THSONIAN
RARIES

E Ay Up A S =
hey D til 7 one D m =
ae f w~ ira w i =
MILISNI_ NVINOSHLINS S33 iYvug riot BRARI ES |, SMITHSONIAN
2 = ae oh z
: : 7 : :
9 = S an Pe 248
y ei oe oO zg Ft oO =
Yl a 2 °% fe 2 FE
“ = > = Pd =
7 = 7) ae e
ARI ES SMITHSONIAN _INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVWY
z 2 ah 77)
To | 4 Ww a AY tJ
= “S ‘ze a AS 2
<x? = x | 3 x) <x
7 5 ac FS VW a
= =
ct 3 = 5 e
nae a i 4 oe
ILILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3!I¥vVugit LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN
oa ee rad ee ie
® S ES = 4 ae
wo = ow — ow
8) = a 2 es
> kK > we >
-—= Ww) = > =>
Z Z : Z 3

NVINOSHLINS S31uVva

ARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

‘a
\

aN

NVINOSHLIWS
SMITHSONIAN
NYINOSHLIWS
NVINOSHLIWS

JLILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS” S31NVYaIT

LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN

iy ¥ we _ INSTITUT

o ul a 2

a ow cat =

= et o oe

= * S 5

— 88) — —

re) oe re)

rs : ad za =
ARIES SMITHSONIAN _INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31uVUY

= = - =

(@) — oO am \ oO

= ‘oO — ow =

5 2 = 2 -

EY vai a : ahh =

= 2 ; : ;

z o Zz o ae

NLILSNI S SalaVaglILLIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN _

/ : BENS 7 Z

J ” 77) YM WY™ rT

4 < O r \N O =

Y, = z = Be =

yp = > = aie =

: 7) a w” a) ee w”
RARIES SMITHSONIAN _ NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLIWS S31uve

A iw a = QE ow

<x "s =f x Tae WX ~ we

me c « Ee a.) WW a

= a oO = : mo

2 2 of 2 ee
ALILSNIT S31u¥vYugIT LIBRARIE SVN san
a tS = ——— a ee a ee —_ eae

| Ae ha > P Wea pe |
Ve 2 =
CY Wy m — Y 7)

= w <

ILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYGIT_LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTI

m
W
= rT)
3 = z = Z
ee 4 z a a >

Uf 3 z z 5S Ws

ia O +4 = ‘e) = \
Yy 2 = = = —

= > = 5) see =

” = “” 4s fae wo a,
RIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IuYUag

” z= 2 = oN 7)

“ . a” ws 187) as SS uJ

a. fy Y os oe i ~\. Sy

iid Z a < an ~*~ <

=a “yg > mm ts ro

= S a re} ad

=i <= J z —
1LSNI NVINOSHLINS S31Y¥vVYdIT LIBRARIES

= S = z s

SF sree = o ~ ow

20 Ns as Pe) E a

> WOE 2 - ie

& VAs i ra "
a WY 8 ; b ;
5 Ww D z D

RIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS SA1uVvud

NVINOSHLIWS

NYINOSHLIWS

NVINOSHLIWS
SMITHSONIAN

LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIC

RARIES SMITHSONIAN

i S
RIES SMITHSONIAN

NOILNLILSNI
NOILALILSNI
NOILALILSNI

INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3I1u¥vud

= <=
: 2 :
= _
Po |
cf = —
2 o 2
ILSNI 7 SMITHSONIAN

Saiuyvual

NVINOSHLINS S3iuyvudiT_ LIBRARIES

NVINOSHLINS SaINVUGIT LIB

SMITHSONIAN
ASG
~\

SMITHSONIAN

more
RIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLIWS

17 LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN

a 4 wm tu aig

z a F = AN

xt < — 5 \

e | we ac S \N

a — (ea) = hy
| , eas od oO = [@)

wad = inn => a&
ILSNI_NVINOSHLIWS 34 lYvugdit LIBRARI ES_ SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTI(

“a is oO >

Ancthih

— ~ ay a — nO

i

> +a

is

f i yen’
My ea
5 4

, ny
“1 Uda! Ped
° 7h ih mY

"
m4 ne

ae is a - Y ri
‘nee Le -
»

)
¢

Education “Department - Bulletin

Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York

‘Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1c08, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under
the act of July 16, 1894

No. 446 | ALBANY, N. Y. May 1, 1909

-— —

New York State Museum
Joun M. Crarke, Director
EpuraAIM Porter FELT, Stete Entomologist

Museum bulletin 129

CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS

BY

EPHRAIM PORTER FELT D.Sc.

PAGE | PAGE
IERERCHOM. oni ae EE So ie es 5 | ‘Babrie pestsze.. eases ce Seas 23
Sees ear riers. 4 i. 7 Clothes moths 2. “eee gz 38
‘@rehowm or house fly. «2.25. 2. 7 Carpet beetles Ps ano t age aye eee 25
Peoeaies = oe a ae Silver fish; bristle tail or fish moth 28
MMplatial MOSEHIO.. 60. <5... 12 Book louse. ........e. see eee ee 28
Yellow { = } White saists<3+ 7 ae ee 29
SVOWEeVe! AMOSGUItO a oe 5 ts 15 :
‘e of Crickets. o-faion ee ee ee 30
MimipiIne tOrmis .. >t Rc). ere. 15
Pood pests>. 2... Mea eae 30
- DS." 2) pi Soe eee ee 15
. Prowse: ainteese2 .s See ae 30
Wasps and hornets.....s...¢... 16
; Cockrodehess 7; 72, ote oe 32
House or rain barrel mosquito.. 16 fla Ade poets -
= ae ee nope ae - Cheese skipper. ..23.5 2 7...<8 35
eS Be Os Bs SE Cereal and seed pests..... ..... “a6
SES, 0, 11 eae Paiepe.a¥er stare 20 Fumigation with hy drocyanic acid
Bedi Wanter, +0... 84.4. es de 22 aS. 05 Oe eS Oo een yee 42
Fomse. centipedes 2. ai. Fes 2 Ps TOR a te Aner hie oa ee ee 45
ALBANY
UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW RONAN ASS

“e
rd

AY Fs OHnL
te & 190 ;

é 404592

1909
Me138r-Apg-2500 .

Ig!3
IQI7
Igtg
Igl4
Igt2
1918
IgIo
IQI5
IQII
1909
1916
1g2I

STATE OF NEW YORK
EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

Regents of the University

With years when terms expire

WHITELAW REID M.A. LL.D. D.C.L. Chancellor
St Crain McKetway M.A. LL.D. Vice Chancellor

DANIEL BREACH SP) 2 Dos = ee
PLINY =1) SEXTON UE Lie 2 ee
T. Guitrorp Smith M.A. C.E. LL.D. —- -
WILLIAM NotTTiINGHAM M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. -
Carcrn 5: Lorp WA. Lia ee oe
ALBERT VANDER VEER M.D. M.A. Ph.D. LL.D.
HAWARD. ASAUTERBACHS MM At LAD. a =
BucenesA: Puem LL:bsdie b=? 22
Eecian. I SHErppEen. Li. Bs bbb. 2 oe
BEANGis bl. CARPENTER “2 o= 0 = ee

Commissioner of Education

ANDREW S. Draper LL.B. LL.D. ©

Assistant Commissioners

a

New York
Brooklyn
Watkins
Palmyra
Buffalo
Syracuse
New York
Albany
New York
New York
Plattsburg
Mount Kisco

Aucustus S. Downinc M.A. Pd.D. LL.D. First Assistant

FRANK Ro.uuins B.A. Ph.D. Second Assistant
Tuomas FE. FINEGAN M.A. Zhird Assistant

Director of State Library

James. I. Wyer, Jr, M.L:S.

2 te Z
Director of Science and State Museum

Joun M. CiarkeE Ph.D. LL.D.

Chiefs of Divisions
Administration, HARLAN H. Horner B.A.
Attendance, James D. SULLIVAN

Educational Extension, WILLIAM R. EAsTMAN M.A. M.L.S.
Examinations, CHARLES F. WHEELOCK B.S. LL.D.

Inspections, FRANK H. Woop M.A.
Law, FRANK B. GILBERT B.A.

School Libraries, CHARLES E. Fitcu L.H.D.

Statistics, H1ram C. Case
Trades Schools, ARTHUR D. Dean B.S.

Visual Instruction, ALFRED W. ABRAMS Ph.B.

3

New York State Education Department
Science Division, April 2,1909

Hon. Andrew S. Draper LL.D.
Commissioner of Education

My DEAR sir: The State Entomologist has prepared a short
bulletin on the Control of Household Insects. I believe this would
prove of usefulness to our housekeepers, an aid to public comfort
and health and I beg to submit the document to you herewith, with
the recommendation that it be printed as a bulletin of the State
Museum.

: Very respectfully

Joun M. CLARKE
. Director
State of New York
Education Department
COMMISSIONER'S ROOM

Approved for publication April 3, 1909

SIC)
en

Commissioner of Education

Education Department Bulletin

Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York
Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under
the act of July 16, 1894

No. 446 ALBANY, N.Y. May 1, 1909

New York State Museum

Joun M. CrarkeE, Director

' EPHRAIM PorTER FELT, State Entomologist

Museum bulletin 129

CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS
BY

EPHRAIM PORTER FELT D.Sc.

INTRODUCTION

One need not go back a decade to note a marked change in senti-
ment toward certain insects commonly found in homes. There
have been great additions to our knowledge respecting the economic
mportance of some of these insects during recent years. This
bulletin aims to present in concise form the status of the principal
spec.es and gives special attention to methods of controlling the
pests.

There is no denying the beneficial influence of a pleasant
home. It should be a place where such material benefits as pro-
tection from diseases, cleanliness and personal comfort predominate.
There is deep pathos in the present situation. Many a widow
protects cherished garments from ‘“‘ moth and rust,’ while the
insect primarily responsible for the disruption of the home, through
the introduction of the germs of typhoid fever, flies about he house
unchallenged and ready, under favorable circumstances, to play
its part in another tragedy.

6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Doubtless such deplorable conditions are preventable and our
descendants of another century will stand amazed at our blind
toleration of such a menace to life and happiness.

Let us seek to control the ordinary household pests; let us
recast our estimation of the house fly and the malarial mosquito
and gage our actions accordingly. The malevolent house fly is a
eonstant menace to the integrity of the home. Those who have
not suffered from disease germs introduced by this pest, should
Tecognize the danger and adopt adequate precautionary measures.

Recent discoveries respecting the part played by insects in the
dissemination of malaria, yellow fever and typhoid fever, read like
a romance. Mosquitos as distributing agents of malaria have
been suspected for many years. An active impetus was given to
this suspicion through the discovery by Ross that certain Indian
mosquitos harbored a malarial parasite affecting birds. It was
only a step from this to human malaria. The mosquito-malarial
theory took such firm hold that in 1900 Drs Low and Sambon spent
the summer on the fever-ridden Roman campagna, relying entirely
for protection from malaria upon flimsy mosquito netting. Their
field test was further confirmed by the shipment of malarial-infected
mosquitos to London, where they were allowed to bite Dr Patrick
Manson’s son, who in due time came down with the disease though
residing in a nonmalarious section.

The deadly, justly dreaded “‘ yellow jack” has likewise been
traced to its lair through the heroism of a few devoted scientists.
Volunteers lived in a fever stricken locality with no protection
from infection other than the frail mosquito bar. They even
slept in beds soiled by fever patients for the sake of demonstrating
beyond question that the disease was not infectious. Drs Carroll
and Lazear went further and allowed themselves to be bitten by
infected mosquitos. Both contracted the disease, the latter losing
his life on the altar of scientific investigation. This was true hero-
ism. All honor to these martyrs. Theirs was not a useless
sacrifice. Before their time, a yellow fever outbreak meant
the loss of hundreds or thousands of lives, simply because there
was no known adequate method of preventing the disease. Pro-
longed arbitrary and wasteful quarantines were maintained. Thous-
ands fled from infected districts. The horrors of the shotgun
quarantine prevailed. The control of the yellow fever epidemic
of 1905 in New Orleans is a most striking testimony to the value
of the recent discoveries regarding this disease. This outbreak
was handled as a mosquito-borne infection and for the first time

CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS ‘ 7

the disease was stamped out before cold weather and with com-
paratively little loss in either life or property.

The Spanish-American War has resulted in a material addition
to our knowledge respecting the part flies may play in the spread
of typhoid fever, an infection costing the country $350,000,00e
annually, it is estimated. The conditions in the army camps were
such as to result in the unquestioned indictment of the ordinary
house fly as the chief agent, under such conditions, in spreading
the deadly germs of typhoid fever and other grave intestinal dis-
eases. These conclusions have been supported by thoroughly
competent investigators working under quite varied conditions.
There is no questioning the deadly potentialities of the hitherte
supposedly harmless house fly, if it has access to disease-infected
discharges, a condition altogether too frequent in country districts.

DISEASE CARRIERS
Typhoid or house fly’

Known and tolerated from time immemorial, this insect is more
than a nuisance. It is a menace to life under certain conditions.
It is far from being a necessary evil, since the adoption of com-
paratively inexpensive methods is all that is essential to bring
about an enormous reduction in its numbers.

The fly as a disease carrier. The experience of recent years,
particularly that of the Spanish-American War, has called atten-
tion in a most forcible manner to the part flies may play in con-
veying typhoid fever and other affections of the digestive system.
Typhoid fever affects about 250,000 Americans annually, 35,000
of the cases proving fatal. There is no denying the important
part played by water in carrying this infection, nevertheless the
common house fly is a most efficient agent in this work. Virulent
typhoid bacilli have been found on the legs and within the body
of this insect, persisting in the latter case, for 23 days. A number
of serious outbreaks have been observed by competent physicians
in various parts of the country, and in each instance the infection
through a common water or food supply did not afford a satis-
factory explanation. Similarly, the cholera bacillus has been found
in large numbers on flies, has been recognized in fly specks 17 hours
after feeding and as late as four days, and infected flies have carried
the disease germs to milk. It is equally certain that flies may
convey the germs responsible for certain forms of diarrhoea and

iMusca domestica Linn.

8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

other intestinal disorders. It is more than probable that
flies play an important part in causing the heavy mortality among
bottle-fed babies, the proportion of deaths between these and
breast-fed babies being as 25 to 1. It has been shown that flies
may ingest, carry and discharge tubercular bacilli, thus aiding
materially in spreading tuberculosis. Furthermore, it is held
that flies may, under certain conditions, convey plague, trachoma,
septicemia, erysipelas, leprosy, and there are reasons for thinking
that this insect may possibly be responsible for the more frequent

Fg.1 Typhoid or house fly: a, male, seen from above; b, proboscis and palpus from
the side; c, tip of the antenna; d, head of female; e, puparium: 7, the anterior breathing-
pore or spiracle, all enlarged. (After Howard & Marlatt, U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent.
Bul. 4. n.s. 1896)

new cases of smallpox occurring in the near vicinity of a hospital.
The eggs of certain intestinal parasites, such as those of the tape-
worm, may be swallowed by the fly and passed uninjured.
Methods of carrying diseases. The most common and danger-
ous infections conveyed by the house fly are typhoid fever, other
intestinal disorders, including those affect'ng young children, and
tuberculosis. Typhoid germs may be discharged from the human
system several weeks before diagnosis is possible, continue in num-
bers 6 to 8 weeks after apparent recovery, and in exceptional cases
may persist during a period of several years. There are authentic

CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 9

records of a patient distributing these germs for 17 years and being
the incipient cause of 13 cases during 14 years of that period. Even
the urine of patients may contain active typhoid bacilli. Similarly,
the germs producing other intestinal disorders are discharged from
the system though presumably not persisting for such extended
periods. It is well known that the germ causing tuberculosis is
abundant in the sputum of patients.

The house fly subsists entirely upon fluids and feeds with appar-
ently equal gusto upon fresh manure, decaying vegetable matter,
sputum or the daintiest culinary preparations. It is only neces-
sary for discharges from patients suffering from typhoid fever or
other intestinal diseases to be exposed in open vessels or poorly
constructed privies in order to secure the spread of the infection.
The hairy legs are fouled with thousands of deadly bacilli and
countless numbers are swallowed. Shortly thereafter the flies may
appear in the house and incidentally contaminate the food, to the
great peril of the consumer, with the germs adhering to the limbs
and those deposited with undiminished virulence in the familiar fly
specks. This, while disgusting and abhorrent to every sense of
decency, occurs repeatedly in nature and is apparently ignored by
the masses, despite the deadly peril thus incurred.

Habits. The house fly breeds by preference in horse manure,
though it lives to a limited extent in cow manure and miscellane-
ous collections of filth, especially decaying vegetable matter. The
flies deposit their eggs upon manure and similar material, the
young maggots hatching in less than 24 hours and, under favor-
able conditions, completing their growth in 5 to 7 days. The
maggots then transform to an oval, brown, resting or pupal stage,
Temaining in this condition from 5 to 7 days. The life cycle is
therefore completed in 10 to 14 days, the shorter period being true
of the warmer parts of the year, particularly in the vicinity of
Washington, D. C. One fly may deposit 120 eggs, and as there
may be to or 12 generations in a season, it is not surprising that
this insect should become extremely abundant by midsummer.
Calculations show that, under favorable conditions, the descen-
dants from one fly might at the end of a season reach the stupen-
dous number of over 190 quintillion. It has been estimated that
1200 house flies might be bred from a pound of manure, and at
this rate a good load would produce two and one half million.
. Fortunately, breeding is confined to the warmer months, only a
few flies wintering in houses in a more or less dormant condition.

Io NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Ordinarily, flies do not travel a great distamce and, in most
instances, probably breed within 300 to 500 feet of places where
they are extremely abundant. Butcher carts, grocery wagons
and electric or steam cars carrying more or less exposed meat and
other supplies attractive to flies, may become important agents
in the dissemination of disease, since it is only necessary for these
vehicles to load where conditions are favorable for fiv infection
and we may have a mysterious outbreak of disease at some distance
from the source of trouble.

Sanitary and control measures. It is perhaps needless to add,
in view of the foregoing, that the greatest care should be taken to
exclude flies from the sick room, especially in the case of contagious
diseases. The flies are not only annoying to the patient but may
aid in carrying the disease to others. The proper disposal of
infected discharges, such as those from typhoid patients, should
never be neglected, and under no conditions left where flies may
gain access to the infection.

All food, particularly that eaten without having been cooked,
should be carefully protected from flies by the use of screens. This
is especially true of milk, since it affords a favorable medium for
the multiplication of certain disease germs. It applies to dealers in
food supplies as well as to the home. An important step toward
better sanitation would be taken if the public refused to patronize
provision stores, restaurants and hotels overrun by fhes.

A large reduction in the number of house flies found in most places
is thoroughly practical. This can be best effected by domg away
with conditions favorable to the unrestricted multiplication of this
pest. The first step is to prevent flies from breeding in horse
manure and other waste products from the stable. All manure
should be placed in a fly-proof receptacle or the accumulation
treated daily with small quantities of chlorid of hme. Ili the
manure is removed from the stable at intervals of seven days and
spread upon the field, there will be comparatively little breeding.
One of these measures can be applied to every stable in cities and
villages. The farmer, if unable to carry out any of the preceding
suggestions, will find a large measure of relief from the fly nuisance,
if the manure is stored im tight, practically fly-proof cellars, such
as can be easily constructed with the modern concrete foundation.
Flies breed but little m darkness, and the writer has known of
barns comparatively free from flies, simply because the manure
was stored in the darker parts of a large barn cellar.

CONTROL: OF HOUSEROLD INSECTS II

The treatment of manure, described above, should be supple-
mented by care in preventing the accumulation about the prem-
ises, of decaying organic matter such as fruit, table scraps, etc.
Swill barrels should always be provided with tight covers and care
exercised that there be no leakage or an accumulation of fly-breed-
ing material about the barrel. The old-fashioned box privy should
be abolished unless it is conducted on the earth closet principle and
the contents kept covered with lime or dry earth, so as to prevent
both the breeding and infection of flies. The modern water-closet
and cesspool is by far the best and safest solution of this last named
difficulty. Such conveniences—one might well term them necessi-
ties — are no more costly than a long run of fever with its attendant
suffering and occasional death. The presence of numerous flies
about the dwelling may be construed as indicating a nearby, usually
easily eliminated, breeding place.

It will be found in practice that some flies are very apt to exist
in a neighborhood even after the adoption of rigid precautions.
They should be kept out of houses, so far as possible, by the use of
window and door screens, supplemented by the employment of
Tanglefoot or other sticky fly paper. This, though somewhat
disagreeable, is much to be preferred to the use of poisonous pre-
parations likely to result in dead flies dropping into food. Prof.
C. P. Lounsbury, Government Entomologist of South Africa, sug-
gests, in addition to the above, putting fresh pyrethrum powder
upon window sills and supplementing this by the judicious use of
an insect net. ,

The control of this pest is of great importance to the community.
Individual effort in this direction should be strengthened and sus-
tained by all officials charged with protecting the public health.
The Health Department of Washington, D. C. has already pro-
mulgated excellent ordinances against the fly pest. Similar action
should be taken by health officials in our municipalities and villages.

Fruit flies

These light brown flies, only about $ of an inch long, are most
commonly found about the pomace of cider mills and on overripe
or partly decaying fruit. They are attracted by fermented liquids,
such as wine, cider, vinegar, beer, and may frequently be observed
on the sides of jars containing preserved fruits. There are two
species' which appear to be most abundant. It is very difficult

Drosophila ampelophila Loew and D. amoena Loew.

I2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

to keep these insects out of houses on account of their small size.
Dr Howard has listed these forms as likely to be disease carriers.
These little insects ordinarily enter the house rarely unless
attracted by overripe or canned fruit. The latter should be her-
metically sealed, making it safe from injury, and stored in the
cellar or other place comparatively inaccessible to the flies, Yas
soon as convenient. These small flies can be easily destroyed with
fresh pyrethrum powder. os os

Fig. 2 Fruit fly: a, adult fly: 4, antenna; c, base of tibia and first tarsal joint:
d, puparium, side view; e, same, dorsal view; 7, larva; g, anal segment of same; 4a, d, e,
much enlarged; 5b, c, g, still more enlarged. (After Howard, U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent.
Bil. 45 Sans: 1896)

Malarial mosquito’

This insect has always been with us. It is only recently that
its connection with the spread of malaria has been established
beyond question, though there has long been a suspicion that some
mosquitos m ght be responsible for this disease.

Infect on by malaria. Medical men, best qualified to pass upon
the question, unhesitatingly affirm that certain mosquitos are
responsible for the dissemination of this malady. Malaria, like
some other diseases, is caused by a specific germ. It is peculiar in
that it has to pass through certain changes within the body of the
mosquito before it can develop successfully in the human
system. Moreover, malarial mosquitos are harmless until they
have become infected by biting some person suffering from
this disease. These germs may be carried by man in a latent con-

I1AAnopheles maculipennis Meign.

CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 13

dition for years. This is especially true of Italians. The sequence
of events may be briefly summarized as follows: A female mosquito
bites a person having malarial
germs in his blood. The malarial
parasites enter the walls of the
mosquito’s stomach, undergo cer-
tain changes therein, and in from
7 to 14 days make their way to
the salivary glands and are then
ready to enter the system of the
next person bitten. These germs
then undergo a series of changes,
and if the person is not immunea
more or less severe case of malaria
develops. So far as known, the
malarial mosquito, and that only,
can carry this infection. The ; ;
connection between malaria and with ndie antenna at sohe aaa Be ages
- A showing venation at left. (After Howard,
extensive excavations has long U.S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 25. n.s.
been recognized, though it is only ee
recently that a satisfactory explanation of this condition has been
advanced. Malarial mosquitos breed in large numbers in pools in
and about excavations. Italians are our principal excavators.
Most of them have suffered from malaria and have the disease germs

Fig. 4 Common and malarial mosquitos at rest, the latter to the right. (Reduce
from Howard, U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 25. n. s. 1900)

in theirsystems. The malarial mosquito, breeding in large numbers
about recent excavations, derives its infection from the Italians
and then, if opportunity allows, inoculates Americans. We
therefore frequently have exceptionally severe outbreaks of malaria

14 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

following extensive excavations. This is exactly what would be
expected if the above statements are true.

* Habits. The appearance and habits of the malarial mosquito
are important if we wish to avoid malaria. The malarial mosquito
is easily recognized by its spotted wings and, in particular by the
characteristic resting position, the beak and the body being in
almost a straight line and at a considerable angle to the supporting
surface. On the other hand, our ordinary mosquitos do not have
spotted wings and when at rest the beak and the body form an
obtuse angle, the body being approximately parallel with the
supporting surface. The wrig-
gler of the malarial mosquito
occurs in grassy pools, beside
streams and is frequently very
abundant in collections of water
in and about recent excavations.
The wriggler of the malarial mos-
quito is easily recognized by the
absence of a conspicuous air
tube, by its resting in a hori-
zontal position just beneath the
surface film, and the usually
bright or dark brown and green-
ish colors. The wrigglers of the
common mosquito, conversely,
have a large air tube at the
posterior extremity, invariably
rest with the body at a con-
Vigos _, Chatavterstic feeding Position pf + siderable asiole 0 ihe sumac tae

malarial mosquito wriggler in upper figure,
and that of the common mosquito in lower = By pee 2
(Mee eee ATS the water and are a dull whitish

figure. . Dep’t Agric.
et a ee ee or yellowish white. The mala-
rial mosquito breeds more or less during the warm months of the
year, the spotted-winged adults wintering in any shelter, frequently
m1 houses and occasionally flying in midwinter. The capture of
chilled specimens on snow banks in early spring is not unusual.
Control measures. Malarial outbreaks may be prevented or
controlled in two ways. The malarial mosquito is very local in
its habits. It is comparatively easy, by draining breeding pools
and treating those not easily drained, with oil, to eliminate the
mosquito and thus do away with all danger of infection. This is
practicable in most cases and in sections where malaria is more or
less prevalent, is the only course to pursue.

CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS I5

The malarial mosquito is widely distributed in the North and
there is always a chance of an outbreak following the appearance of
parties suffering from malaria or having the parasite in their blood,
as for example, Italians. The advent of either in a neighborhood
should be preceded if possible by extraordinary activity in draining
or treating breeding places in order to destroy as many of the
insects as possible and thus reduce the danger of infection. Methods
of value in controlling common mosquitos will be equally service-
able in checking this disease carrier.

Yellow fever mosquito’

This, though a southern species, is of interest owing to its great
economic importance. It is a dark brown form, marked with
strongly contrasting silvery white, and is frequently designated as
the day mosquito in the South.

Yellow fever carrier. This insect appears to be the only method
by which yellow fever may be conveyed from one person to another.
As in the case of the malarial mosquito, the yellow fever mosquito
is harmless until it has become inoculated with the germs by biting
a yellow fever patient, and even then some 12 days must elapse
before it can convey the infection. As a result of the recent
discoveries relating to this insect, the control of a yellow fever
outbreak means a strenuous, well sustained campaign against this
insect, supplemented by the exercise of special care to prevent
mosquitos gaining access to yellow fever patients.

Habits and control. The yellow fever mosquito appears to have
in the South much the same habits as our house mosquito in
the North. It displays a marked preference for the water in
cisterns, tanks and similar places; consequently measures of value
in reducing the house mosquito will prove equally serviceable in
controlling this much more dangerous southern species.

ANNOYING FORMS
_ Cluster fly

This interesting species? has received its popular name because
of the large clusters occasionally found in autumn in houses. It
is easily distinguished from the rather closely related house fly by
the black thorax covered rather thickly with tawny hairs frequently

Stegomyia calopus Meign.
*7Pollenia rudis Fabr.

16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

inclining to a grayish shade. The young of this species live about
the roots of grasses and there is a record of its having been reared
from cow dung. Clusters of this insect can easily be destroyed by
dusting the flies liberally with fresh pyrethrum powder. The
insecticide may be molded into moist cones and burned if preferred.
The stupefied flies, in either case, should be swept up and burned.

Wasps and hornets

The paper wasp’ and the common
wasp’ frequently occur about buildings
and are of considerable service in de-
stroying flies. Occasionally, if excep-
tionally abundant, they may become a
nuisance on account of the danger from
stinging. These imsects can easily be
excluded by the use of screens and in

Fig.6 Wasp enlarged. (After Riley) ag Z a :
_— as =e*" case of their being excessively abundant
thefnests should be found and the inmates destroyed at night with

chloroform or bisulfid of carbon.

House or rain barrel mosquito®

This modest, brown, though by no means retiring mosquito,
hardly needs an introduction. Its suggestive song is so well
understood that we instinctively
prepare for the inevitable. This
mosquito takes advantage of

3} man at every possible oppor-
\ tunity, while we tamely submit
me J, at Fi ee to a series of annoyances which
74 Be ae 4 could be eliminated at a less
as & be Ww expenditure of energy than is
rX S A 2 necessary to endure repeated
> trials of patience with a reason-
eee ae eee Paani regres a tae a
giers below. (Reduced from Howard, U_S. Habits. This insect winters in

Dep't Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. -
small numbers in houses or other

shelters, the females depositing clusters of eggs upon standing
water on the approach of warm weather. Breeding may continue

Vespa germanica Fabr.
2Polistes sp.
Culex pipiens Lim.

CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 17

under favorable conditions till checked by frosts in the fall. This
domestic pest displays a marked partiality for water in rain barrels,
cisterns, defective eave troughs, old wooden buckets, tin cans or
similar receptacles. The black eggs are deposited in raftlike
masses of some two to four hundred, and the entire development
to the adult may occur within 14 days. One rain barrel may
produce thousands of mosquitos and provide an abundance of
these ubiquitous annoyances throughout a season.

Control. This species, like a number of other mosquitos, is
quite local in habit and its presence may be construed as an indi-
cation of nearby breeding places. The elimination of useless
barrels, tin cans, etc. will accomplish much toward reducing the
numbers of this pest, and this should be supplemented by atten-
tion to gutters and eave troughs to see that they have not become
bent or clogged so as to afford breeding places. Rain barrels and
cisterns, if a necessity, may be rendered innocuous by covering
them closely, even though nothing more substantial than mosquito
netting be employed. Should this latter be undesirable, the
surface may be kept covered with a film of kerosene, without
detriment to the employment of the water for domestic purposes,
provided the water be drawn from the lower part of the vessel.

Salt marsh mosquito!

The salt marshes, as might be presumed, present peculiar con-
ditions and these are accompanied by a corresponding variation
in animal life. Those at all familiar with marsh conditions have
learned by experience about the large, vorac‘ous swarms of mos-
quitos which may occur in such sections.

Habits, The salt marsh mosquito is typical of several forms
which breed by preference in brackish water. The short tubed,
dark colored wrigglers are found here and there in pools, being by
far the most numerous within two or three hundred feet of the
high land, this area being that portion of the marshes flooded only
by high tides. These more or less regular overflows of water
result in numerous eggs hatching and the production of ravenous
hosts of mosquitos, easily recognized by their white banded legs,
beak and body, the latter in addition, bearing a conspicuous longi-
tudinal white stripe. These insects differ greatly from our house
mosquito, in that they fly considerable distances, there being
authentic records of their having been found 40 miles from the
nearest available breeding place. Occasionally hosts of these

iulex sollicitans Walk.

18 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

insects invade New York city to the great discomfort of the
residents.

Control. The control of this species is practicable though at the
outset it appears somewhat difficult. All that is necessary is to
provide drainage so that pools of water will not stand more than
a few days. This is accomplished by runn’‘ng narrow ditches
within about 25 feet of the headland and 40 or 50 feet apart, all
being connected with some tidal creek so that they are flushed out
twice daily. The walls of the ditches should be perpendicular and
the bottom at a uniform level. Experience has shown it inad-
visable to have the walls sloping or to attempt to secure a uniform

%.
Fig. 8 Salt marsh mosquito from above, the toothed front claw more enlarged. (After
Howard, U.S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 25. n.s. 1900)

pitch, since the latter almost invariably results in pools not reached
by the daily tides. This work has been conducted on an extensive
scale in the vicinity of New York city with most gratifying results.
Several types of ditching machines are in use and the work is
comparatively inexpensive.

The elimination of mosquito breeding places on the salt marshes
may sometimes be accomplished by the use of tidal gates and a
series of drains. This method, while thoroughly effective, belongs
to the domain of land development rather than to that of insect
subjugation. The additional cost in many cases may be more
than met by the increased value of the marshes treated

CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS I9

House fleas

The cat and dog flea! is the species most usually abundant in
houses in New York State, judging from the specimens submitted
with complaints. This species, as its common name indicates,
occurs indiscriminately upon both the cat and the dog and’may
be found about their sleeping places. The minute, white eggs
are laid mostly in such places. The slender, active larvae feed
upon organic matter in cracks and crevices, and are most numerous
about the sleeping places of domestic animals. The flea is a pro-
lific insect. The closing of a dwelling for several weeks or more
in warm weather affords almost ideal conditions for rapid multi-
plication, and more than once householders have been surprised

Fig. 9 Cat and dog flea, seen from the side, enlarged. (Original)

on returning to find the home overrun by these active, annoying
pests. A rat flea is an important factor in the spread of bubonic
plague.

Control measures. Fleas are very likely to occur on cats and
dogs and if these animals must be retained in the home, care
should be exercised to keep their sleeping places clean. Provide
the animal with a mat or blanket upon which it may sleep. This
mat should be taken up frequently, shaken and the collected
dust beneath burned. This is a most effective method of pre-
venting the multiplication of these insects. An animal known to

Wtenocephatlus canis Curtis.

20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

be infested with fleas should have a quantity of fresh pyrethrum
powder rubbed into the hair. This will stupefy the pests, causing
them to drop off and then they may be swept up and burned. Dust-
ing hosiery with pyrethrum powder has been found very effective
in preventing flea bites in situations where such precautions are
advisable.

It is frequently very difficult to deal with a bad infestation, due
to the impossibility of getting at the breeding places or destroying
all of the fleas at one time. Dr Henry Skinner of Philadelphia
states that he has successfully destroyed fleas in a badly infested
room, by sprinkling the floor liberally with about 5 pounds
of flake naphthalene and closing the room for 24 hours. The acrid
fumes destroyed the fleas and inflicted no material injury. There
is no danger in this procedure and we earnestly commend it to
those troubled by this pest. Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid
gas, described on page 42, where practical, is a most satisfactory
method of dealing with this condition.

A sparse infestation has been handled satisfactorily, according
to Dr Howard, by placing a white cloth, like a pillow case, in the
middle of the floor. The fleas, attracted by the color, jump on
the cloth and may then be captured with a wet finger and put
into water.

Bedbug’

The brown, oval, flattened, malodorous insect so generally desig-
nated by the above name, is too familiar to require description.

Fig. 10 Bedbug; a. and 4, adult females from above and below, gorged with blood; ¢
and d, structural details. (After Marlatt, U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 4. n. s. 1896)

iimex lectularius Linn.

CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS MN |

It is especially likely to be abundant in old houses where cracks
and crevices abound, and its continuance theren is favored by
the old style wooden bedstead with its numerous shelters The
occurrence of this pest in a home is not necessarily a reflection
upon the ability of the housewife. Its continuance there may be
the occasion of grave reproach. Bedbugs are very liable to occur
on boats, are occasionally found in sleeping cars and are said to
be much more common in the Southern than in the Northern
States.

Habits. This insect, as many can vouch for by personal experi-
ence, is nocturnal in habit. Recent experiments show that it may
feed under certain conditions on mice as well as upon man. This
habit, should it prove to be general, accounts for cases where
bedbugs are found very abundant in houses which have been unin-
habited for some time. Another species! occurs in swallows’ nests
and occasionally invades adjacent living rooms. It appears to
live almost exclusively upon birds, though a third form,” found on
chickens, has been known to suck human blood, but not under
natural conditions.

The oval, white eggs of the bedbug are deposited in cracks and
crevices in batches of 6 to 50 or thereabouts. The yellowish
white, nearly transparent young hatch therefrom in a week or Io
days. Experiments have shown that about 11 weeks are neces-
sary for the young insects to attain maturity, though the period
is probably greatly modified by the degree of warmth and the
abundance of food. It is said that ordinarily only one meal is
taken between each of the five molts preceding the attainment of
maturity. Full-grown bugs at least are able to endure long fasts
with apparently no inconvenience. It has been stated that the
bedbug may serve as a carrier of certain diseases.

Control measures. Cracks and crevices, loose wall paper and
the old wooden bedsteads afford ideal hiding places for this
disgusting pest. The modern tight construction of both floors
and walls, and iron or brass bedsteads reduce the retreats of
this species to a minimum and greatly facilitate its control.

The insect can be controlled in the older type of dwelling only
by extreme vigilance. Cracks and crevices should be stopped so
far as possible, and the joints of the old-fashioned bedstead treated
liberally with benzine, kerosene or similar oils. Hot water can be

ICimex hirundinis Jenyns.
Cimex columbarius Jenyns.

22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

employed for cleansing bedsteads where this treatment seems
preferable. Corrosive sublimate is frequently used, though a deadly
poison and should be employed with great caution. The daily
inspection and the destruction of bugs found on the bed and
bedding soon results in eliminating the pest un'ess the building
affords comparatively inaccessible retreats, as, for example, a very
defective floor.

A room badly infested by this pest might well be thoroughly
fumigated with brimstone; 2 pounds of sulfur are advised for each
thousand cubic feet of space, the treatment being continued at
least 24 hours if possible. The sulfur candles now manufactured
are excellent for this purpose. A more effective though much
more dangerous method is the employment of hydrocyanic acid
gas, directions for the use of which are given on page 42. This
latter is especially serviceable where entire buildings are badly
infested. |

It may be comforting to know that the bedbug has active
enemies in the little red ant and also cockroaches. Unfortunately
these insects are serious nuisances in the household and hardly
more welcome than the pest under consideration.

Bedbug hunter

This species! occasionally occurs about
houses and with one or more allies was
widely noticed by newspapers in 1898
under the name of kissing bug. This
brownish or black insect is about ? of
an inch long and has somewhat the same
shape as the malodorous squash bug of
the garden. It is beneficial, since it preys
upon insects. The grayish, sprawly legged
young are unusually interesting on account
i of their being covered with particles of lint.

‘ This gives them a nondescript appearance
,_ pig. 11 Masked bedbug and undoubtedly is of service in enabling

hunter or kissing bug, from

above, about twice natura! . ;

size, (After Howard, U. 8. them to creep up unobserved upon their
ep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul.

22. N.S. 1900) prey.

, 10psicoetus personatus Linn.

CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 23

House centipede’

This light brown, rapidly running,
sprawly legged centipede arouses more
or less aversion and terror through appre-
hension. Like other centipedes, it is

Li

capable of inflicting a somewhat poison- Ne
ous bite though, as a rule,it is only too —Nige—
glad to escape. The house centipede has / Ge SEN
become well established in the dwellings / TAS
of Albany, N. Y. and is presumably more ie coon ee
or less abundant in other cities of the | i
Stace lives enetcial, in) that <i. 7s Stel,

known to prey upon house flies, cock-
roaches and other insects. Its presence
in a house should be welcomed, since it
is capable of inflicting no injury aside
from a somewhat poisonous bite, the ee eee antec
latter being extremely rare. Ee aS A ae

~
Die
—

Fig. 12 House centipede;

PABRIG PESTS
Clothes moths

The small, white caterpillars of these insects, frequently in a
cylindric, webbed case, are very different from the young of the

PA ATTN WEIN
erat

SS
+} CRIS yyy

Fig. 13. The common case-making clothes moth; adult; larva and larva in case;
enlarged. (After Riley)

carpet beetles noticed on page 25, one of which is frequently
referred to as the Buffalo clothes moth. The true clothes moths

PHeCuwti cera tone-c ps. hat:

24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

are small, grayish yellow moths or millers, indistinctly dark
spotted and having a wing spread of less than half an inch. The
progeny of not all small moths are injurious to fabrics, though
several such destructive species occur in this State.

Description and habits. The most common form in New York
State is known as the case-making clothes moth! easily recognized
in the immature stage by the cylindric case which the small cater-
pillar drags around as it moves from place to place.

The webbing or southern clothes moth? is stated to be the more
abundant and injurious spe-
cies in the latitude of Wash-
g 3 ington though it occurs far-
a ee ther north. This species is
ni A LENS ae

Mw “use about the same size as the

ihe ; preceding and has uniformly

pale yellowish wings. The

young or caterpillar does
NOt CONSETUCL =a cases

, lines its runways with fine
adult’ torva, cocoes ead empty papal cuings Silky “Bins destractime eater:
a pee pillar feeds on a variety of
animal materials, having been found in woolens, hair, feathers
and furs, and is frequently a troublesome pest in museums.

The tapestry moth® is rare in this country and is larger than
either of the other two, hav-
ing a wing spread of about #
of an inch. The base: of the
forewings is black, the outer
portion being a _ variable
creamy white. This larger
species displays a marked
preference for the heavier fab-
rics, such as carpets and Ge ey ee ee moth: adult, enlarged,
horseblankets and may be
found in felting, furs, skins, carriage upholstering, etc.

Control measures. Clothes moths, like carpet beetles, fleas and
some other household pests, thrive best in situations where there
is relatively little disturbance. Clothing used almost daily and
other fabrics subject to frequent handling, brushing or sweeping

Tinea peltiomel la, Linn.
Famreoka “risevivetta um.
Trichwophasaweape t 2Zellha Lim,

CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 25

are relativeiy immune from injury. Woolens and furs are most
likely to be damaged while in storage during warm weather. These,
before being laid away, should be thoroughly aired, brushed and
carefully examined for the presence of the destructive larvae.
Then they should be packed in cedar chests or tight boxes,
preferably with some naphthalene or camphor, as these latter
materials are of some service as repellents. A very effective and
cheap method of storing articles for the summer is to put them
in tight pasteboard boxes and seal the covers firmly with strips
of gummed paper.

Valuable furs and similar articles are frequently deposited
with storage companies. Experiments conducted under the direc-
tion of Dr Howard, Chief of the Bureau of Entomology, have
shown that all danger of injury by clothes moths and their asso-
ciates may be obviated by keeping the temperature at about 40°
Fahrenheit. This is sufficiently low so that insects, even if pres-
ent, will remain in a dormant and therefore harmless condition.

Occasionally a clothespress becomes badly infested by clothes
moths. All garments should then be removed, aired, thoroughly
brushed and care taken to destroy any larvae which may not
have been dislodged by this treatment. The clothespress itself
should be thoroughly brushed and cleaned. These measures.
should afford relief. It is a very poor plan to have in the attic or
some unused part of the house miscellaneous woolens or other
materials in which the pests can breed unrestricted, as such places
are likely to serve as centers for the infestation of more valuable
articles. Methods of fumigating are briefly discussed on pages
ou fae

Spraying with benzine or naphtha two or three times during
warm weather is advisable for the purpose of preventing injury
to cloth-covered furniture, cloth-lined carriages and similar articles
in storage or unused for extended periods. Care should be exer-
cised to prevent the inflammable vapor of these oils gaining access
to fire of any kind.

Carpet beetles

Housekeepers of Albany, N. Y., at least, are seriously troubled
by carpet beetles. These destructive insects, it will be seen by
referring to page 23, are very different from the clothes moths
though operating somewhat in the same manner. 7

Description. The Buffalo carpet beetle! is a stout, oval beetle
3 of an inch long or less and easily recognized by its black and

AnDtThHTEenus .Scrophetariac Linn.

26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

white or yellowish white and red mottled wing covers. The red
markings form an irregular line, with three lateral projections on
each side, down the middle of the back. The common name
Buffalo carpet beetle is suggestive of the shaggy, stout grub or
larva, some $ of an inch long, found working in carpets, more
generally along seams or cracks in the floor.

The black carpet beetle’ is a more slender, black or brownish
beetle somewhat larger than the oval Buffalo carpet beetle,
though rarely attaining a length of #*s of an inch. It is peculiar
on account of the greatly produced terminal antennal segment in
the male. The slender, reddish brown grub, some quarter of an
inch or more in length, is easily distinguished from that of the
Buffalo carpet beetle by the long, brushy tail of reddish hairs and
the sparse clothing of the tapering body.

Habits. Both of these carpet beetles
are rather common on flowers the latter
part of May and early in June and may be
brought into houses therewith. They also
occur on windows in early spring, are
found in the fall and occasionally in the
winter. Both play possum when dis-
turbed. The eggs of the Buffalo carpet
beetle are deposited in convenient places
and the young grubs develop quite rapidly.
Mag oe gS a: It is probable that there are not more
dapiane eaaeee than two generations in the North though
the insects are active in warm houses throughout the year. The
black carpet beetle has very similar habits though the develop-
ment of its grub appears to be much slower. This latter insect
is known to feed upon feathers and has been reared in flour and
meal. Woolens are more liable to injury than other fabrics.

Control measures. Obviously it is advisable to destroy the
beetles found about houses before they have had an opportunity
of laying eggs. It is desirable to avoid bringing the pests into the
house with flowers. Both of these insects breed in organic matter,
presumably in outbuildings or outdoors, as well as within, fly to
the flowers and may then, in the case of the Buffalo carpet beetle
at least, be carried into dwellings before eggs? are deposited. The

—_—_—__

IAttagenus piceus Oliv.

2Professor Slingerland, Rural New Yorker, 1896, 55:582. records obtaining
eggs from Buffalo carpet beetles taken on flowers.

CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 27

substitution of rugs or matting for carpets is advised in localities
where the pests are destructive.

Infested carpets should be taken up and thoroughly cleaned,
and if badly infested, sprayed with benzine. This latter should
invariably be done outdoors, owing to the extreme inflammability
of this oil. Local injury can frequently be stopped by passing a>
hot iron over a damp cloth laid on the affected part of the carpet.
The steam penetrates the fabric and destroys the pest in its retreat.
The danger of subsequent injury can be largely avoided by filling
all cracks and crevices in poorly constructed floors with putty or
plaster of paris. Laying tarred paper under a carpet has been
frequently advised as a preventive.

Fig. 17 Black carpet beetle, seen from above, enlarged; antenna of the male, st
more enlarged (Original)

These insects can undoubtedly be destroyed by fumigation with
burning sulfur, bisulfid of carbon and hydrocyanic acid gas. The
first named is frequently employed and though the fumes are very
pungent, liable to blacken silver and cause other damage, par-
ticularly if considerable moisture is present, it is one of the safest
fumigants. Bisulfid of carbon, on account of its inflammability,
is hardly a safe material to employ in dwellings. Hydrocyanic
acid gas has been used extensively'in the last decade for the destruc-
tion of household pests. Directions for using it are given
on page 42.

For the treatment of garments and furs stored during warm
weather, see the discussion on page 24.

28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Silver fish, bristle tail or fish moth!

This peculiar, elusive insect is frequently the subject of inquiry
by careful housekeepers. It is rather common about houses
though rarely seen. It is about 3 of an inch long, silvery gray
and tapering. Perfect specimens have very long antennae and
three equally long appendages at the posterior extremity.

Habits. This insect feeds upon farinaceous matter such as the
sizing of paper, starch, paste etc. It has even been known to eat
off the face of museum labels to such an extent as to render them
illegible. It thrives best in places where there is comparatively
little disturbance and is therefore rarely numerous in houses having
few crevices and no storeroom where articles are allowed to
remain undisturbed for months or even years at a time.

Control measures. ‘This insect, if abundant, can be controlled
to best advantage, according to Mr Marlatt, by slipping into their
haunts pieces of paper liberally treated with a thick, boiled, starchy
paste poisoned with arsenic. This material should be used with
extreme care and placed only where there is no danger of children
getting hold of the poison. Ordinarily the dusting of this insect’s
haunts with fresh pyrethrum powder, followed by thorough clean-
ing, is preferable to the employment of an arsenical poison. Dam-
age is most likely to occur in comparatively moist places or where
articles are allowed to remain undisturbed for a year or more.

Book louse

This is a pale louselike insect? only #5 of an inch long and fre-
quently designated as the “ death watch ’’ because of the peculiar
ticking sound it makes. This latter is supposed to predict an
early death in the family. An allied species? has similar habits
andi1s considered to be the true death watch.) Bother taese
species, as well as allied forms, live upon vegetable matter and
occasionally may become very abundant. There have been
several records of this insect issuing in enormous numbers from
mattresses stuffed with hair, corn husks or straw. An infestation
of this kind can be controlled best by removing and burning the
infested mattress. The apartment then should be thoroughly
cleaned.

i1Lepisma domestica Pack
2A tro pos) divin ator mae aior.
*Clothwl Pavpws ato iva elim:

CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 29

White ants!

These insects, despite their general resemblance to the more
common ants, are very different creatures. The flying ants,
though having somewhat the same size as some of our winged,
black ants, may be recognized at once by the numerous veins of
the wings. White ants are frequently very injurious to buildings
or their contents, particularly in Washington and to the south-
ward. Occasionally they cause serious injuries in New York, and
in at least one instance established themselves in safe deposit
vaults and proceeded to destroy valuable records and to tunnel
the wooden blocks of electrotypes. The whitish, wingless, antlike
forms make large tunnels in woody and other vegetable fibers,

Fig. 18 White ants: @, adult male from above; b, posterior extremity of the same
from below; c, the same of the female: d, male seen from the side; e, side view of the
abdomen of the female; f, tarsus showing the segments and the claw; a, d, e are en-
larged; b, c, 7 greatly enlarged. (After Marlatt, U.S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul, 4. n. s. 1896)

invariably avoiding the light. They pass from one object to
another only through covered galleries. The secrecy with which
these pests operate enables them to cause extensive injury before
their presence is suspected. These peculiar insects are familiar
to many who have observed their operations in an old stump.
Control measures. Nothing but the most thorough work will
clean a building or a vault of these insects, because their burrowing
habits enable them to get beyond the reach of destructive gases.
An infested vault should have everything removed, every crack
and crevice thoroughly cleaned and then special attention given
to doors or other means of entrance, to see that there is no possi-

IT ernmtes- flavipes Kollar.

30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

bility of insects entering through an unsuspected crevice. Before
replacing the contents of the vault, wood, papers or other materials
likely to be infested should be most carefully examined and, if
necessary, thoroughly heated or repeatedly fumigated with some
gas. Great care should be exercised to prevent the reinfestation
of any such place. It is even more difficult to control this pest
in buildings, since if it becomes abundant nothing can be done
aside from installing brick, stone or concrete foundations. This
form of construction is especially advisable in warmer sections
of the country. Where books, papers and exposed woodwork
only are infested, thorough and protracted fumigation with
hydrocyanic acid gas, described on page 42, may be advisable.

Crickets

These black, chirping, nocturnal insects’ occasionally make their
way into houses and for the most part are welcome. Sometimes
they may cause serious injury. Dr Lintner records a case where
a suit of clothes, just from the tailor, was completely ruined in a
night by the common black field cricket? which had entered an
open window in some numbers. Such injury is exceptional.
Crickets can be destroyed where necessary by the use of ground-up
carrots or potatoes to which a liberal amount of arsenic has been
added. They may also be caught by taking advantage of their
liking for liquids and placing low vessels containing beer or other
fluids about their haunts.

("OOD PESTS
- . E House ants

There are several species of ants likely to occur in houses. These
little insects are not specially destructive nor obnoxious aside
from their faculty of getting into everything. *

The little red ant? is particularly troublesome, since its small
size, it being only about is of an inch long, enables it to enter
almost any receptacle not hermetically sealed. Furthermore, this
little pest is very prolific and occasionally literally overruns
buildings to the serious discomfort of the inhabitants. This tiny
species is perhaps the most common and the most abhorred of all,

owing to the difficulty of eradicating it.

iGryllus domesticus Linn. and others.
*>Gryllus luctuosus Serv.
‘Monomoriumfipharaonis Linn.

CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 31

The little black ant! is about 1 of an inch long and though nor-
mally occurring under stones in yards, also invades the house
in considerable numbers.

The pavement ant? is about $ of an inch long and is very common
along the Atlantic seaboard.

The large, black ant? is the giant among our household ants.
It may be half an inch or more in length, is normally a wood feeder
and has frequently been designated as the carpenter ant. This
large species occasionally invades buildings, particularly in the
country, lives in the timbers and makes systematic levys upon the
food supplies of both kitchen and pantry. Occasionally this
species may become very abundant in a dwelling.

Control measures. A house badly infested by ants, particularly
if a rather old building, might well be thoroughly fumigated with

y 3 ~
igFig.19 Red ant: a, female;tb, worker or neuter, enlarged. (After Riley)? 2

kes

hydrocyanic acid gas, directions for which are given on page 42.
This method of treatment is especially good for the little red ant,
because its nests are usually in the walls of the building and
therefore inaccessible.

Aside from the fumigation mentioned above, the next most
satisfactory method of controlling these pests is to search for their
nests and destroy them so far as possible. This can be accomplished
only by ascertaining the origin of the continuous stream of ants
and is frequently impossible. The little black ant and the
pavement ant are very likely to build nests outdoors under
stones. Should the nests be found they can be destroyed by
liberal applications of boiling water or spraying with kerosene.

IMonomorium minutum Mayr.
Tetramorium caespitum Linn.
Camponotus herculeanus Linn.

32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Outdoor nests of ants can be destroyed by the use of carbon bisul-
fid. Make a hole several inches deep with a broom handle and
put therein about 1 ounce of carbon bisulfid and cover quickly.
In the case of a large nest, several holes should be made at a dis-
tance of a foot or a foot and a half and each charged with carbon
bisulfid. A more recent method is scooping out a portion of the
soil and filling the cavity with a solution of cyanide of potassium,
using 1 ounce of this deadly poison to a gallon of water. Another
probably equally effective method is the sprinkling of the surface
of the nest with fine particles of potassium cyanide. This material,
it should be remembered, is a most dangerous poison and every
precaution should be taken to avoid. disastrous results. The
nests of the large black ant are usually found in timbers, such as
studding in the walls and are therefore wellnigh inaccessible.
The writer has seen 2x 4 joists badly riddled by the operations
of this insect.

Trapping the ants by means of sponges dipped in sweetened
water is frequently advised and gives good results if conscientiously
carried out. First, attractive foods should be removed, so far as
possible, prior to the distribution of the pieces of sponge saturated
with sweetened water. These latter should be gathered from
time to time and the ants clinging thereto destroyed by dropping
in boiling water.

Cockroaches

Cockroaches and their smaller cousins, the croton bugs, are
frequently the bane of the neat housekeeper, particularly in old
city dwellings. These species are distributed through commercial
agencies and have become well established in most large cities and
villages on the principal routes of travel, especially seaports and
places on rivers or canals, since these pests are invariably found
on ships and boats. The old houses with their numerous inac-
cessible crannies and crevices afford a multitude of hiding places
and enable the roaches to exist year after year, in spite of strenuous
efforts to exterminate them.

Description. At least three species of cockroaches may be
found in houses. The American cockroach!’ is a large, dark brown
species nearly an inch and a half long and has well developed
wings. The Oriental cockroach or black beetle? is a nearly wing-
less, dark brown or black form about aninch long. The Australian

iPeri laneta americana Linn.

P

‘Peri lane Paver end a bics\Habr:
Pp

CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 33

cockroach,! frequently brought to our shores by vessels, is a red-
dish brown form about an inch and a quarter long, easily recog-
nized by the yellow, irregular, oval markings just behind the
head. A slender, light green cockroach? about an inch long is
occasionally introduced with tropical fruits. The smallest and the
most pestiferous of all is the croton bug,? a light brown, dark
marked cockroach only about ? of an inch in length.

Habits. The larger ane an or European cockroaches are fre-
quently somew hat abundant, but the most numerous is the smaller
croton bug. These insects find the dampness of water pipes very
congenial, arid on account of their abundance in such places, they
are widely known as water bugs. Roaches, both large and small,

Fig. 20 Oriental cockroach: @ and c, female from Ebeve and the side: b, male; d, a half
Se individual; all natural size. (After Marlatt, U.S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. Alt Ss
feed upon a variety of vegetable and animal matter. The refuse
scraps of the sink, the food on the pantry shelves, woolens, leather
of shoes, furniture or books, the sizing or paste of cloth-bound
books and similar materials are all liable to be gnawed by these
almost omnivorous pests. Aside from the actual amount of
injury inflicted, the fetid, roachy odor is imparted to infested
food stufis. It is only fair to state that these disgusting pests are
known to feed upon that horror of the housewife, the bedbug.
There is small choice between the two evils.

1iPeriplaneta australasiae Linn.
-~Panchlora hyalina Stahl.
sEctobia germanica Linn.

34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

'. Control measures. Badly infested houses can be cleared of these
pests most easily by thorough and perhaps repeated fumigations
with hydrocyanic acid gas as described on page 42. Carbon
bisulfid, has also been advised as a fumigant. On account of the-
inflammability of the latter, we would prefer to use in houses the
somewhat more poisonous hydrocyanic acid gas. Carbon bisulfid
with its heavy fumes is particularly adapted to the destruction
of these pests in the holds of vessels.

A still safer method of fumigation consists in burning pyrethrum
in infested compartments. It is stated that the vapors of this
insecticide are frequently more effective in destroying roaches
than the use of the powder itself. The room should be kept closed
from six to ten hours. The smoke of burning gunpowder is also
very obnoxious and deadly to roaches, particularly the black
English roach. The moistened powder should be molded into

Fig. 21 Croton bug: a, 6, c, d, successive stages in the development of the young; ¢,
adult; 7, female, with egg case; g, egg case enlarged; %, adult, with wings spread; all
natural size except g. (After Riley)

cones, placed in an empty fireplace and ignited. It is particularly
valuable in the case of old houses.

There are a number of roach poisons placed upon the market and
some of these are undoubtedly very efficacious, particularly if
assisted by persistent cleanliness and the eradication of inaccessible
haunts, so far as possible. We would further suggest the testing of
naphthalene in the flake form, as described on page 20, as a means
of at least partially suppressing this pest. The liberal use of Persian
insect powder or pyrethrum is also of service in destroying these
insects. The paralyzed cockroaches should be swept up and
burned.

A relatively simple method, described by Mr Tepper of Aus-
tralia, is to mix plaster of paris one part, and flour three or four

CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 35

parts, in a saucer and place the preparation about the haunts of
the pests. Near by there should be a saucer containing a little
water and made easily accessible to the roaches, by laying a few
sticks as bridges up to the rim. The insects eat the mixture,
drink the water and soon succumb.

‘There are several methods of trapping cockroaches, particularly
the larger species. A deep vessel partially filled with stale beer
or ale can be placed in roach haunts and small sticks adjusted so
that the insects can crawl over the edge and to within a short
distance from the surface of the liquid. The pests fall into the
trap and, being unable to escape, are drowned in large numbers.
This method is of comparatively little service with the smaller,
more wary croton bug.

Larder beetle’

The parent insect, a stout, dark brown beetle with the base of
the wing covers mostly yellowish, is frequently rather common
about houses in May and June. This in-
sect breeds by preference on animal matter
such as ham, bacon, various meats, old
cheese, horns, hoofs etc. The very hairy,
brown grub is about half an inch long
when full grown.

Meats and other food stuffs attractive
to this insect should be stored in places
inaccessible to the beetles. It is said that
old cheese can be used very successfully for
trapping the parent insects. Cheese or
meat infested by the grubs should have
the affected part cut away and the surface
washed with a very dilute carbolic solu- fom above. enlarged, (On.
tion. The packing of meats in tight ge
bagging is of considerable service in preventing attack,

Cheese skipper

The cheese skipper? is the young of a small, black, glistening fly
about 16 of aninch long. The white, cylindric maggots are easily
recognized by their peculiar jumping power. This is accomplished
by bringing the two ends of the body together and then suddenly

IDermestes lardarius Linn.
7Piophifa casei Linn.

36 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

straightening with a quick muscular action. The maggots of this
ire likely to occur on cheese, particularly that which has
I e time, and also upon ham. This species has
proved to be a serious pest in some packing houses. It is more
D cheese factories.

TOL

ry’
fal
fae)
S
ye
fai)
=)
{
A
i)
f
i)
fae)

oe)
e
a

@itt al
Scrupulous cleanliness is a most
daily the bandages and sides of

He SS h =i Eb
cesiroyings or Drushin
- =

s. The cheese may be washed with
hot whey or with lye, the latter acting as a repellent. Smoked
meats should be put im places imaccessible to the fies. A fine
ff

reen, 24 to the inch wire mesh, effectively excludes this hitle

é

pupa: d, male fly; ¢. female:

. B. Ss. F896)

Cheese or meat infested by skippers is not necessarily ruined,
since the injured parts can be cut out and the remainder used
as food.

Cereal and seed pests

A number of these insects are likely to occur in houses and, on
account of their somewhat similar habits, they are discussed under
a general head. Most of these species are important because of
their infesting cereals or cereal preparations of one kind or another-

CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 37

The Indian meal moth' is one of the more common of
these species. The whit-
ish, brown-headed cater-
pillar lives in a _ large
variety of substances, in-
cluding all cereal prepa-
rations and such diverse
materials as various nuts,
dried fruits, seeds etc.
The caterpillar spins a
light web to which par-

Fig. 24 Indian meal moth: @, moth; b, pupa;

ticles of its food and frass c, caterpillar from the side; d, head and e, first
abdominal segment of caterpillar, more enlarged.
adhere. The parent moth (After Chittenden, U.S. Lep’t Agric. Div. Ent.

é J : Bul. 4. n. s. 1896)
is reddish brown, with a

coppery luster and has a wing spread of about # of an inch.
The meal snout moth? subsists mostly upon cereals though it
has been recorded as feeding upon other seeds and dried plants

Pet}
LS eat Ri

NA Mee

Fig. 25 Meal snout moth: a, adult; 6, larva; c, pupa in its cocoon; twice natural size.
(After Chittenden, U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 4. n. s. 1896)

and displaying a preference for clover. The whitish caterpillars
live in long, silken tubes.

Fig. 26 Saw-toothed grain beetle: a, beetle. from above; 4, pupa, from below; c, grub
or larva; all enlarged. (After Chittenden, U.S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 4. n. s. 1896)

iPlodia interpunctella Hubn.
-?Pyrdailis farinatlis tans.

38 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The saw-toothed grain beetle! is one of the smallest and most
persistent of the grain beetles. It is only about ro of an inch long,
reddish brown, flattened and easily recognized by the peculiar
saw edge along the sides of the thorax. This species displays a
marked preference for all cereal preparations though it occurs in
preserved fruits, nuts and seeds and has been recorded as injuring
yeast cakes, mace, snuff and even red pepper. This species will
breed for extended periods in packages of cereals. The writer had
his attention called recently to a case where this beetle multiplied
by the millions in a brewery, spread therefrom to adjacent houses
and caused a great deal of annoyance by getting into everything,
not excepting clothing that was worn and bedding in use.

Fig. 27 Confused fiour beeile: a, beetle from above: 4, grub or larva, from above; c¢,
pupa, from below; all enlarged; ¢d, e, and / structural details. (After Chittenden, U. S.
Dep’t Agric: Div. Ent. Bul. 4. n. s. 1896)

The confused flour beetle? is a stout, rust-red beetle about ¢ of
an inch long. It, like the preceding form, has a marked liking for
cereal preparations, though it occurs in such diverse products as
ginger, cayenne pepper, baking powder, orris root, snuff, slippery
elm, peanuts and various seeds. A closely allied form with sim-
ilar ghabits, known as the rust-red flour beetle? occurs mostly in
the Southern States.

The meal worms* are rather common pests of meal and the
ordinary stable foods. The large, brown or dark brown parent
beetles have a length of about 2 of an inch and are frequently

iSiivanus sturinamensis Linn.

2Tribolium confusum Duv.
2Triboliumferrugineum Fabr.

«Tenebrio obscurus Linn. and T. molitor Linn.

CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 39,

found about houses. The young or larvae are an inch or more
in length, cylindric and yellowish brown.

Fig. 28 Meal worm: a, larva; b, pupa; c, female beetle; d, egg, with surrounding case;
e, antenna. a, b, c,d, about twice natural size, e, more enlarged. (After Chittenden, U.S.
Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 4. n.s. 1896)

The cadelle’ is another inhabitant of grain bins. The beetle is

rather stout, shining dark brown and about #% of an inch long.

The peculiar grub or larva, over an inch long, is easily recognized

Fig. 29 Cadelle, beetle2and larva, from above, enlarged. (Original)

by its flattened appearance and the dark brown plates just behind
the head and at the opposite extremity of the body.

Mene brnrei1 des: ma writen ictus Linn.

40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The drug store beetle’ is a rather stout, light brown beetle about
% of an inch long, which attacks a large variety of substances. It
occurs in mills, granaries and warehouses, living upon flour, meal,
breakfast foods, condiments, roots and herbs and animal sub-

Fig. 30 Drug store beetle, seen from above and the side, enlarged. (Original)
stances. It has even been known to colonize itself in a human
skeleton which had been dried with the ligaments left on, and has
been recorded as perforating tinfoil and sheet lead.

y
/

Fig. 31 Cigarette beetle, seen Fig. 32 Spider beetle, seen from
fromjzabove and the side, enlarged. above, enlarged. (Original)
(Original)

The cigarette beetle? is another tiny omnivorous species. The
beetle is light brown, stout, slightly hairy and only § of an inch
long. It infests a large variety of food stuffs, including condi-

Sitodrepagpaniceaiinn:
*Lasioderma Sserrieor me. Pabr.

CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 41

ments, drugs of various kinds and dried herbarium specimens.
It is best known on account of its work in tobacco, cigarettes in
packages being frequently perforated by this tiny pest.

Spider beetles. The white marked spider beetle’ is a small,
reddish brown form with four white marks on its wing covers. Its
long antennae and legs and subglobular body are suggestive of a
spider, hence the common name. This species feeds upon a large
variety of dried vegetable and animal substances, such as insect
collections, dried plants and herbaria, red pepper, cotton seed,
refuse wool, and is said to be injurious to furs, clothing, roots,
grain, stuffed animals, etc. The brown spider beetle’ lives with
the preceding, has similar habits and differs principally in the
absence of the white markings.

Fig. 33 Bean weevil, seen from Fig. 34 Pea weevil, seen from above, en-
above, enlarged. (Original) larged.- (Original)

The pea weevil? and various bean weevils* are stout, grayish
weevils most easily recognized by their occurring respectively
in peas and beans. The original infestation usually occurs in the
field, though these insects are capable of breeding for extended
periods in the dried seeds of their food plants.

Control measures. It is comparatively easy, with the exercise
of a moderate degree of care, to avoid serious injury by any of

(Ptinws Jus Lian
2=Ptinus brunneus Duft.
sBruchus pisorum Linn.
4B. obtectus Say and others.

42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

these pests, since they invariably require access to a liberal amount
of food for an extended period. Any materials likely to produce
numbers of these insects should not be allowed to lie undisturbed
and accessible for a series of months. Most of these pests can
easily be destroyed by heating the infested material to about 125
or 150 degrees Fahrenheit. This should be done carefully and
time enough given so that the heat will penetrate and destroy all
of the insects. Anything infested should be promptly cared for
either by destroying the entire package or treating the same with
fumes of carbon bisulfid.

Fumigation with carbon bisulfid is comparatively easy of exe-
cution since it is only necessary to put the material in a tight
pail or can, put on the top a spoonful or thereabouts of the
insecticide in a shallow saucer or plate, cover the receptacle
tightly and allow the whole to stand for preferably 24 or 36
hours. This insecticide may be used on a large scale accord-
ing to Dr W. E. Hinds, at the rate of 3-5 pounds to 1000
cubic feet of space.

FUMIGATION WITH HYDROCYANIC ACID GAS

This is one of the most effective methods of destroying insects
in houses, particularly if the infestation is general. It should be
remembered at the outset that potassium cyanide, sulfuric acid
and their derivative, hydrocyanic acid gas, are among our most
active and deadly poisons. They should be handled with extreme
care and every precaution taken to avoid an accident, since a
slight mistake might result in one or more fatalities.

One ounce of high grade, 98% cyanide of potassium and one
fluid ounce of the best commercial sulfuric acid, diluted with two.
fluid ounces of water, should be used for every 100 cubic feet of
space. These amounts should be doubled for poorly constructed
houses. The fumigation should last at least 30 minutes and it
would be preferable to have it continue three or four hours, or if
feasible, all night.

Prior to treatment all fluids, especially liquid or moist foods,
should be removed from the house. Arrangements should be
made to open the building from the outside after the fumigation
is completed. Windows and doors should be sealed as tightly as
possible, either by stuffing damp paper in the crevices or pasting
strips of paper over cracks. Chimney places, ventilators and other
orifices should be closed tightly. The gas is generated by dropping

CONTROL, OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS A3

the cyanide of potassium, previously broken into lumps about the
size of a walnut and preferably placed in thin bags or wrapped
loosely in thin paper, into the requisite amount of diluted acid.
The acid should be carefully diluted by pouring it slowly, accom-
panied by frequent stirring, into the necessary amount of water.
This dilution should be slow enough to avoid all danger of this
very strong acid splashing and perhaps causing dangerous
burns. It will be found advisable to have one or more jars or
generators in each room or hallway, since it is not wise to use
more than two pounds of cyanide in a generator. The large,
preferably deep, earthenware vessels used as generators should be
placed near the middle of the room and on a thick layer of news-
papers in order to avoid possible injury from splashing acid. Pre-
cautions should be observed, if the building is in contact with
others in a row, to see that parties in adjacent dwellings are warned
and arrangements made so that the rooms next the treated building
will be kept well aired during the fumigation. It is unsafe to
attempt to fumigate individual rooms in a house or a building in
a row, unless one can be certain that there will be good aeration
on all sides of the apartment or building.’ The deadly character
of this gas is shown by the destruction of sparrows resting upon
the eaves of a building during fumigation. One should not attempt
to fumigate a building or a room alone, because an accident under
such conditions is very likely to result fatally. Since hydrocyanic
acid gas is lighter than air, operations should commence at the
top of the building and proceed successively from floor to floor.
Better still, place the requisite amount of the cyanide of potassium
in thin bags, suspend each over its generator in such a manner
that when a string near the exit is loosened, all will drop into the
jars. The poison should not be in a thick paper bag, as the action
of the acid may be seriously hindered if not almost prevented.

Under no conditions should any one be allowed to enter the
building prior to the completion of the fumigation and its thorough
aeration. At least 30 minutes and preferably an hour or more,
depending somewhat upon the means of ventilation, should be
allowed for this latter process. It is unsafe to enter any recently
fumigated building until all the odor of the gas, resembling that of
peach kernels, has disappeared. The contents of the fumigating
jars should be carefully disposed of together with any remaining
cyanide. These substances can either be buried deeply in the
soil, or if in a city, may be poured into the sewer.

44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The following memoranda will doubtless prove of service in
practical work.
1 Estimate the cubical contents and the amount of materials for
each room.
2 Remove all liquids and moist foods in particular.
3 Seal all exits tightiy with strips of paper or by filling crevices.
4 Provide for ventilation from the outside.
5 Weigh out the cyanide and place it in thin bags or do it up
loosely in thin paper.
6 Place the generators in the various rooms, each upon a thick
layer of newspapers.

Dilute the acid carefully and put it in the generators.

Distribute the amounts of cyanide to the various rooms.

Be certain that everything is all right and nobody in the build-
ing orroom. Notify occupants of adjacent rooms or houses
that the fumigation is- to be commenced.

10 Drop in the cyanide, preferably from near the exit and close

tightly.

11 Adopt suitable precautions to prevent the room or building

being entered during the fumigation period.

12 Open the ventilators from the outside.

13 After the building has been thoroughly aerated, remove the

generators and take care of their contents together with any
excess of cyanide.

oO on

PN UE xX

americana, Periplaneta, 32.
amoena, Drosophila, 12.
ampelophila, Drosophila, 12.
Anopheles maculipennis, 12.
“nts, house, 22, °30-32.
white, 29-30.
Anthrenus scrophulariae, 25.
Arsenic, 28, 30.
Atropos divinatoria, 28.
Attagenus piceus, 26.
australasiae, Periplaneta, 33.

Bean weevil, 41.

Bedbug, 20, 33; habits, 21; control
measures, 21-22.

Bedbug hunter, 22.

Bemzine 21,925.27.

biselliella, Tineola, 24.

Black carpet beetle, 26.

Book louse, 28.

Bristle tail, 28.

Bruchus obtectus, 41.
pisorum, 41.

brunneus, Ptinus, 4I.

Buffalo carpet beetle, 26.

Cadelle, 30.

caespitum, Tetramorium, 31.

calopus, Stegomyia, I5.

Camponotus herculeanus, 31.

canis, Ctenocephalus, 19.

Carbolic solution, 35.

Carbon bisulfid, 16, 27, 32, 34, 42.

Carpet beetle, 25-27; description,
25-26; habits, 26; control meas-
LES! 20-27.

casei, Piophila, 35.

Centipede, house, 23.

Cereal pests, 36-42; control meas-
ures, 41-42.

Cheese skipper, 35-36.

Chloroform, 16.

Cigarette beetle, 40-41.

domestica,

Cimex columbarius, 21.
hirundinis, 21.
lectularius, 20.

Clothes moth, 23-25; description
and habits, 24; control meas-
Ures, 24-25.

Clothilla pulsatoria, 28.

Cluster ily, 15-16.

Cockroaches, 22)" 32-35; habits, 335
control measures, 34-35.

columbarius, Cimex, 21.

Confused flour beetle, 38.

confusum, Tribolium, 38.

Corrosive sublimate, 22.

Cricket: «30:

Croton bugs, 32, 33.

Ctenocephalus canis, 10.

Culex pipiens, 16.
sollicitans, 17.

Dermestes lardarius, 35.
Disease carriers, 6, 7-15.
divinatoria, Atropos, 28.
Lepisma, 28.
Musca, 7-II.
domesticus, Gryllus, 30.
Drosophila amoena, 12.
ampelophila, 12.
Drug store beetle, 4o.

Ectobia germanica, 33.

Fabric pests, 23-30.
farinalis. eyralis, 37.
ferrugineum, Tribolium, 38.

Figures
Site ted.y 31.
white, 20.

bean weevil, 41.
bedbug, 20.
bedbug hunter, 22.
cadelle, 309.

carpet beetle, 26, 27.

46 NEW
Figures (continued)
centipede, house, 23.
cheese skipper, 306.
cigarette beetle, 4o.
clothes moth, 23, 24.
cockroach, oriental, 33.
croton bug, 34.
drug store beetle, 40.
flea, 19.
flour beetle, confused, 38.
fly, fruit, 12.
house, 8.
grain beetle, saw-toothed, 37.
Indian meal moth, 37.
larder beetle, 35.
meal snout moth, 37.
meal worm, 39.
mosquito, house, 16.
malarial, 13, IA.
salt marsh, 18.
pea weevil, 41.
spider beetle, 4o.
wasp, 16.
Fish moth, 28.
flavipes, Termes, 29.
Flea, house, 19-20.
Flour beetle, confused, 38.
rust-red, 38.
Fly, cluster, 15-16.
feuit, Ei-2:
house, 7—II.
Food pests, 30-42.
forceps, Scutigera, 23.
Fruit) flies, 415; 62
fur, Ptinus, 41.

germanica, Ectobia, 33.
Vespa, 16.

Grain beetle, saw-toothed, 38.

Gryllus domesticus, 30.
luctuosus, 30.

Gunpowder, 34.

herculeanus, Camponotus, 31.

hirundinis, Cimex, 21.
Hornets, 16.
House ant, 30-32;
ures, 31-32.
House centipede, 23.
House flea, 19-20.

control meas-

| House fly, 7-11;

YORK STATE

MUSEUM

chief agent in
spreading typhoid fever, 7; dis-

ease carrier, 7-8; methods of
carrying diseases, 8-9; habits,
9-10; sanitary and control meas-
ures, IO-ITI.

House mosquito, 16-17.

hyalina, Panchlora, 33.

Hydrocyanic acid gas, 20, 22, 27,

30, 31, 34; fumigation with,

Indian meal moth, 37.
interpunctella, Plodia, 37.

Kerosene, 17, 25, :31-
Kissing bug, 22.

lardarius, Dermestes, 35.
Larder beetle, 35.
Lasioderma serricorne, 40,
lectularius, Cimex, 20.
Lepisma domestica, 28.
luctuosus, Gryllus, 30.

Lye, 36.

maculipennis, Anopheles, 12.

Malarial mosquito, 6, 12-15; habits,
14; control measures, 14-15.

mauritanicus, Tenebrioides, 39.

Meal snout moth, 37.

Meal worms, 38-39.

minutum, Monomorium, 31.

molitor, Tenebrio, 38.

Monomorium minutum, 31.
pharaonis, 30.
Mosquito, house or rain barrel,

16-17.
malarial, 6, I2-15.
sait marsh, 17-18.
yellow fever, 6, I5.
Moth, 23-25.
fish, 28.
Musca domestica, 7-ITI.

Naphtha, 25.
Naphthalene, 20, 34.

obscurus, Tenebrio, 38.
obtectus, Bruchus, 41.
Oil, 14.

INDEX TO CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 47

Opsicoetus personatus, 22.
orientalis, Periplaneta, 32.

Panchlora hyalina, 33.
panicea, Sitodrepa, 4o.
Pea weevil, 41.
pellionella, Tinea, 24.
Periplaneta americana, 32.
australasiae, 33.
orientalis, 32.
Persian insect powder, see Pyre-
thrum. |
personatus, Opsicoetus, 22.
pharaonis, Monomorium, 30.
piceus, Attagenus, 26.
Piophila casei, 35.
pipiens, Culex, 106.
pisorum, Bruchus, 41.
Plodia interpunctella, 37.
i Gusies: Sp., 10:
Pollenia rudis, 15.
Potassium, cyanide of, 32.
Ptinus brunneus, 41.
fat AT.
pulsatoria, Clothilla, 28.
Pyralis farmales) «37:
Pyrethrum powder, 11, 12, .16, 20,

Zo ay

~

Rain barrel mosquito, 16-17.
tudis, Pollenia, 15.

Rust-red flour beetle, 38.

Salt marsh mosquito, 17-18.
Saw-toothed grain beetle, 38.

scrophulariae, Anthrenus, 25.
Scutigera forceps, 23.
Seed! "pests» (20-42: contro! meas-
ures, 41-42.
serricorne, Lasioderma, 4o.
Silvanus surinamensis, 38.
Silver fish, 28.
Sitodrepa panicea, 40.
sollicitans, Culex, 17.
Spider beetle, 41.
Stegomyia calopus, I5.
Sulit 225 27.
surinamensis, Silvanus, 38.

tapetzella, Trichophaga, 24.

Tenebrio molitor, 38.
obscurus, 38.

Tenebrioides mauritanicus, 30.

Termes flavipes, 29.

‘Tetramorium caespitum, 31.

Tinea pellionella, 24.
Tineola biselliella, 24.
Tribclhum coniusum, 38.
ferrugineum, 38.
Trichophaga tapetzella, 24.
‘Eypheoid fly, 7-11.

Vespa germanica, -16.

Wasps, 16.

Weevil, bean, 41.
peanut

Waite, ats 20;-30.

Yellow fever mosquito, 6, I5.

New York State Education Department
New York State Museum
Joun M. Crarxeg, Director

PUBLICATIONS

Packages will be sent prepaid except when distance or weight renders the
same impracticable. On ro or more copies of any one publication 20%
discount will be given. -Editions printed are only large enough to meet
special claims and probable sales. When the saie copies are exhausted,
the price for the few reserve copies is advanced to that charged by second-
hand booksellers, in order to limit their distribution to cases of special
need. Such prices are inclosed in[]. All publications are in paper ccvers,
unless binding is specified. Checks or money orders should be addressed
and payable to New York State Education Department.

Museum annual reports 1847-date. Allin print fo 1894, 50c a volume, 75¢ in
cloth; 18 94—date, sold tn sets only; 75c each for octavo volumes; price of
quarto volumes on application.

These reports are made up of the reports of the Director, Geologist, Paleontologist, Botanist
and Entomologist, and museum bulletins and memoirs, issued as advance sections of the
reports.

Director’s annual reports 1904-date.
1904. 1338p. 20¢c. 1906. 186p. 4rpl. 35¢c.
1905. 102p. 23pl. 30¢. 1907. 2512p. 63D). Soc.
These reports cover the reports of the State Geologist and of the State Paleontologist.
Bound also with the museum reports cf which they form a part.

Geologist’s annual reports 1881-date. Rep’ts 1, 3-13, 17-date, O: 2, 14-16, OQ.

In 1898 the paleontologic work of the State was made distinct from the geologic and was
reported separately from 1899-1903. The two departments were reunited in 1904, and are
now reported in the Director’s report.

The annual reports of the original Natural History Survey, 1837-41, are out of print.

Reports 1-4, 1881-84. were published only in separate form. Of the 5th report 4 pages
were reprinted in the 39th museum report, and a supplement to the 6th report was included
in the 40th museum report. The 7th and subsequent reports are included in the 41st and
following museum reports, except that certain lithographic plates in the 11th report (1891)
and 13th (1893) are omitted from the 45th and 47th museum reports.

Separate volumes of the following only are available.

Report Price Report Price Report Price
12 (1892) $.50 17 $.75 2I 3.40
14 a7 8 -75 22 -40
15, 2V. 2 19 .40 23 245
16 I 20 50 [See Director’s annual reports]

Paleontologist’s annual reports ee

See first note under Geologist’s annual repo

Bound also with museum reports of hand a form a part. Reports for 1899 and 1900
may be had for 20c each. Those for 1901-3 were issued as bulletins. In 1904 combined
with the Director’s report.

Entomologist’s annual reports on the injurious and other insects of the
State of New York 1882-date.

Reports 3—20 bound also with museum reports 40-46, 48-58 of which they form a part.
Since 1898 these reports have been issued as bulletins. Reports 3-4, 17 are out of print,
other reports with prices are:

Report Price Report Price Resort Price
I $.50 Io $.35 18 (Bul. 64) $.20
2 .30 It 225 19° <=" 46) 1 as
5 -25 I2 -25 20(“ 097) .40
6 KS 13 Free- 2t(“ ro4) .25
7 20 x (Bul. 23) -20 22(“ r10) .25
8 +25 5.( {as-is aa 0 aga)~ 75
9 -25 16 ( “T)a6)- 26

Reports 2, 8-12 may also be obtained bound in cloth at 25c¢ each in addition to the price
given above.

Botanist’s annual reports 1867-date.

Bound also with museum reports 2:—date of which they form a part; the first Botanist’s
report appeared in the 21st museum report and is numbered 21. Reports 21-24, 29, 31-41
were not published separately.

Separate reports for 1871-74, 1876, 1888-98 are out of print. Report for 1899 may be had
for 20c: tgee for sec. Since rgor these reports have been issued as bulletins.

NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

Descriptions and illustrations of edible, poisonous and unwholesome fungi of New York
have also been published in volumes 1 and 3 of the 48th (1894) museum report and in volume
1 of the 49th (1895), 51st (1897), 52d (1898), 54th (1900), 55th (1901), 56th (1902), 57th
(1903), 58th (1904), 59th (1905) and 6oth (1906) reports.
tions of edible and unwholesome species contained in the 49th, 51st and 52d reports have
been revised and rearranged, and, combined with others more recently prepared, constitute

Museum memoir 4.

Museum bulletins 1887-date.

botany, (4) entomology.

The descriptions and illustra-

O. To advance subscribers, $2 a year or $1
~ a year jor division (1) geology, economic geology, paleontology, mineralogy;
soc each jor divisions (2) general zoology, archeology and miscellaneous, (3)

Bulletins are grouped in the list on the following pages according to divisions.
The divisions to which bulletins belong are as follows:

Zoology

Botany

Economic Geology
Mineralogy
Entomology

Economic Geology
Botany
Zoology
10 Economic Geology

0 WII AN RW HD

“

13 Entomology

14 Geology

15 Economic Geology
16 Archeology

17 Economic Geology
18 Archeology

19 Geology

20 Entomology

21 Geology

22 Archeology

23 Entomology

25 Botany
26 Entomology

28 Botany

29 Zoology

30 Economic Geology
31 Entomology

32 Archeology

33 Zoology

34 Paleontology

35 Economic Geology
36 Entomology

38 Zoology

39 Paleontology
40 Zoology

ar Archeology
42 Paleontology

43 Zoology

44 Economic Geology
45 Paleontology
46 Entomology
47 m

48 Geology

49 Paleontology
so Archeology
51 Zoology

52 Paleontology
53 Entomology
54 Botany

55 Archeology
56 Geology

57 Entomology
58 Mineralogy
59 Entomology
60 Zoology

61 Economic Geology
62 Miscellaneous
63 Paleontology
64 Entomology
65 Paleontology
66 Miscellaneous
67 Botany

68 Entomology
69 Paleontology
70 Mineralogy
71 Zoology

72 Entomology
73 Archeology
74 Entomology
75 Botany

76 Entomology
77 Geology

78 Archeology
79 Entomology
80 Paleontology

8 2 “
83 Geology

85 Economic Geology

Tee
I1r6
Faney
118
119
120
I21I
122
123
I24
I25
126
127
128
I29

Entomology
Archeology
Zoology
Archeology
Paleontology
Zoology
Paleontology
Economic Geology
Botany

Geology

Entomology
Mineralogy
Paleontology
Economic Geology
Paleontology
Economic Geology
Entomology

Botany
Geology

Archeology
Entomology

Geology

Economic Geology
Archeology
Paleontology
Geology

Botany
Archeology
Paleontology
Economic Geology

Director’s report for 1907

Botany

Economic Geology
Entomology
Archeology
Geology

Paleontology
Entomology

Bulletins are also found with the annual reports of the museum as follows:

Bulletin Report Bulletin
I2-I5 48,Vv.1 66, 67
FS Ite SOLS 68
EGE (545) Ve cl 69
2-25, 52 Va E FO; 75
2G Sie aS Vs OE 72
S2-34 54, NV. x 73
35,36 54,V.2 74
37-44 54, V.3 75
45-48 54,V.4 76
49-54 55. V.-1 77

55 56, Vv. 4 7

56 56, Vv. 1 79

57 56, Vv. 3 80

58 BOs We ct 81, 82
59,60 56, v.3 83, 84
6L 50; Vou 85

62 56, Vv. 4 86

63 56, Vv. 2 87-89
64 56, v. 3 9°

65 50, V2 i2 gi

Report Bulletin Report
56, Vv. 4 92
5G5-V=.5 93
5D, Ve\2 94
57,V.1, Ptr 95, 96
G7 ety DE 2 SOF
WRT ee 98, 99
54s Nie Ey Ptr 2.) LOO
Se eee IorI
57s Vesly oe2) = 1O2
57s News Dl 5) FOs=5
SA. Ne 2 106
She Mens Dine). OF
Sie Wotl spt, =-2108
Soe Ss I09,IIO
SOL oF BAe
58, Vv. 2 ti?
58, Vv. 5 113
5O, Wand 114
58, Vv, 3 T15

Vv. 4 I16

Sib Ta RT Bee ote ch ves ening
HRHWHNHWNHHNHNHNMA HB NW

Bulletin Report
II7 60, Vv. 3

118 60, v. I
ELOQ=27 (OF, Vis FE
I22 OL Vv. 2
123 Gi= Neo
I24 Gr ive z
Memoir

2 49, V. 3
ee sa Nat
See A hes:
7 57,V.4
8, ptt 59, Vv. 3
8, pt 2 59, v- 4
9 60, Vv. 4
10 60°Ve5
II 61; ¥.3

MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS

The figures at the beginning of each entry in the following list, indicate its number as a
museum bulletin.

Geology. 14 Kemp, J. F. Geology of Moriah and Westport Townships,
Essex Co. N. Y., with notes on the iron mines. 38p. il. 7pl. 2 maps.
Sept. 1895. Free.

19 Merrill, F. J. H. Guide to the Study of the Geological Collections of
the New York State Museum. 164p. trgpl. map. Nov. 1898. Out of
print.

21 Kemp, J. F. Geology of the Lake Placid Region. 24p. 1pl.map. Sept.
1898. Free.

48 Woodworth, 2: B. Pleistocene Geology of Nassau County and Borough
of Queens. 58p. il. 8pl. map. Dec. 1901. 25¢.

56 Merrill, F. j. H. Description of the State Geologic Map of 1rgor1. 42p.
2 maps, tab. Nov. 1902. Free.

77 Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Vicinity of Little Falls, Herkimer Co.
98p. il. r5pl.2 maps. Jan. 1905. 3oc.

83 Woodworth, J.B. Pleistocene Geology of the Mooers Quadrangle. 62p.
25pl.map. June r1gos. 25c.

84 Ancient Water Levels of the Champlain and Hudson Valleys. 206p.
il. r1pl. 18 maps. July 1905. 45c.

g5 Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Northern Adirondack Region. 188p.
t5pl. 3 maps. Sept. 1905. 3oc.

96 Ogilvie, 1. H. eiley. of the Paradox Lake Quadrangle. s54p. il. r7pl-
map. Dec. 1905.

106 Fairchild, H. L. eed Waters in the Erie Basin. 88p. 14pl. 9 maps
Feb. 1907. Out of print.

107 Woodworth, J. B.; Hartnagel, C. A.; Whitlock, H. P.; Hudson, G. H.;
Clarke, J. M.; White, David; Berkey, C. P. Geological Papers. 388p.
54pl.map. May 1907. 9goc, cloth.

Contenis: Woodworth, J. B. Postglacial Faults of Eastern New York.
Hartnagel,C. A. Stratigraphic Relations of the Oneida Conglomerate.

Upper Siluric and Lower Devonic Formations of the Skunnemunk Mountain Region.

Whitlock, H. P. Minerals from Lyon Mountain, Clinton Co.

Hudson, G. H. On Some Pelmatozoa from the Chazy Limestone of New York.

Clarke, J. M. Some New Devonic Fossils.

An Interesting Style of Sand-filled Vein.

—— Eurypterus Shales of the Shawangunk Mountains in Eastern New York.

White, David. A Remarkable Fossil Tree Trunk from the Middle Devonic of New York.
Berkey, C. P. Structural and Stratigraphic Features of the Basal Gneisses of the

Highlands.

t1z Fairchild, H. L. Drumlins of New York. op. 28pl. 19 maps. July
1907. Out of print.

115 Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Long Lake Quadrangle. 88p. 2opl.
map. Sept. 1907. 25c.

126 Miller, W. J. Geology of the Remsen Quadrangle. s5,p. il. rrpl. map.
Jan. 1909. 25c.

127 Fairchi'd, H. L. Glacial Watersin Central New York. 64p. 27pl. 15 maps.
Mar. 190g. 40C.

Berkey, C. P. Geology of the Highlands of the Hudson. In preparation.

Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Theresa Quadrangle. In preparation.

Economic geology. 3 Smock, J.C. Building Stone in the State of New
York. 1154p. Mar. 1888. Out of print.

First Report on the Iron Mines and Iron Ore Districts in the State
of New York. 78p.map. June 1889. Out of print.

bao) Building Stone in New York. 210p. map, tab. Sept. 1890. 4oc.

1r Merrill, F. J. H. Salt and Gypsum Industries of New York. 9 4p. rapl.
2maps, 11 tab. Apr. 1893. [50c}

12 Ries, pi ae Clay Industries of New York. 174p.1pl.il.map. Mar.
1895.

15 Merrill, J. H. Mineral Resources of New York. 240p. 2 maps.
Sept. 1895. [soc]

17 Road Materials and Road Buildingin New York. 52p. 14pl. 2 maps.
Oct. 8677 95

30 Orton, Edward. Petroleum and Natural Gas in New York. 136p. il.
3 maps. Nov. 1899. 15c.

35 Ries, Heinrich. Clays of New York; their Properties and Uses. 456p.
140pl. map. June rgoo. §1, cloth.

7

NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

44 Lime and Cement Industries of New York; Eckel, E. C. Chapters
on the Cement Industry. 332p. 1or1pl. 2 maps. Dec. rg01. 85¢, cloth.
61 Dickinson, H. T. Quarries of Bluestone and other Sandstones in New

York. 114p. 18pl.2 maps. Mar. 1903. 35¢.

85 Rafter. G. W. Hydrology of New York State. gozp. il. 44pl. 5 maps.
May 1905. $1.50, cloth.

93 Newland, D. H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York. 78p.
July 1905. Out of print.

100 McCourt, W. E. Fire Tests of Some New York Building Stones. 4op.
26pl. Feb. 1906. 1I5¢c.

1oz2 Newland, D. H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York. 2d
Report. 1162p. June 1g06. 25c.

112 Mining and Quarry Industry 1906. 82p. July 1907. 1r5¢c.

119 Newland, D. H. & Kemp, J. F. Geology of the Adirondack Magnetic
Iron Ores with a Report on the Mineville-Port Henry Mine Group.
184p. 14pl. 8 maps. Apr. 1908. 35c.

120 Mining and Quarry Industry 1907. 82p. July 1908. 15¢c.

123 & Hartnagel, C. A. Iron Ores of the Clinton Formation in New
York State. 76p.il;14 pl. 3 maps. Nov. 1908. 25¢.

The Sandstones of New York. In preparation.

sama 4 Nason, F.L. Some New York Minerals and their Localities.

22p. ipl. Aug. 1888. Free.

58 Whitlock, H. P. Guide to the Mineralogic Collections of the New York
State Museum. 5op. il. 39pl. 11 models’) Sept. 1902. 40c.

70 New York Mineral Localities. 11op. Oct. 1903. 200.

98 Contributions from the Mineralogic Laboratory. 38p. 7pl. Dec.
190 15

co ha ee 34 Cumings, E. R. Lower Silurian System of Eastern Mont-
gomery County; Prosser, C. S. Notes on the Stratigraphy of Mohawk
Valley and Saratoga County, N. Y. 74p. 14pl. map. May ig00. 15c.

39 Clarke, J. M.; Simpson, G. B. & Loomis, F. B. Paleontologic Papers 1.
y2p. il. r6pl. Oct. 1900. 15¢.

Contents: Clarke, J. M. A Remarkable Occurrence of Orthoceras in the Oneonta Beds of
the Chenango Valley, N. Y.
Paropsonema cryptophya; a Peculiar Echinoderm from the Intumescens-zone
(Portage Beds) of Western New York.
—— Dictyonine Hexactinellid Sponges from the Upper Devonic of New York.
—— The Water Biscuit of Squaw Island, Canandaigua Lake, N. Y.
Simpson,G. B. Preliminary Descriptions of New Genera of Paleozoic Rugose Corals.
Loomis, F. B. Siluric Fungi from Western New York.

42 Ruedemann, Rudolf. Hudson River Beds near Albany and their Taxo-
nomic Equivalents. 116p.2pl.map. Apr. 1go1. 265¢c.

45 Grabau. A. W. Geology and Paleontology of Niagara ‘Falls and Vicinity.
286p. il. 18pl. map. Apr. rgor. Bee cloth, goc.

49 Ruedemann, Rudolf; Clarke, J. M. & Wood, Elvira. Paieontologic
Papers 2. 240p. 13pl. Dex igor. -40c.

Contents: Ruedemann, Rudolf. Trenton Conglomerate of Rysedorph Hill.

Clarke, J. M. Limestones of Central and Western New York Interbedded with Bitumi-
nous Shales of the Marcellus Stage.

Wood, Elvira. Marcellus Limestones of Lancaster, Erie Co., N. Y.

Clarke, J. M._ New Agelacrinites.

Value of Amnigenia as an Indicator of Fresh-water Deposits during the Devonic of

| New York, Ireland and the Rhineland.

52 Clarke, J. M. Report of the State Paleontologist 1901. 28op. il. ropl.
map, 1 tab. July 1902. 4oc.

Stratigraphy of Canandaigua and Naples Quadrangies. 78p. map.

June 1904. 25c.

Catalogue of Type Specimens of Paleozoic Fossils in the New York

State Museum. 848p. May 1903. $1.20, cloth.

Report of the State Paleontologist 1902. 464p.52pl: 7 maps. Nov.

1903. $1, cloth.

Report of the State Paleontologist 1903. 396p. 29pl. 2 maps.

Feb. 1905. 85c, cloth.

& Luther, D. D. Watkins and Elmira Quadrangles. 32p. map.
Mar. 1905. 25c.

82 —— Geolowis Map of the Tully Quadrangle. 4op.map. Apr. 1905. 20c.

63
65

81

MUSEUM FUBLICATIONS

90 Ruedemann, Rudolf. Cephalopoda of Beekmantown and Chazy For-
mations of Champlain Basin. 224p. il. 38pl. May 1906. 75e, cloth.

92 Grabau, A. W. Guide to the Geology and Paleontology of the Schoharie
Region. 314p. il. 26pl. map. Apr. 1906. 75¢, cloth.

99 Luther, D. D. Geology of the Buffalo Quadrangle. 32p. map. May
1906. 20C.

IOI Geology of the Penn Yan-Hammondsport Quadrangles. 28p.
map. July 1906. 25¢c.

114 Hartnagel, C. A. Geologic Map of the Rochester and Ontario Beach
Quadrangles. 36p.map. Aug. 1907. 20¢.

118 Clarke, J. M. & Luther, D. D. Geologic Maps and Descriptions of the
Portage and Nunda Quadrangles including a map of Letchworth Park.
sop. 16pl. 4maps. Jan. 1908. 35¢c.

128 Luther, D. D. Geology of the Geneva-Ovid Quadrangles. 44p. map.
Apr. 1999. 20C.

White, David. The Devonic Plants of New York. In preparation.

Geology of the Phelps Quadrangle. Ju preparation.

Whitnall, H. O. Geology of the Morrisville Quadrangle. Prepared.

Hopkins, T. C. Geology of the Syracuse Quadrangle. In preparation.

Hudson, G. H. Geology of Valcour Island. In preparation.

Zoology. 1 Marshall, W. B. Preliminary List of New York Unionidae
2zop. Mar. 1892. Free.

Beaks of Unionidae Inhabiting the Vicinity of Albany, N. Y. 30p
1pl. Aug. 1890. Free.

29 Miller, G. S. jr. Preliminary List of New York Mammals. t12g4p.
Oct. 1899. 15¢c.

33 Farr, M.S. Check List of New York Birds. 224p. Apr. 1g00. 25¢c.

38 Miller, G. S. jr. Key to the Land Mammals of Northeastern North
America. 106p. Oct. 1900. 15c.

49 Simpson, G. B. Anatomy and Physiology of Polygyra albolabris and
Limax maximus and Embryology of Limax maximus. 82p. 28pl. Oct.
IQ0I. 25¢.

43 Kellogg, J. L. Clam and Scallop Industries of New York. 36p. apl.
map. Apr.igor. Free.

51 Eckel, E. C. & Paulmier, F. C. Catalogue of Reptiles and Batrachians
of New York. 64p.il. 1pl. Apr. 1902. 15c.

Eckel, E. C. Serpents of Northeastern United States.
Paulmier, F.C. Lizards, Tortoises and Batrachians of New York.

60 Saye a H. Catalogue of the Fishes of New York. 784p. Feb. 1903.
$1, cloth.

71 Kellogg. J. L. Feeding Habits and Growth of Venus mercenaria. 3op.

“4pl. Sept. 1903. Free.

88 Letson, Elizabeth J. Check List of the Mollusca of New York. 116p.
May 1905. 20¢c.

gt Paulmier, F. C. Higher Crustacea of New York City. 78p. il. June
FG05.° /20c-

Shufeldt,R. W. Osteology of the Birds. In press.

Entomology. 5 Lintner, J. A. White Grub of the May Beetle. 34p. il.
Nov. 1888. Free.

6 Cut-worms. 38p.il. Nov. 1888. toc.

13 —— San José Scale and Some Destructive Insects of New York State.
sap; Fpl -Apr..1595. “55G: 3 }

20 Felt, E. P. Elm-leaf Beetle in New York State. 46p. il. spl. June
1898. Free.

See 57.

23 —— 14th Report of the State Entomologist 1898. r5o0p. il. gpl. Dec.
1898. 20¢.

2 Memorial of the Life and Entomologic Work of J. A. Lintner Ph.D.

State Entomologist 1874-98; Index to Entomologist’s Reports 1-13.

316p. tpl. Oct. 1899. 35¢c.

Supplement to 14th report of the State Entomologist.

26 Collection, Preservation and Distribution of New York Insects.
36p. il. Apr. 1899. Free.

9

24

NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

2” Shade Tree Pests in New York State. 26p. il. spl. May 1899.
Free.

31 tsth Report of the State Entomologist 1899. 128p. June rgoo.
£5c.

36 16th Report of the State Entomologist 1900. 1t8p. r6pl. Mar.

IQOI. 25¢.

: Catalogue of Some of the More Important Injurious and Beneficial

Insects of New York State. s54p. il. Sept. 1900. Free.

Scale Insects of Importance and a List of the Species in New
Wort states Soap. t.-rspl. June r901. 25¢.

47 Needham, J. G. & Betten, Cornelius. Aquatic Insects in the Adiron-
dacks, -eg4p. il. 36pl.. Sept. r90z. 45¢.

53 Felt, E. P. 17th Report of the State Entomologist r901. 232p. il. 6pl.
Aug. 1902. Out of print.

Elm Leaf Beetle in New York State. 46p. il. 8pl. Aug. rgo2.

Out of print.

This is a revision of 20 containing the more essential facts observed since that was pre-
pared.

37

57

59 Grapevine Root Worm. gop. 6pl. Dec. 1902. 15¢.
See 72.
64 18th Report of the State Entomologist 1902. t11op. 6pl. May

1903. Out of print.

68 Needham, J. G. & others. Aquatic Insects in New York. 322p. s2pl.
Aug. 1903. 8oc, cloth.

72 Felt, E.P. Grapevine Root Worm. s58p. 13pl. Nov. 1903. 20¢c.

This is a revision of 59 containing the more essential facts observed since that was
prepared.

74

& Joutel, L.H. Monograph of the Genus Saperda. 88p. r4pl.
June 1904. 25¢.

76 Felt, E. P. roth Report of the State Entomologist 1903. 15o0p. 4pl.
1904. I5C.

79 Mosquitos or Culicidae of New York. 164p. il. 57pl. tab. Oct.

1904. 40€.

86 Needham, J. G. & others. May Flies and Midges of New York. 352p.
il. 37pl. June 1905. 800, cloth.

97 Felt, E. P. 2oth Report of the State Entomologist 1904. 246p. il. ropl.
Nov. 1905. 4o0c.

103 Gipsy and Brown Tail Moths. 44p. ropl. July 1906. 185¢.

104 ; 21st Report of the State Entomologist 1905. 1144p. tropl. Aug.
1906. 25¢.

109 Tussock Moth and Elm Leaf Beetle. 34p.8pl. Mar. 1907. 200.

IIo 22d Report of the State Entomologist 1906. 3152p. spl. June
1907. 25¢. Es

124 23d Report of the State Entomologist 19¢7. 542p. 44pl. il.
Oct. 1908. 75¢. ;

12 Control of Household Insects. 48p. il. May 1909. Free.

Needham, J.G. Monograph on Stone Flies. In preparation.

Botany. 2 Peck, C. H. Contributions to the Botany of the State of New
York. 72p.2pl. May 1887. Out of print.

8 Boleti of the United States. g98p. Sept. 1889. Out of print.

2555 Report of the State Botanist 1898. 76p. 5pl. Oct. 1899. Out of
print. vi

28 Plants of North Elba. 206p. map. June 1899. 200.

54 Report of the State Botanist r901. 58p.7pl. Nov. 1902. 40c..°

67 Report of the State Botanist 1902. 196p.5pl. May 1903. soc.

75 —— Report of the State Botanist 1903. 7op. apl. 1904. 4oc.

—— Report of the State Botanist 1904. 6op. ara July 1905. 4oc.
Report of the State Botanist 1905. 108p.12pl. Aug. 1906. soc.
Report of the State Botanist 1906. t120p. 6pl. July 1907. 35¢.

I22 Report of the State Botanist 1907. 178p. spl. Aug. 1908. 4oc.

Archeology. 16 Beauchamp, W. M. Aboriginal Chipped Stone Imple-
ments of New York. 86p. 23pl. Oct. 1897. 25¢.

18 Polished Stone Articles used by the New York Aborigines. 104p.

35pl. Nov. 1897. 25¢.

MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS

22

Earthenware of the New York Aborigmes. 78p. 3zpl Oct.
1898. —

32 iginal Occupation of New York. 190p. 16pl 2maps. Mar.
Ig00. 30C-.

41 —— Wampum and Shell Articles used by New York Indians.
166p. 28pl. Mar. —— zoc.

gE Horn and Bone Implements of the New York Indians. 112p. 43pl

- 1902. 30C.

=5 Metallic Implements of the New York Indians gp. 38pl
Jume 1902. 25¢c-

Metallic Omaments of the New York Indians. 122p.37pl Dec.

1903- 30c

73

78 —— History of the New York Iroquois. 3420p. 17pl map. Feb 1905.
73c, doth.
&7" Perch Lake Mounds. Sap. 1:2pl. Apr.1905. 20c.

Aborngmal Use of Wood m New York. 1090p. 35pl Jume
1905. 35¢.

108 Aboriginal Place Names of New York. 336p. May 1907. 4o0c.

Civil, Religious and Mournimg Councils and Ceremonies of Adop-

tion. r18p. 7p a 1907- 25Cc-

117 Parker, A. C. ino Indian Village and Burial Site. 102zp
38pL Dec. 190

125, Converse, H. WM. & Parker. A.C. Iroquois Myths and Legends. 1096p.

d upl Dee 1908. j5J0c

Miscellencous. Misr (62) Mermill, P-. J. H. Dwectory of Natural History
Museums im United Siaies and Canada. 236p. Apr. 1903. 30c-

66 Ellis, Mary. Index to Publcatoms of the New York Siaie Nai-
ural History Survey and New York Siate Museum 1837-1902. 418p.
Jume z¢03. 75c. doth.

Museum memoirs 188o-date. OQ.

1 Beecher, C. E. & Clarke, J. M. Development of Some Silurian Brachi-
opoda. o6p. 3pl Oct. 1880. =

2 Hall, James & Clarke, J. MM. Paleozoic Reticulate Sponges. 350p. il. zopl.
1803. $2, doth.

3 Clarke, J. ae The Onskany Fauna of Becraft Mountam, Columbia Co.,
| A p. gpl Oct. 1900. Soc.

4 Peck, CH. = Y. Edible Fungi, 1805-99. 106p.25pl. Nov.1900. $1.25.

Ths Secledes rewsed desomviness aad Dimsiraiioens of feast renoried im the agith, 5xst and
$20 senucis of the Siaie Botan.

5 Clarke, J. M. & Ruedemann, Rudol— Guelph Formation and Fauna of
New York Siate. r1o6p-. 2rpL July 1903. $1.50, doik.
6 Clarke, J. M. Naples Fauna m Wester New York. 268p. 26pl map.
coin.

$2,
7 Rucdemana, Rudolf Grapichies of New York Pi 1 Grapioliies of the
Lower Beds. 350p.17pl Feb. 1905. $1.50. doth.
8 Feit, E. P. Imsects Affecting Park and Woodland Trees. v.1 a6op.
= 48pl Feb. 1906. $2.50, dotk. v.2 5483p. iL 22pl Feb. 1907.

re Early Devonic of New York and Eastern North America.
Soe ag A Baer ar 1908. $2.50, doth. Pit 2, Im press.

ro Eastman, C The Devonic Fishes of the New York Formations.
236p- Teck gate $1.25, doth.

1x Ruedemann. Rudolf Grepiohkies of New York. Pt 2 Grapiolites of the
Higher Beds. 5834p. iL 2 tab. 3mpl. Apr. 1908. eon chek,

12 Eaton, E.H. Birds of New York Im press.

Natural history of New York. jz0v. i. pl maps Q. Albany 1842-93.

DIVISION 1 zooLoGY. De Kay, Lepr am Zoology of New York: or, The
New York Fauna: comprismg deiailed pcg aera po SS =

Bistocieel] introdactiona to the semies by Gov. W. a Seed 1782.

NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

v. 1 ptr Mammalia. 131+46p. 33pl. 1842.
309 copies with hand-colored plates.

v. 2 pt2 Birds. 12+380p. r4rpl. 1844.
Colored piates.

v. 3 pt3 Reptiles and Amphibia. 7+98p. ptq4 Fishes. 15+415p. 1842.
pt3-4 bound together. ;
v. 4 Plates to accompany v. 3. Reptiles and Amphibia 23pl. Fishes 7gpl.

1842.
300 copies with hand-colored clates

v. 5 pts Mollusca. 4+271p. gopl. pt6 Crustacea. 7op. r3pl. 1843-44.
Hand-colored plates; pts—6 bound together.

DIVISION 2 BOTANY. Torrey, John. Flora of the State of New York; com-
prising full descriptions of all the indigenous and naturalized plants hith-
erto discovered in the State, with remarks on their economical and medical
properties. av. il. pl. sq. Q. Albany 1843. Out of print.

v. t Flora of the State of New York. 12+484p. 72pl. 1843.

300 copies with hand-colored plates.

v. 2 Flora of the State of New York. 572p.8opl. 1843.
300 copies with hand-colored plates.

DIVISION 3 MINERALOGY. Beck, Lewis C. Mineralogy of New York; com-
prising detailed descriptions of the minerals hitherto found in the State
of New York, and notices of their uses in the arts and agriculture. il. pl.
sq. Q. Albany 1842. Out of print.

v. 1 ptr Economical Mineralogy. pt2 Descriptive Mineralogy. 24+536p.
1842.

8 plates additional to those printed as part of the text.

DIVISION 4 GEOLOGY. Mather. W. W.; Emmons, Ebenezer; Vanuxem, Lard-
ner & Hall, James. Geology of New York. 4qv. il. pl. sq. Q. Albany
1842-43. Out of print.

v. 1 ptr Mather, W. W. First Geological District. 37+653p. 46pl. 1843.

v. 2 pte Emmons, Ebenezer. Second Geological District. 10+437p. 17pl.
1842.

v. 3 pt3 Vanuxem, Lardner. Third Geological District. 306p. 1842.

v. 4 pt4 Hall, James. Fourth Geological District. 22+683p. 1gpl. map.
1843. :

aon 5 AGRICULTURE. Emmons, Ebenezer. Agriculture of New York;

’ comprising an account of the classification, composition and distribution
of the soils and rocks and the natural waters of the different geological
formations, together with a condensed view of the meteorology and agri-
aac productions of the State. 5v.il.pl.sq.Q. Albany 1846-54. Out
o7 print.

“4 Soils of the State, their Composition and Distribution. 11+371p. 21pl.
1846.

v. 2 Analysis of Soils, Plants, Cereals, etc. 8+343+46p. 42pl. 1849.
With hand-colored plates.

v. 3 Fruits, etc. 8+340p. 1851.

v 4 Plates to accompany v. 3. g5pl. 1851.

Hand-colored.

v. 5 Insects Injurious to Agriculture. 8+272p. 5sopl. 1854.
With hand-colored plates.

DIVISION 6 PALEONTOLOGY. Hall, James. Paleontology of New York. 8v.
il. pl. sq. Q. Albany 1847-94. Bound in cloth.

v. r Organic Remains of the Lower Division of the New York System.
23+338p. oopl. 1847. Out of print.

v. 2 Organic Remains of Lower Middle Division of the New York System.
8+362p. 1ro4pl. 1852. Out of print.

v. 3 Organic Remains of the Lower Helderberg Group and the Oriskany
Sandstone. pti, text. 12+532p. 1859. [$3.50]

pt2. 143pl. 1861. [$2.50]

MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS

v. 4 Fossil Brachiopoda of the Upper Helderberg, Hamilton, Portage and
Chemung Groups. 11+1+428p. 69pl. 1867. $2.50.

v. 5 ptr Lamellibranchiata 1. Monomyaria of the Upper Helderberg
Hamilton and Chemung Groups. 18+268p. 45pl. 1884. $2.50. -
Lamellibranchiata 2. Dimyaria of the Upper Helderberg, Ham-

ilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. 62+293p. 5i1pl. 1885. $2.50.

- pt2 Gasteropoda, Pteropoda and Cephalopoda of the Upper Helder-

berg, Hamilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. 2v. 1879. v. 1, text.

15+492p. v.2, 120pl. $2.50 for 2 v.

& Simpson, George B. v. 6 Corals and Bryozoa of the Lower and Up-

per Helderberg and Hamilton Groups. 24+298p. 67pl. 1887. $2.50

& Clarke, John M. v. 7 Trilobites and other Crustacea of the Oris-

kany, Upper Helderberg, Hamilton, Portage, Chemung and Catskill

Groups. 64+236p. 46pl. 1888. Cont. supplement to v. 5, pt2. Ptero-

poda, Cephalopoda and Annelida. 42p. r18pl. 1888. $2.50.

& Clarke, John M. v. 8 ptr Introduction to the Study of the Genera

of the Paleozoic Brachiopoda. 16+367p. 44pl. 1892. $2.50.

& Clarke, John M. v.8 pt2 Paleozoic Brachiopoda. 16+394p. 64pl.
1894. $2.50.

Catalogue of the Cabinet of Natural History of the State of New York and
of the Historical and Antiquarian Collection annexed thereto. 242p. O.

—_—_—

1853.
Handbooks 1893-date.
In quantities, 1 cent for each 16 pages or less. Single copies postpaid as below.
New York State Museum. s52p.il. Free.
Outlines, history and work of the museum with list of staff 1902.
Paleontology. 12p. Free.
Brief outline of State Museum work in paleontology under heads: Definition: Relation to
biclogy; Relation to stratigraphy; History of paleontology in New York.
Guide to Excursions in the Fossiliferous Rocks of New York. 1124p. Free.
Itineraries of 32 trips covering nearly the entire series of Paleozoic rocks, prepared specially
for the use of teachers and students desiring to acquaint themselves more intimately with the
classic rocks of this State.
Entomology. 16p. Free.
Economic Geology. 44p. Free.
Insecticides and Fungicides. 2o0p. Free.
Classification of New York Series of Geologic Formations. 32p. Free.
Geologic maps. Merrill, F. J. H. Economic and Geologic Map of the State
of New York; issued as part of Museum bulletin 15 and 48th Museum
Report, v. r. 59x67 cm. 1894. Scale 14 miles to 1 inch. 15¢c.
Map of the State of New York Showing the Location of Quarries of
Stone Used for Building and Road Metal. Mus. bul. 17. 1897. Free.
Map of the State of New York Showing the Distribution of the Rocks
Most Useful for Road Metal. Mus. bul. 17. 1897. Free.
Geologic Map of New York. t1go01. Scale 5 miles to 1 inch. In atlas
jorm $3; mounted on rollers $5. Lower Hudson sheet 6oc.
The lower Hudson sheet, geologically colored, comprises Rockland, Orange, Dutchess, Put-
nam, Westchester, New York, Richmond, Kings. Queens and Nassau counties, and parts of

Sullivan, Ulster and Suffolk counties; also northeastern New Jersey and part of western
Connecticut. :

Map of New York Showing the Surface Configuration and Water Sheds.

tgo1. Scale r2 milesto1rinch. 15¢. :

Map of the State of New York Showing the Location of its Economic
Deposits. 1904. Scale 12 miles to 1 inch. 15¢c.

Geology maps on the United States Geological Survey topographic base:
scale 1 in. == 1 m. Those marked with an asterisk have also been pub-
lished separately.

*Albany county. Mus. rep’t 49, v. 2. 1898. Out of print.

Area around Lake Placid. Mus. bul. 21. 1898.

Vicinity of Frankfort Hill [parts of Herkimer and Oneida counties]. Mus.
rep’t*s51, v. 1. 1899.

Rockland county. State geol. rep’t 18. 1899.

NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

Amsterdam quadrangle. Mus. bul. 34. tgoo.

*Parts of Albany and Rensselaer counties. Mus. bul. 42. rgo1. Free.
*Niagara river. Mus. bul. 45. t1go1r. 25c.

Part of Clinton county. State geol. rep’t 19. I9gol.

Oyster Bay and Hempstead quadrangles on Long Island. Maus. bul. 48.

IQol.

Portions of Clinton and Essex counties. Mus. bul. 52. 1902.

Part of town of Northumberland, Saratoga co. State geol. rep’t 21. 1903.

Union Springs, Cayuga county and vicinity. Mus. bul. 69. 19032.

*Olean quadrangle. Mus. bul. 69. 1003. Free.

*Becraft Mt with 2 sheets of sections. (Scale 1 in.=- 4m.) Mus. bul. 69.
F903. 20C.

*Canandaigua-Naples quadrangles. Mus. bul. 63. 1904. 200.

*Little Falls quadrangle. Mus. bul. 77. 1905. 1I5c.

*Watkins-Elmira quadrangles. Mus. bul. 81. 1905. 20¢.

*Tully quadrangle. Mus. bul. 82. 1905. Free.

*Salamanca quadrangle. Mus. bul. 80. 1905. Free.

*Buffalo quadrangle. Mus. bul. 99. 1906. Free.

*Penn Yan-Hammondsport quadrangles. Mus. bul. ror. 1906. 200¢.

*Rochester and Ontario Beach quadrangles. Mus. bul. 114. 20¢.

*Long Lake quadrangles. Mus. bul. 115. Free.

*Nunda-Portage quadrangles. Mus. bul. 118. 200.

*Remsen quadrangle. Mus. bul.126. 1908. Free.

*Geneva-Ovid quadrangles. Mus. bul. 128. 1909. 200,

A ih ’ ney
+ “i an
yy ay ;

AS

ilk a

it
* a

ka

r) a
MAPS
ia) i

emt.
i ae

ae ee
mt

; Mog | i
ae P

1 Porer WA
aie

f

: tad i
TAS
oy iy
Pu cy pi
yiv aia {
ese i
it Veale
‘ flake vy 7
iB | . A '
a ‘ ; iat ‘ ; 1s re t. f
Mf Past buen sia f Noa bt ee
7 aare Mu PS Be ng / On ae
: _ Pr : *s yy , 4 i Lt iy y
' i ; Ng } i
; ‘ F " : ’
ot 4 ¥ | A! i We j
ay AM es edi sj ‘ }
‘ Weary ii ae Hi
‘ ; i ' ; Ml af rH
iM ¥ iv ft 7 v
) ' i ’ at
r t y ial
‘tt I i ‘ N
Weis ie
ia a
}
, ‘ i * hy
. el 4 ¥
Rinvanh pA
. ;
:
f TPL a
4 ) > ‘
‘ 2 x i ZA
‘
- } iy
, | .
[ i
é :
- :
“y , ; ; d
in ». ,
| 4 ' Y
é y te r '
‘ c. *
* 4 h \
iH * A \ j py
} : 1 :
Ke H ' j ]
» a Pa = ' f
) ’ j : ’ ; ,
i | 7
J ) /. wr x i } i
|
s . ‘ i] ‘
bad ’ : 4 | : f i
“ )
S ff i, } i iT i; Pilih og
. ‘ | re itt rea BI fs) J } a ee =
: ii? t i { if 7 |
a ‘ :
ae yy) ty ; } ; ; }
| PAY ,
Sit M * 7 \ ;
Ly Ee . ens y
“iey iy’ 4s U ib
; ‘fe 1 , hy 4 if f i;
b a ' : ; .
i vid hl BY ah \ ny 3 Ay
ey ‘ vy wil ; A Tals if
aA} i | ; , 1, ; i ’) _*
earn, A mA rh 7%
CUA 7 SS 7 |
A : aD ’
Ny , 4 ‘i
r a i fAvvi { ia : 5 Lp |
ND IRREO SACEe ane A
wes My [7As) P b f . Ls rirG
f A : *% / |
Bed SP ray rz) - y i +) fi nh yy 7 \,
, 7 H af AMT J , . wh
<A , Wel ‘ Vik y i a eu
ry 4 ¥, . eo i s i on a ay : } tl iy
4 Ae Pal Va (ea eg
ee Nant a ) as! AY by gl i !
har Aue yh ai i ALY Piya! (ons
yi a iesit aes i / ey Ae? mute the (id.
ae my tb! vA HA pee j = i wu ; ’ a hf
> a LF crs ) | |
eee: 3) a aid\ ‘ i np lie eA ee Cs hie
' 0 ie ; : f ; . j u a) ~y Oy Yt L¢
' } i * 1) = ,
Ava inte? ia lee
{ sg 4
i

Hi Pie Mane, by)
STAN YF Sten Ts
re “4 fl iy.’ vay

‘A

mh A ee (eee \
hay at ary ; i v
Weds ihe iad le } .
Md cM v* fay. t rr ;
ait i ¢ 2 . |
; Fo) vipa 1G
“a ‘ Rin ly va
“s tr \ ¢ ‘A i 1 7 .
we A iy | +. b nl
: 0g ij { r rad H] ¥ ,
ita v ? ’ A } ae ,
Ey ig LS RUN Fs ea
Abe Lar if i Pi A rt i‘ Lan
ae NOY tran ams Baa hs
AL} , ‘
ps ;

af
\ f
7 : A
a
j ae
v
' ; ; ‘
j ‘i
e 4 ,
? % a ‘ a i 4 Le
Mi : aK u i, ‘ ¥ " 7 J
thw AH cae iad aes, Po ae
Pe | ae | t 7
oR Aon Yaa AA
Py “AD | a
[ bs . . ;
hie Vay eee eR he: ] he
iy. UA 7 $ iy
ti { { ' .
ae ae ‘
me's :
4) .
' ;
ivy ‘% *
/
a }
»
3 (
; ki
; :
|
j
f |
|
ne j ¥ ®
t
ng ,
a “i
i » A Pe
] =
4
Es
’ .
.
f /
, '
a '
a Vos
qT f arti i
y { cal es
“y 1 Maat
ik ij *| : be ‘
| d Loe fe)
oy AAS ee i I
, ; * A
ii he ve (
sy j a P:
i: a A 7

rr
’ } 7
fy :
i,

i rey hot hi
vy tees : al
: a Ws

: at) ny

Coe RT

»

‘
c
y

(Pz ih

Apes

eh

SOh

SMITH
NVINOSHI

IBRARIES SMITHSONIAN

RARIES

INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI

}BRARIES SMITHSONIAN

NVINOSHLINS S31YVudgiTLisB

_NVINOSHLINS
za

7) x

ma

2 Ly
Cc y Ye ‘ :
= Ws
Pd aS

IBRARIES SMITHSONIAN

S3INVUSIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN

z
2)
fe
2
i?
=
(dp)
=
OILNLILSNI
=
<<
z
ro)
(79)
r
-
=
wa”
SMITHSONIAN
” z
a w
= = a4
oe. aa
<} c
G2 =|
eS ro)
oa 2
OILALILSNI M ss
— re)
w ABS ra
rad Vs
= WY ,e
= WSs
IBRARIES
rae th

NVINOSHLINWS

S S3IYVYUGIT LIBRARIES

LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN

Saiuvagit

NS
\ a Ye.
A

a

INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI

SJIYVYUEIT LIBRARIES

INST
r

Mt fy y = es = xX
ty ISO 1G 78
“Gy, = S = \N
= te =
Ww) = = w”
INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI_ 4 ee Ea
us = ul
< : <
fad = =
: 8 :
SJIYVYUEIT LIBRARIES
ee 5 -
100) — ow
2 2S y, D
> jm Mi, >
a a =
m . m
YW fae op)
INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI _NVINOSHLINS, Sa 1%
Z x =
= ie 4 4
Be ‘Oo cee
. sam 0) 7
RB NGHe! =E O £3
LOST 2 = SM
ONS > = >
“et 2 w ll
SSIYVUAIT_LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN _ INST
2 Zz
iid ;
a = YWy,*
oa < YA
= tl YK ©
= m0 sath
re) =" Oo
Z2 3 Zz
INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31
Ss Ds : rs
= a Se
> ae a
E Ps i
= iil =
(7p) m 22)
< w z
o?)
=
=
a
o2)
re)
=
>
=z

SMITHSONIAN

= ”
a uw
= Pa

<
S a
= fa)
z ° J

SMITHSONIAN INST

z | hi
Ss ne Je
= ie =
5 , ff _ Av
— tye ff / " a4
eet ce lee
= w

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI _NVINOSHLINS Sa Ie

\ Ie 2 (|e wai) + . = DW ™ io [2B 4s) 9°
me TRS NOE
Yy = Zon DC. WS = | = e = COEBRS = |
4 w z= i?) * a IT)
ARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLIWS S23 1yVvy

z as ae ae

= «x

ber ox

ue. oo

oO ae

= —!

ILILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN_INSTITU)
\

SAIMVUGIT LIBRARIES
INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI
S3IMVUGIT LIBRARI

INSTITUTION
SAIdYVusit

ARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLIWS SaluvYy

&

LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITU

NVINOSHLIWS
NVINOSHLIWS

NVINOSHLIWS
‘x
\s NS
Wy
SMITHSONIAN

LLILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS

‘

NOLLNLILSNI

NOILALILSNI
NOILNLILSNI

ARIES SMITHSONIAN_INSTITUTION NOILONLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3ItuVde

SJINVUGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN

INSTITUTION
INSTITUTION

INSTITUTION

VLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IUVYEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN

NVINOSHLINS S31uYvuall] LIBRARIES

w z
= = <= z
= + z Zz
oO a oe O -s (@)
Ww) YO g Ww) Ww
ES O % es i
as = = =
= > = : =
i ” — 7) > Tp)
ARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOLILSNI
Ww > Ww) S w
jas Pi va o si
ow .. a a = a
< 5, et <x a <
pe. or o = oc
_ fea) — fea)
na Oo ro ey on ca
~J Zz -J = ces cee
VLILSNI S3SIYVYUSIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN_INSTITU
i ‘S cS y ie
3 E te Yy =
> > 2 ’ i D>
be > f= Yy %,
E Po] i a?)
= 2a re cies
= o Zz o

INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31uV
*.

\N
iS
\N
NS

on” _ ~~

UDLOUUON

3 9088 01300 7729