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UU y Aah we = , | | giivevge” Svs. ay Bay? ddivedh = aint rae = | AM, ee a mm, ret Dated 1a Oewese of TL peta Ww 4 ty ay sulle) TE hhh ad .2ar* ve = ot! wiles yer ‘s . wy i Wi wy A ve ine id 4 WR yer’ 's Le “www! mai HI {Wi Crrawy | UUUNNN REIS er oo Ne NEM ett yttt as a . lala vy atid Vw wyyewee ee ene KAS veel AT TA : &§ wry eta . to tiag See vetted. a4 VS Sen We nee er, | wee ati td ble et ee cat yess rar . Vinyl ucewoyneneoerceneeuUUeNIEy PMA raga At to : Wh. 4 Pad ~ Wl Dd pobtielol ol lhe PU eyutbanyy yy anethy vewky “y Pe] ‘Ses! € A a ume es Ae a” . wm ° Se mneret s, A vy eheeconnes- Voy ys, | hy hd 1 rh Adil , yee b iy "wp, wtinr’ Geuyesuu: sear | qi twrryt rene, id Meh atyty ~ iv sw wrsrrt a] navi eS he el & we -¥oe wy ere wrt ey Op Pra LA All v Bee eaei ce: Ghee liee ahaa } ; i © 3 é o 7 ait Aas WY Lo é YF ry 5 University of the State of New York Bulletin Entered as second-class matter August 2, 1913, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under the act of August 24, 1912 Published fortnightly ee ak Sie Dv 76M No. 578 ALBANY, N. Y. NOVEMBER I, I914 New York State Museum Joun M. CLARKE, Director Museum Bulletin 173 TENTH REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE _ ‘STATE MUSEUM AND SCIENCE DEPARTMENT INCLUDING THE 67th REPORT OF THE STATE MUSEUM, THE 33d REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST, AND THE REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST FOR 1913 PAGE PAGE MAE ROGIUCHI OMe sencrs s cislae saree erie 3 IV Report of the State Ento- I Condition of the new Mu- mologist s\faie\balln) beliefs) /aMias ita 84 SERIE at oie ha) Maju ae $4 4 Vex Zoology”. (ena iene ae 90 New Museum cases..... 5 | yy Report of the Archeologist. 93 Progress of installation... 29 hoe : MEL Publications. 5h. te ae 103 II Report of the Geological isurgey el 36 VIII Report on the collection of Pi erPEOlORY 1/0). a ciaes 36 coins, medals and paper Board of Geographic MONE Yewer Meals Neveiiee 107 HN EICS Ca fst! s ctl ok dS 43 IX Staff of the Department of FAECAL SEOLOLY. 5 ascii. 2 ni 58 SCLELCERE Ralbee Ai a se N 109 Surficial geology........ 67 x uA p indvestea coun aaa) 69 CEESSIONS fh eLp ee Ree Or III Wianeralogya ny oi-iciis che are XD DER Cin see tary. (ne he ee ier enn Lt 142 Baleontolagys, 20%... 2. 73 The Origin of Man (adapted from paper by Dr E. Rivet) 142 AU The University of the State of New York Department of Science, March 16, 1914 Dr John H. Finley President of the University Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith my annual report as Director of the State Museum for the fiscal year ending Septem- ber 30, 1913, and to recommend it for publication as a Museum bulletin. Very respectfully Joun M. CLarKE Director Approved for publication this 18th day of March 1914 ——_.20 a= President of the University A restoration of one of the oldest trees of the earth (Atr Ginerorsnten Itai pieuenarenva™) Recently erected in the State Museum and reconstructed from a specimen found in the Devonic rocks of Naples, N. Y. University of the State of New York Bulletin Entered as second-class matter August 2, 1913, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., uider the act of August, 12, 1912 Published fortnightly No. 578 ALBANY, N. Y. NOVEMBER I, I914 New York State Museum Joun M. Crarke, Director Museum Bulletin 173 TENTH REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE STATE MUSEUM AND SCIENCE DEPART- MENT INCLUDING THE 67TH REPORT OF THE STATE MUSEUM, THE 33D REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST AND THE REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST FOR I9Q13 INTRODUCTION This report covers all divisions of the scientific and other Museum work under the charge of the Regents of the University and con- cerns the progress made therein during the fiscal year 1912-13. It constitutes the 67th consecutive annual report of the State Museum, the 33d annual report of the State Geologist (consecutive since 1881) and the report of the State Paleontologist for 1913. It is introductory to all memoirs, bulletins and other publications issued from this Department during the year named. The committee of the Board of Regents having supervision of the affairs of this Department are the Honorables: Charles B. Alexander M.A. LL.B. LL.D. Litt.D., Tuxedo; Francis M. Car- penter, Mount Kisco; Lucius N. Littauer B.A., Gloversville. The subjects presented in this report are considered under the following chapters : I Condition of the New Museum and Progress in Installation II Report on the Geological Survey III Report of the State Botanist IV Report of the State Fntomologist V Report on the Division of Zoology 4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM VI Report on the Division of Archeology and Ethnology VII Report on the Publications of the Department for the Year VIII Report on the Collection of Coins and Medals IX Staff of the Department X Accessions to the Collections XI Appendixes (to be continued in subsequent volumes) I CONDITION OF THE NEW MUSEUM The entire energy of this staff has been given, during the past year, almost without reserve, to the equipment of the Museum halls and offices. The transfer of the collections from the State Hall, Geological Hall, Universalist church, Taylor brewery (storehouse) and other buildings which had been utilized for storage, began in October last and the process of moving continued throughout the winter. It was unavoidable that in spite of every precaution in such removal, a state of confusion should ensue, and even the temporary arrangement of this great accumulation of, scientific material in such form as to make it accessible for installation and orderly storage made the utmost demands on the industry and patience of the staff. Every man has given his best service to the relief of conditions which constantly exacted laborious manual work and unremitting good nature. At the time of this removal there were no cases in which the collections could be installed or stored except the few brought over from other buildings, which it was the intention to use temporarily. Boxes, crates, barrels and drawers were piled up on the bare floors, with such attempts at arrangement as could be made under the urgent pressure of a moving contract. In March the parts of the new Musuem cases which have been under construction by George W. Cobb, jr, were delivered and final assembling of them has con- tinued throughout the year. These conditions falling together made the problems of installation peculiarly trying, requiring the un- packing of the materials while there was no case room available for them. But the selection and preparation of the collections pro- ceeded with such temporary expedients as could be devised while the construction of the cases went on with the deliberation essential to good workmanship. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQ13 5 NEW MUSEUM CASES The contract for the new case equipment called for 384 cases of 28 different types. The general design and plans were worked out by the scientific staff with special reference to their adaptation to distinctive exhibits. These cases are now all completed and it may be well to give herewith, as a matter of record, a brief notice of the several types and styles of construction. In selecting the materials for these cases, it was determined to avoid, so far as possible, the use of metal. The action of the metal and the ‘oak cases under the conflagration conditions of the Capitol fire left barely a choice in this matter, and after full consideration by the Regents committee specially charged with the letting of the con- tract, it was deemed wise to avoid metal except in the construction of the cases for the herbarium. Wood and plate glass, being determined upon as the essential construction materials, in order to avoid monotony of color, mahogany was selected for the wood in the cases for the Zoology, Paleontology and Archeology Halls, ebonized cherry for the Geology and Mineralogy Halls. The fol- lowing brief exposition of their composition and projection has been prepared by Mr Whitlock. EXHIBITION AND STORAGE TYPES Type B. Cases of type B were designed primarily for the ex- hibition of the general collection of minerals. They have, however, been adopted throughout other sections of the Museum to such an extent that over 50 per cent of the exhibition cases are included under this type. Type B must therefore be regarded as a case adapted to the combined display and storage of small or medium sized objects which it is desirable to show ‘n rows close enough to the eye to admit of the objects being seen in detail. This applies to small fossils, minerals, hand specimens of rock, shells, birds’ eggs and small archeological objects, such as pipes, bone implements, etc. The design of this case was modified from one in use in the mineralogical museum of Columbia University, which in turn was derived from a style of case in the University Museum at Prague. The exhibition space of this type case consists of a triangular prism 5 feet long by 2 feet 3 inches wide by 2 feet 3 inches high, the deck being raised to a level of 3 feet 114 inches from the floor level. This exhibition space is accessible by one single-panel lid 6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM inclined, hinged at the top. Removable steps, in two sections to the case, are provided for the display of small specimens, giving five levels with about 25 feet of shelf length in each case. The space below the exhibition portion of the case is furnished with 12 drawers in 2 rows, inclosed by wooden doors which lock with the same key as the lid of the exhibition portion. The type B cases are in most instances assembled back to back in blocks of «four. Types C and D. Types C and D are essentially the same, the only difference being that C is 2 feet longer than D. Both types are designed for the display of archeological specimens in definite groupings, such as articles from a grave, series of objects showing method of manufacture, comparison of the same sort of articles, etc, REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I91T3 8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The exhibition space is in the form of a truncated wedge 8 feet (6 feet for D) long by 4 feet 6 inches wide by 2 feet 10 inches high with sloping sides on the long dimension and inclosed on the sides, the exposed ends and the top with glass. The deck of this exhibi- tion space is raised 3 feet from the floor level, the space below being furnished with 24 drawers in 8 rows (12 drawers in 4 rows for D) inclosed by wooden doors. A removable glass shelf running the length of the exhibition space 1 foot 4 inches above thedeck furnishes a second level upon which specimens may be displayed. Access to the exhibition space may he obtained on the two long Type E sides by means of doors hinged at the top. The cases are grouped in rows of three, giving aisles 24 feet and 16 feet for C and D respectively. y Type E. Type E is an adaptation of the type C intended to REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI3 9 occupy space next to the wall. It is consequently constructed as the longitudinal half of C, somewhat widened (2 feet 9 inches wide) to give it proportion, and closed at the back where it comes in con- tact with the wall. It is designed to display the same series of objects as types C and D. The storage space consists of 16 drawers arranged in 4 rows of 4. The cases as at present installed stand singly against the south wall of the west mezzanine. Type F. Type F is specially adapted to the display of such group- ings as lend themselves to a flat display treatment, such as feather ornaments, war clubs, wampum belts, etc. Consequently, the level of the exhibition space is somewhat lower with respect to the floor level and the space proportionately low to its length and width; in other words, type C has been flattened out to meet the needs for the display of flatter objects. The exhibition space is in the form of a low wedge 5 feet long by 5 feet wide and 1 foot 3 inches high, the top, sides and ends of which are glazed. The inclined tops form the lids and the exhibi- tion space somewhat overhangs the supporting storage portion to give better symmetry to the general case outline. The storage portion is furnished with a bottom and one shelf on both sides of the case closed with wooden doors, t [IO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM As installed at present, the type F cases are free standing, that is, accessible on all four sides. Type G. Type G combines the longitudinal half of type F lengthened and adapted to the space next the wall, with a super- posed wall case section. The object of this type of case is to show Tyre G in proximate relation objects which are more or less flat and those, such as garments, head dresses, etc., which require to be displayed on a yertical surface, This practically results in two exhibition REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9Q13 If spaces, the lower of which, corresponding to a longitudinal halt of type F, is 8 feet long by 3 feet wide by 1 foot 4 inches high, opening in two single-panel glazed lids. The upper or vertical exhibition space is 8 feet long by ro inches wide by 3 feet 9 inches Type A high, occupying a vertical space from the floor level of roughly from 4 to 8 feet, and opening by means of four single panel doors. The storage space is shelved similar to type F. Type A. Type A was designed to exhibit specimens of fossils and was adapted from a similar type of case in use in the National 12 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Museum at Washington. The case is “free standing,” that is, open to view on all four sides. It measures 8 feet long by 3 feet wide by 8 feet high and the deck or case flooring is 1 foot 11 inches above the general floor level. Access to the cases is obtained through double doors on both long sides which admit of the easy arrangement of specimens in every portion of the exhibition space. A wooden diaphragm for the support of slabs is fitted inside each case, attached in such a way as to be readily removable should the free case space be required for the display of large objects.. The diaphragms are in the form of rectangular, truncated pyramids of steep inclination and are provided with narrow cleatlike pro- jections, running continuously around the diaphragm at convenient Tyre H levels, to provide for the mounting of specimens on all four sides of the case. SPECIAL ENTOMOLOGY TYPE Type H. Type H was designed to exhibit insects mounted on flat surfaces in proximate relation to descriptive groups showing the life history of typical members of the series illustrated in the flat exhibits. The general design of this case somewhat resembles the entomological cases of the American Museum of Natural History known as the “A” and table cases combined, but with the REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1913 13 added feature of a middle upright section in the shape of a rectan- gular exhibition space for the display of the life history groups. The exhibition space is divided into three sections in which each of the two end sections consists of two shallow flat elements on either side of the longitudinal axis opening by hinged lids and sur- mounted by narrow vertical elements with slightly inclined sides, . one of which is removable for the insertion of a double diaphragm Type I to hold the specimens which are consequently visible from both sides of the case. In the middle section, the vertical element is rectangular and is not provided with a diaphragm. The horizontal elements are 4 feet long by 1 foot 10 inches wide by 6 inches deep, the decks and lids are parallel and slightly inclined from the hori- zontal, the former being 2 feet 2 inches at the outside and 2 feet 6 iches at the inside line. 14 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The upright end element is 4 feet long, 1 foot 3 inches wide at the bottom and 2 feet high. The same dimensions hold for the middle element except that this latter is 2 feet 3 inches high. The deck for all the upright elements is 3 feet 2 inches from the floor level. The case is supported on legs and covers a floor space of 12 feet by 5 feet. FREE STANDING TYPES FOR LARGE SPECIMENS In the free standing types of cases are represented the extremes of simplicity in case design, in that they involve primarily a deck SED 4 wie a Type J or exhibition floor supported on legs and inclosed in glass to a height which gives sufficient head room for the required exhibit. Type I. Type I represents a “ general utility’ case for the dis- play of large objects such as mineral or geological specimens, series of specimens in industrial geology and paleontology. ‘This type can also be used to advantage for the display of models of mine workings, industrial plants, etc. The exhibition space is rectangu- lar and measures 6 feet long by 3 feet wide by 3 feet high and REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9Q13 15 is mounted on legs to raise the deck 2 feet 6 inches from the floor level. Access is obtained by removing one of the long sides by means of removable screws which work in brass sockets. In practice, the interior may be furnished with block-steps or dia- phragms depending on the nature of the material to be exhibited, Type K the proportions of the exhibition space yielding much latitude of treatment in this respect. Type J. Cases of type J are also designed for the display of definite specimens, that is, large minerals of a special occur- rence. They are intended to be used without diaphragms or step- OO 16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM blocks and to be installed in a group of which the single type L case forms a center. The exhibition space is in the form of a truncated wedge of which the base is 8 feet long by 3 feet wide and is raised 3 feet above the floor level. Type K. Type K cases differ from type I only in size and pro- portions. They are intended for the display of the larger slabs of fossil remains which, on account of their development of fine detail, need to be closer to the eye of the observer than would be possible in a deck as close to the floor level as that of type I. The rectangular exhibition space which measures 4 feet long by 2 feet 6 inches wide by 2 feet 6 inches high, is consequently raised to a level of 3 feet from the floor level. For the interior furnishing of these cases narrow, high diaphragms or step-blocks are best adapted ag SP Tyee M M both from the point of view of the proportion of the material to be exhibited and from that of the proportions of the exhibition space. Type L. Unlike the preceding types, this case design, of which only one was installed, was made to accommodate one particular specimen, a large crystal of calcite installed in the Mineralogy Hall. The exhibition space is rectangular, measures 4 feet 6 inches square by 2 feet high, and is raised 2 feet 6 inches above the floor level. ARCHEOLOGY EXCAVATION TYPES The archeology excavation types of cases consist essentially of rectangular boxes 3 feet in height, setting directly on the floor. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I913 17 They are designed for the exhibit of reproductions of Indian grave excavations to be viewed through the glass lid which may be re- moved to gain access to the case. The two types, M and MM, differ only in one dimension, being 5 feet (6 feet for MM) long by 4 feet wide by 3 feet high. They are designed to be free stand- ing. but may be installed with one side against the wall. TYPES WITH ADJUSTABLE SHELVES AND» WALL-CASE TYPES Under the group of types with adjustable shelves and wall-case types are included the various forms of wall cases and the detached type with shelves which may for purposes of classification be con- sidered a detached pier wall case. The group of types is character- ized by a low deck and a uniform height of about 8 feet, the limit between which zoological and archeological specimens may be seen to advantage, the exception to the 8 foot height in cases of this 18 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM group being type Q, which was designed for a children’s exhibit in archeology. The longitudinal dimension in wall type cases is, of course, limited by the length of wall space to be filled and the lateral dimension by the character of the material to be exhibited; for instance, for large mammals or Indian canoes, a fairly wide wall case is required, while for Indian garments, ceremonial masks — | oh i _—_—. Type O or rows of bottled alcoholic specimens of invertebrates, a com- paratively narrow wall case is best adapted. In the large zoology types of this group two features appear for the first time in this description: (1) The base is recessed in order to permit the ob- REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1913 19 server to stand close to the glass. By this means an economy of aisle room is effected. (2) A ventilating device is introduced in the base by means of which the air passing into the case when pressure is equalized, after a sudden change of temperature, is filtered free of dust through a series of sheets of cotton. Type N. Cases of type N were designed for the display of the general collection of New York small mammals, birds, fishes etc. The exhibition space is 16 feet long by 4 feet wide and 6 feet 6 inches high, raised on the recessed base 1 foot 6 inches from the floor level. The case is divided longitudinally by a substantial dia- phragm furnished with slotted strips upon which adjustable brack- ets are fastened which in turn support the wooden shelves.’ Access is gained through the second and fourth panels on both sides and the two end panels which are hinged doors. The top panels are glazed. The cases as at present installed are free standing arranged 20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM with an aisle of about 10 feet between cases and an aisle of about 4 feet between the ends of the cases and the wall, giving an alcove effect in arrangement. Type O. The two cases of type O are distinctly wall cases. They were designed for the display of small zoological specimens, models and preparations to illustrate the invertebrate fauna of New York. The type is consequently narrow compared with its length and has its glass shelves spaced closer together than those of type N. The exhibition space is 14 feet long by 1 foot 6 inches REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI3 21 wide by 6 feet 6 inches high and is raised on a recessed base 1 foot 6 inches from the floor level. Access is gained through the second and fourth panels which are swinging doors. The glass shelves are adjustable on bronze brackets supported from the back on slotted strips. The top panels are glazed. Type P. Type P is a single wall case occupying the space be- tween the entrances of the Zoology Hall. It is designed for the display of groups of the larger birds, such as eagles and hawks. Type Q The exhibition space is consequently unbroken by shelves, is 19 feet long by 3 feet wide by 7 feet high and is raised 1 foot above the floor level on a recessed base. On account of the size of the exhibition space the case is ventilated with the dust-filtering device. The first, third, fifth and seventh panels are hinged, giving access to the case. The top panels are glazed. Type PP. The wall cases of type PP are planned for the dis- play of the larger archeological specimens such as baskets, canoe 22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM paddles, pestles and mortars for pulverizing maize, etc. The exhi- bition space measures 10 feet long by 3 feet wide by 7 feet high and is raised 1 foot above the floor level. The glass shelves are supported on adjustable bronze brackets. The top panels are glazed. Access is gained through the first and third panels which are hinged on the end side. Type Q. The two wall cases of type Q are intended for a child- ren’s exhibit of objects relating to Indian life and customs. The cases are consequently two feet lower than the customary height for wall cases. The exhibition space is 8 feet long by 3 feet wide by 5 feet high and is raised 1 foot above the floor level. The first and third front panels are hinged on the end sides giving access to the case. The top panels are glazed. The glass shelves are sup- ported on adjustable bronze brackets and are divided between brack- ets into three units for each level so that a panel of shelving or REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I913 23 any level of a panel can be eliminated to give head room for larger specimens. Type R. The single case of type R was designed for the dis- play of Indian canoes in the Archeology Hall. The case is con- o so | ——e eee orl e- a! ese va \ 24. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM sequently longer and wider than is usual with wall cases and is not provided with shelves, the canoes being hung from the top of the case or supported on brackets from the back. The exhibition REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9QI3 25 space is 20 feet long by 4 feet wide by 7 feet high and is raised 1 foot above the floor level. The case is accessible through the first, third and fifth front panels which are hinged. The top panels are glazed. Type S. Wall cases of type S were designed for the display of skulls in the collection of New York anthropology. The ex- hibition space is 8 feet long by 1 foot 6 inches wide by 7 feet high and is raised 1 foot above the floor level. Access is gained through | | ly | the first and third front panels which are hinged on the end sides. The top panels are glazed. The glass shelves are supported by adjustable bronze brackets. Type T. Wall cases of type T were designed to display such specimens in the ethnology and anthropology collections as com- plete Indian skeletons, clothing and miscellaneous ethnology objects. The exhibition space is 6 feet long by 2 feet wide by 7 feet high and is raised 1 foot above the floor level. The top panels are glazed. Access is gained through double doors in front. / 26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM LARGE FREE STANDING CASES FOR MAMMALS AND MAMMAL GROUPS With the exception of type NN, the large cases for mammals are each designed to contain a certain definite group, as the moose group or the puma group, mounted to show the natural surround- ings and habits of the animals. Type NN cases are here included because their museum function connects them more closely with the large mammal cases, but structurally they belong with the type N cases to which they conform in general design and with which they form a continuous series running around three sides of the Hall of Zoology. The ventilating dust-filter device is used on all cases of this group of types. Type NN. The two cases of type NN were designed for the display of large mammals and groups of the smaller mammals in the collection of New York fauna. In design they are very closely related to type N cases, differing from the latter only in width. The exhibition space is 16 feet long by 6 feet wide by 6 feet 6 inches high and is raised 1 foot 6 inches from the floor level on a recessed base. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI3 27 Types U, V, W, X and Y. Case types U, V, W, X and Y were designed to contain the large mammal groups of New York fauna. They differ from one another only in the dimensions of the exhi- OP ENO 28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM bition space which is governed by the proportions of the group. They are all mounted on a straight (nonrecessed) base which is t foot high in the larger types U, V and W and 1 foot 3 inches high in types X and Y. Access to cases of these types is gained through one of the glazed top panels which is removable. glass, instead of plain plate glass, is used for the top panels in order to cut off the view of the ceiling of the hall and thus render the group more detached. The sizes of the exhibition spaces are: Ground NNN RRENWRNORrRNNWRR Wr Long Wide High UDA ig okra] UREN CARE Nese eelaidla ain ley gadis o pad 16 feet 12 feet 8 feet AV So) sis 6 APOIO, ROR A en 14 “ Pale Orv Wes Eee ue a eee che Gres eee LOM 1D eden DP er PRT ye ree ty ar NEN 107FS Sire 5 “ 9 inches Ne UE ese m ccna. Se ADAIR A & cote Bin Dre 5: © Oe Number and distribution of types of museum cases (Initial equipment) Archeol- | Entomol- @ealar Mineral- | Paleon- arson Type ogy ogy ogy tology Total Hall Hall all Hall | Hall Hall | BNO ea Palle ne cee stag Il CNN eral (VRP a |e PA eee eS 20 Bie aU esidars uc 75 48 33 24 210 (Ornate ae Die che Sek INAS eile SYS AM Uh a | a 12 DR gene cia nee (eu eee Cea a meee ie TMS i oe 6 ler be 1A aaron HEN le herein mine nce OREN Cg hss omad tee haat 12 Retaear ne OY enna ce cell Meu Nt OMA Cnt in ll micro oo aa oon 6 (Co ssore tel Gis VD ee ss le cell Mea wee AS eee ocy le teret aerey cet ene 11 dB leet ayaa ea Ce del Me gona MAM tg liNescpe ier lien kisi 7 12 A eee VG ag ater c gt tes ee 19 ESV Wr eimorsseasl a ataaae te 2 34 dies citenaA Minar coe cater Ne aire NWS ae 2 de 21d Wea oaeeceatee feu) nee 2 4 Gee eee Mt eS el Re Mane due a mca s 5 5 LIE Se 11 Tie eee oy cee et icllt cts ea |e LF) PRES iret ie ee IM eco toe oo ener oes anton Cake bbl ais Sabieecr et | CaM Fae MM. IF Meeeeeapares ewe ete NON a Nee Wales SM ee ata os & INuscco Bees il Se yehe | Oat es a epee a 14 1 ANI Secs e192 Fe TS es a eA glee re | Seen 2 0 Ape neane ara Marrs ots pon meer sen Resa VN valige’ Lc aN tao to eae 2 Ie bye ddia iaveis heavanee | ycs cate cnaes all eee lethal Cate ee a 1 IPPlatien OM Pare nae nar csc | iL ea aio tbe! || ide Gea GA gl ll greta Sea, < (Aah 3 ae: ds MAAN a OM ECs orseel ie Beara ce hy llr brn cicist I hiy oe aac Renee ss Dei) asses {Sess Aare mild le ecece eee rene ae re nc eee ea Sade eee i reno Meee all ett ola’ IP Cnt vom (Peano go ON te ee eee te Moar ae ae. cd|[oaovaonoch sooo coc OW eee ell Gay eae |g OL c eal ec gene ee alata 1 V peteayie ese Senet] 9 Oe Soe CA ON aE RS 1 Wis seis egetes] tasseltenenereteane] 5 se delcuetie » Shj[ 8.403 be eraa (ae (eae 2 Xo Fe ees ie cetera] Ce GS |" 3 oa We oe 2 We a tee erate ak, 2 PENS 2 Total 95 12 94 68 64 ol 384 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI3 + 29 PROGRESS OF INSTALLATION As already intimated, the equipment of the collections has been in a measure restrained by the progressive completion of the cases. Those finished first were filled first; those which have just been completed are still vacant. The progress of this work has also depended in some measure on the condition of the collections. Some which had been on exhibition years before had been packed away in an orderly manner and judiciously selected. Others had to be taken over just as they had lain in storage for many years. The sum of the material assembled in all departments of work was very large; taken as a whole and, as was necessary, all at once, it was well-nigh overwhelming. Preliminary to any attempt at installa- tion was the necessity of assorting these materials according to kind and quality and the selection of representative series of the best from the great preponderance of the second best. Con- fronted by these conditions the work of installation has proceeded well. Mineralogy. The collections in mineralogy were removed from Geological Hall many years ago and put in storage. In dismantling - the old collections everything was packed in carefully arranged consecutive order, so that on reopening these collections were in approximate readiness for installation. Having an advantage in this foresight, as well as in the fact that the mineral cases were the first to be completed, the curator, Mr Whitlock, has brought an effective installation nearly to completion. The general mineral col- lections and the collection of New York State minerals now occupy 78 cases at the west end of the long south hall, and it is quite probable that this section of the Museum may be opened to the public within a reasonably short time. Geology. In illustrations of economic and structural geology the collections have proved quite deficient and every earnest effort has been made to acquire such and replenish the losses to the Museum arising from too lavish gifts to other institutions of displays made by the State Museum at various world fairs. These efforts are bringing together the necessary materials for instructive exhibits, relating in large measure to the most active lines of mineral production in the State, but many serious problems in this section are still unsolved, and in some respects the case room is inadequate, the general treatment of Geology Hall is still in- effective and somber and much remains to be accomplished before the room can be exposed to the public. The work, in charge of Mr 30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Newland and Mr Jones, will eventually be brought to a successful conclusion. Paleontology. The collections in the paleontology section which are very large, came to the new quarters in unavoidable disorder, due to the fact that the best part of them had been twice moved since the dismantling of the exhibit in Geological Hall, and the rest had in large measure been packed in boxes from five to thirty years and during this time shifted from pillar to post — from Professor Hall’s laboratory to the State Hall and Geological Hall, from there to the McCredie malthouse, to the Taylor brewery — at length to this building where, for the first time since their col- lection, all were assembled in one place with the purpose of selec- tion for one permanent exhibit. The boxes and crates and drawers containing this material were more than a thousand and the first and immediate problem here was to ascertain the nature and quality of their contents. The progress made in this work is satisfactory, in view of the small number of men on the staff available for such service. The paleontology cases, 66 in number and consisting at present of four different types of construction, were made finally available in August and, except for a few of the smaller ones intended for special exhibits, all have been filled with a temporary arrangement of materials, and a final and permanent display has been worked out for certain groups of fossils: the Trilobites, Eurypterida, Cru- stacea and Cephalopods. This work has been carried out by Doctor Ruedemann, Mr Hartnagel and Mr Wardell. In addition to this, much has been accomplished in the prepara- tion of large exhibits of invertebrate fossils mounted on uncovered pedestals. Of these are a unique slab of Devonic starfish 4 feet g inches by 4 feet 9 inches, from Saugerties, N. Y., collected and mounted by Mr Wardell; a very striking display of cephalopods from the Agoniatite limestone, collected by Mr Hartnagel, developed by Mr Norton and mounted by Mr Wardell; a great slab of Devon- ic sponges from the Jenks quarry at Bath, N. Y., collected by the late C. Van Deloo, developed by Mr Norton and mounted by N. T. Clarke. Some very effective natural size reproductions of the Eurypterida, Pterygotus, Eusarcus, Stylonurus, have been made, framed and set up in the hall. These have been modeled by Mr Marchand and colored by Mr Barkentin. A series of natural size and enlarged relief designs to show the structure of the fossil cephalopods have been modeled by Doctor Ruedemann, cast by Mr Clarke and effectively colored by Mr Barkentin. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR i913 31 The fossil plants from the New York rocks will be assembled in the hall at the elevator landing. As a central piece for the room will be a restoration in life proportions of the unique Devonic tree, Archaeosigillaria, the largest and most complete of the terrestrial lycopod plants known from these rocks. The original of the restora- tion, taken from the Portage rocks at Naples and constituting a flattened trunk 11 feet long, has been remounted and cased, as has also the giant sea-weed Nematophytum from the Devonic rocks of Monroe, N. Y. For the very extensive series of invertebrate fossils sufficient case room is not yet available and the necessary money has been provided for the construction of 37 additional cases which are designed to go entirely about the walls of the Paleontology Hall. Attention has also been given to the vertebrate fossils. The Cohoes mastodon, a very celebrated skeleton and among the most complete known of the animal, has been set up by Mr Mirguet and in a manner much more effective than its original mounting. The Irish elk and the Asiatic elephant have also been remounted, the skull and tusk of the Ellenville mastodon set together and en- cased, the Harriman tusks and Monroe tusks put together. What is believed to be a fairly successful attempt to restore in natural proportions the extinct giant beaver of this State, Castoroides ohioensis, has been carried out and the model set up. It was modeled from measurements taken from the skull found at Clyde, N. Y., aided by more complete remains in the museum of Earlham College, Indiana. The workmanship is by Mr Marchand. Restorations of the ancient Devonic fishes have been assembled in one case, recolored and effectively mounted. A word should be said here in regard to the difficulty of pre- paring these exhibits in paleontology. The rocks of New York produce fossils which are almost exclusively of the invertebrate ' type and as a consequence the specimens are naturally small and rather inconspicuous except for certain noteworthy exceptions. The problem here is to present the small organisms to the public eye with the same effectiveness as if they were vertebrate objects of notable dimensions. It is needless to state that as natural objects each one is as momentous in its character and in the chain of life as though it attained the dimensions of the mammoth or the mas- todon. Still, in the display of these small objects, all of a high degree of scientific interest, great thought and extreme care are necessary to make the presentation of them perfectly effective. 32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The remarks thus far made have especial reference only to the large south hall of the Museum. The efforts that have thus far been made herein toward installation have been supplemented by the accumulation and setting of the geological relief maps of which the Museum has now a considerable number and which it is hoped to supplement. The final determination of the arrangement of these relief maps has not yet been reached, but the walls of the halls afford reasonably favorable exposure for them and for such photo- graphic illumination and similar decorative effect as may seem suitable. Zoology. The cases for the Zoology Hall were not completed until the very end of the fiscal year, and as a consequence but little work has been possible in the matter of installing the extensive zoological collections. These cases number in all 43 and are divided into two series, one for the exhibition in zoology proper and the other for the exhibition in entomology, the two series of cases being of quite distinct types. In large measure the cases for the Zoology Hall are of conspicuous size and the installation in them of such groups as the large mammals will require much labor, artistic rendering and corresponding expense. From the old Mu- seum was brought a limited number of small mounted groups, many of which have had to be repaired on account of the jolting received in moving. Among these also was one large group which has been entirely reset, and these few constitute all the mounted groups now in Zoology Hall. There remains, therefore, a very large amount of work to be done here, and if it is to be effectively done, it must be by the hands of expert workmen, who have not only ideas of scientific accuracy, but artistic conception and manual skill. Such men are not easy to find but the effort is being made to acquire the services of the highest grade in order that there may be no sacrifice of effectiveness in this hall. Meanwhile the in- stallation of individual specimens of the higher mammalian and avian fauna has gone forward and at this time the case room avail- able seems to be adequate for the immediate purposes of this division. It is, however, perfectly evident that this hall is now so full of cases that additions will be difficult and, if necessary, can not fail to close up the narrow aisles and aggravate the present obviously crowded condition. The members of the staff charged with this work are few in number and it will probably be neces- sary for a long time to come to go outside and employ the requisite expert assistants in ordering the zoological groups. | REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9QI3 33 Archeology. The archeology section is to occupy the two mez- zanine floors. Originally it was planned to restrict the archeological exhibit to the large mezzanine at the west of the building and to reserve the smaller mezzanine for the botanical collections. It seems, however, impracticable now to put together an effective exhibit in botany suffiuent to fill the smaller mezzanine. The de- mands of the growing section of archeology for more room are imperious and the present plan contemplates assigning both mezza- nines to this section and restricting botany, for the time being, to the space available in the separate compartment on the mezzanine floor at the east end of the building. The cases for the archeology section were released by the contractor only near the close of the fiscal year and these included only such as were embraced within the contract of George W. Cobb, jr. No provision had been made in that contract for the construction of the large group cases which are to contain the series of ethnological displays of the Six Nations. Since then plans have been undertaken which will lead to the construction of these cases to receive the groups for which the cost was contributed by the generosity of Mrs F. F. Thompson, and while these plans are now progressing, it will obviously be some time before these great cases are constructed and the exhibits completed. Additional cases will be required, and reasonable provision has been made therefor, in order to put the smaller mezzanine in proper equipment for the reception of the archeological collections. In view of the uncertainty which prevailed as to the proper adaptation of the lesser mezzanine, the Cobb contract did not call for a suf- ficient number of cases to equip it suitably, and it is now hoped that the provision which has been made by the Board for additional cases may be adequate to put this room into proper order. As a necessary consequence of these conditions the installation of the archeological collections, so far as it has gone (and some of the cases have been filled) is only temporary, for the construction of the new cases will require the removal and replacing of some cases already installed. Mention might properly be made, however, of certain work which has been done in the construction of the Indian graves in the cases prepared for them, the work on these having been effectively rendered and completed. This work has been carried out under the direction of Mr Parker by his assistants, Mr Clarke and Mr Lansing. 2 34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM General. The Museum is still imperfectly equipped in office facilities and more éspecially in regard to suitable drawers for the keeping of the excess and duplicate storage collections of its ma- terial. We brought over from Geological Hall and State Hall many thousands of wooden drawers with their standards, for the purpose of affording necessary, even though dangerous, storage, and these are now standing in the corridors. In the basement of the building the machinery plant has been installed and the balance of the room there appropriated for the work of the Museum is given over to the storage of the large amount of material which it has been as yet impossible to open. There have been some notable accessions to the collections pur- chased during the past year. These have been principally in the division of archeology which was the most severely injured by the Capitol fire. Of these recent additions those of leading importance are the collections of Indian materials brought together by R. D. Loveland, Watertown; Charles P. Oatman, Liverpool; Raymond C. Dann, Fairport; Alva S. Reed, Livonia; Frederick H. Crofoot, Son- yea; D. F. Thompson, Troy, and Otis M. Bigelow, Baldwinsville. This series of collections of Indian cultural relics constitutes the best of the Iroquois and pre-Iroquois materials now available in the State, and although further additions are always desirable, it is quite likely that they must be of very much less size and sig- nificance. To this list should be added the extensive collection of such materials made by Mr D. D. Luther, a member of the staff, from the Indian village in the town of Naples. The Museum has also acquired by purchase the William D. Geb- hard collection of fossils from the classical region of the Schoharie valley. This is the last of the great collections of fossils brought together by the Gebhards, through three generations, and the State Museum is fortunate in getting possession of it. An extensive collection of minerals from Orange county, made by the late Silas A. Young of Edenville, has also come into the possession of the Museum and makes an essential addition to the representation of New York minerals. } Full inventory of these collections will be given in the accession lists and made a part of this report, together with memoranda regarding smaller collections of various kinds and varying interest. Orders have been given for the construction of a large relief map of the Finger Lakes region on the topographic scale of one mile to one inch. This is constructed for the purpose of showing REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI3 35 the detailed stratigraphy of that region as it has been worked out by the members of the Geological Survey. The map will cover the quadrangles of Canandaigua, Naples, Bath, Phelps, Penn Yan and Hammondsport. There is also under construction a model of Mormon hill, near Palmyra, celebrated for its historical asso- ciations as the place where the alleged “ gold plates” of the Mormon _ bible were dug up and quite as interesting geologically as an illustra- tion of a glacial drumlin, a topographic form which occurs abund- antly in the region of the Lake Ontario plain. 36 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM II REPORT OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURE CIVIC GEOLOGY -The mineral springs and the fault at Saratoga. On a later page reference will be made to the completion of the areal survey of the Saratoga quadrangle which covers the Mineral Springs basin. In the very successful operations made at Saratoga by the State Reservation Commission toward the rejuvenation of the exhausted springs, this office has taken a keen interest and has exercised such © cooperation as has been in its control. In the execution of: this work the commission has been successful to an unexpected degree in restoring the springs to their original virility, and in connection with the elaborate experimentation thereupon opportunity has been found to clear away the accumulations of rubbish and the tumble- down buildings which have long covered most of the escarpment of the celebrated Saratoga fault. The Saratoga fault has achieved a dis- tinction which is perhaps quite out of proportion to its importance, and yet this fracture is a controlling influence upon the relief of the mineral water storage. The fault scarp stands as a rock cliff running through the village from the High Rock spring southward, gradually becoming a less conspicuous feature in the topography until it dis- appears in the vicinity of Congress Park or the United States hotel. The Saratoga fault has its heaviest throw far to the north of the village and in its course southward its escarpment lowers on its way through the length of the village until it is lost. It was formerly sup- posed that there was a direct continuation of this fault southward to Ballston where it influenced the Ballston mineral waters as it does those at Saratoga. The soil mantle covers all this area so deeply as to make it difficult to substantiate such an assumption. It has become clear, however, that the surface evidence of dis- placement terminates near Congress Park. In recent excavations made by the commission in preparation of the Spencer Trask memorial, to occupy this park, an opportunity was afforded of un- covering the rock surface at the south end of the fault where the displacement line is known to make a sharp turn to the west. The commission has, with fine appreciation of the geological interest at- taching to this phenomenon, given instructions to have the probable course of the fault from this point uncovered where it crosses the street in the direction of the Ainsworth spring —the only water- bearing hole which has been put down west of the fault line. SuIIdS YOO YsIf_{, 9Y} Ieou posodxoa sy LTAV VIOLVAVS SARATOGA FAULT The escarpment at the High Rocl oO to} spring mS P ayied pue poiesj2 useq sey Yor quity LTNV VWOOLVAVS UJOYIIOU IU LL o vy * Tee, Liab i he i cama ge omg. ei SARATOGA FAULT The fault face, used as a dump for rubbish — a condition that will not long be tolerated REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1913 37 Of the several explanations offered for the existence of the heavily carbonated waters of Saratoga, one has assumed that it is along the fissure of the fault that the carbon dioxid has found its way from great depths within the crust of the earth. Our present understanding of the geological origin of the mineral springs waters, briefly stated, is this: The region eastward of the fault is covered by a thick layer of impervious shale, which is very much broken up in the vicinity of the Hudson river. Where these shales are most disturbed and broken, the percolating meteoric waters have penetrated and have traveled along the dip of the underlying rock through the limestone beneath where as a result of secondary changes there taking place in the limestone, they have acquired carbon dioxid and when saturated with this gas have gained an increased solvent power which has enabled them to take up various soluble salts from the rocks through which they have passed. Traveling easterly they reach the fault fissure which they have been unable to traverse, and thus it happens that the springs derived through natural crevices or artificial holes in this basin, all lie on the east side of the fault linet Whatever the future of the Saratoga mineral springs may be, and with the present and com- ing development of the science of hydrotherapy the outlook is most brilliant, Saratoga will always remain a place of high geological interest from the very fact of the relations of these waters to the rocks and to the fault line. It is therefore a matter of considerable public interest that the State commission should have brought out to its full effectiveness this fault cliff, even though the displacement is of a lesser order of magnitude. To increase public apprecia- tion it might be well worth while to attach to the accessible face of the cliff, some placard or tablet which would explain the cause of the fissure and its influence upon the mineral waters. An eminent student of earthquake movements has suggested that it would be well worth while to attach a tablet not only to the face of the cliff but to the ground surface of the fault as well and have a precise leveling between fixed points on these two tablets so that it might be possible to determine any movement of the cliff up or down, that is to say, any reappearance of seismic or earth- quake movements along this ancient line of weakness. Stark’s knob, Saratoga county. Stark’s knob is a knoll of vol- canic rock near the village of Schuylerville which, as its name 1The Ainsworth spring lying on the west of the fault, traversed it and derived its water from the east side. 38 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM indicates, has a definite historic association. It is the place where Captain John Stark established a little redoubt and effectually obstructed the movements of General Burgoyne during the battle of Saratoga. Its scientific interest, however, is quite as great, perhaps greater, than its historic. It has been described at length in the reports of the Geological Survey as a volcano or volcanic plug and as such is the only geological phenomenon of this kind known to occur in the State of New York. The question as to the origin of this plug, the stage at which the lavas penetrated the rock and the relation of the mass to all the surrounding geological terrane, has been much investigated and much discussed. There appears now to be very excellent reason, quite acceptable to those who have studied the phenomenon most closely, for assuming that this volcanic plug is not autochthonic, that is to say, is not now in the place where it originally appeared, but that in the great earth move- ments occurring in eastern New York during the time of the Taconic revolution, this volcanic mass was carried over on the crest of an earth wave from its original situs, possibly as far to the east as from the Connecticut valley in Vermont. This fact is not at the present time fully demonstrable but, as intimated, it seems a reasonable explanation to those who have studied the occurrence most closely. There are thus two elements of interest in this small and somewhat obscure topographic feature, of interest so extraordinary and unusual as to demand that some degree of public consideration be given to the preservation of this spot. Unfortunately some years ago the volcanic rock, which is a diabase, was thought to be available for highway construction, and the knoll or knob was leased for the purposes of producing road metal. The rock has decomposed so badly, however, that it has never well served any such purpose. The writer has made an earnest effort to bring this spot under protection and control and there is a hope, perhaps not too remote, that the place may eventually become the property of the State under the custodianship of the State Museum. If this can be effected it will be a partial realization of a general public appeal made some years ago by the Director of the Museum for the preservation of objects of unique or noteworthy natural interest. This appeal met with many warm responses, but could be supported only by the activities of local societies or interested individuals, as no State money was available. SOOVJANS Poplsudyo]s oy} psleMoy sjzurod MOLIL IJ, “poaowiat Usoq sey of} Inq Ysnoy} peddrays useq sey jf YJ1OU 9Y} UO S pus YINOS oY} Wor; udoq Ayoryd svy YOO FO [LAOW IY “jsvoyyNOs oy} WoIF SOIT ut portvodde pt se , Jqnopay ses ,, oyoyd ‘surysno’d "HH AJUNOD VSO}JVIVS ‘pyoyuset4H FO UMO} 0161 ‘ojoyd ‘Bulysnd ‘q "H ol I } Ul ‘ ‘ aspaT uo00z0;dAID ,, 94} JO dovpINS popeLory it f . : is > Sa * ; Hl ve ‘ ‘ ‘ tis | ‘ v = - A aay! fy ee Y Aa iy Le * 7 ie 4 = ee = » ‘ “ : i => «, 98paT W00zZ0dAID ,, 9Y} JO MOIA JOYJOUY REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I913 39 The “ Cryptozoon ledge” in the town of Greenfield, Saratoga county. The geologists of the Survey have long been aware of the occurrence on the property now owned by Mrs Mabel A. Wesley, but generally known as the “ Hoyt quarry,’ of a remarkable ledge of Cambric rocks exposing in most extraordinary fashion a reef of the fossil known as Cryptozoon, which is believed to be an algoid plant secreting a calcareous skeleton. This exposure is to be seen along the roadside from Saratoga Springs to Greenfield and the fact that the ledge has been smoothed down by glacial action renders it all the more conspicuous and interesting. These great circular Cryptozoon masses are often many feet in circumference, made up of concentric layers of algoid growths, and it is quite probable (indeed, it is so stated freely by geologists who have studied these ancient organisms in various parts of the world) that this exhibit is altogether unique. Especial interest attaches to these organisms from the fact that it is now thought that such reefs of algae or water plants, either marine or of fresh water, were present in the rocks of the Precambric and were among the first of known forms of life. This peculiar ledge of Cryptozoon is so out of the ordinary, so impressive to the student and even to the casual visitor, that an effort is now being made to bring it also under the control of the State as a public reservation. This is fully justified by the fact that the ledge is extraordinary, unique and teaches an interesting lesson which could well be explicated on the spot in case it can thus be brought under the control of the State Museum. Mormon hill. Reference has been made to the production of a relief map of Mormon hill, in Wayne county near the village of Palmyra. This glacial drumlin or melon-shaped hill deposited by the melting ice sheet on its retreat to the north, is the spot where Joseph Smith, on a dark night in 1827, is alleged to have dug up the golden plates of the Book of Mormon. It is thus the Mecca of the Mormons and is visited by their distinguished members with frequency. In the history, therefore, of this State, it stands as a monument to a religious and civic enterprise which has now taken. on an influential form, both of quality and circumstance; and it is well, therefore, that the place should be preserved. Doubtless the time will come when the disciples of this growing religious cult will themselves desire to possess and to protect the place; and should this ever happen, it is still to be remembered that its pre- eminent place as a factor in the history of the State is as one of the series of great glacial drumlins from a region in western New York 40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ° where they are better developed than probably in any other part of the world. Indian Ladder Park. Geologists in many parts of the world will be interested in the announcement recently made of the gift to the State of New York as a public park of the “Indian Ladder” and its adjoining portions of the Helderberg mountains escarpment in Albany county, New York. Next, perhaps, to the Schoharie valley, the Helderbergs and the Indian Ladder have the most inti- mate and ancient association with the history of geology in this State and are really a classic ground in American geological science. Interesting not alone for its geology, as the original section of the “Helderberg formation” and its various subdivisions, with their profusion of organic remains, the Indian Ladder is equally com- manding as a scenic feature. There is perhaps nothing just like it in origin and effectiveness. From the summit of the long sheer limestone cliff the eye commands the panorama of the conjoined Hudson and Mohawk valleys picturesquely spread out over a vast area bounded at the north by the foothills of the Adirondacks and at the northeast by the Taconic mountains and the Berkshires. And over this splendid picture generations of geologists have gazed, for the Helderbergs have been the Mecca of geologists for well-nigh a century. The generous gift to the people of New York State comes from Mrs Emma Treadwell Thacher, widow of the late Hon. John Boyd Thacher, a distinguished statesman, historian and litterateur. Its more than 350 acres extends along the escarpment so far as to include all its most striking portions and the new reservation is essentially a geologic and scenic park. Geological sketches from an old notebook. During the past year the Director received from Thomas T. Wierman, Esq., of Harrisburg, Pa., an old field notebook of the New York State Geological Survey, dated 1841. The book bears no evidence on its face of original ownership, but inquiry from’ Mr Wierman brought out the fact that the book had originally belonged to Richard C. Taylor, an English geologist of that period, whose notes and papers became the property of Captain John McCandles of Phila- delphia and were later passed on to Mr John Fulton, a mining engineer, with whom Mr Wierman was employed in Bedford county, Pennsylvania, back in the “7os of the last century. Mr Wierman further states that Mr Fulton became a resident of Johns- town, Pa., a village which was wiped out by the great floods of 1889 7 ) ; : . IPgr ‘1O[AVT, ‘DQ. “WY FO Yooqeazou oy} wosz Yy¥AS SATHWV) AVIAN STITH SNOWSdA*) ere é = Mt Lie Md rh IY) bynw G ern sho lat wn. wae Uf “Oh, = Pp,» men tengrhsa papas 404 Saft * EPED bn vena Be Je iy ; SR a a rane et NS ES Sry is 8 i insdhy Sty = we : —— Ses Noy eens PIO IGS ee — oid er thee Gur’ x y a an I da yr es UW OV = noo on O%! yo DrIceg) CO aryy 47 (xy avy : Ganrverw,) oy oy “Atoiap : D oy VROSVY A OYA bare ry VY MD Co ee 7 ) Ryynavrd oy rod. Hide Aveo OPI enprerey ww (s) aeegrry CH pee s4 sty smoosdh'g ga A 3 ee ee EEE ————— ee ————— ——— == amass —— = = — sn nae atte ementiinea sitet — = aS Or REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQ13 Al and that all the Taylor books and papers were lost with the excep- tion of this, which finally came into his possession. The book is a noteworthy record. Mr Taylor was an accom- plished geologist and a fine field observer, as well as a.sketch artist of no mean ability. The pages of the book are filled with carefully detailed geological sketches in water color, many of them of outcrops and of localities in this State which are no longer accessible. Mr Taylor had come to New York evidently for the purpose of putting himself in touch with the recently acquired results by the New York State geologists, and seems to have been particularly intimate with Mr Vanuxem, of the Third District. Evidently he was re- ceived with courtesy by his colleagues here and given this notebook, which bears the official stamp of the organization; but his field trips were made independently of the official geologists themselves and he traversed the State from the southwest corner to its eastern boundary and beyond. Some of Mr Taylor’s sketches are of so great interest as to be worth bringing back to the public eye and to the public record of the New York Geological Survey, into which they have entered only in one or two instances; for it is to be noticed that Mr Vanuxem made references to Mr Taylor’s Pennsylvania work in his annual report for 1837 and used several of his drawings in the Final Report on the Third District, of which may be mentioned the sketches of the cliffs on Cayuga lake and of the inclined strata in Howland’s quarry near Union Springs. But Mr. Taylor’s connection with the organization has never before been a matter of record and it may be well to give here the following brief sketch of his career. He was born in England in 1789 and came to America in 1831. In his own country he had been a mining engineer and practical | geologist, a member of the Geological Society of London and other learned institutions of Great Britain. His practice of geology was entirely economic, and in the development of the coal and iron industry, particularly of Wales, he gained for himself noteworthy distinction. . Upon his arrival in America he took up his residence in Phila- delphia and shortly after was engaged in a survey of the coal fields of Tioga county, Pennsylvania, and subsequently in the southern coal fields in Dauphin county. Of so high order were these under- takings that he was frequently under professional engagement in other mineral districts of the United States. His great work, however, and that upon which his repute as a geologist rests, is 42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM probably his well-known book “ Statistics of Coal,” published in Philadelphia in 1848. The book contained summaries of labors of a long life in connection with coal formation and coal production, and it was received both in England and here with the highest ap- proval and with unstinted commendation. It was not exclusively to economic geology, however, that he devoted his interests, for his geological contributions show the versatility of his observations. He writes on the fossil marine plants of Mifflin county, on the existence of an ancient lake in Mifflin county, on the copper region of Cuba, on fossil plants in Dauphin county, on Indian mounds and earthworks, etc., etc. Mr Taylor was a member of the American Philosophical Society and it is from the obituary notice of him read by Isaac Lea that the above memorandum has been largely taken. No mention, how- ever, is made in any of the notices of his life that the writer has found, of his association with the New York State geologists or of his experience in the field of New York geology. As Mr Taylor was 52 years old when he came into the New York field, he was older than any of the four geologists engaged upon the survey and unquestionably had an experience in the field, especially, at least, in the field of economic geology, to which none of them could lay claim. Yet in spite of this fact, there is nothing in this notebook to indicate that his mind was especially fixed or his eye particularly keen to such development in New York. He seemed to be looking only for a knowledge of geological structure, to test the conclusions of the four geologists for his own personal and professional in- formation and, so far as the writer is aware, he never expressed any public opinion or published any reference to his experiences and observations in the New York field. Mr Taylor died in Philadelphia in 1851. The time may come when it will seem well to reproduce, for the purpose of perfecting the record of the history of this survey, more of these sketches than are here given; but to indicate their char- acter, their worth and their exactitude, the following pages carry a few of these, given, so far as seems practicable, in their original tints and with the original memoranda attached thereto. 2 a OY UMP Oy by rcay PD OMI 2 pry MSY pany Hore cotecl haleck Sheth oney Cal fe Su& =u WOE YG prmany414% e Nw \ . y bibs v : 67 a hd Yor, Peery 7 G sop UN i a . Teens es Puts ne Sy : SIPING 23s32 ¥ ESC 55254 ft) ens SV=atu aw aa} Pray TS od i. aie Vy TLD | 7 [ pag OI PIYy) OWUA af ay (| eth es prvy GPINZG * POP | be ee | YIivSny pas we, 4 a 22g SEcrion oN East CANADA CREEK Sketch from the notebook of R. C. Taylor, 1841 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I913 43 BOARD OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES The Legislature of 1913 provided for the institution of a State Board of Geographic Names, in the following law, which is chapter 187: Section 1 Article 10 of chapter 23 of the Laws of 1909, entitled “An act in relation to executive officers, constituting chapter 18 of the Consolidated Laws,” is hereby amended by adding, at the end thereof, a new section, to be known as section 110, and to read as follows: § 110 Board of geographic names; powers and duties. A State Board of Geographic Names is hereby created, to consist of five members, of which the Commissioner of Education and the State Geologist shall be ex officio members, and three of whom shall be appointed by the Governor to hold for terms of two, four and six years, to be designated by him when the appointments are made. Their successors shall be appointed by the Governor for terms of six years. Vacancies shall be filled by the Governor for the unexpired terms of the offtces vacated. The State Geologist shall be the secretary and executive officer of such board. All of such members shall serve without compensation. The said board shall have power, and it shall be its duty: 1 To determine and establish the correct historical and etymolog- ical form of the place names in this State and to recommend the adoption of such correct forms for public use. 2 To determine the form and propriety of new place names pro- posed for general use, and no corporation, individual or community shall introduce such new place names without the consent and ap- proval of this board. 3 To cooperate with the United States Board of Geographic Names and with the United States post office department in estab- lishing a proper, correct and historically accurate form for all place names proposed as designations of new post offices. § 2 This act shall take effect immediately. iy Acting under the authority given him by this law, Governor Sulzer appointed as members for the terms of two, four and six years, Arnold J. F. van Laer, Albany, Hugh P. Baker, Syracuse, Herman Leroy Fairchild, Rochester. This law carried no ap- _propriation for the execution of its provisions, for clerical help or even for stationery ; but as the work of the board has an obviously University function, it has seemed entirely proper, for the present, to carry on this work in connection with the other activities of this Department, awaiting the day when the Board of Geographic Names shall very properly become an organic part of the University. eee 44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM There have been many and very excellent reasons for the creation of such a board and these were fully appreciated, both by the late Commissioner of Education and the committees of the Legislature before whom the proposition was brought, and expressed in the enactment. Local place names in the State have often gone astray from their original significance; very frequently names which have no propriety within the State of New York have been, of late years, added to its already somewhat incongruous assemblage ; meaningless names, names which are combinations of euphonious, perhaps, but jejune syllables have been imposed upon the State, often at the instigation or by the connivance of public service corporations. New York has had its own troubles in its place names and there probably is not another equal area in America which is so be- spangled with classical names without the remotest relationship to this country, as the Old Military Tract of central New York. This board has been called upon to exercise its functions on several occasions in regard to the institution of new or proposed names, and this has been without solicitation or warning on its own part. It seems, however, quite likely that in the further rearrange- ment of place names in the State, it may be part of the duty of the board to direct attention to the existence of the law and to invite conformity therewith. As a present evidence of the activity of the board and its purpose to do something more than pass upon applications made to it from whatever quarter, there is submitted herewith a glossary of the place names of three of the counties of the State, Albany, Schenectady and Rensselaer. The prosecution of such work as this, if carried out thoroughly, would form a useful series of documents bearing upon the historic development of settlements in the State and such work should be pursued even more completely than is here indicated. It will be understood that the present brief definition of the place names herewith attached is only a suggestion or a hint of the appro- priate direction which some of the labors of the board may take. THE PLACE NAMES OF ALBANY COUNTY ApAms Station. Hamlet. Named for Nathaniel Adams, early settler. Also known as Adamsville. (Now Delmar, absurd misappropriation of well-known town name on border of Dela- ware and Maryland.) ALBANy. County and city. Named in honor of James, Duke of York and Albany (1664), afterwards James II. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI3 45 AtcoveE. Hamlet. Formerly Stephensville. ALTaMontT. Hamlet (formerly Knowersville). Fancy name of no historical significance. High mountain; lies at base of Helder- bergs. AguEpuct. Hamlet. The Erie canal here crosses the Mohawk river. AguetTucK. Hamlet. Ach-que-iuck, Iroquois. Ach-que-tuck or Aquetuck was an early name for Coeymans Hollow. It is usually applied to the flats there but appears to be the Hagguato of the map of the New Hampshire Grants and the stream men- tioned by Schoolcraft as Hakitak, below Coeymans. It may be derived from Ahque, he leaves off, and tuk, a river; i. e., a river at a boundary (Beauchamp). AURANIA or Urania. An early alternative name of Fort Orange. Bazcock Corners. Cognominal. Now Bethlehem Center. Basic creek. Thought to be Mahican; “may be a corruption of quassik, a stone” (Beauchamp). Beacon island. Descriptive. Bear island. Descriptive. BECKERS CorNErS. Hamlet. The Becker family were early settlers. BEEREN island. The island of bears (Dutch). The Mahican name has a similar meaning (Beauchamp). BERNE; BERNEVILLE; SOUTH BERNE. -From Berne, Switzerland, native place of Jacob Weidman, one of the early settlers. BETHLEHEM ; BETHLEHEM CENTER. Suggesting the religious pro- clivities of the settlers. BEvERwyYck. Original Dutch name of Albany. Brack creek. Flows over exposures of black shale. BLocKHOUsE creek. Early settlers built a blockhouse here. Bocut. Hamlet. Dutch=bend of the Mohawk river. CABBAGE island. Descriptive. CALLANAN Corners. Named for Henry Callanan, an early settler. CastLe island. Same as Van Rensselaer island. Fort Nassau was built on this island. Cepar Hirt. Hamlet. Red cedar formerly covered the hills. CHESTERVILLE. Hamlet. Named for Rev. John Chester of Albany. Now known as Westerlo. CLARKSVILLE. Village. .Named for Adam A. Clark, 1822. CoryMANS. Town, village. Named for Barent Pieterse Coeymans, patentee. CorymMAns Hottow. Hamlet on Hannacrois creek. 46 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ConoEs. Town, city. Mohawk=Ga-ha-oos, canoe shooting over the falls. “ Cah-hoos or Ca-hoos, a canoe falling, as explained by the late Indian sachem, Brant.” (Spafford) Cotoniz. Town. The Colony (Rensselaerwyck). CONNERSVILLE. Cognominal. Cooxssurc. Hamlet. Thomas B. Cook of Catskill, 1840, leading man in the Catskill and Canajoharie Railroad enterprise. CRESCENT STATION. Hamlet. In the great bend of the Mohawk. DELMAR. See ADAMS STATION. Dissrows. Hamlet in town of Westerlo. Name no longer in use. DorMANSVILLE. Hamlet. Named for Daniel Dorman, first post- master, 1832. Dunnsvitte. Hamlet. Named for Christopher Dunn, original owner. Dunspack Ferry. Hamlet. Dunsback, early settler. Ferry over Mohawk. East Townsuip. Hamlet. Ereut-Mite creek. Descriptive. Exper creek. Descriptive. ; EtsMERE. Modern name without appropriateness. FECHTBERG. Hill in town of Berne. The name is said to have come from a dispute as to leadership among settlers, 1750. FeurABUSH. Hamlet. Dutch: vurenbosch (pronounced viirebosch), fir-bush, or woods. (A. J. F. van Laer) Now known as Jerusalem, the name Feurabush being attached to the railroad station. Fry creek. Dutch: VJaie, meaning a meadow. Same as Vly. “This word vly, in the records also written vley and vleye, is a puzzling word in the Dutch language. It is obsolete at present and its real meaning is unknown to me. The word seems to apply in nearly all cases. to low, marshy land, or to salt meadows, and I suspect that it is nothing but a contraction of valey, valley, or low land. At all events I should say that the meaning was low land, rather than meadow. Vlaie, is probably a later corruption, which, as far as I remember, does not occur in the. Dutch records.” (A. J. F. van Laer) Font Grove. Modern name. FoXENKILL = Foxes stream. Frencu’s Mitts. Hamlet. Named for Abel French, miiler. Futter. Hamlet. Named for Major John Fuller. FS REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1913 47 GIBBONSVILLE. Old village incorporated into West Troy, 1836. Now a part of Watervliet. GLENMOoNT. Hamlet. Fancy name. GREEN IsLtanp. Village. Descriptive. GROESBECK. Formerly a suburb of Albany, in the town of Bethle- hem. Named for the Groesbeck family. Now obsolete and in- cluded in the southern part of the city. GUILDERLAND. Township and village. Named from Gelderland, in the Netherlands. GUILDERLAND CENTER and GUILDERLAND STATION. HAMILTON or HAMILTONVILLE. “A town or settlement lately laid out in Albany county, New York, in the extensive township of Water Vliet, formerly called the Glass Factory; and has its present name in honor of that great patron of American manu; -factures, the late secretary of the Treasury of the United States of America. It lies 10 miles west of Albany, 2 miles from the Schenectady road; and is one of the most decisive efforts of private enterprise in the manufacturing line, as yet exhibited in the United States. The glass manufactory is now so well estab- lished and so happily situated for the supply of the northern and western people of the State of New York as well as Ver- mont and Canada, that it is to be expected that the proprietors will be amply rewarded for their great and expensive exertions. The glass is in good reputation. Here are two glass houses and various other buildings, curious hydraulic works to save manual labor by the help of machinery. A copious stream runs through the heart of the settlement which lies high; and being sur- rounded by pine plains, the air is highly salubrious. The great Schoharie road traverses the settlement. A spacious school- house and a church of octagon form are soon to be erected.” “ The enterprising proprietors of the Glass and other works in this thriving settlement, were incorporated by the Legislature of New York in the spring of 1797; by the name of ‘ The Hamilton Manufacturing Society,’ which act has given spring to the works here; and authorizes a hope that American manu- factures may not only subserve the interests of our county but that also of the proprietors.” (Jedediah Morse’s Gazetteer, 1798). The settlement and enterprise became effaced by 1840 and the only local trace of it now remaining is to be found in the name “ Hamilton Church ” in Guilderland township. 48 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM HANNAcRoIS creek. Supposed to be from Dutch signifying a crowing cock. It is said that during a freshet a barn was car- ried down stream and perched upon an open door stood a cock crowing. Havers island. In the Mohawk. From the Dutch: haver, oats. Same as VanSchaick’s island. | HELDERBERG mountains. Variant derivations have been suggested for this Dutch word ; helder = bright, bergen, mountains. Helder, a fort in Holland. HiLiuovuse island. Cognominal. ; HuncER Kitt. The local story says that wagon trains from Albany to Buffalo stopped here for refreshment. Hurstvitte. Hamlet. Named for William Hurst, 1861. InpIAN Fietps. Hamlet. Indians had planted fields and orchards. TRELAND CorNERS. Hamlet. Named for Elias H. Ireland, 1832. IrtsH Hitt (Berne). The first settlers were Scotch-Irish. JANES CoRNERS. Same as SOUTH BETHLEHEM. Elisha Janes kept tavern here. JerusALEM. Formerly Feurabush. This later application of an old name which has appeared only on recent maps is objectionable, in view of the well-established application of the word to a township in Yates county and to a village in Queens county. Karxour kill. Stream. Dutch: kijkwit=look-out. See Kykout (Rensselaer co.) Karner. Hamlet. Cognominal. KEEFER CORNERS. Hamlet. Named for Balthus Keefer, 1791. Kenwoop. Suburb of Albany. Named by Mayor Jared Rathbone, Albany, after a Scotch place of his acquaintance. KIMMEy’s CorNERS. Cognominal. KNOWERSVILLE. Now ALTAMONT. Knox. Township and village. Named for John Knox by the Scotch settlers. | Krum kill. Stream. Would seem to be from the Dutch krom or kromme, crooked. Lames Corners. Hamlet. Named for Jehial Lamb, early settler. Lisa Kirt. Hamlet and stream. Name of Indian buried here. LouponviLLE. Hamlet; on Loudon road, 3 miles from Albany. Named in memory of Lord Loudon, general of the English forces in barracks at Albany, 1756. McKownsvitLte. Hamlet. Named for the McKown family, early settlers. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I913 49 Marsu island. Descriptive. MEADOWDALE. Hamlet. Fancy name, modern. MepusA. Hamlet. Modern intrusion. Originally Hall’s Mills, named for Uriah Hall, 1783. MENANDS (properly Mrenanp). Hamlet. Named for Louis . Menand, a Frenchman and first settler. More’s CorNERS. New Satem. Hamlet. Named in 1830. An expression of the piety of the early settlers. NEw ScoTtaAnp. Township, village. There were many Scotch families among the early settlers. NEWTONVILLE. Hamlet. Named for John M. Newton. Normans kill. Stream. A Hollander, Albert Andriessen Bradt, from Frederikstad, Norway, surnamed the Norman, settled at mouth of creek about 1630. NorMANSVILLE. See Normans Kitt. Early name Upper Ho.iow. ONISKETHAU. Hamlet. See ONISKETHAU creek. ONISKETHAU creek. The old Indian name of the region O-nits- quat-haa, deeded in 1685 to Teunis Slingerland and Johannes Appel. “It is said to have been an early name for Coeymans, meaning cornfields.’ (Beauchamp) Patroon creek. Named after the Patroon of Rensselaerswyck. PaTroon island. The same. PrortA. Hamlet. Borrowed name. Port ScHuyLerR. Old hamlet incorporated into West Troy 1836. Now part of the city of Watervliet. Potter Hottow. Hamlet. The Potter family were early settlers. Preston Hottow. Named for Dr Samuel Preston, 1708. Ravena. Modern name. It has no local significance. RerpviL_E. Village. Named for George Reid, Scotch immigrant. RENSSELAERVILLE. Township, village. Named for General Stephen Van Rensselaer, patroon of Rensselaerswyck. RENSSELAER lake. The same. SELKIRK. Hamlet. The first settlers were the Selkirk families of Scotch descent. SHAKERS. Hamlet. The Shakers settled here in 1776.0 SLINGERLANDS. Village. Named for descendants of John A. Slingerland. SouTtH BETHLEHEM. See BETHLEHEM and JANES CoRNERS. SPENCERVILLE. Cognominal. Same as West Albany. STEPHENSVILLE. Hamlet. Named for Archibald Stephens, miller. Stony Hitt. Hamlet. Descriptive. aS 4A wane Xe) NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM SWITZKILL. Stream. There were many Swiss settlers in the town of Berne. Ten-Mite creek. Descriptive. Tuompson lake. Named for John and William Thompson. Tivot1 Hottow. Early hamlet now included in the northern part of the city of Albany. TOWNHOUSE CorNERS. Hamlet. Descriptive. UNIONVILLE. Hamlet. A “Union” church is located here. Origi- nally UNion CHURCH. Upper Hottow. Early name for Normansville. VAN LEUVEN’s CorRNERS. Hamlet. Named for Isaac Van Leuven, early settler. VAN Scuaicks island. In the Mohawk. Cognominal. Van Wie’s Pornt. On Hudson river. Named for Jan Van Wie. ViaumaAns kill. Stream. Cognominal. VOORHEESVILLE. Hamlet. Named for Alonzo B. Voorhees, 1862. WARNER lake. Named for Johannes and Christopher Warner. WATERVLIET. City. Dutch; water=water, vliet, stream, course. Former name West Troy, which, in 1836, was incorporated of the villages or hamlets of Gibbonsville, Watervliet and Port Schuyler. Wemp Le. Hamlet. From a pioneer family. WESTERLO. Township and village. Named for Rev. Eilardus Westerlo, a Dutch clergyman in Albany, 1760. Formerly known as Chesterville. WESTERLO island. West Townsurp. . Hamlet. West Troy. Now a part of Watervliet. WILLEMSTADT. The name given to Albany in 1673 in honor of Willem (William) III, of Orange, later king of England. WILLIAMSBURGH. Hamlet. Now Connersville. Wo tr creek. Descriptive. Wo tr Hitt. Hamlet. THE PLACE NAMES OF RENSSELAER COUNTY ALBIA. Sulbturb of Troy. Ars. Hamlet. In the hilly eastern part of the county. AVERILL Park. Hamlet. Named from old and prominent family in the town of Sand Lake. Bascock pond. Named for John Babcock. BaAtp mountain. Descriptive. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9Q13 51 BARBERVILLE. Hamlet. Cognominal. Batu. Named from supposed medicinal qualities of a spring near it. Now included in city of Rensselaer and name abandoned. Bertin. Township, hamlet. BERLIN CENTER. See BERLIN. Buiacxk brook. Takes its name from the black shales over which it flows. Back river. Same as above. BoynTonviLte. Village. Cognominal. BRAINARD STATION. Hamlet. Named for David Brainard, mis- sionary to the Indians here. Brookview. Hamlet. Modern name; formerly Schodack Center. Brunswick. Township; hamlet. Said to have been settled by a colony of Germans. Among early settlers was a family by the name of Braunschweiger. BurvbEN lake. Cognominal. Buskirk’s Brince. Village, on Hoosick river. Named for Van Buskirk family, early settlers. CAMPBELL island. Cognominal. CastLteTon. Village. Named from Castle hill on which stood an Indian fortification. CENTER BRUNSWICK. See BRUNSWICK. Cuurcu Hottow. Named from the Church family, early settlers. Cium’s Corners. Hamlet. Named for O. Clum, blacksmith. Cow island. Coorer pond. Cognominal. CRANBERRY pond. Descriptive. CROPSEYVILLE. Hamlet. Named for Valentine Cropsey, early settler. Deep kill. Descriptive. DEFREESTVILLE. Hamlet. Named for the early settlers DeForeest ; also spelled DeForest, DeFreest and DeFriest. DunuAm Hotitow. Named for Isaac Dunham, settler, 1800. Ditt creek. This may have been a family name, or perhaps derived from the presence of dill along its banks. Dwaas kill. Stream connecting the Hoosick and Hudson rivers, its current varying with freshet. “ This is probably a corruption of Dwars kill, or cross creek, a stream connecting two others, just as a dwars straat means a cross street. Dwaas=foolish; hence, I suppose, the attempt to explain the name as “ of two minds,” a stream “ flowing both ways.” (A. J. F. van Laer) ———EE 52 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM EAGLE Bripce. Village at the bridge over Hoosick river. Patriotic. Eacte Mitis (Mitvitte). Village. Valuable water power on Poestenkill. East GRAFTON. See Grafton. East POESTENKILL. Hamlet. See PoESTENKILL. Fonpa hill. Named for John Fonda, 1750. Fox Hottow. Name may be derived from Levit Fox, early settler, or may be descriptive. GARFIELD. Hamlet. Modern and patriotic; originally South Stephentown. GLASSHOUSE. Extensive glass works. Gtass lake. GRAFTON. Township and hamlet. Named from Grafton, Vt. Grant Hottow. Hamlet. Grant-Ferris Co. operated an agri- cultural implements factory here. GRAVEL pond. Descriptive. GREENBUSH. Township and village. Greene bosch, from the pine woods adjoining. Now part of the city of Rensselaer. HANnForp pond. Cognominal. i HAYNERVILLE. Hamlet. Named for the Hayner families, early settlers. HAYNERS pond. Cognominal. Hicks pond. Given as Hacks pond on old map. Hitts Hoiiow. Hoac Corners. Named for W. B. Hoag, early settler. Hoac’s pond. Named for Jonathan Hoag who constructed dam and formed pond. Hoosick. Township, village, river. Mohawk, stony place (Rutten- ber). Algonquin, along the kettle (Beauchamp). Hoosick FALLS, Hoosick JUNCTION, West Hoosick and Nortu Hoosick, all take name from the river. IvEs CorNERS. Hamlet. Named for Ives family, early settlers. JoHNSONVILLE. Hamlet. Named for William Johnson, early proprietor, 1800. KENDALL pond. Named for David Kendall, early settler. KINDERHOOK creek. A Dutch name signifying “ Children’s Point.” Name belongs properly to Columbia county. Kyxout hill. From Dutch Kykuyt or Kijkuit (modern spelling) = lookout. LANSINGBURGH. ‘Town, village (part of Troy). Named for and laid out in 1771 by Abraham Jacob Lansingh as the City of REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQ13 53 Lansinghburgh. In its early history commonly known as New City in contrast to Albany, the “ Old City.” LittLe ScHopack island. See ScHopAck. Lone pond. Descriptive. Lower Scuopack island. See ScHODACK. Lyons pond. Cognominal. Mastens Corners. Hamlet. Named for the Masten family, store- keepers. ME rose. Hamlet. Probably Scotch. MesHopAc PEAK. Indian= mishadchu, great mountain (Beau- champ). MILLER Corners. Hamlet. Named for George Miller, storekeeper, 1840. Mittvitte. Alternative name for Eagle Mills. Motts island. Named for the Molls family. Motts Praat. Named for the Molls family. Moon hill. Named for the family of J. S. Moon. Moorvener kill. Stream. Refers to an early battle on its banks between settlers and robbers. “ Moordener is a corruption of Moordenaer or Moordenaar = murderer.” (A. J. F. van Laer) Murtzes kill. Stream. The story is that a Dutch female with high hat lost it in the stream and cried out, “ Di muitz is in de Kil.” “ Muitzes may be a corruption of Mutzen (pl. of Muts= woman’s lace cap or man’s woolen or fur cap), but the story sounds foolish. More likely, Muitzes is a corruption of Muizen -mice.” (A. J. F. van Laer) Nassau. Township, village. Named from old Nassau; originally Philipstown. Nortu Nassau, East Nassau, Nassau pond. NEPIMORE creek. Newcoms Ponp. Named for Daniel Newcomb, 1790. NortH GREENBUSH. See GREENBUSH. OvELL hill. Named for Simeon Odell, 1790. __ PapscANIE island. Abbreviated from the name of the original owner, Papsickenekas or Paep-Sikenekomtas. PATTERSONS CorNERS. Hamlet. Named from early settlers. PECKHAM pond. Named for early pioneer who lived near it. PETERSBURG. Township, village. Named for Peter Simmons, 1791. NortH PETERSBURG. PETERSBURG JUNCTION. Prxe hill. A companion name to Pike pond. ———E 54 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM PrKe pond. Descriptive. Prttstown. Township, hamlet. PrxtTaway island. PLaTTstowNn. Hamlet. Originally Platstown from Peter Plate, innkeeper. Better known as Tamarac. POESTENKILL. ‘Township and hamlet. Named for Jan Barentsen Wemp, nicknamed Poest. “ Poest means a cowherd.” (A. J. F. van Laer) Popiar hill and Poprar island. Potter hill. Hamlet. A man named Potter was killed here by accident. : Prosser Horttow. Stream. Named for Ichabod Prosser, early settler. QuackEN kill. “ Probably from Quack, or Kwak (pl. Quacken, Kwakken), a heron (Ardea nycticorax). Kwakken also means ‘to croak,’ but if the kill was full of frogs, it would more likely be called Kikoorschen kill than Quacken kill” (AS Ja98? van Laer) RAYMERTOWN. Hamlet. Named for Raymer family, early settlers. Rep pond. Descriptive; colored by soil. REICHARD pond. From Reichard family, early settlers. RENSSELAER. City, county. Taken from Albany county in 1791 and named for the Patroon of Rensselaerswyck. REYNOLDS. Hamlet. Cognominal. Rocx Hottow. Hamlet. One of the gorges of Quacken kill. Rounp pond. Descriptive. Sanp Lake. Township, hamlet, lake. Descriptive. SCHAGHTICOKE. Township, village. Named for the Schaghticoke or Skaachkook tribe of Indians. SCHAGHTICOKE hill. = SCHAGHTICOKE JUNCTION. SCHERMERHORN island. Named for Cornelius Schermerhorn. ScHopack. Township. Indian Skootag, fire, ack, place; “ fireplace of the nation.” Council seat of the Mahicans in this town. ScHopAcK CENTER. Hamlet = BrookviEw; ScHopAcK LANDING; SoutH ScHopacK ; Hamlets. East Scuopack. Hamlet. SHAD island. Descriptive. SHAVER pond. SuINncLeE Hortow. Stream. Recalls a shingle mill. Suiters. Village. Named for Calvin Sliter. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9Q13 55 SNAKE hill. Descriptive. SoutH Bertin. Hamlet. See BrErrin. SPEIGLETOWN. Hamlet. Named for the Vanderspeigle families, early settlers. ‘“ Vanderspeigle is probably a corruption of the well-known Dutch family name of van de Spiegel. Cf. Lawrens Pieter van de Spiegel, a famous Dutch statesman, about the time of the French revolution, for whom a street in Amster- dam is named.” (A. J. F. van Laer) Sraats island. Named for Barent Staats. STEPHENTOWN. Township, hamlet. Named for Stephen Van Rensselaer, Patroon, 1784. STEPHENTOWN CENTER. Hamlet (formerly Mechanicsville). WEST STEPHENTOWN, SOUTH STEPHENTOWN and Nortu STEPHEN- TOWN. Hamlets. STILLMAN VILLAGE. Hamlet. Cognominal. SUNKAUISSIA creek. Sank-an-is-sick, a branch of the Tomhannock. Root may be sonkin, to grow up like a plant. (Beauchamp). Sweet Mix creek. TACONIC mountains. Indian name. Beauchamp gives Tagh-ka-nick, water enough. Zeisberger has Tach-an-ni-ke, full of timber. TacKAWASICK pond and creek. (=Tsat-sa-was-sa and Sas-sa- was-sa). The name may refer to a stone mortar (Beauchamp). TIASHOKE. Hamlet. (Ty-o-shoke). Iroquois, “meeting of waters ” (Beauchamp). TreRKEN kill. Dutch=noisy creek. “The derivation from the verb tieren, to make a noise, does not account for the k and seems impossible, as tieren is used only in connection with people. A more likely derivation is from Tierk, or Tjerk, the Frisian form for Dirck, the given name of some early settler.” (A. J. F. van Laer) ToMHANNocK. Hamlet and creek. Mohawk=a flooded river (Beauchamp). Troy. City. Originally Van Der ede and Van Der Leyden’s Ferry. “ Changed in 1789 into the more classic name of Troy.” It contains two hills, Mt Olympus and Mt Ida. Upper ScwHopack island. See ScHopack. VALLEY Fatts. Village, on Hoosick river. VospurcH pond. Cognominal. Wattoomsac. River and hamlet. Variously written, of Indian derivation, 56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM West Sanp Lake. See SAND LAKE. Waite Liry pond. Descriptive. Waite Rock mountain. WYNANTSKILL. Village and stream. Named for Wynant Gerritse Vanderpoel, 1674. THE PLACE NAMES OF SCHENECTADY COUNTY AALPLAATS. Village and stream. Dutch, a place for eels. Now corrupted to Alplaus. “Given as Aelplaats in Burr’s atlas of 1829, Aelplatts and Alplatts on map of 1856. Though flaats, in Holland, by the illiterate, is often pronounced plaus, it would seem as if Alplaus might be a corruption of Aalplas = eel pond.” (A. J. F. van Laer) ApAMS KiLLETYE. Stream. From Adam Mull, taken prisoner by the Indians when drinking from it. “ Killetye, corruption of Killetje = little kill (old spelling Killetie, though doubtless pro- nounced Killetje and not Killetee).” (A. J. F. van Laer) AuptaAus. Modern corruption of Aalplaats. AguEpucT. Hamlet. Canal crosses Mohawk. BinneE kill. Stream. “Inner river.” A short diverted part of the Mohawk south of Van Slyck island. Bonny Brook. Named by the Scotch settlers. BRAMANS Corners. Hamlet. Named for Dr Joseph Braman, 1840. CHUCTENUNDA. Stream. Chaugh-ta-noon-da=stony houses or stony places. CooxsporouGH. Hamlet. Named for the Vandercook (Van der Koek?) families. CrasseE kill. Stream. Cognominal. DeLaANnson. Village. Present name of Quaker Street. Combina- tion of “ Delaware and Hudson.” DuANEsBuRG. Town, village. Named for James Duane who settled here in 1765. i East GLENVILLE. Hamlet. See GLENVILLE. Eaton Corners. Hamlet. FEATHERSTONHAUGH lake. Named for the Featherstonhaugh family. Now improperly written Featherstone lake. GirForps. Hamlet. Named for J. Gifford, hotel keeper. GLENVILLE. Township and village. Named for Sanders Leendertse Glen, patentee, 1820. GREENS CorNERS. Hamlet. Named for the early settlers. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1913 57 HicH Mitts. Hamlet. Old milling settlement deriving its name from falls in the Alplaus known as High falls. HoFFMANn’s Ferry. Named for John Hoffman, 1835. Now Horr- MAN. Originally VEppDER’s Ferry, from Harmanus Vedder, 1790. JAN WeEmps creek. Jan Barentsen Wemp was the ancestor of the Wemp family. Name appears on some maps as Van Wemps creek. KELLEY’s STATION. Hamlet. Named for Andrew Kelley. MariAvVILLE. Hamlet. Named for a daughter of James Duane. MoHAWKEVILLE. Hamlet. NisKAyuNA. Township, village. Con-nes-ti-gu-ne or Nis-ti-goo-ne, corntiats. NisKAyuUNA pool. Name recently introduced, with approval of Board of Geographic Names, for a body of water impounded by barge canal construction. Replaces “ Peck Lake,” not approved. PATTERSONVILLE. Village. Named for W. H. Patterson, hotel keeper. Protter kill. Stream. “ Plotter kill is probably a corruption of Platte kill, which occurs also in Ulster county. Platte kill= flat creek, seems a strange name. Het platte land is the term applied in Holland to the country districts, in contradistinction to the cities, and in a country which is mostly flat, is self- explanatory. But why a kill should be called plat I do not know.” (A. J. F. van Laer) Poentics kill. Stream. “This may be a corruption of Poenties kill. “‘Poentie (or Poentje) was the nickname given to both Teunis Cornelissen Van Vechten and Teunis Dircksen Van Vechten (see Van Rensselaer Bowier MSS, p. 815, 819). The meaning of the word poentje is unknown to me. Poent is Middle Dutch spelling for modern punt = point. Poentje is the diminutive form. There is also a word poenter=assessor, so that poentje may be either a nickname for a person with a pointed face, nose or chin, or else be the real surname of the Van Vechtens, derived from some ancestor who held the office of assessor.” (A. J. F. van Laer) PRINCETOWN. Named for John Prince of Schenectady, member of Assembly. QUAKER STREET. Village. Quakers settled here in 1790 and made purchases of land. Now Delanson. 58 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM REESEVILLE. Named for an early settler. Now a part of Scotia. RottEerDAM. ‘Township and village. Named from Rotterdam, Holland, on account of lowlands. RyNeEx Corners. Hamlet. Several members of Rynex family settled in this vicinity. SANDERS lake. Named for Sanders family. SANDSEA kill (formerly, ZANTZEE kill). Stream. “ Zantzee (better Zandzee, or else Santsee) is a familiar Dutch expression for Sand "desertion sl) |. meanvetileaeta) SCHENECTADY. County and city. Schagh-nac-taa-dagh, beyond the pine plains. cats Scotia. Village. The ancient name of Scotland. The patentee, Sanders Leendertse Glen, was a Scotchman. Town House Corners. Hamlet. The town’s business was trans- acted here. Van Stycxs island. Named for Jacques Van Slyck, 1662. VerF kill. Stream. Dutch= paint creek. “Given in Butr’s atlas of 1829 as Vert kill. This, however, has no significance as most of the Dutch names in that atlas are misspelled.” (A. J. F. van Laer) WEstT GLENVILLE. See GLENVILLE. AREAL GEOLOGY In previous annual reports statements have been regularly given in regard to the progress made in the completion of the great geologic map of the State on the topographic base, scale of one mile to one inch. It may be broadly stated that the quadrangles which have been surveyed and fully reported upon, or upon which work is under way, now number approximately 40, although this is but a small percentage of the total number of quadrangles of the State already surveyed by the United States Geological Survey, in cooperation with the State Engineer and Surveyor. The execution of the geological work is of a kind which must of necessity progress very slowly and with every possible attention to detail. The pro- gress of the work, however, has at no time been interrupted and at the time of writing this report there are now in press final re- ports on the following areas, accompanied by detailed geologic maps on the topographic base: The Attica and Depew quadrangles Published together as a single map with descriptive text, by Mr Luther. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9Q13 59 The Saratoga and Schuylerville quadrangles Also published together in one report with full descriptive details and discussion of the various important interests pertaining to the Saratoga Mineral Springs basin, by Professor Cushing and Doctor Ruedemann. The North Creek quadrangle Lying in the eastern Adirondack region, the report and map of which have been prepared by Professor Miller. The Syracuse quadrangle and its accompanying text, by Professor Hopkins. In addition to these reports, there is also a bulletin on the Geo- logical History of New York by Professor Miller, which relates especially to the physical development of this State. All these publications will presently be ready for distribution. Central and western New York. In this region Mr Luther has continued the long series of field surveys upon which he has been engaged for nearly twenty years, and during the season of 1913 covered the quadrangles of Olcott and Lockport and that part of the Tonawanda-Wilson quadrangles which lies east of the east line - of the map prepared and published some years ago in connection with Professor Grabau’s bulletin on the Geology of Niagara Falls. Mr Luther’s reports on the quadrangles mentioned are now essen- tially prepared and will soon be ready for publication. Northern New York. Professor Miller began the survey of the Blue Mountain quadrangle during the summer of 1913. Most of the time was spent in making a detailed study of approximately one-third of the area in the vincinity of Long Lake and Blue Moun- tain Lake villages. As most of the quadrangle has not been ex- amined and no laboratory work on the rocks yet been undertaken, only certain more evident results of the field work so far executed can be here presented. Grenville series. The Grenville rocks are but slightly repre- sented. Their only important development, where free from closely involved igneous rocks, is in Blue Mountain lake and im- mediate vicinity. With slight exceptions, all the islands of the lake consist of Grenville limestone and hornblende-garnet gneiss together with smaller amounts of quartzite and various well-banded gneisses. Outcrops are usually large and excellent. Similar out- crops occur on the lake shores except on the north, and no doubt the bottom of the lake consists almost wholly of such Grenville strata. Syenite-granite gneiss series. Rocks of the syenite-granite gneiss series constitute most of the area studied. No very basic phases 60 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM of the syenite were noted, the usual rock being the greenish grey, quartzose variety so well known throughout the Adirondacks. There are many fine exposures as, for example, on Blue mountain, Owl’s Head mountain and in the vicinity of Long Lake village, particularly in the large stone quarry alongside the road 1% miles southwest of the village. With increasing quartz content this rock passes into a granitic syenite which frequently shows a pinkish color. The granitic syenite in turn grades into true granite gneisses which are nearly always pink or red. Many small and large Gren- ville gneiss bands or inclusions occur parallel to the foliation in all facies of the syenite-granite series. Frequently these rocks show rather rapid changes in color and composition parallel to the foliation, though not the slightest evidence that one of these rock types cuts another has yet been found. Rather there is much evidence to show that the different facies really grade into each other and are only variations of the same intrusive body. Though at times the porphyritic texture is somewhat developed, no map- pable areas of granite or syenite porphyry were found. Mixed gneiss series. There are two considerable areas of syenite- granite and Grenville mixed gneisses. One of these occupies several square miles just south of Blue Mountain and Eagle lakes and the other some 8 or 10 square miles along the northern border of the quadrangle. As usual, in areas previously reported by the writer, these rocks consist of Grenville strata shot through by and closely involved with syenite or granite. Often wide bands of Grenville are plainly visible while more rarely the Grenville has been more or less assimilated by the intruding magma. Gabbro. Several gabbro stocks or dikes of the usual sort with associated amphibolite’ have been found. The largest, occupying three-fourths of a square mile, is crossed by the main road 4 miles east of Long Lake village. Diabase. Two fine diabase dikes occur on the eastern shore of Long lake, respectively one-half mile and 1 mile north of Long Lake village. One dike has a width of 40 feet and both show sharp contacts and clear-cut branches from the main masses. They strike north 30° east. Faults. It is quite evident that the western portion of the Blue Mountain quadrangle lies west of the region of extreme faulting in the Adirondacks. Good evidence for but one fault was found and this line of fracture has determined the Raquette river channel across the corner of the quadrangle. Thus the remarkably straight REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9Q13 61 northeast-southwest strike of this channel is accounted for. Nothing very positive can be said regarding the amount of dis- placement and date of this fracture but its presence is demon- strated by fine crushed and broken rock zones at Buttermilk falls and several places in the ledges along the shores of the lake. Glaciation. A number of good glacial striae were observed especially near Long Lake village and toward the western base of Blue mountain. These bear from south 30° to 50° west, thus harmonizing with other observations in the interior Adirondack region. Much glacial drift has been deposited, particularly over the lowlands, but there is no good evidence for ice erosion other than the removal of superficial loose or decomposed materials. Brier Hill and Ogdensburg quadrangles. Professor Cushing was engaged for part of the summer of 1913 in the Brier Hill and Ogdensburg quadrangles and reports that, so far as his observa- tions have extended, the Precambric rocks are of considerable interest. There are long, narrow tongues of porphyritic syenite cutting the Grenville rocks and in parallelism with their structure. It is suggested that they are of the nature of huge dikes, but if this is the case the parent body of syenite from which they sprung nowhere appears and must lie to the south on the Gouverneur sheet. There is much amphibolite and interbedded Grenville sedi- ments cut by the porphyritic syenite. Part of this amphibolite, however, into which the porphyritic syenite appears to grade, is evidently igneous, yet so far it has proved impossible to distinguish certainly the two in the field. The Paleozoic section is well shown on these two quadrangles and is of much interest. The Potsdam sandstone is thin and of unequal thickness owing to the irregularity of the surface on which it was deposited. It is quite like the Potsdam of the Alexandria Bay and Theresa region described in Museum Bulletin 145. The overlying Theresa formation has greatly thickened and in its upper portion carries a massive 20 foot sandstone which is prominent all across this district and, according to Professor Chadwick, is con- tinuous into the Canton quadrangle. The horizon is fossiliferous but until a definite examination of the fossils has been made it is not practicable to say whether this sandstone and the overlying beds are positively of Theresa or whether they may be of the age of the Tribes Hill formation. The overlying Beekmantown for- mation has a thickness of about 100 feet, with no summit shown. It is highly fossiliferous and these fossils indicate that the base 62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM of the formation here is comparable with the middle of subdivision D of the Champlain section, that is, that division D and C of that section and the lower part of D, are lacking here and that Beek- mantown deposition at the west of the Adirondacks began cor- respondingly. later than in the Champlain valley. Canton quadrangle. Mr Martin, who has been occupied with the Precambric rocks of this quadrangle, reports as follows: The Grenville formations and the later intrusives are about equally abundant in the area examined. Nothing older than Gren- ville was discovered, for these rocks everywhere rest upon later igneous masses. Their total thickness is not demonstrably greater than 2 miles. Of the Grenville sediments, the limestones, in vary- ing degrees of purity, are perhaps the most abundant; sometimes they are made up of pure carbonate of lime, but as a rule there is a prominent admixture of silicates, actinolite, coccolite, phlogopite and other minerals. Transitions through quartz-mesh varieties to thin-bedded quartz-schists are often observed. Garnet-gneiss, with garnet-free varieties, is strongly developed in the southeastern part of the quadrangle, but elsewhere it occurs only in thin layers. These rocks are associated with limestones and rusty gneisses, and the total thickness is not far from 3500 feet. The series has been injected by later intrusives of both gabbroic or gabbro-dioritic and granitic composition, and the whole doubly folded back upon itself into an immense isoclinal sigmoid, now beveled by the surface of erosion. Silicious gneisses, occurring chiefly in the western part of the sheet, comprise garnetiferous biotite schists, quartz-feldspar- biotite paragneisses, thin quartzites and other transitional sedi- mentary varieties. With these are sometimes associated thin laminae and layers of calcareous quartzite, and some limestone strata, only the largest of which are mapped separately. Minor types, such as quartzite, quartz-mesh limestone, quartz schist and pyritous gneiss, are of restricted development, and of these the latter has the more general distribution. Certain amphibolites, in the lack of precise indications as to their origin, are questionably included in this series. The amphibolites of the Pierrepont region, on the other hand, are believed to be, and those of the Little River-Pyrites belt are known to be, derived from an early gabbro intrusion, and the two masses are probably, though not certainly, continuous. South of Pierrepont Center the basic intrusive has formed an injection zone REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1913 63 with the garnet-gneiss as country rock; in the case of the Pyrites mass, numerous xenoliths of Grenville limestone and gneisses have been included, among them the narrow belt of pyritous gneiss at Pyrites which is the ore-bearing stratum. ‘The pink granite-gneiss occupies broad belts and smaller isolated subcircular areas; while generally foliated, it is rarely massive and saccharoidal. Pegmatite dikes of simple mineralogical composition are abundantly developed in the western area where they cut through Grenville silicious gneisses. Some of these penetrate the amphibolitic border of the gabbro formation, and the granite is believed therefore, though other evidence is lacking, to be younger than the latter. The granite contains abundant amphibolitic in- clusions; in the absence of satisfactory data as to the derivation of these by the metamorphism of limestone, which nowhere shows contact alteration as distinct from regional, the xenoliths are viewed as inclusions of the earlier basic rocks caught up during the in- trusion of the granite. Inclusions other than amphibolite are absent, and because of the apparent impotence of the granite to produce contact alteration, it is believed that widespread assimila- tion has not taken place in those portions of the magma now accessible to observation. . The schistosity has a general northeast-southwest strike and a northwest dip of 20 to 40 degrees; it ordinarily follows the band- ing or strike of the formations, but in numerous instances the latter intersects it at an angle as high as go degrees. Pitch, as applied to the directrices of folds of all sizes and to the elongation of mineral groups and individuals, is usually parallel to the direction of average dip, but may depart from it as much as I5 or 20 degrees. In the more western gneisses, on the contrary, it is almost parallel to the strike. On the whole, the axes of folds in the limestone, garnet, gneiss and other formations, as well as the elongation of xenoliths in granite, conform with remarkable constancy to this northwest pitch. An important structure is the tilted sigmoidal isocline south and west of Pierrepont, which involves the broad belt of garnet-gneiss already referred to, and its peripheral amphibolitic and granitic injection zone. Its axes correspond to the regional pitch, its axial planes to the regional foliation and its limbs are parallel to the regional trend of the formations. Its greatest measured dimension is over 6 miles in an east-northeast direction; from top to bottom it measures 344 miles, and it is perhaps the largest Precambric 64 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM structure of its type known. The wide departure of its axes from the formation trend is believed to point to at least two periods of orographic disturbance in this vicinity. Igneous rocks are ordinarily in the form of sills. In the case of the gabbro these may represent stocks or bosses rolled out by dynamic readjustments, but many of the smaller masses were un- _ doubtedly intruded as thin sheets to form an injection zone, such as that south of Pierrepont. In the case of the granite, the habit is much the same; but the sills are of huge dimensions and together with the smaller bosses probably represent the irregular surface of a regional bathylith. ny In view of the limited area covered by the field work for this report, perhaps too much reliance should not be placed upon the broad generalizations here offered. Nevertheless they represent, in the writer’s opinion, the weight of evidence for this quadrangle; but they are recognized as being subject to modification when viewed in the light of future more extended researches. Professor Chadwick, who has been engaged with the Paleozoic rocks of this quadrangle, reports as follows: ‘ The Paleozoic formations occupy the northern third of the quad- rangle and occur also as several small outliers through the southern half. The northern outcrops are in general quite limited in number and in area, since the region is under a heavy cover of drumlin drift; they are confined chiefly to the beds of the Grasse river, Trout and Stony brooks, and the Raquette. While all the layers decline, broadly speaking, to the northward, following the present slope of the subsurface of Precambric crystallines, they present many minor undulations of gentle dip, crisscrossing like the waves of a choppy sea. Along the contact of the main mass with the crystalline rocks that lie to the south, there exists a blank zone exceeding 1% miles in breadth, in which bedrock is wholly concealed. The first out- crops seen on the north of this zone are small, often easily over- looked, exposures of the Theresa beds—upper semicalcareous Cambric strata. These are followed, usually immediately, by ex- tensive ledges of a white vitreous “ quartzite,’ 20 feet or more in thickness, containing numerous “ Scolithus”” and having much the appearance of the “ white Potsdam” sandstone, with which it has evidently been confused in earlier explorations. Fine exposures of this are seen at Morley and northeastward to the Trout brook, thence southeastward along Stony brook to Sissonville on the REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9Q13 65 Raquette river. The discovery of large flat-coiled gastropods up to 3% inches in diameter in this sandstone early threw doubt upon its supposed Potsdam age and led to the study of the better sections on the neighboring Ogdensburg and Brier Hill quad- rangles. At Heuvelton, on the Oswegatchie, the field relations of the much more ‘conspicuous ledges there widely exposed indicated a position above the Theresa division, which formation shows well in the falls below the dam; and this was confirmed by the succession of these strata in the nearly continuous section exposed along the St Lawrence river between Morristown and Ogdensburg. The heavy “twenty-foot”’ sandstone, carrying the large gastropods and “ Scolithus,’’ was found to lie far up in the “transition” series of mixed calcareous and arenaceous beds and to belong apparently in the base of the Canadian group (Ordovicic), corresponding to a part of what have been termed the “ Tribes Hill” beds farther west and south. | The overlying, alternating sandy and dolomitic beds of the Tribes Hill formation are best displayed at Buck’s bridge on the Grasse river and there carry well-preserved Pleurotomaria hunterensis’ in the sandy layers; though farther west, as at Theresa and Heuvelton, these occur in the calcareous parts only. In passing eastward this formation has become far more arenaceous than in Jefferson county, so much so that it too has been included with the “ Potsdam” in the earlier mapping. Its lithic characters _are here much more like those of the (restricted) Theresa beds than is the case in the Theresa region, where the Tribes Hill outcrops at once suggest the higher marine Beekmantown. What appear to be the top beds of this division are overlaid con- formerly opposite the lower mills at Hewittville on the Raquette * by 10 or 11 feet of more calcareous strata of different aspect. These consist of drab calcilutytes, weathering light buff or greenish yellow, more or less shot with irregular, brown-weather- ing streaks of sand. In the Morristown-Ogdensburg section, 4 or 5 feet of similar beds are seen at the summit of the Tribes Hill; but at an intervening exposure on Trout brook they seem to be lacking though present again in a railway cut a few rods to the west. The appearance of an unconformity with the overlying purer dolomites of the Beekmantown at each of these three lo- 1Tdentified by Doctor Ruedemann. . 2 This locality is just over the line on the Potsdam quadrangle. 3 66 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM calities is thus emphasized by this discontinuity of the subforma- tion. It is expected that these beds will be found to thicken -east- wardly and to take on a more open-water character, whereas here they have many marks of a shoreward, shoal-water deposit. A small Maclurea-like gastropod is the only fossil observed in them. The beds that succeed, apparently unconformably, are of normal “upper Beekmantown” character, mostly drab or gray dolomites, sometimes with a pinkish cast, though there are one or more sharply defined beds of white sandstone of “* Potsdam” type in the series, and a limited amount of sand in scattered worn grains is likely to be found at any level, but its presence is not conspicuous. The rock generally has a velvety surface on fresh fracture. These beds are well seen along the Rutland Railroad at the Madrid-Potsdam turnpike crossing and near Norwood, and constitute the highest layers exposed on the Canton quadrangle. Paleozoic outhers. Returning to the southern boundary, it is observed that the rock sequence above discussed lacks a base, and that no exposures of its lowest beds, where the sub- stantial Potsdam sandstone is to be expected, are known on this quadrangle, and only the topmost part of the succeeding Theresa formation. A glance at the State geologic map will show that the Precambric crystalline rocks protrude far to the north on the meridian of Canton. A reasonable assumption, to which the field evidence offers no dissent, is that the Potsdam sandstone is entirely, or nearly, cut out across this quadrangle by an elevated area or ~ monadnock in the Precambric erosion surface (“sub-Potsdam peneplain”’) north of Canton. There is abundant evidence about Canton of the ruggedness of this sub-Potsdam surface, and this would be merely repeating over a larger district what happens in a smaller way here and there about Theresa and on Wellesley ° island.+_ What comes the nearest to being an outcrop of the main body of white sandstone below the Theresa is an extensive exposure of cross-bedded saccharoidal sandstone with occasional large white quartz cobbles, in the bed of the Grasse river just above the county house. This small area is nearly surrounded by the crystallines, the actual contacts covered, however, and thus must fit a deep embayment in these, if- it is not actually an isolated outlier. No great thickness is visible, though the ledges form two separate series of rapids. 1N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 145, p. 60. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1913 67 Similar white saccharoidal sandstone, usually but little disturbed and with dips no greater than have been seen over the northern belts, occurs as outliers in separate localities along the east side of the Grasse river 2 and 3 miles respectively south of Canton. At the nearer of these the actual contact with the adjacent Grenville quartzite is excellently revealed, the latter beds standing vertically. Not far away are exposures of a more indurated and disturbed red or reddish sandstone of typical Potsdam character and revealing extensive brecciation and microfaulting. Often this rock is vir- tually a quartzite, though quite distinct in character from the thoroughly metamorphic Grenville. Small thrusts and monoclines are common. Some of the rock is highly autoclastic. These two types of rocks, with their color contrast even more pronounced perhaps, occur in very close proximity at the more southerly locality, where the red one is seen (as at several other points) in an equally unconformable but strikingly different type of contact with the Grenville quartzite and marble. The relations here are such that pertinence of the white and the red sandstones to the same formation seems open to question, though positive evidence of difference of age is not yet discovered. And these doubts intrude themselves at all the other localities examined, including the ex- posures north and south of Potsdam village. A distinction between these beds has been suggested by Cushing’ for the Theresa quad- rangle, with an erosion interval postulated on the basis of red pebbles incorporated in the white beds. It appears to us that no considerable age difference is indicated by the accumulating data and that Winchell’s suggestion” of lower or middle Cambric age for the true red Potsdam sandstone of the Hannawa quarries (type locality) is hardly acceptable, though still possible. SURFICIAL GEOLOGY During the year past Professor Fairchild has continued his obser- vations upon the changes in the postglacial waters. In the summer of 1913 his work was partly in the Champlain valley and partly, for purposes of comparison, in the valley of the Connecticut river. The manuscript copy of the forthcoming Churubusco or Ellenburg quadrangle sheet gave opportunity for determination of altitudes in the area near the Canadian boundary east and southeast of Covey hill. With the help of this map, it was found that the series 1N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 145, p. 62. 2Vide N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 95, p. 360. 68 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM of heavy cobble beaches at and north of Cannon Corners reached 735 feet in altitude, which is very near to the figure 750 feet which has been used for the theoretic height at the north line of the State. It seemed apparent that the up and down movement of the Hudson-Champlain valley must have involved the adjacent Con- necticut valley, and therefore an exploration was made of the latter from Long Island sound to Wells River. This invasion of New England is also necessary for the study of the pleistocene of Long Island, since in position and in glacial history the latter area is a part of the former. It was found that the phenomena of submergence in sea-level waters, so obtrusive in the Hudson-Champlain valley, were clear and abundant in the Connecticut valley. The high-level “terraces” and sand plains, of which much has been written, attributing them to deposits of the glacially-flooded river, are really delta deposits made in standing waters at sea level. The plains and terraces are partly contributed, as in the Hudson valley, by glacial outwash and partly by land drainage, and later somewhat distributed and shaped by river work at lower levels. The origin of the plains in Massachusetts as static water deposits were recognized by Professor Emerson, and so described in his United States Geological Survey publications, Monograph XXIX, and Holyoke folio, no. 50. His water plane was taken as a datum plane, and it was found practically to mark the upper limit of the standing water from Middletown north to the mouth of Passumpsic river, about 280 miles. Northward from this point the valley was above the sea level. In the Connecticut valley the uplifted marine plane has a north- ward rise of 2.30 feet a mile, nearly identical with the gradient in the Hudson valley which is 2.23 feet. But for equal latitudes the Connecticut plane lies about 50 feet higher than the Hudson plane, which makes the isobases or lines of equal uplift lie about 20 de- grees north of west by 20 degrees south of east. Following are some of the altitudes in the Connecticut valley: Riverhead, L. I., 120 feet; New Haven, Conn., 180; Middletown, 220; Hartford, 280; Springfield, Mass., 300; Brattleboro, Vt., 420; Hanover, N. H., 565; Wells River, Vt., 620. These are theoretic altitudes of the datum plane, but are very close to the actual levels of the summit terraces. It appears that the west end of Long Island was mostly above this sea while the east end was mostly submerged. The heavy REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI3 69 moraines stood above the sea. The broad sand plains, so character- istic of broad areas of Long Island, are attributed to the sub- mergence in the ocean as the ice sheet melted. The Winooski valley in Vermont, opening at Burlington and heading east of Montpelier, is a replica of the Connecticut valley. It was deeply flooded by the Champlain sea-level water and exhibits well-formed high deltas. The history of its terraces is the same as for the Connecticut. It is planned to publish as a bulletin of the State Museum the proofs of the marine submergence of the Hudson-Champlain valley and description of the phenomena. In this connection it will be necessary to make comparison with the corresponding features in New England. The study of the surficial geology of the Saratoga quadrangle was completed by Professor Stoller and the final report, with map, submitted. Beginning was also made by him in the study of the glacial geology of the Cohoes quadrangle. INDUSTRIAL GEOLOGY The collections relating to the economic mineral materials of the State have been so largely augmented during the past season as to constitute practically an entirely new addition to the Museum. The materials have been assembled by solicitation among the repre- sentative industries and in part by personal canvass in the field. Although fairly complete exhibits of the kind have been prepared at different times by the Museum for the expositions at Chicago, St Louis, Portland and Buffalo, there has never been any attempt hitherto to incorporate a series of the products of our mineral in- dustry as a permanent feature of the Museum itself. As a con- sequence, the collections previously made were largely scattered after they had served their purpose of temporary display, and much of the remnant returned to Albany has suffered damage from re- peated removals from one storage place to another. A list of the new collections is included with the Museum accessions for the year. It is proper to state that the plan of assembling such an exhibit has met with hearty cooperation on the part of the mining and quarry enterprises concerned, and that many have gone to consid- erable inconvenience and expense in preparing the necessary ma- terials. Acknowledgment may be made in this place for the general support that has thus been received, without which the labor would 70 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM have been greatly increased and the results no doubt much dimin- ished in value. Mining and quarry review. The usual statistical canvass of the mineral industries was carried out, as a basis for the publication of a summary of the year’s activities. The total production re- turned by the industries for 1912 had a value of $36,552,789. This indicated a period of general business expansion, since it was larger by nearly 17 per cent than the amount reported for the preceding year. In fact, the value of the output failed by only a small amount of reaching a new record, although the market conditions were by no means so favorable as they had been in some of the previous years. In some branches of the mineral industry, New York State .oc- cupies a very prominent place and it participates in a large number of others which altogether contribute very considerably to the aggre- gate. There were thirty-five materials listed in the general table of products. The clay-making and quarry industries accounted for the largest items, the former with a total of $11,947,497 and the latter with an aggregate value of $5,718,984. These branches show great stability, but no marked tendency toward expansion from year to year. On the other hand, the cement industry, which in a sense competed with both the stone and clay-working industries, has made rapid strides of late years, after a period of vicissitude that nearly exterminated the once prosperous natural cement busi- ness of the State. With the decline of the latter, the portland cement branch was built up and has more than counterbalanced the loss of the former, with a gain in output over last year of nearly one-third. Similarly, the gypsum industry within a short time has developed from small proportions to a very important business that appears capable of further growth. The local mines supply a large share of the gypsum required by the Pennsylvania and New York portland cement plants which insure a steady market for the surplus rock. Most of the output, however, is used by the producers themselves for the manufacture of wall plasters and stucco. Another industry in which local enterprise is prom- inently concerned is the production of salt, both by underground mining and by evaporation of brines pumped from wells. Two of the largest salt mines in the country are located in Genesee county and there are more than twenty-five evaporating works distributed among six counties. The annual output is now above 10,000,000 barrels and is gaining steadily. The iron deposits of the State have attracted much attention recently and there is prospect of a .REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQ13 Ff material enlargement of the productive industry which has long been an important one. Recently the resources of the Highlands region have shown the greatest interest perhaps, although develop- ments have continued in the Adirondacks where the principal mines are now situated. Additional details in regard to the economic situation of the mineral resources will be found in the report al- ready mentioned. Report on quarry materials. Owing to the press of other work, it has not been possible to extend the investigation of the quarry materials beyond the crystalline rocks, and consequently the prepa- ration of a comprehensive report on the subject which was men- tioned last year as in progress has had to be postponed for the present. The matter already in hand has been made ready for pub- lication and will be submitted for that purpose unless the field work can be resumed during the coming season. The part com- pleted covers the crystalline silicate rocks and the marbles, the materials that have received the least attention in previous work in the field. Molding sand. Some of the molding sand localities in the vicin- ity of Albany were visited last summer for the purpose of procuring samplés for the Museum collections, and the opportunity was used to study the features surrounding the occurrence of this material. The origin of the sands and of their peculiar qualities which give them industrial value have received little attention hitherto beyond brief statements included in some of the areal reports on the Hudson river region and one or two other publications. Stoller in his report on the “ Glacial Geology of the Schenectady Quadrangle” remarks that the deposits in that vicinity do not occur at any definite level, but rise and fall with the surface contours, a feature which is true for the sands throughout the region. Al- though they are restricted to the flat-terraced area of sands, gravels and clays accumulated in the glacial Lake Albany, there is a varia- tion of 200 feet in the elevations at which they are found in the _ section around Albany and Schenectady. Moreover, the sand in any particular locality follows the minor surface irregularities with a variation sometimes of as much as 20 feet between the high and low places. Any sudden and pronounced change in the topography, however, such as caused by a stream cutting into the terrace, marks the disappearance of the valuable sand. The thickness of the sand ranges from a mere film to several feet. Eight or 9 feet was stated by the gatherers as the maximum known to have been excavated in the vicinity, but the average is probably not over 30 inches. 72 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The molding sand occurs directly under the soil and is succeeded by a layer of loose or “open” sand of variable thickness. The latter is usually of coarser nature and does not pack like the mold- ing sand. It has a grayish color from admixture of shale with the quartz grains. Below this layer is found the Hudson river clay, yellow on top, changing to blue in depth. The features surrounding the field occurrence of the sand appear to be exceptional for a simple water-laid deposit like the sand, gravels and clays that underlie it. It is not a definite bed or layer interstratified with the others and exposed at certain horizons, nor does it appear to have any counterpart in the series. It contrasts with the underlying sands in its fine, even grain, in its evidences of a weathered condition and in the fact that except for the inter-— mixed clayey material is a very fine quartz sand. In its distribu- tion it has the character of a surficial mantle that varies in thick- ness rather rapidly and also changes in vertical altitude more than would be expected from an undisturbed water-laid stratum. The characteristic fine-grained sands which form the principal material shipped to foundries are made up of angular to subrounded quartz grains. Under the microscope the individual grains are fre- quently observed to possess sharply concave sides which are natural fracture surfaces of the quartz, developed no doubt by granulation under pressure. This points to a glacial source which, of course, is generally accepted as the origin for the whole series of detrital deposits, but there appears to be some indication of additional abrasion by other agencies. The angles are more or less rounded and the grains may show frosted or pitted surfaces, features sug- gestive of wind action subsequent to that of the ice. Sufficient details of the field occurrence of the sand have not been assembled as yet to justify any conclusions as to the process by which the sand has attained its present distribution and attitude toward the other deposits. In some places, however, there is strong resemblance to eolian deposits, with modifications arising from their fixation by plant growth and subsequent weathering. Live sand dunes exist in the vicinity of the molding sands. Their materials are similar to the latter with the difference that they are not so well sorted and lack the weathered appearance which is always found in the true molding sands. It seems quite probable that the finer particles of these shifting sands are being sorted out by the winds and distributed over the surrounding area and may thus con- tribute some share to the upbuilding of the molding sand layer. There is little question that weathering influences by the breaking REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I913 73 down of the shale particles and the hydration and oxidation of their constituents, specially the iron compounds, exercise a beneficial change upon the material. The subject needs further study, how- ever, in order to ascertain the specific effects wrought by the differ- ent agencies. Miscellaneous. Field investigations other than those incident to brief trips for collecting purposes have been suspended during the year. The office work has involved the usual extensive correspondence, of which a large part is concerned with the statistical canvass of the mineral industries. There has been a very active interest shown in the various undeveloped resources of the State, and numerous inquiries were received for advice as to possible locations for enter- prise. These have related to almost all departments, but there seems to be particular interest at present in natural gas, iron ores, and high-grade limestones. It is aimed to give all possible assistance to legitimate requests of this character. The office has also been frequently called upon to identify and value samples of minerals, a function that is well within its province so long as there is not involved any elaborate chemical analysis or assay, in which case commercial laboratories must be consulted. MINERALOGY The time of the mineralogist has been given exclusively to the arrangement of the mineralogical collections, which is now well ad- vanced. Reference has already been made to the acquisition of the Silas A. Young collection of minerals of Orange county which has been incorporated in the general arrangement. The mineral col- lections as now displayed constitute a double series, one being the general collection which has been made as complete as circumstances permit, and the other a series of New York State minerals which is undoubtedly the best of its kind. PALEONTOLOGY The attention of the paleontological staff has also been almost exclusively given to the arrangement of the paleontological collec- tions. This work has been carried well forward, but the prelim- inary arrangement must of necessity be succeeded by a more per- manent and carefully selected one. Into this collection of materials from the old Museum has had to be incorporated a large amount of material obtained by the purchase of the Gebhard collection.. In addition to this work of arrangement of fossils, much has been done 74. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM toward the effective restoration of fossils, and to these reference has been made. A series of life-size restorations of the Eurypterida of the genera Pterygotus, Eurypterus, Eusarcus and Stylonurus, | have been prepared, effectively colored, framed and set up in the Museum. The reproduction of Pterygotus, a New York species, is upwards of 9 feet in length, a statement which may con- vey some conception of the enormous size attained by these great arthropods of the shallow waters of the Silurian sea. Doctor Ruedemann has also very successfully rendered a series of recon- structions of the cephalopods, showing the interior structure as well as the complete form of the exterior. This series includes the genera Manticoceras, Gyroceras, Endoceras, Orthoceras, Piloceras, Trochoceras and Gonioceras, all on sufficiently large scale to bring out the structural details, which are not always clearly preserved in the fossils themselves. In the face of the pressure of Museum work it has not been possible during the past year to accomplish any field work in paleon- tology or to carry forward in the office any extensive researches in this subject. , For a number of years past the paleontologist has made reference in these reports to the development of the New York fossil faunas and their containing formations in lower Canada, specially in the region of the Gaspé peninsula. During the summer of 1913 the twelfth meeting of the International Geological Congress convened in Toronto, and among the geological excursions that were prepared in connection with that meeting was one into the Maritime Provinces including the Gaspé peninsula. At the request of the Canadian authorities, the paleontologist prepared a guide for the part of this excursion embracing the Gaspé peninsula and a portion of northern New Brunswick, and was privileged to act as guide over part of the course. This inviting excursion was participated in by about seventy geologists from various parts of the world, among them being the directors of the Geological Surveys of Great Britain and of France, as well as distinguished workers in this field from all the countries of Europe, from Indo-China, China, Japan, South Africa and the isles of the sea. Inasmuch as this field has been so fully exploited in the reports of the New York Geological Survey, it seems altogether appropriate now to present here a sum- mary opinion of its geology by the director of the Geological Survey of France, M. Pierre Termier, recently published in the Proceedings of the Academie des Sciences. For these very ex- | : | ' Panel restoration of the Siluric merostome Pterygotus buffaloensis. Actual length of animal, 9 feet Eusarcus Ic merostome io = = U? vo =) ~ a 2) i=) aI 1 restorat -size pane ife LE (OINIS) oUT]p19}VA oI1oq oY} FO poOtstod oy} suLinp SSUIPUNOAINS [VINJVU JOY} Ul SoWO}SOAOUT JUSTOUB 9Y} SUIMOYS MoIA 9UTIeUIQNS ‘dnois ywyqey snoiesny 9Zts-a}iT] LS SALT RATINGS wae 3 an ; i a near —— - —— - ee sj) ore emer al bus i Pe oe \ : ? é ; 1 | i n 1 . } i | é , F ‘ | Life-size panel restoration of Stylonurus Catskill mountains excelsior from the Model of a giant Endoceras from the Ordovicic rocks ypod Piloceras f the internal structure of the cephalo O Restoration n is) te ic) iS) e} a & e) oO = fe) a ie} = iss) ae Cy CD) oO = a= > e) 49) = © oO ee) a 4H (e} S (2) YS) is) H je) ~ n vo (aa ——— ¢ ‘ é } ] he . | { se AE F « ls S | ( i Slab of Devonic starfish from Saugerties, N. Y., as mounted in the Museum. This slab measures 4 feet g inches x 4 feet g inches and carries 190 starfish. View taken from above REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9QI3 75 cellent reasons, a translation of M. Termier’s summation of his observations in the field is herewith attached: This excursion led us across the region of the primitive rocks, some of them much folded, some only undulated or even nearly horizontal, and which lie between the St Lawrence river and the _ Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia. I call this country the Appalachian region of Canada; for it is the prolongation, in Canadian territory, of the primary folded region known as the Appalachians which plays so important a role in the eastern United States. The same folded belt extends farther on to the north, to form Newfoundland ; it then buries itself beneath the waters of the Atlantic, and Marcel Bertrand believed that he had seen it, in the ocean depths, joining the folded Armorican belt. The interest of this excursion, to my mind, was twofold: strati- graphic and tectonic. Under guidance of the best authorities, the ’ whole primary series, almost complete, and often rich in fossils, to discern the folds of this series; to follow them and fix their date, in a folded belt not less than 600 kilometers in width and the length of which we failed to cover in more than 500 kilometers; it is that which occupied and enamored us for eighteen days. The Appalachian region of Canada parallels the southeastern border of Laurentia, pressing and molding itself against it. It is well known that Laurentia (of Edouard Suess), still called the Can- adian Shield, is an immense domain of the earth’s surface lying as though frozen down since Cambric times. All the beds belonging to it which are not earlier than the Cambric, are horizontal. They may be faulted and eroded; they are not rearranged nor folded. This anchored Laurentia comprises the greater part of Canada. At the south it reaches well into the United States; at the west to the Rocky mountains ; on the northwest to the Mackenzie river; at the north as far as the mountains recently discovered in Ellesmere, Grinnell and Grant Lands; on the northeast it extends beneath the Atlantic, and the ancient north Atlantic continent, of . which Greenland and Iceland are only the debris, seer:s to belong to it. Quebec is a point on the southeast margin of Laurentia. To the northeast of Quebec this margin coincides with the valley of the St Lawrence; it trends down-river toward the east, then toward the southeast along the coast of Gaspesia passing between this shore and the south coast of the island of Anticosti, and regaining its direction toward the northeast, passes along the Straits of Belle . Isle, to lose itself at once in the Atlantic. To the southwest of Quebec the southeast border of Laurentia crosses the valley of the St Lawrence, then, little by little, taking a south-southeast direction and even an almost due south course, coincides with the long depres- sion of Lake Champlain. Wherever it can be seen, the southeast border of Laurentia is a great fault. The two regions separated by the fault are in striking contrast: contrast in the aspect of the paleozoic lands, here perfectly horizontal, there folded, twisted, some times crushed ; contrast in the relief of the ground, much more strik- 76 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ing than in Laurentia which is a country overelevated and formed of hard rocks while the folded paleozoic country is a low land, pro- foundly worn, and with gentle curves. There are few regions on the surface of the earth where the present geography is so intimately bound to a very ancient geog- raphy, where the present relief has so great an antiquity as in the ' Appalachian region of Canada. One may say that since the Cambric or at least since the lower Ordovicic, the St Lawrence has flowed as it does today from the place where Quebec now stands; some- times in the condition of a marine channel, long and straight, turn- ing to the south of Anticosti and passing through Belle Isle; some- times as a vast fluvial valley collecting the waters of the immense American continent and carrying them to the sea by way-of the Cabot strait, as it does today. All about the Gulf of St Lawrence the plan of the coasts is an ancient plan, determined in its ground lines by phenomena earlier than the Carbonic. The peninsula of Nova Scotia, with its curious shape, is a Precarbonic link formerly connected with Newfoundland, partly covered by the whole of a transgressive series which has re- mained horizontal but manifests nevertheless the Precarbonic aspect in the alinement of its hillocks and its coasts, in the rias which characterizes the entire island of Cape Breton. The Bay of Fundy has not changed since Triassic times and in those times it re- sembled very much what it had been during the Carbonic. It re- quires but little imagination to see this country as it was in the different epochs of the Paleozoic, in the Gothlandic, in the Devonic, in the Westphalic, in the Permic. In very truth, if any member of the human family had lived in those times so prodigiously remote, for example at the end of the Devonic, if he had then traversed all this region already folded and prepared for the great Carbonic transgression, and if he could return today after millions of cen- turies of sleep and exile, to Gaspesia, New Brunswick or Nova Scotia, it would not seem at all a strange land to him. The great orogenic movements in the Appalachian region of Canada are of Devonic age. As always, they had been slowly prepared by preliminary movements, and for a long time after them the ground continued to undulate. Preliminary movements and posthumous undulations have had, broadly speaking, the same direction as the principal folding. The most ancient preliminary movements date back to the Cambric. It is in the Cambric that history ceased to be the same for Laurentia and for the Appalachian region. The age of the principal folding is perhaps not everywhere exactly the same. In Gaspesia and about the Bay Chaleur where there are two highly fossiliferous Devonic series, one lower De- vonic, the other upper Devonic, and where the great discordance lies between the two, the principal plication is dated with reason- able precision — the middle Devonic. No part of it seems to have been delayed into the Dinantic. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9Q13 77 The principal folding, of Devonic age, was extremely energetic. The folds are often greatly squeezed with a general tendency to leaning to overthrust toward the northwest. It is the push toward Laurentia, as intimated long ago. This may have resulted in the formation of veritable sheets which have gradually disappeared. We have seen one indisputable overthrust, that of the Ordovicic of Cap-des-Rosiers by the Lower Devonic of Cap-Bon-Ami and Grande Gréve, at the extreme point of Gaspesia. The surface of displacement, unfortunately not very clear, dips here to the south- east at an angle of about 30°. Very often the folds are straight and the beds vertical. Phe- nomena of crushing and foliation have not seemed to me very frequent or very intense. I have seen them, however, very beauti- fully developed in the Bathurst iron mine south of the Bay Chaleur —a foliated microgranite, having the aspect of gneiss and even the appearance of glazed slates, gray or clear green, in a band of folded Ordovicic. There are analogous compressions, and much more abundant, in the azoic rocks of Nova Scotia, granites and diabases on the east coast of the Bras d’Or, auriferous slates and granites in the region of Halifax; but these terranes are probably Pre- cambric and their folding belongs to an epoch much more remote than the Appalachian folding. The folds of Devonic age are, in a generai sense, directed south- west-northeast. They are the ones which, as I have above said, determine the prolongation of Nova Scotia and the island of Cape Breton; likewise those which determine the rias of this island and those of Newfoundland. But the easternmost of these folds, those that are close against the margin of Laurentia, bend downward, beginning at St Anne-des-Monts, parallel to the coast of Gaspesia. At Gaspé and Percé, they are oriented toward the southeast. It is clear that this sinuosity is quite local and that the same folds, concealed today at the bottom of the Gulf of St Lawrence, regain soon between Anticosti and the Magdalen Islands, the northeast direction. The Carbonic mantle of New Brunswick conceals from view the same sinuous effects in the Devonic plications of this province. It seems as though we had an analogous sinuosity, but highly attenuated, on the east coast of the Bay of Fundy, on the long fjord (Minas bay) and in the country which extends from Truro to Arisaig. It will then be manifested by posthumous un- dulations much more than by the almost invisible Devonic folds. At any rate the sunken region of the ancient Devonic chain, which has become the Gulf of St Lawrence, corresponds to an energetic destruction of plication and it seems to me that under the waters of the gulf all the folds of Gaspesia are squeezed and crushed along the west coast of Newfoundland. This great Devonic chain, at least 600 kilometers across, where widest, and even 400 kilometers on the north of Newfoundland, doubtless continues well beyond that to the northeast. But does it go, as Marcel Bertrand thought, toward the south of England and toward Bretagne? I do not think so, now that I have seen it. The Devonic chain of Canada 78 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM is an arrested Caledoman chain; I mean to say by that, a branch of the great chain of northern Scotland, of a little later date than the Scottish stock. It is with the Highlands of Scotland that the old Newfoundland mountains seem to me to be in agreement. Here, as there, upon the partly leveled Caledonian folds extend, transgressive and rich in coarse conglomerate, the red sandstones. Those of Canada are a little more yellow than those of Scotland and their highest members are of Dinantic age. These red sand- stones of Canada, dated, here and there, by fishes or by plants, are often nearly horizontal. The Bonaventure, the Scaumenac, the Horton Bluffs formations belong to them. The so-called Windsor beds (with brachiopod limestones and frequent gypsum masses) seem to me to be the upper element of this complex and’ incon- testably Dinantic. After the deposition of this mantle of red sandstones, and doubt- less toward the close of the Dinantic, began a new movement, of slight intensity, gently displacing the coasts and producing here and there lacunes and discordances in sedimentation. For over a restricted area of the ancient chain, an area covering the northeast portion of New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton and northwestern Nova Scotia, the Westphalic is deposited almost everywhere to an enormous thickness. The base of the West- phalic is often designated by the name Riversdale and Union formation and correlated in a broad way with the Millstone grit. It incloses many beds of red sandstones or schists, and numerous black schists with Leaia and Anthracomya. This group alone may have a thickness of 3000 meters. The upper part is a productive coal, very actively exploited at different points (Stellarton, Pictou, Sydney etc.) with a thickness of 600 meters at Sydney, more than 2000 meters at the Joggins. It may be that the most elevated of these coal beds are Stephanic. There was a new movement again, a new discordance or a new formation of conglomerates in the Stephanic epoch. The New Glasgow conglomerate is at the base of a very heavy series of coarse conglomerates, the upper part of which is Permic and which form today all of Prince Edward Island and almost the whole isthmus which attaches Nova Scotia to the mainland. The Trias of the Bay of Fundy which extends as far as Truro, corresponds to an analogous episode, but much later and affecting a region which the Permic transgression did not reach. Trias and Permic have remained nearly horizontal. In the vast Carbonic mantle, the thickness of which will reach about 4000 meters, there are, generally speaking, only undulations, but ac- companied by truncations through faulting. The coal of Sydney and Glace Bay disappears gently beneath the sea with a feeble dip and a perfect regularity and the workings are boldly going forward beneath the waters of the Atlantic. Nowhere have we seen tne Carboniferous actually folded. It is, nevertheless, at certain points in southern New Brunswick and at Pictou, but such local folds are not intense, it seems, except in the early Carbonic. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9Q13 79 The stratigraphic analogies between the Carbonic of the Mari- time Provinces and that of England and the north of France are everywhere remarkable. They were pointed out long ago. But, tectonically speaking, there has been no direct connection between the Appalachians and the European coal chain. In Canada the Appalachian chain is a chain of Middle Devonic age, thus a Caledonian chain; and the movements which have affected it, at different times, in the Carbonic, the Permic, perhaps also at the end of the Trias, are very slight movements, which are en- titled to be designated only as posthumous movements. Farther southwest, in the United States, these posthumous movements be- came gradually more intense and have built up a real chain, a true range of American Altaids in the exact prolongation of the Canadian Caledonids. 80 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Ill REPORT OF THE SPATE EOrANisa (During the past year the work of the office has. practically passed into the hands of Dr H. D. House, assistant in botany, who took the place of S. H. Burnham, resigned, and who has prepared this report.) Noteworthy contributions. Specimens of ten species of Cra- taegus have been added to the herbarium. These were collected by Dr J. V. Haberer, in central New York, and are the co-types of species described by Prof. C. S. Sargent in the report for’ 1912. Nearly all the 218 known species of Crataegus in this State are now represented by specimens in the herbarium. Doctor Haberer has also contributed four new species of Antennaria, to be described later by Dr E. L. Greene of Washington, D. C., a specialist upon that group. Doctor Haberer’s set of plants also includes several other species either new to the State or new to central New York. Mr A. Olsson of Gloversville has collected and presented to the herbarium a large number of Fulton county plants containing several additions to the flora of the State and to Fulton county, the most interesting being a small orchid, Ophrys australis (Lindl.) House. Dry weather damage to maples. About the middle of July several inquiries were received concerning damage to maple foliage. The first noticeable effect was a bronzing of the leaves, followed by the withering and death of the leaves when they turned brown ' but remained attached to the limbs, thus causing a very unsightly appearance. Most of the complaints apparently considered the damage due to either fungus or insect enemies of the tree. By the last of July the damage seems to have been generally noticed on shade and park maples throughout most of the State. A personal examination of some of the badly affected trees in towns of the central part of the State and about Albany resulted in an ex- planation of the damage. July was ushered in by about ten days of unusually hot weather, following a considerable period of drought, with high temperatures prevailing on some days. While the week of July 6th was a little cooler, the drought continued, and in fact the precipitation for the entire summer was far below normal. On July 12th and 13th there occurred a strong hot and dry westerly and southwesterly wind, which continued with greater or less strength for several days. A group of fungi cast in wax REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1913 SI The maple is well known as a very shallow rooted tree and the effect of the dry wind upon transpiration in the leaves is very amarked in the case of any tree. It is apparent that the period of drought preceding the early part of July had reduced the available water of the soil to a minimum, so that the factors favoring trans- piration (that is, dry, hot winds) which followed, greatly exceeded the power of the trees to absorb water from the soil which was actually deficient in moisture. Such a condition of affairs was particularly active in the case of maples along streets, highways, in parks or other situations where the soil was not protected by litter or undergrowth from drying out. The leaves of the maple being unable to maintain the high rate of transpiration necessary under such conditions, were susceptible to the chemical activity of the sun’s rays, causing the bronzing effect, a chemical change of the cell contents, somewhat analogous to what takes place normally in autumn when the leaves turn to shades of red or yellow. In many cases this state was followed by withering and death of the leaves, as sufficient moisture was not available to revive the leaves and to maintain their turgidity, which alone keeps them under ordinary conditions from collapsing. That the dry weather and dry winds mentioned were responsible for the widespread damage seems probable also from the fact that the trees in situations of permanently damp soil, as in deep wood- lands, suffered little or not at all; and of the trees affected, the greatest damage seems to have been on the side exposed most di- rectly to the wind. Elms, having deeper-going roots, did not suffer so much as the maples, although considerable damage to their foliage was noticed in the case of some trees growing in dry soils. The leaves of the elm also possess a thicker epidermis and are better adapted by structure to withstand the factors like wind and heat which favor excessive transpiration and its subsequent damage. The injury to maple and elm foliage thus noted is not likely to be permanent, nor is it likely that the trees thus affected will suffer from more than a slight setback. The damage consists chiefly in the unsightly appearance of the foliage. Local and even wide- spread occurrence of this sort of damage has frequently been re- ported in former years but not with such severity as during the past season. A new fungus enemy of the maple. Several ornamental sugar maples at Glen Cove were observed by: Mr F. E. Willets to be suffering from the attack of a fungus which caused the death of numerous twigs and branches, so that by August the trees were 82 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM quite unsightly with the accumulation of dead twigs and brown leaves upon them. The fungus has been identified as Steganos- porium piriforme (Hoff.) Cd., and it is said to have been de- structive to maples in a town in southern Minnesota at one time. It seems, however, not to have been previously noted in New York State. It is not usually regarded as a serious enemy of the maple and its destructive work at Glen Cove may be due to a combination of circumstances, not the least of which was the weakened con~ dition of the trees due to the excessive and prolonged drought. Weather and fungi. Numerous observations in former years have led to the conclusion that unusually dry seasons were pro- ductive of but few forms of fleshy fungi, and Doctor Peck makes special comment upon the abundance and variety of fungi follow- ing a damp or rainy summer (Report for 1912, page 9). The season of 1913 seems to furnish abundant support to his conclusions for in most parts of the State few fleshy fungi developed during the summer season of 1913, although numerous common ones ap- peared late in the fall and a large crop of field mushrooms followed favorable late summer rains in most localities. Many correspond- ents have concurred in attributing the scarcity of fleshy species dur- — ing the summer to the unusually dry weather. Condition of the collections. The collections having been moved to the new Museum quarters early in the year, much time was necessarily occupied in properly arranging the leila and duplicate specimens in the new metal cases. The collections of fungi made by the staff or received through contributions during the past year have been placed in cardboard boxes suitable for their reception and arranged in their proper places in the herbarium. The collections (345 in number) include 55 specimens of fungi and 290 specimens of ferns and flowering plants, collected in the counties of Albany, Madison, Rensselaer, Oneida, Onondaga, Schenectady and St Lawrence. Specimens were contributed from the counties of Fulton, Her- kimer, Monroe, Oneida, Onondaga, Queens, New York, Richmond, Washington and Wyoming. Correspondents have contributed extralimital specimens collected in Alabama, Canada, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Illinois, Maryland, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming, and Porto Rico and Germany. The number of species of which specimens have been added to the herbarium from current collections and contributions is 128, REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1913 83 of which 62 were not before represented in the State herbarium. Of these, 6 are considered new or hitherto undescribed species. In addition, 2622 specimens have been placed in pasteboard boxes, labeled and properly incorporated into the herbarium from the stored material. The following synopsis shows the number of such specimens now added to the herbarium, but heretofore stored away in bundles and not easily accessible: NEW YORK EXTRALIMITAL BBS CE AC 1 Sahols oles ea ce teks vi aheefe mein eiaite tle siae + a 1160 203 TPiolly DOIEIOCR ON is Se ce ROO Ack ae SOD Rin Raines 333 205 BICC Ca cite racist a tere tite ate Wie daa o Nec eure es 260 140 Preemie MIM ITES.o0-,', uayain ot aula hes cee aiiecca se wiceel evs 118 113 TOK Age Ss ISR SO OG Bt Coe trie DPS Cen aera IEEE 1871 751 The total number of specimens added to the herbarium, from all sources, is therefore 2740. This large addition is made possible by the enlarged space now available for the herbarium in its new quarters. A list of the names of the added species (not including those added from the stored material) shows which species are new and which are not new to the herbarium. The number of those who have contributed specimens of plants is 33. This list includes the names of those who sent specimens for identification only, if the specimens were of such character as to make them desirable additions to the herbarium. The number of identifications made is 830; the number of those for whom they were made, IIo. 84 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM TV: REPORT OF THE STATE, ENDOMOLOGIS® The State Entomologist reports that two leaf feeders attracted general notice the past season, namely, the apple tent caterpillar and the allied forest tent caterpillar. The former, devouring the leaves of many orchard and wild cherry trees, was easily recognized by the large nests in the forks of the limbs. It was particularly in- jurious in the upper Hudson and Mohawk valleys. The latter pest, distinguished by the somewhat diamond-shaped, silvery white spots down the back, defoliated extensive areas of oaks on Long Island, attacked the sugar maples in the upper Hudson valley and stripped poplars in the Adirondacks. The probabilities of such injuries were foreseen last year and timely warnings issued. A number of rare or particularly interesting species have been ob- served during the year, and brief notes concerning a number of them are given in the Entomologist’s report. Petroleum compounds as insecticides. The serious condition of many sugar maples, following the application of miscible oils in Ig11 and similar trouble in several apple orchards in 1912, was followed up the past season by studies of some cases and these, in connection with certain experiments, have resulted in confirming the Entomologist’s opinion as to the cause of the trouble. This is a matter of much practical importance, since the injudicious use of these materials may jeopardize the existence of hundreds of valuable shade or fruit trees. The details of this work are given in the Entomologist’s report. Fruit tree pests. The studies and experiments of the last four years on the codling moth were continued. In midsumimer some fruit growers became apprehensive of severe injury by larvae of the second brood. Examinations failed to disclose a substantial basis for such fears, and this opinion was confirmed in October by observations made in the orchards of Messrs W. H. Hart of Arlington and Edward Van Alstyne of Kinderhook. The owners sprayed under strictly commercial conditions and with no ex- pectations that the trees would be subjected to a test later. There was a good crop and it was found that from 95 to 97 per cent of the entire yield were worm-free as a result of one timely spraying. A small parasite has been exceedingly abundant and widely dis- tributed in orchards infested by San José scale, and in not a few instances has been an important factor in reducing the numbers of the pest. Observations show that in most cases the trees in un- REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQ13 85 sprayed orchards were seriously injured in earlier years and, as a tule, he believes that fruit growers must continue to rely upon applications of lime-sulphur washes for the control of this perni- cious enemy. Injuries by red bugs, two very similar species of which are known to occur in New York, were so abundant in one orchard near Poughkeepsie as to deform about one-third of a large crop of greenings. A brief account of this outbreak is given in the Entomo- logist’s report. The work of the pear thrips, one of the newer fruit pests, was studied in the vicinity of Athens, and a marked localization of injury observed as in earlier years. A detailed account of this insect has been given in the Entomologist’s report for 1912. The pear psylla is a pest of considerable importance, especially in the western part of the State, and occasionally very injurious in the Hudson valley. Incidentally the practical value of late spring applications of a lime-sulphur wash for the control of this insect was demonstrated in a badly infested orchard near Athens. A new grape enemy which may become of considerable import- ance to growers in the Niagara section, in particular, has been dis- covered. It may be known as the banded grape bug. Its work is described and a discussion of its habits and the best methods of control are given in the Entomologist’s report. A number of other insect pests of fruits have been studied and records concerning them are given in a series of classified notes. Gipsy moth. The small colony of the gipsy moth discovered last year appears to have been completely exterminated. This occur- rence proves, in a concrete manner, the ever present possibility of the insect becoming established in New York territory, and amply justifies the maintenance of rigid precautions to prevent this. Ever- greens and shrubbery grown in sections where gipsy moth is known to occur should be examined most carefully; especially is this true of the former. The presence of broken egg masses usually means the occurrence of living eggs in the packing material or about the roots of the plants in the same bale or box, and a due regard for the public welfare necessitates the destruction of the shipment or the part of the shipment exposed to infestation of this character. Brown-tail moth. There is little to report concerning the brown- tail moth, though the danger of its establishing itself in the State has not decreased. It is only a question of time before this occurs. The winter nests are so characteristic that there should be little difficulty in recognizing the pest and at the outset preventing its becoming extremely abundant. 86 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Grass and grain pests. The white grub outbreak of last year has largely abated, partly at least as a result of various natural causes. The studies of last year have been continued. The most interesting development was the discovery of many large, beneficial maggots, probably a species of Erax, which were abundant in fields badly infested by white grubs the preceding year, and at the time of obser- vation last spring, nearly free from the pests. A rare or usually overlooked corn pest, the lined corn borer, was destructive in Ulster county fields. A full discussion of this rel- atively new insect is given in the Entomologist’s report. The discovery of the European wolf or grain moth in a local seed warehouse adds another to the list of important grain insects. A careful study has been made of this insect and a detailed discussion appears elsewhere. Shade tree insects. Observations show that the comparative immunity from severe injury by the elm leaf beetle the past season is probably due to the exceptionally cool weather in June, a time when the laying of eggs by this pest is at its height and the period when adverse climatic conditions might be expected to exert a maximum influence. There have been some cases of very severe injury locally here and there, due probably to a decreased vitality of the trees and a speedy destruction of the abnormally small leafage. It is undoubtedly true that the more thorough spraying by certain communities during the last few years has been most bene- ficial. The apparent check of the past season is presumably tempo- rary and any extended reliance thereupon is considered inadvisable. The false maple scale has been the cause of a number of com- plaints, though it has been distinctly less numerous than in recent years. It was extremely abundant during late summer in one locality at Mount Vernon. s The tulip tree scale, a pest occasionally numerous, was unusually injurious in the vicinity of New York City. Several natural enemies were noted preying upon this species. Forest pests. Work has been continued upon the hichat bark beetle, and field observations by the Entomologist lead him to be- lieve that the period of severe injury for the vicinity of New York City has largely passed. His investigations of previous years and the studies of this season indicate the practicability of protecting the more valued trees by applications made shortly after the beetles have entered the bark. The probable efficacy of this treatment by no means lessens the advisability of cutting and burning badly in- fested wood before the borers can mature and escape. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQ13 87 The extensive plantings of white pine in recent years have given the white pine weevil almost ideal opportunities for multiplication and, as a consequence, there have been numerous complaints re- garding the work of this insect. The Entomologist, in cooperation with Mr Waldo C. Johnston of Cooperstown, conducted a practical test of the value of collecting the weevils by hand. It was found that four collections could be made for about $1.25 an acre where the trees were not more than 3 feet high and, as a result, no weevils were to be seen later. There are reasons for believing this to be a practical and possibly a profitable method of controlling the pest in such plantings. It is planned to continue the investiga- tions of this important pest. Original studies were also made of the spotted hemlock borer, an insect which destroyed several hundred valuable hemlocks in the New York Botanical Gardens, and one which has killed many trees in the Appalachian region. A detailed account of this borer is given in the Entomologist’s report. The Rhododendron clearwing and the pitted Ambrosia beetle were also studied. The first deforms and weakens the valuable Rhodo- dendron, while the latter may destroy a considerable proportion of one or more beds of this shrub. The work of the two-lined chestnut borer, a pernicious enemy of both chestnut and oak, was observed in several localities about New York City and appropriate recommendations made. A de- tailed account of this pest has been given in New York State ~ Museum Memoir 8. The Entomologist has taken advantage of the recent outbreak by bark beetles, to study the general conditions which may result in serious injury by these borers. A careful examination of weather records, especially those relating to precipitation, tends to support the belief that a series of annual droughts may so weaken the trees as to produce conditions very favorable for the multiplication of the borers. A discussion of the data is given in connection with an account of the hickory bark beetle. Flies and mosquitos. The interest in the control of the house fly and the subjection of the mosquito has continued. Several warning notices were sent out early in the year and a brief folder on the house fly was prepared, the latter being widely circulated in early summer. : Gall midges. Studies of gall midges have been continued and a number of species and three new genera described. The practical character of this work is illustrated by the description of one midge 88 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM which is considered a most important natural enemy in controlling the red spider on cotton, and a consultation has been held with Prof. Henry Tryon of the “ Prickly Pear (Traveling) Commis- sion’ respecting the introduction of certain gall midges into Queens- land, in the expectation that they might become important agents in practically freeing large areas from the introduced and obnox- ious prickly pear. The Entomologist’s report contains a detailed account of a Cactus midge which may prove of great value in Australia, though regarded as a pest under certain conditions in this country. The rose midge, an important enemy of the rose grower, has caused considerable apprehension in the vicinity of Rochester on account of its injuries to young plants. Publications. A number of brief popular accounts regarding such common pests as the house fly, apple tent caterpillar and forest tent caterpillar have been widely circulated through the press. The most important publications, aside from the report of last year, are: The Gall Midge Fauna of Western North America; Studies in Itonididae; and several papers describing new species of gall midges. Removal. The moving of the collections and their establish- ment in the new quarters in the Education Building involved a large amount of work, which necessarily restricted activities along other lines and must continue so to do until the insects are per- manently rearranged. The removal was accomplished with practi- cally no breakage or loss of either specimens or equipment and with comparatively little hindrance to the regular office routine. Faunal studies. This phase of entomology has received some attention almost from the establishment of the office and has an important bearing upon practical work, Since data of this character make possible the fixing of boundaries beyond which there is little probability of injurious species maintaining themselves in numbers. Earlier unpublished studies have resulted in fixing approximate boundaries for the various life zones in the State. It has been the policy for some years to collect in representative areas whenever opportunity offered and much valuable material has been secured in this manner. Collections in the Adirondacks, begun by the late Dr J. A. Lintner, have been continued. The past summer collections were made in several Adirondack localities and at Wells. These data are now being prepared for publication. Collections. A special effort has been made the past season to secure specimens of the work and early stages of various injurious forms, since biological material is a most important component of economic collections and indispensable in elucidating the habits and REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI3 89 life histories of the various species. The State collection now contains a large amount of such material, invaluable because of the associated data. Many miscroscopic preparations of smaller insects have been made and incorporated in the collections as in earlier years. Much labor has been expended upon the rearrangement of the collections, an undertaking which has been hampered to some extent by insufficient case or tray room. This work, while time consuming and in a certain measure unproductive, is a necessary preliminary to effective studies in the future; otherwise more time would be lost in endeavoring to find misplaced specimens than would be re- quired to put the collection in order in the first place. Material provision for the care of the collections is essential. The pinned insects are in boxes or trays in wooden cases. There are not enough of the former to permit the specimens being properly arranged, and the latter should be replaced by steel cases and more provided to accommodate the additional boxes and trays required. The biological material is in an even less satisfactory state. It is in shallow, wooden trays and difficult of access because of the lack of space. There is need of a modern series of metallic trays for the accommodation of such specimens. Some equally satisfactory provision should be made for the large collection of microscopic slides, many of them containing types of species, and therefore im- possible of duplication. The constantly increasing collection of photographic negatives requires a metallic filing case of approved design. Nursery inspection. The nursery inspection work conducted by the State Department of Agriculture has resulted in the Entomolo- gist being requested to make numerous identifications and also ad- vise in regard to the policy which should be pursued by the State. Many of the specimens submitted for name were in poor condition, and as they may represent any stage in insect development and fre- quently originate in a foreign country, such determinations are laborious, time consuming and require for their successful prosecu- tion a large collection and many entomological works, both domestic and foreign. The correct identification of such material is very important, since the disposal of large shipments of nursery stock depends in considerable measure upon the character of the infesta- tion. Miscellaneous. Cooperation with the Division of Visual In- struction has been continued and additions made to an excellent and somewhat extended series of photographs, mostly of injurious or common insects or their work. go NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM iN LOOLOGM In spite of the temporary lack, or inaccessibility, of many things essential to the work of the zoology section, substantial progress has been made in restoring an orderly arrangement of the collections and in acquiring the equipment necessary for meeting the require- ments of a zoology exhibit much larger and more yaried than could be attempted in the former quarters. In the early part of the fiscal year, the removal of the collections and outfit of the zoology section was successfully accomplished. The time and labor previously de- voted to packing and preparing the collections proved well spent; the packed material was all handled rapidly and easily and arrived in good condition. On account of the delay in delivering the zoology storage cases, boxes and wrappings have been obliged to do long service as storage. While by no means adapted for protection against insects, depredations from that source seem to have been effectually warded off by opening up the boxes and examining the specimens as soon as warm weather came on, and putting in each box a plentiful supply of naphthalene. No damage from insects has been found in the material thus far taken out. The special groups of birds and animals having more or less elaborate accessories, such as prepared or artificial plants, cellu- loid or glass representing water, etc., presented great difficulties in moving on account of their bulk and liability to injury. They were carefully transported without packing, but not without ‘considerable damage, due largely to the partial dismantling made necessary by the narrow and crooked stairway and lack of an elevator in Geo- logical Hall. The group of fresh-water fishes prepared by Mr Klein while taxidermist at this Museum was found most difficult to handle. The large sheet of celluloid representing the surface of the water cracked, causing considerable damage, apparently because of the sudden change in temperature due to moving it in cold weather. every care having been taken in handling it. dive large group of black bears acquired several years ago and temporarily set up at the State Normal College for lack of room in Geological Hall, was also moved to the Education Building, but on account of its large size, it had to be entirely dismantled and nearly all the accessories. replaced. The moose group, which REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I913 gi had been in storage since its delivery in Albany, was also moved but not set up, owing to the delay in delivering the cases. To accomplish the difficult task of setting up and restoring these groups, the services of Mr B. M. Hartley, of New Haven, were obtained. During the four months he was at the Museum, the damaged and dismantled groups were put in shape again and two large nesting groups (goshawks and duck hawks) were prepared from material previously acquired from the collection of Mr S. H. Paine, of Silver Bay, and other smaller exhibits were finished. The skeleton of the finback whale was assembled and hung in the zoology hall by Mr C. E. Mirguet, of Washington, by whom the skeleton was originally mounted. One of the important parts of the year’s work was in adding to the equipment of the taxidermist’s room so that the work of pre- paring the specimens and accessories for the bird and animal groups could be carried on. The water power air compressor used in Geological Hall proved a failure in the new quarters because of its worn-out condition and because of the lower water pressure in its new location, and has been replaced with a much more power- ful portable electric compressor which will be available for a great variety of uses. Other needed additions to the taxidermist’s outfit, notably a carpenter’s work bench, a drill- press and other tools, a galvanized iron box and cover for the relaxing chest and a wooden tank for preserving fluid were also made. The collection of birds’ eggs and nests has been sorted out, cata- loged and so packed that the specimens suitable for exhibition will be easily accessible. The alcoholic material has been gone over and cared for, and made accessible for study and comparison. Though useful for such purposes, it is not for the most part of a character desirable for exhibition. It will be kept in storage cases in the zoologist’s room, and specimens prepared in ways more attractive to the public will be used for exhibition. Under the conditions that have prevailed, it has been impossible to devote much time and money to increasing the collections, but a number of important additions to the exhibition collections of mam- mals, birds, birds’ nests and eggs and fishes have been received, notably a pair of pumas and a pair of fishers previously ordered from Ward’s Natural Science Establishment and a number of native fishes obtained in the local markets and mounted by the museum taxidermist. The most valuable single specimen received is the skin of a large buffalo bull from the Blue Mountain Forest Preserve, presented by Mr Austin Corbin, which has been mounted at Ward’s g2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Natural Science Establishment and will be used in a group with several other specimens already in our possession. Birds of New York. The completed text of volume 2 of Birds of New York, the publication of which has been delayed on account ‘of the illness of Professor Eaton, the author, was sent to press in the summer and it is expected will be ready for delivery by the first of May or June. This volume covers the land birds and, as the game and water birds were included in volume 1, the completion of the work in hand as volume 2 of Museum Memoir 12, will bring to an end the present representation of all species of birds occurring in the fauna of New York, including visitants and mi- grants, with a complete illustration in color of every species. Volume I was received with such general approbation and apprecia- tion, it is believed that volume 2, which covers the birds coming under more general daily observation of the larger public, will meet even a greater need than its predecessor. Volume 2 carries, besides the descriptions and illustrative matter, a series of general chapters on the habits and general ecological relations of birds and the part they play in human society and culture. Occasion is taken at this time to make announcement of the fact that volume 1 was offered to the public at $3 a volume; volume 2, which is somewhat larger than volume 1, carrying more text matter and a greater number of color plates, will be sold at the same price to all who have received volume 1, but otherwise at $4. Monograph of the New York mollusca. The work of prepar- ing the monograph of the New York mollusca, which is in the charge of Dr H. A. Pilsbry of the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, has gone forward and the author reports an increasing number of illustrations made, together with the preparation of considerable additional text matter. It is probable that the entire work will be brought to completion within the coming year. Myriapods of New York. The late Frederick C. Paulmier, while zoologist of the Museum, prepared and annotated a checklist of the myriapods of New York, and this list was supplemented by notes and memoranda, together with an index of the genera, made by Professor George H. Chadwick while occupying the same posi- tion on the Museum staff. It has seemed well to bring this under- taking to completion and Dr Roy W. Miner of the American Museum of Natural History has very kindly consented to take over the manuscripts and memoranda with the purpose of putting them in final form as an illustrated compendium of these animals as they occur in the State, od ‘REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI3 93. VI | REPORT Oe iit ARCHEQEROGIST The fiscal year ending September 30, 1913 has been unusual in the history of the archeology section of the State Museum. During the year the general display cases for archeological and ethnological material have been installed, but the large group cases for the ethnological series of Iroquois culture phases have reached only the stage of plans. This circumstance prevents any definite attempt to fill the other cases, so soon to be moved, rearranged and covered during the building of the group cases. A temporary dis- play of the ethnological material, however, demonstrated that the archeological and ethnological divisions will be cramped for ex- hibition room unless the greater portion of the eastern mezzanine hall is taken over for a hall of comparative and special area arche- ology. Plans have already been made to fill this hall with archeology cases. | From the Museum rehabilitation fund several important collec- tions of archeological specimens have been acquired. This encour- aging fact again makes the State Museum the repository of an extraordinary collection of cultural artifacts of the New York ab- origines. Through careful purchases and wise selections of large col- lections from special localities, the archeological series will surpass the former exhibit destroyed in the Capitol fire. The more ade- quate means now at hand for exhibiting these specimens will make possible an exhibit of vast importance. Definite plans have already been drawn up in view of a scientific display of these artifacts. It must be definitely understood that, in the vulgar sense, no relics or curios will be exhibited. The curious object devoid of adequate data will have no room in these cases, the plan being to show visually the arts, industries, crafts, ceremonies, means of livelihood and burial customs of the race or races, tribes and na- tions that preceded the white man in the occupation of this territory. The plan is to make an educational exhibit of culture history and culture development. The collections as exhibited must live, in the sense of being valuable modes of instruction in the prehistory of New York. All the various collections acquired have been thoughtfully studied with this object in mind. It is hoped this plan, when carried out, will establish the educational value of the archeological exhibits. We have the material, though it is highly 94 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM desirable that it be constantly added to, for it is by no means as yet complete. The special interest inherent in this collection,is that we are able to link the aboriginal period through its gradual stages of transition to the Indians still living in the State today. Valuable collections like that acquired from Raymond C. Dann of Fairport show the Seneca culture at an interesting period of transition. The ~ so-called “stone age”’ is linked with the “age of iron.” Collections purchased. During the year the Archeologist visited all the principal collectors who had indicated a willingness to sell their specimens to the State Museum. This examination has led to the acquisition of the following collections: Number of specimens RD ovelands VV atentovierna nettle reer eee 1965 CharlesseA @atman, seinen poolassn cer enn 775 Alva: Sm Reed ss Avoniaiy oe eiceeie serene ore wh gerrntae een 646 Ward st Bryant - Imray omer. cies Cee eee 1092 Re le, Wea Walllxermoeine: IMlo mune WintOiMs s465cc55000n00006 331 CG.) AL Holmes<: New eB enlintnnoe etter racine nein 652 INewyanonacl (G, Irae, Iii ORES oosoocacoucssaccaooancoec 1662 Eredenickapian Croroote Ss ollyjeaeene nen ae eee : 9647 Smaller. collectionsne tie uate ne aon te eae ere ene "tee 600 Mota hehe seca eae A ace rae Se 17370 The localities represented are the territory adjacent to the eastern end of Lake Ontario, the upper waters of the Hudson, the Chenango valley, the southern end of Canandaigua lake, the valley of the Susquehanna near Elmira, the Genesee valley and the various sites in Ontario and Monroe counties. Other collections from important centers are under consideration. The material so acquired does not represent merely surface finds, for the Reed, Oatman, Love- land and Dann collections are largely the result of excavations. To describe in detail the various collections acquired during the year would be a lengthy task and require much special study in- volving a considerable period of time. For the purposes of a general report, the sketches of each col- lection as found below will be sufficiently descriptive. The Raymond Dann collection results from excavations made on the John Dann farm three-fourths of a mile south of Honeoye Falls, Monroe county. The site lies along Totiacton creek and covers a large acreage, probably 30 or 40, with scattering evidences of occu- pation all about. Here, during the third quarter of the 17th century, was a large Seneca village and graveyard. Mr John Dann believes Animal effigy pipes from the Dann Collection, Honeoye Falls. The two larger pipes at the top have brass or copper eyes Types of pipes from the Dann Collection, Honeoye Falls Clay vessels with ears from the Dann Collection, Honeoye Falls REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1913 95 this site to be one of the several Totiacton villages. There is every evidence of a continued contact with Europeans and the artifacts of the so-called stone age mingle with those of European manu- facture, such as brass, iron, lead, crockery, glass and bone. Much of the material came from refuse pits and dumps, but by far the greater portion was taken from the numerous graves on the sloping hillside. The objects found by Mr Dann were care- fully cataloged, giving thereby an added value. An interesting variety of pipes is contained in this collection. Of greater interest, however, is the fine collection of pottery vessels, some of which have unique features, for instance, handles or ears. Among the shell ornaments are many quarts of wampum beads, many effigies, disks, crescents and cylindrical and spheroidal beads. The bone implements include a fine series of combs having figures carved at the top, awls, effigy figures of the human form, cylindrical beads and tortoise carapaces. The stone implements include the usual array of flints, anvils, hammers and pitted stones. The proof of European contact is found in the European wam- pum, glass beads, objects of brass (as kettles, chale Cie) a ikon knives, lead and pewter. By this collection it is possible to illustrate the art of the Senecas in all the various substances in which they wrought and, then to show side by side the objects brought by the traders to supplant the native artifacts. The goods of the white man were superior and were therefore eagerly sought. Native industries gradually de- creased and they became dependent upon implements and utensils that they themselves did not and could not produce. A temporary arrangement of the Dann collection illustrates this, showing the decadence of native art and industry resulting from contact. An earlier Seneca site is illustrated by the Alva Reed collection. This collection is the result of digging into the refuse pits and side hill dumps of an ancient Seneca stronghold near the town of Rich- mond Mills, Ontario county. The site is upon a high hill over- looking the Hemlock valley. The site itself is well protected by the high walls of a creek on one side, a long slope on the west side and a ravine to the south. There are indications of palisades that still further protected the place. No graves have been found on this site although on one of our surveys we found human remains near the surface in the stiff clay at the upper end of the “ fort.” Graves were later found across the ravine by Frederick Houghton, but no objects other than human bones were discovered in the graves. 96 | NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM & Mr Reed, who made the collection through many years of digging at his leisure hours, has been careful to collect and catalog with method. He found no objects of European manufacture and no signs that the occupants of what he terms “ the old fort’ had ever seen the white man. The collection embraces good series of shell, bone, antler, stone and clay objects. It is especially rich in fine bone implements and early shell ornaments. The pottery unfor- tunately is mostly fragmentary. The special value of this collection lies in the fact that 1t may with reasonable certainty be called pre- colonial Senecan. It is therefore a good type-collection of this period and is valuable as a base for comparison. . A mixed collection from Livingston county is that made by Mr Fred H. Crofoot of Sonyea. It is the result of a surface examina- tion of some forty sites up and down the Genesee valley from the Honeoye Junction to Mount Morris, and of all the tributaries within this region. Many stages of occupation are represented and occupations beginning with the Esquimaux-like through the early Algonkian, the mound culture, the later Algonkian, the early and later Iroquoian into the colonial period. : One of the thickly populated centers of the early Iroquoian peoples is the area bounded on the west by the east shore of Lake Ontario and on the north and northeast by the St Lawrence. This geographical area is embraced in the present county of Jefferson. Here have been a succession of occupations with the precolonial Iroquois leaving the greater portion of cultural artifacts. Several large collections have been made there, with those made by R. D. Loveland and Charles Oatman leading in objects of interest. Earlier small collections are those made by Dr R. W. Amidon, Doctor Getman and Captain Oldham. The Museum acquired these smaller collections between 1906 and 1g09. This year the Museum has been enabled to obtain both the Loveland and Oatman collec- tions. Each collection is rich in fine examples of clay pipes, more than 250 being embraced in both. Some have been carefully re- stored from the broken fragments, thus showing almost exactly the original forms. The range of ornamentation and relief decoration is wide and on the whole is consistently Iroquoian. No entire clay vessels were found in this locality, but the collections contain thou- sands of valuable fragments. Bone and antler objects are numerous and of good quality. From the region drained by the Susquehanna and its tributaries we have acquired three small but not unimportant collections — from the Dann Collection, Honeoye Falls Antler combs and effigies Antler combs from the Dann Collection, Honeoye Falls REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 19123 97 those of Ward E. Bryan of Elmira, R. E. Van Valkenburg of Mount Upton and C. A. Holmes of New Berlin. Here, as might be ex- pected, are many evidences of Algonkian occupation. Some of the specimens appear to be early types as illustrated by the weathered argillete and limestone chipped implements. Mr D. D. Luther during the year sent in 440 specimens from an early Algonkian site near Naples, Yates county. Although STONE FACE FROM CHEMUNG COUNTY many of the specimens are fragmentary, for purposes of comparison the collection is highly interesting. It was through Mr Luther that the Museum has acquired the fine objects from the site near Middle- sex. These specimens are largely tablet gorgets, stone tubes, shell beads and a copper implement. The burials appear similar in type to a certain Ohio culture. Ethnology. Two trips were made to the New York reserva- tions and some valuable specimens of historic [roquoian art obtained. 4 98 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Among these specimens were ceremonial objects of the Eagle or Bird dance, dance rattles and paraphernalia, carved bowls, wood spoons and similar ornaments. Decorated clothing was obtained at Allegany and husk objects, notably moccasins, at Cattaraugus. Year by year the native artifacts used by the Iroquois of New York and Ontario are diminishing in number and variety. Make- shifts are frequently employed, as for example, tin can rattles for horn rattles, fringed canvas masks for corn-husk masks and a tin dipper for the ceremonial ladle. Only a few old persons remain who remember the ancient arts of weaving and quill decoration. Thus the field is constantly growing more barren and it is only with great effort, combined with good fortune, that desirable objects of ethnological interest are obtained. Flying trips on the reservation are not satisfactory means of collecting. A residence of several months for the express purpose of collecting specimens will be found more conducive of results. Thus the short time actually devoted this year to collecting was remarkably productive. As is customary, this year some effort was made to add to our store of folk tales, myths and texts, but little timé could be given to this task. Some corrections to manuscripts already at hand were made. Our important manuscripts on Iroquois ethnology must receive early attention with the idea of a thorough revision and publication. Students of ethnology in general eagerly await the facts that we have to give. The amount of work ahead in this direction alone represents much activity and time for the future. Public interest. It is gratifying to note the increasing value of this section of the Museum to the public. Although the accessions are not yet on exhibition, numerous students make personal visits and the specimens are made available for study. The specially valuable locality collections afford a unique means for comparison. Distribution of types and specimens may be studied here as in no other institution. The gradual realization of these facts is con- stantly bringing inquiries relative to the aboriginal occupation of the State. Numerous letters are received requesting information on various subjects, such as the history of the New York Indians, myths, games, customs, rituals, religion, language, names, music, present condition, distribution etc. etc. Many requests have come for accurate and appropriate Indian names. The intended use of these names has ranged from names for camp fire girls clubs, estates and boats, to names for lakes, hills, springs, and other geographical features. At the request of Hon. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9Q13 99 George Foster Peabody, State Commissioner of Saratoga Springs, appropriate Indian names were selected for certain springs at Sara- toga. ‘These names are from the Algonkian or Iroquoian languages and may be verified as correct by any student of these tongues. The publications relating to archeology and ethnology continue to be in demand. ‘The public call has exhausted the supply of several of these bulletins. The degree with which this section of the Museum may be useful as a source of information is shown by the very active interest taken by educators, historians, ethnologists, sociologists and writers of fiction, in the Iroquois confederacy. Scarcely any one of these refers to the colonial history of New York without weaving in the history of the Iroquois league and its unique influence. Our archeological and ethnological sections have thus become sources of information and as this fact becomes better known, are attracting increasing attention. The completion of the Museum exhibits will naturally stimulate this interest to the highest degree. NOTES ON CERTAIN ACQUISITIONS From Irondequoit creek has come a unique clay pipe. It was collected by Mr B. Benro and acquired through the courtesy of Frank H. Ward of Rochester. Mr Benro found it protruding in the bank of the creek about 3 feet below the surface. The form of the pipe as shown in the accompanying figure is like that of a flattened war club or stone axe handle. It is flattened on each side with a curved surface on the back side (away from the smoker). The material is a compact clay, well baked and tempered with sand containing mica. There is a fracture in the pipe just below the curve, and the nipple or mouthpiece has been broken off. The decoration is the familiar angular pattern made by filling the triangles with parallel lines, using one side of the triangle as the base parallel. Short lines more deeply incised, or long dots, are found at each end of these triangles and seem to represent the stitching of quills on birch bark. There is a stitched seam on the front (toward the smoker) of the pipe, near the left side. The back and left side of the pipe are more neatly decorated, as if done first. The top edge of the bowl is decorated on the back and two sides with three parallel lines at the edges of which are “long dots” or “ stitch markings.” The bowl is about 234 inches deep and extends to the bend. The capacity of this bowl is greater than the usual Iroquois pipe. 100 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The pipe is so balanced despite its bend that it will stand upon its bowl. In a collection of several hundred Iroquoian pipes in the State Museum, none approaches the Irondequoit pipe in form. Some very fine specimens of pre-Iroquoian art have come to the Museum from the eastern shore of Canandaigua lake. The site Tue IRONDEQUOIT PIPE covers a small hillside and consists of an ancient burial plot, though the skeletons are not placed in any degree of regularity, as to location, nor are the graves numerous. The culture represented is similar to that of the mound-building Indians of New York and Ohio. String of shell beads, elk teeth and shell disk from a site in Middlesex ndaigua lake on Cana Articles from Middlesex site. Stone tubes, broken amulet, crude clay pipe, bar-amulet, stone tube Articles from the Middlesex site. Bone pendant, antler awl, slate gorget, copper chisel and portion of ivory dagger blade REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9Q1T3 IOI Artifacts from this culture are found in certain portions of New York State but usually associated with small mounds or stone graves. The State Museum has records of several such sites but unfortunately has never been able to excavate one. No trained observer has watched or recorded these accidental finds. It is to be hoped that in the future it may be possible to supplement the bare objects with their meager data of discovery, by excavating such sites under scientific oversight. In one grave opened up in a gravel bank, near Middlesex, two entire stone tubes and one broken specimen were found. With these was a crude clay pipe with a short stem and small bowl, an awl lance head of antler, a bone pendant and a small copper chisel. In another grave opened this year was a large black slate gorget of the two-hole type, a double-tailed “bird stone” and the middle portion of a dagger or blade made of mastodon tusk. No other specimen made of such material has been found in the State, as far as is known to the Museum. The gorget is one of the largest in our collections, measuring 6 inches in length, 4 inches in width at top and 3% inches at the bottom. The sides are only slightly con- vex, but both top and bottom are arcs of circles. The central point of each arc is the perforation most distant from it. The center of each hole is equidistant from the edge immediately below it. The perforations are all so exactly placed on the gorget that each is the midway point in a line drawn perpendicularly. The gorget seems to be divided in approximate fifths with each hole at a point from each end, about two-fifths of the length. The distance between the holes is 1-43; inches. These measurements are given only for the sake of description to show the exactness with which the specimen was made. The surface is covered with arborescent crystals of some carbonate, though originally there was a high polish. The range of pipe forms and pottery as illustrated by the speci- mens from Jefferson county and contained in the Oatman and Loveland collections, presents a fairly good view of precolonial Iroquoian ceramic art. The pipes are of especial interest because they break away from purely utilitarian forms in outline and con- ventional decoration. The modeling on many represents human and animal forms, sometimes quite natural, and in other instances conventionalized. The Iroquoian clay pot, judged by the specimens in these col- lections, is usually a fine piece of work, in the sense that the clay has been carefully prepared, tempered and modeled. Iroquois 102 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM. pottery in texture and durability is superior to Algonkian pottery. The body of the pot, in general, is that of a flattened globe with a constructed neck that flares into a wide collar, either round or, more generally, squared with upward projecting tips at each corner. This collar is generally decorated with triangular patterns made of parallel lines. Some of the older potsherds show cord or paddle markings all over the outer surface. The parallel lines in triangular patterns seem to imitate por- cupine quill decorations on birch bark and indeed the form of the pot seems to follow the stitching of a birch bark receptacle. The dots or indentations about the base of the neck indeed seem: to point out the place where the upper portion of the bark collar was sewed to the lower portion. This idea was suggested in the early writings of Frank Cushing. As far as has been discovered, how- ever, the New York Iroquois did not use birch bark receptacles. Theirs were of elm bark, a much rougher material but more dur- able. No circular or curved designs.are found on Jefferson county Iroquois pottery, the only exception being round dots, punched on, singly or in angular patterns. Jefferson county Iroqueis pipes of — clay are superior to any found among contiguous stocks. They were molded with their stems and were not designed for long wooden stems. There are several types of pipes as may be seen on the accompanying plate. The simplest forms are the trumpet — “ pipe” and the pipe with the collar about the top of the bowl, com- posed of several parallel rings, like coiled cord. Other forms are the square topped pipe, the so-called Huronian, and pipes with human and animal effigies on the bowls. These effigy pipes in con- cept and form oddly resemble the pottery of the Mississippi valley. The caps shown on the heads of effigies are shaped like the old- fashioned beehive. Even designs of face painting are shown and the bear or wolf skin robe is shown over the Indian’s head. Trumpet bowls are found on the early Erie, Onondaga and Mohawk sites, and ringed collar is found on Seneca, Neuter and Huron sites. Strangely, Iroquois stone pipes are not similar to their clay pipes. As far as decoration and modeling are concerned, they might have been made by another stock. There may be a few exceptions, but in general, the rule applies. An example is the long-tailed animal effigy pipe bowl, studied with much care by Lieutenant G. E. Laidlaw, and reported in the publications of the Ontario Provincial — Museum. Many of these stone pipes appear to have been carefully kept; possibly they expressed the art of the earlier Iroquois and were kept as ceremonials or as heirlooms. Clay pipes from Jefferson county. Loveland Collection en | | : | | REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I913 103 VII PUBLICATIONS A list of the scientific publications issued during the year 1912-13, with those now in press and treatises ready for printing, is attached hereto. The publications issued cover the whole range of our scientific activities. They embrace 1391 pages of text and 184 plates. ANNUAL REPORT 1 Ninth Report of the Director, State Geologist and Paleontolo- gist for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1912. 214p. Sopl. Contents VIII Report of the Archeologist Introduction Archeological survey I The State Museum law The O. W. Auringer collec- The statutory conception of a tion “State Museum ” Archeological collections The State Museum idea and Folklore its place in the polity of Public interest the State IX Publications Il The educational function of the X Staff of the Science Division State Museum of Science and State Museum III Condition of the scientific col- XI Accessions lections The Mount Morris Meteorite. H. P. TV Report on the geological survey WHITLOCK Areal geology Early Paleozoic Physiography of the Surficial geology Southern Adirondacks. W. J. M1- Industrial geology LER Seismologic station The Garnet Deposits of Warren Paleontology County, New York. W. J. Miter V Report of the State Botanist The Use of the Stereogram in Paleo- VI Report of the State Entomolo- biology. G. H. Hupson gist The Origin of the Gulf of St Law- VII Report of the Zoologist rence. J. M. CLARKE Monograph of the New York A Notable Trilobite from the Percé Mollusca Rock. J. M. CLARKE Illustrations of the Devonic Fossils of Southern Brazil and the Falkland Islands. J. M. CLarkKe Index 104 NEW YORIS STATE MUSEUM MEMOIRS Paleontology 2 The Eurypterida of New York. By John M. Clarke and Rudolf Ruedemann. 1912. 2 vols. 628p. &8pl. Contents Preface : Eurypterida III C Geological dis- : Introduction tribution in History of investigations other coun- F Eurypterida I Morphology, anatomy, tries and terminology D Bionomy of the ; II Mode of life eurypterid i III Geological distribution faunas “| and bionomic re- IV Ontogeny | lations V Phylogeny A Conspectus of VI Taxonomic relations . American spe- VII Synoptic table of cies arranged North American according to Eurypterida their geolog- VIII Systematic account ical occur- of the’ Eurypterida rence Eurypteridae ~B > Biologic facies Pterygotidae of the euryp- Appendix terid faunas Bibliography BULLETINS Geology and Paleontology 3 No. 162 The Lower Siluric Shales of the Mohawk Valley. By Rudolf Ruedemann. 1912. 151p. 15pl. Contents Indian Ladder beds Introduction Summary Historical sketch Bibliography “Utica” shale of authors Paleontological notes Frankfort shale Explanation of plates Schenectady formation Index 4 No. 166 The Mining and Quarry Industry of New York State.) By Di Newland) 1973. tip: Contents Clay Introduction Production of clay materials Mineral production of New York Manufacture of building brick Cement Other clay materials ee REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQ13 Pottery Sand and gravel Crude clay Sand-lime brick Emery ” Stone Feldspar Production of stone Garnet Granite Graphite Limestone Gypsum Marble Iron ore Sandstone Mineral waters Trap Natural gas Tale Petroleum Zinc Pyrite Index Salt Archeology 5 No. 163 Whe Code of Handsome Lake, the Seneca Prophet. By Arthur C. Parker. 1913. 144p. 23pl. Contents Introduction Handsome Lake Effects of Handsome Lake’s teaching Dark dance or pygmy ceremony Society of otters Society of mystic animals How the white race came to America The eagle society The Gaiwiio code The bear society Sections 1 to 130: The Great Message The Buffalo society Part 2. Field notes ceremonies White dog sacrifice Ganeowo on rites andChanters for the dead Woman's society Sisters of the Dio‘ hé’ko False face company Cornplanting and maple thanksgiving Husk faces Legend of the coming of Death The funeral address The death feast Medicine societies Iroquois sun myths Anecdotes of Cornplanter Key to pronunciation Index Entomology 6 No. 165 Report of the State Entomologist for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1912. Contents Introduction Injurious insects Codling moth Hessian fly Fall army worm Elm leaf beetle White grubs and June beetles Hickory bark borer , Pear thrips Queen blow fly Georgian flesh fly 2064p. 14pl. Use of oil on dormant trees Notes for the year Fruit tree insects Forest insects Miscellaneous Publications of the entomologist Additions to collections Appendix: a study of gall midges Explanation of plates Index 106 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Botany 7 No. 167 Report of the State Botanist for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1912. 1913. 76p. 4pl. Contents Introduction Edible fungi Plants added to the herbarium Poisonous fungi Contributors and their contributions Crataegus in New York Species not before reported Explanation of plates Remarks and observations Index New species of extralimital fungi In press MEMOIRS 8 Birds of New York, volume 2 BULLETINS Geology and Paleontology g The Geological History of New York State 10 Geology of Saratoga Springs and Vicinity tt Geology of the North Creek Quadrangle 12 Geology of the Attica-Depew Quadrangles 13 Geology of the Syracuse Quadrangle Entomology 14 Report of the State Entomologist for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1913 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9Q13 107 VIII Repo EON “bE COLEECTION OF COINS, MEDALS AND PAPER MONEY These collections, by action of the Regents, were transferred to the custody of the State Museum after the Capitol fire, and the following is a report on their present condition. Catalog of 1856. The only existing record of this collection was issued by the State Library for the year 1856 (dated 1857). In this catalog the numerical contents of the collection are stated as follows: coins (all metals), 1697; medals, 234; paper money, 320. Fire losses from the collection of 1856. A checking of the record of 1856 by an expert numismatist shows that of the materials above listed the following are the losses: coins, 897; medals, 197; paper money, all. The losses therefore were, for the coins over 50 per cent; medals, about 80 per cent; paper money, 100 per cent. Coins not in the catalog of 1856. In the salvage from the fire there are, not recorded in the catalog of 1856, 2376 coins and 57 medals. The total number of coins and medals in the salvage is 3270. _ General condition of the coin collection. The condition of this collection is bad. With the exception of a very few articles in gold which have been on deposit in the National Commercial Bank, Albany, since 1881, nearly every specimen has suffered, and the . majority of them irreparably. This has been due in the first in- stance to oxidation and discoloration in fire, aggravated by im- proper treatment of much of the material when first rescued. Value of this collection. On an expert estimate of the face value of all the coins and the market value of all United States coins, it appears that the face value of the entire collection is ap- proximately $725; that the market value of the American coins of all metals is $499. General character of the collection. This collection is com- posed of a small number of gold coins and medals of considerable worth, most of them of American coinage, but some of other countries; a large number of silver coins in rather bad condition, and a very great majority of copper coins from.all countries of the world and of very little worth. The value of the collection (such as it is) lies in its United States coins and medals, very few of which are of superior quality or great rarity. These total about 1500. 108 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Alternative suggestions in regard to the coin collection. These suggestions are of necessity based on the recognized demoralized condition of the collection and are submitted without recommenda- tion. Attention, however, is invited to the fact that this collection has evidently been largely made without any or only very occasional expenditures of State moneys. They have come by gift and it is very probable that like gifts will continue, especially of commemora- tive medals struck in this and other countries. It would seem that the University should be at least receptive of such gifts whether or not expenditures for the collection be approved. 1 Any action whatever regarding the collection may be suspended and the collection kept as it is at the present time, subject to addi- tions by gift. 2 The collection might be sold as a whole, with the specific per- mission of the Legislature, the returns therefor to revert to the State treasury. 3 The collection might be deposited on temporary or permanent loan with any society that the Regents might choose to designate, subject to the permanent supervision of the collection by the Board of Regents. 4 Gift. It appears very doubtful, in the opinion of the law officer of the Department, whether even the Legislature could empower the Board to dispose of the collection by gift. 5 Possibility for the development of the collection. It may be worth while to consider whether it would not be a proper policy to maintain and build up a representative collection of American coinages. The nucleus therefor now in the custody of the Board is considerable in number although it lacks in quality that which would be required by the connoisseur. Still these examples of American coinages are of such a kind as to indicate satisfactorily their varieties, so far as these extend. Very slight occasional ex- penditures could be made to acquire additional material and the balance of the collection, not American, could be utilized by way of exchange for the purpose of acquiring solely American coins. Should this suggestion seem a reasonable one, it is well to supple- ment it by recognition of the evident fact that there is a large de- gree of public interest in American coinages and that it might be the people of the State may desire to have here in the Regents’ custody a representative array of such coins which could be made accessible to students for purposes of comparison and study. The possibility of converting all the other parts of the entire collection into sub- stantial support for the enlargement of the American collection would seem to give this suggestion reasonable encouragement, REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9Q13 IX STAFF OF THE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE The members of the staff, permanent and temporary, of Department of Science as at present constituted are: ADMINISTRATION John M. Clarke, Director Jacob Van Deloo, Director’s Clerk Paul E. Reynolds, Stenographer GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY John M. Clarke, State Geologist and Paleontologist iele) the David H. Newland, Assistant State Geologist, Curator of Geology Rudolf Ruedemann, Assistant State Paleontologist, Curator of Paleontology. C. A. Hartnagel, Assistant in Geology, Curator of Stratigraphy Robert W. Jones, Assistant in Economic Geology, Assistant Curator of Industrial Geology D. Dana Luther, Field Geologist Herbert P. Whitlock, Mineralogist, Curator of Mineralogy George S. Barkentin, Draftsman H. C. Wardell, Preparator, Assistant Curator of Paleontology John J. Bryan, Stenographer Charles P. Heidenrich, Mechanical Assistant Joseph Bylancik, Page Temporary experts Areal geology Prof. H. P. Cushing, Adelbert College Prof. C. H. Smyth, jr, Princeton University Prof. James F. Kemp, Columbia University Prof. W. J. Miller, Hamilton College Dr C. P. Berkey, Columbia University G. H. Hudson, Plattsburg State Normal School Dr W. O. Crosby, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Prof. George H. Chadwick, St Lawrence University James C. Martin, Princeton University Geographic geology Prof. Herman L. Fairchild, University of Rochester Prof. James H. Stoller, Union College HEIKO) NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Paleontology Edwin Kirk, Washington, D. C. BOTANY Charles H. Peck, State Botanist Homer D. House, Assistant, Curator of Botany ENTOMOLOGY Ephraim P. Felt, State Entomologist D. B. Young, Assistant State Entomologist, Curator e Entomology Fanny T. Hartman, Assistant, Assistant Curator of Entomology Anna M. Tolhurst, Stenographer Charles W. Swim, Clerk ZOOLOGY Willard G. Van Name, Zoologist, Curator of Zoology Arthur Paladin, Taxidermist Temporary experts Prof. E. Howard Eaton, Canandaigua Dr H. A. Pilsbry, Philadelphia Charles E. Mirguet, Rochester B. M. Hartley, West Haven, Conn. ARCHEOLOGY Arthur C. Parker, Archeologist, Curator of Archeology and Ethnology Noah T. Clarke, Technical Assistant, Assistant Curator of Arch- eology and Ethnology Temporary assistant Howard A. Lansing, Albany REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQ13 ; WT x ACCESSIONS ECONOMIC GEOLOGY Collection Newland, D. H. Albany Building stones from southeastern New York........... 5 Feldspar crystallized and massive, Bedford..... Fe Sn 2 EAE) MOnVAehy Stal COOL Gree bales ns avo te of eysce's in ao sal) I Ground reldspar a ediOrd sai icy. ss heey oe aie esd tye Molding sands from Albany and Rensselaer counties.... 15 Red slate, with quartz veinlets, Washington county...... I iinonmeoressand wallerocks. Adirondacks. 5.2.54. 4.2. 606.2 20 PAGTENOSiLe, MinLGIme stone, Ieecesevilleni a. ern= 9 sos). at 5 Jones, R. W. Albany lay, sand mandmbnichn. Mechanieville sos 105 fee is hm. 5 PiewClayevSWenanGOdakyan:tracrvucrcres eis dite ele lsc tiMe 8 Gane 2 eles SMe Mamd Ocha ae Mea aaen ey oc sts cen Sia Myce os by ete ier clearance 2 Paving and building bricks, clays etc., Corning........... 13 Molding sands, Albany and Greene counties............. 2 vapokavedmcalten Ublial@ay ns Ger wsrsra cic cds aie siete «Saal w teeteaye ee 3 Cement and cement materials, Portland Point........... 6 Sand-lime brick and raw materials, Glens Falls......... 3 Building brick and crude clays, Glens Falls............. 8 Bildine bricks straw matettals, eter, Uroy sc... 0. > la: 15 Ciiyswesaudszandubricky Mreischeryilles(: 52 .4e,4s50. 0 21 lic rsaidsvand brickwwWone sland ii... weeks ea ees 20 Bimldine brick drain tilesetes Albany. 9.) ans oe 6 08: 19 Retdspar, duattzeand, berm) Bedtords i 2. oc lee + ae 9 BiMem sade canes, eelsletllnw ety 8 Saye hah « ON Ma ania awe 5 Natural cement and cement rock, Kingston............ A Eavimer and sbiiidine brickt. Catskill... ocie see's oe 4 Donation Onondaga Coarse Salt Association. Syracuse Jelselmlastialveds “Glo lIeirr rei yea lias smerie ine 0d Reais OA ee RR eR 7 International Acheson Graphite Co. Niagara Falls ENG EHiiet Mut hae ete. Pennie sae a8 lk alle eon oe ok II The Carborundum Co. Niagara Falls Exhibit of carborundum, aloxite, emery etc............. 25 Ti2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Alpha Portland Cement Co. Cementon, Pa. Exhibit/of ‘cement and ‘cement inaterialses i... sane eee Clinton Metallic Paint Co. Clinton ; Metallic Paint ...t ose ee eee ee “2s Furnaceville Iron Co. Ontario Center Samples’ of (Clinton 7oresn. . se cenes ie Alpha Portland Cement Co. Martin’s Creek, Pa. Portland, cement and raw materials’. ee eee Glens Falls Portland Cement Co. Glens Falls Exhibit‘of cement and cement materialseew.. 0. eee William Connors Paint Mfg. Co. Troy Crude and finished; mineral paints}. 4.46526 40 oe eee Pepson, Charles. Albany Old sewer tile from, Phoenix Place; Albany 40 eee St Lawrence Talc Co. Natural Bridge Cridetands round: talet. 1.) at oe eae sa ae Pass, James, Onondaga Pottery Co. Syracuse Exhibit illustrative ‘of pottery manutacttres.. 44.5 eiee Emerson-Norris Co. New York : Artincial Stone, from Tuckahoe marbles.) .5..0 ae Norton Company. Worcester, Mass. Exhibit of alundum, crystolon etc., from plants at Niagara alls 2 Sess S02 eS CRUST eos: United States Gypsum Co. Chicago, IIl. Exhibit of gypsum and gypsum products from Oakfeld. .. German Kali Works, Inc. New York Specimens of German potash salts, including hartsalz, sylvimite, kkainite and ‘carnallite ss ase. eee Cheever Iron Ore Co. Port Henry Iron) ore; concentrates; and tailintes: yas ne nae Benson Mines Co. Benson Mines Lfon Gre, Concentratessand tallimose ee re Hinckley Fibre Co. Hinckley Pyrite from Cole mines St Eawtencescouniny 1. seen Atlantic Terra Cotta Co. New York Architectural terra cotta, Staten Island plant...........% New York State Sewer Pipe Co. Rochester Floor tiles) conduit and) sewer) pipes ... se ane ee I Anorthoclase ‘(erystals), Sardinia 4.0. es een ee 1 lot Krantz, Dr F. Bonn, Germany Calcite, St Goar Prussian ees. nt hae oe eee Calcite, Andreasbers, (Germany. Calcite (lilac colored), Guanajuato, Mexico............ Ss = SS SS SS SS SS PALEONTOLOGY Donation Allardyce, Mrs Constance. Port Stanley, Falkland islands Devonic fossils from Pebble island, Falkland islands.... 25 Grant, Colonel C. C. Hamilton, Ontario PU MEICMIOSSIS WM ELAMNINLOM 64 2 2, anip' dea oystatedia be, 2he she's yo be eek 2 8 Hobart College, The trustees of (On indefinite loan) Castoroides ohioensis. The original skull described by Hall & Wyman and obtained in Paenpleistocenemiarshes meat Clyde is Maine css wen oes v.00 I Kelly, F. Helderberg Cement Co. imlouites inom lowes Cave quart yg. ss 2 chee leis ci’ «0 aie I Moore, Prof. E. S. State College, Pa. Graptolites from Spring Creek formation (Beekmantown) eT SV ANAND er aes ny choi dta cls loli ze vektvie Mele) niet a: slle's.0°= o, eid soos 6 Post, W. J. Harriman Mastodon tusk found about 2 miles south of Harriman Bishi OU (Mile we ig MOT ANCS COM Marsteta «alsa 3 sds: oe 6p 5.8 I Purchase American Museum of Natural History. New York Restoration of the skeleton of the Permic reptile Eryops. 1 Devaue Gshes: trom Wagonashay PO's dies vind aces v 00s 20 Gebhard, W. D. Schoharie Collection of fossils from the Schoharie valley (Inventory to be given in next report) Fink, Alvin J. Dayton, Ohio PaleciiOtine le PCUODILES : 2.5.5 aieralarel v4 ale; ve oP ovrie ee 0i'om a x.8 w..0%e 200 Kinnear, W. T. Kirkbuddo, Forfar, Scotland Upper Siluric and Lower Devonic fishes from Scotland... 11 Krantz, Dr F. Bonn, Germany European trilobites from various localities.............. 25 Ward’s Natural Science Establishment. Rochester rroearis tow. trom. the Hamilton shales............ [ 116 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Collection Hartnagel, C. A. : Fossils from the Ordovicic-Siluric series of Arisaig, Nova SCOLA - Fov ay elisies Shey eee oe Olas whe 6 ate Sha yeee ee es ale aneIR on ne 300 Exchange Carnegie Museum (Dr C. R. Eastman) Restorations, of Devonic) fishese.)..4-- 0. ace eee 6 ENTOMOLOGY Donation Hymenoptera Crawford, G.W. Ballston Spa. Lophyrus abbotii Leach, Abbott’s pine sawfly, larvae on pine, October 1 Lossoe, F. R. Troy. Janus integer Norton, current stem borer on currant, February 21 Smith, F. A. Ticonderoga. Kaliofenusa ulmi Sund., Eu- ropean elm leaf miner, larvae on elm, June 4 : Chase, F. Loon Lake. Hylotoma pectoralis Leach, birch sawfly, larvae on birch, July State Department of Agriculture. Trichiosoma tibialis Steph., European hawthorn sawfly from England, cocoon on rose, November 27. Same as preceding, cocoon on barberry from Flushing, February 27 Bethel, E. Denver, Col. Aylax pisum Walsh, gall on Ly- godesmia juncea, September 30 Gardner, Mrs E. P. Canandaigua. Through S. H. Burnham. Rhodites gracilis Ashm., regal rose gall, galls on Rosa blanda, September 29. Same as preceding, October 5. Also R. globulus Beutm., globular rose gall, gall on rose, Octo- ber 5 Bethel, E. Manitou, Col Myrmecocystus melliger Llave, honey ant, adult, November 30 Coleoptera de Vyver, J. James. Bronxville Eccoptogaster quad- rispinosa Say, hickory bark borer, larvae on hickory. Janu- ary 28 Matthiessen, C. H. Irvington. Corthylus punctatis- simus Zimm., pitted Ambrosia beetle, adult on Rhododendron, September 13 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9Q13 TL7, Goodyear, Charles. Tarrytown. Same as preceding, work, Octo- per ¥ Hilligas, William. Rensselaer. Cryptorhynchus lap- athi Linn., mottled willow borer, grubs and work on poplar, June 18 Gillett, J. R. Kingston. Lixus concavus Say, rhubarb cur- culio, adult, March 31 Anderson, E. H. Mount Kisco. Pissodes strobi Peck, white pine weevil, work on pine, January 20 Pease, E. R. Poughkeepsie. Same as preceding, larvae and work on pine, July 14 Iceland, Mrs A. C. Middletown. Galerucella luteola Mull., elm leaf beetle, adults in house, May 28 milive GW.) Mechanieville. INodomota’ tristis Oliv, strawberry root worm, adult on strawberry, June 23 McDonough, W. FF. Albany. Typophorus canellus Fabr., strawberry root worm, May 8 Sullivan, J. J. Valley Mills Chrysochus auratus Fabr., gold gilt beetle, adults, November 6 Von Schrenk, Hermann. St Louis, Mo. Neoclytus ery- throcephalus Fabr., adult and work on ash, September 3 Van Deusen, Mrs C. A. Hudson. Chion cinctus Dru, banded hickory borer, adult, March 16 State Department of Agriculture. Euphoria inda Linn, bumble flower beetle, adult on apple, September 4 Robertson, W. D. Rosyln. Allorhina nitida Linn., green June beetle, adult, July 3 Farrar, E. R. South Lincoln, Mass. Anomala lucicola Fabr., light-loving grapevine beetle, adult, July 7 Miller, W. S. East Greenbush. Lachnosterna fusca Froh., white grubs infested by the peculiar fungus, Cordyce 2 s ravenelii Berk., February 14 Saugerties Manufaccutine Company. Saugerties. Sitodrepa - panicea Linn., drug store beetle, larvae, adults and work in account book, June 12 Coffin, C. A. Locust Valley. Agrilus ? bilineatus Web., two-lined chestnut borer, work on oak, October 30 Merkel, H. W. Scarsdale. Melanophila fulvoguttata Harr., spotted hemlock borer, larvae on hemlock, December 2 Downer, J. New York City. Same as preceding, January 30 118 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Torbert, C. L. Syracuse. Same as preceding, bark of hemlock, May 16 McMillan, Charles. Cambridge. Dicerca divaricata Say, divaricated Buprestid, adult, June 20. AlsoAlaus oculatus Linn., owl beetle, adult, June 20 Titus, E. V. Glen Cove. Same as preceding, July 28 State Conservation Commission. Lake Clear. Anatis 15- punctata Oliv., 15-spotted lady beetle, adult on balsam, June 9 Lacky, Andrew. Johnsburg. Dytiscus harrisii Kirby, water beetle, adult, September 17 Diptera Gillett, J. R. Kingston. Frontina frenchii Will. adults, March 31 Smith, W. F. White Plains. Bibio albipennis- Say, white- winged Bibio, larvae on stable manure, March 28 Albright, Thomas. New Baltimore. Contarinia pyrivora Riley, pear midge, larvae on pear, May 7 Theobald, F. V. Wye, Kent, England. Same as preceding, adult, September McAtee, W. L. Carlisle, Miss) Thecodiplosis ananassi Riley, galls and larvae on cypress, October 29 Garman, H. Louisville, Ky. Clinodiplosis florida Felt, gall on oak, May 27 Goodyear, Charles. Tarrytown. Same as preceding, June 13 Frost & Bartlett Co. Roslyn. Monarthropalpus buxi Lab., box leaf miner, larvae on box, August 21 Latham, Roy. Orient Point Hormomyia crataegifolia Felt, coxcomb thorn gall, gall on Crataegus, August 12 Gardner, Mrs E. P. Canandaigua. Cincticornia pilulae Walsh, oak pill gall, gall on oak, October 5° McAtee, W. L. Riverdale, Md. Same as preceding, October 24 Shelter, Henry. Springwater. Schizomyia coryloides Walsh and Riley, clustered grape gall, gall on grape, August 8 Cosens, A. Toronto, Ont., Can. Lasioptera. comjuemen ocellate dogwood gall, gall on Cornus, September 21 Jackson & Perkins Company. Newark. Dasyneura rho- dophaga Coq,, rose gall midge, larvae on rose, July 16 Rorty, Mrs P. A. Goshen. Dasyneura communis Felt, galls on red maple, October 9 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I913 11g Garman, H. Lexington, Ky. Same as preceding, May 27 erie, By Denver, Col. Rhabdophaga strobiloides Walsh, pine cone gall, gall on willow, September 30 Merce WH. W.. Scarsdale. Camptomyia tsugaeFelt, larvae on hemlock, December 2 Siphonaptera Sherwood, Miss Marcia J. Barker. Ceratophyllus gal- linae Schrk., hen flea, adults in hens’ nests, May 29 fewman, J: KR. Poughkeepsie: Ctenocephalus canis Curtis, house flea, adult, August 26 Lepidoptera Goodyear, Charles. Tarrytown. Laertias philenor Linn, pipevine swallowtail, larva on Dutchman’s pipe, June 24 Carl, Miss Nina. Breesport. Automeris io Fabr., Io cater- pillar, larvae on sweet clover, August 27 Cushman, R. L. Yonkers. Same as preceding, larva on corn, September 4 Reed, C. M. Sinclairville. Halisidota caryae Harr., hick- ory tussock moth, larvae on hickory, September 27 State Department of Agriculture. Rochester. Peridroma margaritosa Haw., var. saucia Hubn., variegated cut- worm, larvae on apple and grass, July 15 Bartlet, Miss Isabella M. New Hamburg. Xylina anten- nata Walk., green maple worm, larva on linden, May 19 Clark, C. A. Castleton. Same as preceding, larvae on apple, June 9 Von Schrenk, Hermann. St Louis, Mo. Papaipema ? merriccata Bird, stalk borer, larvae on May apple, May 13 izeed, ©) Mo Sinclainville Datana integerrima. Grote & Rob., black walnut caterpillar, larva on hickory, September 27 Heilman, J. R. Poughkeepsie. Schizura concinna Sm. & Abb., red-humped apple caterpillar, larvae, July 8 Carl, Miss Nina. Breesport. Hemerocampa leucostig- ma Sm. & Abb., white-marked tussock moth, larvae on wisteria, August 27 Revison, J. J. Brooklyn. Malacosoma disstria Hubn., forest tent caterpillar, eggs, December 17 Appleton, F. R., jr. Jericho. Through State Forester. Same as preceding, larvae on oak, May 26 : Hechler, Charles. Roslyn. Same as preceding, May 30 ee 120 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Terry, S. S. Elizabethtown. Same as preceding, cocoons, June 21 Wynkoop, Irving. Granville. Same as preceding, larvae and cocoons on maple, June 23 Seely, J. A. Ogdensburg. Same as preceding, eggs on apple, Sep- tember 5 Dunwald, Peter. Rio. Cladoraatroliturata Walk., im- ago, April 11 Interstate Tree Treating Company. Mount Vernon. Anisop- teryx pometaria Harr., fall canker worm, males, females and eggs, December 3 . PE: Dunwald, Peter. Rio. Phigalia titea Cram., imago on forest trees, April 11 Bartlet, Miss Isabella M. New Hamburg. Erannis tiliaria Harr., ten-lined inch worm on linden, May 19 Niles, H. W. Rye. Through State Department of Agriculture. Lagoa crispata Pack., flannel moth, caterpillar on appie, September 18 Cooper, Mrs E. H. Saratoga Springs. Acoloithus ? fal- sarius Clem., cocoons on Virginia creeper, September 5 Harris, A. G. Pelham. Zeuzera pyrina Linn) Veopand moth, larva, May 31 Goodyear, Charles. Tarrytown. Same as preceding, larvae, Sep- tember 4 Merkel, H. W. New York) City. “Siesaa 1 hodomdemmdas Beutm., Rhododendron clearwing, work and larvae on rhododen- dron, September 29 Schoonmaker, C. B. Stone Ridge. ? Crambus caligino- sellus Clem., larvae on corn, June 19 State Department of Agriculture. Westchester County. Pini- pestis zimmermanni Grote, pine tip moth, work on Aus- trian pine, July 1 Eberle, F. W. Albany. Tinea granella Linn., European wolf moth, larvae on sweet corn, November 13 Ward, G: E. Ravena: DPmetoicera ocellanay Schima pee moth, larva on apple, April 16 Haney, Theodore. Ravena. Same as preceding, larva on apple, April 17 | Jansen, C. B. Kingston. Same as preceding, larva on plum, April 26 Hunt, Fred. Kingston. Same as preceding, larva on pear, April 28 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1913 121 Vincent, H. B. Old Chatham. Same as preceding, April 30 St John, Clyde. Canajoharie. Same as preceding, May 15 Collamer orchard. Hilton. Through State Department of Agri- calitite Mpmchips argyrospita Walk, fruit tree leat roller on apple, July 7 Lintner, George. Squirrel Island, Me. Tortrix fumifer- ana Clem., spruce bud moth, larva, adult and work on spruce, July 6 Gardiner, Mrs J. T. Northeast Harbor, Me. Same as preceding adults on spruce, July 15 Levison, J. J. Brooklyn. Eulia politana Haw., pine tube builder, work, November 12 Goodyear, Charles. Tarrytown. Coleophora limosipen- nella Dup., elm case bearer, work on elm, June 24 Albright, M. C. West Coxsackie. Coptodisca splendor- iferella Clem.,, resplendent shield bearer, larvae and cases on apple, January 22 Hicks, Isaac & Son. Westbury. Argyresthia thuiella Pack., Arbor vitae leaf miner, pupae on Arbor vitae, June and October 4 Morbert, Eb. te Syracuse. )Phyllonoryter hamadry- adella Clem., white-blotch oak leaf miner, larval mines on oak, May 28 de Vyver, J. James. Mount Vernon. Same as preceding, work on oak, October 22 Corrodentia Gardner; J. H. Fort Covington. Caecilius pedicularius _ Linn., nymph and adult, October 14 Hemiptera Miller, Mrs M. S. Boonville’ Philaenus lineatus Luinn., lined spittle insect on grass, June 23 Pierce, D. C. Hamburg. Through State Conservation Commis- sion. Phylloxera caryaecaulis Fitch, hickory gall aphid, galls on hickory, June 20 Paine, H.S. Glens Falls. Same as preceding, July 10 Coffin, J. W. L. Katonah. Through State Conservation Commis- sion. Chermes pinicorticis Fitch, pine bark aphid, adult on white pine, December 6 State Department of Agriculture. Brentwood. Same as preced- ing, adult on pine, May 5 [22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Neilson, Miss N. Nyack. Same as preceding, June 18 Crosby, M. S. Rhinebeck. Through State Conservation Commis- sion. Chermes abietis Linn., spruce gall aphid, galls on spruce, January 20 Harris, S. G. Tarrytown. Same as preceding, gall on Norway spruce, June 16 Laney, C. C. Rochester. Same as preceding, June 17 Gott, P. V. D. Goshen. Same as preceding, July 10 Miller, Mrs M. S. Boonville Chermes strobilobius Kalt., woolly larch aphid, adults and eggs on larch, June 23 ~~ Nill, John. Star Lake. Chermes tloceus Patch, eallegom spruce, August 23 Frost & Bartlett Company. Stamford, Conn. —Tetraneura ulmisacculi Patch, English elm pouch gall, galls on Usiniiseca mipjies tr use juness Goodyear, Charles. Tarrytown. Pemphigus ulmifusus Walsh, slippery elm gall, gall on elm, June 24 Frost & Bartlett Company. Stamford, Conn. Same as preceding, August 23 Cox, Townsend, jr. Setauket. Pemphigus tessellata Fitch, alder blight, adults on soft maple, July 5 Harrer, Richard. New York City. Schizoneura lanigera Hausm., woolly apple aphis, aphis on apple, November 5 Patten, G. M. Poughkeepsie. Same as preceding, adults on apple, June 28 Seely, J. A. Ogdensburg. Same as preceding, young on apple, September 5 Rose, J. FE. South Byron Lonmerstigma, canyac aang hickory aphis, adults, June 4 Latham, Roy. Orient Point. Aphis maidis Fitch, corn leaf aphis on corn, November 2 Conkling, C. S. Gouverneur. ? Nectarophora solani- f01i1i Ashm., potato plant louse on potato, September 27 State Conservation Commission. Lake Clear. Mindarus abietinus Koch., balsam aphid, work on balsam, June 9 Terry, 8. S. Elizabethtown. Same as preceding, adults and work on balsam, June 21 . Nill, John. Star Lake. Through State Conservation Commission. Same as preceding, June 14 Woolworth, C. C. Castleton. Gossyparia spuria Mod. elm bark louse, females on elm, June 13 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQ13 123 Neilson, Miss N. Nyack. Same as preceding, adults on elm, June 18 Voorhis, A. M. Nyack. Phenacoccus acericola King, false maple scale on hard maple, October 18 Harrer, Richard. New York City. Same as preceding, Novem- ber 5 Naramore, N. J. Ossining. Same as preceding, adults on bark, February 17 Patten, G. M. Poughkeepsie. Same as preceding, adults on maple, June 28 de Vyver, J. James. Bronxville. Same as preceding, females and young on sugar maple, September 26 Goodyear, Charles. Tarrytown. Pulvinaria acericola Walsh, adults on Cornus, June 13 and 24 Towson, C. R. New York City. Through State Conservation Commission. Pulvinaria vitis Linn., cottony maple scale, adults and eggs on soft maple, June 14 George, E. L. New York City. Same as preceding, June 18 Macey, Carleton. Hewlett. Same as preceding, July 14 Devers, M. J. Hoosick Falls. Same as preceding, adults on sugar maple, July 15 iemanestom of... Grvolin homie yel Pa lorie d¢enidit Gml., tulip tree scale, adults and young on tulip, February 1 and 5 Powell, Mrs T. W. Flushing. Same as preceding, August 15 Goodyear, Charles. Tarrytown. Same as preceding, adults and young on tulip, September 4 iatham,. oy. Orient Pomt Eulecanium lintmers1 Chil. & Benn., sassafras soft scale, adults and young on sassafras, July 21 Stene, A.E. Kingston, R. I. Eulecanium rugosum Sign., quince soft scale, adults on quince, June 3 Potrerstatt. New Vor Cry Cocens hesperidum Linn., soft scale, adults on fern, May 29 Eigested. . Ep eblauvelt, ~Pirysokermes piceae Schr., spruce bud scale on spruce, January 29 Dummett, Arthur. Mount Vernon. Same as preceding, eggs on Norway spruce, June 12 Hammond, Benjamin. Hudson Heights, N. J. Chionaspis euonymi Comst., Euonymus scale, adults on privet, probably Ligustrum bota, November 21 Haney, Theodore. Ravena. Chionaspis furfura Fitch, scurfy scale, eggs, April 17 124 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Levison, J. J. Brooklyn. Chionaspis pinifoliae Fitch, the pine leaf scale, adult on Austrian and white pine, November 12 Terry, 8S. S. New York City. Same as preceding, adults on pine, July 12 Seaver, F. J. Diaspis echinocacti Bouche, Cactusisealem adults and young on cactus, from Porto Rico, September 30. Barron, Leonard. Garden City. Diaspis carueli Targ,, Juniper scale, adults on Arbor vitae, June 23 Cockerell, T. D.-A. Los Banos, P: 1. Drosicha jiitedeme oides CKIL, fig scale on’ Ficus nata. ‘Coll, ©) Fagbakeg 1912, cotypes, October 22 Niles, T. F. Through State Department of Agriculture. Aonidia lauri Bouché, Bay tree scale on Bay tree, October State Department of Agriculture. Albany. Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst., San José scale, adults and young on rose, January 15 Albright, M. C. Coeymans. Same as preceding, young on elm, March 3 : Bullard, T. E. Schuylerville. Same as, preceding, adults and young on pear, July 8 Doyle, H. M. Oswego. Aspidiotus ostreaect ornmsm Curt., European oyster scale, adult on apple, May 15 Stubing, F. J. Mount Vernon. Aspidiotus osborni New- ell & Cockerell, oak scale, adults on white oak, October Gordinier, H.W. Troy. Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn., oyster shell scale on poplar and maple, December 9 Strickland, L. F. Lockport. Neurocolpus nubilissay adult on sumac, July 12. Also Paracalocoris scrupeus Say, nymphs on grape, June 13 and July 12 Griffith, L.C. Lynbrook. Lygus pratensis Linn., tarnished plant bug, adults on crysanthemum, September 4 Plecoptera Atwood, G.G. Albany. Pteronarcys ? biloba Newm, May 8 Blunt, Miss Eliza S. New Russia. Pteronarcys proteus .Newm., giant stone fly, adult, June 6 Thysanoptera Brooks, F. M. Athens. Euthrips pyri Dan., pear thrips, adults, April 25 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1913 125 Thysanura Rodgers, E. H. Mount Kisco. Through State Department of mericuiiure - SGhoturus mivicola Fitch, stow ‘flea; adults, December 26 Acarina Hunter, Miss Louise. Cornwall. Eriophyes quadripes Shimer, gall on maple, May 12 Bethel ob: Denver, Col Eriophyes abnormis Garm., gall on linden, September 30 Pagron., Leonard. Garden City: Bryobida pratensis Garm., red spider, adults and eggs on Arbor vitae, June 23 ZOOLOGY Donation Mammals Corbin, Austin. New York Buttalo bulls iso =bisiom (Linnaeus) 2.2 ne. 6s. I Hartley, B. M. New Haven, Conn. Jumping mouse, Zapus hudsonius (Zimmerman). 4 Taylor, H. L. Albany Newfoundland caribou, Rangifer terrae-novae Bangs, head Birds Newland, D. H. Albany Night heron} "Nycticorax: mycticorax nae- VV aLMEAS. OY CIBYOIGNC ATS I8)) 2 oso eee tos etc ecient Ee etn caps I Birds’ eggs Philips, Mrs J. Kay. Menands Brown pelican, Pelecanus occidentalis Lin- SEAR EAU ES oe 3 Uy or AeA lta ily oy a RR Al PRES ee eS I Nicht heronne Ny clicorax, ny 61 rcorax> nae= WEES EE GMC AEEE )i aetna eae nc cis Sika ee ays eee aeans! std ye I Spotted sandpiper, Actitis macularius (Lin- MEVETUIS)) 5 eh: o 2 ier EON eh Cs eee) Ce Re eae eee 2 Ruffed grouse, Bonasa umbellus (Linnaeus)... 10 Mourning dove, Zenaidura macroura caro- Petenat catia Sis (IU TUIILACTIS )iy «i ann, taretic chorsttcts oases ee ec ae ase I Cooper hawk, Accipiter cooperi (Bonaparte). Pickea Golaptes auratus Iuteus: Bangs. >... 3 126 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Woodcock, Philohela minor (Gmelin) nest and 3 Spotted sandpiper, Actitis macular- 11s (@Uinmaeus)) eae te Soc eee 2 Night hawk, Chordeiles virginianus (Gmelin). I Kingbird, Tyrannus tyrannus (Linnaeus)..... I Crested flycatcher, Myiarchus crinitus (Lin TOUS ) ooh a larainteced wl Bia oie eee eee a Phoebe, Siay or nis pio} bie) (lath) pase Crow, Corvus brachyrbhymc hos) Brehm Il Cowbird) Mol otinus ater. Roddaert ss. I Red-winged blackbird, Agelaius phoeniceus (Leimnaeus jie ds. elves 28 eet epee oe ee ea 4 Meadow lark, Sturnella magna (Linnaeus).... 2 Orchard, oriole, Leite rus “spit ii sy Ceinnacus) paar 2 Purple grackle, Quiscalus quiscula quiscula (CLoinmaeusy).c so aSi jas! he a ele) ciate va ene tee ene ae 6 Chipping sparrow, Spizella passerina (Bech- SLELI)s Lao), 3 gras Deh Se ee eee nl 4 Vesper sparrow, Pooecetes gramineus (Gme- Tia) 5 Goad ace SUE eh eel ie ee ee a 2 Savannah sparrow, Passerculus sandwich- Cnsis (Savana @Wilson) ere aee yee oe 5 Song sparrow, Melospiza melodia (Wilson).. 4 Clift ~ swallow, Petrochelidon™ tinurzoums CSay 28 oy sai De aa ee eee 2 Cedar waxwing, Bombycilla cedrorum Vieil- TOU b6. o's ken bie tla ele ake te, eee Sere I Catbird, Dumatella carolinensis (Linnaeus). 9 Veery, Ey locich tam ius ce sicems m(otepiden)) eae 2 Bluebird; . Suwa lua svalics @Maanaeds) eee 4 Birds’ nests and eggs Van Name, W. G. Albany : Common “tern, “Site rma iia nd one dein TAGCUIS Vet! Sea ee ete Cee eae ts ee eee Hare ts 16 eggs Roseate tern, Sterna dougalli Mon- TAS So iccad cic 4s tus abenelega oye cae tae efor nce ene eaeneee 5 Night heron, Ny ctilcorax ny etueona x mya evant si (BOC daeh) eee ean nest and 3 Night heron, Nycticorax nycticorax nave vaasus) Cboddaent) ee hwtt eieee eee 5 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9Q13 127 Fish hawk, Pandion haliaetus caro- in ubaes tgs us P(e Cel rt) Re ar 2 eggs Chimney “swig, Chaetura pelagica (si Ay ENTS Ve ee A Oa ae ne a nestand2 “ Whippoorwill, Antrostomus voci- ES LG VASO) Sieetes << yen ae ee a Bree Kingbird, Tyrannus tyrannus (Lin- PRACHIS) ee eee te en Nerd cyclo He se hae ws nestand4 “ a9 Phoebe, Sayornis phoebe (Latham). .nest and 5 Least flycatcher, Empidonax minimus (EE BITC E Mane eateries als, rere en ae es. 5 « nest and 4 eggs Blue jay, Cyanocitta, cristata (Lin- APLCUAG DEA eta Sls otele Sia ene weather asa chu eae nest Bobolink, Dolichonyx oryzivorus (TATE TS TIS) Re ee A eg ar a nest and 5 eggs Cowbird, Molothrus ater Boddaert... I egg Red-winged blackbird, Agelaius phoe- MICS CUA TOLS)) FS or a art ogi e) Seyeloloe 6 d24- nest and 4 eggs Orchard oriole, Icterus spurius (Lin- TENSE) et ae ee ie Se seer tec oe er nestand4 “ Purple grackle, Quiscalus quiscula Ghawisyetiia, CLINNACUS)! Ce 6. V aie es 2 ete s nest Goldfinch, ike tae tristis (Lin- (GEESE EIS) ye Oe Oe eS A a ecg nest and 5 eggs English sparrow, Passer domesticus (RTT S a oe Anh een eee an as nestand6 “ Vesper sparrow, Pooecetes gramin- EUG Pes (GAGE) iy AS a ee ea a neshanGd Aly Savannah sparrow, Passerculus sand- wichensis savanna (Wilson)...... nest Seaside sparrow, Passerherbulus atte tS. (VV ISON) 0). 5.8 sees Seok ss nest and 4 eggs Chipping sparrow, Spizella passerina (PES MSECHIA) foe apc ytd SPMD ete is chsh, on «SPs Sus ABN Field sparrow, Spizella pusilla (Wil- SCOTIA Wiest cP SENSE eo nest and 3 Song sparrow, Melospiza melodia AGS Ova) ehcp RMR ari Je ante AM nest and! Sey Towhee, Pipilo erythrophthalmus MSIAGETS EIS) eda MO A sl 5 19/2 ae HON cd dig Soke o> nest and 2 128 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Barn swallow, Hirundo erythrogas- tara “Boddacrte../)s cats ie eee eee Career nest Cedar waxwing, Bombycilla cedrorum Viretllot a ler od «akin Seats cep ee aaa eae nest and 4 eggs White-eyed vireo, Vireo griseus (Bod- avert) ak oo) shee Se 0 iene gee ea een nest anda ae Yellow-breasted chat, Icteria virens (Linnaeus nolo. ont cates a eieere aera nest andes Yellow-breasted chat, ~Leteria Yvitenms (Geimimaletisy ya yore rear fg, Baa ch, eae mest amdys mens Redstart, Sie torp hiavo ai ttt aie ella eleine MACUS ) cocelins sak WR DNL.) Maaveere ee hw amine aeeae nestand4 ~~ Catbicd 2 Dinim acwelayeaearmoimine nesses (Teinimaeuisy) ob Se aa SNR aa ao eae nestand4 ~“ Bron wmersiner TOxOStOuna, wil i wim (Luimmlatetds,) a2 Sel Ah eke behooteee ie be akts eeeeRe Mest amGss am House wren, Troglodytes aedon Vie- NC) aE ARAM DAN TE Ae UNAM, obeys Se Wood thrush), ly Wore ne ella muse iim : (Ginelun) 320°. 85 Gy ese a6 Ree anna cana nestand4 “ Robin, Planesticus migratorius (ale tL MVACtaS)) 50 Pek es fo vay ae eee ca ee nest Bilviebindy ySi-aylikaeys talkies (einitaenis) eee nest and 3 eggs Fish Gloeckner, William. Albany Red” horse “mulles > Milo ~ 0) st oma anieroy iemaen @lae Sultry reel ane ae nen Se I Invertebrates Pearse, A. S. Madison, Wis. Compound ascidian, Botryllus schlosseri CPallas). 2.05 \ phon oie cae ete caer hee eens eee ree I Van Alstyne, William T. New York Collection of foreign shells and corals Purchase Mammals Hartley, B. M. New Haven, Conn. Rat; (EB. pim y s\n omime our w sin, (rscdleben) haere eee to REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI3 Leach, B. J. Averill Park Weasel, Mustela noveboracensis (Emmons).. Ward’s Natural Science Establishment. Rochester Ut eel LS CO ar Werte. h 18 sa Se Bobs: inisher a Vartes pena nti (Hrxleben)i... 2.22.6 Birds Barker, Fred. Parker’s Prairie, Minn. Sispianstcm, bern ane as pia Pallas. ics elise os American merganser, Mergus americanus Cassin. Red-breasted merganser, Mergus serrator Lin- TEL UIGee rare MMe ed Toes Se iheor ce lala ays So ues sta Niche aie Uia aid oSts Lesser snow goose, Chen hyperboreus (Pallas). Canada goose, Branta canadensis canadensis GIEATATIACTIS) Par awisn 9 cave rsise Monee Secees Se one oshavo obese be yet Bittern, Botaurus lentiginosus (Montagu)... Black-crowned night heron, Nycticorax nycti- Go Ha xemae vitism (BOddaAEnt ig. 5.05 pees ems ie os = Wilson phalarope, Steganopus tricolor Vieillot. Western sandpiper, Ereunetes mauri Cabanis.... Long-billed curlew, Numenius americanus ICH SLIM gee je -y ede ose ie fs OR cGy Eee eRe Ee Black-breasted plover, Squatarola squatarola (TORTIE NCTE) os Se Sts ees an ae Poa Sharp-shinned hawk, Accipiter velox (Wilson). Pigeon hawk, Falco columbarius Linnaeus..... Pileated woodpecker, Phloeotomus pileatus Suey ines fel Crop licen (ATIOS) ain pia navoy La ei Acasron'SS rece Hartley, B. M. New Haven, Conn. Binecnind soa tay Ss talise Clinnaeus) ys oy. ees 5, Milton, B. New Haven, Conn. Dianne Sunnis Vile artis: Linnaets....2'25. 55: Vernon, M. L. Troy Roping Plamesticus. migratoriu-s (Linnaeus) EMME EIA Oracre tense AN hcl GA oc NSA Vabiss ee aleve oie Syst weve at Suayan hehe Fishes Purchased in Albany markets Planiic sauimon sia bios a bay linniaeus. ..i..0 640. Pikcuml nets line Ut, s eC Eh imilacs ya!) ydckd is als Gin mackerel;’ S comber Co liase Gmelin... .0.... 5) 129 e Oo HoH Lo i) 130 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Striped bass, ioc qus lineatus? @Bloch) 2) meee sea bass, Cemtropristes striatus (lWingaews)es Sheepshead, Archosargus probatocephalus (Walbaum) 200i ws 006 ot. Be ee ee Sea trout, | Gry mlowentor es. (Bloch and Schnei- Ge 5 ee ae ees ae tes te TIACUS Jie wo. ca gate Wid wee oss ete ae eee ETH NOLOGY Purchase Women’s lesoings s beaded = (2 pairs) 2 an. 4.4.4 ene Mowesas’ rattle: made tok ‘box tule) 4. eee Murtle rattles, ereatteather dances ae 39 ae Husk faces used by Elusk Hace Company... .. eee Halse face,. medicine! mask.taias eee ee Simall baskets io0 ya che eee ie ete teen eh rr Husk basket. 4s... SUM ns oe Oe 2A ine er Berrysbaslcet teks «cine ara ete ne ee "ys Ste aes Beaded “belt: orssasitvy. Wat Fae bed Ne Bese Snowshoes —— Short type .2. 052-4 ee ee ee Baby, boards, @nondagal...0).0.. 50s Bark "bow! n2%. Uneeke vain 6 etie ale Seen eee Wooden ‘spoons:<) ist). hath ieee eee ae ee Worsted’ belt or sash). 4 are. ee ee Eagle wands »(2 sets). 0.5...) 5). Sept eee eee Bagle dance mattles, of gourds \ (Set) sa sane ee Eagle rattles.wom hora (Set) eis sn ee Wooden spoont hs rasa arenes De boos he Ue Plummvstone dice. (set) aww ene eee Peach stone “dice (Set) ia). 420 cin be Lens ene Bome dice n(Set)) see ae teeta eee MO. 3. Calabash’ rattles). 0 cog yeicer thee eee Aare ae Gourd: rattle |i! iether ee esl Old spoons, of carved woods. 7. ce eee ee False dace? 2 sais sia a ee a Bee BBR ee ee RAR Ree a typ BBW HH DH BR ee YP DD SO REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9QI3 131 HEN @OE LC Stamse ners ca cba dss ae Nad cbST UN NG AC afl cae Ro wath Stans Tepe gene 2 CG creMnlTT Oe DON eee eae tree atic oso Bake a mael a meee I TE@sel se SRTIEO Ue a eel cas tcl elie ar aa Pare Cote I Olle oeral ales Males SS ps Se Aika Or aa ne ng PUM RST eA ue I omnoOokrOn twisted pwiOOGs 5 cc.s.\.c ce nlae ds ld area eas I Rivioosmeluckeslatde se arene egegeed sla cpdalele: alas c/s 6 & sateveare fie I IBBIIGS SERICG. TA 26 tye ne ol hac ie pn ucts een eee INES Mar rages ae I BR tstlemetabt eaueremsrcyetve tre cic ake wah oS else elatsvats ANevo/ 0a ae eklilel one if paimearriinoss Gnatutaly silver) 1c)... 6 sete Mtotials secs ay. ots i TEVGEGY EBVO a Aer ce a a ra a iy tra eM i eV ne EO I BVM ie Tee Geld OS NEN ogee a) a) safc, oseiensieie’ wai U eecn le vat malate oleh he 2 A. A. Schmidt. Albany indian beaa= wore Dae welds 5 ty. us eialnsat ane ee sinter ct af We a kee I ARCHEOLOGY Purchase The R. D. Loveland Collection. Watertown. FONE PC MMOLMMAEEOW MEAS si ic stoke iste rte'> obote) ounce aes 39 SUUOMIS SEES: (Sls Beye 6 bra ea HE IIe One at ee rec a 2 TBVOvaG ENNIS “5.4 F Aeke rain Gael aches is oie ee a nel 380 CURING Fee SL OTVOM ME eM teiee ccey tetrin) ty uN nel acar re othe nS T tg I Copper bead ess, . 52. case her Se AE esis rt SM SN I Smell etanting channel (COfMe ny. eyes, 6 «2s we one ae tue: Celismrrne sat a: rues CSL eR eEN STR Se eo Rae ET EN 85 Sailclle somes Calta a weiss Sages AN ee lela Sibted van cia ve seas I SioMer disksm diametet Aw tOLG cata fence so sce scat ve aces 4 Bone fish hook ..... te 6 BORE oe RS LE PMP as RP I PGS N INET TE Bet b tnt eet tic Babmen ee tie ae Oe teee Mee Re aA eae ad an 70 Gores (2). >. PO ae ee en ie sre TMI A tea he NAN. Wy eal cnet 9 OMCs Rie a eee tart Bale gin Oe a ate re eg Lk. Ore Ne Of Bomesande hom MatpOOmse tes. cites. cyetc aly as aagere ns cjcueton 6 6 BRAS SCONES ay. trsra re ance itced. helo hae ateo wee cal hans aials 25 SLUGS TATE NEE). 6 th eee AINA AS Se SPEER eo SEA A ra tine aia mn ae 16 SOMO MINIOTEA Steep Naik PU eRe roca skye ob ailovemeneeatitee 4s) 28 diay g 6 Mullets: 2.5... Hoe BLS Oe Othe ot Patel ERO Pe eee Ra Ree 30 ri smo leibletons WOLKEGuy amit ecu bts haiecle cians Chee 16 RUA ear H EH OOMe,: WOKE) .qyetivi ge sions scgasoe ahd etre) seve lal Sev I SAE SEOME PIPTMEMEDOLELE .yer ysis. ehers eiedeiase icles ance ele ass I PLEO ONC OM Gy ae tie ee ie euciees ede Shami eres ai sl'erats Rigid abs I ponicpieculesme ry Ree nee sc 2 meu OU erie, et 8 OMA OMICS Ot SALINAS Mya. ta.s.). 4-2 ae eee Lyne Carved ‘shell; representation of duck. 54... -- eee I shell necklace, crescent, shape pieces. 2.524 1-4 eee 61 Discoidal. shell ‘object: 5 i022 eas sa ee ee I Long ‘shell beads \./).0 425.4095 423 sles ee og Perforated tortoise carapace... 75, 44554 eee I String (of. shell ‘beads..). v.20 26) eee ee ee 16 Hour strings class beads:4 45... cGane eee i String red ‘stone, béads jae sees ote ee ee 22 Loose wampum and other beads=...5444--> > ase One-half pint wampum) shells: 22+. 2.4.5 02) 8eeee ie White glazed pottery vase, European, top broken........ I Copper finger tings 5060) as ere eee Lee 9 String wampum’ beadsvand wolf teeth? 2252... eee 58 Flint lock: from eum 05 a. nee ee eee I Remnant of flint lock. .2.%.)..05.2 Sea eae eee I Pottery ornament, headvot duck. - =.=. 4-5 eee I Tron. tubeys 4") lone ae eee ee eee eee I Lead ladle vas 2. Girish ay ee ee I Small piece beaver skinti2” x 29/27 2a eee I Small ‘round bells coppetan, oo.) oe eee eee 2 Small copper™bellS. 0.4. 26 yon set eee a ee 4 Iron wire bracelet, small coil copper wire attached...... I Oblong shelltbeads-iiwitite. se reer PTintt <4 anne eee i Small’maskette, whitershell: {ee 2 ie we eee I Trade pipe, bowl broken and large part of stem missing.. I Fragments of worked shell, white, four pieces........... Shell ornaments and frasmentany piecess..> 4-14 eee I Mother of pearl ornament.) cee een ace Bone, crescent shape pieces. 45.45 9s oe a eee Copper jiieles teeter i eet Pere ere sd Copper chain, length 27327 eave oan eee Small piece \eraphite) o22.04.% cee eee eee . small fragment leather, copper bead insertion.......... Small figures of -amimeals}wbone. 2.20. ee he eee ee 4 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQ13 135 Moe rma y tll Cicun eee eNee e CSUe odt GS ed's hua lehitidey aye ie als 175 SMONN MEHL aiataN Leys Tyee mates Moats crabtic late Mayara ya vclopalaue ets ap mete keel Companys Fie eres «ie wi eye eedet ns Wieeiw ie digi LEDEAA USA SAGES AS ee BS 2 7 ae ae S et S jab) = A. o ©} = @ Q S 3 Se wn Lal EGS Se SMOOM es oo «lat Melee Aaa orale cies aleleaisic. bie aida eiavendl oh vees LEP OWEY OL RIgUUR NE sere aes AI Sec a ea I 4 7 3 7 I I 2 Lise LS YONA a ate ey eat mele er RP eager ia I “HO OYCG ITIL AS) OVOYO aU Sa 2 tl Ae ea RS ec 5 HOME eS POOMS eek Rarsey ate = Mettawa ae era Grau siy dew 5 3 SHALL ophaeen cay SsaN Ron eek, aoe Aa gat yg aR Aaa ae 5 8 3 fo) I 2 iotminplements, ~wedee shape <15 Jia) ane a. Pb eels ‘SHSM. Taga RENE T SRS se wecuee gee Set Ve atnae nee ee pen Seen Sicily pcrcailtea meen es Piewet ais ae spas egh els (Ok Na a ee He eeb Iams ELS Lame epee aetna slayeg ti cy MLO, facia a «eae We String wampum and other beads, multi-colored, 60 yards. The Fred H. Crofoot Collection. Sonyea i EB iomincsigeeCM Nee tk Ie eh ASSET. NSS gh Se Sear I AB TESD Aion ae CSRS a Ir OC eS a eg ee 810 SECUNIA pel CHINE Une wep ws Res ct 2 hreeraes oy enairalevahe dese mye ds 19 SINGLE, GBTES ess ANG Me Dla oe ra ene SPECT SE IE 22 Sane Wel te cla psmncad Sasa nln rk. eaiss sat calgon taiae 3h 242 Eben eTs SPOMCG rar erty chet WE tata ceiciaen ead coe ales. e 254 IEVPASG) Ae QUIS! Sohn. ea iUe m MalGn re a Chae ee tee 5 Be ae aa te ene Weare 2 CylnidinicalystO ner Pestless . 22 angio eit S chevelle eyat sce sole eves 174 JEVE) GES SUI N I wen cacti he es at leat aS a Rc pe a 8 iocectece mci te enn a Bias a ehh he es ete = Banos ale II EALUEIHIGT RSS Se GS Sah ef RRA eR a ORLY RN ee ea 199 Boppc ig ulet sips ephae A eee ra Ros ath atts Ganekind 38 Seine [peasy orreikcets pina oe Senn. See ae eae eee 59 LEVS#TTOVANET SU Oe, ems Che: Aeeeae” 088 seni ah See Se OA Ae 138 [Baayen Zip gL) 2 ae NT a Se ee II MEAG AN COUNCIL PIE eo ge as soo ahs 5 a og oe SS Sey elena © I Sito Totes: \3 SRS Be opal iis er eee ame are ae 29 SWC Wee SPO Sunt eer ete eee oreo acl gist ie clay: cal) GAYA wk de gees 47 SHEE (ye, HSE GTA a res ee nae Sn A 46 SHS VES ES Ns LAR ea OU van cor Ue a a 17 Flattened pitted stones, several pits on one side......... Hi Stome. mortars. 22s. SP Ace ss eee ee 4 Hlintarnow and™spear: headsa.: ays sceise eee reer ae 5832 Flint ‘scrapers voli fess aie d chile oe Se eel ee ee 642 Brass arrow leads ast.2i2/ii 2 acta on ie ee 2 Small.earthen potuchut 22 oases faa ase eoahe eee er 1. Flint. ‘knives: )5 pe .0 he BR Oee og eee oe . 676 Bear? teeth to oc Nears BY a 8 ser ee aa er 6 Gt Ais has ee A eas eer 53 Small stomesnortag amd balls eee ae ee a ir ROME: WSUS. 5 vo5 won 08 ue OEE I Silver broGches 2 fc oie See Pee ee a Se 4 Silver Cotenl 245 4a Ree LPP YY Se ee I Copper: pipes OF 2nd ie inane een ae eat eee 2 Skeavitesplationim) pipe seer eee RAE ies 3 I Copper spear’ head cw i>. see ea) wa Roe cee er I GOLSELS a Ee SS oa rd ee Ge ie lk Saree One 20 Patts of gorgets (ine oe oan oe cae at 27 IBENTNGIO SHOMES oa dog on sande BS ae AN CENA ea aR ie hee i Partsod banner Stonesiiaa cai ate. 5 ols ae Gea ee II Copper beadsiaen aac olistate Sy Git arate Ge Caen an er 4 Irn chives, ac Pen oa ve ets ena Ce ee er 17, iron scrapers» spoon shaped’) 5.29. ae ae ee ee 2 Turtle" back ‘stoime?s 5). 07805 ee Mee | a ad a I Troqtois ‘clay pipe: Sykes he ee he ee ee I Steatite palit: Cup: rtie seen ns Seen I Leads seals n/ ee Sie 5 Skea tare oc ee te I Phintesennlinar “kiivesee 2) oer eae ee 3 Stone tibet oo wae sas ABs naa ene eo I shell soreet (ce Sloe) Sine One need eee I Bone ‘Scrapers ih. bathe Re roe ee ee 2 Gaiies) (Stones! S12 C000 a es a ea nah Oe ieee a 2 The C. A. Holmes Collection. New Berlin ' Trond axes in We Oe ee ener aera oes eee 2 Flint arrow points, drills, spear heads, scrapers...... about 550 Flint” knives iy 200 e's Ae a ee ene er es cee 6 Grn Bat Ve Ey ag I Gorgets 3). eae sdk ok ae oe Sia oe 6 Stone, pestles si. 2620. cis aie miele oar ete ed ee 10 Crude chipped ilint traanientic ase aaa aie D&S Genes cee 33 Stone’ net ‘sinkers 2 vse ees sen eee Ne aes 10 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Celts) ie Or ee ico eT a ee Tr REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I913 137 2 I I NIE OINGS eo ES No le aes OR aS i nN RT Ge I JEXEI OLESEN Rok ne os ee bre ety Coe ISIC ere Ones ao se oe ey I igiastenacast Mound Builders pipes seng esc) sas: eee a I RIAGheIgCASt ware SMeaTpMGAds aie ails eau ttia eats cL). oigha ras I SHOE AOODISESS, Tea bi ieee erie ea RE geek Ree ePIC a 3 IESERUIENG Tae ONES tare ete rete ot are shat fee sieves sehis php: Cops ayosohaina ae ar inks 2 The W. E. Bryan Collection. Elmira Small oblong stone, effigy of human face on one side.... I Suc eh ontleneharhedeCOVET <5 s0¢ ac soside eeiehoeere 4 Sgr @ adsl one I IPLOUESIOETRGIGY py Bil atte aed ROSIE MRED Na oe DSR NG sek PER oR 138 Sie MMC MUSICS creators aces staves Suc Lieu ara lathes sears: cba alls Uebel 59 Ciriderchippedsstone implements) /)) 4 4-cl4 5 alesse eae UI COSTS IS Eset cai ang Ue. eae a Ne thy agtae eR 66 SHCMS MARGIE EES Ue. coer UN aR pas cee er tye A Se er ee ee 2 TBYOREVEY RH as ss SRR a crcl ees ted eng Sea ce ey Pa I eats OM POUOCESU ARE ayy oie «uke tnn via tema cnet Soriebace 4 Labi il 6 Biltinatypkeniviesre teem. eisai al Gre la e tic cf Oe, oa ee 2 SHEOUME DLESIEES © ies sek dhe Geel Bic aad tale sD ene atc near Beta 14 NBD SLO MORE es say o- prentane 2) tute isteuaiad eyisacbleee hat al ae aya A eal I SUNGITS FEA ON BTEC) ein ciel eestor Re Eh LE ARCA a Re OC 2 IMECES Ol Steatike. PATLSTOL ,POLSE sett sce 05> fbi as secs elie 54 Jer iat WSyOeate 1a SEY CIS) seen le eee rear aE anata RAE 4 JELIWANE GSA YD TENS) 385 hot ria cuca er cae Nene Pi eat eS a 13 Le Tinie, “GU SIET ES) | see Cea ees os Gree Sate oe ee eg eal Ae eR rat Ram Do 38 peligte OMe ATI S HSE OMG mene me ce Maytals awit aalebeynit . abo’ I PSIFLEPONGI OTOMUAUEG) “ghar AN coc ty autre Ne re ES cE Yat Os a 604 (CSTGIA,.TAITVAILES E.G OILERS Bana ot veh ici ee ree ee ee 4 SHG ORIG). 15 plot Rae ReRPca ot IER ADS CAREC IP aR ann PUES 2 RVI Gomme ee nit vain OUimees Whe: Marty ch ach aieyay saab oa stay sass Bias 4 LELATACTE SOUSS 1s, orcs n NCR cles PROER CEE AR e SRE NC 33 SPO MCA ian CUM Stare aha rae ae Sealab woes, ay 904, bao.) seo av ahi. sa tace 12 ISROVE: GSES c.cl b CSCMIAEER RENO, SOS ERE ane a CeACE Cone neaea oem gnats I The R. E. Van Valkenburg Collection. Mount Upton Siielidisksmeciien PenlOratOms wer icjeecis ti sacle +’. 0a ch 5 TP LSOR Te GieMIS S 8 each Rane aie ey eats A open 138 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Flint. knives): 0285) VAs. * acter 3 Flint spear heatl::.j......c.ce\ fail: Se eee oe I Smoothing or lapstone, 3. ..).4 4.35252 Oe ee I Stone /pestles 0 ose lia eats ed eer 6 Flint harpoon ..2)./36 dees sssie.o cee ce I Mune rs (ie Gime cunn ee ere Meat eee ee eee airy SU 2 Stone met sinkers 0065. 26 5h nob s ee e oF Worked “stones... .i20. 4c ee tee Seen 29 SUE W: SLOMES /2c.s is cuisine Sle ee by ele eee 2 Celts a oe. etotag 24 Seid dans ia dis Wes ia An ene 2 Hammer / stones. 2.24) oe Seo oan aoe ee 743 Flint arrow points 0.24.44). 6 see ee ee 203 The Charles P. Oatman Collection. Liverpool (Collected in Jefferson county) Glay. nipipese ists eon neg Me lela tain eitte eis eee 93 Stéatite , pIpesia. ioe Shee ae wie ae ae ate 4 Diminutive.clay cup, diameter about 144...--.- 19a I Smalliclayvettiey, of unin vhead:\2- eee: see e eae I Small clay effigy of human head, part missing..... ee I Small bone trom, mouth ot stirseonsce sess. eee I Small oblong flat bone fragment, worked, two perforations 1 Ratios lipot platiorn pipes redicatlinites ss i.e eee I Miniature*bone paddle, 4727 longa 5.4.92 ene I Clay “pipe tiagmentss. a. oer oe ae eee +2. abOuER Ese Boe aowlsi we set od Aon ve aac) el ee 251 Bone and horn arrow points... ae aoe ee 39 Worked" phalanges) )iy3 005 Ni: Sas eee ee 57 Bowe mbeads ye: nde alia lajte hae alta te ae ARO Ge ee 53 Gelts uiscce e's dosate oly met hein he ee eee ee 68 Bone” bodkins).i:).)-2.0 1. eae eee ae hat oa ea 8 Bone harpoons' 4.0558 S35 0n 2 Oe. Ae ee eee 7 Shell “beads <2..o0he bale eal ees cee ee 5 SUCMIS STOUT BGG 2 ool oon Digjieie Sanaa MO ns ae 2 Sinalll pieces perforated ‘skill 2555) a5e eee eee 2 Hammer: stones... 2.04 a ey ee 7 Bone yknrvesais). Gvicn bak be eRe eee ete a 2 Mullets (pee Goes 0 Ps. nae eee Garey eas is ES an 15 Copper © béads. 2.210 0: 2 Ea eee 4 Stone Beads ai tises Sas Cake Ae) ee 6 simall quantity charred wood: 42). uaeren aes ieee fa Pieces of « pigmentyGeaceiss 2s cd cheers eee eee 4 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1913 139 The Alva S. Reed Collection. Livonia Miniature bomerenicy, hitman foot... 2)... ei eke oe I SelPORdAmicitm ety eA oe en ct eto at ge emktcei ees IO “SY A es SY SSKG Neo EP Ree tee 61 Se limditpleltetbowe 1 tetiwt e a ete ctia es Ste eed) Be I Wappershetdares cysteine wits botkier sawed bo ated abiees I SECC DETUSE rena Milne weucee eM a icaia sree eee eB La oe RS 8 Stalpieces; bones, notched. nd. x0 eels allel. SS: 2 LES DISTIGT LES Ve es ne aR ee ae Re Se ay rs a 1 Sie le RODS Cle aime rela a 2 tic icia Wks eeee LIA wre, a AY, Y I PE Gie HTC OOMSus wre eth pies Lin ie ern UU RI Naty alanitin ae 5 IB@MemeeMlesme Rie were eer ehpa detain eve sane w lel Ae hier oe 13 OMe BVVIISE Lem centce wee. edn heii rte ca tedtgertnta ae aie eae. I Boer pitcnine atOOls ce. vices aan se eae vcd ee Ress 13 ACM OCHA MICH et aet ey colonia t Where ee Bain a etieos aloes Win LAE aha ore I IENGRE Te att S HIV ELON GRIGG Rr ates fade Afi i atsicls Od SoneNieKhaturi ote Cael. al elec haa 5 Bers RDELOM, WOU Es Ao) elton «gue ate ave abe e's sale des Bas I Worked-animal teeth........... BEER ow ake ciao Bee 70 EN OU KU PLCIFCHESE Nye ale tore er suse eels wie res wes bleaeeae « 16 Diane Ci tM eESw rn mien ose s.)els ase Paths ees «eles 2 Gi e Me AGM STOO Spa cranes ssc) cikls anche afele tela ene chs elas ahve Mls 6 IRONS eh vals 2 5 WR ec A Re eae: ade ante SAS 52 LOGINS, UB GON ey COTA Se Hie, Os RS Pe ee I IBGTaS GLITNIR Al ie rete lS nr ee ON are I LEYOYGE) JI DYSaG ISS Pals een 2, 08k AE aca aD fe! ORES PCM MAES Werte taen Parse rat-patc lesa le wks h'be we esieNeiely we. Wars eee 2 Uta AT LO NVI OUUES o Aeawetey. F018 2) cari 2235, 00a atte Masa eae about 300 McCombs, Mrs F. A., Rushville Biohemsadule- female skill 2 eee eas ao). neice od etal I token apnorual: juvenidey sitll oo o5 25 ed sie webs: I SHOTS, SSID YSIS = SR NERDS lS aa Pg Se een Po 3 (FOES Bd NE ee Re ae ain 8 ec aa ae ees oe Mee ra I SEL MMCOP PETC Etats ot Maes Matar rate asalnls Sleversuiaew aed Lame’ « I PNGLE Te TMP UENC MIS ot ct 22) < 1s satetone ste oheic:e!e(o2! ete itics ee © wel ates 1 lorena NO TLC MIRO CED oivat Neotel es aca gtehe Wate ail d,@ 5 4'c 2 6,6 I CUES ES arma ee oc eats ahaha ba a ery wow (ata « Go's Bide aide 2 SUES Ware] (See ae Ce see aan eet ne ne 2 The Vander Veer-Auringer Collection, from headwaters of the Hudson, Warren county Siscsmane beige Seria Weads eer, <3. 2s > ie 2 a5 Sonper tumble 27.2 vee. 3/3 2 Re a A en I 140 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Small crescent-shaped bone ornament, two perforations.. 1 Brass, arrow. potht. 2.0.28. 52g phen eee I Small lead. bird, effigy: : 000. gs ae ae ee I Stone spatula®. 1.4) hee ees ee eos I Bone’ jingler s: ool asl ahha: ceca ed ee I Bar amiletsji/5 nye cies iid aloes epost 3 Larese bell moxtar, stoner. sande nee ee ee Double stone mortar:.'. 2.7.2 bGh ke ee eee I Miillers Yagi. aie ape tene a ae tegen ice ac eee 7 Sinew /StOMes . 0h. Sassi | Peak eee ‘2 Stone; pestles 4.0). 4c 1S vee eae 8 Stone grinder) ic Ae). See ae. Sa este ieee Oe ee I Stone: war’ clubs. 08 2252 Avice ice ee Ree eee 4 Stone ‘balls: sci s oo ee eo ee eh ie 5 Partvot banner stone. sme ey cea ee ce eae I Plint knives® £2) 22h sain aan ache oes 2 eee ee 4I Flint ‘gouge oi. WG Sites Sie ie bee eee I Celtis. silos a PRs ORES gle CPR alee ee 5 Flint picle.ss soit ie tee cee eee tae I Hammer *stoties; 3.) fee ac as fe Cee ee eee 14 Stone‘spades or hoes as ives hee oe. See 4 Stome ARES; ol. Sek et cee oe ee 14 Stone paint grinder. 2), .1..2.3 86 oe eee ee I Stone ‘net simkenrs.io..8 Le oh oe ea ee ee 10 Crude chipped stone fragments. 3 sea eee 50 Tron Axes. oe bea sh ais OR Se ee Or eee I Tronfiballl poe. dices os Se ene Ss ce eee it Steeljtrade jarrow, On lances. ane ae ae i Grint, AIS so cic) a Se ae 2 Fisloiimoglenivies ic.¥ chien aerie ae enee ws Se 16 Worked ‘steatite “fragments a...42) ease eee eee 6 Bones punch .0oc.4 on ee pe ee ene ee ee eae I [cu iia ae(e bat (eye ee MA TCM N AN ciel See 5 10 Bone) implement 2) 3. ae Sects oe eee ae arene ee I Flint Scrapers sass. 0s. «ithe oe anoint eee 24 Blint..spearsheads).: :*.0. ci 2k. eae eee oe eee 4I Flint: arrow points. (00%... G0 2 ae eee he eee 168 Bone. awls,.2 sey cis. 8 dive Gi eRe eee eek ee 5 Pigment dumpss small) .400 aii rete tee 3 Brass bracelets: coboane 43 544 Montgomery..... ZONOAG| iio eel ervene we 4 995 I 361 39 305 INNES So bmooee 222 OO eee erie 215 498 2 810 236 240 940 Onondaga....... DS 2RAQG | ery eleva cialll tere e cect = 9 581] 209 500 501 506 ot Lawrence..... 13 407 3 162] 18 915 810 453 36 747 Sehoarienen ss. RY GAA Gs seen 6 400 431| 26 438 114 OI! Wisterssee shes. AG Ovfill| 1G) QUO|soodo0scllesmonee Were rae to 92 O81 Wisrremtes 2: c 1% BP) WMOS\ iF4L Oilkella co asaoc 5 435] 26 082 218 601 Washington...... i FOO! 24, COO scococe- ASO Goes iuoe 44 750 Other counties... 370 859| 23 600) 8 228 947| 58] 403 692 Mota sso 28 $2 386 632/$486 ae 102|$101 198 #302 838\$3 852 678 MARBLE Marble, in the commercial sense, like granite, includes a variety of rocks that lend themselves to building or decorative uses. Most commonly, the name signifies a crystalline aggregate of calcite or dolomite, as distinguished from ordinary limestones which at best are of indistinctly crystalline nature. At the same time it implies the feature of attractiveness by reason of color and the ability to take a lustrous polish. Rocks pessessing all these features are mar- bles in the strict sense to which the name may be applied without qualification. Some compact or granular limestones that lack the elements of thorough crystallinity make, however, a handsome ap- pearance when polished, and such are commercially classed as mar- bles. Fossil marbles, black marbles, and a few other kinds are com- monly of the noncrystalline type. Serpentine marble, or verde antique, is made up for the most part of the mineral serpentine, a silicate of magnesium and iron, and is therefore not related to the varieties already described. Ophitic limestone, or ophicalcite, is a crystalline limestone or dolomite carrying grains and nodules of ser- go NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM pentine scattered more or less evenly through its mass. Its orna- mental quality lies in the speckled or mottled pattern and the sharp contrast between the clear white mass and the greenish serpentine inclusions. Marbles belonging to those various types find representation in the geologic formations of the State and are quarried on a commer- cial scale or have been so quarried in the past. The true or crystalline varieties are limited in occurrence to the metamorphic areas of the Adirondacks and southeastern New York. They are of early geologic age, antedating the period of crustal dis- turbance and metamorphism which in the Adirondacks was brought to a close practically before Cambric time and which in southeastern New York was completed in the Paleozoic. This thoroughly crys- talline character is in fact a development of the strong compression accompanied by heat to which they have been subjected ; having been originally, no doubt, ordinary granular or fossiliferous limestones similar to those so plentifully represented in the undisturbed forma- tions outside the regions. The crystalline limestones of the Adirondacks are mast abundant on the western border in Jefferson, Lewis and St Lawrence coun- ties where they occur in belts up to 4 or 5 miles wide and several times as long, interfolded and more or less intermixed with sedimen- tary gneisses, schists and quartzites. They are found in smaller and more irregularly banded areas in Warren and Essex counties on the eastern side, but have little importance elsewhere. The ophitic lime-. stones that have been quarried at different times belong to the same series. The marbles of the Adirondacks comprise both the calcite class with very little magnesia and the dolomite class containing high percentages of magnesia. No definite relation is apparent in regard to the occurrence of the two and both may be found in the same area and in close association. The southeastern New York marbles occur in belts which follow the north-south valleys, east of the Hudson, from Manhattan island into Westchester, Dutchess and Columbia counties. They range from very coarsely crystalline to finely crystalline rocks, are prevail- ingly white in color and belong to the dolomite class. They are interfolded with schists and quartzites, the whole series having steep dips like those of strongly compressed strata. The geologic age of the southern belts is probably Precambric, but on the north and east within range of the Taconic disturbance, they may belong to the early Paleozoic. a " THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQT3 gi Bodies of practically pure serpentine of considerable extent are found on Staten Island and in Westchester county near Rye; they represent intrusions of basic igneous rocks whose minerals, chiefly pyroxene and olivine, have subsequently changed to serpentine. They are not important for quarry purposes, owing to the frequency of fissures and joints and the rather somber color of the exposed parts of the masses. The microcrystalline or subcrystalline limestones that are some- times sold as marbles include members of the regularly bedded un- metamorphosed Paleozoic limestones, which locally show qualities of color and polish that make them desirable for decorative pur- poses. They range from dense granular varieties to those having amore or less well-developed crystalline texture and are often fossiliferous. Inasmuch as they have never been subjected to regional compression or been buried in the earth deep enough to become heated, the crystalline texture, when present, may be ascribed to the work of ground waters. These circulate through the mass, taking the carbonates of lime and magnesia into solution, and redeposit them in crystalline form. Originally, the limestones were accumulations of lime-secreting fossils or granular precipi- tates, for the most part of marine origin. Some of the localities where these unmetamorphic marbles occur are on the west shore of Lake Champlain, around Plattsburg and Chazy (Chazy lime- stone), Glens Falls (Trenton limestone) and Becraft and Cats- kill (Becraft limestone). Production. The production of marble in 1913 was carried on in Clinton, St Lawrence, Warren, Dutchess and Westchester coun- ties by a total of eight quarries. The quarries in the vicinity of Gouverneur, St Lawrence county, contributed the larger quantity of building and monumental stone; the operative companies in that section include the St Lawrence Marble Quarries, Northern New York Marble Co. and Gouverneur Marble Co. In southeastern New York the Dover Marble Co. was active as heretofore in the production of building and decorative marble. The output was about the same as in the preceding year and had a value of $252,- 202. g2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Production of marble VARIETY IQII IQI2 1913 Bunldingmmacblesee eee eee $171 748 $155 411 $127 556 IMloraRbEaMeMiaLS So cc nlooeenvab daveb os 79 115 84 511 81 330 Othermkinds sie ae scl see ee 27 178 I 925 43 406 ARO Gales pet uicren ek ein arte $278 O41 $241 847 $252 292 SANDSTONE Under sandstones are included the sedimentary rocks which con- sist essentially of quartz grains held together by some cementing substance. Among the varieties distinguished by textural features are sandstones proper, conglomerates, grits and quartzites. Of the sedimentary rocks which occur in the State, sandstone has the largest areal distribution, while in economic importance it ranks second only to limestone. Nearly all the recognized stratigraphic divisions above the Archean contain sandstone at one or more hori- zons. The kinds chiefly quarried are the Potsdam, Hudson River, Medina and Devonic sandstones. A few quarries have been opened also in the Shawangunk conglomerate and the Clinton and Triassic sandstones. The Potsdam of the Upper Cambric is the lowest and earliest in age of the sandstones that have a fairly wide distribution and are utilized for building purposes. The most extensive outcrops are along the northern and northwestern borders of the Adirondacks, in Clinton, Franklin, St Lawrence and Jefferson counties. Other exposures of smaller extent are found in the Lake Champlain val- ley and on the southeastern edge of the Adirondack region. These latter areas represent the remnants of a once continuous belt that has been broken up by folding, faulting and erosion. The Pots- dam sandstone has in many places the character of a quartzite, consisting of quartz grains cemented by a secondary deposition of quartz, and then is a very hard, tough and durable stone. ‘The quartzite from St Lawrence county has sustained a crushing test of more than 42,000 pounds to the square inch. The color varies from deep red to pink and white. The principal quarries are near Potsdam and Redwood, St Lawrence county, and Malone and Burke, Franklin county. Besides building stone, which is the chief THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI3 93 product, there is some flagstone sold, mainly by the quarries at Burke, for shipment to Montreal. The so-called Hudson river group is essentially a group of sand- stones, shales, slates and conglomerates, ranging in age from the Trenton to the Lorraine, but which have not been sufficiently studied to permit the actual elimination of the various members on the map. The group is exposed in a wide belt along the Hudson from Glens Falls southward into Orange county and also in the Mohawk valley as far west as Rome. The sandstone beds are usually fine grained, of grayish color and rather thinly bedded. Over wide stretches they provide practically the only resource in constructional stone and consequently they have been quarried at a great number of places to supply the local needs for building and foundation work. Some of the stone is crushed for road metal and concrete. The Medina sandstone is found along the southern shore of Lake Ontario from the Niagara river east to Oswego county; in central New York it is represented by a coarse conglomeratic phase called the Oneida conglomerate. As developed in the west- ern part of the State, where it is principaily quarried, it is a hard fine-grained sandstone of white, pink and variegated color. The pink variety is specially quarried for building stone and has an ex- cellent reputation. Many of the larger cities of the country and most of the important towns and cities of the State contain ex- amples of its architectural use. The large quarries are situated in Orleans county, near Albion, Holley and Medina, along the line of the Erie canal, but there are others at Lockport and Lewiston, in Niagara county and at Brockport and Rochester in Monroe county. The Medina sandstone also finds extensive applications for curbing and flagging and for paving blocks. It is employed more extensively for the latter purpose than any other stone quar- ried in the State. The Shawangunk conglomerate is more widely known for its use in millstones than for constructional purposes. It outcrops along Shawangunk mountain in Ulster county and southwesterly into New Jersey, with an outlier near Cornwall, Orange county. The quarries near Otisville have supplied considerable quantities of stone for abutments and rough masonry. The Clinton sandstone is mainly developed in central New York, being absent from the Clinton belt in the western part of the State. It forms ledges of considerable extent on the south side of the O4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Mohawk valley from Ilion to Utica and beyond. It consists of red- dish brown and gray sandstones, of medium texture and hardness. The stone has been used for foundations and building in Utica and other places in the vicinity. . Of the Devonic formations which cover about one-third the whole area of the State, the Hamilton, Portage, Chemung and Catskill contain important sandstone members serviceable for quarry opera- tions. These sandstones are popularly known as bluestones, a name first applied in Ulster county where they are distinguished by a bluish gray color. They are for the most part fine grained, evenly bedded, bluish or gray sandstones, often showing a pronounced tendency to split along planes parallel to the bedding so as to yield smooth, thin slabs. For that reason they are extensively used for flag and curbstone, and a large industry is based on the quarrying of these materials for sale in the eastern cities. Most flagstone is produced in the region along the Hudson and Delaware rivers, where there are convenient shipping facilities to New York, Phila- delphia and other large cities. The Hudson River district includes Albany, Greene and Ulster counties, but the quarries are mainly situated in the area that includes southern Greene and northern Ulster, with Catskill, Saugerties and Kingston as the chief shipping points. The Delaware River district includes Sullivan, Delaware and Broome counties; the shipping stations are along the Erie and Ontario and Western railroads. The sandstone of this section ranges from Hamilton to Catskill age. In the area to the west the quarries are confined to the Portage and Chemung groups, with the most important ones in the Portage. There are large, well- equipped quarries near Norwich, Chenango county, and Warsaw, Wyoming county, which produce building stone for the general market. Numerous small quarries are found in Otsego, Chemung, Tompkins, Tioga, Schuyler, Steuben, Yates, Allegany, Cattaraugus and Chautauqua counties. Production of sandstone. Sandstone is the second most im- portant quarry material in the State, the value of the annual product being exceeded only by that of limestone. Its importance largely depends upon its uses for street work — flagging, curbing and pay- ing blocks — although some of the local sandstones find extensive employment as building materials. The Devonic sandstones, which are collectively ktiown as blue- stone, are more widely quarried than the other kinds; their produc- tion is carried on throughout the southern part of the State by a THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I013 oe OS large number of individuals and companies. With few exceptions, the quarries are small, giving employment only to two or three work- men each and having very little in the way of mechanical equip- ment. Such small enterprises are particularly characteristic of the Hudson River and Delaware River regions where much of the flag- stone and curbstone is produced. Many of the quarries are worked intermittently by farmers in the off season of their usual occupa- tion. The stone is hauled down the hillsides to the railroad sidings or the river docks where it is purchased by middlemen who ship it to the eastern markets. The stone from the Hudson River district is mainly shipped by barges from Kingston and Saugerties. In the interior it is shipped by rail. A statistical canvass of such small enterprises is a matter of great difficulty and is likely to afford very unreliable results. Consequently, it has been the practice in this report to secure information so far as possible from the dealers who purchase the stone for shipment to the large wholesalers and con- sumers in the cities. The production of sandstone during the last two years is shown in the accompanying tables which give its distribution also among the leading districts. The combined value of all the sandstone quarried in 1913 was $1,321,272, against $1,280,743 in 1912. The total is exclusive of any sandstone quarried by contractors for use on the State highway system, for which it is impossible to assign any accurate value. Of the value given, a little more than one-half was returned by. the quarry companies operating in the bluestone districts, in exact figures $753,510. This industry showed a slight decline, as com- pared with the preceding year when the output had a value of $824,- 949; the decrease resulted from the lessened activity in the building stone business in Chenango and Wyoming counties. The trade in flagstone and curbstone was about the same proportions as in the preceding year. The product of these materials amounted in value $503,607 and consisted: of 1,094,643 linear feet of curb and 1,546,845 square feet of flagstone. Sandstone other than bluestone represented a value of $567,762, against $455,794 in 1912. The largest item in the total was paving blocks valued at $239,389, as compared with $188,802 in 1912. Or- leans county alone reported an output valued at $467,636 which was much larger than the figures from the preceding year. 06 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Production of sandstone in 1912 DISTRICT Bluestone Chenango co........ 85 622 Wyoming co........ I5I 255 Other districts....... 5 955 Total bluestone. .|$295 450 Sandstone Orleans co.......... $35 660 Other districts....... 31 945 Total sandston>.| $67 065 Combined total. . |$363 055 CURBING AND FLAG- GING $9 674|$270 544 42 944] 220 601 4 876 5 488 I 680 $503 $99 074 13 583 $112 657 PAVING | CRUSHED | RUBBLE,| ALL BLOCKS | STONE | RIPRAP | OTHER peas Hoes $4 000] $10 ooo} $1 216 Fiheieshe sil eaeee me gee ores 5 367 997 are ee ate ie ee 250, 2.237 nate so keeet ane 660 483 I 100 eee Me $4 660) $16 100] $5 550 $185 432) $1 551) $6 732] $12 356 3 370 39 090| 15 930] 12 080 $188 802| $40 641| $21 653) $24 436 $188 802) $45 301) $37 753| $29 986 $615 846 Production of sandstone in 1913 _ DISTRICT Bluestone Chenango co........ Wyoming co........ Other districts....... Total bluestone. . Sandstone Orleans co.......... Other districts....... Total sandstone. Combined total. . CURBING AND | PAVING | CRUSHED | RUBBLE,| ALL FLAG- | BLOCKS | STONE | RIPRAP | OTHER GING Goa 0724 eee $2 250| $3 400] $11 094 251 O80]........ 250 3.029). ee 7 523i a oom «cccilnsh ako ees | GORE 817 TH2OO| Severe 180 1138|t... sae 5 O80) oss We ul eewata ie eae TOO)... Soe D503) O07) ee eee $2 680| $7 667! $11 911 $170 725|$230 397| $2 124] $23 791] $19 963 8 652 8 992 41 463 4.655) o050eeee $179 377|$239 389] $43 587| $27 446 $19 963 $682 984|$239 389] $46 267) $35 113 $31 874 ! The quarries in the Medina belt reported a good business, espe- cially in the materials used for street work. Medina blocks are rec- ognized as among the more durable and satisfactory paving mate- rials, and they should find a wider market with the growth of pub- THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I9Q13 Q7 lic interest in improved methods of highway construction. They are now mainly employed in city streets, but they are well adapted for any highways which bear a heavy traffic. Their cost at the quarries is about $1.50 a square yard, or a little more than paving brick. With the completion of the barge canal, which traverses the district from east to west, the quarries will be able to reach a much larger territory than heretofore. TRAP Trap is not a distinct rock type, but the name properly belongs to the fine-grained, dark-colored igneous rocks that occur in in- trusive sheets and dikes. In mineral composition it differs from most of the igneous rocks that are classed in the trade as granite by the prevalence of the basic plagioclase feldspars and the higher percentages of the iron magnesia minerals, while it contains no quartz. Some of the so-called “black granites,’ however, are trap. The name is sometimes applied to fine-grained rocks of granitic or syenitic composition and sometimes even to rocks of sedimentary derivation, but such usage is misleading and inde- fensible. The particular value of trap is due to its hardness and toughness. Its fine, compact, homogeneous texture gives it great wearing pow- ers and it is eminently adapted for road metal and concrete of which heavy service is required. The principal product, therefore, is crushed stone. It has been used to some extent, also, as paving blocks, but these are rather difficult to prepare, since trap very seldom shows any capacity for parting comparable to the rift and grain structures of granites. As a building stone it finds very little application, probably on account of its somber color. The expense of cutting and dressing trap is also an obstacle to its employment for’ building or ornamental purposes. The trap quarried in New York State is properly a diabase. Its mineral composition varies somewhat in the different occurrences, but the main ingredients are plagioclase, feldspar and pyroxene, with more or less of amphibole, olivine, magnetite and some times biotite. The texture is characteristic, for the feldspar forms lath- shaped crystals which interlace and inclose the pyroxene and other ingredients in the meshes, and it is this firmly knit fabric which gives the stone the qualities of strength and toughness. The largest occurrence of trap in New York is represented by the Palisades of the Hudson and the continuation of the same in- 98 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM trusion which extends southward through New Jersey onto Staten Island and is also encountered in the interior of Rockland county. The Palisades are the exposed edge of a sill or sheet of diabase that is intruded between shales and sandstones of Triassic age. The sheet is several hundred feet thick, in places nearly 1000 feet, and in general seems to follow the bedding planes of the sedimentary strata which dip to the west and northwest at an angle of from 5° to 15°. The outcrop is narrow, seldom over a mile, and in places is limited to a single steep escarpment. The principal quarries are near Nyack and Haverstraw at the base of the cliffs. Other quarries have been opened near Suffern, Rockland county, on an isolated intrusion, and also near Port Richmond, Staten Island, at the southern end of the Palisades sill. Trap occurs in numerous places in the Adirondacks, but mostly as narrow dikes. It is especially common in Essex and Clinton counties where there are many thousands of dikes that range from a few inches to 20 or 30, feet thick. On the southern border of the region are a few dikes of notable size, such as that in the town of Greenfield, Saratoga county, and at Little Falls in the Mohawk valley. A quarry has been opened in the Greenfield occurrence for the supply of crushed stone. The quarrying of trap along the face of the Palisades in Rockland county probably will soon be discontinued, as it is designed to purchase the quarry properties for the Palisades Interstate Park. The lands to be included within the park extend from the river line to the top of the Palisades. So far only the Manhattan Trap Rock Quarry has been taken over, but negotiations are proceeding for the acquirement of the other quarries along the river front. The future of the industry in this section is somewhat unsettled. It is not unlikely that new quarries may be opened on top of the ridge and in the interior of Rockland county, though the facilities for production and shipment in that section can scarcely be equal to those of the present localities. any THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I913 99 Produstion of trap MATERIAL | CUBIC . PECUBIC SUAS et ease | YARDS VeEUE 1912 | 1913 | Crushed stone for roads. . 283 628 $207 957 | 631 134 $499 776 Crushed stone for other pur- | 391 681 275 906 640 165 501 394 ANOVESI TA perce saben | 675,309 | $483 863 | 1,271,299 | $1 OoI 170 The production of trap in 1913 was large, in response to the demand for crushed stone in road improvement work. The sta- tistics show a big increase over the reported output for 1912, but the gain did not reflect any actual extension of quarry facilities; the output in 1912 was abnormally low. AC The tale mines in the Gouverneur district, St Lawrence county, had an active year, although operations were hampered somewhat by the long drought that prevailed in the late spring and summer. The tale is all used in ground form and its preparation involves a gradual reduction in crushers, rolls, ball mills and cylinders, which is carried out in plants located on the Oswegatchie river above Gouverneur. This river has splendid water power sites, but the flow is very unequally distributed so that in dry seasons the avail- able power is reduced to a fraction of the average amount. The condition of low water has been a recurrent one in recent years, and the tale industry is vitally consumed with the plans for the regulation of the stream which have been prepared recently by the State Conservation Commission.t Cheap power is a necessity, since the grinding operations otherwise would enhance the costs to a prohibitive figure. Talc competes with a number of materials which are substituted for it whenever the prices rise above a certain level. In the present conditions the mill output in the Gouverneur district is probably only from one-half to two-thirds of the capacity under continuous full power. 1“ Power Possibilities on the Oswegatchie River,’ Albany, 1914. 4 I00 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The tale industry was established in the late seventies of the last century. From shipments of a few hundred tons the output had expanded to over 4000 tons by 1880 and to over 40,000 tons by 1890. In the following decade it increased to 60,000 tons; in the last 15 years, however, it has remained practically stationary, fluctu- ating between the limits of 60,000 and 70,000 tons according to the character of the season. ‘The total shipments from the first have amounted to something over 1,500,000 tons, valued altogether at about $13,000,000. The demand has improved of late years, and it is probable that the market would absorb even larger quantities than are now offered. The uses of fibrous talc are varied, but its most important appli- cation is in the paper trade where it is consumed by manufacturers of writing, book and newsprint paper as filler. According to J. S. Diller,? recent conditions in the paper trade point to an improved market for the better grades of American talc. Its principal com- petitor is German clay. Experience with its use in paper seems to show that it is retained to a larger extent than clay and that it is also a better absorbent of ink. The mineral fibers also help to strengthen the paper stock. 4 The Gouverneur talc industry was described at some length in the issue of this report for 1911. In the last two years a new supply of talc has come into prominence through mining operations in the vicinity of Natural Bridge, where deposits of a massive or finely granular talc have been developed. The deposits apparently are restricted to a relatively small area, rather than distributed over a long belt, as in the Gouverneur district, and seem to be the result of local contact metamorphism from the intrusion of granitic rocks into limestones. They are not made up of talc exclusively, but contain various hydrated magnesian silicates, inclusive of talc, serpentine and a mineral of the chlorite family. An analysis of a small sample by R. W. Jones showed the following percentages: SODA a at ee ener rem rin Cibo ma aE Gat Baae eh ee: 48.16 TNE OH SaaS cee ty Cee mR ch ycitge ana th We i ec 7 AS I Ner ON Nena o str ean ane eee OLN AG I St tere aes ary ARES RNS obo yb 3.15 DWE Ohi 22 sates ho ec tyens ae ada ance Tuleve, Sie ane ee ts Rees oa ee a 27.44 COE © PAM er stot a Re Re OMe eng a SEP Sr AG RCW se al Bh ot 25 i 5 FO eek A e MR en aiN ee Sr neS Cyt 6 e a sh. 3 II.06 H.O— ACRE Cd An Od'0 oO Gio CiOIc CHORD MOMEOnO Fo oro CO tO Olan 6 Oot domme 6 Gad oO 2.68 100.17 2 Mineral Resources of the United States, 1912, 2: 1142-43. THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I9Q13 IOl The deposits at Natural Bridge have been worked during the past two years only and are still in process of development. The St Lawrence Talc Co., Inc., the owner, has a mill on the property and ships all the product in ground form, which is consumed in paper manufacture and for other purposes. The mill has been recently enlarged and improved. The equipment includes conical mills and tube mills such as have been described in the article on the Gouverneur district in the report for 1911. The operative mills in the Gouverneur talc district were those of the Ontario Tale Co., the Uniform Fibrous Talc Co., the Standard Tale Co., and the International Pulp Co. The latter worked Mines 2% and 3 at Talcville and the Wight mine near Sylvia lake, besides drawing from its reserve at the Arnold mines. The Wight and Arnold properties formerly belonged to the Union Talc Co., and were taken over by the International Company a few years ago. The Standard Tale Co. worked the mine that formerly belonged to the United States Talc Co., and shipped the product to New Jersey for milling. The Uniform Fibrous Talc Co. continued the underground development of its mine at Talcville where in the last two or three years it has opened a very good body of tale. The Ontario Talc Co. operates a property in the center of the district near Fullerville. The North Country Corporation has been engaged during the past year in opening deposits near Sylvia lake, town of Fowler. The property has been previously prospected by the Dominion Co., and will now be equipped for active production. It lies near the Balmat and Wight mines of the International Pulp Co. The output of talc by the several companies above named amounted last year to 63,000 short tons, valued at $551,250. This was somewhat more than in 1912‘when the total was 61,610 tons with a value of $511,437. Prices averaged a little higher than in the preceding year. 102 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Production of talc in New York i SHORT SHORT YEAR ae VALUE YEAR MONG VALUE TSSOAGR Ohaus ee Gf0004/ 5575 1000) | TSos8 meee ee 54 356 | $411 430 LOSS seen ree 6 000 754000 WMA SOO) Aen oe 54 655 438 150 TSSAan A ee ple ae 10 000 IIO 000 | 1900........... 63 500 499 500 POSSE as Ne nue TORCOO|s sO LOFOOOM TOOT eee ears 62 200 483 600 TO SOs sles hae eee 12 000 12/5 OOM SLOO2 eee 71 100 615 350 FOOT seek, St eee. ES CO), || WG) OOO | COR cad onasun- 60 230 421 600 MOSSE as asia eke 20 000 ANNO COO || WHOM. ven cesooee 65 000 455 000 MSS Qn ae eee eee 23 476 BM WO | 1OORH. s5.055000- 67 000 519 250 TSOOM Apc eee 41 354 289 196) SOOGn aa ee: 64 200 541 600 MOOM ey yal aeaey eee 53 054 MO’, OG) | UOOPeossccccones 59 000 501 500 TSQ2" ey Ne se n ee 41 925 AD MSS || WOO .5500.0000° 79 739 697 390 TSO eee este eae 36 500 237 02/5 al OOO RN Ae rneiee 50 000 450 000 TSO 4 oe comes eee tee 50 500 AGEL KOO || WOU. s2s000050% 65 000 552 500 MOOS cere Goscte cree 40 000 GAO) OOO) |, UPA s sossnsoave 65 000 552 500 TSOO We aA ie cee 46 089 AGO) ANB NW NOD. doe n5o0ode 61 619 511 437 I ECKOY7 AR ave east aie 57 009 ADD QAO |) WONBsssosscaoo- 63 000 551 250 ZAIN There were no commercial shipments of zinc ore last year from deposits within the State, although a quantity of blende was ex- tracted in the course of underground development at Edwards. The product was held for mill treatment. The results of recent activity in the search for zinc ores in southern St Lawrence county have been quite favorable, and there is good prospect that a stable mining industry will be developed there in the near future. The industry will be a small one, but with the exceptional conditions for cheap mining and milling it should prove profitable. The main obstacle that has presented itself thus far in the development of the district is incident to the character of the ore which is usually a fine-grained mixture of blende and pyrite in a limestone gangue. The separation of the pyrite and blende has proved more difficult than was anticipated and has necessitated a good deal of experi- mental work at the expense of commercial operations. The developments so far have been carried on by the Northern Ore Co., who some time ago acquired properties in the vicinity of Edwards, the terminus of a branch railroad from Gouverneur that serves the tale district. The company has concentrated attention upon outcrops of blende on the Brown farm, but has other holdings that show more or less ore. The progress of underground work has been related in previous issues of this report, more particularly THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI3 103 in those for 1911 and 1912. During the last year the company extended the mine workings containing No. 1 shaft to a total depth of 450 feet, which is the deepest point to which exploitation has been carried. There is a good showing of ore at the bottom. This shaft has been sunk along a band or lens of nearly solid blende and pyrite that at the surface is 4 or 5 feet thick. Lateral drifts extend from the shaft at intervals of 100 feet, of which the largest on the 350 foot level extends a distance of 542 feet. A second shaft northeast of No. 1 has been carried down to 220 feet depth, along an ore body that is 10 feet thick at the bottom and has been de- veloped for a distance of 175 feet from the shaft. A few hundred tons of the crude ore were shipped in 1911, but the principal grade is too lean and mixed with pyrite to be merchant- able without mill treatment. The company has experimented with a process of magnetic separation and constructed a mill for carrying out the process on a working scale. Up to the present season the experiments have not been thoroughly successful. Besides the occurrences described, zinc blende exists at a number of localities in the vicinity of the tale deposits in the towns of Fowler and Edwards, St Lawrence county. One of the first dis- coveries was made on the Balmat place near Sylvia lake, a locality described in the reports of Emmons for the First Geological Survey. It is probable that the blende is accompanied by considerable galena which seems to have been the mineral sought for in the earlier operations. The ore proved too complex to be treated by the methods then in use. Other occurrences in this region are on the property of the Dominion Talc Co., near Sylvia lake, the Streeter farm northeast of the Balmat, the Tamlin place east of the Balmat, the McGill farm 2 miles southwest of Edwards, and the Cole place near the Potter talc mine. 3 en et . ee : IN DX Adirondacks, crystalline limestone, 90; garnet, 35; granites, 77; iron ore, 41; limestones, 81, 87; marble, 90; sandstone, 92; trap, 08 Agricultural lime, 87 Akron, gypsum, 38; limestone, 85 Akron Gypsum Co., 38 Akron Gypsum Products Corpora- tion, Buffalo, 38 Albany, building sand, 72 Albany county, brick, 16, 17, 18; clay, 14, 15; flagstone, 94; limestone, 83, 84, 86, 88, 89; molding sand, 71; natural gas, 55 Albion, sandstone, 93 Alden-Batavia Natural Gas Co., 56 - Allegany, petroleum, 61 Allegany county, clay, 15; natural SAaswes59 575 petroleum, 7, O61, 62; salt, 66; sandstone, 94 Allegany Pipe Line Co., Bradford, Pa, Ou Allegany Valley Brick Co., Olean, 30 Alma, petroleum, 61 Amsterdam, limestone, 81 Andover, petroleum, 61 Anorthosite, 78 Apatite, 7 Arkport, marl, 84 Auburn, limestone, 84 Baldwinsville Light & Heat Co., 57 Ballston Springs, 52 Barrett Manufacturing Co., 34 Barton, H. H. & Sons Co., 36 Barton Hill mines, 42 Batchellerville, pegmatite, 50 Becraft, marble, 91 Becraft limestone, 83, 91 Bedford, feldspar, 34, 40 Bedford Feldspar Co., 34 Beekmantown limestone, 81 Benson Mines Co., 41 Binghamton, paving brick, 25 Binghamton, Foster Paving Block Co., 29 Biotite, 46 Birdseye limestone, 82 Bishop, I. P., cited, 68 Black River limestone, 82 Blue Corundum Mining Co., 32 Bluestone, 75, 94, 95, 96 Bolivar, petroleum, 61 Borst, C. H., 41 Brick, 6, 13, 14, I5-20 Brick, Terra Cotta & Tile Co., Corn- ing, 29 Brine salt, 67 Brockport, sandstone, 93 Broome county, brick, 16; clay, 15; flagstone, 94 Buena Vista Oil Co., Wellsville, 60 Buffalo, brick, 20; building sand, 73; limestone, 84 Buffalo, Akron Gypsum Products Corporation, 38 Buffalo, Iroquois Natural Gas Co., 56 Buffalo, Lackawanna Steel Co., 83 Buffalo Sandstone Brick Co., 73 Building brick, 8, 9. See also Brick Building sand, 7, 70, 72 Building stone, 7, 74; from granite, 78; from limestone, 85, 86; from sandstone, 92, 96 Burke, flagstone, 93; quartzite, 92 Burgoyne, molding sand, 71 Byron, mineral springs, 53 Caledonia, marl, 84 Caledonia, Marengo Portland Cement Commie Campbell, F. C., 31 Canaseraga, salt, 66 Canastota, marl, 84 Carbon dioxid, 52, 53 Carbonate, 40 Carman, molding sand, 71 _ Chateaugay Ore & Iron Co., Lyon 106 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Carrolton, petroleum, 61 Catskill, flagstone, 94; limestone, 83; marble, 91; paving brick, 25 Catskill, Tidewater Paving Brick Co., 29 Catskill group, 94 Cattaraugus county, brick, 16; clay, 14, 15; natural gas, 55, 57; petro- leum, 7, 61, 62; salt, 66; sandstone, | 04 Cayuga county, brick, 16; clay, 14, 15; limestone, 87, 88, 89; marl, 84 Cayuga Gypsum Co., 38 Cayuga Lake Cement Co., Portland | Pit, Ga Cayuga Portland Cement Co., Port- land Pt., 38 Cement industry, 6, 8, 9-12 Mountain, 41, 42 Chaumont, limestone, 8&2 Chautauqua county, brick, 16; clay, 14, 15; natural gas, 55, 57, 58; sandstone, 94 Chazy limestone, 81, 87, 91 Chazy marble, 91 Cheever Iron Ore Co., Port Henry, 4I Cheever mine, 43 Chemung county, brick, 16; clay, 15; sandstone, 94 Chemung group, 94 Chenango county, bluestone, 95, 96; sandstone, 94 Clarence, limestone, 85 Clarksville, petroleum, 61 Claspka Mining Co., 50 Clay, @, 13-903 race, BS © Clay products, 8, 9 Clifton Springs, 53 Clinton county, brick, 16; clay, 15; lime, 86; limestone, 81, 86, 88, 80; marble, gt; sandstone, 92; trap, 98 Clinton limestone, 82, 87 Clinton sandstone, 03 Cobleskill limestone, 83 Coeymans limestone, 83 Columbia county, brick, 16, 17, 18; | clay, 15; limestone, 83; marble, 90; | mineral springs, 53 Columbia Pipe Line Co., 60 Consolidated Wheatland Plaster Co., 38 Consumers Natural Gas Co., Dix, 56 Core sand, 70, 72 Corning, paving brick, 25 Corning, Brick, Terra Cotta & Tile Com Cornwall, sandstone, 93 Cowaselon swamp, marl, 84 Croton mine, 43 Crown Point, limestone, 82 Crown Point Spar Co., 34, 50 Crushed stone, 7, 74; from granite, 78; from limestone, 85, 86; from sandstone, 96; from trap, 99 Crystal Salt Co., 68 Curbstone, 74; from limestone, 85; from sandstone, 75, 93, 95, 96 Cushing, H. P., cited, 81 Cuylerville, rock salt, 66 Dansville, marl, 84 Delac Gypsum Products Co., 38 Delaware county, flagstone, 94 Delaware River bluestone, 96 Delaware River district, flagstone, 94 Diatomaceous earth, 7 Diller) je S.sciteds oe Dix, Consumers Natural Gas Co., 56 Dolomite, 89 Dominion Talc Co., 101, 103 Dover Marble Co., g1 Dram tile, 13,14), 23 Dutchess county, brick, 16, 17, 18, 19; clay, 15; lime, 86; limestone, 86, 89; marble, 90, 91 Dutchess Junction, brick, 18, 10 Earthenware, 23 East Bloomfield, natural gas, 56 East Kingston, brick, 19 Eden valley, salt, 66 Edwards, muscovite, 51; zinc, 102, 103 Electric supplies, 2 Elmira, paving brick, 25 Elmira, New York State Plant, 31 INDEX TO MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1913 Elmira Shale Brick Co., 26, 29 Elnora, molding sand, 71 Emery, 7, 8, 9, 31-33 Emery Pipe Line Co., Bradford, Pa., | 61 Empire Gas & Fuel Co., 56 Empire State Granite Co., 78, 79 Engine sand, 73 Englehardt, F. E., cited, 68 Erie county, brick, 16, 20; clay, 14, i) core sand: 72: fire sand; 72; limestone, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 80; natural gas, 55, 57, 58; salt, 66 Essex county, crystalline limestone, Gor ieldspary 8) s4qyesanne 7: graphite, 7; limestone, 82; mica, 50; trap, 98 Eureka Salt Co., Saltvale, 68 Fayetteville Gypsum Co., 38 Feldspar, 7, 8, 9 Filter sand, 73 Fine, mica, 51 Fire brick, 13, 14 Fire sand, 70, 72 Fireproofing, 13, 21 Flagstone, 74; from limestone, 85; from sandstone, 93, 94, 95, 96 Flux, see Furnace flux Fords Brook Pipe Line Co., 60 Forest of Dean, 44 Fort Montgomery, Hudson Iron Co., AI Foster Paving Block Co., Bingham- ton, 29 Fowler, talc, 101; zinc, 103 Franklin county, quartzite, 92; sand- stone, 92 Front brick, 13, 14, 20 Fulton county, lime, 86 Furnace flux, from limestone, 85, 87 Furnaceville Iron Co., Ontario Cen- ter, 41 Garnet, 7, 8, 9, 34-36 Gasport, Wickwire Limestone Co., 86 Genesee county, limestone, 86, 87, 88, 89; mineral springs, 53; Sas 555 Seq) salto natural | 107 | Genesee Salt Co., Piffard, 68 Glasco, brick, I9 Glass sands, 60, 72 Glenmont, molding sand, 71 | Glens Falls, limestone, 82; marble, 91 Glens Falls Granite Brick Co., 73 Gouverneur, marble, 91; talc, 99 Gouverneur Marble Co., o1 Gowanda, salt, 66 Granite, 7, 8, 9, 75, 76, 77-80 Graphite, 7, 8, 9 Gravel, 69-73 Greene county, brick, 16, 17, 18; clay, 14, 15; flagstone, 94; limestone, 83, 84, 88, 89 : Greenfield trap, 08 Greigsville, rock salt, 66 Guelph dolomite, 82, 83 Gypsum, 7, 8, 9, 36-39 Hamilton group, 94 Haverstraw, brick, 18; trap, 98 Helderbergian group, 83 Hematite, 40, 41 Herkimer county, limestone, 82, 88, 89 Highlands, granites, 77 Holley, sandstone, 93 Hollow brick, 13, 21 Hollow tile, 21 Hornell, paving brick, 25 Hornell, Preston Brick Co., 30 Howes Cave, limestone, 83 Hoyt limestone, 81 Hudson [ron Co., Fort Montgomery, Al, 44 Hudson river bluestone, 95 Hudson River group, 93 Hudson river region, brick industry, 17; cement, 10; flagstone, 94; mold- ing sand, 70; trap, 97 Hudson River sandstone, 92 International Pulp Co., 101 International Salt Co., 68 Iron ore, 6, 8, 9, 40-46 Iroquois Natural Gas Co., Buffalo, 56 Ithaca, Remington Salt Co., 68 108 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Jamestown, paving brick, 25 Jamestown Shale Brick & Paving Co., 30 Jamesville, Millen Portland Cement Golma2 5 Jefferson county, clay, 15; crystalline limestone, 90; lime, 86; limestone, 82, 87, 88, 89; mica, 51; natural gas, 55; sandstone, 92 Jones, Robert W., Clay, 13-31; sand- lime brick, 73 Jordan, marl, 84 Keeseville granite, 78 Kendall Refining Co., Bradford, Pa., 61 Keystone Emery Mills, 32 Kings county, clay, 15 Kingston, brick, 18, 19; flagstone, 94; limestone, 84; molding sand, 71 Kinkel, P. H. & Son, 34 Lackawanna Steel Co., 83 Lackawanna Stone Co., 85 Lake Champlain marble, 91 Lake Sanford, iron ore, 42 Lakeville, Sterling Iron & Railway €o., AT Larabees Point, limestone, 82 Lebanon Springs, 52, 53 Le Roy, limestone, 84; rock salt, pe Ke Roy Salt Co, 68 Lewis county, limestone, 82, 87, ms 89, go Lewiston, sandstone, 93 Lime, 85, 86; agricultural, 87 Limestone, 7, 8, 9, 75, 76, 80-89 Limonite, 40 Little Falls, dolomite, 81; 81, 82; trap, 98 Livingston county, brick, 16; clay, 14, 15; marl, 84; natural gas, 55, 573 rock salt, 66; salt, 65 Livonia, rock salt, 66 Lockport, limestone, 83; ioe Lockport limestone, &2 Long Island, brick, 20; filter sand, 73 Lowville limestone, 82 limestone, sandstone, Luther, D. D., cited, 68 Lyon Mountain, Chateaugay Ore & Tron Co., 41 Lyon Mountain, iron ore, 42 MacIntyre Iron Co., 42 Madison county, lime, 86; limestone, 83, 84, 88, 80 Madison Pipe Line Co., Wellsville, 61 Magnetite, 40 Malden, brick, 19 Malone, quartzite, 92 Manhattan Trap Rock Quarry, 98 Manlius limestone, 83 Marble, 7, 8, 9, 75, 76, 89-01 Marengo Portland Cement Co., Cale- donia, 12 Marl, 7, 84 Massena Springs, 53 Mechanicville, molding sand, 71 Medina, sandstone, 93.” Medina sandstone, 92, 93 Metallic paint, 8, 9 Mica, 7, 46-51 Millen Portland Cement Co., James- ville, 12 Millstones, 8, 9 Mineral paints, 7 Mineral production, value, 5 Mineral waters, 7, 8, 9, 51-55 Mineville, Port Henry Iron Ore Co., 41 Mineville, Witherbee, Sherman & Co., 41 is Mohawk valley, limestone, 82; sand- stone, 93; trap, 98 Molding sand, 7, 69, 70 Monroe county, brick, 16; clay, 14, 15; limestone, 83, 87, 88, 89; nat- ural gas, 55; sandstone, 93 Montezuma marshes, marl, 84 Montgomery county, brick, 16; clay, 15; limestone, 88, 890 Monumental stone, 7; from granite, 75, 78 Morrisville, rock salt, 66 Mumford, gypsum, 38 See ee ea ea, wes ae er a aren ees INDEX TO MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI3 Muscalonge lake, 51 Muscovite, 46, 51 Myers, International Salt Co., 68 Nassau county, brick, 16; clay, 15 Natural Bridge, talc, 1o1 Natural cement, 6, 8, 9, II Natural gas, 7, 8, 9, 55-590 New York Central Gas Co., 58 New York county, clay, 15 New York Paving Brick Co., Syra- cuse, 31 . New York State Plant, Elmira, 31 New York Transit Co., Olean, 61 © Newfield, paving brick, 26 Niagara county, brick, 16; clay, 14, 15; limestone, 83, 86, 87, 88, 80; natural gas, 55; sandstone, 93 Niagara Falls, limestone, 83 Niskayuna, molding sand, 71 North Buffalo, limestone, 85 North County Corporation, 101 North Creek, garnet, 36 North River Garnet Co., 36 Northern New York Marble Co., 91 Northern Ore Co., 102 Norwich, sandstone, 94 Nyack trap, 98 Oak Orchard springs, 53 Oil, 59-62 Olean, paving brick, 25; petroleum, 61 Olean, Allegany Valley Brick Co., 30 Olean, New York Transit Co., 61 Olean, Sterling Brick Co., 29 Oneida conglomerate, 93 Oneida county, brick, 16; clay, 15; core sand, 72; fire sand, 72; lime- stone, 82, 84, 88; natural gas, 55 Onondaga, Lackawanna Stone Co., 85 Onondaga Coarse Salt Association, 68 Onondaga county, brick, 16; clay, 14, 15; cement, I1; gypsum, 38; lime- stone, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89; marl, 84; natural gas, 55, 57; salt, 65 Onondaga limestone, 84, 87 | 10g Ontario Center, Furnaceville Iron Co., 41 Ontario Center, Ontario Iron Co., 41 Ontario county, brick, 16; clay, 14, 15; limestone, 84; mineral springs, 53; natural gas, 55 Ontario Gas Co., 56 Ontario Iron Co., Ontario Center, 41 Ontario Talc Co., 101 Orange county, brick, 16, 17, 18; clay, 15; limestone, 84; mica, 49; sand- stone, 93 Orchard Park Pool, 58 Oriskany sandstone, 84 Orleans county, limestone, 83; sand- stone, 93, 95, 96 Oswego county, natural gas, 55, 57 Otisville, sandstone, 93 Otsego county sandstone, 94 Palisades, trap, 75, 97 Pamelia limestone, 82 Paragon Plaster Co., Syracuse, 73 Parishville granite, 79 Pavilion Natural Gas Co., 56, 58 Paving blocks, 7, 93, 96 Paving brick, 6, 13, 14; manufacture, 23-31 Peekskill, emery, 31 Pegmatite, 33 Pekin, limestone, 83 Petroleum, 7, 8, 9, 59-62 Phlogopite, 46 “Piffard, Genesee Salt Co., 68 Plattsburg, limestone, 81, 82; marble, OI Pleasantville, mica, 49 Polishing sand, 73 Porcelain, 2 Port Ewen, brick, 19 Port Henry, limestone, 81 Port Henry, Cheever Iron Ore Co., 4I Port Henry Iron Ore Co., Mineville, 41 Port Richmond, trap, 98 Portage group, 94 Portland cement, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12 Ilo NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Portland Pt., Cayuga Lake Cement Co., 84 Rorideha lei, (Caysree Ietoneis evil Cement Co., 38 Potsdam, quartzite, 92 Potsdam sandstone, 92 Poin, O, 7 Sh OG US, U4, ae Preston Brick, Hornell, 30 Producers Gas Co., 56 Pulaski Gas & Oil Co., 57 Putnam county, mica, 4y AGS, 7 Sh © Quarry materials, 7 Quartz, 8, 9 Queens county, clay, 14, 15; core sand; 72; fire sand, 72 Red earthenware, 23 Redwood, quartzite, 92 Remington Salt Co., Ithaca, 68 Rensselaer county, brick, 16, 17, 18; clay, 15; limestone, 88; molding sand, 71 Retsof, rock salt, 66 Retsof Mining Co., 63, 66 Richburg, petroleum, 62 Richfield Springs, 52 Richmond county, brick, 16; clay, 15; front brick, 20 Riprap, from granite, 78; from lime- stone, 85; from sandstone, 96 Road metal, 97 Rochester, building sand, 72; lime- stone, 83; sandstone, 93 Rochester, Vacuum Oil Co., 61 Rochester Composite Brick Co., 73 Rock Glen Salt Co., 68 Rock salt, 65 Rockland county, brick, 16, 17, 18; clay, 14, 15; limestone, 86; trap, 98 Rondout, limestone, 83 Rondout waterlime, 83 Roofing slate, 8, 9 Rosendale district, 11 Round Lake, molding sand, 71 Rubble, from granite, 78; from lime- stone, 85; from sandstone, 96 St Lawrence county, brick, 16; clay, 15; crystalline limestone, 90; lime- stone, 87, 88, 89; marble, 91; mica, 51; mineral waters, 53; pyrite, 7; quartzite, 92; sandstone, 92; talc, 7, 99 St Lawrence Marble Quarries, 91 St Lawrence Tale Co., Inc., 101 St Regis Red Veined Granite, 79 St Regis Red Veined Granite Co., 80 Salt industry, 7, 8, 9, 62-68 Saltvale, Eureka Salt Co., 68 Sand, 8, 9, 60-73 Sand-lime brick, 7, 8, 9, 73-74 Sandstone, 7, 8, 9, 75, 76, 92-07 Sandy Creek Oil & Gas Co., 57 Sanitary supplies, 23 Saratoga county, brick, 16; clay, 15; limestone, 81, 82; mica, 50; mold- ing sand, 71; trap, 98 Saratoga Springs, 52 Saugerties, brick, 19; flagstone, 94 Schenectady county, clay, 14, 15; molding sand, 71 Schoharie county, limestone, 83, 86, 88, 89 Schuyler county, natural gas, 55; salt, 65; sandstone, 94 Schuylerville, molding sand, 71 Scio, petroleum, 61 Selkirk, molding sand, 71 Seneca, petroleum, 61 Seneca county, marl, 84; natural gas, 55; rock salt, 66 Seneca Falls, limestone, 84 Serpentine marble, 89, of Severance quarry, gypsum, 38 Sewer pipe, 13 Shales, 14,24, 25 Sharon Springs, 52 Shawangunk conglomerate, 92, 93 Silver Creek Gas & Improvement Co., 56 . Silver Springs, Worcester Salt Co., 68 Slate, 7; manufacturers, 8, 9 Slate pigment, 8, 9 Smiths Basin, limestone, 82 Solvay Process Co., 85 South Bethlehem, limestone, 83 INDEX TO MINING AND South Shore Natural Gas & Fuel Co., 56 Split Rock, limestone, 84 Spring waters, 53 Standard Tale Co., 101 Staten Island, brick, 20; marble, 91; trap, 98 Sterling Brick Co., Olean, 29 Sterling Iron & Railway Co., Lake- ville, 41 Sterling Salt Co., Cuylerville, 66 Steuben county, brick, 16; clay, 15; marl, 84; natural gas, 55; petro- leum, 61, 62; sandstone, 94 Stone, 74-76 Stoneware, 23 Stove lining, 13, 14 SiMeCOn 7a) 37, Suffern, trap, 98 Suffolk county brick, 16; clay, 15 Sullivan county flagstone, 94 Sylvia lake, talc, 101; zinc, 103 Syracuse, paving brick, 26; rock salt, 65; salt, 62 Syracuse, New York Paving Brick Cores Syracuse, Paragon Plaster Co., 73 Talc, 7, 8, 9, 99-102 Weir, @onie, Gs 1g, WA 22 Theresa, phlogopite, 51 Theresa limestone, 81 Ticonderoga, feldspar, 34 Tidewater Paving Brick Co., Cats- kill, 29 Tide Water Pipe Co., Bradford, Pa., — 61 Tioga county sandstone, 94 Tompkins county, salt, 65; sandstone, 04 Trap, 7, 8, 9, 75, 76, 97-99 Trenton limestone, 82, 87, gI Tully limestone, 84 Ulster county, bluestone, 94; brick, 16, 17, 18, 19; cement, 11; clay, 14, I5; flagstone, 94; limestone, 83, 84, 86, 88, 89; sandstone, 93 Uniform Fibrous Talc Co., ror Union Pipe Line Co., 60 QUARRY INDUSTRY I9Q13 ial ae Union Springs, gypsum, 38 Union Talc Co., 101 United States Tale Co., ror Vacuum Oil Co., Rochester, 61 Valcour island, limestone, 81 Vitrified paving brick, 13, 28 Wall plasters, 7, 37 Warner, marl, 84 Warren county, brick, 16; clay, 15; crystalline limestone, 90; garnet, 7; lime, 86; limestone, 82, 86, 87, 88, 89; marble, 91; mica, 50 Warren County Garnet Mills, 36 Warsaw, sandstone, 94 Warwick, mica, 49 Washington county, brick, 16; clay, 15; lime, 86; limestone, 82, 88, 890 Waterloo, limestone, 84 Watkins, International Salt Co., 68 Watkins Salt Co., 68 Wayland, marl, 84 Wayne county, clay, 15; 83 Wellsville, petroleum, 61 Wemple, molding sand, 71 West Bloomfield, natural gas, 56 West Union, petroleum, 62 Westchester county, brick, 16, 17, 18, 19; clay, 15; feldspar, 8, 34; lime- stone, 86, 88; marble, 90, 91; mica, 49; serpentine, OI Wickwire Limestone Co., Gasport, 86 Williams, C. A., 50 Willsboro point, limestone, 82 Wirt, petroleum, 61, 62 Witherbee, Sherman & Co., Mineville, 41 Worcester Salt Co., Silver Springs, 68 Wyoming county limestone, bluestone, 95, 96; natural gas, 55, 57; salt, 65; sand- stone, 94 Yates county, natural gas, 55; sand- stone, 94 | Zinc, 102-3 eee eae a a ephan han me Sdasre nas im : AA a VR | gAnat! sa hah, pinnae pipentgrr rere re Aygf - BE et Pet Label ett 21a tiga- g 6 Pape 8 AVARAS mea. a |e e “ims fi « % Ras, Le Tal iL} = Pied Gasca Ps Pn me, ater sagan AAaaRAAOA i aloes “a Sobel | HAT ATTT . : Gase.. 4, } Ada r Ap 1 saga” Het ott a" ‘Ange pAMaac.. © AAA Ray Ma Pela ORI oan fi ay we Ar a A pan Tain Onanane a Dasa shhen se Rnrarng tae ate bp HN i ; ae ; J agnsinna” i. oo on iaaenviKy VY aL Tre] a‘ ee * Aan. q Ape ef) ortinlt 1 aly 1] mjsarts ove A A Aabe Mean eA NPP a tC agit) Bence arin —- ‘ea 7 ai” oy 2 8} aane FEN NAA ameRaharA a : 7 « aa8 PN “ b Rhee F dies Nopeneceteaene al Tesora | e | | 21 08ABane, 28 ze nas AANA “A a ec! e 5 r my pine