bees present, and by the bottom- board being covered with pieces of bee-bread mixed with the black gunpowder-like excrement of the worm. . . . If a hive is very badly infested with the worm, it is better to drive out the bees and secure what honey and wax there may be left than to preserve it as a moth-breeder to infest the apiary. If put into a new hive, the bees may do something; and if they do not, there is no loss, as they would have perished, finally, from the ravages of the worm.” SUBFAMILY EPIPASCHIIN/E This subfamily is represented in our fauna by fourteen genera and about thirty species. The insects may generally be recog- nized and separated from allied forms by the fact that the cell of the fore wing is adorned by tufts of raised scales. We have only space to give an illustration of a single genus and species. Genus YUMA Hulst (1) Yuma trabalis Grote, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 14, 2. Syn. adulatalis Hulst. The insect is found in Colorado and Wyoming, and ranges southward into Texas. Almost all of the Epipaschiine found within our territory are native to the West and the Southwest, only a few species being found in the eastern portions of the United States. SUBFAMILY PHYCITIN/E This is a very extensive group of moths, which have been admirably monographed by the late Mons. E. L. Ragonot of Paris, in the ‘‘Mémoires sur les ,Lépidoptéres,” Vols. VII and 407 Pyralidz VIII. There are represented in our fauna over sixty genera and more than two hundred species. We can give our readers merely a glimpse into this corner of the field, but trust that what they shall see may impel them to undertake for themselves the pleasant task of diligent exploration, assuring them that they will find here a world of wonders with which to deal. Genus ACROBASIS Zeller (1) Acrobasis betulella Hulst, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 15, 9. This is a common species, ranging from New England to Colorado. There are nearly a dozen other species of the genus known to occur in our fauna, and no doubt many more which have not yet been discovered and described. Genus MINEOLA Hulst (1) Mineola juglandis Le Baron. (The Walnut Case-bearer. ) This little moth lives in its larval stage upon the leaves of the hickory and walnut. It has the habit of drawing together two of the opposite leaves attached to the long peti- ole, and between them it builds a case, which is quite straight and is com- posed of silk, attached to which is excrementitious matter, which is neatly and closely applied to the whole. In this case the larva lives until the Fic. 227.—M. juglandis. a, case woven cooler airs of autumn between leaves; 4, case; c,e, wing of 7. izdi- warn it to leave the Ll. d iety; d, wi £ MW. juglandis. : (Atte Riles) 1) 0d Get ce ated qpetiole of, the compoumed leaf, which will fall pres- ently, and it then anchors its little case to the twig near by, and in a half-grown state prepares for the cold winds and icy tem- perature of winter. When again spring sends the sap up the branches, and the leaves begin to unfold, it cuts the bands of silk which held the case in place, and completing its development 408 Pyralidz upon freshly grown and sapid food, it is transformed into a pupa, from which the moth presently emerges. The moth closely resembles the next species, but the student, by the study of its habits and of the case, which is always straight, and not crooked, as is that of the following species, may at once discriminate it. (2) Mineola indigenella Zeller. (The Rascal Leaf-crumpler. ) Syn. zebwlo Walsh; ze/atella Hulst. This moth is common in the Valley of the Mississippi and in Ontario, but does not appear to be very common in the Eastern States, and is un- known in the extreme south- ern portions of our region. It is very common in western Pennsylvania. Professor C. V. Riley de- scribes its habits as follows: “It is one of those insects which is hardly noticed while it is carrying on its most de- structive work; for it is most voracious during the leafy months of May and June, Fic. 228.—/. indigenella. a, case; 4, and is then more or less hid- case wrapped in debris of leaves; c, head den by the foliage of the tree, of larva; d, moth, enlarged. (After Riley.) which it so effectually helps to denude. But the nakedness of winter, though it does not reveal the surreptitious worm, lays bare and renders conspicuous its little house, and these houses— these larval cases—whether closely attached in clusters to the twigs as in Figure 228, d, or hidden in a few seared and silk-sewn leaves as at Figure 229, are unerring tokens of past injury to the tree, and symbols of increased injury in the future, unless re- moved. The bunches of leaves anchored to the tree by strong silken cables and breasting defiantly every winter’s wind are, indeed, significant insignia upon which is written in characters, if not in words—‘result of careless culture and unpardonable neglect.’ There is but one brood a year, and the larva, about one-third 409 Pyralide grown, invariably passes the winter protected in its case. At this season of the year it is always of a deep reddish-brown color. As the leaves expand in spring it rouses from its winter lethargy, and after ‘heaving anchor’—to use a nautical expression—by severing the silken connections of its case, travels in search of food, and having found it, secures its case again, and breaks its long fast. Toward the end of May it acquires its growth, when the earlier brown color frequently takes on a more or less decided deep green hue. It is a smooth worm with the head and thoracic joints as represented _Fic. 229.—Cluster of leaves atc, The case at this time usually hiding larval case of JZ. indi- ; genella, (After Riley.) presents the appearance of Figure 228, a, being crooked and twisted like a little horn, gradually enlarging, cornucopia-fashion, from tip to mouth, and reminding one strongly of a piece of bird-dung. It is formed of the worm’s excrement and other debris, interwoven with silk, and is completely lined on the inside with a carpet of the last-named material. The worm leaves it for feeding pur- poses mostly during the night. The chrysalis is formed inside this case, and the moths commence to make their appearance during the fore part of June, and later as we go farther north.” The insect feeds principally upon the Rosacew, and is very injurious to orchards, attacking apple-trees, plums, quinces, cher- ries, and certain varieties of pears, especially the Seckel pear. Genus AMBESA Grote (1) Ambesa lzetella Grote, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 16, 2. The moth is not uncommon in Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah. It is found in the sage-brush in August. Genus MELITARA Walker (1) Melitara fernaldialis Hulst, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 8, 2. The insect is not at all uncommon in Arizona, and is also said to occur in Mexico. 410 Pyralidz Genus ZOPHODIA Hibner (1) Zophodia grossulariz Riley. (The Gooseberry Fruit- worm.) Syn. ¢zrbitella Grote. The larva of this little moth, which is glass-green, feeds upon currants and gooseberries as they are forming upon the branches, hollowing out their interiors, and often fastening a cluster of them together with a web of silk. The berries attacked by the larve do not generally fall to the ground, but shrivel up where they are, attached to the stalk. The caterpillars transform into *pupe on the ground, under leaves and Fic. 230.—Z. grossularie. among rubbish. There is but one brood ey SOS (ES during the year. The insect is widely distributed from New England and southern Canada westward and southward into the Valley of the Ohio and the upper portions of the Mississippi Valley. Genus CANARSIA Hulst (1)Canarsia hammondi Riley. (The Apple-leaf Skeletonizer. ) The larva of this little moth feeds upon the parenchyma, or soft green pulpy covering of the leaves, of the apple and allied trees, leaving the framework of veins and veinlets untouched. Sometimes it devours all of the upper surface of the leaf and completely skeletonizes it; more frequently it only eats portions heremandwitheresy wine themiallmor the year orchards are often made to appear quite sear and blighted by the inroads of the minute larve, which are gregarious and are at times found literally in millions Fic. 231.—C. hammondi. a,larva; upon the trees. 6, enlarged dorsal view of segment ; The insect has an extensive c, enlarged view of head and anterior : segments; @,moth. (After Riley.) range, and is found from New All Pyralidz England and Ontario southward through the valleys of the Ohio and the Mississippi as far as northern Texas. By weakening the trees the larve cause the fruit to fall pre- maturely, and not a little damage is thus caused to the crop. It has been recommended to treat trees which are infested by the insect to a dust-bath made of air-slaked lime. It is said that this has the effect of destroying the larve. A better method of pro- cedure is to give the trees a spraying with a very weak solution of one or the other of the coal-oil emulsions which are in use as disinfectants in orchards. Genus EPHESTIA Guenée (1) Ephestia kuehniella Zeller. (The Flour-moth.) Syn.-gztonella Druce. This wretched pest, the original habitat of which is not known, has within recent years caused a great deal of trouble and expense to millers and dealers in grain on both sides of the Atlantic. It is believed by many European entomologists to be of American origin, but this cannot be proved. Others hold that Fic. 232.—2Z. kuehniella. (All figures greatly enlarged.) a, larva; 6, pupa; c, moth; d, enlarged head of larva; e, enlarged segment; /, moth at rest; g, front wing, showing characteristic markings; #, z, neuration of wings. (After Riley, “Insect Life,” Vol. II, p. 166.) it is an.importation from the Orient, and it goes under the name of the Mediterranean Flour-moth in some localities. Wherever the creature came from, it is a decided plague. Rapidly multi- plying, it takes possession of mills and grain-warehouses, and 412 he i * Meenas NA A oa “agg “ayn Ae ara 40 worrana ax - tea j va ol ‘porwotbrrt: ‘oetwrailso “peoln) pe Soi a 2a /(-baelloll mi ww ae fips ogtloo. ods “et ed my ay % ee orator Ee ae ch Te. oe: Le \SSutaIR)s, AYE a\yae Base ae ae Nee wipe ie ores) ZALES ON ‘qabgisnp P. ; ing Me VA ie cae cal Sts Ho sbmre lind AoA a4 MOMe a 0. atond) Zion wie, ‘bbows tai ae Yh Gofes.- Lys RRR, 200 Sx S10 8G hy coyed By 08 | : Mea, © a | ‘i, POM, -C. ese ee Gee aye wens Uy ia Fai: 0 che oa ae ee . | folk savosst piwsolye ~ <1 24 ; AY bagi eon Ps $4 “ d Ee opp lage ‘ ; . | oe ic lout pritsoutebrn e 3 ck ag f, ,2rrectrald. pnnerontdlo 4 Bg i, ; ba or errocerol MOAT wasvian i ; ‘ Yee aay ie “arrontralD. & whois miotuninl®\ es id M. Galan pore RCSIENN sanzoide) loach She Be 3 sa iY lee i vrei eh ea plssleom WO) “ y Lee) & sults ppizdzoby. HIMsswee oa F Mises ‘ Te ie ssn . Bue} HOP ie Ht - : oe) ie moznido rT oisieiny cqilovt.. te ae gr! 3 re} Lie aa sn Ne otepabennt eee, A Brito ge le We (61 2%, tales, propalslon GaMowte: y Nitsa tea el agtaceral pilannanony yoru b. billable i ees poy "aaa aaihodsvor tantra ganiqalowah : rst Ti NSS, ea biyontonod f ; aa ‘ i “an — | a v aa » i ; EXPLANATION OF Pirate XLVIII (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) j OnNr An bW NH Diastictis fracturalis Zeller, G', U. S. N. M. Samea ecclesialis Guenée, 9, U. S. N. M. Agathodes monstralis Guenée, 3’, U. S. N. M. Phlyctenodes oberthuralis Fernald, 3, U. S. N. M. Phlyctenodes triumphalis Grote, 2 . Ss. N. M Titanio proximalis Fernald, 9, U. S. N. M. Corntfrons simalis Grote, g, U. S. N. M. Melitara fernaldialis Hulst, 9, U. S. N. M. Noctuelia thalialis Walker, g', U. S. N. M. Nymphula obscuralis Grote, 9, U. S. N. M. Salobrana tecome Riley, 2. ; Scirpophaga perstrialis Hitbner, 9, U. S. N. M. Herculia olinalis Guenée, &', U. S. N. M. Yuma trabalis Grote, 9, U. S. N. M. Acrobasis betulella Hulst, 9, U. S. N. M. Ambesa letella Grote, 3. Crambus laqueatellus Clemens, 6. Crambus alboclavellus Zeller, @. Crambus turbatellus Walker, 9. Crambus trisectus Walker, Q. Archips ceraswvorana Fitch, 9, U. S. N. Tortrix albicomana Clemens, o\, U. S. N Amorbia humerosana Clemens, 92, U. S. N. M. Platynota flavedana Clemens, @, var. Platynota labtosana Zeller, 9, U. S. N. M. Commo phila macrocarpana Walsingham, 6’, U.S. N. M. Eucosma dorsisignatana Clemens, ©. Cenopis groteana Fernald, @. . Ecdytolopha insiticuana Zeller, Q. Archips purpurana Clemens, 6. Archtps parallela Robinson, ©. Archips rosaceana Harris, 2. Tosale oviplagalis Walker, ©. Archips argyrospila Walker, 9, U.S. N. M. Cenopis pettitana Robinson, 9, U. S. N. M. Atteva aurea Fitch, o&, U. S. N. M. Atteva gemmata Grote, o', U. S. N. M. Semtoscopis merricella Dyar, Q. Eulia alisellana Robinson, 9. Epagoge tunicana Walsingham, 6, U. S. N. M. Stenoma schlegeri Zeller, 3, U. S. N. M. 2 Anaphora popeanella Clemens, ©. Acrolophus plumifrontellus Clemens, <. Y ponomeuta multipunctella Clemens, ¢’, U. S. N. M. Adela bella Chambers, <. Pirate XLVIII. SOPYRIGHTED BY W. J, HOLLAND. AMERTTAN COLORTYPE CO,, N.Y. & CHI, Pyralidze seems to defy attempts to eradicate it. Each female lays from six to seven hundred eggs, and the process of generation seems, where buildings are warm, to go on continuously. Moving and airing the wheat does no good, as the insect seems to multiply in the pipes in which flour is transported in a mill from one place to another by air-pressure. Much damage is done by the habit which the larve pos- sess of gnawing the fine gauze of the screens in a flour- mill, When the insect has once established itself in an elevator or mill, the only remedy appears to be to shut down, and thorough- ly clean the place from top to bottom, and keep shut down and go on cleaning until not a nook or cranny 5 Fic. 233.—a, Enlarged view of cocoon of Flour- is known to harbor moth from below, showing pupa through thin silk the larve, cocoons, or which was attached toa beam. 6, Cocoon viewed from above, with meal clinging to it. (After Riley, moths. The accom- « Insect Life,” Vol. II, p. 167.) panying illustrations, which are taken from the pages of “Insect Life,’ Vol. II, will enable the student to recognize this creature in its various stages of development. Thus far it has not become universally distributed throughout the country, but it has appeared in alarming numbers in some parts of Canada and New England. In England, Germany, and Belgium its attacks have been the subject of frequent comment. It shares an unenviable reputation with another species of the same genus, which we shall presently speak of, and with a spe- cies of Plodia, of which we shall also have something to say. *¢ Bee to the blossom, moth to the flame; Each to his passion; what ’s in a name?’”’ HELEN Hunt Jackson. — Vanity of Vanities, 413 Pyralidz (2) Ephestia cautella Walker. (The Dried-currant Moth.) Syn. cahiritella Zeller; pasulella Barr *:; desuetella Walker. This insect, whic) in many respects closely re- sembles the preceding species, like it is destructive to stored food-products. ‘It is known to feed upon Zante currants, raisins, cacao-beans, or chocolate- nuts, on flax-seed, flax-meal, and figs. It is re- garded as probable that upon occasion it may de- velop a tendency to feed upon almost any substance which, containing nutriment, accords in its general : character with the commodities which have been Fic. 234.— Named. It is especially likely to attack dried fruits £. cautella. of any kind in which there is sugar or oil. That the Larva, twice insect has been introduced from abroad into our size of life. (After Chit- fauna is beyond reasonable doubt. Its ravages on Tage ese the other side of the Atlantic have been described by Agric.,” New writers long ago, while its appearance in this coun- See 8, try seems to date from about the time of the At- lanta Cotton Exposition. Just as most of the common weeds in our fields are of European origin, having been brought over in the seeds which were originally imported, or at a later time in the hay and straw which are used to stuff crates and packing-boxes, so many of the destructive insects, which have greatly multi- plied in America, are for- eign in their origin. It is not without reason that the government maintains a set of officers, whose Fic. 235.—2£. cautella. a, moth; 6, vena- function it is to Inspect tion of wings; d, eggs. All figures enlarged. vegetable importations for NE av oat Ne Gare a mae the purpose of quarantin- ing those which appear to be likely to introduce insect pests. Had the custom of quarantining plants been instituted earlier, our farmers would to-day be happier. 414 Pterophoridz Genus PLODIA Guenée (1) Plodiainterpunctella tbner. (The Indian-meal Moth.) Syn. zee Fitch. The larva of this motl has a propensity to feed upon almost anything edible which comes in its way. It feeds upon Indian meal with particular avid- ity, but does not disdain grain of any kind, whole or ground. It breeds in all sorts of dried fruits and vegetables. It eats English walnuts, is said to invade beehives, and is known at times to dam- age herbariums and to : : Fic. 236.—P. interpunctella. a, moth; 6, attack collections of dried pupa; c, larva; d, front view of head of larva; insects. Thereis nothing é, lateral view of segment of larva. All figures enlarged. (After Chittenden, ‘‘Bull. U. S. which seems to come Dept. Agric.,”’ New Ser., No. 4, p. 119.) amiss to its appetite, and it is, when established in a house or store-room, a veritable nui- sance. There are, according to the temperature of the building which it inhabits, from four to seven generations a year, and the reader cf these lines will do well to remember that if the thing has establis — itself under his roof it will require industry, pa- tience, and great regard to cleanliness and order to get rid of it. FAMILY PTEROPHORID/E “¢ Nature never did betray The breast that loved her; ’t is her privilege, Through all the years of this our life, to lead From joy to joy.” WORDSWORTH. The Plume-moths, as they are called, constitute a comparatively small family of elegant insects, in which the wings are divided in such a manner as to suggest feathers. The hind wings are generally trifid, sometimes quadrifid; the fore wings are gener- ally bifid, sometimes trifid. The larvae are slow in movement, clumsy in appearance, and live on the surface of leaves. They 415 Pteroporideh are generally hairy. The pupz are very remarkable, being soft and hairy like the caterpillars, and attached in pendant position by the cremaster, very much as the chrysalids of some butterflies, though a few have rudimentary cocoons in the form of strands of silk thrown about them. There are six genera and about sixty species of Plume-moths known to occur in the United States. We can take space to represent only one of these species. Genus OXYPTILUS Zeller (1) Oxyptilus periscelidactylus Fitch. (The Grape-vine Plume.) . An exceedingly readable and very interesting account of the habits of this insect, which is universally distributed over the whole Appalachian subregion, is given by the late Professor Riley in the ‘‘Fourth Missouri Report.” The moths may generally be found in vineyards and about grape-vines, when they are beginning to put out their leaves. The eggs are laid on the branches before they begin to blossom, and about the time the third bunch of grapes on a given shoot is beginning to mature, it will be found that the terminal leaves have been drawn together with a few strands of silk, and in the tan- gle thus prepared, under cover from heat and rain, will be found the curi- ous little caterpillars of the Plume- _ moth. The accompanying cut, taken Fic. 237.—The Grape-vine : Plume. a, larve; 8, pupa; c,en- from the paper of Professor Riley to larged view of process on back of which allusion has been made, will See i (ee Tae) serve to tell the story better than can be done in brief compass by words. The damage done by the insects is not usually very great, and it is an easy matter for the vine-grower, when he discovers the leaves drawn together in the way pointed out, to pluck off the end of the shoot and destroy the insects. 416 Orneodidz FAMILY ORNEODID/E “‘Very close and diligent looking at living creatures, even through the best microscope, will leave room for new and contradictory discoveries.” GEORGE ELIOT. This is a very small family of moths, represented in our fauna by but a single genus and species. The moth has both the fore and the hind wings divided into six plumes, as is the case in all the insects of the family. Genus ORNEODES Latreille (1) Orneodes hexadactyla Linnzus. (The Six-plume Moth.) The moth, which measures half an inch in expanse of wings, is found in Europe and in the cooler portions of North America, exclusive of the arctic regions. It has been reported to occur as far south as Mis- souri, but is more commonly found in New England, New York, Canada, Mani- They ECO. ae toba, and the Northwestern States on the dactyla. 2. Pacific coast. It is nowhere apparently a common insect, or else is overlooked by collectors on account of its smail size. FAMILY TORTRICID/E “¢ Die Kritik nimmt oft dem Baume Raupen und Bliithen mit einander.” JEAN PAUL RICHTER. The Tortricide constitute a very large assemblage of genera and species. Because of the habit of the larve of many species of rolling up the leaves of the plants on which they feed, these insects have been often called “ Leaf-rollers.” Many of the larve live in the inside of the stems of plants, or burrow in fruits, and the famous ‘‘ jumping-beans” of New Mexico and Arizona are simply the seeds of a species of Crofton or Sebastiania in 417 Tortricidz which is lodged the larva of aspecies of Tortricid, which has the power, by changing its position on the inside of the seed, of making the seed move. In the case of Croton seeds the insect is Cydia saltitans Westwood; in the case of Sebastiania seeds the insect imparting the motion to the thing is the larva of Enar- monta sebastianie. It is quite impossible for us in a work of the present scope to give even an epitome of the nearly five hundred species of Tor- tricids which are at present known to occur within the limits of the United States and Canada. We shall content ourselves with an account of a few species, which will serve to show the reader what a mine of interesting inquiry presents itself to view in this single family of beautiful little moths. Genus EUCOSMA Hiibner (1) Eucosma scudderiana Clemens. (The Misnamed Gall- moth.) Syn. saligneana Clemens; affusana Zeller. The moth was called ‘‘ the Misnamed Gall-moth”’ by Professor Riley because Clemens had given it a_ specific name which implied that it was a denizen of wil- low-trees or willow- galls, when in fact it has been ascertained to live in the galls of the Golden- rod (Solidago). The in- sect is not uncommon in western Pennsylvania, and is possibly an inqui- Fic. 239.—£. scudderiana. a, moth; 4, lar- line or intruder in the ee ge ie ye a gall of the Golden- galls, which are pro- duced by another spe- cies, Gnorimoschema gallesolidaginis Riley. (2) Eucosma dorsisignatana Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig. Qt Ors Syn. simzlana Clemens; distigmana Walker; clavana Zeller; graduatana Walsingham. 418 Tortricidz This is a common species in the Appalachian subregion. It is found abundantly in western Pennsylvania. Genus ANCYLIS Hiibner (1) Ancylis comptana Frélich. (The Strawberry Leaf- roller.) Syn. conflexana Walker; fragarie Walsh & Riley. This little insect has proved a very destructive foe of the strawberry in parts of the Mississippi Valley. There are two broods annually. The insects roll up the leaves, and feeding upon the tender paren- chyma, cause the plants to wither and dry. So bad have the ravages of the larve proved in some places that horticultur- ists have been led to Fic. 240.—A. comptana. a, larva, natural abandon growing straw- size; 4, enlarged view of anterior portion of berries in those localities larva; c, moth; d, anal segment of larva. (After : : >" Riley.) The insect is found in Canada and in the portions of the United States immediately south of the Great Lakes. Although the moth occurs in western Pennsylvania, no great loss from its attacks has as yet been re- ported from this part of the country. Genus ECDYTOLOPHA Zeller (1) Ecdytolopha insiticiana Zeller, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 29, @. The larva of this species has the habit of boring under the bark and causing gall-like excrescences to appear upon the twigs of the common locust (Robinia). Genus CYDIA Hubner (1) Cydia pomonella Linnzus. (The Coddling-moth.) This well-known and most destructive little insect is estimated to inflict an annual loss upon the fruit-growers of America which amounts in the aggregate to tens of millions of dollars. Every one is familiar with the pinkish worm which is encountered at the heart of apples and pears. But for every apple and pear 419 Tortricide which survives the attacks of these insects and develops suffi- ciently to come to market and to the mouth of the consumer, there are scores of apples and pears the development of which is entirely ruined, and they fall to the ground undersized and worthless. There are two broods of the insects annually. The sec- ond brood hibernates in the cocoon. We quote again from Riley: “‘The. same temperature which causes our apple-trees to burst their beauteous blossoms releases the ceddling-moth from its .. pupal tomb, and though its Fic. 241.—C. pomonella. a, burrow in : ; g apple; 4, point where egg is laid; e, full. WINS are still damp with grown larva; d, pupa; /, moth at rest; the imprint of the great g, moth with wings expanded; /, enlarged . 6 head of larva; 7, cocoon. (After Riley.) Stereotyping Establishment of the Almighty, they soon dry and expand under the genial spring-day sun, and enable each to seek its companion. . . . The moths soon pair, and the female flits from blossom to blossom, deftly depositing in the calyx of each a tiny yellow egg. As the fruit matures, the worm develops. In thirty-three days, under favorable circumstances, it has become full-fed; when, leaving the apple, it spins up in some crevice, changes to a chrysalis in three days, and issues two weeks after- wards as moth, ready to deposit again, though not always in the favorite calyx this time, as I have frequently found the young worm entering from the side.” The best remedy for the coddling-moth is to destroy all wind- falls and immature fruit lying upon the ground. Make it a duty to keep the wind-fallen fruit garnered up once a week and fed to the pigs. Let the pigs into the orchard, if possible. Bind bands of hay about the trees. The caterpillars will form their cocoons among the hay in preference to any other place. Once a week crush the hay with the cocoons in it, and move the band up and down. Burn the wisp of hay if it gets full of cocoons, and bind 420 Tortricidze on another. The coddling-moth is an importation from Europe. Not all the live stock brought into America from Europe, biped or hexapod, has turned out well. Genus ALCERIS Hibner (1) Alceris minuta Robinson. (The Green Apple Leaf-tier.) Syn. malivorana Le Baron; vacciniivorana Packard; variolana Zeller. The larve of this insect feed in the early spring upon the young leaves of apple- and pear-trees, which they crumple up and tie together with threads of silk. Under the folded leaves they live and at last undergo their transformation into the pupal state. The caterpillars are green in color, and very nimble when dis- turbed, dropping to the ground or lowering themselves quickly upon a strand of silk. The chrysalis, as shown in the annexed cut, has a peculiar horn-like boss or projec- tion at the upper end. The insect does much damage in the spring by preventing the proper expan- sion of the leaves in the terminal buds and by devouring the blos- Z Somse) lhe writer has for several)” prelia42) Aeris) pinutas a, years been greatly interested in larva; 4, pupa; ¢, moth; d, folded observing the manner in which itiley.) ab concealing: Pups Castel these pernicious little creatures have steadily robbed him of all fruit upon a couple of dwarf pear-trees which are growing at the rear of his city home. It has been found that a thorough spraying with a strong infusion of tobacco stems and slaked lime brings their work to a speedy end, and it is recommended to fruit-growers to resort to the application of this old-fashioned remedy when needed. Genus EPAGOGE Hiibner (1) Epagoge tunicana Walsingham, Plate XLVIII, Fig. AOw ein This rather neatly marked moth, which may be accepted as a good representative of its genus, inhabits the Pacific subregion. 421 Tortricide Genus CENOPIS Zeller (1) Cenopis pettitana Robinson, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 35, ¢@. The habitat of this species is the Appalachian subregion. (2) Cenopis groteana Fernald, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 28, 6. The insect is not uncommon in the Valley of the Ohio. Genus ARCHIPS Hiibner (1) Archips rosaceana Harris, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 32, 9. Syn. vicariana Walker; gossypiana Packard; arcticana Moeschler. This is a common species found all over the northern por- tions of the United States and southern Canada. The larve in- flict considerable damage at times upon roses and the foliage of allied plants. (2) Archips purpurana Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 30, 2. Syn. gurgitana Robinson; lintneriana Grote. In many respects this species is very closely allied to the last mentioned, from which it may be distinguished by the darker, more smoky color of the primaries. It has the same distribution as rosaceana. (3) Archips cerasivorana Fitch, Plate XLVIIi, Fig. 21, 2. The larva of this insect, as its name implies, is addicted to feeding upon the leaves of various species of wild cherry. It is found in the northern portions of the United States and southern Canada. (4) Archips parallela Robinson, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 31, ¢. The species ranges from New England westward into the Valley of the Mississippi. (5) Archips argyrospila Walker, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 34, ?. Syn. furvvana Robinson; v-signatana Packard. The species, which is not at all uncommon, ranges through the northern portions of the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Genus PLATYNOTA Clemens (1) Platynota flavedana Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 24, 2. Syn. concursana Walker; daterana Robinson. The moth is a native of the Appalachian subregion. (2) Platynota labiosana Zeller, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 25, 2. 422 Yponomeutidze The insect is found in the southwestern portion of our terri- tory, having been reported from Colorado and Texas. Genus TORTRIX Linnzus (1) Tortrix albicomana Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 22, 2. The moth flies in the eastern portions of our region, being commoner in the Atlantic States than elsewhere. Genus EULIA Hubner (1) Eulia alisellana Robinson, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 39, 2. The inséct is common in the Valley of the Ohio. It occurs in western Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana. Genus AMORBIA Clemens (1) Amorbia humerosana Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 23, 2. The species is indigenous in the northern portions of the Appalachian subregion. Genus COMMOPHILA Hibner (1) Commophila macrocarpana Walsingham, Plate XLVIII, Reis Ploy, Qe, The insect is a native of the Pacific subregion. FAMILY YPONOMEUTID/E “Thus hath the candle sing’d the moth.” SHAKESPEARE.— Merchant of Venice, I, 9. This is a family of moderate size, represented in our fauna by twenty-two. genera and over sixty species. The species have a characteristic facies, which when once recognized will enable the student to readily separate them from their allies. We are able to figure only three species, owing to the necessary limitations of space. Genus YPONOMEUTA Latreille (1) Yponomeuta multipunctella Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 44,6. Syn. ordinatellus Walker; ewonymella Chambers; orbimaculelia Chambers ; wakarusa Gaumer. 423 Gelechiidz The insect is found in the Appalachian subregion, but more particularly in the southeastern portions thereof. Genus ATTEVA Walker (1) Atteva aurea Fitch, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 36, 2. Syn. compta Clemens. The insect is common in the southern portions of our region, being distributed from the Gulf States southward and westward \ in o Mexico and lands still farther South. (2) Atteva gemmata Grote, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 37, ¢. Syn. fastuosa Zeller; floridana Neumeegen. The moth is found in the warmer parts of Florida. FAMILY GELECHIID/E ‘He buildeth his house as a moth.”” JoB.—xxvii, 18. This is a very extensive family of small moths which possess habits of considerable interest to students. Many of them are Fic. 243.—P. oferculella. a, section of tuber showing eye and eggs deposited about it, natural size; 4, egg, dorsal view; c, egg, lateral view, greatly enlarged; d, k, mines of larva in potato; 7, pupa at end of mine, seen through skin of potato, somewhat reduced; ¢, larva, dorsal view; f, larva, lateral view; , larva, third ab- dominal segment, lateral view; 4, do., dorsal view, still more enlarged; 2, pupa; 7, moth, enlarged. (After Riley, ‘‘ Insect Life,” Vol. IV, p. 239.) 424 Gelechiide known to be more or less injurious to vegetables, in which they either burrow in their larval state, or upon the foliage of which they prey. We can speak of only a few of them. Genus PHTHORIMAA Meyrick (1) Phthorimza operculella Zeller. (The Potato-moth.) Syn. terrella Walker ; solanella Boisduval ; tabacella Ragonot. This insect, represented in Fig. 243, the ravages of which upon potatoes in Algiers and other Mediterranean countries have been well known for many years, and which has more recently caused much mischief in New Zealand and Australia, has quite recently found lodgment in California, having been apparently accidentally imported from Australia. In Algiers it is known in certain years to have destroyed fully two thirds of the potato-crop. It is a dan- gerous and annoying pest. The best remedy for it is said to be the total de- struction of infected potatoes, and the protection of the stored tubers from access by the ovipositing females. Genus GNORIMOSCHEMA Busck (1) Gnorimoschema gallzsoll- daginis Riley. (The Solidago Gall- moth.) The man who has loitered by the waysides in the country must often have noticed the manner in which the stems of the common golden-rod are frequently swollen and enlarged about two thirds of their length from the root. This swelling may be caused by the larvze of several insects, but one of the most frequent causes of the ab- _ Fic. 244.—Galls of the Soli- normal growth is the larva of a little Seon tie htt SR moth to which the above sesquipeda- row at d, larva at e; 4, gall, lian name has been given. The life- °Pemms *% history of the insect was carefully worked out by Professor Riley, and from his interesting paper upon the subject, contained 425 Gelechiide in the “First Missouri Report,” the accompanying cut has been taken. It shows a gall as it appears from the outside, and also a section of a gall, revealing the home which the larva constructed for itself in the enlargement of the stem. The moth is very common in many parts of the country, but particularly in western Pennsylvania. Genus ANARSIA Zeller (1) Anarsia lineatella Zeller. (The Peach-twig Borer.) Syn. pruniella Clemens. The insect which we are considering was in all probability intro- duced into California, where it is now most firmly established, from Asia, probably from Japan. The eggs are deposited at the point where the leaves are attached to the stems, or where the stem of the fruit is located. The larve make minute burrows un- der the bark of the twigs and into the stem of the fruit, and thus cause dam- age both to the trees and to the peaches. The insect is double-brooded. The larvee Fic. 245.—A. lineatelia. a, new shoot are secretive, and hide so of peach withering from attack of larva; 4, effectually that it is said to ere calmed opine enlaca) (Ate: be very. difficalr foudere Ser., No. 10, p. II.) them. The insect remains in the pupal state about ten days, when the moth emerges. The imago is about half an inch in expanse of wing. The fore wings are of a beautiful gray color, clouded on the costa with darker markings. The insects of the second generation hibernate as larve in their burrows in the bark of the twigs. A very full and excellent account of the habits of this insect has been published in the “Bulletin of the United States Department of Agriculture” by Mr. C. L. Marlatt. It is 426 Gelechiidz from this paper that we have been with great kindness per- mitted to draw the illustrations which are herewith given. As a means of combating this pest, it has been recom- mended to spray the peach- trees, just as the leaves are beginning to open in the spring, with a solution of one pound of lime and one pound of Paris green mixed in two hundred gallons of water. It is also recom- mended to spray the trees in February, or even inJanuary, with kerosene emulsion, which is said to penetrate the little burrows in which the larve hibernate and kill them. The latter method is undoubtedly preferable. Fic. 246.—A. lineatella. a, moth with wings expanded; 4, c, moths with wings folded. All figures enlarged. (After Marlatt, “‘ Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric.,”” New Ser., No. 10, p. 12.) CUPID’S CANDLE *¢ Round her flaming heart they hover, Lured by loveliness they go Moth-like, every man a lover, Captive to its gleam and glow. Old and young, the blind and blinking,— Fascinated, frenzied things, — How they flutter, never thinking What a doom awaits their wings! It is all the same old story, — Pleasure hung upon a breath: Just a chance to taste of glory Draws a legion down to death. Fire is dangerous to handle; Love is an uncertain flame; But the game is worth the candle When the candle ’s worth the game! ” FELIX CARMEN, in Zz/e, Vol. XLI, p. 404. 427 Xylorictide FAMILY XYLORICTID/E A small family which contains in our fauna two genera and nine species. The group may be represented by Stenoma schlegeri Zeller, which is portrayed on Plate XLVIII, Fig. 41, by a male specimen. The insect is very common in the Appa- | lachian subregion, and is particularly abundant in western Pennsylvania. | FAMILY CECOPHORID/E ‘¢ Entomology is a science, not a pastime.’’— WESTWOOD. gy ? Pp This is another comparatively small family of interesting in- sects, numbering in our fauna about ninety species, which are distributed into thirteen genera. We can represent only a couple of them, for the purpose of showing the readers of ‘‘ The Moth Book” what they are like. Genus DEPRESSARIA Haworth (1) Depressaria heracliana De Geer. (The Parsnip Web- worm.) Fic. 247.—D. heracliana. a, larva, side view; 4, dorsal view; c, pupa; 4d, anal extremity of pupa; e, moth, enlarged; 7, umbel of parsnip webbed together by the larve, natural size. (After Riley.) Syn. hevaclei Retzius; umbellana Fabricius; wumbellella Zetterstedt; fpasti- nacella Duponchel; ontariella Bethune. The Parsnip Web-worm is an importation from Europe, 428 Blastobasidz where it has been known from time immemorial as an enemy of umbelliferous plants. A full account of the insect is given by Rileysinwi Insect Life, > Vols Ip: 94.) Mo) this; the, reader may, refer. The remedy for the insect is to gather the portions of the plants which have become infested, and to burn them. The in- sects, many of which conceal themselves in the stems or are hid- den in the foliage, are thus most conveniently destroyed. Genus SEMIOSCOPIS Hubner (1) Semioscopis merricella Dyar, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 38, 2. This is not at allan uncommon insect in western Pennsyl- vania. There are numerous specimens in the collection of the writer which have been taken during the past twenty years. FAMILY BLASTOBASID/E This is a considerable family of minute moths, as representa- tive of which we have selected for illustration a species of the genus Holcocera, to which Professor Riley applied the specific name glandulella, be- cause it infests acorns. The Acorn-moth is an inquiline; that is to say, it takes possession ‘ b of the remnants of the = pre She Hes : 1G. 248.—H. glandulella. a, acorn showing repast left in the acorn larva; 4, acorn showing opening left for moth; c, by the grub of a wWee-. enlarged view of head of larva; d, lateral view of F : segment; ¢, dorsal view of segment; 7, moth; g; vil, which has devel- nodule to which antenna articulates. (After Riley.) oped within the fruit and forsaken its burrow in order to undergo transformation else- where. Between the weevil and the larva of the moth very little is left of the contents of the acorn, and farmers who expect to derive sustenance for their hogs from the oak-mast are often dis- appointed. The accompanying cut shows the different stages in the development of the larva, and also the moth. The insect is quite common in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana. 429 Elachistidz FAMILY ELACHISTID/E This is a large family of moths, many of which are almost microscopic in size, but all are very beautiful. One of the larger species we have se- lected for illustra- tion: It diviesmein the galls which its presence produces in the stems of the FalseIndigo(Amor- pha fruticosa). It belongs to the genus Walshia, and was described under the specificname amor- phella by Clemens. In its habits it re- minds us somewhat of the moth with the frightful name which lives in the galls of the Golden-rod, about which something has already been said. The accompanying cut, which has been taken from Professor Riley’s ‘‘Second Missouri Report,’’ shows at aa figure of the female moth enlarged. The larva, which is a soft white little affair, is delineated at 0, and the figures c and d show the galls as they appear. The insect is found in the Appalachian subregion. Fic. 249.— Walshia amorphella. FAMILY TINEID/E “‘Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth, where moth and rust doth corrupt, and where thieves break through and steal: but lay up for yourselves trea- sures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt, and where thieves do not break through nor steal.”’ MATTHEW. —VI, 19, 20. The Tineide are a very great family of moths, some of which are of moderate size, but most of which are very minute. Among them there are many insects which are exceedingly beautiful, although they are so small, while many of them have great economic importance, being destructive or beneficial. Of a few of these we shall take opportunity to speak briefly. 430 Tineidz Genus BUCCULATRIX Zeller (1) Bucculatrix canadensisella Chambers. (The Birch- feaf Bucculatrix.) This little insect in its larval stage is known to infest the leaves of the birch and the wild cherry. The caterpillars feed upon the parenchyma of the leaves, attacking both the upper and the lower sides, and completely skel- etonizing them. Forests of birches in New England are known to have been completely stripped of liv- ing tissue in the fall of the year, in such a manner as to suggest that a fire had passed over the trees. The larve are sluggish in their movements, when dis- turbed dropping down by a silken cord. The cocoons are white and ribbed, as represented in the annexed figure. They turn dark Fic. 250.—J. canadensisella. a, skeletonized after they have been spun birch-leaf; 4, pseudo-cocoon; c¢, larva; d, head : of same; ¢, anal segments of do.; f, anal segment up fOmeSOmen times) allie \.of pupa; g, cocoon with extended pupal skin; insect is not uncommon ” moth. All figures magnified. (After Pack- : : ard, “‘ Insect Life,” Vol. V, p. 14.) in Rhode Island, and is known to occur throughout New England, northern New York, and Canada. It probably has even a wider range, and may be found in the mountains of Pennsylvania, where its food-plant is abundant. The best account of its habits has been given by Professor A. S. Packard in ‘‘Insect Life,” Vol. V, p. 14. (2) Bucculatrix pomifoliella Clemens. (The Apple-leaf Bucculatrix.) Syn. pomonella Packard; curvilineatella Packard. The minute moth, a greatly enlarged figure of which is given in the annexed cut, has the habit of denuding the leaves of apple- 431 Tineidz trees of their parenchyma. While it does not appear to have wrought great destruction generally, nevertheless there are in- stances on record where it has done much damage . in orchards. The larve have the habit of form- ing their cocoons in com- pany, attaching them to the twigs in great clus- ters, as represented in Fig. 251. This fact has Ied to the recommen- dation that the trees, Fic. 251.—B. pomifoliella. a, cocoons clus- when infested, should be tered upon end of twig; 4, cocoon, greatly en- lightly pruned all over in nee c, moth, very greatly magnified. (After the fall, and the twigs ge carefully collected and burned. As the cocoons are located at the ends of the twigs, this may be a partially effective remedy. Another remedy is to thoroughly spray the trees with coal-oil emulsion or with linseed- oil. The greasy application is said to destroy the pupz in the thin papery cocoons. Genus TINEOLA Herrich-Scheffer (1) Tineola bisselliella Hummel. (The Clothes-moth.) Syn. crinella Treitschke; destructor Stephens; dzselliella Zeller; lanariella Clemens. There are several species of Tineid insects which attack gar- ments made of woolen fiber and furs. One of the commonest and most widely distrib- uted of these is the insect which we are now consid- ering. In Pennsylvania and in Maryland and south- ward, so far as observation shows, this is the common- est ofthe ‘‘Clothes-moths.” The damage, it is needless ; to say, is not done by the Fic. 252.—7. bisselliella, (After Riley.) 432 Tineidz imago, or perfect insect, but by the larva, or caterpillar. This is represented in all its destructive ugliness in the annexed cut. Its food is animal fibers, and it constructs for itself a cocoon of bits of wool or hair, in which transformation into a pupa finally takes place. It is partial to all animal hair. It feeds upon furs, woolens, carpets, horsehair mattresses, and even to some extent upon silken fabrics, though it has no positive preference for the latter. The insect, like all the others of its:class, has been intro- duced into this country from the Old World. In a separate article the writer will speak of the best method of preventing its ravages. Genus TINEA Linnzus (1) Tinea pellionella Linnzus. (The Fur-moth.) Syn. flavescentella Waworth;. merdella Zeller; dudbiella Stainton; griseella Chambers. This insect makes for itself a movable case in which it travels about in the larval stage. Its food is very much the same as that of the preceding species, and it is equally de- structive. The moth differs from the pale- colored Clothes- moth in having the fore wings darker. They aicweelletacts ms quite gray, mot- Fic. 253.—TZ. pellionella. (After Riley.) tled with darker gray, as shown in the cut which we have herewith caused to be reproduced. A comparison between the figures of this and the succeeding species will enable the student to readily discrimi- nate them. The lower left-hand figure gives a good repreSenta- tion of the case made out of bits of hair in which the caterpillar performs its migrations. The insect is many-brooded, according to the temperature of its domicile. In the warmer parts of the country the processes of generation no doubt go on continuously. 433 Tineidz In the colder parts of the country winter arrests development temporarily. The insect is widely distributed all over the continent, and in fact all over the world. Genus TRICHOPHAGA Ragonot (1) Trichophaga tapetzella Linnzus. (The Carpet-moth.) The nature and habits of this species are very closely allied to those of the last two species of which we have spoken. Like them, it was originally intro- duced into America from the Old World. It differs from them in the larval state in that, instead of simply mak- ing a cocoon for itself out of bits of hair as the Clothes- moth, or forming a movable case for itself as the Fur- moth, it weaves together, out of the debris of the material in which it is carrying on its ravages, long galleries lined inside with strands of silk. Theselong, tortuous galleries, cutthrough the pile of carpets, are familiar objects to the careful housewife, whose horror and anx- iety have often been expressed to the writer. It is one of the sad prerogatives of the entomologist to be made from time to time the recipient of the household woes of his neighbors, who dis- cover that the moth and the buffalo-bug ‘‘corrupt,” and that the white ant and the cockroach ‘‘steal.” The perfect insect, as shown in the annexed cut, is in appear- ance a very different moth from either of the foregoing species. Fic. 254.—7. tapetzella. (After Riley.) CLOTHES-MOTHS ‘¢The moth shall eat them up like a garment, and the worm shall eat them like wool.” ISAIAH. —LI, 8. From the accounts which have been given in the preceding pages of the three species of Clothes-moths, the ravages of which are commonly encountered in the household, it has been learned that they may each be discriminated from the other by the habits of the larvae. The Carpet-moth makes a gallery of the substance 434 Tineidze on which it feeds; the Fur-moth makes a small portable case, which it carries with it; while the insect which we have called the Clothes-moth lives for the most part free until the time of pupation, when it constructs for itself a cocoon out of bits of fiber. All of these three species are equally destructive, and there is no question which is more frequently asked of the writer than how best to destroy the insects when once they have found lodg- ment in a house, and how to prevent their attacks. All of these creatures ‘‘love darkness better than light, their deeds being evil.” When it is suspected that furs or garments are infected by their presence, the first step which should be taken is to expose them to full sunlight, the hotter the better. Garments in which moths are known to exist should be hung up in the open air. And this airing and exposure to sunlight should not be for an hour or two, but, if possible, it should extend over a number of days, and should take place in the latter part of May or the early part of the month of June, at which time the female moth is engaged in ovipositing. Where it is impossible to air and expose to sunlight the fabrics which have been attacked, as is sometimes the case with carpets in dark corners, they should be thoroughly saturated with benzine. It is needless to say that this operation should never be undertaken in the presence of a candle or other exposed light. Furniture in carpeted rooms should in the spring of the year be removed from the place where it has long stood, and the spot should be thoroughly sponged with benzine. A solution of corrosive sublimate in alcohol, so weak that it will not leave any white mark upon a black feather which has been dipped into it and afterward dried, may be applied effectively to carpets and to fabrics which are exhibited in museum cases. At the Carnegie Museum we make it a rule to spray all substances which might be exposed to the attack of moths, when hung in cases, with a solution of corrosive sub- limate and strychnine in alcohol. In carpet warehouses and in establishments where woolen goods are stored in quantity it is well to have on the roof of the building an apartment fitted up with large air-tight chests. Into these chests, or compartments, fabrics supposed to have been attacked by moths may be put and exposed for twenty-four or 435 Tineidz more hours to the fumes of carbon bisulphide. This fluid should be placed in large quantity in shallow pans at the bottom of the disinfecting-chambers, in such a way that it will not come directly in contact with the fabrics. Being volatile, the fumes will grad- ually fill the entire chamber, and will destroy all animal life. Inasmuch as carbon bisulphide, as has already been stated else- where in this book, is, when mixed with atmospheric air, highly explosive, no lights should be allowed to come near the chests, or the apartment in which the disinfection is taking place. The writer has in his own household made it a rule in the spring of the year to take all rugs and have them placed in a large chest about four feet long, three feet wide, and three feet deep, at the bottom of which there is a slatted support beneath which is a long, shallow pan. Into this panthe bisulphide is poured. The rugs are loosely placed in the chest, and then it is closed tightly and they are left there for forty-eight hours. The storage of furs and woolen garments during the summer months is an important matter. The one thing to be perfectly ascertained before placing garments in storage is that they are thoroughly disinfected and that not a single female moth capable of depositing fertile eggs is present. This fact being known with certainty, all that it is necessary to do is to place the garments in clean air-tight receptacles and close them up so that nothing can get into them. Garments may be put into perfectly tight paper bags with all openings pasted shut with a piece of tough paper. The boxes in which tailors send home garments are good storage receptacles, provided the garments are free from pests when put into them and provided every opening in the box is pasted shut with a piece of paper. It is not an altogether unwise precaution to put in ‘‘moth-balls” or crystals of naphthaline or bits of camphor, but it must be borne in mind that neither naphthaline nor camphor will kill the larve of moths that have once found access to the garments upon which they are in the habit of feed- ing. A great deal of money has been uselessly expended upon such substances, when all that is necessary is simply to insure the exclusion of the pests. The annual loss occasioned by these minute yet most annoy- ing insects is vast, and it is not unreasonable to say that their mischievous depredations cost the citizens of the United States 436 Tineidze annually a sum of money which is enough in amount at the present time to pay the interest upon the national debt. Genus ADELA Latreille The moths of this genus are remarkable for the enormous length of their antennz in proportion to their size. We have represented one of the commoner species on Plate XLVIII, Fig. 45. It received the specific name bella at the hands of the late Mr. V. T. Chambers. The base of the antenne is black, and the extremity is white. .This fact has prevented the photographer from getting a full representation of the length of the organ in our cut. This is much to be regretted, and the student must add in his imagination to the antennz, as they are shown, a thread-like extension, extending fully three eighths of an inch beyond the apparent ending of the organs as depicted. The moths may be found in shaded woods in June feeding upon the flowers of Asclepias. Genus PRODOXUS Riley The relation of the insect world to the life of plants has been the subject of a great deal of interesting inquiry in recent years. It has been discovered that many genera and species depend for their fructification and consequently for their continued preserva- tion upon the agency of insects. Without the kind attention which they receive from the tiny creatures of the air, they would not produce seed, and the race would speedily become extinct. One of the most beautiful illustrations of the interdependence of the world of plants and the world of insects has been discovered in the case of the Tineid genus Pronuba. This insect has be- come specialized to a remarkable degree, as we shall have occa- sion to show in speaking of it. In fact, without its agency the pollenation of the plants belonging to the genus Yucca is never accomplished. But, curiously enough, associated with it and closely resembling it superficially is a genus of moths which does not possess the power of pollenizing the Yucca, but which is represented by many species the larvz of which feed in the stems of the various species of Yucca. The Yucca plants depend for the perpetuation of the species upon the moth Pronuba. The moth Prodoxus depends upon the Yucca plants for life, and thus 437 Tineidz indirectly upon the labor of Pronuba. The whole story is one of the most interesting in the annals of insect life, and the student who is curious to know all about its interesting details should consult the fourth volume of ‘‘ Insect Life,’’ where Professor Riley has with minute patience worked out the wonderful story, with all the skill of a Sherlock Holmes. (1) Prodoxus quinquepunctella Chambers. (The Bogus Yucca Moth.) Syn. decipiens Riley; paradoxica Chambers. This little moth, which superficially resembles Pronuba yuc- casella, has no maxillary tentacle such as is found in the latter insect. Its absence is characteristic, in fact, of all the species of the genus. The ovipositor is homolo- gous to that of Pro- nuba, but isastronger instrument intended for making incisions in the tender bark of the stem, while the Ovipositor of Pronu- ba is a long, slender organ which is used to thrust the egg into the ovarian cavity of the growing seed- vessel. N, The larve of the Fic. 255.—P. guinguepunctella. a, larva; 6, head varlous Species of from above; c, d, left jaw and antenna; e, pupa; fZin- Prodgoxus are without fested stem, showing burrows, castings, cocoons, and : feet, quite maggot- pupa-shell, 4. Allenlarged. (After Riley.) 55” like, and remain in their burrows in the stems of the Yucca plants, not descending to the ground to pupate, as do those of Pronuba. The pupz, when the time for emergence arrives, protrude themselves from the stems, and the moth escapes from the pupal skin, very much in the way in which the same act is performed by various species ‘of 438 Tineidz wood-burrowing /Egerians. The cut, Fig. 255, taken from the writings of Professor C. V. Riley, has more value as an explan- ation of the facts in the case than a whole page of verbal description would have. The species of the genus Prodoxus all appear upon the wing before those of the genus Pronuba, the former having no function to per- form in connection with the fertiliza- tion of the flowers, and being on the ae ae Dee see spottooviposit while the flower-stems 4% moth with wings expanded; : : c, enlarged maxillary palpus. are still soft and easily capable of be- (After Riley.) ing cut into by the ovipositor of the female, while Pronuba must wait until the flowers are opening and the tissues of these portions of the plant are ready for the peculiar operations which the perpetuation of the life both of the plant and the insect call for. (2) Prodoxus marginatus Riley. The accompanying cut serves to show the characteristic fea- tures of this species of the genus. The figure at a gives a view of the last abdominal segment of the female magnified twenty-six di- ameters. The basal joint of the Ovipositor is represented at do, the terminal joint at fo, and the oviduct at ov. Figure ¢ repre- sents the claspers of the male viewed from above. A view of the fore wing magnified five Fic. 257.—P. marginatus. (After times is given at pr., and by it Riley, “Insect Life,” Vol. IV, p. 373.) the species may be known. (3) Prodoxus y-inversa Riley. The main characteristics of a third species of the genus are given in Fig. 258. The left front wing is represented at a, the hair-line beneath serving to show the natural size of the wing. By looking at the figure upside down the reader will understand why the specific name which was given to the moth originally suggested itself. The genitalia of the male moth are represented at b enlarged fourteen diameters. This view is taken from above 439 Tineidz and gives the dorsal aspect of these organs. Atc we have a lateral view of the same parts magnified eighteen diameters. The ovi- Fic. 258.—P. y-inversa. (After Riley, ‘‘In- sect Life,” Vol. IV, p. 373.) positor of the female is shown at d exserted from the anal joint of the abdo- men. At e there is given another lateral view of the tip of the ovipositor much more enlarged. This view shows the pe- culiar saw-like structure of the organ, by help of which incisions are made in the soft outer bark of the growing stems of the Yucca. Both this and the preceding species are found in California. (4) Prodoxus reticulata Riley. This pretty little moth, the habits of SME are much ee same as those of the preceding three species, is a native of the State of Colorado. The figure represents *a female with her wings ex- panded, and the drawing is mag- nified more than three times the size of life. The insect is undoubtedly, so far as the mark- ings of the wings are concerned, the most attractive species in the entire genus. (5) Prodoxus coloradensis Riley. Fic. 259.—P. reticulata. (After Riley, ‘‘ Insect Life,” Vol. IV, p. 374.) Fig. 260 is devoted to the illustration of the salient specific features of a fifth insect belonging to the genus Prodoxus. As the name implies, this species, like the preceding, is found in Colorado. The front wing is shown four times the size of life, the hair-line below the figure in- dicating the natural size. The genitalia of the male are shown at b viewed from above, and at c viewed laterally. Fic. 260.—P. coloradensis. (After Riley, *‘ Insect Life,’ Vol. IV, p. 374.) 440 ———<—— Tineidz (6) Prodoxus cinereus Riley. This species is known to breed in the flower-stems of Yucca whipplet. The best way in which to set the species before the Fic. 261.—P. cinereus. a, larva; 6, head and first thoracic joint; c, anal hooks; ¢, pupa; e, pupal shell protruding from stalk; 7, adult female; g, side view of clasper of adult male. All figures greatly enlarged. (After Riley, ‘‘ Insect Life,” Vol. V, p- 306.) reader seems to be to reproduce, as we have done, the figure given by the author of the species, in which its characteristic features are carefully depicted. It is found in California. Genus PRONUBA Riley (1) Pronuba yuccasella Riley. (The Yucca Moth.) No discovery in recent years has been more interesting to students of insect and plant life than that which was made in 1872 by Professor Riley, of the intimate relationship which sub- sists between the beautiful plants, known as Yuccas, and the genus of moths to which the present species belongs. It has been ascertained that the fructification of the various species of Yucca is almost absolutely dependent upon the agency of the female moth ; and, strangely enough, it has also been ascer- tained that the pollenation of the flowers is not the result of mere accidental attrition of the wings and other organs of the insect when engaged in seeking for nectar in the flower and when en- gaged in laying her eggs, but that she deliberately collects the 441 Tineidz pollen with her mouth, which is peculiarly modified to enable her to do this, and then applies the pollen to the stigma with in- finitely better care than it could be done by the most skilful horticul- turist using the most delicate human appliances. There are several species of the genus Pronuba, and they hold a positive and well-ascertained re- lationship to the various species of the plants in the economy of Fic. 262.—P. yuccasella. a, \ar- 9 9 va; 6, female moth with closed which they perform so important wings; ¢, do. with wings expanded; a function. Pronuba yuccasella d, side view of larval segment; . : 2, head of larva from below; f, do. POllenizes in the Eastern States mere ; g eee ees the blossoms of the common Yucca monet ene) IANEN sels 2 ere filamentosa, and on the Western enlarged. (After Riley, ‘‘Insect plains it performs the act for the Ege cn ae Sco) blossoms of Yucca angustifolia. gustifolia Yucca brevifolia is pollenized by Pronuba synthetica. Yucca whipplet is pollenized by Pronuba maculata. No doubt there are other species of Yucca which will be ultimately discovered to have species of Pronuba which are adapted in their organs to the work of pollenation according to their peculiar requirements. The larva of Pronuba, after it has attained to full size, drops to the ground, having three pairs of thoracic legs, which enable it to move about and burrow into the earth. It then undergoes transformation into the pupal state. The chrysalis, which is depicted in Fig. 263, has the back armed with peculiar spinous processes, which enable it to make its way through the loose soil. The student who desires to become fully acquainted with this interesting chapter in insect life must consult the altogether admi- Fy. 263) ge rable papers written upon the subject by Pro- c#se//a. /, male chry- : ‘ salis ; 7, female chry- fessor Riley, to whom we are indebted for alis’ (After Riley, almost all that we know in regard to the eae Vol. subject. These papers may be found in the a PES) Publications of the St. Louis Academy of Science, the ‘‘ Fifth 442 Tineidz Annual Report of the State Entomologist of Missouri,” and in the fourth and fifth volumes of ‘‘Insect Life.” Genus ACROLOPHUS Poey (1) Acrolophus plumifrontellus Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Rie ZIBB Ga Syn. dombycina Zeller. As a representative of this well-marked genus, quite a number of species of which are found in our fauna, we have selected the species which is most common in the Appalachian subregion. The other species are mainly Southern and Western. Genus ANAPHORA Clemens (1) Anaphora popeanella Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 42, ¢. Syn. agrotipennella Grote; scardina Zeller. The insect ranges from the Atlantic States to the Rocky Moun- tains. There are other species in the genus, which are found in the South and the West. FAMILY HEPIALID/E This family is composed of large or moderately large insects. They are very peculiar in their structure, and are now by syste- matists generally accorded a position of inferiority at the bottom of the series of lepidopterous families, being regarded as repre- senting an ancestral stock. Some go even so far as to deny that they are lepidoptera at all. This is, however, an untenable position. Genus STHENOPIS Packard (1) Sthenopis argenteomaculatus Harris, Plate XLI, Fig. 14,6. (The Silver-spotted Ghost-moth.) Syn. argentata Packard; a/nz Kellicott. The larve feed at first upon the roots of the alder, and then enter the stems. The insect is found in the northern portions of the United States and Canada. The moths have the habit of dancing in the air at sunset, and perform very peculiar gyrations over the spot where oviposition is to take place. (2) Sthenopis quadriguttatus Grote, Plate XLI, Fig. 13, ¢. Syn. semiauratus Neumcegen & Dyar. 443 Hepialide The range of this species is the same as that of the preceding. It occurs rather abundantly in Acsiniboia and Alberta. Genus HEPI/ LUS Fabricius (1) Hepialus hyperboreus Viceschler, Plate XLI, Fig. 15, 2. Syn. pulcher Grote; macglashani Henry Edwards. The moth is found in New England and southern Canada. (2) Hepialus gracilis Grote. (The Graceful Ghost-moth.) This species, the neuration of the wings of which is repre- sented in the text at Fig. 12, is not an uncommon species in the northern portions of our terr'tory. (3) Hepialus lemberti Dyar, Plate XLI, Fig. 16,¢. (Lem- bert’s Ghost-moth.) The moth is found in California. It is not as yet common in collections. FAMILY MICROPTERYGID/E This family is represented in our fauna by two genera of minute insects and six species. They are remarkable because revealing certain anatomical features which are believed to point to an ancestral connection between them and other orders of insects. One of the remarkable features which they reveal is the persistence in them of mandibles in the pupz, which are lost in the imaginal form in the genus Micropteryx, which is not repre- sented in our fauna, but are persistent in the genus Erzocephala, which does occur in North America. We have arrived at last at the end of our necessarily com- pacted but rather extensive survey of the families of moths rep- resented in the fauna of the United States and Canada. We have thrown the doors of our subject open to the curious. We have thrown them wide open. Much has been omitted which might have been said; possibly some things have been said which will have little interest for the general reader; but, upon the whole, we feel, in bringing this book to its end, that we have given a fuller and more complete review of the whole subject to Ameri- can students than has ever been essayed in any book by any 444 Micropterygidz other writer. . Throughout the task has been to a large degree a labor of love, with the purpose of popularizing knowledge and helping those who have eyes to see and ears to hear, to under- stand something of the wonders of a world which becomes the more wonderful the more we know of it. THE FINAL GOAL «©O, yet we trust that somehow good Will be the final goals ill, To pangs of nature, sins of will, Defects of doubt and taints of blood; That nothing walks with aimless feet ; That not one life shall be destroyed, Or cast as rubbish to the void, When God hath made the pile complete ; That not a worm is cloven in vain, That not a moth with vain desire Is shrivelled in a fruitless fire, Or but subserves another’s gain.” TENNYSON.— Jn Memoriam, I, III. THE END When the moon shall have faded out from the sky, and the sun shall shine at noonday a dull cherry-red, and the seas shall be frozen over, and the ice-cap shall have crept downward to the equator from either pole,.and no keels shall cut the waters, nor wheels turn in mills, when all cities shall have long been dead and crumbled into dust, and all life shall be on the very last verge of extinction on this globe; then, on a bit of lichen, growing on the bald rocks beside the eternal snows of Panama, shall be seated a tiny insect, preening its antennz in the glow of the worn-out sun, representing the sole survival of animal life on this our earth, — a melancholy ‘‘ bug.” 445 | 5 Dts HG A Yad s- ie ie Meaty } Fah ithe INDEX A Abagrotis, genus; erratica, 180 abalinealis, Bomolocha, 286 Abbot, John, 27 Abbotana, genus; transferens, 353 abbotana, Phobetron, 366 abboti, Oiketicus, 361 abbotti, Sphecodina, 70 abbreviatella, Catocala, 268 Abdomen, 14, 18 abdominalis, Pygarctia, 136 abortivaria, Dyspteris, 323 Abrostola, genus; ovalis urentis, 240 abrostoloides, Pzectes, 241 abrupta, Raphia, 153 Absinth, The, 328 absinthiata, Tephroclystis, 328 absorptalis, Hormisa, 282 absynthiata, Tephroclystis, 328 accepta, Fruva, 252 accessaria, Catopyrrha, 342 acericola, "Apatela, 53 acericolum, Synanthedon, 386 aceris, Apatela, 153 acerni, Synanthedon, 386 achaia, Apantesis, 130 achatina, Olene, 308 achatinalis, Bomolocha, 286 Achatodes, genus; zez, 212 achemon, Pholus, 66 Acherdoa, genus; ferraria, ornata, 234 Acherontiinz, 43 “Acheta Domestica,” quoted, 140 Acoloithus, genus; falsarius, sanborni, 371 Acopa, genus; carina, 163 Acorn-moth, The, 429 acrea, Estigmene, 122, 123 Acrobasis, genus; betulella, 408 Acrolophus, genus; bombycina, plumifrontel- lus, 443 Actias, genus, 86; luna, 87, 88 Actinotia, genus, 172; ramosula, 173 acutalis, Phiprosopus, 245 acutaria, Doryodes, 245 acutilinea, Schinia, 227 acutipennis, Mamestra, 195 Adela, genus; bella, 437 Adelocephala, genus, 96; bicolor, distigma, 96 Adelphagrotis, genus; prasina, 179 adipaloides, Pyrausta, 307 Adita, genus; chionanthi, 177 adjuncta, Mamestra, 194 Admetovis, genus; oxymorus, 196 admirandus, Memythrus, 383 Adoneta, genus; ferrigera, nebulosus, mea, spinuloides, voluta, 365 adoptiva, Catocala, 267 adulatalis, Yuma, 407 adumbrata, Syneda, 250 adustaria, Gonodontis, 350 adversa, Caenurgia, 257 zdessa, Fenaria, 233 clemataria, transducens, Ppys- 447 f£geria, genus; paiformis, crabroniformis, vespiformis, 383 Aigeriide, Family, 25, 36, 379 zliaria, Metanema, 351 Aimilia, genus; ambigua, bolteri, cinnamo- mea, occidentalis, Red-banded, Rosy, sanguivenosa, significans, syracosia, 137 zmula, Epizeuxis, 280; Synanthedon, 387 zmulataria, Philobia, 339 equaliaria, Therina, 348 ezquilinea, Ipimorpha, 220 zequosus, Syssaura, 352 zrea, Plusia, 237 zroides, Plusia, 237 zsculi, Zeuzera, 376 esionaria, Hyperitis, 349 ztheria, Thaipochares, 249 zthra, Hzemorrhagia, 63 affinis, Herse, 43 affusana, Eucosma, 418 Agapema, genus, 86; galbina, 86 agarista, Erebus, 279 Agaristide, 3, 24, 32, 140, 232, 233 Agathodes, genus; designalis, floridalis, mon- stralis, 393 agilis, Feltia, 186 Agnomonia, genus; anilis, sesquistriaris, 274 agreasaria, Gonodontis, 350 agricola, Drasteria, 257 agrippina, Catocala, 260 agrotipennella, Anaphora, 443 agrotipennis, Melioptis, 258 Agrotiphila, genus; incognita, ror Agrotis, genus; badinodis, 181; geniculata, idonea, suffusa, telifera, ypsilon, 182 aholah, Catocala, 268 aholibah, Catocala, 265 Ailanthus, 82 Alabama, genus; argillacea, grandipuncta, xylina, 243 alabame, Catocala, 2609; Peridroma, 183 alabastaria, Synelys, 333 Alarodia, genus; slossoniz, 366 albafascia, Schinia, 228 albarufa, “Apatela, 157 albata, Clemensia, 108 alberta, Dodia, 117 albescens, Hyloicus, 50 albicans, ‘Opharus, 130 albicoma, Harpyia, 200 albicomana, Tortrix, 423 albicornis, Synanthedon, 387 albicosta, Euchetias, 135 albida, Clemensia, 108; Estigmene, 122 albidula, Eustrotia, 247 albifascialis, Zinckenia, 302 albifrons, Svmmerista, 206 albifusa, Mamestra, 103 albilinea, Heliophila, 201 albipennis, Euxoa, 189 albipuncta, Platysenta, 163 albisignalis, Bomolocha, 286 alboclavellus, Crambus, 402 albofascia, Gluphisia, 300 albolineata, Syssphinx, 96 bipunctina, Index alboplagiata, Tristyla, 220 albopunctata, Caripeta, 342 albosigma, Melalopha, 293 albosignata, Gypsochroa, 332 albovenosa, Arsilonche, 159 albovittata, Euchoeca, 328 album, Copablepharon, 222 Albuna, genus; montana, pyramidalis, 384 Alceris, genus; malivorana, minuta, vac- ciniivorana, variolana, 421 Alcis, genus; baltearia, metanemaria, sulphu- Taria, 343 Alcothoe, genus; caudata, 382 Aleptina, genus; inca, 162 aleucis, Schinia, 227 Alexicles, Fends y aspersa, 122 algens, Hillia, 166 alia, Graphiphora, 204 alinda, Hylesia, 90 alisellana, Eulia, 423 allediusaria, Tetracis, 353 allegheniensis, Crambidia, 104 alleni, Syneda, 250 Allotria, genus; elonympha, 272 Almodes, genus; assecoma, balteolata, cal- vina, rivularia, squamigera, stellidaria terraria, 354 alni, Sthenopis, 443 alniaria, Ennomos, 348 alope, Erinnyis, 58 Alsophila, genus; pometaria, restituens, 326 alternata, Rhynchagrotis, 179 alticola, Syngrapha, 240 Alypia, genus, 143, 232; bimaculata, 144; brannani, 143; desperata, 144; dipsaci, 1433 disparata, 143, 144; edwardsi, 143; gracilenta, 144; hudsonica, 145; langtoni, 143, 145; lorquini, mac- cullochi, 143; mari- posa, 143, 145; matuta, 144; octomaculata, 143, 1443 quadriguttalis, 144; , ridingsi, 143. 145; sacraments, 145; similis, 143, wittfeldi, 143, 144 Alypiodes, genus; bimaculata, trimaculata 145 amasia, Catocala, 148, 268 amatrix, Catocala, 263 amaturaria, Erastria, 333 Ambesa, genus; letella, 410 ambigua, Almilia, 137 ambigualis Gaberasa, 284 Ambulycine, 41, 42, 54 Amelanchier, 386 amella, Campometra, 276 Ameria, genus, 327 americalis, Epizeuxis, 280 americana, Apatela, 153; Epicnaptera, 314; Harrisina, 372; Malacosoma, 312; Mela- lopha, 203; Neuronia, 196; Oreta; 321 amica, Catocala, 260 amicaria, Hyperitis, 340 amiculatalis, Cindaphia, 397 amcena, Melittia, 380 amoenaria, Euchlena, 350 Amolita, genus; fessa, 244 Amorbia, genus; humerosana, 423 Amorpha fruticosa, 430 amorphella, Walshia, 430 ampelophaga, Pholus, 65 Ampelopsis, 66, 70, 72, 144, 371 Amphion, genus, 72; nessus, 72 amphipyroides, Latebraria, 270 ampla, Autographa, 240; Doa, 300 amplaria, Epimecis, 344 amplissima, Parallelia, 273 amplus, Axenus, 231 amputatrix, Hadena, 169 Amyna, genus; octo, orbica, tecta, 242 amyntor, Ceratomia, 47 amyrisaria, Caberodes, 352 Anacreon, Ode to an Insect, quoted, 291 Anal angle, 18 Anaphora, genus; agrotipennella, popeanella scardina, 443 Anaplodes, genus; iridaria, rectaria, 337 Anarsia, genus; lineatella, pruniella, 426 Anarta, genus; Black- mooned, Catocaline, cordigera, 198; curta, Dull Brown, im- pingens, leucocycla, 1993 nigrolunata, 198; nivaria, perpura, richardsoni, Richardson’s, schoenherri, Schcenherr’s, 199 Anatomy of moths, Io ancetaria, Azelina, 352 anchocelioides, Rhynchagrotis, 178 Anchocelis, genus; digitalis, 216 ancocisconensis, Hyppa, 171 Ancylis, genus; fragarie, comptana, con- flexana, 410 andremona, Hypocala, 272 Andrewsia, genus; belfragiana, jocasta, messalina, 272 andromache, Catocala, 267 andromede, Hyloicus, 50 Anepischetos, genus; bipartita, 245 angelica, Apatelodes, 293; Copibryophila, 162 anguina, Dasylophia, 296; Mamestra, 195 angulalis, Palthis, 285 angulidens, Autographa, 239 angulifera, Callosamia, 86 angulosa, Lophodonta, 205 angusi, Catocala, 262; Datana, 293 angustalis, Zinckenia, 302 angustiorata, Caripeta, 342 angustipennis, Magusa, 175 Ania, genus; filimentaria, limbata, resistaria, vestitaria, 340 anilis, Agnomonia, 274 Anisota, genus, 94; astymone, pellucida, rubicunda, 95; senatoria, stigma, 94; Virginian, 95; virginiensis, 94, 95 aniusaria, Cymatophora, 340 anna, Apantesis, 130 Annaphila, genus; diva, lithosina, 246 annexa, Feltia, 187 annisaria, Cymatophora, 340 annulifascia, Halisidota, 138 anodonta, Conservula, 215 Anomis, genus; erosa, 244 Anona laurifolia, 236 anone, Cocytius, 44 Anomeceotes, genus, 371 Anorthodes, genus; prima, 164 antzus, Cocytius, 44 Antaplaga, genus; dimidiata, 220 Antenne, 3, 4, 13, 18; of Eriocephalid lar- ve, 8; of Telea polyphemus, 13 antennata, Xylina, 206 antheecioides, Tosale, 402 Antiblemma, genus; canalis, inexacta, 275 antica, Euchetias, 135; Trichoclea, 199 Anticarsia, genus; gemmatilis, 275 antigone, Estigmene, 123 antinympha, Catocala, 267 antiphola, Halisidota, 137 antiqua, Notolophus, 306 Ants, 147 Anytus, genus; Obscure, obscurus, privatus, Sculptured, sculptus, ror Aon, genus; noctuiformis, 234 Apecasia, genus; defluata, subequaria, 342 Apantesis, genus, 129; achaia, anna, arge, 130; arizonensis, autholea, 131; b-atra, 132; behri, blakei, bolanderi, 131; cera- mica, 132; ccelebs, 130; colorata, 132; 448 Apantesis—Continued complicata, dahurica, 131; decolorata, determinata, diecki, 132; dione, 130; docta, 131; dodgei, 132; doris, edwardsi, 130; excelsa, favorita, figurata, f-pallida, 132; gelida, 131; incarnatorubra, _ 1305 incompleta, 132; incorrupta, 131; inter- media, 129; liturata, maine lugubris, T3(2)- mexicana, 131; michabo, minea, 130; mormonica, 131; Mais, 132; nerea, 130; nevadensis, 137; ochracea, 130; oithona, 129; ornata, 130; Otiosa, 131; parthenice, 1203. persephone, 130; phalerata, 1323 proxima, quenseli, 131; radians, 132; rectilinea, 129; rhoda, 132; saundersi, 120; shastaensis, speciosa, strigosa, turbans, 131; Virgo, 129; virguncula, 131; vittata, williamsi, 132 Apatela, genus, 153, 157, 197; acericola, aceris, 153; albarufa, 157; americana, 153; brumosa, 157; connecta, 156; dactylina, 153; fragilis, 156; furcifera, grefi, 155; grisea, 156; hasta, 155; impleta, impressa, inclara, 157; innotata, interrupta, 155; lepusculina, 154; lithospila, 156; lobelie, 155; luteicoma, 157; morula, 155 ;noctivaga, oblinita, 157; obscura, 153; occidentalis, Tite populi, 154; pudorata, quadrata, 156; salicis, 157; sSpectans, superans, 156; telum, ulmi, 155; vinnula, 156 Apatelodes, genus; angelica, hyalinopuncta 2093; torrefacta, 292 Apex of wing, 18 Apical patch, 18 apicalis, Melalopha, 293 apicella, Fruva, 252 apicosa, Eustrotia, 247 apiformis, Atgeria, 383 Apharetra, genus; dentata, Smith’s, 159; Toothed, 158 Apocheima, genus; rachele, 345 Aporophiia, genus, 170 Apple-leaf Skeletonizer, The, 411 Apple-leaf Tier, The Green, 421 aprica, Tarache, 251 aquamarina, Drasteria, 257 aquilonaris, Harpyia, 200 Arachnis, genus; aulea, incarnata, Painted, picta, zuni, 124 aracinthusalis, Palthis, 285 aratrix, Richia, 190 arbeloides, Inguromorpha, 378 arburaria, Caberodes, 352 arcasaria, Sabulodes, 353 Archips, genus; arcticana, argyrospila, cera- sivorana, furvana, gossypiana, gurgitans, lintnerana, parallela, purpurana, rosaceana vicariana, v-signatana, 422 arcifera, Schinia, 228 Arctia, genus, 114, 134; auripennis, caia transmontana, utahensis, wiskotti, 134 arctica, Hadena, 160 arcticana, Archips, 422 Arctiide, 24, 31, 114 Arctonotus, genus, 71; lucidus, terlooi, 7x Arctostaphylos tomentosa, 89 arcuata, Drepana, 321; Hadena, 167 arefactaria, Euchlena, 350 arge, Apantesis, 130 argentata, Halisidota, 138; Sthenopis, 443 argentatus, Euclea, 365 argenteomaculatus, Sthenopis, 443 argenteostriata, Phrygionis, 354 argillacea, Alabama, 243; Lexis, 105 argillacearia, Cymatophora, 341 Argillophora, genus; furcilla, 255 argus, Automeris, 89 158; pyralis, Index argyrospila, Archips, 422 arizone, Gnophela, 290 arizonaria, Chloraspilates, 338 arizonensis, Apantesis, 131; Gloveria, 311 armata, Fota, 178 armataria, Priocycla, 351 armiger, Heliothis, 222 armillata, Hypocrisias, 136 Army Worm, The, 200 Army Worm, The Fall, 1 Aroa, genus, 305 arrogaria, Plagodis, 349 arrosa, Trama, 276 arsaltealis, Pyrausta, 307 Arsilonche, genus; albovenosa, colorada, 159 Artace, genus; punctistriga, rubripalpis, 312 artemis, Hemileuca, 92 arvalis, Axenus, pe Asclepias, 135, 43 asdrubal, Beeson 57 Ashmead, William H., viii. Asimina triloba 46 asopialis, Palthis, 285 aspersa, Alexicles, 122 aspilata, Tetracis, 353 assecoma, Almodes, 354 assimilis, Euthisanotia, 232; 246 associans, Noctua, 185 associata, Heterocampa, 207 astarte, Heterocampa, 297; Sphinx, 55 asteroides, Cucullia, 208 Asteroscopus, genus; borealis, 209 astricta, Peridroma, 182 astur, Opharus, 139 astylus, Calasymbolus, 56 astylusaria, Euchlena, 350 astymone, Anisota, 95 aterrima, Pachylia, 60 Atethmia, genus; rectifascia, subusta, 220 athabasca, Syneda, 260 athasiaria, Therina, 348 athena, Estigmene, 123 athereo, Heterocampa, 297 atomaria, Phoberia, 273; Ogdoconta, 241 atra, Heliotropha, 173 Atreides, genus, 49; plebeja, 49 Atreus, genus, 49 atriciliata, Platysenta, 163 atricincta, Noctua, 184 atrifasciata, Cleora, 344; Oncocnemis, 176 atripennis, Dahana, 103 atrites, Schinia, 228 atrivenosa, Olene, 308 atrocolorata, Azelina, 352; Eustroma, 329 atroliturata, Cladora, 324 atropunctaria, Catopyrrha, 342 atropurpurea, Euxoa, 189 Attacine, 80, 81 Atteva, genus; aurea, compta, floridana, gemmata, 424 auge, Cosmosoma, 98 augusta, Catocala, 264 aulea, Arachnis, 124 aurantiaca, Incita, 246 aurea, Atteva, 424; Dysodia, 375 aurella, Catocala, 266 aureola, Synanthedon, 385 aureopurpurea, Synanthedon, 387 auricinctaria, Melanomma, 255 auriferaria, Palyas, 354 auripennis, Arctia, 134; Siavana, 273 aurivitta, Cydosia, 253 aurora, Hyparpax, 200 aurosea, Automeris, 890 aurotus, Philosamia, 82 australis, Baileya, 162 Trichotarache, fastuosa, 449 Index autholea, Apantesis, 131 Autographa, genus 237; ampla, 240; anguli- dens, 239; basigera, 240; biloba, bimacu- lata, brassice, culta, dyaus, echinocystis, egena, flagellum, fratella, hamifera, in- cludens, 238; indigna, 239; insolita, 238; laticlavia, 240; monodon, 238; mortuorum, 239; omega, Omicron, 00, ou, 238; oxygrame~ ma, 239; precationis, pseudogamma, ques- tionis, 238; rectangula, 2309; rogationis, Tutila, 238; selecta, 239; simplex, 240; u- -brevis, 238; vaccinii, 239; verruca, 238; viridisignata, 2390 Automeris, genus, 89; argus, aurosea, corol- laria, fabricii, io, pamina, varia, zelleri, zephyria, 80 autumnata, Paleacrita, 324 autumnalis, Hydriomena, 174 autumnaria, Ennomos, 348 avimacula, Gluphisia, 300 avuncularia, Dasyfidonia, 338 Axenus, genus; amplus, arvalis, ochraceus, 231 axillaris, Hemorrhagia, 63 Aye-Aye, 77 azalee, Darapsa, 68 Azelina, genus; ancetaria, atrocolorata, honestaria, hubneraria, hubnerata, mor- risonata, peplaria, stygiaria, 352 Azenia genus; implora, 248 B babayaga, Catocala, 263 badia, Catocala, 267; Schizura, 299 badicollis, Semiophora, 180 badinodis, Agrotis, 181 badipennis, Pyrausta, 307 badistriga, Homohadena, 176 Bad-wing, The, 323 Bag-worm, The, 361 Bailey, J. S., 36 Baileya, genus; thalmica, 162 baileyi, Xylina, 207 balanitis, Chorizagrotis, 185 balluca, Plusia, 237 baltearia, Alcis, 343 balteolata, Almodes, 354 baltimoralis, Bomolocha, 286 Balsa, genus; malana, obliquifera, 163 Barathra, genus; curialis, occidentata, barberiana, Epipyrops, 370 Barnes, Dr. illiam, ix barometricus, Ufeus, IOL Basal dash, 18; line, 18 basalis, Catocala, 261 Inguromorpha, 378 basiflava, Olene, 308 basigera, Autographa, 240 basilinea, Hadena, 168 Basilodes, genus; pepita, 234 Basilona, genus; imperatoria, punctatissima, 97 basitriens, Notodonta, 295 bassiformis, Synanthedon, 385 b-atra, Apantesis, 132 Bats, 147 beani, Phragmatobia, 126 beata, Noctua, 185 Bee-moth, The, 406 Beggar, The, 327 behrensaria, Deilinea, 339 Behrensia, genus; conchiformis, 241 behri, Apantesis, Teh belze, Didasys, 99 331; Laphygma, australis, doubledayi, oph- 196 268; Euxoa, 180; imperialis 450 belfragiana, Andrewsia, 272 belfragei, Holomelina, 116 bella, Adela, 437; Utetheisa, I17 belladonna, ‘Dysocnemis, 220 bellicula, Lithacodia, 248 bellulalis, Pyrausta, 308 Bellura, genus; densa, gostynides, melano- pyga, vulnifica, 211 belmaria, Holomelina, 116 Beloved, The, 265 Bembecia, genus; flavipes, marginata, ody- neripennis, plecieformis, rubi, 383 benignalis, Bomolocha, 286 beskei, Crinodes, 301 Bessula, genus; luxa, 221 bertholdi, Hypopta, 370 Bertholdia, genus; Grote’s, trigona, 140 Betrothed, The, 265 betulella, Acrobasis, 408 Beutenmuller, W. 31, 32, 36, 380 beutenmuilleri, Isochetes, 366 bianca, Catocala, 262 bibularia, Therina, 348 bicarnea, Noctua, 183 biclaria, Syssaura, 352 bicolor, Adelocephala, Lexis, 105 bicolorago, Orthosia, 217 bicoloralis, Cindaphia, 3097 bicoloraria, Chloraspilates, 338 bicolorata, Eufidonia, 337; 331; Neleucania, 203 bidentata, Nerice, 206 biferalis, Hynenula, 283 bifidalis, Gaberasa, 284 biguttata, Cochlidion, 367 bijugalis, Bomolocha, 286 bilineata, Falcaria, 321; biliturellus, Crambus, 403 biloba, Autographa, 238 bilunata, Caradrina, 164 bimaculata, Alypia, 144; Alypiodes, Autographa, 238; Holomelina, 116 bimatris, Pippona, 221 binocula, Tarache, 251 bipartita, Anepischetos, 245 biplaga, Eustrotia, 247 bipunctellus, Crambus, 402 bipunctina, Alabama, 243 birivata, Hydriomena, 331 biselliella, Tineola, 432 biseriata, Eudule, 327 bisselliella, Tineola, 432 bistriaris, Doryodes, 245; Parallelia, 273 biundata Heterocampa, 297 bivittata, Ectypia, 132; Hormisa, 282 Black, The Californian, The White- striped, 328; Woodland, 329 blakei, Apantesis, I3I blanda, Pseudoglea, 216 Blastobasidz, 26, 420 Bleptina, genus; paradrinalig: cloniasalis, 283 boerhavie, Xylophanes, 75 Boisduval, ipAsaso bolanderi, Apantesis, 131 bolli, Synanthedon, 385 Boll-worm, The, 222 bolteri, Emilia, 137, Euchetias, 135 Bombycia, genus; improvisa, tearli, 304 Bombycide, Family, T2525 34) Sus: bombyciformis, Eutolype, 177 bombycina, Acrolophus, 443 bombycoides, Lapara, 53 Bombyx, genus; mori, 315 Bomolocha, genus; abalinealis, achatinalis, albisignalis, baltimoralis, benignalis, biju- galis, caducalis, damnosalis, deceptalis, 96; Diacrisia, 128, Hydriomena, Heterocampa, 297 T45, Bomolocha—Continued edictalis, fecialis, laciniosa, madefactalis, manalis, pallialis, perangu- lalis, profecta, scutellaris, toreuta, velli- fera, 286 Books about North American Moths, 27 borealis, Asteroscopus, 209; Harpyia, 290; Hemerocampa, 306; Hyphoraia, 128 Borer, The Peach-twig, 426 Bouvardia, 75 brannani, Alypia, 143 brassice, Autographa, 238 Breeding larve, 5 Brephine, Subfamily, 355 Brephos, genus; infans, 355 brevis, Schinia, 228 brevicornis, Holomelina, 116 brevipennis, Euxoa, 188 Bride, The, 266 bridghami, Hadena, 166 3 brillians, Eupseudomorpha, 231 briseis, Catocala, 264 British Museum, Trustees, ix brontes, Ceratomia, 48 Brooke, Henry, quoted, 321 Brother, The, 153 Brotolomia, genus; iris, 215 Browning, E. B., quoted, 21, 378 Brown-tail Moth, The, 309 bruceata, Rachela, 324 brucei, Cossus, 377; Hemorrhagia, Phragmatobia, 126; Schinia, 227 Bruceia, genus; hubbardi, pulverina, 108 brumosa, Apatela, 157 brunnea, Ctenucha, 102 brunneiciliata, Mesoleuca, 330 brunneipennis, Synanthedon, 385 Bryant, W. C., quoted, 113 Bucculatrix, genus; Apple-leaf, canadensiselia, curvilincatella, ella, pomonella, 431 Buck-moth, 01; Nevada. 92; Tricolor, 93 Badeeen, Miss, Acheta Domestica, quoted, lentiginosa, 64; Birch-leaf, pomifoli- Tniiaioencis: Hemorrhagia, 63 bullula, Pteretholix, 243 burgessi, Hadena, 168 Busck, A., 38 Butler, A. G., “ Butterfly Book, The,” Byron, quoted, 309 C Caberodes, genus; amyrisaria, arburaria, confusaria, floridaria, imbraria, ineffusaria, interlinearia, majoraria, myandaria, pan- daria, phasianaria, remissaria, superaria, varadaria, 352 Cable, G. W., quoted, 80; 314 cacuminalis, Hypenula, 283 cadaverosa, Hypoprepia, 106 cadmia, Cargida, 300 caducalis, Bomolocha, 286 ceca, Turuptiana, [21 celaria, Xanthotype, 340 Cenurgia, genus; adversa, purgata, socois, 257 cerulea, Drasteria, 257 casonia, Tortricidia, 368 cahiritella, Ephestia, 414 caia, Arctia, 134 caicus, Erinnyis, 60 calaminea, Ophideres, 276 calasymbolus, genus, 55; astylus, excecatus, integerrima, i0, myops, pavonina, rosace- arum, 56 convalescens, 451 Index Calesesia, genus; coccinea, 337 calgary, Noctua, 184 Calidota, genus; cubensis, laqueata, muri- color, ’Streaked, strigosa, 139 californiz, Leptarctia, 121 californiaria, Eois, 336; Platea, 342 californiata, Eois, 336; Euchceca, 328; Philereme, 320 californica, Catocala, 263; Estigmene, 123; Hemileuca, 92; Malacosoma, 313; Orrhodia, 218; Pheosia, 295; Phryganidia, 201; Samia, 84 Canrornieueel Melicleptria, 230 Calledapteryx, genus; dryopterata, erosiata 6 35 cnilerat Callosamia, 86 callitrichoides, Phiprosopus 245 Callizia, genus, 356 Callopistria, genus; floridensis, 252 Callosamia, genus, 84; angulifera, 86; promethea, 84 Calocampa, genus, 207; curvimacula, nupera, calleta, 208 Calophasia, genus; strigata, 170 Calpe, genus; canadensis, Canadian, pur- purascens, sobria, 236 calvina, Almodes, 354 — Calymnia, genus; canescens, orina, 219 cambrica, Venusia, 328 “Cambridge Natural History,’’ 17 campestris, Euxoa, 189 . F Campometra, genus; amella, integerrima, mima, stylobata, 276 3 cana, Clemensia, 108; Dasylophia, 296; Hemerocampa, 306; Lapara, 53 canadaria, Melanolophia, 344 canadensis, Calpe, 236; Celerio, 76; Hyloicus 51 canadensisella, Bucculatrix, 431 canalis, Antiblemma. 275 Canarsia, genus; hammondi, 411 candens, Orthodes, 203 canescens, Calymnia, 219 Canidia, genus; scissa, 226 caniplaga, Ellida, 300 Canker-worm, The Fall, 326; The Spring, 324 canningi, Philosamia, 82 Capis, genus; curvata, 285 Capnodes, genus; punctivena, 277 caprotina, Estigmene, 123 capsella, Graphiphora, 204 capticola, Syneda, 259 Capture of specimens, 19 cara, Catocala, 148, 263 Caradrina, genus; bilunata, 164; civica conviva, extimia, 165; fidicularia, meralis, multifera, 164; punctivena, rufostriga, spilomela, 165 caradrinalis, Bleptina, 283 Carama, genus; cretata, pura, 368 carbonaria, Eurycyttarus, 362; Homoglea, 21 Gaeda genus; cadmia, obliquilinea, 3oc pyrrha, 301 Carica, 58 carice, Cocytius, 44 carina, Acopa, 163 Caripeta, genus; albopunctata, angustiorata divisata, piniaria, 342 Carlyle, Thomas, quoted, 210 Carmen, Felix, quoted, 427 carnaria, Metanema, 351 Carnegie, Andrew, Dedication to, v Carneades, genus, 188 carneola, Eustrotia, 247 carolina, Catocala, 261; Eucereon, Haploa, 118; Protoparce, 45 100; Index Carpenter-worms, 375 Carpet-moth, The, 434 carpinifolia, Epicnaptera, 314 Carter, Sir Gilbert T., 54 carye, Halisidota, 138 Case-bearer, The ‘Walnut, 408 casta, Crambidia, 104 castellalis, Samea, 393 Castniide, 3. 4 : Catabena, genus; lineolata, Catalogues and Lists, 29 catalpe, Ceratomia, 48 cataphracta, Papaipema, 214 catenaria, Cingilia, 347 f Caterpillars, 6; Coloration of, 9; gregarious, 9 catharina, Semiophora, 180 Catocala, genus, 70, 147, 148, 260; abbrevia- tella, 268: adoptiva, 267; agrippina, 260; aholah, 268; aholibah, 265; alabame, 260; amasia, 268; amatrix, 203; amica, 269 andromache, 267; angusi, 262; antinympha, 267; augusta, 264; aurella, 266; babayaga, 263; badia, 267; basalis, 261, 268; bianca, miscellus, 163 262; briseis, 264; californica, cara, 263: carolina, 261; celia, 265; cerogama, 266; cleopatra, 263; coccinata, 263; ccelebs, 268; concumbens, 263; consors, 266; crategi, 268; dejecta, 261; delilah, 267; desdemona, 267; desperata, 261; eliza, 266; epione, 260; evelina, 261; faustina, 264; flebilis, 262; formula, 268; ‘fratercula, gisela, gracilis, 269; groteiana, 264; grynea, 269; guenei, 261; habilis, 268; hermia, 264; hinda, 266; ilia, 265; illecta, 267; innubens, 265; insolabilis, 262; jaquenetta, 269; judith, 262; lacrymosa, 261; lineella, 269; luciana, 263; mestosa, 261; magdalena, 267; marmorata, 263; meskei, 264; minuta, 269; mopsa, 265; muliercula, 267; nebraske, 263; mnebulosa, neogama, 266; nerissa, 269; nurus, 263; obscura, 262; olivia, 260; osculata, 265° paleogama, 266; parta, 264; paulina, 261; phalanga, piatrix, 266; polygama, 268; preclara, 260; pura, 264. relicta, retecta, robinsoni, 262; rosalinda, 268; sappho, 260; scintillans, 266; serena, 267: similis, 268; somnus, stretchi, 263; subnata, 266; subviridis, 261; tristis, 262; ultronia, 265; unijuga, 264; uxor, verril- liana, 265; vidua, viduata, 261; whitneyi, 2608 Catopyrrha, genus; accessaria, atropunctaria, coloraria, cruentaria, dissimilaria, 342 caudata, Alcothoe, 382 cautella, Ephestia, 414 Cautethia, genus, 61; grotei, 61 ceanothi, Samia, 84 Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, 84 cecropia, Samia, 83, 84 Celama, genus; nigrofasciata, obaurata, pustulata, sexmaculata, trinotata, trique- trana, 357 Celerio, genus, 75; canadensis, chamenerii, daucus, epilobii, galii, intermedia, lineata oxybaphi, 76 celeus, Protoparce, 45 celia, Catocala, 265 Celiptera, genus; discissa, elongatus, frustu- lum, 275 i Cenopis, genus; groteana, pettitana, 422 centerensis, Cossus, 377 cephalica, Crambidia, 104; Stylopoda, 229 cephise, Melanchroia, 354 ceramica, Apantesis, 132 Cerapoda, genus; stylata, 177 cerasivorana, Archips, 422 Cerathosia, genus; tricolor, 253 Ceratocampide, Family, 24, 31, 70, 80, 04 Ceratomia, genus, 47; amyntor, 47; brontes 48; catalpe, 48; quadricornis, 47; Tepenti. nus, 48; ulmi, 47; undulosa, 48 Cercis, 360 cereana, Galleria, 406 cerella, Galleria, 406 cerintha, Chamyris, Cerisyi, Sphinx, 54 cerivana, Hadena, 168 Cerma, genus; cora, festa, 161 cerogama, Catocala, 266 ceromatica, Scopelosoma, 218 cerussata, Papaipema, 214; Phrygionis, 354 Cerura, genus; multiscripta, scitiscripta, 209 cervina, Euherrichia, 253 ceto, Melittia, 380 Chalcosiide, Family, 373 chamenerii, Sone, 76 Chambers, V. 5 Si Chamyris, Hea ’ cetintha, 250 chandleri, Oncocnemis, 176 Chapman, T. A., 8 characta, Hadena, 167 Charadra, genus; circulifer, contigua, 152. decora, 153; deridens, 152; dispulsa, felina, 153; illudens, pythion, 152 chenopodii, Mamestra, 193 chersis, Hyloicus, 50 chionanthi, Adita, 177; Protoparce, 45 Chionanthus, 46, 51 chiridota, Lacosoma, 350 250 Chlenogramma, Genus, 46; jasminearum rotundata, 46 I i Chloraspilates, genus; arizonaria, bicolor- aria, 338 Chloridea, genus; rhexia, spectanda, vire- scens, 222 chloris, Euclea, 365 Chlorochlamys, genus; chloroleucaria, saria, deprivata, indiscriminaria, 336 chloroleucaria, Chlorochlamys, 336 chlorostigma, Hadena, 168 Chcephora, genus; fungorum, 216 choerilus, Darapsa, 68 Chcerocampine, Subfamily, 75 choriona, Holomelina, 116 | | Chorizagrotis, genus; balanitis, introferens, 185 Chrysaugine, Subfamily, 4o1 chrysellus, Schinia, 227 chrysorrhcea, Euproctis, 309 Chytolita, genus; morbidalis, 282- Chytonix, genus; iaspis, palliatricula, 161 cibalis, Oncocnemis, 176 Cicinnus, genus; egenaria, melsheimeri, 359 Cilla, genus; distema, 244 cimbiciformis, Hemorrhagia, 63 Cindaphia, genus; amiculatalis, bicoloralis, incensalis, julialis, pulchripictalis, 397 cinerascens. Heterocampa, 2097 : cinerea, Epidemas. 170; . Harpyia, Misogada, 297; Xylina, 206 cinereofrons, Schizura, 2098 cinereola, Ogdoconta, 241; Selicanis, 216 cinereomaculata, Euxoa, 190 cinereus, Prodoxus, 441 cinerosa, Erinnyis, 59 : Cingilia, genus; catenaria, humeralis, 347 cingulata, Herse, 43 cingulifera, Homoptera, 278 cinis, Melipotis, 258 cinnamomea, Aimilia, 137; Olene, 308 circulifer, Charadra, 152 Ciris, genus; wilsoni, 233 Cirrhobolina, genus; deducta, incandescens, pavitensis, mexicana, 259 den- inconcinna 299; 452 Cirrhophanus, genus; triangulifer, 234 Cissusa, genus; inepta, morbosa, sabulosa, spadix, vegeta, 256 Cisthene lactea, 108 Citheronia, genus; sepulchralis, 97 citrina, Xanthotype, 340 citronellus, Rhodophora, 224 civica, Caradrina, 16s Cladora, genus; atroliturata, geminata, 324 clandestina, Gluphisia, 300; Noctua, 184 clappiana, Gnophela, 290 celarkie, Proserpinus, 73 clarus, Comacla, 107 Classification of moths, 22 elaudens, Hadena, 167 clavana, Eucosma, 418 claviform spot, 18 claviformis, Pachnobia, 180 claviplena, Mamestra, 192 mexicana, regalis, regia, (Galitomniant 643 Clearwing, Bruce’s, 64; Graceful, 63; Humming-bird, 62; Snow- berry, 63; Thetis, 64 clemataria, Abbotana, 353 Clematis, 382 Clemens, Brackenridge, 28, 30, Clemensia, genus; albata, aiuida, cana, irrorata, patella, philodina, umbrata, 108 cleopatra, Catocala, 263 Cleora, genus; atrifasciata, collecta, fraudu- lentaria, frugallaria, pampinaria, sublu- naria, tinctaria, 344 Cleosiris, genus; populi, 205 clientis, Yrias, 277 clio, Euverna, 133 cloniasalis, Bleptina, 283 clorinda, Darapsa, 68 Clothes-moth, The, 432, 434 clotho, Pholus, 67 Clover-hay Worm, The, 399 clymene, Haploa, 118 c-nigrum, Noctua, 183 cnotus, Darapsa, 68 coa, Pinconia, 369 coagulata, Tephroclystis, 328 coccinata, Catocala, 149, 265 coccinea, Calesesia, 387, Ptychoglene, r1o coccineifascia, Prothymia, 248 Cochlidiide, Family, 8, 9, 25, 35, 364 . Cochlidion, genus; biguttata, rectilinea tetraspilaris, y-inversa, 367 cochrani, Euxoa, 189 Cocytius, genus, 44; anone,; antzus; carice; hydaspus; jatrophe; medor; tapayusa, 44 Coddling-moth, The, 419 coelebs, ‘Apantesis, 130; Catocala, 268 Ccenocalpe, genus, costinotata, fervifactaria, gibbocostata, ceneiformis, strigularia, 332 cognata, Xylomiges, 197 cognataria, Lycia, 345 Collar lappet, 18 collaris, Noctua, 184 collecta, Cleora, 344 colona, ‘Haploa, 118 colorada, Arsilonche, 159 coloradaria, Epiplatymetra, 351 coloradensis, Prodoxus, 440; Raphia 153 Coloradia, genus, 90, 91; pandora, 91 coloradus, Hyloicus, 52 coloraria, Catopyrrha, 342 colorata, Apantesis, 132 columbia, Samia, 84 Comacla, genus; clarus, fuscipes, murina, simplex, texana, 107 comma, Haploa, 118 commeline, Prodenia, 174 commoides, Heliophila, 203 Index Commophila, genus; macrocarpana, 423 complicata, ‘Apantesis, 131; Heliophila, 201 Composia, genus; fidelissima, olympia, 289 Composite, 101, 252 compressipalpis, Plusiodonta, 235 compta, Atteva, 424 comptana, Ancylis, 419 comptaria, Venusia, 323 Comstock, J. H., 29 comstocki, Momophana, 172 conchiformis, Behrensia, 241 Conchylodes, genus; concinnalis, magicalis, ovulalis, platinalis, 303 concinna, Schizura, 2098 concinnalis, Conchylodes, 393 concinnimacula, Eustrotia, 247 concisa, Epizeuxis, 280 concisaria, Euchlena, 350 concumbens, Catocala, 263 concursana, ’Platynota, 422 condensata, Venusia, 328 confederata, Eurycyttarus, 363 confine, Eucereon, roo conflexana, Ancylis, 419 confluens Graphiphora, 204 confusa, Haploa, 119; Morrisonia, 197 confusaria, Caberodes, 352 congermana, Mamestra, 193 congrua, Estigmene, 123 coniferarum, Hyloicus, 52; Thyridopteryx, 361 Coniodes, genus; plumigeraria, 345 conjungens, Crambodes, 163 connecta, Apatela, 156 consecutaria, Eois, 335 consepta, Macaria, 340 Conservula, genus; anodonta, 215 consimilis, ‘Synanthedon, 385 consita, Haploa, 118 consors, Catocala, 266 Consort, The, 266 conspicua, Drasteria, Reeselia, 358 conspecta, Schizura, 208 constipata, Mamestra, 195 contenta, Hadena, 160 contexta, Euchalcia, 237 contigua, Charadra, 152; Haploa, 119 contingens, Sabulodes, 353 continua, Gnophela, 290 contracta, Homopyralis, contrahens, Himella, 204 contraria, Hyppa, 171; Mamestra, 193 contribuaria, Melanolophia, 344 convalescens, Cenurgia, 257 convexipennis, Cucullia, 208 conviva, Caradrina, 165 Convolvulacez, 99 convolvuli, Herse, 43 coortaria, Cymatophora, 341 copablepharon, genus; album, grandis _ lon- gipenne, 222 Copibryophila, genus; angelica, 162 Copicucullia, genus; propinqua, 208 Copidryas, genus, 141; cosyra, 142; 141 Copipanolis, genus; cubilis, 177 Coquillet, D. W. +» 346 cora, ‘Lerma, 161 coracias, Pseudanthracia, 278 cordigera, Anarta, 108 Cornifrons, genus; simalis, 390 Corn-stalk Borer, The Larger, 403 cornuta, Metalepsis, 181 corollaria, Automeris, 80 Cortissoz, Ellen Mackay Hutchinson, quoted, 310 erinalis Lapara 53; 257; Hadena. 168° 256; Schinia 228 gloveri 453 Index Cosmia, genus; discolor, infumata, paleacea, 217 : Cosmosoma, genus; auge, melitta, omphale, 98 F Cosside, Family, 25, 35, 375 Cossula, genus; magnifica, norax, 379 Cossus, genus; brucei, centerensis, undosus, 377 Coe epiacalalis, Noctuelia, 399 costalis, Hypsopygia, 309 costinotata, Coenocalpe, 332 Cosymbia, genus; lumenaria, pendulinaria quadriannulata, 333 cosyra, Copidryas, 142 Cotton-worm, 243 Cowper, quoted, 369 Coxa, 14 15 crabroniformis, A®geria, 383 Crambidia, genus; allegheniensis, casta Sen lithosioides, pallida, uniformis, Grmbines Subfamily, 402 Crambodes, genus; conjungens, talidiformis 163 Camus genus; alboclavellus, 402; bili- turellus, 403; bipunctellus, 402; exsiccatus, interminellus, 403; laqueatellus, semi- fusellus, 402; trisectus, 403; turbatellus 402 crameri, Erinnyis, 59; Pachylia, 60 crantor, Pholus, 66 crassatus, Plathypena, 287 crassipes, Podagra, 178 crassiuscula, Drasteria, 257 crategi, Catocala, 268 Crategus, 62 crenulata, Orthodes, 203 crepuscularia, Ectropis, 344 cressonana, Ctenucha, 102 Cressonia, genus, 57; instabilis, juglandis pallens, robinsoni, 57 cretata, Carama, 368 crinella, Tineola, 432 Crinodes, genus; beskei, 301 crispata, Lagoa, 360 crocallata, Tetracis, 353 crocataria, Xanthotype, 349 crocea, Pseudanarta, 175 Crocigrapha, genus; normani, 204 Crocota, genus, 115 croesus, Xylophanes, 75 crotchi, Pseudalypia, 232; Croton, 417 ’ crucialis, Xylomiges, 197 Crucifere, 230 cruentaria, Catopyrrha, 342 crustaria, Pseudacontia, 225 Ctenucha, genus, 101; brunnea, cressonana, latreillana, multifaria, rubroscapus, 102; venosa, 101; virginica, walsinghami, 102 cubensis, Calidota, 130 cubilis, Copipanolis, 177 cuculifera, Dasylophia, 206 Cucullia, genus; Asteroid, asteroides, Brown- bordered, convexipennis, intermedia, Inter- mediate, speyeri, Speyer’s, 208 cucurbitez, Melittia, 380 culea, Graphiphora, 204 culta, Autographa, 238 cumatilis, Schinia, 227 cunea, Hyphantria, 123 cupes, Trichosellus, 226 cupida, Rhynchagrotis, 178 Cupid’s Candle, 427 cupressi, Isoparce, 48 Cupulifere, 366 curialis, Barathra, 196 Trichosellus, 226 curta, Anarta, 100 curvata, Capis, 285 curvilineatella, Bucculatrix, 431 curvimacula, Calocampa, 208 Custard-apple, 236 custodiata, Hydriomena, 331 Cyathissa, genus; Darling, pallida, percara 161 cycladata, Heliomata, 338 Cydia, genus; pomonella, 419; saltitans, 418 Cydosia, genus; aurivitta, imitella, majuscula, 253 Ceeronhone genus; aniusaria, annisaria, 340; argillacearia, coortaria, 341; grossu- lariata, 340; inceptaria, modestaria, perar- cuata, 341; ribearia, sigmaria, 340; succes- saria, tenebrosata, 341 cymatophoroides, Pseudothyatira, 304 cynica, Orthodes, 203 cynthia Philosamia, 81, 82 D dactylina, Apatela, 153 dedalus, Porosagrotis, 187 Dagger (Dagger-moth), American, 153; Burglar, 157; Chieftain, Connected, 156; Cottonwood, 154; Darkish, Dart, 155; Delightful, 156; Fingered, 153; Forked, 155; Fragile, 156; Frosty, 157; Gray, 156; Interrupted, Lobelia, sisi Lupine, 150; Printed, 157; Quadrate, 156; Reddish-white, Smeared, 157; Streaked, 156; Unmarked, 155; White-veined, 159; Yellow-haired, 157 Dahana, genus; atripennis, 103 Dahlia hesperioides, 3 dahurica, Apantesis, 131 Dalceride, Family, 25, 35, 360 Dalcerides, genus; ingenita, 369 dama, Spragueia, 252 damalis, Eutolype, 177 damnosalis, Bomolocha, 286 danbyi, Gluphisia, 300 Dandy, The, 153 Darapsa, genus, 68; azalee, chcerilus, clo- rinda, cnotus, myron, pampinatrix, pholus 68; versicolor, 60 Dargida, genus; procinctus, 196 Daritis, genus; thetis, 289 Dark, World of the, 77 Dart (Dart-moth), “Acorn, 185; Added, 187; Basal, 189; Black-fronted, 180; Black- girdled, 184; Black-letter, 183; Calgary, 184; Catocaline, 178; Clandestine, Collared, 184; Dedalus, 187; Dappled, 1709; Disso- nant, 180; Fillet, 190; Finland, 183; Flame-shouldered, 184; Fleece-winged, Four-toothed, 188; Furtive, 190; Fuscous, 187; Great Black, Great Brown, Great Gray, 182; Greater Red, Green-winged, 179; Havilah, 184; Inelegant, Interfering, 185; Lesser Red, 178; Masters, 186; Muddy, 189; Norman’s, 183; Obelisk, 190; Old Man, 187; Olive, 188; Pale-banded, 181; Pale- winged, 183; Parental, 190; Pink. speckled, 185; Placid, 178; Polished, 188; Rascal, 187; Reaper, 188; Red- breasted, 1783 Reddish-speckled, 180; Riley’s, 187; Rosy, 183; Rubbed, 188; Scribbled, 184; Short- winged, 188: Sigmoid, 179; Silly, 180; Slippery, 185; Smaller Pinkish, 183; Soothsayer, 184; Subgothic, Swordsman, 186; Tessellate, Tippling, 189; Tripart, 187; Two-spot, 179; Uncivil, 183; Vancouver, 186; Variable, 180; Venerable, Voluble, 186, White-winged, 1809; Yellow-bellied, 190; Yellow-streaked, 184; Yellow-toothed, 188; Ypsilon, 182 454 Darwin, quoted, 150 Dasyfidonia, genus; avuncularia, 338 y Dasylophia, genus; anguina, cana, cuculi- fera, interna, punctata, signata, thyatiroi- des, tripartita, 206 Dasyspoudza, genus; lucens, meadi, 228 Datana, genus; angusi, 203; integerrima, 204; ministra, 2093; perspicua, 294 daucus, Celerio, 76 davisi, ‘Halisidota, 137 dayi, Oncocnemis, 176 Day-sphinx, White-banded, 62 decepta, Pseudoglea, 216 deceptalis, Bomolocha, 286 decernens, Feltia, 187 decia, Leptarctja, 121 decipiens, Malacosoma, 312; Prodoxus, 438; Zeuzera, 376 decisaria, Euchlena, 350 declarata, Euxoa, 189 decliva, Epiglea, 219 decolor, Euxoa, 189 decolora, Herse, 43 decolorata, Apantesis, 132 decora, Charadra, 153 decoralis, Pangrapta, 254 deducta, Cirrhobolina, 259 deductaria Euchlena, 350 definita, Hemerocampa, 308 deflorata, Ecpantheria, 120 defluata, Apecasia, 342 Deidamia, genus, 71; inscriptum, 71 Deilinea, genus, 338; behrensaria, 339; in- tentata, variolaria, 338 dejecta, Catocala, 261 delecta, Tarache, 251 deleta, Epiglea, 219 delicata, Trachea, 172 delilah, Catocala, 267 delinquens, Epidroma, 274 delphinii, Euclea, 365 Demas, genus; Close-banded, propinquilinea, 152 demissa, Mamestra, 194 densa, Bellura, 211 densaria, Chlorochlamys, 336 dentata, Apharetra, 158; Gloveria, 311 denticulalis, Epizeuxis, 281 dentifera, Eutelia, 242 denudata, Pseudohazis, 93 deplanaria, Euchlena, 350 depontanata, Sabulodes, 353 Depressaria, genus; heracliana, heraclei, ontariella, gpastinacella, umbellana, um- bellella, 428 deprivata, Chlorochlamys, 336 deridens, Charadra, 152 Derrima, genus; henrietta, stellata, 224 descherei, Pheosia, 205 desdemona, Catocala, 267 deserta, Illice, 110 designalis, Agathodes, 303 designata, Gypsochroa, 332; Schinia, 228 Desmia, genus, funeralis, 302 desperata, Alypia, 144; Catocala, 261; Mamestra, 103 Destruction of insects by electric lights, 05 destructor, Tineola, 432 desuetella, Ephestia, 414. determinata, Apantesis, 132; Metanema, 351 detersa, Euxoa, 188 detracta, Mamestra, 192 detrahens, Trama, 276 Deva, genus, 236 devastatrix, Hadena, 160 devergens, Syngrapha, 240 devia, Scopelosoma, 218 Index Diacrisia, genus, 114, .127; bicolor, 128; umosa, 127; latipennis, proba, punctata, pteridis, Red- legged, rubra, Ruddy, rufula, vagans, 128; virginica, 127; Wandering, 128 Diallagma, genus, lutea, 245 Diastema, genus; lineata, tigris, 241 Diastictis, genus; fracturalis, 393 Diatreza, genus; crambidoides, leucaniellus, lineosellus, obliteratellus, saccharalis, 403 Dictyosoma, genus, 48; elsa, 49 Didasys, genus; belz, 99 diecki, Apantesis, 132 Diervilla, 63 diffascialis, Zinckenia, 392 diffinis, Hamorrhagia, 63 diffissa, Pyrausta, 398 digitalis, Anchocelis, 216 Dilophonota, genus, 60 dilucidula, Semiophora, 180 dimidiata, Antaplaga, 220; Leptarctia, 121; Pheosia, 295; Pyromorpha, 371 diminutiva, eliaca, 231; Holomelina, 116 dimmocki, Mamestra, 193 dione, Apantesis, 130 Dioptide, Family, 25, 33, 201 Diospyros, 87, 382 Diphthera, genus; fallax, 160 diphtheroides, Microccelia, 160 dipsaci, Alypia, 143 Dipterygia, genus, scabriuscula, 172 Dircetis, genus; pygmea, 284 dis, Grotella, 220 Discal mark, 18 discissa, Celiptera, 275 discistriga, Platyperigea, 164 discivaria, Parastichtis, 217 discolor, Cosmia, 217 discoloralis, Renia, 283 discopilata, Eufidonia, 337 discors, Hadena, 168 discreta, Gnophela, 290 disertalis, Samea, 393 dispar, Porthetria, 308 disparata, Alypia, 143, 144 displiciens, Euxoa, 189 disposita, Xylina, 206 dispulsa, Charadra, 153 disserptaria, Epimecis, 344 dissidens, Magusa, 175 dissimilaria, Catopyrrha, 342 dissona, Euxoa, 189 , disstria Malacosoma, 313 distema, Cilla, 244 distigma, Adelocephala, 96 distigmana, Eucosma, 418 diva, Annaphila, 246 divaricata, Magusa, 175 divergens, Lithacodes, 367; Schinia, 228; Syneda, 250; Syngrapha, 240 diversilineata, Eustroma, 329; Polia, 171 divida, Magusa, 175 divisa, Doryodes, 245 divisata, Caripeta, 342 Doa, genus; ampla, 309 docta, Apantesis, 131 dodgei, Apantesis, 132; Mamestra, 195 Dodia, genus; albertz, 117 Dolba, genus, 46; hyleus, 46 Doll, Jacob, ix, 49 dolli, Hyloicus, 52 dolosa, Xylomiges, 107 domingonis, Erinnyis, 50 dominicata, Palindia, 273 doris, Apantesis, 130 dorsisignatana, Eucosma, 418 Doryodes, genus; acutaria, bistriaris, divisa, promptella, 245 455 Index doubledayi, Baileya, 162 Double mount, 21 Drasteria, genus; agricola, aquamarina, cerulea, conspicua, crassiuscula, erechtea, erichto, mundula, narrata, patibilis, sobria, 257 Drepana, genus; arcuata, fabula, genicula, 321 Dried-currant Moth, The, 414 Druce, Herbert, 29 drupacearum, Malacosoma, 313 drupiferarum, Hyloicus, 52 drurzi, Herse, 43 Dryobota, genus; illocata, stigmata, Wander- ing, 171 dryopterata, Calledapteryx, 356 duaria, Gonodontis, 350 dubia, Estigmene, 123 dubiella, Tinea, 433 dubitans, Hadena, 168 dubitata, Triphosa, 331 ducta, Hadena, 169 dulcearia, Platea, 343 dunbari, Litholomia, 207 duodecimlineata, Venusia, 328 duplicata, Sciagraphia, 339 Dyer, Harrison G., ix, 23, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 3 dyari, Haploa, 118 dyaus, Autographa, 238 Dysocnemis, genus; belladonna, 229 Dysodia, genus, 374; aurea, 375; Eyed, 374; fasciata, montana, oculatana, 374; plena, 49, 375 dyspteraria, Meskea, 375 Dyspteridine, Subfamily, 323 Dyspteris, genus: abortivaria, 323 E eavesi, Kodiosoma, 133 ecclesialis, Samea, 303 Ecdytolopha, genus; insiticiana, 419 echinocystis, Autographa, 238 echo, Seirarctia, 122 Ecpantheria, genus; deflorata, bonia, 120 Ectropis, genus; crepuscularia, 344 — -Ectypia, genus; bivittata, nigroflava, Two- banded, 133 edictalis, Bomolocha, 286 edmandsi, Schizura, 298 eductalis, Lomanaltes, 285 edusa, Homoptera, 278 edwardsi, Alypia, 143; Apantesis, 130; Erinnyis, 58; Hemihyalea, 138; Lymire, 100; Syneda, 260 effectaria, Euchlena, 350 efficitalis, Pyrausta, 3098 effusalis, Epizeuxis, 280 egena, Autographa, 238 egenaria, Cicinnus, 359 Eggs, of moths, 4, 5 eglanterina, Pseudohazis, 93 egle, Euchetias, 135 eglenensis, Pareuchztes, 134 Elachistid, Family, 26, 430 electra, Hemileuca, OI elegans, Odontosia, 294; Pygarctia, 136 elegantalis, Pangrapta, 254 elimata, Semiophora, 180 Eliot, George, aucted, 417 eliza, Catocala, 266 ihe, genus; caniplaga, gelida, transversata, muzina, scri- elise icterans 58 elongata, cteaheselyatisn 328 el zatus, Celiptera, 270 elsa, Dict - 5x ae e u.0a, 188 - F , Tarache, 251 08, 288, 207, Bembecia, 383 eee Proserpiny oilis, Catocala ret Xyl Lue, 418 LOSAetay herina, 347 sera, genus, juturnaria, 342 ec .vis, Orthodes, 203 eotata, Philobia, 339 ET ighsh sparrow, 95 e 1ydris, Hexeris, 375 E .nomine, Subfamily, 337 Ennomos, genus; alniaria, autumnaria, lutaria, magnarius, niveosericeata, subsignarius, 348 ennucleata, Synelys, 333 enthea, Fishea, 170 Eois, genus, 334; californiaria, californiata, 336; consecutaria, inductata, ossularia, 335; pacificaria, 336; ptelearia, 3343 sideraria, 336; sobria, suppressaria, 335 Eosphoropteryx, genus; thyatiroides, 237 Epagoge, genus; tunicana, 421 Epelis, genus; faxoni, truncataria, 337 ephemereformis, Thyridopteryx, 361 Ephestia, genus, 412; cahiritella, cautella, desuetella, 414; gitonella, kuehniella, 4123 pasulella, 414 ephippiatus, Sibine, 364 ephyrata, Syssaura, 352 Epicnaptera, genus; americana, carpinifolia, occidentis, 314 Epidemas, genus; cinerea, 170 Epidroma, genus; delinquens, 274 Epiglea, genus; decliva, deleta, pastillicans, 210 epilais, Syntomeida, 09 epilobii, Celerio, 76 Epimecis, genus; amplaria, | disserptaria, hortaria, liriodendraria, virginaria, 344 epimenis, Psychomorpha, 232 epione, Catocala, 260 epionoides, Pangrapta, 254 Epipaschiine, Subfamily, 407 Epiplatymetra, genus; coloradaria, 351 Epiplemide, Family, 25, 34, 356 Epipvropide, Family, 25, 35, 370 Epipyrops, genus, barberiana, 370 Epistor, genus, 61; fegeus, luctuosus, lugu- bris, 61 Epizeuxis, genus; emula, americalis, concisa, 280; denticulalis, 281; effusalis, hermin- ioides, lubricalis, mollifera, phealis, 280; scobialis, 281; scriptipennis, surrectalis, 280 Erannis, genus; tiliaria, 347 Erastria, genus; amaturaria, 333 erastrioide Tarache, 251 Erebus, gr us; agarista, odora, 279 erechtea, casteria, 257 erecta, Mamestra, 195 erectalis 7lathypena, 287 cremiata, Macaria, 339 eremitoives Hyloicus, 49 eremitus, " 7loicus, 49 erichto, Nig esteria2s77, Erinnyis, aus, 57, 58; alope, 58; caicus, 60; cinerosa, crameri, domingonis, 590; ed- wardsi, ello, fasciata, 58; festa, 59; flavicans, janiphe, lassauxi, 58; melancholica, 503 meriane, 58, 59; obscura, cenotrus, pal- lida, penzus, picta, phalaris, piperis, rheebus, Tustica, 59 Eriocephala, genus, 444 456 Titclis, Conch 0) ‘iocephalide, a, 353) vy. erosa, Anomis,ycnemis, 221 aii erosiata, CallecODUus, 275 Th 25. erosnealis, Pyrau. Vows erratica, Abagrotis, 150 ds errato, Huproserpinus, 74 ae 5 Jto erycata, Sylectra, 254 bifid: eson, Xylophanes, 75 F Estigmene, genus, 122; acrea, 122, . albida, 122; antigone, athena, californica, caprotina, congrua, dubia, klagesi, me; thastrina, mexicana, packardi, 123; prim , I22; pseuderminea, rickseckeri, Whii.- bodied, 123 ; etolus, Hemorrhagia, 62 Eubaphe, genus, 115 | Lucalyptera, genus; strigata, 244 Eucereon, genus, carolina, confine, Floridan, 100 Euchetias, genus; albicosta, antica, bolteri, egle, Mouse- colored, murina, Oregon, oregonensis, perlevis, pudens, 135 Euchalcia, genus; contexta, festuce, put- nami, striatella, venusta, 237 Euchlena, genus; amoenaria, arefactaria, astylusaria, concisaria, decisaria, deduc- taria, deplanaria, efiectaria, madusaria, muzaria, obtusaria, oponearia, pectinaria, propriaria, serrata, serrataria, vinosaria, 350 Eucheeca, genus; albovittata, californiata, see lucata, 329; propriaria, reciprocata 32 Eucirrcedia, genus; pampina, 215 Euclea, genus; argentatus, chloris, delphinii, ferruginea, fraterna, indetermina, monitor, Nana, nanina, penulata, quercicola, stri- gata, tardigrada, vernata, viridiclava, ’ viridis, 365 Bmcliais; genus, 257; cuspidea, intercalaris, 25 Eucoptocnemis, genus; fimbriaris, obvia, 190 Eucosma, genus; affusana, clavana, distig- mana, dorsisignatana, graduatana, salig- neana, scudderiana, similana, 418 Eucrostis, genus; gratata, incertata, oporaria, 33 Eucymatoge, genus; impleta, indoctrinata, intestinata, 328 Eudeilinea, genus; herminiata, 320 Eudule, genus; biseriata, mendica, Plain- colored, unicolor, 327 Eueretagrotis, genus; perattenta, sigmoides, 179 Euerythra, genus; phasma, trimaculata, 120 Eufidonia, genus; bicolorata, discopilata, fidoniata, notataria, quadripunctaria, 337 Eugenia, buxifolia, procera, 140 Eugonobapta, genus; nivosaria, nivcjata, 348 Euhagena, genus; nebraskze, 381 Euharveya, genus, 210 Euherrichia, genus; cervina, granitosa, gran- itosa, mollissima, rubicunda, 2535 Euhyparpax, genus; rosea, 208 f Eulia, genus; alisellana, 423 van Eumestieta, genus; flammicincta, ya ruelis, patula, 240 ; Funystalea, genus; indiana, 295 euonymella, Vponomeuta, 423 Euonymus, 157 Eupanychis, genus; hirtella, spinos#, 226 Euparthenos, genus; nubilis, 272 eupatorii, Synanthedon, 385 Euphanessa, genus, 327 eupheesalis, Pyrausta, 307 Euplexia, genus; lucipara, I72 199 Index Eupolia, genus; licentiosa, 199 Banroctinn genus; chrysorrhcea, 309 Euproserpinus, genus, 74; errato, euterpe, phaeton, 74 Eupseudomorpha, genus; brillians, 231 Eupseudosoma, genus; floridum, immaculata, involutum, nivea, Snowy, 139 euryalus, Samia, 84 Eurycyttarus, genus; carbonaria, 362; con- f derata, 363 Euschemonide, 3 Eustixia, genus; pupula, 308 Eustroma, genus; atrocolorata, diversilineata, montanatum, prunata, ribesiaria, triangu- latum, 329 Eustrotia, genus; albidula, apicosa, biplaga, cearneola, concinnimacula, intractabilis, muscosula, musta, nigritula, synochitis, 247 Eutelia, genus; dentifera, pulcherrima, 242 euterpe, Euproserpinus, 74; Syntomeida, 99 Euthisanotia, genus, 142, 232; assimilis, grata, unio, 232 Euthyatira, genus; pennsylvanica, pudens, 304 Eutolype, genus; bombyciformis, damalis, 177 Euverna, genus; clio, 133 Euxoa, genus, 187; albipennis, atropurpurea, basalis, 189; brevipennis, 188; campestris, 180; cinereomaculata, I90; cochrani, de- clarata, decolor, 189; detersa, 188; dis- pliciens, dissona, expulsa, 180; flavidens, 188; furtivus, gularis, illata, 190; insignata, insulsa, lutulenta, maizi, 189; messoria, 188; nigripennis, 189; obeliscoides, ochro- gaster, 190; olivalis, perpolita, personata, pityochrous, quadridentata, 188; redimicu- la, 190; repentis, 1809; sexatilis, 190; spissa, tessellata, titubatis, 189; turris, 190; velleripennis, 188; verticalis, 189 evanidalis, Hypena, 287 evelina, Catocala, 261 evicta, ’Morrisonia, 196 exaltata, Schinia, 227 exceecatus, Calasymbolus, 56 excelsa, Apantesis, 132 exitiosa, Sanninoidea, 384 expansa, Nephelodes, 199 expulsa, Euxoa, 189 expultrix, Pseudothyatira, 304 exsiccatus, Crambus, 403 exsimaria, Hyperitis, 349 exsuperata, Paraphia, 343 Exterior line, 18 externa, Galgula, 247 extimia, Caradrina, 165 extranea, Heliophila, 200 exusta, Mamestra, 193 Exuvie, larval, 9 Exyra, genus; semicrocea, 248 Eyes; of cats, 78; of moths, 12, 18; of noc- turnal animals, 77; of owls, 7 F fabricii, Automeris, 89 fabula. Drepana, 321 fadus, Sesia, 62 Fagitana, genus; littera, lucidata, nivei- costatus, obliqua, 217 Fala, genus, ptycophora, 235 Falcaria, genus; bilineata, 321 falcata, Pseudanarta, 175 fallacialis, Renia, 283 fallax, Diphthera, 160 Fall Web-worm, 12 3 457 Index falsarius, Acoloithus, 371 False Indigo, 430 Families of North American moths, Key to,24 Far out at Sea, 362 farinalis, Pyralis, 400 farnhami, Mamestra, 192 Par Out lat Sea,?'363 fascialis, Pyrausta, 397; Zinckenia, 392 fasciata, Dysodia, 375; Erinnyis, 58 fasciatus, Pholus, 67 fasciola, Lithacodes, 367 fasciolaris, Melipotis, 258 fastuosa, Atteva, 424 Faunal Subregions, 387 faustina, Catocala, 264 faustinula, Illice, 109 favorita, Apantesis, 132 faxoni, Epelis, 337 fecialis, Bomolocha, 286 fegeus, Epistor, 61 felina, Charadra, 153 Felt, E. P., 37 Feltia, genus, 186; agilis, 186; annexa, decernens, 187; gladiaria, herilis, hortulana, 186; malefida, 187; morrisoniana, semi- clarata, stigmosa, subgothica, vancouver- ensis, venerabilis, volubilis, 186 Femur, 14, 15 Fenaria, genus; «dessa, longipes, sevorsa 233 fenestra, Telea, 87 Feniseca tarquinius, 6 fennica, Noctua, 183 ‘i Fentonia, genus; marthesia, tessella, turbida, 300 Feralia, genus; jocosa, 171 Fernald, C. H., 31, 37 : Fernaldella, genus; fimetaria, halesaria, 337 Fernaldelline, Subfamily, 337 fernaldialis, Melitara, 410 ferox, Syntomeida, 99 ferraria, Acherdoa, 234 ferrigera, Adoneta, 365 ferruginea, Euclea, 365; Lophodonta, 295 ferruginoides, Pachnobia, 180 fervidaria, Therina, 348 fervifactaria, Coenocalpe, 332 fessa, Amolita, 244 festa, Cerma, 161; Erinnyis, 59 festivoides, Oligia, 165 festuce, Euchalcia, 237 ficus, Pachylia, 60 Ficus pedunculata, roo fidelissima, Composia, 289 fidicularia, Caradrina, 164 fidoniata, Eufidonia, 337 figurata, Apantesis, 132 filimentaria, Ania, 340 Fillip, The Three-spotted, 327 fimbrialis, Hypsopygia, 3090 fimbriaris, Eucoptocnemis, 190 fimetaria, Fernaldella, 337 Final Goal, The, 445 fiscellaria, Therina, 348 : Fishea, genus; enthea, Yosemite, yosemite, I70 flagellum, Autographa, 238 flagitaria, Therina, 348 flammans, Ptychoglene, r1o flammicincta, Eumestleta, 249 flammifera, Mesoleuca, 330 Flannel-moth, White, Yellow 369 flava, Pseudanarta, 175 flavago, Xanthia, 214 flavedana, Platynota, 422 flavescentella, Tinea, 433 flavicans, Erinnyis, 58 flavicosta, Therasea, 27- faves Eux 3g” avipenmis,,rache, 251 ‘ Te ED > favecsembecia, 383 flep=ciata, HEOseED , fletv Catocalasmiges, 107 flexuc.z, Kaphia, 153; Tortricidia, 368 Flight, Great powers of, 67 floccalis, Pleonectyptera, 246 florida, Rhodophora, 224 floridalis, Agathodes, 303 floridana, Atteva, 424 floridaria, Caberodes, 352 floridensis, Callopistria, 252; Hemorrhagia, 63; Sphacelodes, 354 floridum, Eupseudosoma, 139 floscularia, Plagodis, 349 Flour-moth, The, 412 fluviata, Percnoptilota, 330 Flying Squirrels, 140 Fontaine, De La, quoted, 373 Forester, Californian, 145; Ejight-spotted, 144; Langton’s, 145; MacCulloch’s, 143; Mexican, 144; Ridings’, Two-spotted, 145: Wittfeld’s, 144 formosa, Gluphisia, 300 formosa, Polychrysia, 236 formosalis, Nigetia, 358 formula, Catocala, 268 formula, Oreta, 321 forrigens, Phoberia, 273 Fota, genus; armata, minorata, 178 f-pallida, Apantesis, 132 fractilinea, Hadena, 168 fracturalis, Diastictis, 393 fragarie, Ancylis, 419 fragilis, Apatela, 156 fratella, Autographa, 238 frater, Raphia, 153 fratercula, Catocala, 269 fraterna, Euclea, 365 fraudulentaria, Cleora, 344 Fraxinus, 46, 51 Frenulum, 16, 17 Fringes, 18 frugallaria, Cleora, 344 frugiperda, Laphygma, 174 Fruit-worm, The Gooseberry, 411 frustulum, Celiptera, 275 frutetorum, Malacosoma, 312 Fruva, genus; accepta, apicella, truncatula, 252 fucosa, Hypoprepia, 106 Fulgora candelaria, 370 fuliginosa, Phragmatobia, 126 fulminans, Perigonica, 205 fultaria, Paota, 332 fulva, Kodiosoma, 133 fulvicollis, Scepsis, ror fulvoflava, Halisidota, 138 fumalis, Pyrausta, 307 fumosa, Diacrisia, 127; Hemorrhagia, 63 funebris, Pyrausta, 3098 funeralis, Desmia, 392 funerea, Pygoctenucha, 111 fungorum, Choephora, 216 furcata, Papaipema, 214 furcifera, Apatela, 155 furcilla, Argillophora, 255; Panthea, 152 Fur-moth, The, 433 furtivus, Euxoa, 190 furvana, Archips, 422 fusca, Porosagrotis, 187 fuscalis, Phlyctzenodes, 395 fuscimacula, Oligia, 166 fuscipes, Comacla, 107 458 fuscula, Reoeselia, 358 fusimacula, Oxycnemis, 221 futilis, Litoprosopus, 275 G Gaberasa, genus; ambigualis, bifidalis, divisalis, 284 Gea, genus; emphytiformis, solituda, 381 Balbinas Agapema, 86 algula, genus; externa, subpartita, vesca, 247 galianna, Hemeroplanes, 60 galii, Celerio, 76 gallesolidaginis, Gnorimoschema, 418, 425 Galleria, genus; cereana, cerella, mellonella, obliquella, 406 Galleriine, Subfamily, 405 gallivorum, Synanthedon, 387 — Gall- moth, The Misnamed, 418; The Solidago, 425 Gama-grass, 405 garmani, Graphiphora, 204 Gaura biennis, 224 gaure, Pogocolon, 472; Rhodophora, 224 Gazalina, genus, 305 Gelechiidz, Family, 26, 38, 424 gelida, Apantesis, 131; Ellida, 300 gelidalis, Noctuelia, 399 geminata, Cladora, 324; Tephroclystis, 328 geminatus, Sphinx, 55 gemmata, Atteva, 424 gemmatilis, Anticarsia 275 generalis, Renia, 283 generosa, Pyrausta, 308 genicula, Drepana, 321 geniculata, Agrotis, 182 gentilis, Parastichtis, 217; Pyrausta, 307 Geometer, Crocus, 340; ‘Dark- banded, 320; Five-lined, 333; Harvey’s, Bei Snowy, 348 Geometers, 149 geometrica, Parasemia, 134 Geometride, Family, 7, 25, 34, 322 Geometrine, Subfamily, 336 geometroides, Melanchroia, 355; Pangrapta, 254. georgica, Hypereschra, 294 germana, Lithomoia, 206 germanalis, Hypena, 287 gibbocostata, Coenocalpe, 332 gibbosa, Nadata, 2096 gilvipennis, Rhynchagrotis, 178 Gingla, genus; latercule, 373 gisela, Catocala, 269 gitonella, Ephestia, 412 Ghost-moth; Graceful, Silver-spotted, 443 glabella, Pyrophila, 173 gladiaria, Feltia, 186 Glea, genus; inulta, ener viatica, 218 pecalela, Holeocera, 42 lassy-wing, Edwards’, Bah Freckled, 130 glaucovaria, Mamestra, I93 Gleditschia, 06 . glomeralis, Pyrausta, 308 glomeraria, Macaria 340 gloveri, Copidryas, 141; Samia, 84 Gloveria, genus; arizonensis, dentata, how- ardi, psidii, 311 Glover’s Purslane-moth, 14r Gluphisia, genus; albofascia, avimacula, clandestina, danbyi, formosa, rupta, sep- tentrionalis. severa, slossoni, trilineata, wrighti, 300 Glyphodes, genus; iucernalis, marginalis, ristigmalis, 394 hepara, partita, Lembert’s, 444; hyalinata, hyalinatalis, nitidalis, quad- Index Gnophela, genus; arizone, clappiana, con- tinua, discreta, hopfferi, latipennis, mor- risoni, vermiculata, 290 Gnorimoschema, genus, 425; gallesolidaginis, 418, 425 goasalis, Philometra, 282 Goat-moths, 375 goniata, Sabulodes, 353 Gonodonta, genus; unica, 236 Gonodontis, genus; adustaria, agreasaria duaria, hamaria, hypochraria, mestusata obfirmaria, refractaria, 350 Gooseberry Fruit- worm, The, 411 Gooseberry Span-worm, The, 340 gordius, Hyloicus, 51 Gortyna, genus; immanis, Hop-vine, nicti- tans, 212; obliqua, Oblique, 213; sera, Veiled, velata, 212 gortynides, Bellura, 211 Gosse, Edmund, quoted, 355 gossypiana, Archips, 422 gracilenta, Alypia, 144 gracilior, Leptomeris, 333 gracilis, Catocala, 269; Hzmorrhagia, 63; Hepialus, 444 gradata, Macaria, 340 graduatana, Eucosma, 418 grefi, Apatela, 155 Greperia, genus; magnifica, 225 Grammodes, genus; smithi, 274 Grammodia, genus, 60 grandipuncta, Alabama, 243 grandirena, Melipotis, 258 grandis, CoaesStseha om, oes 222; Mamestra, 193; Melittia, 381 octua, 1 84 granitata, Sciagraphia, 339 granitosa, Euherrichia, 253 Grape-leaf Folder, The, 3092 Grape-vine Plume, The, 416 graphica, Syneda, 259 Graphiphora, genus; alia, capsella, confluens, culea, garmani, hibisci, insciens, instabilis, modifica, orobia, oviduca, 204 Grass- moths, 402 grata, Euthisanotia, 232; Oligia, 166 grataria, Hematopsis, 332 gratata, Eucrostis, 336 gratulata, Mesoleuca, 330 Grease-wood, 06 Green Apple-leaf Tier, The, 421 grisea, Apatela, 156; Hy popacha, 312; Illice, r10 griseella, Tinea, 433 griseocincta, Orthodes, 203 grossularia, Zophodia, 411 grossulariata, Cymatophora, 340 Grote, A. R., 20, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36 groteana, Cenopis, 422 grotei, Hemorrhagia, 63; Hemileuca, or; Lycomorpha, tor; Psaphidia, 177 groteiana, Catocala, 264 Grotella, genus; dis, 220 Groundling; Dusky, Red, 165 grynea, Catocala, 269 gueneata, Hydriomena, 331 Guenée, A., 27, 32, 36 guenei, Catocala, 261 Guettarda elliptica, 130 Guilding, Lansdown, 403 gularis, Euxoa, 1090 gulosa, Hemerocampa, 308 Gumppenberg, C. v., 34 gurgitans, Archips, 422 guttata, Platyprepia, 128; Spragueia, 252 guttifera, Halisidota, 138 guttulosa, Pyrausta, 307 gyasalis, Heterogramma, 284 459 Index Gymnocladus, 096 Gynzphora, genus; rossi, 305 Gypsochroa, genus; albosignata. designata hesitata, impauperata, propugnata, pro- pugnaria, sitellata, 332 Gypsy Moth, The, 308 Gyros, genus; muiri, 249 H habilis, Catocala, 268 Habrosyne, genus; scripta, 303 Hadena, genus, 166; Airy, Hest Athenian 167; amputatrix, arctica, 169; arcuata, 167; Base-streaked, basilinea, 168; Black- banded, 167; bridghami, Bridgham’s, 166; Broken-lined, Burgess’, burgessi, cerivana, 168; characta, 167; chlorostigma, 168; claudens, 167; conspicua, 168; contenta, 169; Dark Ashen, 170; Darker, 169; Dark-spotted, Dark-winged, 167; Destroy- ing, devastatrix, 169; discors, 168; Double- banded, 167; dubitans, 168; ducta, 160; fractilinea, 168; Great Western, 169; Green-spotted, 168; Half-Moon, 169; Halt- ing, 168; hilli, 167; incallida, insignata, lateritia, 168; lignicolor, 169; loculata, 168; mactata, 167; marshallana, 169; misel- oides, modica, 167; molochina, 168; Mullein, 169; Neumcegen’s, 166; nigrior, Northern, 160; obliviosa, 168; occidens, ordinaria, 169; passer, Passerine, Red- winged, 168; semilunata, Speckled Gray, 169; sputatrix, 168; subcedens, 167; transfrons, 166; Turbulent, turbulenta, 167; verbascoides, 169; versuta, 167; vinela, 170; violacea, Violet, 167; viralis, vultuosa, 168; White-spotted, 167; Wood- colored, 169 Hadenella, genus, 162; minuscula, 163; pergentilis, subjuncta, 162 hadeniformis, Melipotis, 258 Hematomis, genus; mexicana, uniformis, 107 Hematopsis, genus; grataria, saniaria, suc- cessaria, 332 Hemorrhagia, genus, 62, 72; ethra, axillaris, 63; brucei, 64; buffaloensis, cimbiciformis, diffinis, 63; etolus, 62; floridensis, fumosa, gracilis, grotei, marginalis, metathetis 63; palpalis, 64; pelasgus, 62; pyramus, 63; rubens, 64; ruficaudis, 62, 63; senta, 64; tenuis, 63; thetis, 64; thysbe, 62; uniformis, 63 hesitata, Gypsochrea, 332 hageni, Isogramma, 47 halesaria, Fernaldella, 337 halicarnie, Lapara, 53 Halisidota, genus, 115, 137; annulifascia, 138; antiphola, 137; argentata, carye, 138; davisi, 137; fulvoflava, 138; Gartered 137; guttifera, 138; harrisi, 137; Hickory, longa, Long- streaked, maculata, porphy- ria, Silver-spotted, Spotted, 138; Tessel- lated, tessellaris, 137 Halpine, Charles @,, quoted, 319 hamaria, Gonodontis, 350 hamifera, Autographa, 238 hammondi, Canarsia, 411 Hampson, Sir George Jey sbigy atch Clehy Spey Abbot’ s, 70; Abbot’s Pine, 53; Achemon, 66; Alope, 58; Ash, 46; Azalea, 68; Bear, 41; Big Poplar, 57; Blinded, 56; Bombyx, 53; Catalpa, 48; Cerisy’s, 54; Chess 50; Clark’s Day-, 73; Colorado, - Cramer's, 59; Cypress, 48; Domingo, oa Ello, 58; Euterpe, 14; Fig, 60; Four- horned, 47; Galium, 76; Gaudy, 67; 'Gaura, 472: Giant Gray, 57; Gordian, 51; Grote’s, 61; Hermit, Hermit-like, 49; Hog, 68; Huckleberry, 56; Hydrangea, 609; Laurel, 51; Lesser Vine, 67; Lettered, 71; Lintner’s, 1; Lintner’s Pine, 53; Madame Merian’s, 58; Mourning, 61; Nessus, 72; Neumcegen’s, 50; Obscure, 59; Occult, 45; CEnotrus, 59; Papaw, 46; Phaeton, 74; Pine, 52; Pluto, 75; Rustic, 45; Satellite, 65; Sequoia, 52; Silver-spotted, 60; Small-eyed, 56; Strecker’s, 73; Striped Morning, 76; Tersa, 75; Tomato, 45; Twin-spot, 55; Vancouver, 50; Vine, 67; Walnut, 75; Waved, 48; ‘Western Poplar, 57; White- banded Day-, 62; Wild Cherry, 52; Yellow- banded Day-, 73 spilomela, Caradrina, 165 Spinneret, 7 spinose, Eupanychis, 226 spinuloides, Adoneta, 365 Spirea, 237, 366 spissa, Euxoa, 189 “*Splitters”’ and ‘ “Lumpers,”’ 112 Sport, The, 152 Spots on wings of noctuid moth, 18 spraguei, Pygarctia, 136; Schinia, 228 pragueia, genus; dama, guttata, onagrus, plumbifimbriata, trifariana, 252 spumosum, Stibadium, 234 spuraria, Leptomeris, 333 Spurs, tibial, 14, 15 sputatrix, Hadena, 168 sovemusers, Almodes, 354 s-signata, Macaria, 330 subequaria, Apecasia, 342 subalbicans, Heterocampa, 297 subapicalis, Xylomiges, 107 subatomaria, Paraphia, 343 subcedens, Hadena, 167 subcinctaria, Macaria, 330 subcitrina, Megalopyge, 360 subcolumbata, Sciagraphia, 339 subdolens, Nephelodes, 199 subflava, Nonagria, 211 subgothica, Feltia, 186 subjecta, Lllice, 109 subjectalis, Pyrausta, 397 Index subjuncta, Hadenella, 162; Mamestra, 193 sublunaria, Cleora, 344 submarina, Scotogramma, 198 subnata, Catocala, 266 subolivalis, Pyrausta, 398 subornata, Hypoprepia, 106 subpartita, Galgula, 247 subprivata, Plagodis, 349 subpunctata, Heliophila, 201 Subregions, Faunal, 387 subsequalis, Pyrausta, 395 subsignarius, Ennomos, 348 subsinuaria, Hyperitis, 349 substrigata, Nectua, 184 Subterminal line, 18 subusta, Atethmia, 220 subviridis, Catocala, 261 ne Cymatophora, 341; Hematopsis, Suite, quoted, 2609 sueta, Melicleptria, 230 suffusa, Agrotis, 182; Mamestra, 192 suffusalis, “Pantographa, 3903 Sugar- beet Moth, The, 305 Sugar-cane, 403 Sugaring for moths, 146 sulphuraria, Alcis, 343 sulphurata, Sabulodes, 353 superans, Apatela, 156 superaria, Caberodes, 352 suppressaria, Eois, 335 surrectalis, Epizeuxis, 280 sutrix, Tornacontia, 250 Sweetheart, The, 263 Swift, quoted, 370 Swordgrass; American, Dot and Dash, 208 Sylectra, genus; erycata, 254 sylvaticoides, Malacosoma, 313 Symmerista, genus; albifrons, 296 Sympherta, genus; eipaasians, 342 Symphoricarpus, 62, Sympistis, genus; ees 220 Synanthedon, genus; acericolum, acerni, 386; zmula, albicornis, 387; aureola, 385; aureopurpurea, 387; bassiformis, bolli, brunneipennis, consimilis, eupatorii, 385; gallivorum, 387; hemizone, 385; hospes, 387; hyperici, imitata, impropria, infirma, 385; inusitata, 386; kcebelei, 387; lupini, justrans, madarie, 385; modesta, 387; neglecta, perplexa, 385; pictipes, 386; proxima, pyri, 387; rileyana, rutilans, 385; scitula, 387; sexfasciata, tipuliformis, washingtonia, 385 Synchlora, genus; liquoraria, tricoloraria, 336 Syneda, genus; adumbrata, alleni, 259; athabasca, 260; capticola, divergens, 250; edwardsi, 260; graphica, 259; howlandi, hudsonica, 260; saxea, socia, 259; stretchi, 260 Synelys, genus; alabastaria, ennucleata, teconditaria, 333 Syngrapha, genus; alticola, devergens, diver- gens, hochenwarthi, 240 synochitis, Eustrotia, 247 Syntomeida, genus; epilais, euterpe, ferox, ipomez, 90 Syntomide, 24, 31, 98 syracosia, A®milia, 137 Syringa, 382 syringe, Podosesia, 382 syringicola, Phlyctzenia, 307 Syssaura, genus; equosus, biclaria, ephyrata, infensata, juniperaria, cemearia, olyzonaria, puber, sesquilinea, varus, 352 Syssphinx, genus, 096; albolineata, heilig- brodti, raspa, White-lined, 96 475 Index Sysyrhypena, genus; harti, orciferalis, pupil- laris, 282 Ab tabacella, Phthorimeza, 425 tactus, Homopyralis, 256 tedata, Pseudoglea, 216 talidiformis, Crambodes, 163 tantalus, Sesia, 42, 61, 62 tapayusa, Cocytius, 44 tapetzella, Trichophaga, 434 Tapinostola, genus; variana, 216 Tarache, genus; aprica, binocula, delecta, erastrioides, flavipennis, lactipennis, lanceo- lata, libedis, metallica, sedata, terminima- cula, virginalis, 251 tardigrada, Euclea, 365 Tarsius spectrum, 77 Tarsus, 14, 15 Taylor, J., quoted, 322 tearli, Bombycia, 304 Tecoma, 40, 401 tecome, Salobrana, 4or tecta, Amyna, 242; Orthodes, 203 Telea, genus, 87; fenestra, oculea, paphia, polyphemus, 87 telifera, Agrotis, 182 teligera, Mamestra, 195 telum, Apatela, 155 tenebrifera, Semiophora, 180 tenebrosata, Cymatophora, 341 tenera, Pareuchetes, 134 Tennyson, Alfred, quoted, 22, 445 tenuifascia, Illice, 100; Oncocnemis, 176 tenuimargo, Ptychoglene, IIO tenuis, Hemorrhagia, 63; Isogona, 256 tepida, Xylina, 207 tephra, Olene, 308 Tephroclystis, genus, 327; absinthiata, ab- synthiata, coagulata, elongata, geminata, minutata, notata, 328 teratophora, Jaspidia, 160 terlooi, Arctonotus, 71 Terminal lunules, 18 terminalis, Pygoctenucha, 111; Utetheisa, 117 terminimacula, Tarache, 251 terraria, Almodes, 354 terrella, Phthorimea, 425 terrifica, Setagrotis, 181 tersa, X ylophanes, 15 tertia, Schinia, 228 tertialis, Phlyctenia, 307 tessellaris, Halisidota, 137 tessellata, Euxoa, 180 testacea, Tortricidia, 368 Tetanolita, genus, 283; mynesalis, 284 Tetracis, genus; allediusaria, aspilata, crocal- lata, 353 tetradactylus, Phobetron, 366 tetragonalis, Phlyctanodes, 395 tetraspilaris, Cochlidion, 367 tetrio, Pseudosphinx, 57 texana, Comacla, 107; Horama, 100; Parora, textor, Hyphantria, 124 textula, Sisyrosea, 366 thalialis, Noctuelia, 390 Thalpochares, genus; etheria, 249 thaxteri, Xylina, 207 thecata, Himella, 204 theodori, Polia, 171 Therasea, genus; flavicosta, 251 Therina, genus, 347; «qualiaria, athasiaria, bibularia, 348; endropiaria, 347; fervidaria, fiscellaria, flagitaria, invexata, panisaria, pultaria, sciata, seminudaria, seminudata, siccaria, 348 Harrisina, 372; 255; Remigia, 274 thesealis, Pyrausta, 397 thetis, Hemorrhagia, 64; Daritis, 289 Thomas, Edith M., quoted, 358 Thomson, James, quoted, 331, 390 thoracica, Malacosoma, 313 thoracicoides, Malacosoma, 313 thorates, Xylophanes, 75 Thorax, 14, 18 thoreaui, Schinia, 228 thraxalis, Renia, 283 Thyatiride, Family, 25, 34, 303 thyatiroides, Eosphoropteryx, 237; Dosylo- phia, 206 Thyreion, genus; rosea, 222 Thyridide, Family, 24, 35, 374 Thyridopteryx, genus; coniferarum, mereformis, 361 Thyris, genus; lugubris, maculata, Mournful, nevade, perspicua, sepulchralis, Spotted, 374 Thysania, genus; zenobia, 279 thysbe, Hemorrhagia, 62 Tibia, 14, 15 Tiger, 78 Tiger-moths, 115; Aulean, 124; Banded, 132; Bean’s, 126; Blake’s, 131: Bruce’s, 126; Eyed, 120; Figured, 132; Great, 134; Intermediate, 1209; Isabella, 125; Labrador, Little Virgin, resis Many- spotted, rar; Mexican, 131; Nevada, 131; Ornate, 130, Phyllira, 132; Ranchman’s, 128; Ruby, T2605) Small) 513/45) eSt- Lawrence, 128; Straight- lined, 129; Virgin, 120; Virginian, Vestal, 127; Williams’ , 132; Yarrow’s, 127; Zuni, 124 triangulatum, Eustroma, 320 triangulifer, Cirrhophanus, 234 tigris, Diastema, 241 Tilia, 300 tiliaria, Erannis, 347 timais, Xanthopastis, 231 tinctaria, Cleora, 344 Tinea, genus; dubiella, flavescentella, grise- ella, merdella, pellionella, ae Tineide, Family, 6, 25, 26, 37, Tineola, genus; biselliella, ‘piseemelias crinella, destructor, lanariella, 432 tipuliformis, Synanthedon, 385 titan, Sesia, 62 Titanio, genus; proximalis, 396 titea, Phigalia, 347 titearia, Phigalia, 347 titubatis, Euxoa, 189 togata, Orthodes, 203; Xanthia, 214 Tolype, genus; velleda, 312 Topsell, ‘Historie of Serpents,’ quoted, 114; ‘‘Historie of Four-footed Beasts,” quoted, 357 toreuta, Bomolocha, 286 Tornacontia, genus; sutrix, 250 torrefacta, Apatelodes, 202 Tortricidz, Family, 24, 25, 37, 417 Tortricidia. genus; ce#sonia, flexuosa, testa- cea, 368 Tortrix, genus; albicomana, 423 tortuosa, Hypereschra, 204 Tosale, genus; anthcecioides, plagalis, 402 Toxocampa, genus; victoria, 273 trabalis, Yuma, 407 trabea, Polychrysia, 236 Trachea, genus; delicata, 172 Tragedy of the Night-moth, 209 tragopoginis, Pyrophila, 173 Trama, genus; arrosa, detrahens, 276 tranquila, Zotheca, 219 transducens, Abbotana, 353 ephe- nobilis, ovi- 476 transferens, Abbotana, 353 transfindens, Sabulodes, 353 transfrons, Hadena, 166 translucida, Hemihyalea, 138 transmontana, Arctia, 134 transmutans, Sabulodes, 353 transposita, Sabulodes, 353 transversata, Ellida, 300; Sabulodes, 353 Transverse, anterior line, 18; posterior line, 18 trentonalis, Herculia, gor Trichoclea, genus; antica, 199 Trichocosmia, genus; inornata, 220 Tricholita, genus; semiaperta, signata, 205 Trichophaga, genus; tapetzella, 434 Trichopolia, genus; serrata, 190 Trichosellus, genus; crotchi, cupes, 226 Trichotarache, genus; assimilis, 246 tricinctus, Memythrus, 382 tricolor, ‘Cerathosia, 253; Hemileuca, 93; Hypoprepia, 106; Kodiosoma, 133 tricoloraria, Synchlora, 336 trifariana, Spragueia, 252 trifascia, Schinia, 227 trifolii, Mamestra, 193 trigona, Bertholdia, 140 Trigonophora, genus; periculosa, v-brun- neum, 215 triguttaria, Sieterochileps. 327 trilinearia, Metanema, 351; Platea, 343 trilineata, Gluphisia, 300 trimaculata, Alypiodes, 145; Euerythra, 120 trinotata, Celama, 357 Triocnemis, genus; saporis, 225 tripars, Porosagrotis, 187 tripartita, Dasylophia, 296 tripartitus, Sphinx, 55 Triphosa, genus; dubitata, indubitata, pro- gressata, 331 triplipunctaria, Paraphia, 343 Triprocris, genus, 371; constans, latercula, 372; rata, 371; smithsonianus, 372 Tripsacum dactyloides, 405 Tripudia, genus; opipara, 250 tripunctaria, Sympherta, 342 triquetrana, Celama, 357 trisectus, Crambus, 403 tristis, Catocala, 262 Tristyla, genus; alboplagiata, 220 triumphalis, Phlyctaznodes, 395 Trochanter, 14, 15 truncataria, Epelis, 337 truncatula, Fruva, 252 truxaliata, Saale cs 353 Tubercles, larval, Tuerta, genus; Boe lel sere sabulosa, 143 tumida, Pseudanthoecia, 228 tunicana, Epagoge, 421 turbans, Apantesis, 131 turbatellus, Crambus, 402 turbida, Heterocampa, 207 turbitella, Zophodia, 411 turbulenta, Hadena, 167 Turkeys, Shooting wild, 148 turris, Euxoa, 190 Turuptiana, genus; ceca, permaculata, re- ducta, 121 Typha latifolia, 211 typhon, Pholus, 65 typica, Pronoctua, 185 tyralis, Pyrausta, 398 U u-brevis, Autographa, 238 ? f Ufeus, genus; barometricus, plicatus, satyri- cus, I9L Index ulmi, Apatela, 155; Ceratomia, 47; Hetero- campa, 297 Ulolonche, genus; modesta, 198 Ulosyneda, genus; valens, 257 ultronia, Catocala, 265 umbellana, Depressaria, 428 umbellella, Depressaria, 428 umbra, Pyrrhia, 214 umbrata, Clemensia, 108; Heterocampa, 297 umbrifascia, Hyamia, 254 uncanaria, Platea, 342 Underwings, The, 260; Agrippina, 260; Aholibah, 265; Amasia, 268; American Copper, 173; ‘Andromache, 267; Angus’, 262; Augusta, 264; Babayaga, 263; Badia, 267: Bianca, 262; Briseis, 264; California, 263; Carrie’s, 261; Celia, 265; Cleopatra, 263; Clouded, 266; Darling, 263; Dejected, 261; Delilah, Desdemona, 267; Epione, 260; Evelina, Faintly Green, 261; Faustina, 264: Glittering, 266; Gloomy, 262: Graceful, 269; Grote’s, 264; Hawthorn, 268; Hermia, 264; Hinda, 266; Ilia, 265; Inconsolable, Judith, 262; Little, 269; Luciana, 263; Magdalen, 267; Marbled, 263; Meske’s, 264; Mopsa, 265; Mother, 264; Mourning, Obscure, 262; Old- Maid, 268; Oldwife, 266: Olivia, 260; ‘Once-married, 2643 Paulina, 261; Phalanga, 266; Pure, 264; Robinson’s, 262; Rosalind, 264; Sappho, 260; Scarlet, 265; Serene, 267; Sleepy, Stretch 's, 263; Tearful, 261; Ultronia, Verrill’s, 265; Wayward, 267; Widow, Widowed, 261; Whitney’s, 268; Yellow-banded, 266; Yellow-gray, 262; Youthful, 266 undatifascia, Pachylia, 60 undifera, Prolimacodes, 367 undosus, Cossus, 377 undularis, Ypsia, °278 undulata, Hydria, 320 undulosa, Ceratomia, 48 Ungues, 14, 15 unica, Gonodonta, 236 unicolor, Eudule, 327; Misogada 207; Noctua, 184 unicornis, Schizura, 298 unifascia, Illice, roo unifascialis, Pyrausta, 307 uniformis, Crambidia, 104; Hematomis, 107; Hemorrhagia, 63 unijuga, Catocala, 264 unilineata, Homoptera, 278 unimacula, Pyrausta, 398 unimoda, Xylina, 207 unio, Euthisanotia, 232 unipuncta, Heliophila, 200; Leucania, 175; Paraphia, 343 unipunctata, Paraphia, 343 urentis, Abrostola, 240 uroceriformis, Sannina, 382 ursina, Lathosea, 209 Utahensis, Arctia, 134 Utetheisa, genus, 114; The Beautiful, The Ornamented, bella, hybrida, intermedia ornatrix, pura, stretchi, terminalis, 117 uxor, Catocala, 265 Vv vaccinii, Autographa, 239 vacciniivorana, Alceris, 421 Vaccinium, 56 vagans, Diacrisia, 128 valens, Ulosyneda, 257 Valeria, genus; opina, 172 vancouverensis, Feltia, 186; Hyloicus, 50 vanella, Pseudotamila, 229 477 Index varadaria, Caberodes, 352 varia, Automeris, 89; Heterocampa, 2097; Oligia, 165 variabilis, Pseudorthosia, 216 variana, Tapinostola, 216 variolana, Alceris, 421 variolaria, Deilinea, 338 varus, Syssaura, 352 vashti, Hyloicus, 50 vau, Melalopha, 2093 v-brunneum, Trigonophora, 215 vecors, Orthodes, 203; Perigea, 165 vega, Pogocolon, 73 vegeta, Cissusa, 256 velata, Orthodes, 203; Rhynchagrotis, 178 velleda, Tolype, 312 velleripennis, Euxoa, 188 vellifera, Bomolocha, 286 Venation of wings, 16 venerabilis, Feltia, 186 venezuelensis, Pachylia, 60 venosa, Ctenucha, ror ventilator, Marasmalus, 242 venus, Hyparpax, 2099 ; Venusia, genus; cambrica, comptaria, con- densata, duodecimlineata, inclinata, in- clinataria, perlineata, 328 venusta, Euchalcia, 237; Hyparpax, 20909 verbascoides, Hadena, 169 Verbena, 163 vermiculata, Gnophela, 290 | vernata, Euclea, 365; Nyctobia, 324; Palea- crita, 324 verrilliana, Catocala, 265 verruca, Autographa, 238 versicolor, Darapsa, 60 : versuta, Hadena, 167; Pseudorgyia, 245 verticalis, Euxoa, 189 vesca, Galgula, 247 : Vespamima, genus; pinorum, sequoie, 384 vespiformis, Avgeria, 383 vesta, Philosamia, 82. vestaliata, Orthofidonia, 337 vestalis, Haploa, 118; Meenas, 127 vestitaria, Ania, 349 vesulia, Oxydia, 352 vetusta, Hemerocampa, 306; Porosagrotis, 167 viatica, Glea, 218; Orthofidonia, 337 Viburnum, 62, 63 vicaria, Noctua, 184 vicariana, Archips, 422 vicina, Mamestra, 195 victoria, Toxocampa, 273 videns, Platysenta, 163 vidua, Catocala, 261 viduata, Catocala, 261 vinculum, Phurys, 275 vinela, Hadena, 170 vinnula, Apatela, 156 vinesaria, Euchlena, 350 violacea, Hadena, 167 violans, Nephelodes, 199 viralis, Hadena, 168 virescens, Chloridea, 222 virgata, Ianassa, 2098 virginalis, Platyprepia, 128; Tarache, 251 virginaria, Epimecis, 344 virginica, Ctenucha, 102; Diacrisia, 127 virginiensis, Anisota, 94, 95 virgo, Apantesis, 120 virguncula, Apantesis, 131 viridans, Homoptera, 278 viridescens, Psaphidia, 177 viridiclava, Euclea, 365 viridis, Euclea, 365 viridisignata, Autographa, 239 viridoperlata, Metrocampa, 348 viridula, Zotheca, 219 Vitacee, 61, 65, 70 vitis, Pholus, 67 vittata, Apantesis, 132; Hypoprepia, 106 vivida, Pygarctia, 136 volubilis, Feltia, 186 volupia, Rhododipsa, 225 voluta, Adoneta, 365 vomerina, Morrisonia, 196 votiva, Pygoctenucha, rir v-signatana, Archips, 422 vulneraria, Sphacelodes, 354 vulnifica, Bellura, 211 vultuosa, Hadena, 168 WwW Wainscot; Comma, 203; Dark-winged, False, 201; Heterodox, 202; Lesser, 201; Many-lined, 202; White-lined, 201 wakarusa, Yponomeuta, 423 Walker, Francis, 27, 30 walkeri, Philosamia, 82; Scopelosoma, 218 Walking as a Fine Art, 270 Walnut Case-bearer, The, 408 Walnut Span-worm, The, 345 Walshia, genus; amorphella, 430 Walsingham, Lord, 37, 38 walsinghami, Ctenucha, 102 Walton, Izaak, quoted, 374 washingtonia, Synanthedon, 385 washingtoniana, Xylina, 207 Wasp-moth; Double-tufted, 99; Edwards’, 100; Lesser, 99; Polka-dot, 90; Scarlet- bodied, 98; Texan, 100; Yellow-banded, 99 Web-worm, The Parsnip, 428 Westwood, J. O., 35, 370, 428 whitneyi, Catocala, 268 Whittier, J. G., quoted, 292 320 Wife, The, 265 williamsi, Apantesis, 132 wilsoni, Ciris, 233 Wings, structure of, p. 15 wiskotti, Arctia, 134 Wittfeldi, Alypia, 143, 144 Wood, Rev. J. G., quoted, 360 woodi, Homoptera, 278 Woodling, Beautiful, Brown, Fletcher’s Grieving, Hardened, Oregon, Simple, 197 Wood-nympnh, Beautiful, Pearly, 232 Woolly bears, 115, 125 Wordsworth, quoted, 415 : worthingtoni, Porosagrotis, 187 wrighti, Gluphisia, 300; Scepsis, roz x Xanthia, genus; flavago, silago, togata, 214 xanthioides, Perigea, 165 xanthometata, Mellilla, 338 Xanthopastis, genus; regnatrix, timais, 231 Xanthoptera, genus; nigrofimbria, 248; semiflava, 240 Xanthothrix, genus; neumcegeni, 231 Xanthotype, genus; celaria, citrina, cro- cataria, 349 xiphieformis, Sanninoidea, 384 Xylina, genus; antennata, 206; baileyi, 207; cinerea, disposita, 206; innominata, latici- nerea, 207; petulca, 206; pexata, tepida, thaxteri, unimoda, washingtoniana, 207 xylina, Alabama, 243 xylinoides, Hyppa, 171 Xylomiges, genus; cognata, crucialis, dolosa fletcheri, indurata, patalis, perlubens pulchella, simplex, subapicalis, 197 478 Xylophanes, genus, 75; bhcoerhavie, croesus eson, pluto, tersa, thorates, 75 Xylorictide, Family, 26, 428 We Yarrowi, Phragmatobia, 127 yavapai, Hemileuca, 92 y-inversa, Cochlidion, 367; Prodoxus, 439 yosemite, Fishea, 170 : Yponomeuta, genus; euonymella, multi- punctella, orbimaculella, ordinatellus, wa- karusa, 423 Yponomeutide, Family, 26, 38, 423 Ypsia, genus; undularis, 278 ypsilon, Agrotis, 140, 182 aes genus; clientis, repentis, 277 Yucca, 437; angustifolia, filamentosa, 442; whipplei, 440, 442 : Yucca-moth, 441 yuccasella, Pronuba Yuma, genus; adulatalis, trabalis, 407 Index Z Zale, genus; horrida, 277 zalissaria, Stenaspilates, 351 Zanclognatha, genus; levigata, lituralis, minimalis, ochreipennis, protumnusalis, 281 Zee, : Achatodes, 212; Plodia, 415 zelatella, Mineola, 409 Zeller, P. CH37 zelleri, Automeris, 89 zenobia, Thysania, 270 zephyria, Automeris, 89 Zeuzera, genus; esculi, decipiens, hiiaris hypocastrina, pyrina, 376 Zinckenia, genus; albifascialis, angustalis, diffascialis, fascialis, recurvalis, 392 zonata, Homopyralis, 256 Zophodia, genus; grossularie, turbitella, 411 Zosteropoda, genus; hirtipes, 203 Zotheca, genus; sambuci, tranquila, viridula 219 zuni, Y eetSoagts, 124 Zygenide, Family, 25, 35, 233, 371 479 mat as sn i, ” vk we! hey ra i ee } om i i ‘ j \ : i ’ is i v i ; i \ t ts f ( if } y i i x ‘i ul) 1 atk r , x U % q } } a \ — _— = any