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University of the State of New York Bulletin
Entered as second-class matter August 2, 1913, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under the act of August 24, 1912
Published fortnightly
ee ak Sie Dv 76M
No. 578 ALBANY, N. Y. NOVEMBER I, I914
New York State Museum
Joun M. CLARKE, Director
Museum Bulletin 173
TENTH REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE _ ‘STATE MUSEUM AND SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
INCLUDING THE 67th REPORT OF THE STATE MUSEUM, THE 33d REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST, AND THE REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST FOR 1913
PAGE PAGE MAE ROGIUCHI OMe sencrs s cislae saree erie 3 IV Report of the State Ento- I Condition of the new Mu- mologist s\faie\balln) beliefs) /aMias ita 84 SERIE at oie ha) Maju ae $4 4 Vex Zoology”. (ena iene ae 90 New Museum cases..... 5 | yy Report of the Archeologist. 93 Progress of installation... 29 hoe : MEL Publications. 5h. te ae 103 II Report of the Geological isurgey el 36 VIII Report on the collection of Pi erPEOlORY 1/0). a ciaes 36 coins, medals and paper Board of Geographic MONE Yewer Meals Neveiiee 107 HN EICS Ca fst! s ctl ok dS 43 IX Staff of the Department of FAECAL SEOLOLY. 5 ascii. 2 ni 58 SCLELCERE Ralbee Ai a se N 109 Surficial geology........ 67 x uA p indvestea coun aaa) 69 CEESSIONS fh eLp ee Ree Or III Wianeralogya ny oi-iciis che are XD DER Cin see tary. (ne he ee ier enn Lt 142 Baleontolagys, 20%... 2. 73 The Origin of Man (adapted
from paper by Dr E. Rivet) 142
AU
The University of the State of New York Department of Science, March 16, 1914
Dr John H. Finley President of the University
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith my annual report as Director of the State Museum for the fiscal year ending Septem- ber 30, 1913, and to recommend it for publication as a Museum bulletin.
Very respectfully Joun M. CLarKE Director Approved for publication this 18th day of March 1914
——_.20 a= President of the University
A restoration of one of the oldest trees of the earth (Atr Ginerorsnten Itai pieuenarenva™)
Recently erected in the State Museum and reconstructed from a specimen found in the Devonic rocks of Naples, N. Y.
University of the State of New York Bulletin
Entered as second-class matter August 2, 1913, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., uider the act of August, 12, 1912
Published fortnightly
No. 578 ALBANY, N. Y. NOVEMBER I, I914
New York State Museum
Joun M. Crarke, Director Museum Bulletin 173
TENTH REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE STATE MUSEUM AND SCIENCE DEPART- MENT
INCLUDING THE 67TH REPORT OF THE STATE MUSEUM, THE 33D REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST AND THE REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST FOR I9Q13
INTRODUCTION
This report covers all divisions of the scientific and other Museum work under the charge of the Regents of the University and con- cerns the progress made therein during the fiscal year 1912-13. It constitutes the 67th consecutive annual report of the State Museum, the 33d annual report of the State Geologist (consecutive since 1881) and the report of the State Paleontologist for 1913. It is introductory to all memoirs, bulletins and other publications issued from this Department during the year named.
The committee of the Board of Regents having supervision of the affairs of this Department are the Honorables: Charles B. Alexander M.A. LL.B. LL.D. Litt.D., Tuxedo; Francis M. Car- penter, Mount Kisco; Lucius N. Littauer B.A., Gloversville.
The subjects presented in this report are considered under the following chapters :
I Condition of the New Museum and Progress in Installation II Report on the Geological Survey III Report of the State Botanist IV Report of the State Fntomologist
V Report on the Division of Zoology
4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
VI Report on the Division of Archeology and Ethnology VII Report on the Publications of the Department for the Year VIII Report on the Collection of Coins and Medals
IX Staff of the Department
X Accessions to the Collections
XI Appendixes (to be continued in subsequent volumes)
I CONDITION OF THE NEW MUSEUM
The entire energy of this staff has been given, during the past year, almost without reserve, to the equipment of the Museum halls and offices. The transfer of the collections from the State Hall, Geological Hall, Universalist church, Taylor brewery (storehouse) and other buildings which had been utilized for storage, began in October last and the process of moving continued throughout the winter. It was unavoidable that in spite of every precaution in such removal, a state of confusion should ensue, and even the temporary arrangement of this great accumulation of, scientific material in such form as to make it accessible for installation and orderly storage made the utmost demands on the industry and patience of the staff. Every man has given his best service to the relief of conditions which constantly exacted laborious manual work and unremitting good nature.
At the time of this removal there were no cases in which the collections could be installed or stored except the few brought over from other buildings, which it was the intention to use temporarily. Boxes, crates, barrels and drawers were piled up on the bare floors, with such attempts at arrangement as could be made under the urgent pressure of a moving contract. In March the parts of the new Musuem cases which have been under construction by George W. Cobb, jr, were delivered and final assembling of them has con- tinued throughout the year. These conditions falling together made the problems of installation peculiarly trying, requiring the un- packing of the materials while there was no case room available for them. But the selection and preparation of the collections pro- ceeded with such temporary expedients as could be devised while the construction of the cases went on with the deliberation essential to good workmanship.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQ13 5
NEW MUSEUM CASES
The contract for the new case equipment called for 384 cases of 28 different types. The general design and plans were worked out by the scientific staff with special reference to their adaptation to distinctive exhibits. These cases are now all completed and it may be well to give herewith, as a matter of record, a brief notice of the several types and styles of construction. In selecting the materials for these cases, it was determined to avoid, so far as possible, the use of metal. The action of the metal and the ‘oak cases under the conflagration conditions of the Capitol fire left barely a choice in this matter, and after full consideration by the Regents committee specially charged with the letting of the con- tract, it was deemed wise to avoid metal except in the construction of the cases for the herbarium. Wood and plate glass, being determined upon as the essential construction materials, in order to avoid monotony of color, mahogany was selected for the wood in the cases for the Zoology, Paleontology and Archeology Halls, ebonized cherry for the Geology and Mineralogy Halls. The fol- lowing brief exposition of their composition and projection has been prepared by Mr Whitlock.
EXHIBITION AND STORAGE TYPES
Type B. Cases of type B were designed primarily for the ex- hibition of the general collection of minerals. They have, however, been adopted throughout other sections of the Museum to such an extent that over 50 per cent of the exhibition cases are included under this type. Type B must therefore be regarded as a case adapted to the combined display and storage of small or medium sized objects which it is desirable to show ‘n rows close enough to the eye to admit of the objects being seen in detail. This applies to small fossils, minerals, hand specimens of rock, shells, birds’ eggs and small archeological objects, such as pipes, bone implements, etc. The design of this case was modified from one in use in the mineralogical museum of Columbia University, which in turn was derived from a style of case in the University Museum at Prague.
The exhibition space of this type case consists of a triangular prism 5 feet long by 2 feet 3 inches wide by 2 feet 3 inches high, the deck being raised to a level of 3 feet 114 inches from the floor level. This exhibition space is accessible by one single-panel lid
6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
inclined, hinged at the top. Removable steps, in two sections to the case, are provided for the display of small specimens, giving five levels with about 25 feet of shelf length in each case.
The space below the exhibition portion of the case is furnished with 12 drawers in 2 rows, inclosed by wooden doors which lock with the same key as the lid of the exhibition portion.
The type B cases are in most instances assembled back to back in blocks of «four.
Types C and D. Types C and D are essentially the same, the only difference being that C is 2 feet longer than D. Both types are designed for the display of archeological specimens in definite groupings, such as articles from a grave, series of objects showing
method of manufacture, comparison of the same sort of articles, etc,
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I91T3
8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
The exhibition space is in the form of a truncated wedge 8 feet (6 feet for D) long by 4 feet 6 inches wide by 2 feet 10 inches high with sloping sides on the long dimension and inclosed on the sides, the exposed ends and the top with glass. The deck of this exhibi- tion space is raised 3 feet from the floor level, the space below being furnished with 24 drawers in 8 rows (12 drawers in 4 rows for D) inclosed by wooden doors. A removable glass shelf running the length of the exhibition space 1 foot 4 inches above thedeck furnishes a second level upon which specimens may be displayed. Access to the exhibition space may he obtained on the two long
Type E
sides by means of doors hinged at the top. The cases are grouped in rows of three, giving aisles 24 feet and 16 feet for C and D respectively. y
Type E. Type E is an adaptation of the type C intended to
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI3 9
occupy space next to the wall. It is consequently constructed as the longitudinal half of C, somewhat widened (2 feet 9 inches wide) to give it proportion, and closed at the back where it comes in con- tact with the wall. It is designed to display the same series of objects as types C and D.
The storage space consists of 16 drawers arranged in 4 rows of 4. The cases as at present installed stand singly against the south wall of the west mezzanine.
Type F. Type F is specially adapted to the display of such group- ings as lend themselves to a flat display treatment, such as feather ornaments, war clubs, wampum belts, etc. Consequently, the level of the exhibition space is somewhat lower with respect to the floor level and the space proportionately low to its length and width; in other words, type C has been flattened out to meet the needs for the display of flatter objects.
The exhibition space is in the form of a low wedge 5 feet long by 5 feet wide and 1 foot 3 inches high, the top, sides and ends of which are glazed. The inclined tops form the lids and the exhibi- tion space somewhat overhangs the supporting storage portion to give better symmetry to the general case outline.
The storage portion is furnished with a bottom and one shelf on both sides of the case closed with wooden doors,
t
[IO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
As installed at present, the type F cases are free standing, that is, accessible on all four sides.
Type G. Type G combines the longitudinal half of type F lengthened and adapted to the space next the wall, with a super- posed wall case section. The object of this type of case is to show
Tyre G
in proximate relation objects which are more or less flat and those, such as garments, head dresses, etc., which require to be displayed on a yertical surface, This practically results in two exhibition
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9Q13 If
spaces, the lower of which, corresponding to a longitudinal halt of type F, is 8 feet long by 3 feet wide by 1 foot 4 inches high, opening in two single-panel glazed lids. The upper or vertical exhibition space is 8 feet long by ro inches wide by 3 feet 9 inches
Type A
high, occupying a vertical space from the floor level of roughly from 4 to 8 feet, and opening by means of four single panel doors.
The storage space is shelved similar to type F.
Type A. Type A was designed to exhibit specimens of fossils and was adapted from a similar type of case in use in the National
12 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Museum at Washington. The case is “free standing,” that is, open to view on all four sides. It measures 8 feet long by 3 feet wide by 8 feet high and the deck or case flooring is 1 foot 11 inches above the general floor level. Access to the cases is obtained through double doors on both long sides which admit of the easy arrangement of specimens in every portion of the exhibition space. A wooden diaphragm for the support of slabs is fitted inside each case, attached in such a way as to be readily removable should the free case space be required for the display of large objects.. The diaphragms are in the form of rectangular, truncated pyramids of steep inclination and are provided with narrow cleatlike pro- jections, running continuously around the diaphragm at convenient
Tyre H
levels, to provide for the mounting of specimens on all four sides of the case. SPECIAL ENTOMOLOGY TYPE
Type H. Type H was designed to exhibit insects mounted on flat surfaces in proximate relation to descriptive groups showing the life history of typical members of the series illustrated in the flat exhibits. The general design of this case somewhat resembles the entomological cases of the American Museum of Natural History known as the “A” and table cases combined, but with the
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1913 13
added feature of a middle upright section in the shape of a rectan- gular exhibition space for the display of the life history groups. The exhibition space is divided into three sections in which each of the two end sections consists of two shallow flat elements on either side of the longitudinal axis opening by hinged lids and sur-
mounted by narrow vertical elements with slightly inclined sides, .
one of which is removable for the insertion of a double diaphragm
Type I
to hold the specimens which are consequently visible from both sides of the case. In the middle section, the vertical element is rectangular and is not provided with a diaphragm. The horizontal elements are 4 feet long by 1 foot 10 inches wide by 6 inches deep, the decks and lids are parallel and slightly inclined from the hori- zontal, the former being 2 feet 2 inches at the outside and 2 feet 6 iches at the inside line.
14 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
The upright end element is 4 feet long, 1 foot 3 inches wide at the bottom and 2 feet high. The same dimensions hold for the middle element except that this latter is 2 feet 3 inches high. The deck for all the upright elements is 3 feet 2 inches from the floor level. The case is supported on legs and covers a floor space of 12
feet by 5 feet.
FREE STANDING TYPES FOR LARGE SPECIMENS
In the free standing types of cases are represented the extremes of simplicity in case design, in that they involve primarily a deck
SED
4
wie a
Type J
or exhibition floor supported on legs and inclosed in glass to a height which gives sufficient head room for the required exhibit. Type I. Type I represents a “ general utility’ case for the dis- play of large objects such as mineral or geological specimens, series of specimens in industrial geology and paleontology. ‘This type can also be used to advantage for the display of models of mine workings, industrial plants, etc. The exhibition space is rectangu- lar and measures 6 feet long by 3 feet wide by 3 feet high and
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9Q13 15
is mounted on legs to raise the deck 2 feet 6 inches from the floor level. Access is obtained by removing one of the long sides by means of removable screws which work in brass sockets. In practice, the interior may be furnished with block-steps or dia- phragms depending on the nature of the material to be exhibited,
Type K
the proportions of the exhibition space yielding much latitude of treatment in this respect.
Type J. Cases of type J are also designed for the display of definite specimens, that is, large minerals of a special occur- rence. They are intended to be used without diaphragms or step-
OO
16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
blocks and to be installed in a group of which the single type L case forms a center. The exhibition space is in the form of a truncated wedge of which the base is 8 feet long by 3 feet wide and is raised 3 feet above the floor level.
Type K. Type K cases differ from type I only in size and pro- portions. They are intended for the display of the larger slabs of fossil remains which, on account of their development of fine detail, need to be closer to the eye of the observer than would be possible in a deck as close to the floor level as that of type I. The rectangular exhibition space which measures 4 feet long by 2 feet 6 inches wide by 2 feet 6 inches high, is consequently raised to a level of 3 feet from the floor level. For the interior furnishing of these cases narrow, high diaphragms or step-blocks are best adapted
ag SP
Tyee M M
both from the point of view of the proportion of the material to be exhibited and from that of the proportions of the exhibition space.
Type L. Unlike the preceding types, this case design, of which only one was installed, was made to accommodate one particular specimen, a large crystal of calcite installed in the Mineralogy Hall. The exhibition space is rectangular, measures 4 feet 6 inches square by 2 feet high, and is raised 2 feet 6 inches above the floor level.
ARCHEOLOGY EXCAVATION TYPES
The archeology excavation types of cases consist essentially of rectangular boxes 3 feet in height, setting directly on the floor.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I913 17
They are designed for the exhibit of reproductions of Indian grave excavations to be viewed through the glass lid which may be re- moved to gain access to the case. The two types, M and MM, differ only in one dimension, being 5 feet (6 feet for MM) long by 4 feet wide by 3 feet high. They are designed to be free stand- ing. but may be installed with one side against the wall.
TYPES WITH ADJUSTABLE SHELVES AND» WALL-CASE TYPES
Under the group of types with adjustable shelves and wall-case types are included the various forms of wall cases and the detached
type with shelves which may for purposes of classification be con- sidered a detached pier wall case. The group of types is character- ized by a low deck and a uniform height of about 8 feet, the limit between which zoological and archeological specimens may be seen to advantage, the exception to the 8 foot height in cases of this
18 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
group being type Q, which was designed for a children’s exhibit in archeology. The longitudinal dimension in wall type cases is, of course, limited by the length of wall space to be filled and the lateral dimension by the character of the material to be exhibited; for instance, for large mammals or Indian canoes, a fairly wide wall case is required, while for Indian garments, ceremonial masks
—
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oh
i
_—_—.
Type O
or rows of bottled alcoholic specimens of invertebrates, a com- paratively narrow wall case is best adapted. In the large zoology types of this group two features appear for the first time in this description: (1) The base is recessed in order to permit the ob-
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1913 19
server to stand close to the glass. By this means an economy of aisle room is effected. (2) A ventilating device is introduced in the base by means of which the air passing into the case when pressure is equalized, after a sudden change of temperature, is filtered free of dust through a series of sheets of cotton.
Type N. Cases of type N were designed for the display of the general collection of New York small mammals, birds, fishes etc. The exhibition space is 16 feet long by 4 feet wide and 6 feet
6 inches high, raised on the recessed base 1 foot 6 inches from the floor level. The case is divided longitudinally by a substantial dia- phragm furnished with slotted strips upon which adjustable brack- ets are fastened which in turn support the wooden shelves.’ Access is gained through the second and fourth panels on both sides and the two end panels which are hinged doors. The top panels are glazed. The cases as at present installed are free standing arranged
20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
with an aisle of about 10 feet between cases and an aisle of about 4 feet between the ends of the cases and the wall, giving an alcove effect in arrangement.
Type O. The two cases of type O are distinctly wall cases. They were designed for the display of small zoological specimens,
models and preparations to illustrate the invertebrate fauna of New York. The type is consequently narrow compared with its length and has its glass shelves spaced closer together than those of type N. The exhibition space is 14 feet long by 1 foot 6 inches
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI3 21
wide by 6 feet 6 inches high and is raised on a recessed base 1 foot 6 inches from the floor level. Access is gained through the second and fourth panels which are swinging doors. The glass shelves are adjustable on bronze brackets supported from the back on slotted strips. The top panels are glazed.
Type P. Type P is a single wall case occupying the space be- tween the entrances of the Zoology Hall. It is designed for the display of groups of the larger birds, such as eagles and hawks.
Type Q
The exhibition space is consequently unbroken by shelves, is 19 feet long by 3 feet wide by 7 feet high and is raised 1 foot above the floor level on a recessed base. On account of the size of the exhibition space the case is ventilated with the dust-filtering device. The first, third, fifth and seventh panels are hinged, giving access to the case. The top panels are glazed.
Type PP. The wall cases of type PP are planned for the dis- play of the larger archeological specimens such as baskets, canoe
22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
paddles, pestles and mortars for pulverizing maize, etc. The exhi- bition space measures 10 feet long by 3 feet wide by 7 feet high and is raised 1 foot above the floor level. The glass shelves are supported on adjustable bronze brackets. The top panels are glazed. Access is gained through the first and third panels which are hinged on the end side.
Type Q. The two wall cases of type Q are intended for a child- ren’s exhibit of objects relating to Indian life and customs. The
cases are consequently two feet lower than the customary height for wall cases. The exhibition space is 8 feet long by 3 feet wide by 5 feet high and is raised 1 foot above the floor level. The first and third front panels are hinged on the end sides giving access to the case. The top panels are glazed. The glass shelves are sup- ported on adjustable bronze brackets and are divided between brack- ets into three units for each level so that a panel of shelving or
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I913 23
any level of a panel can be eliminated to give head room for larger specimens.
Type R. The single case of type R was designed for the dis- play of Indian canoes in the Archeology Hall. The case is con-
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a! ese va
\
24. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
sequently longer and wider than is usual with wall cases and is not provided with shelves, the canoes being hung from the top of the case or supported on brackets from the back. The exhibition
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9QI3 25
space is 20 feet long by 4 feet wide by 7 feet high and is raised 1 foot above the floor level. The case is accessible through the first, third and fifth front panels which are hinged. The top panels are glazed.
Type S. Wall cases of type S were designed for the display of skulls in the collection of New York anthropology. The ex- hibition space is 8 feet long by 1 foot 6 inches wide by 7 feet high and is raised 1 foot above the floor level. Access is gained through
| |
ly
|
the first and third front panels which are hinged on the end sides. The top panels are glazed. The glass shelves are supported by adjustable bronze brackets.
Type T. Wall cases of type T were designed to display such specimens in the ethnology and anthropology collections as com- plete Indian skeletons, clothing and miscellaneous ethnology objects. The exhibition space is 6 feet long by 2 feet wide by 7 feet high and is raised 1 foot above the floor level. The top panels are glazed. Access is gained through double doors in front.
/
26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
LARGE FREE STANDING CASES FOR MAMMALS AND MAMMAL GROUPS
With the exception of type NN, the large cases for mammals are each designed to contain a certain definite group, as the moose group or the puma group, mounted to show the natural surround- ings and habits of the animals. Type NN cases are here included because their museum function connects them more closely with the large mammal cases, but structurally they belong with the type N cases to which they conform in general design and with which they form a continuous series running around three sides of the Hall of Zoology. The ventilating dust-filter device is used on all cases of this group of types.
Type NN. The two cases of type NN were designed for the display of large mammals and groups of the smaller mammals in the collection of New York fauna. In design they are very closely related to type N cases, differing from the latter only in width. The exhibition space is 16 feet long by 6 feet wide by 6 feet 6 inches high and is raised 1 foot 6 inches from the floor level on a recessed base.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI3 27
Types U, V, W, X and Y. Case types U, V, W, X and Y were designed to contain the large mammal groups of New York fauna. They differ from one another only in the dimensions of the exhi-
OP ENO
28
NEW YORK
STATE MUSEUM
bition space which is governed by the proportions of the group. They are all mounted on a straight (nonrecessed) base which is t foot high in the larger types U, V and W and 1 foot 3 inches high in types X and Y. Access to cases of these types is gained through one of the glazed top panels which is removable. glass, instead of plain plate glass, is used for the top panels in order to cut off the view of the ceiling of the hall and thus render the group more detached. The sizes of the exhibition spaces are:
Ground
NNN RRENWRNORrRNNWRR Wr
Long Wide High UDA ig okra] UREN CARE Nese eelaidla ain ley gadis o pad 16 feet 12 feet 8 feet AV So) sis 6 APOIO, ROR A en 14 “ Pale Orv Wes Eee ue a eee che Gres eee LOM 1D eden DP er PRT ye ree ty ar NEN 107FS Sire 5 “ 9 inches Ne UE ese m ccna. Se ADAIR A & cote Bin Dre 5: © Oe Number and distribution of types of museum cases (Initial equipment) Archeol- | Entomol- @ealar Mineral- | Paleon- arson Type ogy ogy ogy tology Total Hall Hall all Hall | Hall Hall | BNO ea Palle ne cee stag Il CNN eral (VRP a |e PA eee eS 20 Bie aU esidars uc 75 48 33 24 210 (Ornate ae Die che Sek INAS eile SYS AM Uh a | a 12 DR gene cia nee (eu eee Cea a meee ie TMS i oe 6 ler be 1A aaron HEN le herein mine nce OREN Cg hss omad tee haat 12 Retaear ne OY enna ce cell Meu Nt OMA Cnt in ll micro oo aa oon 6 (Co ssore tel Gis VD ee ss le cell Mea wee AS eee ocy le teret aerey cet ene 11 dB leet ayaa ea Ce del Me gona MAM tg liNescpe ier lien kisi 7 12 A eee VG ag ater c gt tes ee 19 ESV Wr eimorsseasl a ataaae te 2 34 dies citenaA Minar coe cater Ne aire NWS ae 2 de 21d Wea oaeeceatee feu) nee 2 4 Gee eee Mt eS el Re Mane due a mca s 5 5 LIE Se 11 Tie eee oy cee et icllt cts ea |e LF) PRES iret ie ee IM eco toe oo ener oes anton Cake bbl ais Sabieecr et | CaM Fae MM. IF Meeeeeapares ewe ete NON a Nee Wales SM ee ata os & INuscco Bees il Se yehe | Oat es a epee a 14 1 ANI Secs e192 Fe TS es a eA glee re | Seen 2 0 Ape neane ara Marrs ots pon meer sen Resa VN valige’ Lc aN tao to eae 2 Ie bye ddia iaveis heavanee | ycs cate cnaes all eee lethal Cate ee a 1 IPPlatien OM Pare nae nar csc | iL ea aio tbe! || ide Gea GA gl ll greta Sea, < (Aah 3 ae: ds MAAN a OM ECs orseel ie Beara ce hy llr brn cicist I hiy oe aac Renee ss Dei) asses {Sess Aare mild le ecece eee rene ae re nc eee ea Sade eee i reno Meee all ett ola’ IP Cnt vom (Peano go ON te ee eee te Moar ae ae. cd|[oaovaonoch sooo coc OW eee ell Gay eae |g OL c eal ec gene ee alata 1 V peteayie ese Senet] 9 Oe Soe CA ON aE RS 1 Wis seis egetes] tasseltenenereteane] 5 se delcuetie » Shj[ 8.403 be eraa (ae (eae 2 Xo Fe ees ie cetera] Ce GS |" 3 oa We oe 2 We a tee erate ak, 2 PENS 2 Total 95 12 94 68 64 ol 384
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI3 + 29
PROGRESS OF INSTALLATION
As already intimated, the equipment of the collections has been in a measure restrained by the progressive completion of the cases. Those finished first were filled first; those which have just been completed are still vacant. The progress of this work has also depended in some measure on the condition of the collections. Some which had been on exhibition years before had been packed away in an orderly manner and judiciously selected. Others had to be taken over just as they had lain in storage for many years. The sum of the material assembled in all departments of work was very large; taken as a whole and, as was necessary, all at once, it was well-nigh overwhelming. Preliminary to any attempt at installa- tion was the necessity of assorting these materials according to kind and quality and the selection of representative series of the best from the great preponderance of the second best. Con- fronted by these conditions the work of installation has proceeded well.
Mineralogy. The collections in mineralogy were removed from Geological Hall many years ago and put in storage. In dismantling - the old collections everything was packed in carefully arranged consecutive order, so that on reopening these collections were in approximate readiness for installation. Having an advantage in this foresight, as well as in the fact that the mineral cases were the first to be completed, the curator, Mr Whitlock, has brought an effective installation nearly to completion. The general mineral col- lections and the collection of New York State minerals now occupy 78 cases at the west end of the long south hall, and it is quite probable that this section of the Museum may be opened to the public within a reasonably short time.
Geology. In illustrations of economic and structural geology the collections have proved quite deficient and every earnest effort has been made to acquire such and replenish the losses to the Museum arising from too lavish gifts to other institutions of displays made by the State Museum at various world fairs.
These efforts are bringing together the necessary materials for instructive exhibits, relating in large measure to the most active lines of mineral production in the State, but many serious problems in this section are still unsolved, and in some respects the case room is inadequate, the general treatment of Geology Hall is still in- effective and somber and much remains to be accomplished before the room can be exposed to the public. The work, in charge of Mr
30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Newland and Mr Jones, will eventually be brought to a successful conclusion.
Paleontology. The collections in the paleontology section which are very large, came to the new quarters in unavoidable disorder, due to the fact that the best part of them had been twice moved since the dismantling of the exhibit in Geological Hall, and the rest had in large measure been packed in boxes from five to thirty years and during this time shifted from pillar to post — from Professor Hall’s laboratory to the State Hall and Geological Hall, from there to the McCredie malthouse, to the Taylor brewery — at length to this building where, for the first time since their col- lection, all were assembled in one place with the purpose of selec- tion for one permanent exhibit. The boxes and crates and drawers containing this material were more than a thousand and the first and immediate problem here was to ascertain the nature and quality of their contents.
The progress made in this work is satisfactory, in view of the small number of men on the staff available for such service. The paleontology cases, 66 in number and consisting at present of four different types of construction, were made finally available in August and, except for a few of the smaller ones intended for special exhibits, all have been filled with a temporary arrangement of materials, and a final and permanent display has been worked out for certain groups of fossils: the Trilobites, Eurypterida, Cru- stacea and Cephalopods. This work has been carried out by Doctor Ruedemann, Mr Hartnagel and Mr Wardell.
In addition to this, much has been accomplished in the prepara- tion of large exhibits of invertebrate fossils mounted on uncovered pedestals. Of these are a unique slab of Devonic starfish 4 feet g inches by 4 feet 9 inches, from Saugerties, N. Y., collected and mounted by Mr Wardell; a very striking display of cephalopods from the Agoniatite limestone, collected by Mr Hartnagel, developed by Mr Norton and mounted by Mr Wardell; a great slab of Devon- ic sponges from the Jenks quarry at Bath, N. Y., collected by the late C. Van Deloo, developed by Mr Norton and mounted by N. T. Clarke. Some very effective natural size reproductions of the Eurypterida, Pterygotus, Eusarcus, Stylonurus, have been made, framed and set up in the hall. These have been modeled by Mr Marchand and colored by Mr Barkentin. A series of natural size and enlarged relief designs to show the structure of the fossil cephalopods have been modeled by Doctor Ruedemann, cast by Mr Clarke and effectively colored by Mr Barkentin.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR i913 31
The fossil plants from the New York rocks will be assembled in the hall at the elevator landing. As a central piece for the room will be a restoration in life proportions of the unique Devonic tree, Archaeosigillaria, the largest and most complete of the terrestrial lycopod plants known from these rocks. The original of the restora- tion, taken from the Portage rocks at Naples and constituting a flattened trunk 11 feet long, has been remounted and cased, as has also the giant sea-weed Nematophytum from the Devonic rocks of Monroe, N. Y.
For the very extensive series of invertebrate fossils sufficient case room is not yet available and the necessary money has been provided for the construction of 37 additional cases which are designed to go entirely about the walls of the Paleontology Hall.
Attention has also been given to the vertebrate fossils. The Cohoes mastodon, a very celebrated skeleton and among the most complete known of the animal, has been set up by Mr Mirguet and in a manner much more effective than its original mounting. The Irish elk and the Asiatic elephant have also been remounted, the skull and tusk of the Ellenville mastodon set together and en- cased, the Harriman tusks and Monroe tusks put together. What is believed to be a fairly successful attempt to restore in natural proportions the extinct giant beaver of this State, Castoroides ohioensis, has been carried out and the model set up. It was modeled from measurements taken from the skull found at Clyde, N. Y., aided by more complete remains in the museum of Earlham College, Indiana. The workmanship is by Mr Marchand.
Restorations of the ancient Devonic fishes have been assembled in one case, recolored and effectively mounted.
A word should be said here in regard to the difficulty of pre- paring these exhibits in paleontology. The rocks of New York
produce fossils which are almost exclusively of the invertebrate ' type and as a consequence the specimens are naturally small and rather inconspicuous except for certain noteworthy exceptions. The problem here is to present the small organisms to the public eye with the same effectiveness as if they were vertebrate objects of notable dimensions. It is needless to state that as natural objects each one is as momentous in its character and in the chain of life as though it attained the dimensions of the mammoth or the mas- todon. Still, in the display of these small objects, all of a high degree of scientific interest, great thought and extreme care are necessary to make the presentation of them perfectly effective.
32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
The remarks thus far made have especial reference only to the large south hall of the Museum. The efforts that have thus far been made herein toward installation have been supplemented by the accumulation and setting of the geological relief maps of which the Museum has now a considerable number and which it is hoped to supplement. The final determination of the arrangement of these relief maps has not yet been reached, but the walls of the halls afford reasonably favorable exposure for them and for such photo- graphic illumination and similar decorative effect as may seem suitable.
Zoology. The cases for the Zoology Hall were not completed until the very end of the fiscal year, and as a consequence but little work has been possible in the matter of installing the extensive zoological collections. These cases number in all 43 and are divided into two series, one for the exhibition in zoology proper and the other for the exhibition in entomology, the two series of cases being of quite distinct types. In large measure the cases for the Zoology Hall are of conspicuous size and the installation in them of such groups as the large mammals will require much labor, artistic rendering and corresponding expense. From the old Mu- seum was brought a limited number of small mounted groups, many of which have had to be repaired on account of the jolting received in moving. Among these also was one large group which has been entirely reset, and these few constitute all the mounted groups now in Zoology Hall. There remains, therefore, a very large amount of work to be done here, and if it is to be effectively done, it must be by the hands of expert workmen, who have not only ideas of scientific accuracy, but artistic conception and manual skill. Such men are not easy to find but the effort is being made to acquire the services of the highest grade in order that there may be no sacrifice of effectiveness in this hall. Meanwhile the in- stallation of individual specimens of the higher mammalian and avian fauna has gone forward and at this time the case room avail- able seems to be adequate for the immediate purposes of this division. It is, however, perfectly evident that this hall is now so full of cases that additions will be difficult and, if necessary, can not fail to close up the narrow aisles and aggravate the present obviously crowded condition. The members of the staff charged with this work are few in number and it will probably be neces- sary for a long time to come to go outside and employ the requisite expert assistants in ordering the zoological groups. |
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9QI3 33
Archeology. The archeology section is to occupy the two mez- zanine floors. Originally it was planned to restrict the archeological exhibit to the large mezzanine at the west of the building and to reserve the smaller mezzanine for the botanical collections. It seems, however, impracticable now to put together an effective exhibit in botany suffiuent to fill the smaller mezzanine. The de- mands of the growing section of archeology for more room are imperious and the present plan contemplates assigning both mezza- nines to this section and restricting botany, for the time being, to the space available in the separate compartment on the mezzanine floor at the east end of the building. The cases for the archeology section were released by the contractor only near the close of the fiscal year and these included only such as were embraced within the contract of George W. Cobb, jr. No provision had been made in that contract for the construction of the large group cases which are to contain the series of ethnological displays of the Six Nations. Since then plans have been undertaken which will lead to the construction of these cases to receive the groups for which the cost was contributed by the generosity of Mrs F. F. Thompson, and while these plans are now progressing, it will obviously be some time before these great cases are constructed and the exhibits completed.
Additional cases will be required, and reasonable provision has been made therefor, in order to put the smaller mezzanine in proper equipment for the reception of the archeological collections. In view of the uncertainty which prevailed as to the proper adaptation of the lesser mezzanine, the Cobb contract did not call for a suf- ficient number of cases to equip it suitably, and it is now hoped that the provision which has been made by the Board for additional cases may be adequate to put this room into proper order.
As a necessary consequence of these conditions the installation of the archeological collections, so far as it has gone (and some of the cases have been filled) is only temporary, for the construction of the new cases will require the removal and replacing of some cases already installed. Mention might properly be made, however, of certain work which has been done in the construction of the Indian graves in the cases prepared for them, the work on these having been effectively rendered and completed. This work has been carried out under the direction of Mr Parker by his assistants, Mr Clarke and Mr Lansing.
2
34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
General. The Museum is still imperfectly equipped in office facilities and more éspecially in regard to suitable drawers for the keeping of the excess and duplicate storage collections of its ma- terial. We brought over from Geological Hall and State Hall many thousands of wooden drawers with their standards, for the purpose of affording necessary, even though dangerous, storage, and these are now standing in the corridors. In the basement of the building the machinery plant has been installed and the balance of the room there appropriated for the work of the Museum is given over to the storage of the large amount of material which it has been as yet impossible to open.
There have been some notable accessions to the collections pur- chased during the past year. These have been principally in the division of archeology which was the most severely injured by the Capitol fire. Of these recent additions those of leading importance are the collections of Indian materials brought together by R. D. Loveland, Watertown; Charles P. Oatman, Liverpool; Raymond C. Dann, Fairport; Alva S. Reed, Livonia; Frederick H. Crofoot, Son- yea; D. F. Thompson, Troy, and Otis M. Bigelow, Baldwinsville. This series of collections of Indian cultural relics constitutes the best of the Iroquois and pre-Iroquois materials now available in the State, and although further additions are always desirable, it is quite likely that they must be of very much less size and sig- nificance. To this list should be added the extensive collection of such materials made by Mr D. D. Luther, a member of the staff, from the Indian village in the town of Naples.
The Museum has also acquired by purchase the William D. Geb- hard collection of fossils from the classical region of the Schoharie valley. This is the last of the great collections of fossils brought together by the Gebhards, through three generations, and the State Museum is fortunate in getting possession of it. An extensive collection of minerals from Orange county, made by the late Silas A. Young of Edenville, has also come into the possession of the Museum and makes an essential addition to the representation of New York minerals. }
Full inventory of these collections will be given in the accession lists and made a part of this report, together with memoranda regarding smaller collections of various kinds and varying interest.
Orders have been given for the construction of a large relief map of the Finger Lakes region on the topographic scale of one mile to one inch. This is constructed for the purpose of showing
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI3 35
the detailed stratigraphy of that region as it has been worked out by the members of the Geological Survey. The map will cover the quadrangles of Canandaigua, Naples, Bath, Phelps, Penn Yan and Hammondsport. There is also under construction a model of Mormon hill, near Palmyra, celebrated for its historical asso- ciations as the place where the alleged “ gold plates” of the Mormon _ bible were dug up and quite as interesting geologically as an illustra- tion of a glacial drumlin, a topographic form which occurs abund- antly in the region of the Lake Ontario plain.
36 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
II REPORT OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURE CIVIC GEOLOGY
-The mineral springs and the fault at Saratoga. On a later page reference will be made to the completion of the areal survey of the Saratoga quadrangle which covers the Mineral Springs basin. In the very successful operations made at Saratoga by the State Reservation Commission toward the rejuvenation of the exhausted springs, this office has taken a keen interest and has exercised such © cooperation as has been in its control. In the execution of: this work the commission has been successful to an unexpected degree in restoring the springs to their original virility, and in connection with the elaborate experimentation thereupon opportunity has been found to clear away the accumulations of rubbish and the tumble- down buildings which have long covered most of the escarpment of the celebrated Saratoga fault. The Saratoga fault has achieved a dis- tinction which is perhaps quite out of proportion to its importance, and yet this fracture is a controlling influence upon the relief of the mineral water storage. The fault scarp stands as a rock cliff running through the village from the High Rock spring southward, gradually becoming a less conspicuous feature in the topography until it dis- appears in the vicinity of Congress Park or the United States hotel. The Saratoga fault has its heaviest throw far to the north of the village and in its course southward its escarpment lowers on its way through the length of the village until it is lost. It was formerly sup- posed that there was a direct continuation of this fault southward to Ballston where it influenced the Ballston mineral waters as it does those at Saratoga. The soil mantle covers all this area so deeply as to make it difficult to substantiate such an assumption. It has become clear, however, that the surface evidence of dis- placement terminates near Congress Park. In recent excavations made by the commission in preparation of the Spencer Trask memorial, to occupy this park, an opportunity was afforded of un- covering the rock surface at the south end of the fault where the displacement line is known to make a sharp turn to the west. The commission has, with fine appreciation of the geological interest at- taching to this phenomenon, given instructions to have the probable course of the fault from this point uncovered where it crosses the street in the direction of the Ainsworth spring —the only water- bearing hole which has been put down west of the fault line.
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The fault face, used as a dump for rubbish — a condition that will not long be tolerated
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1913 37
Of the several explanations offered for the existence of the heavily carbonated waters of Saratoga, one has assumed that it is along the fissure of the fault that the carbon dioxid has found its way from great depths within the crust of the earth.
Our present understanding of the geological origin of the mineral springs waters, briefly stated, is this: The region eastward of the fault is covered by a thick layer of impervious shale, which is very much broken up in the vicinity of the Hudson river. Where these shales are most disturbed and broken, the percolating meteoric waters have penetrated and have traveled along the dip of the underlying rock through the limestone beneath where as a result of secondary changes there taking place in the limestone, they have acquired carbon dioxid and when saturated with this gas have gained an increased solvent power which has enabled them to take up various soluble salts from the rocks through which they have passed. Traveling easterly they reach the fault fissure which they have been unable to traverse, and thus it happens that the springs derived through natural crevices or artificial holes in this basin, all lie on the east side of the fault linet Whatever the future of the Saratoga mineral springs may be, and with the present and com- ing development of the science of hydrotherapy the outlook is most brilliant, Saratoga will always remain a place of high geological interest from the very fact of the relations of these waters to the rocks and to the fault line. It is therefore a matter of considerable public interest that the State commission should have brought out to its full effectiveness this fault cliff, even though the displacement is of a lesser order of magnitude. To increase public apprecia- tion it might be well worth while to attach to the accessible face of the cliff, some placard or tablet which would explain the cause of the fissure and its influence upon the mineral waters. An eminent student of earthquake movements has suggested that it would be well worth while to attach a tablet not only to the face of the cliff but to the ground surface of the fault as well and have a precise leveling between fixed points on these two tablets so that it might be possible to determine any movement of the cliff up or down, that is to say, any reappearance of seismic or earth- quake movements along this ancient line of weakness.
Stark’s knob, Saratoga county. Stark’s knob is a knoll of vol- canic rock near the village of Schuylerville which, as its name
1The Ainsworth spring lying on the west of the fault, traversed it and derived its water from the east side.
38 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
indicates, has a definite historic association. It is the place where Captain John Stark established a little redoubt and effectually obstructed the movements of General Burgoyne during the battle of Saratoga. Its scientific interest, however, is quite as great, perhaps greater, than its historic. It has been described at length in the reports of the Geological Survey as a volcano or volcanic plug and as such is the only geological phenomenon of this kind known to occur in the State of New York. The question as to the origin of this plug, the stage at which the lavas penetrated the rock and the relation of the mass to all the surrounding geological terrane, has been much investigated and much discussed. There appears now to be very excellent reason, quite acceptable to those who have studied the phenomenon most closely, for assuming that this volcanic plug is not autochthonic, that is to say, is not now in the place where it originally appeared, but that in the great earth move- ments occurring in eastern New York during the time of the Taconic revolution, this volcanic mass was carried over on the crest of an earth wave from its original situs, possibly as far to the east as from the Connecticut valley in Vermont. This fact is not at the present time fully demonstrable but, as intimated, it seems a reasonable explanation to those who have studied the occurrence most closely. There are thus two elements of interest in this small and somewhat obscure topographic feature, of interest so extraordinary and unusual as to demand that some degree of public consideration be given to the preservation of this spot. Unfortunately some years ago the volcanic rock, which is a diabase, was thought to be available for highway construction, and the knoll or knob was leased for the purposes of producing road metal. The rock has decomposed so badly, however, that it has never well served any such purpose.
The writer has made an earnest effort to bring this spot under protection and control and there is a hope, perhaps not too remote, that the place may eventually become the property of the State under the custodianship of the State Museum. If this can be effected it will be a partial realization of a general public appeal made some years ago by the Director of the Museum for the preservation of objects of unique or noteworthy natural interest. This appeal met with many warm responses, but could be supported only by the activities of local societies or interested individuals, as no State money was available.
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REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I913 39
The “ Cryptozoon ledge” in the town of Greenfield, Saratoga county. The geologists of the Survey have long been aware of the occurrence on the property now owned by Mrs Mabel A. Wesley, but generally known as the “ Hoyt quarry,’ of a remarkable ledge of Cambric rocks exposing in most extraordinary fashion a reef of the fossil known as Cryptozoon, which is believed to be an algoid plant secreting a calcareous skeleton. This exposure is to be seen along the roadside from Saratoga Springs to Greenfield and the fact that the ledge has been smoothed down by glacial action renders it all the more conspicuous and interesting. These great circular Cryptozoon masses are often many feet in circumference, made up of concentric layers of algoid growths, and it is quite probable (indeed, it is so stated freely by geologists who have studied these ancient organisms in various parts of the world) that this exhibit is altogether unique. Especial interest attaches to these organisms from the fact that it is now thought that such reefs of algae or water plants, either marine or of fresh water, were present in the rocks of the Precambric and were among the first of known forms of life. This peculiar ledge of Cryptozoon is so out of the ordinary, so impressive to the student and even to the casual visitor, that an effort is now being made to bring it also under the control of the State as a public reservation. This is fully justified by the fact that the ledge is extraordinary, unique and teaches an interesting lesson which could well be explicated on the spot in case it can thus be brought under the control of the State Museum.
Mormon hill. Reference has been made to the production of a relief map of Mormon hill, in Wayne county near the village of Palmyra. This glacial drumlin or melon-shaped hill deposited by the melting ice sheet on its retreat to the north, is the spot where Joseph Smith, on a dark night in 1827, is alleged to have dug up the golden plates of the Book of Mormon. It is thus the Mecca of the Mormons and is visited by their distinguished members with frequency. In the history, therefore, of this State, it stands as a monument to a religious and civic enterprise which has now taken. on an influential form, both of quality and circumstance; and it is well, therefore, that the place should be preserved. Doubtless the time will come when the disciples of this growing religious cult will themselves desire to possess and to protect the place; and should this ever happen, it is still to be remembered that its pre- eminent place as a factor in the history of the State is as one of the series of great glacial drumlins from a region in western New York
40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM °
where they are better developed than probably in any other part of the world.
Indian Ladder Park. Geologists in many parts of the world will be interested in the announcement recently made of the gift to the State of New York as a public park of the “Indian Ladder” and its adjoining portions of the Helderberg mountains escarpment in Albany county, New York. Next, perhaps, to the Schoharie valley, the Helderbergs and the Indian Ladder have the most inti- mate and ancient association with the history of geology in this State and are really a classic ground in American geological science. Interesting not alone for its geology, as the original section of the “Helderberg formation” and its various subdivisions, with their profusion of organic remains, the Indian Ladder is equally com- manding as a scenic feature. There is perhaps nothing just like it in origin and effectiveness. From the summit of the long sheer limestone cliff the eye commands the panorama of the conjoined Hudson and Mohawk valleys picturesquely spread out over a vast area bounded at the north by the foothills of the Adirondacks and at the northeast by the Taconic mountains and the Berkshires. And over this splendid picture generations of geologists have gazed, for the Helderbergs have been the Mecca of geologists for well-nigh a century.
The generous gift to the people of New York State comes from Mrs Emma Treadwell Thacher, widow of the late Hon. John Boyd Thacher, a distinguished statesman, historian and litterateur. Its more than 350 acres extends along the escarpment so far as to include all its most striking portions and the new reservation is essentially a geologic and scenic park.
Geological sketches from an old notebook. During the past year the Director received from Thomas T. Wierman, Esq., of Harrisburg, Pa., an old field notebook of the New York State Geological Survey, dated 1841. The book bears no evidence on its face of original ownership, but inquiry from’ Mr Wierman brought out the fact that the book had originally belonged to Richard C. Taylor, an English geologist of that period, whose notes and papers became the property of Captain John McCandles of Phila- delphia and were later passed on to Mr John Fulton, a mining engineer, with whom Mr Wierman was employed in Bedford county, Pennsylvania, back in the “7os of the last century. Mr Wierman further states that Mr Fulton became a resident of Johns- town, Pa., a village which was wiped out by the great floods of 1889
7 ) ; : .
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REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQ13 Al
and that all the Taylor books and papers were lost with the excep- tion of this, which finally came into his possession.
The book is a noteworthy record. Mr Taylor was an accom- plished geologist and a fine field observer, as well as a.sketch artist of no mean ability. The pages of the book are filled with carefully detailed geological sketches in water color, many of them of outcrops and of localities in this State which are no longer accessible. Mr Taylor had come to New York evidently for the purpose of putting himself in touch with the recently acquired results by the New York State geologists, and seems to have been particularly intimate with Mr Vanuxem, of the Third District. Evidently he was re- ceived with courtesy by his colleagues here and given this notebook, which bears the official stamp of the organization; but his field trips were made independently of the official geologists themselves and he traversed the State from the southwest corner to its eastern boundary and beyond. Some of Mr Taylor’s sketches are of so great interest as to be worth bringing back to the public eye and to the public record of the New York Geological Survey, into which they have entered only in one or two instances; for it is to be noticed that Mr Vanuxem made references to Mr Taylor’s Pennsylvania work in his annual report for 1837 and used several of his drawings in the Final Report on the Third District, of which may be mentioned the sketches of the cliffs on Cayuga lake and of the inclined strata in Howland’s quarry near Union Springs. But Mr. Taylor’s connection with the organization has never before been a matter of record and it may be well to give here the following brief sketch of his career.
He was born in England in 1789 and came to America in 1831. In his own country he had been a mining engineer and practical | geologist, a member of the Geological Society of London and other learned institutions of Great Britain. His practice of geology was entirely economic, and in the development of the coal and iron industry, particularly of Wales, he gained for himself noteworthy distinction. .
Upon his arrival in America he took up his residence in Phila- delphia and shortly after was engaged in a survey of the coal fields of Tioga county, Pennsylvania, and subsequently in the southern coal fields in Dauphin county. Of so high order were these under- takings that he was frequently under professional engagement in other mineral districts of the United States. His great work, however, and that upon which his repute as a geologist rests, is
42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
probably his well-known book “ Statistics of Coal,” published in Philadelphia in 1848. The book contained summaries of labors of a long life in connection with coal formation and coal production, and it was received both in England and here with the highest ap- proval and with unstinted commendation.
It was not exclusively to economic geology, however, that he devoted his interests, for his geological contributions show the versatility of his observations. He writes on the fossil marine plants of Mifflin county, on the existence of an ancient lake in Mifflin county, on the copper region of Cuba, on fossil plants in Dauphin county, on Indian mounds and earthworks, etc., etc.
Mr Taylor was a member of the American Philosophical Society and it is from the obituary notice of him read by Isaac Lea that the above memorandum has been largely taken. No mention, how- ever, is made in any of the notices of his life that the writer has found, of his association with the New York State geologists or of his experience in the field of New York geology. As Mr Taylor was 52 years old when he came into the New York field, he was older than any of the four geologists engaged upon the survey and unquestionably had an experience in the field, especially, at least, in the field of economic geology, to which none of them could lay claim. Yet in spite of this fact, there is nothing in this notebook to indicate that his mind was especially fixed or his eye particularly keen to such development in New York. He seemed to be looking only for a knowledge of geological structure, to test the conclusions of the four geologists for his own personal and professional in- formation and, so far as the writer is aware, he never expressed any public opinion or published any reference to his experiences and observations in the New York field.
Mr Taylor died in Philadelphia in 1851.
The time may come when it will seem well to reproduce, for the purpose of perfecting the record of the history of this survey, more of these sketches than are here given; but to indicate their char- acter, their worth and their exactitude, the following pages carry a few of these, given, so far as seems practicable, in their original tints and with the original memoranda attached thereto.
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SEcrion oN East CANADA CREEK Sketch from the notebook of R. C. Taylor, 1841
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I913 43
BOARD OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES
The Legislature of 1913 provided for the institution of a State Board of Geographic Names, in the following law, which is chapter
187:
Section 1 Article 10 of chapter 23 of the Laws of 1909, entitled “An act in relation to executive officers, constituting chapter 18 of the Consolidated Laws,” is hereby amended by adding, at the end thereof, a new section, to be known as section 110, and to read as follows:
§ 110 Board of geographic names; powers and duties. A State Board of Geographic Names is hereby created, to consist of five members, of which the Commissioner of Education and the State Geologist shall be ex officio members, and three of whom shall be appointed by the Governor to hold for terms of two, four and six years, to be designated by him when the appointments are made. Their successors shall be appointed by the Governor for terms of six years. Vacancies shall be filled by the Governor for the unexpired terms of the offtces vacated. The State Geologist shall be the secretary and executive officer of such board. All of such members shall serve without compensation. The said board shall have power, and it shall be its duty:
1 To determine and establish the correct historical and etymolog-
ical form of the place names in this State and to recommend the
adoption of such correct forms for public use.
2 To determine the form and propriety of new place names pro- posed for general use, and no corporation, individual or community shall introduce such new place names without the consent and ap- proval of this board.
3 To cooperate with the United States Board of Geographic Names and with the United States post office department in estab- lishing a proper, correct and historically accurate form for all place names proposed as designations of new post offices.
§ 2 This act shall take effect immediately.
iy
Acting under the authority given him by this law, Governor Sulzer appointed as members for the terms of two, four and six years, Arnold J. F. van Laer, Albany, Hugh P. Baker, Syracuse, Herman Leroy Fairchild, Rochester. This law carried no ap-
_propriation for the execution of its provisions, for clerical help
or even for stationery ; but as the work of the board has an obviously University function, it has seemed entirely proper, for the present, to carry on this work in connection with the other activities of this Department, awaiting the day when the Board of Geographic Names shall very properly become an organic part of the University.
eee
44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
There have been many and very excellent reasons for the creation of such a board and these were fully appreciated, both by the late Commissioner of Education and the committees of the Legislature before whom the proposition was brought, and expressed in the enactment. Local place names in the State have often gone astray from their original significance; very frequently names which have no propriety within the State of New York have been, of late years, added to its already somewhat incongruous assemblage ; meaningless names, names which are combinations of euphonious, perhaps, but jejune syllables have been imposed upon the State, often at the instigation or by the connivance of public service corporations. New York has had its own troubles in its place names and there probably is not another equal area in America which is so be- spangled with classical names without the remotest relationship to this country, as the Old Military Tract of central New York.
This board has been called upon to exercise its functions on several occasions in regard to the institution of new or proposed names, and this has been without solicitation or warning on its own part. It seems, however, quite likely that in the further rearrange- ment of place names in the State, it may be part of the duty of the board to direct attention to the existence of the law and to invite conformity therewith.
As a present evidence of the activity of the board and its purpose to do something more than pass upon applications made to it from whatever quarter, there is submitted herewith a glossary of the place names of three of the counties of the State, Albany, Schenectady and Rensselaer. The prosecution of such work as this, if carried out thoroughly, would form a useful series of documents bearing upon the historic development of settlements in the State and such work should be pursued even more completely than is here indicated. It will be understood that the present brief definition of the place names herewith attached is only a suggestion or a hint of the appro- priate direction which some of the labors of the board may take.
THE PLACE NAMES OF ALBANY COUNTY
ApAms Station. Hamlet. Named for Nathaniel Adams, early settler. Also known as Adamsville. (Now Delmar, absurd misappropriation of well-known town name on border of Dela- ware and Maryland.)
ALBANy. County and city. Named in honor of James, Duke of York and Albany (1664), afterwards James II.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI3 45
AtcoveE. Hamlet. Formerly Stephensville.
ALTaMontT. Hamlet (formerly Knowersville). Fancy name of no historical significance. High mountain; lies at base of Helder- bergs.
AguEpuct. Hamlet. The Erie canal here crosses the Mohawk river.
AguetTucK. Hamlet. Ach-que-iuck, Iroquois. Ach-que-tuck or Aquetuck was an early name for Coeymans Hollow. It is usually applied to the flats there but appears to be the Hagguato of the map of the New Hampshire Grants and the stream men- tioned by Schoolcraft as Hakitak, below Coeymans. It may be derived from Ahque, he leaves off, and tuk, a river; i. e., a river at a boundary (Beauchamp).
AURANIA or Urania. An early alternative name of Fort Orange.
Bazcock Corners. Cognominal. Now Bethlehem Center.
Basic creek. Thought to be Mahican; “may be a corruption of quassik, a stone” (Beauchamp).
Beacon island. Descriptive.
Bear island. Descriptive.
BECKERS CorNErS. Hamlet. The Becker family were early settlers.
BEEREN island. The island of bears (Dutch). The Mahican name has a similar meaning (Beauchamp).
BERNE; BERNEVILLE; SOUTH BERNE. -From Berne, Switzerland, native place of Jacob Weidman, one of the early settlers.
BETHLEHEM ; BETHLEHEM CENTER. Suggesting the religious pro- clivities of the settlers.
BEvERwyYck. Original Dutch name of Albany.
Brack creek. Flows over exposures of black shale.
BLocKHOUsE creek. Early settlers built a blockhouse here.
Bocut. Hamlet. Dutch=bend of the Mohawk river.
CABBAGE island. Descriptive.
CALLANAN Corners. Named for Henry Callanan, an early settler.
CastLe island. Same as Van Rensselaer island. Fort Nassau was built on this island.
Cepar Hirt. Hamlet. Red cedar formerly covered the hills.
CHESTERVILLE. Hamlet. Named for Rev. John Chester of Albany. Now known as Westerlo.
CLARKSVILLE. Village. .Named for Adam A. Clark, 1822.
CoryMANS. Town, village. Named for Barent Pieterse Coeymans, patentee.
CorymMAns Hottow. Hamlet on Hannacrois creek.
46 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
ConoEs. Town, city. Mohawk=Ga-ha-oos, canoe shooting over the falls. “ Cah-hoos or Ca-hoos, a canoe falling, as explained by the late Indian sachem, Brant.” (Spafford)
Cotoniz. Town. The Colony (Rensselaerwyck).
CONNERSVILLE. Cognominal.
Cooxssurc. Hamlet. Thomas B. Cook of Catskill, 1840, leading man in the Catskill and Canajoharie Railroad enterprise. CRESCENT STATION. Hamlet. In the great bend of the Mohawk.
DELMAR. See ADAMS STATION.
Dissrows. Hamlet in town of Westerlo. Name no longer in use.
DorMANSVILLE. Hamlet. Named for Daniel Dorman, first post- master, 1832.
Dunnsvitte. Hamlet. Named for Christopher Dunn, original owner.
Dunspack Ferry. Hamlet. Dunsback, early settler. Ferry over Mohawk.
East Townsuip. Hamlet.
Ereut-Mite creek. Descriptive.
Exper creek. Descriptive. ;
EtsMERE. Modern name without appropriateness.
FECHTBERG. Hill in town of Berne. The name is said to have come from a dispute as to leadership among settlers, 1750.
FeurABUSH. Hamlet. Dutch: vurenbosch (pronounced viirebosch), fir-bush, or woods. (A. J. F. van Laer) Now known as Jerusalem, the name Feurabush being attached to the railroad station.
Fry creek. Dutch: VJaie, meaning a meadow. Same as Vly.
“This word vly, in the records also written vley and vleye, is a puzzling word in the Dutch language. It is obsolete at present and its real meaning is unknown to me. The word seems to apply in nearly all cases. to low, marshy land, or to salt meadows, and I suspect that it is nothing but a contraction of valey, valley, or low land. At all events I should say that the meaning was low land, rather than meadow. Vlaie, is probably a later corruption, which, as far as I remember, does not occur in the. Dutch records.” (A. J. F. van Laer)
Font Grove. Modern name.
FoXENKILL = Foxes stream.
Frencu’s Mitts. Hamlet. Named for Abel French, miiler.
Futter. Hamlet. Named for Major John Fuller.
FS
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1913 47
GIBBONSVILLE. Old village incorporated into West Troy, 1836. Now a part of Watervliet.
GLENMOoNT. Hamlet. Fancy name.
GREEN IsLtanp. Village. Descriptive.
GROESBECK. Formerly a suburb of Albany, in the town of Bethle- hem. Named for the Groesbeck family. Now obsolete and in- cluded in the southern part of the city.
GUILDERLAND. Township and village. Named from Gelderland, in the Netherlands.
GUILDERLAND CENTER and GUILDERLAND STATION.
HAMILTON or HAMILTONVILLE. “A town or settlement lately laid out in Albany county, New York, in the extensive township of Water Vliet, formerly called the Glass Factory; and has its present name in honor of that great patron of American manu;
-factures, the late secretary of the Treasury of the United States of America. It lies 10 miles west of Albany, 2 miles from the Schenectady road; and is one of the most decisive efforts of private enterprise in the manufacturing line, as yet exhibited in the United States. The glass manufactory is now so well estab- lished and so happily situated for the supply of the northern and western people of the State of New York as well as Ver- mont and Canada, that it is to be expected that the proprietors will be amply rewarded for their great and expensive exertions. The glass is in good reputation. Here are two glass houses and various other buildings, curious hydraulic works to save manual labor by the help of machinery. A copious stream runs through the heart of the settlement which lies high; and being sur- rounded by pine plains, the air is highly salubrious. The great Schoharie road traverses the settlement. A spacious school- house and a church of octagon form are soon to be erected.”
“ The enterprising proprietors of the Glass and other works in this thriving settlement, were incorporated by the Legislature of New York in the spring of 1797; by the name of ‘ The Hamilton Manufacturing Society,’ which act has given spring to the works here; and authorizes a hope that American manu- factures may not only subserve the interests of our county but that also of the proprietors.” (Jedediah Morse’s Gazetteer, 1798).
The settlement and enterprise became effaced by 1840 and the only local trace of it now remaining is to be found in the name “ Hamilton Church ” in Guilderland township.
48 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
HANNAcRoIS creek. Supposed to be from Dutch signifying a crowing cock. It is said that during a freshet a barn was car- ried down stream and perched upon an open door stood a cock crowing.
Havers island. In the Mohawk. From the Dutch: haver, oats. Same as VanSchaick’s island. |
HELDERBERG mountains. Variant derivations have been suggested for this Dutch word ; helder = bright, bergen, mountains. Helder, a fort in Holland.
HiLiuovuse island. Cognominal. ;
HuncER Kitt. The local story says that wagon trains from Albany to Buffalo stopped here for refreshment.
Hurstvitte. Hamlet. Named for William Hurst, 1861.
InpIAN Fietps. Hamlet. Indians had planted fields and orchards.
TRELAND CorNERS. Hamlet. Named for Elias H. Ireland, 1832.
IrtsH Hitt (Berne). The first settlers were Scotch-Irish.
JANES CoRNERS. Same as SOUTH BETHLEHEM. Elisha Janes kept tavern here.
JerusALEM. Formerly Feurabush. This later application of an old name which has appeared only on recent maps is objectionable, in view of the well-established application of the word to a township in Yates county and to a village in Queens county.
Karxour kill. Stream. Dutch: kijkwit=look-out. See Kykout (Rensselaer co.)
Karner. Hamlet. Cognominal.
KEEFER CORNERS. Hamlet. Named for Balthus Keefer, 1791.
Kenwoop. Suburb of Albany. Named by Mayor Jared Rathbone, Albany, after a Scotch place of his acquaintance.
KIMMEy’s CorNERS. Cognominal.
KNOWERSVILLE. Now ALTAMONT.
Knox. Township and village. Named for John Knox by the Scotch settlers. |
Krum kill. Stream. Would seem to be from the Dutch krom or kromme, crooked.
Lames Corners. Hamlet. Named for Jehial Lamb, early settler.
Lisa Kirt. Hamlet and stream. Name of Indian buried here.
LouponviLLE. Hamlet; on Loudon road, 3 miles from Albany. Named in memory of Lord Loudon, general of the English forces in barracks at Albany, 1756.
McKownsvitLte. Hamlet. Named for the McKown family, early settlers.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I913 49
Marsu island. Descriptive.
MEADOWDALE. Hamlet. Fancy name, modern.
MepusA. Hamlet. Modern intrusion. Originally Hall’s Mills, named for Uriah Hall, 1783.
MENANDS (properly Mrenanp). Hamlet. Named for Louis
. Menand, a Frenchman and first settler.
More’s CorNERS.
New Satem. Hamlet. Named in 1830. An expression of the piety of the early settlers.
NEw ScoTtaAnp. Township, village. There were many Scotch families among the early settlers.
NEWTONVILLE. Hamlet. Named for John M. Newton.
Normans kill. Stream. A Hollander, Albert Andriessen Bradt, from Frederikstad, Norway, surnamed the Norman, settled at mouth of creek about 1630.
NorMANSVILLE. See Normans Kitt. Early name Upper Ho.iow.
ONISKETHAU. Hamlet. See ONISKETHAU creek.
ONISKETHAU creek. The old Indian name of the region O-nits- quat-haa, deeded in 1685 to Teunis Slingerland and Johannes Appel. “It is said to have been an early name for Coeymans, meaning cornfields.’ (Beauchamp)
Patroon creek. Named after the Patroon of Rensselaerswyck.
PaTroon island. The same.
PrortA. Hamlet. Borrowed name.
Port ScHuyLerR. Old hamlet incorporated into West Troy 1836. Now part of the city of Watervliet.
Potter Hottow. Hamlet. The Potter family were early settlers.
Preston Hottow. Named for Dr Samuel Preston, 1708.
Ravena. Modern name. It has no local significance.
RerpviL_E. Village. Named for George Reid, Scotch immigrant.
RENSSELAERVILLE. Township, village. Named for General Stephen Van Rensselaer, patroon of Rensselaerswyck.
RENSSELAER lake. The same.
SELKIRK. Hamlet. The first settlers were the Selkirk families of Scotch descent.
SHAKERS. Hamlet. The Shakers settled here in 1776.0
SLINGERLANDS. Village. Named for descendants of John A. Slingerland.
SouTtH BETHLEHEM. See BETHLEHEM and JANES CoRNERS.
SPENCERVILLE. Cognominal. Same as West Albany.
STEPHENSVILLE. Hamlet. Named for Archibald Stephens, miller.
Stony Hitt. Hamlet. Descriptive.
aS 4A wane
Xe) NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
SWITZKILL. Stream. There were many Swiss settlers in the town of Berne.
Ten-Mite creek. Descriptive.
Tuompson lake. Named for John and William Thompson.
Tivot1 Hottow. Early hamlet now included in the northern part of the city of Albany.
TOWNHOUSE CorNERS. Hamlet. Descriptive.
UNIONVILLE. Hamlet. A “Union” church is located here. Origi- nally UNion CHURCH.
Upper Hottow. Early name for Normansville.
VAN LEUVEN’s CorRNERS. Hamlet. Named for Isaac Van Leuven, early settler.
VAN Scuaicks island. In the Mohawk. Cognominal.
Van Wie’s Pornt. On Hudson river. Named for Jan Van Wie.
ViaumaAns kill. Stream. Cognominal.
VOORHEESVILLE. Hamlet. Named for Alonzo B. Voorhees, 1862.
WARNER lake. Named for Johannes and Christopher Warner.
WATERVLIET. City. Dutch; water=water, vliet, stream, course. Former name West Troy, which, in 1836, was incorporated of the villages or hamlets of Gibbonsville, Watervliet and Port Schuyler.
Wemp Le. Hamlet. From a pioneer family.
WESTERLO. Township and village. Named for Rev. Eilardus Westerlo, a Dutch clergyman in Albany, 1760. Formerly known as Chesterville.
WESTERLO island.
West Townsurp. . Hamlet.
West Troy. Now a part of Watervliet.
WILLEMSTADT. The name given to Albany in 1673 in honor of Willem (William) III, of Orange, later king of England.
WILLIAMSBURGH. Hamlet. Now Connersville.
Wo tr creek. Descriptive.
Wo tr Hitt. Hamlet.
THE PLACE NAMES OF RENSSELAER COUNTY
ALBIA. Sulbturb of Troy.
Ars. Hamlet. In the hilly eastern part of the county.
AVERILL Park. Hamlet. Named from old and prominent family in the town of Sand Lake.
Bascock pond. Named for John Babcock.
BaAtp mountain. Descriptive.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9Q13 51
BARBERVILLE. Hamlet. Cognominal.
Batu. Named from supposed medicinal qualities of a spring near it. Now included in city of Rensselaer and name abandoned.
Bertin. Township, hamlet.
BERLIN CENTER. See BERLIN.
Buiacxk brook. Takes its name from the black shales over which it flows.
Back river. Same as above.
BoynTonviLte. Village. Cognominal.
BRAINARD STATION. Hamlet. Named for David Brainard, mis- sionary to the Indians here.
Brookview. Hamlet. Modern name; formerly Schodack Center.
Brunswick. Township; hamlet. Said to have been settled by a colony of Germans. Among early settlers was a family by the name of Braunschweiger.
BurvbEN lake. Cognominal.
Buskirk’s Brince. Village, on Hoosick river. Named for Van Buskirk family, early settlers.
CAMPBELL island. Cognominal.
CastLteTon. Village. Named from Castle hill on which stood an Indian fortification.
CENTER BRUNSWICK. See BRUNSWICK.
Cuurcu Hottow. Named from the Church family, early settlers.
Cium’s Corners. Hamlet. Named for O. Clum, blacksmith.
Cow island.
Coorer pond. Cognominal.
CRANBERRY pond. Descriptive.
CROPSEYVILLE. Hamlet. Named for Valentine Cropsey, early settler.
Deep kill. Descriptive.
DEFREESTVILLE. Hamlet. Named for the early settlers DeForeest ; also spelled DeForest, DeFreest and DeFriest.
DunuAm Hotitow. Named for Isaac Dunham, settler, 1800.
Ditt creek. This may have been a family name, or perhaps derived from the presence of dill along its banks.
Dwaas kill. Stream connecting the Hoosick and Hudson rivers, its current varying with freshet. “ This is probably a corruption of Dwars kill, or cross creek, a stream connecting two others, just as a dwars straat means a cross street. Dwaas=foolish; hence, I suppose, the attempt to explain the name as “ of two minds,” a stream “ flowing both ways.” (A. J. F. van Laer)
———EE
52 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
EAGLE Bripce. Village at the bridge over Hoosick river. Patriotic.
Eacte Mitis (Mitvitte). Village. Valuable water power on Poestenkill.
East GRAFTON. See Grafton.
East POESTENKILL. Hamlet. See PoESTENKILL.
Fonpa hill. Named for John Fonda, 1750.
Fox Hottow. Name may be derived from Levit Fox, early settler, or may be descriptive.
GARFIELD. Hamlet. Modern and patriotic; originally South
Stephentown. GLASSHOUSE. Extensive glass works. Gtass lake.
GRAFTON. Township and hamlet. Named from Grafton, Vt.
Grant Hottow. Hamlet. Grant-Ferris Co. operated an agri- cultural implements factory here.
GRAVEL pond. Descriptive.
GREENBUSH. Township and village. Greene bosch, from the pine woods adjoining. Now part of the city of Rensselaer.
HANnForp pond. Cognominal. i
HAYNERVILLE. Hamlet. Named for the Hayner families, early settlers.
HAYNERS pond. Cognominal.
Hicks pond. Given as Hacks pond on old map.
Hitts Hoiiow.
Hoac Corners. Named for W. B. Hoag, early settler.
Hoac’s pond. Named for Jonathan Hoag who constructed dam and formed pond.
Hoosick. Township, village, river. Mohawk, stony place (Rutten- ber). Algonquin, along the kettle (Beauchamp). Hoosick FALLS, Hoosick JUNCTION, West Hoosick and Nortu Hoosick, all take name from the river.
IvEs CorNERS. Hamlet. Named for Ives family, early settlers.
JoHNSONVILLE. Hamlet. Named for William Johnson, early proprietor, 1800.
KENDALL pond. Named for David Kendall, early settler.
KINDERHOOK creek. A Dutch name signifying “ Children’s Point.” Name belongs properly to Columbia county.
Kyxout hill. From Dutch Kykuyt or Kijkuit (modern spelling) = lookout.
LANSINGBURGH. ‘Town, village (part of Troy). Named for and laid out in 1771 by Abraham Jacob Lansingh as the City of
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQ13 53
Lansinghburgh. In its early history commonly known as New City in contrast to Albany, the “ Old City.”
LittLe ScHopack island. See ScHopAck.
Lone pond. Descriptive.
Lower Scuopack island. See ScHODACK.
Lyons pond. Cognominal.
Mastens Corners. Hamlet. Named for the Masten family, store- keepers.
ME rose. Hamlet. Probably Scotch.
MesHopAc PEAK. Indian= mishadchu, great mountain (Beau- champ).
MILLER Corners. Hamlet. Named for George Miller, storekeeper, 1840.
Mittvitte. Alternative name for Eagle Mills.
Motts island. Named for the Molls family.
Motts Praat. Named for the Molls family.
Moon hill. Named for the family of J. S. Moon.
Moorvener kill. Stream. Refers to an early battle on its banks between settlers and robbers. “ Moordener is a corruption of Moordenaer or Moordenaar = murderer.” (A. J. F. van Laer)
Murtzes kill. Stream. The story is that a Dutch female with high hat lost it in the stream and cried out, “ Di muitz is in de Kil.” “ Muitzes may be a corruption of Mutzen (pl. of Muts= woman’s lace cap or man’s woolen or fur cap), but the story sounds foolish. More likely, Muitzes is a corruption of Muizen -mice.” (A. J. F. van Laer)
Nassau. Township, village. Named from old Nassau; originally Philipstown.
Nortu Nassau, East Nassau, Nassau pond.
NEPIMORE creek.
Newcoms Ponp. Named for Daniel Newcomb, 1790.
NortH GREENBUSH. See GREENBUSH.
OvELL hill. Named for Simeon Odell, 1790. __
PapscANIE island. Abbreviated from the name of the original owner, Papsickenekas or Paep-Sikenekomtas.
PATTERSONS CorNERS. Hamlet. Named from early settlers.
PECKHAM pond. Named for early pioneer who lived near it.
PETERSBURG. Township, village. Named for Peter Simmons, 1791.
NortH PETERSBURG.
PETERSBURG JUNCTION.
Prxe hill. A companion name to Pike pond.
———E
54 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
PrKe pond. Descriptive.
Prttstown. Township, hamlet.
PrxtTaway island.
PLaTTstowNn. Hamlet. Originally Platstown from Peter Plate, innkeeper. Better known as Tamarac.
POESTENKILL. ‘Township and hamlet. Named for Jan Barentsen Wemp, nicknamed Poest. “ Poest means a cowherd.” (A. J. F. van Laer)
Popiar hill and Poprar island. Potter hill. Hamlet. A man named Potter was killed here by accident. : Prosser Horttow. Stream. Named for Ichabod Prosser, early settler.
QuackEN kill. “ Probably from Quack, or Kwak (pl. Quacken, Kwakken), a heron (Ardea nycticorax). Kwakken also means ‘to croak,’ but if the kill was full of frogs, it would more likely be called Kikoorschen kill than Quacken kill” (AS Ja98? van Laer)
RAYMERTOWN. Hamlet. Named for Raymer family, early settlers.
Rep pond. Descriptive; colored by soil.
REICHARD pond. From Reichard family, early settlers.
RENSSELAER. City, county. Taken from Albany county in 1791 and named for the Patroon of Rensselaerswyck.
REYNOLDS. Hamlet. Cognominal.
Rocx Hottow. Hamlet. One of the gorges of Quacken kill.
Rounp pond. Descriptive.
Sanp Lake. Township, hamlet, lake. Descriptive.
SCHAGHTICOKE. Township, village. Named for the Schaghticoke or Skaachkook tribe of Indians.
SCHAGHTICOKE hill. =
SCHAGHTICOKE JUNCTION.
SCHERMERHORN island. Named for Cornelius Schermerhorn. ScHopack. Township. Indian Skootag, fire, ack, place; “ fireplace of the nation.” Council seat of the Mahicans in this town. ScHopAcK CENTER. Hamlet = BrookviEw; ScHopAcK LANDING;
SoutH ScHopacK ; Hamlets. East Scuopack. Hamlet. SHAD island. Descriptive. SHAVER pond. SuINncLeE Hortow. Stream. Recalls a shingle mill. Suiters. Village. Named for Calvin Sliter.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9Q13 55
SNAKE hill. Descriptive.
SoutH Bertin. Hamlet. See BrErrin.
SPEIGLETOWN. Hamlet. Named for the Vanderspeigle families, early settlers. ‘“ Vanderspeigle is probably a corruption of the well-known Dutch family name of van de Spiegel. Cf. Lawrens Pieter van de Spiegel, a famous Dutch statesman, about the time of the French revolution, for whom a street in Amster- dam is named.” (A. J. F. van Laer)
Sraats island. Named for Barent Staats.
STEPHENTOWN. Township, hamlet. Named for Stephen Van Rensselaer, Patroon, 1784.
STEPHENTOWN CENTER. Hamlet (formerly Mechanicsville).
WEST STEPHENTOWN, SOUTH STEPHENTOWN and Nortu STEPHEN- TOWN. Hamlets.
STILLMAN VILLAGE. Hamlet. Cognominal.
SUNKAUISSIA creek. Sank-an-is-sick, a branch of the Tomhannock. Root may be sonkin, to grow up like a plant. (Beauchamp).
Sweet Mix creek.
TACONIC mountains. Indian name. Beauchamp gives Tagh-ka-nick, water enough. Zeisberger has Tach-an-ni-ke, full of timber.
TacKAWASICK pond and creek. (=Tsat-sa-was-sa and Sas-sa- was-sa).
The name may refer to a stone mortar (Beauchamp).
TIASHOKE. Hamlet. (Ty-o-shoke). Iroquois, “meeting of waters ” (Beauchamp).
TreRKEN kill. Dutch=noisy creek. “The derivation from the verb tieren, to make a noise, does not account for the k and seems impossible, as tieren is used only in connection with people. A more likely derivation is from Tierk, or Tjerk, the Frisian form for Dirck, the given name of some early settler.” (A. J. F. van Laer)
ToMHANNocK. Hamlet and creek. Mohawk=a flooded river (Beauchamp).
Troy. City. Originally Van Der ede and Van Der Leyden’s Ferry. “ Changed in 1789 into the more classic name of Troy.” It contains two hills, Mt Olympus and Mt Ida.
Upper ScwHopack island. See ScHopack.
VALLEY Fatts. Village, on Hoosick river.
VospurcH pond. Cognominal.
Wattoomsac. River and hamlet. Variously written, of Indian derivation,
56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
West Sanp Lake. See SAND LAKE.
Waite Liry pond. Descriptive.
Waite Rock mountain.
WYNANTSKILL. Village and stream. Named for Wynant Gerritse Vanderpoel, 1674.
THE PLACE NAMES OF SCHENECTADY COUNTY
AALPLAATS. Village and stream. Dutch, a place for eels. Now corrupted to Alplaus. “Given as Aelplaats in Burr’s atlas of 1829, Aelplatts and Alplatts on map of 1856. Though flaats, in Holland, by the illiterate, is often pronounced plaus, it would seem as if Alplaus might be a corruption of Aalplas = eel pond.” (A. J. F. van Laer)
ApAMS KiLLETYE. Stream. From Adam Mull, taken prisoner by the Indians when drinking from it. “ Killetye, corruption of Killetje = little kill (old spelling Killetie, though doubtless pro- nounced Killetje and not Killetee).” (A. J. F. van Laer)
AuptaAus. Modern corruption of Aalplaats.
AguEpucT. Hamlet. Canal crosses Mohawk.
BinneE kill. Stream. “Inner river.” A short diverted part of the Mohawk south of Van Slyck island.
Bonny Brook. Named by the Scotch settlers.
BRAMANS Corners. Hamlet. Named for Dr Joseph Braman, 1840.
CHUCTENUNDA. Stream. Chaugh-ta-noon-da=stony houses or stony places.
CooxsporouGH. Hamlet. Named for the Vandercook (Van der Koek?) families.
CrasseE kill. Stream. Cognominal.
DeLaANnson. Village. Present name of Quaker Street. Combina- tion of “ Delaware and Hudson.”
DuANEsBuRG. Town, village. Named for James Duane who settled here in 1765. i
East GLENVILLE. Hamlet. See GLENVILLE.
Eaton Corners. Hamlet.
FEATHERSTONHAUGH lake. Named for the Featherstonhaugh family. Now improperly written Featherstone lake.
GirForps. Hamlet. Named for J. Gifford, hotel keeper.
GLENVILLE. Township and village. Named for Sanders Leendertse Glen, patentee, 1820.
GREENS CorNERS. Hamlet. Named for the early settlers.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1913 57
HicH Mitts. Hamlet. Old milling settlement deriving its name from falls in the Alplaus known as High falls.
HoFFMANn’s Ferry. Named for John Hoffman, 1835. Now Horr- MAN. Originally VEppDER’s Ferry, from Harmanus Vedder, 1790.
JAN WeEmps creek. Jan Barentsen Wemp was the ancestor of the Wemp family. Name appears on some maps as Van Wemps creek.
KELLEY’s STATION. Hamlet. Named for Andrew Kelley.
MariAvVILLE. Hamlet. Named for a daughter of James Duane.
MoHAWKEVILLE. Hamlet.
NisKAyuNA. Township, village. Con-nes-ti-gu-ne or Nis-ti-goo-ne, corntiats.
NisKAyuUNA pool. Name recently introduced, with approval of Board of Geographic Names, for a body of water impounded by barge canal construction. Replaces “ Peck Lake,” not approved.
PATTERSONVILLE. Village. Named for W. H. Patterson, hotel keeper.
Protter kill. Stream. “ Plotter kill is probably a corruption of Platte kill, which occurs also in Ulster county. Platte kill= flat creek, seems a strange name. Het platte land is the term applied in Holland to the country districts, in contradistinction to the cities, and in a country which is mostly flat, is self- explanatory. But why a kill should be called plat I do not know.” (A. J. F. van Laer)
Poentics kill. Stream. “This may be a corruption of Poenties kill. “‘Poentie (or Poentje) was the nickname given to both Teunis Cornelissen Van Vechten and Teunis Dircksen Van Vechten (see Van Rensselaer Bowier MSS, p. 815, 819). The meaning of the word poentje is unknown to me. Poent is Middle Dutch spelling for modern punt = point. Poentje is the diminutive form. There is also a word poenter=assessor, so that poentje may be either a nickname for a person with a pointed face, nose or chin, or else be the real surname of the Van Vechtens, derived from some ancestor who held the office of assessor.” (A. J. F. van Laer)
PRINCETOWN. Named for John Prince of Schenectady, member of Assembly.
QUAKER STREET. Village. Quakers settled here in 1790 and made purchases of land. Now Delanson.
58 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
REESEVILLE. Named for an early settler. Now a part of Scotia.
RottEerDAM. ‘Township and village. Named from Rotterdam, Holland, on account of lowlands.
RyNeEx Corners. Hamlet. Several members of Rynex family settled in this vicinity.
SANDERS lake. Named for Sanders family.
SANDSEA kill (formerly, ZANTZEE kill). Stream. “ Zantzee (better Zandzee, or else Santsee) is a familiar Dutch expression for Sand "desertion sl) |. meanvetileaeta)
SCHENECTADY. County and city. Schagh-nac-taa-dagh, beyond the pine plains. cats Scotia. Village. The ancient name of Scotland. The patentee,
Sanders Leendertse Glen, was a Scotchman.
Town House Corners. Hamlet. The town’s business was trans- acted here.
Van Stycxs island. Named for Jacques Van Slyck, 1662.
VerF kill. Stream. Dutch= paint creek. “Given in Butr’s atlas of 1829 as Vert kill. This, however, has no significance as most of the Dutch names in that atlas are misspelled.” (A. J. F. van Laer)
WEstT GLENVILLE. See GLENVILLE.
AREAL GEOLOGY
In previous annual reports statements have been regularly given in regard to the progress made in the completion of the great geologic map of the State on the topographic base, scale of one mile to one inch. It may be broadly stated that the quadrangles which have been surveyed and fully reported upon, or upon which work is under way, now number approximately 40, although this is but a small percentage of the total number of quadrangles of the State already surveyed by the United States Geological Survey, in cooperation with the State Engineer and Surveyor. The execution of the geological work is of a kind which must of necessity progress very slowly and with every possible attention to detail. The pro- gress of the work, however, has at no time been interrupted and at the time of writing this report there are now in press final re- ports on the following areas, accompanied by detailed geologic maps on the topographic base:
The Attica and Depew quadrangles
Published together as a single map with descriptive text, by Mr Luther.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9Q13 59
The Saratoga and Schuylerville quadrangles
Also published together in one report with full descriptive details and discussion of the various important interests pertaining to the Saratoga Mineral Springs basin, by Professor Cushing and Doctor Ruedemann.
The North Creek quadrangle
Lying in the eastern Adirondack region, the report and map of which have been prepared by Professor Miller.
The Syracuse quadrangle and its accompanying text, by Professor Hopkins.
In addition to these reports, there is also a bulletin on the Geo- logical History of New York by Professor Miller, which relates especially to the physical development of this State. All these publications will presently be ready for distribution.
Central and western New York. In this region Mr Luther has continued the long series of field surveys upon which he has been engaged for nearly twenty years, and during the season of 1913 covered the quadrangles of Olcott and Lockport and that part of the Tonawanda-Wilson quadrangles which lies east of the east line - of the map prepared and published some years ago in connection with Professor Grabau’s bulletin on the Geology of Niagara Falls. Mr Luther’s reports on the quadrangles mentioned are now essen- tially prepared and will soon be ready for publication.
Northern New York. Professor Miller began the survey of the Blue Mountain quadrangle during the summer of 1913. Most of the time was spent in making a detailed study of approximately one-third of the area in the vincinity of Long Lake and Blue Moun- tain Lake villages. As most of the quadrangle has not been ex- amined and no laboratory work on the rocks yet been undertaken, only certain more evident results of the field work so far executed can be here presented.
Grenville series. The Grenville rocks are but slightly repre- sented. Their only important development, where free from closely involved igneous rocks, is in Blue Mountain lake and im- mediate vicinity. With slight exceptions, all the islands of the lake consist of Grenville limestone and hornblende-garnet gneiss together with smaller amounts of quartzite and various well-banded gneisses. Outcrops are usually large and excellent. Similar out- crops occur on the lake shores except on the north, and no doubt the bottom of the lake consists almost wholly of such Grenville strata.
Syenite-granite gneiss series. Rocks of the syenite-granite gneiss series constitute most of the area studied. No very basic phases
60 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
of the syenite were noted, the usual rock being the greenish grey, quartzose variety so well known throughout the Adirondacks. There are many fine exposures as, for example, on Blue mountain, Owl’s Head mountain and in the vicinity of Long Lake village, particularly in the large stone quarry alongside the road 1% miles southwest of the village. With increasing quartz content this rock passes into a granitic syenite which frequently shows a pinkish color. The granitic syenite in turn grades into true granite gneisses which are nearly always pink or red. Many small and large Gren- ville gneiss bands or inclusions occur parallel to the foliation in all facies of the syenite-granite series. Frequently these rocks show rather rapid changes in color and composition parallel to the foliation, though not the slightest evidence that one of these rock types cuts another has yet been found. Rather there is much evidence to show that the different facies really grade into each other and are only variations of the same intrusive body. Though at times the porphyritic texture is somewhat developed, no map- pable areas of granite or syenite porphyry were found.
Mixed gneiss series. There are two considerable areas of syenite- granite and Grenville mixed gneisses. One of these occupies several square miles just south of Blue Mountain and Eagle lakes and the other some 8 or 10 square miles along the northern border of the quadrangle. As usual, in areas previously reported by the writer, these rocks consist of Grenville strata shot through by and closely involved with syenite or granite. Often wide bands of Grenville are plainly visible while more rarely the Grenville has been more or less assimilated by the intruding magma.
Gabbro. Several gabbro stocks or dikes of the usual sort with associated amphibolite’ have been found. The largest, occupying three-fourths of a square mile, is crossed by the main road 4 miles east of Long Lake village.
Diabase. Two fine diabase dikes occur on the eastern shore of Long lake, respectively one-half mile and 1 mile north of Long Lake village. One dike has a width of 40 feet and both show sharp contacts and clear-cut branches from the main masses. They strike north 30° east.
Faults. It is quite evident that the western portion of the Blue Mountain quadrangle lies west of the region of extreme faulting in the Adirondacks. Good evidence for but one fault was found and this line of fracture has determined the Raquette river channel across the corner of the quadrangle. Thus the remarkably straight
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9Q13 61
northeast-southwest strike of this channel is accounted for. Nothing very positive can be said regarding the amount of dis- placement and date of this fracture but its presence is demon- strated by fine crushed and broken rock zones at Buttermilk falls and several places in the ledges along the shores of the lake.
Glaciation. A number of good glacial striae were observed especially near Long Lake village and toward the western base of Blue mountain. These bear from south 30° to 50° west, thus harmonizing with other observations in the interior Adirondack region. Much glacial drift has been deposited, particularly over the lowlands, but there is no good evidence for ice erosion other than the removal of superficial loose or decomposed materials.
Brier Hill and Ogdensburg quadrangles. Professor Cushing was engaged for part of the summer of 1913 in the Brier Hill and Ogdensburg quadrangles and reports that, so far as his observa- tions have extended, the Precambric rocks are of considerable interest. There are long, narrow tongues of porphyritic syenite cutting the Grenville rocks and in parallelism with their structure. It is suggested that they are of the nature of huge dikes, but if this is the case the parent body of syenite from which they sprung nowhere appears and must lie to the south on the Gouverneur sheet. There is much amphibolite and interbedded Grenville sedi- ments cut by the porphyritic syenite. Part of this amphibolite, however, into which the porphyritic syenite appears to grade, is evidently igneous, yet so far it has proved impossible to distinguish certainly the two in the field.
The Paleozoic section is well shown on these two quadrangles and is of much interest. The Potsdam sandstone is thin and of unequal thickness owing to the irregularity of the surface on which it was deposited. It is quite like the Potsdam of the Alexandria Bay and Theresa region described in Museum Bulletin 145. The overlying Theresa formation has greatly thickened and in its upper portion carries a massive 20 foot sandstone which is prominent all across this district and, according to Professor Chadwick, is con- tinuous into the Canton quadrangle. The horizon is fossiliferous but until a definite examination of the fossils has been made it is not practicable to say whether this sandstone and the overlying beds are positively of Theresa or whether they may be of the age of the Tribes Hill formation. The overlying Beekmantown for- mation has a thickness of about 100 feet, with no summit shown. It is highly fossiliferous and these fossils indicate that the base
62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
of the formation here is comparable with the middle of subdivision D of the Champlain section, that is, that division D and C of that section and the lower part of D, are lacking here and that Beek- mantown deposition at the west of the Adirondacks began cor- respondingly. later than in the Champlain valley.
Canton quadrangle. Mr Martin, who has been occupied with the Precambric rocks of this quadrangle, reports as follows:
The Grenville formations and the later intrusives are about equally abundant in the area examined. Nothing older than Gren- ville was discovered, for these rocks everywhere rest upon later igneous masses. Their total thickness is not demonstrably greater than 2 miles. Of the Grenville sediments, the limestones, in vary- ing degrees of purity, are perhaps the most abundant; sometimes they are made up of pure carbonate of lime, but as a rule there is a prominent admixture of silicates, actinolite, coccolite, phlogopite and other minerals. Transitions through quartz-mesh varieties to thin-bedded quartz-schists are often observed.
Garnet-gneiss, with garnet-free varieties, is strongly developed in the southeastern part of the quadrangle, but elsewhere it occurs only in thin layers. These rocks are associated with limestones and rusty gneisses, and the total thickness is not far from 3500 feet. The series has been injected by later intrusives of both gabbroic or gabbro-dioritic and granitic composition, and the whole doubly folded back upon itself into an immense isoclinal sigmoid, now beveled by the surface of erosion.
Silicious gneisses, occurring chiefly in the western part of the sheet, comprise garnetiferous biotite schists, quartz-feldspar- biotite paragneisses, thin quartzites and other transitional sedi- mentary varieties. With these are sometimes associated thin laminae and layers of calcareous quartzite, and some limestone strata, only the largest of which are mapped separately. Minor types, such as quartzite, quartz-mesh limestone, quartz schist and pyritous gneiss, are of restricted development, and of these the latter has the more general distribution. Certain amphibolites, in the lack of precise indications as to their origin, are questionably included in this series.
The amphibolites of the Pierrepont region, on the other hand, are believed to be, and those of the Little River-Pyrites belt are known to be, derived from an early gabbro intrusion, and the two masses are probably, though not certainly, continuous. South of Pierrepont Center the basic intrusive has formed an injection zone
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1913 63
with the garnet-gneiss as country rock; in the case of the Pyrites mass, numerous xenoliths of Grenville limestone and gneisses have been included, among them the narrow belt of pyritous gneiss at Pyrites which is the ore-bearing stratum.
‘The pink granite-gneiss occupies broad belts and smaller isolated subcircular areas; while generally foliated, it is rarely massive and saccharoidal. Pegmatite dikes of simple mineralogical composition are abundantly developed in the western area where they cut through Grenville silicious gneisses. Some of these penetrate the amphibolitic border of the gabbro formation, and the granite is believed therefore, though other evidence is lacking, to be younger than the latter. The granite contains abundant amphibolitic in- clusions; in the absence of satisfactory data as to the derivation of these by the metamorphism of limestone, which nowhere shows contact alteration as distinct from regional, the xenoliths are viewed as inclusions of the earlier basic rocks caught up during the in- trusion of the granite. Inclusions other than amphibolite are absent, and because of the apparent impotence of the granite to produce contact alteration, it is believed that widespread assimila- tion has not taken place in those portions of the magma now accessible to observation. .
The schistosity has a general northeast-southwest strike and a northwest dip of 20 to 40 degrees; it ordinarily follows the band- ing or strike of the formations, but in numerous instances the latter intersects it at an angle as high as go degrees. Pitch, as applied to the directrices of folds of all sizes and to the elongation of mineral groups and individuals, is usually parallel to the direction of average dip, but may depart from it as much as I5 or 20 degrees. In the more western gneisses, on the contrary, it is almost parallel to the strike. On the whole, the axes of folds in the limestone, garnet, gneiss and other formations, as well as the elongation of xenoliths in granite, conform with remarkable constancy to this northwest pitch.
An important structure is the tilted sigmoidal isocline south and west of Pierrepont, which involves the broad belt of garnet-gneiss already referred to, and its peripheral amphibolitic and granitic injection zone. Its axes correspond to the regional pitch, its axial planes to the regional foliation and its limbs are parallel to the regional trend of the formations. Its greatest measured dimension is over 6 miles in an east-northeast direction; from top to bottom it measures 344 miles, and it is perhaps the largest Precambric
64 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
structure of its type known. The wide departure of its axes from the formation trend is believed to point to at least two periods of orographic disturbance in this vicinity.
Igneous rocks are ordinarily in the form of sills. In the case of the gabbro these may represent stocks or bosses rolled out by dynamic readjustments, but many of the smaller masses were un- _ doubtedly intruded as thin sheets to form an injection zone, such as that south of Pierrepont. In the case of the granite, the habit is much the same; but the sills are of huge dimensions and together with the smaller bosses probably represent the irregular surface of a regional bathylith. ny
In view of the limited area covered by the field work for this report, perhaps too much reliance should not be placed upon the broad generalizations here offered. Nevertheless they represent, in the writer’s opinion, the weight of evidence for this quadrangle; but they are recognized as being subject to modification when viewed in the light of future more extended researches.
Professor Chadwick, who has been engaged with the Paleozoic rocks of this quadrangle, reports as follows: ‘
The Paleozoic formations occupy the northern third of the quad- rangle and occur also as several small outliers through the southern half. The northern outcrops are in general quite limited in number and in area, since the region is under a heavy cover of drumlin drift; they are confined chiefly to the beds of the Grasse river, Trout and Stony brooks, and the Raquette. While all the layers decline, broadly speaking, to the northward, following the present slope of the subsurface of Precambric crystallines, they present many minor undulations of gentle dip, crisscrossing like the waves of a choppy sea.
Along the contact of the main mass with the crystalline rocks that lie to the south, there exists a blank zone exceeding 1% miles in breadth, in which bedrock is wholly concealed. The first out- crops seen on the north of this zone are small, often easily over- looked, exposures of the Theresa beds—upper semicalcareous Cambric strata. These are followed, usually immediately, by ex- tensive ledges of a white vitreous “ quartzite,’ 20 feet or more in thickness, containing numerous “ Scolithus”” and having much the appearance of the “ white Potsdam” sandstone, with which it has evidently been confused in earlier explorations. Fine exposures of this are seen at Morley and northeastward to the Trout brook, thence southeastward along Stony brook to Sissonville on the
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9Q13 65
Raquette river. The discovery of large flat-coiled gastropods up to 3% inches in diameter in this sandstone early threw doubt upon its supposed Potsdam age and led to the study of the better sections on the neighboring Ogdensburg and Brier Hill quad- rangles. At Heuvelton, on the Oswegatchie, the field relations of the much more ‘conspicuous ledges there widely exposed indicated a position above the Theresa division, which formation shows well in the falls below the dam; and this was confirmed by the succession of these strata in the nearly continuous section exposed along the St Lawrence river between Morristown and Ogdensburg. The heavy “twenty-foot”’ sandstone, carrying the large gastropods and “ Scolithus,’’ was found to lie far up in the “transition” series of mixed calcareous and arenaceous beds and to belong apparently in the base of the Canadian group (Ordovicic), corresponding to a part of what have been termed the “ Tribes Hill” beds farther west and south. |
The overlying, alternating sandy and dolomitic beds of the Tribes Hill formation are best displayed at Buck’s bridge on the Grasse river and there carry well-preserved Pleurotomaria hunterensis’ in the sandy layers; though farther west, as at Theresa and Heuvelton, these occur in the calcareous parts only. In passing eastward this formation has become far more arenaceous than in Jefferson county, so much so that it too has been included with the “ Potsdam” in the earlier mapping. Its lithic characters _are here much more like those of the (restricted) Theresa beds than is the case in the Theresa region, where the Tribes Hill outcrops at once suggest the higher marine Beekmantown.
What appear to be the top beds of this division are overlaid con- formerly opposite the lower mills at Hewittville on the Raquette * by 10 or 11 feet of more calcareous strata of different aspect. These consist of drab calcilutytes, weathering light buff or greenish yellow, more or less shot with irregular, brown-weather- ing streaks of sand. In the Morristown-Ogdensburg section, 4 or 5 feet of similar beds are seen at the summit of the Tribes Hill; but at an intervening exposure on Trout brook they seem to be lacking though present again in a railway cut a few rods to the west. The appearance of an unconformity with the overlying purer dolomites of the Beekmantown at each of these three lo-
1Tdentified by Doctor Ruedemann. . 2 This locality is just over the line on the Potsdam quadrangle.
3
66 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
calities is thus emphasized by this discontinuity of the subforma- tion. It is expected that these beds will be found to thicken -east- wardly and to take on a more open-water character, whereas here they have many marks of a shoreward, shoal-water deposit. A small Maclurea-like gastropod is the only fossil observed in them.
The beds that succeed, apparently unconformably, are of normal “upper Beekmantown” character, mostly drab or gray dolomites, sometimes with a pinkish cast, though there are one or more sharply defined beds of white sandstone of “* Potsdam” type in the series, and a limited amount of sand in scattered worn grains is likely to be found at any level, but its presence is not conspicuous. The rock generally has a velvety surface on fresh fracture. These beds are well seen along the Rutland Railroad at the Madrid-Potsdam turnpike crossing and near Norwood, and constitute the highest layers exposed on the Canton quadrangle.
Paleozoic outhers. Returning to the southern boundary, it is observed that the rock sequence above discussed lacks a base, and that no exposures of its lowest beds, where the sub- stantial Potsdam sandstone is to be expected, are known on this quadrangle, and only the topmost part of the succeeding Theresa formation. A glance at the State geologic map will show that the Precambric crystalline rocks protrude far to the north on the meridian of Canton. A reasonable assumption, to which the field evidence offers no dissent, is that the Potsdam sandstone is entirely, or nearly, cut out across this quadrangle by an elevated area or ~ monadnock in the Precambric erosion surface (“sub-Potsdam peneplain”’) north of Canton. There is abundant evidence about Canton of the ruggedness of this sub-Potsdam surface, and this would be merely repeating over a larger district what happens in a smaller way here and there about Theresa and on Wellesley ° island.+_ What comes the nearest to being an outcrop of the main body of white sandstone below the Theresa is an extensive exposure of cross-bedded saccharoidal sandstone with occasional large white quartz cobbles, in the bed of the Grasse river just above the county house. This small area is nearly surrounded by the crystallines, the actual contacts covered, however, and thus must fit a deep embayment in these, if- it is not actually an isolated outlier. No great thickness is visible, though the ledges form two separate series of rapids.
1N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 145, p. 60.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1913 67
Similar white saccharoidal sandstone, usually but little disturbed and with dips no greater than have been seen over the northern belts, occurs as outliers in separate localities along the east side of the Grasse river 2 and 3 miles respectively south of Canton. At the nearer of these the actual contact with the adjacent Grenville quartzite is excellently revealed, the latter beds standing vertically. Not far away are exposures of a more indurated and disturbed red or reddish sandstone of typical Potsdam character and revealing extensive brecciation and microfaulting. Often this rock is vir- tually a quartzite, though quite distinct in character from the thoroughly metamorphic Grenville. Small thrusts and monoclines are common. Some of the rock is highly autoclastic. These two types of rocks, with their color contrast even more pronounced perhaps, occur in very close proximity at the more southerly locality, where the red one is seen (as at several other points) in an equally unconformable but strikingly different type of contact with the Grenville quartzite and marble. The relations here are such that pertinence of the white and the red sandstones to the same formation seems open to question, though positive evidence of difference of age is not yet discovered. And these doubts intrude themselves at all the other localities examined, including the ex- posures north and south of Potsdam village. A distinction between these beds has been suggested by Cushing’ for the Theresa quad- rangle, with an erosion interval postulated on the basis of red pebbles incorporated in the white beds. It appears to us that no considerable age difference is indicated by the accumulating data and that Winchell’s suggestion” of lower or middle Cambric age for the true red Potsdam sandstone of the Hannawa quarries (type locality) is hardly acceptable, though still possible.
SURFICIAL GEOLOGY
During the year past Professor Fairchild has continued his obser- vations upon the changes in the postglacial waters. In the summer of 1913 his work was partly in the Champlain valley and partly, for purposes of comparison, in the valley of the Connecticut river. The manuscript copy of the forthcoming Churubusco or Ellenburg quadrangle sheet gave opportunity for determination of altitudes in the area near the Canadian boundary east and southeast of Covey hill. With the help of this map, it was found that the series
1N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 145, p. 62. 2Vide N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 95, p. 360.
68 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
of heavy cobble beaches at and north of Cannon Corners reached 735 feet in altitude, which is very near to the figure 750 feet which has been used for the theoretic height at the north line of the State. It seemed apparent that the up and down movement of the Hudson-Champlain valley must have involved the adjacent Con- necticut valley, and therefore an exploration was made of the latter from Long Island sound to Wells River. This invasion of New England is also necessary for the study of the pleistocene of Long Island, since in position and in glacial history the latter area is a part of the former.
It was found that the phenomena of submergence in sea-level waters, so obtrusive in the Hudson-Champlain valley, were clear and abundant in the Connecticut valley. The high-level “terraces” and sand plains, of which much has been written, attributing them to deposits of the glacially-flooded river, are really delta deposits made in standing waters at sea level. The plains and terraces are partly contributed, as in the Hudson valley, by glacial outwash and partly by land drainage, and later somewhat distributed and shaped by river work at lower levels.
The origin of the plains in Massachusetts as static water deposits were recognized by Professor Emerson, and so described in his United States Geological Survey publications, Monograph XXIX, and Holyoke folio, no. 50. His water plane was taken as a datum plane, and it was found practically to mark the upper limit of the standing water from Middletown north to the mouth of Passumpsic river, about 280 miles. Northward from this point the valley was above the sea level.
In the Connecticut valley the uplifted marine plane has a north- ward rise of 2.30 feet a mile, nearly identical with the gradient in the Hudson valley which is 2.23 feet. But for equal latitudes the Connecticut plane lies about 50 feet higher than the Hudson plane, which makes the isobases or lines of equal uplift lie about 20 de- grees north of west by 20 degrees south of east.
Following are some of the altitudes in the Connecticut valley: Riverhead, L. I., 120 feet; New Haven, Conn., 180; Middletown, 220; Hartford, 280; Springfield, Mass., 300; Brattleboro, Vt., 420; Hanover, N. H., 565; Wells River, Vt., 620. These are theoretic altitudes of the datum plane, but are very close to the actual levels of the summit terraces.
It appears that the west end of Long Island was mostly above this sea while the east end was mostly submerged. The heavy
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI3 69
moraines stood above the sea. The broad sand plains, so character- istic of broad areas of Long Island, are attributed to the sub- mergence in the ocean as the ice sheet melted.
The Winooski valley in Vermont, opening at Burlington and heading east of Montpelier, is a replica of the Connecticut valley. It was deeply flooded by the Champlain sea-level water and exhibits well-formed high deltas. The history of its terraces is the same as for the Connecticut.
It is planned to publish as a bulletin of the State Museum the proofs of the marine submergence of the Hudson-Champlain valley and description of the phenomena. In this connection it will be necessary to make comparison with the corresponding features in New England.
The study of the surficial geology of the Saratoga quadrangle was completed by Professor Stoller and the final report, with map, submitted. Beginning was also made by him in the study of the glacial geology of the Cohoes quadrangle.
INDUSTRIAL GEOLOGY
The collections relating to the economic mineral materials of the State have been so largely augmented during the past season as to constitute practically an entirely new addition to the Museum. The materials have been assembled by solicitation among the repre- sentative industries and in part by personal canvass in the field. Although fairly complete exhibits of the kind have been prepared at different times by the Museum for the expositions at Chicago, St Louis, Portland and Buffalo, there has never been any attempt hitherto to incorporate a series of the products of our mineral in- dustry as a permanent feature of the Museum itself. As a con- sequence, the collections previously made were largely scattered after they had served their purpose of temporary display, and much of the remnant returned to Albany has suffered damage from re- peated removals from one storage place to another. A list of the new collections is included with the Museum accessions for the year.
It is proper to state that the plan of assembling such an exhibit has met with hearty cooperation on the part of the mining and quarry enterprises concerned, and that many have gone to consid- erable inconvenience and expense in preparing the necessary ma- terials. Acknowledgment may be made in this place for the general support that has thus been received, without which the labor would
70 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
have been greatly increased and the results no doubt much dimin- ished in value.
Mining and quarry review. The usual statistical canvass of the mineral industries was carried out, as a basis for the publication of a summary of the year’s activities. The total production re- turned by the industries for 1912 had a value of $36,552,789. This indicated a period of general business expansion, since it was larger by nearly 17 per cent than the amount reported for the preceding year. In fact, the value of the output failed by only a small amount of reaching a new record, although the market conditions were by no means so favorable as they had been in some of the previous years.
In some branches of the mineral industry, New York State .oc- cupies a very prominent place and it participates in a large number of others which altogether contribute very considerably to the aggre- gate. There were thirty-five materials listed in the general table of products. The clay-making and quarry industries accounted for the largest items, the former with a total of $11,947,497 and the latter with an aggregate value of $5,718,984. These branches show great stability, but no marked tendency toward expansion from year to year. On the other hand, the cement industry, which in a sense competed with both the stone and clay-working industries, has made rapid strides of late years, after a period of vicissitude that nearly exterminated the once prosperous natural cement busi- ness of the State. With the decline of the latter, the portland cement branch was built up and has more than counterbalanced the loss of the former, with a gain in output over last year of nearly one-third. Similarly, the gypsum industry within a short time has developed from small proportions to a very important business that appears capable of further growth. The local mines supply a large share of the gypsum required by the Pennsylvania and New York portland cement plants which insure a steady market for the surplus rock. Most of the output, however, is used by the producers themselves for the manufacture of wall plasters and stucco. Another industry in which local enterprise is prom- inently concerned is the production of salt, both by underground mining and by evaporation of brines pumped from wells. Two of the largest salt mines in the country are located in Genesee county and there are more than twenty-five evaporating works distributed among six counties. The annual output is now above 10,000,000 barrels and is gaining steadily. The iron deposits of the State have attracted much attention recently and there is prospect of a
.REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQ13 Ff
material enlargement of the productive industry which has long been an important one. Recently the resources of the Highlands region have shown the greatest interest perhaps, although develop- ments have continued in the Adirondacks where the principal mines are now situated. Additional details in regard to the economic situation of the mineral resources will be found in the report al- ready mentioned.
Report on quarry materials. Owing to the press of other work, it has not been possible to extend the investigation of the quarry materials beyond the crystalline rocks, and consequently the prepa- ration of a comprehensive report on the subject which was men- tioned last year as in progress has had to be postponed for the present. The matter already in hand has been made ready for pub- lication and will be submitted for that purpose unless the field work can be resumed during the coming season. The part com- pleted covers the crystalline silicate rocks and the marbles, the materials that have received the least attention in previous work in the field.
Molding sand. Some of the molding sand localities in the vicin- ity of Albany were visited last summer for the purpose of procuring samplés for the Museum collections, and the opportunity was used to study the features surrounding the occurrence of this material. The origin of the sands and of their peculiar qualities which give them industrial value have received little attention hitherto beyond brief statements included in some of the areal reports on the Hudson river region and one or two other publications.
Stoller in his report on the “ Glacial Geology of the Schenectady Quadrangle” remarks that the deposits in that vicinity do not occur at any definite level, but rise and fall with the surface contours, a feature which is true for the sands throughout the region. Al- though they are restricted to the flat-terraced area of sands, gravels and clays accumulated in the glacial Lake Albany, there is a varia- tion of 200 feet in the elevations at which they are found in the _ section around Albany and Schenectady. Moreover, the sand in any particular locality follows the minor surface irregularities with a variation sometimes of as much as 20 feet between the high and low places. Any sudden and pronounced change in the topography, however, such as caused by a stream cutting into the terrace, marks the disappearance of the valuable sand. The thickness of the sand ranges from a mere film to several feet. Eight or 9 feet was stated by the gatherers as the maximum known to have been excavated in the vicinity, but the average is probably not over 30 inches.
72 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
The molding sand occurs directly under the soil and is succeeded by a layer of loose or “open” sand of variable thickness. The latter is usually of coarser nature and does not pack like the mold- ing sand. It has a grayish color from admixture of shale with the quartz grains. Below this layer is found the Hudson river clay, yellow on top, changing to blue in depth.
The features surrounding the field occurrence of the sand appear to be exceptional for a simple water-laid deposit like the sand, gravels and clays that underlie it. It is not a definite bed or layer interstratified with the others and exposed at certain horizons, nor does it appear to have any counterpart in the series. It contrasts with the underlying sands in its fine, even grain, in its evidences of a weathered condition and in the fact that except for the inter-— mixed clayey material is a very fine quartz sand. In its distribu- tion it has the character of a surficial mantle that varies in thick- ness rather rapidly and also changes in vertical altitude more than would be expected from an undisturbed water-laid stratum.
The characteristic fine-grained sands which form the principal material shipped to foundries are made up of angular to subrounded quartz grains. Under the microscope the individual grains are fre- quently observed to possess sharply concave sides which are natural fracture surfaces of the quartz, developed no doubt by granulation under pressure. This points to a glacial source which, of course, is generally accepted as the origin for the whole series of detrital deposits, but there appears to be some indication of additional abrasion by other agencies. The angles are more or less rounded and the grains may show frosted or pitted surfaces, features sug- gestive of wind action subsequent to that of the ice.
Sufficient details of the field occurrence of the sand have not been assembled as yet to justify any conclusions as to the process by which the sand has attained its present distribution and attitude toward the other deposits. In some places, however, there is strong resemblance to eolian deposits, with modifications arising from their fixation by plant growth and subsequent weathering. Live sand dunes exist in the vicinity of the molding sands. Their materials are similar to the latter with the difference that they are not so well sorted and lack the weathered appearance which is always found in the true molding sands. It seems quite probable that the finer particles of these shifting sands are being sorted out by the winds and distributed over the surrounding area and may thus con- tribute some share to the upbuilding of the molding sand layer. There is little question that weathering influences by the breaking
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I913 73
down of the shale particles and the hydration and oxidation of their constituents, specially the iron compounds, exercise a beneficial change upon the material. The subject needs further study, how- ever, in order to ascertain the specific effects wrought by the differ- ent agencies.
Miscellaneous. Field investigations other than those incident to brief trips for collecting purposes have been suspended during the year.
The office work has involved the usual extensive correspondence, of which a large part is concerned with the statistical canvass of the mineral industries. There has been a very active interest shown in the various undeveloped resources of the State, and numerous inquiries were received for advice as to possible locations for enter- prise. These have related to almost all departments, but there seems to be particular interest at present in natural gas, iron ores, and high-grade limestones. It is aimed to give all possible assistance to legitimate requests of this character. The office has also been frequently called upon to identify and value samples of minerals, a function that is well within its province so long as there is not involved any elaborate chemical analysis or assay, in which case commercial laboratories must be consulted.
MINERALOGY
The time of the mineralogist has been given exclusively to the arrangement of the mineralogical collections, which is now well ad- vanced. Reference has already been made to the acquisition of the Silas A. Young collection of minerals of Orange county which has been incorporated in the general arrangement. The mineral col- lections as now displayed constitute a double series, one being the general collection which has been made as complete as circumstances permit, and the other a series of New York State minerals which is undoubtedly the best of its kind.
PALEONTOLOGY
The attention of the paleontological staff has also been almost exclusively given to the arrangement of the paleontological collec- tions. This work has been carried well forward, but the prelim- inary arrangement must of necessity be succeeded by a more per- manent and carefully selected one. Into this collection of materials from the old Museum has had to be incorporated a large amount of material obtained by the purchase of the Gebhard collection.. In addition to this work of arrangement of fossils, much has been done
74. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
toward the effective restoration of fossils, and to these reference has been made. A series of life-size restorations of the Eurypterida of the genera Pterygotus, Eurypterus, Eusarcus and Stylonurus, | have been prepared, effectively colored, framed and set up in the Museum. The reproduction of Pterygotus, a New York species, is upwards of 9 feet in length, a statement which may con- vey some conception of the enormous size attained by these great arthropods of the shallow waters of the Silurian sea. Doctor Ruedemann has also very successfully rendered a series of recon- structions of the cephalopods, showing the interior structure as well as the complete form of the exterior. This series includes the genera Manticoceras, Gyroceras, Endoceras, Orthoceras, Piloceras, Trochoceras and Gonioceras, all on sufficiently large scale to bring out the structural details, which are not always clearly preserved in the fossils themselves.
In the face of the pressure of Museum work it has not been possible during the past year to accomplish any field work in paleon- tology or to carry forward in the office any extensive researches in this subject. ,
For a number of years past the paleontologist has made reference in these reports to the development of the New York fossil faunas and their containing formations in lower Canada, specially in the region of the Gaspé peninsula. During the summer of 1913 the twelfth meeting of the International Geological Congress convened in Toronto, and among the geological excursions that were prepared in connection with that meeting was one into the Maritime Provinces including the Gaspé peninsula. At the request of the Canadian authorities, the paleontologist prepared a guide for the part of this excursion embracing the Gaspé peninsula and a portion of northern New Brunswick, and was privileged to act as guide over part of the course. This inviting excursion was participated in by about seventy geologists from various parts of the world, among them being the directors of the Geological Surveys of Great Britain and of France, as well as distinguished workers in this field from all the countries of Europe, from Indo-China, China, Japan, South Africa and the isles of the sea. Inasmuch as this field has been so fully exploited in the reports of the New York Geological Survey, it seems altogether appropriate now to present here a sum- mary opinion of its geology by the director of the Geological Survey of France, M. Pierre Termier, recently published in the Proceedings of the Academie des Sciences. For these very ex-
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Slab of Devonic starfish from Saugerties, N. Y., as mounted in the Museum. This slab measures 4 feet g inches x 4 feet g inches and carries 190 starfish. View taken from above
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9QI3 75
cellent reasons, a translation of M. Termier’s summation of his observations in the field is herewith attached:
This excursion led us across the region of the primitive rocks, some of them much folded, some only undulated or even nearly horizontal, and which lie between the St Lawrence river and the _ Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia. I call this country the Appalachian region of Canada; for it is the prolongation, in Canadian territory, of the primary folded region known as the Appalachians which plays so important a role in the eastern United States. The same folded belt extends farther on to the north, to form Newfoundland ; it then buries itself beneath the waters of the Atlantic, and Marcel Bertrand believed that he had seen it, in the ocean depths, joining the folded Armorican belt.
The interest of this excursion, to my mind, was twofold: strati- graphic and tectonic. Under guidance of the best authorities, the ’ whole primary series, almost complete, and often rich in fossils, to discern the folds of this series; to follow them and fix their date, in a folded belt not less than 600 kilometers in width and the length of which we failed to cover in more than 500 kilometers; it is that which occupied and enamored us for eighteen days.
The Appalachian region of Canada parallels the southeastern border of Laurentia, pressing and molding itself against it. It is well known that Laurentia (of Edouard Suess), still called the Can- adian Shield, is an immense domain of the earth’s surface lying as though frozen down since Cambric times. All the beds belonging to it which are not earlier than the Cambric, are horizontal. They may be faulted and eroded; they are not rearranged nor folded. This anchored Laurentia comprises the greater part of Canada. At the south it reaches well into the United States; at the west to the Rocky mountains ; on the northwest to the Mackenzie river; at the north as far as the mountains recently discovered in Ellesmere, Grinnell and Grant Lands; on the northeast it extends
beneath the Atlantic, and the ancient north Atlantic continent, of .
which Greenland and Iceland are only the debris, seer:s to belong to it. Quebec is a point on the southeast margin of Laurentia. To the northeast of Quebec this margin coincides with the valley of the St Lawrence; it trends down-river toward the east, then toward the southeast along the coast of Gaspesia passing between this shore and the south coast of the island of Anticosti, and regaining
its direction toward the northeast, passes along the Straits of Belle .
Isle, to lose itself at once in the Atlantic. To the southwest of Quebec the southeast border of Laurentia crosses the valley of the St Lawrence, then, little by little, taking a south-southeast direction and even an almost due south course, coincides with the long depres- sion of Lake Champlain. Wherever it can be seen, the southeast border of Laurentia is a great fault. The two regions separated by the fault are in striking contrast: contrast in the aspect of the paleozoic lands, here perfectly horizontal, there folded, twisted, some times crushed ; contrast in the relief of the ground, much more strik-
76 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
ing than in Laurentia which is a country overelevated and formed of hard rocks while the folded paleozoic country is a low land, pro- foundly worn, and with gentle curves.
There are few regions on the surface of the earth where the present geography is so intimately bound to a very ancient geog- raphy, where the present relief has so great an antiquity as in the
' Appalachian region of Canada. One may say that since the Cambric
or at least since the lower Ordovicic, the St Lawrence has flowed as it does today from the place where Quebec now stands; some- times in the condition of a marine channel, long and straight, turn- ing to the south of Anticosti and passing through Belle Isle; some- times as a vast fluvial valley collecting the waters of the immense American continent and carrying them to the sea by way-of the Cabot strait, as it does today.
All about the Gulf of St Lawrence the plan of the coasts is an ancient plan, determined in its ground lines by phenomena earlier than the Carbonic. The peninsula of Nova Scotia, with its curious shape, is a Precarbonic link formerly connected with Newfoundland, partly covered by the whole of a transgressive series which has re- mained horizontal but manifests nevertheless the Precarbonic aspect in the alinement of its hillocks and its coasts, in the rias which characterizes the entire island of Cape Breton. The Bay of Fundy has not changed since Triassic times and in those times it re- sembled very much what it had been during the Carbonic. It re- quires but little imagination to see this country as it was in the different epochs of the Paleozoic, in the Gothlandic, in the Devonic, in the Westphalic, in the Permic. In very truth, if any member of the human family had lived in those times so prodigiously remote, for example at the end of the Devonic, if he had then traversed all this region already folded and prepared for the great Carbonic transgression, and if he could return today after millions of cen- turies of sleep and exile, to Gaspesia, New Brunswick or Nova Scotia, it would not seem at all a strange land to him.
The great orogenic movements in the Appalachian region of Canada are of Devonic age. As always, they had been slowly prepared by preliminary movements, and for a long time after them the ground continued to undulate. Preliminary movements and posthumous undulations have had, broadly speaking, the same direction as the principal folding. The most ancient preliminary movements date back to the Cambric. It is in the Cambric that history ceased to be the same for Laurentia and for the Appalachian region.
The age of the principal folding is perhaps not everywhere exactly the same. In Gaspesia and about the Bay Chaleur where there are two highly fossiliferous Devonic series, one lower De- vonic, the other upper Devonic, and where the great discordance lies between the two, the principal plication is dated with reason- able precision — the middle Devonic. No part of it seems to have been delayed into the Dinantic.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9Q13 77
The principal folding, of Devonic age, was extremely energetic. The folds are often greatly squeezed with a general tendency to leaning to overthrust toward the northwest. It is the push toward Laurentia, as intimated long ago. This may have resulted in the formation of veritable sheets which have gradually disappeared. We have seen one indisputable overthrust, that of the Ordovicic of Cap-des-Rosiers by the Lower Devonic of Cap-Bon-Ami and Grande Gréve, at the extreme point of Gaspesia. The surface of displacement, unfortunately not very clear, dips here to the south- east at an angle of about 30°.
Very often the folds are straight and the beds vertical. Phe- nomena of crushing and foliation have not seemed to me very frequent or very intense. I have seen them, however, very beauti- fully developed in the Bathurst iron mine south of the Bay Chaleur —a foliated microgranite, having the aspect of gneiss and even the appearance of glazed slates, gray or clear green, in a band of folded Ordovicic. There are analogous compressions, and much more abundant, in the azoic rocks of Nova Scotia, granites and diabases on the east coast of the Bras d’Or, auriferous slates and granites in the region of Halifax; but these terranes are probably Pre- cambric and their folding belongs to an epoch much more remote than the Appalachian folding.
The folds of Devonic age are, in a generai sense, directed south- west-northeast. They are the ones which, as I have above said, determine the prolongation of Nova Scotia and the island of Cape Breton; likewise those which determine the rias of this island and those of Newfoundland. But the easternmost of these folds, those that are close against the margin of Laurentia, bend downward, beginning at St Anne-des-Monts, parallel to the coast of Gaspesia. At Gaspé and Percé, they are oriented toward the southeast. It is clear that this sinuosity is quite local and that the same folds, concealed today at the bottom of the Gulf of St Lawrence, regain soon between Anticosti and the Magdalen Islands, the northeast direction. The Carbonic mantle of New Brunswick conceals from view the same sinuous effects in the Devonic plications of this province. It seems as though we had an analogous sinuosity, but highly attenuated, on the east coast of the Bay of Fundy, on the long fjord (Minas bay) and in the country which extends from Truro to Arisaig. It will then be manifested by posthumous un- dulations much more than by the almost invisible Devonic folds. At any rate the sunken region of the ancient Devonic chain, which has become the Gulf of St Lawrence, corresponds to an energetic destruction of plication and it seems to me that under the waters of the gulf all the folds of Gaspesia are squeezed and crushed along the west coast of Newfoundland. This great Devonic chain, at least 600 kilometers across, where widest, and even 400 kilometers on the north of Newfoundland, doubtless continues well beyond that to the northeast. But does it go, as Marcel Bertrand thought, toward the south of England and toward Bretagne? I do not think so, now that I have seen it. The Devonic chain of Canada
78 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
is an arrested Caledoman chain; I mean to say by that, a branch of the great chain of northern Scotland, of a little later date than the Scottish stock. It is with the Highlands of Scotland that the old Newfoundland mountains seem to me to be in agreement.
Here, as there, upon the partly leveled Caledonian folds extend, transgressive and rich in coarse conglomerate, the red sandstones. Those of Canada are a little more yellow than those of Scotland and their highest members are of Dinantic age. These red sand- stones of Canada, dated, here and there, by fishes or by plants, are often nearly horizontal. The Bonaventure, the Scaumenac, the Horton Bluffs formations belong to them. The so-called Windsor beds (with brachiopod limestones and frequent gypsum masses) seem to me to be the upper element of this complex and’ incon- testably Dinantic.
After the deposition of this mantle of red sandstones, and doubt- less toward the close of the Dinantic, began a new movement, of slight intensity, gently displacing the coasts and producing here and there lacunes and discordances in sedimentation. For over a restricted area of the ancient chain, an area covering the northeast portion of New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton and northwestern Nova Scotia, the Westphalic is deposited almost everywhere to an enormous thickness. The base of the West- phalic is often designated by the name Riversdale and Union formation and correlated in a broad way with the Millstone grit. It incloses many beds of red sandstones or schists, and numerous black schists with Leaia and Anthracomya. This group alone may have a thickness of 3000 meters. The upper part is a productive coal, very actively exploited at different points (Stellarton, Pictou, Sydney etc.) with a thickness of 600 meters at Sydney, more than 2000 meters at the Joggins. It may be that the most elevated of these coal beds are Stephanic. There was a new movement again, a new discordance or a new formation of conglomerates in the Stephanic epoch. The New Glasgow conglomerate is at the base of a very heavy series of coarse conglomerates, the upper part of which is Permic and which form today all of Prince Edward Island and almost the whole isthmus which attaches Nova Scotia to the mainland. The Trias of the Bay of Fundy which extends as far as Truro, corresponds to an analogous episode, but much later and affecting a region which the Permic transgression did not reach.
Trias and Permic have remained nearly horizontal. In the vast Carbonic mantle, the thickness of which will reach about 4000 meters, there are, generally speaking, only undulations, but ac- companied by truncations through faulting. The coal of Sydney and Glace Bay disappears gently beneath the sea with a feeble dip and a perfect regularity and the workings are boldly going forward beneath the waters of the Atlantic. Nowhere have we seen tne Carboniferous actually folded. It is, nevertheless, at certain points in southern New Brunswick and at Pictou, but such local folds are not intense, it seems, except in the early Carbonic.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9Q13 79
The stratigraphic analogies between the Carbonic of the Mari- time Provinces and that of England and the north of France are everywhere remarkable. They were pointed out long ago. But, tectonically speaking, there has been no direct connection between the Appalachians and the European coal chain. In Canada the Appalachian chain is a chain of Middle Devonic age, thus a Caledonian chain; and the movements which have affected it, at different times, in the Carbonic, the Permic, perhaps also at the end of the Trias, are very slight movements, which are en- titled to be designated only as posthumous movements. Farther southwest, in the United States, these posthumous movements be- came gradually more intense and have built up a real chain, a true range of American Altaids in the exact prolongation of the Canadian Caledonids.
80 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Ill REPORT OF THE SPATE EOrANisa
(During the past year the work of the office has. practically passed into the hands of Dr H. D. House, assistant in botany, who took the place of S. H. Burnham, resigned, and who has prepared this report.)
Noteworthy contributions. Specimens of ten species of Cra- taegus have been added to the herbarium. These were collected by Dr J. V. Haberer, in central New York, and are the co-types of species described by Prof. C. S. Sargent in the report for’ 1912. Nearly all the 218 known species of Crataegus in this State are now represented by specimens in the herbarium. Doctor Haberer has also contributed four new species of Antennaria, to be described later by Dr E. L. Greene of Washington, D. C., a specialist upon that group. Doctor Haberer’s set of plants also includes several other species either new to the State or new to central New York. Mr A. Olsson of Gloversville has collected and presented to the herbarium a large number of Fulton county plants containing several additions to the flora of the State and to Fulton county, the most interesting being a small orchid, Ophrys australis (Lindl.) House.
Dry weather damage to maples. About the middle of July several inquiries were received concerning damage to maple foliage. The first noticeable effect was a bronzing of the leaves, followed by the withering and death of the leaves when they turned brown ' but remained attached to the limbs, thus causing a very unsightly appearance. Most of the complaints apparently considered the damage due to either fungus or insect enemies of the tree. By the last of July the damage seems to have been generally noticed on shade and park maples throughout most of the State. A personal examination of some of the badly affected trees in towns of the central part of the State and about Albany resulted in an ex- planation of the damage.
July was ushered in by about ten days of unusually hot weather, following a considerable period of drought, with high temperatures prevailing on some days. While the week of July 6th was a little cooler, the drought continued, and in fact the precipitation for the entire summer was far below normal. On July 12th and 13th there occurred a strong hot and dry westerly and southwesterly wind, which continued with greater or less strength for several days.
A group of fungi cast in wax
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1913 SI
The maple is well known as a very shallow rooted tree and the effect of the dry wind upon transpiration in the leaves is very amarked in the case of any tree. It is apparent that the period of drought preceding the early part of July had reduced the available water of the soil to a minimum, so that the factors favoring trans- piration (that is, dry, hot winds) which followed, greatly exceeded the power of the trees to absorb water from the soil which was actually deficient in moisture. Such a condition of affairs was particularly active in the case of maples along streets, highways, in parks or other situations where the soil was not protected by litter or undergrowth from drying out.
The leaves of the maple being unable to maintain the high rate of transpiration necessary under such conditions, were susceptible to the chemical activity of the sun’s rays, causing the bronzing effect, a chemical change of the cell contents, somewhat analogous to what takes place normally in autumn when the leaves turn to shades of red or yellow. In many cases this state was followed by withering and death of the leaves, as sufficient moisture was not available to revive the leaves and to maintain their turgidity, which alone keeps them under ordinary conditions from collapsing.
That the dry weather and dry winds mentioned were responsible for the widespread damage seems probable also from the fact that the trees in situations of permanently damp soil, as in deep wood- lands, suffered little or not at all; and of the trees affected, the greatest damage seems to have been on the side exposed most di- rectly to the wind. Elms, having deeper-going roots, did not suffer so much as the maples, although considerable damage to their foliage was noticed in the case of some trees growing in dry soils. The leaves of the elm also possess a thicker epidermis and are better adapted by structure to withstand the factors like wind and heat which favor excessive transpiration and its subsequent damage.
The injury to maple and elm foliage thus noted is not likely to be permanent, nor is it likely that the trees thus affected will suffer from more than a slight setback. The damage consists chiefly in the unsightly appearance of the foliage. Local and even wide- spread occurrence of this sort of damage has frequently been re- ported in former years but not with such severity as during the past season.
A new fungus enemy of the maple. Several ornamental sugar maples at Glen Cove were observed by: Mr F. E. Willets to be suffering from the attack of a fungus which caused the death of numerous twigs and branches, so that by August the trees were
82 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
quite unsightly with the accumulation of dead twigs and brown leaves upon them. The fungus has been identified as Steganos- porium piriforme (Hoff.) Cd., and it is said to have been de- structive to maples in a town in southern Minnesota at one time. It seems, however, not to have been previously noted in New York State. It is not usually regarded as a serious enemy of the maple and its destructive work at Glen Cove may be due to a combination of circumstances, not the least of which was the weakened con~ dition of the trees due to the excessive and prolonged drought.
Weather and fungi. Numerous observations in former years have led to the conclusion that unusually dry seasons were pro- ductive of but few forms of fleshy fungi, and Doctor Peck makes special comment upon the abundance and variety of fungi follow- ing a damp or rainy summer (Report for 1912, page 9). The season of 1913 seems to furnish abundant support to his conclusions for in most parts of the State few fleshy fungi developed during the summer season of 1913, although numerous common ones ap- peared late in the fall and a large crop of field mushrooms followed favorable late summer rains in most localities. Many correspond- ents have concurred in attributing the scarcity of fleshy species dur- — ing the summer to the unusually dry weather.
Condition of the collections. The collections having been moved to the new Museum quarters early in the year, much time was necessarily occupied in properly arranging the leila and duplicate specimens in the new metal cases.
The collections of fungi made by the staff or received through contributions during the past year have been placed in cardboard boxes suitable for their reception and arranged in their proper places in the herbarium. The collections (345 in number) include 55 specimens of fungi and 290 specimens of ferns and flowering plants, collected in the counties of Albany, Madison, Rensselaer, Oneida, Onondaga, Schenectady and St Lawrence.
Specimens were contributed from the counties of Fulton, Her- kimer, Monroe, Oneida, Onondaga, Queens, New York, Richmond, Washington and Wyoming.
Correspondents have contributed extralimital specimens collected in Alabama, Canada, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Illinois, Maryland, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming, and Porto Rico and Germany.
The number of species of which specimens have been added to the herbarium from current collections and contributions is 128,
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1913 83
of which 62 were not before represented in the State herbarium. Of these, 6 are considered new or hitherto undescribed species.
In addition, 2622 specimens have been placed in pasteboard boxes, labeled and properly incorporated into the herbarium from the stored material. The following synopsis shows the number of such specimens now added to the herbarium, but heretofore stored away in bundles and not easily accessible:
NEW YORK EXTRALIMITAL
BBS CE AC 1 Sahols oles ea ce teks vi aheefe mein eiaite tle siae + a 1160 203 TPiolly DOIEIOCR ON is Se ce ROO Ack ae SOD Rin Raines 333 205 BICC Ca cite racist a tere tite ate Wie daa o Nec eure es 260 140 Preemie MIM ITES.o0-,', uayain ot aula hes cee aiiecca se wiceel evs 118 113
TOK Age Ss ISR SO OG Bt Coe trie DPS Cen aera IEEE 1871 751
The total number of specimens added to the herbarium, from all sources, is therefore 2740. This large addition is made possible by the enlarged space now available for the herbarium in its new quarters.
A list of the names of the added species (not including those added from the stored material) shows which species are new and which are not new to the herbarium.
The number of those who have contributed specimens of plants is 33. This list includes the names of those who sent specimens for identification only, if the specimens were of such character as to make them desirable additions to the herbarium.
The number of identifications made is 830; the number of those for whom they were made, IIo.
84 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
TV: REPORT OF THE STATE, ENDOMOLOGIS®
The State Entomologist reports that two leaf feeders attracted general notice the past season, namely, the apple tent caterpillar and the allied forest tent caterpillar. The former, devouring the leaves of many orchard and wild cherry trees, was easily recognized by the large nests in the forks of the limbs. It was particularly in- jurious in the upper Hudson and Mohawk valleys. The latter pest, distinguished by the somewhat diamond-shaped, silvery white spots down the back, defoliated extensive areas of oaks on Long Island, attacked the sugar maples in the upper Hudson valley and stripped poplars in the Adirondacks. The probabilities of such injuries were foreseen last year and timely warnings issued. A number of rare or particularly interesting species have been ob- served during the year, and brief notes concerning a number of them are given in the Entomologist’s report.
Petroleum compounds as insecticides. The serious condition of many sugar maples, following the application of miscible oils in Ig11 and similar trouble in several apple orchards in 1912, was followed up the past season by studies of some cases and these, in connection with certain experiments, have resulted in confirming the Entomologist’s opinion as to the cause of the trouble. This is a matter of much practical importance, since the injudicious use of these materials may jeopardize the existence of hundreds of valuable shade or fruit trees. The details of this work are given in the Entomologist’s report.
Fruit tree pests. The studies and experiments of the last four years on the codling moth were continued. In midsumimer some fruit growers became apprehensive of severe injury by larvae of the second brood. Examinations failed to disclose a substantial basis for such fears, and this opinion was confirmed in October by observations made in the orchards of Messrs W. H. Hart of Arlington and Edward Van Alstyne of Kinderhook. The owners sprayed under strictly commercial conditions and with no ex- pectations that the trees would be subjected to a test later. There was a good crop and it was found that from 95 to 97 per cent of the entire yield were worm-free as a result of one timely spraying.
A small parasite has been exceedingly abundant and widely dis- tributed in orchards infested by San José scale, and in not a few instances has been an important factor in reducing the numbers of the pest. Observations show that in most cases the trees in un-
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQ13 85
sprayed orchards were seriously injured in earlier years and, as a tule, he believes that fruit growers must continue to rely upon applications of lime-sulphur washes for the control of this perni- cious enemy.
Injuries by red bugs, two very similar species of which are known to occur in New York, were so abundant in one orchard near Poughkeepsie as to deform about one-third of a large crop of greenings. A brief account of this outbreak is given in the Entomo- logist’s report.
The work of the pear thrips, one of the newer fruit pests, was studied in the vicinity of Athens, and a marked localization of injury observed as in earlier years. A detailed account of this insect has been given in the Entomologist’s report for 1912.
The pear psylla is a pest of considerable importance, especially in the western part of the State, and occasionally very injurious in the Hudson valley. Incidentally the practical value of late spring applications of a lime-sulphur wash for the control of this insect was demonstrated in a badly infested orchard near Athens.
A new grape enemy which may become of considerable import- ance to growers in the Niagara section, in particular, has been dis- covered. It may be known as the banded grape bug. Its work is described and a discussion of its habits and the best methods of control are given in the Entomologist’s report.
A number of other insect pests of fruits have been studied and records concerning them are given in a series of classified notes.
Gipsy moth. The small colony of the gipsy moth discovered last year appears to have been completely exterminated. This occur- rence proves, in a concrete manner, the ever present possibility of the insect becoming established in New York territory, and amply justifies the maintenance of rigid precautions to prevent this. Ever- greens and shrubbery grown in sections where gipsy moth is known to occur should be examined most carefully; especially is this true of the former. The presence of broken egg masses usually means the occurrence of living eggs in the packing material or about the roots of the plants in the same bale or box, and a due regard for the public welfare necessitates the destruction of the shipment or the part of the shipment exposed to infestation of this character.
Brown-tail moth. There is little to report concerning the brown- tail moth, though the danger of its establishing itself in the State has not decreased. It is only a question of time before this occurs. The winter nests are so characteristic that there should be little difficulty in recognizing the pest and at the outset preventing its becoming extremely abundant.
86 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Grass and grain pests. The white grub outbreak of last year has largely abated, partly at least as a result of various natural causes. The studies of last year have been continued. The most interesting development was the discovery of many large, beneficial maggots, probably a species of Erax, which were abundant in fields badly infested by white grubs the preceding year, and at the time of obser- vation last spring, nearly free from the pests.
A rare or usually overlooked corn pest, the lined corn borer, was destructive in Ulster county fields. A full discussion of this rel- atively new insect is given in the Entomologist’s report.
The discovery of the European wolf or grain moth in a local seed warehouse adds another to the list of important grain insects. A careful study has been made of this insect and a detailed discussion appears elsewhere.
Shade tree insects. Observations show that the comparative immunity from severe injury by the elm leaf beetle the past season is probably due to the exceptionally cool weather in June, a time when the laying of eggs by this pest is at its height and the period when adverse climatic conditions might be expected to exert a maximum influence. There have been some cases of very severe injury locally here and there, due probably to a decreased vitality of the trees and a speedy destruction of the abnormally small leafage. It is undoubtedly true that the more thorough spraying by certain communities during the last few years has been most bene- ficial. The apparent check of the past season is presumably tempo- rary and any extended reliance thereupon is considered inadvisable.
The false maple scale has been the cause of a number of com- plaints, though it has been distinctly less numerous than in recent years. It was extremely abundant during late summer in one locality at Mount Vernon. s
The tulip tree scale, a pest occasionally numerous, was unusually injurious in the vicinity of New York City. Several natural enemies were noted preying upon this species.
Forest pests. Work has been continued upon the hichat bark beetle, and field observations by the Entomologist lead him to be- lieve that the period of severe injury for the vicinity of New York City has largely passed. His investigations of previous years and the studies of this season indicate the practicability of protecting the more valued trees by applications made shortly after the beetles have entered the bark. The probable efficacy of this treatment by no means lessens the advisability of cutting and burning badly in- fested wood before the borers can mature and escape.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQ13 87
The extensive plantings of white pine in recent years have given the white pine weevil almost ideal opportunities for multiplication and, as a consequence, there have been numerous complaints re- garding the work of this insect. The Entomologist, in cooperation with Mr Waldo C. Johnston of Cooperstown, conducted a practical test of the value of collecting the weevils by hand. It was found that four collections could be made for about $1.25 an acre where the trees were not more than 3 feet high and, as a result, no weevils were to be seen later. There are reasons for believing this to be a practical and possibly a profitable method of controlling the pest in such plantings. It is planned to continue the investiga- tions of this important pest.
Original studies were also made of the spotted hemlock borer, an insect which destroyed several hundred valuable hemlocks in the New York Botanical Gardens, and one which has killed many trees in the Appalachian region. A detailed account of this borer is given in the Entomologist’s report.
The Rhododendron clearwing and the pitted Ambrosia beetle were also studied. The first deforms and weakens the valuable Rhodo- dendron, while the latter may destroy a considerable proportion of one or more beds of this shrub.
The work of the two-lined chestnut borer, a pernicious enemy of both chestnut and oak, was observed in several localities about New York City and appropriate recommendations made. A de- tailed account of this pest has been given in New York State ~ Museum Memoir 8.
The Entomologist has taken advantage of the recent outbreak by bark beetles, to study the general conditions which may result in serious injury by these borers. A careful examination of weather records, especially those relating to precipitation, tends to support the belief that a series of annual droughts may so weaken the trees as to produce conditions very favorable for the multiplication of the borers. A discussion of the data is given in connection with an account of the hickory bark beetle.
Flies and mosquitos. The interest in the control of the house fly and the subjection of the mosquito has continued. Several warning notices were sent out early in the year and a brief folder on the house fly was prepared, the latter being widely circulated in early summer. :
Gall midges. Studies of gall midges have been continued and a number of species and three new genera described. The practical character of this work is illustrated by the description of one midge
88 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
which is considered a most important natural enemy in controlling the red spider on cotton, and a consultation has been held with Prof. Henry Tryon of the “ Prickly Pear (Traveling) Commis- sion’ respecting the introduction of certain gall midges into Queens- land, in the expectation that they might become important agents in practically freeing large areas from the introduced and obnox- ious prickly pear. The Entomologist’s report contains a detailed account of a Cactus midge which may prove of great value in Australia, though regarded as a pest under certain conditions in this country. The rose midge, an important enemy of the rose grower, has caused considerable apprehension in the vicinity of Rochester on account of its injuries to young plants.
Publications. A number of brief popular accounts regarding such common pests as the house fly, apple tent caterpillar and forest tent caterpillar have been widely circulated through the press. The most important publications, aside from the report of last year, are: The Gall Midge Fauna of Western North America; Studies in Itonididae; and several papers describing new species of gall midges.
Removal. The moving of the collections and their establish- ment in the new quarters in the Education Building involved a large amount of work, which necessarily restricted activities along other lines and must continue so to do until the insects are per- manently rearranged. The removal was accomplished with practi- cally no breakage or loss of either specimens or equipment and with comparatively little hindrance to the regular office routine.
Faunal studies. This phase of entomology has received some attention almost from the establishment of the office and has an important bearing upon practical work, Since data of this character make possible the fixing of boundaries beyond which there is little probability of injurious species maintaining themselves in numbers. Earlier unpublished studies have resulted in fixing approximate boundaries for the various life zones in the State. It has been the policy for some years to collect in representative areas whenever opportunity offered and much valuable material has been secured in this manner. Collections in the Adirondacks, begun by the late Dr J. A. Lintner, have been continued. The past summer collections were made in several Adirondack localities and at Wells. These data are now being prepared for publication.
Collections. A special effort has been made the past season to secure specimens of the work and early stages of various injurious forms, since biological material is a most important component of economic collections and indispensable in elucidating the habits and
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI3 89
life histories of the various species. The State collection now contains a large amount of such material, invaluable because of the associated data. Many miscroscopic preparations of smaller insects have been made and incorporated in the collections as in earlier years.
Much labor has been expended upon the rearrangement of the collections, an undertaking which has been hampered to some extent by insufficient case or tray room. This work, while time consuming and in a certain measure unproductive, is a necessary preliminary to effective studies in the future; otherwise more time would be lost in endeavoring to find misplaced specimens than would be re- quired to put the collection in order in the first place.
Material provision for the care of the collections is essential. The pinned insects are in boxes or trays in wooden cases. There are not enough of the former to permit the specimens being properly arranged, and the latter should be replaced by steel cases and more provided to accommodate the additional boxes and trays required. The biological material is in an even less satisfactory state. It is in shallow, wooden trays and difficult of access because of the lack of space. There is need of a modern series of metallic trays for the accommodation of such specimens. Some equally satisfactory provision should be made for the large collection of microscopic slides, many of them containing types of species, and therefore im- possible of duplication. The constantly increasing collection of photographic negatives requires a metallic filing case of approved design.
Nursery inspection. The nursery inspection work conducted by the State Department of Agriculture has resulted in the Entomolo- gist being requested to make numerous identifications and also ad- vise in regard to the policy which should be pursued by the State. Many of the specimens submitted for name were in poor condition, and as they may represent any stage in insect development and fre- quently originate in a foreign country, such determinations are laborious, time consuming and require for their successful prosecu- tion a large collection and many entomological works, both domestic and foreign. The correct identification of such material is very important, since the disposal of large shipments of nursery stock depends in considerable measure upon the character of the infesta- tion.
Miscellaneous. Cooperation with the Division of Visual In- struction has been continued and additions made to an excellent and somewhat extended series of photographs, mostly of injurious or common insects or their work.
go NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
iN LOOLOGM
In spite of the temporary lack, or inaccessibility, of many things essential to the work of the zoology section, substantial progress has been made in restoring an orderly arrangement of the collections and in acquiring the equipment necessary for meeting the require- ments of a zoology exhibit much larger and more yaried than could be attempted in the former quarters. In the early part of the fiscal year, the removal of the collections and outfit of the zoology section was successfully accomplished. The time and labor previously de- voted to packing and preparing the collections proved well spent; the packed material was all handled rapidly and easily and arrived in good condition. On account of the delay in delivering the zoology storage cases, boxes and wrappings have been obliged to do long service as storage. While by no means adapted for protection against insects, depredations from that source seem to have been effectually warded off by opening up the boxes and examining the specimens as soon as warm weather came on, and putting in each box a plentiful supply of naphthalene. No damage from insects has been found in the material thus far taken out.
The special groups of birds and animals having more or less elaborate accessories, such as prepared or artificial plants, cellu- loid or glass representing water, etc., presented great difficulties in moving on account of their bulk and liability to injury. They were carefully transported without packing, but not without ‘considerable damage, due largely to the partial dismantling made necessary by the narrow and crooked stairway and lack of an elevator in Geo- logical Hall.
The group of fresh-water fishes prepared by Mr Klein while taxidermist at this Museum was found most difficult to handle. The large sheet of celluloid representing the surface of the water cracked, causing considerable damage, apparently because of the sudden change in temperature due to moving it in cold weather. every care having been taken in handling it.
dive large group of black bears acquired several years ago and temporarily set up at the State Normal College for lack of room in Geological Hall, was also moved to the Education Building, but on account of its large size, it had to be entirely dismantled and nearly all the accessories. replaced. The moose group, which
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I913 gi
had been in storage since its delivery in Albany, was also moved but not set up, owing to the delay in delivering the cases.
To accomplish the difficult task of setting up and restoring these groups, the services of Mr B. M. Hartley, of New Haven, were obtained. During the four months he was at the Museum, the damaged and dismantled groups were put in shape again and two large nesting groups (goshawks and duck hawks) were prepared from material previously acquired from the collection of Mr S. H. Paine, of Silver Bay, and other smaller exhibits were finished. The skeleton of the finback whale was assembled and hung in the zoology hall by Mr C. E. Mirguet, of Washington, by whom the skeleton was originally mounted.
One of the important parts of the year’s work was in adding to the equipment of the taxidermist’s room so that the work of pre- paring the specimens and accessories for the bird and animal groups could be carried on. The water power air compressor used in Geological Hall proved a failure in the new quarters because of its worn-out condition and because of the lower water pressure in its new location, and has been replaced with a much more power- ful portable electric compressor which will be available for a great variety of uses. Other needed additions to the taxidermist’s outfit, notably a carpenter’s work bench, a drill- press and other tools, a galvanized iron box and cover for the relaxing chest and a wooden tank for preserving fluid were also made.
The collection of birds’ eggs and nests has been sorted out, cata- loged and so packed that the specimens suitable for exhibition will be easily accessible. The alcoholic material has been gone over and cared for, and made accessible for study and comparison. Though useful for such purposes, it is not for the most part of a character desirable for exhibition. It will be kept in storage cases in the zoologist’s room, and specimens prepared in ways more attractive to the public will be used for exhibition.
Under the conditions that have prevailed, it has been impossible to devote much time and money to increasing the collections, but a number of important additions to the exhibition collections of mam- mals, birds, birds’ nests and eggs and fishes have been received, notably a pair of pumas and a pair of fishers previously ordered from Ward’s Natural Science Establishment and a number of native fishes obtained in the local markets and mounted by the museum taxidermist. The most valuable single specimen received is the skin of a large buffalo bull from the Blue Mountain Forest Preserve, presented by Mr Austin Corbin, which has been mounted at Ward’s
g2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Natural Science Establishment and will be used in a group with several other specimens already in our possession.
Birds of New York. The completed text of volume 2 of Birds of New York, the publication of which has been delayed on account
‘of the illness of Professor Eaton, the author, was sent to press
in the summer and it is expected will be ready for delivery by the first of May or June. This volume covers the land birds and, as the game and water birds were included in volume 1, the completion of the work in hand as volume 2 of Museum Memoir 12, will bring to an end the present representation of all species of birds occurring in the fauna of New York, including visitants and mi- grants, with a complete illustration in color of every species. Volume I was received with such general approbation and apprecia- tion, it is believed that volume 2, which covers the birds coming under more general daily observation of the larger public, will meet even a greater need than its predecessor. Volume 2 carries, besides the descriptions and illustrative matter, a series of general chapters on the habits and general ecological relations of birds and the part they play in human society and culture. Occasion is taken at this time to make announcement of the fact that volume 1 was offered to the public at $3 a volume; volume 2, which is somewhat larger than volume 1, carrying more text matter and a greater number of color plates, will be sold at the same price to all who have received volume 1, but otherwise at $4.
Monograph of the New York mollusca. The work of prepar- ing the monograph of the New York mollusca, which is in the charge of Dr H. A. Pilsbry of the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, has gone forward and the author reports an increasing number of illustrations made, together with the preparation of considerable additional text matter. It is probable that the entire work will be brought to completion within the coming year.
Myriapods of New York. The late Frederick C. Paulmier, while zoologist of the Museum, prepared and annotated a checklist of the myriapods of New York, and this list was supplemented by notes and memoranda, together with an index of the genera, made by Professor George H. Chadwick while occupying the same posi- tion on the Museum staff. It has seemed well to bring this under- taking to completion and Dr Roy W. Miner of the American Museum of Natural History has very kindly consented to take over the manuscripts and memoranda with the purpose of putting them in final form as an illustrated compendium of these animals as they occur in the State,
od ‘REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI3 93.
VI | REPORT Oe iit ARCHEQEROGIST
The fiscal year ending September 30, 1913 has been unusual in the history of the archeology section of the State Museum. During the year the general display cases for archeological and ethnological material have been installed, but the large group cases for the ethnological series of Iroquois culture phases have reached only the stage of plans. This circumstance prevents any definite attempt to fill the other cases, so soon to be moved, rearranged and covered during the building of the group cases. A temporary dis- play of the ethnological material, however, demonstrated that the archeological and ethnological divisions will be cramped for ex- hibition room unless the greater portion of the eastern mezzanine hall is taken over for a hall of comparative and special area arche- ology. Plans have already been made to fill this hall with archeology cases. |
From the Museum rehabilitation fund several important collec- tions of archeological specimens have been acquired. This encour- aging fact again makes the State Museum the repository of an extraordinary collection of cultural artifacts of the New York ab- origines. Through careful purchases and wise selections of large col- lections from special localities, the archeological series will surpass the former exhibit destroyed in the Capitol fire. The more ade- quate means now at hand for exhibiting these specimens will make possible an exhibit of vast importance. Definite plans have already been drawn up in view of a scientific display of these artifacts.
It must be definitely understood that, in the vulgar sense, no relics or curios will be exhibited. The curious object devoid of adequate data will have no room in these cases, the plan being to show visually the arts, industries, crafts, ceremonies, means of livelihood and burial customs of the race or races, tribes and na- tions that preceded the white man in the occupation of this territory. The plan is to make an educational exhibit of culture history and culture development. The collections as exhibited must live, in the sense of being valuable modes of instruction in the prehistory of New York. All the various collections acquired have been thoughtfully studied with this object in mind. It is hoped this plan, when carried out, will establish the educational value of the archeological exhibits. We have the material, though it is highly
94 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
desirable that it be constantly added to, for it is by no means as yet complete.
The special interest inherent in this collection,is that we are able to link the aboriginal period through its gradual stages of transition to the Indians still living in the State today. Valuable collections like that acquired from Raymond C. Dann of Fairport show the Seneca culture at an interesting period of transition. The ~ so-called “stone age”’ is linked with the “age of iron.”
Collections purchased. During the year the Archeologist visited all the principal collectors who had indicated a willingness to sell their specimens to the State Museum. This examination has led
to the acquisition of the following collections: Number of specimens
RD ovelands VV atentovierna nettle reer eee 1965 CharlesseA @atman, seinen poolassn cer enn 775 Alva: Sm Reed ss Avoniaiy oe eiceeie serene ore wh gerrntae een 646 Ward st Bryant - Imray omer. cies Cee eee 1092 Re le, Wea Walllxermoeine: IMlo mune WintOiMs s465cc55000n00006 331 CG.) AL Holmes<: New eB enlintnnoe etter racine nein 652 INewyanonacl (G, Irae, Iii ORES oosoocacoucssaccaooancoec 1662 Eredenickapian Croroote Ss ollyjeaeene nen ae eee : 9647 Smaller. collectionsne tie uate ne aon te eae ere ene "tee 600
Mota hehe seca eae A ace rae Se 17370
The localities represented are the territory adjacent to the eastern end of Lake Ontario, the upper waters of the Hudson, the Chenango valley, the southern end of Canandaigua lake, the valley of the Susquehanna near Elmira, the Genesee valley and the various sites in Ontario and Monroe counties. Other collections from important centers are under consideration. The material so acquired does not represent merely surface finds, for the Reed, Oatman, Love- land and Dann collections are largely the result of excavations.
To describe in detail the various collections acquired during the year would be a lengthy task and require much special study in- volving a considerable period of time.
For the purposes of a general report, the sketches of each col- lection as found below will be sufficiently descriptive.
The Raymond Dann collection results from excavations made on the John Dann farm three-fourths of a mile south of Honeoye Falls, Monroe county. The site lies along Totiacton creek and covers a large acreage, probably 30 or 40, with scattering evidences of occu- pation all about. Here, during the third quarter of the 17th century, was a large Seneca village and graveyard. Mr John Dann believes
Animal effigy pipes from the Dann Collection, Honeoye Falls. The two larger pipes at the top have brass or copper eyes
Types of pipes from the Dann Collection, Honeoye Falls
Clay vessels with ears from the Dann Collection, Honeoye Falls
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1913 95
this site to be one of the several Totiacton villages. There is every evidence of a continued contact with Europeans and the artifacts of the so-called stone age mingle with those of European manu- facture, such as brass, iron, lead, crockery, glass and bone.
Much of the material came from refuse pits and dumps, but by far the greater portion was taken from the numerous graves on the sloping hillside. The objects found by Mr Dann were care- fully cataloged, giving thereby an added value. An interesting variety of pipes is contained in this collection. Of greater interest, however, is the fine collection of pottery vessels, some of which have unique features, for instance, handles or ears. Among the shell ornaments are many quarts of wampum beads, many effigies, disks, crescents and cylindrical and spheroidal beads. The bone implements include a fine series of combs having figures carved at the top, awls, effigy figures of the human form, cylindrical beads and tortoise carapaces. The stone implements include the usual array of flints, anvils, hammers and pitted stones.
The proof of European contact is found in the European wam- pum, glass beads, objects of brass (as kettles, chale Cie) a ikon knives, lead and pewter.
By this collection it is possible to illustrate the art of the Senecas in all the various substances in which they wrought and, then to show side by side the objects brought by the traders to supplant the native artifacts. The goods of the white man were superior and were therefore eagerly sought. Native industries gradually de- creased and they became dependent upon implements and utensils that they themselves did not and could not produce. A temporary arrangement of the Dann collection illustrates this, showing the decadence of native art and industry resulting from contact.
An earlier Seneca site is illustrated by the Alva Reed collection. This collection is the result of digging into the refuse pits and side hill dumps of an ancient Seneca stronghold near the town of Rich- mond Mills, Ontario county. The site is upon a high hill over- looking the Hemlock valley. The site itself is well protected by the high walls of a creek on one side, a long slope on the west side and a ravine to the south. There are indications of palisades that still further protected the place. No graves have been found on this site although on one of our surveys we found human remains near the surface in the stiff clay at the upper end of the “ fort.” Graves were later found across the ravine by Frederick Houghton, but no objects other than human bones were discovered in the graves.
96 | NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM & Mr Reed, who made the collection through many years of digging at his leisure hours, has been careful to collect and catalog with method. He found no objects of European manufacture and no signs that the occupants of what he terms “ the old fort’ had ever seen the white man. The collection embraces good series of shell, bone, antler, stone and clay objects. It is especially rich in fine bone implements and early shell ornaments. The pottery unfor- tunately is mostly fragmentary. The special value of this collection lies in the fact that 1t may with reasonable certainty be called pre- colonial Senecan. It is therefore a good type-collection of this period and is valuable as a base for comparison. .
A mixed collection from Livingston county is that made by Mr Fred H. Crofoot of Sonyea. It is the result of a surface examina- tion of some forty sites up and down the Genesee valley from the Honeoye Junction to Mount Morris, and of all the tributaries within this region. Many stages of occupation are represented and occupations beginning with the Esquimaux-like through the early Algonkian, the mound culture, the later Algonkian, the early and later Iroquoian into the colonial period. :
One of the thickly populated centers of the early Iroquoian peoples is the area bounded on the west by the east shore of Lake Ontario and on the north and northeast by the St Lawrence. This geographical area is embraced in the present county of Jefferson. Here have been a succession of occupations with the precolonial Iroquois leaving the greater portion of cultural artifacts. Several large collections have been made there, with those made by R. D. Loveland and Charles Oatman leading in objects of interest. Earlier small collections are those made by Dr R. W. Amidon, Doctor Getman and Captain Oldham. The Museum acquired these smaller collections between 1906 and 1g09. This year the Museum has been enabled to obtain both the Loveland and Oatman collec- tions. Each collection is rich in fine examples of clay pipes, more than 250 being embraced in both. Some have been carefully re- stored from the broken fragments, thus showing almost exactly the original forms. The range of ornamentation and relief decoration is wide and on the whole is consistently Iroquoian. No entire clay vessels were found in this locality, but the collections contain thou- sands of valuable fragments. Bone and antler objects are numerous and of good quality.
From the region drained by the Susquehanna and its tributaries we have acquired three small but not unimportant collections —
from the Dann Collection, Honeoye Falls
Antler combs and effigies
Antler combs from the Dann Collection, Honeoye Falls
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 19123 97 those of Ward E. Bryan of Elmira, R. E. Van Valkenburg of Mount Upton and C. A. Holmes of New Berlin. Here, as might be ex- pected, are many evidences of Algonkian occupation. Some of the specimens appear to be early types as illustrated by the weathered argillete and limestone chipped implements. Mr D. D. Luther during the year sent in 440 specimens from an early Algonkian site near Naples, Yates county. Although
STONE FACE FROM CHEMUNG COUNTY
many of the specimens are fragmentary, for purposes of comparison the collection is highly interesting. It was through Mr Luther that the Museum has acquired the fine objects from the site near Middle- sex. These specimens are largely tablet gorgets, stone tubes, shell beads and a copper implement. The burials appear similar in type to a certain Ohio culture.
Ethnology. Two trips were made to the New York reserva- tions and some valuable specimens of historic [roquoian art obtained.
4
98 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Among these specimens were ceremonial objects of the Eagle or Bird dance, dance rattles and paraphernalia, carved bowls, wood spoons and similar ornaments. Decorated clothing was obtained at Allegany and husk objects, notably moccasins, at Cattaraugus.
Year by year the native artifacts used by the Iroquois of New York and Ontario are diminishing in number and variety. Make- shifts are frequently employed, as for example, tin can rattles for horn rattles, fringed canvas masks for corn-husk masks and a tin dipper for the ceremonial ladle. Only a few old persons remain who remember the ancient arts of weaving and quill decoration. Thus the field is constantly growing more barren and it is only with great effort, combined with good fortune, that desirable objects of ethnological interest are obtained. Flying trips on the reservation are not satisfactory means of collecting. A residence of several months for the express purpose of collecting specimens will be found more conducive of results. Thus the short time actually devoted this year to collecting was remarkably productive.
As is customary, this year some effort was made to add to our store of folk tales, myths and texts, but little timé could be given to this task. Some corrections to manuscripts already at hand were made. Our important manuscripts on Iroquois ethnology must receive early attention with the idea of a thorough revision and publication. Students of ethnology in general eagerly await the facts that we have to give. The amount of work ahead in this direction alone represents much activity and time for the future.
Public interest. It is gratifying to note the increasing value of this section of the Museum to the public. Although the accessions are not yet on exhibition, numerous students make personal visits and the specimens are made available for study. The specially valuable locality collections afford a unique means for comparison. Distribution of types and specimens may be studied here as in no other institution. The gradual realization of these facts is con- stantly bringing inquiries relative to the aboriginal occupation of the State.
Numerous letters are received requesting information on various subjects, such as the history of the New York Indians, myths, games, customs, rituals, religion, language, names, music, present condition, distribution etc. etc.
Many requests have come for accurate and appropriate Indian names. The intended use of these names has ranged from names for camp fire girls clubs, estates and boats, to names for lakes, hills, springs, and other geographical features. At the request of Hon.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9Q13 99
George Foster Peabody, State Commissioner of Saratoga Springs, appropriate Indian names were selected for certain springs at Sara- toga. ‘These names are from the Algonkian or Iroquoian languages and may be verified as correct by any student of these tongues.
The publications relating to archeology and ethnology continue to be in demand. ‘The public call has exhausted the supply of several of these bulletins.
The degree with which this section of the Museum may be useful as a source of information is shown by the very active interest taken by educators, historians, ethnologists, sociologists and writers of fiction, in the Iroquois confederacy. Scarcely any one of these refers to the colonial history of New York without weaving in the history of the Iroquois league and its unique influence. Our archeological and ethnological sections have thus become sources of information and as this fact becomes better known, are attracting increasing attention. The completion of the Museum exhibits will naturally stimulate this interest to the highest degree.
NOTES ON CERTAIN ACQUISITIONS
From Irondequoit creek has come a unique clay pipe. It was collected by Mr B. Benro and acquired through the courtesy of Frank H. Ward of Rochester. Mr Benro found it protruding in the bank of the creek about 3 feet below the surface. The form of the pipe as shown in the accompanying figure is like that of a flattened war club or stone axe handle. It is flattened on each side with a curved surface on the back side (away from the smoker). The material is a compact clay, well baked and tempered with sand containing mica. There is a fracture in the pipe just below the curve, and the nipple or mouthpiece has been broken off. The decoration is the familiar angular pattern made by filling the triangles with parallel lines, using one side of the triangle as the base parallel. Short lines more deeply incised, or long dots, are found at each end of these triangles and seem to represent the stitching of quills on birch bark. There is a stitched seam on the front (toward the smoker) of the pipe, near the left side. The back and left side of the pipe are more neatly decorated, as if done first. The top edge of the bowl is decorated on the back and two sides with three parallel lines at the edges of which are “long dots” or “ stitch markings.”
The bowl is about 234 inches deep and extends to the bend. The capacity of this bowl is greater than the usual Iroquois pipe.
100 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
The pipe is so balanced despite its bend that it will stand upon its bowl. In a collection of several hundred Iroquoian pipes in the State Museum, none approaches the Irondequoit pipe in form.
Some very fine specimens of pre-Iroquoian art have come to the Museum from the eastern shore of Canandaigua lake. The site
Tue IRONDEQUOIT PIPE
covers a small hillside and consists of an ancient burial plot, though the skeletons are not placed in any degree of regularity, as to location, nor are the graves numerous. The culture represented is similar to that of the mound-building Indians of New York and Ohio.
String
of shell beads, elk teeth and shell disk from a site in Middlesex
ndaigua lake
on Cana
Articles from Middlesex site. Stone tubes, broken amulet, crude clay pipe, bar-amulet, stone tube
Articles from the Middlesex site. Bone pendant, antler awl, slate gorget, copper chisel and portion of ivory dagger blade
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9Q1T3 IOI
Artifacts from this culture are found in certain portions of New York State but usually associated with small mounds or stone graves. The State Museum has records of several such sites but unfortunately has never been able to excavate one. No trained observer has watched or recorded these accidental finds. It is to be hoped that in the future it may be possible to supplement the bare objects with their meager data of discovery, by excavating such sites under scientific oversight.
In one grave opened up in a gravel bank, near Middlesex, two entire stone tubes and one broken specimen were found. With these was a crude clay pipe with a short stem and small bowl, an awl lance head of antler, a bone pendant and a small copper chisel.
In another grave opened this year was a large black slate gorget of the two-hole type, a double-tailed “bird stone” and the middle portion of a dagger or blade made of mastodon tusk. No other specimen made of such material has been found in the State, as far as is known to the Museum. The gorget is one of the largest in our collections, measuring 6 inches in length, 4 inches in width at top and 3% inches at the bottom. The sides are only slightly con- vex, but both top and bottom are arcs of circles. The central point of each arc is the perforation most distant from it. The center of each hole is equidistant from the edge immediately below it. The perforations are all so exactly placed on the gorget that each is the midway point in a line drawn perpendicularly.
The gorget seems to be divided in approximate fifths with each hole at a point from each end, about two-fifths of the length. The distance between the holes is 1-43; inches. These measurements are given only for the sake of description to show the exactness with which the specimen was made. The surface is covered with arborescent crystals of some carbonate, though originally there was a high polish.
The range of pipe forms and pottery as illustrated by the speci- mens from Jefferson county and contained in the Oatman and Loveland collections, presents a fairly good view of precolonial Iroquoian ceramic art. The pipes are of especial interest because they break away from purely utilitarian forms in outline and con- ventional decoration. The modeling on many represents human and animal forms, sometimes quite natural, and in other instances conventionalized.
The Iroquoian clay pot, judged by the specimens in these col- lections, is usually a fine piece of work, in the sense that the clay has been carefully prepared, tempered and modeled. Iroquois
102 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM.
pottery in texture and durability is superior to Algonkian pottery. The body of the pot, in general, is that of a flattened globe with a constructed neck that flares into a wide collar, either round or, more generally, squared with upward projecting tips at each corner. This collar is generally decorated with triangular patterns made of parallel lines. Some of the older potsherds show cord or paddle markings all over the outer surface.
The parallel lines in triangular patterns seem to imitate por- cupine quill decorations on birch bark and indeed the form of the pot seems to follow the stitching of a birch bark receptacle. The dots or indentations about the base of the neck indeed seem: to point out the place where the upper portion of the bark collar was sewed to the lower portion. This idea was suggested in the early writings of Frank Cushing. As far as has been discovered, how- ever, the New York Iroquois did not use birch bark receptacles. Theirs were of elm bark, a much rougher material but more dur- able. No circular or curved designs.are found on Jefferson county Iroquois pottery, the only exception being round dots, punched on,
singly or in angular patterns. Jefferson county Iroqueis pipes of —
clay are superior to any found among contiguous stocks. They were molded with their stems and were not designed for long wooden stems. There are several types of pipes as may be seen
on the accompanying plate. The simplest forms are the trumpet —
“ pipe” and the pipe with the collar about the top of the bowl, com- posed of several parallel rings, like coiled cord. Other forms are the square topped pipe, the so-called Huronian, and pipes with human and animal effigies on the bowls. These effigy pipes in con- cept and form oddly resemble the pottery of the Mississippi valley. The caps shown on the heads of effigies are shaped like the old- fashioned beehive. Even designs of face painting are shown and the bear or wolf skin robe is shown over the Indian’s head.
Trumpet bowls are found on the early Erie, Onondaga and Mohawk sites, and ringed collar is found on Seneca, Neuter and Huron sites.
Strangely, Iroquois stone pipes are not similar to their clay pipes. As far as decoration and modeling are concerned, they might have been made by another stock. There may be a few exceptions, but in general, the rule applies. An example is the long-tailed animal effigy pipe bowl, studied with much care by Lieutenant G. E.
Laidlaw, and reported in the publications of the Ontario Provincial —
Museum. Many of these stone pipes appear to have been carefully kept; possibly they expressed the art of the earlier Iroquois and were kept as ceremonials or as heirlooms.
Clay pipes
from Jefferson county.
Loveland Collection
en
| | : | |
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I913 103
VII PUBLICATIONS
A list of the scientific publications issued during the year 1912-13, with those now in press and treatises ready for printing, is attached hereto. The publications issued cover the whole range of our scientific activities. They embrace 1391 pages of text and 184
plates. ANNUAL REPORT
1 Ninth Report of the Director, State Geologist and Paleontolo- gist for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1912. 214p. Sopl.
Contents VIII Report of the Archeologist Introduction Archeological survey I The State Museum law The O. W. Auringer collec- The statutory conception of a tion “State Museum ” Archeological collections The State Museum idea and Folklore its place in the polity of Public interest the State IX Publications Il The educational function of the X Staff of the Science Division State Museum of Science and State Museum III Condition of the scientific col- XI Accessions lections The Mount Morris Meteorite. H. P. TV Report on the geological survey WHITLOCK Areal geology Early Paleozoic Physiography of the Surficial geology Southern Adirondacks. W. J. M1- Industrial geology LER Seismologic station The Garnet Deposits of Warren Paleontology County, New York. W. J. Miter
V Report of the State Botanist The Use of the Stereogram in Paleo- VI Report of the State Entomolo- biology. G. H. Hupson
gist The Origin of the Gulf of St Law- VII Report of the Zoologist rence. J. M. CLARKE Monograph of the New York A Notable Trilobite from the Percé Mollusca Rock. J. M. CLARKE
Illustrations of the Devonic Fossils of Southern Brazil and the Falkland Islands. J. M. CLarkKe
Index
104 NEW YORIS STATE MUSEUM
MEMOIRS
Paleontology
2 The Eurypterida of New York. By John M. Clarke and Rudolf Ruedemann. 1912. 2 vols. 628p. &8pl.
Contents
Preface : Eurypterida III C Geological dis- : Introduction tribution in History of investigations other coun- F Eurypterida I Morphology, anatomy, tries and terminology D Bionomy of the ; II Mode of life eurypterid i III Geological distribution faunas “| and bionomic re- IV Ontogeny | lations V Phylogeny A Conspectus of VI Taxonomic relations . American spe- VII Synoptic table of cies arranged North American according to Eurypterida their geolog- VIII Systematic account ical occur- of the’ Eurypterida rence Eurypteridae ~B > Biologic facies Pterygotidae
of the euryp- Appendix terid faunas Bibliography
BULLETINS Geology and Paleontology
3 No. 162 The Lower Siluric Shales of the Mohawk Valley. By Rudolf Ruedemann. 1912. 151p. 15pl.
Contents Indian Ladder beds Introduction Summary
Historical sketch Bibliography “Utica” shale of authors Paleontological notes Frankfort shale Explanation of plates Schenectady formation Index
4 No. 166 The Mining and Quarry Industry of New York State.) By Di Newland) 1973. tip:
Contents Clay
Introduction Production of clay materials Mineral production of New York Manufacture of building brick
Cement Other clay materials
ee
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQ13
Pottery Sand and gravel
Crude clay Sand-lime brick Emery ” Stone Feldspar Production of stone Garnet Granite Graphite Limestone Gypsum Marble Iron ore Sandstone Mineral waters Trap Natural gas Tale Petroleum Zinc Pyrite Index Salt
Archeology
5 No. 163 Whe Code of Handsome Lake, the Seneca Prophet. By Arthur C. Parker. 1913. 144p. 23pl.
Contents Introduction Handsome Lake
Effects of Handsome Lake’s teaching
Dark dance or pygmy ceremony Society of otters Society of mystic animals
How the white race came to America The eagle society
The Gaiwiio code
The bear society
Sections 1 to 130: The Great Message The Buffalo society
Part 2. Field notes ceremonies
White dog sacrifice
Ganeowo
on rites andChanters for the dead Woman's society
Sisters of the Dio‘ hé’ko False face company
Cornplanting and maple thanksgiving Husk faces
Legend of the coming of Death The funeral address
The death feast
Medicine societies
Iroquois sun myths Anecdotes of Cornplanter Key to pronunciation Index
Entomology
6 No. 165 Report of the State Entomologist for the fiscal year
ending September 30, 1912.
Contents
Introduction
Injurious insects Codling moth Hessian fly Fall army worm Elm leaf beetle White grubs and June beetles Hickory bark borer , Pear thrips Queen blow fly Georgian flesh fly
2064p. 14pl.
Use of oil on dormant trees Notes for the year
Fruit tree insects
Forest insects
Miscellaneous Publications of the entomologist Additions to collections Appendix: a study of gall midges Explanation of plates Index
106 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Botany
7 No. 167 Report of the State Botanist for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1912. 1913. 76p. 4pl.
Contents
Introduction Edible fungi
Plants added to the herbarium Poisonous fungi Contributors and their contributions Crataegus in New York Species not before reported Explanation of plates Remarks and observations Index
New species of extralimital fungi
In press MEMOIRS
8 Birds of New York, volume 2
BULLETINS Geology and Paleontology
g The Geological History of New York State 10 Geology of Saratoga Springs and Vicinity
tt Geology of the North Creek Quadrangle
12 Geology of the Attica-Depew Quadrangles 13 Geology of the Syracuse Quadrangle
Entomology
14 Report of the State Entomologist for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1913
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9Q13 107
VIII
Repo EON “bE COLEECTION OF COINS, MEDALS AND PAPER MONEY
These collections, by action of the Regents, were transferred to the custody of the State Museum after the Capitol fire, and the following is a report on their present condition.
Catalog of 1856. The only existing record of this collection was issued by the State Library for the year 1856 (dated 1857). In this catalog the numerical contents of the collection are stated as follows: coins (all metals), 1697; medals, 234; paper money, 320.
Fire losses from the collection of 1856. A checking of the record of 1856 by an expert numismatist shows that of the materials above listed the following are the losses: coins, 897; medals, 197; paper money, all. The losses therefore were, for the coins over 50 per cent; medals, about 80 per cent; paper money, 100 per cent.
Coins not in the catalog of 1856. In the salvage from the fire there are, not recorded in the catalog of 1856, 2376 coins and 57 medals. The total number of coins and medals in the salvage is
3270.
_ General condition of the coin collection. The condition of this collection is bad. With the exception of a very few articles in gold which have been on deposit in the National Commercial Bank, Albany, since 1881, nearly every specimen has suffered, and the . majority of them irreparably. This has been due in the first in- stance to oxidation and discoloration in fire, aggravated by im- proper treatment of much of the material when first rescued.
Value of this collection. On an expert estimate of the face value of all the coins and the market value of all United States coins, it appears that the face value of the entire collection is ap- proximately $725; that the market value of the American coins of all metals is $499.
General character of the collection. This collection is com- posed of a small number of gold coins and medals of considerable worth, most of them of American coinage, but some of other countries; a large number of silver coins in rather bad condition, and a very great majority of copper coins from.all countries of the world and of very little worth. The value of the collection (such as it is) lies in its United States coins and medals, very few of which are of superior quality or great rarity. These total about 1500.
108 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Alternative suggestions in regard to the coin collection. These suggestions are of necessity based on the recognized demoralized condition of the collection and are submitted without recommenda- tion. Attention, however, is invited to the fact that this collection has evidently been largely made without any or only very occasional expenditures of State moneys. They have come by gift and it is very probable that like gifts will continue, especially of commemora- tive medals struck in this and other countries. It would seem that the University should be at least receptive of such gifts whether or not expenditures for the collection be approved.
1 Any action whatever regarding the collection may be suspended and the collection kept as it is at the present time, subject to addi- tions by gift.
2 The collection might be sold as a whole, with the specific per- mission of the Legislature, the returns therefor to revert to the State treasury.
3 The collection might be deposited on temporary or permanent loan with any society that the Regents might choose to designate, subject to the permanent supervision of the collection by the Board of Regents.
4 Gift. It appears very doubtful, in the opinion of the law officer of the Department, whether even the Legislature could empower the Board to dispose of the collection by gift.
5 Possibility for the development of the collection. It may be worth while to consider whether it would not be a proper policy to maintain and build up a representative collection of American coinages. The nucleus therefor now in the custody of the Board is considerable in number although it lacks in quality that which would be required by the connoisseur. Still these examples of American coinages are of such a kind as to indicate satisfactorily their varieties, so far as these extend. Very slight occasional ex- penditures could be made to acquire additional material and the balance of the collection, not American, could be utilized by way of exchange for the purpose of acquiring solely American coins. Should this suggestion seem a reasonable one, it is well to supple- ment it by recognition of the evident fact that there is a large de- gree of public interest in American coinages and that it might be the people of the State may desire to have here in the Regents’ custody a representative array of such coins which could be made accessible to students for purposes of comparison and study. The possibility of converting all the other parts of the entire collection into sub- stantial support for the enlargement of the American collection would seem to give this suggestion reasonable encouragement,
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9Q13
IX STAFF OF THE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE
The members of the staff, permanent and temporary, of Department of Science as at present constituted are: ADMINISTRATION
John M. Clarke, Director Jacob Van Deloo, Director’s Clerk Paul E. Reynolds, Stenographer
GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY John M. Clarke, State Geologist and Paleontologist
iele)
the
David H. Newland, Assistant State Geologist, Curator of Geology Rudolf Ruedemann, Assistant State Paleontologist, Curator of
Paleontology. C. A. Hartnagel, Assistant in Geology, Curator of Stratigraphy
Robert W. Jones, Assistant in Economic Geology, Assistant Curator
of Industrial Geology D. Dana Luther, Field Geologist Herbert P. Whitlock, Mineralogist, Curator of Mineralogy George S. Barkentin, Draftsman H. C. Wardell, Preparator, Assistant Curator of Paleontology John J. Bryan, Stenographer Charles P. Heidenrich, Mechanical Assistant Joseph Bylancik, Page
Temporary experts
Areal geology
Prof. H. P. Cushing, Adelbert College
Prof. C. H. Smyth, jr, Princeton University
Prof. James F. Kemp, Columbia University
Prof. W. J. Miller, Hamilton College
Dr C. P. Berkey, Columbia University
G. H. Hudson, Plattsburg State Normal School
Dr W. O. Crosby, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Prof. George H. Chadwick, St Lawrence University James C. Martin, Princeton University
Geographic geology Prof. Herman L. Fairchild, University of Rochester Prof. James H. Stoller, Union College
HEIKO) NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Paleontology Edwin Kirk, Washington, D. C.
BOTANY
Charles H. Peck, State Botanist Homer D. House, Assistant, Curator of Botany
ENTOMOLOGY
Ephraim P. Felt, State Entomologist D. B. Young, Assistant State Entomologist, Curator e Entomology Fanny T. Hartman, Assistant, Assistant Curator of Entomology Anna M. Tolhurst, Stenographer Charles W. Swim, Clerk
ZOOLOGY Willard G. Van Name, Zoologist, Curator of Zoology Arthur Paladin, Taxidermist
Temporary experts Prof. E. Howard Eaton, Canandaigua Dr H. A. Pilsbry, Philadelphia Charles E. Mirguet, Rochester B. M. Hartley, West Haven, Conn.
ARCHEOLOGY Arthur C. Parker, Archeologist, Curator of Archeology and
Ethnology Noah T. Clarke, Technical Assistant, Assistant Curator of Arch-
eology and Ethnology
Temporary assistant
Howard A. Lansing, Albany
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQ13 ; WT
x ACCESSIONS ECONOMIC GEOLOGY Collection Newland, D. H. Albany Building stones from southeastern New York........... 5 Feldspar crystallized and massive, Bedford..... Fe Sn 2 EAE) MOnVAehy Stal COOL Gree bales ns avo te of eysce's in ao sal) I Ground reldspar a ediOrd sai icy. ss heey oe aie esd tye Molding sands from Albany and Rensselaer counties.... 15 Red slate, with quartz veinlets, Washington county...... I iinonmeoressand wallerocks. Adirondacks. 5.2.54. 4.2. 606.2 20 PAGTENOSiLe, MinLGIme stone, Ieecesevilleni a. ern= 9 sos). at 5 Jones, R. W. Albany lay, sand mandmbnichn. Mechanieville sos 105 fee is hm. 5 PiewClayevSWenanGOdakyan:tracrvucrcres eis dite ele lsc tiMe 8 Gane 2 eles SMe Mamd Ocha ae Mea aaen ey oc sts cen Sia Myce os by ete ier clearance 2 Paving and building bricks, clays etc., Corning........... 13 Molding sands, Albany and Greene counties............. 2 vapokavedmcalten Ublial@ay ns Ger wsrsra cic cds aie siete «Saal w teeteaye ee 3 Cement and cement materials, Portland Point........... 6 Sand-lime brick and raw materials, Glens Falls......... 3 Building brick and crude clays, Glens Falls............. 8 Bildine bricks straw matettals, eter, Uroy sc... 0. > la: 15 Ciiyswesaudszandubricky Mreischeryilles(: 52 .4e,4s50. 0 21 lic rsaidsvand brickwwWone sland ii... weeks ea ees 20 Bimldine brick drain tilesetes Albany. 9.) ans oe 6 08: 19 Retdspar, duattzeand, berm) Bedtords i 2. oc lee + ae 9 BiMem sade canes, eelsletllnw ety 8 Saye hah « ON Ma ania awe 5 Natural cement and cement rock, Kingston............ A Eavimer and sbiiidine brickt. Catskill... ocie see's oe 4 Donation Onondaga Coarse Salt Association. Syracuse Jelselmlastialveds “Glo lIeirr rei yea lias smerie ine 0d Reais OA ee RR eR 7 International Acheson Graphite Co. Niagara Falls ENG EHiiet Mut hae ete. Pennie sae a8 lk alle eon oe ok II
The Carborundum Co. Niagara Falls Exhibit of carborundum, aloxite, emery etc............. 25
Ti2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Alpha Portland Cement Co. Cementon, Pa.
Exhibit/of ‘cement and ‘cement inaterialses i... sane eee Clinton Metallic Paint Co. Clinton ;
Metallic Paint ...t ose ee eee ee “2s Furnaceville Iron Co. Ontario Center
Samples’ of (Clinton 7oresn. . se cenes ie Alpha Portland Cement Co. Martin’s Creek, Pa.
Portland, cement and raw materials’. ee eee Glens Falls Portland Cement Co. Glens Falls
Exhibit‘of cement and cement materialseew.. 0. eee William Connors Paint Mfg. Co. Troy
Crude and finished; mineral paints}. 4.46526 40 oe eee Pepson, Charles. Albany
Old sewer tile from, Phoenix Place; Albany 40 eee St Lawrence Talc Co. Natural Bridge
Cridetands round: talet. 1.) at oe eae sa ae Pass, James, Onondaga Pottery Co. Syracuse
Exhibit illustrative ‘of pottery manutacttres.. 44.5 eiee Emerson-Norris Co. New York :
Artincial Stone, from Tuckahoe marbles.) .5..0 ae Norton Company. Worcester, Mass.
Exhibit of alundum, crystolon etc., from plants at Niagara
alls 2 Sess S02 eS CRUST eos:
United States Gypsum Co. Chicago, IIl.
Exhibit of gypsum and gypsum products from Oakfeld. .. German Kali Works, Inc. New York
Specimens of German potash salts, including hartsalz,
sylvimite, kkainite and ‘carnallite ss ase. eee
Cheever Iron Ore Co. Port Henry
Iron) ore; concentrates; and tailintes: yas ne nae Benson Mines Co. Benson Mines
Lfon Gre, Concentratessand tallimose ee re Hinckley Fibre Co. Hinckley
Pyrite from Cole mines St Eawtencescouniny 1. seen Atlantic Terra Cotta Co. New York
Architectural terra cotta, Staten Island plant...........% New York State Sewer Pipe Co. Rochester
Floor tiles) conduit and) sewer) pipes <n. ere St Lawrence Pyrite Co. De Kalb
Pyrite, crude ore and) concentrates: (seit kena Blake, P. X. Potsdam
Polished graniteyslab) Grom, Parishivilley 2.09)... - tee ee
bo
to
bo
31
26
14
20
(oS)
ee "
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQT3 I13
North River Garnet Co. North River
Cagiemnock and carhler concentrates... +s cs carats te 6s 4 Keystone Emery Mills. Frankford, Pa.
Crude Vand) prepared emery trom Peekskill, 0.8. 2 4...: 4 Witherbee, Sherman & Co. Miuineville
ExiiMitvonvanes, concentrates and) tailings: <2) 5.4... 10 Retsof Salt Co. Scranton, Pa.
inGekmsalt «Crude andy pr epaneditn wisp... 6 che sj oyhie Ass 5 International Salt Co. Scranton, Pa.
PaO Wiivem Sa tM inyady ees ere e claa at Bi alsiralaiane ante de 4 Asbestos & Asbestic Co. Ltd. Asbestos, P. Q.
Large blocks of serpentine veined with asbestos.......... 2
GENERAL GEOLOGY
Collection Clarke, John M. Albany CAleiervetm kamiped.s meter bh Osis anny aes tiem oo hie we I Jones, R.W. Albany
Weathered limestone and pegmatite, Shenandoah, N. Y. 3 Newland, D. H. Albany Banded gneiss, Dublin, Westchester county............ 2 Folded and faulted Yonkers gneiss, Kensico............ 2 Ciapmicworanite BediOnd ss 8) e sa Site ayejeinip'e 9 Vera's 5% 5 2 Donation Kelley Island Lime & Transportation Co. Cleveland, O. ie AGS mimMestome: slaps Claciateds sine sss cele eee I Vermont Marble Co. Proctor, Vt. Polished slab of faulted marble from True Blue quarry... 1 MINERALOGY Donation Wait, Charles. Crown Point Wetentesd-calcite*(larce)) Crown ‘Pomt,, vo.i!j 42). wk I Manchester, James G. New York City Pectolite, apophyllite and stilbite (large), West Paterson, An eee RR a eR eNE Acta atiMichdus,otame. a's Leet u i Beh VA a hM nie! aawig Boas I Clarke, John M. Albany Sem MS GRe EPEMIS SIG) ee Al. dslte te ints cathodic nesses «i oh tient I
PROTO MAGS) MO CANTLY Eile Ofna dbeetaia® wll arms ww I
1I4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Ruedemann, R. Albany Gypsum, Brunswick, Getmanys..<.... 5. -neanene eee II Celestite, Jena, Germatiy. .. osor nn ok see aie 2
Purchase Law, E. 8. Schenectady Quartz on ‘limestone; Sprakers.. V0... < cece he I Quartz crystals,: Sprakers or... ots wa ce th cen 14 Foote Mineral Co. Philadelphia, Pa. Stibnite; yoy Japamy cs a Sea Serante te Sere ee I Stibnite, Felsobanya, ‘Hungary... ..c. uses ee een ek Stibnite, Wuchows: Chinas. < sn cat c.cgett cet en en I Galena,: Colqtechaca, Bolivia. 5 so. cn<. cane ee I Galena, Benthen, Prussia; . . 2.0. i). ws 5 ae a I Galena, coated with marcasite, Prussia.<....\..0 eee I Chalcopyrite on dolomite, Granby, Mo................4 I Chalcopyrite on dolomite, Siegen, Prussia. .... J. ese I Chalcopyrite and pyrite, Bingham, Utah................ I Chalcopyritey Ugo; Janansicncsswre SO oe ee I Pyrite, Saratoga mine; Col. .g.%. gonad ou ee I Pyrite, Prankdiny (No Joc 25 aac ne I Pyrite, York ‘county, Pas. acs, B0% sae Sa I Marcasite, Joplimy, MON. sis. scene as di Ree I Marcasite altered to limonite, Richland county, Wis.... 1 Tetrahedrite, Kapnics Hungary. <0. a0. cen ee I Tetrahedrite, Felsobanya,. Elungaryos.c. i300 oe ae Tetrahedrite, ‘Ouray ‘county, ‘Gollss 0) I Rutile in quartz (polished), Japan... . o.oo asc I Corundum (sapphire), Butte, Monti. soneeneae \¢ 3 aus Pickeringite, Tweumeant, ING MU. Sacre Ge ee I Iron (Josephenite) water-worn pebbles, Oregon....... rt lot Sphalerite, translucent cleavage, Chivera, Mexico....... T Boulangerite, Oberlahr, (Prussia. -. >... se ane ee I Anorthoclase ‘(erystals), Sardinia 4.0. es een ee 1 lot Krantz, Dr F. Bonn, Germany Calcite, St Goar Prussian ees. nt hae oe eee Calcite, Andreasbers, (Germany. </os. uo. ne Calcite with dolomite and quartz, Baden, Germany...... Calcite; Pribram;. Bohemia. . 0) oes oo Oe ec Calcite (twinned crystals), Durham, England.......... Calcite (twinned crystals), Egremont, England........ .
bY), = & HS Se &
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9Q13 I15
Calcite (large group), Egremont, England......,...... Calcite (unique crystals), Egremont, England.......... Calcite (large crystals colored red), Egremont, England. . Calcite (pyramidal crystals), Wisby, Sweden........... eiete (latee aroup), boretta, [taly....2% 60. 0s cs neers Crete Onguartz, Gtanayiato, MEXICO... jae sce sn o> Calcite (lilac colored), Guanajuato, Mexico............
Ss = SS SS SS SS SS
PALEONTOLOGY Donation
Allardyce, Mrs Constance. Port Stanley, Falkland islands
Devonic fossils from Pebble island, Falkland islands.... 25 Grant, Colonel C. C. Hamilton, Ontario
PU MEICMIOSSIS WM ELAMNINLOM 64 2 2, anip' dea oystatedia be, 2he she's yo be eek 2 8 Hobart College, The trustees of
(On indefinite loan) Castoroides ohioensis. The
original skull described by Hall & Wyman and obtained in
Paenpleistocenemiarshes meat Clyde is Maine css wen oes v.00 I Kelly, F. Helderberg Cement Co.
imlouites inom lowes Cave quart yg. ss 2 chee leis ci’ «0 aie I Moore, Prof. E. S. State College, Pa.
Graptolites from Spring Creek formation (Beekmantown)
eT SV ANAND er aes ny choi dta cls loli ze vektvie Mele) niet a: slle's.0°= o, eid soos 6 Post, W. J. Harriman
Mastodon tusk found about 2 miles south of Harriman
Bishi OU (Mile we ig MOT ANCS COM Marsteta «alsa 3 sds: oe 6p 5.8 I Purchase American Museum of Natural History. New York Restoration of the skeleton of the Permic reptile Eryops. 1 Devaue Gshes: trom Wagonashay PO's dies vind aces v 00s 20
Gebhard, W. D. Schoharie Collection of fossils from the Schoharie valley (Inventory to be given in next report)
Fink, Alvin J. Dayton, Ohio
PaleciiOtine le PCUODILES : 2.5.5 aieralarel v4 ale; ve oP ovrie ee 0i'om a x.8 w..0%e 200 Kinnear, W. T. Kirkbuddo, Forfar, Scotland
Upper Siluric and Lower Devonic fishes from Scotland... 11 Krantz, Dr F. Bonn, Germany
European trilobites from various localities.............. 25
Ward’s Natural Science Establishment. Rochester rroearis tow. trom. the Hamilton shales............ [
116 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Collection Hartnagel, C. A. : Fossils from the Ordovicic-Siluric series of Arisaig, Nova
SCOLA - Fov ay elisies Shey eee oe Olas whe 6 ate Sha yeee ee es ale aneIR on ne 300 Exchange Carnegie Museum (Dr C. R. Eastman) Restorations, of Devonic) fishese.)..4-- 0. ace eee 6 ENTOMOLOGY Donation Hymenoptera
Crawford, G.W. Ballston Spa. Lophyrus abbotii Leach, Abbott’s pine sawfly, larvae on pine, October 1
Lossoe, F. R. Troy. Janus integer Norton, current stem borer on currant, February 21
Smith, F. A. Ticonderoga. Kaliofenusa ulmi Sund., Eu- ropean elm leaf miner, larvae on elm, June 4 :
Chase, F. Loon Lake. Hylotoma pectoralis Leach, birch sawfly, larvae on birch, July
State Department of Agriculture. Trichiosoma tibialis Steph., European hawthorn sawfly from England, cocoon on rose, November 27. Same as preceding, cocoon on barberry from Flushing, February 27
Bethel, E. Denver, Col. Aylax pisum Walsh, gall on Ly-
godesmia juncea, September 30
Gardner, Mrs E. P. Canandaigua. Through S. H. Burnham. Rhodites gracilis Ashm., regal rose gall, galls on Rosa blanda, September 29. Same as preceding, October 5. Also R. globulus Beutm., globular rose gall, gall on rose, Octo- ber 5
Bethel, E. Manitou, Col Myrmecocystus melliger Llave, honey ant, adult, November 30
Coleoptera
de Vyver, J. James. Bronxville Eccoptogaster quad- rispinosa Say, hickory bark borer, larvae on hickory. Janu- ary 28
Matthiessen, C. H. Irvington. Corthylus punctatis- simus Zimm., pitted Ambrosia beetle, adult on Rhododendron, September 13
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9Q13 TL7,
Goodyear, Charles. Tarrytown. Same as preceding, work, Octo- per ¥
Hilligas, William. Rensselaer. Cryptorhynchus lap- athi Linn., mottled willow borer, grubs and work on poplar, June 18
Gillett, J. R. Kingston. Lixus concavus Say, rhubarb cur- culio, adult, March 31
Anderson, E. H. Mount Kisco. Pissodes strobi Peck, white pine weevil, work on pine, January 20
Pease, E. R. Poughkeepsie. Same as preceding, larvae and work on pine, July 14
Iceland, Mrs A. C. Middletown. Galerucella luteola Mull., elm leaf beetle, adults in house, May 28
milive GW.) Mechanieville. INodomota’ tristis Oliv, strawberry root worm, adult on strawberry, June 23
McDonough, W. FF. Albany. Typophorus canellus Fabr., strawberry root worm, May 8
Sullivan, J. J. Valley Mills Chrysochus auratus Fabr., gold gilt beetle, adults, November 6
Von Schrenk, Hermann. St Louis, Mo. Neoclytus ery- throcephalus Fabr., adult and work on ash, September 3
Van Deusen, Mrs C. A. Hudson. Chion cinctus Dru, banded hickory borer, adult, March 16
State Department of Agriculture. Euphoria inda Linn, bumble flower beetle, adult on apple, September 4
Robertson, W. D. Rosyln. Allorhina nitida Linn., green June beetle, adult, July 3
Farrar, E. R. South Lincoln, Mass. Anomala lucicola Fabr., light-loving grapevine beetle, adult, July 7
Miller, W. S. East Greenbush. Lachnosterna fusca Froh., white grubs infested by the peculiar fungus, Cordyce 2 s ravenelii Berk., February 14
Saugerties Manufaccutine Company. Saugerties. Sitodrepa - panicea Linn., drug store beetle, larvae, adults and work in account book, June 12
Coffin, C. A. Locust Valley. Agrilus ? bilineatus Web., two-lined chestnut borer, work on oak, October 30
Merkel, H. W. Scarsdale. Melanophila fulvoguttata Harr., spotted hemlock borer, larvae on hemlock, December 2
Downer, J. New York City. Same as preceding, January 30
118 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Torbert, C. L. Syracuse. Same as preceding, bark of hemlock, May 16
McMillan, Charles. Cambridge. Dicerca divaricata Say, divaricated Buprestid, adult, June 20. AlsoAlaus oculatus Linn., owl beetle, adult, June 20
Titus, E. V. Glen Cove. Same as preceding, July 28
State Conservation Commission. Lake Clear. Anatis 15- punctata Oliv., 15-spotted lady beetle, adult on balsam, June 9
Lacky, Andrew. Johnsburg. Dytiscus harrisii Kirby, water beetle, adult, September 17
Diptera
Gillett, J. R. Kingston. Frontina frenchii Will. adults, March 31 Smith, W. F. White Plains. Bibio albipennis- Say, white- winged Bibio, larvae on stable manure, March 28
Albright, Thomas. New Baltimore. Contarinia pyrivora Riley, pear midge, larvae on pear, May 7
Theobald, F. V. Wye, Kent, England. Same as preceding, adult, September
McAtee, W. L. Carlisle, Miss) Thecodiplosis ananassi Riley, galls and larvae on cypress, October 29
Garman, H. Louisville, Ky. Clinodiplosis florida Felt, gall on oak, May 27
Goodyear, Charles. Tarrytown. Same as preceding, June 13
Frost & Bartlett Co. Roslyn. Monarthropalpus buxi Lab., box leaf miner, larvae on box, August 21
Latham, Roy. Orient Point Hormomyia crataegifolia Felt, coxcomb thorn gall, gall on Crataegus, August 12
Gardner, Mrs E. P. Canandaigua. Cincticornia pilulae Walsh, oak pill gall, gall on oak, October 5°
McAtee, W. L. Riverdale, Md. Same as preceding, October 24
Shelter, Henry. Springwater. Schizomyia coryloides Walsh and Riley, clustered grape gall, gall on grape, August 8
Cosens, A. Toronto, Ont., Can. Lasioptera. comjuemen ocellate dogwood gall, gall on Cornus, September 21
Jackson & Perkins Company. Newark. Dasyneura rho- dophaga Coq,, rose gall midge, larvae on rose, July 16
Rorty, Mrs P. A. Goshen. Dasyneura communis Felt, galls on red maple, October 9
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I913 11g
Garman, H. Lexington, Ky. Same as preceding, May 27
erie, By Denver, Col. Rhabdophaga strobiloides Walsh, pine cone gall, gall on willow, September 30
Merce WH. W.. Scarsdale. Camptomyia tsugaeFelt, larvae on hemlock, December 2
Siphonaptera
Sherwood, Miss Marcia J. Barker. Ceratophyllus gal- linae Schrk., hen flea, adults in hens’ nests, May 29
fewman, J: KR. Poughkeepsie: Ctenocephalus canis Curtis, house flea, adult, August 26
Lepidoptera
Goodyear, Charles. Tarrytown. Laertias philenor Linn, pipevine swallowtail, larva on Dutchman’s pipe, June 24
Carl, Miss Nina. Breesport. Automeris io Fabr., Io cater- pillar, larvae on sweet clover, August 27
Cushman, R. L. Yonkers. Same as preceding, larva on corn, September 4
Reed, C. M. Sinclairville. Halisidota caryae Harr., hick- ory tussock moth, larvae on hickory, September 27
State Department of Agriculture. Rochester. Peridroma margaritosa Haw., var. saucia Hubn., variegated cut- worm, larvae on apple and grass, July 15
Bartlet, Miss Isabella M. New Hamburg. Xylina anten- nata Walk., green maple worm, larva on linden, May 19
Clark, C. A. Castleton. Same as preceding, larvae on apple, June 9
Von Schrenk, Hermann. St Louis, Mo. Papaipema ? merriccata Bird, stalk borer, larvae on May apple, May 13
izeed, ©) Mo Sinclainville Datana integerrima. Grote & Rob., black walnut caterpillar, larva on hickory, September 27
Heilman, J. R. Poughkeepsie. Schizura concinna Sm. & Abb., red-humped apple caterpillar, larvae, July 8
Carl, Miss Nina. Breesport. Hemerocampa leucostig- ma Sm. & Abb., white-marked tussock moth, larvae on wisteria, August 27
Revison, J. J. Brooklyn. Malacosoma disstria Hubn., forest tent caterpillar, eggs, December 17
Appleton, F. R., jr. Jericho. Through State Forester. Same as preceding, larvae on oak, May 26 :
Hechler, Charles. Roslyn. Same as preceding, May 30
ee
120 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Terry, S. S. Elizabethtown. Same as preceding, cocoons, June 21
Wynkoop, Irving. Granville. Same as preceding, larvae and cocoons on maple, June 23
Seely, J. A. Ogdensburg. Same as preceding, eggs on apple, Sep- tember 5
Dunwald, Peter. Rio. Cladoraatroliturata Walk., im- ago, April 11
Interstate Tree Treating Company. Mount Vernon. Anisop- teryx pometaria Harr., fall canker worm, males, females and eggs, December 3 . PE:
Dunwald, Peter. Rio. Phigalia titea Cram., imago on forest trees, April 11
Bartlet, Miss Isabella M. New Hamburg. Erannis tiliaria Harr., ten-lined inch worm on linden, May 19
Niles, H. W. Rye. Through State Department of Agriculture. Lagoa crispata Pack., flannel moth, caterpillar on appie, September 18
Cooper, Mrs E. H. Saratoga Springs. Acoloithus ? fal- sarius Clem., cocoons on Virginia creeper, September 5
Harris, A. G. Pelham. Zeuzera pyrina Linn) Veopand moth, larva, May 31
Goodyear, Charles. Tarrytown. Same as preceding, larvae, Sep- tember 4
Merkel, H. W. New York) City. “Siesaa 1 hodomdemmdas Beutm., Rhododendron clearwing, work and larvae on rhododen- dron, September 29
Schoonmaker, C. B. Stone Ridge. ? Crambus caligino- sellus Clem., larvae on corn, June 19
State Department of Agriculture. Westchester County. Pini- pestis zimmermanni Grote, pine tip moth, work on Aus- trian pine, July 1
Eberle, F. W. Albany. Tinea granella Linn., European wolf moth, larvae on sweet corn, November 13
Ward, G: E. Ravena: DPmetoicera ocellanay Schima pee moth, larva on apple, April 16
Haney, Theodore. Ravena. Same as preceding, larva on apple, April 17 |
Jansen, C. B. Kingston. Same as preceding, larva on plum, April 26
Hunt, Fred. Kingston. Same as preceding, larva on pear, April 28
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1913 121
Vincent, H. B. Old Chatham. Same as preceding, April 30
St John, Clyde. Canajoharie. Same as preceding, May 15
Collamer orchard. Hilton. Through State Department of Agri- calitite Mpmchips argyrospita Walk, fruit tree leat roller on apple, July 7
Lintner, George. Squirrel Island, Me. Tortrix fumifer- ana Clem., spruce bud moth, larva, adult and work on spruce, July 6
Gardiner, Mrs J. T. Northeast Harbor, Me. Same as preceding adults on spruce, July 15
Levison, J. J. Brooklyn. Eulia politana Haw., pine tube builder, work, November 12
Goodyear, Charles. Tarrytown. Coleophora limosipen- nella Dup., elm case bearer, work on elm, June 24
Albright, M. C. West Coxsackie. Coptodisca splendor- iferella Clem.,, resplendent shield bearer, larvae and cases on apple, January 22
Hicks, Isaac & Son. Westbury. Argyresthia thuiella Pack., Arbor vitae leaf miner, pupae on Arbor vitae, June and October 4
Morbert, Eb. te Syracuse. )Phyllonoryter hamadry- adella Clem., white-blotch oak leaf miner, larval mines on oak, May 28
de Vyver, J. James. Mount Vernon. Same as preceding, work on oak, October 22
Corrodentia
Gardner; J. H. Fort Covington. Caecilius pedicularius _ Linn., nymph and adult, October 14
Hemiptera
Miller, Mrs M. S. Boonville’ Philaenus lineatus Luinn., lined spittle insect on grass, June 23
Pierce, D. C. Hamburg. Through State Conservation Commis- sion. Phylloxera caryaecaulis Fitch, hickory gall aphid, galls on hickory, June 20
Paine, H.S. Glens Falls. Same as preceding, July 10
Coffin, J. W. L. Katonah. Through State Conservation Commis- sion. Chermes pinicorticis Fitch, pine bark aphid, adult on white pine, December 6
State Department of Agriculture. Brentwood. Same as preced- ing, adult on pine, May 5
[22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Neilson, Miss N. Nyack. Same as preceding, June 18
Crosby, M. S. Rhinebeck. Through State Conservation Commis- sion. Chermes abietis Linn., spruce gall aphid, galls on spruce, January 20
Harris, S. G. Tarrytown. Same as preceding, gall on Norway spruce, June 16
Laney, C. C. Rochester. Same as preceding, June 17
Gott, P. V. D. Goshen. Same as preceding, July 10
Miller, Mrs M. S. Boonville Chermes strobilobius Kalt., woolly larch aphid, adults and eggs on larch, June 23 ~~
Nill, John. Star Lake. Chermes tloceus Patch, eallegom spruce, August 23
Frost & Bartlett Company. Stamford, Conn. —Tetraneura ulmisacculi Patch, English elm pouch gall, galls on Usiniiseca mipjies tr use juness
Goodyear, Charles. Tarrytown. Pemphigus ulmifusus Walsh, slippery elm gall, gall on elm, June 24
Frost & Bartlett Company. Stamford, Conn. Same as preceding, August 23
Cox, Townsend, jr. Setauket. Pemphigus tessellata Fitch, alder blight, adults on soft maple, July 5
Harrer, Richard. New York City. Schizoneura lanigera Hausm., woolly apple aphis, aphis on apple, November 5
Patten, G. M. Poughkeepsie. Same as preceding, adults on apple, June 28
Seely, J. A. Ogdensburg. Same as preceding, young on apple, September 5
Rose, J. FE. South Byron Lonmerstigma, canyac aang hickory aphis, adults, June 4
Latham, Roy. Orient Point. Aphis maidis Fitch, corn leaf aphis on corn, November 2
Conkling, C. S. Gouverneur. ? Nectarophora solani- f01i1i Ashm., potato plant louse on potato, September 27
State Conservation Commission. Lake Clear. Mindarus abietinus Koch., balsam aphid, work on balsam, June 9
Terry, 8. S. Elizabethtown. Same as preceding, adults and work on balsam, June 21 .
Nill, John. Star Lake. Through State Conservation Commission. Same as preceding, June 14
Woolworth, C. C. Castleton. Gossyparia spuria Mod. elm bark louse, females on elm, June 13
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQ13 123
Neilson, Miss N. Nyack. Same as preceding, adults on elm, June 18 Voorhis, A. M. Nyack. Phenacoccus acericola King, false maple scale on hard maple, October 18
Harrer, Richard. New York City. Same as preceding, Novem- ber 5
Naramore, N. J. Ossining. Same as preceding, adults on bark, February 17
Patten, G. M. Poughkeepsie. Same as preceding, adults on maple, June 28
de Vyver, J. James. Bronxville. Same as preceding, females and young on sugar maple, September 26
Goodyear, Charles. Tarrytown. Pulvinaria acericola Walsh, adults on Cornus, June 13 and 24
Towson, C. R. New York City. Through State Conservation Commission. Pulvinaria vitis Linn., cottony maple scale, adults and eggs on soft maple, June 14
George, E. L. New York City. Same as preceding, June 18
Macey, Carleton. Hewlett. Same as preceding, July 14
Devers, M. J. Hoosick Falls. Same as preceding, adults on sugar maple, July 15
iemanestom of... Grvolin homie yel Pa lorie d¢enidit Gml., tulip tree scale, adults and young on tulip, February 1 and 5
Powell, Mrs T. W. Flushing. Same as preceding, August 15
Goodyear, Charles. Tarrytown. Same as preceding, adults and young on tulip, September 4
iatham,. oy. Orient Pomt Eulecanium lintmers1 Chil. & Benn., sassafras soft scale, adults and young on sassafras, July 21
Stene, A.E. Kingston, R. I. Eulecanium rugosum Sign., quince soft scale, adults on quince, June 3
Potrerstatt. New Vor Cry Cocens hesperidum Linn., soft scale, adults on fern, May 29
Eigested. . Ep eblauvelt, ~Pirysokermes piceae Schr., spruce bud scale on spruce, January 29
Dummett, Arthur. Mount Vernon. Same as preceding, eggs on Norway spruce, June 12
Hammond, Benjamin. Hudson Heights, N. J. Chionaspis euonymi Comst., Euonymus scale, adults on privet, probably Ligustrum bota, November 21
Haney, Theodore. Ravena. Chionaspis furfura Fitch, scurfy scale, eggs, April 17
124 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Levison, J. J. Brooklyn. Chionaspis pinifoliae Fitch, the pine leaf scale, adult on Austrian and white pine, November 12
Terry, 8S. S. New York City. Same as preceding, adults on pine, July 12
Seaver, F. J. Diaspis echinocacti Bouche, Cactusisealem adults and young on cactus, from Porto Rico, September 30.
Barron, Leonard. Garden City. Diaspis carueli Targ,, Juniper scale, adults on Arbor vitae, June 23
Cockerell, T. D.-A. Los Banos, P: 1. Drosicha jiitedeme oides CKIL, fig scale on’ Ficus nata. ‘Coll, ©) Fagbakeg 1912, cotypes, October 22
Niles, T. F. Through State Department of Agriculture. Aonidia lauri Bouché, Bay tree scale on Bay tree, October
State Department of Agriculture. Albany. Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst., San José scale, adults and young on rose, January 15
Albright, M. C. Coeymans. Same as preceding, young on elm, March 3 :
Bullard, T. E. Schuylerville. Same as, preceding, adults and young on pear, July 8
Doyle, H. M. Oswego. Aspidiotus ostreaect ornmsm Curt., European oyster scale, adult on apple, May 15
Stubing, F. J. Mount Vernon. Aspidiotus osborni New- ell & Cockerell, oak scale, adults on white oak, October
Gordinier, H.W. Troy. Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn., oyster shell scale on poplar and maple, December 9
Strickland, L. F. Lockport. Neurocolpus nubilissay adult on sumac, July 12. Also Paracalocoris scrupeus Say, nymphs on grape, June 13 and July 12
Griffith, L.C. Lynbrook. Lygus pratensis Linn., tarnished plant bug, adults on crysanthemum, September 4
Plecoptera Atwood, G.G. Albany. Pteronarcys ? biloba Newm, May 8 Blunt, Miss Eliza S. New Russia. Pteronarcys proteus .Newm., giant stone fly, adult, June 6
Thysanoptera
Brooks, F. M. Athens. Euthrips pyri Dan., pear thrips, adults, April 25
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1913 125
Thysanura
Rodgers, E. H. Mount Kisco. Through State Department of mericuiiure - SGhoturus mivicola Fitch, stow ‘flea; adults, December 26
Acarina
Hunter, Miss Louise. Cornwall. Eriophyes quadripes Shimer, gall on maple, May 12
Bethel ob: Denver, Col Eriophyes abnormis Garm., gall on linden, September 30
Pagron., Leonard. Garden City: Bryobida pratensis Garm., red spider, adults and eggs on Arbor vitae, June 23
ZOOLOGY Donation Mammals Corbin, Austin. New York Buttalo bulls iso =bisiom (Linnaeus) 2.2 ne. 6s. I Hartley, B. M. New Haven, Conn. Jumping mouse, Zapus hudsonius (Zimmerman). 4
Taylor, H. L. Albany Newfoundland caribou, Rangifer terrae-novae Bangs, head Birds Newland, D. H. Albany Night heron} "Nycticorax: mycticorax nae- VV aLMEAS. OY CIBYOIGNC ATS I8)) 2 oso eee tos etc ecient Ee etn caps I
Birds’ eggs Philips, Mrs J. Kay. Menands Brown pelican, Pelecanus occidentalis Lin-
SEAR EAU ES oe 3 Uy or AeA lta ily oy a RR Al PRES ee eS I Nicht heronne Ny clicorax, ny 61 rcorax> nae= WEES EE GMC AEEE )i aetna eae nc cis Sika ee ays eee aeans! std ye I Spotted sandpiper, Actitis macularius (Lin- MEVETUIS)) 5 eh: o 2 ier EON eh Cs eee) Ce Re eae eee 2 Ruffed grouse, Bonasa umbellus (Linnaeus)... 10 Mourning dove, Zenaidura macroura caro- Petenat catia Sis (IU TUIILACTIS )iy «i ann, taretic chorsttcts oases ee ec ae ase I
Cooper hawk, Accipiter cooperi (Bonaparte). Pickea Golaptes auratus Iuteus: Bangs. >... 3
126
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Woodcock, Philohela minor (Gmelin) nest and 3 Spotted sandpiper, Actitis macular- 11s (@Uinmaeus)) eae te Soc eee 2
Night hawk, Chordeiles virginianus (Gmelin). I Kingbird, Tyrannus tyrannus (Linnaeus)..... I Crested flycatcher, Myiarchus crinitus (Lin
TOUS ) ooh a larainteced wl Bia oie eee eee a Phoebe, Siay or nis pio} bie) (lath) pase Crow, Corvus brachyrbhymc hos) Brehm Il Cowbird) Mol otinus ater. Roddaert ss. I Red-winged blackbird, Agelaius phoeniceus
(Leimnaeus jie ds. elves 28 eet epee oe ee ea 4 Meadow lark, Sturnella magna (Linnaeus).... 2 Orchard, oriole, Leite rus “spit ii sy Ceinnacus) paar 2 Purple grackle, Quiscalus quiscula quiscula
(CLoinmaeusy).c so aSi jas! he a ele) ciate va ene tee ene ae 6 Chipping sparrow, Spizella passerina (Bech-
SLELI)s Lao), 3 gras Deh Se ee eee nl 4 Vesper sparrow, Pooecetes gramineus (Gme-
Tia) 5 Goad ace SUE eh eel ie ee ee a 2 Savannah sparrow, Passerculus sandwich-
Cnsis (Savana @Wilson) ere aee yee oe 5 Song sparrow, Melospiza melodia (Wilson).. 4 Clift ~ swallow, Petrochelidon™ tinurzoums
CSay 28 oy sai De aa ee eee 2 Cedar waxwing, Bombycilla cedrorum Vieil-
TOU b6. o's ken bie tla ele ake te, eee Sere I Catbird, Dumatella carolinensis (Linnaeus). 9 Veery, Ey locich tam ius ce sicems m(otepiden)) eae 2 Bluebird; . Suwa lua svalics @Maanaeds) eee 4
Birds’ nests and eggs Van Name, W. G. Albany : Common “tern, “Site rma iia nd one dein
TAGCUIS Vet! Sea ee ete Cee eae ts ee eee Hare ts 16 eggs Roseate tern, Sterna dougalli Mon-
TAS So iccad cic 4s tus abenelega oye cae tae efor nce ene eaeneee 5 Night heron, Ny ctilcorax ny etueona x
mya evant si (BOC daeh) eee ean nest and 3 Night heron, Nycticorax nycticorax
nave vaasus) Cboddaent) ee hwtt eieee eee 5
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9Q13 127
Fish hawk, Pandion haliaetus caro-
in ubaes tgs us P(e Cel rt) Re ar 2 eggs Chimney “swig, Chaetura pelagica
(si Ay ENTS Ve ee A Oa ae ne a nestand2 “ Whippoorwill, Antrostomus voci-
ES LG VASO) Sieetes << yen ae ee a Bree Kingbird, Tyrannus tyrannus (Lin-
PRACHIS) ee eee te en Nerd cyclo He se hae ws nestand4 “
a9
Phoebe, Sayornis phoebe (Latham). .nest and 5 Least flycatcher, Empidonax minimus
(EE BITC E Mane eateries als, rere en ae es. 5 « nest and 4 eggs Blue jay, Cyanocitta, cristata (Lin-
APLCUAG DEA eta Sls otele Sia ene weather asa chu eae nest Bobolink, Dolichonyx oryzivorus
(TATE TS TIS) Re ee A eg ar a nest and 5 eggs Cowbird, Molothrus ater Boddaert... I egg Red-winged blackbird, Agelaius phoe-
MICS CUA TOLS)) FS or a art ogi e) Seyeloloe 6 d24- nest and 4 eggs Orchard oriole, Icterus spurius (Lin-
TENSE) et ae ee ie Se seer tec oe er nestand4 “ Purple grackle, Quiscalus quiscula
Ghawisyetiia, CLINNACUS)! Ce 6. V aie es 2 ete s nest Goldfinch, ike tae tristis (Lin-
(GEESE EIS) ye Oe Oe eS A a ecg nest and 5 eggs English sparrow, Passer domesticus
(RTT S a oe Anh een eee an as nestand6 “ Vesper sparrow, Pooecetes gramin-
EUG Pes (GAGE) iy AS a ee ea a neshanGd Aly Savannah sparrow, Passerculus sand-
wichensis savanna (Wilson)...... nest Seaside sparrow, Passerherbulus
atte tS. (VV ISON) 0). 5.8 sees Seok ss nest and 4 eggs Chipping sparrow, Spizella passerina
(PES MSECHIA) foe apc ytd SPMD ete is chsh, on «SPs Sus ABN Field sparrow, Spizella pusilla (Wil-
SCOTIA Wiest cP SENSE eo nest and 3 Song sparrow, Melospiza melodia
AGS Ova) ehcp RMR ari Je ante AM nest and! Sey
Towhee, Pipilo erythrophthalmus MSIAGETS EIS) eda MO A sl 5 19/2 ae HON cd dig Soke o> nest and 2
128 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Barn swallow, Hirundo erythrogas-
tara “Boddacrte../)s cats ie eee eee Career nest Cedar waxwing, Bombycilla cedrorum
Viretllot a ler od «akin Seats cep ee aaa eae nest and 4 eggs White-eyed vireo, Vireo griseus (Bod-
avert) ak oo) shee Se 0 iene gee ea een nest anda ae Yellow-breasted chat, Icteria virens
(Linnaeus nolo. ont cates a eieere aera nest andes Yellow-breasted chat, ~Leteria Yvitenms
(Geimimaletisy ya yore rear fg, Baa ch, eae mest amdys mens Redstart, Sie torp hiavo ai ttt aie ella eleine
MACUS ) cocelins sak WR DNL.) Maaveere ee hw amine aeeae nestand4 ~~ Catbicd 2 Dinim acwelayeaearmoimine nesses
(Teinimaeuisy) ob Se aa SNR aa ao eae nestand4 ~“ Bron wmersiner TOxOStOuna, wil i wim
(Luimmlatetds,) a2 Sel Ah eke behooteee ie be akts eeeeRe Mest amGss am House wren, Troglodytes aedon Vie-
NC) aE ARAM DAN TE Ae UNAM, obeys Se Wood thrush), ly Wore ne ella muse iim :
(Ginelun) 320°. 85 Gy ese a6 Ree anna cana nestand4 “ Robin, Planesticus migratorius
(ale tL MVACtaS)) 50 Pek es fo vay ae eee ca ee nest Bilviebindy ySi-aylikaeys talkies (einitaenis) eee nest and 3 eggs
Fish
Gloeckner, William. Albany Red” horse “mulles > Milo ~ 0) st oma anieroy iemaen @lae Sultry reel ane ae nen Se I
Invertebrates
Pearse, A. S. Madison, Wis. Compound ascidian, Botryllus schlosseri CPallas). 2.05 \ phon oie cae ete caer hee eens eee ree I Van Alstyne, William T. New York Collection of foreign shells and corals
Purchase
Mammals
Hartley, B. M. New Haven, Conn.
Rat; (EB. pim y s\n omime our w sin, (rscdleben) haere eee
to
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI3
Leach, B. J. Averill Park Weasel, Mustela noveboracensis (Emmons).. Ward’s Natural Science Establishment. Rochester Ut eel LS CO ar Werte. h 18 sa Se Bobs: inisher a Vartes pena nti (Hrxleben)i... 2.22.6
Birds Barker, Fred. Parker’s Prairie, Minn.
Sispianstcm, bern ane as pia Pallas. ics elise os American merganser, Mergus americanus Cassin. Red-breasted merganser, Mergus serrator Lin-
TEL UIGee rare MMe ed Toes Se iheor ce lala ays So ues sta Niche aie Uia aid oSts Lesser snow goose, Chen hyperboreus (Pallas). Canada goose, Branta canadensis canadensis
GIEATATIACTIS) Par awisn 9 cave rsise Monee Secees Se one oshavo obese be yet Bittern, Botaurus lentiginosus (Montagu)... Black-crowned night heron, Nycticorax nycti-
Go Ha xemae vitism (BOddaAEnt ig. 5.05 pees ems ie os = Wilson phalarope, Steganopus tricolor Vieillot. Western sandpiper, Ereunetes mauri Cabanis.... Long-billed curlew, Numenius americanus
ICH SLIM gee je -y ede ose ie fs OR cGy Eee eRe Ee Black-breasted plover, Squatarola squatarola (TORTIE NCTE) os Se Sts ees an ae Poa
Sharp-shinned hawk, Accipiter velox (Wilson). Pigeon hawk, Falco columbarius Linnaeus..... Pileated woodpecker, Phloeotomus pileatus Suey ines fel Crop licen (ATIOS) ain pia navoy La ei Acasron'SS rece Hartley, B. M. New Haven, Conn. Binecnind soa tay Ss talise Clinnaeus) ys oy. ees 5, Milton, B. New Haven, Conn. Dianne Sunnis Vile artis: Linnaets....2'25. 55: Vernon, M. L. Troy Roping Plamesticus. migratoriu-s (Linnaeus) EMME EIA Oracre tense AN hcl GA oc NSA Vabiss ee aleve oie Syst weve at Suayan hehe
Fishes
Purchased in Albany markets Planiic sauimon sia bios a bay linniaeus. ..i..0 640. Pikcuml nets line Ut, s eC Eh imilacs ya!) ydckd is als Gin mackerel;’ S comber Co liase Gmelin... .0....
5)
129
e
Oo HoH
Lo
i)
130
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Striped bass, ioc qus lineatus? @Bloch) 2) meee sea bass, Cemtropristes striatus (lWingaews)es Sheepshead, Archosargus probatocephalus
(Walbaum) 200i ws 006 ot. Be ee ee Sea trout, | Gry mlowentor es. (Bloch and Schnei-
Ge 5 ee ae ees ae tes te
TIACUS Jie wo. ca gate Wid wee oss ete ae eee
ETH NOLOGY Purchase
Women’s lesoings s beaded = (2 pairs) 2 an. 4.4.4 ene Mowesas’ rattle: made tok ‘box tule) 4. eee Murtle rattles, ereatteather dances ae 39 ae Husk faces used by Elusk Hace Company... .. eee Halse face,. medicine! mask.taias eee ee Simall baskets io0 ya che eee ie ete teen eh rr Husk basket. 4s... SUM ns oe Oe 2A ine er Berrysbaslcet teks «cine ara ete ne ee "ys Ste aes Beaded “belt: orssasitvy. Wat Fae bed Ne Bese Snowshoes —— Short type .2. 052-4 ee ee ee Baby, boards, @nondagal...0).0.. 50s Bark "bow! n2%. Uneeke vain 6 etie ale Seen eee Wooden ‘spoons:<) ist). hath ieee eee ae ee Worsted’ belt or sash). 4 are. ee ee
Eagle wands »(2 sets). 0.5...) 5). Sept eee eee Bagle dance mattles, of gourds \ (Set) sa sane ee Eagle rattles.wom hora (Set) eis sn ee Wooden spoont hs rasa arenes De boos he Ue Plummvstone dice. (set) aww ene eee Peach stone “dice (Set) ia). 420 cin be Lens ene Bome dice n(Set)) see ae teeta eee MO. 3. Calabash’ rattles). 0 cog yeicer thee eee Aare ae Gourd: rattle |i! iether ee esl
Old spoons, of carved woods. 7. ce eee ee False dace? 2 sais sia a ee a
Bee BBR ee ee RAR Ree a typ BBW HH DH BR ee YP DD SO
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9QI3 131
HEN @OE LC Stamse ners ca cba dss ae Nad cbST UN NG AC afl cae Ro wath Stans Tepe gene 2 CG creMnlTT Oe DON eee eae tree atic oso Bake a mael a meee I TE@sel se SRTIEO Ue a eel cas tcl elie ar aa Pare Cote I Olle oeral ales Males SS ps Se Aika Or aa ne ng PUM RST eA ue I omnoOokrOn twisted pwiOOGs 5 cc.s.\.c ce nlae ds ld area eas I Rivioosmeluckeslatde se arene egegeed sla cpdalele: alas c/s 6 & sateveare fie I IBBIIGS SERICG. TA 26 tye ne ol hac ie pn ucts een eee INES Mar rages ae I BR tstlemetabt eaueremsrcyetve tre cic ake wah oS else elatsvats ANevo/ 0a ae eklilel one if paimearriinoss Gnatutaly silver) 1c)... 6 sete Mtotials secs ay. ots i TEVGEGY EBVO a Aer ce a a ra a iy tra eM i eV ne EO I BVM ie Tee Geld OS NEN ogee a) a) safc, oseiensieie’ wai U eecn le vat malate oleh he 2 A. A. Schmidt. Albany indian beaa= wore Dae welds 5 ty. us eialnsat ane ee sinter ct af We a kee I ARCHEOLOGY Purchase The R. D. Loveland Collection. Watertown. FONE PC MMOLMMAEEOW MEAS si ic stoke iste rte'> obote) ounce aes 39 SUUOMIS SEES: (Sls Beye 6 bra ea HE IIe One at ee rec a 2 TBVOvaG ENNIS “5.4 F Aeke rain Gael aches is oie ee a nel 380 CURING Fee SL OTVOM ME eM teiee ccey tetrin) ty uN nel acar re othe nS T tg I Copper bead ess, . 52. case her Se AE esis rt SM SN I Smell etanting channel (COfMe ny. eyes, 6 «2s we one ae tue: Celismrrne sat a: rues CSL eR eEN STR Se eo Rae ET EN 85 Sailclle somes Calta a weiss Sages AN ee lela Sibted van cia ve seas I SioMer disksm diametet Aw tOLG cata fence so sce scat ve aces 4 Bone fish hook ..... te 6 BORE oe RS LE PMP as RP I PGS N INET TE Bet b tnt eet tic Babmen ee tie ae Oe teee Mee Re aA eae ad an 70 Gores (2). >. PO ae ee en ie sre TMI A tea he NAN. Wy eal cnet 9 OMCs Rie a eee tart Bale gin Oe a ate re eg Lk. Ore Ne Of Bomesande hom MatpOOmse tes. cites. cyetc aly as aagere ns cjcueton 6 6 BRAS SCONES ay. trsra re ance itced. helo hae ateo wee cal hans aials 25 SLUGS TATE NEE). 6 th eee AINA AS Se SPEER eo SEA A ra tine aia mn ae 16 SOMO MINIOTEA Steep Naik PU eRe roca skye ob ailovemeneeatitee 4s) 28 diay g 6 Mullets: 2.5... Hoe BLS Oe Othe ot Patel ERO Pe eee Ra Ree 30 ri smo leibletons WOLKEGuy amit ecu bts haiecle cians Chee 16 RUA ear H EH OOMe,: WOKE) .qyetivi ge sions scgasoe ahd etre) seve lal Sev I SAE SEOME PIPTMEMEDOLELE .yer ysis. ehers eiedeiase icles ance ele ass I PLEO ONC OM Gy ae tie ee ie euciees ede Shami eres ai sl'erats Rigid abs I ponicpieculesme ry Ree nee sc 2 meu OU erie, et 8 OMA OMICS Ot SALINAS Mya. ta.s.<jr pus ceweA Cale cole delsicls I
SOMeRDAGUles Ol SP ALMILAGi es 0 laces) a's «)c aisle old «od a a so kichales I
132
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Steatite jplummet: . hi. - Je Pees ee ee ee ee eee I Slate plunamet ; soe) ais Lae acie es Oe 2 Oe eee SCONE PESbLES' eho.) uae ee a eee eee ae PM ss. 2 Stoney pemdantsyn. weer ae ov atishtiol abso tel aauac ts cel eae 7 Stonewballerayisee trae vas Ue 14 Party ot tuntle carapace perqionated: marr Bi ss I Worked beats’ teethzc i). as ae ace ae er fe) Clays pIpes*s areas crete. apy ee jag hla? 9 dita 'e Ag) cc en 139 Sea vitem pipesime ata wasn (a disle daha Pig LORS DES SUGS 4 Bone spear heads..os 053.0) 500 2 he oe ae ee 2 Shell cs hi ede Ys ae See a ep Parts of clay pipes ei Jc. San sets es ee eee 7 qts. BOtsherds Vomit eee ea AN eet Teas ieee tee cane eae about 350 Clay disks ie ii on Gis See ie RR ear 41 botie "disks |! a areca (oot tne Ally Unie ane akon 18 Siuallictonevornamicntseane ene eee a 4 oe oe ee 6 Beaver ieeth: worked ts. eon eee Aer ee eee 6 small: Stone (Comes 281.77 Fekete eh soe ene M675 « 2 Small flat round stone, on one side effigy of human face.. I Bone shuttlesiis So. hohe Sr UES See ee eee 6 Stone spicke'. sche ye beck tie 6 eats ie lone eee ee cee I ‘Stone hatchery pertorated 2] oem + ee eee ee I Antler 2S pOOm wi. ee. seth caed: sikens eae to esa ae ree Perri I Several lumps tmineral paints ye. yes cei ee 4 Small quantity charredi wood. 2. - aes ee 3 Clay pot. teaiiis t's ene ees eee ee ema ene I Stone paintverindet 3.08 eee eae eee eee eee I Saticer-shaped dish from) human skulle ee. eee I Stone andiclateibeadsese eee eee Ha yaicieb/e gina 298 Various small) bone objects; worked \-- 3.42 eue eee ene Stone et simlsers #27. oe cca retay sapere ee 19 Antler Spoon {fae ie ee ee ate ae Ree I Shell beads? oo fo ee ees ee Re 37 Unfinished stone and slate beads..-c-e--e- eee eee 38 Bone : beads. ca Pe Gk oo aU eae ae alle lhe en oe 75 ~ Arrow POUMNES: os ie icie OS ete SRE oe ee eee ee 147 © Spear theadsi: 22s .3 de orci ee oe = Pe ee ee ee ne 16 Borie punches #6 a). Alene be oes ote ae ae ee 3 Plum. pits) perforated jo)... 0)o ee ee eee 3
Guin, flint. see's 25 eee oe HIP ree ect ee 4
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9Q13 133
The Raymond G. Dann Collection. Honeoye Falls
POR PUG Serre rey etme aero) Id AN ia as'cl Sta steatore.Whepete a art 80 SIRDIS, ORO etalon, cece Anas kyr ee ae re A re ar 3 PLA NSO Sa NCIC IS en ye wis ie A ne ASS CEA Zig Rona RG ween eee eee er iat re celina a alate! os See Have AE 85 (Wanpers accowepoliisy etn en se ae ays Wid cy eco te 16 IPLSGL {CETANVTUU HS 45 OT OY Acie Eta eee Cec acne Relea ea I ‘SVATWIE EOS US fe cer a ri ry ae ee Ra ae a Pee a ae 7. CEUIS ae Sestchescts cars rere Meine, ae anes ainceg ee eC es ae 16 BeOS MaMa vere agen we oeawie sr seals cians adc etna A Sie stata a Ss I EMR S CRAP CLIN Wt Soe tc aie eneenci a wiaee aecnetne elaine abaolin odie ¢s 12 OIRSCES RA Ace Pe ee ERR RS ASA MND WEA Cyd ee ERs 3 Ste OAC Se paye hes hey ste gol Att sey avons aratihalatlen es gigs a cits s 9 Ara letatiamel GAUL uepse ete eecn ea Glee 2 aig sacts elt igioe een WMS ties 3 RIL Tiam ATNIIVICS eter. ere ee Rh. ee teers he echo Sees ee 13 hCRERarLOW, spOlmits we st a nhe dds Se eee Oak else ee 247 Gey COWES et rates Alot sec nrans o she Wekl eel aga Seed Cle Slee de bh 6 TB ONG: YB IBRALG OL Sick 5. fale a yaa Oe Aron ane Oe a er re eg I EKG WER Mle May peepee rer nee alee fep teas ue obo it Sel I IBIGNTS) TORIC AT ah, lle Bers ae eee oe Riri AE ae ONT gemma 4 MOMewO ULES ty cence. ry jemi neg note ata heomha ei kas 2 SIME MURSEON CL Leer itty sea Ane ic cee yslae oc Mea a NE a, I SONG RAZZIE TENG OTS yA rere 7s Rie act Ree apes al 2 VASE SEOMES pir else tiers tcl ewe pene rere ay Scat aoe Mad ree @ SIPOtive: 7OTESI Kos) Pe ia a 5 bee a Raa, AN Rare ILD 3 SOLIS PROV EEER ESS “ot AL tah oy IGS LO eee A 4 Niolimensk necklaces Ol teething aa ci. Gerda Noe. QI CELSO Ley DeAC Mec kIaGen tyre ie nicten iis Cone then ss as 223: Metal spoon, round bowl, figure of human on end of handle 1 CUM Sow ate eae Te Reg berger nay se raid toe ued See oe shauelats I Shell object, flat discoidal base, 114” shaft from one side.. I Beaiuncie tieeilace,-SOcteebiae: sf a osiais cates te oul ene ad 56 Cjcvedssnelitmeckidee, 7S pieees. teu. oe ale sat vscy ees coe 78 IAC CLEER GP ICOD PELs WHle fe oete ier ener’ s Stee e Sota dare ca I Necklace of carved shell, 91 pieces crescent shape........ QI Canvedsshellenecilacer 16. pleces yc). fais). 2s hs tials oe 18 SHC EMEC eIACe mI DICCEGUE Ae L a ee kai tt ache eros hee ele ee 4 30 Mortaiser suellnrattles eB k ea late oc eer o's aE se Nets 2 Syvlindrical shell ornament 2. veel eee ee. ee le I slellvornament, representation of turtles)... 2.6. 66 ed
Shell ornament, representation of duck................ I
134
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
HHH N OH OBA
Shell ornament, représentation of owl.................. 2 Small human dieure; hon’ 295.2 <\)2 31-102 eee I Small cup-shaped ‘stones: : ia. 2. . 5s ee eee I small-Stome sancer-shaped objecta-- = ee eee Pe | Tron scissors, ‘rusted. 550.02... ee eee I Carved shell necklace. 31 jpleces: -eee e ee 31 String of 328) discoidall shell’ornamentss >). 4-2 ae eee Lyne Carved ‘shell; representation of duck. 54... -- eee I shell necklace, crescent, shape pieces. 2.524 1-4 eee 61 Discoidal. shell ‘object: 5 i022 eas sa ee ee I Long ‘shell beads \./).0 425.4095 423 sles ee og Perforated tortoise carapace... 75, 44554 eee I String (of. shell ‘beads..). v.20 26) eee ee ee 16 Hour strings class beads:4 45... cGane eee i String red ‘stone, béads jae sees ote ee ee 22 Loose wampum and other beads=...5444--> > ase One-half pint wampum) shells: 22+. 2.4.5 02) 8eeee ie White glazed pottery vase, European, top broken........ I Copper finger tings 5060) as ere eee Lee 9 String wampum’ beadsvand wolf teeth? 2252... eee 58 Flint lock: from eum 05 a. nee ee eee I Remnant of flint lock. .2.%.)..05.2 Sea eae eee I Pottery ornament, headvot duck. - =.=. 4-5 eee I Tron. tubeys 4") lone ae eee ee eee eee I Lead ladle vas 2. Girish ay ee ee I Small piece beaver skinti2” x 29/27 2a eee I Small ‘round bells coppetan, oo.) oe eee eee 2 Small copper™bellS. 0.4. 26 yon set eee a ee 4 Iron wire bracelet, small coil copper wire attached...... I Oblong shelltbeads-iiwitite. se reer PTintt <4 anne eee i Small’maskette, whitershell: {ee 2 ie we eee I Trade pipe, bowl broken and large part of stem missing.. I Fragments of worked shell, white, four pieces........... Shell ornaments and frasmentany piecess..> 4-14 eee I Mother of pearl ornament.) cee een ace Bone, crescent shape pieces. 45.45 9s oe a eee Copper jiieles teeter i eet Pere ere sd Copper chain, length 27327 eave oan eee Small piece \eraphite) o22.04.% cee eee eee
. small fragment leather, copper bead insertion..........
Small figures of -amimeals}wbone. 2.20. ee he eee ee 4
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQ13 135
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String wampum and other beads, multi-colored, 60 yards. The Fred H. Crofoot Collection. Sonyea
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Flattened pitted stones, several pits on one side......... Hi
Stome. mortars. 22s. SP Ace ss eee ee 4 Hlintarnow and™spear: headsa.: ays sceise eee reer ae 5832 Flint ‘scrapers voli fess aie d chile oe Se eel ee ee 642 Brass arrow leads ast.2i2/ii 2 acta on ie ee 2 Small.earthen potuchut 22 oases faa ase eoahe eee er 1. Flint. ‘knives: )5 pe .0 he BR Oee og eee oe . 676 Bear? teeth to oc Nears BY a 8 ser ee aa er 6 Gt Ais has ee A eas eer 53 Small stomesnortag amd balls eee ae ee a ir ROME: WSUS. 5 vo5 won 08 ue OEE I Silver broGches 2 fc oie See Pee ee a Se 4 Silver Cotenl 245 4a Ree LPP YY Se ee I Copper: pipes OF 2nd ie inane een ae eat eee 2 Skeavitesplationim) pipe seer eee RAE ies 3 I Copper spear’ head cw i>. see ea) wa Roe cee er I GOLSELS a Ee SS oa rd ee Ge ie lk Saree One 20 Patts of gorgets (ine oe oan oe cae at 27 IBENTNGIO SHOMES oa dog on sande BS ae AN CENA ea aR ie hee i Partsod banner Stonesiiaa cai ate. 5 ols ae Gea ee II Copper beadsiaen aac olistate Sy Git arate Ge Caen an er 4 Irn chives, ac Pen oa ve ets ena Ce ee er 17, iron scrapers» spoon shaped’) 5.29. ae ae ee ee 2 Turtle" back ‘stoime?s 5). 07805 ee Mee | a ad a I Troqtois ‘clay pipe: Sykes he ee he ee ee I Steatite palit: Cup: rtie seen ns Seen I Leads seals n/ ee Sie 5 Skea tare oc ee te I Phintesennlinar “kiivesee 2) oer eae ee 3 Stone tibet oo wae sas ABs naa ene eo I shell soreet (ce Sloe) Sine One need eee I Bone ‘Scrapers ih. bathe Re roe ee ee 2 Gaiies) (Stones! S12 C000 a es a ea nah Oe ieee a 2 The C. A. Holmes Collection. New Berlin ' Trond axes in We Oe ee ener aera oes eee 2 Flint arrow points, drills, spear heads, scrapers...... about 550 Flint” knives iy 200 e's Ae a ee ene er es cee 6 Grn Bat Ve Ey ag I Gorgets 3). eae sdk ok ae oe Sia oe 6 Stone, pestles si. 2620. cis aie miele oar ete ed ee 10 Crude chipped ilint traanientic ase aaa aie D&S Genes cee 33 Stone’ net ‘sinkers 2 vse ees sen eee Ne aes 10
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Celts) ie Or ee ico eT a ee Tr
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I913 137
2 I I NIE OINGS eo ES No le aes OR aS i nN RT Ge I JEXEI OLESEN Rok ne os ee bre ety Coe ISIC ere Ones ao se oe ey I igiastenacast Mound Builders pipes seng esc) sas: eee a I RIAGheIgCASt ware SMeaTpMGAds aie ails eau ttia eats cL). oigha ras I SHOE AOODISESS, Tea bi ieee erie ea RE geek Ree ePIC a 3 IESERUIENG Tae ONES tare ete rete ot are shat fee sieves sehis php: Cops ayosohaina ae ar inks 2 The W. E. Bryan Collection. Elmira Small oblong stone, effigy of human face on one side.... I
Suc eh ontleneharhedeCOVET <5 s0¢ ac soside eeiehoeere 4 Sgr @ adsl one I IPLOUESIOETRGIGY py Bil atte aed ROSIE MRED Na oe DSR NG sek PER oR 138 Sie MMC MUSICS creators aces staves Suc Lieu ara lathes sears: cba alls Uebel 59 Ciriderchippedsstone implements) /)) 4 4-cl4 5 alesse eae UI COSTS IS Eset cai ang Ue. eae a Ne thy agtae eR 66 SHCMS MARGIE EES Ue. coer UN aR pas cee er tye A Se er ee ee 2 TBYOREVEY RH as ss SRR a crcl ees ted eng Sea ce ey Pa I eats OM POUOCESU ARE ayy oie «uke tnn via tema cnet Soriebace 4 Labi il 6 Biltinatypkeniviesre teem. eisai al Gre la e tic cf Oe, oa ee 2 SHEOUME DLESIEES © ies sek dhe Geel Bic aad tale sD ene atc near Beta 14 NBD SLO MORE es say o- prentane 2) tute isteuaiad eyisacbleee hat al ae aya A eal I SUNGITS FEA ON BTEC) ein ciel eestor Re Eh LE ARCA a Re OC 2 IMECES Ol Steatike. PATLSTOL ,POLSE sett sce 05> fbi as secs elie 54 Jer iat WSyOeate 1a SEY CIS) seen le eee rear aE anata RAE 4 JELIWANE GSA YD TENS) 385 hot ria cuca er cae Nene Pi eat eS a 13 Le Tinie, “GU SIET ES) | see Cea ees os Gree Sate oe ee eg eal Ae eR rat Ram Do 38 peligte OMe ATI S HSE OMG mene me ce Maytals awit aalebeynit . abo’ I PSIFLEPONGI OTOMUAUEG) “ghar AN coc ty autre Ne re ES cE Yat Os a 604 (CSTGIA,.TAITVAILES E.G OILERS Bana ot veh ici ee ree ee ee 4 SHG ORIG). 15 plot Rae ReRPca ot IER ADS CAREC IP aR ann PUES 2 RVI Gomme ee nit vain OUimees Whe: Marty ch ach aieyay saab oa stay sass Bias 4 LELATACTE SOUSS 1s, orcs n NCR cles PROER CEE AR e SRE NC 33 SPO MCA ian CUM Stare aha rae ae Sealab woes, ay 904, bao.) seo av ahi. sa tace 12 ISROVE: GSES c.cl b CSCMIAEER RENO, SOS ERE ane a CeACE Cone neaea oem gnats I The R. E. Van Valkenburg Collection. Mount Upton
Siielidisksmeciien PenlOratOms wer icjeecis ti sacle +’. 0a ch 5 TP LSOR Te GieMIS S 8 each Rane aie ey eats A open
138
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Flint. knives): 0285) VAs. * acter 3 Flint spear heatl::.j......c.ce\ fail: Se eee oe I Smoothing or lapstone, 3. ..).4 4.35252 Oe ee I Stone /pestles 0 ose lia eats ed eer 6 Flint harpoon ..2)./36 dees sssie.o cee ce I Mune rs (ie Gime cunn ee ere Meat eee ee eee airy SU 2 Stone met sinkers 0065. 26 5h nob s ee e oF Worked “stones... .i20. 4c ee tee Seen 29 SUE W: SLOMES /2c.s is cuisine Sle ee by ele eee 2 Celts a oe. etotag 24 Seid dans ia dis Wes ia An ene 2 Hammer / stones. 2.24) oe Seo oan aoe ee 743 Flint arrow points 0.24.44). 6 see ee ee 203
The Charles P. Oatman Collection. Liverpool (Collected in
Jefferson county)
Glay. nipipese ists eon neg Me lela tain eitte eis eee 93 Stéatite , pIpesia. ioe Shee ae wie ae ae ate 4 Diminutive.clay cup, diameter about 144...--.- 19a I Smalliclayvettiey, of unin vhead:\2- eee: see e eae I Small clay effigy of human head, part missing..... ee I Small bone trom, mouth ot stirseonsce sess. eee I Small oblong flat bone fragment, worked, two perforations 1 Ratios lipot platiorn pipes redicatlinites ss i.e eee I Miniature*bone paddle, 4727 longa 5.4.92 ene I Clay “pipe tiagmentss. a. oer oe ae eee +2. abOuER Ese Boe aowlsi we set od Aon ve aac) el ee 251 Bone and horn arrow points... ae aoe ee 39 Worked" phalanges) )iy3 005 Ni: Sas eee ee 57 Bowe mbeads ye: nde alia lajte hae alta te ae ARO Ge ee 53 Gelts uiscce e's dosate oly met hein he ee eee ee 68 Bone” bodkins).i:).)-2.0 1. eae eee ae hat oa ea 8 Bone harpoons' 4.0558 S35 0n 2 Oe. Ae ee eee 7 Shell “beads <2..o0he bale eal ees cee ee 5 SUCMIS STOUT BGG 2 ool oon Digjieie Sanaa MO ns ae 2 Sinalll pieces perforated ‘skill 2555) a5e eee eee 2 Hammer: stones... 2.04 a ey ee 7 Bone yknrvesais). Gvicn bak be eRe eee ete a 2 Mullets (pee Goes 0 Ps. nae eee Garey eas is ES an 15 Copper © béads. 2.210 0: 2 Ea eee 4 Stone Beads ai tises Sas Cake Ae) ee 6 simall quantity charred wood: 42). uaeren aes ieee fa Pieces of « pigmentyGeaceiss 2s cd cheers eee eee 4
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1913 139 The Alva S. Reed Collection. Livonia Miniature bomerenicy, hitman foot... 2)... ei eke oe I SelPORdAmicitm ety eA oe en ct eto at ge emktcei ees IO “SY A es SY SSKG Neo EP Ree tee 61 Se limditpleltetbowe 1 tetiwt e a ete ctia es Ste eed) Be I Wappershetdares cysteine wits botkier sawed bo ated abiees I SECC DETUSE rena Milne weucee eM a icaia sree eee eB La oe RS 8 Stalpieces; bones, notched. nd. x0 eels allel. SS: 2 LES DISTIGT LES Ve es ne aR ee ae Re Se ay rs a 1 Sie le RODS Cle aime rela a 2 tic icia Wks eeee LIA wre, a AY, Y I PE Gie HTC OOMSus wre eth pies Lin ie ern UU RI Naty alanitin ae 5 IB@MemeeMlesme Rie were eer ehpa detain eve sane w lel Ae hier oe 13 OMe BVVIISE Lem centce wee. edn heii rte ca tedtgertnta ae aie eae. I Boer pitcnine atOOls ce. vices aan se eae vcd ee Ress 13 ACM OCHA MICH et aet ey colonia t Where ee Bain a etieos aloes Win LAE aha ore I IENGRE Te att S HIV ELON GRIGG Rr ates fade Afi i atsicls Od SoneNieKhaturi ote Cael. al elec haa 5 Bers RDELOM, WOU Es Ao) elton «gue ate ave abe e's sale des Bas I Worked-animal teeth........... BEER ow ake ciao Bee 70 EN OU KU PLCIFCHESE Nye ale tore er suse eels wie res wes bleaeeae « 16 Diane Ci tM eESw rn mien ose s.)els ase Paths ees «eles 2 Gi e Me AGM STOO Spa cranes ssc) cikls anche afele tela ene chs elas ahve Mls 6 IRONS eh vals 2 5 WR ec A Re eae: ade ante SAS 52 LOGINS, UB GON ey COTA Se Hie, Os RS Pe ee I IBGTaS GLITNIR Al ie rete lS nr ee ON are I LEYOYGE) JI DYSaG ISS Pals een 2, 08k AE aca aD fe! ORES PCM MAES Werte taen Parse rat-patc lesa le wks h'be we esieNeiely we. Wars eee 2 Uta AT LO NVI OUUES o Aeawetey. F018 2) cari 2235, 00a atte Masa eae about 300 McCombs, Mrs F. A., Rushville Biohemsadule- female skill 2 eee eas ao). neice od etal I token apnorual: juvenidey sitll oo o5 25 ed sie webs: I SHOTS, SSID YSIS = SR NERDS lS aa Pg Se een Po 3 (FOES Bd NE ee Re ae ain 8 ec aa ae ees oe Mee ra I SEL MMCOP PETC Etats ot Maes Matar rate asalnls Sleversuiaew aed Lame’ « I PNGLE Te TMP UENC MIS ot ct 22) < 1s satetone ste oheic:e!e(o2! ete itics ee © wel ates 1 lorena NO TLC MIRO CED oivat Neotel es aca gtehe Wate ail d,@ 5 4'c 2 6,6 I CUES ES arma ee oc eats ahaha ba a ery wow (ata « Go's Bide aide 2 SUES Ware] (See ae Ce see aan eet ne ne 2 The Vander Veer-Auringer Collection, from headwaters of the Hudson, Warren county Siscsmane beige Seria Weads eer, <3. 2s > ie 2 a5 Sonper tumble 27.2 vee. 3/3 2 Re a A en I
140
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Small crescent-shaped bone ornament, two perforations.. 1 Brass, arrow. potht. 2.0.28. 52g phen eee I Small lead. bird, effigy: : 000. gs ae ae ee I Stone spatula®. 1.4) hee ees ee eos I Bone’ jingler s: ool asl ahha: ceca ed ee I Bar amiletsji/5 nye cies iid aloes epost 3 Larese bell moxtar, stoner. sande nee ee ee Double stone mortar:.'. 2.7.2 bGh ke ee eee I Miillers Yagi. aie ape tene a ae tegen ice ac eee 7 Sinew /StOMes . 0h. Sassi | Peak eee ‘2 Stone; pestles 4.0). 4c 1S vee eae 8 Stone grinder) ic Ae). See ae. Sa este ieee Oe ee I Stone: war’ clubs. 08 2252 Avice ice ee Ree eee 4 Stone ‘balls: sci s oo ee eo ee eh ie 5 Partvot banner stone. sme ey cea ee ce eae I Plint knives® £2) 22h sain aan ache oes 2 eee ee 4I Flint ‘gouge oi. WG Sites Sie ie bee eee I Celtis. silos a PRs ORES gle CPR alee ee 5 Flint picle.ss soit ie tee cee eee tae I Hammer *stoties; 3.) fee ac as fe Cee ee eee 14 Stone‘spades or hoes as ives hee oe. See 4 Stome ARES; ol. Sek et cee oe ee 14 Stone paint grinder. 2), .1..2.3 86 oe eee ee I Stone ‘net simkenrs.io..8 Le oh oe ea ee ee 10 Crude chipped stone fragments. 3 sea eee 50 Tron Axes. oe bea sh ais OR Se ee Or eee I Tronfiballl poe. dices os Se ene Ss ce eee it Steeljtrade jarrow, On lances. ane ae ae i Grint, AIS so cic) a Se ae 2 Fisloiimoglenivies ic.¥ chien aerie ae enee ws Se 16 Worked ‘steatite “fragments a...42) ease eee eee 6 Bones punch .0oc.4 on ee pe ee ene ee ee eae I [cu iia ae(e bat (eye ee MA TCM N AN ciel See 5 10 Bone) implement 2) 3. ae Sects oe eee ae arene ee I Flint Scrapers sass. 0s. «ithe oe anoint eee 24 Blint..spearsheads).: :*.0. ci 2k. eae eee oe eee 4I Flint: arrow points. (00%... G0 2 ae eee he eee 168 Bone. awls,.2 sey cis. 8 dive Gi eRe eee eek ee 5 Pigment dumpss small) .400 aii rete tee 3 Brass bracelets: <i 's siccuioie «steel eae ee 2
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI3 I41I
Collection
The D. D. Luther Collection. Naples Smalivred stoug eniay.on human face... 3... 0.0.2 c20 ok I SOON Oh Ole LAISUOTE Sve cae ttisie csc, 41s ce oy Slece, ee Beran aienes 13 SHORES “SOIT ie Bla ak Sr Ne ea en ee aa ee I ‘SHOUTS! ADIOS ES 4) Maslaies Bev sree can RHI ORE ee ae ite) SLOMe USitucersen tress se CES VN Aa aM R erereny toast Ged 50 STEEN CLeg Mell Smee wig We. cY tee ements. CARO ALLL. S cial 5 Woe Haste Re 3 ANLECSTIINES EY or ny eh aol aloes ee ae ge ee aL et Le I SEO LC MELINO Lebeul Wy Haru MS NUL Rea lt hate ont tacedt ane se Ube coal I CIES RSS alt 28 el etl APs ore Dr a RE Uae ee RSL ae a 6 LOI SWAT MCL S evry at oh os) b Sieaohene Maro ae tll Or oe Ware rh as aah he 2 AMMOTIIS SHOES Mera Seve Mal Mca tag ENS etait G 2.4 oo.) oak 226 SEOMES a WOE SCCharr Laie cuts arts cae hal Seat REE seal RSS 35 EUG IS) VSG Ae ls eh tea aie a reg A eee rt er 27 TEU E WEI RON Gey OXONUTES VSS ey eae rer ST A cet OS Coe 60 TE Irate SHO Ray DET TS W cesiey eeer ected ONGLa Peace a er ene ean ane Mean I Goce ints eet eee anes co CO a net VR eS seo 2
(CII SOVIDIES 20°C elect sera fetes a COM an eg ERE aa ARE Ee Be I
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI3 143
APPENDIX
THE ORIGIN OF MAN
(Adapted from a paper by Dr E. Rivet, of the Museum d’histoire naturelle, Paris) 1
The progress of recent investigations into the prehistory of the human race has plainly shown that the common expression which has come into use as the summation of the evolutionist theory of the origin of man, “man is descended from the ape,” is not only unfortunate but untrue. When this expression became current it attracted attention and controversy by its implied defiance of traditional doctrines, and this very fact has given it a certain popularity, made it the target of polemic discussions and has in- deed cast ridicule upon the fundamental scientific principle of evolution. The responsibility for the diffusion of this formula rests in part upon scientific men themselves. The time is not far past when such men as Haeckel and Mortillet imagined and even portrayed the precursor of man as a strange compromise between man and the anthropoid, and to these imaginary creatures they gave some such significant names as Pithecanthropus or Anthropopithe- cus, and Schaafhausen made out the man of Neanderthal to be a sort of man-ape.
The views of Haeckel and contemporary writers were not, how- ever, without excuse. After the first discoveries relative to fossil man had been made, they were prone to believe that the problem of our origin was of quite simple solution; but this is not at the present time so regarded. The new data acquired in the course of late years show that the problem is much more complex than it has appeared to be. It is this fact that I wish specially to lay emphasis upon in bringing together here what we now know with scientific certainty regarding this matter and the conclusions which it is legitimate to draw therefrom.
It is well known that the history of the earth has been divided by geologists into four great periods, Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary. ‘The first era is characterized by a fauna com- posed of invertebrate animals and of the lower vertebrates; the Secondary era is the era of reptiles; the Tertiary and Quaternary eras those of the mammals. The Tertiary era has been divided
1 Printed in Biologica, March 15, 1914.
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
144
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REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1913 145
also into four periods, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene and Pliocene. In our present theme only this last and most recent period, the Pliocene, interests us. At this epoch the climate of Europe was warm and its fauna included such a characteristic animal as the northern elephant. The Quaternary, also, has been divided into the present Quaternary or Holocene, characterized by a climate and a fauna very like those of the present, and into an ancient Quaternary or Pleistocene. The latter comprises three periods: Lower Pleisto- cene, with a mild climate, during which the hippopotamus and the Elephas antiquus abounded in our region; the Middle Pleistocene, with a cold and humid climate, the fauna of which in- cluded the mammoth, the hairy rhinoceros and the reindeer; finally, the Later or Upper Pleistocene, with a cold, dry climate, often called the Reindeer age, on account of the extreme abundance of this animal. Toward the end of this epoch the fauna was very like that of the steppes.
Thus arranged, what are the discoveries relating to man and his predecessors which have been made in the different beds corresponding to the divisions just enumerated? It is believed that we have found traces of the existence of man, or at least of a being resembling man, in the Tertiary epoch, shown by the dis- covery of incised bones and, in many places, of stones which bear traces of use, the so-called eoliths. These eoliths have given rise to lively discussions, but today, thanks to the work of MM. Boule and Breuil, it is proved that flints may acquire the aspect of stones intentionally retouched merely by the effect of contusion in tor- rential waters or under the pressure of the rocks themselves, and it is admitted now almost unanimously that even if a human being living in the Tertiary epoch actually made use of stones, it would be impossible, in the present state of our knowledge, to distinguish them from those which have been bruised and broken by the action of natural causes. It has, moreover, not been proved that incisions found on certain Tertiary bones are the work of man. Of the being who might have modeled these eoliths or made these in- cisions, there has not, thus far, been found in our country the slightest vestige, and the expression of Nadaillac in 1885 is today the exact truth: “ Man might have been able to live during Tertiary times. Nothing in the climate or geologic conditions, nothing in the fauna or in the flora is opposed a priori to his existence then, but up to the present time there is no known fact, no discovery, no proof which can really permit us to affirm this with any degree of certitude.”
146 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
I have not as yet taken account of the famous discovery made in Java in 1891-92 by Dr Eugene Dubois of certain fragmentary bones, a calvarium, a femur and a molar of a being which has received the name of Pithecanthropts erectus aman age of these bones has been discussed at length and is not yet definitely determined, but it does not seem to carry us back to an epoch earlier than the period of transition from the Pliocene to the Pleistocene. They are nevertheless the most ancient anthropomor- phic remains which we possess and I shall have to refer later to their interpretation.
Up until 1907 we knew the human being who lived in Europe during the Lower Pleistocene only by his industry, but, in the course of the last three years, two sensational discoveries have brought us the first definite proof of the physical characteristics of this being. There was, first of all, the discovery in 1907 of a lower jaw in the sands of Mauer, near Heidelberg; then in 1912 the discovery of a portion of the cranium and the lower jaw in the gravels of Piltdown, in Sussex.
Much more numerous and more important are thé documents which we possess relating to the man of the Middle Pleistocene. Following the chronological order and retaining only the undebated and undebatable examples, we may cite: the cranium of Gibraltar, 1848; the calvarium of Neanderthal, 1856; the jaw of La Naulette, 1866; the cranium and bones of Spy, 1886; the jaw of Malarnaud, 1899; the multiple debris of Krapina, 1899; the skeleton of La Chapelle-aux-Saints, 1908; the skeleton of Moustier, 1909; the two skeletons of La Ferrassie, 1909-10; and, finally, the skeleton of ay Oumar storie
From the epoch intermediate between the Middle Pleistocene and the Later Pleistocene there have been reported two skeletons dis- covered in the lower beds of one of the caves of Grimaldi, near Menton, and described by M. Verneau. Finally, the Later or Upper Pleistocene has furnished so many evidences of fossil man that a list of them would be too long to give here.
This is a summary of the paleontologic human documents which we possess today. Let us now see the data which the study of these precious remains affords for the determination of the mor- phology of our ancestors.
A rapid examination shows, first of all, and this is a capital point, that man of the Later Pleistocene had already the characters of living man, or, in other words, to employ the language of the
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1913 147
systematists, that at that epoch he entered into the group of Homo sapiens. True enough, even then he afforded a large variety of types analogous to if not identical with those which we find today: the Grimaldi-type with negroid characters very strongly expressed ; the Chancelade-type which approaches the type of the Eskimo; and, finally, the Cro-Magnon-type, much more widely diffused and whose descendants Professor Verneau has found among the almost contemporary Guanchos of the Canary islands. It is fair then to say that living humanity was already in possession of its essential traits and even of its principal varieties in the Later Pleistocene. Because of this fact our study finds itself restricted to human fossils of the Middle and Early Pleistocene. The Middle Pleistocene man, which has generally been designated
Jaw of the Heidelberg man (Homo heidelbergensis)
by the name of Homo neanderthalensis, is actually very well known morphologically, thanks to the beautiful work of M. Boule.
We know much less of the man or the anthropoid creatures which preceded Homo neanderthalensis; in fact, we have as documents here only insufficient and scattered bone frag- ments. The lower jaw, the only relic of the creature to which the name of Homo heidelbergensis has been given, is re- markable for the association which it presents of pithecoid and human characters. It is striking throughout by its massive appear- ance, by the large size of its ascending branches and by the com- plete absence of a chin. The mandibular angle is truncated, the semilunar groove but slightly marked, the coronoid apophysis obtuse and with rounded edges, the articular surface of the condyle much
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
148
“SULOSIIOZ OY} YIM
Suipuodser109 SMTA OPIS
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI3 149
extended. Finally, if the bone is placed on a horizontal plane it will
be seen that there is a large open space under the median symphysis..
All these characters give this jaw more the aspect of an anthropoid than of a human jaw, and it is certain that if it had been deprived of its alveolar border it would have been greatly to the embarrass- ment of paleontologists ; but the teeth are distinctly human and the canines no more prominent than the adjoining teeth.
Again, we find the association of such pithecoid and human characters, in a fashion perhaps still more pronounced, in Eoan- thropus dawsoni ; that is to say, in the being whose remains have been discovered at Piltdown. Morphologically, this jaw is the jaw of a chimpanzee, and the recent discovery of the canine tooth notably more developed than the human canine accentuates this resemblance; but the cranium, as far as one is able to judge from the deteriorated condition in which it was found and after some- what varying reconstructions which have been made of it, is much more allied to the cranium of the existing man than to that of Homo neanderthalensis.
Witte EP dthecantiropus erectus the phenomena are inverted. Here, in fact, are a femur and a molar which are clearly human, while the cranium is very far removed from the cranium of H. sapiens. Its aspect recalls that of the cranium of the Middle Pleistocene man, although it exaggerates those characters. The orbital ridge is sharper and consequently more pithecoid, the frontal more depressed, the vault more depressed, the occipital region more prominent and, finally, the cerebral capacity, which in Homo neanderthalensis is 1400 cubic centimeters, in Pithe- canthropus certainly did not exceed 1000 cubic centimeters. In Pithecanthropus we have reached the most ancient known representative of human beings or anthropomorphs which excavations of the last fifty years have brought us. It is now neces- sary for us to inquire how it is possible, in the present state of science, to interpret these documents and with their help to solve the problem of the origin of man.
Homo neanderthalensis constitutes naturally the key- stone of the whole edifice which we attempt to construct with the elements I have briefly described, because chronologically it is the first positively human being different from living man which has reached us, and especially because it is best known to us.
The morphological study of this fossil brings out two capital facts: one, the extraordinary homogeneity of the ethnic type which
150 NEW YORK STATE MUSEJM
it represents, the other, the profound difference which exists be- tween it and the human beings which immediately followed it. Wherever discoveries have been made of remains of the Middle Pleistocene man, whether in Croatia, in Prussia, in France, or in the south of Spain, everywhere the type shows a remarkable uni- formity which contrasts in a singular way with the ethnic poly- morphism of later epochs. However long may have been the period of geological times in which the race lived, all discoveries of Homo neanderthalensis show only a slight evolution, manifesting itself by noticeable skeletal variations. Everywhere and always it remains like itself.
‘4 A Vy
: 2, Wa
Me \ as a Ai ne x, shoe — AS on $y x ates ~
dy & SC FS y Miniature diagram of frescoes from the ceiling of Altamira cavern,
showing how the figures are thrown together with little regard for com-
position or position.
After Cariatlhac and Breuil Courtesy American Museum of Natural History
The absence of the morphological link between Homo nean- derthalensis and Homo sapiens jis a fact no less re- markable. It is, moreover, like a corollary of the first. When one compares the Middle Pleistocene man with the Later Pleistocene man (of Grimaldi, Chancelade or Cro-Magnon) or even with the lowest representatives of living humanity, it is evident that back of these superficial similarities relating to certain isolated particulars one can not bring forward sufficient evidence of conformity of characters to establish any admissible morphological affinity between Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapirens:
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I913 I51
It is a remarkable fact that this morphologic hiatus coincides with a culture hiatus, as has been strongly insisted on by the Abbé Breuil. Homo neanderthalensis had an extremely rudi- mentary industry in which nothing of the slighest esthetic tendency has revealed itself. On the contrary, the man of the Upper Pleisto- cene possessed very varied culture; with equal skill he worked in stone, reindeer antlers and bone, and finally and especially he ap- pears to have been a marvelous artist whose multiple productions in sculpture, engravings, designs and paintings are often veritable chefs d’oeuvre.
Far from finding a satisfactory term of passage between the cranium of La Chapelle-aux-Saints and the crania of Grimaldi or
Magdalenian painting from the cave of Altamira
Cro-Magnon, one finds no transition between the fragmentary Mous- terian civilization and the admirable cultures of the Aurignacian, Solutrian and Magdalenian man. In order to concede any relation between these types or between these industries, it is necessary to suppose that at the end of the Middle Pleistocene a mutation was produced which abruptly transformed Homo neander- maa lensis imtoo Elomo sapiens! Need I say that this hypothesis can no more be seriously entertained than the creationist hypothesis? In reality this morphologic and industrial hiatus simply proves that living man, like the man of the Upper Pleistocene of which he is the issue, was not the direct descendant of Homo neanderthalensts; that the latter represents a
152 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
divergent line of the genus Homo which became extinct before the present era, while Homo sapiens represents the develop- ment of another line which paleontological discoveries made up to the present time do not permit us to follow into the Middle. Quaternary.
The recent discoveries at Piltdown and Heidelberg have a definite bearing on this hypothesis; although greatly different in many de- tails of structure from the Homo neanderthalensis, the Heidelberg jaw nevertheless does not present any essential differ- ences from the latter. It is without doubt more robust, shows more pronounced primitive characters, but M. Boule has shown that it might well be adapted to the cranium of La Chapelle-aux-Saints
vy Se [I / A
A reindeer grazing, from the cavern of Kesslerloch near Thayugen, Switzerland, engraved on a shaft-straightener. A Magdalenian masterpiece.
. After Sollas Courtesy American Museum of Natural History
without sensibly changing its general aspect, and if we consider that it carries us back to an epoch anterior to that 1n which the man of the Middle Pleistocene lived, we can see in it one of the primitive stages of the latter; or, otherwise speaking, we may suppose that Homo heidelbergensis represents in the Lower Pleisto- cene the ancestral form of Homo neanderthalensis. The discovery at Piltdown is of more delicate interpretation and this is because of the fragmentary condition of the remains. The jaw is distinctly pithecoid, although the cranium appears much more related to that of recent man than to that of the Homo nean-’ derthalensis. At first sight.one can not fail to be surprised
}Ioqnopny,p NM] JO uUsoaed oy} WoL “Av Ul pajapow ‘suostq OM} Fo dnosy
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9Q13. 153
at the association in the same individual of simian and human char- acters so emphatically developed, and when one considers that the first are localized in the mandible, the second in the cranium, it is reasonable to question whether the sands of Piltdown may not have furnished the bones of two different individuals, an anthropoid and aman. The improbability of this hypothesis, which has been sug- gested by savants of distinction, of course, a priori, can not be escaped. It is necessary, nevertheless, to remark that as yet no anthropoid has been discovered in the European Lower Pleistocene. If the duality of the Piltdown discovery is rejected, Eoan- thropus dawsoni would be one of the surprising synthetic forms of which paleontology has revealed to us the existence in other fossil groups. In any case, if the reconstructions submitted
Engraving on horn, partly restored, from the cavern of Lorthet, regarded as one of the finest examples of Magdalenian art.
After Ray Lankester Courtesy American Museum of Natural History
by the English anthropologists are exact, this being can not in any wise, on the basis of its cranial characters, take its place in the Puy of Homo neanderthalensis, and it will be logical to suppose that it represents the ancestral form from which Homo sapiens has been derived by an evolution whose stages have escaped us in the course of the Middle Pleistocene. We should have thus found at the opening of Quaternary time, the duality of types which we have vainly searched for in the Middle Quaternary. Their discovery would be here of great interest. Nevertheless, it is necessary to await other evidence before drawing any conclusions regarding this.
The absence of all remains of Homo sapiens inthe Middle Quaternary can be explained in a quite simple manner. A certain
154 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
number of paleontologists, among them notably M. Boule, are dis- posed to believe that we have not yet found our direct ancestor in the Middle Pleistocene, it is really because that creature did not exist in our regions at that time, and that he invaded them only during the last period of the early Quaternary, bringing with him his magnificent civilization. In this hypothesis the country of origin of this creature would be probably Asia, from which so many later invasions departed toward Europe.
The discovery of the remains of Pithecanthropus in Java long ago turned the attention of paleontologists in this direction toward an epoch in which the problem of the origin of man does not present itself with its present complexity. It was in Asia, it is supposed, that the development took place of the hypothetical being, the probable parent of Pithecanthropus, from which was descended Homo neanderthalensis, and which later in disn eum gave origin to Homo sapiens. We have seen that the second part of this hypothesis is not favored at the present time, but it is recognized that the first part can still be defended with serious argu- ments. It is certain, in fact, that, morphologically, the’ cranium of Pithecanthropus affords an excellent passage term between the great apes and the man of the Middle Quaternary. At the same time nothing proves that, phylogenetically, it represents the transition between the Pliocene ancestors of those apes and itself, for one must bear in mind that it is with the anthropoids of those ancient epochs and not with the living anthropoids that the affinity must be searched for and demonstrated, and in the absence of documents we have no evidence bearing on this point.
Another conception consists in seeing in Pithecanthropus a Gib- bon of great size. This rests in part upon morphologic compari- sons and in part also, as M. Boule has remarked, on the frequent occurrence in the geological epoch to which the Java fossil belongs of gigantic animals whose living representatives are of greatly reduced dimensions. Pithecanthropus would stand to the Gibbons as Megatherium and the Glyptodon of America do to the Armadillos and the Sloths, the Diprotodon of Australia to the Marsupials, the Trogontherium of Europe to the Beavers, the Megaladapis of Mada- gascar to the Lemurs. Consequently Pithecanthropus could not properly be attached to the human line but is related to a different line, that of the anthropoids; and just as Homo neander- thalensis represents a divergent branch and terminal of the genus’. Homo, Pithecanthropus) erectus, “woulda bem
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI3 155
divergent branch and terminal from the trunk of which have issued the great anthropomorphic apes.
In resumé, the incontestable advances of paleontology have every- where served to clear up these later discoveries. They have given precision to the problem of the origin of man, although without bringing any definite and final solution. Recent discoveries have established the fact that there developed in Europe during the Lower Quaternary, a human type absolutely different from the modern type, having certain pithecoid characters more marked than the lowest contemporaneous races, but nevertheless un- questionably meriting the name of man. The interpretation of these discoveries leads us to suppose that at the same time with this inferior creature there probably existed another human type (of which the Piltdown skull is perhaps the first evidence as yet known), the evolution of which comes out in the human races of the Later Quaternary, and consequently in the living races. But nowhere in Europe, so far as we have gone back into the past, have we yet found an anthropoid form from which might have issued the various types of the genus Homo.
Man has then behind him a long series of ancestors of human form of which we have as yet recognized only a few.
All that we know today of the history of the fossil apes proves that, as in the human branch, the simian branch plunges back into the depths of the past, with no present fact known that permits us to fix upon the epoch at which these two branches united into one common trunk.
The most ancient Primates known appeared in the Lower Eocene, near the opening of the Tertiary era, in North America, as creatures of a generalized type, on account of which it is very difficult to distinguish them from certain contemporary animals which it is necessary to place at the origin of other orders, such, for example, as the Insectivores. The most differentiated among them may be related to the living Lemurs. These Primates living primitively on the North American continent or in a boreal American-European continent, probably emigrated in part toward South America where they gave origin to the Platyrhine apes, partly toward Europe where they are known to have appeared during the Middle Eocene and to have multiplied in the Upper Eocene and Lower Oligocene, afterward passing into Asia, then into Africa, and finally to Mada- gascar where they have given birth to the various species of Lemurs in this island.
156 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
The discoveries made at Fayoum in Egypt in 1910 and studied by Schlosser, show that in the course of the Oligocene these lower types of Primates gave rise to forms which have been regarded in part as the ancestors of the Catarhine apes and, in part, of the © anthropoids. In fact, it is at about this epoch that the differentia- tion took place, for on leaving the Miocene all the remains of apes discovered present very close affinities with the living species: I may cite for the Miocene epoch the Pliopithecus anti- quus, a close ally of the gibbons, the Mesopithecus pentelici, intermediate between the macaque and the Sem- nopithecus, and for the Plio-Miocene epoch the Cyno- cephalus subhimalayanus, which is a true baboon; the Palaeopithecus sivalensis, which presents the char- acters both of the orang and of the chimpanzee; the Siva- pithecus indicus which has certain affinities with the gorilla. In the Pliocene, and much more emphatically during the Pleistocene, the identity of the fossil with the living species must be regarded as probable.
It is then evident that the human phylum and the simian phylum have developed in parallel lines, each dividing and subdividing ever since time of extremely ancient date, and without paradox one may say that if Homo neanderthalensis had had, like our- selves, a curiosity in regard to his origin, the problem he set before himself would be almost in the same terms as that which presents itself to us. That at a geological epoch still more remote, so far back that our present knowledge will not permit us to fix it with precision, these two phyla were but one, losing themselves then in a common ancestor, we can not doubt. That paleontology will bring us some day documents which will permit us to establish the complete chain of this double genealogy, human and simian, the capital discoveries of the last years permit us to hope. One must give credit to the science which has already resolved so many secrets of dead nature, and we may affirm now that when this work is complete, man and the ape will appear as the ultimate forms of lines which have evolved independently for so long a time that there has never been any veritable parent of both.
Karl Vogt said he would rather be a perfected ape than a fallen angel. We do not have to choose between these alternatives. We know that man is neither one nor the other.
a
INDEX
Accessions to collections, 111-41 Albany county, place names, 44-50 Ambrosia beetle, pitted, 87 Apple tent caterpillars, 84 Archeologist, report, 93-102 Archeology, exhibit, 33; accessions to collections, 131-41; bulletin, 105 Areal geology, 58-67
Attica and Depew quadrangles, 58,
106
Banded grape bug, 85 Bark beetles, 87
Birds nests and eggs, added to col-
lection, 126-28" Birds of New York, 92, 106 Blue Mountain quadrangle, 59-61 Botanist, report, 80-83, 106 Brier Hiil quadrangle, 61-62 Brown-tail moth, 85 Bulletins, 104-6; in press, 106 Burnham, S. H., resignation, 80
Canton quadrangle, 62-67
Cases, new, 5-28
Champlain valley postglacial waters, 67
Chestnut borer, two-lined, 87
Clarke, John M. and Ruedemann,
Rudolf, Eurypterida of New York, 104
Code of Handsome Lake, the Seneca prophet, 105
Codling moth, 84
Coins, medals and paper money, re- port on collection, 107-8
Connecticut river valley postglacial waters, 67
“Cryptozoon ledge,” Saratoga county, 39
Cushing, H. P., work on Brier Hill and Ogdensburg quadrangles, 61- 62
Greenfield,
& Ruedemann, Rudolf, Saratoga and Schuylerville quadrangles, 59
Economic geology, accessions to col- lections, III-I3 Elm leaf beetle, 86
‘Entomologist, reports, 84-90, 105,
106 Entomology, accessions to collec- tions, 116-25; bulletin, 105 Ethnology, report on, 97-99; acces- sions to collections, 130-31 European wolf, 86 Eurypterida of New York, 104
Fairchild, H. L., observations upon changes in postglacial waters, 67
False maple scale, 86
Finger Lakes region, relief map, 34
Flies, 87
Forest pests, 86
Forest tent caterpillars, 84
Fossils, Gebhard collection, 34
Fruit tree pests, 84
Gall midges, 87-88
Gaspé peninsula, geology of, 74-79
Gebhard collection of fossils, 34
Geographic Names, Board of, 43-44
Geological history of New York State, 106
Geology, bulletins, 104; in press, 106
Geology collections, 29; accessions, me
Gipsy moth, 85
Grain moth, 86
Grass and grain pests, 86
Helderberg mountains, Indian Lad- der Park, 40
Hemlock borer, spotted, 87
Hickory bark beetle, 86
Hopkins, Syracuse quadrangle, 59
House, H. D., assistant in botany, re- port of, 80-83
[157]
158
Indian collections, 34, 93-97, 130
Indian Ladder Park, Helderberg mountains, 40
Industrial geology, 69-73
Irondequoit pipe, i/lus., 100
Lined corn borer, 86
Lockport quadrangle, 59
Luther, D. D., Attica and Depew quadrangles, 58; field surveys, 59
Maples, dry weather damage to, 80- 81; new fungus enemy, 81-82
Martin, J. C., work on Canton quad- rangle, 62-67
Memoirs, 104, 106
Miller, W. J., bulletin on Geological history of New York, 59; North Creek quadrangle, 59; survey of Blue Mountain quadrangle, 59-61
Miner, Roy W., checklist of the myriapods of New York, 92
Mineral springs and fault at Sara- toga, 36-37
Mineralogy, 73; collections in, 29; accessions to collections, 113-15
Minerals, Silas A. Young collection, 34
Mining and quarry industry of New York State, 70-71, 104
Mohawk valley, lower Siluric shales, 104
Molding sand, 71-73
Mollusca, monograph of the New York, 92
Mormon hill, model of, 35
Mosquitos, 87
Museum cases, 5-28
Museum halls, condition of, 4
Myriapods of New York, 02
near Palmyra, 30;
New Museum, condition of, 4
Newland, D. H., mining and quarry industry of New York State, 104
North Creek quadrangle, 59, 106
Notebook of the New York State Geological Survey, 40-42
Nursery inspection, 89
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Ogdensburg quadrangle, 61-62
Olcott quadrangle, 59
Origin of man, paper by E. Rivet, 143-56
Paleontology, bulletins, 104, 106; collections in, 30-32, II5-16; mem- oirs, 104; report on, 73-79
Parker, Arthur C., Code of Hand- some Lake, the Seneca prophet, 105
Paulmier, Frederick C., checklist of the myriapods of New York, 92
Pear psylla, 85
Pear thrips, 85
Petroleum compounds as insecticides, 84
Pilsbry, H. A., Monograph of the New York Mollusca, 92
Place names of Albany county, 44— 50; Rensselaer county, 50-560; Schenectady county, 56-58
Publications, 103-7
Red bugs, 85
Rensselaer county, place names, 50- 56
Rhododendron clearwing, 87
Rivet, E., The origin of man, paper, 143-56
Ruedemann, Rudolf, Lower Siluric shales of the Mohawk valley, 104
— & Cushing, H. P., Saratoga and Schuylerville quadrangles, 59
San José scale, 84
Saratoga and Schuylerville quad- rangles, 59
Saratoga Springs, geology, 36-37, 106
Schenectady county, place names, 56- 58
Shade tree insects, 86
Staff of the Department of Science, 109-10
Stark’s knob, Saratoga county, 37-38
Stone face from Chemung county, illus., 97
INDEX TO REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I913
Surficial geology, 67-69 Syracuse quadrangle, 59, 106
Taylor, Richard C., geological sketches from an old notebook, 40-41; sketch of, 41-42
Tent caterpillars, 84
Termier, Pierre, on geology of Gaspé peninsula, 74-79
Tulip tree scale, 86
159
White pine weevil, 87 Wierman, Thomas T., geological sketches in possession of, 40-42
Young, Silas A., collection of min- érals, 34
Zoology, report on, 90-92; collec- tions, 32; accessions to collections, 125-30
am
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Entomologist’s annual reports on the injurious and other insects of the State of New York 1882-date.
Reports 3-20 bound also with museum reports 40-46, 48-58 of which they form a part. Since 1898 these reports have been issued as bulletins. Reports 3-4, 17 are out of print, other reports with prices are:
Report Price Report Price Report Price I $.50 It $.25 2t (Bul. 104) $.25 2 30 I2 25 Ba E. seryei)) 6G 5 25 13 Out of print Dia (Cau neTi2 A) ec725 6 ae 14 (Bul. 23) .20 ZA (Groce 8353 /4)) rena tS 7 .20 I #E eit) gies 2 Ty MUS TAKS ai aie bs 8 225 TOR 36) .25 2OIG eLA)e 3315 9 .25 TS) (Gram) eaZzO Dia (ier 5 5) te 40 10 25 TONG ss Op! eats 281 (** 165) .40
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
Reports 2, 8-12 may also be obtained bound in cloth at 25c each in addition to the price given above.
Botanist’s annual reports 1867—date.
Bound also with museum reports 21-date of which they form a part; the first Botanist’s report appeared in the 21st museum report and is numbered 21. Reports 21-24, 29, 31-41 were not published separately.
Separate reports for 1871-74, 1876, 1888-98 are out of print. Report for 1899 may be had for 20c; 1900 for 50c. Since r901 these reports have been issued as bulletins.
Descriptions and illustrations of edible, poisonous and unwholesome fungi of New York have also been published in volumes 1 and 3 of the 48th (1894) museum report and in volume 1 of the 49th (1895), 51st (1897), 52d (1898), 54th (1900), 55th (1901), in volume 4 of the 56th (1902), in volume 2 of the 57th (1903), in volume 4 of the 58th (1904), in volume 2 of the 59th (1905), in volume 1 of the 6oth (1906), in volume 2 of the 61st (1907), 62d (1908), 63d (1909), 64th (1910), 65th (1911) reports. The descriptions and illustrations of edible and unwholesome species contained in the 49th, 51st and 52d reports have been re- see and rearranged, and, combined with others more recently prepared, constitute Museum
emoir 4.
Museum bulletins 1887—date. 8vo. To advance subscribers, $2 a year, or $1 a year jor dwision (1) geology, economic geology, paleontology, mineralogy; 50¢ each for division (2) general zoology, archeology, miscellaneous, (3) botany, (4) entomology.
Bulletins are grouped in the list on the following pages according to divisions. The divisions to which bulletins belong are as follows:
1 Zoology 58 Mineralogy 115 Geology
2 Botany 59 Entomology 116 Botany
3 Economic Geology 60 Zoology 117 Archeology
4 Mineralogy 61 Economic Geology 118 Geology
5 Entomology 62 Miscellaneous t19 Econgmic Geology
6 o 63 Geology 120 “
4 Economic Geology 64 Entomology t21 Director’s report for 1907 8 Botany 65 Paleontology 122 Botany
9 Zoology 66 Miscellaneous 123 Economic Geology
to Economic Geology 67 Botany 124 Entomology :
It oe 68 Entomology 125 Archeology
I2 on 69 Paleontology 126 Geology
13 Entomology 70 Mineralogy 127 «
14 Geology 71 Zoology 128 «
15 Economic Geology 72 Entomology 129 Entomology
16 Archeology 73 Archeology 130 Zoology
17 Economic Geology 74 Entomology 131 Botany
18 Archeology 75 Botany 132 Economic Geology
19 Geology 76 Entomology 133 Director’s report for 1908 20 Entomology 77 Geology 134 Entomology
21 Geology 78 Archeology 135 Geology
22 Archeology 79 Entomology 136 Entomology
23 Entomology 80 Paleontology 137 Geology
24 81 Geology 138 a
25 Botany 82 a 139 Botany
26 Entomology 83 fc 140 Director’s report for 1909 27 o 84 w IAI Entomcloey
28 Botany 85 Economic Geology 142 Economic Geology
29 Zoology 86 Entomology 143 a
30 Economic Geology 87 Archeology 144 Archeology
31 Entomology 88 Zoology 145 Geology
32 Archeology 89 Archeology 146 €
33 Zoology go Paleontology - 147 Entomology
34 Geology 9t Zoology 148 Geology
35 Economic Geology 92 Paleontology 149 Director’s report for r9ro 36 Entomology 93 Economic Geology t50 Botany
37 a 94 Botany 151 Economic Geology
38 Zoology 95 Geology 152 Geology
39 Paleontology 96 & 153 oe
40 Zoology 97 Entomology 154 “
4rt Archeology 98 Mineralogy I55 Entomology
42 Geology 99 Paleontology 156 <
43 Zoology too Economic Geology 157 Botany
44 Economic Geology ror Paleontology I58 Director’s report for 1911 45 Paleontology ro2 Economic Geology 159 Geology
46 Entomology to3 Entomology 160 i
A7 & 104 ss 161 Economic Geology
48 Geology tos Botany 162 Geology
49 Paleoatology 106 Geology 163 Archeology
50 Archeology 107 Geology and Paleontology 164 Director’s report for 1912 51 Zoology 108 Archeology 165 Entomology
52 Paleontology 109 Entomology 166 Economic Geology
53 Entomology IIo a 167 Botany
54 Botany 111 Geology 168 Geology
55 Archeology 112 Economic Geology 169 a
56 Geology 113 Archeology 170 a
4c
57 Entomology 1r4 Geology I7I
MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS
Bulletins are alsc found with the annual reports of the museum as follows:
Bulletin Report Bulletin Report Bulletin Report Bulletin Report I2-15 48,v.1 78 57, Wi 2 r16 60, Vv. 1 I50 64, V. 2 16,17 50,v.1I 79 B75 Wo LEQ ee aay/ 60, V.3 I51I OA pene 18,19 51I,V.1 80 SEVERE DURE LS) 60, Vv. I I52 64, Vv. 2 20-25 52,V.1 81,82 58, V.3 TMO-2r | OLsave x 153 64, v. 2 26-31 Sen we Be 83,84 58, Vv. 1 122 61, Vv. 2 154 64, Vv. 2 32-34 54,V.1 85 58, v. 2 123 61, Vv. 1 155 65, v. 2 35,36 54, Vv. 2 80 58,v.5 124 61, Vv. 2 156 65, v. 2 37-44 54,V.3 87-89 58,Vv.4 125 62, Vv. 3 157 65, Vv. 2 45-48 54,V.4 go 58, v. 3 126-28 62,v.1 158 65, v.1 49-54 Bop ee 2 gr 58,Vv.4 129 62, Vv. 2 159 65,v.1 55 56, Vv. 4 92 58, Vv. 3 I30 62hva5 160 65,Vv.1 56 Oy as 93 58, Vv. 2 IZ3L,132 62, Vv. 2 IOI 65, Vv. 2 57 SOnnveS 94 58, Vv. 4 133 62,V.1 162 65, v. I 58 56,Vv.1 95,96 58, Vv. 1 134 62, Vv. 2
59,60 Gon Was} 97 58,V.5 135 63, V.1 Memoir
61 56, Vv. 1 98,99 59, V.2 136 63, V.2 2 49, V.3 62 56, Vv. 4 100 59, V.1 137 63,V.1 3.4 53,V.2 63 56, v. 2 IOI 59, Vv. 2 138 63,V.1 5,6 SA anS 64. 56, Vv.3 102 59, V.1 139 63,V.2 7 57,V- 4 65 56, v. 2 103-5 59,V.2 I40 63, V. I 8, ptr 59, Vv. 3 66,67 56, V.4 106 59, V. 1 I4I OstiVer2 8, pt 2 59, V.4 68 56, Vv.3 I0O7 60, Vv. 2 142 63, Vv. 2 9, ptr 60, Vv. 4 69 56, V. 2 108 60, Vv. 3 143 63, Vv. 2 9, pt 2 62,V.4 70,71 B77, We LeeDt © LOO) )rn0) 60. Ve ir 144 64, Vv. 2 Io” 60, Vv. 5 72 ST VenLs Dives Dine 60, Vv. 2 145 OA nvm It 61, Vv. 3 73) Bear 2 nese} 60, Vv. 1 146 64, Vv. I 12 (235 We 5} 74 SAG ty 1B 22. 2enes} 60, Vv. 3 I47 64, V. 2 13 (ORI, We 7 75 Sy Wa II4 60, Vv. I 148 64, Vv. 2 Ay Vivek: 65, V.3 76 R75 We 2 8 2 ree 60, Vv. 2 149 64, Vv. 1 I4, V. 2 65, Vv. 4 77 57, V.1I, ptr
The figures at the beginning of each entry in the following list indicate its number as a museum bulletin.
Geology and Paleontology. 14 Kemp, J. F. Geology of Moriah and West- port Townships,. Essex Co., N. Y., with notes on the iron mines. 38p. il. 7pl. 2 maps. Sept. 1895. Free.
to Merrill, F. J. H. Guide to the Study of the Geological Collections of the New York State Museum. 164p. 119pl. map. Nov. 1898. Out of print.
21 Kemp, J. F. Geology of the Lake Placid Region. 24p. rpl. map. Sept. Og OM LTees
34 Cumings, E.R. Lower Silurian System of Eastern Montgomery County; Prosser, C. S. Notes on the Stratigraphy of Mohawk Valley and Sara- toga County, N. Y. 74p. 14pl.map. May 1900. 5c.
39 Clarke, J. M.; Simpson, G. B. & Loomis, F. B. Paleontologic Papers 1. Zzpodl. cop. |Octsrgoo.) | £5¢:
Contents: Clarke, J. M. A Remarkable Occurrence of Orthoceras in the Oneonta Beds of
the Chenango Valley, N. Y
Paropsonema cryptophya; a Peculiar Echinoderm from the Intumescens-zone
(Portage Beds) of Western New York.
—— Dictyonine Hexactinellid Sponges from the Upper Devonic of New York.
—— The Water Biscuit of Squaw Island, Canandaigua Lake, N
Simpson, G. B. Preliminary Descriptions of New Genera of Paleozoic Rugose Corals. Loomis, F. B. Siluric Fungi from Western New York.
42 Ruedemann, Rudolf. Hudson River Beds near Albany and their Taxo- nomic Equivalents. 116p. 2pl. map. Apr. r901. 25¢.
45 Grabau, A. W. Geology and Paleontology of Niagara Falls and Vicinity. 286p. il. r8pl. map. Apr. r901. 65c; cloth, goc.
48 Woodworth, J. B. Pleistocene Geology of Nassau County and Borough of Queens. 58p. il. 8pl. map. Dec. 1901. 25c.
49 Ruedemann, Rudolf; Clarke, J. M. & Wood, Elvira. Paleontologic Papers 2. 240p.13pl. Dec. 1901. Out of print.
Contents: Ruedemann, Rudolf. Trenton Conglomerate of Rysedorph Hill.
Clarke, J. M. Limestones of Central and Western New York Interbedded with Bitumi- nous Shales of the Marcellus Stage.
Wood, Elvira. Marcellus Limestones of Lancaster, Erie Co., N. Y.
Clarke, J. M. New Agelacrinites.
Value of Amnigenia as an Indicator of Fresh-water Deposits during the Devonic of
New York, Ireland and the Rhineland.
52 Clarke, J. M. Report of the State Paleontologist 1rg901. 28o0p. il. ropl. map, 1tab. July 1902. 4oc.
56 Merrill, F. J. H. Description of the State Geologic Map of I901. 42p. 2 maps, tab. Nov. 1902. Free.
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
63 Clarke, J. M. & Luther, D. D. Stratigraphy of Canandaigua and Naples Quadrangles. 78p. map. June 1904. 25¢.
65 Clarke, J. M. Catalogue of Type Specimens of Paleozoic Fossils in the New York State Museum. 848p. May 1903. $1.20, cloth.
69 Report of the State Paleontologist 1902. 464p. 52pl.7 maps. Nov. 1903. $1, cloth.
77 Cushing, H. P. Geology of the vy, of Little Falls, Herkimer Co. g8p. il. rspl. 2 maps. Jan. 1905. 30c
80 Clarke, J. M. Report of the State Paleontologist 1903. 396p. 2opl. 2 maps. Feb. 1905. 85¢, cloth.
81 Clarke, J. M. & Luther, D.D. Watkins and Elmira Quadrangles. 32p. map. Mar. 1905. 25¢.
82 Geologic Map of the Tully Quadrangle. 4op.map. Apr.1905. 20¢.
83 Woodworth, J. B. Pleistocene Geology of the Mooers Quadrangle. 62p. 25pl. map. June 1905. 25¢.
Ancient Water Levels of the Champlain and Hudson Valleys. 2o06p. il. rrpl. 18 maps. July 1905. 45¢.
90 Ruedemann, Rudolf. Cephalopoda of Beekmantown and Chazy For- mations of Champlain Basin. 224p. il. 38pl. May 1906. 75¢c, cloth.
92 Grabau, A. W. Guide to the Geology and Balcont aloe of the Schoharie Region. 314p.il. 26pl. map. Apr. 1906. 75¢, cloth.
95 Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Northern Adirondack Region. 188p. 15pl. 3 maps. Sept. 1905. 3o0c.
96 Ogilvie, Il. H. Geology of the Paradox Lake Quadrangle. sap. il. 17pl. map. Dec. 1905. 3oc.
99 Luther, D. D. Geology of the Buffalo Quadrangle. 32p. map. May 1906. 20C.
IOI Geology of the Penn Yan-Hammondsport Quadrangles. 28p. map. July 1906. Out of print.
106 Fairchild, H. L. Glacial Waters in the Erie Basin. 88p. 14pl. 9 maps. Feb. 1907. Out of print.
107 Woodworth, J. B.; Hartnagel, C. A.; Whitlock, H. P.; Hudson, G. H.; Clarke, J. M.; White, David & Berkey, C. P. Geological Papers. 388p. 54pl. map. May 1907. goc, cloth.
Contents: Woodworth, J. B. Postglacial Faults of Eastern New York. Hartnagel, C. A. Stratigraphic Relations of the Oneida Conglomerate.
Upper Siluric and Lower Devonic Formations of the Skunnemunk Mountain Region.
Whitlock, P. Minerals from Lyon Mountain, Clinton Co.
Hudson, G. H. On Some Pelmatozoa from the Chazy Limestone of New York.
Clarke, i M. Some New Devonic Fossils.
An Interesting Style of Sand-filled Vein.
— Eurypterus Shales of the Shawangunk Mountains in Eastern New York.
White, David. A Remarkable Fossil Tree Trunk from the Middle Devonic of New York.
Berteye C. P. Structural and Stratigraphic Features of the Basal Gneisses of the High- tir Fairchild, H. L. Drumlins of New York. 6o0p. 28pl. 19 maps. July
1907. Out of print.
114 Hartnagel, C. A. Geologic Map of the Rochester and Ontario Beach Quadrangles. 36p. map. Aug. 1907. 20C.
115 Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Long Lake Quadrangle. 88p. 2opl. map. Sept. 1907. Out of print.
118 Clarke, J. M. & Luther, D. D. Geologic Maps and Descriptions of the Portage and Nunda Quadrangles including a map of Letchworth Park. sop. 16pl. 4 maps. Jan. 1908. 35¢.
126 Miller, W. J. Geology of the Remsen Quadrangle. 5 4p. il. rrpl. map. Jan. 1909. 25¢.
127 Fairchild, H. L. Glacial Waters in Central New York. 64p. 27pl. 15 maps. Mar. 1909. 4oc.
128 Luther, D. D. Geology of the Geneva-Ovid Quadrangles. 44p. map. Apr. 1909. 20C
135 Miller, W. J. Geology of the Port Leyden Quadrangle, Lewis County, We WY, | Oxia il, il, myo, Ain, TOIT, BFC.
137 Luther, D. Dil eology of the Auburn-Genoa Quadrangles. 36p. map. Mar. 1910. 20¢.
138 Kemp, J. F. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. Geology of the Elizabethtown and Port Henry Quadrangles. 176p. il. 2opl. 3 maps. Apr. 1910. 40¢.
84
MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS
145 nine H. P.; Fairchild, H. L.; Ruedemann, Rudolf & Smyth, C. H. Geology of the Thousand Islands Region. 1g4p. il. 62pl.6 maps. Dec. Igo. 5c.
146 amperes. C. P. Geologic Features and Problems of the New York City (Catskill) Aqueduct. 286p. il. 38pl. maps. Feb. 1911. 75c; cloth, $1.
148 Gordon, C. E. Geology of the Poughkeepsie Quadrangle. 122p. il. 26pl.map. Apr. 1911. 30C.
152 ee D. D. Geology of the Honeoye- Wayland Quadrangles. 30p. map. Oct. I9II. 20c.
153 Miller, William J. Geology of the Beendeloin Quadrangle, Fulton- Saravova Counties, New work 660.0 ily 9)S pl. “map.” Dee yronr, | 25¢:
154 Stoller, James H. Glacial coisas of the eenene acy Quadrangle. 44p. 6) jol, maj. IDSes ies 2eC.
159 Kemp, James F. The Mineral Springs of Saratoga. 8o0p.il. 3pl. Apr. TOL2. 15¢.
160 Fairchild, H. L. Glacial Waters in the Black and Mohawk Valleys. 48p. il. 8pl. 14 maps. May 1912. 50c.
162 Ruedemann, Rudolf. The Lower Siluric Shales of the Mohawk Valley. E52p: d.15pl. Aug: 1912. 35¢:
168 Miller, William J. Geological History of New York State. 1305. 43pl. 10 maps. Dec. 1913. 40c.
169 Cushing, H. P. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. Geology of Saratoga Springs and Vicinity. 178p.il.20pil.map. Feb. 1914. 4oc.
170 Miller, William J. Geology of the North Creek Quadrangle. gop. il. 14pl. Feb. 1914. 25c.
171 Hopkins, T.C. The Geology of the Syracuse Quadrangle. 8op. il. 2opl. map. July 1914. 25c.
Luther, D. D. Geology of the Attica and Depew Quadrangles. In press.
Luther, D.D. Geology of the Phelps Quadrangle. In preparation.
Whitnall, H. O. Geology of the Morrisville Quadrangle. Prepared.
Hopkins, T. C. Geology of the Syracuse Quadrangle. In press.
Hudson, G. H. Geology of Valcour Island. In preparation.
Economic Geology. 3 Smock, J. C. Building Stone in the State of New York. 4154p. Mar. 1888. Out of print.
First Report on the Iron Mines and Iron Ore Districts in the State of New York. 78p. map. June 1889. Out of print.
Io Building Stone in New York. 210p. map, tab. Sept. 1890. 4oc.
tr Merrill, F. J. H. Salt and Gypsum Industries of New York. g4p. 1apl. 2 maps, 11 tab. Apr. 1893. [5o0c]
12 Ries, Heinrich. Clay Industriesof New York. 174p.il.1pl.map. Mar. 1895. 30C.
15 Merrill, F. J. H. Mineral Resources of New York. 240p. 2 maps. Sept. 1895. [soc]
Road Materials and Road Building in New York. 5z2p. r4pl. 2 maps. ~Oct. 1897. ‘Isc.
30 Orton, Edward, Petroleum and Natural Gas in New York. 136p. il. 3 maps. Nov. 1899. 1I5c.
35 Ries, Heinrich. Clays of New York; their Properties and Uses. 456p. r40opl.map. June 1900. Out of print.
Lime and Cement Industries of New York; Eckel, E. C. Chapters on the Cement Industry. 332p. 101pl. 2 maps. Dec. 1901. 85¢, cloth.
61 Dickinson, H. T. Quarries of Bluestone and Other Sandstones in New None Verq{p. spl. 2 maps: Mag, 1903. 35:
85 Rafter, G. W. Hydrology of New York State. gop. il. 44pl. 5 maps. May 1905. $1.50, cloth.
93 Newland, D. H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York. 78p. July 1905. Out of print.
too McCourt, W. E. Fire Tests of Some New York Building Stones. 4op. 26pl. Feb. GOGO ESCs
102 Newland, D. H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1905. r62p. June TOGOs 6) 25:
I12 Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1906. 82p. July 1907. Out of . print.
17
44
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
119 & Kemp, J. F. Geology of the Adirondack Magnetic Iron Ores with a Report on the Mineville-Port Henry Mine Group. 184p. r14pl. 8 maps. Apr. 1908. 35¢.
120 Newland, D.H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1907. 8ap. July 1908. Out of print. :
123 & Hartnagel, C. A. Iron Ores of the Clinton Formation in New York State. 76p. il. r4pl. 3 maps. Nov. 1908. 25¢.
132, Newland, D.H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1908. o98p. July 1909. 15¢c.
142 Mining and Quarry Industry of New York for1g09. 98p. Aug. POMOM ESC:
143 Gypsum Deposits of New York. 94p. 2opl. 4maps. Oct. 1910 35¢c.
151 —— Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1910. 82p. June 1911. 15c.
161 Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1911. 114p. July 1912. 20c.
166 Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1912. 114p. August 1913. 20C.
Mineralogy. 4 Nason, F.L. Some New York Minerals and their Localities. 22p. ipl. Aug. 1888. Free.
58 Whitlock, H. P. Guide to the Mineralogic Collections of the New York State Museum. r1s5sop. il. 39pl. 11 models. Sept. 1902. 4oc.
70 New York Mineral Localities. trop. Oct. 1903. 20c.
98 Contributions from the Mineralogic Laboratory. 38p. 7pl. Dee. 1905. Out of print.
Zoology. 1 Marshall, W. B. Preliminary List of New York Unionidae. 20op. Mar. 1892. Free.
9 Beaks of Unionidae Inhabiting the Vicinity of Albany, N. Y. 3op. ipl. Aug. 1890. Free.
29 Miller, G. S., jr. Preliminary List of New York Mammals... 1r24p. Oct. 1899. 15¢.
33 fees M.S. Check List of New York Birds. 2249. Apr. 1900. 25¢.
38 Miller, G. S., jr. Key to the Land Mammals of Northeastern North America. 106p. Oct. 1900. Out of print.
40 Simpson, G. B. Anatomy and Physiology of Polygyra albolabris and Limax maximus and Embryology of Limax maximus. 82p. 28pl. Oct. IQOI. 25C.
43 Kellogg, ile L. Clam and Scallop Industries of New York. 36p. 2pl. map. Apr. 1901. Free.
51 Eckel, E. C. & Paulmier, F.C. Catalogue of Reptiles and Batrachians of New York. 64p. il. rpl. Apr.1902. Out of print.
Eckel, E. C. Serpents of Northeastern United States. Paulmier, F.C. Lizards, Tortoises and Batrachians of New York.
60 Bee: H. Catalogue of the Fishes of New York. 784p. Feb. 1903. $x, clot.
71 Kellogg, Je i eae Habits and Growth of Venus mercenaria. 3op. 4pl. Sept. 1903.
88 betson, Elizabeth a ‘Chase List of the Mollusca of New York. 116p. May 1905. 20c.
g91 Paulmier, F. C. Higher Crustacea of New York City. 78p. il. June 1905. 20C.
130 Shufeldt, R. W. Osteology of Birds. 382p. il. 26pl. May 1909. 5o0c.
Entomology. 5 Lintner, J. A. White Grub of the May Beetle. 34p. il.
ov. 1888. Free.
38p. il. Nov. 1888. Free.
13 San José Scale and Some Destructive Insects of New York State. 54p. 7pl. Apr. 1895. 15¢.
20 Felt, E. P. Elm Leaf Seeae in New York State. 46p. il. 5pl. June 1898. Free.
See 57.
14th Report of the State Entomologist 1898. r1s5o0p. il. gpl. Dec. 1898. 20¢.
Memorial of the Life and Entomologic Work of J. A. Lintner Ph.D. State Entomologist 1874-98; Index to Entomologist’s Reports 1-13. 316p. tpl; Octyr8oo.t ase
Supplement to 14th report of the State Entomologist.
MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS
26
Collection, Preservation and Distribution of New York Insects. 26p. il. Apr. 1899. Out of print.
27 Shade Tree Pests in New York State. 26p. il. spl. May 1899. ibree:
31 —— 15th Report of the State Entomologist 1899. 3128p. June 1900. The:
36 16th Report of the State Entomologist 1900. s18p. 16pl. Mar.
IQOI. 25C.
Catalogue of Some of the More Important Injurious and Beneficial Insects of New York State. 54p.il Sept. 1900. Free.
46 Scale Insects of Importance and a List of the Species in New York State. o4p.il. r5pl. June 1901. 25¢c.
47 Needham, J. G. & Betten, Cornelius. Aquatic Insects in the Adiron- dacks. 234p. il. 36pl. Sept. 1901. 45¢c.
53 Felt, E. P. 17th Report of the State Entomologist 1901. 232p. il. 6pl. Aug. 1902. Out of print
Elm Leaf Beetle in New York State. 46p. il. 8pl. Aug. 1902.
Out of print.
This is a revision of Bulletin 20 containing the more essential facts observed since that was prepared.
59 Grapevine Root Worm. 4op. 6pl. Dec. 1902. 15c. See 72. 64 18th Report of the State Entomologist 1902. s1op. 6pl. May
TOQO3. 20C.
68 Nesdhain, J. G. & others. Aquatic Insects in New York. 322p. 52pl. Aug. 1903. 80c, cloth.
72 Felt, E. P. Grapevine Root Worm. 58p. 13pl. Nov. 1903. 2o0c. This is a revision of Bulletin 59 containing the more essential facts observed since that
was prepared.
74 & Joutel, L. H. Monograph of the Genus Saperda. 88p. r4pl. June 1904. 25¢.
76 Felt, E. P. s19th Report of the State Entomologist 1903. 1150p. 4pl. MOOS NSCs
d Mrecauitss or Culicidae of New York. 164p. il. 57pl. tab. Oct.
79
1904. 40C.
86 Needham, J. G. & others. May Flies and Midges of New York. 352p. il. 37pl. June 1905. Out of print.
97 Felt, E. P. 20th Report of the State Entomologist 1904. 246p. il. ropl. Nov. 1905. 4o0c.
103 Gipsy and Brown Tail Moths. 44p. 1opl. July 1906. 15c.
104 21st Report of the State Entomologist 1905. 3144p. 1opl. Aug, 1906. 25C.
109 Tussock Moth and Elm Leaf Beetle. 34p. 8pl. Mar. 1907. 20¢.
‘IIo 22d Report of the State Entomologist 1906. 1152p. 3pl. June T9Q07. 25C.
124 23d Report ofthe State Entomologist 1907. 542p. il. q4pl. Oct. THOS 75 C:
129 Control of Household Insects. 48p. il. May 1909. Out of print.
134 24th Report of the State Entomologist 1908. 208p. il. r7pl.
Sept. 1909. 35¢. 136 Control of Flies and Other Household Insects. 56p. il. Feb. IgIo. I5C.
This is a revision of Bulletin r29 containing the more essential facts observed since that was prepared.
141 Felt, E. P. 25th Report of the State Entomologist 1909. 178p. il. 22pl: ily QO: ~35¢.
147 26th Report of the State Entomologist rg910. 4182p. il. 35pl. Mar. ROUT. 35¢.
155 —— 27th Report of the State Entomologist to1I. 1098p. il. 27pl. Jan. I9I2. 40c.
156 Elm Leaf Beetle and White-Marked ‘Tussock Moth. 35p. 8pl. Jan.
I9I2. 20c. 165 28th Report of the State Entomologist 1912. 266p. 14pl. July 1913. 40c.
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
Needham, J. G. Monograph on Stone Flies. In preparation. Botany. 2 Peck, C. H. Contributions to the Botany of the State of New York. 72p. 2pl. May 1887. Out of print.
8 Boleti of the United States. g8p. Sept. 1889. Out of print.
25 Report of the State Botanist 1898. 76p. spl. Oct. 1899. Out of print.
28 Plants of North Elba. 206p. map. June 1899. 20¢.
54 —— Report of the State Botanist 1901. 58p. 7pl. Nov. 1902. 40c.
67 —— Report of the State Botanist 1902. 196p. 5pl. May 1903. 5o0c.
75 —— Report of the State Botanist 1903. op. 4pl. 1904. 4oc.
94 —— Report of the State Botanist 1904. 6o0p.1opl. July 1905. 4oc.
105 —— Report of the State Botanist 1905. 108p.12pl. Aug.1906. Soc.
116 —— Report of the State Botanist 1906. 1120p. 6pl. July 1907. 35c.
122 —— Report of the State Botanist 1907. 3178p. 5pl. Aug. 1908. 4oc.
131 —— Report of the State Botanist 1908. 202p. 4pl. July 1909. 4oc.
139 —— Report of the State Botanist 1909. 116p.1opl. Maysgio. 45¢c.
150 Report of the State Botanist 1910. toop. spl. May 1911. 3o0c.
157 —— Report of the State Botanist 1911. 139p. opl. Mar. 1912. 35c.
Report of the State Botanist 1912. 138p. 4pl. Sept. 1913. 30c.
Archeology. 16 Beauchamp, W. M. Aboriginal Chipacd Stone Implements of New York. 86p. 23pl. Oct. 1897. 25¢.
18 Polished Stone Articles Used by the New York Aborigines. 104p.
Snide {INGNS mee. BRC
Earthenware of the New York Aborigines. 78p. 33pl. Oct. 1898.
22 ices
32 —— Aboriginal Occupation of New York. gop. 16pl. 2 maps. Mar. TOCO- | 3OC:
Wampum and Shell Articles Used by New York Indians. 166p.
28pl. Mar. 1901. Out of print.
Horn and Bone Implements of the New York Indians. 1112p. 43pl.
Mar. 1902. Out of print.
Metallic Implements of the New York Indians. 94p. 38pl. June
ROA. BEC:
Metallic Ornaments of the New York Indians. 122p. 37pl. Dec.
30C. History of the New York Iroquois. 340p. 17pl. map. Feb. 1905. 75¢c, cloth.
87 Perch Lake Mounds. 84p. 12pl. Apr. 1905. Out of print.
89 Aboriginal Use of Wood in New York. t1gop. 35pl. June 1905. 35¢.
108 Aboriginal Place Names of New York. 336p. May 1907. 4o0c.
II3 Civil, Religious and Mourning Councils and Ceremonies of Adop-
HOM, wo, ol, wae noo7, ASC,
117 Parker, A. C. An Erie Indian Village and Burial Site. s1o2p. 38pl. Dec. 1907. 30C. =
125 Converse, H. M. & Parker, A.C. Iroquois Myths and Legends. 196p. ile rip, IDe@, nEOs, Foc
144 Parker, A. C. ates Uses, of Maize and Other Food Plants. 12o0p. il. 3rpl. Nov. rozo.
163 The Code of Hoods Lake. 144p. 23pl. Naw: 1912. 25¢.
Miscellaneous. 62 Merrill, F. J. H. Directory of Natural History Museums in United States and Canada. 236p. Apr. 1903. 30¢.
66 Ellis, Mary. Index to Publications of the New York State Natural History Survey and New York State Museum 1837-1902. 418p. June 1903. 75¢, cloth.
Museum memoirs 1889—-date. 4to.
I Beecher, C. E. & Clarke, J. M. Development of Some Silurian Brachi- opoda. o6p. 8pl. Oct. 1889. $1.
2 Hall, James & Clarke, J. M. Paleozoic Reticulate Sponges. 350p. il. 7opl. 1898. $2, cloth.
3 Clarke, J. M. The Oriskany Fauna of Becraft Mountain, Columbia Co., NE Wo 2Sps.opl) yy Octenmcommcoc:
4 Peck, C.H. N.Y. Edible Fungi, 1895-99. 106p.25pl. Nov. 1900. [$1.25]
This includes revised descripticns and illustrations of fungi reported in the 49th, 51st and gad reports of the State Botanist.
MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS
Clarke, J. M. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. Guelph Formation and Fauna of
New York State. r96p. 21pl. July 1903. $1.50, cloth.
Clarke, J. M. Naples Fauna in Western New York. 268p. 26pl. map.
1904. $2, cloth.
Ruedemann, Rudolf. Graptolites of New York. Pt 1 Graptolites of the
Lower Beds. 350p. 17pl. Feb. 1905. $1.50, cloth.
Felt, E. P. Insects Affecting Park and Woodland Trees. v.r. 46op.
il. 48pl. Feb. 1906. $2.50, cloth; v.2. 548p. il. 22pl. Feb. 1907. $2, cloth.
Clarke, J. M. Early Devonic of New York and Eastern North America.
Pt 1. 366p. il. 7opl.5 maps. Mar.1908. $2.50, cloth; Pt 2. 25o0p. il. 36pl.
4 maps. Sept. 1909. $2, cloth.
to Eastman, C. R. The Devonic Fishes of the New York Formations. 236p. 15pl. 1907. $1.25, cloth.
tr Ruedemann, Rudolf. Graptolites of New York. Pt 2 Graptolites of the Higher Beds. 584p. il. 31pl. 2 tab. Apr. 1908. $2.50, cloth.
m2 Baton, Bo H. Birds of New York. v. 1. sorp. il. 42pl.. Apr: 1910: $3, cloth; v. 2, in press.
13 Whitlock,H.P. CalcitesofNew York. trgop. il.27pl. Oct. rg10. $1, cloth.
14 Clarke, J. M. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. The Eurypterida of New York. v. 1. Text. q4op. il. v.2 Plates. 188p. 88pl. Dec. 1912. $4, cloth.
Natural History of New York. 3ov. il. pl. maps. 4to. Albany 1842-94.
DIVISION 1 zoOLOGY. De Kay, James E. Zoology of New York; or, The New York Fauna; comprising detailed descriptions of all the animals hitherto observed within the State of New York with brief notices of those occasionally found near its borders, and accompanied by appropri- ate illustrations. 5v.il. pl.maps. sq. 4to. Albany 1842-44. Out of print. Historical introduction to the series by Gov. W. H. Seward. 178p.
v. 1 ptr Mammalia. 3131 + 46p. 33pl. 1842.
300 copies with hand-colored plates.
v. 2 pt2 Birds. 12+ 380p. r4rpl. 1844. Colored plates.
v. 3 pt3 Reptiles and Amphibia. 7+ 98p. pt4 Fishes. 15 + 415p. 1842. pt 3-4 bound together.
v. 4 Plates to accompany v. 3. Reptiles and Amphibia. 23pl. Fishes- 7opl. 1842.
300 copies with hand-colored plates.
v. 5 pt5 Mollusca. 4+ 271p. gopl. pt6 Crustacea. jop.13pl. 1843-44 Hand-colored plates; pt5—6 bound together.
DIVISION 2 BOTANY. Torrey, John. Flora of the State of New York: com- prising full descriptions of all the indigenous and naturalized plants hith- erto discovered in the State, with remarks on their economical and medical properties. 2v. il. pl. sq. 4to. Albany 1843. Out of print.
v. 1 Flora of the State of New York. 12+ 484p. 72pl. 1843.
300 copies with hand-colored plates.
v. 2 Flora of the State of New York. 572p. 89pl. 1843. 300 copies with hand-colored plates.
DIVISION 3 MINERALOGY. Beck, Lewis C. Mineralogy of New York; com- prising detailed descriptions of the minerals hitherto found in the State of New York, and notices of their uses in the arts and agriculture. il. pl. sq. 4to. Albany 1842. Out of print.
v. 1 ptr Economical Mineralogy. ptz Descriptive Mineralogy. 24 + 536p. 1842.
8 plates additional to those printed as part of the text.
DIVISION 4 GEOLOGY. Mather, W. W.; Emmons, Ebenezer; Vanuxem, Lard- ner & Hall, James. Geology of New York. 4v. il. pl. sq. 4to. Albany 1842-43. Out of print.
v. 1ptr Mather, W. W. First Geological District. 37 + 653p.46pl. 1843.
v. 2 pt2 Emmons, Ebenezer. Second Geological District. 10 + 437p. 7 leesrone
v. 3 pt3 Vanuxem, Lardner. Third Geological District. 306p. 1842.
oo anv nwa
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
v. 4 ptq Hall, James. Fourth Geological District. 22 + 683p. iopl. map. 1843.
DIVISION 5 AGRICULTURE. Emmons, Ebenezer. Agriculture of New York; comprising an account of the classification, composition and distribution of the soils and rocks and the natural waters of the different geological formations, together with a condensed view of the meteorology and agri- cultural productions of the State. 5v. il. pl. sq. gto. Albany 1846-54. Out of print.
v. 1 Soils of the State, Their Composition and Distribution. 11 + 371p. 21pl. 1846.
v. 2 Analysis of Soils, Plants, Cereals, etc. 8 + 343+ 46p. 42pl. 1849. VW/ith hand-colored plates.
v. 3 Fruits, etc. 8+ 340p. 1851.
v. 4 Plates to accompany v. 3. g5pl. 1851.
Hand-colored.
v. 5 Insects Injurious to Agriculture. 8+ 272p. sopl. 1854. With hand-colored plates.
DIVISION 6 PALEONTOLOGY. Hall, James. Paleontology of New York. 8v. il. pl. sq. 4to. Albany 1847-94. Bound in cloth.
v. 1 Organic Remains of the Lower Division of the New York System. 23 + 338p. oopl. 1847. Out of print.
v. 2 Organic Remains of Lower Middle Division of the New York System. 8 + 362p. ro4pl. 1852. Out of print.
v. 3 Organic Remains of the Lower Helderberg Group and the Oriskany Sandstone. pti, text. 12 + .532p. 1859. [$3.50]
pt 2. rg2pl. 1861. [$2.50]
4 Fossil Brachiopoda of the Upper Helderberg, Hamilton, Portage and NiGhemune Groups. 11 + 1+ 428p. 69pl. 1867. $2.50.
v. 5 pt 1 Lamellibranchiata 1. Monomyaria of the Upper Helderberg, Hamilton and Chemung Groups. 18 + 268p. 45pl. 1884. $2.50.
Lamellibranchiata 2. Dimyaria of the Upper Helderberg, Ham-
ilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. 62 + 293p. 51pl. 1885. $2.50.
pt 2 Gasteropoda, Pteropoda and Cephalopoda of the Upper Helder- berg, Hamilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. 2v. 1879. Vv. 1, text.
5 + 492p.; v.2. T20pl.) $2.50 for 2 v-
& Simpson, George B. v. 6 Corals and Bryozoa of the Lower and Up-.
per Helderberg and Hamilton Groups. 24 + 298p. 67pl. 1887. $2.50
& Clarke, John M. v. 7 Trilobites and Other Crustacea of the Oris-
kany, Upper Helderberg, Hamilton, Portage, Chemung and Catskill
Groups. 64 + 236p.46pl. 1888. Cont. supplement tov.5,pt2. Ptero-
poda, Cephalopoda and Annelida. 4z2p. 18pl. 1888. $2.50.
& Clarke, John M. v.8pti1 Introduction to the Study of the Genera
of the Paleozoic Brachiopoda. 16 + 367p. 44pl. 1892. $2.50.
& Clarke, John M. v.8 pt 2 Paleozoic Brachiopoda. 16 + 394p. 64pl. 1894. $2.50.
Catalogue of the Cabinet of Natural History of the State of New York and of the Historical and Antiquarian Collection Paimleree thereto. 242p. 8vo. 1853.
Handbooks 1893-date.
New York State Museum. 52p. il. 1902. Free.
Outlines, history and work of the museum with list of staff 1902.
Paleontology. 12p. 1899. Out of print.
Brief outline of State Museum work in paleontology under heads: Definition; Relation to biology; Relation to stratigraphy; History of paleontology in New York. Guide to Excursions in the Fossiliferous Rocks of New York. 124p. 1899. Out of print.
Itineraries of 32 trips covering nearly the entire series of Paleozoic rocks, prepared specially for the use of teachers and students desiring to acquaint themselves more intimately with the classic rocks of this State.
Entomology. 16p. 1899. Out of print. Economic Geology. 44p. 1904. Free. Insecticides and Fungicides. 20p. 1909. Free.
MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS
Classification of New York Series of Geologic Formations. 32p. 1903. Out of print. Revised edition. 96p. 1912. Free.
Geologic maps. Merrill, F. J. H. Economic and Geologic Map of the State of New York; issued as part of Museum Bulletin 15 and 48th Museum Report, v. 1. 59x67cm. 1894. Scale 14 miles to1 inch. 15c.
Map of the State of New York Showing the Location of Quarries of
Stone Used for Building and Road Metal. 1897. Out of print.
Map of the State of New York Showing the Distribution of the Rocks
Most Useful for Road Metal. 1897. Out of print.
Geologic Map of New York. tg01. Scale 5 milesto 1 inch. Jn atlas form $3. Lower Hudson sheet 6oc.
The lower Hudson sheet, geologically colored, comprises Rockland, Orange, Dutchess, Putnam, Westchester, New York, Richmond, Kings, Queens and Nassau counties, and parts of Sullivan, Ulster and Suffolk counties; also northeastern New Jersey and part of western Connecticut.
Map of New York Showing the Surface Configuration and Water Sheds,
tgo1. Scale 12 miles to 1rinch. t15c.
Map of the State of New York Showing the Location of Its Economic Deposits. 1904. Scale 12 miles to 1 inch. 15c.
Geologic maps on the United States Geological Survey topographic base. Scale 1 in. == 1 m. Those marked with an asterisk have also been pub- lished separately.
*Albany county. 1898. Out of print.
Area around Lake Placid. 1898.
Vicinity of Frankfort Hill [parts of Herkimer and Oneida counties]. 1899.
Rockland county. 1899.
Amsterdam quadrangle. 1900.
*Parts of Albany and Rensselaer counties. igor. Out of print.
*Niagara river. Igor. 25¢.
Part of Clinton county. toot.
Oyster Bay and Hempstead quadrangles on Long Island. tgor.
Portions of Clinton and Essex counties. 1902.
Part of town of Northumberland, Saratoga co. 1903.
Union Springs, Cayuga county and vicinity. 1903.
*Olean quadrangle. 1903. Free.
*Becraft Mt with 2 sheets of sections. (Scale 1 in. ==34m.) 1903. 20c.
*Canandaigua-Naples quadrangles. 1904. 20C.
*Little Falls quadrangle. 1905. Free.
*Watkins-Elmira quadrangles. 1905. 20¢.
*Tully quadrangle. tg05. Free.
*Salamanca quadrangle. 1905. Free.
*Mooers quadrangle. 1905. Free.
Paradox Lake quadrangle. 1905.
*Buffalo quadrangle. 1906. Free. °
*Penn Yan-Hammondsport quadrangles. 1906. 20¢.
*Rochester and Ontario Beach quadrangles. 2o0c.
*Long Lake quadrangle. Free.
*Nunda-Portage quadrangles. 20c.
*Remsen quadrangle. 1908. Free.
*Geneva-Ovid quadrangles. 1909. 20¢c.
*Port Leyden quadrangle. 1910. Free.
*Auburn-Genoa quadrangles. 1g10. 20¢.
*Elizabethtown and Port Henry quadrangles. 1910. I5¢.
*Alexandria Bay quadrangle. Igto. Free.
*Cape Vincent quadrangle. 1g1o. Free.
*Clayton quadrangle. tIgio. Free.
*Grindstone quadrangle. iIg10. Free.
*Theresa quadrangle. 1910. Free.
*Poughkeepsie quadrangle. 1911. Free.
*Honeoye-Wayland quadrangle. Ig11. 20¢.
*Broadalbin quadrangle. 1911. Free.
*Schenectady quadrangle. 1911. Free.
*Saratoga-Schuylerville quadrangles. 1914. 20¢.
*North Creek quadrangle. 1914. Free.
*Syracuse quadrangle. 1914. Free.
Hl ivesity ot the Stat of New York palin
under the act of August 24, 1912 Published fortnightly
, ALBANY, N. Y. . DECEMBER I, 1914
No. 580
New York State: Museum
Joun M. Crarke, Director Museum Bulletin 174 THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY OF
NEW. YORK STATE
: REPORT: OF OPERATIONS AND PRODUCTION: DURING 1913 D. H. ‘NEWLAND
23 O 36, nce
Mineral waters
Ce ee 2
ee gous i ate oak ane Sand-lime brick
Production of stone
ee ce)
Ce ee | ed
ee ee) )
“ALBANY “ THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
1914
2 PAGE Niernad weno oe oi. aie yeas 258 5 Mineral production of New York. 8 IE TACIT es ee ae nL So 9 SOE Van Mee sera isin eta) hv et oo te ae 13 Production of clay materials.... 13 Common building brick........ 15 TEAR Ova Ao im tel teu ae an Mpa oe ae ta 20 Common hollow brick.......... 21 MITE LOOMME s W5.2 six cate yapoletsighs quote ep 2k. BR ESteca CORBA St cit bole cue aete eis) = vette 22 TL ayia 2a i a A ee ae 23 SELES Pues craeneke id aba tes alah 22 AN NILICI, Cie sats OH ceed ae LEV AT(GIA\ A Pane ot AP RACE ERR EIR OE 2 PEO. 5107 cae ae aE a ee Be ‘CATER SAE an Sa aa 34 Pep SEIIUAR ES ke ait el oncha /clsce la nis eoe Ses, « gO CSCI TC Used eye he ue ale iaavtlaval «au 40 “Ms 11-J1r4-2500
a
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
Regents of the University
With years when terms expire
tory St CratR McKertway M.A LL.D. D.C.L.
L.H.D. Chancellor - - - - - - - Brooklyn 1926 Priny-T. Sexton LL.B. LL.D. Vice Chancellor Palmyra 1915 ALBERT VANDER VEER M.D. M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. Albany
1922 CuEesTER S. Lorp M.A. LL.D. ,= - - —- -New York 1918 Wittiam NottincHam M.A. Ph.D. LL. the Syracuse 1921 Francis M. CarpENTER —- — -— -— — — -— Mount Kisco 1923 ABRAM I. Erxus LL.B. D.C.L. - - - - -New York 1924 ADELBERT Moot LL.D. - - - — -— - Buffalo
1925 CHARLES B. ALEXANDER M.A. LL.B. LL. D. Litt.D. Tuxedo 1919 JOHN Moore - - - = - = = = = -=Elmira
1920 ANDREW J. SHIPMAN M.A. LL.B. LL.D. —- - New York
1916 WALTER Guest Ketitoce B.A. — -°' - - —-— Ogdensburg
President of the University and Commissioner of Education
Joun H. Frntey M.A. LL.D. L.H.D.
Assistant Commissioners , x Aucustus 8. Downinc M.A. L.H.D. LL.D. For Higher Education CuarLes F. WHEELOcK B.S. LL.D. For Secondary Education Tuomas E. Finecan M.A. Pd.D. LL.D. For Elementary Education
Director of State Library
James I. Wver, Jr, M.L.S.
Director of Science and State Museum
JoHn M. CrarKke Ph.D. D.Sc. LL.D. Chiefs of Divisions
Administration, GEoRGE M. WiLEy M.A. Attendance, James D. SULLIVAN
Educational Extension, WILLIAM R. Watson B.S. Examinations, HARLAN H. HorNErR B.A. | History, James A. HoLpen B.A.
Inspections, FRanK H. Woop M.A.
Law, FrRanK. B. GILBERT B.A.
Library School, FRanK K. Water M.A. M.L. S. Public Records, THomas C. Quinn
School Libraries, SHERMAN WILLIAMS Pd.D. Statistics, Hrram C. Case
Visual Instruction, ALFRED W. Aprams Ph.B. Vocational Schools, ARTHUR D. Dean D.Sc.
The University of the State of New York Department of Science, July 21, 1914 Dr Augustus S. Downing Acting Commissioner of Education Str: I beg to communicate herewith for publication as a bulletin of the State Museum, the annual report on the Mining and Quarry Industry of New York State, which covers the operations and pro- duction during the year 1913. Very respectfully Joun M. CrarKkeE Director THE UNIVERSITY OF THE
STATE OF NEW YORK
Approved for publication this 24th day of July rorT4
Acting Commussioner of Education
University of the State of New York Bulletin
Entered as second-class matter August 2, 1913, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under the act of August 24, 1912
Published fortnightly
No. 580 AUVIBYAINISE; INTE OCS DECEMBER I, 1914
New York State Museum
Joun M. Crarke, Director
Museum Bulletin 174
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY OF
NEW YORK STATE
REPORT OF OPERATIONS AND PRODUCTION DURING 10913 BY |
D. H. NEWLAND
INTRODUCTION
The year 1913 was marked by general activity among the leading branches of the mining and quarry industry of the State. Product- ive operations were stimulated by a strong demand, especially dur- ing the first six months; in the latter part of the year, however, a reactionary tendency became manifest and conditions were rather unsettled toward the close. On the whole it was a period of large output, but of rather moderate prices.
The value of the ores and mineral materials, in their crude or first prepared forms, aggregated the sum of $41,598,399. This was larger than the total returned for any preceding year by several mil- lions of dollars, and represented a gain of about 14 per cent over the corresponding figures for 1912, which were $36,648,382. In view of the average ruling prices for the different materials, which were by no means as high as they had been in the earlier years, the record was exceedingly favorable and showed a real expansion in the pro- ductive capacity of the enterprises.
A further index of the year’s activity may be had from the ton- nage of ores and minerals hoisted from underground workings.
6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Iron ores, pyrite, rock salt, gypsum, graphite and tale are wholly or mainly produced by mining operations in the strict sense, as con- trasted with open-cast methods; the total quantity of these materials raised in 1913 was 3,156,643 tons against 2,722,648 tons in I9QI2.
The products on which the valuations above mentioned are based number over thirty in all and with few exceptions represent the materials as they come from the mines and quarries without elabo- ration or manufacture, except so much as is necessary to put them in marketable form. They do not include secondary products like iron and steel, sulphuric acid, aluminum, carborundum, calcium car- bide, alkali products, etc., the manufacture of which constitutes a very large industry with an annual output that has a much greater value than that returned by the industries covered in this report.
Among the metallic minerals found in the State, iron ore is the most important from an industrial standpoint. The gross output of this ore iast year was 1,606,196 long tons. After allowance for concentration, which is practised by the Adirondack mines, there re- mained a total of 1,217,849 long tons of shipping ore which had a value of $3,870,841, as compared with 1,057,702 long tons valued at $3,349,095 for the year 1912. Both the mines in the Clinton belt in the middle of the State and those in the Adirondacks increased their output, but the latter to a greater extent. Exploration of the iron ore continued to receive attention and further advances in this field may be looked for in the future.
The clay-working industries generally did not have a very pros- - perous season, as the demand for structural materials was rather quiet. The aggregate output of all classes of clay materials was valued at $12,077,872, about the same figure as in 1912, but there was actually a falling off in clay-building materials like brick and terra cotta. The decline in these branches, however, found compen- sation in the gains reported in the paving brick and pottery branches. A very large development of the paving brick industry is to be ex- pected in the next few years, as a result of the increasing demand for use of the more perinanent materials in highway construction.
The cement industry, especially the portland branch, showed a marked advance. The output of portland cement exceeded 5,000,- ooo barrels for the first time since the éstablishment of plants in the State, the actual quantity being 5,146,782 barrels with a value of $4,873,807. The natural cement trade on the other hand was on a decreasing scale and the production amounts to but 193,975 barrels valued at $95,565, a mere fraction of the former output.
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI3 Tse
The stone products, inclusive of granite, limestone, marble, sand- stone and trap, were valued at $6,763,054, a gain of about I1 per cent in the total for the year. There was a decline in the value of the building stone quarried, and also of the mdénumental material, but a gain in the production of crushed stone, paving blocks and other materials used in street work. More than one-half of the total was contributed by the limestone quarries.
One of the historic industries of the State is that based on the salt deposits which were the object of enterprise in colonial times and have contributed steadily for more than a century. Complete rec- ords of the production are available from the year 1797 to date. In 1913 the output amounted to 10,819,521 barrels with a value of $2,- 856,664, which was in excess of the quantity reported in any pre- vious year. .
An output of 532,884 tons of gypsum set a new figure also for that material which has been of steadily increasing importance in the local mining field. The product is mainly employed for the manufacture of stucco and wall plasters, but has application also in agriculture and cement manufacture. The value of the output was $1,306,143.
Natural gas showed one of the largest gains recorded for the year; the quantity produced was 9,155,429,000 cubic feet valued at $2,549,227, or a gain of nearly 40 per cent which may be considered remarkable in view of the long-continued development of the local field. Petroleum, the only other mineral fuel that occurs in work- able quantity in New York State, was produced in Allegany and Cattaraugus counties to the extent of 916,873 barrels with a value of $2,255,508. In respect to prices, the year was a notable one, as the prices for crude oil averaged nearly $2.50 a barrel for the whole twelve months, but the quantity was below the usual figure.
Among the other branches of the mineral industry that shared in the year’s returns were those of talc, graphite, garnet, pyrite, slate, mineral paints, mineral waters, emery, feldspar, molding and build- ing sand, sand-lime brick, diatomaceous earth, marl, apatite, and mica. Tale ranks as one of the more important of these, with an output of 63,000 short tons valued at $551,250, mostly from mines in St Lawrence county. Garnet for abrasive uses comes from Essex and Warren counties and the product last year amounted to 4665 short tons with a value of $145,445. Pyrite for acid manufac- ture is mined in St Lawrence county; graphite of the finest crystal- line grade is obtained in Essex county ; and feldspar for pottery and
8 NEW
other uses in Westchester and Essex counties.
YORK STATE MUSEUM
The only material
added to the list of the preceding year was mica, of which a small quantity was obtained in Essex county.
Mineral production of New York in 1912
UNIT OF SRM PRODUCT Aiea SUREMENT QUANTITY VALUE
Ponolancdiicementane eee ese Barnes eee 4 495 842 | $3 488 931 Natural-rock cement........... Barrels merce 287 693 142 165: [eiwnlhing JOIPICKE, coo eae ude occas Thousands...... I 205 704 6 776 602 Pottery. ive aes ee i al le ote | | e 2 876 762 Other clayiproducts es eed sale cae ee ae eer | ec 2 389 731 Crudevclayay Aceves aon SMOME WOIMS, oo occ 8 583 18 980 IES Taegan ewe Maem aa Aree OE OT he SIMON TOMS. 5 S24 589 6 479 Reldsparsaniclacittanuzam eee SNAG WOMS. oo oe 28 584 II5 419 Gare tent, ates mei cag ieee eee Shortycomseee 4 4 112 II7 325 Gra aie WG ya een eo ey eee IPGGHMAEIS.s 500000 0% 2 628 000 142 665 Gy PStmd A Sir Oe ee ae ye ees oh wees SMAOvel WOIS. 6 25 oo 506 274 I 186 845 BEROvai ON Rey Ban Pehd toate sans SMONS llban Seu ILGING? WOIMS.. 5 so 5 ¢ I 057 702 3 349 095 MERITS COTES) a atest arr nek Lancs lll tha Bors cater a AUD Dairy gi ey 15 358 IMISUBINO FORMING: blo oae aso bes oe cc 6 SIMO, WOMS, . oo 0 8 O12 | 3 72 176 SIGS OMBIONOMEs ccdncose0cunacads SIMONE WMS. oo 6 0 « I 750 12 800 IMbnmeseall WANES. 4 Goud soodcuce Gallons eee soee) MONGoenadat, 760 847 Naituralllcachny acy anes ana 1000 cubic feet..| 6 564 659 I 882 297 Retrolemmumectr wide ee BARRENS. 56505000 782 661 I 338 350 Piven ee reyuny i ta iey eens ain yes nye LOWS WOME. 2.5. - 58 137 286 577 SS UI AIS Carnet icy note Uses ME erie ne Bamrelshe ence 10 502 214 2 597 260 Sand tandoraviell. Mayen.) We ey age aoa ee Nala ee eee 2 549 729 Saiaclijiane® lorie. as cco ns osone Thousands...... Qi DBR 133 736 INoofmerslateniy aris pele earn Sqanesi eae as 9 738 83 222 Slate tmamuiacuures visite Woy eM e erene enon eae ee eae Nil Gram Ae SAE a ioe ehacsush eo ee eA ea ee IG eee 202 096 ILAIMESHOMOs oo 600cccnn. Salat eRe tea on cere cl eo nie Ala Le ARR 3 510 445 TAKS ov esate eM ine one rie MN ella ty AERIS ey Relea atla KOS lila a cll 5 clic liana d 6° ¢ 241 847 Sandstome soi. k ose Ae ah ee nae Seer ae OL ae ea I 280 743 EB TER Dr Gao ea dlc a ee va SE ge eel SR CRC PT Nl ea aa 483 863 ALBERS air Vesta cg steer ue dal aah ee yy at SMNOME WOMS, 2-25. 61 619 51I 437 Other materials: i314 ea lay en aN oe temernie lesen | ee gene ae 74 600
Meo tall pets Nene ies a PA eae VE eI ea te | Ae $36 648 382
1 Includes apatite, diatomaceous earth, marl and zinc ore.
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I913 9 Mineral production of New York in r913 | : UNIT OF pe aNees PRODUCT POAC UIEAGENT QUANTITY VALUE
Ronulanducementmmr we ace: Bancelseane en 5 146 782 $4 873 807 INeritina Cenileniiee err nrro ete Barelsien ey ete 193 975 95 565 IByeullichiayes losis Sob oe eg oue ease Thousands...... I 099 861 6 038 658 A OUbSTaypeey rest Nena hemor aneeet chal eevc deinen (be mala cteintelle kc lans at S.la\sacte 3 Boy wsi7/ Orilneie’ Glan jaRROGIE GUS Biaie Wistar sc aiimiiieed Bectine Cleo someteritr] URea ancl ee eee 2 672 027 mide clayiw Sapoc has eee Short tons...... 6 201 I7 4II FAM Saye te, oa ie bse stays s aeisiny eae rH SINOG WOME. 3 eo c 611 oh Be Feldspar and quartz............ SIMOME OMS. 5645 25 680 113 765 (COiRIGIE baa lotic Gd ecienie etc sree e Se SIMONE HOS. bo 3 4 665 145 445 (Gira alavtieSa Wane atave cnet ctatcns ccleaner IPANACIS..50525500| 2 ZO COO II2 500 (Gayo eiittitiy 2 be che tire eee pea eter td SIMO HONS. oo 0 0c 532 884 yO OME! NOTMO LS He tts ncveneitnisei sg lonacoueear atcha LOM WMS. 5500 I 217 899 3 870 841 IMININSATONTNES! 5. cra Seed o omucravek Ee totaal ects easel | telat col statesae ea asi le MR toe 13 130 Wetallicspaintmerrre sn aye eae SIMOWE HOMES, 5506 7 950 78 200 Slavenpicmentam aes verses. SINOME HOME. 5.500 2 200 I5 026 Minmveralliwartens|= vsuysrus aa as eevee Callonspanner eee 9 448 348 806 298 Natrol mash evened scan ese = ate 1000 cubic feet 9 155 429 2 549 227 Retroletmi tres on heel hte Barrelsty. esc 916 873 2 255 508 IPAS es soo Cae ce Nc nee Rous Fons... - ek. 54 903 242 065 SHAUN. avec nora) Cameco ce pelea etre Baie |S yeeie ee IO 819 521 856 664 SHIT Cl MCVING OAC lien pe emeretMra sere eam arene ine cee a es Lal i 2 584 266 SrimiGlliionle loraielice icin awe gs Goda eom Thousands...... DD, DBs 143 345 Roonmenslater cae me man anni eats Squares........ 6 109 53 074 Slategmicmiuba ct anecy myers serene nes MELE arity sos Serie CIM fal 2 oes Nil (Gipayamines Foire creek oop bier atalbs al Meteeee paca eect Epa nee ee 1a | aan Pa ea me 335 642 NE MMES TOMS tates era eect MAL Argent kee allies e es alee ah 3 852 678 INI BF OVENS vier ae ats eee en a Bos hb cick Cac |Y Dene eae Enea eae ara eine 252 292 DAN GSUOMCM Merc aimee Mae eran | Mecen man! touethear temas [A oscicthi cs A aon al i 222i DQyD “TPRBDYO) 4. at Shs tate austin a aena dacs ters al EY cl uM URILE ibaa he Ned ental IRM Rene I OOI 170 “TRIG: srt pelore Peete cael seta eeeth men rhe SJNXOWHG WOME, 5.4 oo 63 000 551 250 Ociemmiaenials yee ruy enw oerews ley oy tinea eae, cial iste a avian Seu 66 611 ARO LAME VAlU Cyt enee rane ie eee Wien ratme aS Sh TW hs os eae Atk $41 598 399
1Tncludes apatite, diatomaceous earth, marl and mica.
CEMENT
The cement industry greatly improved its position last year when it experienced the first really sustained prosperity that it has had in a long time. There was a strong demand, sufficient to keep all the mills busy at full capacity. The higher level of prices, which was firmly held throughout the year, afforded a fair margin of profit to manufacturers, most of whom had operated at a minimum profit if not with actual loss in the three preceding years. The recent period of price-cutting and unrestrained competition for markets found some ‘plants in a weak position financially or technically ; these either
ie) NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
succumbed to the pressure or were reorganized on a better basis, so that as a whole the industry is now in a healthier state than ever before.
The New York portland cement plants, with one or two excep- tions, successfully withstood the critical test. No doubt they fared somewhat better than most mills by reason of the exceptionally good home market that enabled them to dispose of much of their product without going into other territory, as there has been a very large amount of construction work in progress in the State by reason of the highway and canal improvements. The Hudson river district also has a natural outlet in the western section of New England which no other manufacturing center reaches on an equal basis. © In consequence of these relative advantages the local industry has been able not only to hold its own in the trade, but has actually increased its output steadily from year to year.
The present favorable situation of the cement industry may be said
to be the outcome of a market change which began in the season of ©
1912. In the early part of the vear conditions were almost on the point of demoralization so far as prices are concerned, with quota- tions on the basis of 60 cents a barrel in bulk at the ‘mill. Such prices furnished an incentive to buying, so that the surplus held by the manufacturers diminished rapidly and helped to strengthen the market from month to month. Prices were raised in the spring and again in the summer and with other advances later on raised the basis to go@g5 cents mill quotation which obtained in the month of December. The actual sales for the year, however, did not average so high as the market prices would indicate, owing to the fact that a considerable portion of the output is sold on contract. Within the year 1913 the market held steadily around the high mark reached in the preceding season. The New York City basis was $1.58 a barrel inclusive of package for standard brands, or $1.18 in bulk. The State plants received somewhat higher prices in their local markets. The average for the whole output was 95 cents. In 1912 the aver- age was 78 cents a barrel. |
At the close of the past season stocks were lower than at the beginning, the plants being practically denuded of any marketable surplus. There was good prospect of a continued steady demand for the early part of the current season. The removal of the former tariff of 32 cents a barrel probably will serve to prevent any material increase in prices over the present level since that would encourage importations from Germany, Belgium and Eng-
a ee ee
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI3 Hal
land. With prices under $1 a barrel there seems to be no danger of a general invasion by foreign brands, although in periods of depression those countries may sell more or less in the seaboard markets.
In the natural cement trade conditions have not been so favorable and the few plants now engaged in that branch reported a some- what smaller output than in 1912. The decline of the industry has meant a great loss to many communities, although its effects generally have been counterbalanced by the gain of portland cement manufacture. The natural cement product for a long time averaged around 4,000,000 barrels a year, and the industry continued in a flourishing condition down to about the year 1900 when the cheap- ening of the cost of portland cement brought on competition that caused the closing down of most plants.
The output of cement in the State last year reached record figures ; the total as compiled from the individual reports amounted to 5,340,757 barrels. In the preceding year, the combined produc- tion of portland and natural cement was 4,783,535 barrels and in IQII it was 3,691,373 barrels. The value of the output was also larger than that of any previous year.
As shown in the accompanying tables, the portland industry accounted last year for a total of 5,146,782 barrels, as compared with 4,495,842 barrels in 1912, or a gain of 650,940 barrels. The value of the output was $4,873,807 against $3,488,931 in 1912. The average value for the product, based on the mill prices for the year, was 95 cents a barrel against 77.6 cents a barrel. There were eight mills in operation during the year, one more than in IQI2.
The output of natural cement amounted to 193,975 barrels valued at $95,505, the greater part having been made by a single plant in the Rosendale district of Ulster county. The total for 1912 was 287,693 barrels with a value of $142,165. The average price received was thus about 50 cents a barrel in 1913, the same as in 1912. Aside from Ulster county the only other county which was represented in the industry was Onondaga with three small pro- ducers.
14 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Production of cement in New York
PORTLAND CEMENT NATURAL CEMENT YEAR Barrels Value Barrels Value
TSOGs eis ee Senko mer eae 137 096 $287 725 | 3 597 758 |$2 805 387 iol OY aaa Orbe aires Maniat tt AIS Ves 6 Il7 275 205 231 3 446 330 | I 974 463 TOO Sine ele 5 eke meee pete ai 159 320 278 810 | 3 939 727 | 2 285 094 WSQOW Ca seca Mime ena 260 787 443 175 | 4 181 918 | 2 423 801 I CUGKOV 7 um deus Pes etal ote wane ey Gt 394 398 690 179 4, 259) 186) | 2 een ae IhtalO yaa ee een crests, caloborer oe at 554 358 970 126 | 4 157 917 | 2 065 658 PSOOM Me onus Aa eee sere 472 386 708 579 | 4 689 167 | 2 813 500 TOOOME eae eR eee 465 832 582 290 | 3 409 085 | 2 045 451 TOOT A peas ae Let 617 228 617 228 2 227 13k || eat 7aOOG VOO2 fafeisteeecuae igh senepo oe 156 807 I 521 553 | 3 577 340 | 2 135 036 TOO hc diee eel eee Pat arse 602 946 2,031 3107) 2 AN7, 137) |e om520 TQ O AU sein so cg oleae es ee aia BOX I 245 778 | 1 881 630 | I 207 883 TO OS Me iid oeticreeon eee ee 117 822 2 046 864 | 2 257 698 | I 590 689 OOO Mas gs clagae catusicetl ates 423, 374 2 766 488 | 1 691 565 | I 184 211 ICY 0/4 eyokaveny caoiear cnet oestrone 108 450 2 214 090 127 Bz) 757 730 LUG YO Lo iag A aula oe rine hea tr ae sane 988 874 I 813 622 623 588 441 136 TLOOO RTs eee een ne roe ae O61 O19 I 761 297 549 364 361 605 MOM Ose peck aoe he eae rert eee 364 255 2 939 818 292 760. 147 202 MOTD) Sires estate Hie onic Meet 416 400 2 930 434 274 973 134 900 TCO) I-AA reas a os ee cane ae 4 495 842 3 488 931 287 603 142 165 DOAB iS ee ely aires Mle egh ee 146 782 4 873 807 193 975 95 565
A further gain in the production of portland cement may be anticipated for the immediate future. The plant of the Millen Portland Cement Co at Jamesville, Onondaga county, ran only a part of the past season, having been placed in operation for the first time in the spring. The cement is made from limestone quarried by the Solvay Process Co., nearby, who thus dispose of the smaller sizes of stone unsuitable for use in their alkali plant. The limestone, with the shale which is obtained from a local bank, is fed directly into ball mills without any preliminary crushing. From there it passes to tube mills and to the kiln. The plant was designed for a capacity of 7co barrels a day, but will probably exceed that figure when under full headway.
The portland cement mills in the State now use hard limestone exclusively as the basis of the cement mixture. The use of marl has been discontinued, and the last marl plant, which was operated by the Marengo Portland Cement Co., at Caledonia, was sold last year and dismantled.
ee
OD
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I913 ie
(GILANNE BY ROBERT W. JONES
The clay-working industries experienced a rather poor season in 1913. In the structural branches conditions fluctuated very markedly ; at times the demand for building brick was fairly good, but such periods were followed by sudden slumps which left the market overstocked and brought prices down to a lower basis. The consequence was that the output of clay structural materials was smaller than in the preceding year and conditions at the close of the season were not auspicious for any great revival of activity in the immediate future.
The decline of output in the structural branches, however, was counterbalanced by a gain in the paving brick and pottery in- dustries so that the year’s total was somewhat larger that the output recorded in 1912. The combined value of all the products made in the State was $12,077,872, as compared with $12,043,095 it 1912:
The following table presents the figures of production for the different clay-working industries as they have been reported by the individual plants. The classification is somewhat different than that followed heretofore, necessitating some changes in the figures for.the years I91I and 1912.
Production of clay materials
MATERIAL IQII 1912 | IQI3
Commi onmoiicke ee eee oe re $5 310 511 | $6 666 945 | $5 938 922 promis Oia C Keres arc ye eae eee L225 702 109 657 99 736 Watitiedhpavan oe ot clh cae oe 0 elo sauee 388 479 382 984 | 576 970 iSlolllongy laine Nie aeiaiors coche o obits Garara " 8B Bug MD Sails | 44 265 ITGREVORROVOITUTKEA on, 2) loi ecole Midion bie Megicta aire 229 627 230 833 | 276 C53 MerrancOttd ste. ee im ectneden amas 718 700 I 139 291 i 1H Bala Fire brick and stove lining.......... 413 500 380 005 | 371 408 ID seein Ss, Gest ote eas 2 Meee eer 202 292 122 571 134 199 “S (EN WUEID ON OTS an resale liens emi 138 258 | 77 644 154 646 IPG RENTN7.9 & Geis! oy ope tee aN tc aa ee ne Se 2 196 054 | 2 876 762 3 367 187 WirscellameouSr sme canteen sac et eet 20 179 13 828 T L164
ANCA Nae are ose pat GONE Meee $9 832 609 |$12 043 095 | $12 077 82
There were two hundred four companies and individuals active in the clay-working industries last year. Of this number, one hundred fifty-nine were engaged in the production of common build-
If NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
ing brick, of which the number made was 1,090,506,000, valued at $5,938,922, against 1,190,374,000 in 1912 valued at $6,666,945. Front brick also showed a decline, with a value of $99,736 against $109,657 ; fire brick and stove lining fell off, $371,408 against $380,- 005; and terra cotta showed a decline, $1,113,322 against $1,139,291 in the preceding year. The product of paving brick, on the other hand, increased over 50 per cent, the output having a value of $576,970, as compared with $382,984 in 1912; and pottery also showed a notable increase.
The production was distributed among 36 counties of the State. Onondaga county had the largest clay-working industry and re- ported an output valued at $1,613,395, a gain of $245,050 for the year. Ulster county occupied second place with a production of $1,077,655, all common building brick. Erie county with a pro- duction of $1,000,055 displaced Rockland county from third place. The production from Rockland county amounted to $820,475. Cat- taraugus, Chautauqua and Greene counties made considerable in- creases due principally to- the greater activity in the paving brick industry. Other counties reporting a gain over 1912 were Albany, Cayuga, Livingston, Monroe, Niagara, Ontario, Qteens and Schenectady.
The basis of New York’s clay-working industry is the wide- spread occurrence of common clays that are adapted to the manu- facture of building brick, drain tile and materials of that class. These clays are found at the surface, being of glacial derivation and are usually of blue color, weathering to yellow on exposure. They burn readily and yield a product of reddish color. In addition there are extensive beds of shales, especially in the Devonic for- mations, which are valuable for the manufacture of paving brick and pressed building brick. The deposits of white-burning clays are quite restricted and occur only in certain localities on Long Island and Staten Island.
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I9Q13
Production of clay materials by counties
COUNTY
NILE Ela gy resin ee a aero ha tae tea
LESRBYORTEVE) che Galt a Rae RP tes ee
CAITR TRAE DESL mci riots cheney eatin eneee mege
CORY ENS gee ee asia ao Cea ae ene |
Gian atale yy. erase ha Nas et aes
(GiSesCialee te ees eee ee io erm eres UR TOT VERS 35) Se ee IE he a me Poe A intestate. 2c coos eee see INNS a5 Obie dn croak tae Sts oe Se Ee
INIDSSRIOL, SR ARM SEA abcess Neekin ARES
Pevote alain lines lees ba. aOR ren mune Cen rn tid
SPIRAL WONPET At aale eae eect be ae oe a eid pane EME Teele Ciyge cya ter ea raya, NEL en Dy = 8 SHS TO SI Gant cin tea eee ao Di Ee Oto ale ae
TUNES owe Tyee 05 01s eee le tt ee cee ee “NSIS: Bo eee 8 ae RS PL a \QUGRIRCISIESS RES De Salen ap Se age RO Cee eae
a Included under other counties.
IQII
1912
1913
_ On
_b In 1911, aside from counties marked a, are included Clinto1, Genesee, St Lawrence, Tomp- kins and YYayne counties. In 1912, aside from counties marked @, are included Clinton, St Lawrence, Tompkins and Wayne counties. In 1913 are included all counties markel a.
COMMON BUILDING BRICK
A larger proportion of the common brick is made by the soft mud process which in spite of its defects seems destined to remain the chief method of manufacture in New York State for many years to come. The deposits of soft plastic clays in the Hudson valley will continue to afford the main basis of the industry, since
16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
many of the clay banks are not suited to any other process. New York and its environs may be expected to supply the largest outlet for material of this class as it has in the past.
Besides the brick made by the soft mud process, the term * com- mon brick” also includes the ungraded red brick manufactured 12 stiff mud machines and a small product of vitrified shale brick, the latter made by the paving brick operators. Statistics covering the production of common brick for the last two years are shown in the accompanying table.
‘
Production of common building brick by counties
1912 1913 COUNTY — Number Value Number Value
Alparyee ence | 69 100 000 $381 694 66 700 000 $370 425 BrOO mae yet ts been a een OA ete eri a a Cattaraugus.... 770 000 5 500 800 000 | , 8 000 On Abhere Witte merece clematis LV hI ahe 0 gt be 800 000 4 800 Chautauqua.... 3 040 000 20 483 5 352 000 35 962 Chenatncee see 12 300 000 79 510 a a (Sibhian vovalgneaenecer aloe a ncn ae crema non EO he as a a Coltimbiaanerre 69 434 000 381 888 58 585 000 307 571 IDiitchessmeee 122 085 000 665 082 120 770 000 634 043 Aca ee egy A 43 184 000 277 696 56 899 000 380 153 (reemen vere eniuer 36 573 000 199 360 26 976 000 143 466 }Eaieshavershovauernmer ec crlh Dt Nh Aumee mM NTIA GUL i a f a Mionroemereranre | 26 083 000 171 266 19 747 000 99 064 Montgomery.... 3 200 000 I4 400 a a IN@Sseilo oon 6 65 65 15 399 000 105 048 | 15 997 000 102 531 INvacarcannee ener 3 114 000 22 357 8 067 000 55 469 OWNER, 25502005 12 525 000 79 575 II 860 000 78 088 Onondaga...... 16 985 000 IIQ 134 19 800 000 139 150 OiMBAO. ss o006¢ 2 500 000 16 250 2 000 000 16 000 Orangemen ae or 113 363 000 615 155 -96 493 000 472 465 Rensselaer... ... 13 800 000 76 452 I2 600 000 75 550 IRiCavadorail 5 5 4 - 33 297 000 175 358 29 507 000 147 540 IROCB ACLs oo 4c 184 595 000 994 967 156 281 009 820 475 Sia WehyanenhOer ded ieee Heenan Ibcin ore aie G5 “@ a SEVANWORE so ooo ac 103 210 000 516 632 QI 745 000 | 458 72 SSIRSIUUOYSS ME Ramesh lle (te CPCCA eat or Allien nt Gem a8 a a SOMONE. ona o I5 200 000 92 150 13 500 000 81 000 Wilstenea dee 231 550 000 I 296 779 197 801 000 I 077 655 Wieicren\e en ee 3 575 000 17 875 a a Wrashinetomy, ee aieeised ane id nas Seana en a a Westchester..... 53 582 000 327 698 52 525 000 275 7506 Other counties b. I 910 000 14 630 25 701 000 158 036
Total......! 1 190 374 000 | $6 666 945 | I 090 506 000 | $5 938 922
a Included under other counties. _ 5 Includes in 1912 Cayuga, Clinton, Jefferson, Livingston, St Lawrence, Tompkins and Wash- ington counties. In 1913 includes all counties marked a.
—
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI13 IL 7
Hudson river region. The brickyards of the Hudson river sec- tion operated during the last season under rather adverse conditions. The stock of brick on hand at the end of 1912 was comparatively high, amounting to 312,004,000 as compared with 250,000,000 for 1911. The mild winter and spring, however, permitted considerable activity in building operations so that the stock of unsold brick was rapidly reduced and the active brick-making season of the Hudson valley opened with a comparatively small amount of brick in storage. The continuation of the mild weather favored manu- facturing operations and the yards opened to their full working capacity. Many plants that had been idle for several seasons were again placed in operation. By the middle of the summer there was a noticeable slackening of building operations in response to the general business situation and the demand for brick from that time began to decline, becoming more restricted as the season advanced. Thus the New York market was soon overstocked and the operators were carrying large quantities of burned and unburned brick. Many of the smaller manufacturers closed their yards and the others gen- erally reduced operations. It is estimated that the sales of Hudson river common brick in the New York market during the year were 642,950,000, as compared with 758,800,000 in 1912. The average wholesale price was $6.125 against $6.75 in the preceding year.
The statistics of production for the nine counties that send the greater part of their output to the New York City market are as follows:
Output of common brick in the Hudson river region in 1912
NUMBER AVERAGE
COUNTY OF OUTPUT VALUE PRICE
OPERATORS PER M JNU SEMANA oe REI IS REO 12 69 I00 000 $414 600 $6 00 Coltmibial ee ven cee 5 69 434 000 381 888 5 50 WtChessmemen ct ner tis 17 | 122 085 000 665 082 5 45 Greene...... se ee ges 6 | 36 573 000 199 360 5 45 Orangery ays : 8 | 113 363 000 615 155 5 43 IRensselacrerre nee cot. : | 4 13 800 000 82 800 6 00 Rockland eyes ei ats: 23 | I91 595 000 I 063 352 5 55 LUE Sees ee eee gee ee eg to 21 | 231 550 000 I 296 779 5 60 Wiestchesteryst 2 ior2sc25-8 42 6 52 844 000 318 422 6 03 EIR fea eee ee core rae | 102 | 900 344 000 | $5 037 438 $5 60
ifs) NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Output of common brick in the Hudson river region in 1913
NUMBER AVERAGE COUNTY OF OUTPUT VALUE PRICE OPERATORS PER M Alara OL as Nene 12 | 66 700 000 $370 425 $5 55 Coliumbial ease 5 58 585 000 307 571 5 25 WHtChess Sas Gees eo ee 18 | 120 770 000 634 043 5 25 GTeeNes lea evack Seren 7 | 26 976 000 143, 466 5 32 Oranges sje abana 8 96 493 000 472 465 5 00 Rensseldenaeeine err 4 I2 600 000 74. 550 5 97 Rockland iii. feud scene 2I | 156 281 000 820 475 5 25 WMS tere oe ma aya sactaeta cater caer lee 24 | 197 801 000 I 077 655 5 50 NESHCINESWEN So Go doable bos Fi 52 525 000 275 750 5 24 fone? Mee aM be anes aces 106 | 788 731 000 | $4 176 406 $5 37
The Hudson valley yards that ship by water have a total machine capacity of about 11,000,000 brick a day. This is the output of 500 soft mud machines. The principal districts include Haver- straw, Kingston and Dutchess Junction, but there are one or more plants at a number of other places.
In the Haverstraw district last year twenty-one companies were active and reported a total of 156,281,000 brick valued at $820,475. This comprised the entire output of Rockland county. The plants are situated along the Hudson river from the southern limits of Haverstraw north through Grassy Point and North Haverstraw, a distance of about 3 miles. Most of the yards are operated under lease; consequently there are many changes in management from year to year, though there has been no increase in the number of yards or machines during late years. At the present time there are twenty-six different yards. The total available machine capacity of the yards is 2,948,000 daily which gives this district the greatest available capacity of any in the Hudson valley. Coal is used almost - exclusively for fuel. One yard uses crude oil for the preliminary heating of the kiln, followed by bituminous coal and forced draft. Sixteen yards dry by the open method, five use pallets exclusively, one is equipped with pallets and an extension steam tunnel, two are equipped with covered yards, and two have a combination of covered and pallet yard. Four yards use clay dredged from the river bottom while the rest have pits and banks west of the yards. In a few cases, the pit and molding sands come from the same local sources.
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI3 19
The Kingston district occupies the river front for a distance of about 12 miles and includes the yards at Port Ewen, Kingston, East Kingston, Glasco, Saugerties and Malden, with a total of twenty- one operating companies. The production, during the season, from the twenty-five yards controlled by these companies, amounted to 196,301,000 having a value of $1,068,655. The total production from Ulster county during 1913 amounted to 197,801,000 with a value of $1,077,655. The methods of manufacture are somewhat different from those used in the other sections of the Hudson valley, especially in regard to mining and tempering the clay. One yard operates with clay dredged from the river bottom. The cir- cular tempering pit, which has been discarded by many Hudson river producers on account of the higher labor cost, is in use at many of the Kingston yards. The open yard seems to be the favorite method of drying, as it is in exclusive use in eighteen yards. Two yards combine this method with steam drying, and five are equipped with pallets. There are no covered yards now in use. Anthracite coal is the only fuel used in burning. Transportation is entirely by water and the output is disposed of in New York City with the exception of a few yards which ship entirely to Jersey City and Hoboken. The available machine capacity of this district is 2,904,000 daily.
The district which includes Dutchess Junction, in Dutchess county, produced during 1913 a total of 112,723,000 brick with a value of $591,796. The total production of Dutchess county durinz the same period was 120,770,000 with a value of $634,043. With a few exceptions, the crude material is the ordinary soft, sandy blue clay similar to that found at Verplanck Point and Haverstraw. The total available machine capacity of this district is 1,936,000 a day from an equivalent of eighty-eight machines. Circular temper- ing pits are not used; all the material at the sixteen plants is pre- pared in rectangular soak pits.
Six producers of common brick in Westchester county reported a total production of 52,525,000, with a value of $275,756. This includes also a small amount of ornamental soft mud brick. The entire production was made in ten yards. The district which ex- tends along the river front from Croton Point north through Georges island to Verplanck point has a total available daily machine capacity of 1,122,000 equivalent to the production from fifty-one machines producing at the rate of 22,000 each. The clay is a grayish blue, sandy material requiring very little water in
20 ; NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
tempering. Five yards use the open method of drying, three are equipped with pallets and two with covered yards. Circular tem- pering pits are in use on two yards, the others using the rectangular pit exclusively. The total available kiln capacity is approximately 2000 arches, or about 70,000,000 brick. Coal is used for fuel in six yards.
Long Island and Staten Island. The common brick industry in the Long Island and Staten Island section depends upon the use of glacial clays found along the coast. The soft mud process is usually employed. On account of the low elevation most of the clay is mined from pits and the working face is usually not over IO or 12 feet. Gravel and boulders are intermixed with the clay to an extent that sorting and crushing are necessary before the
material is put in the soak pits. The sandy Cretaceous clays that occur here are employed to some extent for common brick; they require very little preparation and in some cases are used without any addition of sand. Four of the operators have pallet yards, one employs a combination pallet and open yard, one has a steam tunnel, and one a direct-heat tunnel. The fuel is chiefly wood. The production in 1913 was 59,004,000 brick valued at $331,071. The total available machine capacity is about 387,000 a day. The product is marketed locally and in the New England States.
Erie county. The district around Buffalo made an output of 56,899,000 common brick in 1913, considerably more than in 1912. The soft mud process was used for more than half of the product. The clays are found in shallow beds and the methods of treatment are similar to those employed in the Hudson valley. The market is entirely local.
FRONT BRICK
Front brick include four grades and are made by two different processes. The ordinary red front brick are simply a graded common brick, made by the stiff mud process under practically the same conditions as those obtaining in the manufacture of the common variety. Greater care, however, is exercised in burning, and the product is carefully sorted as to color. The crude materials should be of uniform composition. Buff front brick are made in the same way from clays that burn white or bluff. Richmond county affords the only output of such brick. Rough-faced, tapestry or corduroy brick are made by the producers of paving brick and are burned to vitrification along with the latter materials. This grade occupies from two to six courses at the bottom of the kiln
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I913 21
where the temperature does not rise high enough for the thorough vitrification required in paving brick. They are never repressed and the roughened surface is secured by means of a wire placed near the die of the machine so that it drags over the surface of the clay ribbon as this comes from the machine. The dry-pressed front brick constitute the fourth class. All varieties are burned in cir- cular or rectangular down-draft kilns. The total production of front brick in 1913 was 9,355,000 valued at $99,736, a slightly staaller number than was reported for 1912.
COMMON HOLLOW BRICK
The common hollow brick were made by nine producers last year who reported an output of 7,631,000 valued at $44,265. The meth- ods of manufacture are practically the same as those used for hol- low building blocks. Clays or shales are employed in a stiff mud machine, the brick being end cut. At one place the bricks are formed with a tile press. There are two forms —headers and stretchers. They are used chiefly for the construction of an inside veneer over common building brick or fireproofing. The demand comes mostly from the larger cities and is supplied in most cases by local plants.
FIREPROOFING
Fireprooing, which has come into such favor among architects and builders during late years, has had in the State of New York a fairly constant growth since 1907. As reported to this office, the product is known under the various names of terra cotta lumber, fireprcofing, hollow tile and hollow building block.- It includes many different shapes and sizes that are used in the construction of side walls, floors, arches and partitions, but not common hollow brick. This last article is used mostly as a veneer and not in the main construction. The shapes and sizes of the blocks vary, though it is the usual case to make one face with an area of one square foot. The product is sold mainly by the ton, but in small construction work the prices may be quoted by the square foot. The number of air spaces varies from one to nine.
On account of fire protection, comparative great strength, low repair costs, low first cost as compared with the present prices of lumber, and its control of sudden changes in outside temperature, the product has lately been used to a great extent as a material in the construction of private dwellings. Faced with cement, stucco or a veneer of front brick, a building of this material is practically in-
to i)
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
destructible by fire. For inside purposes, whenever it is necessary to nail woodwork, the blocks are made porous by the addition of sawdust during the process of manufacture. This is the variety usually reported as terra cotta lumber. For foundation work a special block is made with a salt glaze, rock finish face.
The product as manufactured in this State is made by the stiff mud process. Both clays and shales are used, either separately or mixed, depending upon local conditions. While the clays of the Hudson valley are not usually suitable for the manufacture of stiff mud products, there are local beds, especially among. the delta de- posits, that can be employed for this purpose. Such deposits occur near the mouth of the Mohawk river and are utilized for the manu- facture of both fireproofing and common hollow brick. The cal- careous clays of the western section of the State are also used, and the shales of the extreme western section are especially adapted. The soft plastic clays are prepared for manufacture by first passing through a disintegrator, which is practically a pug mill, without the addition of water. Coal screenings, sand and grog of crushed burned brick may be added at this point. The mixture then goes to a set of rolls, then to the pug mill, and finally to the machine. The shales are usually pulverized in a dry pan, water is added and the material then passed through a wet pan as a substitute for the pug mill. While the horizontal auger machine is usually used in the manufacture, the tile press is also employed. Drying is carried on in steam, waste heat, or direct heat tunnels and also in a covered pallet yard. The product is burned in round down-draft kilns using bituminous coal. Burning requires about five days. The finished product goes mostly to outside markets and generally on contract. There were seven firms actively engaged in the manufacture of fire- proofing during 1913 in this State. The production of fireproofing, exclusive of common hoilow brick, in the last four years has heen as follows: 1910, $256,820; 1911, $220,627 ; 1912, $230,83265) 19m $276,053. | :
TERRA COTTA
Terra cotta is manufactured in this State to a large extent, al- though all the materials except some of the clays used in the glazes are brought in from outside sources. At one time the Staten [sland clays were employed in a local plant. The value of the yearly out- turn has recently exceeded $1,000,000, having been $1,113,322 in 1913 and $1,139,291 in 1912.
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I9Q13 23
DRAIN TILE
The production of drain tile in New York State is carried on by thirteen firms who operate on a small scale. The output barely suf- fices to supply local markets. It is made mostly from soft plastic clays by a stiff mud process under the same conditions as those de- scribed for hollow brick and fireproofing. The output in 1913 has a value of $134,199.
POTTERY
Pottery stands second in the list of clay products in importance, and the industry has shown a steady growth. The crude materials for the finer grades are mainly imported from abroad or from other States, although the red earthenware products contain local clays. The following table gives the values of the different pottery mate- rials as reported by the individual producers. The value assigned in the porcelain electric supplies includes also the value of the metal fixtures which amounts in the average to about 30 per cent of the whole.
Value of production of pottery
WARE IQII IQI2 IQI3 'SNSC VEN LTE Ec ROLE oh cae nec eae oe $39 095 $46 O24 $37 O77 Rediearthenware.... 2226.84 .008 6 32 495 29 697 35 790 Porcelain and semiporcelain......... I 048 872 I 038 428 I 143 835 Electric and sanitary supplies........ I 026 517 M27 IBIS 2 100 985 IMSGe hat GOLUIS' a) caiciess. Me oso ae bakes 49 075 35 060 49 500 DINO cM eer. MOO mR ie Ce ee Ra $2 196 054 | $2 876 762 $3 367 187
THE MANUFACTURE OF PAVING BRICK IN NEW YORK STATE
With the activity in State, county and municipal road construction, there has developed an insistent demand for a paving material that will stand the hard usage of modern traffic. Various methods of construction have been tried on the highways, and it may be said that the test of experience is favorable to the use of vitrified paving brick whenever the traffic is sufficient to warrant the high first cost of the material. When properly laid, paving brick give good satis- faction as to durability, appearance and low repair cost. Their use
in this country does not date back much further than 30 or 40 years, ©
but they have steadily gained in popularity and no doubt are des- tined to play a much more important part in future road construc- tion than in the past.
24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
The manufacture of paving brick requires first of all a clay that can be vitrihed without difficulty and when so treated possess great hardness and toughness. Experimentation has demonstrated that the consolidated clays known as shales yield the best results in these respects, and consequentiy such clays are almost universally em- ployed, although in certain cases the admixture of other clays may be needed to impart all the desired qualities to the pruauct.
In its shale formations New York State has an inexhaustible and widely distributed resource which may be made the basis of an in- dustry large enough to supply all the local requirements in paving material of the best quality. The value of the resuurce has been recognized by private enterprise, and for the last twenty-six years paving brick has been manufactured on an increasingly large scale, with a production last year of 35,666,0c0 having a value of $576,- 970. The local product comes in competition with that made in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan and other states, and the test of ex~ perience generally appears to justify the opinion that the brick made in the New York plants compare favorably with the best in the market.
Practically the whole of the southern half of the State, between tne meridian of Buffalo and Albany and the Pennsylvania state line, is underlain by formations that include shale among the more important members. Not all of these, however, are adapted to pav- ing brick manufacture, since the requirements in this case are much more restricted than in most branches of the clay-working industry. It may be said that the shales best suited for this purpose are found in the higher or more southerly formations which are generally rec- ognized under the names of the Hamilton, Portage and Chemung groups. All these are distributed in belts that extend east and west across the central and lower tiers of counties. There are a great number of sites where the shales outcrop in force and appear to be adaptable to the purpose in view, but it would require detailed inves- tigations in the field and some experimentation to determine just what localities offer the best advantages. The chemical analyses of clays and shales give comparatively little information as to their working qualities in the manufacture of paving brick. The follow- ing table of analyses is given, however, in an attempt to show some- thing of the composition of the various clays and shales that have been used, are used, or may have some future application in the manufacture of vitrified ware.
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I913 25
Analyses of New York State shales and clays
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
BS ee 64.30 | 44.74 | 67.29 | 52.30 | 68.00 | 52.70 | 56.00 NW OR see {18.70 | 15.85 | 18.85 | 15.00 | 21.48 | 22.50 BeiOrie 5... : ZUES) || site rans 6.16 6.55 | 12.00 7 02 6.70 CAO Ra eae 1 1@ 1.46 11.25 95 BGO Miia 3.49 1.20 IMO yom | P23 iZ0 20 19 AANA Wars) to 44 1.40 ING OREGON fee e sult eee 20 So 7/i GHOOM iene Dy 3.70 BS Ope ell ines sep ewlLRy d DGS WP he darcesets hl Sale ag RCA epee ERD) | ET aaa en CO).. Af eae 0 eee eee ernst swear tie Millis Set aks ONAL ta eis BRD OU! Siler. TSE O) a0 ena yee ements area CO) IEE Nh Date ae OI nna ae ie arate TAG 43 ean
1 Hamilton shale, Portland Point. From U.S. G.S. Bul. 522.
2 Hudson shale; analysis quoted from same report.
3 Clay, Warners. From N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 35.
4 Shale, Hornell. Same reference.
5 Shale, Warners. Same reference.
6 Shale, Cairo. Same reference.
7 Clay, Catskill. From Percival Golden & Son, Catskill.
8 Average of 50 clays and shales used in paving brick, quoted from “ Vitrified
Paving Brick,” 1895.
Success in brick manufacture commercially depends to a great extent upon shipping facilities and the ability to reach the important markets at a low cost. This becomes evident when the bulk of the material is considered in connection with its value. It is also highly essential that the plant be placed near a cheap fuel supply, which in this State means soft coal. For that reason the western counties which are traversed by the railroads leading to the Pennsylvania bituminous fields have certain advantages. The cost of fuel ranks next to the item of labor in the expense of manufacture. Of the total costs, labor probably constitutes from 50 to 60 per cent. De- tailed figures are almost impossible to secure in the manufacture of paving brick. The actual cost in the local plants is very close to $10 or $11 a thousand. The selling prices of paving brick, for a number of years past, have averaged around $16 a thousand at the plant.
The distribution of plants now active, or recently active, in the industry affords an idea as to the widespread extent of the natural resources. There are ten of these plants, situated at the following localities: one at Binghamton, Broome county; one at Catskill, Greene county; one at Elmira, Chemung county; one at Corning, Steuben county; two at Olean, Cattaraugus county; one at Hornell, Steuben county; one at Jamestown, Chautauqua county; one at
26 : NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Newfield, Tompkins county ; and one at Syracuse, Onondaga county. The first attempt to use the shales of this State was in 1888 when the Elmira Shale Brick Co., at Elmira, began the manufacture of brick. Some of the undeveloped but still promising sites are found in the central section of the State, such as along the shores of Cayuga lake, north of Ithaca, and in the vicinity of some of the
other Finger lakes, where the shales are so situated that they can_
be readily investigated and cheaply worked, and also in Erie county, a section that is well supplied with cheap fuel, has both water and rail transportation and is close to the important markets.
Methods of manufacture. There are three kinds of material used in the manufacture of paving brick: fire clays, soft plastic clays, and shales. The fire clays generally give a product of light brown or yellow color, the plastic clays and shales a dark brown or red color. The industry in this State makes use only of the soft plastic clays and shales.
The crude materials are mined chiefly with the pick and shovel, though several companies are using steam shovels for loading. In most cases the plant has been placed fairly close to the open cut so that the material can be sent to the crushers by gravity Without the necessity of a long haul. In two plants, however, there are hauls respectively of one and ten miles by rail. Hand sorting has to be resorted to at several localities in order to remove the thin layers of coarse-grained sandstone and limestone.
In nearly all cases the material receives a preliminary crushing in jaw or gyratory crushers before it is sent to the dry pan. It is reduced in the dry pan to a size that will pass a 3-16 inch mesh, then screened and the oversize returned to the pan for further grind- ing. The pulverized material then goes to the storage bins. The dry pan consists of a revolving slotted or perforated iron plate hay- ing a rim about one foot in height around-the side. Two heavy iron mullers resting on edge, revolving by friction against the bot- tom plate, crush the material.
From the storage bins the pulverized material goes to the pug mill where the necessary water is added to form a stiff mud. The pug mill consists of a semicylindrical, horizontal trough of metal through the center of which revolves a shaft, furnished with steel arms, so set as to mix thoroughly the dry material aid water and to feed it continually forward to the brick machine.
The brick machine, generally known as the auger machine, con- sists of a heavy tapering steel barrel set directly under the pug mill
zz
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I913 27
or combined with the pug mill on a single base. The material from the pug mill is forced by the auger under great pressure through this tapering barrel and issues from a die at the end in a solid col- umn, the size depending upon the method to be used in cutting. With side-cut bricks the column has a cross-section of about 4% by 10 inches, and with end-cut bricks 4 by 414 inches. The column of stiff mud is forced along over a cutting table where it is cut by means of piano wire into bricks of such dimensions that, allowing for repressing, drying and burning, will produce a finished product of a standard size. Twelve bricks are usually made at one cut. From the cutting table the product is taken by a continuous belt either to the represses or direct to the double-deck cars preparatory to drying. Lugs are a necessity on paving bricks and are either formed by the process of repressing or at the time of cutting.
The product now goes to the drying tunnels where a temperature sufficient to dry the bricks in about 24 hours is secured either by the use of steam, waste heat from the kilns, or by direct heat. The bricks lose in moisture about 20 per cent of their original weight in the process of drying. The cars have a capacity of from 450 to 500 bricks and traverse a distance of about 100 feet between the time of entering and leaving the drying tunnels.
Burning, which is probably the most important branch of the in- dustry, is carried on in down-draft or in continuous kilns, using bituminous or anthracite coal with or without a forced draft. Kilns and methods of burning vary. The kiln in most common use, known as the rectangular down-draft kiln, has inside dimensions of about So feet in length by 18 feet in width and 12% feet in height with ten or more fireplaces on each side. The fireplaces are built in such a manner that the heat reaches the top of the kiln first, passes down through the green brick, then through the floor and by a system of flues to the stack. The proper burn is recognized almost entirely by the settle of the brick. Kilns are set about 27 bricks high, the bricks separated from each other by a thin layer of sea sand, and burned from 10 to 12 days until the material settles from 12 to 15 inches. On account of the difference in kiln temperature between the top and bottom it is the usual custom to set the first two to six layers with either common, side-walk, or rough-faced front brick that do not require so high a temperature to burn as do the paving brick.
A circular down-draft kiln is also used in the burning of paving brick. The kiln, in this case, has an inside diameter of from 20 to 30 feet and a height of about 14 feet, and is usually furnished with eight fireplaces having individual stacks or all drawing to one stack.
28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
It would seem from experience that the circular down-draft kiln has some advantages in temperature regulation. The continuous kiln in use for the burning of paving brick, in this State at present, is of the Haight type. This consists in form of two rectangular kilns placed in parallel position and connected at both ends by a semi- circular extension of the same cross-section. The kiln is divided into fifty-five chambers and after the original fire is started it is a continuous operation of setting, burning, cooling, and emptying. This kiln is top fired, using bituminous coal, the fire being con- trolled and regulated by dampers. The waste heat, in cooling, is carried over to a forward chamber and assists in drying. As soon as a compartment is burned, the fire is transferred ahead to the next and the first begins to cool. In this manner, the fire is carried com- pletely around the kiln.
With one exception, railroad transportation is the only method available for the shipment of the finished product to the markets. The local brick are sold in New York, New England and the South- ern States.
The figures in the following table show the annual production of , vitrified brick in New York State from 1897 to date. The figures for 1897 and 1808 are taken from the “ Mineral Industry,” those for 1899 to 1903 inclusive from the “ Mineral Resources of the United States,” and those from 1904 to date from the publications of the New York State Museum.
NUMBER YEAR QUANTITY VALUE Ve ee OF
PLANTS
HS OT a Atte eh ee 19 849 000 | $209 124 $10. 53) eee TOO Oe MAA VAT eee aeons ae 18 233 000 177 968 9°75 || eee LESS 1S eed et oan enna at mG noneeG ore Gta 32 233 000 342 845 HO) CO | ssso50¢ TKOCO S aelamee ereidionte weire ciola ite 29 943 000 347 671 TL 60: || oeeeeee GOI en AeA oeand olathe crdave tc 29 950 000 342 342 TT, 46" sacar TNO 2, ALA ee ea Aaah ea 27 009 000 322 250 11 793\4| eee MOOQ OS ef yaiteae rapae ian ea eee ene 16 797 000 220 296 301 | eee TO OAR tere nen Cen pete ott utes 16 351 000 210 707 12 88 8 OOS: te bkiaecee ei eae eetelaeys 13 984 000 180 004 12 87 6 EOOO Atay ke i lei en rae eset oreks Mies II 472 000 178 OI! 15 51 5 LOO FERN reeset hea Nicks eee I2 296 000 184 306 14 98 4 OOS ice eee ks Rea PL ee I4 570 000 211 289 14 50 "2 5 TO OQ as aisices ieee eomieeeroecya ust 12 278 000 207 970 16 27 3 LOTON, Jie Sie Se eee ons 19 762 000 333 511 16 88 4 TOME <keeaivs side coeieieieies peels 23 993 000 388 479 16 19 4 MQW ih cece cos: cep cieth epeeaE Be ote ar onRY © 18 249 000 382 984 15 78 5 ANG) eee ee ener eR a LOL tng ate Ang 35 666 000 576 970 WO) 107 6
xe
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I9QI13 29
Foster Paving Block Co., Binghamton. This plant began to operate in May 1913, under the name of the Binghamton Paving Block Co. The plant, which is situated about 2 miles north of Binghamton, on the line of the Delaware & Hudson railroad is of the most modern construction. The shale in use is the blue and brown variety from the Chemung formation, which alternates with thin beds of blue sandstone. There is a little surface clay which is taken as it comes with the shale, no attempt being made to separate the two materials. The equipment consists of two dry pans, one high- speed machine, waste heat dryer and six rectangular down-draft kilns. It is the intention of the company to increase the number of kilns to twelve. The products consist of wire-cut lug paving block, common vitrified brick and rough-faced brick. When completed, the plant will have an estimated daily output of 75,000 brick.
Tidewater Paving Brick Co., Catskill. This plant, situated so as to have only water transportation, secures its supply of red Che- mung shale at Cairo, a distance of 10 miles from the village of Cats- kill. Transportation is by means of a narrow gauge steam road. The supply of soft plastic clay, which is a necessary addition to this shale, is brought from a distance of about a mile. The product consists of repressed paving brick, common vitrified and rough- faced brick. The shale is pulverized in dry pans and stored in bins until ready for the machine. Two machines are in use, one for paving brick and the other for common and rough-faced brick. Steam tunnels are used in drying and the product is burned in rec- tangular down-draft kilns. The Haight type continuous kiln, for- merly in use, has been dismantled as the haul from the machine was too long for the economical production of paving brick. Anthracite coal, pea size, is used with a steam forced draft in burning.
Elmira Shale Brick Co., Elmira. This plant is not operating and has been dismantled of machinery used in the manufacture of paving brick.
Brick, Terra Cotta and Tile Co., Corning. This company is engaged in the manufacture of terra cotta, paving brick and com- mon. vitrified brick. The shale, which is of a bluish color, is ob- tained about a mile from the plant. Clay is not mixed with the shale. The material is pulverized in dry pans and the green bricks are dried with steam heat or hot air. Burning is accomplished in circular down-draft kilns with bituminous coal. Railroad transpor- tation is the only method available for the finished product.
Sterling Brick Co., Olean. This property, situated in East
30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Olean, produces a patent lug, wire-cut paving brick. No common or rough-faced brick are made. The shale is transported from the bank to the mill in side dump cars, a distance of about 1500 feet. The entire face of shale, including the small amount of surface clay, is used. From the storage bins the crude material goes to two dry pans, is then screened and the oversize returned for further grind- ing. The pulverized material is elevated to bins and then goes to the pug mill and machine, of which there is one. The plant is equipped with fourteen tunnels for drying. Soft coal is used for fuel. Two types of kilns are being used, of which six are rectangu- lar and five circular down-draft. The kilns are set twenty-seven high with green brick and settle 12 inches in burning. The daily production from the plant is about 30,000 hard brick.
Allegany Valley Brick Co., Olean. This plant, also situated at East Olean, is so arranged that the crude material goes through the mill to the machine by gravity. Shale is used entirely, except for a small amount of surface clay. Natural gas is used for power. From the pug mill the material goes to two machines, one used for paving brick and the other for common brick. The lower two layers: of each kiln are set with common brick. Drying requires about 24 hours, using waste heat. The drying equipment consists of sixteen tunnels holding twenty-eight cars each. There are six rectangular down-draft kilns, using soft coal. The green brick are set twenty- six high and settle 1244 inches with a twelve days’ burn. The daily output is about 22,000 repressed paving brick.
Preston Brick, Hornell. This property, which was destroyed by fire several years ago, has not been rebuilt. Shale was used entirely. Dry pans were used for crushing and wet pans for tempering. The plant was equipped for the manufacture of a repressed brick. Dry- ing was accomplished by the use of waste heat and the product was burned in circular down-draft kilns, of which there were six.
Jamestown Shale Brick & Paving Co., Jamestown. This prop- erty has been in successful operation for many years and was one of the first to make paving brick in the State on a commercial scale. The brown and green Devonic shale is secured from a large open cut near the plant. A steam shovel is used in loading the material onto cars. The shale is first crushed in a gyratory crusher and then transferred by means of a belt conveyor and elevator to storage bins. From here it goes to four dry pans, then is elevated to bins and thence to the pug mill. The plant is equipped with one high speed machine making both paving brick and common brick. The paving
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQT3 31
brick are all repressed. Drying is accomplished in steam tunnels having a combined capacity of 4oo cars. There are five rectangular down-draft kilns, each having a capacity of 190,000, and one Haight continuous kiln of fifty-five chambers, each chamber having a capacity of 15,000 paving and common brick. Bituminous coal is used as fuel. The green bricks are set twenty-two high with paving and six lower layers in common brick. They settle about 15 inches with a ten or eleven days’ burn. The daily output is about 66,000.
F. C. Campbell, Newfield. This plant was situated about a mile north of the village, along the line of the Lehigh Valley R. R. The mixture of clay and shale was ground in dry pans, then screened and formed in an auger machine. All paving bricks were side cut and repressed either by hand or power. Tunnel dryers were sed and the material was burned in down-draft and continuous kilns, using coal. The plant has not been in operation for many years.
New York Paving Brick Co., Syracuse. This plant, situated at Geddes, was the only one in this State to make a paving brick en- tirely from clay. The material was brought from Three River Point on the Oswego. The product was formed in a soft mud ma- chine and a stiff mud plunger machine. In the latter case the ma- terial was repressed. The green bricks were dried in tunnels using waste heat and burned in rectangular and circular down-draft kilns. The product was sold mostly in the local markets. At present no paving bricks are being made by this company.
New York State Plant, Elmira. The construction of a paving brick plant to be operated by prison labor is contemplated in an enactment by the last Legislature. A site for the plant has been selected in the vicinity of the State Reformatory at Elmira. The local shales are said to have given satisfactory results when manu- factured and burned under working conditions. It is proposed to use the product in the southern tier of counties which are almost devoid of other materials for highway construction of permanent character.
EMERY
The emery business, which is confined to a few small operations near Peekskill, has not been very active in the last year or two. The shipments during 1913 as reported by the companies to whom they were made, amounted to 611 short tons, valued at $7332. In Ig12 .the shipments were reported as 589 short tons valued at $6749, and in the earlier years were still larger, reaching as high as 1500 tons at one time.
32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
The Peekskill emery is a hard, dense rock of rather variable com- position and dark gray to black color. It occurs in small lenses, bands and irregular masses in the area of basic igneous rocks that outcrops south and east of Peekskill. The emery bodies are found mainly in the northern section of the area and apparently near the contact of the igneous, or Cortland, series with the sedimentary schists. They represent without much doubt segregations within the intrusive mass similar to the titaniferous magnetites that occur within the gabbros and anorthosites of the Adirondacks. The sur- rounding sediments may have been absorbed more or less into the igneous mass on its way to the surface, thereby contributing some of the aluminum which has crystallized out in the form of corun- dum and spinel. The intrusion took place after the deposition of the Hudson River strata which are made up largely of argillaceous materials.
The emery is a mixture of corundum, spinel and magnetite, with more or less of the silicate minerals that are found in the wall rocks. The proportion of the oxids varies greatly. In some places magnetite constitutes nearly the whole mass and such bodies have been worked in the past for their iron, though not with much suc- cess. Spinel (hercynite) is intimately associated with the mag- netite, though its presence is seldom to be established without microscopic examination, being in finely divided particles scarcely distinguishable from the latter in the hand specimens. Its occur- rence may account for the high aluminum percentages shown in analyses of the magnetites, even in the absence of corundum. The latter 1s a fluctuating constituent, constituting as much as 50 per cent of the emery in places, but usually considerably less. It appears in the form of thin prismatic crystals which are set off by reason of their light color and their relatively large size from the magnetite and spinel. The mines consist of open cuts on the outcrop of the bodies, occasionally supplemented by a single underground level reached through an adit. They have little permanent equipment, being too small to warrant any considerable outlay for machinery ; consequently there is a lack of stability and system to the opera- tions.
The present source of supply is mainly from one or two proper- ties on the northern border of the Cortland area. The Keystone Emery Mills and the Blue Corundum Mining Co. have been the principal shippers of recent years. There are a number of mines in the section north of Dickinson hill and south of the east-west
a
,
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI3 33
highway leading out of Peekskill, but most have been closed either on account of exhaustion or the unsuitable character of the mate- rial. Some of the more extensive workings are on the farms of John Buckbee and Oscar Dalton.
ie DIL IDI SII
The commercial production of feldspar is based on the occur- rences of pegmatite that are found within the crystalline formations of the Adirondacks and southeastern New York. Pegmatite is a coarsely textured variety of granite in which the individual min- erals — feldspar, quartz and mica — form crystals and masses many times larger than in ordinary granite. It occurs in dikes and bosses intrusive in the country rocks and usually associated with large bodies of granite, of which the dikes are offshoots. Such dikes range from a foot or less to 100 feet thick and are often traceable for long distances along the strike. The bosses appear as rounded or lenticular bodies with diameters of several hundred feet in some instances; most of the workable bodies have the form of bosses rather than the elongated tabular shape characteristic of dikes.
The feldspar found in pegmatites may be one of the potash vari- eties, that is, either orthoclase or microcline, or one of the soda-lime species such as albite, oligoclase and andesine. Very commonly both potash and soda-lime feldspar are found in the same occur- rence. Microcline is by far the most frequent variety of the potash feldspars in the New York localities. It is distinguished from orthoclase by its striated appearance, but does not differ chemically from the latter. The potash varieties are the ones commonly used in pottery, but albite is preferred for some purposes as in glazing of tiles and terra cotta on account of its lower temperature of fusion.
For pottery purposes it is an advantage to have the feldspar in well-segregated crystals so that it can be readily freed from the accompanying minerals. The separation has to be effected by hand- sorting and cobbing. In the pegmatites which are quarried fo: pottery spar, the crystals range up to 3 or 4 feet in diameter. The pegmatites of finer texture and those in which the minerals are intimately intergrown have application principally for roofing materials.
Quartz is an important ingredient of all pegmatites and if ob- tainable in pure condition is also of value. It is an important by- product, for example, of the Kinkel quarries at Bedford. It occurs in irregular masses, seldom showing any traces of crystal
34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
form, and is of gray, white or pink color. When intergrown with the feldspar to any extent it detracts from the value of the latter for pottery use, though quartz has to be added to the pottery mixture.
The other constituents of pegmatite include biotite and muscovite, one or both of which are nearly always present, and also hornblende, pyroxene, garnet, tourmaline, magnetite, pyrite, epidote, titanite and beryl. Black tourmaline is almost invariably in evidence in the Adirondack pegmatites. These constituents may be of determina- tive importance with reference to the commercial uses of pegmatite, since if disseminated through the body they preclude the extraction of high-grade material.
The feldspar quarries in present operation are situated in Essex and Westchester counties. In the latter county are included the quarries near Bedford which are the principal producers of ground spar for pottery, enamel and glass manufacture. They are operated by P. H. Kinkel & Son and the Bedford Feldspar Co. The former company produces also a large amount of quartz which is shipped to Bridgeport for manufacture into wood filler.
The quarries in Essex county which are situated at Ticonderoga and Crown Point produce unsorted pegmatite which is used for roofing material. The Barrett Manufacturing Co. and the Crown Point Spar Co. are the operators.
The output of feldspar of late years has ranged from 10,000 to 15,000 tons annually, but in the last two years has shown a con- siderable advance through the increased shipments of ground spar. In 1912 the product amounted to 24,584 short tons valued at $106,419, by far the largest that had been recorded in the State. In 1913 the production fell off about 25 per cent and amounted to 19,680 tons with a value of $99,765. The prices recorded for the product depend upon the quality of the material and the state of preparation. The best selected crude spar brings from $4.50 to $5 a ton. Ground spar for enamel and glass manufacture is worth $6 to $8 and ground pottery material $8 to $10 a ton. The unsorted crushed pegmatite sells for about $3 a ton.
GARNET
The production of garnet for abrasive uses represents a special- ized and rather limited branch of the mining industry. Garnet has certain physical qualities which make it an ideal abrasive for some classes of work, notably in leather manufacture, and there is little
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI3 3
OL
likelihood that it will be displaced in the trade by other abrasive.
materials. But the market is not capable of absorbing more than a few thousand tons a year, at least on the present basis of prices. The production in New York State for many years has ranged between 4000 and 5000 short tons, the largest recent output having been in 1907 when it amounted to 5709 short tons, and the average selling prices have remained steady at around $30 to $32 a ton for the standard grades of crystallized garnet.
The important qualities of abrasive garnet seem to be those of hardness, toughness and cleavage. In hardness, the different garnet species vary considerably, and most of the garnet that is mined for abrasive uses is almandite (iron-alumina garnet) which has a hard- ness of 7—7.5 on the mineral scale, or between that of quartz and topaz. Well-crystallized material which is relatively free of im- purities has greater strength and stands up better under conditions of service than the finely granular mineral or that containing in- clusions of other minerals. The common impurities of garnet are chlorite, mica, hornblende and pyroxene. It is an advantage, also, if the garnet possesses a parting or imperfect cleavage so that it breaks with one or more plane surfaces. Much of the Adirondack garnet shows a well-developed parting, and the faces often present a sharp chisel-edge that is not usual in any other natural abrasive. Color, of course, is not a criterion of value, but abrasive manu- facturers express a preference for the darker shades which in the crushed product appear almost a ruby red. The garnet crystals should also be sufficiently large so that when they are freed from their matrix by crushing or other means, they will afford a desirable assortment of sizes. The normal result of milling operations is to produce an excess of the finer sizes.
Notwithstanding the wide distribution of garnet as a common component of the metamorphic rocks, especially the gneisses and schists, there appear to be few iocalities where the material has the essential qualities and occurs in sufficient quantity to be com- mercially valuable. In this country the most productive deposits are found in the Adirondacks. North Carolina and New: Hamp- shire have supplied small quantities in recent years, and there are mines, now inactive, in Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut and Pennsylvania. A description of the local deposits and the methods employed in their exploitation will be found in earlier issues of this report.
2
30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
For the last four or five years the domestic supply of the mineral has been supplemented by imports amounting to a few hundred tons annually of Spanish garnet. This garnet is said to be of placer origin and is obtained by washing the sands of certain streams in the province of Almeria. According to the American counsel at Madrid (Daily Consular and Trade Reports, March 13, 1914) there were three producers of such garnet in 1911, and their output amounted to 600 tons. As nearly all the output comes to the United States, it is evident that the application of garnet for abrasive uses is not generally recognized in the European countries and, so far as known, no other garnet-mining industry has been established. The Spanish garnet is too fine in size to be a rival of the American product. The present value of the product is stated to be $7.75 a ton at the mines and the expense of shipment to the seaboard $6.65 a ton, so that it can be laid down in this country at $20 a ton. ;
The output of garnet in 1913 was of the usual proportions. The Adirondack mines contributed the greater part as heretofore, their production having been 4665 short tons with a value of $145,445. There were three active mines, including those of the North River Garnet Co., H. H. Barton & Sons Co., and the Warren County Garnet Mills, all situated in the vicinity of North Creek, Warren county.
Reports from the collector of customs at Boston, New York and New Orleans show that a total of 547 short tons of abrasive garnet with a value of $8078 was imported in 1913. The imports for 1912 were 548 tons valued at $9271. The exports from Almeria are stated by the consular agent to have been 1239 tons, which seems to indicate that the garnet is now, finding a market elsewhere than in the United States.
GYPSUM
There was a further advance in the gypsum production last year, thus continuing the record of almost uninterrupted growth which has marked the recent course of the industry. The main develop- ments of late have been in the western section of the gypsum district where the output is used largely by local plants for the manufacture of plaster of paris and various products of which that is the basis. The use of gypsum plasters has grown tremendously in the last decade or so and seems likely to continue to expand in the future with the increasing application of improved methods of building construction.
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I9QI3 By
The tabulation of statistics of the industry is attended with some difficulty, owing to the various stages of preparation which the gypsum undergoes before entering the market. Some companies sell the lump rock just as it comes from the mines, in which case the material is crushed, ground or further treated by other com- panies before it is consumed. The mines or quarries in Onondaga county supply lump rock which is ground for agricultural plaster in local mills, or which is shipped to other points for manufacture. One quarry in that county furnishes rock for a local portland cement plant. In the western district some of the rock is shipped in crushed condition to portland cement manufacturers, but the larger portion is calcined at the mines and either sold as stucco or is further manufactured into various materials like wall plaster, finishing plaster, plaster board and hollow partition blocks.
The statistics for the present report show the production of crude rock and some of the first-hand products. The output of lump gypsum is the fundamental factor, of course, in estimating the mining activity. The first-hand products include lump and crushed gypsum sold by the mines for use in portland cement, or for manufacture into plaster of paris by plants outside the district. The greater part, as given under the second item of the table, represents the gypsum sold to portland cement plants. There is also a small quantity of gypsum sold in finely ground form for use in agriculture and known as land plaster. The third class of products that is reported by the mining companies includes stucco and prepared wall plasters, but it does not embrace any materials of further manufacture like board or blocks.
The conditions in the industry last year were fairly prosperous, considering the general state of business which on the whole was rather quiet. The sales to.portlarid cement plants were slightly larger than in the preceding years, and were made at somewhat higher prices. The prices received for crushed gypsum have ruled very low owing to competition, some of the product having been sold as low as $1.30 a ton at the mines which can hardly yield a fair profit to the companies. An increase in the production of calcined plasters reflected a good demand for the various structural materials of gypsum, although the building trade generally was not very active. An increasing proportion of the product is being used by the producing companies in the manufacture of plaster board and partition blocks.
28
NEW YORK
STATE MUSEUM
Production of gypsum
IQI2 1913 MATERIAL SHORT SHORT TONS ties TONS VAR: Motalioutput erudess ass 4-4 SOG! 27 Aa | yates 532) 8845 emer Soldicrudeseacmee re heaat oer 178 499 $240 784 183 579 | $265 879 Ground for land plaster sere 8 213 07 Wo) 8 521 17 807 Wall plaster, etc. made....... 267 889 928 282 306 206 | I 022 457 Motallie eo) Ars tis le ee teene ail se ae SU SO LSA Sil yee eaen $1 306 143
The production of 532,884 short tons of rock gypsum, reported by the mines and quarries for 1913, was the largest on record. In 1912 the output was 506,274 tons and in I9II, 446,794 tons. Up to the year 1900 the average annual output was less than 50,000 tons, and the output in the entire country previous to that time did not reach the quantity reported by the New York mines.for last year.
Few changes occurred in the list of active mining companies in 1913. The number of mines and quarries under operation was nine as compared with ten in the preceding year. In Onondaga county the Fayetteville Gypsum Co., which formerly worked the Severance quarry, discontinued production; the Akron Gypsum Co., of Akron, Erie county, also went out of business. The property of this com- pany has been taken over by the Akron Gypsum Products Corpora- tion of Buffalo, and the mines and mill will probably resume activity during the current season. At Union Springs, Cayuga county, the quarries were operated by the Cayuga Gypsum Co., for the supply of rock to the portland cement trade, and mainly to the plant of the Cayuga Portland Cement Co., at Portland Point, to which the rock is shipped by rail. The mill of the Consolidated Wheatland Plaster Co. near Mumford, was destroyed by fire in the spring of 1913.
No further progress has been made with the construction of the calcining plant at Mumford undertaken by the Delac Gypsum Prod- ucts Co., as mentioned in the report for 1912. The company had secured options on gypsum lands north of Mumford which it had prospected with the diamond drill.
The search for new deposits has been carried on recently in the section west of Akron. It is reported that a test hole located near the limestone quarries, just southwest of the village, encountered
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I913 39
only a thin bed, too small to be workable. A hole put down on the farm of W. K. Flint, 2 miles southwest of Akron and near the crossing of the West Shore and New York Central (Batavia branch) railroads, encountered the following strata:
Soul QAMCL Sensis, Sissaeeeaio. che oro. 6: dl sratovo.Skehoks a, ORE ct ERO Ieee Dibble See SCM ESLOMC Keshia ane iens eth ste el dies fae aekekens hapeiereis cc ies 2OW eye mates SHABUS, SWVZURSTES OVA Etec oa eee othe ore saucers cance Cee reir es cee en 2 6 Poke MpliimestOMe wa ee ric om cord rier raacicinat euerontae © aaheeian 14 6 SPAN e te Sect ure errs fciebem leas ioa ee riN Pe-Wauecl cl ens. roe Gilman naveteue, ‘ieee ss) et een I IBMMeSuO nem (Himty; een ne ence Seuss mae choice lainey ami ete yee eis + i ILiglaue lontonnaal IibraVeSWOUleS om o.5 6b enlomo biois Om eieinG Oriol role oe 7 ltexshall ramadan ssiimss kee sia dein neciaoee sales wate ce wumal 5 Bland “Casings” (Gielhy Gayostinl)congooodebcooeuouuoobebouc™ 4 FERC e aemaog Rema vey Ea Vea ir oiete Ae, Hail, lect rater agua dian 2 fakes PSO) GML Cm arn nN Tree Patreeded see sr a Aah Mactan @) ay vtel aim er atten lanes ee dirs tac 6
6
5, co ® Wie} ca ro n ra 58 ran)
The results of mining and exploration in the gypsum belt have tended to confirm the view that the deposits are in general lenticular and that the workable bodies are separated into more or less dis- tinct areas! Between such areas in which the gypsum attains a thickness of 4 feet and upward may intervene considerable stretches in which the beds are very thin or else so interleaved with shale that they have-no commercial value. In some parts of the belt two or more workable seams occur, separated by shale.
So far the surficial portion of the gypsum belt alone has been explored and that in a very incomplete way. There are still possi- bilities of uncovering profitable rock in the unexplored sections lying between the developed areas. In the western sections where the gypsum is rarely more than 5 or 6 feet thick it is seldom found exposed at the surface. This is ascribable to the fact that the gypsum weathers very rapidly, much more quickly than the over- lying limestones, and it has been largely removed near the surface. As a rule, the full thickness of the gypsum bed does not appear until it is covered by 40 or 50 feet of rock, which with the average rate of inclination means a mile back from the projected line of outcrop. Consequently, the lack of gypsum at the surface is no indication that beds may not be found further south under cover.
Under the conditions the work of prospecting has to be carried on entirely by drilling. A core drill, armed with either diamonds or hardened steel shot, is employed so as to secure accurate records of the rocks penetrated and samples of the gypsum for testing. The results obtained with a churn drill have little value beyond proving the possible presence of gypsum.
1For details of the distribution of "the gypsum deposits, see N. Y. State Museum Bul. 143.
40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
TRON ORE
The local iron mines made a good record in 1913. The showing in fact was better than might have been expected from the con- ditions of the ore markets. The inquiry for ores was not so active as in some of the preceding years and developed a declining tendency with the season’s advance. Prices, in comparison with the earlier level, were low. ;
The actual product of furnace ores was 1,217,899 long tons. This represented a good gain over the total reported for 1912 and has not been exceeded in the recent records. The value of the output was $3,870,841, as compared with $3,349,095 in 1912.
The magnetite mines produced 1,097,208 long tons with a value of $3,635,670 and the hematite mines 120,691 tons with a value of $235,171. The hematite all came from the Clinton belt. There were no shipments from the mines near Antwerp, nor of limonite and carbonate from southeastern New York.
Production of iron ore in New York State
MAGNE- HEMA- | LIMO- | CARBO- TOTAL TITE TITE NITE NATE
TOTAL VALUE YEAR VALUE A TON
Long Long Long Long Long
tons tons tons tons tons 1893 | 440 693 | 15 890 | 35 592 | 41 947 534 122 $1 222 934 | $2 29 MOO AL iT hans peaee ames | catty ed logetee ete rl epee ane 2A2°759).| °. « «anaes 1895 260 139 6 769 | 26 462 | 13 886 307 256 598 313 I 95 1896 346 O15 |.10 789 | 12 288 | 16 385 385 477 780 932 2 03 1897 296 722 7 664 ; 20 059 | 11 280 335 725 642 838 I QI 1898 L356) OS! 6 400 | 14 000 | 4 000 179 951 350 999 1 95 1899 | 344 159 | 45 503 | 31 975 | 22 153 | 443 790 | I 241 985 | 2 80 1900 | 345 714 | 44 467 | 44 891 6 413 441 485 | I 103 817 | 2 50 1901 329 467 | 66 389 | 23 362 I 000 420 218 | I 006 231 2 39 1902 451 570 | 91 075 | 12 676 Nil 555 321 | I 362 987 2 45 1903 451 481 | 83 820 5 159 Nil 540 460 | I 209 899 22K 1904 559 575 | 54 128 5 000 Nil 619 103 | I 328 894 25 1905 FEO) FAS || FC) Bug 8 000 Nil 827 049 | 2 576 123 211 1906 | 717 365 |187 002 I 000 Nil 905 367 | 3 393 609 | 3 75 1907 | 853 579 |164 434 Nil Nil | 1 o18 o13 | 3 750 493 3 68 1908 | 663 648 | 33 825 Nil Nil 697 473 | 2 098 247 | 3 OL 1909 | 934 274 | 56 734 Nil Nil 991 008 | 3 179 358 | 3 21 I91O |I 075 026 | 79 206 4 835 Nil | 1 159 067 | 3 906 478 ! 3 37 I9II | 909 359 | 38 005 | 5 000 Nil 952 364 | 3 184 057 | 3 34 1912 954 320 |103 382 Nil Nil | I 057 702 | 3 349 095 By ly, 1913 |I 097 208 |120 691 Nil Nil | 1 217 899 | 3 870 841 Bh rtts)
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I913 Al
The actual tonnage hoisted at the mines was considerably larger than the quantity of furnace ore reported, since much of the product from the Adirondack magnetite mines undergoes concen- tration before shipment. A ton of concentrates which has an aver- age tenor of 65 per cent iron represents from a little over one to three tons of crude ore, according to the character of the deposit. The reports for 1913 show that the total quantity of magnetite hoisted was 1,485,501 long tons, or 52 per cent more than the pro- duction of furnace ore. The total tonnage of ore of all kinds hoisted was 1,606,196, as compared with 1,430,998 in 1912.
The list of mining companies that were active during the year included for the Adirondack region: Witherbee, Sherman & Co., and Hore Henry Iron Ore Co, Mineville; Cheever Iron Ore Co;; Port Henry; Chateaugay Ore & Iron Co., Lyon Mountain; Benson Mines Co., Benson Mines. In southeastern New York the pro- ducers were Hudson Iron Co., Fort Montgomery, and the Sterling Iron & Railway Co., Lakeville. The output of hematite was made by ©. HI. Borst, Clinton; Purnaceville Iron Co., Ontario "Center; and Ontario Iron Co., Ontario Center.
Mineville. The Mineville properties made a large output, al- though operations were reduced for a time by labor troubles. The quantity of ore raised by the two companies was 906,399 long tons, nearly the maximum record, but the average grade was somewhat lower than in earlier years, as an increased proportion came from the deposits of concentrating ore. The active mines included the Joker-Bonanza, Harmony, Barton Hill and Smith groups of Wither- bee, Sherman & Co., and 21, Clonan and Welch shafts of the Port Henry Tron Ore Co.
The development of the Sherman mine, on the northern end of the ore zone as at present defined, was started by Witherbee, Sher- man & Co., during the year. This mine and the Hall mine nearby were discovered many years ago, but have not been actively worked, as they are somewhat remote from the main group. The ore occur- rence, however, is very similar to that of the more southerly de- posits.
Work in the Joker-Bonanza property has been centered mainly upon the sheetlike deposit underlying the Old Bed proper. The two shafts have been carried down to the lower zone, but the out- put is mainly hoisted through the Joker. Exploration with the diamond drill has disclosed the existence of magnetite in undevel- oped ground on the borders of the main bodies, but its relation to the latter and economic importance are as yet undetermined.
42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
The Barton Hill mines have furnished a large output of concen- trating ore, running from 30 to 35 per cent iron. The output is treated in a separate mill which was placed in operation in the fall of 1912. The mill concentrates are of Bessemer grade, carrying about .025 phosphorus with 65 per cent iron. About rooo tons crude ore are handled each day in this mill alone which is the latest of the Mineville concentrating plants and which marks an advance in arrangement and equipment over its prototypes. A full descrip- tion of the mill has been given by J. S. Pellett in the Engineering and Mining Journal.
Lake Sanford. A furnace test of the titaniferous magnetites which occur in this part of Essex county is planned for the current season by the MacIntyre Iron Co. The ore for the test will be shipped to the Cedar Point furnace at Port Henry. The trial will be made with regular working charges and continued sufficiently - long to demonstrate the behavior of the material under conditions of commercial practice. A small mill has been erected at the mines and about 15,000 tons of ore were taken out last year for treatment. The main difficulty that has confronted the owners in their exper- imental work is the remote situation of the property which neces- sitates a long and expensive haulage of all materials to or from the nearest railroad point.
Lyon Mountain. It is probable that the output of the mines at Lyon Mountain will soon be considerably enlarged. The Chateau- gay Ore & Iron Co. has decided upon undertaking certain improve- ments which will lead to the introduction of a new system of under- ground work and provide an increased hoisting capacity. The principal feature of the new plans is an inclined shaft which it is intended will serve as the main opening for future mining and de- velopment and will take the place of the several inclines in use heretofore. The new shaft will be concrete lined and have four compartments, of which three will be for hoisting and one for an air and manway. It will be put down in the footwall 20 feet or more below the vein. From the shaft, access to the ore will be had through cross-cuts and levels established at every 300 feet. In- stead of the room and pillar system now used, a method of shrink- age stopping will be employed. The ore will be loaded by gravity into mine cars and electrically hauled to the shaft bins. Reaching the surface in skips, the ore will be first crushed down to 1.5 inches at the shaft by passing through crushers and rolls and then taken
1 March 14, 1914.
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I9QI3 43
to the mill. The reduction at the shaft house will enable the mill to handle half as much ore again as it now treats. The improve- ments will provide an ultimate hoisting capacity of over 3000 tons a day, but this can not be fully utilized until additional milling capacity is provided. The ore bodies at Lyon Mountain are among the largest in the State and are notable for their low content in phosphorus and sulphur. They are lean, carrying only 30 to 35 per cent iron, but there has always been an active demand for the concentrates which command prices above those paid for ordinary ores.
Cheever mine. This mine has continued in successful operation, making an average of 500 tons of concentrating ore a day, taken in part from the old slopes, but mainly from new ground developed by the present management.
Croton mine. Construction work was begun in 1912 with a view to reopening the Croton mine and to its operation on a large scale. The plans for the new enterprise, as drawn up by the Croton Mag- netic Iron Mines, call ‘for a concentrating plant that will handle 1500 tons-crude ore a day, with an outturn, it is expected, of about 500 tons concentrates. The mill is designed for the use of the Grondal wet process, supplemented by sintering to reduce the sul- phur content. Experiments with the ore are reported to have in- dicated that concentrates averaging 64 per cent iron can be made by crushing to 20 mesh; the sulphur content of the sintered product is .3 per cent and the phosphorus .02 per cent, well within the Besse- mer limit. The foundations of the mill were completed within the year. If the original plans are carried out this will be the first plant of its kind in the State, and should afford some interesting material for comparison with the magnetic concentrating plants of the Adirondacks which are all based on dry methods.
The Croton mine is opened on a large body of low-grade mag- netite which is a part of an ore zone that extends some 5 miles in a southwest direction from the village of Brewster. The mine is about in the middle of the zone, while the Brewster mine lies at the north and a third mine is near the south end and one-half mile west of Croton Falls. Work has been carried on at different times, the last period of previous activity beginning in 1899 and continuing for a few years. Magnetic concentration was practised in the later operations, but the sulphurous nature of the ore, and particularly the presence of pyrrhotite, presented difficulties that could not then be readily overcome. The magnetite body has been tested for a
44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
length of 2500 feet and is opened by a tunnel 1400 feet at an aver- age depth of 135 feet from the surface. The ore is not sharply defined from the wall rock in most places, but shades over into it through a gradual decrease in magnetite having the same non- metallic constituents. The width to which the workings are carried ranges from 50 or 60 feet to 100 feet or a little more. In its-gen- eral features the ore body resembles some of the Adirondack de- posits, and this resemblance is heightened by the fact that the im- mediate walls as well as the gangue matter are constituted of syenitic gneiss which has very similar characters to the syenitic ore-bearing gneisses of the Adirondacks. ;
Forest of Dean. This mine is in the Highlands of Orange county and was active throughout the year except for a temporary shutdown in the fall. Under the present management, that of the Hudson Iron Co., who took over the property in 1905, the opera- tions have been extended and the ore shipments increased until for the last four years they have been at the highest rate in the his- tory of the property. There is no apparent diminution in the size of the ore body as the workings have been deepened, so that the prospects for the future seem as good as at any time in the past. The workings are 3000 feet long on the trend or pitch of the de- posit and give an almost complete cross-section throughout the dis- tance; few magnetite bodies are so well exposed for the study of their physical features and underground geology.
The Forest of Dean has had a long history. According to the early records of Orange county, mining on the deposit began about 1756 and it was one of the sources of iron ore supply during the Revolutionary War. It thus ranks with the Sterling mines, also in Orange county, as among the oldest iron ore properties in the county that are still in operation. In the early period of activity production must have been small. Mather in his report on the “ Geology of the First Geological District” of 1842 states that ex- cavations had been made over a breadth of about 150 feet, which from the context seems to mean that the body had been worked as an open cut for-that distance along the strike. The output up to that time is estimated by Mather to have been not less than 40,000 tons. From 1865 to 1894 the mine was owned and operated by the Forest of Dean Iron Ore Co., and the output in that period was something over 500,000 tons. The production has acquired more importance in the recent period of operations.
tts
a
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I9QI3 45
In form the deposit is a long shoot, with its principal axis follow- ing the northeasterly trend of the country rocks but inclined down- ward at an angle of 19°. The inclination or pitch holds very uni- form throughout the entire distance, although the shaft which gen- erally follows the bottom of the ore has a slightly steeper pitch at the start. In cross-section it is heart-shaped, having two lobes which converge below and are separated above by a horse of gran- ite. On the outcrop the deposit appeared to be a double vein, as shown in a section included in Mather’s report already mentioned. The lobes are somewhat unequally developed, the southerly one be- ing the higher. The whole mass has a steep dip toward the southeast conformity with the lamination of the country gneiss. In structure the deposit may be compared to a narrow synclinal fold slightly overturned, the wings of which terminate abruptly a short distance above the arch. That the body has actually been folded, however, is not at all certain from any evidences so far presented; the rela- tion of the ore to the country gneisses is also in doubt.
The gneiss is a laminated biotite-feldspar-quartz rock which shows banding in lighter and darker layers. It belongs to a very common type of the gneissic rocks exposed in the Precambric belt of southeastern New York and northern New Jersey. Its deriva- tion is not known, as in fact the Precambric rocks of this section of the State have been studied only in a preliminary way. The banding which seems at first suggestive of sedimentary affinities, on closer study is seen to be due in part to the injection of lighter gran- itic material along the planes of lamination. In the vicinity of the ore body the gneiss has been so permeated with granitic material that the latter predominates over the gneiss itself. The horse of granite which apparently follows the ore all the way from the sur- face is a solid mass of this intrustve of a somewhat coarser type than the average. It is composed of pink and green feldspars and quartz, with magnetite as the only dark mineral of importance. The granite is also seen in places along the two walls and occasional stringers and bodies of it are found within the ore itself. The de- posit has been a locus of igneous activity, a feature that has been noted by the writer to be frequent in many of the other deposits of Orange county. Its significance with respect to the origin of the ore body in question can not now be stated, if there is indeed any connection between the intrusive and the formation of the deposit. The possibility that the magnetite has been introduced in its pres- ent place as a result of igneous action, however, may be consid-
‘
46 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
ered as an alternative to the sedimentary theory of origin until more definite knowledge on the subject is obtained.
Some interesting trap dikes occur in the mine. ‘They cut all the rocks including the magnetite and have been described by Professor Kemp as belonging to the camptonite class. A rather curious feat- ure observed in some of these is the presence of calcite distributed through the mass in small rhombohedra; this mineral occurs also in some of the ore. The,largest dike is about 6 feet thick and crosses the ore body diagonally.
The ore from the Forest of Dean mine is medium grained, in- clining to a shotlike texture, and unlike most of the magnetites in this part of Orange county is quite free of admixture with silicate minerals. It requires only rough sorting to prepare it for the fur- nace; the waste is nearly all granite. The sorted ore carries 60 per cent or a little more, of iron.
MICA
The production of mica has never attained the basis of a settled industry in this State, although small quantities are extracted from time to time in an experimental way or as a secondary product in the mining of other minerals. The occurrences illustrate the gen- eral types of deposits which have commercial importance elsewhere as sources of mica and are distributed over the two great crystalline rock areas of the Adirondacks and the southeastern Highlands, be- ing found in Orange, Putnam and Westchester counties in the High- lands, and in Saratoga, Essex, St Lawrence, Jefferson, Herkimer and other countries in the northern area. It is the purpose of the present article to give some particulars regarding the character and economic features of the deposits which hitherto have received lit- tle more than casual attention. 5
Mica is a general term for a group of minerals, of which three varieties find commercial use. These include muscovite, biotite and phlogopite. Muscovite is often called white mica, in allusion to its transparent quality, but it is not necessarily light or highly trans- parent, though the best commercial kinds are thus characterized. Some muscovite from the Adirondack pegmatites has a smoky gray color, nearly as dark as some examples of biotite. Chemically it contains potassium and sodium as basic elements, and is therefore an alkali variety. Biotite, as a rule, has a dark brown to nearly black color, but occasionally is sufficiently light to be transparent in thin sheets. Iron is present in considerable amounts and with
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQT3 47
the dark color renders it unsuitable for many purposes. Phlogopite is a magnesium variety, containing no iron, but less transparent usually than the best muscovite. Its color is amber or yellow, sometimes red or of a greenish tinge. It is employed for the same purposes as muscovite, but seems to be even preferred to the latter in electrical work. The distinction of the different varieties of mica when not apparent from outward appearance requires the use of a polarizing microscope, supplemented possibly by chemical tests to determine the nature of the basic elements.
Muscovite and biotite are allied in their occurrence, both being important ingredients of the crystalline silicate rocks such as gran- ite, and many gneisses and schists. Typical granite contains both varieties. The commercial sources of the two minerals, however, are limited to pegmatites, those modifications of granite in which the minerals are coarsely crystallized and irregularly distributed. Pegmatite is found in rather limited bodies, usually in dikes or lenses, which have intrusive relations with the country formations, more rarely as irregular masses within normal granites. The dikes or lenses range from very small examples, a few inches or a foot or two thick, up to bodies several hundred feet in diameter and of much greater length. They afford feldspar, quartz and other com- mercial materials in addition to mica.
Phlogopite is seldom if ever found in granite pegmatites, but its occurrence in New York is practically restricted to crystalline lime- stones where it appears to represent a secondary product of meta- morphism, probably in most cases as a result of contact influences exerted by igneous intrusions. It is associated with such other min- erals as amphibole, pyroxene, wernerite, tourmaline, fluorite, titan- ite and apatite. The mineral association varies from place to place and the occurrence of phlogopite is quite irregular or bunchy, or else restricted to a definite part of the contact zone. According to the report of Cirkel1, the commercial phlogopite deposits of Canada are associated with pyroxene which penetrates country gneisses and limestones in the form of dikes, the pyroxene being regarded as an igneous rock. There is no resemblance to such conditions in the Adirondack occurrences, though pyroxene is a frequent accompani- ment of the mica. The minerals rather have resulted from a con- version of the limestones by mineralizing solutions and vapors given off by granite intrusions and they gradually disappear with increas-
1“ Mica, Its Occurrence and Uses.’’ Mines Branch, Department of the Interior, Ottawa, 1905.
48 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
ing distance from the contacts, giving way to normal crystalline limestones. There is little regularity in the shape of such contact zones; in fact a highly irregular form may be said to be the pre- vailing one. Their nature and mineral content are even more vari- able than in the case of pegmatites.
The working of mica deposits in this State, as well as in most sections of the country, has been a rather uncertain business. Of necessity, it involves small-scale individual operations. The techni- cal difficulties surrounding the industry are such that they do not admit of the methods employed in other branches of mining and the adoption of labor-saving devices that might tend to reduce costs. Labor conditions, therefore, exercise a great influence upon the course of mining operations. The principal mining activity in this country at present is in North Carolina, where according to the arti- cle by Sterrett in Mineral Resources for 1912, volume 2, there are probably as many as a hundred separate mines and prospects, many worked by farmers in the off-season of their labors. As the entire output of the country in recent years has been well under $400,000 annually, the average outturn from the individual mines evidently is very small. India contributes most of the mica consumed in the United States, though Canada is an important source of the electri- cal grades. It has been stated (Mineral Industry for 1912) that the cost of labor in the production of mica in India is about one- sixth of the labor cost in the domestic mines.
The quality of mica depends upon a great many factors which can be estimated accurately only by the expert. Of the three vari- eties, biotite has more limited use than the others and the market does not warrant mining operations for its production alone. It is obtained mainly as a by-product in the working of pegmatites for feldspar. Owing to its iron content it is not much used for electri- cal insulation which is the prinicpal application for the colored micas. Muscovite, having the greatest transparency, is preferred for glazing and for lamp chimneys, shades and similar purposes. The larger sizes only can thus be used. For electrical insulation in motors and dynamos, phlogopite seems to find the most favor on account of the softer nature of that variety, it is said. Much of the electrical mica is used in the form of “ micanite’’ which con- sists of small sheets cemented and compressed into boards. The presence of inclusions of iron oxid, usually magnetite, which is quite common in muscovite and phlogopite, is stated by Sterrett to have no injurious effect upon the quality of the electrical mica.
" é
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I9QI3 49
Much of the mica as found in pegmatites and contact zones, even when in large crystals, can not be used in sheet form on account of the numerous fractures and lines that traverse the surfaces. There is great variation in the splitting quality of mica from different places, some examples cleaving readily and cleanly even to very thin sheets and others showing a splintery surface. The average size of sheet that can be obtained largely determines the value of a deposit, since the prices rapidly decrease with the size. The waste in the splitting is sometimes turned into use by converting it into ground mica for which there exists a more or less ready market in the making of lustrous coated papers, lubricants and insulating materials. |
FIELD OCCURRENCE
Orange county. Phlogopite of greenish color is found in a pyrox- ene rock near Lake Mombasha, town of Monroe. The locality is mentioned by Beck in the reports of the First Survey as being on the bank of the stream flowing from “ Mount Basha” pond, near the Forshee iron mine. It is a contact deposit in limestone of which there are exposures in the vicinity of the mine mentioned and also farther north around the opening of the O’Neil mine. Amphi- bole, pyroxene, garnet and probably magnetite bodies themselves are accompanying results of the contact action. The occurrence is men- tioned by Whitlock? as having been worked in 1903. Sheets have been mined that measured as much as three feet in diameter.
Warwick. According to Whitlock? muscovite occurs near Green- wood lake, 8 miles southwest of Warwick, in a pegmatite vein, the plates reaching a foot in diameter. There are numerous other oc- currences of muscovite in this vicinity, as pegmatite has a wide dis- tribution in the crystalline areas of the Highlands.
Westchester county. A deposit of mica near Pleasantville was.
at one time the object of mining operations. The occurrence is in pegmatite and the mica belongs to the muscovite variety. The sheets contain magnetite inclusions.
Muscovite is found in considerable quantity in parts of the Kinkel feldspar quarry at Bedford, but is not of commercial quality, ex- cept possibly for ground mica.
Putnam county. The occurrences in this county have not af- forded any commercial mica so far as known.
1 Minerals Not Commercially Important, 23d Report of the State Geologist Albany, 1904, p. I9f. Op. cit.
50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Essex county. Mica is found in the pegmatite bodies at Crown Point and Ticonderoga now worked. The chief variety is biotite. Occasional shipments of scrap mica recovered in the milling of feld- spar are made by the Crown Point Spar Co. The material is ground and used in paint.
Large crystals of biotite have been taken from various localities in the town of Keene.
Saratoga county. A pegmatite body about 2 miles north of Batch- ellerville, town of Edinburg, was worked some years since by the Claspka Mining Co. for feldspar. Several tons of muscovite were taken out in the course of the operations, the mineral occurring in the spaces between the larger feldspars, or intergrown with the lat- ter. The crystals measure up to a foot or more in diameter and half that in thickness, many bearing very perfect prismatic boundaries. Inclusions of magnetite arranged in regular lines are frequent. The muscovite has little value for sheet cutting, being much fractured and splintery.
Biotite in sheets up to 2 feet across are also found here.
Warren county. A pegmatite occurrence near Chestertown has been under development at different times and has afforded small quantities of commercial mica, including muscovite and biotite. The locality is mentioned in the Mining and Quarry Report for 1911 under the head of Feldspar, which also is present in marketable quality. It is 3 miles south of Chestertown on the ridge to the east of the Warrensburg road. Two openings were made over 15 years ago, and in 1913 further work was carried on by C. A. Williams who informs the writer that he secured some merchantable book mica and plans to continue operations during the current season. The main opening is a pit 15 feet wide extended for 75 or 80 feet along the course of the pegmatite which strikes northeast. The full size of the body could not be ascertained at the time the writer visited the locality as only the easterly wall was exposed. The pegmatite is a coarse aggregate of white microcline, quartz and mica. Biotite seems to be chiefly represented near the outcrop, but Mr Williams states that recent work has uncovered muscovite in larger amount. The books run to a foot or so in diameter and usually show fractures or rulings. Black tourmaline occurs spar- ingly in the quartz and feldspar, but it would appear that feldspar of pottery grade may be obtained with a little sorting. A smaller pit lies to the north of the other, the result of the earlier operations, and is thought to be on the same pegmatite body, in which case the occurrence must be quite extensive.
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI3 SI
Jefferson county. Yellow mica, probably phlogopite, is found in large plates near Henderson. Muscalonge lake, town of Theresa, has afforded fine examples of crystallized phlogopite of brown color, but in small individuals.
St Lawrence county. Some fine examples of phlogopite crystals in the State Museum are recorded as having been collected from Somerville. Perfect six-sided prisms unmarked by fractures or rulings and of brown color have a diameter of 12 inches. The exact locality is not given, but it may be the same mentioned by Beck as 2 miles north of Somerville, with limestone and serpentine as the gangue materials. Judging from the samples, the occurrence is of unusual interest.
Small quantities of mica have been obtained from the town of Fine, 2 miles north of Oswegatchie. Good sheets of reddish phlo- gopite were shown to the writer as coming from hae locality. The last work on the deposit was in 1909.
Muscovite is found in Edwards associated with the fibrous talc. It is not, however, of commercial importance.
St Lawrence county may be regarded as one of the more favor- able sections for the occurrence of commercial grades of mica. Granite intrusions of great size have taken place at different times in the Precambric and on their borders may be found dikes and lenses of pegmatite intersecting the older gneisses and_ schists. Since the intrusion of the pegmatites there has been no great dis- turbance from regional-metamorphic forces so that the mica is little fractured in most occurrences, whereas the pegmatites in the central Adirondacks often show the effects of severe compression. The pegmatites carry both muscovite and biotite. The numerous contacts of limestone and granite afford favorable conditions for the occurrence of phlogopite, which, as stated, is found here and there in specimens of commercial quality, though the real importance of the deposits has never been adequately tested. The geological relations in this part of the Adirondacks are very similar to those in the mica-mining districts of Canada.
MINERAL WATERS
New York has held for a long time a leading position among the states in the utilization of mineral waters. The different springs, of which over two hundred have been listed as productive at one time or another, yield a great variety of waters in respect to the character and amount of their dissolved solids. There are some that contain relatively large amounts of mineral ingredients and
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52 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
are specially valuable for medicinal purposes; Saratoga Springs, Ballston Springs, Richfield Springs, Sharon Springs and Lebanon Springs are among the more noted localities for such waters. Numerous other springs are more particularly adapted for table use, containing only sufficient mineral perhaps to give them a pleasant
saline taste. Both kinds of waters are generally carbonated and
sold in small bottles.
Of late there has developed an important business in the sale of spring waters which can hardly be classed as mineral in the common acceptance of the word, but which are extensively consumed for office and family use in the larger towns and cities. Their employ- ment depends upon their freedom from harmful impurities, in which feature they are generally superior to the local supplies. In so far as such waters are an article of commerce they may well be included in a canvass of the mineral water industry. They are usually distributed in ‘large bottles or carboys in noncarbonated condition.
Character of mineral waters. Among the spring waters that contain mineral ingredients in appreciable quantity those character- ized by the presence of alkalis and alkaline earth are the most abundant in the State. The dissolved bases may exist in association with chlorin and carbon dioxid, as in the springs of Saratoga county, or they may be associated chiefly with sulphuric acid, as illustrated by the Sharon and Clifton Springs.
The mineral waters of Saratoga Springs and Ballston are found along fractured zones in Lower Siluric strata, the reservoirs oc- curring usually in the Trenton limestone. They are accompanied by free carbon dioxid which, together with chlorin, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium, also exists in dissolved con- dition. The amount of solid constituents in the different waters varies from less than 100 to over 500 grains a bottle. Large quan- tities of table and medicinal waters are bottled at the springs for shipment to all parts of the country. The carbon dioxid which issues from the wells at Saratoga is likewise an important article of commerce.
The waters at Richfield Springs contain the elements of the alkali and alkaline earth groups together with sulphuric acid and smaller amounts of chlorin, carbon dioxid and sulphureted hydrogen. They are employed for medicinal baths as well as for drinking purposes. The springs issue along the contact of Siluric limestone and Devonic shales. Sharon Springs is situated to the east of Richfield Springs
oh HOO
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THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI3 53
and near the contact of the Lower and Upper Siluric. Clifton Springs, Ontario county, and Massena Springs, St Lawrence county, are among the localities where sulphureted water occur and are utilized. aie
The Oak Orchard springs in the town of Byron, Genesee county, are noteworthy for their acid waters which contain a considerable proportion of aluminum, iron, calcium and magnesium, besides free sulphuric acid.
The Lebanon spring, Columbia county, is the single representa- tive in the State of the class of thermal springs. It has a temper- ature of 75° F. and is slightly charged with carbon dioxid and nitrogen.
Ordinary spring waters. The greater quantity of spring waters consumed in the State belongs to the nonmedicinal, noncarbonated class, represented by such springs as the Great Bear, Deep Rock, Mount View, Sun Ray, Chemung etc. The waters are obtained either by flowing springs or from artesian wells and are shipped in carboys or in tank cars to the principal cities where’ they are bottled and distributed by wagons among the consumers. The essential feature of such waters is their freedom from noxious impurities. This is generally safeguarded by the care exercised in the handling of the waters which are also regularly examined in the chemical and bacteriological laboratories.
Carbon dioxid. Carbon dioxid is given off in quantity by some of the wells at Saratoga Springs, and its collection and storage for shipment constituted for many years an important industry at that place. Over thirty wells have been bored there for gas alone. The industry has now been discontinued by force of a legislative enact- ment; it was considered that the pumping of the wells for the production of the gas was detrimental to the other springs that were utilized solely for their waters. For some time the value of the natural gas secured from the wells exceeded that of the mineral water sales.
List of springs. The following list includes the names and localities of most of the springs in the State that are employed commercially, as shown by a canvass of the industry:
NAME © LOCALITY Baldwin Mineral Spring................ Cayuga, Cayuga county Coyle & Caywood (Arrowhead Spring)... Weedsport, Cayuga county 1D stenaaTase vole etolol’g kSy oye hal <qaae a) Uealeae eer Dene ae Cherry Creek, Chautauqua county VIE \84 35 DICCI yun bammac yearn. Cees Tet hu Westfield, Chautauqua county Breesport Oxygenated Spring........... Breesport, Chemung county
Breesport Deep Rock Water Co......... Breesport, Chemung county
eo
54 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM NAME LOCALITY Chemine Spring Water Conse eee ence Chemung, Chemung county
Keeseville Mineral Spring.............. Lebanon Mineral Spring!.............. WES PUTAS PIM Svad tare iaee ees euemnaay sen a ate: AiellbareAOVal SHOBINEG, . coaccooc do aceg spond. IWotinte cacontopiin cer tei ere IMIorebate Wileny SYNE. 5 cocoons nou eavgaeec Monarchis primo aiter© On. eine ena IBilke Syormmae Water COs ccanscocssacnses- Sommdhine Spwrine, 5 osoocc0sveovvsvecdne INedsRocks Sprine sealant ari een CandentCityao prin coer ee nee eee Chnton Waithiatsprings pincer eee GlenwAlixgS pine pase tees een Ibmitlenia, IRollavris) SpowtNs, 450 occa nocseoden F. H. Suppe (Franklin Lithia Spring).... CeneyaulbiGhials pric cen ein eee IRedE@rosseliithiay. Sprin Sein eee Crystals prin gcc. ieNo eo mianeeie ae ID Eo IROCKe SiON, oc coo aebocvoohuesoc (GCiesaie Ieee SOGING, 1c bo oon po ococ ase cdos Wlautee Swwlkolaubtie Spawn. pos canoceecocscue Bilal IROPk Systane, os encasasascocescad IMlaraaranotla SHAS, ooo cacao Case aaocs Simellll INGelke Swi ssccccaansceceedsg00 iMlaichaiGl Ibachiasm, Sporto, soos oc seer aace ANFieSIaGA Ialtilane, SORE, ca sccaosonceeuae Comstocke iineralltS jorsinco ene eee ere IMI@In(CaKal SHON S oj oing ood bwin S vob Gao ao AOMCOBCK SOMUNS . coconsaoso,ccccoucse0c @oesaS prim core t aera tek ore een awe scp Hathorn (Nos. 1 and 2) Springs......... SAiTaiowa, (Greer SOI, sco concern vonvo0e Chali beac S prin yaa een erie Byer Water: SprinGane nen ace cee omens Sulphur-Magnesia Spring............... Whisirte Sywiliolagie SOHNE. eo oe snob oso bas IN@Gl JACKE SMI omococgsndoccds onan SetawketiS prin cater eee n eee ter IDES sega S One ay esas emda cl iek se Gla ata as Sie SUM AREA S\OMbAN. GG rig og owe ob amo 066 od Wate ns prima haa iciaehs 8a Meee oo a ae Briarcliff Lodge Association............. Gramatan Spring Water Co............. Ormclasnel Soman, 5.5 ooecnncccsvcdueoonl
Keeseville, Clinton county Lebanon, Columbia county McGraw, Cortland county Arlington, Dutchess county Mount Beacon, Dutchess county Poughkeepsie, Dutchess county Matteawan, Dutchess county Lancaster, Erie county
Buffalo, Erie county
Fine View, Jefferson county Garden City, Nassau county Franklin Springs, Oneida county Washington Mills, Oneida county Boonville, Oneida county 2 Franklin Springs, Oneida county Geneva, Ontario county
Geneva, Ontario county
Oswego, Oswego county
Oswego, Oswego county
Fulton, Oswego county
Richfield Springs, Otsego county Rensselaer, Rensselaer county North Greenbush, Rensselaer county East Greenbush, Rensselaer county Madrid, St Lawrence county Ballston Spa, Saratoga county Ballston Spa, Saratoga county Ballston Spa, Saratoga county Saratoga Springs, Saratoga county ’ Saratoga Springs, Saratoga county Saratoga Springs, Saratoga county Saratoga Springs, Saratoga county Sharon Springs, Schoharie county Sharon Springs, Schoharie county Sharon Springs, Schoharie county Sharon Springs, Schoharie county Seneca Falls, Seneca county Setawket, Suffolk county Clintondale, Ulster county Ellenville, Ulster county
Fort Edward, Washington county
Briarcliff Manor, Westchester county
Bronxville, Westchester county Yorktown Heights, Westchester co.
Production. The trade in spring waters does not lend itself to accurate statistical tabulation. A large part of the sales at present consist of the nonmedicinal or fresh waters which are distributed in the principal cities for office and table use and have a very low value. Such waters may be obtained from a distance, in which case they are sometimes shipped in tank cars, or they may come from some local spring. Their main cost to the consumer is repre- sented in the item of transportation. There are doubtless many springs of this character that fail to make a return each year, since the list is constantly changing. Besides the waters that are sold
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I9QI3 55
in bottles, large quantities of mineral waters are consumed at the spring localities by the hotels, sanatoriums etc., for which no ac- curate statistics are obtainable.
The returns received from the spring water companies for 1913 showed total sales of 9,448,348 gallons with a value of $806,208. This was about the same quantity as was reported for 1912 when the sales amounted to 9,682,447 gallons, with a value of $760,847.
NATURAL GAS
The year 1913 witnessed unusual activity in exploratory work and drilling in the natural gas fields of the State. It does not appear that any very notable discoveries were made in the way of new pools, such as have been reported from time to time in previous years, or that the bounds of the existing fields were materially extended, yet altogether the year’s activity resulted in an important increment in the supply, principally owing to intensive exploitation of the known resources.
The growth of production during the last decade has been quite remarkable and seems to evidence the capacity of the fields for still further development. The only district which has been exploited probably to the limit of its possibilities is that in northern Allegany and Cattaraugus counties where the existence of oil has furnished an incentive for exploration that has been under way for nearly half a century.
The gas pools are distributed among sixteen counties which lie mainly in the western part of the State. The counties in the extreme western section are the most productive. The four counties of Erie, Chautauqua, Cattaraugus and Allegany contribute nearly go per cent of the total output. They contain a large number of individual pools in different geological horizons. Chautauqua and Erie counties have come into prominence rather recently, but lead all others in regard to output. Genesee county in the last five or six years has assumed importance through the development of the field near Pavilion. The remaining counties, including Niagara, Livingston, Ontario, Schuyler, Seneca, Steuben, Monroe, Wyoming, Yates, Onondaga and Oswego, rank as relatively small producers.
In addition to the counties named there are many others in which gas has been found. Test wells are reported as having shown gas in nearly all the counties that lie between Lake Ontario and the Pennsylvania boundary, as well as in Jefferson, Oneida, Albany and other counties in the northern and eastern sections. The more
ES 8 WEE ere oe
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56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
permanent supplies seem to be confined, however, to the western section.
The geologic features of the gas fields have been described in several reports and papers of the New York State Museum. In particular may be noted the report of Edward Orton (Museum Bulletin 30) which described the field of northern Chautauqua county and the pools near the eastern end of Lake Ontario in considerable detail. Notes on the developments in Erie county are given in Bishop’s “Structural and Economic Geology of Erie County’ (Museum Report 49, vol. 2) and the oil and gas fields of southwestern New York are covered by the same writer in special papers (Museum Reports 51, vol. 2, and 53, vol. 1). Field notes of more recent date have been included in some of the issues of the mining and quarry bulletin.
Geologically the occurrence of natural gas in the State has a rather wide distribution. Flows have been encountered from as far down the column as the Potsdam sandstone and upward as far as the Portage and Chemung strata at the top of the Devonic system. The more productive horizons are in the Trenton limestone (Os- wego county), the Medina sandstone (Genesee, Erie and Chautau- qua counties) and the Devonic formations (Allegany, Cattaraugus and Chautauqua counties). The Medina sandstone has been the main source of supply in the more recent explorations in Erie, Chautauqua and Genesee counties.
The business of distributing the gas is in the control of relatively few companies who have pipe lines connecting the fields with the cities and communities which they supply. The Iroquois Natural Gas Co. of Buffalo is the largest single distributor and collects gas from Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua and Erie counties, with Buffalo as the principal consuming point. The Alden-Batavia Natural Gas Co. and the Pavilion Natural Gas Co. are important distributors in the Genesee-Erie county district. In Chautauqua county are a great number of small producers who supply one or two families, besides these large distributors: The South Shore Natural Gas & Fuel Co., the Silver Creek Gas & Improvement Co. In Allegany and Cattauraugus counties the Empire Gas & Fuel Co. and the producers Gas Co. have pipe lines. A rather productive field has been opened in the towns of East Bloomfield: and West Bloomfield, Ontario county, the gas being distributed by the Ontario Gas Co. Among the smaller companies engaged in the business are the Consumers Natural Gas Co. with wells in the town of Dix,
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I9Q13 By.
Schuyler county, the Baldwinsville Light & Heat Co. of Baldwins- ville, Onondaga county, the Pulaski Gas & Oil Co. of Pulaski, Os- wego county, and the Sandy Creek Oil & Gas Co. of Sandy Creek in the same county.
Production. The present status of the gas industry is shown by the accompanying table which gives the production for the last four-years. In the earlier years it has been possible to distribute the production according to the county or district in which it was made, but with the consolidation of the pipe-line companies which has recently taken place, the output can not be readily segregated, especially in the case of the western fields where some of the com- panies operate in several counties.
Reports from the individual producers show the value of the gas produced in 1913 to have been $2,549,227, an increase of over 35 per cent as compared with the value reported in the preceding year. The gain was the largest reported in any single year. The actual flow from the wells was 9,155,429,000 cubic feet, against 6,564,659,000 cubic feet in 1912. There were about 1750 productive wells.
The average price received for the gas sold for general consump- tion was 27.8 cents a thousand, against 28.7 in 1912. The slight decrease is accounted for by the gain in the production of the western fields where the gas brings a relatively lower price than in the outlying districts which about held their own.
Production of natural gas
COUNTY 1910 IQII | I9I2 1913 Allegany-Cattaraugus. . $337 427 ‘$402 931 | $1 503 274 | $2 119 824 hantangiars Py. 202 754 222 023 263, 742 324 939 RICE cin sels. sees 717 038 813 279 a a Wivinestorm =) ae a0 oe 60 997 | 73 357 8Ir 740 | 70 396 Onondaraaeye eae eric 125733 12 972 14 260 13 488 OSWel OMEN AG ee Savas yes 14. 783 14 913 16 366 | 18 027 \itap@mabinte O97 365 abla wee 65 967 7 602 2 O15 | 2 553
$I 411 699 | $I 547 077 | $1 882 297 | $2 549 227
1Includes output of Genesee county for 1911 and part of it for 1910. 2 Includes also Seneca, Schuyler, Steuben, Ontario and Yates.
3 Includes Niagara.
a Erie and Genesee counties included under Allegany-Cattaraugus.
The reports received for 1913 showed a total of about 200 in- dividual producers with 1750 wells. More than one-half the pro-
ae
58 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
ducers were in Chautauqua county, but most of them reported as having but one well utilized for a single household. Erie county had by far the largest output of any county in the State, although the actual production can not be definitely stated. The product of Erie and Genesee counties is included under that of Allegany- Cattaraugus in the first item of the table. The four counties to- gether contributed a total of 7,392,718,000 cubic feet, with a value of $2,119,824. This represented a gain of about 2,000,000,000 cubic feet over that of 1912. The Orchard Park pool in Erie county, which was discovered in the spring of 1912, accounted for much of the increase, but the Pavilion field also made a good showing.
Pavilion field. One of the most important natural gas fields in the State of relatively recent discovery is in the vicinity of Pavilion, Genesee county. The first holes were drilled in 1906, and there are now about sixty producing wells which maintain a very steady flow. The following information in regard to the local features and developments has been contributed by W. P. Randall, onguicgs of the Pavilion Natural Gas Company.
The Pavilion field lies south of the Roanoke district, in fhe south- east corner of Genesee county. Its boundaries are defined approx- imately by a line running from the southern boundary of Genesee county northerly to Bethlehem Center, thence easterly along the Telephone road through Pavilion Center to the east boundary of Genesee county, thence south on said boundary to the corner of Genesee county and thence west to the point of beginning. It comprises an area 3 miles wide north and south and g miles long east and west. The gas is distributed by two companies, the New York Central Gas Co. with pipes running to Batavia, Attica, Corfu, and other towns in that vicinity, and the Pavilion Natural Gas Co. which supplies Mumford, Caledonia, Le Roy, Pavilion, Warsaw, Perry, Mount Morris, Moscow and smaller places along the route. New lines are being laid by the latter company to Linwood, York, Greigsville, Retsof, Piffard, Cuylerville, Geneseo and Avon. The trunk lines convey the gas under pressure of from 60 to 125 pounds; reducing stations at the distributing points lower the pressure to the normal required for consumption.
The gas is dry, nearly pure, marsh gas with less than 8 per cent of other ingredients. The pressure in the original wells was 500 pounds a square inch and has shown little diminution. Along the eastern boundary of the field and near Linwood, wells of from five to seven million cubic feet daily capacity have been drilled.
Pe asiicemell
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI3 59
The field lies along the outcrop of the Genesee shale which is at an elevation of about goo feet above tide. The gas flow is found at intervals in the last 30 feet of the Medina sandstone. The succession of strata explored by the wells conforms to the normal order as given in the reports of the New York State Museum, but in the western boundary of the field and near Lindon the Niagara is upturned so as to make the drilling of straight holes a difficult work. Below such disturbances the Medina gives a very limited flow, and consequently exploration in these places has been dis- continued. The Niagara averages about 228 feet thick, and black water (sulphurous water from cavities in the dolomite) occurs at about the middle. Below the Niagara comes the Clinton with a thickness up to 15 feet (Wolcott limestone?) and at this point anchor packers are usually placed. The Medina sandstone is a little over 100 feet thick; on the northern and southern borders of the field it gives a limited flow of gas, the longest wells being on the eastern border and around Linwood.
A typical section in the Pavilion field is here given:
pli omeoianiitra Rr eate cts i era. ks aiche are teeter ate: So sie cucu ttevenecer sie: sl -) cue) = 475 feet IBOPNOVaA (OIE, WENT aT mae aE et erate ee cee Arellano Re eel ee 625) | PRO MROLISALE artes cre Papeete ieee pceta ia calor kel hataiinn ay saps ou eee asia ay Be Nie O72 mies TWOPD GE INiavoanTa Le NG Gioceen io ee nih oleae earth Seeks areca oa aetna cae i ZO PESTER clic tome reyes re ie cee RePEc eee Sie nea guounighes wnute Siktaveteye.c TeSys Ibiaitoral GE INMave heels RG eels 6 bic Oo ce Bile Oc CROC OIs DICK Ole cio enenote it EEGOYey 2) SG ome tam Ve clit cleaner eens octane Aerts Sr cterae yen cn cee Way ua ans in Gye IPLIESR (ISS) oA Sec ois a Ceci ete cs oe ERAN ERE. ANA 2 EI aa a 17 43a SELaHG! Se eee pances ees Oe, GCN ET RENC Cg PRON 2 oar er Ee ae Tey 5 Sue TD NRERG! SIS eo Gas reese IO EONS ERC RRO te ch the a aRaeys er aro an 7¢/( IB GHG Or INICIO). 4G Hid pioe SiS Ge om Cad Gini Slo Reon a oR Ra eran Leaf g fii kee IEIG) @ Tovairwovaaleele emo esc atic oy ola Ce SOC Se aes Oe ee Mee OS IgE eS yfleyar ce
Altitude at mouth of well is about tooo feet above tide.
PETROLEUM
The record of the local oil industry has been attended with fea- tures of much interest during the last year or two. The output for 1912 showed a decline of nearly 25 per cent from the average for the years immediately preceding and reached the lowest figure (782,661 barrels) that has been returned since the New York field was first fully developed. This decline took place in the face of advancing prices for crude oil, so that at first glance it would seem to indicate a permanent impairment of the productive capacity, rather than to reflect temporary conditions which might be expected to change for the better at any time. That there is really no ground for belief that the industry is destined to rapid extinction, however,
eee
__E eee ee eee ee eee
=F PF SE A — O
ee
60 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
is indicated by the response which the production showed in the past year as a result of increased field work under the stimulus of the improved market.
The returns of the pipe-line companies and other shippers of crude oil for the year 1913 indicated a total run of 916,873 barrels. Compared with the total already given for 1912 there was a gain of 134,212 barrels or about 17 per cent in the output. This did not quite restore the production to its earlier level, since in 1911 the yield was 955,314 barrels and in 1910 it amounted to 1,073,650 bar- rels, but it demonstrated that the industry is still capable of expand- ing its yield in response to favorable conditions. A further gain may be looked for during the current season should the market continue on the present basis.
The quotations for Pennsylvania oil, which apply as well to the output of New York wells, have advanced rapidly since the severe siump of 1910. The upward trend began to be noticeable in the early part of 1912. From the quotation of $1.35 a barrel, which ruled in January of that year, there was a steady advance month by month until by December the prevailing price was $2 a barrel. In January 1913, another advance brought the quotation to $2.05 and numerous rapid increases within a short time raised the price to $2.50, at which figure they remained undisturbed throughout the rest of 1913. It was to be expected that such remunerative figures would encourage new drilling and general activity in the producing industry, as in fact took place.
The record of field work, as compiled monthly by the Oil City Derrick, showed that 512 wells were drilled in the New York field during 1913. This was more than double the number drilled in the preceding year, when the total reported was 246 wells. In 1911 the number was 195, and in 1910 it was 283. The increment of pro- duction from the new wells amounted to 810 barrels, as compared with 278 barrels in 1912, 201 barrels in 1911 and 368 barrels in 1910. Of the number of wells completed, 48 were dry, against 66, 59 and 61 respectively in the previous years.
The output of oil in the State during the last two decades is given in the accompanying table. The figures for the years 1894-1903 have been taken from the annual volumes of The Mineral Re- sources and those for the following years compiled from reports rendered by the pipe-line companies and shippers who operate in the State. The list of these companies follows ; Columbia Pipe Line Co., Union Pipe Line Co., Fords Brook Pipe Line Co., Buena Vista Oil
THE MINING AND QUARRY. INDUSTRY I913 AGS
Co., and Madison Pipe Line Co., of Wellsville; Vacuum Oil Co., Rochester; New York Transit Co., Olean; Emery Pipe Line Co., Allegany Pipe Line Co., Tide Water Pipe Co., Limited, and Kendall Refining Co., of Bradford, Pa.
Production of petroleum in New York
YEAR BARRELS VALUE Doe oo BS Sea Oe rie ee ig ae a eng 942 431 $790 464 MOSS eters oS he (ar TL LIES Sis toe Gist sees eyeewn leva oaeis 912 948 I 240 468 TEGB Ss eo erat ace aced E NG a Mes Bieter o Maa IEe ee eee Ce AE Ne noe I 205 220 I 420 653 BUPRSEN P Me ear ge ca a 3) ab ayes nes Sie = Sighs FSP oes ites I 279 155 I 005 736 REO D.5 2.6 6: o16 0 eicketic fe PARE cu eee ie Ren i Te I I 205 250 I 098 284 MS OO Maen eae. Peed Rites Ketan. eto ene ane choral etre I 320 909 I 708 926 TOLD 5 Gand cRe eS Nee Oa cao eam Ae ea tt a Yor I 300 925 I 759 501 TODS cracls Sch chars eee ee aoe acne AT ME neh SA a Bt I 206 618 I 460 00 MOOZe vats at ENP UE cL a ened tw ita cage 6:5 taps Von! core 1 feyonetis I 119 730 I 530 852 LO OB PR eT ere iri esis hater kes seclureccfee uate dae I 162 978 1 849 135 TOOT bons Share Saat SO oo acne gn teers I 036 179 I 709 770 OOS Gc aoe sere sie pr aki erc di, eels ote Satie anal 949 511 I 566 931 TODS). o ehes aS Ae BESO Na SLI AN cURL rm I 043 088 I 721 095 TIGIOY7/ 6g. Ghia ool Os PRC ICACTO. GOERS ERE ROMEO PRE cece I 052 324 i FED Bays MOO SMe ta icer tia he cae eMMe thao is hard PAE CEOPN A ghar eee I 160 128 2 O71 533 MENG PMN eee ep ey ener ie) eet ie cc Se eee Bae elie uenlsltay ayant, w ew bes I 160 402 I 914 663 TAOS 6: ong HER eRe casei eh renee oe ee eee forse dhs loeas te sed Prise I 073 650 I 458 194 TOW TES aike Gere aut Ua Oe DIREC ECae ene cee eoee 955 314 I 251 461 TLC) Deanne Me ema RePEc a alee a rallie on alae hea 782 661 I 338 350 TIO) 5.0 BD xe to SACO Sieh AON OE RMerG ceo Oeics 916 873 2 255 508
There have been no notable discoveries of oil pools in many years, and the productive territory remains restricted to the sections of Cattaraugus, Allegany and Steuben counties which were marked out in the early exploratory operations. The first well was drilled in Cattaraugus county in 1865 so that production has been continuous for half a century, a remarkable record for an oil field.
The oil is found in fine-grained sandstones of dark color belong- ing to the Chemung formation, at the top of the Devonic system. In Cattaraugus county the productive area embraces about 40 square miles, mostly in Olean, Allegany and Carrolton townships. The pools, of which the principal ones are the Ricebrook, Chupmunk, Allegany and Flatstone, occur at several horizons from 600 to 1800 feet below the surface. The oil district of Allegany county ex- tends across the southern townships of Clarksville, Seneca, Wirt,
_ Bolivar, Alma, Scio and Andover and is divided into several pools that are considered to be more or less independent. The Bolivar,
62 ; NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Richburg and Wirt pools have been most productive. The oil is found at depths of from 1400 to 1800 feet. The Andover pool lies partly in the town of West Union, Steuben county, and is account- able for the production in that section.
The productive wells in the three counties number about 10,500, of which 7500 are in Allegany county, 200 in Steuben and the re- mainder in Cattaraugus county. All are pumped, using natural gas derived from some of them for power. The average yield is now less than one-third of a barrel a day.
Sea
The salt-producing industry experienced fairly prosperous con- ditions during the year 1913, as in the preceding season. Produc- tion was at a high rate in response to an active demand, and record figures were reported for the output as a whole, although in one or two branches little or no gain was registered. Along with the in- creased demand there was some advance in the prices of different grades of evaporated salt, a most welcome feature to the manufac- turers who for a long time have had to face a continual slump in the market.
For many years the industry in this State showed the effects of a great overextension of the productive capacity. An active cam- paign in the exploration and development of the salt deposits was carried on during the last two decades of the last century, and the enterprises that came into existence then had a capucity far in ex- cess of any available outlet for the products. As a consequence, competition became so keen that manufacturers realized scarcely any profits, and many were compelled to shut down their plants. Some of the mines and evaporating plants which went out of busi- ness at the time have never resumed operations. In the last decade the stress of conditions found relief through the gradual growth of the markets, so that now productive capacity and demand are more nearly balanced. Few new enterprises have been started within late years, and it would appear that there is no present need of any material addition to the productive facilities.
The history of the industry in New York dates back to colonial days, but the first authentic records of salt production begin with the year 1797, when, by an act of the Legislature the State assumed control of salt manufacture on the Onondaga Reservation. Until 1881 the evaporating works were all centered around Syracuse which derived its early importance from the salt industry. In that
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQ13 63
year, however, production began on a fairly large scale in the War- saw district where private enterprise had succeeded in developing beds of rock salt. These afforded much richer brines than the nat- ural brines of the Onondaga district, an advantage that proved very important in the manufacture of the artificially evaporated grades and that led to the later exclusive use of such brines in all but the solar evaporating plants. The production of rock salt by under- ground mining through vertical shafts began in 1885 on the prop-— erty now owned by the Retsof Mining Co., situated at Retsof, Livingston county.
The statistical record of the industry shows that the output in 1797, when the first regular operations began, was 25,474 bushels, or 5095 barrels. By the year 1828 the output had reached a million bushels or 200,000 barrels, and in 1849 it had grown to over 1,000,- ooo barrels. The solar process was introduced in the Syracuse dis- trict in 1821, but for many years the process was subordinate to that of artificial evaporation in open kettles. After 1882 the com- petition of the works in the western part of the State which used brines derived from the rock salt beds began to show itself in a diminished production from the Syracuse plants, and the latter soon lost the preeminent position in the industry which they had so long held. Altogether the output of brine and rock salt in the State in the period 1797-1913 has amounted to the total of 257,622,716 bar- rels. As indicative of the rapid growth made in the last few decades it may be noted that the production up to 1882, when the exploitation of the rock salt beds began to be active, was 57,890,922 barrels ; whereas in the period since elapsed it has amounted to 199,- 731,794 barrels.
The accompanying tables present the figures of production and value for recent years. The output in 1912 and 1913 is given ac- cording to grades, so far as the classification can be made without revealing the individual figures. The grades depend upon the methods of manufacture and purposes for which the salt is used. Rock salt and salt in brine consumed for the manufacture of sodium compounds appear in the last item of the detailed tables, which also include small quantities of evaporated salt not especially classified in the returns. The evaporated salt is chiefly marketed under the grades of common fine, table and dairy, common coarse, coarse solar and packers salt. Table and dairy salt includes the finest grades of artificially evaporated salt which undergo special prepa- ration for the table and for butter and cheese making; it brings the
64 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
highest market price. Under common salt are listed the other grades of fine artificially evaporated salt that are not so prepared. Common coarse represents the coarser product from artificial evaporation. Coarse solar salt is made by evaporation of brine in shallow pans exposed to the sun’s heat. This process can not be closely regulated and results in a very coarsely crystallized salt that serves many of the purposes of rock salt. Packers salt includes the product sold to meat packers and fish salters.
Production of salt by grades in 1912
GRADE BARRELS VALUE Mops Commontine eae ee nnn I 408 543 $519 844 $0.37 (Commionkcoarsehenne nner nner 204 136 82 880 -41 Melos eunel GEMMA: 656 dobo000 08856 I 353 643 819 103 .61 @oarsessolar. wai a aoe 2906 814 103 886 35 IRACeersia te Meee rae eee cee: AD fai 30 564 -42 HINES RAGES? 5 5 acncccceosbanosne 7 166 307 I 040 983 .15
Bo tale et sea ike nos erat anos IO 502 214 $2 507 260 - $.247
1 Common fine includes a small quantity of common coarse. 2Tnclude rock salt, salt in brine used for soda manufacture, and small amounts of brine salt for which the uses were not specified in the returns.
Production of salt by grades in 1913
GRADE BARRELS VALUE yee Commonsine aero oer I 490 957 $583 757 $0.39 Commontcoaisen se ener ere III 057 45 942 45 Malle aincl GA, oo odo oosGoo00nGe I 266 864 789 857 .62 Coarselsolamae ia? este cae ene 436 800 131 040 -30 Rarclcersie aint Cats uel h Ns ai ened aees 107 293 51 895 .48 OthenieradesZ han cee ae 7 406 550 | T (254).173 | Se gee
ARG Ceallicteipanet ea Kee erro Ss pea 10 819 521 $2 856 664 $.264
1 Common fine includes a small quantity of common coarse. 2Tnclude rock salt, salt in brine used for alkali manufacture, and small amounts of brine salt for which the uses were not specified in the returns.
The output in 1913 of 10,819,521 barrels of 280 pounds, or 1,514,- 733 short tons, was the largest on record and represents an increase of 317,307 barrels (44,423 tons) over the total reported for the pre- ceding year, which also was a record output. The production was
ms = pe EEL GIDE
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQT3 65
contributed by approximately thirty mines and works distributed over the counties of Livingston, Onondaga, Schuyler, Wyoming, Tompkins and Genesee in the relative order given of their output. Of the plants, all but two were engaged in brine salt operations.
Production of salt in New York since 1887
YEAR BARRELS VALUE A ne Mee ee a AA EEN te ee 2 353 560 $936 894 AG ete AE Gee eda ees Ie Sie GRAPE tovonn myles Bee shan, 8.944 2 318 483 I 130 409 THSNS}O)¢ 5, ae el a a ee SPCR Cit Cara Oe On aa rl en ee eg 2 273 007 I 136 503 WSIS a. old ype HR aCe RRO RE ee a ea 2 532 036 I 266 O18 ES MIE OMA iat Wan tip alen hes artes he ew haps annaks 2 839 544 I 340 036 US 1) EEE Wrait era ey ete ae kaucre eaves 5, Skehiehoraashinas: Hi, leo 3 472 073 I 662 816 TIO 5, aus bse ROADIE LOU ROE OESIO RIIE ae reee 5 662 074 I 870 084 US 0) | Pee teens heectls cue io Ne iayay a tolepursie Beg vayeieie o 6 270 588 I 999 146 TSC EM eres ties eriace tei Mic sotetet a's wo Os Sele Maiane @ (ee Bar I 943 398 ECON RM oT erate i a cc ste ay iaue bofokoy evens tae mb ahecsar ee 6 069 040 I 896 681 HES ARAN aptacr see uarahs LA eran Neliolevelarc'sNone ay shah tose ahead 6 805 854 I 948 759 T/3$9)3) a5! Aes ey SiMe nOee etre Pico TER aR SG RON ele eA ene men 6 791 798 2 369 323 T1S10)9) 3. iS teey OO DIE EP aOR CRN eat ee eae rene 7 489 105 2 540 426 NOOO SE to oS SERENA OlO rer IS ORCS Ona ae ERMC EEO 7 897 O71 AAG frites) CNG) Bere tey cre Poss Stns Says la ms aktiastber o. Ride eotidy a eae tenner, 3 7 286 320 2 089 834 HES OD eerie ee ee sta sua scene biter POMS oh ales aageia «\Srerauaiere’ os 8 523 389 I 938 539 OOS «Aes Bee eat OG SIE Te a Ce eer eee 8 170 648 2 007 807 TOO 5 Sash CRE ee MEMO PR fa Diet RRR Cee ECR PE east ae A 8 724 768 2 102 748 NOOR 5 #6 dae aio bts 4 CRC OS ee OIC CRORE cr re ee 8 575 649 2 303 067 TOO a Che Sattar eco ORO OO ee a ee eee 9 O13 993 2 131 650 TOO 5 3.6 tate aa te aR SRR Reina eee Ne 9 657 543 2 449 178 TOO Leh bl 0 cle RENAME IL ESSE ERPCHCH Cre) Cy LCR CME ecaionese™ 9 005 311 2 136 736 SOD) e geile ONS ERO TC HCELS cf tC Eee ne era 9 880 618 2 298 652 WD)INO) oooh nb Bie Sei hI OT eRe ORCI oO RCE ae eae 10 270 273 2 258 292 IOI 5.6, 6. SIS Certo HO Eo acioro © Gn Oct iee een 10 082 656 2 191 485 1D) 9d Gaba ROAR CICI DRCIERE? cal ORS PG ako ROMEO SIE en area SE 10 502 214 2 597 260 NOI, eS Ata oe Ee Oe Chcte COE RIS acne Ea Ic 10 819 521 2 856 664
Occurrence of salt. The productive sources of salt are natural brines and beds of rock salt. Natural brines have been found in a number of places and in various rock formations, but the only occur- rence that has had any great commercial importance is in the vicinity of Syracuse on the old Onondaga Salt Springs Reservation, which was sold to the State by the Indians in 1788. The brines are en- countered in loose gravels, sands and clays which extend to depths of several hundred feet and apparently lie in a channel or basin hol- lowed out of the Salina rocks. The original wells were shallow, but it was later found that the strength of the brine could be in- creased by going deeper and wells were put down to depths of from 200 to 400 feet from which the present supplies are obtained. The borings of the underlying strata in the basin show that they contain
06 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
no rock salt, and it is thought the brines are derived from leaching of beds that are found to the south of Syracuse under cover of a heavy thickness of shale.
With the exception of the salt made at Syracuse, the rock salt
beds constitute the entire source of present production. The beds
are found in the Salina formation, a succession of shales, limestones — gypsum and rock salt, that has its outcrop along an east-west belt —
from Albany county to the Niagara river and is represented by a smaller separate area in southeastern New York. Test borings
indicate that the salt deposits are restricted to the western section —
of the main belt beginning in Madison county, and that they occur at intervals from that county to Erie and Cattaraugus counties. The most easterly point where rock salt has been found is at Morris- ville, Madison county. On account of its ready solubility it is rarely encountered at depths of less than about 1000 feet where the cover is sufficient to protect the beds from the action of under- ground waters. Since the Salina beds have a dip uniformly toward the south, the mines and wells are all located on the southern side of the outcrop which les about the line of the 43d parallel. The dip averages 40 or 50 feet to the mile. The persistence of the salt to the south is indicated by the wells at Ithaca which reach the salt horizon at over 2200 feet depth and by test borings in northern Cattaraugus and Allegany counties which encountered salt at over 3000 feet depth. A boring at Canaseraga, Allegany county, pene- trated 75 feet of rock salt beginning at 3050 feet.. The western ex- tensions of the beds in Erie county are stated by Bishop to be about on a line between East Aurora, Patchen and Boston Corners and a point 3 miles west of Springville. Brines have been found in wells at Eden valley, Gowanda and other localities to the west of the boundary, but no rock salt. In Cattaraugus county, however, rock salt is reported to. have been found in a gas well situated between Cattaraugus and Gowanda.
Rock salt mines. The active ‘rock salt mines are situated at Retsof and Cuylerville, Livingston county. Shafts have been sunk also near Le Roy, Seneca county, and at Livonia and Greigsville, Livingston county, but have not been in use for many years.
The methods of mining the salt at the two active mines are very similar. In both the bed is reached through vertical shafts of a little over a 1000 feet depth. The Sterling Salt Co. at Cuylerville has two shafts, and the Retsof Mining Co. at Retsof three, which are bottomed in a bed of salt from 20 to 25 feet thick. The work-
7
OE ee
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1913 67
ings are laid out in panels, with the main galleries running east- west. The headings are driven to the north so as to secure advan- tage of the dip in tramming the salt to the main haulage ways. Of the 20 feet or more of salt only about 12 feet are actually mined, the remainder being left in the roof and floor. The breast of salt is worked in two benches. The rooms are 30 feet wide, separated by equally wide pillars. There is no timbering, and of course no drainage to provide for in the workings. The salt is drilled by rotary auger drills run by compressed air. The holes are placed with a view to making the greatest proportion of lump salt, and they are charged lightly with low-grade dynamite. Charging and blasting are performed by a separate crew, with one man for each pair of drillers. The broken salt is loaded into three-ton cars which are run down to the main haulage ways and from there hauled to the shaft. At the surface the salt is crushed and the various sizes separated by screening. The coarsest lumps are sold un- crushed, principally as cattle salt. The crushed and screened salt finds use in the curing of hides, refrigeration, in the manufacture of oleomargarine, and in various other industries. An analysis of a sample of the New York salt, as given by Merrill, follows:
LEACH. 3 or pales eet OMe Bae ae een RA i CRP aS ge a a 98.701 IMIEE CA oo Bd tts Fonte BRO ERSTe Lea PSE A EID CHERRIES CONAN mE ae Ar are 055 CAS: oy oh SB nie eed hadieic BSED ears ce SE Pe er PL rR ae aos Cece 018 (CEES Oy 6 ey Scarce aOR DIRE Bre ito POT Aen EIGN Zl I EPSP TES EE CLE eC 484 MICE: 6G POE RA OOR NOOO SoA erie mec Ene MRE erent trace MEREUMUIRIDL Cig ctrsiay al sie. ine) ae! st stoi sears, 34 Ee BE Oot a amare 743
Brine salt. The manufacture of salt from brine is carried on either by the solar process, in which the brine is led into shallow wooden vats and there exposed to evaporation by the sun’s heat, or by artificial methods which depend upon evaporation by direct fire or steam of the brine contained in kettles, pans or vats. The open kettle process of artificial evaporation was long used at Syracuse, but has now been superseded by the solar process. The methods of artificial evaporation now in general use are the grainer, open pan and vacuum pan. Some of the plants make use of only one method; others have an equipment that combines the grainers with vacuum pans or grainers with open pans.
The manufacture of solar’ salt at Syracuse is still an important industry in which a large number of individuals and firms are active. The product varies considerably from year to year, de- pending on the character of the season. The salt is marketed
3
68 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
through the Onondaga Coarse Salt Association. It is sold in seven grades, of which six represent the different sizes of salt crystals separated by screening, as follows: Diamond C, B. C., Standard, Diamond F, B. F., and 6 mesh B. F. The finest size is 8 mesh, which is crushed to pass an eight-mesh screen. The product is used for the same purposes practically as rock salt.
The list of manufacturers of artificially evaporated salt at pres- ent includes the following: International Salt Co., with works at Myers and Watkins; Worcester Salt Co., Silver Springs; Rock Glen Salt Co., Rock Glen; Eureka Salt Co., Saltvale; Remington Salt Co., Ithaca; Watkins Salt Co., Watkins; Genesee Salt Co., Piffard; and Le Roy Salt Co., Le Roy. | ;
The Eureka Salt Co. began the manufacture of salt in April 1913, having taken over the works at Saltvale, Wyoming county, for- merly owned by the Crystal Salt Co. The plant is equipped with six open pans and two grainers and a mill for the making of table salt.
The nature of the brine used in the manufacture of salt is shown by the following analysis, of which no. I represents an average example of the Onondaga natural brines and no. 2 of an artificial brine from the solution of the rock salt:
I 2 INA ad ©) A UR ante dat eee aie enna Uni Maneater gre Gt nan Mesh t to ra Ova a cuaicr a 6 .155 -049 Galeri, ai boc skewered Geers ean CREE ES Oe eS eae .129 .134 Oras OV arene eran erie ier MM ares hia ais Gea ho odo ante cas - 599 -349 INGEN CURR stra eienie’ reper eberats caitiaiey Errata one ael Alar eat ol eg eS Ok eet e 16.921 23.295
Literature of salt. The geological occurrence of the salt de- posits has been set forth in detail by Luther in his papers, “ Geol- ogy of the Livonia Salt Shaft” and “ Salt Springs and Salt Wells .of New York and Geology of the Salt District,” published respect- ively in the 13th and 16th Annual Reports of the New York State Geologist. A good description of the technology of the brine salt manufacture is given by F. E. Englehardt in Merrill's “ Salt and Gypsum Industries of New York,” which is Bulletin 11 of the New York State Museum. Many records of salt wells are assembled in the papers by Bishop included in the 5th Annual Report of the New York State Geologist and in the 45th Annual Report of the State Museum.
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1913 69
SAND AND GRAVEL
The production of sand and gravel for use in engineering and building operations, metallurgy, glass manufacture, etc., is an im- portant industry involving a very large number of individual opera- tions. The building stone business is specially extensive as there are deposits suitable for that purpose in every section of the State, and nearly every town or community has its local source of supply. Such sand, of course, possesses little intrinsic value. The deposits of glass sands and molding sands are more restricted in their dis- tribution and their exploitation is the basis of a fairly stable indus- try ; certain molding sands are even shipped to distant points, as in the case of those obtained in the Hudson River region.
The sand and gravel beds of the State are mainly of glacial ori- gin, as the whole territory within the limits of New York, in com- mon with the northern section of the United States east of the Rocky mountains, was invaded by the Pleistocene ice sheet which removed all the loose material accumulated by previous weathering and erosion, and left in its retreat a mantle of transported bouiders, gravels, sands and clays. In places these accumulations have the character of unmodified drift or morainal accumulations in which the materials are more or less intermixed, and are then of little industrial value. But more generally the deposits show a sorted stratiform arrangement due to having been worked over by the glacial streams and lakes. Such is the condition in many of the larger valleys like those of the Hudson, Champlain and Genesee where sands, gravels and clays occur separately in terraced beds extending far above the present water level. Later water action may have effected a beneficial re-sorting of the materials as in- stanced by the beach sands of Long Island and some of the lakes in the interior of the State. }
A measure of the importance of the sand and gravel industry may be had from the accompanying table which, however, lacks something in the way of completeness and accuracy. The figures relating to the molding sand production are believed to be a close approximation to the actual amounts, but those for building sand and gravel may vary considerably from the true quantities, perhaps understating them by as much as 25 per cent. The building sand Operations are so widely scattered and in many sections carried on in such haphazard or fugitive manner that it is extremely difficult to cover them all in a statistical canvass,
70 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Production of sand and gravel
MATERIAL IQII 1912 1913 Moldinexsarrd sewseneid hice mie ee $420 780 $422 148 $449 224 Coreyandvune sandy ace er ree 27 484 55 910 38 571 IB wildingasanGd yee hee b 750 000 I 156 002 I 102 688 Other sand a s.0) sane hayes ain Seen b 50 000 b 75 000 b 75 000° (Gravely Fey ie et ais alan pete 479 103 840 669 918 783
MOtalye ser sons sesame ie aren cate te $1 727 367 | $2 549 729 $2 584 266
a Includes glass sand, filter sand, engine and polishing sand. ‘1he amounts are partly estimated. b Partly estimated.
Molding sand. The molding sand industry is centered in the middle Hudson valley, where there exist extensive areas underlaid by excellent grades of this sand, although small quantities are occa- sionally shipped from other sections of the State. The Hudson River district is notable for its supply of the finer sizes of molding sand such as are employed in stove-plate, brass and aluminum cast- ing. These are comparatively rare in other districts in the east where molding sand is obtained and consequently the local product commands a rather wide market. The sand is shipped to the metallurgical centers in New York, New England, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and the Middle West. The favorable trade, condi- tions have led to the development of a large and apparently pros- perous industry which is the source of much revenue to a.section that otherwise is restricted mainly to agricultural activities. .;;,
The distribution and methods of occurrence of the molding sand in the Hudson River district involve many interesting features which have not as yet been fully explained. A brief description of the deposits was given in the preceding issue of this report, and field observations have been collected as a basis for a more detailed paper on this subject. iat
The molding sand is restricted to the uplands on either side of
.the Hudson, at elevations of 200 feet or more above sea level. The
district forms a narrow belt, usually but a few miles wide, along
the river from Washington and Saratoga counties on the north to
about the vicinity of Kingston, Ulster county, on the south. The
belt widens out notably where important. tributaries enter -the Hud-
son, as in the section between Cohoes and Albany where it reaches westward up the Mohawk as far as Schenectady, and also at the outlet of the Hoosac and Batten kill. In the vicinity of Saratoga,
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I9QI3 WA
Ballston and Round lakes occurs an area which appears to be sub- sidiary and parallel to the main belt that follows the river; it repre- sents an old river channel and contains a succession of glacial clays and sands like that in the main valley.
The district is thus practically coterminous with the site of Lake Albany, the name given to the expanded waters which occupied the middle Hudson valley in late Pleistocene time. The series of sands and clays may be traced northward from the Hudson valley into the basin of Lake Champlain which also was flooded at the same time, but there appears to be very little of the molding sand in that section.
The molding sand forms a layer directly below the soil. The soil covering averages about a foot thick. Near the bottom it passes gradually into the molding sand through a decrease of organic mat- ter which is indicated by the change of color from dark gray to the light yellow of the sand. In the average, the layer is from a foot to 3 feet thick. Below, it gives way very quickly to a loose “ open” sand that lacks the clay bond and is usually a mixture of quartz and shale particles. This material in turn is underlaid by the char- acteristic Hudson river clays, brown or yellow on top and blue be- low. The thickness of the whole sand accumulation ranges from 2 or 3 feet up to 10 or 20 feet and in places even more.
The removal of the soil and molding sand is performed wholly by hand labor. With the excavation of the latter, the soil is usually replaced and the land is then returned to agriculture. The grading of the sand according to its quality requires a degree of experience and some skill of which the land owner himself is seldom possessed, and the production is mainly carried on by a few firms who also ship the sand to the market. The owner of the land receives a roy- alty figured on the basis of yield or else a round sum for the sand on the whole property.
Most of the output comes from the central part of the district from Saratoga, Albany, Schenectady and Rensselaer counties. In Saratoga county, Mechanicville, Round Lake, Elnora, Burgoyne and Schuylerville are the more important localities. In Schenectady the sand is obtained from near the city of Schenectady and also from Carman and Niskayuna. Large quantities are shipped from the vicinity of Albany and from Wemple, Selkirk, Glenmont and
other places south of that city. In Rensselaer county the sand is:
excavated at points along the Hudson river and the Boston and Albany Railroad. The most southerly point from which shipments have been made recently is Kingston.
72 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
The sand is marketed under some five or six grades depending upon the fineness. The finest size generally is that called No. o and the others include 1, 2, 3 and 4, which is the coarsest. Some shippers supply also intermediate grades or half sizes. There is no absolute * standard by which the material is graded and considerable variation exists between the grades furnished by different shippers.
The production of molding sand in 1913 amounted to 504,348 short tons valued at $449,224. The entire output, with the excep- tion of a small quantity from Chautauqua and Cayuga counties, came from the Hudson river district. The returns indicated an increase of about 10 per cent in the production as compared with the preceding year when the total amounted to 469,138 short tons with a value of $422,148.
_Core and fire sand. Core sand is a nearly pure quartz sand used in the cores of molds. It must possess refractory qualities and be permeable to gases. Fire sand is a refractory sand of about the same characters, employed in lining the hearths of furnaces. These sands are produced in Erie, Oneida and Queens counties. The out- put for 1913 was reported as 53,757 short tons valued at $38,571.
Glass sand. The requirements for sand used in glass manufac- ture are that it shall be practically pure quartz. Iron minerals are particularly objectionable and not more than a trace of iron is allow- able. Glass sands are found in New York State in some of the beaches of the interior lakes, particularly Oneida lake, and on the shores of Long Island sound. The natural sands are washed to purify them of clay, mica, magnetite and other ingredients. At one time large quantities were produced around Oneida lake which forty or fifty years ago was an important center of window glass manu- facture. At present the output is only a few thousand tons and it is all shipped to points outside the State. -
Building sand. The largest quantities of sand are consumed in building and construction work for the making of concrete and mor- tar. Sands adapted to such purposes have a widespread occurrence, and their excavation and shipment to market is purely a local busi- ness, except in a few places which supply the larger cities.
The beach sands of Long Island afford excellent building sands which are shipped to New York City and its environs. In the inte- rior of the State, glacial sands, which may be more or less re-sorted by river action, are mainly employed. Thus Albany derives its sup- ply from a delta deposit within the city limits. Rochester has sev- eral sources of supply of which the principal one is the Pinnacle
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I9QI3 We
hills just south of the city, a deposit formed by glacial streams. The beach sands of Lake Erie are used in Buffalo.
The amount of sand and gravel used for building and construc- tion purposes each year can only be approximated. Reports re- ceived from the principal producers who operated more or less steadily from year to year indicate a total value for these materials in 1913 of $2,021,471. This figure, however, certainly falls consid- erably short of the real value, possibly by as much as 15 per cent.
Other kinds. Filter sand is produced on Long Island. It is a quartz sand of medium to coarse texture, free of silt, and is em- ployed in water filtration. The principal uses are the municipal filtration plants.
Engine sand is the sand used by railroad and traction companies for sanding the rails to prevent slipping. Almost any quartz sand that is not too coarse or admixed with clay is suitable.
Polishing sand is employed by stone cutting establishments for sawing and polishing soft building stone like marble and limestone. It is a sized quartz sand.
SAND-LIME BRICK BY ROBERT W. JONES
During the season of 1913 there were in operation in the State of New York four plants producing sand-lime brick, with a total of 22,225,000 having a value of $143,345 at the plant, or an average of $6.40 a thousand. While the number of active plants has decreased, there has been an increase in both production and value over the preceding year when the production was 21,231,000 with a value of $133,736, an average of $6.30 a thousand.
The active producers during the last season include the Glens Falls Granite Brick Co., which in 1903 was the first to produce sand-lime brick on a commercial scale in this State; the Buffalo Sandstone Brick Co., of Buffalo and the Paragon Plaster Co., of Syracuse, which began to operate in 1904; and the Rochester Com- posite Brick Co., which began operations in 1905.
The commercial outlet for sand-lime brick was overestimated at first, and many entered upon the production without the necessary experience to produce a strictly first-class article. The production fell off from year to year until 1909. During 1908 it reached the lowest figure when 8,239,000 bricks were manufactured, having a value of $55,688, compared with 17,080,000 and a value of $122,340
=
74 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
for the year 1906. Beginning with 1909 the demand began to im- prove and steadily increased, due to a greater activity in building operations and to a better recognition of the value of sand-lime brick in construction. Methods of manufacture changed and the product now is a strictly high grade sand-lime brick having a calcium silicate bond. The industry of the State is concerned only with this grade of brick, there being at present no commercial production of mortar brick.
The majority of the operating plants in the State manufacture their product with the standard American dry press, though the Ger- man rotating press is represented. The crude material in all cases comes from local sources and the finished product supplies generally only the local demand. The following table shows the progress of the industry in the State. The figures for 1903, 1904 and 1905 were not obtainable.
Production of sand-lime brick
VALUE OPERAT- YEAR QUANTITY VALUE PER ING THOUSAND PLANTS
TOOL sess Hesteata aes he eke 17 080 000 $122 340 $7 16 a LO OF eves Mess iwereh Aelie aes ae = 16 610 000 109 677 6 60 9 TQ OSU es Weng ee yarn 8 239 000 55 688 6 44 6 TO OQ Ari thera ss ie sl icici aie 12 683 000 81 693 6 31 6 TODOS. Welaracs wave lndce Geer es 14 053 000 82 619 5 88 6 1 KG ea estan ian a Rae eye fe 15 178 000 92 064 6 05 5 TODD es Maral esti: alts citar ce ter 21 231 000 133 736 6 30 5 IUC}IE Mean etaetiey Sara aren atte Oh 22 225 000 143 345 6 40 4 STONE 2
The products of the quarries form a large item in the total min- eral production of the State. The last few years have witnessed, however, some notable changes in the relative importance of the dif- ferent branches of the stone industry. The use of cement and terra cotta has curtailed the demand for cut stone in building operations, so that this branch no longer occupies the prominent place that it once had. Similarly, the market for flagstone and curbstone has fallen off, more especially for flagstone, as a result of the favor shown for cement construction. On the other hand there has been a tremendous development of the crushed stone industry, which has practically counterbalanced the declines in the other departments.
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I913 75
Altogether the changes that have taken place have meant a loss in- dustrially to the State, since the preparation of crushed stone re- quires a minimum of labor of the unskilled kind.
_ The statistics of production indicate that the year 1913 was a fairly active one for the quarry business. The total value of the materials of all kinds, as reported by the individual enterprises, was $6,763,054, as compared with $5,718,994 in the preceding year. There was thus a gain of $1,044,060 or about 18 per cent for the year. The output, however, fell below that returned for some of the earlier years and the gain does not seem to indicate any real expansion of quarry operations outside the crushing business. It is to be noted that the totals do not include any products from slate, millstone and cement quarries, for which separate statistics are published elsewhere. in this report.
The granite quarries reported a considerably larger output than in 1912, but mainly in crushed stone. Of building and monumental granite, the product was a little less than in the preceding year.
The limestone quarries contributed about one-half of the total re- ported for the entire industry, maintaining the same relative posi- tion which they have occupied in the past. Limestone is more ex- tensively used for crushed stone than any other kind, and it also finds a large outlet in lime making, furnace flux and for chemical manufacturing.
There was little change in the marble industry, the production having been about the same as in 1912. Building stone is the larg- est item in the local market, with monumental stone ranking next.
The sandstone output showed a small increase, mainly in the item of curbstone. In previous years the production had shown a marked decline owing to the decreased demand for flagstone, which is mainly quarried in the southeastern bluestone region. At one time this was a very large and flourishing branch of the industry, in fact the most important of all.
The trap quarries in the Palisades section made about their usual output, although the future of the industry is somewhat unsettled. The river quarries will eventually have to shut down, as they come within the bounds of the new Palisades park. It is possible that new quarries may be opened inland to take their place.
The production of the different kinds of stone during the past three years is given in the tables herewith.
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Production of stone in 1911
a Included under ‘‘All other.”
CURBING ens MONU- AND CRUSHED TOTAL stone | MENTAL | FLAG- STONE VALUE GING $30 684 $11 353 a $72 401 $148 633 WA OS ek e.atore bre | B11 989] 1 936 292 3 174 I61 IL FARM 7) MS) oo cg oclblaos s4dcac 278 O41 327 587, Masain tas 526 074 23, 883 I 060 106 aeRO RS talon gettin Jooneosae 896 164 899 414 $642 101) $90 468 $528 063/$2 928 740 $5 560 355 a Included under ‘All other.” Production of stone in 1912 CURBING meen MONU- AND CRUSHED TOTAL stone | MENTAL | FLAG- STONE VALUE GING ! $65 487| $19 130 a $49 307 $2 02 096 IOS Ysiillscoccocc 5 481) 2 176 368 3 510 445 P55 AL | (SAS Tarver leereoreee 241 847 210) Obs|oogcncad 615 846 45 301 I 280 743 seid eclie cate Norske tore en boned lRewenmeanegene es 483 863 483 863 $692 534 $103 641 $621 327|62 754 839 $5 718 994 a Included under ‘‘All other.” Production of stone in 1913 CURBING rece MONU- AND CRUSHED TOTAL STONE | MENTAL,| FLAG- STONE VALUE GING $45 Q11| $17 013| a $236 650 $335 642 IOI 198]........ $6 546] 2 386 632 3 852 678 127, VS 5 Ole ST 330 Maa Seene eee eerie 252 2092 2S 5m OAS e yeienee 682 984 46 267 1 320272 Ae Raa rl PADS Be eee nT an I OOI 170 I OOI 170 $560 310] $98 343|8689 530/83 670 719 $1 744 152 $6 763 054
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI3 WE
GRANITE
Granite is both a specific and a general term. When used in the restricted scientific sense it means an igneous rock of thor- oughly crystalline character in which the chief constituents are feldspar, quartz and mica. Such a rock has a massive appearance, that is, the constituents are uniformly distributed in every direction, and owing to the predominance of the feldspar and quartz, the color is rather light, commonly gray or pink. As a variation to the uniform distribution of the minerals, the latter may develop a plane parallel arrangement through the influence of compression when the mass was still deeply buried in the earth’s crust. A granite with this parallel or foliated texture is known as a granite gneiss.
The commercial definition of granite is much broader than that given and includes almost any of the crystalline silicate rocks (usually igneous) that possess the requisite physical qualities for use as architectural or monumental stone. In most cases the com- mercial product is actually a granite in the true sense, but not in- frequently it may be a syenite which lacks quartz. or a diorite consisting of plagioclase, feldspar and hornblende, or anorthosite which contains little else than basic plagioclase feldspar. So-called black granites are mainly gabbros and diabases with a large pro- portion of the iron compounds pyroxene, hornblende and magnetite.
The broader usage will be followed in the present classification, as all the above named rocks are quarried in this State. The only silicate rock not included under granite is diabase or trap which, on account of the special features surrounding its production and uses, is classed by itself.
Granites and the related igneous types are restricted to two well-defined areas in New York—the Adirondacks in the north and the Highlands in the southeast. Some account of the principal quarries in the two areas has been given in the issue of this report for the year IgII.
The production of granite in the last three years is shown in the accompanying table. The figures represent the cOmmercial
value of the output of all quarries with the exception of those,
operated by contractors on road improvement work, for which it is very difficult to compile any reliable figures. The total value of the granite quarried in 1913 was $335,642, as compared with $202,096 in 1912. The gain was mainly in the item of crushed stone. There was little change in the building, monumental and other kinds, aside from the crushed product.
For. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Production of granite
VARIETY IQII 1912 1913 tral dati gre: ms oh ae at Per aa eer $30 684 $65 487 $45 QII Monumentalor ein vst once eaeeaeee II 353 19 130 17 O13 Crushedistonensaes 2 sea eee on 72 401 49 307 236 650 Rubbletrnpraparcacwneis seamen 28 162 27 861 9 722 Other kinds: Dies ac nari ene ane 6 033 40 311 26 346 DOGMA RSD NRete 4dr 2 ili th ele $148 633 $202 096 $335 642
QUARRY NOTES
Keeseville. The development of quarries in the vicinity of
Keeseville was under way during 1913. The Empire State Granite Co. opened two quarries on lands of George W. Smith, about a mile west of Keeseville, near the Clintonville road, and did some exploratory work in the vicinity of Augur lake, southeast of that village. The rock in both places is anorthosite, the same as that once quarried at Keeseville under the name of “ Ausable granite.” The present openings west of Keeseville yield a more uniform material than the Prospect hill quarries which were the source of the product in earlier years. A notable feature of the stone which differentiates it from ordinary granites is its color —a light, trans- lucent green on both fractured and polished surfaces. The com- position, of course, is also quite distinct from that of granite proper, being characterized by a predominance of the lime-soda feldspar labradorite. This constitutes from 75 to 85 per cent of the mass. It composes most of the body where it is finely divided and also occurs in scattered crystals of larger size which lend the effect of a porphyritic texture, as the larger individuals have a dark color. Besides feldspar, there is some pyroxene, black when seen in the hand specimen, red garnet in threadlike aggregates, and ilmenite of opaque black color. The stone is remarkable for its fresh condition at the very surface, there being only a thin skin, not over one-half inch thick, of bleached material on the exposed surfaces which have been subject to weathering since Glacial time.
One of the quarries on the Smith property is on the side of a ridge which affords a working face 50 feet high. The rock is broken by joints at rather wide intervals, there being two main systems of vertical joints, the one about north-south and the other at right
ee ee eS eS a
ich &
- ee pains NR i Ek On pe Oe
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I9Q13 79
angles. A 12 foot diabase dike intersects the quarry face in an east-west direction. The rock is fine in texture, except for the residual crystals which range from a fraction of an inch to several inches across. At the second quarry, which is a pit opening, the rock is coarser and contains a larger proportion of residual feld- spars. The joints here run southeast-northwest and northwest- southeast with a horizontal set at intervals’of 3 or 4 feet. A dike of trap and one of syenite porphyry were. noticed in the walls of the quarry.
On the shores of Augur lake occur extensive exposures of anor- thosite ; in some places cliffs rise from 75 to 100 feet directly from the lake. The material varies in texture and appearance from place to place. Some varieties have a dark color and contain a large percentage of iron-magnesia minerals in the form of pyroxene and biotite. Other types of the rock are light gray or greenish, being then more feldspathic. The places prospected by the Empire State Granite Co. are on the west side of Augur lake. Nearby is a quarry on the property of C. B. White which was worked several years ago and the product shipped to New York for use in the Criminal Courts building. The stone is of light gray color. The quarry opening is on top of a ledge 80 feet above the lake and is about 150 feet square.
The anorthosite from this section is a strong durable material, well adapted for most structural purposes. It takes a good polish and is attractive on account of its rare color. The polished samples, however, show minute hairlike fractures which seem to mark the direction of the rift and grain. Apparently their presence does not materially weaken the structure, as the crushing is equal to that of the average granite. Tests made by the office of public roads in Washington showed an ultimate strength of 20,500 pounds a square inch on a specimen from the Smith property and 18,500 pounds on-a specimen from Augur lake.
Parishville. A new monumental and structural granite has been quarried at Parishville in eastern St Lawrence county. The stone has been marketed under the name of the St Regis Red Veined Granite. _ It has a dark red fine-grained body in which appear. curved and, branching veinlets of bright red color and somewhat coarse grain, but of the same mineral composition as the rest. The _vein- ing is not sharply defined but shades off on the borders and in places developes into round or irregular unclear patches which give the effect of clouds of lighter color. The appearance of a polished
80 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
surface is quite attractive, as it is also rare among stones of this class. The coarser grained material is not the result of pegmatitic injection, but a variation produced from different conditions of crystallization, probably in a stage of resoftening of the original rock. The granite belongs to the Adirondack granite gneisses and is composed of feldspar, biotite and quartz, the last in rather small amount for true granite, with some hornblende, magnetite, zircon _ and chloritic alteration products. It is a well-preserved strong stone. A crushing test made at the Clarkson School of Technology at Potsdam showed an ultimate resistance of 20,000 pounds to the square inch. The chemical composition, as determined by L.- K. Russell, is as follows:
SiO Ri PO UA ica Uo ae AS Tie ena eau dt ad ee Cr 66.78 A Oger eee eee aes ars ken sc aes RU SE ZL GeO eh CoE a 13.01 Beans Ae Ne pains ei ose cok ce ee a ne ee eee 6.50 MISO etre a ser ene Ui gah Soe ooo) ko ict ne cree 92 (OPO), Sea Rc hte eae errr Se ME Tie RE WELL Wea Gic'n 6.6 onc 1.31 INO ROL iy lilies sosce Uctstjeaista hate aaa aie ntact A RRP pea LOI Paar a 10.89 16 ES © eae ha eat nee Mee eee ye eee ie Ub ee Se ek Pe hum Sebors a 6.0 -51
of BO} 2) Anan NEN AM SOEs Lc eR Atay Noma PMR IN AE Ula ee a 99.92
The quarry is operated by the St Regis Red Veined Granite Co. A sample of the granite in the State Museum shows a good polish and very attractive pattern. Monumental stock is the main product.
LIMESTONE
The stone classified under the heading of limestone consists for the most part of the common grades of limestone and dolomite such as are characterized by a compact granular or finely crystal- line texture and are lacking in ornamental qualities.
A smaller part is represented by crystalline limestone and by the waste products of marble quarrying which is sometimes employed for crushed stone, lime making or flux. Limestone used for the manufacture of portland and natural cement is, however, excluded from the tabulations so as to avoid any duplications of the statistics.
Limestones have a wide distribution in the State, the only region which is not well supplied being the southern part where the pre- vailing formations are sandstones of Devonic age. The micro- crystalline varieties occur in regular stratified order in the Cambric, Lower Siluric, Upper Siluric and Devonic systems. In most sec- tions they occupy considerable belts and have been little disturbed from their original horizontal position. On the borders of the
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I9QI3 SI
Adirondacks and in the metamorphosed Hudson river region, how- ever, they have been more or less broken up by faulting and erosion and in places have a very patchy distribution.
The Cambric limestones are found in isolated areas on the east, south and west of the Adirondacks. They are usually impure, representing a transition phase between the Potsdam sandstones below and the high calcium limestones above. The lower beds of the Beekmantown formation as originally defined are now known to belong to the Cambric system. The Little Falls dolomite is perhaps the most prominent member of the Cambric limestones and is extensively developed in the Mohawk valley with quarries at Little Falls, Amsterdam, and other places. It is a rather heavily bedded stone of grayish color, suitable more especially for building purposes. In Saratoga county the Hoyt limestone is in part the equivalent of the Little Falls dolomite; it has been quarried for building stone just west of Saratoga Springs. On the west side of the Adirondacks the Theresa limestone is described by Cushing as a sandy dolomite which may in part belong to the Cambric system. It is comparatively thin and has no importance for quarry purposes.
The Beekmantown limestone, which is now taken as including the middle and upper beds of that series as earlier defined, is mostly restricted to the Champlain valley. It occurs on the New York shore in rather small areas, usually down-faulted blocks, that are the remnants of a once continuous belt. It is also represented doubtless in the basal portion of the limestone area that extends across Washington and Warren counties. The only place where it has been extensively quarried is at Port Henry where the purer layers have been worked for flux. In the Lake Champlain region it is a bluish or grayish magnesian limestone occurring in layers from a few inches to several feet thick.
The Chazy limestone is found in the same region as the Beek- mantown in discontinuous areas along the eastern Adirondacks from Saratoga county north to the Canadian boundary. It attains its maximum thickness in eastern and northeastern Clinton county, and has been quarried around Plattsburg, Chazy and on Valcour island. The Chazy is the earliest representative of the Paleozoic forma- tions characterized by a fairly uniform high calcium content ; it analyzes 95 per cent or more of calcium carbonate. It has a gray- ish color and finely crystalline texture. The fossiliferous beds afford attractive polished material which is sold as “ Lepanto”
82 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
marble. It is used also for lime and furnace flux. There are old quarries on Willsboro point, Essex county. On the west side of
the Adirondacks the Pamelia limestone, described in the areal re-
ports of that section, belong to the Chazy series. It covers a con-
siderable area in Jefferson county between Leraysville and Clayton, and has been rather extensively quarried for building stone and lime, though of subordinate importance to the Trenton limestones of that section.
In the Mohawkian or Trenton group are included the Lowville (Birdseye), Black River and Trenton limestones which have a wide distribution and collectively rank among the very important quarry materials of the State. They are represented in the Champlain valley but are specially prominent on the Vermont side; from the latter area a belt extends southwest across northern Washington county to Glens Falls in Warren county and is continued into Saratoga county. Another belt begins in the Mohawk valley near Little Falls and extends northwesterly with gradually increasing width across Oneida, Lewis and Jefferson counties to the St Lawrence river. There are isolated areas of Trenton limestone in the Hudson valley south of Albany. The limestones vary in com- position and physical character according to locality and geologic position. They are often highly fossiliferous. In the northern section they are mostly gray to nearly black in color, contain little
magnesia and run as high as 97 or 98 per cent calcium carbonate. —
The lower part of the group is heavily bedded and well adapted for building stone ; the upper beds commonly contain more or less shale. They are used for various purposes including building and orna- mental stone, crushed stone, lime, portland cement and flux. In the Champlain valley quarries are found near Plattsburg, Larabees Point and Crown Point; in Washington county at Smiths Basin; in Warren county at Glens Falls where there are extensive quarries that supply material for building purposes, portland cement and lime. The well-known black marble from: Glens Falls is taken from the Trenton. Numerous quarries have been opened in Herk- imer, Oneida, Lewis and Jefferson counties. The output of the last named quarry is specially important, including limestone for ‘building and road construction and lime for manufacture of calcium carbide. The principal quarries in Jefferson county are at Chau- mont.
The next assemblage of limestones in the order of stratigraphic occurrence includes the Clinton, Lockport and Guelph members
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI3 83
of the Niagara group. The Clinton limestone has a variable im- portance in the belt of Clinton strata that extends from Otsego county a little south of the Mohawk river across the central and western parts of the State on the line of Oneida lake and Rochester to the Niagara river. East of Rochester the limestone is relatively thin, usually shaly and split up into several layers, but on the west end in Niagara county it becomes the predominant member and has a more uniform character. Large quarries have been opened recently at Pekin, Niagara county, for the supply of flux to the blast furnaces of the Lackawanna Steel Co. at Buffalo. The upper beds of bluish gray fossiliferous limestone from 10 to 12 feet thick are the purest and analyze from go to 95 per cent calcium carbonate. The Lockport is a magnesian limestone, in places a typical dolomite, and is rather siliceous in the lower part. It outcrops in a continu- ous belt, several miles wide, from Niagara Falls east to Onondaga county and then with diminishing width across Madison county. The upper layers are rather heavy and yield material suitable for building purposes, road metal and lime. There are quarries around Niagara Falls, Lockport and Rochester. It is worked to some extent in Wayne, Onondaga and Madison counties. The Guelph, also a dolomite, occupies a limited area in Monroe and Orleans counties and is worked near Rochester.
The Cayugan group includes among its members the Cobleskill, -
Rondout and Manlius limestones, which are economically important. They have furnished large quantities of material for the manu- facture of natural cement, being the source of the cement rock in the Rosendale district and in Schoharie and Onondaga counties. The cement rock of Erie county is found in the Salina formation. The Manlius limestone is used for portland cement in the eastern part of the State.
At the base of the Devonic system appears the Helderbergian group which is very important for its calcareous strata. Limestones of this age strongly developed along the Hudson river in Albany, Columbia, Greene and Ulster counties. The Coeymans or lower Pentamerus and the Becraft or upper Pentamerus limestones afford material for building, road metal, lime and portland cement. The limestone for the portland cement works at Hudson and Greenport is obtained from Becraft mountain, an isolated area of limestones belonging to the Manlius, Helderbergian and Onondaga formations. The works at Howes Cave use both the Manlius and Coeymans limestones. Extensive quarries are located also at Catskill, Rondout and South Bethlehem,
84 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
The Onondaga limestone, separated from the preceding by the Oriskany sandstone, has a very wide distribution, outcropping al- most continuously from Buffalo, Erie county, eastward to Oneida county and then southeasterly into Albany county, where the belt curves to the south and continues through Greene, Ulster and Orange counties to the Delaware river. It is in most places a bluish gray, massive limestone with layers and disseminated nodules of chert. The chert is usually more abundant in the upper beds. The limestone finds use as building stone and the less siliceous materials, also, for lime-making. Quarries have been opened at Kingston, Split Rock (near Syracuse), Auburn, Waterloo, Seneca Falls, Le Roy, Buffalo and other places.
The Tully is the uppermost of the important limestone formations and likewise the most southerly one represented in the.central part of the State. Its line of outcrop extends from Ontario to Madison county, intersecting most of the Finger lakes. Its thickness is not over 10 feet, and on that account can not be worked to advantage except under most favorable conditions of exposure. For building stone it is quarried only locally and to a very limited extent. It finds its principal use in portland cement manufacture, being em- ployed for that purpose by the Cayuga Lake Cement Co. in its works at Portland Point, Tompkins county.
Marl is a useful substitute for the hard limestone for some pur- poses and is rather extensively developed in the central and western parts of the State. It is found particularly in swampy tracts and old lake basins associated with clay and peat. In the Cowaselon swamp near Canastota the marl underlies several-thousand acres and is said to be 30 feet thick, The Montezuma marshes in Cayuga and Seneca counties contain a large deposit which at Montezuma is 14 feet thick. In Steuben county the marls at Arkport and Dansville have been employed for lime-making. Until recently marls have been used extensively for portland cement and plants were operated at one time in the marl beds near Warner and Jordan, Onondaga county; at Montezuma, Cayuga county; Wayland, Steuben county ; and Caledonia, Livingston county. Their principal use at present is for agricultural and chemical purposes.
Production. Limestone is by far the most important of the quarry materials, accounting for more than one-half of the total value returned by the quarries each year. Its importance depends upon the varied uses which it serves as well as upon its wide distri- bution, It is extensively employed as crushed stone for concrete
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I913 85
and road making, as building stone, and for construction purposes generally, and in addition is an important material in chemical manu- facturing and metallurgy. A large and increasing demand for lime- stone has recently developed in connection with agriculture for which purposes it is either burned into lime or ground into a fine powder.
The output of limestone has shown a steady gain during the last four years and in 1913 it amounted to a value of $3,852,678, much the largest on record. The total for 1912 was $3,510,445. These figures do not show the value of the stone consumed in portland cement manufacture which is a large item, or of any material quar- ried by contractors on road improvement work, for which no reliable data are obtainable.
The statistical canvass for 1913 showed a total of one hundred four active quarries distributed among twenty-nine counties of the State.
Production of limestone
| MATERIAL IQII I9I2 1913
Crushedistones: s 345044 <es er ners wists $1 936 292 | $2 176 368 $2 386 632 IE AECeTe: TREPEYE (Oe PAI es Se pa eRe 400 396 | 452 002 486 908 iBuildingystone!... «ey nee es oles: 112 082 108 581 IOI 198 UENACC MU). cee, «52 Wes S32 454 800 542 154 575 102 Rubbles-rnpray:. 2: v0 82. ye. eee eo cas 20 328 | 10 696 26 006 lagging Peurbing so.) 2) ccs ce ca oe II 989 | 5 481 6 546 WMASeeIA EONS 215: 5553 foyer aie eater | 238 274 | 215 163 270 286
1G) 2) bi Sia PR ca RP Pare ps ! $3 174 161 | $3 510 445 | $3 852 678
Erie county outranks all others in importance in this industry ; the value of the limestone quarried in the county last year amounted to $832,579. The products are chiefly furnace flux, crushed stone and building stone. The principal quarries are.at North Buffalo, Clar- ence and Akron.
Onondaga county is the second largest producer, with a total value of $501,506 in 1913. A large proportion of the product is quarried by the Solvay Process Co. for use as a reagent in the manufacture of alkali. The quarries operated by the company at Jamesville are very extensive and supply crushed stone as a by-product. A new producer in 1913 was the Lackawanna Stone Co, with quarries in the town of Onondaga.
SS ee ee. ee ee
86 . NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
The other counties reporting a value of over $100,000 in 1913 were Dutchess, Genesee, Rockland, Niagara, Warren, Albany, Clinton and Schoharie in the order of their output. The Wickwire Limestone Co. opened a flux quarry at Gasport, Niagara county.
The distribution of the production of limestone for the years 1912 and 1913 is shown in the accompanying tables.
Crushed stone. Limestone finds its principal application as crushed stone in which form it is employed for road metal, concrete and railroad ballast. There are large quarries supplying crushed stone in Erie, Genesee, Onondaga, Dutchess, Ulster, Rockland and Westchester counties. The canal, highway and other public im- provements in current progress have created large markets for the material, and the production has shown a steady increase. A con- siderable quantity of the fines made by the crushing plants is sold for agricultural purposes as a substitute for burnt rock or lime.
The value of the crushed stone for 1913 reached a total of $2,386,- 632 against $2,176,368 for the preceding year. As already stated, the total does not comprise the stone crushed by contractors 1a tem- porary plants for use on the highway system. The actual quantity of stone produced by the crushing plants was 3,945,543 ‘cubic yards, as compared with 3,559,257 cubic yards in 1912.
Lime. The value of the lime made for market last year was $486,908 as compared with $452,002 in 1912. In quantity it amounted to 110,083 short tons against 93,176 short tons in 1912. ‘In addition there was a large output made in connection with chem- ical manufactures, such! as alkali, carbide etc., which as it was mar- keted in the form of lime has been included in the tables under “Other uses.” The principal lime-burning industry is in Warren, Washington, Clinton, Jefferson, Fulton, Madison and Dutchess coun- ties. The increase shown in the last two or three years may be attributed to the growing use of lime for agricultural purposes.
Building stone. The product of building stone has diminished steadily from year to year. The output of $101,198 recorded for 1913 was less than half the total returned five years ago. The de- cline has been caused by the lessened demand for building stone and not to. any exhaustion of the -quarries. The wide use of concrete and steel.construction in, the, cities has changed the wholé market situation, reducing the sales of cut stone, but giving a great impetus to the crushed stone business.
The total value of the building stone quarried in 1913 was $10I,- 198, as compared with $108,<81 in the preceding year, Erie county,
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1913 87
as heretofore, contributed the largest part, $56,239 against $67,912 in the preceding year. Cayuga, Onondaga, Monroe and Warren counties made smaller outputs.
Furnace flux. The metallurgical enterprises which are established in the State provide a large outlet for fluxing limestone which is mainly obtained from local formations. Nearly pure high calcium limestones are usually required for the purpose, although in iron smelting the presence of magnesia is not detrimental. The principal flux quarries are in the Onondaga limestone of Erie and Genesee counties, the Clinton limestone of Niagara county, the Precambric limestones or marbles of the Adirondacks, and the Chazy limestones of the Champlain valley. The limestones in these sections carry from go to 95 per cent of calcium carbonate.
The production of flux in 1913 was valued at $575,102, represent- ing a total of 1,052,519 net tons. The corresponding figures for the preceding year were $542,154 and 1,032,481 tons. Niagara and Erie counties, which supply the iron and steel works about Buffalo, reported the largest quantities.
Agricultural lime. The use of lime on agricultural lands has become an important factor in the quarry industry. The quantity sold for the purpose is not given separately in the statistical tables for the reason that many of the quarry companies themselves do not know the amount of their product that is thus used. Much of the material sold is really a by-product of which little account is taken, as in the case of the fines and dust of the crushing plants which are now utilized, and also the inferior grades of quicklime. There are a number of quarries, however, that dispose of all or a large part of their product for agricultural lime. Altogether the quantity pro- duced last year probably amounts to 100,000 tons, and may have been considerably more. There has been a very active inquiry for quarry lands in the State which are favorably situated for supplying this market. The material must be delivered to the consumer at a low price to make it economically available, and the tendency, doubtless, will be to develop local quarries so far as possible.
There is an inexhaustible supply of limestone well adapted for agricultural use, though the resources are by no means so distributed as to be always available as commercial quarry sites. The best lime- stones, that is the high-grade calcium varieties, are mainly to be found in the Precambric and early Paleozoic formations of the northern part of the State. The crystalline limestones or marbles of St Lawrence, Jefferson and Lewis counties, the Trenton lime-
88 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
stones on the southeastern, southern and western ‘sides of the Ad- irondacks, and the Chazy limestone of the Champlain valley are the
more important.
Production of limestone by counties in 1912
CRUSHED | LIME !FURNACE OTHER COUNTY ING TOTAL STONE MADE BLUX ||) chown USES |_| —___
Albbaniye 2) Go- n=. PESO OQO| Oslo. calle Gavekort ee $136 690 @ayudac eens yae 32) O20 EAA 5 Ween aesae B7 230). 1 gee 39 950 Glintoneens eee 8 694| $60 521) $13 423 600) $2 881 86 119 1D) cletgiey eee ae ee cr ee 607 107 75| 246 O91] 67 912 2 662 923 847 Genesee......... 214 310 6 750| 54 557|......-- 6 000 281 617 Greenesas cess: 5 3 25 0)ncacte wien GO00| 00 5). oe Slee. aenaete g 250 Herkimer’. ss 14, S2G)oe 2 ox elles ce Qs Geese ater eee eee 14 826 Jefferson......... TS: 865 G27 OAD ek hea os ee | ee 36 807 IhewiSina <.wene 1 568!) S5000|ennee ee 30|" 2) 782 39 389 Madison......... 33957) |\tenetsset | one ie 7O6| 2). eee 34 723 Monroe......... 28 079 6 600}........ 2 307i tos eee 36 986 Montgomery..... 17 fan ASY: lll ee emanate lhe cs ata eters 7 259 I 886 26 939 IN atralls SN Rr ieee tno Ret eine 192 915 I 407 2 800; 197 122 Oneidak coe see. 5ST 507) 14 280hnte oh alee ak aol ecneeee 65 787 Onondaga....... 204 998 Gye | hare eee 6 407| 208 914} 420 319 Rensselaer. ...... ORV IOV ING aves ath alls sie o Gad © T5O0leee scone 24 124 St Lawrence..... I 035 5 277| 24 612 5 TAQ eo en 36 073 Schoharie........ 96 000]........ 210| 2 089 I 658 99 957 (UIsters- Scr soe an 38 375), TO" 360)- ha aloe Sa. lle 54 735 Warren Senter AOWA 4/2077 27M 6 441 308 260 910 Washington (4 Jl aieee: = MZ POs scoscec S00|se eee 43 650 Wrestchester2a. 2 ass aceee-2 = II 695 TOO} s iccucrs ee I 000 I2 795 Other counties d. . 596 285) 26 425! 4 246 - 425 449| 627 830
Motal 2 .skae: $2 176 368|\$452 002/$542 154\$108 581/$231 340/$3 510 445
a Lime made by Solvay Process Co. and Union Carbide Co. included in ‘‘ Other uses.”’ : 6 Includes Columbia, Dutchess, Essex, Fulton, Ontario, Orange, Rockland and Seneca counties.
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I9Q13 89
Production of limestone by counties in 1913
BUILD- CRUSHED | LIME |FURNACE OTHER COUNTY ING TOTAL STONE MADE NEWS |) ae USES
/s\i| yeh 1 ee CITA SASH ya Aree SUS 2 a ae | eR LR $141 583 (CENT lee eae ae BONAR Y aueeners Noe Lee e, $12 552 $74 43 O81 CWALOM. 45 2/56 42 861| $62 073| $17 810 450, «I 255 124 449 Dimbehessmae se AS QmIA 7 MOL ORO 2lews a hieee een eine has |Solsee sve. a 451 509 IBin Bane ts Vincente Sif ONO) oaogooee 251 OII| 56 239, 10 710 832 579 GenicScO oe 208 881} 15 000} 60 860 700 3 500 288 941 Crean). ne DUEZOOWAR Nectar eo aaenk |e eas ole 350 2 650 Plenkamien. | 4. .h 2. TLS OO] ead pe spre ig| ict Beh ed veel healer ot obailiay sng ee meate I 800 Jieierson sso. 2c: 8 170] 58 230 it OOo soccea- 16 400 83 800 Wewiswein sf i Oil, AR COA, oo 6b oes 114 4 471 60 158 Wiadisons 4590 3: 43 365| 41 571 I 380 685 I 950 88 951 Mionroe. . ss « 30 695 7 OFOleccceooc & WOO) >coboane 43 544 Montgomery..... ZONOAG| iio eel ervene we 4 995 I 361 39 305 INNES So bmooee 222 OO eee erie 215 498 2 810 236 240 940 Onondaga....... DS 2RAQG | ery eleva cialll tere e cect = 9 581] 209 500 501 506 ot Lawrence..... 13 407 3 162] 18 915 810 453 36 747 Sehoarienen ss. RY GAA Gs seen 6 400 431| 26 438 114 OI! Wisterssee shes. AG Ovfill| 1G) QUO|soodo0scllesmonee Were rae to 92 O81 Wisrremtes 2: c 1% BP) WMOS\ iF4L Oilkella co asaoc 5 435] 26 082 218 601 Washington...... i FOO! 24, COO scococe- ASO Goes iuoe 44 750 Other counties... 370 859| 23 600) 8 228 947| 58] 403 692
Mota sso 28 $2 386 632/$486 ae 102|$101 198 #302 838\$3 852 678
MARBLE
Marble, in the commercial sense, like granite, includes a variety of rocks that lend themselves to building or decorative uses. Most commonly, the name signifies a crystalline aggregate of calcite or dolomite, as distinguished from ordinary limestones which at best are of indistinctly crystalline nature. At the same time it implies the feature of attractiveness by reason of color and the ability to take a lustrous polish. Rocks pessessing all these features are mar- bles in the strict sense to which the name may be applied without qualification. Some compact or granular limestones that lack the elements of thorough crystallinity make, however, a handsome ap- pearance when polished, and such are commercially classed as mar- bles. Fossil marbles, black marbles, and a few other kinds are com- monly of the noncrystalline type. Serpentine marble, or verde antique, is made up for the most part of the mineral serpentine, a silicate of magnesium and iron, and is therefore not related to the varieties already described. Ophitic limestone, or ophicalcite, is a crystalline limestone or dolomite carrying grains and nodules of ser-
go NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
pentine scattered more or less evenly through its mass. Its orna- mental quality lies in the speckled or mottled pattern and the sharp contrast between the clear white mass and the greenish serpentine inclusions.
Marbles belonging to those various types find representation in the geologic formations of the State and are quarried on a commer- cial scale or have been so quarried in the past.
The true or crystalline varieties are limited in occurrence to the metamorphic areas of the Adirondacks and southeastern New York. They are of early geologic age, antedating the period of crustal dis- turbance and metamorphism which in the Adirondacks was brought to a close practically before Cambric time and which in southeastern New York was completed in the Paleozoic. This thoroughly crys- talline character is in fact a development of the strong compression accompanied by heat to which they have been subjected ; having been originally, no doubt, ordinary granular or fossiliferous limestones similar to those so plentifully represented in the undisturbed forma- tions outside the regions.
The crystalline limestones of the Adirondacks are mast abundant on the western border in Jefferson, Lewis and St Lawrence coun- ties where they occur in belts up to 4 or 5 miles wide and several times as long, interfolded and more or less intermixed with sedimen- tary gneisses, schists and quartzites. They are found in smaller and more irregularly banded areas in Warren and Essex counties on the eastern side, but have little importance elsewhere. The ophitic lime-. stones that have been quarried at different times belong to the same series. The marbles of the Adirondacks comprise both the calcite class with very little magnesia and the dolomite class containing high percentages of magnesia. No definite relation is apparent in regard to the occurrence of the two and both may be found in the same area and in close association.
The southeastern New York marbles occur in belts which follow the north-south valleys, east of the Hudson, from Manhattan island into Westchester, Dutchess and Columbia counties. They range from very coarsely crystalline to finely crystalline rocks, are prevail- ingly white in color and belong to the dolomite class. They are interfolded with schists and quartzites, the whole series having steep dips like those of strongly compressed strata. The geologic age of the southern belts is probably Precambric, but on the north and east within range of the Taconic disturbance, they may belong to the early Paleozoic.
a "
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQT3 gi
Bodies of practically pure serpentine of considerable extent are found on Staten Island and in Westchester county near Rye; they represent intrusions of basic igneous rocks whose minerals, chiefly pyroxene and olivine, have subsequently changed to serpentine. They are not important for quarry purposes, owing to the frequency of fissures and joints and the rather somber color of the exposed parts of the masses.
The microcrystalline or subcrystalline limestones that are some- times sold as marbles include members of the regularly bedded un- metamorphosed Paleozoic limestones, which locally show qualities of color and polish that make them desirable for decorative pur- poses. They range from dense granular varieties to those having amore or less well-developed crystalline texture and are often fossiliferous. Inasmuch as they have never been subjected to regional compression or been buried in the earth deep enough to become heated, the crystalline texture, when present, may be ascribed to the work of ground waters. These circulate through the mass, taking the carbonates of lime and magnesia into solution, and redeposit them in crystalline form. Originally, the limestones were accumulations of lime-secreting fossils or granular precipi- tates, for the most part of marine origin. Some of the localities where these unmetamorphic marbles occur are on the west shore of Lake Champlain, around Plattsburg and Chazy (Chazy lime- stone), Glens Falls (Trenton limestone) and Becraft and Cats- kill (Becraft limestone).
Production. The production of marble in 1913 was carried on in Clinton, St Lawrence, Warren, Dutchess and Westchester coun- ties by a total of eight quarries. The quarries in the vicinity of Gouverneur, St Lawrence county, contributed the larger quantity of building and monumental stone; the operative companies in that section include the St Lawrence Marble Quarries, Northern New York Marble Co. and Gouverneur Marble Co. In southeastern New York the Dover Marble Co. was active as heretofore in the production of building and decorative marble. The output was about the same as in the preceding year and had a value of $252,-
202.
g2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Production of marble
VARIETY IQII IQI2 1913 Bunldingmmacblesee eee eee $171 748 $155 411 $127 556 IMloraRbEaMeMiaLS So cc nlooeenvab daveb os 79 115 84 511 81 330 Othermkinds sie ae scl see ee 27 178 I 925 43 406
ARO Gales pet uicren ek ein arte $278 O41 $241 847 $252 292 SANDSTONE
Under sandstones are included the sedimentary rocks which con- sist essentially of quartz grains held together by some cementing substance. Among the varieties distinguished by textural features are sandstones proper, conglomerates, grits and quartzites.
Of the sedimentary rocks which occur in the State, sandstone has the largest areal distribution, while in economic importance it ranks second only to limestone. Nearly all the recognized stratigraphic divisions above the Archean contain sandstone at one or more hori- zons. The kinds chiefly quarried are the Potsdam, Hudson River, Medina and Devonic sandstones. A few quarries have been opened also in the Shawangunk conglomerate and the Clinton and Triassic sandstones.
The Potsdam of the Upper Cambric is the lowest and earliest in age of the sandstones that have a fairly wide distribution and are utilized for building purposes. The most extensive outcrops are along the northern and northwestern borders of the Adirondacks, in Clinton, Franklin, St Lawrence and Jefferson counties. Other exposures of smaller extent are found in the Lake Champlain val- ley and on the southeastern edge of the Adirondack region. These latter areas represent the remnants of a once continuous belt that has been broken up by folding, faulting and erosion. The Pots- dam sandstone has in many places the character of a quartzite, consisting of quartz grains cemented by a secondary deposition of quartz, and then is a very hard, tough and durable stone. ‘The quartzite from St Lawrence county has sustained a crushing test of more than 42,000 pounds to the square inch. The color varies from deep red to pink and white. The principal quarries are near Potsdam and Redwood, St Lawrence county, and Malone and Burke, Franklin county. Besides building stone, which is the chief
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI3 93
product, there is some flagstone sold, mainly by the quarries at Burke, for shipment to Montreal.
The so-called Hudson river group is essentially a group of sand- stones, shales, slates and conglomerates, ranging in age from the Trenton to the Lorraine, but which have not been sufficiently studied to permit the actual elimination of the various members on the map. The group is exposed in a wide belt along the Hudson from Glens Falls southward into Orange county and also in the Mohawk valley as far west as Rome. The sandstone beds are usually fine grained, of grayish color and rather thinly bedded. Over wide stretches they provide practically the only resource in constructional stone and consequently they have been quarried at a great number of places to supply the local needs for building and foundation work. Some of the stone is crushed for road metal and concrete.
The Medina sandstone is found along the southern shore of Lake Ontario from the Niagara river east to Oswego county; in central New York it is represented by a coarse conglomeratic phase called the Oneida conglomerate. As developed in the west- ern part of the State, where it is principaily quarried, it is a hard fine-grained sandstone of white, pink and variegated color. The pink variety is specially quarried for building stone and has an ex- cellent reputation. Many of the larger cities of the country and most of the important towns and cities of the State contain ex- amples of its architectural use. The large quarries are situated in Orleans county, near Albion, Holley and Medina, along the line of the Erie canal, but there are others at Lockport and Lewiston, in Niagara county and at Brockport and Rochester in Monroe county. The Medina sandstone also finds extensive applications for curbing and flagging and for paving blocks. It is employed more extensively for the latter purpose than any other stone quar- ried in the State.
The Shawangunk conglomerate is more widely known for its use in millstones than for constructional purposes. It outcrops along Shawangunk mountain in Ulster county and southwesterly into New Jersey, with an outlier near Cornwall, Orange county. The quarries near Otisville have supplied considerable quantities of stone for abutments and rough masonry.
The Clinton sandstone is mainly developed in central New York, being absent from the Clinton belt in the western part of the State. It forms ledges of considerable extent on the south side of the
O4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Mohawk valley from Ilion to Utica and beyond. It consists of red- dish brown and gray sandstones, of medium texture and hardness. The stone has been used for foundations and building in Utica and other places in the vicinity. .
Of the Devonic formations which cover about one-third the whole area of the State, the Hamilton, Portage, Chemung and Catskill contain important sandstone members serviceable for quarry opera- tions. These sandstones are popularly known as bluestones, a name first applied in Ulster county where they are distinguished by a bluish gray color. They are for the most part fine grained, evenly bedded, bluish or gray sandstones, often showing a pronounced tendency to split along planes parallel to the bedding so as to yield smooth, thin slabs. For that reason they are extensively used for flag and curbstone, and a large industry is based on the quarrying of these materials for sale in the eastern cities. Most flagstone is produced in the region along the Hudson and Delaware rivers, where there are convenient shipping facilities to New York, Phila- delphia and other large cities. The Hudson River district includes Albany, Greene and Ulster counties, but the quarries are mainly situated in the area that includes southern Greene and northern Ulster, with Catskill, Saugerties and Kingston as the chief shipping points. The Delaware River district includes Sullivan, Delaware and Broome counties; the shipping stations are along the Erie and Ontario and Western railroads. The sandstone of this section ranges from Hamilton to Catskill age. In the area to the west the quarries are confined to the Portage and Chemung groups, with the most important ones in the Portage. There are large, well- equipped quarries near Norwich, Chenango county, and Warsaw, Wyoming county, which produce building stone for the general market. Numerous small quarries are found in Otsego, Chemung, Tompkins, Tioga, Schuyler, Steuben, Yates, Allegany, Cattaraugus and Chautauqua counties.
Production of sandstone. Sandstone is the second most im- portant quarry material in the State, the value of the annual product being exceeded only by that of limestone. Its importance largely depends upon its uses for street work — flagging, curbing and pay- ing blocks — although some of the local sandstones find extensive employment as building materials.
The Devonic sandstones, which are collectively ktiown as blue- stone, are more widely quarried than the other kinds; their produc- tion is carried on throughout the southern part of the State by a
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I013 oe OS
large number of individuals and companies. With few exceptions, the quarries are small, giving employment only to two or three work- men each and having very little in the way of mechanical equip- ment. Such small enterprises are particularly characteristic of the Hudson River and Delaware River regions where much of the flag- stone and curbstone is produced. Many of the quarries are worked intermittently by farmers in the off season of their usual occupa- tion. The stone is hauled down the hillsides to the railroad sidings or the river docks where it is purchased by middlemen who ship it to the eastern markets. The stone from the Hudson River district is mainly shipped by barges from Kingston and Saugerties. In the interior it is shipped by rail. A statistical canvass of such small enterprises is a matter of great difficulty and is likely to afford very unreliable results. Consequently, it has been the practice in this report to secure information so far as possible from the dealers who purchase the stone for shipment to the large wholesalers and con- sumers in the cities.
The production of sandstone during the last two years is shown in the accompanying tables which give its distribution also among the leading districts.
The combined value of all the sandstone quarried in 1913 was $1,321,272, against $1,280,743 in 1912. The total is exclusive of any sandstone quarried by contractors for use on the State highway system, for which it is impossible to assign any accurate value.
Of the value given, a little more than one-half was returned by. the quarry companies operating in the bluestone districts, in exact figures $753,510. This industry showed a slight decline, as com- pared with the preceding year when the output had a value of $824,- 949; the decrease resulted from the lessened activity in the building stone business in Chenango and Wyoming counties. The trade in flagstone and curbstone was about the same proportions as in the preceding year. The product of these materials amounted in value
$503,607 and consisted: of 1,094,643 linear feet of curb and 1,546,845 square feet of flagstone.
Sandstone other than bluestone represented a value of $567,762, against $455,794 in 1912. The largest item in the total was paving blocks valued at $239,389, as compared with $188,802 in 1912. Or- leans county alone reported an output valued at $467,636 which was much larger than the figures from the preceding year.
06
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Production of sandstone in 1912
DISTRICT
Bluestone
Chenango co........ 85 622 Wyoming co........ I5I 255 Other districts....... 5 955 Total bluestone. .|$295 450 Sandstone Orleans co.......... $35 660 Other districts....... 31 945 Total sandston>.| $67 065 Combined total. . |$363 055
CURBING AND FLAG- GING
$9 674|$270 544 42 944] 220 601
4 876 5 488 I 680
$503
$99 074 13 583
$112 657
PAVING | CRUSHED | RUBBLE,| ALL BLOCKS | STONE | RIPRAP | OTHER peas Hoes $4 000] $10 ooo} $1 216 Fiheieshe sil eaeee me gee ores 5 367 997 are ee ate ie ee 250, 2.237 nate so keeet ane 660 483 I 100 eee Me $4 660) $16 100] $5 550 $185 432) $1 551) $6 732] $12 356 3 370 39 090| 15 930] 12 080 $188 802| $40 641| $21 653) $24 436 $188 802) $45 301) $37 753| $29 986
$615 846
Production of sandstone in 1913
_ DISTRICT
Bluestone
Chenango co........ Wyoming co........ Other districts....... Total bluestone. . Sandstone Orleans co.......... Other districts....... Total sandstone.
Combined total. .
CURBING AND | PAVING | CRUSHED | RUBBLE,| ALL FLAG- | BLOCKS | STONE | RIPRAP | OTHER GING
Goa 0724 eee $2 250| $3 400] $11 094 251 O80]........ 250 3.029). ee
7 523i a oom «cccilnsh ako ees | GORE 817 TH2OO| Severe 180 1138|t... sae 5 O80) oss We ul eewata ie eae TOO)... Soe D503) O07) ee eee $2 680| $7 667! $11 911 $170 725|$230 397| $2 124] $23 791] $19 963 8 652 8 992 41 463 4.655) o050eeee $179 377|$239 389] $43 587| $27 446 $19 963 $682 984|$239 389] $46 267) $35 113 $31 874 !
The quarries in the Medina belt reported a good business, espe- cially in the materials used for street work. Medina blocks are rec- ognized as among the more durable and satisfactory paving mate- rials, and they should find a wider market with the growth of pub-
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I9Q13 Q7
lic interest in improved methods of highway construction. They are now mainly employed in city streets, but they are well adapted for any highways which bear a heavy traffic. Their cost at the quarries is about $1.50 a square yard, or a little more than paving brick. With the completion of the barge canal, which traverses the district from east to west, the quarries will be able to reach a much larger territory than heretofore.
TRAP
Trap is not a distinct rock type, but the name properly belongs to the fine-grained, dark-colored igneous rocks that occur in in- trusive sheets and dikes. In mineral composition it differs from most of the igneous rocks that are classed in the trade as granite by the prevalence of the basic plagioclase feldspars and the higher percentages of the iron magnesia minerals, while it contains no quartz. Some of the so-called “black granites,’ however, are trap. The name is sometimes applied to fine-grained rocks of granitic or syenitic composition and sometimes even to rocks of sedimentary derivation, but such usage is misleading and inde- fensible.
The particular value of trap is due to its hardness and toughness. Its fine, compact, homogeneous texture gives it great wearing pow- ers and it is eminently adapted for road metal and concrete of which heavy service is required. The principal product, therefore, is crushed stone. It has been used to some extent, also, as paving blocks, but these are rather difficult to prepare, since trap very seldom shows any capacity for parting comparable to the rift and grain structures of granites. As a building stone it finds very little application, probably on account of its somber color. The expense of cutting and dressing trap is also an obstacle to its employment for’ building or ornamental purposes.
The trap quarried in New York State is properly a diabase. Its mineral composition varies somewhat in the different occurrences, but the main ingredients are plagioclase, feldspar and pyroxene, with more or less of amphibole, olivine, magnetite and some times biotite. The texture is characteristic, for the feldspar forms lath- shaped crystals which interlace and inclose the pyroxene and other ingredients in the meshes, and it is this firmly knit fabric which gives the stone the qualities of strength and toughness.
The largest occurrence of trap in New York is represented by the Palisades of the Hudson and the continuation of the same in-
98 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
trusion which extends southward through New Jersey onto Staten Island and is also encountered in the interior of Rockland county. The Palisades are the exposed edge of a sill or sheet of diabase that is intruded between shales and sandstones of Triassic age. The sheet is several hundred feet thick, in places nearly 1000 feet, and in general seems to follow the bedding planes of the sedimentary strata which dip to the west and northwest at an angle of from 5° to 15°. The outcrop is narrow, seldom over a mile, and in places is limited to a single steep escarpment. The principal quarries are near Nyack and Haverstraw at the base of the cliffs. Other quarries have been opened near Suffern, Rockland county, on an isolated intrusion, and also near Port Richmond, Staten Island, at the southern end of the Palisades sill.
Trap occurs in numerous places in the Adirondacks, but mostly as narrow dikes. It is especially common in Essex and Clinton counties where there are many thousands of dikes that range from a few inches to 20 or 30, feet thick. On the southern border of the region are a few dikes of notable size, such as that in the town of Greenfield, Saratoga county, and at Little Falls in the Mohawk valley. A quarry has been opened in the Greenfield occurrence for the supply of crushed stone.
The quarrying of trap along the face of the Palisades in Rockland county probably will soon be discontinued, as it is designed to purchase the quarry properties for the Palisades Interstate Park. The lands to be included within the park extend from the river line to the top of the Palisades. So far only the Manhattan Trap Rock Quarry has been taken over, but negotiations are proceeding for the acquirement of the other quarries along the river front.
The future of the industry in this section is somewhat unsettled. It is not unlikely that new quarries may be opened on top of the ridge and in the interior of Rockland county, though the facilities for production and shipment in that section can scarcely be equal to those of the present localities.
any
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I913 99
Produstion of trap
MATERIAL | CUBIC . PECUBIC SUAS et ease | YARDS VeEUE
1912 | 1913
| Crushed stone for roads. . 283 628 $207 957 | 631 134 $499 776
Crushed stone for other pur- | 391 681 275 906 640 165 501 394
ANOVESI TA perce saben | 675,309 | $483 863 | 1,271,299 | $1 OoI 170
The production of trap in 1913 was large, in response to the demand for crushed stone in road improvement work. The sta- tistics show a big increase over the reported output for 1912, but the gain did not reflect any actual extension of quarry facilities; the output in 1912 was abnormally low.
AC
The tale mines in the Gouverneur district, St Lawrence county, had an active year, although operations were hampered somewhat by the long drought that prevailed in the late spring and summer. The tale is all used in ground form and its preparation involves a gradual reduction in crushers, rolls, ball mills and cylinders, which is carried out in plants located on the Oswegatchie river above Gouverneur. This river has splendid water power sites, but the flow is very unequally distributed so that in dry seasons the avail- able power is reduced to a fraction of the average amount. The condition of low water has been a recurrent one in recent years, and the tale industry is vitally consumed with the plans for the regulation of the stream which have been prepared recently by the State Conservation Commission.t Cheap power is a necessity, since the grinding operations otherwise would enhance the costs to a prohibitive figure. Talc competes with a number of materials which are substituted for it whenever the prices rise above a certain level. In the present conditions the mill output in the Gouverneur district is probably only from one-half to two-thirds of the capacity under continuous full power.
1“ Power Possibilities on the Oswegatchie River,’ Albany, 1914.
4
I00 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
The tale industry was established in the late seventies of the last century. From shipments of a few hundred tons the output had expanded to over 4000 tons by 1880 and to over 40,000 tons by 1890. In the following decade it increased to 60,000 tons; in the last 15 years, however, it has remained practically stationary, fluctu- ating between the limits of 60,000 and 70,000 tons according to the character of the season. ‘The total shipments from the first have amounted to something over 1,500,000 tons, valued altogether at about $13,000,000. The demand has improved of late years, and it is probable that the market would absorb even larger quantities than are now offered.
The uses of fibrous talc are varied, but its most important appli- cation is in the paper trade where it is consumed by manufacturers of writing, book and newsprint paper as filler. According to J. S. Diller,? recent conditions in the paper trade point to an improved market for the better grades of American talc. Its principal com- petitor is German clay. Experience with its use in paper seems to show that it is retained to a larger extent than clay and that it is also a better absorbent of ink. The mineral fibers also help to strengthen the paper stock. 4
The Gouverneur talc industry was described at some length in the issue of this report for 1911. In the last two years a new supply of talc has come into prominence through mining operations in the vicinity of Natural Bridge, where deposits of a massive or finely granular talc have been developed. The deposits apparently are restricted to a relatively small area, rather than distributed over a long belt, as in the Gouverneur district, and seem to be the result of local contact metamorphism from the intrusion of granitic rocks into limestones. They are not made up of talc exclusively, but contain various hydrated magnesian silicates, inclusive of talc, serpentine and a mineral of the chlorite family. An analysis of a small sample by R. W. Jones showed the following percentages:
SODA a at ee ener rem rin Cibo ma aE Gat Baae eh ee: 48.16 TNE OH SaaS cee ty Cee mR ch ycitge ana th We i ec 7 AS I Ner ON Nena o str ean ane eee OLN AG I St tere aes ary ARES RNS obo yb 3.15 DWE Ohi 22 sates ho ec tyens ae ada ance Tuleve, Sie ane ee ts Rees oa ee a 27.44 COE © PAM er stot a Re Re OMe eng a SEP Sr AG RCW se al Bh ot 25 i 5 FO eek A e MR en aiN ee Sr neS Cyt 6 e a sh. 3 II.06 H.O— ACRE Cd An Od'0 oO Gio CiOIc CHORD MOMEOnO Fo oro CO tO Olan 6 Oot domme 6 Gad oO 2.68
100.17
2 Mineral Resources of the United States, 1912, 2: 1142-43.
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I9Q13 IOl
The deposits at Natural Bridge have been worked during the past two years only and are still in process of development. The St Lawrence Talc Co., Inc., the owner, has a mill on the property and ships all the product in ground form, which is consumed in paper manufacture and for other purposes. The mill has been recently enlarged and improved. The equipment includes conical mills and tube mills such as have been described in the article on the Gouverneur district in the report for 1911.
The operative mills in the Gouverneur talc district were those of the Ontario Tale Co., the Uniform Fibrous Talc Co., the Standard Tale Co., and the International Pulp Co. The latter worked Mines 2% and 3 at Talcville and the Wight mine near Sylvia lake, besides drawing from its reserve at the Arnold mines. The Wight and Arnold properties formerly belonged to the Union Talc Co., and were taken over by the International Company a few years ago. The Standard Tale Co. worked the mine that formerly belonged to the United States Talc Co., and shipped the product to New Jersey for milling. The Uniform Fibrous Talc Co. continued the underground development of its mine at Talcville where in the last two or three years it has opened a very good body of tale. The Ontario Talc Co. operates a property in the center of the district near Fullerville.
The North Country Corporation has been engaged during the past year in opening deposits near Sylvia lake, town of Fowler. The property has been previously prospected by the Dominion Co., and will now be equipped for active production. It lies near the Balmat and Wight mines of the International Pulp Co.
The output of talc by the several companies above named amounted last year to 63,000 short tons, valued at $551,250. This was somewhat more than in 1912‘when the total was 61,610 tons with a value of $511,437. Prices averaged a little higher than in the preceding year.
102 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Production of talc in New York
i SHORT SHORT
YEAR ae VALUE YEAR MONG VALUE TSSOAGR Ohaus ee Gf0004/ 5575 1000) | TSos8 meee ee 54 356 | $411 430 LOSS seen ree 6 000 754000 WMA SOO) Aen oe 54 655 438 150 TSSAan A ee ple ae 10 000 IIO 000 | 1900........... 63 500 499 500 POSSE as Ne nue TORCOO|s sO LOFOOOM TOOT eee ears 62 200 483 600 TO SOs sles hae eee 12 000 12/5 OOM SLOO2 eee 71 100 615 350 FOOT seek, St eee. ES CO), || WG) OOO | COR cad onasun- 60 230 421 600 MOSSE as asia eke 20 000 ANNO COO || WHOM. ven cesooee 65 000 455 000 MSS Qn ae eee eee 23 476 BM WO | 1OORH. s5.055000- 67 000 519 250 TSOOM Apc eee 41 354 289 196) SOOGn aa ee: 64 200 541 600 MOOM ey yal aeaey eee 53 054 MO’, OG) | UOOPeossccccones 59 000 501 500 TSQ2" ey Ne se n ee 41 925 AD MSS || WOO .5500.0000° 79 739 697 390 TSO eee este eae 36 500 237 02/5 al OOO RN Ae rneiee 50 000 450 000 TSO 4 oe comes eee tee 50 500 AGEL KOO || WOU. s2s000050% 65 000 552 500 MOOS cere Goscte cree 40 000 GAO) OOO) |, UPA s sossnsoave 65 000 552 500 TSOO We aA ie cee 46 089 AGO) ANB NW NOD. doe n5o0ode 61 619 511 437 I ECKOY7 AR ave east aie 57 009 ADD QAO |) WONBsssosscaoo- 63 000 551 250
ZAIN
There were no commercial shipments of zinc ore last year from deposits within the State, although a quantity of blende was ex- tracted in the course of underground development at Edwards. The product was held for mill treatment. The results of recent activity in the search for zinc ores in southern St Lawrence county have been quite favorable, and there is good prospect that a stable mining industry will be developed there in the near future. The industry will be a small one, but with the exceptional conditions for cheap mining and milling it should prove profitable. The main obstacle that has presented itself thus far in the development of the district is incident to the character of the ore which is usually a fine-grained mixture of blende and pyrite in a limestone gangue. The separation of the pyrite and blende has proved more difficult than was anticipated and has necessitated a good deal of experi- mental work at the expense of commercial operations.
The developments so far have been carried on by the Northern Ore Co., who some time ago acquired properties in the vicinity of Edwards, the terminus of a branch railroad from Gouverneur that serves the tale district. The company has concentrated attention upon outcrops of blende on the Brown farm, but has other holdings that show more or less ore. The progress of underground work has been related in previous issues of this report, more particularly
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI3 103
in those for 1911 and 1912. During the last year the company extended the mine workings containing No. 1 shaft to a total depth of 450 feet, which is the deepest point to which exploitation has been carried. There is a good showing of ore at the bottom. This shaft has been sunk along a band or lens of nearly solid blende and pyrite that at the surface is 4 or 5 feet thick. Lateral drifts extend from the shaft at intervals of 100 feet, of which the largest on the 350 foot level extends a distance of 542 feet. A second shaft northeast of No. 1 has been carried down to 220 feet depth, along an ore body that is 10 feet thick at the bottom and has been de- veloped for a distance of 175 feet from the shaft.
A few hundred tons of the crude ore were shipped in 1911, but the principal grade is too lean and mixed with pyrite to be merchant- able without mill treatment. The company has experimented with a process of magnetic separation and constructed a mill for carrying out the process on a working scale. Up to the present season the experiments have not been thoroughly successful.
Besides the occurrences described, zinc blende exists at a number of localities in the vicinity of the tale deposits in the towns of Fowler and Edwards, St Lawrence county. One of the first dis- coveries was made on the Balmat place near Sylvia lake, a locality described in the reports of Emmons for the First Geological Survey. It is probable that the blende is accompanied by considerable galena which seems to have been the mineral sought for in the earlier operations. The ore proved too complex to be treated by the methods then in use. Other occurrences in this region are on the property of the Dominion Talc Co., near Sylvia lake, the Streeter farm northeast of the Balmat, the Tamlin place east of the Balmat, the McGill farm 2 miles southwest of Edwards, and the Cole place near the Potter talc mine.
3
en et . ee
:
IN DX
Adirondacks, crystalline limestone, 90; garnet, 35; granites, 77; iron ore, 41; limestones, 81, 87; marble, 90; sandstone, 92; trap, 08
Agricultural lime, 87
Akron, gypsum, 38; limestone, 85
Akron Gypsum Co., 38
Akron Gypsum Products Corpora- tion, Buffalo, 38
Albany, building sand, 72
Albany county, brick, 16, 17, 18; clay, 14, 15; flagstone, 94; limestone, 83, 84, 86, 88, 89; molding sand, 71; natural gas, 55
Albion, sandstone, 93
Alden-Batavia Natural Gas Co., 56
- Allegany, petroleum, 61
Allegany county, clay, 15; natural SAaswes59 575 petroleum, 7, O61, 62; salt, 66; sandstone, 94
Allegany Pipe Line Co., Bradford, Pa, Ou
Allegany Valley Brick Co., Olean, 30
Alma, petroleum, 61
Amsterdam, limestone, 81
Andover, petroleum, 61
Anorthosite, 78
Apatite, 7
Arkport, marl, 84
Auburn, limestone, 84
Baldwinsville Light & Heat Co., 57 Ballston Springs, 52
Barrett Manufacturing Co., 34 Barton, H. H. & Sons Co., 36 Barton Hill mines, 42 Batchellerville, pegmatite, 50 Becraft, marble, 91
Becraft limestone, 83, 91 Bedford, feldspar, 34, 40 Bedford Feldspar Co., 34 Beekmantown limestone, 81 Benson Mines Co., 41 Binghamton, paving brick, 25
Binghamton, Foster Paving Block Co., 29
Biotite, 46
Birdseye limestone, 82
Bishop, I. P., cited, 68
Black River limestone, 82
Blue Corundum Mining Co., 32
Bluestone, 75, 94, 95, 96
Bolivar, petroleum, 61
Borst, C. H., 41
Brick, 6, 13, 14, I5-20
Brick, Terra Cotta & Tile Co., Corn- ing, 29
Brine salt, 67
Brockport, sandstone, 93
Broome county, brick, 16; clay, 15; flagstone, 94
Buena Vista Oil Co., Wellsville, 60
Buffalo, brick, 20; building sand, 73; limestone, 84
Buffalo, Akron Gypsum Products Corporation, 38
Buffalo, Iroquois Natural Gas Co., 56
Buffalo, Lackawanna Steel Co., 83
Buffalo Sandstone Brick Co., 73
Building brick, 8, 9. See also Brick
Building sand, 7, 70, 72
Building stone, 7, 74; from granite, 78; from limestone, 85, 86; from sandstone, 92, 96
Burke, flagstone, 93; quartzite, 92
Burgoyne, molding sand, 71
Byron, mineral springs, 53
Caledonia, marl, 84
Caledonia, Marengo Portland Cement Commie
Campbell, F. C., 31
Canaseraga, salt, 66
Canastota, marl, 84
Carbon dioxid, 52, 53
Carbonate, 40
Carman, molding sand, 71
_ Chateaugay Ore & Iron Co., Lyon
106 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Carrolton, petroleum, 61
Catskill, flagstone, 94; limestone, 83; marble, 91; paving brick, 25
Catskill, Tidewater Paving Brick Co., 29
Catskill group, 94
Cattaraugus county, brick, 16; clay, 14, 15; natural gas, 55, 57; petro- leum, 7, 61, 62; salt, 66; sandstone, | 04
Cayuga county, brick, 16; clay, 14, 15; limestone, 87, 88, 89; marl, 84
Cayuga Gypsum Co., 38
Cayuga Lake Cement Co., Portland
|
Pit, Ga Cayuga Portland Cement Co., Port- land Pt., 38
Cement industry, 6, 8, 9-12
Mountain, 41, 42
Chaumont, limestone, 8&2
Chautauqua county, brick, 16; clay, 14, 15; natural gas, 55, 57, 58; sandstone, 94
Chazy limestone, 81, 87, 91
Chazy marble, 91
Cheever Iron Ore Co., Port Henry, 4I
Cheever mine, 43
Chemung county, brick, 16; clay, 15; sandstone, 94
Chemung group, 94
Chenango county, bluestone, 95, 96; sandstone, 94
Clarence, limestone, 85
Clarksville, petroleum, 61
Claspka Mining Co., 50
Clay, @, 13-903 race, BS ©
Clay products, 8, 9
Clifton Springs, 53
Clinton county, brick, 16; clay, 15; lime, 86; limestone, 81, 86, 88, 80; marble, gt; sandstone, 92; trap, 98
Clinton limestone, 82, 87
Clinton sandstone, 03
Cobleskill limestone, 83
Coeymans limestone, 83
Columbia county, brick, 16, 17, 18; | clay, 15; limestone, 83; marble, 90; | mineral springs, 53
Columbia Pipe Line Co., 60
Consolidated Wheatland Plaster Co., 38
Consumers Natural Gas Co., Dix, 56
Core sand, 70, 72
Corning, paving brick, 25
Corning, Brick, Terra Cotta & Tile Com
Cornwall, sandstone, 93
Cowaselon swamp, marl, 84
Croton mine, 43
Crown Point, limestone, 82
Crown Point Spar Co., 34, 50
Crushed stone, 7, 74; from granite, 78; from limestone, 85, 86; from sandstone, 96; from trap, 99
Crystal Salt Co., 68
Curbstone, 74; from limestone, 85; from sandstone, 75, 93, 95, 96
Cushing, H. P., cited, 81
Cuylerville, rock salt, 66
Dansville, marl, 84
Delac Gypsum Products Co., 38
Delaware county, flagstone, 94
Delaware River bluestone, 96
Delaware River district, flagstone, 94
Diatomaceous earth, 7
Diller) je S.sciteds oe
Dix, Consumers Natural Gas Co., 56
Dolomite, 89
Dominion Talc Co., 101, 103
Dover Marble Co., g1
Dram tile, 13,14), 23
Dutchess county, brick, 16, 17, 18, 19; clay, 15; lime, 86; limestone, 86, 89; marble, 90, 91
Dutchess Junction, brick, 18, 10
Earthenware, 23
East Bloomfield, natural gas, 56
East Kingston, brick, 19
Eden valley, salt, 66
Edwards, muscovite, 51; zinc, 102, 103
Electric supplies, 2
Elmira, paving brick, 25
Elmira, New York State Plant, 31
INDEX TO MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1913
Elmira Shale Brick Co., 26, 29 Elnora, molding sand, 71 Emery, 7, 8, 9, 31-33
Emery Pipe Line Co., Bradford, Pa., |
61
Empire Gas & Fuel Co., 56
Empire State Granite Co., 78, 79
Engine sand, 73
Englehardt, F. E., cited, 68
Erie county, brick, 16, 20; clay, 14, i) core sand: 72: fire sand; 72; limestone, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 80; natural gas, 55, 57, 58; salt, 66
Essex county, crystalline limestone,
Gor ieldspary 8) s4qyesanne 7: graphite, 7; limestone, 82; mica, 50; trap, 98
Eureka Salt Co., Saltvale, 68
Fayetteville Gypsum Co., 38
Feldspar, 7, 8, 9
Filter sand, 73
Fine, mica, 51
Fire brick, 13, 14
Fire sand, 70, 72
Fireproofing, 13, 21
Flagstone, 74; from limestone, 85; from sandstone, 93, 94, 95, 96
Flux, see Furnace flux
Fords Brook Pipe Line Co., 60
Forest of Dean, 44
Fort Montgomery, Hudson Iron Co.,
AI
Foster Paving Block Co., Bingham-
ton, 29
Fowler, talc, 101; zinc, 103
Franklin county, quartzite, 92; sand- stone, 92
Front brick, 13, 14, 20
Fulton county, lime, 86
Furnace flux, from limestone, 85, 87
Furnaceville Iron Co., Ontario Cen- ter, 41
Garnet, 7, 8, 9, 34-36
Gasport, Wickwire Limestone Co., 86
Genesee county, limestone, 86, 87, 88, 89; mineral springs, 53; Sas 555 Seq) salto
natural |
107
| Genesee Salt Co., Piffard, 68
Glasco, brick, I9
Glass sands, 60, 72
Glenmont, molding sand, 71
| Glens Falls, limestone, 82; marble, 91
Glens Falls Granite Brick Co., 73
Gouverneur, marble, 91; talc, 99
Gouverneur Marble Co., o1
Gowanda, salt, 66
Granite, 7, 8, 9, 75, 76, 77-80
Graphite, 7, 8, 9
Gravel, 69-73
Greene county, brick, 16, 17, 18; clay, 14, 15; flagstone, 94; limestone, 83, 84, 88, 89 :
Greenfield trap, 08
Greigsville, rock salt, 66
Guelph dolomite, 82, 83
Gypsum, 7, 8, 9, 36-39
Hamilton group, 94
Haverstraw, brick, 18; trap, 98
Helderbergian group, 83
Hematite, 40, 41
Herkimer county, limestone, 82, 88, 89
Highlands, granites, 77
Holley, sandstone, 93
Hollow brick, 13, 21
Hollow tile, 21
Hornell, paving brick, 25
Hornell, Preston Brick Co., 30
Howes Cave, limestone, 83
Hoyt limestone, 81
Hudson [ron Co., Fort Montgomery, Al, 44
Hudson river bluestone, 95
Hudson River group, 93
Hudson river region, brick industry, 17; cement, 10; flagstone, 94; mold- ing sand, 70; trap, 97
Hudson River sandstone, 92
International Pulp Co., 101
International Salt Co., 68
Iron ore, 6, 8, 9, 40-46
Iroquois Natural Gas Co., Buffalo, 56
Ithaca, Remington Salt Co., 68
108 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Jamestown, paving brick, 25
Jamestown Shale Brick & Paving Co., 30
Jamesville, Millen Portland Cement Golma2 5
Jefferson county, clay, 15; crystalline limestone, 90; lime, 86; limestone, 82, 87, 88, 89; mica, 51; natural gas, 55; sandstone, 92
Jones, Robert W., Clay, 13-31; sand- lime brick, 73
Jordan, marl, 84
Keeseville granite, 78
Kendall Refining Co., Bradford, Pa., 61
Keystone Emery Mills, 32
Kings county, clay, 15
Kingston, brick, 18, 19; flagstone, 94; limestone, 84; molding sand, 71
Kinkel, P. H. & Son, 34
Lackawanna Steel Co., 83
Lackawanna Stone Co., 85
Lake Champlain marble, 91
Lake Sanford, iron ore, 42
Lakeville, Sterling Iron & Railway €o., AT
Larabees Point, limestone, 82
Lebanon Springs, 52, 53
Le Roy, limestone, 84; rock salt, pe
Ke Roy Salt Co, 68
Lewis county, limestone, 82, 87, ms 89, go
Lewiston, sandstone, 93
Lime, 85, 86; agricultural, 87
Limestone, 7, 8, 9, 75, 76, 80-89
Limonite, 40
Little Falls, dolomite, 81; 81, 82; trap, 98
Livingston county, brick, 16; clay, 14, 15; marl, 84; natural gas, 55, 573 rock salt, 66; salt, 65
Livonia, rock salt, 66
Lockport, limestone, 83;
ioe
Lockport limestone, &2
Long Island, brick, 20; filter sand, 73
Lowville limestone, 82
limestone,
sandstone,
Luther, D. D., cited, 68
Lyon Mountain, Chateaugay Ore & Tron Co., 41
Lyon Mountain, iron ore, 42
MacIntyre Iron Co., 42
Madison county, lime, 86; limestone, 83, 84, 88, 80
Madison Pipe Line Co., Wellsville, 61
Magnetite, 40
Malden, brick, 19
Malone, quartzite, 92
Manhattan Trap Rock Quarry, 98
Manlius limestone, 83
Marble, 7, 8, 9, 75, 76, 89-01
Marengo Portland Cement Co., Cale- donia, 12
Marl, 7, 84
Massena Springs, 53
Mechanicville, molding sand, 71
Medina, sandstone, 93.”
Medina sandstone, 92, 93
Metallic paint, 8, 9
Mica, 7, 46-51
Millen Portland Cement Co., James- ville, 12
Millstones, 8, 9
Mineral paints, 7
Mineral production, value, 5
Mineral waters, 7, 8, 9, 51-55
Mineville, Port Henry Iron Ore Co., 41
Mineville, Witherbee, Sherman & Co., 41 is
Mohawk valley, limestone, 82; sand- stone, 93; trap, 98
Molding sand, 7, 69, 70
Monroe county, brick, 16; clay, 14, 15; limestone, 83, 87, 88, 89; nat- ural gas, 55; sandstone, 93
Montezuma marshes, marl, 84
Montgomery county, brick, 16; clay, 15; limestone, 88, 890
Monumental stone, 7; from granite, 75, 78
Morrisville, rock salt, 66
Mumford, gypsum, 38
See ee ea ea, wes ae
er a
aren ees
INDEX TO MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI3
Muscalonge lake, 51 Muscovite, 46, 51 Myers, International Salt Co., 68
Nassau county, brick, 16; clay, 15
Natural Bridge, talc, 1o1
Natural cement, 6, 8, 9, II
Natural gas, 7, 8, 9, 55-590
New York Central Gas Co., 58
New York county, clay, 15
New York Paving Brick Co., Syra- cuse, 31 .
New York State Plant, Elmira, 31
New York Transit Co., Olean, 61 ©
Newfield, paving brick, 26
Niagara county, brick, 16; clay, 14, 15; limestone, 83, 86, 87, 88, 80; natural gas, 55; sandstone, 93
Niagara Falls, limestone, 83
Niskayuna, molding sand, 71
North Buffalo, limestone, 85
North County Corporation, 101
North Creek, garnet, 36
North River Garnet Co., 36
Northern New York Marble Co., 91
Northern Ore Co., 102
Norwich, sandstone, 94
Nyack trap, 98
Oak Orchard springs, 53
Oil, 59-62
Olean, paving brick, 25; petroleum, 61
Olean, Allegany Valley Brick Co., 30
Olean, New York Transit Co., 61
Olean, Sterling Brick Co., 29
Oneida conglomerate, 93
Oneida county, brick, 16; clay, 15; core sand, 72; fire sand, 72; lime- stone, 82, 84, 88; natural gas, 55
Onondaga, Lackawanna Stone Co., 85
Onondaga Coarse Salt Association, 68
Onondaga county, brick, 16; clay, 14, 15; cement, I1; gypsum, 38; lime- stone, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89; marl, 84; natural gas, 55, 57; salt, 65
Onondaga limestone, 84, 87 |
10g
Ontario Center, Furnaceville Iron Co., 41
Ontario Center, Ontario Iron Co., 41
Ontario county, brick, 16; clay, 14, 15; limestone, 84; mineral springs, 53; natural gas, 55
Ontario Gas Co., 56
Ontario Iron Co., Ontario Center, 41
Ontario Talc Co., 101
Orange county, brick, 16, 17, 18; clay, 15; limestone, 84; mica, 49; sand- stone, 93
Orchard Park Pool, 58
Oriskany sandstone, 84
Orleans county, limestone, 83; sand- stone, 93, 95, 96
Oswego county, natural gas, 55, 57
Otisville, sandstone, 93
Otsego county sandstone, 94
Palisades, trap, 75, 97
Pamelia limestone, 82
Paragon Plaster Co., Syracuse, 73
Parishville granite, 79
Pavilion Natural Gas Co., 56, 58
Paving blocks, 7, 93, 96
Paving brick, 6, 13, 14; manufacture, 23-31
Peekskill, emery, 31
Pegmatite, 33
Pekin, limestone, 83
Petroleum, 7, 8, 9, 59-62
Phlogopite, 46
“Piffard, Genesee Salt Co., 68
Plattsburg, limestone, 81, 82; marble, OI
Pleasantville, mica, 49
Polishing sand, 73
Porcelain, 2
Port Ewen, brick, 19
Port Henry, limestone, 81
Port Henry, Cheever Iron Ore Co., 4I
Port Henry Iron Ore Co., Mineville, 41
Port Richmond, trap, 98
Portage group, 94
Portland cement, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12
Ilo NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Portland Pt., Cayuga Lake Cement Co., 84
Rorideha lei, (Caysree Ietoneis evil Cement Co., 38
Potsdam, quartzite, 92
Potsdam sandstone, 92
Poin, O, 7 Sh OG US, U4, ae
Preston Brick, Hornell, 30
Producers Gas Co., 56
Pulaski Gas & Oil Co., 57
Putnam county, mica, 4y
AGS, 7 Sh ©
Quarry materials, 7
Quartz, 8, 9
Queens county, clay, 14, 15; core sand; 72; fire sand, 72
Red earthenware, 23
Redwood, quartzite, 92
Remington Salt Co., Ithaca, 68
Rensselaer county, brick, 16, 17, 18; clay, 15; limestone, 88; molding sand, 71
Retsof, rock salt, 66
Retsof Mining Co., 63, 66
Richburg, petroleum, 62
Richfield Springs, 52
Richmond county, brick, 16; clay, 15; front brick, 20
Riprap, from granite, 78; from lime- stone, 85; from sandstone, 96
Road metal, 97
Rochester, building sand, 72; lime- stone, 83; sandstone, 93
Rochester, Vacuum Oil Co., 61
Rochester Composite Brick Co., 73
Rock Glen Salt Co., 68
Rock salt, 65
Rockland county, brick, 16, 17, 18; clay, 14, 15; limestone, 86; trap, 98
Rondout, limestone, 83
Rondout waterlime, 83
Roofing slate, 8, 9
Rosendale district, 11
Round Lake, molding sand, 71
Rubble, from granite, 78; from lime- stone, 85; from sandstone, 96
St Lawrence county, brick, 16; clay, 15; crystalline limestone, 90; lime- stone, 87, 88, 89; marble, 91; mica, 51; mineral waters, 53; pyrite, 7; quartzite, 92; sandstone, 92; talc, 7, 99
St Lawrence Marble Quarries, 91
St Lawrence Tale Co., Inc., 101
St Regis Red Veined Granite, 79
St Regis Red Veined Granite Co., 80
Salt industry, 7, 8, 9, 62-68
Saltvale, Eureka Salt Co., 68
Sand, 8, 9, 60-73
Sand-lime brick, 7, 8, 9, 73-74
Sandstone, 7, 8, 9, 75, 76, 92-07
Sandy Creek Oil & Gas Co., 57
Sanitary supplies, 23
Saratoga county, brick, 16; clay, 15; limestone, 81, 82; mica, 50; mold- ing sand, 71; trap, 98
Saratoga Springs, 52
Saugerties, brick, 19; flagstone, 94
Schenectady county, clay, 14, 15; molding sand, 71
Schoharie county, limestone, 83, 86, 88, 89
Schuyler county, natural gas, 55; salt, 65; sandstone, 94
Schuylerville, molding sand, 71
Scio, petroleum, 61
Selkirk, molding sand, 71
Seneca, petroleum, 61
Seneca county, marl, 84; natural gas, 55; rock salt, 66
Seneca Falls, limestone, 84
Serpentine marble, 89, of
Severance quarry, gypsum, 38
Sewer pipe, 13
Shales, 14,24, 25
Sharon Springs, 52
Shawangunk conglomerate, 92, 93
Silver Creek Gas & Improvement Co., 56 .
Silver Springs, Worcester Salt Co., 68
Slate, 7; manufacturers, 8, 9
Slate pigment, 8, 9
Smiths Basin, limestone, 82
Solvay Process Co., 85
South Bethlehem, limestone, 83
INDEX TO MINING AND
South Shore Natural Gas & Fuel Co., 56
Split Rock, limestone, 84
Spring waters, 53
Standard Tale Co., 101
Staten Island, brick, 20; marble, 91; trap, 98
Sterling Brick Co., Olean, 29
Sterling Iron & Railway Co., Lake- ville, 41
Sterling Salt Co., Cuylerville, 66
Steuben county, brick, 16; clay, 15; marl, 84; natural gas, 55; petro- leum, 61, 62; sandstone, 94
Stone, 74-76
Stoneware, 23
Stove lining, 13, 14
SiMeCOn 7a) 37,
Suffern, trap, 98
Suffolk county brick, 16; clay, 15
Sullivan county flagstone, 94
Sylvia lake, talc, 101; zinc, 103
Syracuse, paving brick, 26; rock salt, 65; salt, 62
Syracuse, New York Paving Brick Cores
Syracuse, Paragon Plaster Co., 73
Talc, 7, 8, 9, 99-102
Weir, @onie, Gs 1g, WA 22
Theresa, phlogopite, 51
Theresa limestone, 81
Ticonderoga, feldspar, 34
Tidewater Paving Brick Co., Cats- kill, 29
Tide Water Pipe Co., Bradford, Pa., —
61 Tioga county sandstone, 94 Tompkins county, salt, 65; sandstone, 04 Trap, 7, 8, 9, 75, 76, 97-99 Trenton limestone, 82, 87, gI Tully limestone, 84
Ulster county, bluestone, 94; brick, 16, 17, 18, 19; cement, 11; clay, 14, I5; flagstone, 94; limestone, 83, 84, 86, 88, 89; sandstone, 93
Uniform Fibrous Talc Co., ror
Union Pipe Line Co., 60
QUARRY INDUSTRY I9Q13 ial ae
Union Springs, gypsum, 38 Union Talc Co., 101 United States Tale Co., ror
Vacuum Oil Co., Rochester, 61 Valcour island, limestone, 81 Vitrified paving brick, 13, 28
Wall plasters, 7, 37
Warner, marl, 84
Warren county, brick, 16; clay, 15; crystalline limestone, 90; garnet, 7; lime, 86; limestone, 82, 86, 87, 88, 89; marble, 91; mica, 50
Warren County Garnet Mills, 36
Warsaw, sandstone, 94
Warwick, mica, 49
Washington county, brick, 16; clay, 15; lime, 86; limestone, 82, 88, 890
Waterloo, limestone, 84
Watkins, International Salt Co., 68
Watkins Salt Co., 68
Wayland, marl, 84
Wayne county, clay, 15; 83
Wellsville, petroleum, 61
Wemple, molding sand, 71
West Bloomfield, natural gas, 56
West Union, petroleum, 62
Westchester county, brick, 16, 17, 18, 19; clay, 15; feldspar, 8, 34; lime- stone, 86, 88; marble, 90, 91; mica, 49; serpentine, OI
Wickwire Limestone Co., Gasport, 86
Williams, C. A., 50
Willsboro point, limestone, 82
Wirt, petroleum, 61, 62
Witherbee, Sherman & Co., Mineville, 41
Worcester Salt Co., Silver Springs, 68
Wyoming county
limestone,
bluestone, 95, 96;
natural gas, 55, 57; salt, 65; sand- stone, 94 Yates county, natural gas, 55; sand-
stone, 94
| Zinc, 102-3
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