..L!3RAR> PROVO, UTAH

r

K/JL^^'tiucUi..^/c^67.

7-V

.304-

l_2 €\}t Stulicnts' Series of ILatin Classics

^0 1

M. TULLI CICERONIS

LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

WITH NOTES

BY

CHAELES E. BENNETT

PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN CORNELL UNIVERSITY

ov TTo'W aWa iroXv

''^'/^rr

BENJ. H. SANBORN & CO.

BOSTON, U.S. A. 1901

Copyright, 1897, By CHAKLES E. BENNETT.

NortrrootJ 3freg0

J. S. Gushing & Co. - Berwick 8c Smith Norwood Mass. U.S.A.

.'LD B. LEE LIBRAP^ PROVO. UTAH

PREFACE

For the text of this edition, I have endeavored to utilize the critical material that has appeared since the publication of Mtiller's edition (Leipsic, 1879). In the commentary the aim has been to give only such infor- mation as the student needs for an adequate under- standing of the text. All discussion of moot points, whether of text or interpretation, has been relegated to a Critical Appendix.

In the preparation of the notes I have been espe- cially aided by the excellent commentaries of Eeid, Strelitz, and Meissner.

To Professor Pease, Professor Alfred Gudeman, of the University of Pennsylvania, Professor H. C. Elmer, and Mr. Chas. L. Durham, of Cornell University, I wish also to extend acknowledgment for valuable assistance and advice.

Ithaca, December 1, 1897.

ill

INTRODUCTION

1. Time of Composition of the de Amicitia. — With the overthrow of Pompey at Pharsalus in 48 B.C. and the conse- quent ascendency of Julius Caesar, Cicero had retired completely from the arena of political life. Resigning himself of necessity to the centralizing policy of Caesar, he sought consolation in his ever-favorite pursuit of philosophy, and it is to these closing years of his life that his chief philosophical works belong, among them the de Amicitia. This little essay was written in 44 B.C., not long after Caesar's assassination.

2. Atticus. — The essay is dedicated to Cicero's intimate friend, Titus Pomponius Atticus. Atticus was born in 109 b.c. of an old and wealthy equestrian family. From 88 to 65 b.c. he had resided at Athens, devoting his time to literary and phil- osophical studies. Returning to Rome in 65 b.c, he had lived on terms of intimacy with the first men of his day. His friend- ship with Cicero had begun early in life, when the two were students together, and is well attested by the sixteen books of letters (Epistulae ad Atticum) which have come down to ns. This correspondence begins in 68 b.c. and continues for twenty- five years, ending only a few months before Cicero's death (De- cember 7, 43 B.C.). Atticus never entered public life. His death occurred eleven years after that of Cicero, in 32 b.c.

3. Occasion of the Dialogue ; its Dramatic Date. — The time of the alleged conversation is 129 b.c. Fannius and Scae- vola come to the house of their father-in-law, Laelius, who is mourning the recent loss of his life-long friend, Scipio. From a discussion of Scipio's character and achievements the conver-

V

VI INTRODUCTION

sation naturally turns to Laelius's intimate friendship with Scipio, and this in turn leads to the subject of friendship in general, on which, at the request of the young men, Laelius sets forth his views at length. 4. The Interlocutors :

(a) Laelius. Gains Laelius was born shortly before 185 b.c. In 155 B.C. his interest in philosophy was first roused by listen- ing to the teachings of three Greek philosophers, — Diogenes, Critolaus, and Carneades, — who, having come to Rome on a diplomatic errand, ventured to set forth to Roman youth the tenets of their several schools. It was- Stoicism which appealed most strongly to Laelius, and he subsequently pursued his studies in this field under Panaetius of Rhodes, the most impor- tant representative of the Stoic school at that time. Entering public life, he was tribune of the plebs in 151 B.C., served in the Third Punic War, and was present at the fall of Carthage in 146 B.C. ; the year following he was elected praetor. In this capacity he took the field and successfully conducted the Lusita- nian campaign against Yiriathus. The same year he was chosen augur, and took a prominent part in opposing the movement to change the existing method of electing the members of the au- gural college. Hitherto vacancies arising in this board had been filled by the augurs themselves. The tribune Crassus proposed to transfer the election to the people, but his plans were defeated by Laelius (see § 96 of the de Amicitia). Four years later (141 B.C.) Laelius was defeated as candidate for the consulship, but was successful the year afterward.

In his general character Laelius combined Greek ideality, love of literature and philosophy on the one hand, with Koinan com- mon-sense and wisdom in practical affairs on the other. The surname Sapiens given him by his contemporaries was probably intended to recognize both these sides of his character. Person- ally he was mild of manner, warm-hearted, and thoroughly optimistic. For his relations with Scipio, see below, § 5.

(b) Scaevola, Quintus Mucins Scaevola, the augur, was son- in-law of Laelius. The dates of his birth and death are unknown,

INTRODUCTION Vll

but he lived at least till 88 b.c, and was of advanced age at that time. In his earlier years he had been in public life, and held the offices of tribune (128 B.C.), plebeian aedile (125 b.c), praetor (121 b.c), and consul (117 b.c). As praetor he had been governor of the province of Asia, and upon his return from this post was accused of extortion by T. Albucius, but was acquitted. His greatest fame, however, was as a lawyer. Even to his last years he gave advice freely on legal questions to all who sought his counsel. He is one of the speakers also in Cicero's de Oratore.

(c) Fannius, Gains Fannius Strabo, also a son-in-law of Laelius, was born about 174 b.c, and served as a soldier under Scipio before Carthage in 146 b.c, and under Fabins Maximus in Spain in 142 b.c In 122 b.c he held the consulship. Like Laelius, he was a pupil of Panaetius. He also wrote an histori- cal work devoted chiefly to a recital of events in which he had himself participated. This is now lost, but was commended by Cicero for its excellent style, and by Sallust for its great accuracy.

5. Scipio. — Scipio Africanus the younger was a son of Lucius Aemilius Paulus, the conqueror of Macedonia. The name Scipio he took from his adoptive father, P. Cornelius Scipio (son of the elder Africanus), adding the surname Aemi- lianus in token of his actual descent. Scipio was born about 185 B.C. and died (or was murdered) in 129 b.c, a few days before the time at which the following dialogue purports to have taken place. He had early begun to devote himself to arms, serving his first campaign under his father Paulus in the Mace- donian War of 168 b.c Subsequently he served in Spain under Lucullus in 151 b.c ; but the crowning glory of his military career was the overthrow of Carthage in 146 B.C.

Second only to Scipio's success in the field must be reckoned his enlightened interest in literature and philosophy, and his generous patronage of men of letters. In early life he had felt the impulse of the Greek teachers who visited Rome in 155 b.c In his maturer years he became the centre of an intellectual

Viii INTRODUCTION

circle embracing his friend Laelius, L. Furius Philus, Scaevola (the augur), Fannius, and the poets Lucilius and Terence. Rumor had it that he assisted Terence in the composition of his comedies.

To Laelius, Scipio was attached by ties of the closest friend- ship. At home and in the field the two were inseparable. Cicero in the Republic (I, 18) tells us that Laelius reverenced Scipio as divine in consequence of his military prowess, while Scipio in turn regarded Laelius as a father. Their views of life and government were identical ; even the observations on friend- ship which Cicero in this dialogue puts in the mouth of Laelius are expressly declared by the latter to be those of his friend.

Politically Scipio was a firm aristocrat. He had been ab- sent in Spain at the time of the disturbances which culminated in the murder of Tiberius Gracchus, but on his return he spoke out boldly and, though married to Sempronia, the sister of Gracchus, did not hesitate to declare his belief that the agitator had been justly slain. This was in 133 B.C., and for the four remaining years of his life Scipio was the recognized leader of the aristocratic party. One morning in 129 B.C. he was found dead in his bed. Whether he was the victim of violence or died a natural death was never known. Suspicion pointed to foul play at the hands of his political opponents. Rumor linked itself especially with the names of Fulvius, Carbo, and the younger Gracchus. Of these, Carbo was the most generally suspected, and is even expressly mentioned by Cicero as the author of the deed.

M. TULLI CICERONIS

LAELIUS DE AMICITIA LIBER

AD T. POMPONIUM ATTICUM

1. 1. Q. Mucins augur multa narrare de C. Laelio socero suo memoriter et iucunde solebat nee dubitare ilium in omni sermone appellare sapientem ; ego autem a patre ita eram deductus ad Scaevolam sumpta virili toga, ut, quoad possem et liceret, a senis latere num- 5 quam discederem ; itaque multa ab eo prudenter dispu- tata, multa etiam breviter et commode dicta memoriae mandabam fierique studebam eius prudentia doctior. Quo mortuo me ad pontificem Scaevolam contuli, quem unum nostrae civitatis et ingenio et iustitia praestan- lo tissimum audeo dicere. Sed de hoc alias ; nunc redeo ad augurem.

2. Cum saepe multa, tum memini donii in hemi- cyclio sedentem, ut solebat, cum et ego essem una et pauci admodum familiares, in eum sermon em ilium 15 incidere, qui tum permultis erat in ore. Meministi enim profecto, Attice, et eo magis, quod P. Sulpicio utebare multum, cum is tribunus plebis capitali odio

a Q. Pompeio, qui tum erat consul, dissideret, quocum coniunctissime et amantissime vixerat, quanta esset 20

1

2 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

hominum vel admiratio vel querela. 3. Itaque jbum Scaevola cum in earn ipsam mentionem incidisset, ex- posuit nobis sermonem Laeli de amicitia, habitum ab illo secum et cum altero genero, C. Fannio Marci filio,

6 paucis diebus post mortem Africani. Eius disputa- tionis sententias memoriae mandavi, quas hoc libro exposui arbitratu meo; quasi enim ipsos induxi lo- quentes, ne ' inquam^ et 'inquit^ saepius interpone- retur, atque ut tamquam a praesentibus coram haberi y

10 sermo videretur. ^ f-

4. Cum enim saepe mecum ageres, ut de amicitia

scriberem aliquid, digna mihi res cum omnium cogni-

tione, tum nostra familiaritate visa est. Itaque feci

non invitus, ut prodessem multis rogatu tuo. Sed ut

15 in Catone Maiore, qui est scriptus ad te de senectute, Catonem induxi senem disputantem, quia nulla vide- batur aptior persona, quae de ilia aetate loqueretur, quam eius, qui et diutissime senex fuisset et in ipsa senectute praeter ceteros floruisset, sic, cum accepis-

20 semus a patribus maxime memorabilem C. Laeli et P. Scipionis familiaritatem fuisse, idonea mihi Laeli persona visa est, quae de amicitia ea ipsa dissereret, quae disputata ab eo meminisset Scaevola. Genus autem hoc sermonum positum in hominum veterum

25 auctoritate, et eorum illustrium, plus nescio quo pacto videtur habere gravitatis; itaque ipse mea legens sic afficior inter dum, ut Catonem, non me loqui existi- meih. 5. Sed ut tum ad senem senex de senectute, sic hoc libro ad amicum amicissimus scripsi de ami-

30 citia. Tum est Cato locutus, quo erat nemo fere senior temporibus illis, nemo prudentior; nunc Lae- • lius et sapiens (sic enim est habitus) et amicitiae

CHAPTERS I., II. 3

gloria excellens de amicitia loquetur. Tu velim a ^^%c<^iv4Ui me animum parumper avertas, Laelium loqui ipsum " ^^7 putes. C. Fannius et Q. Mucins ad socerum veniunt post mortem Af ricani ; ab his sermo oritur, respondet Laelius, cuius tota disputatio est de amicitia, quam 5 legens te ipse cognosces.

II. 6. Fannius. Sunt ista, Laeli ; nee enim melior vir fuit Africano quisquam nee clarior. Sed existi- mare debes omnium oculos in te esse coniectos unum ; te sapientem et appellant et existimant. Tribuebatur 10 hoc modo M. Catoni, scimus L. Acilium apud patres nostros appellatum esse sapientem, sed uterque alio quodam modo, Acilius, quia prudens esse in iure civili putabatur, Cato, quia multarum rerum usum habebat ; multa eius et in senatu et in foro vel provisa pru- 15 denter vel acta constanter vel responsa acute fere- bantur ; propterea quasi cognomen iam habebat in senectute sapientis. Te autem alio quodam modo non solum natura et moribus, verum etiam studio et doctrina esse sapientem, nee sicut vulgus, sed ut eru- 20 diti solent appellare sapientem, qualem in reliqua •c ; Graecia neminem 7. (nam qui septem appellantur, ^^ / eos, qui ista subtilius quaerunt, in numero sapien- -qJa^^^"*^^ ' tium non habent), Athenis unum accepimus, et euni -t^-«-<-

quidem etiam Apollinis oraculo sapientissimum iudi- 25 catum ; hanc esse in te sapientiam existimant, ut omnia tua in te posita esse ducas humanosque casus virtute inferiores putes. Itaque ex me quaerunt, credo ex hoc item Scaevola, quonam pacto mortem Africani feras, eoque magis, quod proximis Konis 30 cum in hortos D. Bruti auguris commentandi causa, ut assolet, venissemus, tu non adfuisti, qui diligen-

4 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

tissime semper ilium diem et illud munus solitus esses obire-.

8. Scaevola. Quaerunt quidem, C. Laeli, multi, ut est a Fannio dictum, sed ego id respondeo, quod ani-

5 mum adverti, te dolorem, quem acceperis cum summi viri, tum amicissimi morte, ferre moderate nee potu- isse non commoveri nee fuisse id humanitatis tuae; quod autem Nonis in collegio nostro non adfuisses, valetudinem respondeo causam, non maestitiam fu-

10 isse.

Laelius, Eecte tu quidem, Scaevola, et vere; nee enim ab isto officio, quod semper usurpavi, cum vale- i^^ rem, abduci incommodo meo debui, nee ullo casu arbitror hoc constanti homini posse contingere, ut

15 uUa intermissio fiat offici. / 9. Tu autem, Fanni,

.quod mihi tantum tribui dicis, quantum ego nee

agnosco nee postulo, facis amice; sed, ut mihi vide-

ris, non recte iudicas de Catone ; aut enim nemo,

quod quidem magis credo, aut, si quisquam, ille sapi-

20 ens fuit. Quo modo, ut alia omittam, mortem fili tulit ! memineram Paulum, videram Galum, sed hi in pueris, Cato in perfecto et spectato viro. 10. Quam ob rem cave Catoni anteponas ne istum quidem ipsum, quem Apollo, ut ais, sapientissimum iudicavit; huius

25 enim facta, illius dicta laudantur. De me autem, ut iam cum utroque vestrum loquar, sic habetote :

III. Ego si Scipionis desiderio me moveri negem, quam id recte faciam, viderint sapientes ; sed certe mentiar. Moveor enim tali amico orbatus, qualis, ut

30 arbitror, nemo umquam erit, ut confirmare possum, nemo certe fuit; sed non egeo medicina, me ipse consoler, et maxime illo solacio, quod eo errore careo,

CHAPTERS II., III. 5 _

quo amicorum decessu plerique angi solent. Nihil mali accidisse Scipioni puto; mihi accidit, si quid accidit; suis autem incommodis graviter angi non amicum, sed se ipsum amantis est. 11. Cum illo vero quis neget actum esse praeclare ? Nisi enim, 5 quod ille minime putabat, immortalitatem optare vel- let^ quid non adeptus est, quod homini fas esset optare ? qui summam spem civium, quam de eo iam puero habuerant, continuo adulescens incredibili vir- tute superavit, qui consulatum petivit numquam, fac- 10 tus consul est bis, primum ante tempus, iterum sibi suo tempore, rei publicae paene sero, qui duabus urbi- • bus eversis inimicissimis huic imperio non modo prae- sentia, verum etiam futura bella delevit. Quid dicam de moribus facillimis, de pietate in matrem, liberalitate 15 in sorores, bonitate in suos, iustitia in omnes ? nota . sunt vobis. Quam autem civitati earns fuerit, maerore funeris indicatum est. Quid igitur hunc paucorum annorum accessio iuvare potuisset? Senectus enim quamvis non sit gravis, ut memini Catonem anno 20 ante, quam est mortuus, mecum et cum Scipione dis- serere, tamen aufert eam viriditatem, in qua etiam nunc erat Scipio. 12. Quam ob rem vita quidem talis fuit vel fortuna vel gloria, ut nihil posset acce- dere, moriendi autem sen sum celeritas abstulit; quo 25 de genere mortis difficile dictu est; quid homines suspicentur, videtis ; hoc vere tamen licet dicere, P. Scipioni ex multis. diebus, quos in vita celeberri- mos laetissimosque viderit, ilium diem clarissimum fuisse, cum senatu dimisso domum reductus ad ves- 30 perum est a patribus conscriptis, populo Eomano, sociis et Latinis, pridie quam excessit e vita, ut ex

6 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

tarn alto dignitatis gradu ad superos videatur deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse.

IV. 13. JSTeque enim assentior eis, qui haec nuper disserere coeperunt, cum corporibus simul animos in-

5 terire atque omnia morte deleri; plus apud me anti- quorum auctoritas valet, vel nostrorum maiorum, qui mortuis tam religiosa iura tribuerunt, quod non fecis- sent profecto, si nihil ad eos pertinere arbitrarentur, vel eorum, qui in hac terra fuerunt Magnamque Grae-

10 ciam, quae nunc quidem deleta est, tum florebat, institu- tis et praeceptis suis erudierunt, vel eius, qui Apollinis oraculo sapientissimus est iudicatus, qui non tum hoc, tum illud, uti plerique, sed idem semper, animos hominum esse divinos, eisque, cum ex eorpore exces-

15 sissent, reditum in caelum patere, optimoque et iustis- simo cuique expeditissimum. 14. Quod idem Scipioni videbatur, qui quidem, quasi praesagiret, perpaucis ante mortem diebus, cum et Philus et Manilius adesset et alii plures, tuque etiam, Scaevola, mecum venisses,

20 triduum disseruit de re publica; cuius disputationis fuit extremum fere de immortalitate animorum, quae se in quiete per visum ex Africano audisse dicebat. Id si ita est, ut optimi cuiusque animus in morte fa- cillime evolet tamquam e custodia vinclisque corporis,

25 cui censemus cursum ad deos faciliorem fuisse quam Scipioni? Quocirca maerere hoc eius eventu vereor ne invidi magis quam aniici sit. Sin autem ilia veri- ora, ut idem interitus sit animorum et corporum nee uUus sensus maneat, ut nihil boni est in morte, sic

30 certe nihil mali; sensu enim amisso fit idem, quasi natus non esset omnino, quem tamen esse natum et nos gaudemus et haec civitas, dum erit, laetabitur.

CHAPTERS III.-V. 7

15. Quam ob rem cnm illo quidem, ut supra dixi, actum optime est, mecum incommodius, queni fuerat aequius, ut prius introieram, sic prius exire de vita. Sed tamen recordatione nostrae amicitiae sic fruor, ut beate vixisse videar, quia cum Scipione vixerim, quo- 6 cum mihi coniuncta cura de publica re et de privata fuit, quocum et domus fuit et militia communis et, id in quo est omnis vis amicitiae, voluntatum, studiorum, sententiarum summa consensio. Itaque non tam ista U't'^^ me sapientiae, quam modo Fannius commemoravit, 10 fama delectat, falsa praesertim, quam quod amicitiae nostrae memoriam spero sempiternam. fore, idque eo mihi magis est cordi, quod ex omnibus saeculis vix tria aut quattuor nominantur paria amicorum ; quo in genere sperare videor Scipionis et Laeli amicitiam 15 notam posteritati fore.

16. Fannius, Istuc quidem, Laeli, ita necesse est. Sed quoniam amicitiae mentionem fecisti et sumus otiosi, pergratum mihi feceris, spero item Scaevolae, si, quem ad modum soles de ceteris rebus, cum ex te 20 quaeruntur, sic de amicitia disputaris quid sentias,_ qualem existimes, quae praecepta des.

Scaevola. Mihi vero erit gratum; atque id ipsum cum tecum agere conarer, Fannius antevortit. Quam ob rem utrique nostrum gratum admodum feceris. 25

V. 17. Laelius. Ego vero non gravarer, si mihi ipse confiderem; nam et praeclara res est et sumus, ut dixit Fannius, otiosi. Sed quis ego sum ? aut quae est in me facultas ? doctorum est ista consuetudo, ea- que Graecorum, ut eis ponatur, de quo disputent quam- 30 vis subito ; magnum opus est egetque exercitatione non parva. Quam ob rem, quae disputari de amicitia pos-

8 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

sunt, ab eis censeo petatis, qui ista profitentur; ego vos hortari tantum possum, ut amicitiam omnibus rebus humanis anteponatis; nihil est enim tam natu- rae aptum, tam conveniens ad res vel secundas vel

5 adversas. 18. Sed hoc primum sentio, nisi in bonis amicitiam esse non posse ; neque id ad vivum reseco, ut illi, qui haec subtilius disserunt, fortasse vere, sed ad communem utilitatem parum; negant enim quem- quam esse virum bonum nisi sapientem. Sit ita sane ;

10 sed eam sapientiam interpretantur, quam adhuc mor- talis nemo est consecutus, nos autem ea, quae sunt in usu vitaque communi, non ea, quae finguntur aut optan- tur, spectare debemus. Numquam ego dicam C. Fa- bricium, M'. Curium, Ti. Coruncanium, quos sapientes

15 nostri maiores iudicabant, ad istorum normam fuisse sapientes. Quare sibi habeant sapientiae nomen et invidiosum et obscurum ; concedant, ut viri boni f ue- rint. Ne id quidem facient, negabunt id nisi sapienti posse concedi. 19. Agamus igitur pingui, ut aiunt,

20 Minerva. Qui ita se gerunt, ita vivunt, ut eorum pro- betur fides integritas, aequitas liberalitas, nee sit in eis ulla cupiditas, libido, audacia, sintque magna con- stantia, ut ei fuerunt, modo quos nominavi, hos viros bonos, ut habiti sunt, sic etiam appellandos putemus,

25 quia sequantur, quantum homines possunt, naturam, optimam bene vivendi ducem. Sic enim mihi per- spicere videor, ita natos esse nos, ut inter omnes esset societas quaedam, m^aior autem, ut quisque proxime accederet. Itaque cives potiores quam peregrini, pro-

30 pinqui quam alieni; cum his enim amicitiam natura ipsa peperit ; sed ea non satis habet firmitatis. Nam- que hoc praestat amicitia propinquitati, quod ex pro-

CHAPTERS v., VI. 9

pinquitate benevolentia toUi potest, ex amicitia non potest; sublata enim benevolentia amicitiae nomen tollitur, propinquitatis manet. 20. Quanta autem vis amicitiae sit, ex hoc intellegi maxime potest, quod ex infinita societate generis humani, quam conciliavit 5 ipsa natura, ita contracta res est et adducta in angus- tum, ut omnis caritas aut inter duos aut inter paucos iungeretur. '^""'

VI. Est enim amicitia nihil aliud nisi omnium di- vinarum humanarumque rerum cum benevolentia et 10 caritate consensio; qua quidem hand scio an excepta sapientia nihil melius homini sit a dis immortalibus datum. Divitias alii praeponunt, bonam alii valetu- ]yj-^ dinem, alii potentiam, alii honores, multi etiam volup- tates. Beluarum hoc quidem extremum, ilia autem 15 superiora caduca et incerta, posita non tam in consiliis nostris quam in fortunae temeritate. Qui autem in virtute summum bonum ponunt, praeclare illi quidem, sed haec ipsa virtus amicitiam et gignit et continet, nee sine virtute amicitia esse ullo pacto potest. 21. lam 20 virtutem ex consuetudine vitae sermonisque nostri in- terpretemur nee eam, ut quidam docti, verborum magni- ficentia metiamur virosque bonos eos, qui habentur, numeremus, Paulos, Catones, Galos, Scipiones, Philos ; his communis vita contenta est ; eos autem omittamus, 25 qui omnino nusquam reperiuntur. 22. Talis igitur inter viros amicitia tantas opportunitates habet, quan- tas vix queo dicere. Principio qui potest esse vita 'vitalis,^ ut ait Ennius, quae non in amici mutua bene- volentia conquiescit ? Quid dulcius quam habere, qui- 30 cum omnia audeas sic loqui ut tecum ? Qui esset tantus fructus in prosperis rebus, nisi haberes, qui

10 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

illis aeque ac tu ipse gauderet? adversas vero ferre

vi" difficile esset sine eo^ qui illas gravius etiam quam tu

a ferret. Denique ceterae res, quae expetuntur, oppor-

tunae sunt singulae rebus fere singulis, divitiae, ut

5 utare, opes, ut colare, honores, ut laudere, voluptates, ut gaudeas, valetudo, ut dolore careas et muneribus fungare corporis ; amicitia res plurimas continet ; quo- quo te verteris, praesto est, nullo loco excluditur, num- quam intempestiva, numquam molesta est ; itaque non

10 aqua, non igni, ut aiunt, locis pluribus utimur quam amicitia. Neque ego nunc de vulgari aut de medi- ocri, quae tamen ipsa et delectat et prodest, sed de vera et perfecta loquor, qualis eorum, qui pauci no minantur, fuit. Nam et secundas res splendidiores

15 facit amicitia et adversas partiens communicansque leviores.

VII. 23. Cumque plurimas et maximas commodi- tates amicitia contineat, tum illa nimirum praestat omnibus, quod bonam spem praelucet in posterum

20 nec debilitari animos aut cadere patitur. Verum enim amicum qui intuetur, tamquam exemplar ali- quod intuetur sui. Quocirca et absentes adsunt et egentes abundant et imbecilli valent et, quod diffi- cilius dictu est, mortui viviint ; tantus eos honos,

25 memoria, desiderium prosequitur amicorum. Ex quo illorum beata mors videtur, liorum vita laudabilis. Quodsi exemeris ex rerum natura benevolentiae con- iunctionem, nec domus ulla nec urbs stare poterit, ne agri quidem cultus permanebit. Id si minus intelle-

30 gitur, quanta vis amicitiae concordiaeque sit, ex dis- sensionibus atque discordiis percipi potest. Quae enim domus tarn stabilis, quae tam firma civitas est,

CHAPTERS VI., VII. 11

quae non odiis et discidiis funditus possit everti ? Ex quo, quantum boiii sit in aniicitia, iudicari potest. 24. Agrigentinum quideni doctum quendam virum carminibus Graecis vaticinatum ferunt, quae in re- rum natura totoque mundo constarent, quaeque move- / 5 rentur, ea contrahere amicitiam, dissipare discordiam. Atque hoc quidem omnes mortales et intellegunt et re probant. Itaque, si quando aliquod officium exsti- tit amici in periculis aut adeundis aut communicandis,^^.^^Yi j^ quis est, qui id non maximis efferat laudibus ? Qui ; 10 ' clamores tota_cavea nuper in hospitis et amici mei M. Pacuvi nova fabula ! cum ignorante rege, uter Orestes esset, Pylades Orestem se esse diceret, ut pro illo necaretur, Orestes autem., ita ut erat, Ores- tem se esse perseveraret. Stantes plaudebant in 15 re ficta ; quid arbitramur in vera facturos fuisse ? Facile indicabat ipsa natura vim suam, cum homines, quod facere ipsi non possent, id recte fieri in altero i^^^j iudicarent.

Hactenus mihi videor de amicitia quid sentirem 20 potuisse dicere; si qua praeterea sunt (credo autem esse multa), ab eis, si videbitur, qui ista disputant, quaeritote.

25. Fannius, Nos autem a te potius; quamquam etiam ab istis saepe quaesivi et audivi non invitus 25 equidem ; sed aliud quoddam filum orationis tuae.

Scaevola. Tum magis id diceres, Fanni, si nuper in hortis Scipionis, cum est de re publica disputatum, adfuisses. Qualis tum patronus iustitiae fuit contra accuratam orationem Phili ! 30

Fannius. Facile id quidem fuit, iustitiam iustissimo viro defendere.

12 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

Scaevola. Quid? amicitiam nonne facile ei, qui ob earn summa fide, constantia iustitiaque servatam maxi- mam gloriam ceperit ?

VIII. 26. Laelius. Vim hoc quidem est afferre.

5 Quid enim refert, qua liie ratione cogatis? cogitis certe. Studiis enim generorum, praesertim in re bona, cum difficile est, tum ne aequum quidem ob- sistere.

Saepissime igitur mihi de amicitia cogitanti maxime

10 illud considerandum videri solet, utrum propter im- becillitatem atque inopiam desiderata sit amicitia, ut dandis recipiendisque meritis, quod quisque minus per se ipse posset, id acciperet ab alio vicissimque red- deret, an esset hoc quidem proprium amicitiae, sed

15 antiquior et pulchrior et magis a natura ipsa profecta alia causa. Amor enim, ex quo amicitia nominata est, princeps est ad benevolentiam coniungendam. Nam utilitates quidem etiam ab eis percipiuntur saepe, qui simulatione amicitiae coluntur et obseryantur temporis

20 causa, in amicitia autem nihil fictum est, nihil simu- latum et, quidquid est, id est verum et voluntarium. 27. Quapropter a natura mihi videtur potius quam ab indigentia orta amicitia, applicatione magis animi cum quodam sensu amandi quam cogitatione, quantum ilia

25 res utilitatis esset habitura. Quod quidem quale sit, etiam in bestiis quibusdam animadverti potest, quae ex se natos ita amant ad quoddam tempus et ab eis ita amantur, ut facile earum sensus appareat. Quod in homine multo est evidentius, primum ex ea cari-

30 tate, quae est inter natos et parentes, quae dirimi nisi detestabili scelere non potest; deinde cum simi- lis sensus exstitit amoris, si aliquem nacti sumus,

CHAPTERS VII.-IX. ^''"^^^- 13

cuius cum moribus et natura congruamus, quod in eo quasi lumen aliquod probitatis et virtutis perspicere videamur. 28. Nihil est enim virtute amabilius, nihilj quod magis alliciat ad diligendum, quippe cum propter virtutem et probitatem etiam eos, quos num- 6 quam vidimus, quodam modo diligamus. Quis est, qui C. Fabrici, M'. Curi non cum caritate aliqua be- nevola memoriam usurpet, quos numquam viderit? quis autem est, qui Tarquinium Superbum, qui Sp. Cassium, Sp. Maelium non oderit? Cum duobus 10 ducibus de imperio in Italia est decertatum, Pyrrho et Hannibale ; ab altero propter probitatem eius non nimis alienos animos habemus, alterum propter cru- delitatem semper haec civitas oderit.

IX. 29. Quod si tanta vis probitatis est, ut eam vel 15 in eis, quos numquam vidimus, vel, quod mains est, in hoste etiam diligamus, quid mirum est, si animi hominum moveantur, cum eorum, quibuscum usu con- iuncti esse possunt, virtutem et bonitatem perspicere videantur ? Quamquam confirmatur amor et beneficio 20 accepto et studio perspecto et consuetudine adiuncta, quibus rebus ad ilium primum motum animi et am oris adhibitis admirabilis quaedam exardescit benevolentiae magnitudo. Quam si qui putant ab imbecillitate profi- cisci, ut sit, per quem assequatur, quod quisque deside- 25 ret, humilem sane relinquunt et minime generosum, ut ita dicam, ortum amicitiae, quam ex inopia'^atque in- digentia natam volunt. Quod si ita esset, ut quisque minimum esse in se arbitraretur, ita ad amicitiam esset aptissimus; quod longe secus est. '30. Ut 30 enim quisque sibi plurimum confidit, et ut quisque maxime virtute et sapientia sic munitus est, ut nullo

14 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

egeat suaque omnia in se ipso posita iudicet, ita in amicitiis expetendis colendisque maxime excellit. Quid enim ? Africanns indigens mei ? Minim e her- cule ! ac ne ego quidem illius ; sed ego admiratione

5 quadam virtutis eius, ille vicissim opinione fortasse non nulla, quam de meis moribus habebat, me dilexit ; auxit benevolentiam consuetudo. Sed quamquam uti- litates multae et magnae consecutae sunt, non sunt tamen ab earum spe causae diligendi profectae.

10 31. Ut enim benefici liberalesque sumus, non ut exigamus gratiam (neque enim beneficium faenera- mur, sed natura propensi ad liberalitatem sumus), sic amicitiam non spe mercedis adducti, sed quod omnis eius fructus in ipso amore inest, expetendam

15 putamus. 32. Ab his, qui pecudum ritu ad vo- luptatem omnia referunt, longe dissentiunt, nee mirum ; nihil enim altum, nihil magnificum ac divi- num suspicere possunt, qui suas omnes cogitationes abiecerunt in rem tam humilem tamque contemptam.

20 Quam ob rem hos quidem ab hoc sermone removea- mus, ipsi autem intellegamus natura gigni sensum diligendi et benevolentiae caritatem facta significa- tione probitatis. Quam qui appetiverunt, applicant se et propius admovent, ut et usu eius, quem dili-

25 gere coeperunt, fruantur et moribus, sintque pares in amore et aequales propensioresque ad bene meren- dum quam ad reposcendum, atque haec inter eos sit honesta cejtatio. Sic et utilitates ex amicitia maxi- mae capientur, et erit eius ortus a natura quam ab

30 imbecillitate gravior et verior. I^am si utilitas ami- citias conglutinaret, eadem commutata dissolveret ; sed quia natura mutari non potest, idcirco verae ami-

CHAPTERS IX., X. 15

citiae sempiternae sunt. Ortum qiiidem amicitiae videtis, nisi quid ad haec forte vultis.

Fannius. Tu vero perge, Laeli ; pro hoc enim, qui minor est natu, meo iure respondeo.

33. Scaevola, Recte tu quidem. Quam ob rem au- 5 diamus.

X. Laelius. Audite vero, optimi viri, ea, quae sae- pissime inter me et Scipionem de amicitia disserebantur. Quamquam ille quidem nihil difficilius esse dicebat, quam amicitiam usque ad extremum vitae diem per- lO manere. Nam, vel ut non idem expediret, incid^re saepe, vel ut de re publica non idem sentiretur; mu- tari etiam mores hominum saepe dicebat, alias ad- versis rebus, alias aetate ingravescente. Atque earum rerum exemplum ex similitudine capiebat ineuntis 15 aetatis, quod summi puerorum amores saepe una cum praetexta toga ponerentur i/ 34. sin autem ad adule- scentiam perducti essent, dirimi tamen interdum con- tentione vel uxoriae condicionis vel commodi alicuius, quod idem adipisci uterque non posset. Quod si qui 20 longius in amicitia provecti essent, tamen saepe labe- f actari, si in honoris contentionem incidissent ; pestem enim nullam maiorem esse amicitiis quam in plerisque pecuniae cupiditatem, in optimis quibusque honoris certamen et gloriae ; ex quo inimicitias niaximas saepe 25 inter amicissimos exstitisse. 35. Magna etiam dis-i cidia et plerumque iusta nasci, cum aliquid ab amicisJ quod rectum non esset, postularetur, ut aut libidinis' ,a'- ministri aut adiutorgs essent ad iniuriam; quod qui recusarent, quamvis honeste id facerent, ius tamenj 30 amicitiae deserere arguerentur ab eis, quibus obsequi 1 noUent. Illos autem, qui quidvis ab amico auderent

16 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

postulare, postulatione ipsa profiteri omnia se amici causa esse facturos. Eorum querela inveterata non modo familiaritates exstingui solere, sed odia etiam gigni sempiterna. Haec ita multa quasi fata impen-

5 dere amicitiis, ut omnia subterfugere non modo sapi- / JajoM^^ entiae, sed etiam f elicitatis diceret sibi videri.

XI. 36. Quam ob rem id primum videamus, si placet, quatenus amor in amicitia progredi debeat. Numne, si Coriolanus habuit amicos, ferre contra

10 patriam arma illi cum Coriolano debuerunt? Num Vecellinum amici regnum appetentem, num Maelium debuerunt iuvare? 37. Tib. quidem Gracchum rem publicam vexantem a Q. Tuberone aequalibusque ami- cis derelictum videbamus. At C. Blossius Cumanus,

15 hospes familiae vestrae, Scaevola, cum ad me, quod aderam Laenatl et Rupilio consulibus in consilio, de- fJl^ , precatum venisset, banc, ut sibi ignoscerem, causam

afferebat, quod tanti Tib. Gracchum f ecisset, ut, quid- quid ille vellet, sibi faciendum putaret. Tum ego :

20 'Etiamnej si te in Capitolium faces ferre vellet ? ' 'Nitm- quarrij inquit, ' voluisset id quidem ; sed si voUdsset, paruissemJ Videtis, quam nefaria vox. Et hercule ita fecit, vel plus etiam quam dixit; non enim paruit ille Ti. Gracchi temeritati, sed praefuit, nee se comi-

25 tem illius furoris, sed ducem praebuit. Itaque hac

amentia quaestione nova perterritus in Asiam profu-

git, ad hostes se contulit, poenas rei publicae graves

i iustasque persolvit. Nulla est igitur excusatio pec-

cati, si amici causa peccaveris ; nam, cum conciliatrix

30 amicitiae virtutis opinio fuerit, difficile est amicitiam manere, si a virtute defeceris. 38. Quod si rectum statuerimus vel concedere amicis, quidquid velint, vel

CHAPTERS X.-XII. 17

impetrare ab eis, quidquid velimus, perfecta quidein sapientia si simus, nihil habeat res viti ; sed loquimur de eis amicis, qui ante ocnlos sunt, quos vidimus aut de quibus memoriam accepimus, quos novit vita com- munis. Ex hoc numero nobis exempla sumenda sunt, 5 et eorum quidem maxime, qui ad sapientiam proxime accedunt. / 39. Videnius Papum Aemilium Luscino familiarem fuisse (sic a patribus accepimus), bis una consules, collegas in censura ; turn et cum eis et inter se coniunctissimos fuisse M'. Curium, Ti. Coruncanium lo memoriae proditum est. Igitur ne suspicari quidem possumus quemquam horum ab amico quippiam con- tendisse, quod contra fidem, contra ius iurandum, contra rem publicam esset. Kam hoc quidem in tali- bus viris quid attinet dicere, si contendisset, impetra- 15 turum non fuisse ? cum illi sanctissimi viri fuerint, aeque autem nefas sit tale aliquid et facere rogatum et rogare. At vero Tib. Gracchum sequebantur C. Carbo, C. Cato, et minime tum quidem C. f rater nunc idem acerrimus. 20

XII. 40. Haec igitur lex in amicitia sanciatur, ut neque rogemus res turpes nee f aciamus rogati. Turpis enim excusatio est et minime accipienda cum in cete- ris peccatis, tum si quis contra rem publicam se amici causa fecisse fateatur. Etenim eo loco, Fanni et Scae- 25 vola, locati sumus, ut nos longe prospicere oporteat futuros casus rei publicae. Deflexit iam aliquantum de spatio curriculoque consuetudo maiorum. 41. Tib. Gracchus regnum occupare conatus est, vel regnavit is quidem paucos menses. Num quid simile populus 30 Eomanus audierat aut viderat? Hunc etiam post mortem secuti amici et propinqui quid in P. Scipi-

18 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

one effecerint, sine lacrimis non queo dicere. l^am Carbonem, quoquo modo potuimus, propter recentem poenam Tib. Gracchi sustinuimus ; de C. Gracchi autem tribunatu quid exspectem, non libet augurari.

5 Serpit clam ea res, quae proclivis ad perniciem, cum semel coepit, labitur. Videtis, in tabella iam ante quanta sit facta labes, primo Gabinia lege, biennio autem post Cassia. Videre iam videor populum a senatu disiunctum, multitudinis arbitrio res maximas

10 agi. Plures enim discent, quem ad modum haec fiant, quam quem ad modum eis resistatur. 42. Quorsum haec ? Quia sine sociis nemo quicquam tale cona- tur. Praecipiendum est igitur bonis, ut, si in eius modi amicitias ignari casu aliquo inciderint, ne existi-

15 ment ita se alligatos, ut ab amicis in magna aliqua re peccantibus non discedant ; improbis autem poena sta- tuenda est, nee vero minor eis, qui secuti erunt alte- rum, quam eis, qui ipsi fuerint impietatis duces. Quis clarior in Graecia Themistocle, quis potentior ? Qui

20 cum imperator bello Persico servitute Graeciam libe- ravisset propterque invidiam in exsilium expulsus esset, ingratae patriae iniuriam non tulit, quam ferre debuit, fecit idem, quod xx annis ante apud nos fece- rat Coriolanus. His adiutor contra patriam inventus

25 est nemo ; itaque mortem sibi uterque conscivit. 43. Quare talis improborum consensio non modo excu- satione amicitiae tegenda non est, sed potius supplicio omni vindicanda est, ut ne quis concessum putet ami- cum vel bellum patriae inf erentem sequi ; quod quidem,

30 ut.res ire coepit, hand scio an aliquando futurum sit. Mihi autem non minori curae est, qualis res publica post mortem meam futura sit, quam qualis hodie sit.

CHAPTERS XIL, XIII. 19

XIII. 44. Haec igitur prima lex amicitiae sanciatur, ut ab amicis honesta petamus, amicorum causa honesta faciamus, ne exspectemus quidem, dum rogemur; stu- dium semper adsit, cimctatio absit; consilium verum dare audeamus libere. Plurimum in amicitia amicorum 5 bene suadentium valeat auctoritas, eaque et adhibea- tur ad monendum non modo aperte, sed etiam acriter, si res postulabit, et adhibitae pareatur. 45. Nam quibusdam, quos audio sapientes liabitos in Graecia, placuisse opinor mirabilia quaedam (sed nihil est, lo quod illi non persequantur argutiis) : partim fugi- endas esse nimias amicitias, ne necesse sit unum sol- licitum esse pro pluribus; satis superque esse sibi suarum cuique rerum, alienis nimis implicari moles- tum esse; commodissimum esse quam laxissimas 15 habenas habere amicitiae, quas vel adducas, cum velis, vel remittas ; caput enim esse ad beate viven- dum securitatem, qua frui non possit animus, si tam- quam parturiat unus pro pluribus. 46. Alios autem dicere aiunt multo etiam inhumanius (quem locum 2p breviter paulo ante perstrinxi) praesidi adiumentique x< causa, non benevolentiae neque caritatis amicitias esse P/ ^ ' expetendas; itaque,- ut quisque minimum firmitatis haberet minimumque viriuni, ita amicitias appetere maxime; ex eo fieri, ut mulierculae magis amicitia- 25 rum praesidia quaerant quam viri et inopes quam opulenti et calamitosi quam ei, qui putentur beati. 47. 0 praeclaram sapientiam ! Solem enim e mundo tollere videntur, qui amicitiam e vita tollunt, qua nihil a dis immortalibus melius habemus, nihil iucun- 30 dius. Quae est enim ista securitas ? Specie quidem blanda, sed reapse multis locis repudianda. Neque

20 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

enim est consentaneiim uUam honestam rem actio- nemve, ne sollicitus sis, aut non suscipere aut suscep- tam deponere. Quod si curam f ugimus, virtus f ugienda est, quae necesse est cum aliqua cura res sibi contra-

5 rias aspernetur atque oderit, ut bonitas malitiam, tem- perantia libidinem, ignaviam fortitude ; itaque videas rebus iniustis iustos maxime dolere, imbellibus fortes, fiagitiosis modestos. Ergo hoc proprium est animi bene constitati, et laetari bonis rebus et dolere con-

10 trariis. / 48. Quam ob rem, si cadit in sapientem animi dolor, qui profecto cadit, nisi ex eius animo exstirpatam humanitatem arbitramur, quae causa est, cur amicitiam funditus tollamus e vita, ne aliquas propter eam suscipiamus molestias ? Quid enim in-

15 terest motu animi sublato non dico inter pecudem et hominem, sed inter hominem et truncum aut saxum aut quid vis generis eiusdem? Neque enim sunt isti audiendi, qui virtutem duram et quasi ferream esse quandam volunt ; quae quidem est cum multis in

20 rebus, tum in amicitia tenera atque tractabilis, ut et bonis amici quasi diffundatur et incommodis contra- hatur. Quam ob rem angor iste, qui pro amico saepe capiendus est, non tantum valet, ut tollat e vita ami- citiam, non plus quam ut virtutes, quia non nullas

25 curas et molestias afferunt, repudientur.

XIV. Cum aut em contrahat amicitiam, ut supra dixi, si qua significatio virtutis eluceat, ad quam se similis animus applicet et adiungat, id cum contigit, amor exoriatur necesse est. 49. Quid enim tam ab-

30 surdum quam delectari multis inanimis rebus, ut honore, ut gloria, ut aedificio, ut vestitu cultuque corporis, animante virtute praedito, eo qui vel amare

CHAPTERS XIIL, XIV. -^ 21

vel, ut ita dicam, redamare possit, non admodum de- lectari ? Nihil est enim remuneratione benevolentiae, nihil vicissitudine studiorum officiorumque iucundius. 50. Quid, si illud etiam addimus, quod recte addi potest, nihil esse, quod ad se rem ullam tarn alliciat 5 et tarn trahat quam ad amicitiam similitudo? conce- detur profecto verum esse, ut bonos boni diligant asciscantque sibi quasi propinquitate coniunctos at- que natura. Nihil est enim appetentius similium sui nee rapacius quam natura. Quam ob rem hoc lo quidem, Fanni et Scaevola, constet, ut opinor, bonis inter bonos quasi necessariam benevolentiam, qui esty^^^^^^ 4^,. amicitiae fons a natura constitutus. Sed eadem boni-'^ tas etiam ad multitudinem pertinet. Non enim est /, ;

inhumana virtus neque immunis neque superba, quae '^^xj^^jL^ etiam populos universos tueri eisque optime consulere l

soleat; quod non faceret profecto, si a caritate vulgi abhorreret. 51. Atque etiam mihi quidem videntur, qui utilitatis causa fingunt amicitias, amabilissimum nodum amicitiae tollere. Non enim tam utilitas parta 20 per amicum quam amici amor ipse delectat, tumque illud fit, quod ab amico est profectum, iucundum, si cum studio est profectum; tantumque abest, ut ami- citiae propter indigentiam colantur, ut ei, qui opibus et copiis maximeque virtute, in qua plurimum est 25 praesidi, minim e alterius indigeant, liberalissimi sint et beneficentissimi. Atque haud sciam an ne opus sit quidem nihil umquam omnino deesse amicis. Ubi enim studia nostra viguissent, si numquam consilio, numquam opera nostra nee domi nee militiae Scipio 30 eguisset ? Non igitur utilitatem amicitia, sed utilitas amicitiam secuta est.

22 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

XV. 52. Non ergo erunt homines deliciis difflu- entes audiendi, si quando de amicitia, quam nee usu nee ratione habent cognitam, disputabunt. Nam quis est (pro deorum fidem atque hominum) qui velit, ut

5 neqiie diligat qnemquam nee ipse ab ullo diligatur, ^^-u*^^ cireumfluere omnibus copiis atque in omnium rerum^j^j/[,(^j2^ abundantia vivere ? Haec enim est tyrannorum vita^ (I nimirum, in qua nulla fides, nulla caritas, nulla sta- bilis benevolentiae potest esse fiducia, omnia semper

10 suspecta atque sollicita, nullus locus amicitiae. 53. Quis enim aut eum diligat, quem metuat, aut eum, a quo se metui putet? Coluntur tamen simu- latione dumtaxat ad tempus. Quod si forte, ut fit plerumque, ceciderunt, tum intellegitur, quam fuerint

15 inopes amicorum. Quod Tarquinium dixisse f erunt, tum exsulantem se intellexisse, quos fidos amicos habuisset, quos infidos, cum iam neutris gratiam re- ferre posset. 54. Quamquam miror, ilia superbia et importunitate si quemquam amicum habere potuit.

20 Atque ut huius, quem dixi, mores veros amicos parare non potuerunt, sic multorum opes praepotentium ex- cludunt amicitias fideles. ISTon enim solum ipsa Fortuna caeca est, sed eos etiam plerumque efficit caecos, quos conplexa est; itaque efferuntur fere

25 fastidio et contumacia, nee quicquam insipiente for- tunato intolerabilius fieri potest. Atque hoc qui- dem videre licet, eos, qui antea commodis fuerint moribus, imperio, potestate, prosperis rebus immu- tari, sperni ab eis veteres amicitias, indulgeri novis.

30 55. Quid autem stultius quam, cum plurimum copiis, f acultatibus, opibus possint, cetera parare, quae pa- rantur pecunia, equos, famulos, vestem egregiam, vasa

iJ^

/- CHAPTERS XV., XVI. 23

pretiosa, amicos non parare, optimam et pulcherri- mam vitae, ut ita dicam, supellectilem? etenim cetera cum parant, cui parent, nesciunt, nec cuius causa laborent (eius enim est istorum quidque, qui vicit viribus), amicitiarum sua cuique permanet stabilis et 5 certa posses?iio; ut, etiamsi illa inaneant> quae sunt quasi dona Fortunae, tamen vita inculta et deserta ab amicis non possit esse iucunda. Sed haec hactenus.

XVI. 56. Constituendi autem sunt, qui sint in amicitia fines et quasi termini diligendi. De qui- 10 bus tres video sententias ferri, quarum nullam probo, unam, ut eodem modo erga amicum affecti simus, quo erga nosmet ipsos, alteram, ut nostra in amicos bene- volentia illorum erga nos benevolentiae pariter aequa- literque respondeat, tertiam, ut, quanti quisque se 15 ipse faciat, tanti fiat ab amicis. 67. Harum trium sententiarum nulli prorsus assentior. Nec enim ilia prima vera est, ut, quem ad modum in se quisque sit, sic in amicum sit animatus. Quam multa enim, quae nostra causa numquam faceremus, facimus causa ami- 20 corum! precari ab indigno, supplicare, tum acerbius in aliquem invehi insectarique vehementius, quae in nostris rebus non satis honeste, in amicorum fiunt honestissime; multaeque res sunt, in quibus de suis commodis viri boni multa detrahunt detrahique pati- 25 untur, ut eis amici potius quam ipsi fruantur. 58. Altera sententia est, quae definit amicitiam pari- bus officiis ac voluntatibus. Hoc quidem est nimis exigue et exiliter ad calculos vocare amicitiam, ut par sit ratio acceptorum et datorum. Divitior milii 30 et affluentior videtur esse vera amicitia nec observare restricte, ne plus reddat quam acceperitj neque enim \..<u*X^

i4jiA.>^

24 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

verendum est, ne quid excidat, aut ne quid in terrain defluat, aut ne plus aequo quid in amicitiam congera- tur. 59.' Tertius vero ille finis deterrimus, ut, quanti quisque se ipse faciat, tanti fiat ab amicis.

% Saepe enim in quibusdam aut animus abiectior est aut spes amplificandae fortunae fractior. Non est igitur amici talem esse in eum, qualis ille in se est, sed potius eniti et efficere, ut amici iacentem animum excitet inducatque in spem cogitationemque melio-

10 rem. Alius igitur finis verae amicitiae constituen- dus est, si prius, quid maxime reprehendere Scipio solitus sit, dixero. Negabat ullam vocem inimicio- rem amicitiae potuisse reperiri quam eius, qui dixis- set ita amare oportere, ut si aliquando esset osurus;

15 nee vero se adduci posse, ut hoc, quem ad modum putaretur, a Biante esse dictum crederet, qui sapiens habitus esset unus e septem; impuri cuiusdam aut ambitiosi aut omnia ad suam potentiam revocantis esse sententiam. Quonam enim modo quisquam ami-

20 cus esse poterit ei, cui se putabit inimicum esse posse? quin etiam necesse erit cupere et optare, ut quam saepissime peccet amicus, quo plures det sibi tamquam ansas ad r^prehendendum; rursum autem recte factis commodisque amicorum necesse erit angi,

25 dolere, invidere. 60. Quare hoc quidem praecep- tum, cuiuscumque est, ad tollendam amicitiam valet; illud potius praecipiendum fuit, ut eam diligentiam adhiberemus in amicitiis comparandis, ut ne quando amare inciperemus eum, quem aliquando odisse pos-

30 semus. Quin etiam, si minus felices in diligendo fuissemus, ferendum id Scipio potius quam inimici- tiarum tempus cogitandum putabat.

CHAPTERS XVI., XVII. 25

XVII. 61. His igitur finibus utendum arbitror, ut, cum emendati mores amicorum sint, turn sit inter eos omnium rerum, consiliorum, voluntatum sine ulla exceptione communitas, ut etiam, si qua fortuna acci- derit ut minus iustae amicorum voluntates adiuvan- 5 dae sint, in quibus eorum aut caput agatur aut fama, declinandum de via sit, modo ne summa turpitude sequatur; est enim, quatenus amicitiae dari venia possit. Nee vero neglegenda est fama, nee mediocre telum ad res gerendas existimare oportet benevolen- 10 tiam civium; quam blanditiis et assentando colligere turpe est; virtus, quam sequitur caritas, minime repudianda est. 62. Sed (saepe enim redeo ad Sci- pionem, cuius omnis sermo erat de amicitia) quere- batur, quod omnibus in rebus homines diligentiores 15 essent; capras et oves quot quisque haberet, dicere posse, amicos quot haberet, non posse dicere, et in illis quidem parandis adhibere curam, in amicis eli- gendis neglegentis esse nee habere quasi signa quae- dam et notas, quibus eos, qui ad amicitias essent 20 idonei, iudicarent. Sunt igitur firmi et stabiles et constantes eligendi; cuius generis est magna penuria. Et iudicare difficile est sane nisi expertum; experi- endum autem est in ipsa amicitia. Ita praecurrit amicitia indicium tollitque experiendi potestatem. 25 63. Est igitur prudentis sustinere ut cursum, sic impetum benevolentiae, quo utamur quasi equis temptatis, sic amicitiis ex aliqua parte periclitatis moribus amicorum. Quidam saepe in parva pecunia perspiciuntur quam sint leves, quidam autem, quos 30 parva movere non potuit, cbgnoscuntur in magna. Sint vero aliqui reperti, qui pecuniam praeferre

26 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

^ amicitiae sordidum existiment, ubi eos inveniemus, qui honores, magistratus, imperia, potestates, opes amicitiae non anteponant, ut, cum ex altera parte proposita haec sint, ex altera ius amicitiae, non multo

5 ilia malint? Imbecilla enim est natura ad contem- nendam potentiam; quam etiamsi neglecta amicitia consecuti sint, obscuratum iri arbitrantur, quia non sine magna causa sit neglecta amicitia. 64. Itaque verae amicitiae difficillime reperiuntur in eis, qui in

10 honoribus reque publica versantur ; ubi enim istum invenias, qui honorem amici anteponat suo? Quid? haec ut omittam, quam graves, quam difficiles pleris- que videntur calamitatum societates ! ad quas non est facile inventu qui descendant. Quamquam Ennius

15 recte: \

-1 Amicus certus In re incerta c^rnitur, ^

1 .

tamen haec duo levitatis et infirmitatis plerosque convincunt: aut in bonis rebus contemnunt aut in malis deserunt.

20 XVIII. Qui igitur utraque in re gravem, constan- tem, stabilem . se in amicitia praestiterit, hunc ex maxime raro genere hominum iudicare debemus et paene divino.

65. Eirmamentum autem stabilitatis constantiae-

25 que eius, quam in amicitia quaerimus, fides est; nihil est enim stabile, quod infidum est. Simplicem praeterea et communem et consentientem, id est qui rebus isdem moveatur, eligi par est, quae omnia per- tinent ad fidelitatem; neque enim fidum potest esse

30 multiplex ingenium et tortuosum, neque vero, qui non isdem rebus movetur naturaque consentit, aut

CHAPTERS XVII.-XIX. / 27

fidus aut stabilis potest esse. Addendum eodem est, , '

ut ne criminibus aut inferendis delectetur aut credat h^H^h^ oblatis, quae pertinent omnia ad eam, quam iam du-' dum tracto, constani^iam. Ita lit verum illud, quod initio dixi, amicitiam nisi inter bonos esse non 5 posse. Est enim boni viri, quem eundem sapientem licet dicere, haec duo tenere in amicitia: primum ne quid fictum sit neve simulatum ; aperte enim vel odisse magis ingenui est quam f route occultare sententiam; deinde non solum ab aliquo allatas criminationes re- 10 pellere, sed ne ipsum quidem esse suspiciosum, sem- per aliquid existimantem ab amico esse violatum. 66. Accedat hue suavitas quaedam oportet sermonum atque morum, haudquaquam mediocre condimentum amicitiae. Tristitia autem et in omni re severitas 15 habet ilia quidem gravitatem, sed amicitia remissior esse debet et liberior et dulcior et ad omnem comita- tem facilitatemque proclivior.

XIX. 67. Exsistit autem hoc loco quaedam quaestio subdifRcilis, num quando amici novi, digni amicitia, 20 veteribus sint anteponendi, ut equis vetulis teneros anteponere solemus. Indigna homine dubitatio! Non enim debent esse amicitiarum sicut aliarum rerum satietates ; veterrima quaeque, ut ea vina, quae vetus- tatem ferunt, esse debet suavissima; verumque illud 25 est, quod dicitur, multos modios salis simul edendos esse, ut amicitiae munus expletum sit. 68. Novi- tates autem si spem afferunt, ut tamquam in herbis non fallacibus fructus appareat, non sunt illae quidem repudiandae, vetustas tamen suo loco conservanda; 30 maxima est enim vis vetustatis et consuetudinis. Quin in ipso equo, cuius mode feci mentionem, si

28 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

nulla res impediat, nemo est, quin eOj-quo consuevit, libentius utatur quam intractato et novo. Nee vero in hoc, quod est animal, sed in eis etiam, quae sunt inanima, consuetudo valet, cum locis ipsis delecte-

5 mur, montuosis etiam et silvestribus, in quibus diu-

tius commorati sumus.

y 69. Sed maximum est in amicitia parem esse infe-

riori. Saepe enim excellentiae quaedam sunt, qualis

erat Scipionis in nostro, ut ita dicam, grege. Num-

10 quam se ille Philo, numquam Eupilio, numquam Mummio anteposuit, numquam inferioris ordinis ami- cis, Q. vero Maximum fratrem, egregium virum om- nino, sibi nequaquam parem, quod is anteibat aetate, tamquam superiorem colebat suosque omnes per se

15 posse esse ampliores volebat. 70. Quod faciendum imitandumque est omnibus, ut, si quam praestantiam virtutis, ingeni, fortunae consecuti sint, impertiant ea suis communicentque cum proximis, ut, si parenti- bus nati sint humilibus, si propinquos habeant imbe-

20 cilliore vel animo vel fortuna, eorum augeant opes eisque honori sint et dignitati. Ut in fabulis, qui aliquamdiu propter ignorationem stirpis et generis in famulatu fuerunt, cum cogniti sunt et aut deorum aut regum filii inventi, retinent tamen caritatem in pas-

25 tores, quos patres multos annos esse duxerunt. Quod est multo profecto magis in veris patribus certisque faciendum. Fructus enim ingeni et virtutis omnis- que praestantiae tum maximus capitur, cum in proxi- mum quemque confertur.

30 XX. 71. Ut igitur ei, qui sunt in amicitiae con- iunctionisque necessitudine superiores, exaequare se cum inferioribus debent, sic inferiores non dolere se

CHAPTERS XIX., XX. 29

a suis aut ingenio aut fortuna aut dignitate superari. Quorum plerique aut queruntur semper aliquid aut etiam exprobrant, eoque magis, si habere se putant, quod officiose et amice et cum labore aliquo suo fac- tum queant dicere. Odiosum sane genus hominum 5 officia exprobrantium ; quae meminisse debet is, in quem collata sunt, non commemorare, qui contulit. 72. Quam ob rem, ut ei, qui superiores sunt, sum- mittere se debent in amicitia, sic quodam modo infe- riores extollere. Sunt enim quidam, qui molestas 10 amicitias faciunt, cum ipsi se contemni putant; quod non fere contingit nisi eis, qui etiam contemnendos se arbitrantur; qui hac opinione non modo verbis, sed etiam opera levandi sunt. 73. Tantum autem cuique tribuendum, primum quantum ipse efficere 15 possis, deinde etiam quantum ille, quem diligas at- que adiuves, sustinere. Non enim neque tu possis, quamvis excellas, omnes tuos ad honores amplissimos perducere, ut Scipio P. Eupilium potuit consulem efficere, fratrem eius L. non potuit. Quodsi etiam 20 possis quidvis deferre ad alterum, videndum est ta- ^ > men, quid ille possit sustinere. *— -/

74. Omnino amicitiae corroboratis iam confirmatis- que et ingeniis et aetatibus iudicandae sunt, nee, si qui ineunte aetate venandi aut pilae studiosi fue- 25 runt, eos habere necessarios, quos tum eodem studio praeditos dilexerunt. Isto enim modo nutrices et paedagogi iure vetustatis plurimum benevolentiae pos- tulabunt; qui neglegendi quidem non sunt, sed alio quodam modo aestimandi. Aliter amicitiae stabiles 30 permanere non possunt. Dispares enim mores dispa- ria studia sequuntur, quorum dissimilitudo dissociat

30 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

amicitias; nee ob aliam eausam iillam boni improbis, improbi bonis amici esse non possunt, nisi quod tanta est inter eos, quanta maxima potest esse, morum stu- diorumque distantia. 75. Recte etiam praecipi

5 potest in amicitiis, ne intemperata quaedam benevo- lentia, quod persaepe fit, impediat magnas utilitates amicorum. Xec enim, ut ad fabulas redeam, Troiam Neoptolemus capere potuisset, si Lycomedem, apud quem erat educatus, multis cum lacrimis iter suum

10 impedientem audire voluisset. Et saepe incidunt magnae res, ut discedendum sit ab amicis; quas qui impedire vult, quod desiderium non facile ferat, is et infirmus est mollisque natura et ob eam ipsam eausam in amicitia parum iustus. 76. Atque in

15 omni re considerandum est, et quid postules ab amico et quid patiare a te impetrari.

XXI. Est etiam quaedam calamitas in amicitiis dimittendis non numquam necessaria; iam enim a sapientium familiaritatibus ad vulgares amicitias ora-

20 tio nostra delabitur. Erumpunt saepe vitia amico- rum tum in ipsos amicos, tum in alienos, quorum tamen ad amicos redundet infamia. Tales igitur amicitiae sunt remissione usus solvendae et, ut Cato- nem dicere audivi, dissuendae magis quam discin-

25 dendae, nisi quaedam admodum intolerabilis iniuria exarserit, ut neque rectum neque honestum sit nee fieri possit, ut non statim alienatio disiunctioque facienda sit. 77. Sin autem aut morum aut studio- rum commutatio quaedam, ut fieri solet, facta erit

30 aut in rei publicae partibus dissensio intercesserit (loquor enim iam, ut paulo ante dixi, non de sapi- entium, sed de communibus amicitiis), cavendum erit,

CHAPTERS XX., XXI. 31

ne non solum amicitiae depositae, sed etiam inimi- citiae susceptae videaiitur. Nihil enim est turpius quam cum eo bellum gerere, quocum familiariter vixe- ris. Ab amicitia Q. Pompei meo nomine se remove- rat, ut scitis, Scipio; propter dissensionem autem, quae 5 erat in re publica, alienatus est a collega nostro Me- tello ; utrumque egit graviter, at cum bonitate et offen- sione animi non acerba. 78. Quam ob rem primum danda opera est, ne qua amicorum discidia fiant; sin tale aliquid evenerit, ut exstinctae potius amicitiae 10 quam oppressae esse videantur. Cavendum vero, ne etiam in graves inimicitias convertant se amicitiae; ex quibus iurgia, maledicta, contumeliae gignuntur. Quae tamen si tolerabiles erunt, ferendae sunt, et hie honos veteri amicitiae tribuendus, ut is in culpa sit, 15 qui faciat, non is, qui patiatur iniuriam.

Omnino omnium horum vitiorum atque incommo- dorum una cautio est atque una provisio, ut ne nimis cito diligere incipiant neve non dignos. 79. Digni autem sunt amicitia, quibus in ipsis inest causa, cur 20 diligantur. Earum genus. Et quidem omnia prae- clara rara, nee quicquam difficilius quam reperire, quod sit omni ex parte in suo genere perfectum. Sed plerique neque in rebus humanis quicquam bonum norunt, nisi quod fructuosum sit, et amicos tamquam 25 pecudes eos potissimum diligunt, ex quibus sperant se maximum fructum esse capturos. 80. Ita pul- cherrima ilia et maxime naturali carent amicitia per se et propter se expetita nee ipsi sibi exemplo sunt, haec vis amicitiae et qualis et quanta sit. Ipse enim 30 se quisque diligit, non ut aliquam a se ipse mercedem exigat caritatis suae, sed quod per se sibi quisque

32 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

carus est. Quod nisi idem in amicitiam transferetur, verus amicus numquam reperietur; est enim is, qui est tamquam alter idem. 81. Quodsi hoc apparet in bestiis, volucribus, nantibus, agrestibus, cicuribus,

5 feris, primum ut se ipsae diligant (id enim pariter cum omni animante nascitur), deinde ut requirant atque appetant, ad quas se applicent eiusdem generis animantis, idque faciunt cum desiderio et cum qua- dem similitudine amoris humani, quanto id magis

10 in homine fit natura, qui et se ipse diligit et alterum anquirit, cuius animum ita cum suo misceat, ut effi.- ciat paene unum ex duobus !

XXII. 82. Sed plerique perverse, ne dicam impu- denter, habere talem amicum volunt, quales ipsi esse

15 non possunt, quaeque ipsi non tribuunt amicis, haec ab eis desiderant. Par est autem primum ipsum esse virum bonum, tum alterum similem sui quaerere. In talibus ea, quam iam dudum tractamus, stabilitas amicitiae confirmari potest, cum homines benevolen-

20 tia coniuncti primum cupiditatibus eis, quibus ceteri serviunt, imperabunt, deinde aequitate iustitiaque gaudebunt, omniaque alter pro altero suscipiet, neque quicquam umquam nisi honestum et rectum alter ab altero postulabit, neque solum colent inter se ac dili-

25 gent, sed etiam verebuntur. Nam maximum orna- mentum amicitiae tollit, qui ex ea tollit verecundiam. 83. Itaque in eis perniciosus est error, qui existi- mant lubidinum peccatorumque omnium patere in amicitia licentiam; virtutum amicitia adiutrix a na-

30 tura data est, non vitiorum comes, ut, quoniam soli- taria non posset virtus ad ea, quae summa sunt, pervenire, coniuncta et consociata cum altera perve-

CHAPTERS XXI.-XXIII. 33

niret. Quae si quos inter societas aut est aut fuit aut futura est, eorum est habendus ad summum naturae bonum optimus beatissimusque comitatus. 84. Haec est, inquam, societas, in qua omnia insunt, quae putant homines expetenda, honestas, gloria, 5 tranquillitas animi atque iucunditas, ut et, cum haec adsint, beata vita sit et sine his esse non possit. Quod cum optimum maximumque sit, si id volumus adipisci, virtuti opera danda est, sine qua nee ami- citiam neque ullam rem expetendam consequi pos- 10 sumus; ea vero neglecta qui se amicos habere arbitrantur, tum se denique errasse sentiunt, cum eos gravis aliquis casus experiri cogit. 85. Quo- circa (dicendum est enim saepius), cum iudicaris, diligere oportet, non, cum dilexeris, iudicare. Sed 15 cum multis in rebus neglegentia plectimur, tum maxime in amicis et deligendis et colendis; prae- posteris enim utimur consiliis et acta agimus, quod vetamur vetere proverbio. Nam implicati ultro et citro vel usu diuturno vel etiam officiis, repente in 20 medio cursu amicitias exorta aliqua offensione di- rumpimus.

XXIII. 86. Quo etiam magis vituperanda est rei maxime necessariae tanta incuria. Una est enim amicitia in rebus humanis, de cuius utilitate omnes 25 uno ore consentiunt. Quamquam a multis virtus ipsa contemnitur et venditatio quaedam atque osten- tatio esse dicitur; multi divitias despiciunt, quos parvo contentos tenuis victus cultusque delectat; ho- nores vero, quorum cupiditate quidam inflammantur, 30 quam multi ita contemnunt, ut nihil inanius, nihil esse levius existiment! itemque cetera, quae quibus-

34 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

dam admirabilia videntur, permulti sunt qui pro nihilo putent; de amicitia omnes ad unum idem sen- tiunt, et ei, qui ad rem publicam se contulerunt, et ei, qui rerum cognitione doctrinaque delectantur, et

5 ei, qui suum negotium gerunt otiosi, postremo ei, qui se totos tradiderunt voluptatibus, sine amicitia vitam esse nullam, si modo velint aliqua ex parte liberali- ter vivere. 87. Serpit enim nescio quo modo per omnium vitas amicitia nee ullam aetatis degendae

10 rationem patitur esse expertem sui. Quin etiam si quis asperitate ea est et immanitate naturae, con- gressus ut hominum fugiat atque oderit, qualem fu- isse Athenis Timonem nescio quem accepimus, tamen is pati non possit at non anquirat aliquem, apud

15 quem evomat virus acerbitatis suae. Atque hoc niax- ime iudicaretur, si quid tale posset contingere, ut ali- quis. nos deus ex hac hominum frequentia tolleret et in solitudine uspiam collocaret atque ibi suppeditans omnium rerum, quas natura desiderat, abundantiam

20 et copiam hominis omnino aspiciendi potestatem eri- peret. Quis tam esset f erreus, qui eam vitam ferre posset, cuique non auferret fructum voluptatum om- nium solitudo? 88. Verum ergo illud est, quod a Tarentino Archyta, ut opinor, dici solitum nostros

25 senes commemorare audivi ab aliis senibus auditum : 'si quis ill caelum ascendisset naturamque mundi et pulchritudinem siderum perspexisset, iyisuavem illam^ admirationem ei fore; quae iucundissima fuisset, si aliquem, cui narraret, habuisset,' Sic natura solita-

30 rium nihil amat semperque ad aliquod tamquam ad- miniculum annititur; quod in amicissimo quoque dulcissimum est.

CHAPTERS XXIII., XXIV. 35

XXIV. Sed cum tot signis eadem natura declaret, quid velit, anquirat, desideret, tamen obsurdescimus nescio quo modo nee ea, quae ab ea monemur, audi- mus. Est enim varius et multiplex usus amicitiae, multaeque causae suspicionum offensionumque dan- 5 tur, quas tum evitare, tum elevare, turn ferre sapi- entis est; una ilia subeunda offensio est, ut et utilitas in amicitia et fides retineatur: nam et mo- nendi amici saepe sunt et obiurgandi, et haec acci- pienda amice, cum benevole fiunt. 89. Sed nescio 10 quo modo verum est, quod in Andria familiaris mens dicit:

Obs^quium amicos, vMtas odium parit.

Molesta Veritas, siquidem ex ea nascitur odium, quod est venenum amicitiae, sed obsequium multo moles- 15 tins, quod peccatis indulgens praecipitem amicum ferri sinit; maxima autem culpa in eo, qui et veri- tatem aspernatur et in fraudem obsequio impellitur. Omni igitur liac in re habenda ratio et diligentia est, primum ut monitio acerbitate, deinde ut ob- 20 iurgatio contumelia careat; in obsequio autem, quo- niam Terentiano verbo libenter utimur, comitas adsit, assentatio, vitiorum adiutrix, procul amoveatur, quae non modo amico, sed ne libero quidem digna est; aliter enim cum tyranno, aliter cum amico vivitur. 25 90. Cuius autem aures clausae veritati sunt, ut ab amico verum audire nequeat, huius salus desperanda est. Scitum est enim illud Catonis, ut multa: 'me- lius de quibusdam acerbos inimicos mereri quam eos amicos, qui dulces videantur ; illos verum saepe dicere, 30 lios numquam.' Atque illud absurdum, quod ei, qui

36 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

monentur, earn molestiam, quam debent capere, non capiunt, earn capiunt, qua debent vacare; peccasse enim se non anguntur, obiurgari moleste ferunt; quod contra oportebat delicto dolere, correctione

5 gaudere.

XXV. 91. Ut igitur et monere et moneri pro- prium est verae amicitiae et alterum libere facere, non aspere, alterum patienter accipere, non repug- nanter, sic habendum est nullam in amicitiis pestem

10 esse maiorem quam adulationem, blanditiam, assenta- tionem; quamvis enim multis nominibus est hoc vi- tium notandum levium hominum atque fallacium ad voluntatem loquentium omnia, nihil ad veritatem. 92. Cum autem omnium rerum simulatio vitiosa est

15 (tollit enim indicium veri idque adulterat), tum ami- citiae repugnat maxime; delet enim veritatem, sine qua nomen amicitiae valere non potest. Nam cum amicitiae vis sit in eo, ut unus quasi animus fiat ex pluribus, qui id fieri poterit, si ne in uno quidem

20 quoque unus animus erit idem que semper, sed va- rius, commutabilis, multiplex ? 93. Quid enim po- test esse tam flexibile, tam devium quam animus eius, qui ad alterius non modo sensum ac voluntatem, sed etiam vultum atque nutum convertitur?

25 N^gat quis, nego ; ait, aio ; postremo Imperavi egom^t mihi 6mnia assentari, ^

ut ait idem Terentius, sed ille in Gnathonis per- sona, quod amici genus adhibere omnino levitatis est. 94. Multi autem Gnathonum similes cum sint 30 loco, fortuna, fama superiores, horum est assenta- tio molesta, cum ad vanitatem accessit auctoritas.

CHAPTERS XXIV.-XXVI. 37

95. Secerni autem blandus amicus a vero et inter- nosci tarn potest adhibita diligentia quam omnia fu- cata et simulata a sinceris atque veris. Contio, quae ex imperitissimis constat, tamen iudicare solet, quid intersit inter popularem, id est assentatorem et le- 5 vem civem, et inter constantem et severum et gravem.

96. Quibus blanditiis C. Papirius nuper influebat in auris contionis, cum ferret legem de tribunis plebis reficiendis*! Dissuasimus nos; sed nihil de me, de Scipione dicam libentius. Quanta illi, di immor- lo tales, fuit gravitas, quanta in oratione maiestas! ut facile ducem populi Eomani, [non comitem] diceres. Sed adfuistis, et est in manibus oratio. Itaque lex popularis suffragiis populi repudiata est. Atque, ut ad me redeam, meministis, Q. Maximo, fratre Scipi- 15 onis, et L. Mancino consulibus quam popularis lex de sacerdotiis C. Licini Crassi videbatur! cooptatio enim collegiorum ad populi beneficium transf erebatur ; at- que is primus instituit in forum versus agere cum populo. Tamen illius vendibilem orationem religio 20 deorum inmortalium nobis defendentibus facile vin- cebat. Atque id actum est praetore me quinquennio ante, quam consul sum f actus; ita re magis quam summa auctoritate causa ilia defensa est.

XXVI. 97. Quodsi in scaena, id est in contione, 25 in qua rebus fictis et adumbratis loci plurimum est, tamen verum valet, si modo id patefactum et illustra- tum est, quid in amicitia fieri oportet, quae tota veri- tate perpenditur? in qua nisi, ut dicitur, apertum pectus videas tuumque ostendas, nihil fidum, nihil 30 exploratum habeas, ne amare quidem aut amari, cum, id quam vera fiat, ignores. Quamquam ista assen-

38 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

tatio, quamvis perniciosa sit, nocere tamen nemini potest nisi ei, qui earn recipit atque ea delectatur. Ita fit, ut is assentatoribus patefaciat aures suas maxime, qui ipse sibi assentetur et se maxime ipse

5 delectet. 98. Omnino est amans sui* virtus; optime enim se ipsa novit, quamque amabilis sit, intellegit. Ego autem non de virtute nunc loquor, sed de vir- tutis opinione. Virtute enim ipsa non tarn multi praediti esse quam videri volunt. Hos delectat as-

10 sentatio, bis fictus ad ipsorum voluntatem sermo cum adbibetur, orationem illam vanam testimonium esse laudum suarum putant. Nulla est igitur baec ami- citia, cum alter verum audire non vult, alter ad mentiendum paratus est. Nee parasitorum in co-

15 moediis assentatio faceta nobis videretur, nisi essent milites gloriosi.

Magnas vero agere gratias Thais mihi ?

Satis erat respondere : ^ magnas ' ; * ingentes \ inquit. Semper auget assentator id, quod is, cuius ad volunta-

20 tem dicitur, vult esse magnum. 99. Quam ob rem, quamquam blanda ista vanitas apud eos valet, qui ipsi illam allectant et invitant, tamen etiam gravio- res constantioresque admonendi sunt, ut animadver- tant, ne callida assentatione capiantur. Ap^rte enim

25 adulantem nemo non videt, nisi qui admodum est

excors; callidus ille et occultus ne se insinuet, stu-

-diose cavendum est; nee enim facillime agnoscitur,

quippe qui etiam adversando saepe assentetur et liti-

gare se simulans blandiatur ^tque ad extremum det

30 manus vincique se patiatur, ut is, qui illusus sit,

CHAPTERS XXVI., XXVII. 39

plus vidissb videatur. Quid autem turpius quam illudi? Quod ut ne accidat, magis cavendum est.

Ut me h6die ante omnes c6micos stult6s senes Yersaris atque iuldsseris lautissuine.

100. Haec enim etiam in fabulis stultissima persona 5 est improvidorum et credulorum senum. Sed nescio quo pacto ab amicitiis perfectorum hominum, id est sapientium (de hac dico sapientia, quae videtur in hominem cadere posse), ad leves amicitias delluxit oratio. Quam ob rem ad ilia prima redeamus eaque lo ipsa concludamus aliquando.

XXVII. Virtus, virtus, inquam, C. Eanni, et tu, Q. Muci, et conciliat amfcitias et conservat. In ea est enim convenientia rerum, in ea stabilitas, in ea constantia; quae cum se extulit et ostendit suum lu- 15 men et idem aspexit adgnovitque in alio, ad id se admovet vicissimque accipit illud, quod in altero est; ex quo exardescit sive amor sive amicitia; utrumque enim dictum est ab amando; amare autem nihil est aliud nisi eum ipsum diligere, quem ames, nulla 20 indigentia, nulla utilitate quaesita; quae tamen ipsa efflorescit ex amicitia, etiamsi tu eam minus secutus sis. 101. Hac nos adulescentes benevolentia senes illos, L. Paulum, M. Catonem, C. Galum, P. Nasicam, Ti. Gracchum, Scipionis nostri socerum, dileximus, 25 haec etiam magis elucet inter aequales, ut inter m^ et Scipionem, L. Furium, P. Eupilium, Sp. Mummium. Vicissim autem senes in adulescentium caritate acqui- escimus, ut in vestra, ut in Q. Tuberonis; equidem etiam admodum adulescentis P. Eutili, A. Vergini 30 familiaritate delector. Quoniamque ita ratio compa-

40 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

rata est vitae naturaeque nostrae, ut alia ex alia aetas oriatur, maxime quidem optandum est, ut cum aequa- libus possis, quibuscum tamquam e carceribus emis- sus sis, cum isdem ad calcem, ut dicitur, pervenire. 5 102. Sed quoniam res humanae fragiles caducaeque sunt, semper aliqui anquirendi sunt, quos diligamus et a quibus diligamur; caritate enim benevolentiaque sublata omnis est e vita sublata iucunditas. Mihi quidem Scipio, quamquam est subito ereptus, vivit 10 tamen semperque vivet; virtutem enim amavi illius viri, quae exstincta non est; nee mihi soli versatur ante oculos, qui illam semper in manibus habui, sed etiam posteris erit clara et insignis. Nemo um- quam animo aut spe maiora suscipiet, qui sibi non 15 illius memoriam atque imaginem proponendam putet. 103. Equidem ex omnibus rebus, quas mihi aut for- tuna aut natura tribuit, nihil habeo, quod cum ami- citia Scipionis possim comparare. In hac mihi de re publica consensus, in hac rerum privatarum con- 20 silium, in eadem requies plena oblectationis fuit. Numquam ilium ne minima quidem re offendi, quod quidem senserim, nihil audivi ex eo ipse, quod nol- lem; una domus erat, idem victus, isque communis, neque solum militia, sed etiam peregrinationes rusti- 25 cationesque communes. 104. Nam quid ego de studiis dicam cognoscendi semper aliquid atque dis- cendi? in quibus remoti ab oculis populi omne otiosum tempus contrivimus. Quarum rerum recor- datio et memoria si una cum illo occidisset, deside- 30 rium coniunctissimi atque amantissimi viri ferre nuUo modo possem. Sed nee ilia exstincta sunt alunturque potius et augentur cogitatione et memoria mea, et, si

CHAPTER XXVir. 41

illis plane orbatus essem, magnum tamen affert mihi aetas ipsa solacium. Diutius enim iam in hoc desi- derio esse non possum. Omnia autem brevia tolera- bilia esse debent, etiamsi magna sunt.

Haec habui de amicitia quae dicerem. Vos autem 5 hortor, ut ita virtutem locetis, sine qua amicitia esse non potest, ut ea excepta nihil amicitia praestabilius putetis.

NOTES

CHAPTER I.

Dedication to Atticus

1. 1.1 Q. Mucius : see Introd. § 4, h. Laelio : see Introd. § 4, a.

2. memoriter : not from memory, but with accurate memory, iucunde : i.e. entertainingly.

4. ita : explained by the following purpose clause, ut . , . dis- cederem.

deductus ad Scaevolam: upon assuming the toga virilis it was customary for a young Roman to attach himself for a year or more to some eminent general or jurist, for the purpose of pro- fessional training in arms or in the law. This period was called tirocinium (' apprenticeship ').

sumpta virili toga : with the completion of the sixteenth year, as a rule, the Roman boy laid aside the toga praetexta or purple bordered toga and assumed the plain unbordered toga of manhood (toga virilis). The formal assumption of the toga virilis took place at the festival of the Liber alia, which was celebrated annually on the 17th of March. In this ceremony all young men who had com- pleted their sixteenth year within the preceding twelvemonth were competent to participate. It thus often happened that a youth was nearly seventeen years of age before putting on the badge of man- hood. This would be true, for instance, of all boys born in the last two weeks of March.

Note that virili ^o^a instead of toga virili brings out a stronger contrast with the toga praetexta of boyhood. Cf. p. 15, 1. 17,

1 The numerical references in the notes are to page and line of the text.

43

44 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

praetexta toga; p. 9, 1. 32, prosperis rebus; p. 10, 1. 14, secundas res.

5. ut numquam discederem : ordinarily in Latin we find ne umquam, ne usquam, ne ullus, etc., in the sense ' in order that never,' ' in order that nowhere,' etc. But here numquam discederem seems to be used by a species of litotes in the sense, ' be always near' ; hence ut . . . numquam instead of ne . . . umquam.

quoad possem et liceret: the subjunctive is due to attrac- tion ; liceret seems to imply that Scaevola's advanced age rendered Cicero's privileges of uncertain duration.

7. commode : happily.

8. prudentia : in the sense of iuris prudentia, as frequently.

9. pontificem Scaevolam : his full name was identical with that of the augur. He was chosen consul in 95 b.c. and was subsequently made Pontifex Maximus. He lost his life in the Marian proscription of 82 b.c. As a jurist he was justly held in high esteem. Observe that pontificem precedes Scaevolam for the purpose of bringing out more fully the contrast with Scaevola the augur.

quern unum praestantissimum : unus is frequently thus used to intensify the superlative.

10. iustitia : i.e. sense of justice.

13. Cum . . . tum : while . . . yet especially.

multa ; understand in sense memini dicere ; saepe multa is pleo- nastic ; cf. p. 12, 1. 9, saepissime solet. Note further that multa here = multa alia; so in Cato Maior, § 82, multos praestantes viros.

15. admodum: with pauci; the adverb receives greater em- phasis by being placed after the word which it modifies. Cf. p. 7, 1. 25, gratum admodum; p. 23, 1. 17, nulli prorsus.

eum sermonem : talk on that subject; cf. p. 34, 1. 27, illam admirationem, 'admiration of that.'

16. incidere : memini when referring to personal experience often takes the present infinitive where the English idiom would lead us to expect the perfect. Cf . Cato Maior, § 30, Ego L. Metel- lum memini ita bonis esse viribus.

17. Attice: see Introd. § 2.

P. Sulpioio utebare multum : you were very intimate with Publius Sulpicius. Publius Sulpicius Rufus (124-88 b.c.) was

NOTES 45

originally an ardent aristocrat, but subsequently became a sup- porter of Marius. As tribune of the plebs he introduced and se- cured the passage of a measure whereby Marius was invested with the conduct of the Mithridatic War. This legislation, however, cost him his life at the hands of Sulla. '

19. Q. Pompeio: one of the consuls for the year 88 b.c. He vigorously opposed the law introduced by Sulpicius.

20. quanta esset: note the secondary sequence, occasioned probably by the intervening secondary tenses; erat^ dissideret^ vixerat.

2. 1. admiratio: amazement,

querela: regret.

2. earn ipsam mentionem : mention of that very thing. Cf . above, p. 1, 1. 15, in eum sermonem.

4. C. Fannio : see Introd. § 4, c.

6. Africani: the younger Scipio, destroyer of Carthage. See Introd. § 5. His death occurred in 129 b.c.

6. sententias: i.e. the chief points.

hoc libro : Cicero frequently omits in with hoc libro, his lihris.

7. arbitratu meo : i.e. freely.

quasi : with ipsos, — in person., as it were.

9. tamquam : used in the same sense as quasi above in line 7.

coram : this merely strengthens the phrase a praesentihiis.

11. mecum ageres : i.e. urged me ; agere cum aliquo was tech- nically used of a magistrate who brought public business before the Senate or the people for action.

13. nostra familiaritate : see Introd. § 2.

feci ut prodessem : hardly more than a periphrasis for the simple profui. Cicero is somewhat fond of this style of expres- sion. Cf. Cato Maior, § 42, invitus feci ut L. Flamininum e senatu eicerem ; in Vatin. 9. 21, invitus facio ut recorder.

15. Catone Maiore: Cicero's essay on Old Age, published shortly before the Laelius. The piece took its name from the cir- cumstance that the sentiments are put in the mouth of Cato the Elder (234-149 b.c).

scriptus ad te : i. e. written and sent to you ; hence the prepo- sition.

16. senem: made emphatic by its separation from Catonem ;

46 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

it gives the cause for Cicero's choice of Cato as the speaker in the de Senectute.

17. persona : this word originally designated the mask worn by an actor, then the character corresponding to the mask, then a person of strong personality exhibiting a definite character. Our word * character ' in such expressions as ' Luther was a strong character ' is the nearest English equivalent.

de ilia aetate : i.e. old age.

18. quam eius : than his, viz. Cato's.

diutissime : Cato was eighty -five years old at his death. If we reckon old age as beginning at sixty, he was a senex for twenty- five years.

fuisset, floruisset, etc. : i.e. since he had been an old man, and had been conspicuous before others ; Subjunctive of Characteristic with accessory notion of cause. In Cato Maior, § 8, Cato is said to have been conspicuous for ' infiuence, wealth, and station.'

19. accepissemus : i.e. by tradition.

20. maxime memorabilem: adjectives in -bilis rarely admit terminational comparison.

21. P. Scipionis : referred to above in 1. 6, as Africanus. For his relations to Laelius, see Introd. § 5.

22. dissereret, disputata : the change from dissever e to dispu- tare is necessitated by the lack of a participle dissertus ; disputatus supplies its place.

23. Genus hoc sermonum : talks of this kind. The figure is known as hypallage.

24. hominum veterum : men of old, not old men.

25. et eorum: and those, too.

nescio quo pacto : somehow, as frequently.

27. Catonem: i.e. in the Cato Maior.

28. ad senem senex de senectute, ad amicum amicissimus de amicitia: the Latin often exhibits this fondness for putting side by side words that are etymologically related ; cf. p. 11, 1. 31, iustitiam iustissimo. Cicero was sixty-two years old when he wrote the essay on Old Age.

30. nemo senior temporibus illis : the conversation of the de Senectute is represented as taking place the year before Cato's death.

NOTES 47

31. prudentior: wiser, i.e. in the sense of practical wisdom.

32. sapiens: with special reference to Laelius's fondness for philosophy.

3. 1. velim avertas: velim is simply a softened volo ; avertas is logically the object of velim. For the absence of ut (regular after velim, vellem in this use) see A. & G.^ 331, /, Rem. ; B. 296, 1, a ; G. 532, Rem. 3 ; H. 499, 2.

6. te ipse cognosces : as usual, the intensive is joined with the subject, instead of agreeing with the reflexive.

CHAPTERS II.-IV.

Introductory. — Scaevola and Fannius coming to the house of Laelius just after Scipio''s death, mention the public interest in Laelius'^s bereavement. Laelius answers that, while his grief is profound, it is tempered by the reflection that Scipio in his life had realized the fullest measure of human success, and that in death he had attained immortality. Another solace is the recollection of their friendship. This is his most precious memory. Men may praise his wisdom; but that gives him slight satisfaction as com- pared with the hope he cherishes that the friendship of himself and Scipio will be immortal. — The meiition of friendship leads Fannius and Scaevola to request that Laelius will set forth his views on this subject.

7. - Sunt ista : what you say is true ; Fannius' s words imply that Laelius had just made some remark in praise of Africanus.

8. existimare: i.e. to consider, bear in mind.

9. oculos in te coniectos : i.e. to see how you bear his death. 11. hoc : I.e. reputation for wisdom (sapientia).

modo : Cato had died in 149 b.c, twenty years before the dra- matic date of the Laelius.

L. Acilium: L. Acilius was an older contemporary of Cato. Cicero (de Legibus, II, 23, 59) mentions his commentary on the Twelve Tables.

1 A. & G. = Allen & Greenough's Latin Grammar; B. = Bennett; G. = Gildersleeve ; H. = Harkness.

48 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

12. alio quodam modo : see below on 1. 18.

14. multarum rerum usum : Cato's experience had been re- markably wide. He had been farmer, soldier, lawyer, orator, and man of affairs, while in his later life he had turned his attention to writing.

15. provisa prudenter, acta constanter, responsa acute: these expressions cover the three most salient points in Cato's character : foresight, stubbornness, and ready wit ; responsa^ how- ever, may mean replies given as jurisconsult to his clients.

16. ferebantur : were current.

17. quasi cognomen sapientis; the quasi-cognomen of * Sapi- ens^; quasi implies that Sapiens^ though often applied to Cato, was not a formal part of his name ; sapientis is an Appositional Genitive.

iam : to be taken with in senectute. ' This separation of words that naturally belong together is often resorted to for the purposes of emphasis. The technical name of the figure is trajectio. Other instances in the Laelius are p. 12, 1. 5, qua me ratione^ p. 33, 1. 12, turn se denique ; p. 34, 1. 16, aliquis nos deus. The separating word is often a pronoun, as in the examples cited.

18. te . . . esse sapientem : these words depend in sense upon existimant to be supplied from hanc esse sapientiam existimant below. Owing to the intervening modifiers, the sentence is not completed as begun (anacoluthon).

alio quodam modo : in a somewhat different way ; quidam is thus frequently used with adjectives to soften or, at times, to intensify their force. In such cases its exact force must be deter- mined by the context.

19. natura et moribus, etc. : Cato's sapientia was the result of natural gifts, and association with men; Laelius' s had come from study.

20. vulgus : people in general as opposed to eruditi, ' scholars.' The former naturally employed the word sapiens somewhat loosely; the latter used it in the more technical sense of 'learned in phi- losophy.'

21. in reliqua Graecia: i.e. as opposed to Athens {Athenis).

22. neminem, unum ; the asyndeton heightens the antithesis ; fuisse is to be supplied as the object of accepimus.

NOTES 49

septem: sc. sapient es^ — The Seven Wise Men: Thales, Solon, Bias, Chilon, Cleobtilus, Pittacus, Periander. They lived about 600 B.C. Few of these were distinguished for learning and eru- dition, but rather for their strong sense in practical affairs.

23. qui quaerunt : the antecedent of qui is the subject of habent.

26. etiam Apollinis oraculo: i.e. by the oracle of Apollo as well as by the judgment of his fellow-citizens.

sapientissimum iudicatum (esse) : the oracle ran :

5o06s 2o^o/cA^s, (TO(po)repos 5' Evpnridrjs^ *Av8pcou Se TrdpTcou 'ZcaKpa.Trjs (TOcpdoTaros.

26. banc sapientiam : explained by the following z^^-clause.

27. omnia tua: according to the Stoic doctrine of avrapKcia (*self-sufl&ciency ') each man is to seek his highest satisfaction from within, not from without.

29. hoc Scaevola : Scaevola here.

30. Nonis : the regular day of meeting for the college of augurs.

31. D. Bruti : consul 138 b.c. ; he celebrated a triumph in honor of his successes in Spain.

commentandi causa: for the purpose of deliberation^ i.e. in connection with the auspices.

32. ut assolet: assolet is used especially of fixed and stated customs or ceremonials.

venissemus : as subject understand the augurs.

qui solitus esses: though you were wont. Clause of Charac- teristic with the accessory notion of opposition ('though').

diligentissime : i.e. regularly.

4-« 3. C. Laeli : in familiar address the praenomen is not regu- larly employed. It occurs again, however, in this dialogue in § 100, C. Fanni et tu, Q. Mud.

animum adverti : = animadverti.

5. cum . . . tum: both . . . and.

6. moderate : i.e. not giving way to excessive demonstration of sorrow, but with Stoic resignation.

nee potuisse non commoveri: and yet that you could not fail to be deeply affected ; nee has an adversative force.

7. id : viz. non commoveri.

humanitatis tuae : (characteristic) of your human sympathy.

60 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

8. quod . . . non adfuisses : as to your absence from our college on the Nones; the clause quod adfuisses is put in the subjunctive merely in consequence of the indirect discourse. The direct statement would have been quod non adfuisti, valetudo erat causa, ' as to the fact that you were not present,' etc.

9. valetudinem : unless accompanied by bona or some such word, valetudo rarely means 'good health.'

11. Recte tu quidem ; sc. dicis ; quidem belongs with both recte and tu.

13. incommodo meo : alluding to his grief at the loss of his friend.

nee uUo : Latin regularly prefers nee ullus to et nullus.

14. hoc : explained by the clause ut . . , fiat. constant! homini: i.e. a man of strength of character.

16. quod dicis : in saying, in that you say. nee agnosco : i.e. do not recognize as my due.

17. ut videris ; English employs the impersonal construction here.

18. nemo ; sc. sapiens fuit. The wise man was simply an ideal never realized in actual experience.

19. quod quidem : the antecedent of quod is the entire thought, nemo sapiens fuit.

20. ut alia omittam: not the purpose of tulit^ but of some- thing to be supplied.

mortem fili : Cato's son, Marcus Porcius Cato, had served in the Macedonian campaign of Paulus, and had married Paulus's daughter. He died when praetor elect in 152 b.c. Cf. the allusion to this event in Cato Maior, § 84.

21. memineram, videram : supply in sense mortes filiorum ferre from the preceding sentence.

Paulum: Lucius Aemilius Paulus, the conqueror of King Perseus at Pydna in 168 b.c.

Galum : Gains Sulpicius Gains was eminent as an astronomer. He served under Paulus in the campaign against Perseus, and by his timely prediction of an eclipse of the moon saved the Roman army from panic. In 166 b.c. he filled the office of consul.

sedhi: sc. talem casum tulerunt.

in pueris : in the case of boys ; two sons of Paulus, aged respec-

NOTES 61

tively twelve and fourteen, died, the one five days before his father's triumph, the other three days after it.

22. perfecto et spectato viro ; perfectus is here used in the sense of 'mature,' 'developed,' as opposed to puer ; spectatus means that the young Cato had won approval as a soldier and a citizen.

23. cave Catoni, etc. : donH put even that man before Cato ; on the origin of cave as the equivalent of cave we, see B. 305, 2. Both idioms are more colloquial than noli with the infinitive. On ne . . . quidem used to intensify a preceding negative (in this instance cave ariteponas), see A. & G. 209, a, 1 ; B. 347, 2 ; G. 445 ; H. 553, 2.

24. huius, illius : huius refers to Cato as the nearer in thought, illiiis to Socrates.

26. cum utroque : up to this point Laelius has been replying to Scaevola and Fannius separately. He now addresses his re- marks to both.

sic habetote : sic refers to what follows. The expression belongs to the language of familiar discourse.

28. quam id recte faciam, viderint sapientes : let the philos- ophers see how properly I do that, i.e. let them say, if they will, that such an attitude is the proper one ; viderint is in the perfect subjunctive. Cf. de Re Publica, VI. 23. 25, quid de te alii loquantur, ipsi videant. Under sapientes one must here understand philoso- phers of the Stoic school. These held that the sapiens (the ideal wise man) ought to be free from all emotion and passion. The technical Greek name for this attitude was a-Kadeia.

sed : i.e. whatever views these may hold.

29. Moveor : sc. desiderio.

31. me ipse consoler : see note on p. 3, 1. 6, te ipse cognosces.

32. illo solacio : explained by the following quod-clsiuse. eo errore : viz. that death is an evil.

5. 3. suis incommodis : suus, as often, is here used in the general sense of ' one's own.'

4. amantis est : is characteristic of one who loves.

cum illo . . . actum esse praeclare : that his fortune was a glorious one. Cf. de lege agraria, III. 2. 8, agi secum praeclare.

5. Nisi . . . vellet : for unless he should have wished to desire immortal life ; vellet does not here denote something contrary to

62 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

fact, but is simply velit ('if he should wish') transferred to past time. This use, except in indirect discourse, is extremely rare. Another instance is pro Sestio 21. 47, sin essent victi boni, 'if it should have turned out that the good were defeated.]

6. quod ille minime putabat : a thought he was far from cherishing ; the antecedent of quod is the thought implied in immortalitatem optare vellet.

immortalitatem : i.e. immortal life on earth.

7. quod esset : Subjunctive of Characteristic.

8. iam : with hahuerant ; cf. above, p. 3, 1. 17.

9. continuo adulescens : i.e. immediately upon reaching man- hood. Scipio was only seventeen years of age when he served . his first campaign under his father, Lucius Aemilius Paulus, in Macedonia.

10. consulatum petivit numquam : ordinarily the most active sort of canvassing was necessary to win the consulship. Notice the emphatic position of numquam.

f actus consul est bis : Scipio was consul in 147 and 134 b.c.

11. primum ante tempus : i.e. before the legal age. Scipio was only thirty-eight years of age at the time of his first consul- ship, while the statutory age for this office was forty-three.

sibi . . . rei publicae : as regards himself ... as regards the state ; Dative of Reference. •

12. suo tempore : i.e. he was now of the legal age. He was actually much older (fifty-one).

rei publicae paene sero : at the time when Scipio took com- mand, the siege of Numantia had already lasted eight years, and the Romans had suffered serious losses.

duabus urbibus eversis inimicissimis : the reference is to Carthage and Numantia. The former of these was destroyed in 146 B.C., the latter in 133 after a long siege.

14. futura bella : i.e. with these cities. delevit : put an end to.

Quid dicam, Qtc. : i.e. how can I fittingly characterize his merits !

15. moribus facillimis : we also speak of ' easy manners.' pietate in matrem, liberalitate in sorores : Scipio' s mother,

Papiria, had been divorced by Paulus. Scipio generously provided

NOTES 53

for her support, and even transferred to her the inheritance he had received from his adoptive grandmother, Aemilia, wife of the elder Scipio. After Papiria's death Scipio bestowed the same property upon his two sisters.

16. in suos : i.e. his relatives and friends in general.

17. maerore funeris : i.e. the grief displayed in connection with his funeral. For this extension in the use of the Objective Geni- tive, see B. App.i § 321 ; cf. Cato Maior, § 1, quarum consolatio.

18. quid . . . potuisset : the protasis to this apodosis is im- plied in paucorum annorum accession = ' if a few years more had been added.' Scipio died in 129 b.c. at the age of fifty-six.

20. memini disserere : for the present infinitive, see note on p. 1, 1. 16.

Catonem anno ante, quam est mortuus: Cato's discourse on old age in the Cato Maior is represented as taking place in 150 B.C.

23. nunc : Scipio' s recent death makes this word appropriate. vita quidem : quidem serves to heighten the antithesis between

vita and moriendi.

24. vel f ortuna vel gloria : in point of fortune or of glory ; Ablative of Specification.

25. moriendi : to be taken with celeritas as well as with sensum. With moriendi sensum, cf. Cato Maior, § 74, sensus moriendi aliquis esse potest.

quo de genere mortis: concerning a death of this kind; cf. note on p. 2, 1. 23, genus hoc sermonum.

26. quid homines suspicentur : for the suspicious circum- stances of Scipio's death see Introd. § 5.

27. vere dicere: as opposed to suspicentur.

28. celeberrimos Jaetissimosque : in English we should put these with the antecedent, but in Latin such superlatives have a fondness for the relative clause.

30. reductus est : the technical term for the formal escort of a distinguished citizen from the Senate or the Forum to his residence. On the occasion referred to, Scipio had specially commended him- self to the conservative element by his sturdy opposition to the

1 Appendix to P^nnett's La^tiu Grammar.

64 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

agrarian projects of the Gracchan party headed by C. Gracchus, Flaccus, and Carbo.

31. populo Romano: of course only by those whose sympa- thies were aristocratic.

32. sociis et Latinis: the interests of these were specially threatened by the agrarian legislation of Gracchus. The phrase sociis et Latinis taken together forms the third member in Cicero's enumeration, as shown by the fact that et is not used between the last two members of an enumeration unless between all the other members. Cicero accordingly means ' the allies and (particularly) the Latms,' these last being an important element of the socii.

ut . . . pervenisse: i.e. Scipio seems to have become deified rather than to have descended to the lower world in accordance' with the lot of ordinary mortals.

6. 1. ad superos.. . . deos: to heaven, (i.e.) to the gods; deos, as being in a kind of explanatory apposition to superos, is purposely separated from it.

2. ad inferos : supply in sense Manes, 'to the lower world.'

3. eis, qui haec, etc. : those who have recently begun to set forth this doctrine ; haec is explained by the following infinitives, inter ire and deleri. The reference is to the Epicureans, whose doctrines had only recently begun to be expounded at Rome.

6. nostrorum maiorum: our own ancestors; nostrorum is placed before maiorum in order to bring out more clearly the antithesis between Roman and Greek opinion on the subject re- ferred to. Cf . p. 8, 1. 15, nostri maiores.

7. tarn religiosa iura : i.e. so scrupulous as is familiar to all. These rites consisted not merely in the celebration of funeral obsequies, but also in annual libations on the anniversary of the day of death.

8. nihil ad eos pertinere : that they did not affect them at all ; as subject of the infinitive understand iura; nihil is an adverbial accusative developed from the 'Accusative of Result' (Internal Object) ; cf. de lege agraria, II, 31, 85, cum {ager) ad vos pertineat nihil.

arbitrarentur : this strictly refers to the past and we should naturally have expected the pluperfect, but in past conditions con- trary to fact the imperfect is often used to denote continued action.

NOTES 65

9. eorum qui in hac terra, etc. : the reference is to the Pytha- gorean school, the seat of which was at Crotona in southern Italy. According to Cato Maior, § 78, its representatives had at one time been designated ' Italic philosophers.'

10. nunc quidem : now^ to he sure. Magna Graecia (southern Italy) came under Roman dominion with the fall of the Tarentine confederacy at the close of the war with Pyrrhus, 275 b.c.

turn florebat: hnt then flourished ; adversative asyndeton. institutis : principles^ doctrines^ especially new principles ; praecepta are directions for the practical application of the instituta.

12. qui non turn hoc: as verb supply in thought some such word as dicebat. See Critical Appendix.

13. idem : explained by the following infinitives.

animos esse divines : an enumeration of the arguments in favor of the soul's immortality is given in Cato Maior, § 77 f. Note that in speaking of 'the soul,' ' the body,' the Romans more often used the plural {animi, corpora), souls and bodies being thought of individually. So again below, 1. 21, de immortalitate animorum. Latin, however, at times admits the singular, e.g. in the very next clause, cum ex corpore excessissent. In Cato Maior, § 80, we find both numbers in the sam.e sentence : mihi quidem numquam per- suaderi potuit animos, dum in corporihus essent mortalihus vivere . . . nee vero turn ammum esse insipientem, cum ex insipienti corpore evasisset.

15. reditum in caelum : prepositional phrases are admissible with verbal nouns in consequence of the verbal idea which these contain. B. 353. 5. n.

optimoque . . . expeditissimum : i.e. the better the man, the easier his return to the skies. Cf. Cato Maior, § 83, Qiiid, quod sapient is simus quisque aequissimo animo moritur, stultissimus iniquissimo !

17. quasi praesagiret: as though he had a presentiment of the truth ; praesagiret is used absolutely.

18. Philus : L. Purius Philus, a member of the Scipionic circle ; he was distinguished for his familiarity with Greek culture.

Manilius : distinguished for his attainments in jurisprudence. adesset : with two singular subjects connected by disjunctive et . . , etf the verb regularly stands in the singular.

56 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

20. disseruit de re publica: the alleged conversation forms the theme of Cicero's de Ke Publica, composed in 54 b.c. and published in 61. Not more than a third of this work is extant, and even this has come down to us in an extremely fragmentary- condition.

disputationis : see note on p. 2, 1. 22, dissever et, disputata.

21. extremum fere: almost the very end; the reference is to the concluding portion of Book VI, of which the part containing the dream is preserved. This is known as the Somnium Scipionis, and represents the younger Scipio setting forth the doctrine of the future life as delivered to him in a dream by his grandfather, the elder Scipio. Note that fere very frequently follows the word which it modifies ; in some combinations this is regularly the case, e.g. in omnes fere followed by a substantive.

quae . . . dicebat: the antecedent of quae is implied in the preceding clause, truths which he said he had heard. Cf. Cato Maior, § 7, interfui querelis quae deplorare solehant.

22. in quiete per visum : the English in a dream conveys both ideas.

Africano : the elder Scipio.

23. Id : further explained by the w^clause.

optimi cuiusque : see note above on 1. 15, optimoque etiustissimo cuique.

25. censemus: less distant in tone than the second person (censetis) would have been; cf. similarly p. 11, 1. 16, ai^hitramur.

cursum ad deos : see note above on 1. 15, reditum in caelum.

26. hoc eius eventu : at this which has happened to him.

27. ne sit : the subject of sit is maerere.

invidi . . . amici : in English we should use the abstract envy . . . friendship.

ilia veriora : understand sunt. The forms of esse are frequently omitted in short phrases, particularly with pronominal subjects ; ilia, referring to the Epicurean doctrine of the soul mentioned at the beginning of Chapter IV, is further explained by the apposi- tion al clause ut . . . sit.

28. ut idem interitus, etc. : that there is the same destruction of the soul as of the body.

nee uUus : see note on p. 4, 1. 13.

NOTES 67

29. sensus : i.e. consciousness.

ut . . . sic : just as . . , so, or though . . . yet.

30. sensu amisso : tlie Ablative Absolute has conditional force. idem quasi : unusual for idem ac si.

quasi natus esset : as subject understand is referring to Scipio ; clauses of conditional comparison introduced by quasi, etc. , regu- larly conform to the principles for the sequence of tenses ; hence here we should have expected quasi natus sit, but the imperfect and pluperfect may be used in such clauses when, as in the present case, the writer wishes to emphasize the unreal character of the hypothesis.

32. gaudemus, laetabitur ; gander e denotes the feeling, laetari its manifestation.

7. 1. supra: viz. p. 5, 1. 4 ff.

2. actum optime est : see note on p. 6, 1. 6, actum esse prae- dare.

incommodius: the comparative has the force of somewhat, rather.

quem fuerat aequius, etc. : for it had been fitter that I, etc. ; just as aequum est is regularly used in the sense of aequum sit (A. & G. 311, c ; B. 271, l,b ; G. 254, R. 1), so aequum erat, fuerat, may take the place of the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive.

3. introieram : understand in vitam.

5. videar : i.e. mihi videar.

quia cum Scipione vixerim : in causal clauses introduced by quod, quia, and denoting the reason of the speaker, the indicative is ordinarily used, but the subjunctive is sometimes used to emphasize the circumstance as a motive.

quocum mihi coniuncta est: loith whom I shared; mihi is Dative of Agent.

6. de publica re : publica is placed before its substantive to heighten the antithesis with privata. Cf. p. 6, 1. 6, nostrorum maiorum.

7. domus: not that they occupied the same dwelling, but shared each other's homes.

militia : Laelius had been legatus under Scipio in the war against Carthage.

8. omnia vis amicitiae : the whole essence of friendship.

58 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

voluntatum, studiorum, sententiarum : tastes^ ambitions, and convictions; sententiae refers especially to fundamental views of life and conduct.

10. modo : viz. p. 3, 1. 10.

11. falsa praesertim: v^ith causal force, — especially as it is unfounded.

quod spero ; lit. the fact that I hope ; but it is better, in view of the correlative /a?wa, to render : ' the hope that.'

12. idque : i.e. this reflection.

13. magis est cordi : is the more gratifying ; cordi is Dative of Purpose.

14. tria aut quattuor paria ; three or four pairs., viz. Theseus and Pirithous, Orestes and Pylades, Achilles and Patroclus, Damon and Phintias (Pythias).

15. sperare videor : / flatter myself with the hope. Scipionis et Laeli : made emphatic by being placed before the

governing word.

17. istuc . . . ita : ita is here pleonastic, as occasionally else- where.

19. feceris, si disputaris : the use of the future perfect in both members of a conditional sentence indicates the two acts as con- temporaneous ; G. 244, Rem. 4.

20. ceteris rebus : i.e. other as opposed to amicitia. Cf. p. 3, 1. 21, in reliqua Graecia.

21. quid sentias, etc.: according to Reid, quid sentias is general and is further explained by qualem existimes and quae praecepta des.

23. atque : emphatic, — and in fact.

24. cum . . . conarer, Fannius antevortit: our English idiom inverts these clauses, — / was on the point of urging this very thing, when Fannius anticipated me.

tecum agere : see note on p. 2, 1. 11.

25. gratum admodum : for the position of the adverb, see note on p. 1, 1. 15, pauci admodum.

NOTES 59

CHAPTERS v.- VII. § 24

Laelius pleads that he is unequal to the task suggested by Scae- vola and Fannius, and for a systematic discussion of friendship refers the young men to the professional philosophic teachers. For himself^ however^ he urges them to put friendship before all other earthly things. But the relation., he adds., can subsist only between the good. Between sicch, friendship has boundless opportunities. Nothing can give more solace than a true friend., whether in pros- perity or adversity. All men recognize this too. What a2?plaiise recently in the theater., when Pacuvius^s Dulorestes was brought out ! How the audience rose to their feet as Orestes and Pylades each strove to sacrifice his life for the other ! ' But this is all I can say ; for anything more ask the men of the schools.''

26. mihi confiderem: fido Sind. confido regularly take the Da- tive of the Person.

27. praeclara res est et sumus otiosi: chiastic arrangement.

29. doctorum : the emphasis rests upon this word, — that cus- tom belongs to scholars; doctorum is predicate genitive.

eaque : and that, too, i.e. and that especially.

30. ut eis ponatur, etc.: explanatory of ista consuetudo, to have a subject set them for discussion; de quo disputent is a Relative Clause of Purpose. According to Cicero de Fin. II. 1. 1, Gorgias of Leontini (480-375 b.c), one of the Sophists, insti- tuted this custom.

quamvis subito : however unexpectedly,

31. nonparva: Mioiefi, iov magna.

32. quae disputari possunt : referring to Fannius's words in § 16 (p. 7, 1. 21), c?e amicitia disputaris. Laelius declines to un- dertake a philosophical discussion (disputatio) , and restricts him- self to a few practical observations.

8. 1. ab eis censeo petatis: I suggest that you seek from those ; censeo was the technical word used for voting, or making a motion in the Senate; petatis (without ut ; see A. «& G. 331, /, Rem. ; B. 295, 8 ; H. 499, 2) is a substantive clause and used as the object of censeo. Cf. Philippics, II. 37. 95, meditere censeo; Pliny, Epistles, VI. 9. 2, Tu tamen, censeo, alios roges.

60 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

qui ista profitentur : who make a business of that, i.e. the pro- fessional philosophers.

2. tantum : only.

3. naturae aptum : to live * according to Nature ' was one of the most fundamental doctrines of the Stoic creed. Cf . Cato Maior, § 5, in hoc sumus sapientes, quod 7iatiiram optimam ducem tamquam deum seqiiimur eique paremus. Cf. below, p. 8, 1. 25, quia se- quantur naturam optimam bene vivendi ducem. As a Stoic, Laelius naturally approves this ideal.

4. tam conveniens : i.e. nothing that accords so well.

5. Sed hoc primum sentio : but this is my first thought. in bonis : m^er bonos is used in the same sense, p. 27, 1. 5.

6. neque id ad vivum reseco : lit. nor do I cut that to the quick., i.e. I do not define that (viz. good men) with excessive pre- cision ; the figure is taken from the surgeon's art.

7. illi qui haec subtilius, etc. : i.e. the philosophers. vere : i.e. with justice.

8. ad communem utilitatem parum : with too little reference to the common weal, i.e. such impossible ideals of virtue are inad- visable ; parum is emphatic, as shown by its position after the clause which it modifies.

negant ' enim quemquam, etc. : one of the celebrated Stoic paradoxes.

9. Sit ita sane : so be it, then : for this colloquial use of sane, see Lex. 2, 6, (7) ; for the Jussive Subjunctive with the force of a concession, see A. & G. 266, c ; B. 278 ; G. 264 ; H. 484, III.

10. earn sapientiam interpretantur, etc. : they understand by wisdom that which., etc., lit. they understand that as wisdom; in- terpretor takes two accusatives, direct object and predicate accusa- tive, like verbs of calling., regarding, etc. Cf. Cato Maior, § 36, quos ait Caecilius comicos stultos senes, hos significat credidos obli- viosos, .stultos ; earn quam for id quod is attracted to the gender of sapientiam.

mortalis nemo : mortalis in the sense of homo occurs in Cicero only when combined with nemo, multi, omnes, cuncti.

11. in usu vitaque communi : in the experience and life of all. quae finguntur : i.e. mere conceptions of the imagination.

13. C. Fabricium, M'. Curium, Ti. Coruncanium : often

NOTES 61

alluded to by Cicero as typical representatives of the old "Roman virtue. Their names occur in the same order in Cato Maior, § 15. Fabricius was especially conspicuous in the war against Pyrrlius (281-275 B.C.). Curius and Coruncanius were contemporaries of Fabricius, and like him served with distinction in the war against Pyrrhus.

15. nostri maiores: nostri is placed first for the purpose of contrast ; see note on nostrorum maiorum, p. 6, 1. 6.

istorum : viz. the philosophers qui haec siihtilius disserunt.

16. sibi habeant sapientiae nomen : i.e. let them keep to themselves, in the sense that the average man has no wish to avail himself of such philosophical subtleties. As in the similar passage, Cato Maior, § 58, sibi habeant igitur arma^ etc., the emphasis rests upon sibi.

17. invidiosum : in consequence of its pretentiousness. obscurum : as being unintelligible to the average man. concedant : (but) let them admit; adversative asyndeton.

19. Agamus pingui Minerva : let us proceed with our dull xmt; the name of Minerva, the tutelary goddess of intellectual pursuits, is here used in a transferred sense for intelligence itself ; piiigiiis, originally 'thick,' 'fat,' 'heavy,' is often thus applied to the mind.

ut aiunt: this implies that the expression was a proverbial one. Cf. Cato Maior, § 21, nee sepulcra legens vereor, quod aiunt, ne memoriam perdant.

21. fides integritas, aequitas liberalitas : these words are to be taken in pairs ; the first two represent types of honor, the second two, types of justice.

25. quia sequantur : not the speaker's reason, but the reason which is to influence the persons referred to in the subject of putemus. Hence the subjunctive.

26. Sic . . . ita : sic is explained by natos esse, etc. ; ita by the clause ut esset ; cf. p. 1, 1. 4, ita eram deductus ad Scaevolam, ut numquam discederem.

28. societas quaedam : a certain fellowship.

maior ut: greater {in proportion) as; we should have expected eo maior quo propius.

29. accederet: i.e. in social and domestic relations.

30. alieni: i.e. by blood.

62 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

cum his : referring to propinqui as nearest in thought, though not last mentioned. Cf . p. 4, 1. 24, hiiius.

31. sed ea : ea refers not simply to amicitia, but to amicitia cum propinquis.

Namque hoc : for in this respect.

32. ex propinquitate benevolentia toUi potest, etc. : i.e. the element of mutual regard may disappear, and the relation of pro- pinquitas still remain, but in case of friendship benevolentia is something vital and essential.

9. 1. ex amicitia non potest: but not from friendship; in such negative antitheses as this the verb is repeated in Latin, often without any conjunction. Cf. Cato Maior, § 83, videre . . . non videre.

2. amicitiae nomen : the genitive is appositional.

3. propinquitatis : sc. nomen. manet : adversative asyndeton.

Quanta vis amicitiae sit, i.e. the profound significance of friend- ship.

4. ex hoc maxim^e : from this especially.

6. ex infinita societate generis humani, etc. : i.e. the relation of friendship has been narrowed from its application to the entire human race in its wide and undefined relationship, so as to apply only to a relationship which exists between two or three ; conse- quently its intensity is correspondingly increased.

6. ita contracta res est, etc. : the relation (viz. of friendship) has been so narrowed and confined to such close limits.

7. ut iungeretur : the Latin regularly uses secondary sequence after the present perfect ; in English we use primary sequence, — so that all affection is joined. In English, too, we should preferably express by a noun the idea contained in iungeretur, — so that the bond of affection subsists only between., etc.

9. omnium divinarum humanarumque rerum consensio: agreement with regard, to all things divine and human. For this extension in use of the Objective Genitive, cf. note on p. 6, 1. 17, maerore funeris.

10. cum benevolentia : combined loith Jcind feeling ; the prep- ositional phrase serves as an attributive modifier of consensio ; cf. p. 25, 1. 3, sine ulla exceptione commmiitas.

NOTES 63

11. haud scio an nihil melius datum sit: I am inclined to think nothing better has been given; in the Ciceronian period haud scio an regularly has this force.

15. Beluarum : emphatic by position ; est is to be supplied.

hoc quidem extremum : this last, viz. vohiptates. The singu- lar is used as referring to the substance only of what is implied in vohiptates. Note the chiasmus in beluarum hoc extremum, ilia su- periora caduca et incerta ; quidem serves merely to lend emphasis to hoc.

16. posita ... in: dependent . . . upon.

17. Qui in virtute summum bonum ponunt: this was the Stoic view.

18. praeclare : sc. faciunt.

19. amicitiam et gignit et continet: continet here means * maintains ' ; with the whole expression, cf. p. 39, 1. 13, virtus ami- citias et conciliat et conservat.

20. lam : to proceed, now.

21. ex consuetudine vitae: i.e. in accordance with the famil- iar standards of actual experience.

sermonisque nostri: i.e, the customary significance of the Latin language.

22. nee metiamur virosque numeremus : these clauses, though grammatically coordinate with the preceding, are logically subordinate and explanatory, — not estimatiiig it bij the standard of high-sounding definitions^ but reckoning, etc. Note the adver- sative force of -que.

quidam docti : the reference is again to th^ Stoics. verborum magnificentia : i.e. high-sounding philosophical defi- nitions.

23. viros bonos eos : eos is direct object, vivos bonos predicate accusative.

qui habentur : sc. viri boni.

24. Paulos, Catones, etc. : the generic plural. — tiien like Faulns, Cato, etc. For Paul us and Gal us, see p. 4, 1. 21 ; for Pliilus, p. G, 1. 18 ; for Cato (the Elder), p. 2, 1. 16.

25. eos qui omnino nusquam reperiuntur : i.e. the idea,! good men of the Stoics ; with negatives omnino usually follows ; jf. p. 6, 1. 30, quasi natus non esset omnino. I ( ( j' ^<^

64 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

26. Talis igitur : igitur resumes the interruption at p. 8, 1. 6, Sed hoc.

27. opportunitates : charms; the abstract noun becomes con- crete in the plural.

28. Principio : we should naturally expect this to be followed by deinde later on, instead of which the second point is introduced by Cumque, p. 10, 1. 17. Cf. Cato Maior, § 45, Primiim . . . ; ego vero . . . quoque.

qui : how f

29. ut ait Ennius: the exact source of the quotation is not known. Ennius (239-169 b.c.) was the author of the Annates and a writer of tragedies, saturae, etc. Only fragments of his works have come down to us.

quae . . . conquiescit: which finds repose; we might have expected this clause to stand in the subjunctive, but Clauses of Characteristic which imply a condition (' if ') regularly stand in the indicative.

30. quicum ; quicum can be used only when the antecedent is general and indefinite ; quocum refers to a definite antecedent.

32. prosperis rebus : for the order see note on p. 1, 1. 4, virili toga.

10. 1. aequeactu: equally loith you.

2. gravius etiam: etiam receives emphasis by being placed after the word modified ; cf. p. 1,1. 15, pauci admodum.

4. fere : as a rule.

5. utare : rc. eis.

opes : i. e. political and social influence, as also Cato Maior, § 8.

6. valetudo : here good health. Cf. p. 4, 1. 9.

8. verteris : perfect subjunctive ; subordinate clauses expressed by the general second singular stand regularly in the subjunctive. nullo lopo : Abla^tive of Separation.

10. ut aiunt ? see note on p. 8, 1. 19. loots plurlbus : i.e. on more occasions.

11. devulgari: sc. amic^tia.

medioori: i.e. friendship which ranks between the inferior {culgaris) on the one hand, and the higher (vera et perfecta) on the other. ' 13. qualis eonim : sc. est amicitia.

NOTES 65

eorum, qui pauci nominantur : i.e. of the few who are men- tioned ; cf. p. 7, 1. 13, ex omnibus saeculis vix tria aut quattuor nominantur paria amicorum.

16. partiens communicansque : i.e. by sharing what it has.

17. Cumque : anc2 t(?/ii7e (adversative).

18. turn : corresponding to Principio., p. 9, 1. 28. In that passage mention was made of the present advantages derived from friend- ship ; here attention is called to its prospective blessings.

ilia : the following {advantage) ; commoditas is to be supplied in thought. praestat omnibus : is superior to all (others).

19. quod . . . praelucet: explanatory of ilia: praelucet is here transitive, — sheds the radiance of confident hope before us.

in posterum : for the future.

20. cadere : to languish.

21. tamquam: the * apologetic' tamquam ; tamqnam and quasi are often thus used when the author employs a word or phrase in some bold or unusual figurative sense, where an English writer might have added *so to speak,' 'if I may employ that term,' or something of the sort.

exemplar aliquod sui : an image of himself.

22. absentes adsunt: i.e. they are present in the persons of their friends who are their exemplaria. Note the oxymoron in absentes adsunt., egentes abundant^ etc.

23. egentes abundant : i.e. they can avail themselves of the possessions of their friends, according to the Pythagorean maxim : Koiva TO. Tcau (piKoov ('the goods of friends are common').

difficilius diotu : the thought is inaccurately expressed. Laelius really means more difficult to believe^ i.e. even more paradoxical than the previous statements.

24. tantus eos honos : note the separation of words that gram- matically belong together (trajectio) ; cf. p. 3, 1. 17, iam habebat in senectute.

25. amicorum : on the part of one' s friends ; Subjective Genitive.

Ex quo : and in consequence of this circumstance ; the antece- dent of quo is the previous sentence taken as a whole ; so below, p. 11, 1. 2.

26. illorum : the dead.

66 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

beata mors, vita laudabilis : note the chiasmus.

horum : the living, who cherish their memory.

27. exemeris: perfect subjunctive. See note on 1. 8, above, veneris.

ex rerum natura : from the worlds the universe.

benevolentiae coniunctionem : i.e. the unifying influence of benevolentia.

29. agri cultus : for the usual agri cultura.

Id si minus intellegitur : id refers to the substance of the pre- ceding sentence, and is further explained by the clause quanta . . . sit ; minus is here equivalent to non.

30. dissensionibus, discordiis: the plural denotes repeated instances.

31. percipi potest: viz. how great is the power of friendship. 11. 1. Quae . . . everti: cf. Sallust, Jugurtha, 10, 6, Con- cordia parvae res crescunt, discordia maxumae dilahuntur.

3. Agrigentinum quendam : Empedocles, of Agrigentum, who flourished about 440 b.c. Growth and decay were referred by this philosopher to the principles of love and hate {(pi\6rr\s^ vcTkos), exerted upon the elements of which things were composed. This theory was set forth in verse in Empedocles's nepl (pvaeus {de rerum natura).

quidem : used to call attention to Empedocles as confirming the truth of the foregoing statement.

4. vaticinatum: just as vates, primarily Spriest,' 'prophetic singer,' came in time to be used in the sense of * poet,' so vaticinor (lit. 'prophesy') is here used of composing poetry.

6. quae constarent, quaeque moverentur : whatever is stable and whatever is in motion; i.e. the entire sum of things. The repetition of the relative is intended to heighten the antithesis.

6. contrahere : knits together. dissipare : disintegrates.

7. hoc quidem : i.e. the general principle just enunciated. omnes mortales : on mortales (= homines), see note on p. 8, 1. 10.

8. re probant: i.e. show it to be so by their experience; cf. Cato Maior, § 85, re experti probare possitis.

exstitit : I.e. is manifested. 11. clamores: i.e. applause.

NOTES 67

cavea: the name cavea^ lit. hollow space, was applied to the sloping tiers of seats in a theater.

hospitis et amici mei : my dear guest-friend (Nauck).

12. M. Pacuvi: Pacuvius (219-129 b.c.) was one of the two great tragic writers of Rome, his younger contemporary, Accius, being the other. The play of Pacuvius here alluded to is probably the Dulorestes ('Orestes as Captive'), of which only a few frag- ments are extant. It represented Orestes as having gone with his friend, Pylades, to Tauris by order of the Delphic oracle, to carry- off the sacred image of Artemis, and so purify himself of the guilt he had incurred by the murder of his mother, Clytemnestra. The two friends were seized by the Taurians, whose custom was to execute all strangers, and were brought before the king to be put to death. Euripides in his Iphigenia in Tauris had previously treated the same theme.

nuper . . . nova fabula: if nuper refers to the immediate past, Pacuvius must have been nearly 90 years old when this play was brought out ; but the word is probably loosely used.

ignorante rege : i. e. Thoas.

14. ita ut erat : as he {really) was.

Orestem se esse perseveraret : stuck to it that he was Orestes. In de Finibus, V. 22. 63, Cicero cites the passage here referred to ;

Pyl. I am Orestes.

Or. Nay I, I say, am Orestes.

Both. Let us, then, both be put to death.

The construction of the infinitive with subject accusative is unusual with perseverare.

15. Stantes plaudebant: i.e. the audience stood up in their enthusiasm, to give their applause.

in re ficta: in the case of a myth; cf. p. 4, 1. 21, in pueris, Mn the case of children.'

16. arbitramur : less distant in tone than the second person {arhitramini) would have been ; cf. p. 6, 1. 25, censemus.

17. Facile : here almost equivalent in sense to our involuntarily. natura : i.e. their natural feeling.

homines : i.e. the audience.

18. non possent : i.e. morally unable.

68 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

in altero : here = in alio.

20. Hactenus : i.e. only so far as this.

22. si videbitur: please; a colloquial phrase, used to soften the force of the imperative.

qui ista disputant : see note on p. 8, 1. 1, qui ist a profit entur.

23. quaeritote : the future imperative is the regular tense after a protasis standing in the future indicative.

CHAPTER VII. § 25

Scaevola and Fannius beg Laelius to continue.

24. Nos autem a te potius; sc. quaerimus.

26. equidem: in Cicero this v^^ord regularly has the force of ego quidem.

filum : character, lit. thread, fibre.

27. Turn : explained by the follow^ing si-clause.

magis id diceres : i.e. you would say so with greater confi- dence.

28. de re publica : see note on p. 6, 1. 20.

29. patronus : advocate.

30. accuratam orationem Phili : Philus's careful argument ; Philus had defended the thesis that injustice is at times a necessity in government.

31. id quidem: g?//(76m serves merely to emphasize the pronoun, as p. 9, 1. 15, hoc quidem.

iustitiam iustissimo viro: for the frequent juxtaposition of words etymologically related, cf. p. 2, 1. 28, ad senem senex de senectute.

12. 1. amicitiam; placed first as conveying the important idea ; as governing infinitive supply in thought defender e.

nonne facile : sc. erit.

ob earn servatam : for having guarded it.

4. Vim hoc quidem est afferre : cf . the words which Caesar is said to have uttered as he was assassinated : ista quidem vis est* Suetonius, lulius, 82.

6. Btudiis : the eager interest.

NOTES 69

CHAPTERS VIII. , IX.

Laelius consents to continue the discussion, and takes up first the grounds of friendship. These are not to he sought in considerations of advantage^ hut rather in the spontaneous attachment of one soul to another. This attachment often increases from our contempla- tion of a friend's goodness and^character. Friendships formed on this hasis are everlasting,

9. Saepissime . . . maxime: i.e. the oftener I reflect upon the subject of friendship, the more it seems to me, etc.

igitur : i.e. since you compel me to continue the discussion.

10. illud : explained by the clause, utrum desiderata sity etc. consider andum : worthy of consideration.

propter imbecillitatem, etc. : this was the view of the Epicu- reans and Cyrenaics.

11. desiderata sit: was felt necessary., i.e. originally, when friendship was first instituted ; hence desiderata sit is followed by secondary sequence (ut acciper-et).

12. meritis : =heneficiis.

quod quisque minus posset : a power which each did not pos- sess; quod depends directly upon posset as an Accusative of Result Produced.

per se ipse : hy oneself alone; for the nominative ipse (not the accusative) , see p. 3, 1. 6.

14. an esset, etc. : the alternative includes the entire remainder of this sentence, in which esset hoc quidem, etc., though grammati- cally coordinate with the clause sed antiquior, etc., is logically subordinate to it, — or whether, while this (viz. mutual assistance), to he sure, was a feature of friendship, there existed {i.e. whether thpre did not exist) another cause, one that reached farther hack (antiquior) and was nohler and emanated ratUer from nature itself; with alia causa, esset is to be supplied.

16. Amor: emphatic,— /or 'iis love that prompts to estahlishing the hond of good will.

18. quidem : to he sure.

Nam . . . percipiuntur ... in amicitia autem, etc. : here again, in spite of the grammatical coordination, the one clause is

70 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

logically subordinate to the other, —for while advantages^ to he sure^ are often reaped from those who, etc. , yet in friendship noth- ing, etc.

19. simulatione amicitiae coluntur et observantur tempo- ris causa : note the chiasmus.

temporis causa : on account of {some present') exigency.

21. et, quidquid est : et has adversative force.

verum, voluntarium ; verum is Contrasted with j^c^w?7i, volunta- rium with simulatum.

22. a natura: the emphasis rests upon this phrase, — His from nature, therefore.

potius, magis : potius excludes the second alternative ; magis merely restricts its scope.

23. applicatione : as a consequence of the devotion of the heart; Ablative of Cause.

cum quodam sensu : combined with a certain feeling ; cf. p. 9, 1. 10, cum henevolentia ; sensu is in strong contrast with cogita- tione, i.e. the emotional or moral nature of friendship is asserted as against a purely intellectual origin.

24. ilia res : not friendship, but the forming of friendships.

25. Quod quidem quale sit : how this is, now, viz. how it is that friendship springs from a spontaneous impulse and not from deliberate calculation of advantage.

26. in bestiis quibusdam : in the case of certain beasts ; not in the case of all, for some deposit eggs and never know their own offspring.

27. ex se natos : their offspring,

ad quoddam tempus; viz. till the young can care for them- selves ; cf. Cic. de Nat. Deo. II, 51, 129, usque ad finem dum pos- sent se ipsi defendere.

28. Quod in homine : quod has the same antecedent as above in line 25.

30. quae est, quae potest : when a single antecedent is thus followed by two relative clauses without a connective, the former is merely explanatory or semi-parenthetical in character ; cf . Cato Maior, § 59, in eo libro qui est de tuenda re familiari, qui Oecono- micus inscribitur. When the two relatives are employed, the for- mer often results from the necessity of avoiding a prepositional

NOTES 71

phrase directly limiting a noun. So in the present passage, the love between parents and children ; similarly in the passage cited from the Cato Maior, the hook on the management of prop- erty. Such prepositional phrases, though extremely common in English, are very sparingly used in Latin, B. 353, 5.

quae dirimi non potest : as opposed to the feelings of animals, which last only for a certain time {ad quoddam tempus).

31. nisi detestabili scelere : as instances of such crimes, editors cite the treason of Brutus' s sons and Orestes' s murder of Clytem- nestra.

similis sensus: i.e. similar to the sentiments existing between parents and children.

32. si aliquem : less indefinite than si quem would have been. 13. 1. cuius ... congruamus : Clause of Characteristic. The

thought • is inaccurately expressed. Laelius means : with whose character and nature ours agree.

quod . . . videamur : this is the second reason (introduced by deinde), corresponding to ex caritate; the reason is given as that existing in the mind of the subject of videamur, and not as that of the speaker, hence the subjunctive. Cf. p. 8, 1. 26, quia sequantur.

2. quasi lumen : the * apologetic ' quasi; see note on tamquam, p. 10, 1. 21.

4. quippe cum : frequently found instead of the simple cum (causal).

7. C. Fabrici, M'. Curi : see note on p. 8, 1. 13. With proper names, asyndeton is regular when the praenomen is expressed ; so almost invariably with the names of consuls.

8. usurpet: cherish; \\t. use, exercise.

quos numquam viderit : though he has never seen them ; Clause of Characteristic with accessory adversative force. A. & G. 320, e ; B. 283, 3, a.

9. Sp. Cassium, Sp. Maelium: in the year 486 b.c. Spurius Cassius, a patrician, then consul for the third time, brought for- ward the first recorded agrarian law. This roused a suspicion that he was aiming at absolute power, and so led to his condemna- tion and execution. In 439 b.c. Spurius Maelius, by selling grain at a merely nominal price in a season of great scarcity, incurred

72 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

similar suspicion, in consequence of which he was summarily put to death.

11. in Italia : to be taken with est decertatum, decertatum: depugno^ decerto, etc., mean 'to fight it out,'

'fight to the end.'

12. ab altero : viz. Pyrrhus.

propter probitatem : Pyrrhus treated the Roman captives with great consideration, and even returned them without ransom when Fabricius revealed to him the criminal designs of his own physician.

non nimis alienos animos : no special aversion.

13. propter crudelitatem : Hannibal's conduct hardly justifies this accusation. He was characterized by generosity and even by chivalry. Cicero, however, in common with the other Roman writers, repeatedly alludes to him as cruel ; cf . Cato Maior, § 76 ; so also often in the Orations.

15. vel in eis : vel is intensive, not correlative with vel before quod mains.

17. in hoste etiam : in an enemy even; etiam gains emphasis by being placed after the words modified.

si . . . moveantur: if the feeliyigs should he stirred ; we should naturally expect the indicative.

18. cum videantur : Subjunctive by Attraction. eorum : on the part of those.

quibuscnm . . . possunt : i.e. their fellow-citizens.

20. Quamquam : corrective, — and yet = Kairoi,

21. studio : devotion.

22. motum animi et amoris : there is a hendiadys in the words animi et amoris, — the impulse of the mind toward affection ; the idea in motum animi is the same as that expressed by applicatione animi above, p. 12, 1. 23.

24. magnitudo: intensity.

25. ut sit, per quern assequatur: explanatory of ah imhecilli- tate ; per quern assequatur is a Relative Clause of Purpose.

quod desideret : Subjunctive by Attraction. quisque : quisque regularly stands in the relative clause, which, however, more commonly precedes.

26. minime generosum ; as opposed to the pulchrior causa ad- vocated p. 12, 1. 15.

NOTES 73

ut ita dicam : apologetic, like tamqiiam, quasi; see note on p. 10, 1. 21. The word generosuSy 'of noble birth,' is strictly applicable only to persons ; hence the necessity of some qualifying phrase in the present instance.

28. volunt ; i.e. will have it, regard it, as born of helplessness, etc.

Quod si ita esset : if this were so. ut : according as, in proportion as.

29. minimum : i.e. minimum virium, the expression employed p. 19, 1. 24.

32. nuUo : regularly used to supply the missing ablative of nemo.

14. 1. suaque ; the -que is here adversative, as in virosque numeremus, p. 9, 1. 23.

in se ipso posita: i.e. depend upon himself; cf. p. 3, 1. 26, ut omnia tua in te posita esse ducas.

4. sed ego : supply eum dilexi from me dilexit below.

6. virtutis eius : one genitive dependent upon another, as in illius fur oris ^ p. 16, 1. 25.

opinione fortasse non nulla : Laelius, with due modesty, refers to Africanus's sentiment simply as an opinio, i.e. not a deliberate judgment, but rather an impression, notion ; opinione is Ablative of Cause.

8. multae et magnae : English does not use the conjunction in such cases as this ; in Latin the conjunction is regular.

consecutae sunt : used absolutely ; consequor denotes espe- cially a natural or necessary consequence.

sunt causae profectae : the expression is pleonastic ; it is not the causes of love that are denied by Laelius to emanate from hope of advantage, but the love itself ; cf. for similar instances of pleo- nasm Livy, XXXII, 34, 7, ab illis principium belli ortum est; Cic. in Cat. IV, 6. 11, versatur mihi ante oculos aspectus Cethegi.

11. exigamus : the technical expression for calling in a loan.

faeneramur : i.e. loan it out like money to be repaid. The sug- gestion of usury was always invidious to the Roman mind. For a similar characterization of mercenary friendship, cf. de Nat. Deo. I, 122, quam ( = amicitiam) si ad fructum referemus, non erit ista amicitia, sed mercatura quaedam.

74 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

14. expetendam : worthy of being sought; cf. p. 12, 1. 10, con-^ siderandiim.

16. Ab his : neuter ; = ah his rebus ; the substantive use of neuter pronouns and adjectives outside of the nominative and ac- cusative cases is confined by Cicero to very narrow limits. Other instances are similium, p. 21, 1. 9 ; de hoc, p. 1, 1. H- More fre- quently res is used with an adjective or pronoun in agreement, as ab his rebus, similiura rerum, de hac re,

qui ad voluptatem referunt: the Epicurean ideal, which is here referred to, was not, however, sensual pleasure, as voluptas implies, but was the highest attainable spiritual tranquillity, arapa^ia (' freedom from trouble ').

pecudum ritu : cf . Beluarum hoc quidem extremum, p. 9, 1. 15.

17. nihil, nihil : anaphora ; so tarn, tarn, 1. 19, below.

18. suspicere : look up to (with reverence or respect) ; only in the perfect participle has this verb the sense of ' suspect ' ; suspicere is here contrasted with suas cogitationes abiecerunt.

19. contemptam: contemptible; the verbal adjective in -i7is, -bills is often lacking and its place taken by the participle ; so acceptus, ' acceptable ' ; invictus, * invincible ' ; incorruptus, ' in- corruptible.'

20. hos ab hoc sermone removeamus : i.e. let us leave them out of account in this discussion.

21. sensum diligendi : the impulse to love; cf. p. 12, 1. 24, sensu amandi.

22. benevolentiae caritatem : cf . benevolentia et caritate, p. 9, 1. 10 ; caritate benevola, p. 13, 1. 7.

facta significatione : after some evidence has been given.

23. Quam qui appetiverunt : those who make this their ob- ject, viz. caritatem benevolentiae. For the double relative, cf. Cato Maior, § 2, cui qui pareat) § 64, quibus qui splendide usi sunt.

applicant se et propius admovent: draw near and attach themselves ; hysteron proteron.

24. usu et moribus : intimacy and character.

25. fruantur: enjoy in the sense of avail themselves of not take pleasure in.

pares et aequales : an illustration of Cicero's fondness for com-

NOTES 75

bining synonyms in pairs ; cf. p. 40, 1, 26, cognoscendi atque dis- cendi; Cato Maior, § 40, muneri ac dono ; § 34, officia et munera.

27. haec : by attraction for hoc,

28. et (utilitates) . . . et (erit) : on the one hand . . . on the other.

29. a natura : the occurrence of the prepositional phrase modi- fying a substantive is justified by the verbal force of ortus,

quam ab imbecillitate : brachylogy for quam si ah imhecil- litate esset. 31. eadem commutata: the change of the same (titilitas). 15« 2. ad haec : in reply to this, sc. dicere or respondere. 4. meo iure: i.e. as the elder.

CHAPTERS X.-XV.

Dangers that threaten the perpetuity of friendships. — To what lengths should one go in helping a friend f Ash of others and do for others only what is honorable. This is friendship'' s fir^st law, and in executing it we should aim not merely to render imlling service, hut, if possible, to anticipate the needs of our friends. Yet we must give frank counsel too, and not hesitate to chide whe7i occasion demands.

How foolish tojind pleasure in public office, in fame, iyi houses, in luxurious adornments, and not in the affection and regard of our fellow-men, than which heaven has given no sweeter blessing, arid without which life is bleak and desolate !

7. Audite vero ; listen, then.

9. Quamquam : corrective as p. 13, 1. 20, and frequently.

ille quidem : quidem serves to contrast ille (Scipio) with Laelius, and implies that Laelius's views on this point were not in harmony with Scipio's.

11. non idem : these two words are to be taken together. expediret : i.e. for both.

incidere : incidere always implies that the occurrence is unex- pected.

12. saepe : with mutari, and further explained by alias . . . alias.

76 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

13. alias . . . alias: adverbs, — at one time . . . at another time. adversis rebus : for the emphatic position of the adjective,

cf. p. 1, 1. 4, virili toga; p. 9, 1. ^2^ prosperis rebus.

14. Atque : often used, as here, in passing from a general proposition to a particular phase or illustration of the same.

earum rerum exemplum ex similitudine, etc. : drew an illus- tration of this principle from the analogy of early youth.

16. summi am ores : deep attachments.

17. praetexta toga: see above on adversis rebus, 1. 13. ponerentur : were laid aside, — pouo for depono ; the choice of

pono here is probably determined by the allusion to laying aside the toga praetexta; togam praetextam ponere is the regular phrase for this.

sin : where sin occurs it usually corresponds to a preceding clause with si ; here there is no such preceding clause, but a con- dition is really implied in the sentence quod . . . ponerentur, which was felt by Laelius as meaning, ' if there is attachment on the part of boys, it is usually abandoned when they lay aside the toga praetexta. '

18. contentione uxoriae condicionis : rivalry for a wife ; for this extension in use of the Objective Genitive, see note on p. 5, 1. 17, maerore funeris, * grief displayed at the funeral ' ; so honoris contentionemX 22 below ; condicio (usually without uxoria) is common at all periods of the language in the sense of ' match,' * partner.'

19. aliouius : here in the sense of some other»

20. quod : conjunction. Quod si : here, but even if qui: indefinite.

21. provecti essent, labefactari : note the change of subject; with labefactari understand eam.

24. in optimis quibusque : this idiom (when persons are referred to) is regularly confined to the singular (optimo cuique, etc.) ; apparently the plural is here used because the reference is to pairs of friends.

26. exstitisse : had arisen; the infinitive (and not the sub- junctive) is used because the relative clause is logically coordinate with what precedes, et quo being equivalent to 7iam ex eo.

NOTES 77

28. ut essent : explanatory of aliquid quod non rectum esset

29. adiutores ad iniuriam : note the prepositional phrase limiting a substantive.

quod recusarent : quod is the conjunction.

30. quamvis honeste : with however honorable motives, 32. quidvis : anything and everything (Reid).

16. 4. quasi : apologetic ; see note on p. 10, 1. 21 ; fatum is properly used only with reference to human beings.

5. subterfugere : escape from under, continuing the figure begun in impendere.

sapientiae, felicitatis ; sc. esse, — to be a matter not only of wisdom but actually of good luck.

6. diceret sibi videri : pleonastic for sibi videretur, i.e. seemed to him, he said.

8. quatenus amor progredi debeat: to what lengths love ought to go.

9. Numne : in the classical Latin found only here and de Nat. Deo. I, 31, 88.

ferre illi debuerunt : ivas it their duty to bear 9

10. cum Coriolano : vividness is gained by repeating the proper name instead of using the pronoun.

11. Vecellinum: i.e. Spurius Cassius ; see note on p. 13, 1. 9. Maelium : see note on p. 13, 1. 10. .

12. Tib. quidem Gracchum : as regards Gracchus at any rate; quidem serves to throw Gracchus's name into relief, as compared with those previously mentioned. The reference is to the famous agrarian agitator, who was murdered in 133 b.c. by a * mob of gentlemen ' headed by P. Cornelius Scipio, while illegally offering himself as a candidate for the tribuneship, an office he was then holding.

13. Q. Tuberone : Quintus Aelius Tubero was a nephew of the younger Scipio. As tribune in 133 b.c. he showed sturdy oppo- sition to the plans of Gracchus.

aequalibus : of the same age ; Laelius evidently means to imply that Gracchus was followed only by the young and inexperienced, — men like C. Cato and Carbo, mentioned p. 17, 1. 19.

14. derelictum: de- is intensive as in decertatum, p. 13, 1. 11. C. Blossius Cumanus : Gaius Blossius of Cumae, a Stoic

78 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

philosopher; as stated in what follows, he encouraged Tiberius Gracchus in the formation and execution of his plans of agrarian reform.

16. hospes : guest-friend.

16. aderam Laenati et Rupilio, etc. : Laenas and Rupilius were consuls in 132 b.c. (the year after Gracchus's murder), and conducted an inquiry concerning the guilt of Gracchus's accom- plices ; in this investigation Laelius was called upon for advice.

deprecatum : used absolutely, — to entreat (me to urge leni- ency),

17. ut ignoscerem : dependent upon causam.

18. quod tanti fecisset : that he had prized so highly. quidquid vellet : Subjunctive by Attraction.

20. Etiamne : sc. hoc putares 9

21. id quidem : quidem serves merely to make id emphatic.

22. Videtis, quam nef aria vox : sc. sit ; the omission of the verb in indirect questions is paralleled in Cicero by only a single example, de Off. I, 152, comparatio de duobus utrum honestius,

23. vel plus etiam : or rather even more.

24. comitem illius furoris: for one genitive dependent upon another, cf. p. 14, 1. 4, admiratione virtutis eius.

25. hac amentia : causal.

26. quaestione nova; the special inquiry conducted by the consuls.

in Asiam profugit : Blossius fled to Aristonicus, who had seized the kingdom of Attains just bequeathed to the Roman people.

poenas persolvit : after the defeat of Aristonicus, in 129 b.c, Blossius took his own life. Note the vividness lent to the narration by the asyndeton in perfugit, contulit^ persolvit.

27. graves iustasque : -que is adversative ; cf . p. 9, 1. 22.

29. si peccaveris, si defeceris : the second person singular is here general ; the present tense is much commoner in this usage than the perfect ; both have the same force, however.

conciliatrix : Cicero is especially fond of these feminine nouns of agency in -trix^ coining many new forms where the limited noun is feminine.

30. virtutis opinio ; i.e. a mutual presumption of virtue.

NOTES 79

31. rectum atatuerimus : lit. set it up as right, i.e. regard it as the right thing.

17. 1. perfecta quidem sapientia, etc. : the plan would have no defect, were loe to be endowed with absolute wisdo^n ; the main prot- asis of this sentence is si statuerimus, the apodosis habeat being later restricted in its application by the addition of si , . , simus.

3. qui ante oculos : note the gradual climax, — those now in the public view, those who formerly were, those of whom we have heard ; quos novit vita communis refers to all three classes alike.

5. Ex hoc numero : emphatic by position, — this is the number from which, etc.

6. ad sapientiam : i.e. to the ideal wisdom of the Stoics.

7. Videmus : i.e. see from the records, and so know. Papum Aemilium Luscino : Quintus Aemilius Papus and

Gains Fabricius Luscinus were consuls together 282 and 278 b.c, censors in 275. Notice the inversion in the names Papum Aemi- lium; this is permissible only when the praenomen (Gains, Quintus, etc.) is omitted. Even then Cicero rarely inverts the names, though the arrangement is very common in Tacitus and other post- Augustan writers.

9. consules, collegas: predicates of eos to be supplied in thought.

turn : again ; not temporal, but used to introduce another illus- tration.

cum eis : viz. with Papus and Luscinus.

10. M\ Curium, Ti. Coruncanium : see note on p. 8, 1. 14.

11. Igitur : only rarely placed at the beginning of a sentence by Cicero. Sallust and post- Augustan writers, however, use it freely in this position.

12. ab amico quippiam contendisse : importuned a friend for anything.

14. in talibus viris : in case of such men; cf. p. 4, 1. 21, in pueris.

17. rogatum : when asked, agreeing with the subject of facer e.

18. Tib. Gracchum ; the emphasis rests on this word, — but in case of Gracchus, noio.

19. C. Carbo, C. Cato : Gains Papirius Carbo was an able but unprincipled man. As one of the triumvirs appointed for carrying

80 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

into execution the agrarian law of Tiberius Gracchus, and also as tribune of the plebs in 131 b.c, he displayed the bitterest antago- nism toward the aristocracy, and was even suspected of the murder of Scipio Africanus. Subsequently, after the death of Gains Grac- chus (121 B.C.), he endeavored as consul to ingratiate himself with the aristocratic party, but without success. In 119 he was accused for his participation in the Gracchan disturbances and, as he foresaw his condemnation, took his own life. Gains Cato was a grandson of Cato the Elder.

et minime turn quidem, etc.: and his brother Gains, then, to be sure, by no means zealous, now, however (idem), very much so; with minime supply in thought acer (from acerrimus)) nunc (the time of the dialogue) is 129 b.c; et here is not to be taken as connecting the two final members of an enumeration of three names (Carbo, Cato, Gains frater), but Carbo, Cato on the one hand are opposed to Gains on the other.

21. Haeclex: explained by the following w^clause.

22. ut neque . . . nee ; ut neve . . . neve, or ne ant . . . ant would have been the usual mode of expression.

23. ceteris: ie. other than the special instance described by the clause si . . . fateatur.

25. eo loco locati sumus : we are so situated, are in such a condition.

28. de spatio curriculoque : figures drawn from racing are very frequent in Latin ; cf. Cato Maior, § 38, haec curricula mentis; § 83 fin., nee vero velim quasi decurso spatio ad carceres a calce revocari.

consuetude maiorum : i.e. the custom inaugurated and long followed by our ancestors.

29. vel regnavit: or rather exercised regal power; vel is here equivalent to vel potins.

30. is quidem : these words serve merely as an emphatic repe- tition of the subject (Tib. Gracchus).

32. in P. Scipione : in the case of Scipio ; the reference is to Africanus, whose recent death was laid at the door of the revolu- tionary party ; see Introd. § 5.

18. 1. non queo : in the first singular Cicero always says non queo, not neqneo.

NOTES 81

Nam : elliptical ; supply in thought : * what we endured from Carbo I will not mention.'

2. quoquo modo potuimus : i.e. as best we could.

propter recentem poenam Tib. Gracchi : i. e. to prevent a repetition in Carbo' s case of the violent measures employed against Tiberius Gracchus.

3. de C. Gracchi tribunatu: i.e. concerning a possible tri- buneship of Gains Gracchus. It was not till six years later (123 b.c.) that Gains was elected to this office. But he was already an ac- knowledged leader of the movement organized by his brother, and hence was likely to stand for the office of tribune.

4. autem : the position of aiitem is irregular ; ordinarily it would immediately follow the praenomen ; cf . p. 28, 1. 12, Q. vero Maximum.

quid exspectem: what to expect; Deliberative Subjunctive in a dependent question. 6. Serpit . . . res: i.e. makes its way stealthily. proclivis : the adjective has adverbial force.

6. coepit: sc. lahi.

in tabella, etc.: emphatic as shown by the position, — in the matter of voting you see what a, etc.; ordinarily, the interrogative stands at the beginning of its clause.

7. Gabinia lege . . . Cassia : the Gabinian law (passed in 139 B.C.) established a secret ballot in the election of magistrates ; by the Cassian law (passed two years later), the secret ballot was introduced into the courts. Previous to that, votes were given viva voce, but this system had given rise to abuses in the interest of the aristocrats.

8. populum: i.e. the popular party, designated immediately afterwards as multitudo.

10. haec : i.e. these radical measures.

11. quam . . . eis resist atur : than how they are resisted; eis refers back to haec; on the substantive use of neuter pronouns outside of the nominative and accusative, see note on p. 14, 1. 15 ; resisto being intransitive can be used in the passive only imper- sonally.

Quorsum haec : sc. dixi, cf. Cato Maior, § 13.

13. bonis ; in the political sense of the aristocrats or optimates.

82 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

ut ne existiment : ut ne is fairly frequent in Cicero for the simple ne.

17. alterum : here equivalent to alium.

20. imperator : Themistocles was commander of the Athenians only. The Spartan Eurybiades was commander-in-chief of the combined Greek forces.

bello Persico : the Second Persian War, 480 b.c.

23. fecit idem : (but) did the same (i.e. turned traitor) ; adver- sative asyndeton.

viginti annis ante : Themistocles' s treason occurred in 471 b.c. ; Coriolanus's in 491.

24. His : for these.

25. mortem conscivit: the story of suicide is apocryphal in the case of both. According to Thucydides (I. 68), Themistocles died a natural death at Magnesia in Asia Minor, while Coriolanus is represented by Livy as living to an advanced age among the Vol- scians.

28. ut ne quis : on ut ne instead of the simple ne, cf. 1. 13 above. concessum putet sequi: think it alloioable tofolloiv.

29. quod quidem baud solo an, etc. : and this (viz. lending aid to a friend who is waging war against his country), / am in- dined to think may yet come to pass.

30. ut res ire coepit : in English we use the plural, — as things have begun to go.

19. 2. honesta: i.e. on??/ what is right.

3. ne exspectemus quidem : in English we should make this grammatically subordinate to faciamus, — and that too without waiting to be asked.

studium : willingness.

5. libere : placed at the end of the sentence for the purpose of emphasis.

amioitia amicorum : for the juxtaposition of words etymologi- cally related, see note on p. 2, 1. 28.

6. eaque et : et is correlative with et in 1. 8.

8. si res postulabit : to be taken with acriter not with aperte.

adhibitae pareatur: let it be obeyed when applied; with adhi- bitae supply in sense auctoritati ; for intransitive verbs used im- personally in the passive, cf. p. 18, 1. 11, eis resistatur.

NOTES 88

Nam: elliptical, as above, p. 18, 1. 1 ; supply in thought: 'other views are wrong,' or some such idea.

9. quibusdam placuisse mirabilia quaedam: by (lit. to) certain persons quite remarkable views were held; on this force of quaedam^ see note on p. 3, 1. 18. Laelius refers to the views of the Epicureans and Cyrenaics, which he now proceeds to consider.

11. persequantur argutiis: follow up with their subtle investi- gations.

partim: on the one hand; referring loosely to the Epicureans ; partim is correlative with Alios below in 1. 19.

12. nimias : too intimate.

13. satis superque, etc. : that each had enough and more with his own affai7's ; sibi is loosely introduced as an Ethical Dative to bring out more clearly the contrast between suarum and alienis ; of. sibi suo, p. 5, 1. 11.

14. alienis : sc. 7'ebiis ; ablative case. nimis : with implicari.

16. quas adducas: to draw in; Relative Clause of Purpose. This passage is evidently an imitation of Euripides' s Hippolytus, 1. 253 ff. :

Be links of mortal friendship frail :

Let heartstrings ne'er together cling, Nor be indissolubly twined The cords of love, but lightly joined

For knitting close or severing.

Ah weary burden, where one soul

Travails for twain, as mine for thee! Ruin, not bliss, say they, shall be

Care's life-absorbing heart-control.

— Way's Translation.

17. caput: I.e. the essential requisite.

18. securitatem : the arapa^ia or freedom from care of the Epi- cureans ; see note on p. 14, 1. 16.

qua possit : in indirect discourse a relative clause, when it is logically coordinate with a principal clause {qui being then equiva- lent to et is), regularly stands in the infinitive. We should therefore expect here : quam frui non posse animum ; such exceptions as the present are infrequent.

84 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

tamquam parturiat: tamquam ('apologetic*; p. 10, 1. 21), serves to soften the boldness of the figure in parturiat.

19. Alios : the Cyrenaics, followers of Aristippus of Cyrene, who flourished in the early part of the 4th century b.c.

20. aiunt : the subject is general.

multo etiam inhumanius : with much less of human feeling. quern locum : a point which.

21. paulo ante : viz. p. 12, 1. 10 ff.

23. expetendas: expetere implies choice and deliberation in the seeking ; appetere emphasizes merely the earnestness of the quest.

ut haberet: the sequence is irregular. But in quoted views Cicero at times employs a secondary tense in a subordinate clause even where the tense of the main verb (as here aiunt) is primary.

25. mulierculae : the diminutive is here chosen in view of the relative weakness of women as compared with men.

26. quaerant : here we have the normal sequence of tenses.

27. putentur : Subjunctive of Characteristic. beati : fortunate.

28. praeclaram: ironical.

31. Quae: of what sort ?

32. reapse : for re eapse (cf. the Plautine eopse^ eumpse = zpso, ipsum) ; hence equivalent to re ipsa ; the word is archaic.

multis locis : in many respects.

20. 1. ullam honestam rem: i.e. anything honorable in and of itself.

2. ne sollicitus sis: join closely with non suscipere and deponere, — to refuse to undertake it, or to abandon it when undertaken, with the object of avoiding annoyance.

3. curam fugimus : i.e. make it an object to avoid care ; cona- tive present.

4. quae necesse est cum aliqua cura, etc. : the emphasis rests on cum aliqua cura, — which must experience some distress in spurii- ing things opposed to itself; for the absence of ut after necesse est, see B. 259, 8 ; G. 538, Rem. 2 ; H. 502, 1.

5. bonitas : here = iustitia.

6. videas: you can see; an instance of the rare * can '-poten- tial.

NOTES 85

8. modestos: i.e. men of self-control; the word corresponds to temperantia, just as iustos to bonitas.

10. cadit in sapientem : attaches to the wise man, i.e. is con- sistent with his nature ; as p. 39, 1. 8.

13. ne suscipiamus : to avoid incurring.

aliquas: cf. p. 12, 1. 32, si aliquem.

17. isti : the Stoics, who maintained the doctrine of dTra^em, for which see note on p. 4, 1. 28.

18. audiendi: to be heeded, listened to.

quasi ferream : quasi ' apologetic ' to soften the metaphor. virtutem . . . volunt: will have it that virtue, etc.; volunt, as p. 13, 1. 28.

19. quae quidem : adversative, — and yet this.

multis in rebus: in many other things; multis for multis aliis, asp. 1, 1. 13.

20. tenera: elastic.

21. bonis: bona ordinarily means goods, property; here it means advantages, good fortune.

diffundatur contrahatur : the subject is virtus.

24. non plus, etc. : the idea is imperfectly expressed ; Laelius really means: 'no more than cares and annoyances constitute a reason for discarding virtue.'

26. Cum contrahat: the subject is the clause si . . , eluceat (the manifestation of virtue).

ut supra dixi : p. 13, 1. 3 ff. and p. 14, 1. 21 ff. Supra applies properly to written, not spoken, discourse. Its use here is an inadvertency on Cicero's part, showing that he has momentarily forgotten the dialogue character of the discussion.

27. ad quam se applicet et adiungat: Relative Clauses of Purpose ; note also the hysteron proteron ; cf. p. 14, 1. 23, appli- cant se et propius admovent.

28. id cum contigit : id refers to the clause si . . . eluceat. 30. multis inanimis rebus : not multis et ina^iimis (cf . p. 14,

1. 8) , since inanimae res is a single concept.

32. animante virtute praedito, etc. : but not to be delighted with what is animate and is endowed with virtue; the antithesis between delectari inanimis rebus and animante praedito virtute non delectari is much heightened by the asyndeton and the

86 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

chiasmus. Note that animaiis, usually femmine, is here masculine, as referring to a human being.

21. 1. redamare.: a new word, coined by Cicero to render the Greek avrLipiXelv ; hence the apologetic ut ita dicam,

3. vicissitudine : reciprocity.

4. illud : explained by the following nihil esse.

8. propinquitate atque natura : natural affinity ; hendiadys.

9. similium : neuter ; for this substantive use, see note on p. 14, 1. 15, Ah his.

11. constet : it would he admitted.

bonis inter bonos: more emphatic than honis inter se, which would have been the natural mode of expression.

12. necessariam: sc. esse.

qui est fons : qui., though referring to henevolentiam., is at- tracted to the gender of its predicate fons ; such attraction is the rule in Latin.

13. Sed . . . pertinet ; i.e. kind feeling is not limited in its effects to the few who cherish it toward one another.

eadem bonitas: kindness likewise; honitas is here equivalent to henevolentia.

15. inhumana : i.e. lacking in feeling for one's fellow-men.

immunis : deficient in service ; this meaning of immunis is rare ; it ordinarily means exempt from duties^ hurdens.

quae soleat : since it is wont ; Clause of Characteristic with accessory notion of cause.

19. utilitatis causa : in predicate relation to amicitias, — con- ceive friendships as (existing) for the purpose of advantage.

amabilissimum : on the comparison of adjectives in -&i7is, see note on p. 2, 1. 20, maxime memorahilem.

21. tumque : then and then only ; explained by the following si-clause ; cf. p. 11, 1. 27.

23. tantumque abest ut amicitiae . . . colantur, ut ei . . . sint: so far are friendships from heing cultivated . . ., that those are most generous who, etc. The first if^clause is a Substantive Clause of Kesult, the second one of Pure Result.

27. Atque: and yet ; here corrective like g?^amgi<am.

haud sciam an : I should he inclined to think ; a more guarded form of statement than the customary haud scio an.

NOTES 87

ne opus sit quidem, etc.: that absolute self-sufficiency (nihil deesse) is not even of advantage ; nihil deesse is Cicero's rendering of the Greek avrapK^ia (self-sufficiency) ; note opus here in the sense of advantage; the word is an archaic genitive of ops ('assistance'), and preserves many traces of its original mean- ing ; more frequently, of course, it has the secondary sense of 7iecessary.

28. Ubi . . . viguissent : wherein would my devotion have had opportunity to display itself ? Uhi here = qua in re ; vigere is lit. to flourish, and so here be active, display itself.

30. nee . . . nee : these do not counteract the preceding nega- tive (numquam), but, as often, simply take up and repeat the negative idea.

22. 1. deliciis diffluentes : notice the alliteration.

3. habent eognitam : hardly different in force from cogno- verunt.

4. ut diligat, etc. : on the understanding that he neither love any one, etc. ; ' stipulations ' like this are a development of the Jussive Subjunctive ; ea condicione, ea lege, or some such phrase, often precedes ; on ut neque . . . nee, see note on p. 17, 1. 22.

6. ab ullo : in the ablative, ullo is more commonly used as a substantive by Cicero than quoquam.

7. Haee : for hoc, by attraction to the predicate vita; it refers back to the general thought of the preceding sentence, — living in luxury, but loving none and loved by none.

12. Coluntur : they (tyranni) are courted; colere involves only the outward forms of respect, not actual personal regard.

13. dumtaxat : with simulatione.

14. ceciderunt : i.e. from power.

15. inopes amicorum ; i.e. lacking in real friends.

Quod: referring to the substance of the previous statement, turn intellegitur, etc.

16. turn se intellexisse . . . eum : i.e. had not known till then.

17. gratiam referre : repay; gratiam referre may mean either to return a favor or to return an injury ; here it involves both senses.

18. miror, si habere potuit : I am surprised if he could have had.

88 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

ilia superbia : with that haughtiness^ i.e. that haughtiness for which he was noted ; Ablative of Attendant Circumstance.

19. quemquam amicum: anybody as a friend.

20. ut huius . . . sic multorum : both emphatic, — as in his case, so in the case of maiiy.

parare : win.

25. insipiente fortunate : ' a fool of fortune '/ insipiente is the substantive here, fortunato adjective.

26. fieri potest : can there he ; hardly different from potest esse. Atque : used in passing from the general to the special, as p. 15,

1. 14.

hoc quidem : hoc is explained by the following infinitives : immutari, sperni, indulgeri; quidem serves only to emphasize hoc; cf. p. 9, 1. 15.

28. imperio, potestate : when used with precision potestas designates the general vested power of any official, imperium the special military power with which the higher officials (dictators, consuls, praetors) were invested by the Comitia curiata.

prosperis rebus ; for the order, cf. p. 1, 1. 4, virili toga.

29. sperni: are ignored; the change of subject here is some- what abrupt.

veteres : long-standing.

novis : sc. amicitiis, indirect object of the impersonal indulgeri ; cf. p. 18, 1. 11, eis resistatur.

31. cetera: i.e. as opposed to amicos; cf. p. 3, 1. 21, in reliqua Graecia.

23. 1. amicos non parare : note the adversative asyndeton.

2. ut ita dicam : see note on p. 13, 1. 26.

cetera : the material possessions just mentioned.

4. eius est : belongs to him ; Possessive Genitive.

istorum : with a shade of contempt ; the form is neuter, = ista- rum reritm ; cf. note on p. 14, 1. 15, Ab his.

vicit viribus: has proved superior in power; vincere is here used absolutely ; note the alliteration.

5. amicitiarum, etc. : amicitiarum is emphatic, and hence is put first, — but in case of friendships each one'^s ownership continues fixed and sure; stabilis and certa stand in predicate relation to possessio.

NOTES 89

6. ut vita non possit : so that life could not be.

ilia : those things^ before mentioned ; ilia does not serve merely as the antecedent of quae ; hence, not those things which, but those things {already meiitioned)^ which.

8. Sed haec hactenus: = but enough of this. Laelius here terminates the digression begun at p. 19, 1. 8, and now returns from his criticism of existing views concerning the proper basis of friendship to a discussion of the inquiry how far one ought to go in friendship {quatenus amor in amicitia progredi debeat).

CHAPTERS XVI.-XVII. § 61.

What should be the measure of our devotion to our friends f Discussion of three different views^ all of which are condemned by Laelius, The proper attitude., he declares^ is to recognize no restrictions upon the degree of our devotion. Our friends should be one with ourselves, and their interest should be our interest.

9. Constituendi sunt, qui fines : the form of expression is not exact, being apparently the result of confusion of two ideas : con- stituendi sunt fines and constituendum est qui sint fines. Cf. p. 25, 1. 29, quidam perspiciuntur quam sint leves.

10. termini: originally the boundary posts^ and then used gen- erally for boundaries., limits.

de quibus : sc. finibus et terminis.

11. ferri: best taken as are current; cf. p. 3, 1. 16, ferebantur.

12. unam, alteram, tertiam : in such enumerations, una, altera are regularly used instead oi prima ^ secunda; cf. Cato Maior, § 16.

ut . . . simus : this is the view of the Epicureans ; the w^clause is a Substantive Clause of Jussive (Hortatory) origin, dependent upon the notion of bidding or urging involved in sententia.

affecti : disposed.

13. nosmet ipsos : our own selves.

14. pariter aequaliterque : cf . p. 14, 1. 25, pares et aequales.

15. ut, quanti quisque se ipse faciat, etc.: that one be as highly prized by his friends as he prizes himself; quanti and tanti are Genitives of Value ; on se ipse, see note on p. 3, 1. 6.

90 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

17. nuUi prorsus: none at all; for the position of prorsus, cf. p. 1, 1. 15, paiici admodum.

18. in se quisque sit : sc. animatus.

20. numquam faceremus : the protasis is involved in nostra causa^ — were it for our own sakes.

causa amicorum : notice the unusual order, employed here for the purpose of heightening the antithesis between nostra causa and causa amicorum.

21. precari, etc.: explanatory of quam multa.

acerbius, vehementius : i.e. more bitterly, more earnestly than usual. English, however, contents itself here with the positive. Note further the chiasmus in acerbius invehi, insectari vehementius.

22. invehi : inveigh.

quae : its antecedent is to be found in the preceding infinitives.

23. non satis : not altogether. honeste : here with honor, amicorum : sc. rebus.

24. multaeque : -que here = and so,

27. est, quae: is that which.

definit amicitiam, etc. : boimds frie7idship by, etc., i.e. limits friendship to, etc.

paribus officiis et voluntatibus : paribus is the emphatic word ; hence in English : by equality of obligation and inclination,

28. nimis exigue et exiliter : in too small and close a fashion ; exig-uus and exilis (for exig-lis) are from the same root.

29. ad calculos vocare, etc. : calling friendship to account^ as though the relation were a purely commercial one ; calculi ' peb- bles,' ' counters,' were used in numerical computation.

30. ratio : the account.

acceptorum et datorum : of credit and debit, lit. of what is received aiid what is given out; but the terms early acquired a technical commercial sense. On the substantive use of the par- ticiples, see note on p. 14, 1. 15.

Divitior : this (and not ditior) is the regular form of the com- parative in Cicero.

24. 1. ne excidat, etc. : the figure seems to be taken from measuring grain.

2. ne plus aequo . . . congeratur : i,e, one ought not to fear

NOTES 91

lest the measure of friendship be filled more than level full (plus aequo).

3. finis : ideal, object,

deterrimus : sc. est

ut fiat : Substantive Clause of Jussive origin ; cf. above, p. 23, 1. 12.

6. abiectior, fractior : somewhat downcast, somewhat enfeebled.

6. Non est amici : it's not the part of a friend.

7. ille : referring to the same person as eum ; some pronoun is absolutely necessary to perspicuity, and ille is chosen to avoid a repetition of is.

8. eniti et efficere : to strive to bring it to pass ; an instance of verb hendiadys.

11. si dixero : here, as often with temporal force — when I have stated.

quid solitus sit : indirect question.

12. vocem : utterance.

13. eius, qui dixisset : these w^ords, v^^hich seem to us super- fluous, are necessitated by the fact that vocem, as a substantive, cannot govern an infinitive.

14. ita : explained by the following ut si-clause.

amare oportere ; the subject is general, — one ought to love ; so below osurus esset.

si aliquando : cf. p. 12, 1. 32, si aliquem.

15. nee vero : supply in thought dicebat from Negabat above.

16. Biante : Bias of Priene (6th century b.c), one of the Seven Sages ; see note on p. 3, 1. 22. The saying is attributed also to another of the Seven Sages, Chilon. The Greek is : ws Se? <pLKuv

cos IXl(T'i](TOVTa Koi IJLl(T€7u COS 0tA7]f7O^'Ta.

17. impuri cuiusdam esse sententiam : adversative asynde- ton, — but that it was the view of some low-minded man ; esse depends upon dicebat se credere or something similar, to be sup- plied in thought from the context.

18. revocantis : referring.

20. cui putabit: the indicative (and not the subjunctive) is here used, because the relative clause, though used to characterize the antecedent, involves a condition, — if he thinks, etc. ; cf. note on p. 9, 1. ^9^ quae non quiescit.

92 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

21. cupere et optare : cupere is spontaneous, optare implies a deliberate choice.

22. quam saepissime : as frequently as possible.

23. tamquam ansas : ^amgi/am 'apologetic'

ad reprehendendum : best taken in the literal sense, continu- ing the figure in ansas. rursum autem : on the other hand again.

24. angi, dolere, invidere : all used absolutely.

27. illud : explained by what follows.

28. ut ne inciperemus : explanatory of earn diligentiam ; on ut ne., see note on p. 18, 1. 13.

30. si fuissemus, ferendum (esse) : in direct form this would be si fuerimus, ferendum erit, — if we are unfortunate in our love, it ought to be put up with,

32. tempus : opportunity, occasion.

25. 1. His igitur finibus, etc. : the emphasis rests on his, — these now are the limits which I think should be observed.

2. utsit: substantive clause explanatory of /iis Jim6ws. cum sint : Subjunctive by Attraction.

emendati : blameless, in accordance with the fundamental prin- ciple announced p. 8, 1. 5, nisi iyi bonis amicitiam esse non posse.

3. omnium rerum . . . communitas : identity . . .in all things ; see note on p. 7, 1. 8, voluntatum, studiorum, sententiarum summa consensio.

sine uUa exceptione : on the prepositional phrase limiting a substantive (here communitas), see note on p. 9, 1. 10.

4. ut etiam declinandum sit : also that one should turn aside.

5. minus iustae voluntates, etc. : an illustration of this would be found in Cicero's defence of Milo.

6. caput : civil status. agatur : is at stake.

7. de via : i.e. from the ordinary course. mode ne : provided only . . . not.

8. est quatenus possit: there is (a point) up to which in- dulgence can, etc. ; Clause of Characteristic.

9. Nee vero, etc. : Laelius has just been saying that a spirit of concession should be shown in yielding to the desires of one's friends, especially in the way of coming to their defence when they

NOTES 93

are under accusation. He now proceeds to mention considerations which should impel or deter one in such cases. On the one hand, a friend is not to be so ready to lend help as to disregard his own good name (nee neglegenda fama) ; on the other hand, he is not to practise such reserve as to fail to win the good will of his fellow- citizens, for this is a powerful help to the achievement of one's am- bitions. Yet right here is a caution : this good will is not to be sought at the expense of dignity, nor by flattery (filanditiis et assentando), but by virtue, which readily wins the desired favor {quam sequitur caritas).

11. colligere : to gain.

12. virtus : note the bold adversative asyndeton, caritas : = benevolentia.

CHAPTERS XVII. § 62-XVIII.

The choice of friends. Importance of caution in making the selection.

15. omnibus in rebus : i.e. in all other things. diligentiores : viz. than in friendship.

16. capras et oves quot, amicos quot: note the emphatic position of the substantives before the interrogative.

dicere posse : as subject understand homines.

17. amicos quot haberet, non posse dicere : but not how many friends; note the adversative asyndeton, and the repetition in Latin of posse dicere with the negative ; cf. note on p. 8, 1. 32, ex propinquitate.

in illis quidem : quidem serves merely to prepare the way for the contrasted amicis.

22. cuius generis : a class of which. penuria : dearth.

23. iudicare : i.e. Whether men have these traits.

nisi expertum : i.e. unless you have had experience ; expertum agrees with the indefinite subject of iudicare.

24. Ita praecurrit amicitia iudicium : lit. so does friendship forestall a decision; i.e. so true is it that the actual friendship

94 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

«

must precede any adequate judgment of the character of one's friends.

25. potestatem : opportunity.

26. Est igitur prudentis : i.e. it is the part of a wise man to exercise the same caution in entering upon a new friendship, as in driving a new team.

sustinere : hold in check.

cur sum : i.e. as the context shows, the course of a team of horses.

27. quo : = ut eo, in order that thereby.

quasi . . . sic: = ut .. . sic, ' just as . . . so ' ; cf . Cato Maior, § 71. The usage is archaic.

28. amicitiis : governed by utamur.

periclitatis : tested ; an instance of the perfect passive participle of a deponent verb with passive force ; so often meditatus, moribus : Ablative of Means.

29. Quidam perspiciuntur, etc. : in case of certain persons often a small money transaction serves to show how unreliable they are ; as regularly, the order of the words corresponds to the degree of emphasis attaching to the several elements of the thought ; hence quidam is put first, and this leads to the attraction of the main verb to agreement with quidam; strictly Laelius ought to have said: Quidam quam leves sint, in parva pecunia perspicitur.

31. movere non potuit: could not have influenced.

32. Sint aliqui reperti: granting that some have been dis- covered; Jussive Subjunctive with Concessive force. A. & G. 266, c ; B. 278 ; G. 264 ; H. 484, III.

26, 3. ut : so that.

4. haec, ilia : both pronouns refer to honores^ magistratus, etc. In the first instance these objects are conceived of as near in thought ; hence haec. In the second instance they are conceived of as remote ; hence ilia.

6. quam etiamsi neglecta amicitia consecuti sint: the emphasis rests upon neglecta amicitia^ — even though they should disregard friendship to attain this (potentia).

7. obscuratum iri : this contains in dependent form the apodosis of the previous etiamsi-GlsiUse ; in direct discourse it would be obscuretur. As subject understand the idea (contained in the previous clause) of sacrificing friendship to political power.

NOTES 95

quia non sit neglecta amicitia : because friendship has not been neglected,

9. verae amicitiae difficillime reperiuntur in eis, etc. : Cicero, as he wrote this, was doubtless thinking of some of the bitter disappointments of his own political experience, and particu- larly of Pompey, who had betrayed Cicero's interests to Caesar and Clodius.

11. suo : made emphatic by its position at the very end of the sentence.

13. calamitatum societates: participation in misfortunes; the plural societates is used because different instances of such participation are present to Laelius's mind.

ad quas : with descendant.

14. descendant: descendo in this figurative sense is used especially of what is done unwillingly.

Ennius recte : sc. dicit ; for Ennius see note on p. 9, 1. 29.

16. Amicus certus, etc. : notice the alliteration ; the exact source of this line is not known. Its metre is the iambic trimeter (six iambi) . The scansion is :

Ami I cus car | tus || in | r^ incer | ta cer | nitur.

For the iambi of the 2d, 4th, and 5th feet, spondees are sub- stituted.

17. haec duo: these two things^ explained by the following clauses.

18. convincunt: convict.

in bonis rebus : i.e. in their own prosperity.

contemnunt: not so strong as our 'despise,' but rather * over- look,' ' disregard' ; as object understand amicos.

in malis : viz. of their friends.

21. praestiterit : subjunctive.

ex maxime raro genere : as belonging to an exceptionally rare class; this prepositional phrase has adjective force and serves as a predicate modifier of hunc.

24. Firmamentum : the guarantee.

26. quod infidum est : which lacks faith ; for the indicative instead of the Subjunctive of Characteristic, see note on p. 9, I. 29, quae non conquiescit.

96 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

Simplicem : frank^ honest.

27. communem : i.e. having a fellow feeling.

consentientem : sympathetic.

30. multiplex : opposed to simplex^ — hence deceitful. tortuosum : tricky^ untrustworthy.

qui non movetur : the indicative as above in quod infidum est; non limits consentit as well as movetur.

31. natura: naturally, instinctively.

27. 2. ut ne delectetur aut credat: as indicated by we, the Substantive Clause is here of Jussive origin, — the injunction is to he added, not to delight, etc.

3. oblatis : sc. criminibus.

4. fit verum illud : that is substantiated. 6. initio : viz. p. 8, 1. 5.

6. quern eundem sapientem licet dicere : in spite of the Stoic conception of the Sapiens as an ideally perfect intelligence ; cf. p. 8, 1. 10.

7. tenere: holdfast.

8. aperte vel odisse : open hatred even ; odisse is subject of the impersonal est.

9. magis est : better befits.

10. deinde non solum repellere : the corresponding clause in- troduced by primum stands in the subjunctive ; hence there is a slight anacoluthon in using the infinitive in the second clause.

11. ipsum : general in meaning, — oneself. semper existimantem : explanatory of suspiciosum.

12. aliquid esse violatum : some wrong has been done; aliquid here corresponds to an Accusative of Result (Internal Object) in the active construction.

13. Accedat hue, etc. : to this there should be added,

14. haudquaquam mediocre : litotes.

15. in omni re severitas : the prepositional phrase as adjective ; cf. p. 9, 1. 10, cum benevolentia consensio.

16. ilia quidem : as p. 9, 1. 15. remissior : less restrained.

18. facilitatem: i.e. ease of manner.

NOTES 97

CHAPTERS. XIX.-XX.

Are old friends ever to he discarded for neio ones 9 The mere question is shameful! — Where friends differ in rank and station^ the superior should not make his preeminence conspicuous. Be- member Scipio^s modesty in this regard! So^ too, the man of inferior station must not chafe at the loftier fortune of his friend. In lending assistance, be governed by two considerations: first, your own capacity ; second, how much is good for your friend. Youthful intimacies are not an obligation upon our maturer years. Tastes change, and attachments change ivith them. Sometimes, too, our friend^ s interest is so great that it becomes our duty to re- linquish his friendship for his sake.

19. Exsistit : there presents itself.

21. vetulis : the diminutive has a certain disparaging force.

24. satietates : the plural, as societates, p. 26, 1. 13.

veterrima quaeque esse debet suavissinia : i. e. the older the friendship, the more attractive it ought to be ; with veterrima quaeque supply in thought amicitia.

quae vetustatem ferunt: i.e. which improve with age; cf. Cato Maior, § 65, non omne vinum vetustate coacescit.

26. quod dicitur: used of proverbial sayings, like ut aiunt, quod aiunt.

multos modios salis, etc. : i.e. friendship must be long con- tinued if we are to realize its possibilities.

27. munus: its function, object.

Novitates ; sc. amicitiarum, i.e. new friendships.

28. ut appareat : the Substantive Clause after spem is regularly confined to ante-classical and post- Augustan Latin.

tamquam : here = sicut, ' just as.'

in herbis : here of the young grain in the blade.

29. non fallacibus : i.e. productive.

30. vetustas : often used, as here, in the sense of old acquaint- ance.

28. 1. quin utatur : who does not use,

quo consuevit: sc. uti, to be supplied from the following utatur.

2. nee vero : for nee vero solum, ' and not only.'

98 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

5. montuosis etiam et silvestribus : etiam implies (what was probably generally true) that the Romans did not possess a fond- ness for nature in its wilder and more romantic phases.

7. parem esse inferiori: i.e. to bring oneself to the level of those of humbler station.

8. excellentiae : commanding individualities ; abstract for the concrete.

9. grege: circle; lit. * flock,' *herd'; hence the ut ita dicam; see note on p. 3, 1. 26.

10. Philo : see note on p. 6, 1. 18. Rupilio : see note on p. 16, 1. 16.

11. Mummio : Spurius Mummius, brother of Lucius Mummius, destroyer of Corinth.

12. Q. Maximum: Quintus Fabius Maximus ; he was the eldest son of Lucius Aemilius Paulus, receiving the name Maximus as the result of adoption.

egregium omnino : excellent^ to he sure.

13. sibi nequaquam parem : hut hy no means equal to him (Scipio).

is : viz. Maximus.

14. suosque omnes ; and in fact all his friends ; for this force of -que, cf. p. 23, 1. 24, muUaeque.

per se : through his influence.

15. esse ampliores : to stand in higher honor.

16. ut impertiant, communicent, augeant, sint : substantive clauses explanatory of quod.

18. ea : we should have expected eam referring to praestantiam, but the logical prominence of virtutis, ingeni, fortU7iae, easily ac- counts for the neuter plural.

19. nati sint : viz. those mentioned above as omnibus.

21. honori sint : probably not so much in the sense of confer- ring honor, as of helping their friends to attain it.

in fabulis : in the legends, as, for example, that of Romulus and Remus.

26. multo profecto magis : the word order as p. 3, 1. 17, iam.

27. omnisque : and in fact of all ; cf . above, 1. 14, suosque. 30. igitur: now; merely a transitional particle here, as fre- quently.

NOTES 99

coniunctionis : -here in the narrow sense of propinquitas, ' rela- tionship.'

31. necessitudine : i.e. the close connection.

29. 2. queruntur aliquid aut etiam exprobrant : are utter- ing some complaint^ or even some reproach ; aliquid (Accusative of Result) belongs with exprobrant as well as with queruntur.

4. quod : its antecedent is aliquid^ to be supplied in thought as the object of habere»

officiose : unth devotion.

labore aliquo suo : with some effort on their part.

5. queant : rarely used by Cicero unless accompanied by a negative ; another instance, however, is found in Cato Maior, § 32, hoc queo dicere.

6. officia exprobrantium : i. e. reproachfully citing the kind- nesses (officia) which they themselves have done.

7. commemorare : here in its original sense of ' calling to mind ' ; commemorare depends upon debet to be supplied.

qui contulit : its antecedent is is, to be supplied with debet. 9. inferiores : object of extollere.

11. cum . . . putant : i.e. in that they think they are lightly esteemed ; for the meaning of contemni, see note on p. 26, 1. 18.

ipsi : they themselves, as opposed to their friends who do not lightly esteem them.

12. fere : as a rule.

etiam contemnendos : actually deserve to be slighted.

13. opinione: here in the sense of wrong conception; opinio never designates a deliberate judgment, for which tiie Latin uses sententia.

verbis: ie. assurances.

14. Tantum autem, etc. : i.e. in conferring favors one should be guided on the one hand by one's own ability, on the other by the real needs of one's friends.

15. cuique : here in the main clause at variance with regular usage ; see note on p. 13, 1. 25.

quantum . . . possis ; quem diligas, adiuves : for the sub- junctive of the indefinite second singular in subordinate clauses, see note on p. 10, 1. 8, quoquo te verteris,

17. sustinere : sc. potest.

100 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

neque : the expected correlative is lacking. Laeliiis evidently sets out to say : ' Neither can you advance all your friends to the highest honors, nor can every friend sustain the burden of such responsibility if it be secured ' ; but this second member, owing to the illustrative remarks following perducere, is entirely forgotten. For neque used to take up and intensify a preceding general nega- tive, cf. p. 4, 1. 23, ne . . . quidem.

possis : Potential Subjunctive ; the second singular has general force.

18. quamvis excellas : however great your eminence. omnes tuos: i.e. all your friends and relatives.

19. P. Rupilium : see note on p. 16, 1. 16.

20. fratrem eius non potuit: but not his (Bupilius'^s) brother; for the repetition of potuit, necessary in Latin, see note on p. 9, 1. 1.

21. deferre : confer.

23. Omnino : 07i the lohole.

amicitiae iudicandae sunt: = iudicandum est de amicitiis, i.e. judgment must be passed, a decision must be made, with regard to establishing a permanent friendship.

corroboratis confirmatisque et ingeniis : Ablative Absolute, — only when the mind., etc., has matured.

26. eos habere necessaries : to treat those as related by a natural bo7id ; this is the original meaning of necessarius (from the root nee-, 'bind,' 'fasten'; cf. necto); the meaning 'neces- sary ' is derived naturally from this ; habere is a construction ac- cording to sense; supply in thought oportet from the preceding iudicandae sunt (= oportet iudicare).

turn : viz. ineimte aetate.

eodem studio : the same interests.

27. Isto : in a disparaging sense, as frequently.

nutrices, paedagogi : these were usually slaves. The paeda- gogus accompanied the boy to school and exercised a general super- vision of his safety.

28. iure vetustatis : i.e. by right of long association ; for ve- tustas in the sense of 'long acquaintance,' 'long friendship,' cf. p. 27, 1. 30.

29. alio quodam modo : an entirely different way ; for this use of quidam, see note on p. 3, 1. 18.

NOTES 101

30. Aliter: i.e. otherwise than by deferring till mature years our decision to form a friendship.

31. Dispares enim mores, etc.: for difference of character is followed by difference of interests ; mores is object, studia subject ; dispares and disparia bear the emphasis of the thought ; cf. p. 23, 1. 21., paribus officiis^ * equality of service.'

30. 3. quanta maxima potest : the greatest possible ; cf. Cato Maior, § 41, tanta voluptate quanta percipi posset maxima.

6. quod persaepe fit : as antecedent of quod^ understand the notion of obstructing the real advantages of one's friends implied in impediat utilitates, etc.

8. Neoptolemus: also called Pyrrhus. He was the son of Achilles, and was brought up by his grandfather Lycomedes on the island of Scyros. From here Ulysses brought him to Troy, since an oracle had declared that only with his help could the Trojans be subdued.

10. impedientem: endeavoring to prevent ; conative use.

audire : heed, listen to, as p. 35, 1. 3, audiendi.

14. parum iustus : lacking in justice.

Atque in omni re, etc. : a brief r^sum^ of the substance of §§ 73-76.

CHAPTERS XXI., XXII.

Practical rules for friendship : Friendships must sometimes be severed when friends are incompatible. In such cases the separa- tion should be effected gently, not violently. The greatest care must be taken that the cessation of friendship should not mean the beginning of hatred. The best way to avoid difficulties of this kind is by exercising care at the outset in the choice of friends. Then again, let us not demand too m.uch of our friends. Above all, remember that without virtue friendship cannot exist.

18. necessaria: inevitable.

19. vulgares : of men in general ; vulgaris here has no dis- paraging force.

21. tum . . . turn: now . . . now. quorum : viz. vitia in alienos.

102 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

22. tamen : i.e. in spite of the fact that these offences have been committed against strangers.

redundet : Relative Clause of Result, — yet so that the disgrace of these (acts) falls upon their friends,

23. remissione usus : hy a diminution of the iyitimacy.

ut Catonem dicere audivi : as I have heard that Cato said.

24. dissuendae: unravelled.

26. neque . . . neque . . . nee: neque rectum neque hones- turn sit on the one hand are opposed to nee fieri possit on the other.

28. Sin autem: for the absence of a preceding si-clause, see note on p. 15, 1. 17.

30. in partibus: lit. in the parties, i.e. in the partisan politics. 32. communibus: used as the equivalent of vulgaris above in

1. 19.

31. 4. Q. Pompei: Quintus Pompeius Nepos ; after promising to support Laelius in the consular election of 141 b.c, he is said to have devoted himself to securing his own election, in which endeavor he was successful.

meo nomine : on my account.

5. dissensionem quae erat in re publica: disagreement in politics; for the prepositional phrase as adjective, see note on p. 12, 1. 30.

6. collega : viz. in the college of augurs.

7. Metello : Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus. He was the leader of the party opposed to Scipio.

at offensione, etc.: i.e. without any display of fierce resent- ment.

9. danda opera est : pains must be taken.

10. ut videantur: substantive clause, dependent, like fiant,, upon danda opera est.

exstinctae potius quam oppressae esse: to have died out rather than to have been put out by violence. The words exstin- gui and opprimi are similarly contrasted in the Cato Maior, § 71.

14. Quae tamen : sc. contumeliae.

17. Omnino: on the whole, all in all, introducing a summary of the foregoing argument.

18. una cautio, etc. : the only way of avoiding and providing against all these evils and annoyances is not to begin, etc.

NOTES 103

ut ne : on ut ne instead of the simple ne^ cf. p. 18, 1. 13.

19. incipiant: sc. homines.

non dignos; chosen rather tlian indignos, because of the fol- lowing digni.

20. quibus in ipsis : as pointed out by Reid, qidbus is probably- dative, — who possess in themselves a ground for being loved.

21. Et quidem : and in fact , introducing an admission that the rarity of what is superior is not confined to friendship, but is true of other things as well.

23. quod ... sit : Clause of Characteristic.

24. neque . . . et: correlative.

26. potissimum: especially.

27. Ita: not for itaque, 'and so,' 'therefore,' but so truly do they fail to attain that noblest type of friendship.

28. maxime naturali : many adjectives in -alis are incapable of terminational comparison.

per se : in and of itself

29. propter se : for its own sake,

nee ipsi sibi exemplo sunt : and they do not illustrate to themselves ; exemplo is Dative of Purpose. Laelius means that these persons fail to see that they love themselves for their own sakes, not for any ulterior purpose, and that they further fail to see that they ought to cherish their friends from similar motives.

30. haec vis amicitiae : put first in its clause for the sake of emphasis.

Ipse se, a se ipse : for the nominative ipse, see note on p. 3, 1. 6.

32. per se : in and of himself., as above, 1. 28.

32. 1. Quod idem : i.e. this same spontaneousness of affection that one feels for oneself.

2. est enim is, etc. : the subject of est is is ; as predicate supply in thought verus amicus., — for he is the true fi^iend who is, so to speak., a second self.

3. hoc : explained by the following z<^-clauses.

4. volucribus, etc. : the animals are classified first with refer- ence to their habitat, — air, water, earth {volucribus., 7iantibus, agrestibus); secondly, with reference to their being tame or wild (cicuribus., feris).

104 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

' 6. id enim : viz. self-love. pariter : to an equal degree.

7. ad quas applicent : Kelative Clause of Purpose.

8. animantis : with quas.

idque : supply in thought si from Quodsi in 1. 3 above.

9. quanto id magis: for the word-order, see note on p. 3, 1. 17, iam habebat in senectute.

10. natura : naturally.

11. cuius misceat: Eelative Clause of Purpose.

12. paene : modifying the entire clause, not any single word.

13. ne dicam impudenter : not to say shamelessly.

15. non possunt ; i.e. morally incapable.

16. Par est : it is fitting.

ipsum : in agreement with the indefinite subject of esse to be supplied in thought ; cf. p. 25, 1. 23, expertum.

19. confirmari potest : potest here involves future time, and so is temporally identical with the following futures, imperabunt^ etc.

20. quibus ceteri serviunt : to which others are slaves.

24. colent inter se ac diligent: cherish and love each other; when the phrase inter se is used with reciprocal force, se is not repeated as object of the verb. B. 245, 1, a.

25. verebuntur : i.e. will entertain such a feeling of respect as will forbid the asking of what is dishonorable.

27. in eis error : our English idiom inverts the relation, — they are in error.

28. lubidinum . . . licentiam : that the door is opened to lusts and sins of every kind.

29. virtutum : put first to emphasize the contrast between lubi- dinum^ peccatorum, and virtutum, i.e. 'tis not for lust and wrong doing, but for virtue that friendship is designed to be a help.

30. ut perveniret : to be joined closely in thought with data est.

32. coniuncta et consociata : by being joined and allied.

cum altera : = cum alterius virtute.

33« 1. Quae si quos inter, etc. : and if this union exists between any; the necessity of keeping quos (indefinite) with si has led to the anastrophe of the preposition.

NOTES 105

2. eorum ad summum naturae bonum comitatus : their escort on the road to nature'' s highest good must he held to he most excellent and hlessed. The verbal idea in comitatus justifies the prepositional phrase dependent upon a substantive ; cf. note on p. 6, 1. 15, reditum in caelum.

5. honestas, gloria, tranquillitas animi atque iucunditas : not four separate members with a connective between the last two (see note on p. 6, 1. 31), but three members, of which the last is a hendiadys, — sweet peace of spirit ; honestas means virtue.

6. ut et . . . et : so that on the one hand. . . . and on the other. cum adsint : cum is here temporal ; the subjunctive is the

result of attraction.

8. Quod : this ohject, viz. attaining happiness.

13. experiri : used absolutely, — to make the trial.

14. dicendum est enim saepius : the same thought has been presented, p. 24, 1. 27 ; p. 31, 1. 18.

cum iudicaris, diligere oportet, etc. : i.e. one ought not to form friendships until one has passed judgment on one's intended friends. For the subjunctive, see note on p. 3, 1. 8, verteris.

16. cum . . . tum maxime : not only . . . hut especially. multis in rebus: in many {other) things; cf. p. 1, 1. 13, Cum

saepe multa. neglegentia : Ablative of Cause.

17. praeposteris utimur consiliis : '•we put the cart hefore the horse'' (Stock), i.e. we form friendships before we have tested the friend ; praeposterus is applied to anything which is charac- terized by the reverse of the normal order or normal process. Hence consilia praepostera are those which come after^ instead of hefore., action.

18. acta agimus: we try to plead a case that is settled, i.e. having determined upon friendship, we afterwards proceed to test our friend's capacity to sustain this important relation. The expression acta agere was proverbial with the Romans. An ancient Latin commentator (Donatus) explains the phrase as arising in legal practice, and as applying originally to cases in court. The above translation aims to reproduce this conception. In the contradiction involved in its two members, the phrase acta agimus is an excellent illustration of the figure known as oxymoron.

106 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

quod vetamur : sc. facer e,

19. implicati ultro et citro : having become mutually attached, lit. intertwined.

20. usu, officiis : Ablatives of Cause, — as a result of long intimacy and (mutual) acts of kindness.

CHAPTER XXIII.

Neglect of friendship a serious fault. Of all human things this is the only one whose importance is universally recognized,

23. Quo etiam magis, etc. : i.e. such disregard is the more blameworthy in proportion as friendship itself is indispensable.

24. Una est: una (for unum, 'the only thing') is attracted to the gender of the predicate noun.

26. Quamquam virtus ipsa, etc. : and yet even virtue is de- spised by many ; Laelius's argument is this : Virtue is despised by many ; yet we all know tliat it is really desirable. How much more then must friendship be desirable, which no one despises, but which all with one accord unite in praising (omnes uno ore con- sentiunt).

28. quos ... delectat: explanatory of multi, — viz. those whom, etc.

29. parvo : for the ablative neuter of adjectives used substan- tively, cf. p. 14, 1. 15, Ab his.

victus cultusque : victus refers more particularly to subsistence, cultus to dress, furniture, and domestic adornment.

32. cetera : object of putent, but put at the beginning of the sentence for the sake of emphasis — in the case of other things.

34. 2. omnes ad unum : all to a man.

idem sentiunt : cherish the same sentiment,

3. et : correlative with the et . . . et following.

4. rerum cognitione doctrinaque : i.e. scientific investigation.

5. otiosi: 1.6. free from participation in public life.

6. vitam esse nullam: i.e. that life is not worth living; cf. p. 9, 1. 28, qui potest esse vita vitalis f

7. si modo velint: we should naturally expect the indicative

NOTES 107

here ; the subjunctive may be due to the presence of modo^ felt as denoting a proviso. liberaliter : as becomes a gentleman.

8. Serpit per vitas : pervades the lives.

9. nee ullam . . . rationem : no calling^ lit. no way of passing life.

10. esse expertem sui : to escape its (friendship'' s) influence.

12. ut : put ill the second place in order to emphasize congressus.

13. Timonem : Timon of Athens lived at the time of the Peloponnesian War. He was known by his contemporaries as 6 jULLaduepcoiros, 'the misanthrope,' and was the subject of literary treatment by Lucian (120-190 a.d.). Shakespere's play, Timon of Athens, deals with the same theme.

nescio quern : used, like ut opinor in line 24, to avoid the ap- pearance of too exact knowledge of matters not generally familiar.

14. is pati non possit, etc. : the form of expression is exceed- ingly cumbrous and unusual. Translate : yet he coidd not refrain from seeking some one.

apud quern evomat : in whose company to let forth. 16. hoc maxime iudicaretur: this conclusion (viz. as to the indispensableness of friendship) would be reached particularly.

21. qui posset : as to be able; Relative Clause of Result.

22. cuique : i.e. et ciii.

23. a Tarentino Archyta: Archytas of Tarentum was a fa- mous Pythagorean philosopher who flourished about 400 b.c. He was eminent also as a mathematician, general, and statesman.

24. dici solitum : solitum stands in predicate relation to quod^ — which I have heard old men mention as an oft-repeated saying of Archytas^ as my impression is (ut opinor) .

25. ab aliis senibus : from other old men ; with auditum.

26. si ascendisset, etc. : in direct statement the pluperfects of this passage would be perfect subjunctives ; fore would be present subjunctive, — if one should mount and see, one''s admiration would be ; but all this would be . . . if one should have, etc.

27. illam admirationem : admiration of those things; cf. p. 2, 1. 2, in earn mentionem = in eius rei mentionem.

28. si aliquem: cf. p. 12, 1. 32.

29. Sic, etc. : such a way has nature of loving, etc.

108 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

30. semperque: hut always; for -que adversative, cf. p. 9, 1. 23.

aliquod tamquam adminiculum : some prop, so to speak; adminiciilum properly designates the stake used to support a grapevine.

31. quod: sc. «(^mmicwZwm, in the figurative sense. amicissimo quoque dulcissimum : i.e. is dear in proportion to

the extent of the friendship.

CHAPTERS XXIV.-XXVI.

Friends must he ahsolutely frank with each other. Beproof must he administered , and must he endured. There can he no greater menace to friendship than flattery.

35. 3. quae ab ea monemur : = her warnings, viz. that friend- ship is indispensable ; quae is Accusative of Result (Internal Object) retained in the passive.

audimus : heed, listen to, as p. 30, 1. 10.

4. usus amicitiae : experience in friendship.

6. multaeque : and consequently many,

6. quas : sc. suspiciones. .

turn . . . turn . . . turn : now . . . now . . . now.

7. una ilia subeunda offensio : the following vexation in par- ticular must {however) he endured; ilia is explained by nam et monendi, etc.

ut retineatur : Clause of Purpose.

8. et (monendi) : this et is correlative with et before haec accipienda.

11. in Andria: the Andria ('The Woman of Andros') is an extant comedy of Terence, who lived from about 185 to 159 b.c.

familiaris meus : Terence.

13. obsequium, etc. : an iambic trimeter ; see note on p. 26, 1. 16. The metrical scheme is :

The scansion is :

Obse'qui | ^^ ami | cos, ve | ritas | odiiim | parit.

NOTES 109

For the iambus (w _)» we find a dactyl in the first foot, a spondee in the third, and an anapest (^ w ) in the fifth.

15. obsequium, quod sinit : a complaisance which allows. Lae- lius does not mean that all obsequium is necessarily bad, only cer- tain forms of it.

18. in fraudem : to ruin.

19. habenda ratio et diligentia : there is a slight zeugma here ; rationem habere is a common phrase, but diligentiam habere is unknown ; the Romans said diligentiam adhibere.

20. monitio: found only here in Cicero.

22. comitas adsit, assentatio amoveatur: the clause comi- tas adsit, though grammatically coordinate with amoveatur, is logi- cally subordinate to it, — though affability is to be present, yet let flattery be put aside.

23. quae est : with distinct causal force, since it is not worthy.

24. non modo : for 7ion modo non; when the sentence has but one predicate, and this stands with ne . . . quidem in the second member, non modo may be used for non modo non.

libero : a gentleman ; cf . p. 34, 1. 7, liberaliter.

25. cum tyranno : with a tyrant, flattery may have its excuse, but not with friends.

28. illud Catonis : that v^ell-known saying of Cato.

ut multa: for ut multa alia, as often ; cf. p. 1, 1. 13. Cato's sayings were collected and published after his death.

melius de quibusdam mereri : bene de aliquo mereri means to deserve well of some 07ie, i.e. to have done a service to some one; so here : to certain men bitter enemies often do a greater service.

30. illos verum : explicative asyndeton.

31. illud : explained by the clause quod capiunt.

36. 2. peccasse se ; the infinitive depends upon anguntur as a verbum sentiendi.

3. obiurgari moleste ferunt : se would naturally be expressed as the subject of obiurgari, but is easily supplied from peccasse se.

4. quod contra oportebat : ivhereas on the other hand (lit. against which) they ought; quod is governed by contra; for the anastrophe, cf. Cato Maior, § 84, quod contra deciiit,

6. moneri : i.e. to take advice.

7. libere : frankly.

110 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

8. non aspere : (jjet) imthout harshness, repugnanter : resentfully.

9. sic : correlative with the foregoing ut.

10. adulationem, blanditiam, assentationem : of these three designations, adulatio, ' fawning,' is the strongest ; blanditia means the saying of pleasant things ; assentatio is slavish agreement with the opinions of others. Blanditia occurs only rarely in the singu- lar ; ordinarily the form is hlanditiae.

11. quamvis enim multis nominibus: for under as many names as you will.

12. notandum : to he branded, ad : with reference to.

14. omnium rerum : in all matters,

15. idque : id refers to veri. amicitiae : dative.

17. valere non potest : can have no force,

18. sit in eo, ut unus, etc. : consists, so to speak, in the creation of 07ie spirit out of several,

19. qui : how?

uno . . . quoque : each one.

20. unus animus idemque : one spirit and the same spirit; the rendering ' one and the same spirit ' would be misleading.

21. multiplex : deceitful, as p. 26, 1. 30.

22. f lexibile : inconstant; only here, apparently, in this sense. devium : synonymous with flexibile.

24. convertitur: here in the middle sense, turns (lit. turns himself).

25. Negat quis, nego, etc. : if a person says '- no,^ I say ^ no"* ; if he says ^yes,^ I say '-yes,'^ The lines are from the Eunuchus ('The Eunuch') of Terence, II, 2, 21. The metre is the trochaic septenarius, — seven trochees and the first syllable of an eighth. The metrical scheme is :

6v^_|www|^-l ll./w|-_wv^|Z^|_.

/v^l I-/-.

The scansion is :

Negat quis | neg» ait | aio | postre | m9 imper | avi ego | met mi | hi. Omnia I assen I tari.

NOTES 111

The anapaest (v^ w __), spondee ( ), or tribrach (www)

is freely substituted for the trochee in any foot except the last. postremo : in shorty in fine.

26. Omnia : in all things.

27. Gnathonis : of Gnatho, a parasite. persona : the role, part.

28. quod amici genus : a kind of friend lohich. adhibere omnino : to admit (to one"^ s friendship) at all.

29. Multi autem Gnathonum similes cum sint : hut inasmuch as many are like the Gnathos ; on the plural Gnathomim, used to represent a class, cf. p. 9, 1. 24, Paulos.

30. loco, fortuna, fama superiores : though superior in origin^ etc.

31. vanitatem: emptiness, hollowness, insincerity. auctoritas : influence.

37. 2. tam; i.e. as easily. adhibita diligentia : by taking care.

3. sinceris, veris : sinceris is contrasted with fucata, veris with simulata. contio : a {popular) gathering. 6. popularem ; a demagogue.

6. inter : in consequence of the intervening appositional phrase, the preposition is repeated for the sake of clearness.

7. C. Papirius : Gains Papirius Carbo ; see note on p. 17, 1. 19. influebat in auris : i.e. insinuated himself into the favor of the

people.

8. cum ferret legem : when he introduced a bill.

de tribunis plebis reficiendis : in 137 b.c, Carbo, who was then tribune, introduced a proposition authorizing the reelection of the same person to the office of tribune. Scipio spoke against the measure and defeated it.

9. Dissuasimus nos : / argued against it ; note the ' editorial ' nos, followed immediately by the return to the singular {sed nihil de me).

11. ut facile . . . diceres: so that you involuntarily declared him leader, etc. ; the second singular with general force.

13. est in manibus oratio : in circulation, i.e. may still be read, as in Cato Maior, § 12. The phrase often has another mean-

112 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

ing, e.g. in manibus habere, 'to have in hand,' i.e. to be at work upon.

lex popularis, suffragiis populi : the contrast of popularis and populi is decidedly sarcastic.

15. Q. Maximo : see note on p. 28, 1. 12.

16. et : ordinarily no conjunction is used to connect the names of consuls when the praenomen is expressed ; here, however, the connective is necessitated by the intervening appositive.

quam videbatur: instead of the subjunctive of indirect ques- tion, we have the thought expressed with greater emphasis in the form of an explanation, meministis being parenthetical.

lex de sacerdotiis ; by this bill it was proposed to abolish the right of the priestly colleges to fill vacancies in their own bodies, and to transfer this power to the people.

17. C. Licini Crassi : Crassus was tribune in 145 b.c.

18. ad populi beneficium transferebatur : was being changed to a matter of public patronage (Reid) ; transferebatur is used with conative force, — the attempt was made to transfer.

atque : a7id further.

19. in forum versus : the tribunes spoke from the Rostra, which at the time referred to was situated between the forum and the comitium. The patricians gathered in the comitiitm, the ple- beians in the foriim. Hence Crassus's innovation was in the nature of a bid for popular favor.

agere cum populo : the technical phrase to designate the official presentation of business to the people by a magistrate ; cf . p. 2, 1. 11.

20. vendibilem: attractive, engaging,

22. praetore me : Laelius was praetor in 145 b.c.

23. re magis quam summa auctoritate : i.e. by the merits of the case itself rather than by virtue of any supreme authority. The summa auctoritas belonged to the consul ; Laelius was only praetor.

25. in scaena, id est in contione : on the {public) stage, I mean in the popular assembly ; scaena in this sense is not uncommon.

26. in qua : referring to scaena.

rebus fictis et adumbratis : pretence and misrepresentation ; adumbrare is primarily to sketch in outline, and so secondarily to represent imperfectly or to misrepresent, as here.

NOTES 113

loci plurimum : most scope (Sicigwick).

28. tota : nominative.

29. perpenditur : lit. xceighed^ i.e. estimated, tested.

ut dicitur : indicating tliat apertum pectus videre is a proverbial expression ; cf. p. 8, 1. 19, ut aiunt.

31. amare, amari : in apposition with nihil.

32. Quamquam : corrective, — and yet.

38. 1. quamvis perniciosa sit : however baneful it he. 3. patefaciat aures : the English idiom is * to lend an ear.'

5. Omnino : somewhat concessive, and correlative with the following autem, — to be sure . . . but. ^

6. quamque : = et quam.

7. de virtutis opinione: of fancied virtue,

9. videri : sc. praediti esse.

10. his adhibetur : is directed at these. 12. laudum suarum: of their own merits.

Nulla : emphatic by position, — no friendship at all ; cf . p. 34, 1. 6, vitam esse nullam.

haec : explained by the following cwm-clauses.

15. nisi essent milites gloriosi : unless there loere braggart soldiers; the miles gloriosus was a stock figure of the Roman comedy, and there are many scenes in which the flattery of the parasite and the braggadocio of his master are cleverly depicted. The best-known examples of the type are Pyrgopolinlces in Plau- tus's Miles Gloriosus and Thraso in Terence's Eunuchus.

17. Magnas vero agere, etc.: this line is spoken by Thraso in the Eunuchus, III, 1, 1. He has sent his mistress, Thais, a pres- ent, and inquires of Gnatho, his parasite, how she has received it. The infinitive agere is exclamatory. The verse is an iambic trim- eter (see note on p. 26, 1. 16). The metrical scheme is :

The scansion is :

Magnas | ver» age | re gra | tias | Thais | mihi.

Note the spondee used for the iambus in the first foot, and the dactyl in the second.

18. inquit : sc. Gnatho. 22. allectant: court.

114 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

graviores constantioresque : those of stronger and steadier character. 25. nemo non videt : no one fails to see,

28. quippe qui : since he.

29. det manus : surrenders.

39. 1. plus vidisse : to have had the deeper insight^ i.e. into the matter under discussion.

2. ut ne : on ut ne., see note on p. 18, 1. 13. magis : so. q^to tiirpius est.

3. Ut me hodie, etc.: well surely you have cheated and made sport of me to-day most richly^ beyond all other old men who figure in comedy ; the subjunctive with ut often occurs in such expres- sions as this, dependent, perhaps, upon something to be supplied, e.g. * it has been brought about ' {factum est)^ or something similar ; verso is here used in the figurative sense of turning a man about one's finger ; inlusseris with ss represents the archaic spelling, which, as inscriptions show, was still in vogue in Cicero's day in many words which we ordinarily spell with one s, e.g. ussus, divissio^ caussa, etc. The two verses are from a lost play, the Epiclerus (*The Heiress'), by Caecilius Statins, a Roman comic poet who lived from about 220 to 166 B.C., and of whose works only fragments remain. The metre of the lines is iambic trime- ter. Their metrical structure will be apparent from a compari- son with p. 26, 1. 16, and p. 35, 1. 12. Cicero quotes the words comicos stultos senes also in Cato Maior, § 36.

5. etiam in fabulis : as well as in real life. persona : as p. 2, 1. 22.

6. improvidorum et credulorum senum : the genitive is ap- positional, and explanatory of persona.

7. perfectorum: complete.

8. de hac sapientia, etc. : as opposed to the impossible ideal of the Stoics ; see p. 8, 1. 10, earn sapientiam interpretantur quam adhuc mortalis nemo consecutus est.

in hominem cadere : to fall to the lot of man; cf. p. 20, 1. 10.

10. ad ilia prima : viz. that friendship can subsist only between the good, as stated, p. 8, 1. 5.

11. aliquando : at length.

NOTES 115

CHAPTER XXVII.

In closing^ Laelius again emphasizes the indispensahleness of virtue as a basis for friendship^ and closes with a lofty tribute to the character of Scipio.

12. C. Fanni, Q. Muci: the full names are in accordance with the great earnestness of the speaker.

14. convenientia rerum : harmony,

15. quae : viz. virtns.

18. ex quo: in consequence of lohich,

19. dictum est: are called^ named.

20. nulla indigentia: without any sense of want; Ablative of Attendant Circumstance ; quaesita belongs only with utilitate.

21. quae : viz. utilitas. ipsa : of its own accord,

22. minus = non.

23. senes illos : those famous old men.

24. Paulum, Catonem, Galum : see note on p. 4, 1. 21. Nasicam : P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum, son-in-law of

the elder Africanus. He was consul in 162 and 155 b.c.

25. Ti. Gracchum : father of the Gracchi, and, like Nasica, son-in-law of the elder Africanus.

26. aequales : men of the same age.

27. Furium, Rupilium, Mummium : see notes on p. 28, 1. 10 f .

29. acquiescimus : i.e. find rest and solace. Tuberonis : see note on p. 16, 1. 13.

30. Rutili : Publius Rutilius Rufus, a famous jurist, pupil of P. Mucins Scaevola. In philosophy he studied under the Stoic Panaetius.

31. Vergini : Aulus Verginius, another jurist. ratio: plan.

4:0, 1. alia ex alia aetas oriatur : one generation after another is {ever) springing up.

3. e carceribus emissus sis, ad calcem pervenire : the com- parison is borrowed from the race-course ; carceres were the stalls at the end of the course from which the chariots started ; the calx (lit. lime) was a chalk-line marking the limit of the race ; emitters

116 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

(lit. to let go) was the technical expression for starting the char- iots. Notice the apologetic expressions, tamquam and ut dicitur, used to soften the metaphor, as frequently. With the whole ex- pression, cf. the closely similar passage in the Cato Maior, § 83, nee vero velim quasi decurso spatio ad carceres a calce revocari.

10. virtutem : emphatic, — Hioas the character of that mail, that I loved.

11. quae : and that.

12. in manibus habui ; I have had it at hand ; here we have yet a third sense in which the phrase in manibus habere occurs. For the two others, see note on p. 37, 1. 13.

14. maiora : I.e. any very great enterprises.

19. rerum privatarum : concerning private matters.

20. in eadem : in that too.

21. ne quidem : used, as often, to take up and intensify a pre- ceding negative.

quod quidem senserim : so far at least as I noticed ; Clause of Characteristic, with restrictive force.

23. idem victus : the same mode of life.

26. cognoscendi atque discendi, and (1. 28) recordatio et memoria : for the synonyms, cf. p. 14, 1. 25.

31. nee: on the one hand . . . not; correlative with et before si ('and on the other').

alunturque : -que here has adversative force, — are not blotted out^ but are rather fostered.

4:1. 1. illis : on the ablative plural neuter used substantively, see note on p. 14, 1. 15.

affert : the apodosis corresponding to si orbatus essem would naturally stand in the imperfect subjunctive, but the anacoluthon, by stating the conclusion as a fact, adds vividness to the passage.

aetas ipsa : my very age.

2. Diutius : {not) very long.

5. Haec habui quae dicerem : I had this to say; Relative Clause of Purpose ; cf . the similar close of the Cato Maior, Haec habui quae de senectute dicerem.

6. ita virtutem locetis : i.e. give it so important a place.

CRITICAL APPENDIX

•♦o^

The standard critical edition of the de Amicitia is that by C. F. W. Miiller in the Teubner edition of Cicero's works (Leipsic, 1879). MUlIer's edition was based upon the following Mss. :

Gudianus (G).

2 Monacenses (BS), at Munich.

2 Vindobonenses (DV), at Vienna.

Erfurtensis (E), at Erfurt.

Parisinus (P), in the possession of Bernard Quaritch, Esq., of London.

Since the publication of Miiller' s edition the following new Ms. material has become available :

Harleianus 2682, in the British Museum.

2 Cornelliani (CK), in the Library of Cornell University at Ithaca, whose existence was not known to me until my own text had been given to the printer. At the earliest opportunity I shall publish an account of these Mss.

P is regarded by MuUer as the best Ms., but it is questionable whether he does not overrate its worth.

In the Neue Jahrbticher fur Philologie und Padagogik, vol. 135, p. 645, Dr. Carl Meissner has ably discussed a number of the more difficult problems of the text. Several of the readings proposed by him are so plausible that I have adopted them.

1. 16. permultis: Miiller reads /or^e mitltis. The Mss. have turn fere midtis^ which several editors retain. With that reading fere must be taken with turn. But it is difficult to see the appropri- ateness of any such modifier of turn in this context ; the addition of fere to turn hinders rather than helps the thought. I have

1 This appendix is devoted chiefly to a discussion of the passages (some forty in number) where I have deviated from the text of Miiller.

117

118 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

therefore adopted the conjecture of Schiche and Strelitz,^ permuUis. This seems to me superior to Mtiller's conjecture, forte multis ; in point of sense it is more natural, and paleographically it is easier. The Greek translation of Petavius (Paris, 1553) has %s (sc. Koyos) KaX TToWols rrjviKavTa dia (TtSjxcltos "fiv,

4. 26. utroque vestrum : Mss. GBSVE have this reading ; PD have utroque^ followed by Mtiller, and all recent editors except Reid. To omit vestrum would be to concede more authority to P than it seems to me we are justified in attaching to that Ms.

6. 12. qui non turn hoc, turn illud, uti plerique : Mtiller gives the Ms. reading here : qui non turn hoc, turn illud, ut in pie- risque, and marks the passage as corrupt. In this attitude he is probably correct, as the omission of the verb of saying with qui is unparalleled. Some scholars defend the ellipsis, comparing such stereotyped phrases as p. 1, 1. 10, sed de hoc alias. But such com- parisons do not seem to me to furnish the necessary support for the omission of dicebat in the passage before us. Gulielmius suggested cui for qui and made this depend upon videbatur to be supplied from videbatur below, changing also ut in plerisque to uti plerisque. This conjecture has met with much favor, but it can hardly be pronounced less violent than the proposal to understand dicebat. Those who retain ut in plerisque, 'as in most matters,' explain it as referring to Socrates' s habit of assuming a position now on one side of a subject, now on the other, for the sake of argument. But as Deiter well remarks (Bursian's Jahresbericht, vol. 84, p. 79), Socrates was not so vacillating that in most cases he held now this view, now that. The contrast is drawn rather between the views of Socrates and the views of others touching the nature of the human soul. Hence Deiter himself had conjectured ut plerique, a reading found, according to Ramorino (Rivista di Filologia, XV, 261), in a Milan Ms. collated by him. The conjecture uti plerique is Strelitz's ; I have adopted it as being slightly nearer the Mss.

10. 31. atque discordiis: Mtiller reads atque ex discordiis. The Ms. authority for ex, however, is slight, and the repetition of the preposition is unusual where synonyms are combined.

1 Schiche's text was published first, but Strelitz had independently hit upon the same conjecture.

CRITICAL APPENDIX 119

percipi: this is the Ms. reading. Miiller reads perspici after Madvig. But percipi is used frequently in the sense demanded by the context. For instances, see Merguet, Lexikon zu den philo- sophischen Schriften Ciceros. Of recent editors, Reid, Schiche, Nauck, and Monet read percipi.

11. 21. qua : this is the reading of all the Mss. except P, which reads quae, adopted by Miiller. It is perfectly true that quae is as common or commoner in Cicero than qua as an indefinite pronoun (see Neue, Formenlehre der lateinischen Sprache^, II, p. 467); yet qua is frequent, and in the present passage seems to have decidedly the stronger support.

15. 18. perductiessent: this is Meissner's conjecture. Miiller, following the Mss., reads perduxissenU Meissner defends his con- jecture in Neue Jahrblicher fur Philologie und Padagogik, vol. 135, p. 553 f. If we read perduxissent, he points out that not only is there a violent change of subject in the two successive verbs {pone- rentur 3iud perduxissent) , but it is also necessary to supply an object (amorces) with perduxissent ; the subject is again violently changed with dirimi (sc. amoves). Stylistically Meissner's conjecture is a great improvement, while paleographically it is extremely simple and plausible.

17. 4. memoriam: Miiller follows P and reads memoria, in which he is followed by all recent editors except Reid. Editors defend memoria by citing Cato quoted by Gellius, XIV, 2, 26, Atque ego a maiorihus memoria sic accept; and Cic. de Nat. Deo. II, 37, 95, accepissent autem fama et auditione esse quoddam numen et vim deorum. But these cases are different; in the passage from Cato, accept is completed by sic; in the passage from the de Nat. Deo. the verb has a direct object in the infinitive. In the Laelius passage we are called upon to accept accipere alone in the same use.

18. 2. quoquo: the reading of C (and earlier editors). P has quoque ; the other Mss. quoque quem. Mtiller reads quocumque.

5. Serpit clam ea res : the Mss. give Serptt deinde res, which Miiller reads and marks as corrupt. My reading follows the con- jecture of Deiter (Bursian's .Jahresbericht, vol. 84, p. 79). The con- fusion of initial cl with d is easy and of frequent occurrence in Mss. ; m also might easily become in, so that paleographically Deiter's conjecture {dain ea > delude) is very plausible.

120 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

15. in magna aliqua re : P has in magna aliqua rep ; the other Mss., in magna aliqua re p., i.e. magnam aliquam rem p. (except- ing Y, which omits p.). Miiller reads in magna aliqua re puhlica ; other editors consider the p. a dittography of the initial p of pec- cantibus. Tliis view lias seemed to me the more probable, as it has to most recent editors, — Halm, Baiter, Lahmeyer, Nauck, Schiche, Meissner, Strelitz, Novak, Monet. I am influenced more by the extreme rarity of the expression res puhlica in the sense of * a public matter ' than by any other consideration. The text used by Petavius, however, evidently had re puhlica. His translation is: €u jULeydKo) riul /card rris iroKLreias.

32. futura sit : the reading of all Mss. except PE, which omit sit. Halm, Reid, Meissner, Novak, read futura sit. Editors who omit sit cite no parallel.

19. 4. consilium verum : this is the Ms. reading. Miiller and nearly all recent editors change verum to vero. Reid, however, ably defends the reading verum., citing Horace, Satires II, 3, 16, di te, Damasippe^ deaeqne verum oh consilium donent tonsore ; Curtius VI, 10, 26^ fides amicitiae, veri consilii pjericulosa lihertas. He farther urges the interruption of the asyndetic construction of the passage consequent upon reading vero. Petavius translates TaArjdri ^ujiil3ou\evouT€S.

21, 6. tam trahat : this is the Ms. reading. Miiller and most editors arbitrarily change this to attrahat ; in defence of the Ms. reading Reid cites Horace, Satires, II, 6, 76, quidve ad amicitias, usus rectumne., trahat nos.

19. utilitatis causa : this is the reading of all Mss. except PE, which have utilitatum. Miiller reads utilitatum^ and is followed in this by most recent editors. Reid and Lahmeyer have utilitatis. This seems to me to deserve the preference, not only on Ms. grounds, but also because utilitatis causa is a stock phrase in Cicero's dis- cussions of ethical problems ; utilitatum causa nowhere occurs.

22. 15. ferunt, tum exsulantem : this is the Ms. reading, and is followed by most recent editors, — Lahmeyer, Reid, Nauck, Strelitz, Schiche, Monet. Miiller, following Madvig's conjecture, reads ferunt exsulantem^ tum. I can see no adequate grounds for altering the Ms. reading.

29. sperni ab eis veteres amicitias, indulgeri novis : Miiller,

CRITICAL APPENDIX 121

after Mommsen, brackets these words, which are lacking in P, but the passage has a genuine Ciceronian character, and ought, in my judgment, to be regarded as sound.

23. 16. faciat: the Mss., followed by Muller, read /aci^ But facial is almost a syntactical necessity here, as is recognized by Halm, Baiter, Meissner, Strelitz, Tucking, Novak. At p. 24, 1. 3, where the same sentence again occurs, all Mss. have facial.

24. 9. inducat in spem: in support of the insertion of in, which no existing Ms. has, may be cited Petavius's translation, eU

25. 28. amicitiis: CDK have amiciliis ; EV, amicilia; PMG, amicilias ; BS, amilicias. Petavius evidently followed a text or Ms. which read amiciliis; his translation is %va . . . rals <l>i\iais

32. Sint vero aliqui reperti: the Mss. vary considerably here. MGBSV have sin vero eninl, P has sinuerunt, DE have sin erunl. As the Latinity of sin vero is questionable for Cicero's writings, Mtiller reads sin erunl. My reading follows H 2682.

26. 18. aut in bonis : the Mss. have atit si in bonis, fol- lowed by Miiller and all other editors except Meissner. I follow him in rejecting si, and consequently in putting a colon after convincunL

24. constantiaeque eius, quam in amicitia quaerimus, fides est : this is my conjecture for the Ms. reading conslanliaeque esl eius, quam in amicilia quaerimus, fides, which puts esl in a most unnatural position. It is much simpler to believe that in the arche- type esl had fallen out after fides (at the end of a line ?) and was then wrongly inserted after conslanliaeque. In C conslanliaeque and fides both stand at the end of the line.

27. 32. Quin in ipso : the Mss. vary. P reads qui in ; GBESV, quin el in ; D, alqui in. Mtiller reads quin ipso. But the sense of the passage makes in indispensable (see Meissner, Neue Jahr- biicher fiir Philologie und Padagogik, 135, p. 555). My text follows Schiche's conjecture. Meissner himself reads Li ipso. But his plea that Cicero would not have used quin twice in such close en- vironment can hardly have weight in face of the overwhelming Ms. evidence in favor of that word in the present passage. Peta-

122 LAELIUS DE AMICITIA

vius translates, Ka\ iu avrca Se iVTTO). Schiche's conjecture now re- ceives confirmation from the reading of C, qii in ipso}

29. 14. opera : the Mss., followed by Miiller, have opere ; and so all editors except Reid, who rightly urges that opera is here demanded by the sense.

31. Dispares enim mores disparia studia sequuntur : Miiller puts a comma after mores, and' takes both nouns (used as syno- nyms) as the subject of sequuntur. With most recent editors I remove the comma and interpret the sentence as explained in the commentary.

30, 23. solvendae : I follow Novak's conjecture. The Mss. have eluendae (C elevandae), followed by Miiller and all other editors. But eluere, * to wash out,' is nowhere used of such things as amicitia, — only of blood, disgrace, ignominy, etc. The cor- ruption of solvendae to eluendae would have been perfectly natural. We have only to assume the haplography of ss and the change of o to e. With the expression, cf. amicitias dissolveret, p. 14, 1. 31.

31 • 2. Nihil enim est : this is the reading of all Mss. except M, which has 7iihil est enim, adopted by Miiller.

7. at cum bonitate : the Mss. give auctoritate followed by Miiller. I have adopted Meissner's conjecture, which is not merely paleographically simple, but yields excellent sense.

11. oppressae esse: this is the reading of all Mss. except M, which omits esse. Miiller follows M.

16. non is : Miiller here omits is by an oversight.

33. 17. deligendis: the Mss. give diligendis ; so Miiller and most editors ; but et . . . et seems to indicate that we have not synonymous expressions to deal with. Petavius evidently had a Ms. or edition which read deligendis, for his translation is M t^s CKKoyrjs koX d^paireias.

35. 7. subeunda: Madvig's conjecture for suhlevanda of the Mss. followed by Miiller. Even Mliller's elaborate note in defence of the Ms. reading (Seyffert-Mliller, p. 511) does not persuade me

1 1 read this qii as quin (despite the fact that the recognized ab- breviation for quin is qn), owing to the recurrence of the same abbre- viation at § 68 fin. (pii locis ipsis, where all other Mss. have quin (E qui in), long since corrected to cum (Mii. quom).

CRITICAL APPENDIX 123

to accept his reading ; for the expression offensio subeunda, cf. Pliny, Epp. iv. 7. 11, subire offensas.

37. 6. et severum : Miiller here follows MGDE which have severum ; BCSV have et severum, the reading adopted by Halm, Baiter, Meissner, Novak. Inasmuch as constantem, severum, and gravem are independent and equal modifiers of civem, et cannot properly be omitted here.

10. illi : MGD, followed by Mtiller, have ilia ; PBCESV have illiy adopted by Nauck, Reid, Novak, Monet. The position of the pronoun, as well as the sense of the passage, seems to me to be against Miiller's reading.

12. [non comitem] : bracketed by Graevius as an interpolation from § 37, nee se comitem illius furoris, sed ducem praebuit.

40, 1. alia ex alia : ex alia is Orelli's emendation ; I follow Muller in accepting it. But it evidently antedates Orelli by several centuries. Petavius translates d\\r}u i^ dWrjs.

THE STUDENTS' SERIES OF LATIN CLASSICS.

UNDER THE EDITORIAL SUPERVISION OP

ERNEST MONDELL PEASE, A.M.,

Leland Stanford Junior University^

▲ND

HARRY THURSTON PECK, Ph.D., L.H.D.,

Columbia College»

This Series contains the Latin authors usually read in American schools and colleges, and also others well adapted to class-room use, but not heretofore published in suitable editions. The several volumes are prepared by special editors, who aim to revise the text carefully and to edit it in the most serviceable manner. Where there are German editions of unusual merit, representing years of special study under the most favorable circumstances, these are used, with the consent of the foreign editor, as a basis for thd American edition. In this way it is possible to bring out text-books of the highest excellence in a comparatively short period of time.

The editions are of two kinds, conforming to the different methods of studying Latin in our best institutions. Some contain in the introductions and commentary such a careful and minute treatment of the author's life, language, and style as to afford the means for a thorough appreciation of the author and his place in Latin literature. Others aim merely to assist the student to a good reading knowledge of the author, and have only the text and brief explanatory notes at the bottom of each page. The latter are particularly acceptable for sight reading, and for rapid reading after the minute study of an author or period in one of the fuller editions. For instance, after a class has read a play or two of Plautus and Terence carefully, with special reference to the pecu- liarities of style, language, metres, the methods of presenting a play, and the like, these ediUons will be admirably suited for the rapid reading of other plays.

The Series also contains various supplementary works prepared by competent scholars. Every effort is made to give the books a neat and attractive appearance.

I

The following volumes are now ready or in preparation : —

CAESAR, Gallic War, Books I-V. By Harold W. Johnston, Ph.D.. Professor in the Indiana University,

CATULLUS, Selections, based upon the edition of Riese. By Thomas B. Lindsay, Ph.D., Professor in Boston University.

CICERO, Select Orations. By B. L. D'Ooge, A.Mc, Professor in the State Normal School, Ypsilanti, Mich. Ready.

CICERO, De Senectute et de Amicitia. By Charles E. Bennett, A.M., Professor in the Cornell University. Ready,

CICERO, Tusculan Disputations, Books I and II. By Professor Peck.

CICERO, De Oratore, Book I, based upon the edition of Sorof. By W. B. Owen, Ph.D., Professor in Lafayette College. Ready,

CICERO, Select Letters, based in part upon the edition of Siipfle- Bockel. By Professor Pease.

EUTROPIUS, Selections. Ready,

GELLIUS, Selections. By Professor Peck.

HORACE, Odes and Epodes. By Paui. Shorey, Ph.D., Professor in the Chicago University. Ready,

HORACE, Satires and Epistles, based upon the edition of Kiessling. By James H. Kirkland, Ph.D., Professor in Vaaderbilt Uni- versity. Ready,

JUVENAL, Satires. By James C. Egbert, Jr., Ph.D., Adjunct Pro- fessor of Latin, and Nelson G. McCrea, Ph.D., Instructor in Latin, Columbia University.

LIVY, Books XXI and XXII, based upon the edition of Wolfflin. By

John K. Lord, Ph.D., Professor in Dartmouth College. Ready.

LIVY, Book I, for rapid reading. By Professor Lord. Ready.

LUCRETIUS, De Rerum Natura, Book III. By W. A. Merrill, Ph.D.,

Professor in the University of California»

MARTIAL, Selections. By Charles Knapp, Ph.D., Professor in

Barnard College.

NEPOS, for rapid reading. By Isaac Flagg, Ph.D., Professor in the

University of California. Ready.

KEFOS, Selections. By J. C. Jonbs, A.M., Professor in the Uniyersity of Missouri.

t

OVID, Selections from the Metamorphoses, based u];K>n the edition ot Meuser-Egeii. By B. L. Wiggins, A.M., Professor in the Univer- sity of the South.

JVID, Selections, for rapid reading. By A. L. Bondurant, A.M.,

Professor in the University of Mississippi.

PETRONIUS, Cena Trimalchionis, based upon the edition of Biichelef. By W. E. Waters, Ph.D., President of Wells College.

PLATJTUS, Captivi, for rapid reading. By Grove E. Barber, A.M.,

Professor in the University of Nebraska. Ready.

PLAUTUS, Menaechmi, based upon the edition of Brix. By Harold N. Fowler, Ph.D., Professor in the Western Reserve Univer- sity. Ready,

PLINY, Select Letters, for rapid reading. By Samuel Ball Plai- ner, Ph.D., Professor in the Western Reserve University. Ready,

QUINTILIAN, Book X and Selections from Book XII, based upon the edition of Kriiger.

SALLUST, Catiline, based upon the edition of Schmalz. By Charles G. Herbermann, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor in the College of the City of New York. Ready»

SENECA, Select Letters. By E. C. Winslow, A.M.

TACITUS, Annals, Book I and Selections from Book 11, based upon the edition of Nipperdey-Andresen. By E. M. Hyde, Ph.D., Pro- fessor in Lehigh University.

TACITUS, Agricola and Germania, based upon the editions of Schwei- zer-Sidler and Drage.". By A. G. Hopkins, Ph.D., Professor in Hamilton College. Ready.

TACITUS, H'.stories, Book I and Selections from Books II-V, based upon the edition of Wolff. By Edward H. Spieker, Ph.D., Pro- fessor in \he Johns Hopkins University.

TERENCE, Adelphoe, for rapid reading. By William L. Cowles, A.M., Professor in Amherst College. Ready,

TERENCE, Phormio, based upon the edition of Dziatzko. By Her- bert C. Elmer, Ph.D., Assistant Professor in the Cornell Uni- versity. Ready.

CIBULLUS AND PROPERTIUS, Selections, based upon the edition of Jacoby. By Henry F. Burton, A.M., Professor in the University of Rochester.

VALERIUS MAXIMUS, Fifty Selections, for rapid reading. By Charles S. Smith, A.M., Late College of New Jersey. Ready.

VELLEIUS PATERCULTIS, Historia Romana, Book II. By F. E. RocKWOOD, A.M., Professor in Bucknell University. Ready.

VERGIL, Books I- VI. By James H. Kirkland, Ph.D., Professor of Latin in Vanderbilt University, and William H. Kirk, Ph.D., Professor of Latin in Rutgers College.

VERGIL, The Story of Turnus from Aen. VII-XII, for rapid reading. By MOsES Slaughter, Ph.D., Professor in University of Wis- consin. Ready.

VIRI ROMAE, Selections. With Prose Exercises. By G. M. Whicher, A.M., Teachers' Normal College, New York City. Ready,

LATIN COMPOSITION, for college use. By Walter Miller, A.M.,

Professor in the Leland Stanford Jr. University. Ready,

LATIN COMPOSITION, for advanced classes. By H. R. Fairclough,

A.M., Professor in the Leland Stanford Jr. University.

HAND-BOOK OF LATIN SYNONYMS. By Mr. Miller.

A FIRST BOOK IN LATIN. By Hiram Tuell, A.M., late Principal of the Milton High School, Mass., and Harold N. Fovtler, Ph.D., Western Reserve University. Ready.

A BEGINNER'S BOOK IN LATIN. By Tuell and Fowler. Ready.

A NEW LATIN COMPOSITION, for schools. By M. Grant Daniell, A.M., formerly Principal of Chauncy Hall School, Boston. Ready,

A NEW GRADATIM. By M. C. Smart, A.M., Principal of Claremont (N.H.) High School. Ready.

THE PRIVATE LIFE OF THE ROMANS, a manual for the use of

schools and colleges. By Harriet Waters Preston and Louise Dodge. Ready.

GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY, based on the recent work of Steuding. By Karl P. Harrington, A.M., Professor in the Uni- versity of Maine, and Herbert C. Tolman, Ph.D., Professor in Vanderbilt University. Ready.

ATLAS ANTIQTJUS, twelve maps of the ancient world, for schools and colleges. By Dr. Henry Kiepert, M.R. Acad. Berlin. Ready.

BEN J. H. SANBORN & CO., Publishers,

Boston, Chicago, London.

DATE DUE

^^^s/a..

APR X \ PJAN 0 4 M ft 2 0 1988

APRiS^

»iAB 0 4 1989

,//

^ii.

8 1C4-

^^

1 ^981

ii U.'-l.<

jutis

0£0

'zO 13f9

DEC ' 1389

OfC 0 1 ^Eif

^

JULIO

ig» —

K10

DEMCO 38-297

Ci^

'^ y'lM^'U^<

<M^