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581.17

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1974

MOUNTAIN GRASSLAND AND SHRUBLAND

HABITAT TYPES OF

WESTERN MONTANA

(INTERIM REPORT - 1974)

STATE DOCUMENTS COLLECTION

riAR 1 2 2001

MONTANA STATE LIBRARY 1515 E. 6th AVE.

HELENA, MONTANA 59620

by

W. F. Mueggler and W. P. Handl

MONTANA STATE LIBRARY 930 East Lynda ie Avenue Helena, Montana 59601

USDA Forest Service

Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station

and

Region One

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MSC T1 22*78

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HAR s 2003

AUG - 7 2001

CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION 1

METHODS 2

LIMITATIONS 5

RESULTS 8

MOUNTAIN GRASSLAND SERIES AND HABITAT TYPES 9

MOUNTAIN SHRUBLAND SERIES AND HABITAT TYPES 10

KEY TO GRASSLANDS AND SHRUBLANDS 11

Key to Vegetation Series 12

Key to Agropyron spicatum Habitat Types ... 14

Key to Festuca scabrella Habitat Types 15

Key to Festuca idahoensis Habitat Types 16

Key to Artemisia arbuscula Habitat Types . 18

Key to Artemisia tridentata Habitat Types . 19

Key to Potentilla fruticosa Habitat Types ... 20

Key to Purshia tridentata Habitat Types 21

DESCRIPTION OF HABITAT TYPES 22

Stipa comata Series 22

Agropyron spicatum Series 23

Festuca scabrella Series 25

Festuca idahoensis Series 26

Deschampsia caespitosa Series ... .... 29

Elymus cinereus Series 29

Artemisia arbuscula Series 30

Artemisia tridentata Series ... 31

Artemisia tripartita Series 33

Artemisia pedatifida Series 33

Potentilla fruticosa Series 34

Purshia tridentata Series 35

Cercocarpus ledifolius Series . . 36

Rhus trilobata Series 37

Sarcobatus vermiculatus Series 38

SPECIES COMPOSITION CHANGES ATTRIBUTED TO GRAZING 39

Stipa comata Series 41

Agropyron spicatum Series . 42

Festuca scabrella Series 43

Festuca idahoensis Series 45

Shrub Series in General 47

APPENDICES . 48

A. COVER CLASS SUMMARIES BY HABITAT TYPES 49

B. SPECIES CONSTANCY AND AVERAGE CANOPY COVER BY HABITAT TYPES . . 53

C. COMPARISONS OF DIFFERENTIALLY-GRAZED PAIRED STANDS 81

-l-

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INTRODUCTION

The highly varied environment of the Northern Rocky Mountains creates a mosaic of forest, shrub land, and grassland vegetation. Species composition, productivity, and consequently resource potentials, differ greatly between and within these major vegetation types. The ability to classify land units within these complex vegetation types according to similarity in potentials and response to management is essential for multiple use planning and intensive resource man- agement. Range managers are especially concerned with the site potentials and management requirements for the grasslands and shrublands .

Recognizing this need, Region One and the Intermountain Station began a joint effort in 1971 to develop a classification system for mountain grasslands and shrublands in western Montana. This classification was to be based on the habitat-type concept developed by R. Daubenmire , Washington State University.

The natural vegetation growing on a site is viewed as an environmental integrator which reflects the biotic potentials of the site’s environment. In recent years, this concept has been acknowledged by researchers and resource managers as a meaningful approach to wildland classification.

A progress report describing tentative habitat types in southwestern Montana was distributed in April 1973. Effort during the 1973 field season was concentra ted in northwestern Montana to complete our coverage of western Montana. All dat were then combined to develop the classification described herein. The classifi- cation first breaks the grassland and shrubland vegetation into series, which are then subdivided into habitat types. In some cases, the habitat types are further broken into phases. Series, habitat types, and phases can be identified in the field by use of a vegetation key. The classification and key are tentative pending verification of certain habitat types and field testing the vegetation key .

This work complements a similar cooperative effort between the Region and Station to develop a habitat-type classification for forested lands. These classifications should be useful for standardized mapping of Region One National Forest lands according to vegetation potential. They also provide the framework essential for organizing information on resource potentials , limitations , and responses to management in a sensible and useful manner.

Development of this classification is recognized as simply the first step in meeting the needs of the resource manager. We now must determine how much usable forage important habitat types can produce (as well as other resources, such as water), constraints on this use, and the management required to achieve maximum sustained use.

2

METHODS

Our approach to the development of this classification was conditioned by- several somewhat controversial concepts: (1) no two plant communities are iden- tical; (2) natural vegetation does not occur in discrete units, but rather as a continuum along complex environmental gradients; (3) land management based on discrete units is feasible, but is not feasible when based on the continuum concept; and (4) "relatively" similar plant communities should produce and respond similarly to management. The problem, then, becomes one of aligning sampled vege- tation along a continuum of relative vegetation similarity and expected response to manipulation, and then partitioning this continuum into relatively homogeneous units that have reasonably similar biotic potentials and responses to management. Unavoidably, the actual division of a continuum into segments is often somewhat arbitrary .

Ideally, undisturbed communities of climax vegetation should be used for developing a classification based on biotic potential. However, the presence of domestic livestock in western Montana for over 100 years has left few such areas unchanged by grazing. This necessitated sampling both relatively pristine areas and areas subjected to grazing disturbance which, according to our judgment, had not been altered appreciably. In other words, a change in the relative amount of a species was acceptable, but not a pronounced alteration in species present. Severely altered communities were usually easily identified, but determination of degree of change at lesser levels of disturbance was very subjective unless undis- turbed areas on similar sites were nearby for comparison.

Field crews were instructed to sample the following: all relic areas and

exclosures , areas typical of large expanses of grasslands and shrublands not severely altered by grazing, areas typical of small recurring grasslands and shrublands, and distinct fence-line contrasts caused by differential grazing.

The latter were sampled to provide data on composition changes attributable to grazing. Areas to be avoided, in addition to those severely overgrazed, included all obviously treated for brush control, those artificially seeded or irrigated, those crossing sharp ecotones , and those neither typical of large expanses or of smaller recurring sites.

A relatively uniform 20x20m macroplot was selected and permanently marked in each community (stand) intensively sampled. The macroplot was selected as typical of the area under consideration. Each macroplot was sampled by 40, 2x5dm micro- plots evenly distributed along two randomly selected transects crossing the macro- plot. A list was prepared of species occurring on the macroplot, and canopy cover was estimated by species and vegetation classes on each microplot. Many ephemeral species were missed, however, because many areas were sampled after these species had dried and disintegrated. Estimates of litter, rock, and bare soil also were obtained. Photographs were taken, and the following environmental data recorded: elevation, aspect, percent slope, slope profile, position on slope, parent rock, origin of surface soil, soil depth, texture, and rockiness. A total of 355 such stands were sampled, 289 in the grassland series and 66 in the shrub series.

3

Plant species of uncertain identity were collected and returned to the labora- tory for identification. A total of 494 different species representing over 200 genera were encountered. Nomenclature follows that of Hitchcock, et al ^ and Booth jZ/l/with Hitchcock given preference. A collection of voucher specimens for this study is maintained at the Forestry Sciences Laboratory in Bozeman.

Field sheets were designed to facilitate direct transfer of data to punch cards. Following species verification, coding, and checking the field record for clarity, all data were punched onto cards for computer processing. A computer program was developed to summarize the stand data and to compute the following species parameters: absolute and relative frequency, absolute and relative canopy cover, and an importance value. Both paper and punch-card summaries were obtained. Stand summary data were then placed on magnetic tape to facilitate further computer analyses .

General reconnaissance data were obtained from an additional 255 stands to supplement the geographical coverage provided by the intensively sampled stands. These data consisted of general estimates of canopy cover by species on sites selected as representative of various conditions. A special effort was made to obtain information useful for evaluating successionary trends and to supply at least limited data on suspected habitat types not sampled otherwise.

A computer program was developed for computing similarity indices and ordinating stands on the basis of relative similarity. Used with Montana State University's Sigma-7, this program can compare at least 100 stands by 300 char- acteristics. An existing cluster analysis program with similar capabilities on the Sigma-7 and a program (SIM0RD) permitting computation and direct computer plotting of ordination data were adjusted to our specific use.

Ordination of approximately 200 stands using, successively, species presence, relative canopy cover, and canopy cover scaled to different values assisted formu- lation of ideas on logical major groups of stands. Subsequent cluster analyses of these groups were of limited value for aligning stands into logical sequence.

We believe that the relatively few species exerting a potentially dominant role as expressed by amount of canopy cover, morphology, or a combination of these factors, should be stressed in the development of a classification. The impor- tance of these species appeared to be overshadowed in our ordination and cluster

— Hitchcock, C, L. , A. Cronquist , M. Ownbey , and J. W. Thompson. 1969. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest, Parts 1 to 5 . Univ. Wash. Press, Seattle and London.

2 /

— Booth, W. E., and J. C. Wright. 1966. Flora of Montana, Part 2. Dept. Bot . and Microbiology, Montana State Univ., 305 pp . (Processed).

3 /

— Booth, W. E. 1972. Grasses of Montana. Dept. Bot. and Microbiology, Montana State Univ., 64 pp . (Processed).

4

analysis by the great variation in presence and cover of the lesser species. The large variability of the many forb species especially appeared to overshadow basic similarities and dissimilarities inherent in the graminoid and shrub components which could be detected otherwise. Since we were dealing primarily with somewhat less than pristine conditions, species presence and composition within each stand had to be viewed rather flexibly and weight given to those species considered sig- nificant indicators of environmental differences. The forbs generally appeared more accidental on these areas than the graminoids and shrubs ; in any event , most forbs appeared to be unreliable indicators of suspected environmental differences . Rather than intensively pursue the refinement of groupings obtained by using these numerical techniques , we decided to rely heavily upon the less sophisticated "association table" approach. Objective verification of the classification by variations of ordination and cluster analysis will be attempted in the near future.

The stands were first grouped into "series" determined by the primary climax dominant species. This determination was based upon judgment conditioned by the results of computer analysis and experience. Shrubs were generally considered first order, and graminoids second order dominants. No single forb species appeared to assume an overall dominant position in any of the communities sam- pled. A minimum canopy cover of approximately 5% combined with a frequency of 25 to 50%, depending upon the species growth habit, of a potentially dominant species was required to qualify a stand for a particular series. These minimum cover and frequency values were merely guides which were adjusted somewhat de- pending upon estimated grazing alteration.

Stands assigned to a series were placed in a "dynamic" association table which permitted horizontal alignment of stands and vertical alignment of species . The position of stands and species were adjusted until they were arranged into what appeared to be a sensible order along a continuum of vegetation similarity. Factors considered in selecting species upon which to base stand alignments included species dominance in the stands , suspected affinity to specific environmental conditions , and constancy of species within proposed groups . Partitioning of the continuum into "habitat types" followed. Usually one end of the series continuum differed obviously from the other, and usually this difference appeared to reflect a moisture gradient. Different species tended to occur at opposite ends of the continuum, but many others were so widely scattered that they appeared accidental; very likely this difference in species behavior reflects differences in overall ecological amplitude of the various species within the series. Actual separation of habitat types was based upon dominant and codominant species , reasonable consistency of the secondary species, and the likelihood of similar anticipated response to management. A "phase" was designated only when consistent dissimilarities of one or more secondary species suggested a real environmental difference, but one not sufficiently great to warrant separate habitat type status .

A dichotomous vegetation key was prepared to assist recognition of series, habi- tat types, and phases in the field. The key was tested for reliability by checking against the data for each of the intensively sampled and general reconnaissance stands. Summaries of cover classes by habitat types and phases are shown in Appendix A, and constancy and canopy cover of most plant species are shown in Appendix Tables B1 thru B14 . Generally, only those species that either occur on 25% or more of the stands within a habitat type or phase, or those that have an average canopy cover of at least 1% are included in the summary tables. Festuca scabrellas F. idahoensiss and most of the Carex spp. are shown regardless of the amount present.

5

A considerable amount of data was collected during the study relating to the effects of grazing. Most was from sampling inside and outside of exclosures, and from other fence-line contrasts. These data were supplemented by literature review to provide comprehensive coverage of composition changes attributable to grazing for the different vegetation series. This information is included as a separate section in the report.

LIMITATIONS

The user of this guide to habitat types must bear in mind certain limitations created by unavoidable limitations in the study itself. As mentioned previously, development of such a classification ideally should be based on data only from areas of pristine vegetation; also, a large number of stands should be used for a data base. These conditions could only be partly met. Known areas of pristine vegetation were too few, thus requiring inclusion of communities of varied and poorly documented grazing history. Conceivably, grazing would greatly increase the variation in compo- sition between stands which otherwise would be similar, which consequently would increase the uncertainty of breaking out probable habitat types. The foundation for the classification, therefore, is somewhat tenuous, and the classification is subject to possible changes as more information becomes available. This is particularly true for series and habitat types identified on the basis of relatively few stands.

A number of the western Montana habitat types are similar to those described by Daubenmire^! for the steppe region of eastern Washington. This similarity is somewhat superficial however, for it is created primarily by the same dominant and codominant species, which are the basis for the habitat -type names. Comparison of all species suggests that the Montana types are really distinct from those of Washington. A number of our species are associated with the Northern Great Plains flora which does not penetrate as far as eastern Washington. In like fashion, not all of the secondary species listed by Daubenmire occur in western Montana. Where duplication of habitat- type names with those of Daubenmire !s was unavoidable, a suffix of (MONT) was added to the name to identify the habitat type as belonging to the Montana classification. This occured once in the grassland series and five times in the shrub series.

There are several changes in habitat types listed in this report from those shown in our 1973 progress report for southwestern Montana. Some changes are addi- tions to account for new habitat types encountered in northwestern Montana. Others resulted from reevaluation and more inclusive data. The Stipa comata series has undergone the greatest change. We decided that the S. comata/ Sporobolis cryptandrus and S. comata/Carex fili folia habitat types were not valid, and regrouped all stands into a S. comata/Bouteloua gracilis h.t. with an Agropyron smithii-A. dasystachyum phase. In the Festuca scahrella series, we changed the F. scabrella/ Stipa richard- sonii h.t. to phase status.

— Daubenmire, R. 1970. Sta. Tech. Bull. 62, 131 pp .

Steppe Vegetation of Washington. Wash. Agr. Exp.

Certain species were taxonomically difficult to separate under the highly- varied developmental stages encountered in the field. Among these were certain species of Lupinus 3 Astragalus , the more infrequent Poas s and certain rhizomatous Agropyrons. The questionable taxonomic separation of Festuaa idahoensis and F. ovina necessitated treating this complex as a single species, F. idahoensis. We are confident that most of our encounters were with F. idahoensis , but undoubtedly F. ovina was sometimes intermixed, particularly on subalpine sites. The possibly unfamiliar Agropyron oaninum species is used by Hitchcock, et al (op. cit.) for a group including the more familiar, but taxonomically difficult, A. trachycaulum and A. subsecundum. We have adopted this usage to simplify field identification. Many of the early-drying ephemerals such as Claytonia3 Ranunculus , Dodecatheon 3 and Delphinium bicolor are conspicuously absent from the species lists for the habitat types. These species were usually missed because much of our sampling occurred after they had dried and disintegrated; we simply did not have the resources to sample an area more than once.

The habitat types described in this report and the key for their identifica- tion are specific to the western portion of Montana (the area left of the dark line on fig. 1). The plains areas of the central and eastern part of the state were not covered. Applicability to adjoining mountainous areas in Wyoming, Idaho, and Canada has yet to be determined. The key in particular should be used with caution outside of the designated area. The key covers natural grassland and shrubland vegetation within the lower intermontane valleys and foothills on up through the subalpine type. The true alpine areas are not covered by this des- cription .

The key applies only to vegetation not severely altered from pristine. Consequently, successful identification of a habitat type depends upon consider- able discernment by the user in judging successional status and in making allow- ances for species likely to be altered appreciably by abusive grazing or other man-related treatments .

Kalispell

7

Figure 1.— The mountain grassland and shrubland habitat-type key applies specifically t that portion of Montana west of the dark line.

RESULTS

The results of this research are presented in the form of:

Listings of mountain grassland and shrubland series, habitat types, and phases .

Field keys for identification of these series, habitat types, and phases .

Brief descriptive narratives for each habitat type.

Appended tables showing species constancy and canopy cover for each habitat type.

Brief listings and discussion of composition changes attributable to grazing.

Appended tables of species canopy cover on paired, differentially- grazed stands.

General environmental characteristics suspected of being related to specific habitat types are mentioned in the narrative wherever possible; detailed environ- mental characterizations have yet to be developed. No information is available yet on forage potentials and management implications for these classification units .

MOUNTAIN GRASSLAND SERIES AND HABITAT TYPES

IN THE WESTERN HALF OF MONTANA (1974)

STIPA COMATA SERIES (p. 22)

Stipa comata/Bouteloua gracilis h.t. (STCO/BOGR)

Agropyron smithii-A. dasystachyum phase (AGSM-DA)

AGROPYRON SPICATUM SERIES (p. 23)

Agropyron spicatwi/Bouteloua gracilis h.t. (AGSP/BOGR)

Liatris punctata phase ( LIPUN )

Agropyron spicatum/ Agropyron smithii-A. dasystachyum h.t. ( AGSP/ AGSM-DA) Stipa viridula phase (STVI)

Agropyron spicatum/Poa sandbergii (MONT . ) h.t. (AGSP/POSAN)

Stipa comata phase (STCO)

FESTUCA SCABRELLA SERIES (p.25)

Festuca scabrella/ Agropyron spicatum h.t. (FESC/AGSP)

Stipa comata phase (STCO)

Festuca scabrella/Festuca idahoensis h.t. (FESC/FEID)

Geranium viscosissimum phase (GEVI)

Stipa richardsonii phase (STRIC)

FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS SERIES ..... (p. 26)

Festuca idahoensis /Agropyron smithii-A. dasystachyum h.t. (FEID/ AGSM-DA)

Festuca idahoensis /Agropyron spicatum h.t. (FEID/ AGSP)

Stipa occidentalis phase (STOC)

Festuca idahoensis /Agropyron caninum h.t. (FEID/AGCA)

Geranium viscosissimum phase ( GEVI)

Festuca idahoensis /Carex fili folia h.t. (FEID/CAFI)

Festuca idahoensis /Stipa richardsonii h.t. (FEID/STRIC)

Festuca idahoensis /Deschampsia caespitosa h.t. (FEID/DECA)

DESCHAMPSIA CAESPITOSA SERIES (p. 29)

Deschampsia caespitosa/ Carex spp. h.t. (DEC A/ CAREX)

ELYMUS CINEREUS SERIES (p. 29)

MOUNTAIN SHRUBLAND SERIES AND HABITAT TYPES IN THE WESTERN HALF OF MONTANA (1974)

10

ARTEMISIA ARBUSCULA SERIES (p. 30)

Artemisia arbus aula/ Agropyron spiaatum h.t. (ARAR/AGSP)

Stipa aomata phase (ST CO)

Artemisia arbuscula/Festuea idahoensis h.t. (ARAR/FEID)

ARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA SERIES (p. 31)

Artemisia tridentata/Agropyron spiaatum (MONT.J h.t. (ARTR/AGSP)

Artemisia tridentata/Festuaa idahoensis ( MONT . ) h.t. (ARTR/FEID)

Geranium viscosissimum phase ( GEVI)

Artemisia tridentata/Festuaa saabrella h.t. (ARTR/FESC)

ARTEMISIA TRIPARTITA SERIES (p. 33)

Artemisia tripartita/Festuaa idahoensis (MONT . J h.t. (ARTRI/FEID)

ARTEMISIA PEDATIFIDA SERIES (p. 33)

Artemisia pedatifida/Festuaa idahoensis h.t. (ARPE/FEID)

POTENTILLA FRUTICOSA SERIES (p. 34)

Potentilla frutiaosa/Festuaa idahoensis h.t. (POFR/FEID)

Potentilla frutiaosa/Festuaa saabrella h.t. (POFR/FESC)

Danthonia intermedia phase (DAIN)

PURSHIA TRIDENTATA SERIES (p. 35)

Purshia tridentata/Agropyron spiaatum (MONTJ h.t. (PUTR/AGSP)

Purshia tridentata/Festuaa idahoensis (MONT.j h.t. (PUTR/FEID)

Purshia tridentata/Festuaa saabrella h.t. (PUTR/FESC)

CERCOCARPUS LEDIFOLIUS SERIES (p. 36)

Ceraoaarpus ledifolius/Agropyron spiaatum h.t. (CELE/AGSP)

RHUS TRILOB AT A SERIES (p. 37)

Rhus trilobata/ Agropyron spiaatum h.t. (RHTR/AGSP)

Rhus trilobata/ Fes tua a idahoensis h.t. (RHTR/FEID)

SARCOBATUS VERMICULATUS SERIES . . . (p. 38)

Saraobatus vermiaulatus /Agropyron smithii h.t. Saraobatus vermiaulatus /Elymus ainereus h.t.

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KEYS TO GRASSLANDS AND SHRUBLANDS IN THE WESTERN HALF OF MONTANA

Instructions

This key is designed to first lead to the appropriate SERIES, a broad cate- gory determined by the potentially climax dominant species, and then to the appropriate HABITAT TYPE. Following the series and habitat type designations in the key, parenthetical page numbers will lead the user to the next appropriate section of the key, or to a description of the habitat type. Unavoidably, rela- tive amounts of species are sometimes used as separation criteria in the key. In most instances of questionable separation, the key will lead eventually to the same habitat type under either alternative. It is possible for a community to be identified correctly to a phase or habitat type , even though one of the species constituting the habitat type or phase name is absent. This occasionally happens because habitat types and phases are determined by the entire floral composition, and not by just the name species. The key is workable with a taxonomic knowledge of only 11 shrubs , 18 graminoids , and 6 forbs , most of which are common species readily identified by range technicians .

The user must remember that this key is designed for vegetation not severely altered from pristine conditions, and to make allowances for changes in community composition caused by abusive grazing or other man-related factors.

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Key to Vegetation Series

1. Grassland or herbland aspect; nonsuffrutescent shrubs, if present, are as widely scattered individuals.

2. Festuca scabrella usually abundant, with a minimum of 5% canopy cover.

3. Potentilla fruticosa present as numerous, scattered, small plants often hidden by F. scabrella. (Compare with more disturbed areas to determine if P. fruticosa will increase appreciably.)

POTENT ILL A FRUTICOSA/FESTUCA SCABRELLA H.T (p. 34)

3 . P. fvuticosa absent or rare .

FESTUCA SCABRELLA SERIES (p. 15)

2. F. scabrella absent or rare (may be occasional widely scattered plants with less than 5% canopy cover).

4. Festuoa idahoensis usually abundant; at least more than 5% canopy cover .

FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS SERIES (p. 16)

4. P. idahoensis absent or rare (less than 5% canopy cover).

5. Agropyron spicatum usually more than 10% canopy cover; may have somewhat less than 10% cover if Bouteloua gracilis has less than 20% canopy cover.

AGROPYRON SPICATUM SERIES (p. 14)

5. A. spicatum absent or rare (less than 5% canopy cover).

6. Stipa comata or B. gracilis dominant grasses; Deschampsia caespitosa absent (east of Continental Divide).

STIPA COMATA/BOUTELOUA GRACILIS H.T (p. 22)

6. S. comata and B. gracilis absent; D. caespitosa present (subalpine or alpine environment).

7. P. idahoensis (or P. ovina) present.

FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS, /DESCHAMPSIA CAESPITOSA H.T (p. 27)

7. P. idahoensis (or P. ovina ) absent.

DESCHAMPSIA CAESPITOSA/ CAREX SPP.H.T (p. 29)

1. Aspect of woody, nonsuffrutescent shrubs.

8. Shrubby aspect caused by species of Artemisia.

9 . Artemisia pedatifida abundant .

ARTEMISIA PEDATIFIDA/ FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS H.T (p. 34)

9.

A. pedatifida absent or rare.

13

10. Artemisia arbuscula with at least 5% canopy cover, even though A. tridentata may be more abundant.

ARTEMISIA ARBUSCULA SERIES (p. 18)

10. A. arbuscula usually absent, but at most less than 5% canopy cover.

11. Artemisia tripartita present and usually the domi- nant shrub; Artemisia tridentata may also be abundant. ARTEMISIA TRIPARTITA/FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS H.T (p. 33)

11. A. tripartita absent; A. tridentata the dominant shrub .

ARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA SERIES (p. 19)

8. Shrubby aspect created by shrubs other than Artemisia ; Artemisia may be understory to taller shrubs .

12 . Purshia tridentata abundant , usually the dominant shrub .

PURSHIA TRIDENTATA SERIES (p. 21)

12 . P. tridentata usually absent , or at least not a dominant shrub .

13. Cercocarpus ledifolius usually a dominant shrub, or codominant with Rhus trilobata or Artemisia spp.

CERCOCARPUS LEDIFOLIUS SERIES (p. 36)

13. C. ledifolius absent.

14. Potentilla fruticosa abundant, or as scattered plants obscured by tall herbaceous layer, but with potential to increase in density.

POTENTILLA FRUTICOSA SERIES (p. 20)

14. P. fruticosa absent.

15. Rhus trilobata abundant or present in large, scattered patches (well-drained uplands or hillsides ) .

RHUS TRILOBATA SERIES (p. 37)

15. Sarcobatus vermiculatus abundant (poorly- drained, saline, or alkaline soils).

SARCOBATUS VERMICULATUS SERIES (p. 38)

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Key to Agropyron spicatum Habitat Types

1. Bouteloua gracilis usually with more than 5% canopy cover, or poten- tially able to increase (compare with areas more heavily grazed). Usually east of Continental Divide.

2. Liatris punctata and Carex filifolia absent.

AGROPYRON SPICATUM/BOUTELOUA GRACILIS H.T (p. 23)

2. Either L. punctata or C. filifolia present.

AGSP/BOGR H.T., LIATRIS PUNCTATA PHASE (p. 23)

1. B. gracilis absent or rare; potential to increase with overgraing minimal .

3. Rhizomatous wheatgrasses and usually Carex stenophylla present; generally east of Continental Divide.

4. Stipa viridula and Vicia americana absent.

AGROPYRON SPICATUM/ AGROPYRON SMITH I I - A. DASYSTACHYUM H.T.. (p. 23)

4. S. viridula and usually V. americana present.

AGSP/AGSM-AGDA H.T., STIPA VIRIDULA PHASE (p. 23)

3. Rhizomatous wheatgrasses absent.

5 . Stipa comata and/or Stipa spartea absent .

AGROPYRON SPICATUM/POA SANDBERGII (MONT) H.T (p. 24)

5. S. comata and/or S. spartea present.

AGSP/POSAN (MONT) H.T. , STIPA COMATA PHASE (p. 24)

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Key to Festuca scabrella Habitat Types

1. Stipa riohardsonii present.

2. Eriogonum umbellatum present; S. riohardsonii usually common.

FESTUCA SCABRELLA/FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS H.T., STIPA RICHARDSONII PHASE. . (p. 25)

2. E. umbellatum absent.

3. Agropyron spicatum abundant (over 5% canopy cover); Artemisia

frigida usually present .

FESTUCA SCABRELLA/ AGROPYRON SPICATUM H.T (p. 25)

3. A. spicatum absent or rare; A. frigida absent.

FESC/FEID H.T., STIPA RICHARDSONII PHASE (p. 25)

1. S. riohardsonii absent.

4. Geranium visoosissimum and Potentilla gracilis both present and usually conspicuous.

FESTUCA SCABRELLA/FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS H.T., GERANIUM VISOOSISSIMUM PHASE (p. 25)

4. Not as above.

5. Stipa oomataj S. spartea3 or Bouteloua gracilis present.

6. Danthonia intermedia present; Gutierrezia sarothrae absent.

FESTUCA SCABRELLA/FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS H.T .... (p. 25)

6. D. intermedia absent; G. sarothrae usually present.

FESC/AGSP H.T., STIPA COMAT A PHASE (p. 25)

5. Neither S. comata S. spartea nor B. gracilis present.

7. Agropyron spicatum abundant (at least 5% canopy cover, or about 1 plant/4 f t . ^ ) ; may be somewhat less abundant only if such species as Danthonia intermedia > Stipa occidentalism and Agropyron caninum are absent.

FESTUCA SCABRELLA/ AGROPYRON SPICATUM H.T (p. 25)

7. A. spicatum not as above.

FESTUCA SCABRELLA/FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS H.T (p. 25)

16

Key to Festuca idahoensis Habitat Types

1. Agropyron spicatum abundant (more than 5% canopy cover); perennial Bromus spp. absent or extremely scarce (see alternative).

2. Stipa occidentalis usually absent; if present, only in small amounts greatly exceeded by Stipa oomata.

FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS /AGROPYRON SPICATUM H.T (p. 26)

2. S. occidentalis conspicuous, and not exceeded by S. comata.

FEID/AGSP H.T., STIPA OCCIDENTALIS PHASE (p. 26)

1. A. spicatum either absent or a relatively minor species with less canopy cover than other Agropyron spp.; only abundant if perennial Bromus spp. prominent .

3. Artemisia frigida present.

4. Agropyron smithii and/or A. dasystachyum present.

FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS /AGROPYRON SMITHII -A. DASYSTACHYUM H.T (p. 26)

4. A. smithii and A. dasystachyum absent.

5. Stipa occidentalis absent.

FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS /AGROPYRON SPICATUM H.T (p. 26)

5. S. occidentalis conspicuous.

FEID/AGSP H.T., STIPA OCCIDENTALIS PHASE (p. 26)

3. A. frigida absent.

6. Deschampsia caespitosa present; Phleum alpinum and Trisetum spp.

also often present; A. spicatum absent.

FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS/ DES CHAMPS I A CAESPITOSA H.T . (p. 27)

6. D. caespitosa absent; usually P. alpinum and Trisetum spp. also absent .

7. Carex filifolia present, and both Stipa occidentalis and Phlox hoodii absent.

FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS /CAREX FILIFOLIA H.T (p. 26)

7. C. filifolia usually absent; if present, must be accompanied by S. occidentalis or P. hoodii.

8. Stipa richardsonii very abundant (more than 25% canopy cover). FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS /STIPA RICHARDSONII H.T (p. 27)

8. S. richardsonii usually absent; if present, less than 10% canopy cover.

9. Geranium viscosissimum and/or Potentilla gracilis present .

17

10. Either G. viscosissimum or P. gracilis present.

but not both.

FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS /A GROPYRON CANINUM H.T (p. 27)

10. Both G. viscosissimum and P. gracilis present.

FEID/AGCA H.T., GERANIUM VISCOSISSIMUM PHASE (p. 27)

9. Both G. viscosissimum and P. gracilis absent.

11. Stipa occidentalis absent.

12. Agropyron smithii and/or A. dasystachyum

present .

FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS/ AGROPYRON SMITHII-A. DASYSTACHYUM H.T (p. 26)

12. Both A. smithii and A. dasystachyum absent .

FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS /AGROPYRON SPICATUM H.T (p. 26)

11. S. occidentalis present.

FEID/AGSP H.T., STIPA OCCIDENTALIS PHASE (p. 26)

18

Key to Artemisia arbuscuia Habitat Types

1. Festuoa iddhoensis less than approximately 5% canopy cover.

2. Artemisia tridentata present, Stipa comata absent.

ARTEMISIA ARBUSCULA/AGROPYRON SPICATUM H.T (p. 30)

2. S. comata present, A. tridentata absent.

ARAR/AGSP H.T., STIPA COMATA PHASE (p. 30)

1. F. idahoensis greater than approximately 5% canopy cover.

ARTEMISIA ARBUSCULA/FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS H.T (p. 30)

19

Key to Artemisia tridentata Habitat Types

1. Festuoa idahoensis absent.

2. Festuoa soabrella present.

ARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA/FESTUCA SCAB RE LEA H.T (p. 31)

2. F. soabrella absent; Agropyron spicatum usually abundant.

ARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA/ AGROPYRON SPICATUM (MONT.) H.T (p. 31)

1. F. idahoensis present, usually abundant.

3. Festuoa soabrella present, usually abundant.

ARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA/FESTUCA SCABRELLA H.T (p. 31)

3. F. soabrella absent.

4. Geranium visoosissimum3 Potentilla gracilis 3 or P. glandulosa3 and Agropyron caninum or Bromus carinatus present.

ARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA/FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS ( MONT . ) H . T . , GERANIUM

VISCOSISSIMUM PHASE (p. 32)

4. Not as above.

ARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA/FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS (MONT.) H.T (p. 32)

20

Key to Potentilla frutieosa Habitat Types

1. Festuoa scabrella canopy cover greater than approximately 10%.

2. Danthonia intermedia and Agropyron eaninum absent.

POTENTILLA FRUTICOSA/FESTUCA SCABRELLA H.T (p. 34)

2. D. intermedia and A. eaninum present.

POFR/FESC H.T., DANTHONIA INTERMEDIA PHASE (p. 34)

1. F. scabrella absent, or present only as scattered individuals with considerably less than 10% canopy cover.

POTENTILLA FRUTICOSA/FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS H.T (p. 34)

21

Key to Purs hia tridentata Habitat Types 1. Festuca idahoensis present.

2. Festuoa scabrella present.

PURSHIA TRIDENTATA/FESTUCA SCABRELLA H.T (p. 35)

2. F. scabrella absent.

PURSHIA TRIDENTATA/FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS (MONT.) H.T (p. 35)

1. F. idahoensis absent, Agropyron spicatum usually prominent in the understory.

PURSHIA TRIDENTATA/ AGROPYRON SPICATUM (MONT.) H.T (p. 35)

22

DESCRIPTION OF HABITAT TYPES Stipa comata Series Stipa oomata/Bouteloua gracilis h.t.

This habitat type is found east of the Continental Divide at elevations usually less than 5,000 ft., except in some of the higher mountain valleys of southwestern Montana and the foothill areas of southcentral Montana where it has been sampled at elevations up to 6,100 ft. Bouteloua gracilis is present in varying amounts, depending upon history of past use; it usually increases with overgrazing. Stipa comata and B. gracilis are the major forage producing species. When present, Agropyron spicatum occurs only as widely scattered plants. Sphaeralcea coccinea is the most constant forb. Artemisia frigida3 Gutierrezia sarothrae , and Opuntia polyacantha are usually present and conspicuous.

A richer flora of graminoid and forb species is found on the deeper soils within this habitat type. The rhizomatous wheatgrasses , Agropyron smithii and A. dasystachyum , and usually Carex filifolia are important contributors to the forage production. Koeleria cristata and Calamagrostis montanensis are more consistently present along with such forb species as Chrysopsis villosa , Gaura coccinea3 Liatris punctata3 and Phlox hoodii. This variant has been delineated as the A. smithii-A. dasystachyum phase of the S. comata/B. gracilis h.t.

Data on ground cover by vegetation classes, litter, and bare soil are shown in Appendix A, and a list of species with constancy and average canopy cover values is given in Appendix Table Bl.

23

Agropyron spicatum Series Agropyron spioatum/Bouteloua gracilis h.t.

Whereas the Stipa oomata/Bouteloua gracilis h.t. is usually found on gently undulating topography of broad valley bottoms, the Agropyron spioatum/Bouteloua gracilis h.t. occurs on steeper slopes off the valley bottoms and on toeslopes of the foothills. This habitat type, found at elevations under 6,000 ft. on dry, shallow, rocky soils, usually occurs east of the Continental Divide. A. spicatum generally shares dominance in canopy cover with S. comata. As in the S. comata/

B. gracilis h.t., B. gracilis may be present in varying amounts, depending upon grazing history. Usually it is a conspicuous and important part of the flora with a potential to increase substantially under heavy grazing. Phlox hoodii and Sphaeralcea coccinea are the most constant and conspicuous forbs . Artemisia frigida is always present and conspicuous ; Gutierrezia sarothrae and Opuntia polyacantha , which are also low-growing shrubby species, are usually present.

On the somewhat deeper, less stony soils of this habitat type, a richer flora is found which is characterized by the presence of either Liatris punctata or Carex fili folia and Calamagrostis montanensis . Other conspicuous forbs such as Antennaria parvi folia or A. rosea > Chrysopsis villosa and Gaura coccinea are also more consistently present. Areas of this nature have been delineated as a L. punctata phase of the A. spicatum/B. gracilis h.t.

Data on ground cover by vegetation classes, litter, and bare soil for the A. spicatum series are shown in Appendix A, and a list of species with constancy and average canopy cover values is given in Appendix Table B2 .

Agropyron spicatum/ Agropyron smithii-A. dasystachyum h.t.

This habitat type, usually found east of the Continental Divide, is repre- sented by areas where Agropyron smithii and/or A. dasystachyum are present; if Bouteloua gracilis is present, it usually is not conspicuous and does not have the potential to increase substantially with heavy grazing. In some cases, Poa cusickii may be associated with or replace Poa sandbergii . Gutierrezia sarothrae and Artemisia frigida are the more constant low-growing shrubs. Chrysopsis villosa j Phlox hoodii and Sphaeralcea coccinea are the most constant and conspicu- ous broad-leaf species. Elevations range from 4,000 to 5,700 ft.

On the somewhat steeper slopes (17% vs. 6%), Stipa viridula averages 6% canopy cover, and Vicea americana usually is associated with the S. viridula .

This variant has been delineated as the S. viridula phase of the A. spicatum/

A. smithii-A. dasystachyum habitat type.

24

Agropyron spicatum/Poa sandbergii (Mont.) h.t.

Scattered throughout the western half of the state are areas on which Agropyron spioatum is the predominant species, but Agropyron smithii and A. dasystachyum are absent, and Bouteloua gracilis is either absent or inconspicuous. These areas are usually on steeper slopes (27% vs. 12%) than the previously described habitat types in the A. spicatum series. Artemisia frigida is the most consistent shrubby species. Balsamhoriza sagittata3 a forb not present on previously described habitat types, is locally abundant in many communities of this type west of the Continental Divide. Achillea millefolium 3 Chrysopsis villosa3 and Comandra umbellata are the most constant forbs throughout the habitat type. A Stipa comata phase has been delineated for the variant of this type that has either S. comata or S. spartea present.

Daubenmire has described an A. spicatum/P. sandbergii h.t. in Washington and indicates that these two species predominate , with only a wide scattering of a few other species. Our Montana habitat type contains a wider diversity of species, including Koeleria cristata3 Phlox hoodii3 and the previously noted A. frigida3 C. villosaj and C. umbellata not mentioned by Daubenmire. Also, S. comata is very conspicuous in our S. comata phase; it averages 19% canopy cover (see Appendix Table B2 ) .

25

Festuaa scabrella Series Festuca scabrella/ Agropyron spicatum h.t.

This habitat type occurs on moderately deep soils (rooting depth averages 29 cm.) at elevations ranging from 2,900 to 6,100 ft; stands below 4,000 ft. elevation are generally west of the Continental Divide. Agropyron spicatum and Festuca idahoensis usually provide about equal canopy cover; however, F. idahoensis may be absent on some areas. A somewhat different species composition exists between communities in this type found east and west of the Divide. Artemisia frigida3 Chrysopsis villosa 3 Gutierrezia sarothrae3 Stipa comata3 Bouteloua gracilis 3 Muhleribergia cuspidata3 Liatris punctata3 and Artemisia ludoviciana are either more common or present only east of the Divide. Six out of seven of our stands lacking F. idahoensis were located east of the Divide. West of the Divide, species such as Balsamhoriza sagitatta3 Besseya wyomingensis3 Castilleja lutescens 3 and Lomatium tritematum are more common.

Those areas having either S. comata3 Stipa spartea3 or B. gracilis and A. frigida present have been designated as a S. comata phase of the F. scabrella/A . spicatum h.t. It is interesting to note that 19 of the 23 stands in this phase were east of the Continental Divide, and 19 of the 25 stands in the "main" habi- tat type were located west of the Divide. ,

Summary data on ground cover by vegetation classes, litter, and bare soil are shown in Appendix A, and a list of species, with constancy and average canopy cover values is given in Appendix Table B3 .

Festuca scahrella/ Festuca idahoensis h.t.

Elevations of this habitat type range from 2,800 to 7,000 ft. west of the Continental Divide and from 4,400 to 7,300 ft. east of the Divide. Agropyron spicatum and the shrubby species are less conspicuous in this type than in the F. scabrella/A . spicatum h.t.; in some communities they may be completely absent. Canopy cover of F. scabrella tends to increase, as does that of such graminoids as Danthonia intermedia3 Stipa occidentalis 3 and species of Carex. The herbaceous layer and residues from previous years' growth almost completely cover the soil beneath the taller grasses . This habitat type has a greater cover of herbaceous species than does the F. scabrella/A. spicatum h.t.; such forbs as Geum triflorum3 Campanula rotundifolia3 and Galium boreale are more abundant.

A Geranium viscosissimum phase of the F. scabrella/F. idahoensis h.t. is delineated for areas where more favorable moisture conditions exist and G. viscosis- simum3 Potentilla gracilis3 and usually Eriogonum umbellatum are present. Some of these moister sites also have Stipa richardsonii present, usually in very conspicuous amounts. A S. richardsonii phase of the F. scabrella/F . idahoensis h.t. has been designated for these areas. Carex filifolia is ordinarily abundant in this phase.

In one of the communities sampled, the F. scabrella and S. richardsonii were so vigorous and dense (89% canopy cover) that F. idahoensis appeared unable to compete and was not present, although on an adjacent drier site it made up 25% of the canopy cover .

In northwestern Montana east of the Continental Divide , Danthonia parryi can be codominant with F. scabrella. The one community sampled is not appreciably differ- ent in species composition from the "main body" of stands except for the amount of D. parryi (59% canopy cover); therefore, a separate delineation was not considered.

It is worth noting that F. scabrella was encountered east of the Continental Divide in abundance only north of a line running due east from Butte.

26

Festuoa idahoensis Series

Festuca idahoensis/Agropyron smithii-A. dasy staohyum h.t.

The Festuoa idahoensis /Agropyron smithii-A. dasy staohyum h.t. within the F. idahoensis series occurs primarily east of the Continental Divide in Montana.

This habitat type is found at elevations ranging from 4,100 ft. to over 8,000 ft. It is differentiated from the F. idahoensis/Agropyron spioatum h.t. by the pres- ence of the rhizomatous wheatgrasses and an absence or sparcity (less that 5% canopy cover) of A. spioatum. Poa ousiokii is generally conspicuous and is associated with or replaces Poa sandbergii . Medium shrubs are scattered when present. Artemisia frigida is usually present and conspicuous. Aohiltea mille- folium 3 Gaillardia aristata 3 and Phlox hoodii are the most prominent forbs.

Data on ground cover by vegetation classes, litter, rock, and bare soil are shown in Appendix A, and a list of species showing constancy and average canopy cover is given in Appendix Table B4 for this and other habitat types in the F. idahoensis series .

Festuoa idahoensis/Agropyron spioatum h.t.

The Festuoa idahoensis/Agropyron spioatum h.t. was the most frequent type encountered on mountain grasslands in southwestern Montana. A. spioatum is constantly present in this habitat type and more abundant than any rhizomatous wheatgrasses which may be present. This type occupies a wide elevational range, from 2,600 to 9,000 ft. The proportion of graminoids to forbs varies greatly; graminoid cover ranges from 25 to 90%, and forb cover ranges from 10 to 60%.

A Stipa oooidentalis phase has been delineated for areas containing S. oooidentalis ; in this phase , S . oooidentalis is always more frequent and abundant than Stipa comata. These areas apparently have more favorable moisture conditions for plant growth. Agoseris glauoa and Aohillea millefolium are constantly present in this phase, and Agropyron oaninum 3 Carex petasata3 Campanula rotundifolia3 Galium boreale3 Gaillardia aristata3 and Geum triflorum are frequently present.

Festuoa idahoensis /Carex filifolia h.t.

Although there were only four stands sampled in this habitat type, the absence of a dominant Agropyron and the constant association of Carex filifolia3 Danthonia intermedia3 Geum triflorum3 and Gentiana affinis with Festuoa idaho- ensis delineate this type from others in the F. idahoensis series. Agropyron oaninum and Carex petasata are other constant graminoids; and Aohillea mille- folium3 Agoseris glauoa3 Antennaria rosea3 Arenaria oongesta3 Cerastium arvense3 and Polygonum bistortoides are other constant forbs. Shrub cover is character- istically scarce. All stands in this habitat type are located at elevations above 7,500 ft. Two of the stands are on Bull Mountain northeast of Butte, and the other pair are in the Gravelly Range southeast of Dillon.

27

Festuca idahoensis /Stipa riohardsonii h.t.

The predominance of Stipa riohardsonii (33 to 41% canopy cover) associated with Festuca idahoensis and the absence of a constant and dominant Agropyron separate the F. idahoensis/ S . riohardsonii h.t. from others in the F. idahoensis series. Danthonia intermedia 3 Stipa occidentalism and Geranium viscosissimum are species that are always present and abundant . A wide variety of other forb species is usually found with Achillea millefolium3 Chrysopsis villosa3 Galiurn boreale3 and Potent i lla gracilis being the more conspicuous of these.

Although only three stands were sampled within this habitat type, their widely scattered location supports the validity of its existence, even though it may be uncommon .

Festuca idahoensis/ Agropyron caninum h.t.

This habitat type is primarily found in the higher mountain ranges of south- western Montana at elevations between 6,500 and 8,700 ft; however, communities have also been sampled in both the Little Belt Mountains and Bridger Range. Agropyron caninum is consistently present and the dominant wheatgrass. In addi- tion to Festuca idahoensis 3 Danthonia intermedia and Stipa occidentalis are generally present and fairly abundant. Forbs are abundant (from 35% to 70% canopy cover), with a number of species indicative of good moisture conditions. Shrubs are very scarce.

Some areas in this habitat type have Geranium viscosissimum 3 Geum triflorum3 and Potentilla gracilis present in very conspicuous amounts; Bromus anomalous and,/ or B. carinatus and Poa guncifolia are also usually present. These areas, which appear to represent better environmental conditions, are delineated as a G. visco- sissimum phase of the F. idahoensis/ A. caninum h.t.

Festuca idahoensis/ Deschampsia caespitosa h.t.

At higher elevations (7,700 to 10,200 ft.) in the Festuca idahoensis series, Deschampsia caespitosa is associated with F. idahoensis . These are the only species consistently present, although Luzula spicata is usually present. F. idahoensis is usually abundant, but at elevations of 10,000 ft, and above, It may be scarce. There is a complete absence of shrubby species. Polygonum bistortoides 3 Potentilla diversifolia3 and Tri folium species are the most constantly associated forbs. Other forbs usually found include Achillea millefolium and Lupinus argenteus . These areas have been delineated as the F. idahoensis/D . caespitosa h.t. At the higher elevations in this type , F. idahoensis may be associated with or replaced by Festuca ovina .

Other Communities Within the Festuca idahoensis Series

As previously mentioned, some stands did not fit the classification, and insufficient data were available to justify separate habitat type designation.

Two of these stands key to the Festuca idahoensis series.

One stand was a park located on the Lewis and Clark N.F. in the Moose Creek drainage at an elevation of 7,100 ft. Stipa occidentalis made up about 50% of the canopy cover, and Festuca idahoensis less than 5 percent. Agosevis glauca was the dominant forb , providing 25% of the cover. The site had moderate to heavy rodent disturbance.

The other stand represented an extensive area near East Pryor Mountain on the Custer N.F. at an elevation of 8 ,500 ft. The predominant species was Carex scirpoidea constituting about 40% of the cover. Festuca idahoensis made up about 10% of the canopy cover. Twenty-seven different forb species were identified. The more abun- dant of these were Phlox hoodii > Geum triflorum 3 and Zigadenus elegans. Extensive sheep grazing in the past may have significantly altered the vegetation composition in this area and precludes its relationship with previously described habitat types in the F. idahoensis series.

29

Desahampsia caespitosa Series Desahampsia oaespitosa/Carex spp. h.t.

The Desahampsia oaespitosa/Carex species h.t. is differentiated from the Festuoa idahoensis/D. caespitosa h.t. by the absence of Festuca. Whereas the F. idahoensis/D. caespitosa h.t. generally occurs on steeper, better-drained slopes, the D. caespitosa/Carex spp. h.t. occurs on mountain valley bottoms and on areas that receive additional moisture from run-in and flooding. D. caespitosa is always present and abundant. No other species is consistently present; however, at least two grasslike species are always present, with the Carex genus being the most abundant. Danthonia intermedia and Phleum alpinum are usually present. Antennaria corymbosa 3 Polygonum bistortoides 3 and Potentilla gracilis are the most common forbs .

Elymus cinereus Series

Communities dominated by Elymus cinereus occur throughout western Montana, generally as small acreages on saline-alkaline soils of streambanks. However, in Lake County, approximately six miles west of Poison, E. cinereus is the domi- nant species on an extensive area of a broad valley. In this stand, Agropyron smithii and Puccinellia distans were the other more common graminoids. Achillea millefolium and Lomatium spp. were the most common forbs. A few widely scattered plants of Chrysothamnus nauseosus were also present.

Not enough information is available on this series to delineate habitat types with certainty. It is probable that E. cinereus/A. smithii may be a valid habitat type, and that an E. cinereus /Distichlis stricta h.t. may exist. Daubenmire has described an E. cinereus /Distichlis h.t. for Washington.

30

Artemisia arbuscula Series Artemisia arbusoula/Agropyron spicatum h.t.

The Artemisia arbusoula/Agropyron spicatum h.t. is thought to be the driest of the shrubland types occurring in western Montana. These communities are found on dry, rocky soils at elevations ranging from 4,500 ft. to as high as 7,800 ft.

A. spicatum is the dominant herbaceous species. Koeleria cristata and Poa sand- bergii are other constantly present graminoids . Festuca idahoensis is always absent. Opuntia polyacantha is the most common low-growing shrub. Forb cover is relatively low (range 2-20%); Linum perenne and Phlox hoodii are usually present.

On the heavier soils, Artemisia tridentata is associated with A. arbuscula and may actually be more abundant .

Stipa comata is present on sandier soils of this habitat type and A. tridentata is absent. Areas of this nature have been delineated as a S. comata phase. Gutier - rezia sarothrae and Artemisia frigida are usually conspicuous species on this phase.

Data on ground cover by vegetation classes, litter, rock, and bare soil are shown in Appendix A, and a list of species showing constancy and average canopy cover is given in Appendix Table B6 , for the A. arbuscula series.

Artemisia arbuscula/ Festuca idahoensis h.t.

The Artemisia arbuscula/ Festuca idahoensis h.t. differs from the A. arbuscula/ Agropyron spicatum h.t. primarily because of the presence of conspicuous amounts of F. idahoensis . Originally, we thought the stand encountered at an elevation of 9,100 ft. at the head of Sheep Creek Basin southwest of Lima may have been a unique community. However, other communities have been located northwest of Gardiner on northfacing slopes at elevations of 6,200 ft. Communities of this type probably extend into Yellowstone National Park near the northeast entrance. Other communi- ties of the A. arbuscula/F . idahoensis association have been described in central Idaho and in Teton County, Wyoming just south of the southern boundary of Yellow- stone National Park.

Artemisia tridentata Series

Artemisia tridentata/ Agropyron spiaatwv (Mont.) h.t.

The Artemisia tridentata/ Agropyron spioatum iMont.) h.t. represents the driest of the habitat types in the A. tridentata series. This habitat type is characterized by the abundance (33% canopy cover) of A. spioatum and the absence of both Festuoa idahoens is and F. soabrella. Bouteloua graci lis and Stipa oorrmta are usually present and conspicuous. Forbs are rather sparse, making up about 5% of the canopy cover. Artemisia frigida and Gutierrezia sarothrae are other shrubby species usually present .

In one questionable community of this habitat type, Agropyron dasystachyum made up 40% of the canopy cover and A. spioatum only about 3%. Artemisia cana3 Calamagrostis montanensis 3 and Stipa viridula , three species not present on the other stands sampled, each made up 10% of the canopy cover. Data from this stand were not included in the summary tables shown in Appendix A and Appendix Table B7 .

The A. tridentata/A . spioatum h.t. described by Daubenmire for eastern Wash- ington differs considerably from that which occurs in western Montana. The low shrubs .4. frigida3 Gutierrezia sarothrae 3 and Opuntia polyaoantha are usually conspicuous components of the Montana communities within this habitat type, as are the grasses Koeleria oristata and B. gracilis 3 but these species are lacking in the eastern Washington communities. Additional dissimilarities exist with the forbs. The only meaningful vegetation similarity is the dominance of A. tridentata and A. spioatum , and the importance of S. oomata and Poa sandbergii in the vegeta- tion of both regions .

Artemisia vrxdentata/ Festuoa soabrella h.t.

This habitat type is characterized by the association of Festuoa soabrella with Artemisia tridentata . Both Agropyron spioatum and Festuoa idahoensis are usually present, but not necessarily so; however, either one or the other is always present. Shrubby species other than A. tridentata are scarce. Achillea millefolium and Antennaria rosea are the most constant f drbs „ Eriogonum umbellatum and Phlox hoodii are other readily apparent forbs usually present. All stands in this type were located in the Little Belt Mountains at elevations ranging from 5,300 to 6,000 ft.

32

Artemisia trident ata/ Fes tuca idahoensis (Mont.) h.t.

Festuca idahoensis is the dominant graminoid present in the Artemisia tridentata/F . idahoensis (Mont.) h.t; Agropyron spioatum is usually present and Festuca scabrella is absent. Certain areas on this habitat type have conspicuous amounts of Agropyron caninum} Foa j unci folia. Geranium viscosissimum 3 Eelianthella uniflora3 and Potentilla gracilis. These species appear to reflect more favorable environmental conditions. Areas of this nature have been delineated as a G. visco sissimum phase of the A. tridentata/F. idahoensis h.t. Certain other species, Bromus carinatus 3 Danthonia intermedia 3 Stipa occidentalis 3 Eriogonum umbellatum 3 and Geum triflorum are more constantly present and abundant on this phase. All communities in this habitat type are located in areas to the south of Bozeman.

All stands in the phase are located on or near Cliff Lake Bench in southwestern Montana .

This habitat type appears to be considerably richer in perennial herbs in western Montana than where it occurs in eastern Washington, as described by Daubenmire . This is especially pronounced in our Geranium viscosissimum phase, which contains such grasses as A. caninum3 B. carinatus 3 D. intermedia 3 S. occidentalis 3 P. juncifolia3 and Koeleria cristata3 and such forbs as Campanula rotundi f olia 3 G. triflorum3 G. viscosissimum 3 and P. gracilis , which are not listed for the type in Washington. In contrast, the Washington communities contain a much greater diversity of annual species than do our Montana communi- ties .

Artemisia tripartita Series

Artemisia tripartita/ Festuca idahoensis (Mont.) h.t.

In extreme southwestern Montana, there are areas where Artemisia tripartita is the dominant shrub. Artemisia tridentata , when present, is not abundant. Chrysothamnus vis cidi floras 3 Artemisia frigida and Tetradymia caneseens are usually present. The herbaceous layer is dominated by Festuca idahoensis. These areas have been delineated as the A. tripartita/F. idahoensis h.t. Calamagrostis montanensis and Koeleria cristata are consistently present. Agropyron spicatum or Stipa comata may be locally abundant. Forbs consistently present are Achillea millefolium and Phlox hoodii . This type is found at elevations of 6,600 to 7,600 ft.

The A. tripartita/F. idahoensis h.t. described by Daubenmire for Washington lacks a number of perennial plants that often contribute substantially to the type in western Montana. Among the more conspicuous of these species are: Agropyron dasystachyum3 C. montanensis 3 P. hoodii , Antennaria roseas and Carex stenophylla.

On the other hand, Carex filifolia is often abundant in the Washington communities, but insignificant in the Montana version of this type. Annuals are also much more numerous in Washington than in Montana.

Artemisia pedatifida Series Artemisia pedatifida/Festuca idahoensis h-t.

Artemisia pedatifida is an uncommon low, woody sagebrush that seldom exceeds 15 cm. in height. Booth indicates that this species has been collected in Gallatin and Carbon Counties. The only stands we observed are in Beaverhead County near Bannock Pass. A. pedatifida occurs on shallow, dry, alluvial soils with about a 10% slope, and at an elevation of approximately 7,000 ft. These stands are obvious- ly distinct because of the low growth form of the sagebrush.

The observed stands are classified as an A. pedatifida/Festuca idahoensis h.t. because of the prevalence of F. idahoensis in the herbaceous layer. Other prominent grasses include Poa sandbergii 3 Agropyron spicatum 3 Calamagrostis montanensis , and Agropyron dasystachyum. The absence of any species of Stipa Is particularly note- worthy. Forbs are relatively scarce and consist primarily of such mat-forming species as Antennaria rosea and Phlox hoodii.

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Potentilla frutioosa Series Potentilla frutioosa/Festuoa soabrella h.t.

The Potentilla frutioosa/Festuoa soabrella h.t. generally occurs on areas with gently sloping topography and relatively deep (31 cm. rooting depth) soils at elevations ranging from 4,300 to 5,800 ft. P. frutioosa may not be readily visible because of the taller herbaceous vegetation on some rangelands that have had a history of light to moderate grazing. However, with abusive grazing, P. frutioosa has the potential to increase substantially on these same areas. F. soabrella is the dominant herbaceous species present. A wide variety of forbs may be present, with Achillea millefolium 3 Campanula rotundifolia 3 Gaillardia aristata3 and Galium boreale being the most consistent. On drier sites in this type , Artemisia frigida3 Gutierrezia sarothrae 3 Agropyron spioatum 3 Chrysopsis villosa3 and Seneoio oanus are usually a conspicuous part of the vegetation.

Where more favorable moisture conditions exist, these species are absent or inconspicuous and Panthonia intermedia3 Agropyron oaninum3 and usually Potentilla gracilis are important components of the herbaceous layer. A D. intermedia phase of the P. frutioosa/F. soabrella h.t. has been delineated for those areas showing more favorable moisture conditions.

Potentilla frutioosa/Festuoa idahoensis h.t.

The Potentilla frutioosa/Festuoa idahoensis h.t. occurs at higher elevations (6,500-8,400 ft.) than the P. frutioosa/Festuoa soabrella h.t. Usually, P. frutioosa is the only shrubby species present. P. idahoensis and Danthonia intermedia are the dominant graminoids . When present , Agropyron spioatum and P. soabrella occur as widely scattered plants. Besseya wyomingensis 3 Campanula rotundifolia3 and Potentilla gracilis are some of the forbs which are constantly present. Data on vegetative cover by classes, litter, rock, and bare ground are shown in Appendix A, and a list of species showing constancy and canopy cover is given in Appendix Table B10 for the P. frutioosa series.

Occasionally, patches of P. frutioosa are observed in wet meadows and along drainage patterns in the mountainous area. The similarity of these communities to those described above which occur on well-drained soils has not yet been deter- mined. It is probable that the wecf meadow communities differ sufficiently in composition, and certainly in environment, to be classed as a separate habitat type from those occurring on the well-drained sites .

Purshia tridentata Series

Purshia tridentata/Agropyron spioatum (Mont.) h.t.

The Purshia tridentata/Agropyron spioatum (Mont.) h.t. occupies rather extensive areas in the Bitterroot Valley, but throughout the remainder of the foothills area of western Montana it generally occurs in scattered, rather small (less than 20 acres) patches. Sites are on rather dry, rocky soils of the steeper slopes at elevations below 6,500 ft. A. spioatum is the dominant species in the herbaceous layer and Balsamhoriza sagittata is also very conspicuous.

Both Festuoa idahoensis and F. soabrella are absent. Data for the general recon- naissance and intensively sampled surveys of the P. tridentata series are shown in Appendix Table Bll.

Daubenmire described a P. tridentata/ A. spioatum h.t. for Washington and indicates it occurs only as scattered fragments. A number of species are common to both the Montana and Washington types, but a number of conspicuous differences in species composition also exist. The suffix (Mont.), therefore, is added to the type described for Montana. Most notable of the species differences are the presence of Artemisia frigida and Chrysopsis villosa in the Montana type and the absence of Eriogonum spp. which are common in the Washington type.

Purshia tridentata/ Festuoa soabrella h.t.

The Purshia tridentata/ Festuoa soabrella h.t. is differentiated from the P. tridentata/Agropyron spioatum (Mont.) h.t. by the presence of F. soabrella. A. spioatum is still the dominant species, but F. soabrella and F. idahoensis are conspicuous additions to the understory vegetation. Aohillea millefolium 3 Balsamhoriza sagittata3 and Lithospermum ruderale are the more conspicuous forbs usually present. The P. tridentata/F . soabrella h.t. occurs primarily as scat- tered, small patches on relatively steep (greater than 30%) slopes throughout the foothills of western Montana.

Although comparatively few acres are involved, the habitat types in the P. tridentata series are potentially important big-game winter ranges. The sites on which P. tridentata occurs as the dominant cverstory species are generally located adjacent to and interspersed with Ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir forests having P. tridentata as an understory species.

Purshia tridentata/ Festuoa idahoensis (Mont.) h.t.

The Purshia tridentata/ Festuoa idahoensis (Mont.) h.t. is delineated from the P. tridentata/Agropyron spioatum (Mont.) h.t. by the presence of F. idaho- ensis 3 and from the P. tridentata/ Festuoa soabrella by the absence of F. soab- rella. A. spioatum is still the dominant species in the herbaceous layer.

It is unknown how extensive the P. tridentata/F. idahoensis h.t. is in Montana. It has been observed northeast of Deerlodge as small (less than 20 acres), scattered patches on southerly exposed slopes at elevations above 5,000 ft. A P. tridentata/F. idahoensis association occurs in central Oregon, and Daubenmire describes a P. tridentata/F. idahoensis h.t. in Washington. Our Montana type has a somewhat different species composition than the Washington type; therefore, the suffix (Mont.) has been added to the Montana type name. Artemisia frigida3 Rosa spp., Stipa viridula3 Chrysopsis villosa3 and Phlox hoodii are present in the Montana type, but not in the Washington type. On the other hand, Balsamorhiza sagittata is typically found in the Washington type, but is absent in the Montana type.

Ceraoaarpus ledifolius Series

Ceraoaarpus ledifolius/Agropyron spiaatum h.t.

Stands found within the Ceraooarpus ledifolius/Agropyron spiaatum h.t. are similar in many ways to those in the Purshia tridentata series. They usually occur as rather small patches only a few acres in size; they are generally restricted to southerly and westerly exposures on rather dry, rocky soils; and yet they have the potential of being very important on big-game winter ranges. The identifying characteristic of the C. ledifolius/ A. spiaatum h.t. is the dominance of Ceraooarpus which can reach heights in excess of 10 feet. In some instances , Ceraooarpus forms dense thickets , but usually it occurs in rather open stands with a somewhat sparse herbaceous cover and considerable bare soil. A. spiaatum is usually the dominant understory grass with Oryzopsis hymenoides and/or Stipa aomata as other distinctive graminoid species.

Although only the C. ledifolius/ A. spiaatum h.t. has been recognized in Montana, other habitat types may exist. Communities with abundant Festuaa idahoensis as an understory to Ceraooarpus have been described in central Idaho, and a C. ledifolius/A . spiaatum/F . idahoensis association has been noted in central Oregon. Along the Madison River, patches of Rhus trilohata are inter- mixed with Ceraooarpus , and occasionally Artemisia tridentata occurs as a major understory species.

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Rhus tvilobata Series Rhus tvilobata/ Agvopyvon spioatum h.t.

Rather small patches of Rhus tvilobata occur occasionally on steeper slopes and along river breaks at elevations usually below 5,000 ft. These patches generally are less than 10 acres in size, and are distinct because of the dominant aspect of the Rhus. Such sites are usually rocky and fairly dry. The amount of Rhus may vary considerably, from only 1 or 2% cover to well over 25% cover. The understory vegetation is dominated by Agvopyvon spioatum. Opuntia polyaoantha is present along with a scattering of one to several other shrubby species. Although canopy cover of forbs is low (6-11%), a wide variety of species may be present.

The more conspicuous forbs are Achillea millefolium , Chrysopsis vil'losa, and Sphaexaloea oocoinea. Areas having this combination of characteristics have been delineated as a R. tvilobata/ A. spioatum h.t.

Rhus tvilobata/ Festuoa idahoensis h.t.

On one stand of Rhus located along the Smith River east of Hardy, Festuoa idahoensis was present (6% canopy cover) as understory to the Rhus , along with several graminoid and forb species not present on other stands having a Rhus dominated aspect (see Appendix Table B13). More favorable moisture conditions apparently exist in certain areas that allow F. idahoensis to become established and competitive. A R. tvilobata/F. idahoensis h.t. has been delineated for these areas .

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Sarcobatus vermiculatus Series Sarcobatus vermiculatus/Agropyron smithii h.t.

The Sarcobatus vermiculatus/Agropyron smithii h.t. occurs as narrow bands on floodplains along rivers and streams throughout the western half of the state , or as rather broad expanses along lakeshores and poorly drained intermittent water- courses primarily in northcentral Montana. Canopy cover of Sarcobatus may be low (less than 10%), but the stature of the plant compared to associated vegetation creates a shrubby aspect. A. smithii is the dominant understory species. Atriplex nuttallii is also present. Forb species are very sparse and there is a consider- able amount of bare soil.

Sarcobatus vermiculatus /Elymus cinereus h.t.

The Sarcobatus vermiculatus /Elymus cinereus h.t. is delineated from the S. vermiculatus/Agropyron smithii h.t. by the presence of E. cinereus , although A. smithii is also abundant. As with the previous habitat type, forbs are scarce.

The exact environmental differences that allow E. cinereus to exist are unknown. They may be related to amount of salinity and soil aeration due to length of time water remains on the area.

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SPECIES COMPOSITION CHANGES ATTRIBUTED TO GRAZING

Three sources of Information were used in an effort to develop information on the overall reaction of plant species to grazing influences: (1) intensively- sampled paired stands, (2) data from the general reconnaissance, and (3) litera- ture review.

The intensively-sampled paired stands were deliberately selected to provide data comparing adjacent areas differentially grazed. Twenty such pairs were obtained; these consisted of inside-outside exclosure comparisons as well as fenceline contrasts under obviously different grazing intensities. A "t" test was used to determine whether differences between canopy cover means of a species were statistically valid or simply a result of sample variation. The paired- stand data are shown in Appendix Tables Cl to C4 .

During the general reconnaissance phase of this study , we specifically sought information on composition changes attributable to grazing. This informa- tion consisted of qualitative judgements based on adjacent areas differentially grazed, on which species appeared to decrease or increase under grazing. The consistency of reaction to grazing was then summarized by habitat types.

Numerous publications relating to grassland and shrubland vegetation in the northern Rocky Mountains were scanned for information on composition changes caused by grazing. We attempted to fit this information into our habitat -type classification and evaluate it accordingly. Some published information was based on solid data; other was based primarily on visual comparison. Most studies were restricted to specific sites without attempting a comprehensive evaluation for a vegetation type as a whole; the general guides on decreaser, increaser, and invader species developed by the USFS and SCS are exceptions.

It was impossible, however, to confidently relate these to our classification categories „

The most consistent finding from our comprehensive evaluation of the re- action of species to grazing was the lack of consistency in species response. Certain species, such as Agropyvon spioatum and Festuoa soabrella , were fairly consistent in response, but these were exceptions. The general lack of con- sistency is probably attributable to a combination of factors, such as the stage of vegetation deterioration, the class and intensity of livestock use, and the relative amount of the species available for grazing. It was not pos- sible to analyze these factors separately. We only attempted to evaluate species response as related to series and habitat type.

We should point out several sources of error in interpreting impressions gained from visual comparisons of grazed and nongrazed areas , and from actual data on canopy cover. Low mat-forming species, such as Phlox hoodii , may appear to increase substantially with grazing simply because they no longer are hidden by taller vegetation; canopy cover comparisons, however, often show no difference in actual amounts. On the other hand, measuring canopy cover before and after grazing on the same area may show a decrease in a palatable species , which may not be real if the species is not adversely affected by partial removal of its canopy at the time of grazing; this possibility should be considered when compar- ing grazed areas with adjacent exclosures. One must also keep in mind that some species of relatively mediocre palatability may initially increase under abusive grazing only to later decrease when such abuse continues to the point where the more palatable plants no longer provide adequate forage.

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The response of some species to grazing was considerably more erratic than that of others. Wherever possible, we placed a species in what appeared, overall, to be its most probable response category. Obviously, many of the species found within a series were not classified because neither our data nor the appropriate literature presented reasonably sound evidence of their response .

The listings of species response by vegetation series that follows is a generalization of the results from the three major sources of information described above. If a species appears to decline with grazing most of the time, it is listed as a "decreaser;" if it appears to increase most of the time, it is listed as an "increaser." Only exotic species that invade and increase with abuse are considered "invaders."

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Stipa comata Series

Decreasers

Increasers

Invaders

Agropyron dasystachyum Agropyron smithii Agropyron spicatum Calamovilfa longifolia Koeleria cristata Oryzopsis hymenoides Stipa comata Stipa viridula

Artemisia frigida Gutierrezia sarothrae Opuntia polyacantha Bouteloua gracilis Calamagrostis montanensis Car ex stenophylla Poa sandbergii Antennaria dimorpha Chrysopsis villosa Erigeron compositus Sphaeralcea coccinea

Bromus tectorum Melilotus officinalis

The response of Carex fili folia and Phlox hoodii were too variable to permit generalizations; they apparently increased substantially with grazing in some cases, and decreased in others. Stipa comata was occasionally mentioned in the literature as an increaser, but our evidence as a whole suggests that it decreases with grazing in this vegetation series.

Appendix Table Cl shows species canopy cover for two pairs of stands in which S. comata decreased significantly when grazed. Stand 102 is within the fenced, old Whitehall Cemetery on a slight westerly exposure at 4,600 ft. elevation, ap- proximately 3 miles north of Whitehall. It has probably been protected from grazing for at least 30 years. Its companion, Stand 103, is immediately outside of the cemetery and receives what appears to be year-round use by horses and moderate use by cattle . Both areas were probably heavily grazed prior to fencing the cemetery. Stands 167 and 168 near Daisy Dean Creek, 6 miles east of Martins- dale , on a slight southwest exposure at 4,700 ft. elevation, represent the Agropyron smithii-A. dasystachyum phase of the STC0/B0GR h.t. Both stands have a probable history of heavy sheep grazing, but Stand 167, along a road right-of- way, is now subject to only occasional transient use. Stand 168 is in an adjacent pasture which is being at least moderately grazed by cattle.

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	Agropyron spicatum Series
Deere asers	Increasers	Invaders
Agropyron spicatum	Artemisia frigida	Bromus tectorum
Stipa viridula	Artemisia tridentata	Centaurea maculosa
Liatris punctata	Chrysothamnus nauseosus	Cirsium vulgare
Lygodesmia juricea	Chrysothanmus viscidiflorus	Taraxicum officinale
Oxytropis riparia	Gutierrezia sarothrae	Tragopogon dubius
Potentilla pensylvanica	Bouteloua gracilis Car ex stenophylla Helictotrichon hookeri Poa sandbergii Sporobolus cryptandrus Antennaria dimorpha Chrysopsis villosa Erigeron filifolius Galium boreale Grindelia squarrosa Hymenoxys acaulis Lesquerella alpina Lupinus sericeus Paronychia sessili folia Sphaeralcea coccinea

A number of species appeared to increase in some instances and decrease in others. The most pronounced of these were Stipa comata3 Agropyron smithii A. dasystachyum 3 Koeleria cristata, and Phlox hoodii . The conditions related to these different reactions to grazing are not known.

Both Artemisia frigida and Bouteloua gracilis usually increased with grazing, but not invariably so, as shown in Appendix Table C2 . Paired stands 194 and 195 are at the Oka Coulee Water Catchment Exclosure, 5 miles northwest of Judith Gap, on a 15% west exposure at 5,100 ft. elevation. The canopy cover of A. frigida is significantly greater in Stand 194, which is inside of the exclosure and pro- tected from grazing for about 10 years , than in Stand 195 which is outside and grazed by cattle. Both areas were probably grazed heavily by sheep in the past. Stands 12 and 13 are on the Red Bluff Ranch, 2 miles east of Norris, on a 5% west exposure at 5,000 ft. elevation. Canopy cover of B. gracilis is signifi- cantly greater on Stand 13 , moderately grazed by cattle and horses , than on immediately adjacent Stand 12 which is heavily grazed by cattle and horses; this area was also very likely heavily grazed by sheep before about 1950.

Canopy cover for two other pairs of stands within the Agropyron spicatum series are shown in Appendix Table C2 . Stands 107 and 108 are near the Quinn Creek Church, 10 miles southeast of Boulder, on a slight northeast exposure at 4,600 ft. elevation. Stand 107, within the old church driveway, has received negligible use for an undetermined number of years , whereas Stand 108 is cur- rently used by both cattle and horses. Stands 16 and 17 are at the old Rochester Cemetery, 20 miles west of Twin Bridges, on a 10% easterly exposure at 5,800 ft. elevation. Stand 16 is within the cemetery exclosure and probably has not been grazed appreciably for the past 70 years. Stand 17, just outside of the fence, is currently used by cattle and no doubt was heavily grazed by sheep, horses, and cattle in the past .

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Festuoa soabrella Series

Decreasers	Increasers	Invaders
Agropyron oaninum	Artemisia frigida	Bromus teotorum
Agropyron dasystaohyum	Artemisia tridentata	Poa pratensis
Car ex vallioola	Chrysothamnus nauseosus	Centaur ea maoulosa
Festuoa soabrella	Gutierrezia sarothrae	Cirsium vulgare
Stipa riohardsonii	Juniperus horizontalis	Taraxioum offioinale
Erigeron subtrinervis	Potentilla frutioosa	Tragopogon dubius
Eriogonum umbellatum	Bouteloua graoilis
Liatris punotata	Carex filifolia
Oxytropis lambertii	Carex pennsylvanioa
Phlox long i folia	Danthonia intermedia
Potentilla graoilis	Danthonia parry i
Danthonia unispioata	Anemone patens
Festuoa idahoensis	Antennaria dimorpha
Eelictotriohon hookeri	Antennaria rosea
Junous baltious	Antennaria umbrinella
Koeleria oristata	Arenaria oongestis
Muhlenberg ia ouspidata	Arnioa fulgens
Poa sandbergii	Artemisia ludovioiana
Stipa oomata	Aster oampestris
Stipa oooidentalis	Aster faloatus
Stipa spartea	Astragalus miser Balsamorhiza sagittata Cerastium arvense Chrysopsis villosa Comandra umbellata Erigeron oompositus Gaura ooooinea Geranium visoosissimum Geum triflorum Hueohera spp. Phlox albcmarginata Phlox hoodii Sphaeraloea ooooinea Solidago missouriensis Vioia amerzoana

Conspicuous differences in canopy cover between lightly and heavily grazed stands were apparent for several important species within the Festuoa soabrella series 5 yet these differences lacked consistency. Agropyron spioatum apparently both increased and decreased significantly on paired stands within this series (Appendix Table C3) irrespective of habitat type. The literature supports these findings ; A. spioatum was shown as a decreaser in four references and as an in- creaser in three references for studies subsequently identified as related to the F. soabrella series. The same sort of variability in reaction to grazing in this series .can be ascribed to Festuoa idahoensis } which was shown to be an increaser from five literature references, and a decreaser from two. Our data suggest that F. idahoensis increases with grazing in the FESC/FEID h.t. and decreases' in the FESC/AGSP h.t. The status of Aohillea millefolium was unclear from our data, since it was found to have both increased and decreased significantly; however, the literature strongly suggests that it should be considered an increaser.

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Antennaria rosea_ , Chrysopsis villosa, and Geurn triflorum are all considered definitely to increase under heavy grazing. Nevertheless, exceptions occurred even with these species in our paired-stand comparisons .

Canopy cover data for the differentially grazed paired stands within the F. scabrella series can be found in Appendix Table C3. The location of and grazing on these stands are as follows :

Stands 232 and 233 - Near Bowman's Corner, 20 miles southeast of Augusta, on an 8% north exposure at an elevation of 4,700 ft. Stand 232 is along the highway right-of-way with no current livestock grazing. Stand 233 is in an adjacent pasture which receives moderate to heavy cattle use.

Stands 87 and 88 - Along the Mullan Gulch road, approximately 7 miles north- west of Deerlodge , on a 10% southwest exposure at 5 ,200 ft. elevation. Stand 87 is along the road right-of-way which receives only transient cattle grazing.

Stand 88 is in an adjacent pasture moderately grazed by cattle. Elk and deer use both stands .

Stands 366 and 367 - Near the entrance of the Sun River Game Range , 17 miles northwest of Augusta, on a 4% north exposure at 4,800 ft. elevation. Stand 366 has been virtually protected for about 25 years, having received only light horse use. Stand 367 is in an adjacent pasture heavily used by cattle.

Stands 330 and 331 - On Square Butte, about 7 miles southwest of Sun River, on a 3% west exposure at 4,300 ft. elevation. Stand 330 is within an exclosure constructed about 1960; it received only incidental use before then because of lack of water. Stand 331 is just outside of the exclosure and has been grazed by cattle for about 12 years.

Stands 337 and 338 - A fenceline comparison along Willow Creek , 16 miles northeast of Sunburst, on a 7% southwest exposure at 4,200 ft. elevation. Stand 337 is on an area slightly grazed by cattle and sheep; Stand 338 is in an adja- cent pasture heavily grazed by cattle.

Stands 198 and 199 - The Flagstaff Exclosure, 16 miles southeast of White Sulphur Springs, on a 3% east exposure at an elevation of 5,700 ft. Stand 198 is inside the exclosure (established 1950) and, except for some elk and deer use, not grazed for 23 years. Stand 199 is immediately outside the exclosure on moderately grazed cattle range.

Stands 37 and 38 - The Eagle Basin Exclosure, about 10 miles west of Townsend, on a 25% southern exposure at 7,000 ft. elevation. Stand 37 is inside the exclosure, fenced in 1934. Stand 38 is immediately adjacent to the exclosure on moderately used cattle range.

Stands 241 and 242 - The Gibbons Road Exclosure, 5 miles southeast of Sula , on a 33% west exposure at 6,000 ft. elevation. Stand 241 is within the exclosure established in 1958 and thus protected from grazing for 15 years. Stand 242 is next to the exclosure and grazed moderately to heavily by cattle. This area was part of a sheep allotment in the 1930 's.

Festuaa idahoensis Series

Decreasers Increasers Invaders

Agropyron caninum	Artemisia frigida	Bromus tectorum
Agropyron spicatum	Chrysothamnus nauseosus	Poa pratensis
Bromus marginatus	Gutierrezia sarothrae	Centaurea maculosa
Festuca idahoensis	Carex petasata	Cirsium vulgare
Hesperochloa kingii	Carex stenophylla	Taraxicum officinale
Poa ampla	Danthonia intermedia	Tragopogon dubius
Poa interior	Danthonia unispicata
Stipa viridula	Helictotrichon hookeri
Agoseris glauca	Koeleria cristata
Aster integrifolius	Poa cusickii
Crepis spp.	Poa sandbergii
Erigeron caespitosus	Stipa comata
Geranium viscosissimum	Stipa lettermanii
Lupinus spp.	Stipa occidentalis
Potentilla gracilis	Achillea millefolium
Vicia americana	Arnica fulgens Campanula rotundi folia Cerastium arvense Chrysopsis villosa Erigeron compositus Erigeron filifolius Gaura coccinea Geum triflorum Hymenoxys acaulis Pedicularis contorta Phlox hoodii Polygonum bistortoides Potentilla diversi folia Solidago missouriensis

Our total evidence for Stipa occidentalism Koeleria cristata3 Achillea millefolium3 and Cerastium arvense suggests that these species are increasers within the Festuca idahoensis series, even though our paired-stand data (Appen- dix Table C4 ) show that in one out of six comparisons they were significantly less abundant on the grazed area. Both Chrysothamnus v'iscidiflorus and Tetra- dymia canescens decreased significantly on the grazed member of paired Stands 112 and 113, but this was attributed to elk and deer winter browsing; we found no evidence indicating that these two species either increase or decrease because of livestock grazing. The literature suggests that Carex obtusata3 Antennaria rosea 3 Astragalus miser3 and Phlox multiflora be considered in- creasers in this series, but our data indicate the opposite; therefore, we did not assign these four species to either category. The response of Agropyron dasystachyum and Artemisia ludoviciana was also too variable overall to permit categorization. Festuca idahoensis and Lupinus spp. are unquestionably de- creasers in this series, although they may also increase in some cases.

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Canopy cover data for the six pairs of differentially grazed stands within the F. idahoensis series can be found in Appendix Table C4 . The location and history of these stands follows :

Stands 163 and 164 - The Flat Iron Ridge Exclosure, 3 miles southeast of White Sulphur Springs, on a 2% north exposure at 5,800 ft. elevation. Stand 163 is within the exclosure constructed in 1953. The area was probably heavily grazed by sheep in the past , but has received only light deer and trespass cattle grazing for the past 20 years. Stand 164 is next to the exclosure on moderately grazed cattle range.

Stands 105 and 106 - The Hadley Park Exclosure, 9 miles south of Boulder, on a 15% westerly exposure at an elevation of 5,800 ft. Stand 105 is inside of the exclosure and protected from grazing by livestock since 1963. Although this area also was probably used fairly heavily by sheep in the past , it is currently used only by elk and deer. Stand 106 is immediately outside of the exclosure on moder- ately grazed cattle range.

Stands 112 and 113 - The Wall Creek Exclosure, approximately 25 miles south of Ennis, on a 12% east exposure at an elevation of 6,200 ft. Stand 113 is inside of an exclosure, built in 1964, which excludes both livestock and big game. Stand 112 is on adjacent range currently used moderately by cattle in the summer and elk and deer in the winter.

Stands 200 and 201 - The Hatfield Mountain Exclosure, 16 miles northwest of Wilsall, on a 14% south exposure at 7,000 ft. elevation. Stand 200 has been protected from grazing for 11 years. Stand 201 is outside of the exclosure on moderately to heavily used cattle range.

Stands 176 and 177 - A fenceline contrast near Spotts Gulch, 13 miles south of Big Timber, on a 27% northwest exposure at 5,700 ft. elevation. Stand 176 currently receives light cattle grazing, some deer use, and is moderately dis- turbed by rodents. Stand 177 receives moderate to heavy cattle use and some deer use .

Stands 43 and 44 - The Cliff Lake Natural Area, approximately 40 miles south of Ennis, on a 3% west exposure at 7,100 ft. elevation. Stand 44 is within the natural area which was fenced in 1951; this area had been grazed only lightly by sheep before then. Stand 43 is on adjacent range that has been moderately grazed by cattle for the past 21 years , and only lightly grazed by sheep before then.

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Shrub Series in General

Very little direct information is available regarding the grazing response of plants within the various shrub series. In most cases, these series are fairly similar floristically to one or more major grassland series, except for the domi- nance of a shrub. An insight to species reaction to grazing within a particular shrub series might be gained by looking at its grassland series counterparts. We have no reason to believe that the major species will respond differently to graz- ing in comparable shrubland and grassland series.

Undoubtedly Artemisia tridentata increases with livestock grazing within the A. tridentata series; it is an unpalatable, dominant shrub. Other major species within the ARTR/AGSP h.t. will probably respond similarly to those in the Agropyron spicatum series, whereas those in the ARTR/FESC h.t. will likely respond in the same manner as those in the Festuoa soabrella series. The major species in the ARTR/FEID h.t. will probably behave as they do in the Festuoa idahoensis series.

The same rationale applies to the other shrub series. Artemisia arbuscula , Artemisia tripartita , Rhus trilobata> and Fotentilla fruticosa are all dominant shrubs that are largely unpalatable to livestock and will probably increase with abusive grazing. Purshia tridentata and Ceroooarpus ledifolius , on the other hand, are dominating shrubs palatable to both livestock and game. The reaction of these latter two shrubs to livestock grazing depends on intensity of use.

Other major plant species within the RHTR/AGSP , PUTR/AGSP , and CELE/AGSP habitat types will probably react to livestock grazing as they do in the Agropyron spicatum series, but those in the dry ARAR/AGSP h.t. will probably behave as in the Stipa comata series. Species within the ARAR/FEID, ARTRI/FEID, RHTR/FEID, POFR/FEID, and PUTR/FEID habitat types will likely respond as in the Festuoa idahoensis series. Species within the POFR/FESC and PUTR/FESC habitat types will probably react to grazing as they do in the Festuoa soabrella series.

APPENDICES

49

APPENDIX A. COVER CLASS SUMMARIES BY HABITAT TYPES

(Mean and range of ground cover, and number of species identified on 20x20m sample areas; number of stands sampled in each h.t. are shown in parentheses following the h.t. name.)

HABITAT TYPE	CANOPY COVER	BRIO-	LITTER	ROCK	BARE SOIL	NUMBER o SPECIES
Shrubs	1 Grass	Forbs	PHYTES
		1	- (Perce	nt Ground	. Cover'	- - -		(No. )
i STIPA COMATA/BOUTELOUA GRACILIS (7)
Mean	5	54	1	10	23	5	24	16
Range	0-13	27-65	<1-3	5-16	3-63	1-10	12-34	8-32
STCO/BOGR , AGROPYRON SMITHI1	r-A. DASYSTACHYUM Phase (18)
Mean	6	66	11	15	53	4	9	25
Range	<1-20	35-90	2-44	<1-48	11-86	0-25	2-19	11-42
AGROPYRON SPICATUM/B	OUTELOUA GRACILIS (9)
Mean	11	36	3	12	19	17	17	20
Range	4-17	24-45	0-11	4-26	12-26	2-46	4-42	11-28
AGSP/BOGR , LIATRIS I	UN C TAT A	Phase (16)
Mean	6	59	15	16	54	6	6	30
Range	<1-15	34-76	5-27	<1-53	15-86	<1-18	<1-21	19-38
AGROPYRON SPICATUM/A	GROPYRON SMITH II- A. DASYSTACHYUM	(9)
Mean	5	42	20	15	36	13	18	30
Range	0-13	27-56	4-66	2-73	17-68	<1-70	<1-32	17-42
AGSP/AGSM-AGDA , SLIP	A VIRIDL	rLA Phase	(7)
Mean	8	49	24	9	44	17	9	35
Range	0-23	27-76	12-34	<1-14	18-82	1-63	1-23	28-44
AGROPYRON SPICATUM/P	OA SANDB	ERG II (B	ONT.) (8.)
Mean	6	58	17	24	53	23	13	26
Range	0-24	42-69	3-31	<1-63	38-64	3-59	1-30	17-39
AGSP/POSAN (MONT.),	STIPA CO	MATA Pha	se ( 9 )
Mean	6	52	19	17	47	11	12	30
Range	<1-13	24-72	<1-44	1-59	14-81	<1-56	0-22	17-44
FESTUCA SCABRELLA/ AGROPYRON	SPICATUk	(25)
Mean	2	67	28	21	62	5	5	35
Range	0-20	27-90	12-47	2-63	14-90	<1-23	0-24	20-52
FESC/AGSP, STIPA COMATA Phas	e (23)
Mean	7	65	22	14	65	6	5	36
Range	<1-57	39-94	7-40	<1-57	12-92	0-19	0-15	27-48
FESTUCA SCABRELLA/ FESTUCA ID	AHOENSIS	(19)
Mean	1	78	28	16	70	1	1	33
Range	0-8	48-92	9-64	0-67	17-95	0-8	0-3	16-44
FESC/FEID , GERANIUM	VISCOSIS	SIMUM Ph	ase (12)
Mean	2 1	73	46	22	68	3	2	40
Range	0-25	38-90	18-68	0-91	29-87	0-22	0-7	31-63

AFPENDIX A. - Page 2

50

HABITAT TYPE

CANOPY COVER

Shrubs Grass Forbs

BRYO-

PHYTES

LITTER

ROCK

BARE

SOIL

NUMBER of SPECIES

(Percent Ground Cover)

FESC/FEID , STIPA RICHARDSONII Phase (15)

Mean

Range

2	87
0-14	69-95

32

6-69

12

<1-38

78

30-97

FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS/AGROPYRON SMITHII-A. EASY ST A CHY DM (10)

Mean

Range

3	67
0-10	48-83

33

1-67

FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS/AGROPYRON SPICATUM (46)

Mean

Range

3	62
0-15	25-86

28

10-55

FEID/AGSP , STIPA OCCIDENTALIS Phase (15)

48

32-63

Mean	1	69
Range	0-6	42-90

FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS/CAREX FILIFOLIA (4)

53

43-59

Mean	<1	65
Range	0-2	56-76

FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS/STIPA RICHARDSONII (3)

49

34-57

Mean	4	79
Range	0-9	73-84

FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS/AGROPYRON CANINUM (9)

55

33-68

Mean	<1	73
Range	0-2	61-82

FEID/AGCA , GERANIUM VISCOSISSIMUM Phase (7)

58

39-72

Mean	<1	77
Range	0-2	65-89

FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS/DESCHAMPSIA CAESPITOSA (8)

Mean

Range

s <1	66 j
i — 1 V 1 o	26-82 1

50

25-70

DESCHAMPSIA CAESPITOSA/ CAREX SPP. (6)

34

<1-57

ARTEMISIA ARBUSCULA/AGROPYRON SPICATUM (3)

Mean	1	88
Range	0-4	82-92

Mean

Range

20

14-26

42

25-65

ARAR/AGSP, STIPA COMATA Phase (3)

Mean

Range

26

21-32

24

22-27

17

13-20

6

2-10

ARTEMISIA ARBUSCULA/FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS (2)

Mean

Range

14	60
8-21	44-75

36

13-60

14

4-28

15

<1-62

8

<1-34

2

<1-8

7

<1-19

3

0-9

<1

0-1

7

<1-19

16

8-26

5

3-9

25

3-51

28

9-46

64

14-90

45

9-94

55

14-88

27

15-35

84

83-85

52

26-89

51

35-94

36

18-84

76

23-92

40

26-49

23

13-30

46

24-69

<1

0-1

5

<1-18

8

0-40

5

<1-16

1

<1-2

<1

<1

2

0-12

<1

<1

2

0-7

23

17-32

21

10-24

15

7-22

1

0-3

3

<1-8

5

0-25

2

<1-7

2

<1-4

1

<1-2

5

<1-13

3

<1-6

3

0-14

<1

0-<l

15

13-18

20

9-32

5

2-8

(No. )

32

16-50

27

15-42

33

22-50

38

17-54

35

30-43

35

31-42

35

29-41

40

28-46

28

20-35

19

12-27

23

21-27

23

21-25

34

32-37

51

APPENDIX A. - Page 3

HABITAT TYPE	CANOPY CO	VER	BRYO-	LITTER	ROCK	BARE	NUMBER of
Shrubs	Grass	Forbs	PHYTES	SOIL	SPECIES
			- - (Perc	ent Groun	d Cover	- - - -		(No. )

ARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA/AGROPYRON SPICATUM (MONT.) (6)

Mean

Range

18

5-31

41

24-60

6

<1-18

ARTEMISIA TRIDENT A TA/FESTUCA SCAB REEL A (6)

Mean

Range

22

6-35

53

28-79

20

13-28

9

2-19

12

5-23

ARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA/FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS (MONT.) (8)

Mean

Range

21	52	27
5-44	20-78	5-62

22

11-56

ARTR/FEID (MONT.), GERANIUM VISCOSISSIMUM Phase (4)

Mean

Range

24	87
4-41	74-92

60

55-67

1

<1-3

ARTEMISIA TRIPARTITA/FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS (MONT.) (5) Mean 23 84 32

Range 12-31 78-94 13-46

RHUS TRILOBATA/AGROPYRON SPICATUM (4)

Mean Range

RHUS TRILOBATA/FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS (1)

25	49
3-60	32-60

9

6-11

Mean	16	45
Range	—	—

16

POTENTILLA FRUTICOSA/FESTUCA SCABRELLA (5)

30

20-42

Mean	i 16	61
Range	i — i CO 1 o 1 — 1	48-73

POFR/FESC , DANTHONIA INTERMEDIA Phase (6)

Mean

Range

26

8-61

76

60-94

42

19-67

POTENTILLA FRUTICOSA/FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS (4) Mean i 11 , 78 49

6

0-17

2

<1-3

Range

3-25 68-87

31-74

53

9

<1-16

8

0-43

10

4-16

PURSHIA TRIDENTATA/AGROPYRON SPICATUM (MONT.) (1)

Mean

Range

60

22

PURSHIA TRIDENTATA/FESTUCA SCABRELLA (4)

Mean

Range

19	71
9-28	63-77

26

14-36

14

35

6-74

42

16-66

69

44-84

61

23-82

80

37-95

80

64-96

55

39-69

56

66

38-83

87

80-97

78

70-83

77

75

69-82

32

4-62

16

<1-43

7

<1-23

1

<1-2

7

0-25

53

29-74

19

<1-55

<1

0-1

5

<1-14

39

12

7-17

11

2-19

4

0-12

3

<1-9

1

<1-2

4

<1-11

10

<1-18

4

<1-9

<1

0-<l

1

<1-3

4

<1-11

21

12-31

31

23-40

32

17-42

41

38-44

26

14-41

22

19-25

45

48

44-53

45

28-59

35

25-47

21

32

24-37

52

APPENDIX A. - Page 4

HABITAT TYPE

CANOPY COVER

Shrubs Grass Forbs

BRYO-

PHYTES

LITTER

ROCK

BARE

SOIL

NUMBER of SPECIES

(Percent Ground Cover)

(No. )

1 1 1 1 CERCOCARPUS LEDIFOLIUS/AGROPYRON SPICATUM (1)
Mean	27	17	3	26	35	45	8	24
Range SARCOBATUS VERMICULA'.	TUS/AGROl	DYRON SM.	ITHII-A.	DAS Y ST AC 1	HYUM (1)
Mean	8	54	1	1	52	<1	19	4
Range

53

APPENDIX B. SPECIES CONSTANCY AND AVERAGE CANOPY COVER BY HABITAT TYPES

Table B1 , --(Percent constancy) and average canopy cover in percent (P = <.5% cover) of important plants in the STIPA COMATA/BOUTELOUA GRACILIS H.T. (STCO/ BOGR) , and in the AGROPYBON SMITHII-A. DASYSTACHYUM Phase ( AGSM-AGDA ) of this h.t.

HABITAT TYPE	STCO/ BOGR
Phase :	-	> AGSM-	AGDA
Number of Stands :	7	18
Medium Shrubs
Chry sothamnus nauseosus	(57)	P	(17 )	P
Chry sothamnus viscidiflorus	(14)	P	(6)	P
Low Shrubs
Artemisia frigida	(71)	1	(94)	6
Eurotia Iccnata	(100)	P	(33)	P
Gutierrezia sarothrae	(100)	1	(78)	P
Opuntia polyacantha	(100)	2	(61)	P
Graminoids
Agropyron dasyst achy urn	-		(28)	2
Agvopyron smithii	-		(72)	6
Agropyron spicatum	(57)	P	(50)	P
Bouteloua gracilis	(86)	27	| (100)	9
Calamagrostis montanensis	-		(56)	2
Car ex f Hi folia	-		(83)	8
Carex stenophylla	(86)	8	(94)	3
Koeleria cristata	(29)	P	(78)	6
Oryzopsis hymenoides	(29)	P	(6)	P
Poa cusickii	-		(28)	1
Poa sandbergii	(57)	1	(67 )	P ;
Sporobolus cryptandrus	(43)	1
St ip a comat a	(86 )	25	(100 )	33 j
Stipa viridula	-		(17 )	1
Forbs
Astragalus purshii	(57)	P	(22)	P
Chry sop sis villosa	(14)	P	(56)	P J
Gaura coccinea	(14)	P	(61)	P j
Hymenoxys acaulis	-		(33)	P
Lepidium spp.	(29)	P	(22)	P
Liatris punctata	-		(72)	P
Lygodesmia juncea j	-		(50)	P
Melilotus officinalis			(33)	P
Paronychia sessili flora	-		(39)	1
Phlox hoodii j	(43)	1	(83)	5
Senecio canus »	-		(28)	P
Sphaeralcea coccinea	(100)	P	(94)	1
Taraxacum officinale	(29)	P	(44)	P
Thelesperma marginatum j	_		(44)	P
Tragopogon dubius a	(43)	P	(61)	P
Vicia americana			(28)	1

54

Table B2 . --(Percent constancy) and average canopy in percent (P = <.5% cover) of important plants in the following habitat types within the Agropyron spicatum Series : AGROPYRON SPICATUM/BOUTELOUA GRACILIS H.T. ( AGSP/BOGR) , and LIATRIS PUNCTATA Phase (LIPUN); A. SPICATUM/ AGROPYRON SMITHII-A . DASYSTACHYUM H.T. ( AGSP/AGSM-AGDA ) , and ST IP A VIRIDULA Phase (STVI); and A . SPICATUM/POA SANDBERGII (MONT.) H.T. ( AGSP/POSAN ) .

HABITAT TYPE	AGSP/BOGR	AGSP/AGSM-AGDA	AGSP/POSAN
Phase	-	LIPUN	-	STVI	STC0	_
Number of Stands	9	16	9	7	9	8
Medium Shrubs
Artemisia cana	-		-		-		(29)	P	-		-
Artemisia tricLentata	(33)	p	(6)	P	(22)	P	(29)	P	(22)	P	(25)	P
Chrysothamnus nauseosus	(67)	p	(25)	P	(67)	1	(29)	P	(33)	P	(50)	P
Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus	(44)	p	(6)	P	(33)	P	-		(11)	1	(38)	1
Juniperus scopulorum	-		-		-		(14)	P	(22)	P	(13)	P
Rhus trilob at a	-		-		(11)	P	(14)	P	-		(25)	1
Rosa tirkansana	(11)	p	(19)	P	(11)	P	(29)	P	(22)	P	(13)	P
Low Shrubs
Artemisia dracunculus	(44)	p	(19)	P	-		(14)	P	(22)	P	(25)	P
Artemisia frigida	(100)	6	(100)	4	(89)	2	(100)	5	(89)	2	(88)	2
Eurotia Iccnata	-		(19)	P	(11)	P	-		(22)	1	-
Gutierrezia sarothrae	(100)	2	(69)	P	(89)	1	(100)	3	(56)	1	(38)	2
Leptodactylon pungens	(11)	P	-		-		-		-		-
Opuntia polyacantha	(78)	1	(56)	P	(22)	P	(57)	P	(44)	P	(38)	P
Yucca glauca	(11)	P	(19)	P	-		-		-		-
Graminoids
Agropyron dasystachyum	-		(13)	P	(56)	2	(14)	3	-		-
Agropyron smithii	-		(19)	1	(44)	1	(86)	4	-		-
Agropyron spicatum	(100)	15	(100)	24	(100)	18	(100)	16	(100)	20	o o 1 — 1	46
Aristida longiseta	-		(13)	P	(11)	P	(29)	1	(11)	1	(25)	1
Bouteloua gracilis	(100)	10	(100)	5	(22)	P	(29)	P	(22)	P	-
Bromus japonicus	(11)	P	(13)	P	-		(14)	P	-		-
Bromus mollis	-		(6)	P	-		-		(11)	P	(13)	P
Bromus tectorum	-		(25)	P	(22)	P	(57)	P	(33)	1	(38)	1
Calamagrostis montanensis	-		(44)	P	(44)	P	(14)	P	(11)	1	(13)	2
Carex f Hi folia	-		(69)	3	(11)	1	(29)	1	(22)	2	-
Car ex stenophylla	(78)	2	(94)	1	(78)	2	(86)	1	-		(13)	P
Festuca idahoensis	-		-		(11)	P	-		-		(13)	P
Festuca octo flora	-		(6)	P	-		-		(22)	P	(13)	P
Festuca scabrella	-		-		(11)	P	(14)	P	(22)	P	(25)	P
Eelictotrichon hookeri	-		-		(11)	2	-		-		-
Koeleria cristata	(67)	3	o o	6	(100)	8	(100)	7	(89)	5	(75)	3
Muhlenbergia cuspidata	-		(25)	1	(11)	P	-		-		-
Oryzopsis hymenoides	(11)	P	-		-		-		(11)	P	(38)	1
Poa cusickii	-		(31)	1	(67)	3	(57)	4	(11)	P	(13)	P
Poa pratensis	-		(6)	P	-		-		(22)	P	(13)	P
Poa sandbergii	(100)	3	(81)	1	(78)	3	(71)	3	(100)	3	(75)	8
St ip a comat a	(100)	8	(100)	14	(100)	6	(86)	4	(89)	19	-
Stipa viridula	-		(19)	1	-		(100)	6	(11)	1	-
Stipa spartea									(11)	P

Table B2 . - Page 2

55

HABITAT TYPE	AGSP/BOGR	AGSP/AGSM-AGDA	AGSP/POSAN
Phase	-	LIPUN	-	STVI	STCO	-
Number of Stands	9	16	9	7	9	8
Forbs
Achillea millefolium	-		(38)	P	(44)	P	(43)	P	(56)	1	(75)	2
Agoseris glauca	-		(6)	P	-		(29)	P	-		(13)	P
Allium cernuum	(11)	P	(44)	P	(67)	1	(29)	P	(33)	P	(25)	P
Antennaria dimorpha	-		-		(22)	P	(14)	P	(22)	P	(13)	P
Antennaria parvifolia	(22)	P	(38)	P	(44)	P	(14)	P	(11)	P	-
Antennaria rosea	(11)	P	(31)	P	(44)	P	(28)	P	(33)	P	(38)	P
Arabis holboellii	(33)	P	(6)	P	(44)	P	(28)	P	(33)	P	(50)	P
Arenaria congesta	-		(6)	P	(22)	P	(14)	P	(11)	P	(25)	P
Artemisia ludoviciana	-		(31)	1	-		(43)	1	(11)	P	-
Aster falcatus	-		(13)	P	(11)	P	(43)	1	(11)	P	-
Aster scopulorum	(33)	P	-		(11)	P	(29)	P	-		-
Astragalus drummondii	-		(6)	P	(ID	P	(29)	P	(22)	1	-
Astragalus miser	-		-		-		-		(33)	1	(25)	1
Astragalus purshii	(22)	P	(13)	P	(44)	P	(43)	P	(56)	1	-
Balsamhoriza inccma	-		-		-		(29)	1	-		-
Balsamhoriza sagittata	-		-		-		-		(44)	3	(25)	2
Besseya wyomingensis	-		(13)	P	(11)	P	(29)	P	(11)	P	(13)	P
Cerastium arvense	-		(6)	P	(22)	P	(14)	P	(22)	1	(13)	P
Chrysopsis villosa	(33)	P	(81)	1	(67)	1	(86)	3	(56)	2	(50)	P
Cirsium undulatum	-		(25)	P	(11)	P	-		(33)	P	(25)	P
Collinsia parvi flora	-		-		-		-		(11)	P	(13)	P
Collomia linearis	-		-		-		-		(11)	P	(25)	P
Comandra umbellata	-		(25)	P	(22)	P	(43)	1	(67)	1	(50)	1
Crepis occidentalis	-		(25)	P	(33)	P	(43)	P	-		(25)	P
Cryptantha celosioides	(11)	P	(38)	P	(22)	P	(29)	P	(56)	P	-
Draba vema	-		-		-		-		(11)	P	(50)	1
Epilobium minutum	-		-		-		-		(22)	P	(25)	1
Erigeron caespitosus	-		(44)	P	(44)	P	(43)	1	(33)	P	(13)	P
Erigeron compo situs	(22)	P	-		(44)	P	(29)	1	(44)	P	(13)	P
Erigeron filifolius	(33)	P	(19)	P	(22)	P	(29)	P	(22)	P	-
Erigeron pumilis	-		(6)	P	-		1		(22)	P	! (25)	P
Eriogonum flavum	-		-		(22)	P	(14)	P	(22)	P	! (25)	P
Eriogonum microthecum	(56)	P	-		-		t		(22)	P	(50)	P
Eriogonum ovalifolium	-		(6)	P	(11)	P |	(29)	P	-		-
Gaillardia aristata	-		(19)	P	-		-		(22)	P	(25)	P
Gaura coccinea	(33)	P	(56)	P	(22)	P	(43)	P	(56)	P	(38)	P
Geum triflorum	-		-		(33)	P	-		-		(25)	P
Hymenoxys acaulis	-		(19)	P	(22)	1	(29)	1	(22)	P	-
Lappula echinata	(11)	P	-		-		-		-		-
Lappula redowskii	-		-		-		-		(11)	P	(25)	P
Lesquerella alpina	-		(13)	P	(11)	P	(29)	P	(22)	P	-
Lepidium spp .	(33)	P	(31)	P	(56)	1	(71)	1	(22)	P	(13)	1
Liatris punctata	-		(94)	1	(22)	P	(43)	P	(22)	P	(13)	P
Linum perenne	-		(25)	P	(33)	P	(14)	P	(44)	P	(13)	P
Lithospermum ruderale	(11)	P	(13)	P	-		(14)	P	(44)	P	(25)	P
Lomatium cous	-		(6)	P	-		(14)	P	(22)	P	-
Lomatium tritematum	-		-		(11)	P	-		-		(25)	P
Lupinus sericeus	-		(6)	P	(ID	P	(43)	P	(33)	P	(63)	1
Lygodesmia juncea	(11)	P	(25)	P	-		(14)	P	(22)	P	-
Oxytropis rip aria	(33)	P	(19)	1	-		(14)	P	-		-
Oxytropis sericea	(11)	P	(13)	P			(14)	P	(22)	P	(13)	1

56

Table B2 . - Page 3

HABITAT TYPE	AGSP/BOGR	AGSP/AGSM-AGDA	AGSP/POSAN
Phase	-	LIPUN	-	STVI	STCO	-
Number of Stands	9	16	9	7	9	8
Forbs (Continued)
Paronychia sessiliflora	-		(19)	P	(11)	1	(29)	P	(11)	P	-
Phacelia hastata	-		-		-		-		-		(25)	P
Phlox hoodii	(78)	2	(100)	3	(89)	6	(100)	7	(67)	3	(38)	3
Plantago purshii	(22)	P	(13)	P	(11)	P	(29)	P	(11)	P	(25)	P
Polygonum douglasii	-		-		-		(29)	P	-		-
Potentilla pensylvanica	-		(13)	P	(22)	P	(29)	P	-		-
Psoralea tenuiflora	-		(31)	1	-		(29)	P	-		-
Sedum lanceolatum	(22)	P	-		(33)	P	-		(11)	P	-
Senecio canus	(11)	P	(50)	P	(33)	1	(29)	P	(44)	P	(25)	P
Solidago missouriensis	-		(19)	P	-		(29)	P	(11)	P	-
Sphaeralcea coccinea	(89)	P	(50)	P	(78)	P	(86)	P	(44)	P	(25)	P
Taraxacum officinale	(11)	P	(50)	P	(44)	P	(29)	P	(22)	P	(38)	P
Thelasperma marginatum	-		(25)	P	-		-		-		-
Tragopogon dubius	(44)	P	(88)	1	(67)	P	(100)	1	(89)	P	(75)	1
Vicia americana			(25)	1			(86)	3			(25)	P

57

Table B3 . --(Percent constancy) and average canopy cover in percent (P = < . 5% cover) of important plants in the following habitat types within the Festuca scabrella Series: FESTUCA SCABRELLA/AGROPYRON SPICATUM H.T. (FESC/AGSP), with STIPA COMATA Phase (STCO); and F. SCABRELLA/ FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS H.T. ( FESC/FEID ) , with GERANIUM VISCOSISSIMUM (GEVI) and STIPA RICHARDSONII ( STRI ) phases.

HABITAT TYPE	FESC/AGSP	FESC/FEID
Phase	STCO	-	-	GEVI	STRIC
Number of Stands	23	25	19	12	15
Medium Shrubs
Rosa arkansana	(39)	P	(28)	P	(16)	P	(8)	1	(53)	1
Tetradymia canesoens	(22)	P	(12)	P	-		-		-
Low Shrubs
Artemisia campestris	(26)	P	-		(16)	P	-		-
Artemisia dracunculus	(26)	P	(8)	P	-		(25)		-
Artemisia frigida	(100)	3	(48)	1	(37)	1	(17)	P	-
Gutierrezia sarothrae	(61)	P	(16)	P	-		-		-
Graminoids
Agropyron aaninum	(13)	P	-		(58)	1	(25)	P	(47)	1
Agropyron dasystachyum	-		-		(26)	1	-		-
Agropyron smithii	(39)	1	(12)	P	(21)	1	(8)	P	(7)	P
Agropyron spicatum	(96)	17	(100)	12	(37)	P	(100)	6	(47)	2
Bouteloua gracilis	(48)	1	-		-		-		-
Bromus carinatus	-		-		(5)	P	(25)	P	(7)	P
Bromus japonicus	(9)	P	(4)	P	-		-		-
Bromus mollis	-		(12)	P	(5)	P	(8)	P	-
Bromus tectorum	(13)	P	(36)	P	(5)	P	-		-
Calamagrostis montanensis	(13)	P	(8)	P	(37)	P	-		-
Car ex f Hi folia	(48)	1	(28)	1	(42)	1	(17)	1	(80)	10
Carex obtusata	(9)	P	(12)	P	(47)	2	(42)	2	(20)	1
Carex petasata	(9)	P	(24)	P	(42)	1	(67)	1	(40)	1
Carex pennsylvanica	(22)	1	(4)	P	(26)	2	(8)	1	(13)	2
Carex rupestris	-		-		(5)	1	(8)	i	; (7)	P
Carex scirpoidea	-		-		-		(8)	P	(13)	1
Carex stenophylla	(57)	1	(36)	1	(16)	1	-		(13)	1
Carex vallicola	-		(8)	P	(11)	1	-		(40)	2
Danthcnia intermedia	-		(8)	P X	(58)	2	(67)	1	(93)	5
Danthonia parryi	(13)	P	-		(16)	3	-		-
Danthonia unispicata	(17)	P	(12)	P	(21)	2	(25)	P	-
Festuca idahoensis	(70)	10	(100)	19	(100)	15	(100)	20	(93)	11
Festuca scabrella	(100)	28	(100)	34	(100)	49	(100)	34	(100)	59
Helictotrichon hookeri	(17)	P	-		(16)	P	(8)	P	(7)	P
Koeleria cristata	(100)	4	(96)	3	(95)	2	(100)	3	(100)	1
Muhlenberg ia cuspidata	(35)	1	-		-		-		-
Poa cusickii	(48)	P	(20)	1	(26)	1	-		-
Poa pratensis	(4)	P	(24)	1	(ID	P	(42)	4	(13)	P
Poa sandbergii	(48)	1	(76)	3	(26)	P	(50)	1	(20)	P
Stipa comata	(70)	1	(4)	P	-		-		-
Stipa occidentalis	-		(20)	P	(32)	P	(67)	4	(47)	1
Stipa richardsonii	-		(12)	P	-		-		| (93)	15
Stipa spartea	(17)	P	(4)	P	(16)	1	(17)	P	-
Stipa viridula	(17)	P	(8)	P			(33)	P

Table B3. - Page 2

58

HABITAT TYPE	FESC/AGSP	FESC/FEID
Phase	STCO	-	-	GEVI	STRIC
Number of Stands	23	25	19	12	15
Forbs
Achillea millefolium	(65)	1	(100)	3	(95)	2	(100)	3	(100)	2
Agoseris glauca	(39)	P	(36)	P	(53)	2	(50)	1	(40)	P
Allium cernuum	(70)	1	(22)	P	(42)	P	(75)	P	( 33 )	P
Anaphalis margaritacea	-		-		(21)	P	(33)	P	(40)	P
Androsace septentrionalis	(30)	P	(12)	P	(26)	P	(8)	P	-
Anemone cylindrica	-		-		-		(8)	P	-
Anemone drummondii	-		-		(5)	P	-		(7)	P
Anemone multi fida	-		(8)	P	(11)	P	(17)	P	(7)	P
Anemone patens	-		(8)	P	(32)	P	(25 )	P	(47)	1
Antennaria anaphaloides	-		(4)	P	-		(42)	1	-
Antennaria parvi folia	(39)	1	(12)	P	(5)	P	( 17 )	P	(13)	1
Antennaria rosea	(48)	P	(96)	3	(84)	1	(83)	2	(87)	1
Arabidopsis thaliana	-		(56)	P	(21)	P	(42)	P	(27)	P
Arenaria conges ta	(48)	1	(48)	.1	(74)	2	(75)	2	(73)	2
Arnica fulgens	(9)	P	(20)	P	( 32 )	1	(33)	1	(13)	P
Arnica sororia	(9)	P	(44)	1	(5)	P	(33)	1	(7)	1
Artemisia ludoviciana	(52)	1	(12)	P	(26)	P	(25)	P	(33)	P
Aster falcatus	(26)	P	-		(16)	P	(8)	P	(7)	P
Aster integrifolius	-		-		(16)	1	-		(27)	1
Astragalus miser	-		(24)	1	(11)	P	(17)	P	(7)	P
Astragalus striatus	(30)	P	(4)	P	(21)	P	(8)	P	-
Balsamorhiza incana	(17)	P	(4)	P	-		(8)	p	-
Balsamorhiza sagittata	(4)	P	(40)	2	(5)	P	(33)	P	(7)	P
Besseya wyomingensis	(9)	P	(52)	1	( 37 )	1	(50)	1	(40)	P
Campanula rotundi folia	(13)	P	(24)	P	(74)	1	(83)	1	(47)	P
Castellej a lutescens	-		(44)	P	(5)	P	(17)	P	-
Cerastium arvense	(48)	1	(60)	3	(95)	1	(75)	2	(40)	1
Chrysopsis villosa	(96)	1	(56)	1	(21)	P	(17)	P	(7)	P
Comandra umbellata	(61)	P	(20)	P	(11)	P	-		(7)	P
Erigeron caespitosus	(35)	P	(32)	P	(37)	P	(17)	P	(40 )	1
Erigeron compositus	(17)	P	(32)	P	(11)	P	(17)	P	-
Erigeron carymbosus	(26)	P	(32)	1	-		(17)	P	(7)	P
Erigeron speciosus	-		(8)	P	(11)	P	(67 )	2	(13)	P
Erigeron subtrineruis	-		-		(11)	P	(25)	1	(20)	P
Eriogonum umbellatum	(30)	P	(24)	P	(26 )	P	(75)	2	(87)	3
Gaillardia aristata	(57)	P	(48)	P	(58)	1	(50)	P	(27)	P
Galium boreale	(22)	p	(28)	P	(74)	2	(58)	1	(73)	3
Gaura coccinea	(52 )	P	(16)	P	-		-		-
Gentiana af finis	-		-		(21)	P	(8)	P	(33)	P
Geranium vvscosissimum	(4)	P	(20)	P	-		(100)	6	(87)	4
Geum triflorum	(43)	P	(60)	P	(89)	4	(83)	3	(80)	4
Eeuchera spp -	(4)	P	(28)	P	(26)	P	(33)	P	(60)	1
Eieracium albertinum	-		(32)	P	(5)	P	(58)	1	(40)	P
Eymenoxys acaulis	(26)	P	-		-		-		-
Liatris punctata	(74)	1	(8)	P	-		-		-
Lithospermum rude rale	(48)	P	(52)	P	(32)	P	(67)	1	(60)	P
Lomatium tritematum	(4)	P	(68)	P	(11)	P	(75 )	P	(27)	P
Lupinus sericeus	(52)	2	(72)	4	(58)	4	(58)	4	(33)	4
Orthocarpus tenuifolius			(24)	P			(8)	P	(7)	P

59

Table B3. - Page 3

HABITAT TYPE	FESC/AGSP	FESC/FEID
Fhase	STCO	-	-	GEVI	STRIC
Number of Stands	23	25	19	12	15
Forbs (Continued)
Oxytropis campestris	(9)	P	-		(11)	P	-		(7)	P
Oxytropis deflexa			—		“		(8)	P	-
Oxytropis lag opus	(9)	P	(4)	P			-		-
Oxytropis serioea	(22)	P	(4)	P	(5)	P	-		-
Oxytropis visoida	(17)	P	-		-				-
Penstemon procerus	-		(12)	P	(32)	P	(33)	1	(53)	1
Petalostemon purpureum	(30)	P	(4)	P	-		■ -		-
Phlox albamarginata	(26)	1	(4)	P			“
Phlox hoodii	(52)	1	(12)	P	(53)	1	(8)	P	-
Potentilla arguta	(4)	P	(28)	P	-		(42)	P	(53)	P
Potentilla gracilis	(9)	P	(44)	P	(37)	P	(100)	3	(93)	2
Potentilla hippeana	(26)	P	(12)	P	(32)		-		-
Senecio canus	(35)	P	(12)	P	(11)	P	-		(7)	P
Solidago missouriensis	(61)	P	(28)	P	(42)	1	(42)	1	(33)	1
Taraxacum officinale	(26)	P	(68)	1	(63)	P	(42)	P	(40)	P
Thermopsis rhombi folia	(30)	1	(4)	P	(26)	P	-		-
Tragopogon dubius	(74)	P	(72)	P	(21)	P	(42)	P	(20)	P
Vida americana	(43)	P	(16)	P	(16)	P	(17)	P	-
Zigadenus venenosus	(17)	P	(44)	P	(37)	P	(42)	P	(20)	P

60

Table B4 . --(Percent Constancy) and average canopy cover in percent (P = <.5% cover) of important plants in the following habitat types within the Festuca idahoensis Series: FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS/AGROPYRON SMITHII-A. DASYSTA CHY UM H.T. ( FEID/AGSM-AGDA ) ; F. IDAHOENSIS/AGROPYRON SPICATUM H.T. ( FEID/AGSP ) , with STIPA OCCIDENTALIS Phase (STOC); F. IDAHOENSIS /CAREX FILIFOLIA H.T. (FEID/CAFI); F. IDAHOENSIS/STIPA RICHARDSONII H.T. (FEID/STRI); F. IDAHOENSIS/AGROPYRON CANINUM H.T. ( FEID/AGCA ) , with GERANIUM VISCOSISSIMUM Phase (GEVI); and F. IDAHOENSIS/DESCHAMPSIA CAESPITOSA H.T. ( FEID/DECA ) .

HABITAT TYPE	FEID/AGS AGDA	3 FEID/AGSP	FEID/CAFI	FEID/ STRIC	FEID/AGCA	FEID/DECA
Phase	-	-	STOC	-	-	-	GEVI	-
Number of Stands	10	46	15	4	3	9	7	8
Medium Shrubs
Artemisia cana	(30)	P	(7)	P	-		-		-		-		-		-
A . tridentata	(20)	P	(35)	P	(33)	P	(25)	P	-		-		(43)	P	-
Chrysothamnus
nauseosus	(30)	P	(20)	P	-		-		-		-		-		-
C. viscidiflorus	(30)	P	(39)	1	(20)	P	-		-		(ID	P	-		-
Potentilla frutioosa	-		(4)	P	(7)	P	-		(33)	P	-		-		-
Rosa arkansana	-		(15)	P	-		-		(67)	4	-		(14)	P	-
Tetradymia canesoens	(20)	P	(33)	P	-		-		-		-		-		-
Low Shrubs
Artemisia frigida	(90)	3	(83)	2	(53)	1	-		-		-		-		-
Gutierrezia
sarothrae	(10)	P	(33)	P	-		-		-		-		-		-
Graminoids
Agropyron oaninum	-		(2)	P	(60)	2	(100)	1	(67)	3	(100)	9	(100)	11	(63)	3
A. dasystaohyum	(70)	9	(2)	P	(7)	P	-		(33)	1	-		(14)	1	-
A. smithii	(40)	5	(20)	1	-		-		-		-		-		-
A. spicatum	(50)	P	(100)	18	(100)	15	(75)	P	(33)	P	(22)	1	(43)	1	-
Agrostis saabra	-				-		(50)	P	-		(22)	1	-		(38)	2
Bouteloua gracilis	(10)	P	(9)	P	-		-		-		-		-		-
Bromus anomalus	-		-		(13)	P	-		(33)	P	(44)	1	(57)	2	-
B* carinatus	-		-		(7)	P	-		-		(44)	1	(86)	6	(13)	1
S. ciliatus	-		-		(7)	P	-		(33)	1	-		(14)	1	-
B. japonicus	-		(2)	P	-		-		(33)	P	-		-		-
S. mollis	-		(4)	P	-		-		-		-		-		-
Bo tectorum	-		(22)	P	(7)	P	-		-		-		-		-
Car ex albonigra	-		-		-		-		-		-		-		(13)	4
C. capillaris	-		-		-		-		-		-		-		(25)	1
C. f Hi folia	(40)	1	(20)	P	(47)	1	(100)	8	-		(11)	P	-		(25)	P
C. haydeniana	(10)	P	-		-		-		-		-		-		(25)	2
C. hoodii	-		-		(7)	2	-		-		-		(14)	P	-
C. obtusata	-		(4)	P	(27)	5	-		-		(22)	3	(29)	6	-
C. pennsylvanica	-		(4)	P	(7)	P	-		-		-		(14)	5	-
C. petasata	-		(2)	P	(67)	5	(100)	1	(67)	4	(78)	2	(100)	1	(63)	P
C. platylepis	-		-		-		-		-		-		-		(13)	2
C. practicola	-		(2)	P	-		-		-		(11)	P	-		(13)	P
C. rupestris	-		-		-		(50)	14	-		-		-		-
C. scirpoidea	-		-		-		-		(33)	2	-		-		(50)	5
Co spectabilis	-		-		-		-		-		(11)	P	(29)	P	-
Co stenophylla	(50)	2	(59)	P	(27)	2	(50)	2	-		(56)	2	(71)	1	(25)	P
Co vallicola											(11)	1

61

Table B4 . - Page 2

HABITAT TYPE

FEID/AGSM -AGDA

FEID/AGSP

FEID/CAFI

FEID/

STRIC

FEID/AGCA

FEID/DECA

Phase

Number of Stands

10

46

GEVI

15

7

Graminoids ( continued ) Danthonia intermedia D. unispiaata Deschampsia caespitosa Festuoa idahoensis F. scabrella Juncus balticus J. tenuis Koeleria cristata Luzula spieata Melica bulbosa M. spectabilis Fhleum alpinum P. pratense Poa ausiokii P. fendleriana P. interior P. j unci folia P. pratensis P. sandbergii Stipa comata S, occidentalis S. richardsonii

S. viridula Trisetum spicatum

T. wolfii

(10)

(4)

(9)

(100) 43 (100) (7)

(70)

(30)

(10)

(30)

(20)

P

P

36

P

(53)

(100) 31

(100) 10

(100) 29

(100) 5

(98)

P

P

4

P

(9)

(22)

(4)

(ID

(80)

(59)

(4)

(9)

(93)

(7)

(53) 1

(7)

(33)

(47)

(13)

(100)

(13)

(50)

(50)

(50)

(50)

(25)

(75)

(25)

(100) 6

(100) 12 (33) 1

(100) P

(89) 15

(100) 36 (11) P

(100) 4

(33) P (33) P

(67) 2

(33) P

(100) 13 (100) 36 (33) 1

(11) P

(33)

(22)

(33)

(86) 4

(100) 24

(100) 4

(29) 1

(29) 2

(100) 7

(22) P

(43)

(86)

(29)

(50) 5

(100) 17 (100) 21

(13) P (13) P (38) P (75) 2

(86) 7

(29) 2

(13) 1

(63) 2

(38) 1

(25) P

(38)

(13) 3

(50) 1

(25) 1

Forbs
Achillea millefolium jj	(70) 1
Agoseris glauca	(50) 2
A. grandi flora	-
Allium cemuum	(60) P
Anaphalis margitacea	-
Androsace septentrionalis -
Anemone patens	-
Antennaria rosea	(60) 1
Arabis drummondii	(10) P
Arenaria congesta	(50) 1
Arnica fulgens	(20) P
A. sororia	-
Artemisia ludoviciana	(40) 3
Aster alpigenus	-
A. campestvis	-
A. foliaceus	-
A. integrifolius	-
Astragalus miser	-
A. purshii	(40) 1
Balsamorhiza incana	(20) 1
B. sagittata	-
Besseya wyomingensis	(30) 1

(85) 1

(50) 2

(74) 1

(7) P (4) P (83) 2

(67) 1

(20) P (2) P (26) 1

(2) P

(2) P (30) 1

(30) P (2) P (30) 1

(26)

(100) 3

(100) 2 (7) P (67) P (27) P

(20) P (80) 3

(13) P (93) 3

(33) 1

(13) 1

(7) P

(27) 2

(20) P (13) P

(60) 1

(100) 4

(100) 2

(25) P (25) 1

(50) P (100) 7

(50) P (100) 4

(25) P

(75) 2

(100) 5

(33) 1

(33) 1

(33) P (100) P

(33) 1

(33) P (33) 1

(33) 4

(33) P

(100) 5

(100) 2 (22) 1

(11) P (22) P

(78) 1

(89) 2

(22) P

(22) 2 (22) P (11) P

(44) P

(100) 6 (86) 2 (43) P

(71) P (57) P (14) P (71) P

(100) 1

(14) P (14) P (29) P (29) P

(57) P

(63) 3

(50) 2

(13) P

(13) 1

(25) P

(38) 1

(25) P (13) P (13) P

(13) 1

(38) 1

(25) P

62

Table B4 . - Page 3

HABITAT TYPE	FEID/AGSP -AGDA	FEID/AGSP	FEID/CAFI	FEID/ STRIC	FEID/AGCA	FEID/DECA
Phase	-	-	STOC	-	-	-	GEVI	-
Number of Stands	10	46	15	4	3	9	7	8
Forbs( continued )
Bupleurum americanum	(10)	P	(7)	P	(20)	P	-		(33)	P	-		-		(13)	P
Calochortus spp .	(10)	p	(15)	P	(20)	P	-		(67)	P	-		-		-
Campanula rotundifolia	(30)	1	(22)	P	(80)	1	(75)	1	(100)	1	(78)	1	(71)	1	-
Castelleja oervina	(10)	p	(15)	P	(13)	P	(25)	P	-		-		-		-
C. puchella	-		-		-		(50)	P	-		-		-		(25)	P
Cerastium arvense	(50)	4	(46)	2	(87)	4	(100)	2	(33)	P	(78)	4	(57)	1	(50)	1
Chrysopsis villosa	(40)	2	(61)	1	(13)	P	-		(67)	3	-		(14)	P	-
Clematis hirsutissima	(10)	1	(11)	P	(53)	1	-		-		(11)	P	(57)	P	-
Collomia linearis	(20)	P	(13)	P	(30)	P	-		-		(44)	1	(86)	1	-
Comandra umbellata	(10)	P	(35)	P	-		-		-		-		-		-
Dodecatheon conjugens	(10)	P	(24)	P	(47)	P	(50)	P	(33)	P	(67)	P	(57)	P	(25)	P
Erigeron aaespitosus	(40)	1	(57)	2	(53)	1	(50)	P			-		-		(13)	P
E. compositus	-		(35)	P	(20)	P	-		-		(ID	P	-		(25)	1
E. corymbosus	-		(13)	P	(7)	P	-		(33)	P	(22)	P	(14)	P	(13)	P
E. filifolius	(20)	P	(7)	P	(20)	P	-		-		-		-		-
E. speciosus	-		(2)	P	(7)	P	-		(33)	2	(56)	3	(43)	2	(13)	P
E. subtrinervis	-		(4)	P	(27)	P	-		-		(33)	1	(57)	2	-
Eriogonum umbellatum	(10)	P	(15)	P	(46)	2	-		(33)	P	(56)	1	(57)	3	-
Erysimum inaospiauum	-		-		(7)	P	(50)	P	-		(46)	P	(43)	P	-
Frasera speciosa	(20)	P	(11)	P	(46)	P	(25)	P	-		(33)	P	(14)	P	-
Gaillandia aristata	(70)	2	(39)	P	(73)	3	-		(67)	1	(33)	P	(29)	P	-
Galium boreale	(20)	P	(ID	P	(67)	2	-		(67)	10	(11)	1	(14)	P	(13)	P
Gaura aocainea	(20)	P	(28)	P	(7)	P	-		-		-		-		-
Gentiana af finis	-		(4)	P	(20)	P	(100)	5	(33)	P	(33)	P	-		(13)	P
G. amarella	-		-		-		-		-		-		-		(25)	P
Geranium viscosissimum	-		-		(20)	P	-		(100)	8	(11)	P	(100)	14	(13)	P
Geum rossii	-		-		-		-		-		-		-		(25)	6
G. triflorum	(30)	P	(39)	P	(73)	3	(100)	16	(67)	1	(89)	15	(100)	11	(25)	2
Heuchera spp .	(20)	P	(17)	P	(20)	P	-		(33)	P	(11)	P	(14)	P	-
Hieraaium albertinum	-		(2)	P	(7)	P	-		(33)	P	(11)	P	-		-
Lepidium spp .	(10)	P	(30)	P	-		-		-		-		-		(13)	P
Linum perenne	(20)	P	(26)	P	(40)	P	-		(33)	P	(22)	P	(29)	P	-
Lithospermum ruder ale	-		(26)	P	(7)	P	-		(33)	P	-		(14)	P	-
Lomatium oous	-		(17)	P	(13)	P	(75)	P	-		(11)	P	-		-
L. triternatum	-		(15)	P	-		-		-		-		-		-
Lupinus argenteus	-		-		-		(75)	1	-		(11)	1	(14)	P	(63)	3
L. sericeus	(30)	1	(59)	3	(67)	4	(25)	1	(33)	1	(46)	3	(57)	4	-
Mertensia oblongi folia	-		(9)	P	(7)	P	(25)	P	-		-		-		-
Oxytropis lag opus	-		(13)	P	-		-		-		-		-		-
0. riparia	-		(15)	P	(7)	P	-		-		-		-		-
0. sericea	-		(15)	P	(20)	P	(75)	1	-		(ID	P	(14)	P	-
Pediaularis contorta	-		(2)	P	(40)	2	(50)	P	-		(11)	P	-		(25)	P
Penstemon procerus	-		-		(7)	1	(50)	1	-		(56)	1	(14)	P	(50)	1
Perideridia gairdneri	-		(2)	P	-		-		-		(11)	P	(57)	P	-
Phlox hoodii	(80)	5	(67)	3	(60)	4	-		(33)	P	(22)	1	-		(13)	P
P. longi folia	(10)	P	(24)	1	(20)	P	-		-		(22)	P	(14)	P	-
P. multi flora	(10)	1	(9)	P	(27)	1	(50)	3	(33)	P	(56)	1	(14)	P	(13)	P
Polygonum bistortoides	-		(2)	P	(40)	P	(100)	3	-		(33)	P	(14)	P	(88)	3
P. douglasii	(10)	P	(2)	P							(46)	P	(57)	1

63

Table B4 . - Page 4

HABITAT TYPE	FEID/AGSM -AGDA	FEID/AGSP	FEID/CAFI	FEID/ STRIC	FEID/AGCA	TTWM
Phase	-	-	STOC	-	-	-	GEVI	-
Number of Stands	10	46	15	4	3	9	7	8
Forbs( continued)
Potentilla arguta	-		-		(13)	P	-		(67)	1	(22)	P	(43)	2	-
P. diversi folia	-		-		(7)	P	(75)	2	(33)	1	(46)	P	(14)	P	(88)	6
P. gracilis	-		(4)	P	(33)	P	(75)	2	(67)	4	(89)	3	(100)	11	(25)	1
P. pensylvanica	(10)	P	(15)	P	(40)	P	-		(33)	P	-		(14)	P	-
Saxifraga montanensis	-		-		(7)	P	(25)	P	-		(22)	P	-		-
Sedum lanceolatum	(10)	P	(28)	P	(33)	P	(25)	P	-		(11)	P	-		(50)	P
Senecio ocmus	(20)	P	(24)	P	(13)	P	-		-		-		-		-
Silene oregana	-		-		-		-		-		(22)	P	(29)	P	-
S. parryi	-		(ID	P	(13)	P	(25)	P	-		(22)	P	(14)	P	-
Solidago	(20)	P	(28)	P	(27)	P	(25)	P	(67)	1	(33)	P	(14)	P	(25)	1
missouriensis
Taraxacum officinale	(50)	1	(67)	P	(80)	1	-		(67)	1	(78)	P	(86)	P	-
Tragopogon dubius	(40)	P	(76)	1	(13)	P	-		(67)	P	(11)	P	(14)	P	-
Trifolium spp .	-		(2)	P	-		-		-		(33)	2	(14)	P	(88)	5
Vida americana	(20)	1	(15)	P	(13)	1	-		(33)	1	-		-		-
Zigadenus venenosus	(10)	P	(43)	P	(53)	P	(25)	P	(33)	P	(22)	P

64

Table B5 (Percent constancy) and average canopy cover in percent (P = <.5% cover) of important plants in the DESCHAMPSIA CAESPITOSA/CAREX SPP . H.T. (DECA/CAREX) .

HABITAT TYPE	DECA/CAREX
Phase	-
Number of Stands	6
Low Shrubs
Vaccinium scoparium	(17)	1
Graminoids
Agrostis diegoensis	(17)	4
A. hwnilis	(17)	1
A. idahoensis	(33)	P
A. scabra	(33)	1
Alopecurus pratensis	(33)	3
Car ex albanigra	(17)	P
C. athrostachya	(33)	14
C. parry ana	(50)	10
C. rupestris	(17)	7
C. scopulorum	(33)	6
Danthonia intermedia	(83)	5
Deschampsia caespitosa	(100)	45
Juncus baltious	(17)	1
J. hallii	(33)	3
J. mertensianus	(17)	1
J. parryi	(17)	1
Luzula campestris	(33)	P
Phleum alpinum	(83)	2
Poa pratensis	(33)	P
Trisetum wolfii	(33)	2
Forbs
Achillea millefolium	(17)	1
Antennaria corymbosa	(67)	6
Arnica chamissonis	(17)	1
Aster foliaceus	(17)	2
Camas ia quamash	(17)	3
Erigeron speciosus	(50)	5
Gentiana affinis	(33)	P
Pedicularis groenlandica	(33)	P
Polygonum bistortoides	(83)	1
Potentilla arguta	(17)	P
P. diversi folia	(33)	P
P. gracilis	(83)	1
Rumex paucifolius	(17)	P
R. salicifolius	(17)	1
Senecio integerrimus	(17)	3
S. lugens	(33)	P
S . wernerifolius	(17)	3
Tri folium spp.	(33)	P
Veronica wormskjoldii	(33)	1

65

Table B6 . --(Percent constancy) and average canopy cover in percent (P = <.5% cover) of important plants in the following habitat types within the Artemisia arbusoula Series : ARTEMISIA ARBUSCULA/AGROPYRON SPICATUM H.T. ( ARAR/AGSP ) , with STIPA COMATA Phase (STCO); and A. ARBUSCULA/FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS H.T. ( ARAR/FEID) .

HABITAT TYPE	ARA	1/AGSP	ARAR/FEID
Phase	STCO	-	-
Number of Stands	3	3	2
Medium Shrubs
Artemisia arbusoula	(100)	22	(100)	7	(100)	8
A. tridentata	-		(100)	12	(100)	P
Chry sothamnus nauseosus	-		-		(50)	P
C. viscidiflorus	-		(33)	P	(50)	1
Tetradymia canescens	(33)	P	-		(50)	1 JL
Low Shrubs
Artemisia frigida	(67)	1	-		(100)	P
Eurotia lanata	(33)	P	-		(50)	P
Gutierrezia sarothrae	(67)	4	(33)	P	-
Leptodaotylon pungens	(33)	P	-		-
Opuntia polyacantha	(100)	P	(67)	P	-
Graminoids
Agropyron spioatum	(100)	14	(100)	25	(100)	24
Aristida longiseta	(33)	P	-		-
Bouteloua gracilis	(67)	P	-		-
Carex f Hi folia	(33)	P	(33)	P	-
C. pennsylvanica	-		(33)	1	-
C. stenophylla	(33)	P	-		(100)	P
Festuoa idahoensis	-		-		(100)	31
Hesperochloa kingii	-		(33)	10	-
Koeleria cristata	(100)	4	(100)	8	(100)	9
Oryzopsis hymenoides	(67)	1	-		-
Poa cusickii	-		-		(50)	2
P. sandbergii	(100)	1	(100)	2	(50)	3
Stipa comat a	(100)	3			(50)	P
S. occidentalis	-				(50)	P
Forbs
Achillea millefolium	-		(33)	P	(50)	2
Agoseris glauca	-		-		(50)	1
Allium cemuum	(67)	P	(67)	P	(100)	P
Anaphalis margaritacea	-		-		(50)	1
Androsace septentrionalis	-		-		(50)	P
Antennaria rosea	-		(33)	P	(100)	12
A.rabis holboellii	(33)	P	-		(50)	P
A. microphylla	-		(67)	P	-
Arenaria congesta	-		(67)	P	(50)	P
Aster scopulorum	-		-		(50)	P
Astragalus drummondii	(33)	P	-		-
A. platytropis	(33)	P	-		-
A. purshii	(67)	P	(67)	P	-
Besseya wyomingensis	-		-		(50)	P
Bupleurum americanum					(50)	P

Table B6 . - Page 2

HABITAT TYPE	ARAR/AGSP	ARAR/FEID
Phase	STCO	-	-
Number of Stands	3	3	2
Forbs (continued)
Castillega angusti folia	-		(67)	2	-
C. oervina	-		1		(50)	P
C. linariae folia	-		(33)	P	-
C. pallescens	-		(33)	P	-
Clematis hirsutissima	-		-		(50)	3
Comandra umbellata	(67)	P	(33)	P	(50)	P
Crepis occidentalis	-		(67)	1	(50)	P
Cryptantha celosioides	(33)	P	-		(50)	P
Delphinium ocaidentale	-		-		(50)	P
Descurainia richardsonii	(33)	P	-		-
Dodeoatheon conjugens	-		-		(50)	P
Draba oligosperma	(33)	P	-		-
Erigeron caespitosus	-		(67)	P	-
E. compo situs	-		-		(100)	2
E. corymbosus	-		(37)	P	_
E. divergens	-		(33)	P	-
E. filifolius	(33)	P	-		-
E. ochroleuous	-		(67)	P	-
E. tioeedyi	(33)	P	-		(50)	1
Eriogonum microthecum	(33)	P	-		-
E. ovalifolium	(33)	P	(33)	P	-
E. umbellatum	(33)	P	-		-
Frasera speciosa	-		-		(50)	1
Geum triflorum	-		-		(50)	P
Haplopappus aaaulis	(33)	P	(67)	P	-
Hymenoxys aaaulis	(33)	P	(67)	P	-
Lesquerella alpina	(67)	P	(33)	P	(50)	P
Lewisia rediviva	—		(33)	P	-
Liatris punctata	(33)	P	-		-
Linum perenne	(67)	P	(100)	1	(100)	P
Lithospermum inoisum	-		-		(50)	P
L. ruderale	(33)	P	-		-
Oxytropis sericea	-		-		(50)	7
Paronychia sessiliflora	(33)	1	-		-
Pedicularis contorta	-		-		(50)	1
Penstemon aridus	-		(33)	P	-
Phlox albomarginata	(33)	P	-		-
P. hoodii	(67)	P	(100)	9	(100)	4
P. longi folia	-		-		(50)	1
Potentilla gracilis	-		-		(50)	P
P. pensylvanica	-		(33)	P	-
Sedum lanceolatum	(33)	P	(33)	P	(50)	P
Senecio canus	(67)	P	(33)	P	(50)	1
S. pauperculus	-		-		(50)	2
Sphaeralcea coccinea	(33)	P	-		-
Taraxacum officinale	-		(33)	P	(100)	P
Townsendia mensana	-		-		(50)	P
T. parry i	-		-		(50)	P
Tragopogon dubius	(33)	P

Table B7 . --(Percent constancy) and average canopy cover in percent (P = <.5% cover) of important plants in the following habitat types within the Artemisia tridentata Series : ARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA/AGROPYRON SPICATUM (MONT.) H.T. ( ARTR/AGSP ) ; A. TRIDENTATA/FESTUCA SCABRELLA H.T. ( ARTR/FESC ) ; and A. TRIDENTATA/FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS (MONT.) H.T. (ARTR/FEID), with GERANIUM VISCOSISSIMUM Phase (GEVI).

HABITAT TYPE	ARTR/AGSP	ARTR/FESC	ARTR/FEID
Phase	-	-	-	GEVI
Number of Stands	6	6	8	4
Medium Shrubs
Amelanchier aini folia	-		(50)	P	-		-
Artemisia tridentata	(100)	15	(100)	21	(100)	18	(100)	23
Chry sothamnus nauseosus	(33)	P	(17)	P	(25)	P	-
C. visaidiflorus	(17)	P	-		(75)	1	-
Rosa arkansana	-		(50)	P	-		-
Tetradymia oanesoens	(17)	P	(17)	P	(25)	P	-
Low Shrubs
Arotostaphylos uva-ursi	-		(17)	1	-		-
Artemisia frigida	(83)	2	(33)	P	(63)	1	-
Gutierrezia sarothrae	(83)	2	-		(13)	P	-
Opuntia polyaoantha	(67)	P	-		(13)	P	-
Graminoids
Agropyron caninum	-		-		-		(100)	12
A. dasystaohyum	-		-		(13)	2	-
A. smithii	-		(17)	1	(13)	P	-
A. spicatum	(100)	32	(83)	6	(75)	5	(100)	2
Bouteloua graoilis	(83)	1	(33)	P	-		-
Bromus oarinatus	-		-		-		(75)	13
B. oiliatus	-		-		(13)	1	-
Calamagrostis rubescens	-		-		-		(50)	2
Car ex obtusata	-		-		(25)	2	-
C. petasata	(17)	P	(17)	1	(25)	1	(25)	P
C. pennsylvanica	-		-		(25)	1	-
C. raynoldsii	-		-		-		(75)	9
C. stenophylla	(50)	1	(17)	P	-		(25)	P
Danthonia intermedia	-		(33)	2	(38)	P	(100)	16
Festuoa idahoensis	-		(83)	16	(100)	39	(100)	36
F. sodbrella			(100)	25	-		-
Koeleria cristata	(83)	5	(100)	1	(88)	4	(100)	3
Poa ousickii	-		(83)	P	(25)	P	-
P. fund folia	-		(17)	P	-		(100)	6
P. sandbergii	(83)	2	(17)	P	(88)	1	-
St ip a oomata	(83)	2	-		(38)	1	(25)	2
S. oooidentalis	-		-		(38)	P	(100)	14
S. riohardsonii	-		(17)	3	(25)	P	(25)	P
Forbs
Achillea millefolium	(17)	P	(100)	1	(75)	1	(100)	8
Agoseris glauca	-		(17)	P	(63)	1	(100)	1
Allium cemuum	(67)	P	(83)	P	(63)	P	1
Anaphalis margaritacea	-		(17)	P	-		(50)	P
Androsace occidentalis							(50)	P

Table B7 . - Page 2

68

HABITAT TYPE	ARTR/AGSP	ARTR/FESC	ARTR/FEID
Phase	-	-	-	GEVI
Number of Stands	6	6	8	4
Forbs (continued)
Andros ace septentrionalis	-		-		(25)	P	(25)	P
Anemone patens	-		-		-		(50)	P
Antennaria parvi folia	(17)	P	(17)	P	(13)	2	(75)	1
A. rosea	(33)	P	(83)	4	(75)	4	(25)	P
Arabidopsis thaliana	-		-		(25)	P	(75)	P
Arabis holboellii	(33)	P	(33)	P	(13)	P	-
Arenaria conges ta	(17)	P	(83)	2	(50)	P	(100)	3
Artemisia ludoviciana	-		(50)	1	(13)	P	-
Aster campestris	-		-		-		(75)	2
A. falcatus	-		(50)	P	-		-
Astragalus drummondii	(17)	P	(17)	P	(25)	1	-
A. miser	-		(17)	2	(25)	1	(75)	2
A. purshii	(33)	P	(33)	P	(13)	P	-
Balsamorhiza sagittata	-		(33)	P	(13)	P	(50)	P
Besseya wyomingensis	-		-		(50)	P	-
Campanula rotundi folia	-		(50)	P	(13)	P	(100)	1
Cerastium arvense	-		(67)	1	(25)	1	(50)	2
Chrysopsis villosa	(17)	P	(17)	P	(50)	1	-
Clematis hirsutissima	-		(33)	P	(13)	1	(25)	P
Collomia linearis	-		(17)	P	-		(100)	P
Comandra umbellata	(17)	P	(50)	P	(50)	P	_
Crepis occidentalis	(50)	P	(33)	P	(13)	P	I
Cymopterus bipinnatus	-		-		(25)	1	-
Delphinium bi color	-		-		(25)	P	i -
Dodecatheon conjugens	-		-		(38)	P	i (100)	P
Erigeron caespitosus	(50)	P	(33)	1	(13)	P	[ ~
E. comp o situs	(50)	P	(33)	P	(50)	1	-
E. filifolius	(33)	P	(17)	P	-		-
Eriogonum umbellatum	(17)	P	(67)	1	(38)	P	(100)	10
Erysimum asperum	-		-		-		(75)	P
Fragaria virginiana	-		(33)	P	-		(25)	P
Geranium viscosissimum	-		(33)	P	-		(100)	5
Geum triflorum	(17)	P	(17)	1	(75)	2	(100)	10
Haplopappus acaulis	(17)	P	-		(38)	1	-
Eelianthella uni flora	-		-		-		(100)	7
Eeuchera cylindrica	-		-		(25)	P	-
Lesquerella alpina	-		(50)	P	(13)	P	-
Linum perenne	(17)	P	(50)	P	(13)	P	(75)	1
Lithospermum ruderale	(33)	P	(33)	P	(25)	P	—
Lomatium tritematum	(17)	P	(17)	P	-		(75)	1
Lupinus sericeus	(33)	1	(50)	2	(50)	3	(25)	P
L. wyethia	-		-		-		(75)	1
Mertensia obligifolia	-		-		(25)	P	-
Oxytropis riparia	(33)	1	-		-	j	-
0. sericea	(33)	P	-		(13)	P	_
Phlox hoodii	(33)	1	(67)	P	(50)	2	_
P. longi folia	-		(17)	P	(13)	P	(50)	3
P. multi flora	-		-		(50)	P	(25)	2
Polygonum douglasii						1	(75)	1

69

Table B7. - Page 3

HABITAT TYPE	ARTR/AGSP	ARTR/FESC	ARTR/FEID
Phase	-	-	-	GEVI
Number of Stands	6	6	8	4
Forbs (continued)
Potentilla arguta	-		(17)	P	(13)	P	(75)	4
P. glandulosa	-		-		-		(25)	1
P. gracilis	-		(50)	1	-		(100)	3
P. pensylvanica	(17)	P	(33)	P	(13)	P	-
Sedum lanceolatum	-		-		(63)	P	-
Senecio canus	(33)	P	(33)	P	(38)	P	-
Silene parry ii	-		-		(13)	1	(75)	P
Taraxacum officinale	(17)	P	(67)	P	(75)	P	(50)	P
Tragopogon dubius	(50)	P	(67)	P	(38)	P	-
Vicia americana	-		(33)	P	-		(25)	P
Zigadenus venenosus					(38)	P	(25)	P

70

Table B8 . — (Percent constancy) and average canopy cover in percent

(P = < . 5% cover) of important species within the ARTEMISIA TRIPARTITA/ FESTUC A IDAHOENSIS H . T . ( MONT . ) ( ARTRI/FEID) .

HABITAT TYPE	ARTRI/FEID
Phase	-
Number of Stands	5
Medium Shrubs
Artemisia tridentata	(60) 1
A. tripartita	(100) 12
Chrysothcormus viscidiflorus	(100) 4
Tetradymia canes aens	(80) 3
Low Shrubs
Artemisia frigida	(80) 1
Gutierrezia sarothrae	(40) P
Graminoids
Agropyron caninum	(60) 7
A . dasys tacky urn	(60) 7
A. spicatum	(20) 7
Cdlamagrostis montanensis	(100) 8
Carex stenophylla	(80) 1
Festuca idahoensis	(100) 56
Koeleria cristata	(100) 5
Poa cusickii	(60) 5
P. sandbergii	(40) 1
Stipa comat a	(20) 10
Forbs
Achillea millefolium	(100) P
Agoseris glauca	(40) P
Androsace septentrionalis	(40) P
Antennaria rosea	(60) 2
Arabidopsis tkaliana	(40) P
Comandra umbellata	(40) 1
Erigeron compositus	(60) P
Eriogonum umbellatum	(60) P
Geum triflornm	(40) P
Lepidium spp.	(40) P
Lupinus sericeus	(60) 13
Phlox hoodii	(100) 5
Sedum lanceolatam	(40) P
Taraxacum officinale	(80) 1
Tragopogon dubius	(40) P

Table B9 . — General reconnaissance data of canopy cover ( + = <1%, * = 1-10%, ** = 10-20%, *** = >20%) in the ARTEMISIA PEDATIFIDA/FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS H.T. ( ARPE/FEID) .

HABITAT TYPE	ARPE/FEID
Phase	-
Number of Stands	2
Medium Shrubs
Chry sothamnus nauseosus	*
C. viscidiflorus	*
Tetradymia oanesoens	+
Low Shrubs
Artemisia frigida	A
A. pedatifida	i'n’:*
Graminoids
Agropyron dasystaohyum
A. spicatum	s';
Calamagrostis montanensis
Festuoa idahoensis	**
Koeleria aristata	*
Poa sandbergii	**
Forbs
Antennaria rosea	*
Arenaria congestis	*
Erigeron oaespitosus	+
Phlox hoodii	5J
Senecio cana	+

Table BIO (Percent constancy) and average canopy cover in percent (P = <.5% cover) of important plants in the following habitat types within the Potentilla fruticosa Series: POTENTILLA FRUTICOSA/FESTUCA SCABRELLA H.T. (POFR/FESC), with DANTHONIA INTERMEDIA Phase (DAIN) and in the P. FRUTICOSA/FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS H.T. (POFR/FEID) .

HABITAT TYPE	POFR/FESC	POFR/FEID
Phase	-	DAIN	-
Number of Stands	5	6	4
Medium Shrubs
Potentilla frutioosa	(100)	13	(100)	14	(100)	10
Rosa arkansana	(20)	P	(50)	1	-
Rosa woodsii	(20)	P	(17)	P	-
Low Shrubs
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi	(20)	1	(67)	11	-
Artemisia frigida	(100)	2	-		-
A. campestris	(60)	1	-		-
Gutierrezia sarothrae	(80)	P	-		-
Juniperus horizontalis	(20)	P	(33)	1	-
Graminoids
Agropyron caninum	(20)	P	(100)	2	(50)	2
A. dasystachyum	(20)	1	(33)	1	-
A. smithii	(20)	1	-		-
A. spicatum	(80)	9	(17)	P	(25)	P
Agrostis soabra	-		(33)	P	(50)	1
Bouteloua gracilis	(40)	1	-		-
Bromus carinatus	-		(33)	P	-
B. oiliatus	-		(17)	P	-
Calamagrostis purpuras oens	-		(17)	P	(75)	1
Calamovilfa longifolia	(40)	P	-		-
Car ex f Hi folia	(40)	1	(17)	P	(25)	4
C. hoodii	-		(17)	P	-
C. obtusata	(40)	P	(67)	6	(75)	8
C. parryana	-		-		(25)	3
C. pennsylvanica	(20)	P	(33)	P	-
C. petasata	-		(67)	1	(25)	P
C. praoticola	-		-		(25)	1
C. raynoldsii	-		(17)	1	-
C. soirpoidea	(80)	5	-		-
C. stenophylla	(20)	P	(17)	1	(25)	4
C. vallioola	-		(17)	P	-
Danthonia intermedia	-		(100)	5	(75)	18
D. parry i	(40)	13	-		-
Festuoa idahoensis	(80)	5	(100)	16	(100)	40
F. soabrella	(100)	17	(100)	48	(25)	P
Eeliototrichon hookeri	(60)	P	(83)	P	(50)	P
Koeleria oristata	(100)	4	(100)	1	(75)	1
Luzula spicata	-		-		(50)	1
Muhlenbergia cuspidata	(60)	P	-		-
M. richardsonis	(80)	1	-		-
Phleum pratense	(60)	P	(67)	2	-
Poa grayana	-		-		(25)	P
P. interior	-		(17)	P	(25)	2
P. j unci folia	—		-		(25)	2

73

Table BIO - Page 2

HABITAT TYPE	POFR/FESC	POFF./FEID
Phase	-	DAIN	-
Number of Stands	5	6	4
Graminoids (continued)
Poa nevadensis	-		-		(25)	1
P. pratensis	(60)	P	(83)	6	(25)	P
P. rupicola	-		-		(25)	1
P. sandbergii	(40)	1	(17)	P	-
Stipa ocoidentalis	(40)	P	(33)	P	(25)	P
< S', richardsonii	(40)	1	-		(25)	2
S. viridula	-		(33)	P	-
Forbs
Achillea millefolium	(100)	1	(100)	2	(100)	5
Agoseris glauca	(60)	P	(100)	3	(75)	3
Allium cernuum	(100)	1	(67)	P	(50)	1
Anaphalis margaritacea	-		(33)	P	(25)	1
Anemone multi fida	(20)	P	(33)	P	(25)	P
A. patens	(60)	P	(67)	P	-
Antennaria anaphaloides	-		(33)	P	(25)	1
A. parvi folia	(80)	2	(17)	P	(25)	P
A. rosea	(20)	P	(50)	P	(75)	1
Arabis holboellii	(40)	P	-		-
Arenaria conge sta	(40)	P	(67)	P	(100)	3
Arnica fulgens	-		(17)	P	(25)	P
A. sororia	-		(33)	P	-
Artemisia ludoviciana	-		(33)	P	-
Aster integrifolius	(60)	P	(33)	P	-
Astragalus miser	-		(17)	P	(25)	P
A . purshii	(40)	P	-		-
Besseya wyomingensis	(20)	P	(67)	P	(100)	4
Bupleurum americanum	(20)	P	! (67)	P	(25)	P
Campanula rotundifolia	(80)	1	(100)	1	(100)	2
Cerastium arvense	(60)	1	(100)	2	(75)	4
Chrysopsis villosa	(80)	1	(33)	P	-
Clematis hirsutissima	-		(33)	P	(25)	P
Comandra umbellata	(60)	P	(17)	P	-
Cryptantha celosioides	(20)	P	|		(25)	P
Dodecatheon congugens	(20)	P	(100)	P	(75)	P
Douglasia montana	-		-		(50)	P
Erigeron caespitosus	(60)	1	-		(50)	P
E. compositus	(40)	P	-		!
E. corymbosus	(20)	P	(17)	P	-
E. fili folia	(20)	P	-		(25)	1
E. simplex	-		-		(25)	P
E . speciosus	-		(50)	3	-
Eriogonum umbellatum	(20)	P	(17)	P	(25)	P
Fragaria virginiana	(20)	P	(83)	P	-
Frasera speciosa	(40)	P	(17)	P	(75)	1
Gaillardia aristata	(100)	2	(83)	P	(25)	P
Galium boreale	(100)	3	(100)	3	(50)	2
Gentiana affinis	(20)	P	-		(25)	2
Geranium viscosissimum			(50)	1

Table BIO. - Page 3

HABITAT TYPE	POFR/FESC	POFR/FEID
Phase	-	| DAIN	-
Number of Stands	5	6	4
Forbs (continued)
Geum triflorum	(60)	P	(50)	2	(75)	6
Haplopappus acaulis	(40)	P	-		-
Hedysarum spp .	(40)	P	(67)	1	-
Heuchera spp .	-		-		(75)	P
Hymenoxys acaulis	(40)	P	-		-
Iris missouriensis	(40)	P	(33)	P	-
Lesquerella alpina	(40)	P	-		-
Liatris punctata	(40)	P	-		-
Linum perenne	(80)	1	(33)	P	-
Lithospermum ruder ale	-		(50)	P	-
Lupinus sericeus	(20)	P	(67)	7	(25)	1
Lupinus spp.	-		(17)	P	(25)	1
Lychnis drummondii	-		-		(25)	P
Monarda fistulosa	-		(50)	1	-
Oxytropis campestris			(17)	P	(25)	P
0. sericea	(80)	1	(17)	P	(25)	P
0. viscida	(20)	1	-		-
Pedicularis contorta	-		-		(25)	1
Penstemon eriantherus	(40)	1	-		-
P. procerus	-		(33)	P	(50)	1
Petalostemon purpureum	(60)	P	-		-
Phlox hoodii	(40)	P	(33)	2	(25)	1
P . kelseyi	(40)	3	-		-
P. muscoides	(40)	P	-		-
P. pulvinata	-		-		(25)	2
Plantago tweedyi	(40)	1	-		-
Polygonum histortoides	-		(33)	P	(75)	1
Potentilla gracilis	(20)	P	(83)	3	(100)	2
P. hippiano.	(40)	P	(33)	P	-
Sedum lanceolatum	-		(17)	P	(100)	1
Senecio conus	(100)	2	(17)	P	-
S. megacephalus	(40)	1	-		(25)	1
Solidago missouriensis	(100)	1	(83)	1	(25)	P
Taraxacum officinale	(40)	P	(50)	1	(50)	P
Thermopsis rhombi folia	(40)	P	-		-
Tragopogon dubius	(60)	P	(33)	P	-
Trifolium spp.	-		(17)	P	(25)	3
Vida americana	(20)	P	(50)	P	-
Viola adunca	(40)	1	-		-
Zigadenus elegans	-		-		(50)	1
Z. venenosus	(20)	P 1	(33)	P

75

Table Bll . --General reconnaissance data (G) of canopy cover (+ = <1%, * = 1-10%,

** - 10-20%, *** = >20%), and intensive plot data (I) of percent constancy and average canopy cover of important plants in the following habitat types within the Purshia tridentata Series : PURSHIA TRIDENTATA/ AGROPYRON SPICATUM (MONT.) H.T. (PUTR/AGSP); P. TRIDENTATA/FESTUCA SCABRELLA H.T. (PUTR/FESC); and P. TRIDENTATA/FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS H.T. (MONT.) (PUTR/FEID) .

HABITAT TYPE	PUTR/AGSP	PUTR/FESC	PUTR/FEID
Phase	-	r	-	-	-
Number of Stands	1	1	4	4	1
Data Source	I	1	G	I	G
Medium Shrubs		i S
Chry sothamnus nauseosus	2	i	+	(25)	P
C. viscidiflorus	1	B	+	(25)	P
Purshia tridentata	P	1		(100)	17	***
Rosa arkansana		!	+	(25)	1	+
Low Shrubs		1
Artemisia frigida A. dracunaulus	P	1 j		(25)	P	+
Graminoids		i
Agropyron spicatum	58	i	,», ,i4 4\ <*	(100)	35
Aristida longiseta		l		(25)	P
Bromus mollis		l		(50)	P
B. tectorum	2			(75)	8	+
Festuoa idahoensis		1		(100)	19
F. octoflora		i		(75)	1
F. scabrella				(100)	7
Koeleria cristata	P	1	+	(100)	2	*
Poa sandbergii		1	t	(100)	5
Stipa comata		9	A	(25)	1
S, oocidentalis S. viridula		S 1	+	(25)	P	.4 4\
Forbs		1
Achillea millefolium	2		+	(100)	2
Antennaria rosea		1	+	(50)	P	+
Arabis holboellii	P	j		(25)	P
Arenaria conge sta				(25)	P	*
Arnica sororia		8		(50)	P
Arabidopsis thalina		i		(50)	P
Balsamorhiza sagittata	12	1		(75)	10
Centaurea maculosa Chaenactis douglasii	1	l	+ |
Chrysopsis villosa	P	i	+ I	(25)	1	+
Collinsia parvi flora		S	i	(100)	1
Collomia linearis		§	[	(50)	P
Comandra umbellata			|	(50)	P
Crepis spp .		1	+ i	(75)	P
Epilobium minutum		1	|	(75)	P
Erigeron corymbosus				(25)	3
E. subtrinervis		s	|	(25)	P
Eriogonum microthecum		I		(25)	P
E. umbellatum		1 8 1		(25)	P	4\

76

Table Bll. - Page 2

HABITAT TYPE	PUTR/AGSP	PUTR/FESC	PUTR/FEID
Phase	-	r	-	-	-
Number of Stands	1	i	4	4	1
Data Source	I	l	G	I	G
Forbs (continued)		i
Hieracium albertinum		1		(50)	1
Lepidium spp.		1		(50)	1
Lithospermum ruderale		i	+	(75)	p
Lomatium tritematum				(75)	p
Lupinus serecius		1	+	(50)	1
Medicago spp .	1			(25)	p
Myosotis micrantha Oxytropis spp. Penstemon diphyllus	1	i i	+	(25)	p	+
Phaoelia linearis	P	|		(75)	p
Phlox spp. P. longifolia	2	!	+	(25)	p	+
P. hoodii		1				*
Physaria geyeri Stellaria spp.	1	1 \		(25)	2
Taraxacum officinale		1 1 i 1		(50)	P	[
Tragopogon dubius	P	+	(100)	2	+ ■

77

Table B12 . --Intensive plot data (I) of percent constancy and average canopy cover, and general reconnaissance data (G) of canopy cover (+ = <1%, * = 1-10%, ** = 10-20%, *** = >20%) of important plants within the CERCOCARPUS LEDIFOLIUS/ AGROPYRON SPICATUM H . T . ( CELE/AGSP ) .

HABITAT TYPE	CELE/AGSP
Phase	-
Number of Stands	— 1 2
Data Source	“ 1 G
Medium and Tall Shrubs	1
Artemisia arbuscula	p s
A. tridentata	s *
Cercocarpus ledif alius	19 * **
Chrysothamnus nauseosus	1 +
Juniperus scopulorum	P i
Rhus trilobata	' + |
Low Shrubs	s
Artemisia frigida	2 * *
Eurotia lanata	| +
Gutierrezia sarothrae	7 . *
Opuntia polyaeantha	P 1 i
Graminoids	1
Agropyron spioatum	9 ** j
Aristida longiseta	P |
Bouteloua gracilis	P 1
Carex filifolia	1 1
C. stenophylla	P I
Koeleria cristata	1 1 *
Oryzopsis hymenoides	i
Poa sandbergii	p !
Stipa comata	7 i *
Forbs	j
Allium cemuum	- p
Antennaria rosea	1 +
Comandra umbellata	p .
Draba oligosperma	p 1
Erigeron caespitosa	* i
Eriogonum microthecum	1 +
E. umbellatum	p 1
Happlopappus acaulis	1 *
Lesquerella alpine	P s
Linum perenne	p i
Lithospermum ruderale	i +
Mamillaria missouriensis	p
Petrophytum caespitosum	p 8
Phlox albomarginata	1 !
P. hoodii	i I s

78

Table B13 (Percent constancy) and average canopy cover in percent

(P = <.5% cover) of important plants in the RHUS TRILOBATA/ AGROPYRON SPICATUM H.T. (RHTR/AGSP ) , and in the R. TRILOBATA/ FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS H.T. (RHTR/FEID) .

HABITAT TYPE	RHTR/AGSP	RHTR/FEID
Phase	-	-
Number of Stands	4	1
Medium Shrubs
Amelanchier alni folia	(25) P	-
Artemisia tridentata	(25) P	-
Chrysothamnus nauseosus	(75) P	-
C. visoidiflorus	(25) P	-
Juniperus soopulorum	(25) P	-
Prunus virginiana	(50) 1	-
Rhus trilobata	(100) 23	14
Ribes cereum	(25) 1	-
Rosa arkansana	-	P
Low Shrubs
Artemisia oampestris	(25) P	P
A. dracunculus	(25) P	-
A. frigida	(75) 1	3
Juniperus horizontalis	-	P
Opuntia polyaoantha	(100) P	—
Graminoids
Agropyron smithii	(25) 1	-
A. spioatum	(100) 41	18
Aristida longiseta	-	1
Bouteloua gracilis	-	4
Bromus tectorum Calamagrostis	(100) 4	P
montanensis	-	P
Carex pennsylvanica	-	3
Festuca idahoensis	-	6
Koeleria cristata	(25) P	1
Muhlenbergia cuspidata	-	1
Oryzopsis hymenoides	(25) 5	-
Poa pratensis	-	3
P. sandbergii	(25) P	-
Stipa comat a	-	4
S. viridula	(25) P	P
Forbs
Achillea millefolium	(75) P	3
Allium cemuum	-	1
Antennaria parvi folia	-	1
Aster falcatus	(25) P	-
Astragalus drummondii	(25) P	-
Besseya wyomingensis	(25) P	1
Cerastium arvense	-	2
Chaenactis douglasii	(25) P	-
Chrysopsis villosa	(75) 1	9
Cirsium undulatum	(75) P	P

79

Table B13. - Page 2

HABITAT TYPE	RHTR/AGSP	RHTR/FEID
Phase	-	-
Number of Stands	4	1
Forbs (continued)
Comandra umbellata	(25) P	P
Erigeron caespitosus	-	P
E. pumilis	(25) P	-
Erysimum inconspicuum	(25) P	-
Gaillardia aristata	-	1
Gaura ooooinea	(50) P	P
Geum triflorum	-	1
Haplopappus aoaulis	(25) P	-
H. nuttallii	(25) P	-
Lepidium spp.	-	P
Liatris punctata	(25) P	1
Linum perenne	(25) P	P
Melilotus officinalis	(50) 1	-
Mentzelia dispersa	(50) P	-
Petalostemon purpureum	(25) P	1
Phlox albomarginata	(25) P	-
P. hoodii	(25) P	2
Plantago purshii	-	P
Potentilla arguta	-	P
P. hippeana	-	P
Psoralea tenui flora	(50) 1	-
Ratibida colimnifera	-	P
Senecio canus	(25) P	-
Solidago missouriensis	-	P
Sphaeralcea coccinea	(75) P	-
Taraxacum officinale	1	P
Thermopsis rhombi folia	I t	P
Tragopogon dubius	(50) 1	P
Vida americana	(75) 2 I

80

Table B14 . --Intensive plot data (I) of average canopy cover, and general reconnaissance data of canopy cover (+ = <.1%, * = 1-10%,

** = 10-20%, *** = >20%) for important plants in the SARCOBATUS VERMICULATUS/A GROPYRON SMITHII H.T. (SAVE/AGSM ) , and 5. VERMICULATUS/ELYMUS ClNEREUS H.T. (SAVE/ELCI).

HABITAT TYPE	SAVE/AGSM	SAVE/ELCI
Phase	-	-
Number of Stands	i * ~	2
Data Source	I G G	G
Medium Shrubs	I s
Atriplex nuttallii	5 s +
Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus	+
Saroobatus vermiculatus	3 | **	**
Low Shrubs	i
Artemisia frigida	1 *
Gutierrezia sorathrae	i	*
Opuntia polyacantha	i *	}'!
Graminoids	1
Agropyron smithii	55 5 **	j'ci'c
A. spicatum		i’c
Bouteloua gracilis	1 **
Bromus tectorum	1 +
Carex fili folia	I	+
Elymus cinereus	|
Koeleria cristata
Poa j unci folia	2 l
P. pratensis	j	+
St ip a comat a	i *
S. viridula	1 +
Forbs	i
Aster chilensis	9	+
Chenopodium spp .	S 4
Comandra umbellata	i	+
Iva axillaris	s	+
Tragopogon dubius	1 +	+
Sphaeralcea coccinea	1 J	+

APPENDIX C.— COMPARISONS OF DIFFERENTIALLY-GRAZED PAIRED STANDS

81

Table Cl . --Dif fentially-grazed paired stands in the Stipa comata SERIES:— canopy- cover percent with confidence levels (** = >99%, * = 95 to 98%, and + = 90 to 94% probability of means differing statistically).

HABITAT TYPE:	STCO/BOGR	STCO/BOGR AGSM-AGDA phase
STAND NO. :	102	103	167 168
GRAZING:	None	Heavy	Slight Moderate
COVER CLASS
Shrubs	3.8	5.2	8.3 * 13.4
Graminoids	61.3	57.8	72.6 **60.2
Forbs	0.2	0.2	11.1 8.6
Bryophytes	10.8 *	6.8	14.1 + 16.1
Bare Ground	19.2	23.1	5.0 **16.1
Litter	2.7	3.4	69.8 **48.2
Rock	7.1	5.1	13.7 ** 1.1
SHRUBS
Artemisia frigida	P		7.6 + 10.1
Chry sothamnus nauseosus			1.9
Gutierrezia sarothrae	P	0.8	0.8 0.7
Eurotia lanata	P	P	0.4
Opuntia polyaoantha	3.8	4.4	0.8
GRAMINOIDS
Agropyron smithii			3.5 t 1.6
A. spicatum			0.4 0.1
Bouteloua gracilis	53.9	54.7	8.9 **22.6
Calamagrostis montanensis			4.3 ** 9.7
Carex f Hi folia			20.0 ** 9.0
C. stenophylla	10.3	9.2	1.0 ** 4.0
Koeleria cristata			6.6 ** 0.6
Poa sanchergii			P + 0.8
Sitanion hysterix	0.4
Stipa oomata	9.6 *	3.3	29.3 ** 7.6
FORBS
Astragalus ceramicus			0.4 P
A. drwnmondii			1.7 1.4
A. purshii	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hymenoxys aoaulis		1	0.6
Liatris punctata			0.1
Lygodesmia guncea			0.5
Melilotus officinalis			0.1* 0.5
Paronychia sessili flora			5.8 3.8
Phlox hcodii			2.5+ 0.8
Sphaeralcia coccinea	P	0.2	P ** 2 . 2
Thelesperma marginatum			0.6* 0.1

— See the narrative on the Stipa Series in the Species Composition Changes section for the location and history of these stands .

82

Table C2 . — Differentially-grazed paired stands in the Agropyron spicatum SERIES :i/ canopy-cover percent with confidence levels (** =

>99%, * = 95-98%, and + = 90-94% probability of values differing statistically ) .

HABITAT TYPE:	AGSP/BOGR	AGSP/BOGR	AGSP/BOGR	AGSP/ AGSM-AGDA
STAND NO:	107 108	16 17	13 12	194 195
GRAZING:	None Moderate	None Heavy	Moderate Heavy	None Moderate
COVER CLASS
Shrubs	3. 5 **14. 6	1.8 1.6	P 0.4	23.1**10.0
Graminoids	44.6 *36.5	40.7 39.6	68.0**45.7	76.2**56.0
Forbs	P 0.7	12.8 10.6	19.1 15.3	28.4**65.7
Bryophytes	25.6 24.9	4.5	21.6 17.7	11.7 * 1.4
Bare Ground	18.3 16.2	30.0 *42.1	1.6** 5.8	1.4** 6.3
Litter	21.8 +16.3	17.4 *11.6	22.1 +27.5	76.4**63.7
Rock	6 . 8**17 . 9	1.6 1.8	3.2 4.5	8 . 9**14 . 7
SHRUBS
Artemisia frigida	2.5 4.5	8.2 6.8	0.9 * 3.2	15.6** 3.4
Artemisia tridentata		P 0.9
Chrysothamnus nauseosus		P 0.4	0.4
C. viscidiflorus		0.8 0.1
Gutierrezia sarothrae	P** 4.4	1.2 2.0	P 0.9	10.5** 1.4
Juniperus horizontalis				3.2
Leptodactylon pungens		0.4
Opuntia polyacantha		1.0 0.1
Potentilla fruticosa				P 2.1
Rosa arkansana	0.4			0.1
GRAMINOIDS
Agropyron dasystachyum				22 . 0**10 .4
A. spicatum	25.9** 6.1	16.2** 3.4	14.6** 1.7	3.3 + 0.8
Bouteloua gracilis	10.9 13.8	9 . 5**22 . 8	10.7** 4.5
Bromus tectorum			2.6
Calamagrostis montanensis			0.1 + 1.1	2.3 * 0.5
Car ex fili, folia				4.6 5.4
C. stenophylla	3.9 * 6.7	1.7 * 3.8	0.7 1.2	1.4 2.5
Helicto trichon hookeri				**13.7
Koeleria cristata		0.1 0.4	15.7** 0.8	8.1 10.2
Muhlenbergia cuspidata				0.4
Poa cusickii				6.6 7.5
P. pratensis			1.9
P. sandbergii	3.0 4.3	2.3 * 5.1	2.6 2.9
Stipa comata	7.2 *12.7	13.8 9.8	18.2**30.2	9.9** 0.2
S. viridula				25.7**

— See the narrative on the Agropyron spicatum Series in the Species Composition Changes section for the location and history of these stands.

Table C2 - Page 2

83

HABITAT TYPE:	AGSP/BOGR	AGSP/BOGR	AGSP/BOGR	AGSP/AGSM-AGDA
STAND NO:	107 108	16 17	13 12	194 195
GRAZING:	None Moderate	None Heavy	Moderate Heavy	None Moderate
FORBS
Achillea millefolium				0.4 0.1
Antennaria rosea			0.2 P
Astragalus purshii				0.2 0.1
Aster falcatus				3.4 1.9
Cerastium arvense				2.5 1.6
Chrysopsis villosa		0.4	0.2 * 2.2	0.1 P
Clematis hirsutissima				P 0.2
Comandra umbellata				2.3 2.4
Cryptantha celosioides				0.1 0.2
Cynoglossum officinale				0.9
Erigeron caespitosus			0.2 0.2	0.7 1.0
E. divergens		0.2 0.2
E. filifolius		P		0.1** 2.5
Eriogonum umbellatum				P 0.6
Eritrichum howardii				* 1.8
Galium boreale				1.2** 6.3
Grindelia nana		0.1
G. squarrosa			0.6	P
Hymenoxys acaulis				3.9** 9.0
Hymenopappus fi lifo lius				2 . 3
Lesquerella alpina				1.6** 5.8
Lithospermum incisum			0.1 0.4
Liatris punctata			• — 1 o lO ct	0.1 P
Lygodesmia juncea		1.0 *
Linum perenne				i — 1 ' — 1 CO ' — 1
Oxytropis riparia			15.0** 5.2
Paronychia sessili flora				3.9 * 7.4
Phlox alyssi folia				2.1 + 4.2
P. hoodii	P 0.2	1.0 0.8	1.8** 0.2	7.4 *12.8
Plantago purshii	** 0.2		** 0.2
Potentilla pensylvanica			** 0.5	0.1 0.2
Senecio canus				1.2
Sphaeralcea coccinea	P ** 0.1	0.9 0.9	P 0.6
Taraxacum officinale			P ** 1.6	1.0 *
Tragopogon dubius			* 0.4	1.2 +

84

Table C3 . --Differentially-grazed paired stands in the Festuoa scabrella SERIES :1_/ canopy-cover percent with confidence levels (** = >99%, * = 95-98%, and + = 90-94% probability of means differing statistically ) .

HABITAT TYPE:	FESC/AGSP	FESC/AGSP	FESC/AGSP	FESC/AGSP	FESC/AGSP
STAND NO:	232 233	87	88	366	367	330	331	337 338
GRAZING:	Slight Moderate	Slight	Moderate	Slight	Heavy	None	Moderate	Slight Heavy
COVER CLASS
Shrubs	1.1** 8.7	2.4	+ 6.2	9.3	7.9	4.7	2.0	1.2 0.4
Graminoids	91.0**66.2	53.7'	‘*39.1	68.4**	49.4	70.5*	*52.8	81.7**64.7
Forbs	11.8 14.6	15.5	**38.4	26.0	25.0	15.0	16.2	12 . 3**40 . 4
Bryophytes	o t — 1 ' — 1 *0 CO CO ' — 1	10 . 3'	** 2.6	16 . 8**	9.3	0.3	1.8	16.2 16.4
Bare Ground	1 . 0**10 . 4	8.0	9.7	2.0**	8.0	1 . 3*	*13.4
Litter	85.9**71.9	40.4	*47.6	73.4**	43.8	84.6*	*45.5	88.3 88.4
Rock	0.5** 5.8	1.0	1.8	3 . 8**	15.4	P	+ 0.7
SHRUBS
Artemisia cana		2.0		0.4	0.1			0.4
A. dracunculus						0.9	0.1
A. frigida	1.1 * 3.4	0.4	1.4	8.7	7.1	3.8	1.6	0.1 0.5
Chrysothamnus nauseosus		P	* 1.7
C. viscidiflorus		P	0.1
Gutierrezia sarothrae	** 4.6	P	0.1		0.2			P 0.1
Rosa arkansana				0.2	0.1			0.5 P
Tetradymia canescens		0.1	2.4
GRAMINOIDS
Agropyron srnithii	3.6**			5 . 4**	2.0
A. spicatum	2.6 4.9	4.2	4.3	14 . 0**	1.8	11.1	15.7	* 1.2
Bouteloua gracilis	0.6 + 2.2			1.1**	5.4	0.1	* 5.7
Calamagrostis montanensis				0.4	0.2
Carex filifolia				4 . 4	3.6
C. pennsylvanica								2 . 4**14 . 6
C. obtusata								0.8
C. stenophylla	2.0 1.7	2.1	* 0.2	1.3	0.8		* 5.8
Danthonia unispicata			0.2
Festuca idahoensis	36.9** 8.2	21.4*	'•*32 . 1			11 . 9*	* 4.1
F. scabrella	73.9**33.6	27. 05	** 1.4	21.3**	4.7	48.8*	* 7.0	81.1**32.4
Koeleria cristata	0.5** 8.8	4.1	4.4	5.6**	15.2	0 . 4*	* 6.4	0.2 * 1.5
Muhlenbergia cuspidata				3.1 +	5.8
Poa cusickii		0.5	0.1	0.2		P	0.4	0.5 + 0.2
P. sandbergii	3.8	0.5	0.4
Stipa comata				4.1	2.3	0.8	1.2
S. spartea								1.0** 5.4

1/

See the narrative on the Festuca scabrella Series in the Species Composition Changes section for the location and history of these stands.

85

Table C3 - Page 2

HABITAT TYPE:	fesc/agsp	FESC/AGSP	FESC/AGSP	FESC/AGSP	FESC/AGSP
STAND NO:	232	233	87 88	366	367	330	331	337 338
GRAZING:	Slight	Moderate	Slight Moderate	Slight Heavy	None	Moderate	Slight Heavy
FORBS
Achillea millefolium	1.4 *	P	P 0.6			1.5		1.6 1.8
Agoseris glauca				0.5		P *	"* 0.5
Allium cemuum	0.2		0.2			1.0	0.2
Antennaria parvi folia		2.4			0.2
A. rosea	1.7 *	0.4	0.6 1.0			1.8	1.8	P 1.4
Arabis holboellii			0.4
A. lignifera	0.2	0.5
Arenaria congest a	1 . 1**	6.7	0.1 0.4
Arnica fulgens	1.0	0.3
A. sororia						1.4	1.4
Artemisia ludoviciana	0.4	P				P	0.1	6 . 0**15 . 6
Aster falcatus			0.4 P	1.4	0.8			1.3 + 3.4
Astragalus drummondii			1.6			1.0	0.1
Balsamorhiza incana	1.5 *	P
Besseya wyomingensis		0.6
Cerastium arvense				1.6 +	0.5	0.1		0.2 0.9
Chrysopsis villosa	2.8 *	0.8	1.1 2.3	0.4	0.1	P	0.1	0.6 + 2.4
Cirsium vulgare			P +1.0
Comandra umbellata				0.8	1.0		0.2	+ 1.0
Crepis acuminata						0.1	0.7
Erigeron caespitosa				0.2	0.1
E. corymbosus								0.8 0.2
E. comp o situs			P 0.4
E. filifolius					0.2
Eriogonum umbellatum
Gaillardia aristata				0.6	0.2
Gaura coccinea	0.8	P	P ** 1.8	0.1		0.1	0.1
Geum triflorum	P	0.4						0.2 **10. 5
Hymenoxys acaulis				2.0	3.2
Liatris punctata				8 . 4**	2.8	P	0.2	0.2 0.6
Lithospermum ruderale	0.1	0.1	0.4 0.1			0.4	0.1 j
Lomatium spp.						0.6	1.5
Lupinus serecius			8 .8**2 8. 8			7.7	+ 3.0	0.1
Lygodesmia juncea				0.1
Oxytropis lambertii			1.9 *
0. serecia				0.8	1.5
Paronychia sessiliflora				0.3	1.6
Petalostemon purpureum				0.2	0.4
Phlox albomarginata				1.4 *	6.6
P. longi folia			1.0 1.1
P. hoodii				1.4**	8.5	0.1	1.3	0.2 0.2
Potentilla pensylvanica	P	0.1
Senecio cana				0.1	0.2
Solidago missouriensis	+	0.2	0.3** 2.0	1.6	0.6			0.1 0.1
Sphaeralcea coccinea	**	0.8	0.1 0.2
Taraxacum officinale	0.3 *		0.1 0.2
Thelesperma marginatum			1.9	0.5**
Tragopogon dubius			0.1 *	0.2		0.1	0.2
Vicia americana	0.1	0.2		P				0.1 * 1.4
Tigadenus venenosus						0.2	0.1

86

Table C3 - (Continued) - F. soabrella SERIES

HABITAT TYPE:	FESC/FEID	FESC/FEID GEVI Phase	FESC/FEID GEVI Phase
STAND NO:	198	199	37	38	241	242
GRAZING:	None	Heavy	None	Moderate	None	Heavy
COVER CLASS
Shrubs	P	0.9			0.1	0.1
Graminoids	82.5**	75.4	60.9	67.4	71.5**	38.4
Forbs	17.5	19.9	48.4	54.4	68.4**	49.9
Bryophytes	44 . 5 **	9.7	0.4	0.3	63.4**	90.4
Bare Ground	P *	0.4	3.7	2.7	0.4	0.3
Litter	83.8	84.4	29.3	29.6	i — 1 i — 1 CO	59.6
Rock			4.6	+ 2.3	1.4 *	0.3
SHRUBS
Artemisia tridentata	P	0.9
GRAMINOIDS
Agropyron dasys tacky um	0.1	0.8
A. spicatum			P	0.8	18.4**	2.2
Car ex obtusata			2.7*'	e* 8.1
C. petasata			1.0'	>* 3.4	2.0	0.6
C. vallicola	21.0**	0.2
Danthonia intermedia				0.6	P	1.7
D. unispicata	0 . 2**	40.8		0.1
Festuoa idahoensis	7.6**	20.5	10.1	*17 . 4	17.9	17.1
F. soabrella	71.1**	4.3	44.6	35.3	41.7**	4.2
Koeleria oristata		1.8	1.6	2.0	11.8 *	8.3
Poa junci folia		11.0
P. pratensis					0.4	1.3
P. sandbergii			0.4	1.2		6.6
Stipa ocoidentalis				0.8
FORBS
Achillea millefolium	2.1	4.1	0.7	* 2.8	5.0 *	1.4
Agoseris glauoa			2.1	2.1
Allium cemuum			0.3	0.2	p	1.0
Anaphalis margaritacea				0.2
Anemone patens			2.1	3.0
Antennaria rosea	0.2 +	1.3	P	0.2	2.0	4.5
A. anaphaloides					8.4 *	3.2
Arenaria conge sta	0.3 *	1.8	1.6	2.1	1.4	2.3
Arabis hirsuta			0.2	0.5
Arnica fulgens			2.4'	* 8.7
Artemisia ludoviciana	1.0 +	3.1
Aster spp .	4.8
A. falcatus	**	2.0
A. integrifolius	9.0 *	4.2
A. campestris					2.6	1.8
Campanula rotundi folia			1.4	0.8	1.3	1.8
Cerastium arvense	0.2	0.4	1.6	* 5.4

87

Table C3 - (Continued) - Page 2

HABITAT TYPE:	FESC/FEID	FESC/FEID GEVI Phase	FESC/FEID GEVI Phase
STAND NO:	198 199	37 38	241 242
GRAZING:	None Heavy	None Moderate	None Heavy
FORBS : (continued)
Centaurea maculosa			+ 5.4
Clematis hirsutissima		3.2 4.4
Dodecatheon conjugens			0.7 * 0.2
Draba eras si folia			0.5 0.3
Erigeron compositus			P +0.2
E. speciosus			5.1 5.1
E. subtrinervis		6.8 + 3.8
Eriogonum umbellatum		6.0 5.8	5.0 + 1.6
Gaillardia aristata		0.4 0.4
Geum triflorum	P 0.4	* 3.2	5.3** 0.4
Geranium viscosissimum		6.4 7.9	29.2**10.5
Eieracium albertinum			3.9* P
H. cynoglossoides		8.4** 0.4
Heuchera cylindrica			3.1* P
Lomatium triternatum		0.1 0.1
Lupinus sereceus		13.3 11.5
Phlox longi folia			3.8 + 1.8
Potentilla arguta			2.0**
P. glandulosa		0.1 0.1
P. gracilis		0.2 1..2	13.4** 7.8
P. pensylvanica	0.1 * 1.7
Solidago missouriensis			1.0 + 0.1
S. occidentalis		2.3 2.4
Taraxacum officinale		+ 0.2	** 2.4
Tragopogon dubius			0.5
Vicia americana			0.1 + 0.9

88

Table C4 . — Differentially-grazed paired stands in the Festuca idahoensis

SERIES:!/ canopy-cover percent with confidence levels (** = >99%, * = 95-98%, and + = 90-94% probability of means differing statis- tically ) .

FEID/AGSP dd'Qd-JLh-:-.

HABITAT TYPE:

FEID/AGSM-

_ AQM

FEID/AGSP

FEID/AGSP

FEID/AGSP ,_SWL Z_Ph_.„

FEID/ ( AGCA)

STAND NO:

163

164

105 106

113 112

200 201

176 177

44

4 3

GRAZING;

None Moder- ate

None Mod^- erate

None Mod- erate

None Mod- erate

Slight

Mod-

erate

None Moder- ate

5.5 4.1

COVER CLASS.

Shrubs

Graminoids

Forbs

Bryophytes Bare Ground Litter Rock

SHRUBS

Artemisia cana A . dracunculus A. frigida

Chrysothamnus nauseosus C. visaidiflorus Tetradymia canescens

GRAMINOIDS Agropyron caninum A. dasystachyum A. smithii A. spicatum Car ex fili folia C. obtusata C. petasata C. stenophylla Danthonia intermedia Festuca idahoensis Helictotrichon hookeri Koeleria cristata Poa cusickii P. scabrella P. sandbergii Stipa comata S. occidentalis

FORBS

Achillea millefolium Agoseris glauca Allium cemuum Antennaria rosea Arenaria congesta Arnica fulgens

1.6** 5.2	4.2 + 8.6
67.1**49.4	71.9 *64.1
34.9** 8.9	33.1**13.9
25.5 28.2	13.4** 5.5
P ** 6.5	0.9** 6.5
75.8**43.1	22.5 22.8
P ** 5.0	0.7 0.2
0.8 0.4
	P * 1 . 4
0.8** 3.8	0.4 * 3.7
P 0.4	0.4 1.8
	3.2 2.1
P 0.4	P
4.0 3.8
P +0.2	33.9**11.4
** 2.8	1.1 + 2.6
66.4** 8.4	24.3 30.9
1.0 1.6	6.0 4.6
0 . 3**19 . 6
1.2 **15. 6	14.5 *20.4
	1.5** 6.6
	| 1.6 * 0.2
	11.4** 1.7
3.6 1.4	2.7 + 0.9

0.7 +

14	9*	* 3	6
85	4*	*66	.8	78	2*	*59.	0
31	0	25	7	62	1	63	4
15	9	*24	.3	3	.2*	*12	7
0.	2*	* 3	.7	0	6*	* 1	6
11	8*	*2 3	6	84	4*	*73	5
0	6	+ 2	.0	1	9*	*10	3

0.4

0 .	6		2	.5
0 .	1
7.	7»		1	.2
6 .	7			P
					3	.2	+ 0	.5
							* 1	.6
22.	1*'		0	.5	11	.2*	* 3	.6
					1	.6	1	.7
					17	.8	15	.7
1.	1	+	0	.1
					0	4
76.	0«		45	.9	56	0*	*25	.2
					0	.1	* 1	5
1.	6		1	.5	1	.5	1	7
					2	9	3	8
0 .	2		0	.7
0.	9**	27	.0
					1	6	* 0	2
1.	2		1	.1	3.	2	3.	6
					7	0*	* 1	5
0.	1		0	.1	0	9	0.	6
6.	2	*	2	.4	0	8	0.	4
2.	0		0	.1	3.	2	4	5
P		0	.1

75	.9*	*64	.2	76	8	77	9
52	4*	*41	.1	40	2	49	1
6	2*	*15	7	8	9	5	4
0	3	* 1	.9	10	6	+ 4	.2
84	.7	*80	4	29	.3	27	.9
1	.1	1	2	0	8	0	.4

5.5 4.1

					0	.4	0	.1
' — 1 CM	6«	.T,	8.	7
26 .	l5		16.	9
P			2 .	1	6	.3	5	.2
					2	.3	2	3
					29	7-’	*42	.6
cn CO	7		33.	6	41	.9*	*2 3	.6
0.	2	+	0.	9
5 .	7		7.	0	4	.8	+ 2	.1
0.	7		0 .	8
					0	4	1	.4
0.	1		0 .	8
2.	4		3.	6	6	0	7	0
1.	6		5 .	2	2	6	2.	1
3.	2	*	P		4	7	5	4
P		+	1.	1
5.	8		2.	5	0.	6	0.	6
1.	4		2.	6	0	2	0	2

P +0.9

h' See Festuca idahoensis SERIES narrative in text for grazing history of these stands

Table C4 - Page 2

89

HABITAT TYPE:	FEID/AGSM- AGDA	FEID/AGSP	FEID/AGSP	FEID/AGSP STOC Ph.	FEID/AGSP STOC Ph.	FEID/ (A GCA)
STAND NO:	163 164	105 106	113 112	200 201	176 177	44 43
GRAZING :	None Moder-	None Mod-	None Mod-	None Mod-	Slight M°d-~	None Moder-
	ate	erate	erate	erate	erate	ate
FORBS (continued)
Artemisia ludoviciana	16.1** 1.1	* 3.0			3.9 *
Aster integrifolius				8.7** 2.6		4.5**
Astragalus spp.	5.4** 1.1	0.4 P			2.0 1.8
A. miser			9.4 * 4.6
A. purshii				0.4 0.1
Besseya wyomingensis				1.1 0.4	* 0.3
Bup leurum americanum				0.4 0.4
Calochortus gunnisoni					0.7+ P
Campanula rotundi folia				2.1 1.2	0.4 0.6	0.5 0.2
Cerastium arvense				8.2 8.5	3.8** 0.6
Chrysopsis villosa		6.4** 1.5
Cirsium vulgare						0.1** 8.6
Clematis hirsutissima				3.8 1.9	3 , 5 * 7.4
Collomia linearis						2.3 *
Crepis ocoidentalis			0.4 0.2		0.1
Erigeron aaespitosa	4.1* P	4.1 2.6	4.8 6.0	2.4 * 0.4	3.7 2.5
E. aompositus		1.3 0.8	0.1
E. filifolius				** 1.7	0.3 *
E. ochroleucus						5.2 4.4
E. speciosus						1.6 0.8
Eriogonum ovali folium					0.4
E. umbellatum						2.2 1.0
Frasera speoiosa				0.4 0.2
Gaillardia aristata	1.8 0.8			8.4 10.2	3.8** 1.0
Galium borealis				2.6 4.4	3.0 + 1.1
Gaura ooccinea			** 0.6		0.9
Gentiana affinis						0.4 0.8
Geum triflorum					P 0.4	9.0 +15.8
Hymenoxys aoaulis	1.5
Iris mis souriensis				0.4
Linum perenne				0.4 P
Lithospermum ruder ale		1.6 P
Lomatium cous			* 0.4
Lupinus argenteus						7.7**
L. lepidus						0.3 + 1.2
L. serioeus		6.4** 2.6	12.3 15.0	2.1 + P	6.9 8.3
L. wyethia	2.8 * 0.1
Pedicularis contorta				P ** 9.5
Penstemon procerus						1.8 3.4
Phlox hoodii	2.0 1.6	0.8 + 2.9	0.4	5 . 9**12 . 8	10.4 10.6
P. multi flora						2.7 * 0.4
Polygonum bistortoides				0.2
P. douglasii						0.9
Potentilla glandulosa						0.2 0.2
P. gracilis						0.7 0.2
P. pensylvanica		0.2		0.1 0.2	P 0.5
Sedum lanceolatum				0.1** 0.6	0.2
Solidago missouriensis				P		** 7.3
Taraxacum officinale	0.4	0.4 P	0.2 0.1	0.2	0.2** 1.2	* 0.3
Trago^ogon dubius		0.6 P	4.4** 0.1		1.1 *
Vicia americana				9.8** 1.4
Zygadenus spp .			0.5	0.2 + P	0.1

*