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i Univesity of the. State of New York Bulletin

PRR for entry as second-class matter at the Post Office at Albany, N.Y., pending

_ Published. Fortnightly _

No.7538!« cane an

ALBANY, N. ¥.

MARCH I

» 1913

* net arate NE) ot Pos os %
gi aia ‘ YE sr S.30% te

Museum Bulletin 164.

NINTH REPORT OF THE DIRECT OR OF ‘$050
THE SCIENCE DIVISIO! nN a

"INCLUDING ‘THE nas

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oN ew York State Museum

Jouw M. CLARKE, Director a

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66th , REPORT OF THE STATE: MUSEUM, - ‘THE. an REPORT OF
THE STATE GEOLOGIST, AND THE REPORT OP THE,
STATE be a as ples FOR 1912

MERCI VEO Oh cc occ ch aig stare biel e oe

i ae he State Museum law..
The ‘Statutory Concep=

tion of ZB “State Mu- ~

seum”’

‘al he State Ilaseeliy idea Ae | EE CR eet art i
and its place in the pol: ed Seth “Public mtérest i: .': Srphebe
_ ity of the State. . 7 |.- IX Publieatieasn cates. vas oe
ee Staff of the Science Divi-
II The educational Gunton rite eign atid: State Giecouen
of the State Museum. | XI Necasslonk
GE. SIGNCET fa so as 38 9 The, Mount Morris Meteorite.
III Condition of the scientific Eee OW BITEDOR Oy fot!
collections ..... Shiels & » I5, |~Early, Paleozoic Physiography of
IV Report on the geological” . | the Southern ~ Adirondacks.
_ survey.. n'y aiy oon, hae signe OP OCS Vi PIR IME RG, cle ode atom oe
Areal geology. Finke age 16 | The Garnet Deposits of Warren
Surficial geology..?...... .2F |} County, : New: York. W..’ J:
Industrial geology...... RTT ae Ss BST PR aS a rer a asain 8
Seismologic station. '.28:| The Use of the Stereogram in Paleo-
\ Paleontology. . Poet 3280 biology... G.“H.« HupDSON. : ,*7..
V_ Report of the State Botan- yh, Due Origin of the Gulf of St Law.
| se SOON A Noth ‘Watente aan
VI Report of ie Seite Ento-- eh ake Bid Rock. ais ie from ti
Mologist.. 0... - +’ 35: | Tlustrations of the Devonie Fos-
VII Report of the Zoologist... 43 + ~ sils of Southern Brazil and the
w Yor h of ee New Falkland Islands. J. M. CLARKE
ollusca:...-:° 44 pees fn wah seid atl os del heen eae
ALBANY .- ar
UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE. OF NEW YORK "if
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M2o9r-Je13-2000

VIII Report of ‘the Archeologist
heer survey.

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lection *

~ Archeological collections ra

PAGE

45

80

95.
103
. “132
138

140
211

UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
Regents of the University
(uly 15, 1913)
With years when terms expire
t9t7 St Crain McKetway M.A. LL.D. D.C.L, L.H.D.
Chancellor Brooklyn
1914 Puy T. Sexton LL.B. LL.D. Vice Chancellor Palmyra
1915 ALBERT VANDER VEER M.D. M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. Albany

1922 CHESTER 8. Lorp M.A. LL.D. - - - = -— New York
1918 WittiAM NotrincHaM M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. - -— Syracuse
1921 Francis M. CARPENTER - - - -— — — -— Mount Kisco
1923 ABRAM I. Erxus LL.B. D.C.L. - - -— -— -New York
1916 Lucius N. Litraver B.A. - = - - ~- * Gloversville
1924 ADELBERT Moot —- — _ : — - Buffalo
1925 CHARLES B. ALEXANDER M. a LL. B. LL. D. Lit.D. Tuxedo

1919 JOHN MoorE- —- —- —- — — — Elmira

1920 ANDREW J. SHIPMAN M z LL. 8. LL. D.- - — New York

President of the Hdieuiie
and Commissioner of Education

JouHn Huston FInteEy M.A. LL.D.
Assistant Commissioners

Avucustus S. Downinc M.A. L.H.D. LL.D. For Higher Education
Cuartes F, WHEELocK B.S. LL.D. For Secondary Education
Tuomas E. Finecan M.A. Pd.D. LL.D. For Elementary Education
Director of State Library
James I. Wver, Jr, M.LS.
Director of Science and State Museum
Joun M. Crarxe Ph.D. D.Sc. LL.D.
Chiefs of Divisions
Administration, Gzorce M. Witey M.A.
Attendance, James D. SuLLiIvan
Educational Extension, Witt1am R. Watson B.S.
Examinations, Hartan H. Horner B.A.
History, James A, HoLpEn B.A.
Inspections, FranK H. Woop M.A.
Law, FRANK B. GILBERT B.A.
_ Library School, Frank K. Water M.A. M.LS.
Public Records, THomas C. QUINN
School Libraries, SHERMAN WILLIAMS Pd.D: |
Statistics, H1rram C. CAsE i
Visual Instruction, ALFRED W. Asrams Ph.B.
Vocational Schools, ARTHUR D.. DEAN D.Sc.

New York State Education Department
Science Division, February 13, 1913

Hon. Andrew S. Draper LL.D.
Commissioner of Education

Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript and
accompanying illustrations of the annual report of the Director of
the Science Division, for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1912,
and J recommend the same for publication as a bulletin of the
State Museum.

Very respectfully
Joun M. CLARKE
Director

STATE OF NEW YORK
EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

COMMISSIONER'S ROOM

Approved for publication this 19th day of February 1913

Commissioner of Education

yee
mite
faut)

Education Department Bulletin

Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York

Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under
the act of July 16, 1894

No. 538 ALBANY, N. Y. March I, 1913

e:
Joun M. CLARKE, Directgr ©, ae
he

ht

Museum Bulletin 164% ' a:

NINTH REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR
SCIENCE DIVISION

INCLUDING THE

66th REPORT OF THE STATE MUSEUM, THE 32d REPORT OF THE
STATE. GEOLOGIST, AND THE ‘REPORT OF THE STATE
PALEONTOLOGIST FOR 1912

INTRODUCTION

This report covers all divisions of the scientific work under the
charge of the Education Department and concerns the progress
made therein during the fiscal year I911-12. It constitutes the
66th annual report of the State Museum and is introductory to all
the scientific memoirs, bulletins and other publications issued from
this office during the year mentioned. ©

Under the action of the Regents of the University (April 26,
1904) the work of the Science Division is “under the immediate
supervision of the Commissioner of Education,’ and the advisory
committee of the Board of Regents of the University having the
affairs of this division in charge are the Honorables: Daniel Beach
LL.D., Watkins; Lucius N. Littauer B.A., Gloversville; Adelbert
Moot, Buffalo.

The subjects to be presented in this report are considered under
the following chapters:

I State Museum Law
II The Educational Function of the State Museum of Science
III Condition of the Scientific Collections
IV Report on the Geological Survey
V_ Report of the State Botanist

6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

VI Report of the State Entomologist
VII Report on the Zoology Section
VIII Report on the Archeology Section
IX Publications of the year
X Staff of the Science Division and State Museum
XI <Accessions to the Collections
XII Appendixes (to be continued in subsequent volumes)..
All the scientific publications of the year.

I
THE STATE MUSEUM LAW

The present attitude of the State of New York toward its museum
is defined in the statute enacted in 1889 and incorporated without
change in the codified Education Law of Igto:

All scientific specimens and collections, works of art, objects of historic
interest and similar property appropriate to a general museum, if owned by
the State and not placed in other custody by a special law, shall constitute
the State Museum.

This provision for the existence of a State Museum is brief and
precise, but the conception which lies behind it is broad, enlightened
and efficient. Provision is made, not alone for a museum of science,
even though to the present day the science museum only has received
recognition and support by actual allotments from the Legislature.
The law is broader than the present exercise of that law and the
genius of the brief enactment cited rises above the actual condition
attained by virtue of it.

THE STATUTORY CONCEPTION OF A “STATE MUSEUM”

The letter and evident spirit of the law provide not only for the
museum that now exists, but for any public museum which the
people of the State may choose to bring into existence, whether it
be a museum of history, of art, of industry, or of education; and
all such museums and their materials shall constitute the State
Museum. The statute clearly opens the way for the institution,
at the will of the people, of a series of museums or departments
of a State Museum, as many in number and nature as the reason-
able demands of a populous, wealthy and intellectual state may
regard essential to the instruction of its people. No law for the
establishment of public museums could be broader in import or
susceptible of a more generous interpretation in strict accord with
the expressed wishes of the people. It is the deliberate expression

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 "

of the Legislature of the State that a place be provided in its polity,
not alone for the museum of science, which has been in existence
for sixty years, but for additional museums, as their need may
become appreciated, all under the control of the Education Depart-
ment. This is clearly the meaning of a law which, in state legis-
lation on this subject, is not surpassed for conciseness and breadth.

etas DALE, MUSEUM HDEAVANDeriS .PLACH IN. THE POLITY
OR TEE Sir

This State has thus far developed its magnanimous conception
of the Museum only along the line of science. So far as it has gone
it has doubtless done well in this single direction, for its museum of
science has brought credit to it and to those who have shared in
its development. The State Museum of Natural History has
achieved a distinctive and worthy repute among such scientific
museums whose interests are of necessity somewhat restricted by
political boundary lines. It is very doubtful if any state museum
of science should attempt to enter the wider field of the world and
thus compete with the great privately endowed museums of the
larger municipalities. Its function is well and adequately defined
in portraying in fulness the natural resources of its state. The
good repute of the New York State Museum of science has come,
however, more from the work of original research which it has
fostered, than from the educational service thus far rendered
through its collections. These collections have been assembled very
largely for the service of the investigations, rather than with the
purpose of elucidating to the people the significance of these re-
searches. So far is this the case that the science museum, now
entering a new building with capacious and well-equipped halls,
finds itself deficient, not in the quantity but in the quality of scientific
materials suitable to display to the public or competent lucidly to
explain the facts they represent and the researches which the
Museum has prosecuted. This is a condition which must be reme-
died if this Museum is to become a vigorous arm of the educational
service. In a very real sense the science museum, notwithstanding
its long history and its large collections, is beginning anew, for
never within its history has it possessed a satisfactory locus. Its
collections have long been scattered through many different build-
ings. But out of the assembled material now brought together in
the Museum halls of the Education Building, is to develop a series
of scientific collections in the various departments of natural history

8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

here pursued, that will be of effective instructional value entirely
creditable to the State.

That a knowledge of a state’s natural resources is of paramount
moment to the people, needs no argument. That the people should
have an insight into the larger scientific problems based upon and
arising from these natural resources, will not admit of debate. In
the natural and orderly development of practical and intellectual
interest among the people, these are demands which have a superior
force because they develop first.

But this great Commonwealth has ceriainly reached a stage of
intellectual attainment where it may demand now, or should demand
soon, the development of the fuller conception of the additional
museums to which the statute has pointed the way. The State of
New York has no museum of its own history. Whether it should
have is not a matter for debate. The director's project for such a
museum has been approved by the Commissioner of Education,
by a special committee of the Board of Regents, by unanimous vote
of the Board itself, by the finance committee of the Senate and by a
thousand expressed opinions of competent citizens. Yet it does not
exist. The substantial means fail largely because a Jocus for such a
museum still fails. The hope that the Education Building might
accommodate such a museum probably must be abandoned for want
of room, and until there is a definite answer to the question ‘“ Where
are you going to put it?” the appropriations necessary for its crea-
tion will be withheld. For such an historical museum public senti-
ment is ripe, and the time is ripe. In the impending amplification of
the State’s buildings provision should be made for it.

Have the people of the State of New York reached a stage of
such intelligent concern in their past as to desire a portrayal of the
development of the industries on which their wealth and happiness
so largely depend? Has not the time arrived when a museum which
would teach the people how the raw material in every line of in-
dustry is evolved into the finished product, would have a very dis-
tinctive usefulness to all the people? How many among the ten
million citizens of New York know that their morning newspaper
requires in its manufacture the use of sulfur and lime, and talc or
clay as well as wood? One who is concerned with modern methods
of any manufacture will be as much concerned in the historical
development of that industry. Here lies an immense field of deepest
concern and very high instructional value. To such an inspiring
institution as a museum of industry, all paths would lead; the direct

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 8)

appeal to the people would be of tremendous force and the response
from the people would not fail to be substantial. It is well worth
while to consider if the development of this conception in the
- museum series can wisely be left to a coming generation.

The public art museum is naturally the last to take its place in
the development of the public museum idea. Time will bring it
to every state as intellectual appreciation and the love of the beauti-
ful advance. Experience has taught this, and the abundance of art
museums maintained in the older countries by state grants is evi-
dence that, even though the time may still be unripe in New York,
at least its seed has taken root.

A law in which the people have intimated a desire, if not an inten-
tion, to develop the museum idea for the State on the broad lines
indicated, remains but partially enforced. An intelligent people
opened the door for the development of this idea; the conception
has been rather too long left unheeded. This State has inti-
mated its willingness to stand for the progressive habilitation of
this conception and with the Regents of the University, charged
with the enforcement of this law and the right to execute its
intentions, lies here an opportunity for additional public service.

II

PEE eDUCSLION AL. -FUNGLION £OF Sto h.STALE
MUSEUM, Or, Seine!

In rendering the annual account of the procedure in this
division during the fiscal year, it seems well to ask special
attention from those who may read this report to the require-
ments of the real educational functions of this organization.
Year after year record has been made of the advance of work
along the several lines of scientific inquiry and conversation
legitimately pursued by it. Data of scientific worth and moment
have annually heaped up on the vast accumulation of like facts
which the many years of previous work have brought forth;
publications have issued in unbroken streams, in which some
part of this accumulation of knowledge has been digested and
set forth so as to take its proper place in the fabric of science.
All the work done and the work begun, whatever its outcome,
is to have its final bearing on the progress of the knowledge
of this State and its natural resources, howsoever remote its
immediate relation thereto may seem.

IO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Not for an instant has the attitude of the chief educational
officer, judicially reflecting the underlying sentiment of the
State, intimated a purpose to restrain or curtail investigations
in those lines of pure and applied science here carried on; on the
contrary this influence has substantially favored and apprecia-
tively encouraged all this work, in geology, paleontology, miner-
alogy, botany, entomology, zoology and archeology; the proper
fields of science which this division covers. Such indeed has
been the historic attitude of the State toward this work and
such without question it is likely to be.

This Division of Science, during its long existence of seventy-
five years, has rolled up a monumental record of the varied
scientific resources of the State, embodying facts and factors
which have modified and added to the total body of science in
ways that it would now be difficult to estimate. The State of
New York has become classic ground of these scientific branches
and its fund of records is in keeping with the vastness of its
natural wealth. There could be no justification for any cessa-
tion in these activities, whether they pertain to pure or to applied
science. The mining production of this State has increased by
3000 per cent since the inception of the Geological Survey.
The control of insect depredations upon the agricultural and
forest crops of the State becomes annually of greater moment to
the people with the yearly enlargement of the crops themselves.
The conservation of all our native fauna and flora is a problem
of growing concern.

These are but items in the progress of results, but it may be
said with security that never in its history has this division been
of more immediate usefulness to the progress of the people nor
its contributions in pure science of more moment to the philos-
ophy of life. The solution of every problem of science brings
with it new and larger problems. The bell never rings on
scientific progress and research — if it does, in a State like this,
it is a knell that tolls for death and decay. There lie before us
today in these various fields of research larger problems, more
deeply fraught with the welfare of the Commonwealth, more
intimately concerned with the inspiration and uplift of the
citizen, than there have ever been.

But in an evident and pregnant sense we have now come to
a turn in the road. This division is, and has long and properly
been, a part in the University of the State and the Department

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1912 ti

of Education; and as such its ideals of research have never
faltered or been contravened. Now, by virtue of the equipment
for it of extensive museum halls, it enters by force and by
preference into more immediate and direct touch with the citi-
zens. The burden is laid upon it to bring home to the people,
by visual appeal, the meaning of all that has been said and done
im istience during the years past. The “State Museum.” has
long been a statutory designation, intimating scientific collec-
tions brought together for the exposition of our natural
resources but in reality implying and covering the investigations
of these resources themselves. At no time in the history of the
organization has there been an adequate museum; not once
in all its career have the people been able to come into actual touch
with the materials on which the published scientific works have been
founded or to learn through their own eyes the real meaning of the
resources and of the operations of nature which have been por-
trayed on the thousands of pages and plates of our public reports.

The fact that this time has now arrived, that capacious quarters
are about to be fully equipped for the reception of the material
objects of science, brings, in effect, a new function to this division
—that of making an efficacious and impressive contribution to the
education of the people into these sources of knowledge, in a build-
ing devoted throughout to the official diffusion of knowledge.

There are certain aspects of this new function that are proper
in this public report at a time when the equipment of this museum
ais) science: lies qust); a. stepppanead. - +) she wiirst, «of: these,
first in significance to those on whom this large duty de-
volves, is the fact that thus far the Museum has been the
repository of the materials brought together by men engaged in
the solution of scientific problems; these materials are not in
any large sense conspicuous objects, carefully selected for special
purposes of display, or to tell their own story. The collections
of the Museum are very large, as state museums go, but if this
large amount of material now contained in thousands of boxes,
drawers and cases, were to be so divided that one part should
comprise all that would arouse the interests of the inexpert, the
latter would be but a slender fraction of the whole.

In the science of paleontology, a science of which the State of
New York has for years been the especial patron, this fact is
preeminently true. The Museum resources herein are large, but
of this large accumulation there is only a small part that can be

I2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

made to tell its fascinating story to the uninitiated. To consider
for a moment the demands of this science alone, and its place
in a museum: the people of the State have a right to know what
it is all about and why such extraordinary encouragement has been
given to its prosecution; how it is that the State of New York
has acquired its repute as the exponent of this science, and, if it
is true that more is known of the paleontology of this State
than of any equal area of the world (as has been said by a dis-
tinguished French geologist), where is the proof of this outside
of published documents. There are no mysteries in science and
the fruits of this knowledge are the property of the people who
have paid forit. There is thus laid upon this division the acqui-
sition of materials in this field of science, that will tell the story
of the life in the seas and on the lands of ancient New York, its
beginning, its development and its outcome, and tell it in a way
so lucid and intelligible that the visitor to the Museum can read
it and learn it. No good thing, therefore, that can make clearer
the wonderful histcry of life in this part of our ancient earth,
and so help to enforce the broader lessons of the life from which
we have derived our own existence, can be sacrificed or neglected,
for so simply gross a reason as that appropriations for this work
are inadequate. A scientific specimen in a labratory and such a
specimen in a museum are of two vastly unlike qualities. The
one tells its story to the expert, the other must be made to tell
its simple and clear story to the larger world.

What has thus been intimated with reference to this science
of paleontology may be said with equal appropriateness of all
cognate sciences. Fach has its meaning as a factor in the edu-
cation of all the people.

It is to this factor that the State Museum must now address
itself. In so doing, to effect the real educational purpose of this
Museum, to bring into sympathetic play with the scientific pur-
pose oi the organization the natural interests of the people in
the works of nature, to meet this enlarged opportunity for ser-
vice, substantial aid must be afforded.

A half million citizens of this State visit the seat of govern-
ment every year, some on business and some on pleasure, and
the capital, among its other attractions, is now to present to
them a public museum -— the museum of the people themselves.
It is needless to speculate as to what percentage of visitors will
direct their footsteps to this place. It is not the purpose of the

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 13

administration of the State Museum to offer to the visiting pub-
lic a show of “ curios,’ or a series of discrete and incongruous
objects without rationale or consecuity. It is its purpose to
bring through the public eye into the public heart the concerns
oioihe natural fesources of the’ State; the stories they tell, the
business they record, the possibilities of commercial develop-
ment they carry, the welfare and protection of the life that con-
stitutes our native fauna and flora; to portray the development
of the State from the beginning of its geography and with it to
depict the course of its life through prehistoric stages up to the
day of our aborigines with their multifold activities and culture;
and so into the border lands of actual history. :
Enough has been intimated in the foregoing in regard to the
educational purpose of the State Museum of Science to make
way for the conclusion that such functions can not be realized
without a liberal support from an intelligent community. The
State ol New York can make what it will of its Museum—a
storehouse of scientifically important but educationally arid facts,
or a conservatory of inspiring and uplifting knowledge of its
aaeoraleresources. la) elect the latter as a deliberate policy of
the Education Department is of necessity to supply the Educa-
tion Department with the requisite funds to do it. It is in all
respects a question of funds, for neither competent and enthusi-
astic men nor adequate materials are wanting for such an end.
It is therefore most proper at this juncture in the history of
the organization to direct public attention to these requirements
if the real purpose of the State Museum is to be assured.
Thoughert was been the prackiceror the: State meretotore to
encourage these several lines of scientific research, it has not
heen its practice to give hearty support to the development of
its Museum. The State Museum as a depository of natural
resources has been rather tolerated than espoused. Its collec-
tions have come to it incidental to other activities rather than
purposely and for definite educational ends. The State Museum
does not compete with the great civic but privately supported
museums of this country and this day. Its field is not the world,
but the State of New York. It should not attempt to exploit
the world for its materials or for its educational purposes, but it
should exploit the State of New York to its utmost, in order to
set before the citizens of the State a conception of its natural
‘resources and of the large scientific problems arising with them.

t4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Conceding that its field is wisely restricted to the boundaries of
ihe State. the State Museum should certainly have just as gen-
erous and substantial aid as is so freely given today to the
private museum by the private patron. It is not enough for
New York merely to recognize the fact that the State Museum
exists simply because other states have created and recognize
their museums. Nothing is enough for the proper pride of the
State and its citizens except that this Museum shall be of the
best and an effective arm of the educational service. It is not
enough that the State Museum shall attempt to exercise its
proper function with only the materials which may properly be
designated as the accessories of its scientific researches. Nothing
less than the best the State has is good enough for its people,
and to permit this Museum to impart its instruction with less
than the best, is to affront the people. The Museum of the
people of this State should be of such quality as will bring credit
to a State which has established a pioneer record for effective
Scientific research.

An illustration here is in point and immediate. The repor-
trayal of the life and culture of our aborigines, the Iroquois
Confederacy, is one of the living functions of the Museum. In
the Capitol fire a large part of the historic Indian collections
were destroyed, some ten thousand specimens. The loss must
be made good, so far as it is possible to do it. Time quickly
Wipes out records of the past. ‘he Indian relics which were so
common and perhaps so little valued in our boyhood are becom-
ing scarce. The Iroquois Confederacy belonged to the State ot
New York and is a momentous factor in its history; it stood between
the French and English cultures on this continent and kept the
United States and Canada from becoming colonies of France.
Every relic of this ancient culture now left among the citizens
or in the soil should become the property of the State and that
too as quickly as possible. These relics are records as valuable
as books, and the generations to follow us will justly pass con-
demnation if we allow them to pass into obscurity and forgetfulness.

Moreover the State Museum should be recognized as the
State’s single and proper depository of scientific natural objects.
The people should understand that here is where they may
come for all information upon the natural products of the State.
It is bootless and confusing for the State to maintain a collec-
tion of scientific objects in Letchworth Park on the Genesee

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 15

river, a few casefuls of birds and fishes in connection with one
administrative department, and perchance of seeds and soils
with another. Museums require today a high grade of technical
service for the proper conservation of these materials. Such
minor side efforts soon degenerate from lack of proper and
intelligent care and involve an expenditure of public money for
no good purpose.

Notwithstanding the support which has long been given to the
work olf the State Museum, its light has been too much under
a bushel, it has had too much of the closet, has been too esoteric
perhaps in its indifference to public appreciation. Its influence
should reach to all the people. Yet it is well to. record here the
fact that a long and distinguished body of citizens have person-
ally given their indorsement and support to its work; as witness
the five hundred members of the New York State Museum
Association, men of influence and distinction in all sections of
the’ State:

III
CONDITION OF CTE SGLENEIPIC COLLECTIONS

During the fiscal year some part of the usual field operations
of the staff of the Science Division has been curtailed in order
to meet the additional expense thrust upon the division by the
operations preliminary to removal of the scientific materials to
their new quarters. At the date of this report actual removal
has not commenced but lies in the immediate future and the
actual condition of the collections is now such that their trans-
portation can be effected without delay or damage. Further than
this, it has seemed wise to utilize the opportunity and some
part of the available financial resources of the Museum to pre-
pare and complete special objects and groups of objects of con-
spicuous worth and interest for prompt and ready display. These
preliminary preparations have not been inexpensive. They have
involved the dismembering and packing of large skeletons such
as the whale, the mastodon, the elephant, the Irish elk and the entire
series of lesser skeletons which could not be transported in
their mounted condition. They have further involved the prep-
aration of series of large models in plaster of especially note-
worthy objects; and very particular packing of the State’s ex-
tensive collection of birds and so on through the more delicate
materials pertaining to the Museum. Provision has been made by

16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

the Legislature for the construction of cases for all the Museum
collections on specifications which will make them of most modern
type. This fine equipment will permit the Museum to leave behind
it the antiquated and uninviting cases which pertain to its past
career. The planning for this equipment has involved close and
arduous study and has called for the continued attention of the
members of the staff.

Notwithstanding these immediate internal duties of the divi-
sion the lines of scientific research which properly pertain to it
have been forwarded along their usual channels. The subjects
which have engrossed the attention of the members of the staff
have been somewhat diverse in character. The mineral springs
at Saratoga have been the subject of close investigation as to
their origin and an elaborate report thereupon has been issued. The
study of the geographical development of the State has reached
a point at which it has been possible to issue during the year a
series of maps indicating the condition of New York at various
stages during the period of retreat of the great ice sheet. The
mineral industry of the State has received special attention and
lines of possible future development of this industry have been
indicated in the annual report on the mining and quarry indus-
try. It is a part of the business of the State Geologist to execute
a geological map of the State and this work has been in progress
for a number of years, the base of the map being on a scale of
one mile to the inch. This work has made a decided advance
during the last year and the area of the State covered in this
very great detail now approaches 20,000 square miles. Probably
in no state has the plotting of its geology been carried on so
minutely over so large an area. Of special interest also has
been the work of the State entomologist in his efforts to control
the depredation of the many insect pests that are damaging the
agricultural and native forest crops of the State. In this line
this official has been very diligently occupied and with advan:
tageous results. |

IV
REPORT ON TEE GEO LOGICARPSUB VEY,
AREAL GEOLOGY
In recent reports, statements have been made in regard to the
progress of the areal mapping of the State on the topographic

base map. During the past year, the additional quadrangles com-
pleted in western New York are those of Brockport, Hamlin,

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 7

Albion and Oak Orchard. Preliminary control has also been made
in the Medina and Ridgeway quadrangles. Reports with maps have
been rendered in final form on the following quadrangles: Attica,
Depew, Caledonia, Batavia, Eden, Silver Creek; the Phelps quad-
rangle is also essentially complete.

For this entire western New York region the present condition
of the areal survey for the geologic map may be thus summarized:

Quadrangles published:

Auburn Honeoye Penn Yan
Buffalo Naples Portage
Canandaigua Nunda Tully
Elmira Olean Watkins
Genoa Ontario Beach Wayland
Hammondsport Ovid

Quadrangles reported: |
Albion Caledonia Oak Orchard

Attica Depew Phelps
Batavia Eden Silver Creek
Brockport Hamlin

Quadrangles mapped:
Cherry Creek Dunkirk Westfield

Quadrangles begun:
Bath Medina Ridgeway

In northern New York a completed report on the North Creek
quadrangle awaits publication. In the last field season, the
Lake Pleasant quadrangle was surveyed by W. J. Muller,
who reports that the prevailing rocks belong to the syenite-
granite series and comprise syenite (augitic to hornblendic),
granitic syenite, granite and porphyry. ‘These rocks show all
sorts of gradations from one type to another. Grenville gneisses,
in areas sufficiently free from igneous rocks to permit separate
mapping, are present in very subordinate amount. Grenville
limestone is unusually scarce, only a few small outcrops having
been noted.

Still other areas, often of considerable size, are made up of
very closely involved syenite or granite and Grenville. Many

18 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

times the evidence seems conclusive that Grenville gneisses
have been melted and actually assimilated by the molten intru-
sions so that various rocks of intermediate character have
resulted.

Only a few diabase and gabbro dikes have been found. Several
of the diabase dikes are distinctly porphyritic with large plagio-
clase crystals, but the exact nature of these rocks has not yet
been determined.

The chief geologic interest of the quadrangle centers about
the valley at Wells because of the location there of the important
outler of Paleozoic rocks comprising Potsdam sandstone,
Theresa passage beds, Little Fails dolomite, Black River (Low-
ville) limestone, Trenton limestone, and Canajoharie (Trenton)
black shale. Altogether the thickness of these strata is about
five hundred feet and their areal extent about three square miles.
The valley is of the nature of a fault basin with distinct faults
along the eastern and western sides and a minor one between.
Along the western side of the outlier the displacement of the
fault is no less than 2000 feet, the Canajoharie shales showing a
decided updrag effect near the fault. A very careful survey of
the vicinity of Wells has been made resulting in the first detailed
areal map (with structure sections) of this the most interesting
Paleozoic rock outlier in the Adirondacks.

Another feature of special interest is the discovery of an out-
lier of Paleozoic rock in the Sacandaga valley from one to two
miles above Hope post office. ‘The only strata visible are con-
siderable ledges of Little Falls dolomite and a little of the’
Theresa passage beds and Black River limestone. These strata
are sharply downfaulted at least 1200 feet against the steep
mountain on the western side of the valley. A minor fault
appears to bound this outlier on the east so that this too seems
to be a fault basin.

The major topographic features of the quadrangle are largely
determined by normal faults, most of which strike northeast-
southwest, though certain important cross faults also occur.
There are many good examples of fault blocks, ridges and
basins.

Glacial striae show the movement of the great ice sheet to
have been southward to southwestward. There are several fine
examples of extinct glacial lakes, especially those in the valley
at Wells; along the Sacandaga river between the mouth of the

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 19

West Branch and Northville; and in the valley of the West
Branch in the vicinity of Whitehouse.

During the year we have issued a bulletin on the Mineral
Springs of Saratoga, prepared by James ‘F. Kemp, in con-
nection with the series of investigations of the Saratoga district
which have been in progress for several years. The region here
concerned is covered by the Saratoga and Schuylerville quad-
rangles and the rock geology, especially intricate in the latter
quadrangle, has now been finally mapped by Doctors Cushing
and Ruedemann. Features of special importance in the Schuy-
lerville region are the great overthrusts and overturned folds in
the Bald mountain district and the problem presented by the
Schuylerville volcanic’ plug penetrating the Paleozoic slates. The
latter has been much debated. The shales about the volcanic
mass have been distinctly overthrust and it seems very evident
that the eruptive has been involved in this movement. There
are reasons for regarding the plug as of Postpaleozoic age and
as thrust by lateral shove many miles westward of its original
position.

The investigation of the structure of the shale belt of the
Schuylerville and Saratoga sheets has led to the inference that
the mineral waters of Saratoga fill a wide basin below the shale
formed by the Potsdam sandstone and overlying Cambric and
Ordovicic limestones and that the water of the Saratoga springs
is derived by filtration through mountain folds about the Hud-
son river and carried westward under the thick cover of the
Canajoharie shales to the Saratoga-Mount McGregor fault and its
branches, where it finds the thinnest cover: of shale and thus
escapes. The Canajoharie shale rapidly thickens southward on
account of its dip, and the projecting fault blocks of Precambric
rocks close the basin to the northward.

Outside of this immediate region, the work in the shale belt
has further brought out the fact that the thick formation of the
Normanskill shale comprises two divisions, a lower one corre-
sponding to the Chazy, and an upper, corresponding to the Low-
ville-Black river interval. Normanskill shale graptolites were
found in shale intercalated in the grit beds extending many miles
along the Hudson about Hyde Park, N. Y., indicating that the
shale belt there may be largely of Normanskill age. The broad
belt of rocks extending from Schodack Landing to Stockport
has hitherto been entered as Georgian on the State map, but
the larger middle part of this is now known to consist of Deepkill

20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

shales, such characteristic graptolites as Didymograptus
nitidus and Goniograptus thureaui having been
found in railroad cuts below Stuyvesant.

In southeastern New York the complex problems involved in
the Tarrytown quadrangle have received attention from Dr
Charles P. Berkey who has been aided in his interpretations by
his extensive knowledge of the underground rock structure in
the course of the Catskill aqueduct.

The Clove quadrangle involving an area of Precambric and
highly altered Paleozoic rocks east of Poughkeepsie has been
studied by Prof. C. E. Gordon and for the most part mapped.
The gneisses of the Highlands extend northward as a huge spur
in the southeastern part of the quadrangle,-and on the west and
northwest are overlain by and faulted with the lower Cambric
quartzite which in turn is faulted with the Fishkill limestone.
Both quartzite and limestone continue northeastward from the
Poughkeepsie quadrangle and all three associated formations
present essentially the same relations in both areas.

At Poughquag, in the town of Beekman, is the type locality
of the basal quartzite of southeastern New York and while fos-
sils have not yet been found in it, the structural relations clearly
demonstrate its identity with the rock yielding Olenellus at
Johnsville in the town of East Fishkill. The basal quartzite
ends against the schist of West Pawling mountain about two
miles northeast of Poughquag. Between Poughquag and this
point, what appears to be the northern margin of the quartzite
forms “Garden Hollow.” The drift is very heavy along the
northern margin of the Highland spur, forming an exceptionally
fine drumlin topography near Stormville, Green Haven and
Poughquag. Northeast of the last village, it greatly obscures the
relationships of quartzite, limestone and schist.

The northern boundary of the Fishkill limestone followed east
from the Poughkeepsie area for a short distance presents the
same serrated character, a short toothlike spur appearing just
north of Sylvan lake. It then continues as a long narrow tongue-
like spur eight or ten miles north of Poughquag in the valley of
Fishkill creek and forms what is known as the “Clove.” In
tracing the eastern boundary of the limestone with the schist,
a fine example of coarse fault brecciation was noted a mile and
a half north of the hamlet of Clove indicating the character of
the contact.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 2t

On the east the gneissic spur is overlain by schist which west
of Pawling forms what is known as “ West Pawling mountain ”
and farther north between the “Clove” and the Dover valley
forms “Chestnut ridge.” This garnetiferous mica sehist;. at
places showing well-developed crystals of cyanite, is regarded as
the metamorphosed derivative of the “ Hudson river” slates.
West of the “ Clove” it grades into grits, phyllites and slates.

At Whaley pond is a patch of limestone known as the “ white
ledge’ which is quite isolated from any other limestone out-
crops. It is overlain by a quartzite, very similar to the basal
quartzite and while clearly lying against the gneiss at places, ap-
parently grades upward into the schist and appears to be a mem-
ber of that formation. ‘The relations of gneiss and schist along
the eastern margin of the spur are still obscure.

Extending from the southern to the northern boundary of the
quadrangle through the townships of Patterson, Pawling and
Dover is the Dover-Pawling limestone valley. This has been
mapped as far north as Wingdale. The eastern and western
margins of the valley are irregular and in many places show a
confusion of schist and limestone patches of varying sizes in jux-
taposition and in such further relation as to suggest that they
are dismembered portions caused by disturbances from beneath.
Two miles north of Pawling at “ Corbin hill” is a large patch of
gneiss which is believed to be an inlier of the Precambric rocks;
a broken piece of the Precambric floor thrust up among the
younger rocks. It is bounded on the east, south and west by
limestone and on the north by schist, and the field relations, as
thus far studied, favor the view that all the contracts are faulted.
The northwestern slope of the hill is heavily drift-covered.

East of the Dover-Pawling valley, as far north as Wingdale,
the schist rises as a high mass of passes eastward into Connec-
ticut.

SURFICIAL GEOLOGY

In continuation of his previous observations, work was carried
on by Prof. H. L. Fairchild in the Hudson-Champlain valley.

In the report for 1911 (Museum Bulletin 158, pages 32-35), the
hypothetical glacial Lake Vermont of Woodworth (Museum
Bulletin 84) was provisionally accepted, and some high level
shore features about Covey hill and in the St Lawrence valley
were correlated with it. Some yet higher beach phenomena

22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

were attributed to glacial waters held up to the level of the Al-
tona spillways, and these waters were called Lake Emmons.

Further study of the problem led to serious doubt of the cor-
rectness of these views concerning the ancient waters of the
Champlain valley, and specially of the nature of the so-called
Vermont waters, and it became necessary to reexamine the
phenomena.

Under the theory holding the Vermont waters as glacial the
summit plane of the marine waters was thought to be repre-
sented by the top of the series of heavy cobble bars about Covey
‘hill, with an altitude of 525 feet. The shore features above this
level were attributed to glacial lake waters. This view was ac-
cepted by Professor Goldthwait, who was studying the marine
plane in the lower St Lawrence valley for the Canadian Survey.

Several considerations, specially the amount of land uplift in
the district indicated by the Iroquois outlets, induced the belief
that the Covey hill cobble ridges did not represent the highest
stand of the oceanic waters, and that the ‘‘ Lake Vermont ”’ fea-
tures (about 650 feet at Covey hill) were also produced by sea-
level waters. At the beginning of the summer’s work in IgI2 a
field conference was held with Professor Goldthwait and the
features on a part of the: Mooers quadrangle were reviewed. The
beach phenomena between the Covey hill bars and the Vermont
plane are very weak in that district. The lack of definite shore
features above the summit plane of the Covey hill bars, 525 feet,
is in strong contrast with the heavy development below that
plane. The results of the conference were unfavorable to the
view that the land surface above the Covey hill plane had been
slowly raised out of the sea-level waters, like the slopes below
that plane.

Immediately following the conference an examination was
made of the phenomena on the territory south of the Mooers
quadrangle, the newly surveyed Dannemora quadrangle, taking
advantage of an advance copy of the unpublished Dannemora
sheet. A very unexpected and surprising display of shore features
was discovered. It was found that south of the Mooers quad-
rangle the Covey hill shore features are almost wanting, being
replaced in the vertical position by a deluge of sand. But rang-
ing above the Covey hill plane is a remarkable development of
beach and delta features, reaching up to 700 feet. The strongest
display of the cobble bars represents the “ Vermont ” plane, here

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I912 23

from 500 to 600 feet, and they extend practically throughout the
whole length of the Dannemora quadrangle. It is evident that
these beaches correlate with the Cobblestone hill bars and other
detached features on the Mooers quadrangle that formerly were
puzzling.

Being specially developed in the town of Peru these bars in
the “Vermont” plane will be called in this report the Peru
beaches. This shore exhibits all the characters which argue for
the marine origin of the Covey hill beaches. Taken in connec-
tion with the features on the adjacent Mooers quadrangle they
afford an excellent illustration of the lack of value of negative
evidence in study of shore lines, and the error in judging confi-
dently from a single district or a limited area.

The Peru (“ Vermont’’) shore phenomena are found to be well
developed southward throughout the Champlain valley, on both
sides of the valley, and to lie far above the Fort Edward divide.
They have been mapped on the Vermont side at Burlington, .
Middlebury and Brandon. ‘The plane declines from 700 feet on
the international boundary to 660 feet at Cobblestone hill, 520 feet
near Ticonderoga, 440 feet near Glens Falls, and 390 feet near
Mechanicville. The slope of the plane is a little over two feet
a mile. These beaches are not the highest or summit bars of
the region but were formed after some uplifting of the land had
taken place. Their strength suggests that they represent a rela-
tive pause or a slower rate in the land uplifting.

The highest well-developed bars found on the Dannemora
quadrangle are 706 feet in height, and lie west of Peru vil-
lage. Behind the highest shore features throughout the quad-
rangle lie glacial drainage channels, terminating in deltas. These
channels and deltas definitely determine the height of the stand-
ing waters during the recession of the ice front. This altitude
on the Dannemora quadrangle was over 700 feet.

Northward the summit plane of the Champlain waters during
the time when the ice sheet was waning is represented by
beaches at Shea’s Lines, on the Canadian boundary, south of
Covey Hill post office, at about 750 feet; and also by the series
of good bars at Cannon Corners, with an altitude of 750 feet.
Southward the summit of the standing water is shown in various
localities and specially at Port Henry. In the Hudson valley it
is well shown. It is found that many cities and villages on both
sides of the valley.are located on broad summit plains of deltas

24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

that were built in the marine waters that occupied the valley as
the ice gave way. ‘This water plane rises from zero in the vicin-
ity of New York to at least 350 feet at Schenectady, or at the
fate of 2.2 teeta auale.

The practical continuity and correspondence in level of the
highest water plane on both sides of the Hudson-Champlain val-
ley proves that the waters filled the entire breadth of the valley
and that the shore phenomena are not the product of ice-border
lakes. It also appears that the waters were not held up by any
moraine dam or any barrier of land uplift.

Over the Fort Edward divide the waters were more than 300
feet deep, and all the phenomena in the Fort Edward-Schuyler-
ville district are those of static waters, slowly lowering and ter-
racing the copious detrital deposits on both sides of the valley.
There is found no evidence of any glacial stream flow below the
summit water plane.

As the ice front melted back the ocean followed it and flooded
the valley. The waters were at first the Hudson inlet; later the
Hudson-Champlain inlet; and finally the Hudson-Champlain strait.

The minimum amount of continental uplift on the Canadian
boundary is approximately determined by the deformation of the
Iroquois plane. In the former report (page 32) it was shown
that if we assume the Covey gulf outlet of Lake Iroquois to
have been no lower than the original Rome outlet, then the dis-
trict must have been lifted at least 665 feet. This makes the
Covey hill bars 140 feet below the marine summit. ‘The total
uplift must have been as much more than 665 feet as the gulf
outlet was beneath the plane of the Rome outlet. The study of
the high-level shore phenomena leads to the confident belief that
the Covey hill district has been uplifted at least 750 feet since
the ocean waters displaced the ice sheet. This would carry the
gulf channel only 85 feet beneath the Rome outlet.

Summary. Heavy and conspicuous static water phenomena
occur with practical continuity on both sides of the Hudson-
Champlain valley from New York City to Canada, rising steadily
from zero at New York to 750 feet at the north edge of the State.
Above this plane the land is cut by glacial drainage. All the
facts now known and the relationship of the beaches to the to-
pography of the valley walls indicate that the waters were con-
fluent with the ocean. The absence of marine fossils in the

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 a

higher deposits is probably chiefly due to the freshening of the
water in the narrow inlet and strait by the very copious glacial
waters.

INDUSTRIAL GEOLOGY

General review. The work in industrial geology which is
directed chiefly to the investigation and description of the State’s
mineral resources has been carried forward actively during the past
year. The annual summary of the local mining field, prepared in
the form of a report for the general guidance of those engaged in
the industry or otherwise interested in its current progress, has been
continued, and the latest issue brings the information down to the
close of 1911. Besides complete production statistics, the report
contains notes and short articles dealing with the present sources
of supply of the valuable minerals and the more interesting features
involved in their exploitations. In the year 1911, conditions on the
whole were rather unfavorable to mining and quarry operations ;
very few branches were able to report progress in terms of in-
creased output. The aggregate valuation of $31,573,111 for the
crude products was less by about 10 per cent than the total returned
in the preceding year. The iron mining industry showed the full
effects of the depression, as it is always very responsive to economic
changes. The clay-working and quarry industries, especially the
departments engaged in the production of building materials, were
likewise much depressed. The setback had no serious consequences
so far as concerns the permanent welfare of the industries, and it
is expected that the record for 1912 will show some improvement,
if not material gains, in many branches.

Talc. A sketch of the tale deposits of St Lawrence county and
the present status of their industrial development has been pre-
pared to meet the public inquiry for information on the subject.
Some interesting developments have taken place during the last
year or two, and it is hoped that with the preparation of large-scale
topographic maps, a work now in progress, the opportunity will
soon be forthcoming for a comprehensive account of the geology
and economic features of the district. Since commercial operations
were started, a little over thirty years ago, the mines have con-
tributed nearly a million and a half tons, all of which required
mechanical preparation before shipment to market. There is no
other district in this country where the mining and milling of talc
is carried on on so large a scale. The occurrence of metallic ores,
including zinc blende, pyrite and hematite, in close proximity with

26 NEW VORK STATE MUSEUM

the talc and in the same geological surroundings, is a noteworthy
feature which has only recently attracted attention. The ores form
pockets and bands in limestones and schist with the characteristics
of replacement deposits. In any case, they have undoubtedly been
introduced in solution and precipitated in their present place after
the upraising of the sediments represented by the wall rocks. It
would appear probable from these and from other. considerations
which need not be entered upon here that there is a close genetic
relation between the talc and the metallic minerals. This point is
of some significance in regard to the probable extent of the talc
deposits and renders a more detailed investigation of the field highly
desirable. .

Zinc. A brief visit to the zinc ore localities of St Lawrence
county was made during the summer for the purpose of studying
the occurrences and securing material for the collections. There
has been much activity in prospecting within the district, but the
recent developments have been restricted, as in the previous year,
to the locality near Edwards. As the result of recent discoveries,
it is known that zinc blende has a rather wide distribution in the
section from Edwards to Sylvia lake, which is practically coextensive
with the talc district. The economic importance of the deposits is
scarcely to be estimated as yet, but the work on the single property
that is under exploration, lends encouragement to the hope that a
substantial industry may be developed. Some difficulty has been
encountered in the mill treatment of the ore which contains more
or less pyrite in intimate association with the blende, the two min-
erals occurring usually in finely divided intergrown particles.

Field observations show that the blende is found in crystalline
limestones of the same belt that includes the tale and tremolite
beds. The limestone belt is interrupted here and there by bands
of rusty, quartzose schists, and by dark basic hornblende and biotite
gneisses. The rusty schists are very certainly a part of the same
sedimentary series representing probably old sandstones, while the
hornblende and biotite gneisses also are believed to be derived from
sediments of the nature of shales, though in places they may repre-
sent altered igneous intrusions of gabbroic nature. The gneisses
and schists have been invaded by a red granitic rock, with pegmatitic
phases, that is developed in dikes, bands and occasionally as bosses
of some size. The granite is perhaps related to the great batholiths
of that rock which are found in the interior of the Adirondacks.
The gneisses have been so injected and soaked by the granite that
in places they partake quite as much of igneous as of gneissic

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9I12 27

character, in fact, all gradations from the one rock to the other may
be found.

The limestones and schists have a northeasterly strike and are
upturned at a high angle. The limestones of this section carry
abundant impurities, though elsewhere the same series may be
nearly free from admixture. The principal foreign minerals are
silicates, most commonly tremolite, serpentine and talc. They are
either scattered in small aggregates, or they form nodules, bands
and veinlike bodies of practically solid silicates. The limestones
are magnesian and in the vicinity of the ore bodies show the effects
of solution and decomposition by ground waters. The circulation
of water has been facilitated apparently by the broken, shattered
nature of the rock which has undergone severe compression and
more or less differential movement. The process of dolomitization
and silication has preceded for the most part the introduction of
the ores, but it may have resulted from the same agency, that is
by the transporting of silica and magnesia held in solution in
meteoric or deep-seated waters.

The zinc blende occurs in lenses and bands and also as scattered
particles within the limestone. The deposits have the appearance
of replacement bodies rather than the fillings of open fissures or
cavities. In most places, the borders of the richer bands are not
sharply defined, but are in the nature of transition zones which
shade off gradually into the limestone. The internal structures are
not those characteristic of open-fissure fillings as there is no appear-
ance of crustification or of drusy cavities lined with crystallized °
minerals. The compact granular nature of the ore furthermore
suggests deposition at considerable depth and under pressure.

The recent development work at Edwards has disclosed some
interesting features in regard to the deposition of the ores which
are the subject of current study. The problem as to the derivation
of the ores seems to be interrelated with the partial silication of
. the limestones which has led to the formation, in the first place,
of tremolite. This mineral has changed over to talc, more or less
completely, through normal weathering or, which appears more
likely, as the result of decomposition brought about by the later
stages of the underground circulations that deposited the ores.
The serpentine in larger part, however, seems to have formed
directly, that is deposited as such from solution and not originating
as an alteration product of an anhydrous mineral. Some of the
serpentine is certainly later than the metallic minerals, as shown by
the veins and stripes of the colloidal yariety which intersect the ore,

28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

There are rounded aggregates which may represent an earlier gen-
eration, perhaps derived from a silicate mineral of the pyroxene
or hornblende family. The talc nodules are frequently bordered
by veins of massive serpentine that appear to have resulted as a
reaction from contact of the talc with iron-bearing solutions. The
limestones at this place have undergone considerable disturbances
from regional compression since the deposition of the ores, mani-
fested by the brecciated and faulted condition of the deposits in
certain places and the flowage of the limestones into the fractures
so as to cement the broken and disjointed parts. The whole min-
eral association seems referable to the work of underground waters
which in a period of long-continued circulation have introduced and
deposited various ingredients. There is insufficient evidence, as
yet, to connect the mineralization with igneous agencies, and if these
have been a factor, they were no doubt connected with the granite
invasion, the only intrusive that has any prominence in the district.

SEISMOLOGIC STATION

The year’s-records for the local seismologic station are given in
the accompanying table in conformity with the plan previously ased
in 1eporting the data. The list, it may be noted, includes only such
disturbances as set up prolonged and well-marked vibrational move-
ments, usually differentiated into phases— such as are referable
without much doubt to true tectonic shocks transmitted to the sta-
tion from more or less remote origins. Of almost daily occurrence
are brief or indistinct motions arising from various causes not
wholly explained, but these have not been taken into account in the
table.

The number of individual tracings of earthquakes obtained within
the year ending September 30, 1912 was twelve, as compared with
nine in the preceding period, and nineteen in the year IgQoOQ-10.
This record seems to indicate a general falling off of late in seismic
frequency, at least with respect to the heavier shocks which are.
recorded mainly at the Albany station. There have been at the
same time few destructive disturbances; within the past year, none
has transmitted vibrations that exceeded the capacity of the instru-
ment for registration.

Since the station was established in March 1906, it has supplied
data in regard to ninety-eight individual shocks. In view of the
fact that the installation represents an early type, comparatively,
the results may be considered quite satisfactory. They sufficiently
demonstrate that the somewhat peculiar conditions existing in this

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 20

vicinity, particularly with respect to the heavy mantle of glacial
sands and clays which cover the bedrock, are not incompatible with
such service. The instruments belong to the lighter pattern of the
horizontal pendulums and are not capable of a magnifying ratio
of more than ten to one in the average run. They possess, how-
ever, the requisite sensitiveness for recording legibly the tremors of
all heavy or damaging quakes throughout the seismic zones of this
and other countries. There are in the local files tracings from such
widely separated origins as California, Valparaiso, Kingston, the
Himalayan region, Turkestan, Messina, Mexico, Costa Rica, Ice-
land, northern Alaska and Turkey in Europe. The smaller distant
quakes, as well as the very slight jars from nearby sources, appear
to be beyond the capacity of the instruments to register.

The general care of the instruments during the year has been
assumed by Mr R. W. Jones. With their increasing age, they have
required more attention to maintain them in working order, espe-
cially on account of their liability to rust. The station is very damp
during the summer months and then they have to be frequently
dismantled and thoroughly cleaned. As yet, no provision has been
made for their removal to new quarters, and their maintenance in
their present place will entail added labor for the future. In case a
new station should be equipped near the present location of the
Museum, it would appear advisable to instal one of the newer
types of seismographs for registration of the smaller quakes, along
with the present instruments which are well adapted to the registra-
tion of macroseisms.

RECORD OF EARTHQUAKES AT ALBANY STATION, OCTOBER I, TOM TO
SEPTEM BER 30, IQI2
Standard time

a Maxi-

ee Beginning B eae M Ps End mum

preliminaries ane aximum n ampli-

oS tude
IQII H M H M Tal ll H M mm
December I6..... 2 203 P.M 2 301. Pa 25°35. -P M 3 30P.M 15

IQI2

Jantary) 3b. -. 320) Pi Mi 3 354 P.M. 3 30. PM: Al 25 PaMe 10
Marc TET Re etal (A Aye <a EN 5 383 A.M. 5). 30. -AcMM: 6 0O A.M. 3
May Oe ce 2 06% P. M. 2 LOW Pa Me 2 204 P.M. Bice rA0) 125 WE 7
May ee tale 9 504 P. M. Io 18 P.M. TOP R22 Ps avis II OO P. M. 4
June Fie MELO oh a! Gal etre hc ene —ik em | os kame 4 ai OF S077 Ae Ne bo
June THOR eae 7) eS VSN ORM Ret IA > sg 8h gee ee, © Re Brea eA Mc 4
June 7 ne Te eAO US PENIS |. oe Seca Se Sees ee 2 30 P.M. I
June Sere ee 2 46 A.M. 3 OL} )A]M 3 O5¢ A. M. 3 40-A. M, 10
June TGs, i Il 15} A. M. II 33} A.M Il 381 A.M. i230) P.M. 8
June Eee os TAG ne An oMay |! n> cheese wean e 7 SOs Avent 8 30 A.M. 4
July ee pe 4 571 P.M. 5 -172 P 5 181 P.M. 6 oo P.M. 8

30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

December 16th. A clearly marked record of the earthquakes
that shook the city of Mexico on this date. The phases are well
differentiated and give a very close approximation of the distance
to the source, about 3000 miles. The larger vibrations are exhibited
on the north-south component. Although the record would indicate
it to be one of the heaviest shocks of the year, it appears to have
done little damage.

January 31st. A good tracing of the earthquake that was central
near Valdez, Alaska, when it occurred at about 10.12 o’clock in
the morning. The east-west component is the larger. The indicated
distance to the source is about 3000 miles.

March rith. The preliminary tremors are not shown on the
record. The origin appears to have been relatively near, perhaps
in the West Indies. The Harvard station estimated the distance
at about 1000 miles.

May 6th. A second Mexican quake, felt in the city of Guada-
lajara. The record is fairly clear,.but less strong than that of
December 16th. The tremors traveled as far as Germany.

May 22d. The record of a long-distance microseism with a period
of from 20 to 30 seconds. It is not clearly separated into phases.
An earthquake was reported from the Hawaiian islands on this date.

June 7th. A series of probably related disturbances from a
source between 3000 and 4000 miles away, but not definitely located.
A volcanic outburst occurred in the Alaskan peninsula about this
time.

June 8th. This probably marks the culmination of the series of
shocks which began the preceding day. Besides the heavy disturb-
ance, there were light tremors at intervals which were so broken up
by interference as to permit no satisfactory readings. The more
notable of these minor movements occurred between 4.10 and 4.30
a.m.,. 5.22. and 5.23 a.m, and 7.55.and, 8.45 aya:

June roth. An untraced disturbance about 3500 miles away.

June 12th. Very faint record, apparently not connected with the
tremors, felt in South Carolina and Georgia the same morning.

July Sth. A rather strong disturbance with the east-west wave
motion more pronounced than the north-south. The estimated dis-
tance of the source is about 4000 miles. A heavy shock occurred at
. Fairbanks, Alaska, about this time.

PALEONTOLOGY
In the reports of several years past, reference has been made
to the progress of a memoir on the fossil arachnids or Eurypterida

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9i2 al

of New York. The work has now been completed and issued.
It is the summation of many years of labor in the acquisition and
study of this interesting extinct group of animals, which, by vir-
tue of their abundance and variety in the rocks of New York,
form one of the very striking features of its paleontology. This
memoir is presented in two volumes, one of text and one of
plates, the pages numbering 628 and the plates 88. A conception
of the contents of the memoir is conveyed by its table of con-
tents:

Volume I

PAGE PAGE

LEP fe eh Ae ape ES ae ee 5 Eurypterida III C Geological

Introduction: distribution in other
History of investigations... 13 EGUMLTIES 25 ~ onsen « aes 2 94

Eurypterida I Morphology, an- D Bionomy of the eurypterid
atomy, and terminology 23 AMAL en ee ees «ahh ale 96
HW lode ats Wher io c2%;..086 os 71 PY MOntOmethys (a bi5 seats ws cae rate}
IIL Geological distribution and Ve Phylogeny’ os goa snd oes 124
bionomic relations .... 85 VI Taxonomic relations..... 135

A Conspectus of American VII Synoptic table of North
species arranged ac- American Eurypterida. 149

cording to their geo- VIII Systemic account of the
logical occurrence..... 85 Burypteriday si. ies. 152
B Biologic facies of the Bury pteridae aor. . sae 152
eurypterid faunas .... 90 PLETYBOUMdaG yh, dates /anes cies 329
PAO CMCC he on trar RA ONE Ste heat ostee-6 385
ipdegea Mhivee . Lite ere ye eens 432

Volume 2

PAGE PAGE
Explanations of plates..... Pe OAT TGCS te eG tteny oo, ved ane tt 617

In last year’s report a brief notice was given of an extraordi-
nary section of the Siluric rocks on the Bay of Chaleur, at Black
Cape. Previous to this account, only very brief notice had been
‘taken of this place in the geological reconnaissance of that re-
gion, but as this section proves to be one of the extraordinary
developments of the Siluric system, attaining a thickness of de-
position perhaps not elsewhere equaled, it seemed very desirable
to have a more exact examination of it made. With the consent
and substantial support of the director of the Geological Survey
of Canada, C. A. Hartnagel of this staff was detailed to this work.

Black Cape lies on the north shore of the Bay of Chaleur, seventy
miles east of Matapedia and directly east of the valleys of the Grand

32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

and Little Cascapedia rivers. In the Siluric section the strata are
nearly all calcareous with intercalations of red shale near the top.
They stand at high angles to the horizon, usually dipping 60—-80°
s. e., but these dips vary somewhat, though without unconformities.
The eroded edges of the strata are overlain elsewhere in the region
by the red sands and conglomerates of the Bonaventure formation,
and there are several considerable fissures in the Siluric limestones
which are filled in with red sand derived from the overlying beds.
All these occurrences indicate land exposure of the Siluric during
all the early and middle Devonic time.

The base of the section at the west begins with greenish,
highly nodular lime-shales, very compact and heavy bedded,
weathering out into irregular and gnarled shapes. These alter-
nate with more highly calcareous shales and compact limestones
of red and ochreous tints. These compact limestones contain
Stricklandinias of great size (S. gaspensis Billings) and in
great number and with these are Spirifers of the S.radiatus-
niagarensis type and occasional Whitfieldellas. Through-
out the lower beds the rest of the fauna is largely of Stromato-
poroids and corals which occur in enormous quantity and great
diversity. There are Halysites of several species, having hori-
zon values, Favosites aud Alveolites of great size, Heliolites,
Syringopora, Eridophyllum in extensive colonies, Zaphrentis and
other cyathophylloids in considerable variety. Additional spe-
cies in these lower beds are Calymmene, Chonetes, Atrypa
reticularis (Siluric type), Tentaculites, cyclostomatous gas-
tropods, etc.

At an elevation in the series of about 1500 feet, where the
scraggy limestones continue, there is some indication of change
in the fauna by the addition of brachiopods of the genus Camaro-
toechia, Rafinesquina, the cephalopods Orthoceras, Trochoceras,
etc. From Howatson’s (elevation on section, 1500 feet) on east-
ward the scraggy limestones continue as far as the breakwater.
Then follows a heavy mass of sandy shale. This sedimentation
continues sandy to near the end of the section which terminates
at the voicanic mass forming Black cape, but toward the top the
sands become interlaminated with thin beds of volcanic ash, with
red and purplish shale and eventually calcareous and variegated
béds succeed to these, becoming in places compact lime banks
entirely constituted of the debris of fossils.

These sandstones and sandy shales are remarkably profuse in

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 33

corals, some of the species being palpably unlike those of the
lower beds. Beyond the volcanic mass known as Black cape,
there are several noteworthy inclusions of the fossil-bearing lime-
stones within the lava.

So far as at present indicated by the fossils, this section from
base to top is of the age of the Niagara (exclusive of Clinton)
or Rochester shale of the interior Siluric, though the assemblage
will doubtless show a preponderance of Atlantic or European
types which will bring it into more proper comparison with the
Gulf sections at Arisaig and on Anticosti island. Its thickness
is not less than 7000 feet and in this respect the section over-
passes any Siluric section known in America.

V
hee OR Om Lie StATER, BOTANIST

ities plants.collecred \dirims,. the, season of 1911 have, been
mounted on herbarium sheets and arranged in their proper places
in the herbarium or placed 1n boxes and distributed as far as pos-
sible in their proper places. Lack of room has prevented the
completion of this work, but it is expected that removal to the
Education Building will soon obviate this difficulty.

Specimens of plants, indigenous and naturalized, for represen-
tation of the species in the State herbarium have been collected
in the counties of Albany, Essex, Lewis, Livingston, Monroe,
Steuben and Sullivan.

Specimens have been contributed that were collected in the
counties of Albany, Chautauqua, Cattaraugus, Clinton, Columbia,
Fulton, Hamilton, Herkimer, Monroe, New York, Oneida, On-
tario, Onondaga, Orleans, Oswego, Rensselaer, Richmond, Scho-
harie, Suffolk, Tompkins, Ulster, Warren and Washington.

Specimens of extralimital species have been contributed that
were collected in Canada, California, Connecticut, Cuba, District
of Columbia, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland,
Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire,
New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Utah and
Vermont.

The number of species of which specimens have been added to
the herbarium is 278 of which 72 were not before represented:
therein. Of these, 11 are considered new or hitherto undescribed
species.

34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The number of those who have contributed specimens of
plants is 70. This list includes the names of those who sent
specimens for identification only, if the specimens were of such
character and condition as to make them desirable additions to
the herbarium. The number of identifications made is 1859; the
number of those for whom they were made, 136.

Two species of mushrooms have been tried for their edible
qualities, and though neither can be considered first class in all
respects, both have been found to be harmless and palatable and
have been approved as edible. Colored figures of them have
been prepared and descriptions have been written. These make
the whole number of New York species and varieties of mush-
rooms now known to be edible 215.

A small but attractive looking mushroom was discovered
growing among decaying pine leaves in Richmond county by
W. H. Ballou. He found it to be very poisonous. It is therefore
figured and described as a poisonous fungus.

Specimens of seven species of Crataegus or thorn bushes have
been added to the herbarium. Of this genus of trees and shrubs,
218 New York species are now recognized. Prof. C. S. Sargent,
the eminent crataegologist, has kindly prepared a synoptical key
to our New York species. This was a most difficult and intricate
piece of work which none but an expert in this peculiar branch of
botany could well do. In this work he has laid an excellent
foundation for the study of these interesting though often con-
sidered nearly worthless and annoying shrubs and trees. He has
added to this descriptions of 25 new species of this genus.

PLANTS ADDED TO THE HERBARIUM

New to the herbarium

Achillea ptarmica L. Calosphaeria myricae (C. & E.)
Amanita ovoidea Bull. BauG He.

Anellaria separata (L. ) Karst. Calvatia rubroflava (Cragin) Morg.
Aposphaeria fibriseda (C. & E.) Chrysothamnus pinifolius Greene
Artemisia carruthii Wood Clavaria grandis Pk.

A. dracunculoides Pursh Ge vermicularis Scop.

A. glauca Poll. Cladochytrium alismatis Biisgen
Arthonia quintaria Ny. Collema crispum Borr.

je radiata Pers.) 10:7: Collybia murina Batsch

Betula. alba L. Coronopus procumbens Gulibert
Bolbitius vitellinus (Pers.) Fr. Crataegus gracilis S.

Boletus retipes B. & C. Cc: harryi S.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 35

Crataegus leptopoda S.

Pi. livingstoniana S.
c macera S.
i. procera. S.

_ Creonectria ochroleuca (Shes. Seav.

Diaporthe castaneti Nits.

Diatrypella favacea (Fr.) Ces. &
DeNot.

Didymella asterinoides
Rehm

Dothidea baccharidis Cke.

Escholtzia californica Cham.

Flammula graveolens Pk.

Helicopsis punctata Pk.

Heliomyces pruinosipes Pk.

Helminthosporium fuscum Fckl.

Hydnum laevigatum Sw.

Hi. ' gsubcrinale PR.

Hygrophorus ruber Pk.

Inocybe radiata PR.

Lenzites trabea (Pers.) Fr.

Leptonia euchlora (Lasch.) Fr.

Macrophoma juniperina Pk.

Malus glaucescens S.

Mycena flavifolia Pk.

M. splendidipes Pk.

(E. & EL)

Opegrapha herpetica Ach.
Penicillium hypomycetes Sacc.
Pestalozzia truncata Lev.
Phialea anomala PR.

Phoma asclepiadea FE. & E.

YP. semlmmersa Sacc.
Phyllosticta mahoniaecola Pass.
ee rhoicola FE. & E.

Placodium camptidium Tuck.
Pleurotus tessulatus (Bull.) Fr.
Polyporus dryadeus (Pers.) Fr.
Puccinia urticae (Schum.) Lagerh.
Riccardia sinuata (Dicks.) Limpr.
Russula ballouii PR.

Septoria margaritaceae Pk.
Silene dichotoma Ehrh.
Tricholoma latum Pk.

fhe piperatum PR.

be subpulverulentum( Pers.)
Urophlyctis major Schroet.
Vermicularia hysteriiformis Pk.
Verrucaria muralis Ach.

V. papularis Fr.

Vicia hirsuta (L.) S. F.-Gray.
Zygodesmus avellanus Sacc.

VI
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST

The State Entomologist reports that the past season was note-
worthy because of the superabundance of the common apple
tent caterpillar in the Hudson and Mohawk valleys and on the
borders of the Adirondacks. The pests were so numerous that
most of the wild cherries on the roadside were defoliated and
many orchards severely injured. There were records of local
damage here and there by the allied forest tent caterpillar; in several
sections extended tracts were stripped of foliage. There is at
least a fair probability of this insect being more abundant another
season and possibly causing serious injury locally. The green maple
worm, so numerous last year, attracted no attention the past season.

Petroleum compounds as insecticides. Dead and dying trees
in several Greene county orchards which had been sprayed the
preceding autumn with a commercial preparation of petroleum,

2

36 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

led the Entomologist to study carefully the cases and the behavior
of the trees through the season. A comparison was also made
between the condition of these trees and injury of earlier years
following applications of petroleum. He was unable to note any
material difference between the two and, furthermore, observed
a marked restriction of the damage to trees or even portions of
trees which had received the application. After a careful study
of the various phases of the matter he was forced to conclude
that a certain measure of risk attaches to the application of min-
eral oils or preparations of the same to trees in a dormant con-
dition. This matter is discussed in detail in the Entomologist’s
report.

Fruit tree pests. The experiments conducted by the Entomol-
ogist during the last three years against the codling moth were
continued in the orchard of Mr Thomas Albright, of New Bal-
timore, and very satisfactory returns obtained. The check or
unsprayed tree produced only 38.95 per cent of sound fruit, while
sprayed trees of the same variety, less than 100 feet away, yielded
over 97 and in some instances more than 98 per cent of worm-
free apples. The results of this experiment and those of earlier
years were checked by a careful study of representative trees in
the orchards of Messrs W. H. Hart, of Poughkeepsie, and Ed-
ward Van Alstyne, of Kinderhook. These latter were sprayed
under strictly commercial conditions with no expectation at that
time of their being subjected to a test later. The results in these
commercial orchards were very gratifying. The northern spies
belonging to Mr Hart produced an average of over 98 per cent
of sound fruit, while the greenings and Baldwins on the Van
Alstyne place gave an average of over 96 per cent of worm-free
apples. The past four years’ experiments go far to show that
under normal crop conditions one thorough and timely spraying
for the codling moth should result in producing from 95 to 98
per cent of sound fruit. These tests are of great practical value
to the fruit grower, since they afford a reliable basis for correctly
estimating the value of spray applications.

The pear thrips, a minute insect which blasted or nearly de--
stroyed the pear crop in a few orchards in the Hudson valley,
was studied with special reference to conditions favoring injury,
and the efficacy of spraying with a tobacco preparation demon-
strated. The insect, potentially a very dangerous form, is discussed

KEPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 37

in the Entomologist’s report. The work of the pear midge was
investigated and a number of desirable photographs of the larva
and its work secured.

Gipsy moth. The danger of injury by this notorious pest was
emphasized by the discovery of a small colony, practically re-
stricted to a city block, at Geneva. An examination of the lo-
_cality showed that the infestation was probably of three or four
wears Standing. The chances are at least. fair that the insect
was introduced in that section with nursery stock, though no un-
doubted evidence as to the source of the infestation has been ad-
duced. ‘The discovery of similar colonies may be expected from
time to time. For a period at least, no effort should be spared
to exterminate such outlying infestations, since this policy is
much cheaper and decidedly more advantageous to the general
welfare than the adoption of repressive measures with the inev-
itable slow spread of the insect and the greatly increased cost of
controlling the pest incident to its being distributed over an ex-
tended area. Such measures are also advisable, since checking
the normal spread is most advantageous for the development of
introduced parasites, a number of which have already been estab-
lished in this country.

The recent enactment by Congress of a national plant quaran-
tine act, recommended by the Entomologist and his associates in
other states, is an important step in advance and should prove of
great service in restricting the spread of this and other injurious
insects as well as preventing the introduction of dangerous pests.

Brown-tail moth. This species has attracted comparatively
little attention the past season, though owing to its having be-
come established in the northwestern corner of Massachusetts,
it is only a question of time before it will make its way into this
State. The danger of this pest being introduced on nursery
stock grown in infested sections still exists and should not be
overlooked simply because a portion of the State is contiguous
to infested territory. The winter nests are so characteristic that
there should be little difficulty in identifying the insect and at
the outset prevent its becoming excessively abundant.

Grass and grain pests. White grubs have been extremely num-
erous in portions of Albany, Columbia and Rensselaer counties,
at least. They were so abundant in many places as practically to

38 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

kill the grass over areas half an acre or more in extent. The
roots were almost entirely destroyed and in many fields much of
the sod was, as a consequence, torn loose where a horse rake was
used. ‘The outbreak was taken advantage of by the Entomol-
ogist to study in representative spots, the work of the grubs,
their habits and natural enemies, with special reference to meth-
ods of control. A detailed account of his investigations is given
elsewhere.

The Hessian fly caused serious losses in the wheat-growing sec-
tion of western New York, destroying entire fields and, in many
cases, reducing the yield by 50 per cent. An investigation of the
injury was made for the purpose of ascertaining any peculiarities
in its inception and determining the probabilities of serious dam-
age another year. .A number of parasites were reared from in-
fested wheat stems collected in representative areas. An ex-
tended discussion of this insect is given in the Entomologist’s
report.

The fall army worm, another grass and grain pest, was exces-
sively abundant in the vicinity of New York City, seriously in-
juring lawns, destroying millet and corn and feeding upon a vari-
ety of grasses. This outbreak was also investigated and a de-
tailed account of the insect has been prepared.

Shade tree pests. The widespread and severe injuries of earlier
years by the elm leaf beetle in the Hudson valley in partic-
ular, amply justified extended observations the past season. It
~was found that the exceptional damage in 1911 resulted in a
feeble growth and weakened trees the past season. The early
portion of the spring was unusually cool and moist and largely,
as a result of these conditions, it is believed that injury by this
pest was not so severe as last year. There was a marked irreg-
ularity in the work olf the beetle, some trees in a locality and in
certain cases some localities being almost exempt from injury,
while in others the damage was relatively severe. A portion of
this may be explained, possibly by more thorough spraying. Ex-
periments were conducted with sweetened and unmodified ar-
senate of lead for the purpose of ascertaining if any material
advantage was to be gained by the addition of a cheap sugar or
molasses. There was no marked difference between the two
series of tests and the earlier work with poisons was confirmed

in large measure.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 39

The false maple scale continues abundant in the vicinity of New
York City and was a subject of considerable correspondence during
the summer. The cottony maple scale was also responsible for a
number of complaints.

Forest pests. The hickory bark beetle has continued its de-
structive operations in the vicinity of New York City. The
abundance of this pest and the hearty cooperation of Mr J. James
de Vyver, of Mount Vernon, made possible a series of tests for
the purpose of finding some method which could be relied upon
to destroy the insect after the beetles had entered the trees.
Studies in the field showed that in some localities many of the
grubs died within a few weeks after hatching and before they
were able to cause material injury. A detailed discussion of this
work, together with the Entomologist’s investigations upon the
biology of the pest and its natural checks, is given in his annual
report.

Many of the white pines in the vicinity of Albany have been
killed in recent years by bark borers. The Entomologist’s study
of the conditions showed that in all probability this attack was
the outcome of extreme droughts and very low winter tempera-
tures. Parties suffering from the activities of these pests have
been advised to cut and burn all infested trees prior to the open-
ing of another season.

Hosts of Ambrosia beetles belonging to the genus Platypus at-
tacked freshly sawn, sappy mahogany in the yard of a veneer cut-
ting company near New York City and inflicted severe loss be-
sides causing grave apprehensions. An investigation showed
that the insects originated from a shipload of mahogany from
Panama. Upon the advice of the Entomologist, the infested
material was removed and the few insects remaining soon disap-
peared.

The destructive work of the locust leaf miner, noticed in the
Entomologist’s report, was studied the past season and additional
information secured in relation to its habits and methods of con-
trol. The most severe injury, as in 1911, resulted from the feed-
ing of the beetles.

The woolly bark louse of the white pines has been the occasion
of several complaints during the past summer, and an investiga-
tion showed that in some instances at least, large trees were seri-
ously weakened if not destroyed by this insect.

40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

A previously unknown though sparse colony of the periodical
Cicada was located at Geneseo as an outcome of the interest aroused -
by the appearance of the enormous brood last year.

Flies and mosquitos. There has.been a general interest in
controlling the house fly and preventing the superabundance of
mosquitos. Both of these insects have been the subject of corre-
spondence, and a number of bulletins giving directions for rem-
edying undesirable conditions have been distributed.

An unusual departure was the working out of the life history
of a common blowfly, Phormia regina Meign. and a flesh
fly, Sarcophaga georgina Wied., under controlled condi-
tions. These two insects, though exceedingly common, were
comparatively unknown except in a very general way. The de-
tails of this investigation, undertaken for the purpose of solving
a specific problem, are given in the Entomologist’s report.

Gall midges. This large group of small flies has continued to
receive attention from the Entomologist. He has succeeded in
identifying the wheat midge of Fitch, which proved to be an un-
described species, discovered and described a second form re-
corded as living in heads of American wheat, and reared another.
The last was identified through the cooperation of European en-
tomologists “as Thecodiplosis mosellana Gehin sia
addition, a number of new gall midges have been reared from
various food plants and described. The outbreak by the Hessian
fly, noted above, and an abundance of the pear midge in the vicin-
ity of Albany afforded opportunity for additional studies of two
economic forms.

Lectures. The Entomologist, as in past years, has delivered a
number of lectures upon insects, mostly economic forms, before
various agricultural and horticultural gatherings. This work
enables him to become personally acquainted with the problems
of various localities and has been greatly facilitated by a chart
showing the results secured in the codling moth experiments of re-
cent years. |

Publications. A number of brief, popular accounts of the
more injurious species of the year were widely circulated through
the agricultural and local press. The more extensive publica-
tions, aside from the report for last year, are: The Elm Leaf Beetle
and the White Marked Tussock Moth (Museum Bulletin 156),

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 AI

Control of Insect Pests im Institutions, The Identity of the
Better Known Midge Galls, The Fundamentals of Spraying and
several papers describing new species of gall midges. A list of
the Entomologist’s more important publications is given in his
annual report. '

Collections. There have been material additions to the collec-
tions through the efforts of the members of the office staff, and
also by exchange and donation. Through the courtesy of Dr
Otto Nusslin of Karlsruhe, Germany, the Museum received an
excellent series of European bark beetles. Mr Henry Bird, of
Rye, generously donated an admirable lot of reared stem borers
belonging to Hydroecia or closely allied genera, a number of
these forms being almost unrepresented outside Mr Bird’s excep-
tionally fine collection. The work of arranging and classifying
the Museum collections has continued whenever opportunity of-
fered. Considerable miscellaneous work has been done upon the
beetles or Coleoptera, giving special attention to the flea beetles,
Haiticini of the Chrysomelidae and to the June beetles, Lachno-
sterna and its immediate allies of the Scarabaeidae. An excellent
series of genitalic mounts was made in this latter group.

The value of the collections has been greatly increased by mi-
croscopic preparations. Specimens of the Scolytidae received
from Doctor Niisslin and noted above were put in balsam mounts.
There were, in addition, two hundred such preparations of gall
midges, mostly from reared material, and a number of scale in-
sects, some previously unrepresented in the collections, which
were similarly treated. The value of this material is much en-
hanced when placed in such preparations, since the latter are per-
manent in character and, in most of the species mounted, neces-
sary for the identification of the insect. 3

The series of plant groups designed to serve as an embellishing
and instructive feature of the enlarged exhibit now in preparation
are practically completed. There has been special collecting for
this exhibit.

The more ample facilities of the new quarters bring added re-
sponsibilities in the opportunity they offer of making the State
collection of insects, both for exhibit and reference, thoroughly
representative. The magnitude of such a task is appreciated by
very few. The Entomologist recently assembled, with the coopera-
tion of recognized authorities in various groups, the best obtainable

42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

figures as to the number of American insects. The data are tabu-
lated below:

Hymenoptera 10000 )~=3=—-—s Or thoptera 950
Coleoptera 11255 Neuroptera and }
Diptera g100_ Pseudoneuroptera { 7
Siphonotera 115. Thysanoptera 118
Lepidoptera 6622 Other small orders 500
Hemiptera 3328

43988

A recent catalog of the insects of New Jersey, a state with a
considerably smaller area and lacking the climatic and other
diversities of New York, lists over 10,000 species. It seems con-
servative to place the probable number of insect species existing
in this State at twice that figure. A thoroughly representative
collection of New York forms should therefore contain well
toward 20,000 native species, and since each has at least four
well-marked stages, some 80,000 different forms. Many species
and a great number of the stages are unknown. There is ample
work to occupy a well-equipped corps of entomologists in the
State Museum for many years, not to mention the much addi-
tional labor involved in assembling and maintaining greatly en-
larged entomological exhibits.

Nursery inspection. The nursery inspection work conducted by
the State Department of Agriculture has resulted in the Entomolo-
gist being requested to make numerous identifications and also
recommendations in regard to the policy which should be pursued
by the State. Many of the specimens submitted for name were in
poor condition, and as they may represent any stage in insect de-
velopment and frequently originate in a foreign country, such deter-
minations are laborious and time-consuming. The correct identifica-
tion of such material is, however, very important, since the dis-
position of large shipments of nursery stock must depend, in con-
siderable measure, upon our findings.

Miscellaneous. In cooperation with the Division of Visual In-
struction, the Entomologist secured an excellent and somewhat ex-
tended series of photographs, mostly of injurious or common insects.
This material was all taken in connection with other collecting, it
only being necessary to pose the specimen for the photographer.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 43

Vil
REPORT Of tae, ZOOtOGrS &

The time of the Zoologist and Taxidermist has been occupied
chiefly in cleaning, repairing and packing the zoological collec-
tions for removal, especially those that were on exhibition in
Geological Hall. As it was desired to keep the Museum open to
the public as long as practicable, but few of these exhibits had
been disturbed during the previous fiscal year, although the du-
plicate and study collections, with the exception of many of the
shells, had been mostly packed. ‘The shell collection was the
most difficult to handle on account of the great number of speci-
mens both on exhibition and in storage. As most of the shells
were in uncovered paper trays, with loose labels laid upon them,
it was important to pack them so that all chance of confusion
would be avoided. This work occupied much of the time of the
Zoologist and Taxidermist during the entire winter and part of
the spring. | |

The bird and animal groups could not be packed, and it was
decided to leave them as they were and have them carefully
transported without packing. The single mounted birds and
animals were, when not of too great size, packed in boxes by se-
curing the stands to the bottom or sides of the box. When it
seemed necessary, the specimen was given additional support to
prevent shaking. Those too large to be dealt with in this way
were wrapped in several thicknessés of tissue paper which was
carefully tied on. In many cases, the specimens were cleaned
and repaired previous to packing, but this was not always pos-
sible, on account of the large amount of material to be handled.
This work had been largely completed by the end of the fiscal
year.

The services of Mr C. E. Mirguet, formerly of Ward’s Natural
Science Establishment, and now in the employ of the United
States National Museum at Washington, were obtained for tak-
ing apart and cleaning the skeletons of mammals and other verte-
brates. The smaller ones were prepared for transportation with-
out entirely disarticulating them, the skull, or the skull and
limbs, being removed and packed so as to diminish the danger of
breakage. The skeleton of the finback whale, which was hung

44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

by chains from the beams of the roof in the back wing of Geolog-
ical Hall, was taken down, entirely taken apart and thoroughly
cleaned by Mr Mirguet, and the skeletons of the other large
mammals were similarly treated after disarticulating them as
much as necessary.

Although the Museum has not been officially open to the pub-
lic, people desiring to see the collections were not excluded from
the exhibition rooms until the dismantling of the exhibits had
progressed so far that too little remained to attract visitors, and
the spaces in the exhibition rooms were required for the storage
of the packed material.

MONOGRAPH OF THE NEW YORK MOLLUSCA

Dr H. A. Pilsbry’s work upon the monograph of the New York
Mollusca during the year has been directed chiefly to determin-
ing the generic characters of numerous forms hitherto inade-
quately known. ‘To this end, considerable collecting has been
done in the Hudson valley, Onondaga county and elsewhere to
procure fresh, living material for description. Some forty-five
figures of living mollusks have been drawn by the author, includ-
ing, among others, representatives of the following genera:

Lyogyras Planorbis Zonitoides
Amnicola Segmentina Gastrodonta
Pomatiopsis Physa Helicodiscus
Valvata Pupilla Vallonia
Goniobasis ‘Bifidaria Arion
Lioplax Vitrea SCE eke:
Lymnaea

The external anatomy of part of these genera has hitherto been
known in American works by figures of foreign species copied
from European works, or by very crude figures and descriptions.
The external soft parts of part of them have not before been fig-
ured or described. It is believed that the new facts brought out
in the course of this work on American species are ample com-
pensation for the time and labor spent thereon. Further work
has been done on the descriptive part, and a large number of
illustrations made, figuring all of the species which have been
worked up. The completion of the monograph is expected next

year (1012):

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 45

VIII
REPORT OD THE ARCH E ORO Gia:

The work of the archeology section, as of all other sections of
the Museum, has this year been modified to a considerable extent
by the necessity of preparing to move its collections and office
quarters into the Education Building.

With the close of the fiscal year 1911 the Archeologist had
about completed the preliminary work necessary for the exhibi-
tion of the Seneca Hunter group, in the ethnological series. A
photograph of this group was reproduced in this report last year.
With the assured success of the plan for this series of groups
depicting Iroquois culture, steps were taken to complete all the
preliminary work necessary for the plan.

The field painting of the Nichol’s pond site was enlarged by Mr
D. C. Lithgow, whose artistic ability and skill have been use-
ful. This painting now complete is nearly fifty feet long and
eighteen feet high and, like all others, is designed as a back-
ground for one of the groups. Further mention of this work will
be made in the succeeding pages.

All the collections in the Archeologist’s quarters in the Uni-
versalist Church building were packed and prepared for moving.
It has therefore been impossible to make any further study of
this material.

ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY

In cooperation with the United States Bureau of Ethnology,
this section of the State Museum during the year has sent out
several thousand requests for information concerning the sites
and remains of former aboriginal occupancy. Reply envelops
and blank forms for filling out were sent and about 75 per cent
were returned with data filled in. In the majority of cases, these
request forms had been sent to the presidents of local boards of
education, to library presidents, to county clerks and to collect-
ors, and thus to citizens who were familiar with the localities in
which they lived. Several hundred new sites were added to the
long list already in the possession of the Museum and will be
properly tabulated. ‘This information will not only be of the
highest importance to the State Museum, but will form the body
of the material used by the Bureau of Ethnology in its “ Hand-
book of Aboriginal Sites and Remains.”

Zs

Ephaiee tgif
bietsy fae aeons

NEW YORK

a

! Gans uN
‘ ee
é Ne He AGEs!

SS

Seon bor ~—

LSA fa
53 S85: j5say:

Eetada3tiy

STATE MUSEUM

3

ae

St
ef

gouge from Canton, St Lawrence county

Three views of a copper

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 47

An attempt was also made to make a “census” of all the
collections of aboriginal artifacts in the State and a new index
has resulted, giving the lists of several hundred collections. In
this manner, more than any other, an idea can be obtained of
the localities most thickly populated in aboriginal times, but
there is seemingly no correspondence between the abundance of
earth works and the abundance of specimens, Large numbers of
objects from all the various types and successions of occupancy
are in the possession of individual collectors. The correspond-
ence and indexing necessary to collect and file these statistics
consumed a greater portion of the time up to May, but the
knowledge gained is of practical as well as of high scientific
importance.

In passing, it should be mentioned that many collections held
by private individuals are neither numbered nor adequately
cataloged. The collectors almost without exception remember
where their objects were found, but without a permanent record
the collection is robbed of its highest usefulness, and with the
death of the owner, the otherwise valuable and instructive series
becomes a mere aggregation of curiosities known as “ Indian
relics.’ In these days when the collection of such artifacts has
a scientific object, every care should be taken to give each its
precise locality. Topographical maps are of much use in this
connection.

THE O. W. AURINGER COLLECTION

Supplementing in an important way the Dr A. W. Holden
collection, donated last year by State Historian James A. Holden,
is the Rev. O. W. Auringer collection, generously donated to the
Museum by Dr Albert Vander Veer, of the Board of Regents.
This collection is from about the same district as the Holden collec-
tion, that is Queensbury township and the region about Troy, north
to Lake George.

An examination of the collection donated by Doctor Vander
Veer reveals some important archeological facts which, supple-
mented by Mr Auringer’s notes, give the collection a valuable
place in our archives. The region from which the collection
comes is characterized by several different occupations.

There have been unearthed on several Queensbury sites, flint
knives and lance heads so old that the original flint — itself about
the hardest of stones—had so far changed in substance as to

48 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

have become chalky white in color, and in some cases so soit as
to permit whittling with a sharp knife. Other objects have suf-
fered surface changes from the original dull black of the stone to
a lustrous yellow, or buff, or mottled color, according to the dif-
ference in soils in which they were imbedded. Such changes in
the appearance and structure of flint can come only through ex-
ceedingly long and slow processes, and are occasioned by the
percolation through soil of water charged with certain chemical
elements, the effect upon the stone being the disintegration or
final breaking down of one of the two kinds of silica of which it
is composed.

The older artifacts occur mainly on a few extensive sites about
the southern end of Lake George; at East Lake George; at Glen
lake, and on a large site on the eastern town line about half way
between Dunham’s bay and the Hudson river at Sandy Hill.
These sites, which Doctor Beauchamp calls “ Early sites,” are
easily recognized by the initiated, on account of the remains
they yield. Massive spear or lance heads, thick and heavy, yet
in many cases almost as symmetrical and orderly in construction
as if they had been wrought by machinery instead of by hand
and eye; knives of flint and fine sandstone, thin and carefully
wrought, leaf-shaped in form and edged all around, flaked by
unground axes of sandstone and quartzite; acutely edged, finely
shaped adzes and gouges of fine sandstone, of hollow and round-
backed types; on the waterside sites large flaked disks of coarse
sandstone, worked to an edge all around. |

Following these traces of earlier men in Warren county, are
the rather more broadly-sown of the two succeeding populations
of different habits and instincts from their predecessors, and in
these same respects also differing quite as much from each
other. Our present knowledge in the matter does not definitely
justify us in saying which was the earlier of the two, but their
large and often curiously decorated pestles and mortars of stone
show that they had a knowledge of agriculture. The Eskimo
relics discovered point this people as once inhabiting our lands.
For the sake of convenience only, we will turn our attention
first to the traces of the first-mentioned people, in an endeavor
to outline their habitat and realize something of their character
and employments. They were agriculturists, huntsmen and
fishermen, drawing from soil and forest and lake and river,
their means of living. This signifies that they were a people of

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 4Q

active energy; ambitious, resourceful, with an eye to the main
chance — in short, in industrial affairs what the Mohawk was in
war. They were inventive; with a decided: instinct for art,
shown in the decorative effects produced in the manufacture of
their weapons and utensils. In their manipulation of stone, they
were not satisfied with mere utility. They made an arrow or
spear head an object of beauty to the eye, and manifested an
accurate taste in the smoothness and symmetry of their pestles
when any roughly-dressed stone would have served as well in
a practical way. They were makers of pottery, small and large
vessels of mingled clay and finely pounded stone, fire-baked and
elaborately decorated, though in common with those preceding
and following them, they were wholly ignorant of metallurgy.
Beginning at the oft-occupied settlement on the north bank
of the Hudson river at the Big bend, we will endeavor to trace
the lines of their residence to the northward to Glen lake, thence
eastward into Washington county. Here at the rifts of the
Hudson are found in the lower layers of soil, quantities of their
pottery, celts, knives etc., while all to the north and northwest
along Clendon brook and Meadow run, are yearly ploughed up
their cylindrical pestles with an occasional mortar. Axes,
knives, arrowheads and pottery are found in remarkable quan-
tities. At the southern end of Glen lake, on the plateau where
the Glen Lake hotel now stands, was a considerable village
stretching thence to the elevated lands on the opposite bank of
Meadow run, where that stream enters the lake. Following the
western shore of the lake in our survey, we find few traces till
we reach the outlet at Butternut flats. Here, on both banks o1
the creek, which at this point are much elevated, seems to have
been an established town, with offshoots in various directions,
first to the westward on the small brook near the Halfway house
on the highway to Lake George. Then another northwestward,
tucked for comfort up under the protection of French mountain,
where a cold stream comes down from between the two spurs.
Here the writer picked up, among various other objects, an
arrowhead of pure transparent quartz crystal. These sites are
identified by the fragments of early pottery which they yield.
From Glen lake eastward the line of these old habitations follows
the stream at intervals through to the Washington county line.
Tradition refers to a stone-fortined village at Sanford’s bridge,
near Halfway brook, which, if tradition is correct, was evidently

50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

occupied by this people, since the frequent remains found in
this neighborhood bear the stamp of their workmanship. A
half mile to the eastward of this point, and under the high banks
to the right of the Kingsbury road to Sanford’s bridge, is a small
site yielding large quantities of unworked flints. It would appear
that these agriculturists worked the sand plains about the falls
of the Hudson, as these two points are within the limits of the
city of Glens Falls, which was inhabited; one on the site of the
present French Catholic church, which has yielded large pestles,
and another back of the city cemetery, and between it and Upper
Glen street, producing various flints. That these early inhabi-
tants were frequent visitors at Lake George in quest of game, is
evidenced by the location of several of their camps, notably one
at the head of the lake and another at Dunham’s bay. We could
not rationally expect to find here samples of their farming activi-
ties, from the nature of the soil, nor do we. But the pottery is
in evidence here, showing that, like their white successors, they
appreciated the advantages of life and health, which lie in fre-
quent more or less protracted. fishing and hunting trips. These
small sites — there must be many more of them along the shores
and among the islands — were their camps.

Returning to our base as Glen lake, we find traces along the
eastern shore; and branching near the head of the lake a line
of population followed very nearly by the present line as far
south as the neighborhood of De Long’s brickyard. Spreading
to the east and west, this takes in the famous Blind rock and
Hunter’s brook tracts with the immediately adjoining territory.

One of the very interesting local problems is the relation
of the Eskimos to the region east of Canada and to the
former inhabitants of the upper half of New York State —
about the Great Lakes, the St Lawrence river and the adjacent
smaller streams and lakes. The Eskimos of Point Barrow retain
in present use a certain kind of blade or knife of slate, ground
and finely polished, in length of three to eight inches, stemmed
and usually barbed, sometimes thin and flat, with a narrow bevel
to form the cutting edges, often more thick, beveled off from
a central longitudinal ridge running the length of the blade.
These tools are singular in that no other existing peoples
use them, nor from what follows does it seem that any
other people ever did use them. In the portion of Canada bor-
dering the Great Lakes, and about the streams and lakes in the

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 51

upper half of the Empire State, many tools of identical character
are found in the soil, associated with other objects such as flint
arrow points, chipped quartzite blades, and the peculiar form of
chipped flint scraper in archeology known as the Eskimo scraper,
from its identity with like tools in use by the Eskimo of the
north at the present time. Dr William M. Beauchamp, whom
we esteem the best authority in archeological matters relating
to our State, has furnished an excellent study of these remains;
aud he seems unhesitating in his belief that at some period quite
remote, the regions about and to the northward of us were the
established homes of the tribes now inhabiting the far north,
known as the Eskimos. The truth would appear to be, that this
was their home at a remote period, when the climate retained
- considerably more of arctic severity than is known at present;
and that, following the receding cold upon the gradual encroach-
ment of warmer conditions, and the migration of the cold-loving
animals upon which they subsisted, they tended gradually north-
ward till they at length found in the utmost north the favorite
conditions of their well-being. Their chief habitat in the town
of Queensbury was about Glen lake. There, at the northern end,
or outlet, was a large, permanently established town covering
many acres, from which ran lines of habitation in various direc-
tions: first northward under the base of French mountain for a
distance, then striking off to East Lake George, where, as we
might expect, there was a large village; second, a shorter line,
comprising three small sites, with its terminus at Lake Sunny-
side. Here, on the abrupt hill on the west shore of the lake was
one of their lake dwellings. In the collection from Queensbury
just donated by Dr Albert Vander Veer, is a card of several
specimens of the “ polished slate knife,’ among which is one
obtained from the Washburn farm at French mountain, about a
mile from Glen lake. It is made from Kingsbury banded red
and gray slate, the red predominating, is of lance-head form,
seven inches in length, by about one inch in mean breadth, has
a central longitudinal ridge on each surface, is acutely pointed,
with sharp edges. The stem is notched and there are well-de-
fined barbs. With one exception this is the finest object of its
kind among the one hundred and odd specimens so far reported.
Saratoga lake has furnished a few of these knives, and two speci-
mens have been discovered at Marcy, in Oneida county. They are

52 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

rather more common about Lake Ontario and the neighborhood of
Oneida lake than on the two sites just named. Prof. D. F. Thomp-
son of Troy obtained one from the Bolton shore of Lake George;
and from Lake Champlain, as we might expect, come a few others.
A single specimen, the largest, but also the rudest in point of finish
yet reported, comes from the Maine lakes.

Exactly what took place here at the close of the period we
have been considering we do not know. But, by means of the
alphabet of relics, supplied by the superficial soil, we are able
to spell out a.period of great confusion. The country here seems
to have been overrun from about every quarter, judging from
the pattern and material, foreign to the locality, of relics scat-
tered so profusely about our fields. Flint from Ohio and farther
west; copper from Michigan; grooved axes and soapstone pot-
tery from the Atlantic tract; opaque quartz, and even obsidian,
from the south — all these meet and dispute for the notice of the
archeologist on Queensbury ground. At Assembly point, on
Lake George, is a site yielding beaten copper spear and arrow-
heads. In Mr Auringer’s explorations, he found a large grooved
and polished limestone axe from the often-occupied site in Har-
_visena; and in line of association, fragments of large steatite, or

soapstone pottery, have been taken from a site southwest of
Glens Falls by a local collector. This signifies the presence in
the intermediate period of the New England Algonquins. On
Harrisena site again are found broad, thin and symmetrical pol-
ished limestone celts of quite other origin than the axes. How
long the season of confusion lasted, it is impossible to know.

The territory including Queensbury was in the Algonquins’
hands when the Europeans appeared on the scene. Having
driven out the Iroquois, they ruled once more undisturbed in
their ancient habitat. The Iroquois had gone down by two
principal routes to the Mohawk valley, where they had already,
prior to the advent of the whites, formed their powerful Con-
federacy. One of these routes was by the St Lawrence and
Lake Ontario. The other was by the Champlain and Lake
George trail to the Hudson river, and. thence to the mouths of
the Mohawk. It is possible to trace their line of migration from
Dunham’s bay southeastward to the county line and on to the
Hudson at Hudson Falls. The first stage of this overland exodus is
well marked by the remains of a considerable town situated on
the flats bordering the inlet at Dunham’s bay. From this point

Slate knives, probably of Eskimo origin from Glen lake, Saratoga county.
Auringer-Vander Veer collection.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 53

_ the trail ran southeasterly for some miles (a day’s journey for an
{ndian) to a station on the county line road lying about the
sources of Cold brook. Here the remains of occupancy are
spread over many acres, and encroach upon and partly cover a
permanent village site of the earliest inhabitants, whose remains
have already been described. The relics of these two sites are
exactly of the same character as those from Iroquoian stopping
places on their westernmost route by way of the St Lawrence.
They consist of fragments of the well-known clay pottery of the
Mohawk tribes; pipes of red pottery; small triangular flint
arrowheads; acutely edged celts and a few small flint knives.

A few years ago there was found on the site of the big bend
a fine specimen of the steel “ trade axe” with which the traders
first armed their red neighbors. This is included in this collec-
tion and is in a fine state of preservation. ‘There is also a fine
and keen steel arrow and shait, obtained from a site at the
western base of Sugar Loaf mountain. Objects of copper have
been found at the same place. A broken stone pipe drilled with
steel tools of the white man comes from Glen lake. On the Bay
road, on the farm owned by Elber Titus, was a Mohawk camp
of late date. In addition to the small flint implements supplied
by such stations, this field yielded one of the choicest objects of
Mohawk manufacture which it has been my good fortune to
geeara@, It is’ a flat limestone pebble’ three inches im mean
diameter, carved into the form of a young buck’s antlers, and
perforated at one side near the base for the purpose of suspen-
sion. Both surfaces are delicately carved into ridges, giving a
corrugated appearance. It belongs to a class of objects termed
personal ornaments. About Lake George and on many of its
islands are frequent finds of Mohawk relics made. But the
Mohawk never returned to occupy the country as a permanent
residence. What we find of him here are but the remains of
these temporary hunting or war camps, for he was often
attracted this way from his home on the “ Beautiful river,” by
the scent of game or scalps; but it was only as an intruder that
he came.

In their manufacture of stone implements, the aborigines used
such material as was found in their neighborhood. Where sup-
plies of flint were lacking, they made use of native quartzite and
even sandstone for their smaller weapons, as arrowheads, knives,
and spear points, as well as for heavier tools. These native supplies

54 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

they supplemented with flint in the block obtained by way of
trade with neighbors occupying a flint-producing region. In
Queensbury, we find the occupants of all periods using the local
quartzite pebbles freely for long axes, celts, or hand axes, the
larger class of spears and knives, and scrapers; while the local
sandstones supplied the place of harder material
for certain gouges and adzes. Laminae of fine
sandstone served for the manufacture of finely
wrought knives and lanceheads. The Eskimo
worked the silex, or white flint deposit, on
French mountain for material in the manu-
facture of large knives and spears, and even
small arrowheads, while the neighboring slate
quarries of Washington county served him in
the matter of material for slate knives, ground
i and unground. And certain ceremonial stones,
== as the perforated gorget, bird and bar amulet,
go and often a banner stone, used by his predeces-
==) sors, were of the same material. Many chisels
ie =o and axes were made of the black limestone
=3 of the region, which was a favorite on account

of the high polish it takes. Greenstone and
conglomerate pebbles were utilized for celts
and banner stones. At the foot of Glen lake
was found a thick celt, or hand axe, of brown
hematite, or ironstone. Hornstone and various
flints often occur in limestone deposits; and
doubtless the native miner understood the lo-
cation of material of such value to him, in
these eastern tracts. Nevertheless much flint
amc eeree SOO ea cftie rough must have been brought in from

Warren county
the western sources.!

ARCHEOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS

Among other interesting objects are a series of flints from
Green Island and a semilunar or woman’s knife from the mouth
of the Hoosic river. This latter object was donated to the
Museum by Mr Albert Hurd, of Troy, and represents one of the
largest semilunars found in this region. It is a rare and valu-
able specimen and its donor is entitled to special thanks. A
representation of this knife is shown in the accompanying figure.

1See N. Y. State Hist. Rept. by Auringer, 8: 102-12.

LE)

panyy ‘S Woqry Aq psyeuod “JOATI SISOOFT FO Yjnous wWosz oF IEUNIWIS

ecerercerner
isener

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9QI2

56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

An important mound was excavated during the year by Mr
I. R. Burmaster, and a fine type of a mound skull obtained.
This mound is in Chautauqua county and is one of the largest
of its kind in the State.

A unique acquisition and addition to our collection of early
religious objects is a crucifix obtained by Miss Pearl Hoppel in
an old farmhouse at Fallsburg. It was
evidently made by some Delaware or
L i ; Minsi Indian in the early days and in-
‘nl | deed has two totem animals of the Minsi
carved upon it. The accompanying fig-
ure shows a representation of this object.

=| oe :
Sa,

FOLKLORE

The study of the Iroquois rites and
folklore was continued with much suc-
cess. Valuable additions were made to
the notes on the wampum codes and con-
dolence ceremony. Mr Albert Cusick,
long the helper of and coworker with
Dr William M. Beauchamp, and pre-
viously the interpreter for Horatio Hall,
was of much assistance in this connec-
tion. Mr Cusick is an Onondaga by
birth and has long been regarded by the
Onondagas, and indeed by all the Six
Nations in New York, as their greatest
authority on the council rites of the
Leasue ‘of the Iroquois, win @ctoben:
a few weeks after the Archeologist had
completed his notes on tree symbols and
myths, Mr Cusick died. This serves as.
a reminder of the fact that speedy work
must be done if any amount of informa-
tion is to be recorded. With the death
of Chief John Gibson, of the Six Na-
Crucifix probably carved by tions of Ontario, in October, another
Minsi Indians. From native annalist passed beyond reach.
Fallsburg, N. Y. Mr Gibson had also been of considerable
assistance to this section of the Museum.

With the corrections made by Chief Edward Cornplanter on
the Code of Handsome Lake, the Seneca prophet, a manuscript

os i

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQ12 57

version of the teachings of the celebrated Seneca chief, the
manuscript was revised and with explanatory notes and appen-
dixes, was submitted as a bulletin in the Museum archeological
series. This work, now in press, will be a free translation of the
religious belief of the modern nonchristian Iroquois of New
York and Ontario, and should prove a work of some psychologi-
cal as well as sociological and ethnological interest. It was
Handsome Lake who revolutionized in sixteen years the disin-
tegrating Seneca and Onondaga tribes and recrystalized their
native beliefs. This was accomplished at a critical moment in
the history of the lroquois immediately after the Revolution-
ary War, when the Iroquois League was broken and disheart-
ened. Handsome Lake’s teachings gave a new life and a new
hope. The bulletin will be no. 16 in the archeological series.

BPWBEIC INTEREST

Public interest in the work of the archeological section is
attested by the large number of letters of inquiry which have
come to this office and the many requests for information.

To museum authorities, especially, the plan for the ethnologi-
cal groups has made an appeal, and a considerable number have
_ visited the workshops for information as to methods.

IX
PUBLICATIONS

A list of the scientific publications issued during the year 1911-
12, with those now in press and treatises ready for printing, is
attached hereto. The publications issued cover the whole range of
our scientific activities. They embrace 926 pages of text, 122 plates
and I9 maps.

The labor of preparing this matter, verifying, editing and correct-
ing is onerous and exacting. Taken altogether, it excellently indi-
cates the activity and diligence of the staff of this division.

ANNUAL REPORT

1 Eighth Report of the Director, State Geologist and Paleontolo-
gist for the fiscal year ending September 30, I9g1I. 218p. 42 pl.

58 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Contents:
Introduction VII Publications
I Condition of the scientific ViL> Stat
collections IX Accessions
II Report on the _ geological Notes on the Geology of the
survey Gulf of St Lawrence. J. M.

Some practical features of
New York geology

Areal geology

Surficial geology

Industrial geology

Seismologic station

Mineralogy

Paleontology

Report of the State Botanist

Report of the State . Ento-
mologist

Report of the Zoologist

Report on the archeology sec-
tion

List of archeological specimens
destroyed in the Capitol fire,
March 29, IQII

CLARKE

Notes on Devonic Fishes from
Scaumenac. L. HUSSAKOF

Notes on a Specimen of
Plectoceras jason (Billings).
RUDOLF RUEDEMANN

On the Genesis of the Pyrite
Deposits of St Lawrence
County. C. H. SMyTH, jr

Recent Mineral Occurrences in
New York City and Vicinity.
H. P. WHITLOCK

The Micmac’ Tercentenary.
JoHN M. CLARKE

The Manhattan Indians. ALAN-
SON SKINNER

Index

BULLETINS
Geology
2 No. 153. Geology of the Broadalbin Quadrangle. By W. J.
Maller 7o1i>. GOp;, spk “i map:
Contents:
Introduction Physiography

General geography and geology
Precambric rocks

Paleozoic rocks

Faults

Summary of geologic history
Economic products
Index

2° No; 154, Glacial Geology of the Schenectady Quadrangle. By

James H. Stoller, 191: 44p.° :opl. 1 map.
Contents:
Introduction Economic values of the Lake AI-

bany deposits
Modified till
Recent deposits
Review and summary
Index

Topography due to rock surfaces
Modifications of rock topography
- during Pleistocene period
Surface deposits

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 59

4 No. 159 The Mineral Springs of Saratoga. By James F.
Kemp. ..Sop.. 3pl.+ P92,

Contents:

Introduction

Historical sketch

Brief statement of the local
geology

The fault at Saratoga Springs

Generalities regarding the normal
ground waters

Composition and character of the
Saratoga waters

Carbon dioxid

Water seal

Temperature of the waters
Specific gravity of the waters
Classification

Variations in the waters
Origin of the mineral waters
Tables of analyses

Index

5 No. 160 Glacial Waters in the Black and Mohawk Valleys.

By H. L. Fairchild. 48p. 8pl.

Contents:
Introduction: outline of glacial
history
Black valley glacial waters
Physiography

Outline of lake history

First stage: Mohawk waters;
Herkimer lake

Second stage: Forestport lake;
Remsen outlet

Third stage: Port Leyden lake;
Boonville outlet

Fourth stage: Glenfield lake;
Copenhagen-Champion outlet

Fifth stage: Lake Iroquois

Pre-Wisconsin topography

17 maps.

Mohawk valley glacial waters
First stage: early Adirondack
drainage
Second stage; Herkimer lake
Third stage: Schoharie lake
Fourth stage: Amsterdam lake
Fifth stage: Lake Albany
Tributary lakes
Rock barrier at Little Falls
Divide at Rome
Summary of Mohawk drainage
history
Correlation of Ontarian and Hud-
sonian Ice Lobes
Bibliography
Index

6 No. 161 Mining and Quarry Industry of New York. By

D. H. Newland. 114p.

Contents:
Introduction

Mineral production of New York

Cement

Clay
Production of clay materials
Manufacture of building brick
Other clay materials
Pottery
Crude clay

Emery

Feldspar
Notes on the occurrence of feld-
spar in New York

Garnet

Graphite

Gypsum

Iron ore

Mineral paint

Mineral waters

Natural gas

60 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Contents —(Continued) :

Petroleum Limestone
Pyrite Marble
Salt Sandstone
Sand and gravel Trap
Sand-lime brick shale
Stone The Gouverneur talc district
Production of stone Zinc
Granite Index
Entomology

7 No. 155 Report of the State Entomologist for the fiscal year
ending September 30, 1911. 182p. 35pl.

Contents:
Introduction Experiments with heat as an in-
Injurious insects | secticide
Codling moth Notes for the year
Gipsy moth Fruit tree insects
Green mapie worm Small fruit insects
Iris borer Shade tree pests
Notch wing Forest pests
Maple leaf cutter Miscellaneous
Locust leaf miner Publications of the Entomologist
Rosy Hispa Additions to collections
Rose leaf hopper Explanation of plates
Periodical Cicada Index

A report upon the condition of the
shade trees of the city of Mount
Vernon, N. Y.

8 No. 156 Elm Leaf Beetle and White-Marked Tussock Moth.
By Eee 235p. Spl.

Contents:

Introduction White-marked tussock moth

Elm leaf beetle Description
Results of attack Life history and habits
Food plants Food plants
Distribution Natural enemies
Description Remedies
Life history Explanation of plates
Natural enemies Index

Preventive measures
Remedial measures

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 61

Botany

g No. 157 Report of the State Botanist for the fiscal year ending
September 30, 1911. 1139p: gpl:

Contents:

Introduction Edible fungi

Plants added to the herbarium New York species of Clitocybe

Contributors and their contribu- New York species of Laccaria
tions New York species of Psilocybe

Species not before reported Latin descriptions of new species

Remarks and observations and varieties

New species and varieties of ex- Explanation of plates

- tralimital fungi Index

GEOLOGIC MAPS

10 Broadalbin quadrangle
II Schenectady quadrangle

In press

MEMOIRS

12 Birds of New York, volume 2
13 Eurypterida of New York

BULLETINS
Geology
14 The Geological History of New York State

=

Paleontology
15 The Lower Siluric Shales of the Mohawk Valley

Entomology

16 Report of the State Entomologist for the fiscal year ending
September 30, 1912

Botany

17 Report of the State Botanist for the fiscal year ending Sep-
tember 30, 1912

Archeology
18 The Code of Handsome Lake, the Seneca Prophet

62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Xx

STAPF OF THE SCIENCE DIVISION - AND SiAre
MUSEUM

The members of the staff, permanent and temporary, of this
division as at present constituted are:

ADMINISTRATION

John M. Clarke, Director
Jacob Van Deloo, Director’s clerk
Paul E. Reynolds, Stenographer

GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY

John M. Clarke, State Geologist and Paleontologist

David H. Newland, Assistant State Geologist

Rudolf Ruedemann, Assistant State Paleontologist
- C. A. Hartnagel, Assistant in geology

Robert W. Jones, Assistant in economic geology

D. Dana Luther, Field geologist

Herbert P. Whitlock, Mineralogist

George S. Barkentin, Draftsman

H. C. Wardell, Preparator

Michael Sammon, Stenographer

Charles P.. Heidenrich, Machinist

Joseph Bylancik, Page

Temporary experts

Areal geology
Prot. El. P. Cushing, Adelbert College
Prof. J. F. Kemp, Columbia University
Dr C. P. Berkey, Columbia University
G. H. Hudson, Plattsburg State Normal College
Prof. W. J. Miller, Hamilton College
Dr W. O. Crosby, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Dri Boikummel Trenton, Nae

Geographic geology
Prof. Herman L. Fairchild, Rochester University

Paleontology
Edwin Kirk, Washington, D. C.

' REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9I2 63

BOTANY

Charles H. Peck, State Botanist
Stewart H. Burnham, Assistant

ENTOMOLOGY

Ephraim P. Felt, State Entomologist

D. B. Young, Assistant State Entomologist
Fanny T. Hartman, Assistant

Anna M. Tolhurst, Stenographer

We: Shafer Bartlett,: Clerk

ZOOLOGY

Willard G. Van Name, Zoologist
Arthur Paladin, Taxidermist

Temporary experts

Prof. E. Howard Eaton, Canandaigua
Dr H. A. Pilsbry, Philadelphia

ARCHEOLOGY
Arthur C. Parker, Archeologist

Temporary assistant

Howard A. Lansing, Albany

Gil
ACCESSIONS
ECONOMIC AND GENERAL GEOLOGY

Collection
Newland, D. H. Albany
Building stones, rough and polisied samples..........0... 25
Zine and pyre Ores, St Lawrence county... 0... 46 cece 20
Diabase dikes cutting, eranite, Dannemora, N. Y.....-.:2. 3

Donation

Uniform Fibrous Talc Co. Talcville
Pexibin ot ctumetancoroumd: tale eid: 4 /caceudiere vagdeleie oes 1f0)

64 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

PALEONTOLOGY
Donation
Eastman, Dr Charles R. Washington, D. C.
Plaster restorations of Bunodes, Pterichthys and Clado-
selache. sates centering pene a or ate o CA ees eer ne >

Mammoth tooth found while excavating for lock 26, on
the baree canal, mean sGlyde, Nu cYo. 6) 2. eee ees I
Van Horne; (C.F. eGien
Concretions from Schoharie creek, at Glen (Montgomery
co.) ‘contamina .U tica. slate 1ossils: oa ee 22

Exchange
Mathes, K. B. Batavia

Devonic fossils from various localities in Genesee county.. 125
Purchase
Plourde, Anthony. Migouasha West, P. Q.
Devonictishes trom Misoudsha whee Oe 2-22 ie eee 120
Collection

Hartnacel, C24:
Siluric tossils.tron'BlackeCape sr, Oe fe een ete ee 1200
Ruedemann, R.
Fossils from Schuylerville sheet, Aries lake, Hyde Park,
Scodack Wanding 3. ., ok tence oo ee eee oe eee 125

ENTOMOLOGY
Donation
Hymenoptera

Wewis, Gwe. a Lockport.. ILhalhessaiatrada: Habry oblack
long sting, adult, June 17

Dummett, Arthur. Mount Vernon. Apanteles congre-
gatus Say, cocoons and adults, July 29

DeLong, E. W. Crown Point. Same as preceding, on Ampe-
lo-:pth.aic'a mytiom Cram.) AWeuse 7

Mc Atee, W. L. Pickens, Miss. Cynips strobilana O.
S., lobed oak gall, October 12. Also Neuroterus umbil-
Véatus: \Bass., cak 4 button) call Con One eu saad
chauxai)) October22

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 65

Baney,.vc.-C.'» Rochester) Andricus.‘séminator-, Harr.,
wool sower, gall on white oak, June 21

Sherman, Miss Ruth H. Glens Falls. Same as preceding, June
24 :

feavior,/R.. Mi.» AnnsArbor,, Mich. Neuroterms, salt a;
torius Hy. Edw., galls on white oak, July 24

Biont., Miss Ey S.: New Russia. ‘Cintbex anverieana
Leach, elm sawfly, larva on elm, September 20

Woodward, A. G. Through State Conservation Commission.
irene column’ ba Linn, pigeon, treniex adult): Septem-=
ber 11

Brooks, Ce Athens: Caliroaceras? Ling.) pear slits.
larvae on pear, August I2

- Robson, A. N. Lake George. Kaliofenusa ulmi Sund.,
elm leaf miner, larva on elm, June 13

Rutledge, Neil. Greenwich. Same as preceding, June 15

Devereaux, W. L. Syracuse. Same as preceding, June 19

Ward, J. G. Cambridge. Same as preceding, larvae and work
on elm, June 24

Vail, Harry. New Mulford. Trichiocampus viminalis
Fall., larvae, August 29

Coleoptera

Matheson, W. J. Huntington. Eccoptogaster quad-
rispinosa Say, hickory bark beetle, work on hickory, Feb-
ruary 9 |

Merkel, H. W. New York City. Same as preceding, larvae and
work, March 12 and June 17

Anderson, E. H. Scarsdale. Same as preceding, work, June 22

de Vyver, J. J. Mount Vernon. Same as preceding, adults and
work, July 1

Dwyer, F. P. Yonkers. Same as preceding, work, July 30

Chapman, J. W. Dorchester, Boston, Mass. Eccoptogas-
her MmMuileest piata) Marsh imported elm bark borer:
adults and larvae, October 5

Vitale, Ferruccio: | New York City.” Pissodes .strob1., Peck,
white pine weevil, work on pine, July 11

Cunningham, Thomas. Vancouver, B. C. Thricolepis
simulator Horn, gray, bark-eating weevil, adult on apple,
May 2 ‘

66 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Herrick, C. J. Elsmere. Pomphopota say ec, Says
blister beetle, adults on wild cherry, May 31

Hawley, G. H. Castleton. Coptocycla ? clavata Fabr.,
larva on morning glory, July 9

Gardner, M. H. Brewster. Galerucella luteola Mill,
elm leaf beetle, adults, April 18

Crittenden, Mrs W. H. Cornwall. Same as preceding, May 10

Young, J. T. Watervliet. Same as preceding, eggs on elm,
June 14 ;

Gaskell, A. Ellenville. Same as preceding, adults, larvae and
pupae on elm, july 11 |

Tate, L. A. Gloversville. Same as preceding, larvae and work
on elm, July 16 :

Cook, W. M. Oyster Bay. Same as preceding, work on elm,
August 5

Cunningham, Thomas. Vancouver, B. C. Glyptoscelis
alternata Cr., leaf beetle, adult on apple, May 2

Rooney, J. O. Scarsdale. Elaphidion villosum Fabr.,
oak and maple pruner, larva and work on oak, July 24

Chatham Courier. Chatham. Monohammus confusor
Kirby, sawyer, adult, July 10

Wend, Mrs George. Albany. Same as preceding, adult on pine,
July 17 |

Bender, Matthew, jr. Niverville. Lachnosterna, June beetle,
larva in grass sod, August II |

Woodward, W. M. North Chatham. Same as preceding,
August II

Moore, R. M. Rochester. Psephenus lecontei Lec.
larva, September 25

Van Name, W.G. Aibany. Dermestes vulpinus Fabr.,,
leather beetle, all stages, March 26

Bernstein, Charles. Rome. Megilla maculata DeG,
spotted lady-beetle, adults, December 13

Diptera

McAtee, W. L. Marksville, Las Thecodiplosis ana-
nassi Riley, galls on Cypress, September 12

Dale, G. L. Mount Kisco. Caryomyia caryae O.S.,, gall
on hickory, July 22

Rooney, Mrs J. O. Scarsdale. Same as preceding, July 24.
Also Caryomyia persicoides Beutm.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 67

Albright, Thomas. New Baltimore. Contarinia pyri-
vora Riley, pear midge, larvae ‘on pear, May 27

Bonet. 2. Claremont, Cak: Asphondylaa betheli
Ckll., male, female, larva and pupa on Opuntia, April

Bethel E. Denver, Col. Same as preceding, gall, male.and
female on Cactus, May 22

Rhines, W. D. Linlithgow. Simulium sp., blackfly, larvae,
June 19

Bernstein, Charles. Rome. Eristalis tenax Linn., bee
fly, larvae, August 27

Gillett, J. R. Kingston. Musca domestica Linn., house-
fly, larvae from cases of Myiasis interna, September 9

Panundses, 3. O. San Diego,.Cal. r-Agromyza sp., adult
on Wisteria buds, March 23

Lepidoptera

Principal, Schoharie High School. Schoharie. Through State De-
partment of Agriculture. Polygonia? comma Harr., hop
merchant, eggs on hop, June 5

Delafield, Mrs I. D. F. Greenport. Euvanessa antiopa
Linu. spiny elm caterpillar, larva: om elm; June 25

Sweigert, J. A. Comstock. Same as preceding, July 1

BPadee ), EH. -Rechester. Sphecodina abbotii Swain,
larva on woodbine, July 10

Dummett, Arthur. Mount Vernon. Same as preceding, July 29

De Long)’E. W.. Crown Point: Ampelophaga myron
Cram., grapevine hog caterpillar, larva on grape, August 7

eet, i) Glen Cove) /Samiaa sce cre pia_.Linn:, \Cecropia
moth, cocoon, December 28

Jackson, Mrs A. M. A. Warner. Telea polyphemus
Cran.., American silk worm, eggs, June 6

Wilbor, Miss M. R. Old Chatham. Callosamia prome-
thea Dru., Promethea moth, cocoons, May 10

Martin, Mrs Martha W. Albany. Same as preceding, larvae on
lilac, August 5

Worman, A. E. Fillmore. Through State Conservation Com-
mission. Diacrisia virginica Fabr., Virginia ermine
moth, adult, June 20

Strickland, L. F. Lockport. Through State Department of Ag-
riculture. Arctia caja Linn., garden tiger moth or woolly
bear of Europe, larva, October 26

3

68 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Woolworth, C. C. Castleton. Alypia octomaculata
Fabr., eight-spotted forester, larva on woodbine, July 10

Mostow, Robert. New York City. Laphygma frugi-
perda Sm. & Abb., fall army worm, larvae and pupae on
lawn, September 11

Latham, Roy. Orient Point. Same as preceding, September 11

Parsons, Samuel. New York City. Same as preceding, Sep-
tember II and 21

Niles, T. F. Chatham. Agrotis ypsilon Rott., black cut-
worm, larva, June 10

Rogers, F. E. Oswego. Mamestra picta ae zebra
caterpillar, larvae on pear, July 16

Bird, Henry. Rye. Papaipema appassionata Har-
vey, P. nmecopina Gri, P.irigtdasm. Pise da panaen
P, 1nd Wa esa tan iG? (ee ORG Po meine ee
rigida. Gris. mare rnidens (Gu; (2; moesew
Bird, -P.. duplicatai wind?) cers sata Gree
duovata Bird and- Apameactéerepta var. ¢1Ta nm mea
Bird, August 14

Bailey, G. W. Geneseo. Alabama argillacea Hibn,,
cotton moth, adults, October 9

Mosher, H. J. New Berlin. Same as preceding, October 11

Bishop, I. P. Buffalo. Same as preceding, October 13 |

Green, A. H:Shushan. “Cato cala-sp., caterpillar, jamevne

Richardson, M. T. New York City. Datana integerrima
Grt. & Rob., black walnut worm, larvae on English walnut,
August 5

smith, C. H. Mohegan Lake. Same as preceding, caterpillars,
August 22

Wiltse, J. W.. North-Chatham. Sichizura conetane wom
& Abb., red-humped apple caterpillar, larvae on apple, July 9

Dodge, J." Rochester. ‘Tolype laricis Fstch, larch tape
pet moth, larva, August 8

Coventry; D3) Wticas Malacosioma amenieana aa
apple tent caterpillar, larvae, June 12

Matthews, P. B. Bridgehampton. Through State Department
of Agriculture. Same as preceding, larvae on oak, June 19

Whitcomb of The Commonweal. Greenwich. Same as preced-
ine gdtit, Jilly 7

_Chahoon, George. Ausable Forks. Same as preceding, cocoons,
July 13

Hicks, Isaac & Son. Westbury. Malacosoma disstria
liubn., forest tent caterpillar, larvae, June Io

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 69

Worman, A. E. Fillmore. Through State Conservation Commis-
sion. Same as preceding, larvae, June 20

Wospureh, G. C. Moravia.© Eranis tiliartra’ Harr., bass-
wood inch worm, larvae on elm and basswood, June 8

Brown, Miss Helen A. Brooklyn. Thyridopteryx ephem-
eraeformis Haw., bagworm, larvae on purple _ beech,
August 2 _

Felten,G. R. Cementon. Sibine stimulea Clem., saddle-
back caterpillar, September 3

Mulholland, J. B. Kingston. Same as preceding, larvae on
blackberry, September 24

Hicks, Isaac & Son. Westbury. Zeuzera pyrina Linn,
leopard moth, work on hickory, October 26

Mulligan, E. T. New York City. Through State Department
of Agriculture. Same as preceding, larva, December 24 and 27

Lobdell, Miss Mary L. Woodhaven. Same as preceding, larva,
March 17

aroun, CC. £. - Canagjoharie- Mineola indigenella
Zell., leaf crumpler, larval cases, February 24

stevens, Ogden. Albany. Ephestia cautella ? Walk.,
larvae and adults on English walnuts, November 20

Mimi WV. Vata “SE yetrra 7! frustrana-. Comst;
caterpillar on pine, August 30

Pernaiad, H. T.. Amherst, Mass. Eevetria ? comstock-
iana Fernald, pitch twig moth on pine, June 12

econeld, K- Cocymans. Tmetocera ocellana Schiff.,
bud moth, larvae in pear buds, May 8

Pounous, G, EL -Schenectady. “Torttrix fumiferana
Clem., spruce bud moth, larvae on spruce, June 3

Weld, F. M. New York City. Coleophora caryaefol-
1ella Clem., larvae and work on hickory, July 13

Evans, Cadwallader. Stellarton, Nova Scotia. Bucculatrix
canadensisella Cham., birch leaf skeletonizer, molting
cocoons, August 29. Also larvae, cocoons and work on birch,
September 1&

Harrison, David. Staatsburgh. Phyllonoryter hama-
dryella Clem., oak blotch leaf miner, mines on oak, July 29

Wier. Miss Anne R. Garrison. Same as preceding, work on oak
August 5

Clark’s Sons, D. Fordam Heights, New York City. Through
State Department of Agriculture. Gracilaria near vio-
lacella Busck, larvae on azalea, March 7

70 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Neuroptera

Nixon, I. L. Rochester. Corydalis cornuta Linn,
horned Corydalis, adult, July 1

Thysanoptera

Ward, G. E. Ravena. Euthrips pyri Dru., pear thrips,
adults on apple, May 1

Hemiptera

Bailey, G. A. Geneseo. Tibicen septendecim Linn,
seventeen-year Cicada, adult and pupal case, June 14

Dodge, J. H. Rochester. Cicada ? linnei Grossb., harvest
fly, adult, August 26

Buchholz, A. B. Geneva. Through State Department of Agri-
culture Phylloxera caryaecaulis Fitch, hickory
gall aphid, old galls on hickory, October 26

Armer, H. N. Ballston Spa. Through State Conservation Com-
mission. Chermes pinicorticis Fitch, pine bark
aphid, adults on pine, July 5

Judson, W. P. Broadalbin. Same as preceding, July 12

Duhamel, M. F. Poughkeepsie. Same as preceding, August 8

Baker, A. M. Oneonta. Hormaphis hamamelidis
Fitch, witch-hazel cone gall, galls on witch-hazel, August 5

Banks, Mrs R.S. Albany. Pemphigus populi-trans-
versus Riley, gall and young on poplar, June 18

Olsen, C. E. Maspeth, L. I. Schizoneura americana
Riley, woolly elm leaf aphis, young on elm, June 18

Hareford, Miss Alice C. Watertown. Same as preceding, adults
and young on elm, June 21

Fuller, A. R. Malone. Same as preceding, adults and work on |
elm, July 18

Niles, Mrs S. H. Coeymans. Schizoneura lanigera
Hausm., woolly apple aphis, young on apple, November 8

Delehanty, J. A. Albany. Same as preceding, nymph on apple,
August 26

Marshall, D. T. Hollis. Chaitophorus aceris Linn,
work and young on Norway maple, July 6

Gibson, W. W. Watervliet. Same as preceding, nymphs on
Norway maple, July 11

Waterman, R. S. Ogdensburg. Callipterus ulmifolii
Mon., elm leaf aphis, adults on elm, July I

REPORT OF THE) DIRECTOR I9QI2 71

Barrus, G. L. Paul Smiths. Mindarus abietinus Koch.,,
work on balsam, July 1

fathamRoy.|.Orient Point.) Aphis) nasturfii) Kalt.,
adults and nymphs on nasturtium, October 3

Erocke 2G o Binghamton, Gossy par ia..sip a tia “Mod.
elm bark louse, males and females on elm, May 29

Peececrel, £.. A.) Boulder, Col Eriocoacews boreal) ys
Chi yadulis, October. 7

iesssers.yoamuel Albany. Phenacoccus. acerreota
King, false maple scale, males on maple, June I1

mockerel, t. O. A. Glenwood Springs; Col. Trionymus
mielasce me Ck (part of type), adult on Agropyron,
October 2

ised, er be | Macpeths Pseudococcus citri-~ Risso,
mealy bug, adult, July 20

Masi Dt. Holliss Pulvinaria vitis Linn. cottony
maple scale, adults and young on soft maple, July 6

Tioga county. Through State Department of Agriculture. Le-
canium sp., Lecanium scale, adult and young on Tecoma
radicans, November I

Carpenter, E. E. Morris. Same as preceding, adults on oak and
chestnut, June 8

Woodlawn Cemetery. New York City. Through State Conser-
vation Commission. Asterolecanium variolosum
Ratz., golden oak scale, adult, June 14 |

Pigeon |. Heine bounveyehla dirrodendr1
Gmel., tulip tree scale, young on tulip tree, February 12

Harris, A. G. North Pelham. Same as preceding, adults on
tulip, July 20

Thomson, Miss Annis E. Yonkers. Same as preceding, July 29

Clark, oN: Warrensbure,, Eulecanium ? canadense
Ckll., adults on elm, May 27

Van Aken, Silvanus. Port Ewen. Eulecanium ? persi-
cae Fabr., peach scale, adults and eggs on crimson rambler
rose, June 17

Lown, Mrs Robert. Idlewild. Same as preceding, July 2

Peavey.) buna Otmronaspis furfura, Pitch, semry
scale, eggs, March 5

Bevison |. J) Brooklyn) Chionaspis) americama
Johns., elm scurfy scale, egg on elm, February 6. Also
Cwtretaspas pantahol dae Fitch, pme deat scale, eee on
Austrian pine, February 6

72 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Duff, Mrs Harriet A. Kinderhook. Chionaspis pinifoliae
Fitch, adults on pine, September 16

Through State Department of Agriculture. Rochester. Dias-
pis carueli Targ.-Tozz., juniper scale on juniper, May 16

Heavey, J. Buffalo. Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.,
San José scale, young, March 5

Williams, C. L. Glens Falls. Same as preceding, May 24

Stone, D. D. Oswego. Aspidiotus ancylus Putn,, Put-
nam’s scale, half grown, April 19

Latham, Roy. Orient Point. Chrysomphalus aonidum
Linn., rubber scale insect, adults on rubber plant, April 22

Gaut, H. Glen Cove. Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn., oyster
Shell scale, egg on willow, December 28

Heavey, J. Buffalo. Same as preceding, eggs, March 5

Henkes, Fred. Watervliet. Through State Department of Ag-
riculture. Same as preceding, old scales on apple, May 11

Hasbrouck, Levi. Ogdensburg. Same as preceding, June 22

Olsen, C. E. Maspeth. Same as preceding, adults on white
birch, July 20

Through State Department of Agriculture. Schenectady. Par-
latoria theae CklIl., adult on Japanese maple, April 25

Overton, Miss Lillian C. Albany. Haematopinus pilif-
erus Burm., sucking dog louse, adults on dog, April 8

st John, C. Ly. Canajoharie. .B 1'sisits Vetmcop teria sss
chinch bug, adults and young, September 26

Buchman, Edwin. Valley Falls. Acholla multispinosa
DeG., spined assassin bug, nymph, August 13.

Briggs, G. J. Macedon. Cimex lectularius Linn., bed-
bug, adult, May 12

Williams, C. L. Glens Falls. Lygus pratensis Linn.,
tarnished plant bug, work on dahlia, July 17

Strickland, L. F. Lockport. Poecilocapsus lineatus
Fabr., four-lined leaf bug, adults on currant, June 19

Latham, Roys:-Orient.Point.. Benacus- @¢fiseus] Sag
giant water bug, adult, June Io

Orthoptera

Dummett, Arthur. Mount Vernon. Diapheromera fe- |
morata Say, walking-stick, adult, August 20

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 ; 73

Thysanura

Stagg, J. E. Buffalo. Through State Department of Agricul-
ture. Leéepisma,domeéstic¢ca< Packard, silver fish, adult,
October 25

Acarina

Osterhout, G. E. Windsor, Col. Eriophyes pruni Schoene,
plum mite, galls on plum, July 22

Picuick, G.- W.7 Ithaca. ~Phyllocoptes quadripes
Shimer, bladder maple gall, galls on soft maple, June 11

Babcock, H. N. Elmira. Same as preceding, June 24 |

ZOOLOGY
Donation
Mammals
Paine, Silas H. Silver Bay
Reacquirce, socrures hudsonicus, (Erxleben) .2 7... 3
- Birds

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy
Domitchker, Macrorhampius griseus (Gmelin) ~ 1
fiudsonian. sodwit, lbimosa hacemastica’* (Lin-

GEE UTS ne A op! 8 le coe ce’ Ae hen LA a eR ae oe RN I
Slarp-siimned Nawk. A cerprter velox (Wilson)./52 3
Piscom dawk, valeo veo lua bariius (Linnaeus)... Un
Ivory-billed woodpecker, Campephilus princi-

iam sen Tian st Pret iaie cis whee Jrks Mee de Wig tareee I
Priticuied (ey tirade iis americanus. (Reich.). 9g

Sanford, Dr Leonard S. New Haven, Conn.
Cit atin. teat chide y emmakis.. G20 nc. fe. es I

Birds’ nests
Delavan, Dr C. H. Round Lake

Bulimorcnunee Woeteras ealbula, (Linnaeus): 267. I
her-eyeds virco. ¥ Imeosylva olivacea. (Linnaeusj2g 4
Fishes

Bean, Dr Tarleton H. Albany
Lice, Semorina s/ bullaris.*(Ratinesque), .) 322. I

TA NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Invertebrates

Casselman, E. S. Lake Delaware

Copepods, C wehopsis tre murs (iseherses eae ee HUGE
Peck, H. S. Menands

Spider, LLycosa carolinensis, Walckenaer, te

male and: 680s e ye Acie ee lye cette ste re a ee a I
Cass, Allan. Albany
Slugs Ji dma xo0 aoc pitas. innately ea ee eee ee I
Bean, Dr Tarleton H. Albany
Breshewater clams, Wintontdaciey eee ean ee 2 Nokes
Exchange

Fresh-water and land shells

Baker, H. B. Ann Arbor, Mich.
Gontobasis divesce nis i Menke)
Campeloma decis amai(say)
Veadvattia sie eran (Sax)
Anrnic' ola Timo sasaye)
Vitwea te rr ea i(Miorse)
Cochlicopatlubrrea sWiniter)
Strobilbe ps) virco (Pilsbey)}
Sie Cimea mets a veea)
iy am avela seta aie ia a Say
Lymnacavemareginata anew la tas (Sowerby)
Ly mmuacea ist acmalas cape | essa Micsay,)
iE wen-nia ea st.aen ala sepre raaiupe aa (Valken)
Roba sa amcillarta.macn a barcusd ois- (Wales)
Pitysiaiancallatia park eri CCurter)
Dep iemaa tay 1.0% na) (Ain iaeins)
Planiowbas Jhirsu tas: (Gould)
Piamothass bie at ina tus pion pac em sus (baker)
Pile tacoma pS onc aime p a nl isliawtieins! Ss emaist hyd | (alice
Pian orbits ehwcatri na tis y (say)
Sieg me nittimage na ssid ris (VWalker)
Sphaeraum) ite a t tia) (Lamarck)
Spiliae rium gacumane tm (Prime)
Pisidium abditum (Haldeman)
Pisidium abditim- sip otun dum, (ster)
Pisa dium cee ulawes( Emme)
Lia mpi lis atero faeeamarct)
Lampsilis nasuta say)

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2

Wa od anta,o ran dii'sa id otha ay «(ien)

75

Amodontordes 'werassaciana. sia peyd od t i-

faces, 1(Lea)
| Purchase
Mammals
Barker, Fred. Parker’s Prairie, Minn.
Weasel. Mirstela.cico¢ na ni (Bonapatte. cs... 45.
Mole, +S ¢a-Lopusag waticus (Linnaetis) }..hse0h. ae
Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, Rochester
Common dolphin, Delphinu'’s delphis Linnaeus,
eae eriotha t oie on oe Weaverane Wauirlen ad ale ehacalls £6: Sth au sates Spginiby eoeal eel ayes

Birds

Barker, Fred. Parker’s Prairie, Minn.
Holboell grebe, Colymbu's holboelli (Reimbhardt)..
Rme-pilled cull harus delawarensis, Ord.) cu...

Bongpaste sully ands philadelphtra: (Ord) usa
Camnanr ten Sterna hirumdo.Linnaetis..:...ssn.
black, “ier, iayaerochelidon.. nigra ‘surana-
1h RL ee Se enMeNIAT SCRA SS Lee se we ack Rk eee
White pelican, Pelecanus- erythrorhynchos
(Siege) ah Aue: Bee NP Ps eee a rR ec

Raneidia tat hea hse Teint anus “hannaews: 502.0.
Stilt sandpiper, Micropalma himantopus (Bon-
pie ie aa he See ame 2s aad Mtoe weihionst.
Semipalmated sandpiper, Ereunetes pusillus (Lin-
TP SUSLGIS) ik ate tak ilert Lake Ear ck oe PV ea
ieesser yeuowiess,, Dotranws tlavapes (Gmelin) ..%..
Black-breasted plover, Squatarola squatarola
EIT ISE ORE etek ty Ls ee ni nn
Kilideer ‘plover, Oxyechus*vociferus. (Linnaeus).
ine necked ployer, Avegialitis. semipalmata
MED BTA ES 00 oe Dial Ns oid 0 ren PP
Brown, Wilbur. Albany.
Pear inepley a bar toe eVsarinl a) BA GUOR oi iiics os. ss ws ER ee
Danygriz, Mathew. Albany

ithe eee oedeedrolima: (Linnaeus)... is<s4) 4.
Mellow. tal; “Catsrnicops novebotacensts
ETS PS Da! 0) et ga int ti Lretidas

Wilson phalarope, Steganopus tricolor (Vieillot).

We NHN

Wo

Ny WwW

76 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Avocet, Recurvirostra americana Gmeim-.s-
Stilt sandpiper, Micropalma himantopus (Bon-

aparte) fy esi a iie Wie eens eapanesene Senet ere eee
Least sandpiper,,Pisobia minmtilla “(Viellot)....
Marbled godwit, “L1m’ois2) fed oay<(Linagens)e-e ee
Willet, Catoptrophorus semipalmatus

(Gamelin )vciga sg ceded ees, ss peo eee eee ee ee ee
Upland plover, Bartramia longicauda (Bechstein)
Buff-breasted sandpiper, Tryngites subruficol-

Li-sueCVaelllot): 8 tinin areas cee ne ee
Spotted sandpiper, Actitis macularius (Linnaeus)
Long-billed curlew, Numenius americanus Bech-

SHCUA EPG. ike eases Susie ab os so eve sete. eer ee eee
Golden plover, Ciwaradrinus don inves. Mailer
Hurnstone; Arenaria wnterpres- (innaensjie. oe

Rough-legged hawk, Ar chia bia tieio lagopus

Sancti 4 Ola nmas (Gmelin). snk aie eee
Great horned owl, Bubo virginianus (Gmelin)..
Pileated woodpecker, Phloeotomus' pileatus

CLinnaetis J tie ba Se as cue © Eevee renee eee
Redpoll linnet, Acanthis Janay ia, (iuinaens) yo. jee
White-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leuco-

phir yis .@Porster) ei. aio ai oe oie eee

Sanderson, W. Rensselaer
American scoter, Oidemia americana (Swainson

and’ Richardson) ye. c ton ta telae ieee atin oe eee

Birds’ nests and eggs
Hart, C. G.- East Berlin, Conn.
Red-shouldered hawk, Buteo lineatus (Gmelin),
nest and three eggs.
Cooper hawk, Accipiter cooperi (Bonaparte), nest
and four eggs.

Reptiles
Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, Rochester
Harp turtle, Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli)
CASE: VS ooo ene CR eee eelie > %s Ns attest oa atte is o's Ge aeons Pout
Amphibia
Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, Rochester
Common tree toad, Hyla versicolor Le Conte, casts.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 a7

ARCHEOLOGY
Donation
Auringer Collection, donated by Dr Albert Vander Veer
i GaieeSPeat. . . .s veratk’s PPE ae tm LS A Be Mh tl ce tami ts I
Bm MMM TA UUE SS CSTOTIG So. 05 \y ya a 0i'e oath te chek xl teen ata «eee 180
a aeer acme eS a Lek wavs bs, 4 lav aaa emer ea 6
ee eg ees aig 0 aceta oa IN, gee 28
DEERE OL EVS S003 AS laa a Ores iP ard enka 30
Thy BRE AC NG Sa I CA ek 40
JP PEE DSL UGG, eh Sue ee Oe AINE ea nee ie ar, ea eRe et 6
EERE 9 aly (Sy has gc Pe ATP ZY 4
Pree WES r UE SEMEINICA IIIS A loin. 6 es ee a oe wee ee 4
EES VST SE) TST, Sah sce a a Ra an er I
Rites tee SIRO a te 2 he we koa wa Gare ia ab a's ewe ep ould Wise I
WE MS VSS oe, a et eg a Sa a eee 20
Re ees eeteet ete ee ere PS Ga ah tas ba als se voce o bp Aa ala 102
UNDE 2ST Se GS ea eg OO 184
EG ES DLS aE Ss i 0s Ae ap 12
EU Seen oda Oe Beal A a re 54
re ana ere NO te tne ype Sas 6 alk wa 3 alee oe eee 52
PeeSLOMem BVO ned tTAC MEMES cree. sek ss ee esi ele lbs ai
Bird, Daniel. Troy
Sei attra CTEM SHOR SKEICTOIU 25 00s. oc ne eke ee wes I
Burmaster, E. R. Irving
SENG SatA Eee et eC eg a oY oi wud gods we ke I
Ls Bere aitiee Cone rege obese ot Lt A 4
SHULS Wyee Ae iia ea Gad) ot eka ae I
(DEG yegere NE SG SI Ah 8 Pe da I
LETT eis eG VSS ee RN le I
Holden, Hon. J. A. Glens Falls
Pela ee MU het ee eee Ns a 'o Sn x wo one poles oe.0 2 I
Hurd, A. S. Troy .
Speeimen MMe BeMIIiAr KHIIGs 1, ..)'s cee soc ee 5 he eos es I
SIL GPE Era eT elie pellet 0 en ae I
eee ee Ue ae Pe ia n)n sa fs 2 on oe a ole one the 10)
Purchase
Tann, Mrs Charles. Troy
CLO) See PU PORE, ah 5 a a conn HG Ae 16
RUE MOMS eee LAM Nelo cl cs cs o'gie hla eeinlalej et 7%
SULEAGS shud Mo dys) Bol | cheba) Mh ine eee PrP Leer 16

78 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Kopple, Pauline. New York

Carved wooden €ruciix ep. Seer 6) ee eee eee I
Schmits

Baskets\-25 2) on oe gs lied othe CoS a rel ol wl STO ELC ee a 3
Nicholson, A. S. Neopit, Wis

Bark houses fed. . La Rete. os eee eee I
Bradly, E. R. Cazenovia

Grooved ‘shart Stone .nncr).e aces Sob age ete et anes Smee I

Collection im the field
Parker, A. C.
Atgonquin “bark hamper .2 2:..54:.02)% eae gee eee eee
Brass, medals. 2.3 vaca. nas oh ok eee
VWiooden Spoons... 0.655 04.4 te ik oe eee
Seneea MASK so. since eoos Ga whee cae eh eee

KH HH NHN A He

THE MOUNT MORRIS MiP ?t PORTE
BY H. P. WHITLOCK

The State Museum has recently acquired by purchase a
meteoric fragment which represents a hitherto unrecorded fall,
and adds another occurrence to the small number of authenti-
cated meteorites from New York State.

The specimen was found in December 1897 by Mr Frederick
H. Crofoot, on the Landers farm about one and one-half miles
south of Mount Morris, Livingston county, N. Y. It measures
30 mm x 20 mm x 13 mm and weighs 12.48 grams. The shape
roughly suggests a rhomboidal solid similar to a distorted
thombic-dodecahedron, although this rough shape has in all
probability no significance and is purely accidental. One side
has been roughly polished, showing the structure.

The structure classification which was determined as nearly
as possible macroscopically, places this meteorite in the group
Chondrites, the ground mass being composed of spherulitic chon-
drules of enstatite and olivine of irregular sizes. The ground mass
is broken by irregular shotlike grains of iron.

Notwithstanding the small size of the specimen, all the evi-
dence appears to confirm the statement of Mr Crofoot that the
present fragment represents the entire bulk of this fall.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2

79

Figure 1 gives a full-size view of the meteorite, showing the
general shape and character of the surface.
polished surface of one side; the brilliantly reflecting portions
of the surface are the iron particles included in the ground mass.

Full-size

Pie T
view showing general
shape and character
of the surface

Figure 2 shows the

Fig. 2 Full-size

vie

w showing pol-

ished surface of
one side

The following list gives the authenticated meteorites which

have been found in New

REPRE-
SENTED
INN. ¥
LOCALITY OF FALL SRS
MUS.
COLL
Bethlehem, Albany co.... <<
Burlington, Otsego co..... x
Long Creek, Jefferson co..|........
Kackport. Niagara COm.~ .fcloee..--
Mount Morris, Livingston
COP Saat tee Sie Ree ee x
Scriba, Oswego cO........ «
Seneca Falls, Seneca co....]........
Seneca River, Cayuga co..|...:....
Tomhannock, Rensselaer
COV eran cded x
Yorktown, Westchester co.

York State.

DATE OF
DISCOVERY

aAug. 11, 1859 |Am. Jour
Previous to 1819 |Am. Jour

1818 Am. Jour
REO wh lis clei akaleue's
FT ARAL ee ipa Am. Jour
es tes COREY TOO Am. Jour
bn ET pee ate Peake Am. Jour
bc cat chee ehete tere eee Am. Jour

PUBLISHED ACCOUNT

In British Museum Coll

AUTHOR

- Sci. (2). 28:300./C. V. Shepard
. Sci. (1). 46:401|/James Pierce

a fe, \e)|\«, 16) (6 6) .6:fe] ave (0) e].e\e,

ele 0:0 0, «.\e 0] 0 0\\¢ © © 6 © 4\\0, © 0 6) « (0 (e\e) Qi eile) &

. 40:336.|C. V. Shepard
2:39../C. V. Shepard
. 14:439.|E. W. Root

. 34:60..|Bailey

a Observed fall.

EARLY PALEOZOIC PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE
~ SOUTHERN ADIRONDACKS

BY WILLIAM J. MILLER

" INTRODUCTION

For many years the problem of the early Paleozoic physi-
ography of the Adirondack region has been an important one to
all interested in the geological history of northern New York.
Observations made during the past ten or fifteen years have thrown
much light upon this problem, especially significant being the
work of Cushing, Kemp, Ruedemann, and Ulrich. For some
years the writer also has been studying the geology of the
southern Adirondacks, the five quadrangles which he has map-
ped in detail all having important bearings upon the subject. It
is the purpose of this paper to bring together old and new ob-
servations in an attempt to reconstruct the major physiographic
features of the southern Adirondack region during the Cambric
and Ordovicic periods. The Black river, Mohawk and Cham-
plain valleys will be discussed only in so far as facts from those
regions have a direct bearing upon the problem. Since the
Paleozoic rock outliers in the southeastern Adirondacks are
particularly significant in this connection, they will be duly
emphasized.

Some of the principal questions discussed are the following:

1 What was the character of the surface of the Precambric
rock upon which the early Paleozoic sea encroached?

2 Were the early Paleozoic sediments deposited in embay-
ments of the sea extending into the Precambric rock area or did
they form a more general mantle over the Precambric rocks?

3 Was the southern Adirondack region ever completely sub-
merged during the Paleozoic era and, if so, when?

4 Where were the principal land areas located during the
Cambric and Ordovicic periods?

5 Does the present northeast-southwest main axis of eleva-
tion through the Adirondacks also have an early Paleozoic
significance?

80

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 Sel!

CAMBRIC PHYSIOGRAPHY

The Cambric peneplain. As is well known, the whole Adiron-
dack region was above water and undergoing erosion during the
early and middle Cambric. This is proved by the total absence
of the early and middle Cambric strata and also because there
is not the slightest evidence that any such strata ever were
deposited over the region. Furthermore there is every reason
to believe that this important erosion interval was inaugurated
long before the opening of the Paleozoic era. As a result of
this vast erosion the whole Adirondack region had, by the open-
ing of Potsdam (late Cambric) time, become worn down to the
condition of a more or less well-developed peneplain. |

As will be shown below, the distribution of the strata proves
that the northeastern and eastern borders of the Adirondacks
sank below sea level first in early Potsdam time; then the south-
eastern and southern portions in late Potsdam, Theresa and
Little Falls times; and last the southwestern border well along
in Ordovicic (Pamelia) time.

The peneplain surface of the Precambric rock under the Paleo-
zoic strata has been carefully studied on all sides of the Adiron-
-dacks and it has been fully demonstrated that it is roughest
along the northeastern and eastern sides; less rough along the
southeastern and southern sides; and very smooth along the
southwestern side. Even where roughest the differences of
elevation never amount to more than a few hundred feet, while
on the southern side Cushing? and the writer’ have each found
knobs or ridges of hard Precambric rock projecting upward from
fifty to eighty feet into the Cambric strata, though these appear
to be extreme cases of ruggedness of the surface of the pene-
plain. Along the southwestern border of the Adirondacks the
writer has shown by his mapping of the Port Leyden quad-
rangle® that the surface of the peneplain is there remarkably
smooth. This increasing smoothness of the peneplain from
northeast to southwest is precisely what would be expected
because the southwestern side of the Adirondacks remained dry
land much the longest time. In the eastern Adirondacks Kemp‘

2Page 57-58. The footnote numbers refer to the numbered references
given in the list at the end of this paper.

10 Page 51.

9 Pages 40-41.
6 Pages 408-12.

82 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

has argued that the major relief features immediately prior to
the advent of the Potsdam sea were valleys carved out along
the belts of weaker Grenville strata, especially the limestones.

Positive evidence regarding the physiographic condition of the
interior Adirondack region during Cambric time is of course
lacking, but there is no reason whatever for thinking that it was
essentially different from the immediately surrounding regions
except probably that the general altitude was somewhat greater.

Encroachment of the late Cambric sea. Cushing® has proved
that the Potsdam sea encroachd upon the Adirondack region
from the northeast toward the southwest because the sandstone
formation of that age progressively thins from a thickness of
over one thousand feet to disappearance in the southwest. Dur-
ing the encroachment of this late Cambric sea, did the waters
enter distinct embayments or estuaries as Kemp® has suggested
or did they form a more regular shore line? Along the eastern
side, where the topography was moderately rugged, such embay-
ments were quite likely physiographic features of some impor-
tance due to a drowning of the valleys which had been cut out
along the belts of weaker Grenville strata. In the southern
Adirondacks, however, the evidence is decidedly against the en-
croachment of the late Cambric sea by setting up anything like
well-defined embayments or estuaries extending into the area of
Precambric rock.

The outliers of Palezoic rock in the southeastern Adirondacks
are of first importance in this connection. All the definitely
known outliers well within the Precambric rock area of this
region are given in the following list:

1 A small exposure of Potsdam sandstone near the south-
western corner of the Elizabethtown quadrangle and near the
village of North Hudson.

2, 3, 4 Three outliers of Potsdam sandstone along the eastern
side of the Paradox Lake quadrangle.

5 The Little Falls dolomite outlier (probably with underlying
Potsdam) at Schroon Lake village, Schroon Lake quadrangle.

6 A small outlier of Potsdam sandstone one and one-half
miles west of the village of North River in the northeastern
corner of the Thirteenth Lake quadrangle.

3 Pages 279-80.
6 Pages 408-12.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 83

7 A small outcrop of Theresa sandstone and dolomite (prob-
ably with underlying Potsdam) near the northern border of the
Luzerne quadrangle and one mile due west of High Street
village.

8 The outlier in the Sacandaga valley at Wells, Lake Pleasant
quadrangle. This, the largest and most interesting of all the
outliers, shows Potsdam sandstone, Theresa transition beds,
Little Falls dolomite, Black River (Lowville) limestone, Trenton
limestone, and Canaioharie (Trenton) shale.

g An outlier showing Theresa beds, Little Falls dolomite, and
Black River limestone in the Sacandaga river valley of the Lake
Pleasant quadrangle and between one and three miles northwest
of Hope postoffice.

Of these, numbers 7 and 9g have been discovered by the writer
within the past three years.

Besides the above there are a number of other outliers close
to the main body of Paleozoic strata as: In the valley one and
one-half miles west of Northville (Broadalbin quadrangle) and
including Potsdam, Theresa and Little Falls strata; several
Potsdam sandstone outliers within the tongue of Precambric
rock lying just east of Lake George; and several others in the
northwestern portion of the Ticonderoga quadrangle.

Wherever detailed geologic maps have been recently made in
the southeastern Adirondacks the region is shown to be literally
cut to pieces by numerous normal faults, as many as fifteen to
thirty being clearly recognizable within single quadrangles.
Most of the prominent faults strike northeast-southwest with
throws usually ranging from a few hundred to two thousand or
more feet. It is important to note that all the outliers above
mentioned as occurring well within the Precambric rock area,
except possibly those of the Paradox Lake quadrangle, lie on
the downthrow sides of such faults. In the case of the Wells
outlier (No. 8) the valley is of the nature of a “ graben” or fault-
trough with a prominent fault on each side so that the block of
Paleozoic rock has been dropped down no less than sixteen
hundred feet to its present position. Thus there appears to be
no escape from the conclusion that the valleys containing these
outliers have been largely produced by faulting and that the
Paleozoic strata formerly lay at a much higher level, that is,
the general level of the Precambric rock surface.

84 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

It should be pointed out that the possible exceptions in the
cases of the outhers along the eastern side of the Paradox Lake
anadrangle, as well as those of the Ticonderoga quadrangle and
to the east of Lake George, all lie close to the general Paleozoic
rock area and in that portion of the southern Adirondacks upon
which the late Cambric sea first encroached and where the topog-
raphy was most rugged so that it is quite possible that local
embaymients receiving Cambric sediments did there exist.

In the cases of all the other and important outliers there does
not appear to be any direct evidence favoring the existence of
embaynients nor any need for such an explanatior to account for
the phenomena of the outliers. Simple downfaulting of the
Paleozoic strata has often carried masses of these so far down
that remnants have been protected from complete removal by
subsequent erosion. As already shown the southern Adiron-
dack region was, by the beginning of the Potsdam, worn down
to a peneplain upon whose surface only a few very minor itregu-
larities existed. This being the case, anything like prominent
embayments or estuaries could not possibly have existed.
Another argument decidedly against the embayment idea comes
out of the character of the sediments within the outliers. Thus
the dolomite in the Schroon Lake and Wells outliers is a dis-
tinctly marine formation of exactly the same character as that
of the general Paleozoic rock area. Or again, the Canajoharie
black shale at Wells is both faunally and lithologically distinctly
marine and precisely like that of the Mohawk valley. Estuarine
deposits would show certain distinct local variations and hence
the very uniformity of sediments in the outliers precludes the
possibility of deposition in estuaries. Thus we are forced to
conclude that when the early Paleozoic sea encroached upon the
southern Adirondacks, the shore line was fairly regular, with
possibly some very small local embayments along the eastern
side, and that a general mantle of sediments was deposited over
the whole southeastern Adirondack region.

Extent of the Cambric seas. Nearly all the Paleozoic outliers
show the presence of Potsdam sandstone, and in the few cases
where it does not actually outcrop it is most likely present
though concealed from view. In the southern Adirondacks no
Potsdam sandstone outcrops west of a nearly straight northeast-
southwest line passing through the outliers at or near North
Hudson (No. 1), North River (No. 6), Wells (No. 8), and

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 85

through the village of St Johnsville in the Mohawk valley. Thus
we are certain that the shallow Potsdam sea overspread prac-
tically the whole southern Adirondack region east of this line ex-
cept for a few local knobs or ridges of hard Precambric rock
which remained above the sea level. A fine example of such a
local projection above the Potsdam sea level has been described
by the writer! in his report on the Broadalbin quadrangle. That
the Potsdam shore line extended a short but unknown distance
farther west than Wells and North River is certain because a
considerable thickness of sandstone is still represented at those
places. This conclusion regarding the position of the Potsdam
shore line is in harmony with the statement of Ulrich and
Cushing!® when they say: “It is thought that along the Mo-
hawk line the Potsdam shore had a southwesterly trend more
to the south than the present Precambric margin, the two
meeting at an angle; east of the meeting point the Potsdam ap-
pears under the Little Falls, while west of it the Potsdam is
either absent or erosion has not yet cut down to it.”

That the southwestern Adirondacks were not submerged un-
der the Potsdam sea is proved by the complete absence of the
sandstone from the southwestern border; the very character of
the sediments (sands and pebbles) which demands nearness to a
mass of Precambric rock; and the negative evidence from the
fact that no outhers of Potsdam have ever been found in this re-
gion. The Potsdam sea did extend up the St Lawrence valley as
shown by the presence of the sandstone there.

Thus we conclude that a long, low, land area of Precambric
rock extended in a northeast-southwest direction through the
Adirondack region, and that this height of land in Potsdam time
had almost exactly the same position as the present main axis of
elevation of the mountains. |

Since the Potsdam sandstone grades into the succeeding, alter-
nating sandstone and dolomite beds of the Theresa and the two
formations have almost precisely the same distribution, we are
safe in asserting that the physical geography conditions of The-
resa time were essentially like those of Potsdam time except that
the southeastern Adirondacks were then even a little more sub-
merged.

- The distribution of the Little Falls dolomite which succeeds
the Theresa beds without unconformity along the southern and

10 Pages 51-52.
16 Page 139.

86 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

southeastern border of the Adirondacks and in the outliers at
Schroon Lake and Wells shows that the Little Falls sea extended
over at least as much of the southern Adirondacks as did the
Potsdam-Theresa seas. In the Mohawk valley region it ex-
tended considerably farther westward overlapping upon the Pre-
cambric rock to the southwest corner of the Wilmurt quadrangle
where the dolomite thins out to disappearance. From this point
northwestward the Precambric rock margin shows no dolomite,
thus proving the absence of the Little Falls sea there. The very
rapid decrease in thickness oi the dolomite from four hundred
feet at Little Falls to complete disappearance just beyond the
northern boundary of the Little Falls quadrangle also shows the
limit of the sea in that district. Accordingly there must. have
been a large land mass in the southwestern Adirondack region.
The very presence of so many sand grains in the dolomite (giv-
ing rise to the old name Calciferous sandrock) requires that it
was deposited comparatively near a land mass. Thus during
late Little Falls time the eastern portion of the southern Adiron-
dacks was submerged while the western portion remained dry
land, the shore line extending from the southwest corner of the
Wilmurt quadrangle most probably in a northeasterly direction
through the southern Adirondacks. That its shore line was, in
general, a little farther westward than that of the Potsdam sea is
strongly suggested by the fact that all the Cambric sediments
were gradually accumulated in a downsinking trough occupying
the southeastern Adirondack area. This idea of a gradual west-
erly encroachment oi the Cambric sea is borne out by the follow-
ing facts: The thickness of the Cambric section within the Sara-
toga quadrangle is from four hundred to five hundred feet;
within the Broadalbin quadrangle near Northville four hundred
to four hundred and fifty feet; and at Wells about two hundred
feet. This rapid decrease in thickness of two hundred feet from
Northville to Wells within a distance of fourteen miles shows a
westward to northwestward encroachment of the Cambric sea
and that the downward slope of the surface here receiving Cam-
bric sediments was fourteen feet a mile toward the southeast.

According to Ulrich and Cushing” there is a distinct stratt-
graphic break represented by a notable erosion unconformity at
the top of the Little Falls dolomite. Thus all available evidence
supports the idea that, by the close of the Cambric period, subsidence

16 Page 129.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 87

ceased and the whole southern Adirondack region was raised above
sea level and underwent erosion. The western portion of this land
area was of Precambric rock while the surface rock in the eastern
portion was Little Falls dolomite.

To summarize for the Cambric period: All evidence is decid-
edly against a complete submergence of the southern Adirondack
region during the late Cambric period, the land mass of the time
having occupied at least all of Hamilton county except its south-
eastern portion; all the northern half of Herkimer county; and
most of the eastern portion of Lewis county. This axis of ele-
vation most likely continued northeastwardly through the Adi-
rondack region to its northeastern portion and occupied about the
same area as the present main axis of elevation of the mountains.
The close of the Cambric witnessed an uplift sufficient to convert
the whole southern Adirondack region into dry land.

ORDOVICIC PHYSIOGRAPHY

Early Ordovicic. According to Ulrich and Cushing!® the
Tribes Hill limestone is the earliest Ordovicic formation. Its
distribution demonstrates that the Mohawk valley to a little
northwest of Little Falls and the lower Black river valley were
submerged. Its total absence from the southwestern Precambric
boundary, from the outlier at Wells, and from the vicinity of
Northville and Saratoga Springs strongly suggests that little if
any of the southern Adirondack region was submerged under the
Tribes Hill sea. This limestone is probably not present in the
Champlain valiey but, if it is, a little of the eastern border of the
Adirondacks may have been submerged. It would seem, there-
fore, that this Tribes Hill submergence was not as extensive as
that of Little Falls time. After the deposition of the Tribes Hill
limestone, however, there was a long erosion interval continuing
to Black River time and hence because of removal of Tribes Hill
limestone by this erosion it is more than likely that the present
outcrops do not indicate the full extent of the Tribes Hill sea.
At any rate there is not the slightest direct evidence for any con-
siderable submergence of the southern Adirondack area at this
time.

During the long interval between Tribes Hill and Black River
times the whole southern Adirondack region was above sea level
except locally along the western border for a short time when

16 Pages 128-30.

88 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

the Pamelia (Chazy) limestone was being deposited in the Black
river valley and also locally along the eastern border when cer-
tain other limestones of the Chazy group were being laid down
in the Champlain trough. .

For most part the various Black River limestone members are
thin and patchy in their distribution except in the Black river
valley, and no attempt is here made to enter into the details of
physiography and oscillations of level in Black River time. Suf-
fice it to say that early Black River (Lowville) limestone is pres-
ent on all sides of the southern Adirondacks and in the outlier
at Wells, it being but a few feet thick in the eastern and southern
portions and fifty to sixty feet thick along the western border.
Therefore, judging by the areal distribution and thinness of the
Lowville we are practically certain that the central western por-
tion of the Adirondack area was not submerged during early
Black River time. ‘Thin limestone deposits of late Black River
age are confined to the vicinity of Watertown (Watertown
limestone) and along the eastern and southeastern borders of the
Adirondacks (Amsterdam limestone) with deposition in these
two regions not occurring simultaneously. Thus there could not
have been anything like extensive submergence of the southern
Adirondacks in late Black River time.

The widespread unconformity at the summit of the Black River
group of limestones shows that a general upward oscillation occurred
and that the whole southern Adirondack region became dry land
before the succeeding Trenton submergence.

Late Ordovicic. During Trenton time there was a widespread
submergence of much of the southern Adirondack region as shown
by the existence of Trenton limestone or shale hundreds of feet
thick on all sides of the region and even in the outlier at Wells. The
limestone is almost wholly confined to the western side, there being
but a few feet of limestone at the base of the Trenton on the
eastern side where thick shales (Canajoharie and Schenectady)
comprise nearly the whole section.

Considering the thickness (about four hundred feet) of the
Trenton limestone in the upper Black River valley and the slope of
the surface? on which deposition occurred, the Trenton sea could not
have extended more than forty miles eastward into the Adirondack
area. If we consider deposition to have taken place in a distinctly
downwarped trough, then the Trenton sea must have extended in

9 Page 43.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 89

considerably less than forty miles, and this is the most likely view.
By a similar line of reasoning Cushing” has shown that the Trenton
sea could not have reached more than ten miles north of the north
boundary of the Little Falls quadrangle. The thickness of about
three hundred feet of Trenton (mostly shale) in the outlier at Wells
shows that the Trenton sea must have reached at least a few miles
north and west of that locality. Pebbles of Precambric rock and
grains of sand in the Trenton limestone at Wells, however, make
the existence of near-by land (Precambric rock) practically a cer-
tainty as argued by Kemp.‘

From the above statements we conclude that dry land existed in
the region of southwestern Hamilton county and also most pro-
bably over all of northern Hamilton county. It is worthy of note
that this Trenton land mass, with northeast-southwest trend, oc-
cupied the same region as the present belt of highest land in the
southern Adirondacks, and also that this land mass, though now
smaller, occupied the same position as that of late Cambric and
early Ordovicic times. The absence of Paleozoic rock outliers west
of a northeast-southwest line through Wells and North River at
least affords interesting negative evidence in harmony with this view.

Regarding Utica and Postutica times the results of recent work
are decidedly against submergence of the whole Adirondack region.
Considering the great thickness of Paleozoic strata; the slope of the
surface of the Precambric rock; and the existing altitudes within
the Adirondacks, Walcott, Cushing and the writer have all been
led to conclude that the late Ordovicic sea must have extended
almost, if not quite, across the whole Adirondack area. Many
years ago Walcott! said: “There was a practically conformable
deposit of sediments against and over the area of the Adirondack
mountains from early Cambric times to the close of the deposition
of the Utica shales, except in the case of the unconformity by non-
deposition between the Potsdam and the Chazy.”

Later Cushing,! as a result of his studies along the northeastern
border of the Adirondacks, said: ‘“‘ The basal Potsdam is found
running up to an elevation of seventeen hundred fifty feet in the
northern Adirondacks. With the relief of the region as it is now
the deposition of the minimum thickness (four thousand feet) of

1 Page 77.

2 Page 61.

7 Page 152.

17 Pages 24-25.

gO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

the Paleozoic rocks assigned above on this Potsdam would leave
none of the present peaks projecting above the general level.”
Again he stated:? “This submergence (Utica) apparently com-
pletely overswept the old Adirondack island, and that for the first
time in its paleozoic history, with the possible exception of the latter
part of the: Trenton.

Still later the writer,®? speaking of the Paleozoic sediments along
the southwestern border of the Adirondacks, said: ‘“ This thick-
ness (fourteen hundred feet) is great enough so that even after
allowing for decreased thickness due to overlap and a possibly in-
creased slope (receiving sediments) as the heart of the Adirondacks
was approached, we seem to have here a strong argument in favor of
the submergence of the region for many miles to the east and north-
east of Port Leyden, so that by the close of the Lower Siluric
(Ordovicic) the submergence extended to, or close to, the heart of
the Adirondacks.”

This line of reasoning, however, does not regard the possible
importance of downwarping troughs of deposition. As already
shown in this paper, such troughs of deposition clearly did exist
from Potsdam through Trenton time and we have no good reason
to doubt their existence during Utica and late Ordovicic time as
well. In a recent paper Cushing* says: “As the evidence accumu-
lates it points more and more strongly to deposit in downwarping
troughs, in which large depth of deposit by no means implies ex-
tensive overlap on the shores. . . . Even when submerged at the
same time, as in the Trenton, the deposits on the two sides (east
and west) are so different both lithologically and faunally, as to
indicate that the two basins had no very direct connection.”

Some years ago Ruedemann, by noting the parallel positions of
the graptolites in the black shales at Wells, Dolgeville (Herkimer
county), along Nine Mile creek near Trenton Falls (Oneida
county), etc., proved the existence of a late Ordovicic ocean current
across the southern side of the Adirondack region. The proof for
the existence of such an ocean current by no means implies that it
swept entirely across the whole Adirondack region, and hence we
have here no argument for a complete submergence of the region
at that time. In fact Ruedemann gives good reason for the belief

3 Page 285.

JP awe Ade

9 Page 43.

14 Pages 367-91 and 1 Pages 75-81.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 QJ

that this current which was a southerly to southwesterly one along
the eastern side of the Adirondack region changed to a more
westerly current along the southern side, and this is precisely what
would be expected in the case of a current sweeping partly around
a land mass occupying the central Adirondack area.

Further, the very recent work of Ruedemann shows that the
shales of the lower Mohawk valley and Champlain valley which
have always been regarded as of Utica age are, in reality, of
Trenton (Canajoharie and Schenectady) age; that the Utica shale
is wholly absent from those regions; and that there is no evidence
of their ever having been deposited there. Hence any argument for
the complete submergence of the Adirondacks during Utica time
receives a serious setback.

In the Black River valley the Utica is followed without inter-
ruption by the Frankfort and Pulaski shales and sandstones. The
combined thickness (about nine hundred feet) there of the Utica,
Frankfort, and Pulaski clearly implies, even considering deposition
in a downwarping trough, that the sea spread well over the western
side of the southern Adirondack region. However, the very char-
acter of the Frankfort and Pulaski rocks, which contain so much
sandstone, implies comparative nearness to land undergoing pretty
rapid wear and more than likely this land mass, in part at least, lay
in the same general region as that of earlier time. In the vicinity
of Utica the Pulaski beds are missing, signifying dry land there
during that time, while on the southern and eastern sides the only
strata of Posttrenton age are the Indian Ladder beds of Albany
county which are thought to correlate with the Frankfort beds and
which signify local subsidence at that time for that region. The
outlier at Wells furnishes no data for Posttrenton time because of
the absence of any strata younger than Canajoharie age.

South of Utica there is an important stratigraphic break between
the Oneida (Siluric) conglomerate and the underlying Frankfort
(Ordovicic) shales. This unconformity is very distinct so that prior
to the deposition of the Oneida the region around Utica was well
above sea level and undergoing erosion. The only possible source
of the pebbles in the Oneida formation would seem to have been an
area of Precambric rock, more than likely situated in that same
portion of the Adirondacks which never became submerged during
the Cambro-Ordovicic periods. That this uplift, which began in
the late Ordovicic, affected the region as far eastward as the Hudson
valley, and that the land remained above sea level for a long time

Q2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

is shown by the complete absence of the Oneida conglomerate and
the nearly complete absence of the Clinton and Niagara formations
from southern Herkimer county eastward. Such a widespread and
important elevation of the land in the Mohawk valley region almost
certainly upraised the whole southern Adirondacks except possibly
the very western border. Cushing® has given evidence to show that
the northeastern Adirondack area was distinctly elevated even
earlier in the late Ordovicic than the southern area. It is more
than probable that this period of elevation in northern New York
culminated with the great Taconic revolution.

To summarize for Ordovicic Posttrenton time we find that a con-
siderable portion of the western side of the Adirondacks was sub-
merged, while the whole middle and eastern portion was dry land
except possibly locally along the southeastern border during the
deposition of the Indian Ladder beds. After the deposition of the
Frankfort shales there was an important uplift (inaugurating the
Taconic revolution) which brought the whole southern Adirondack
area, except probably the very western border, well above sea
level, and we have no good reason to think that any considerable
portion of the Adirondack region was ever again submerged.

Some of the more important conclusions, regarding the early
Paleozoic physiography of the southern Adirondacks, reached in
this paper are the following:

1 The early Paleozoic sea encroached upon a more or less well-
developed peneplain in the Adirondack region, this peneplain being
moderately rugged in the northeastern and eastern portions; less
so in the southern portion; and very smooth in the southwestern
portion, such a difference in character of the peneplain no doubt
being due to the fact that the southwestern portion longest re-
mained above sea level.

2 When the early Paleozoic sea encroached upon the region it
did not set up embayments or estuaries in the Precambric rock
area, except possibly to some extent on the eastern side, as shown
by the peneplain character of the Precambric rock surface; the
typical marine character of the deposits in the Paleozoic rock out-
liers; and the downfaulted structure of the outliers.

3 The region was never completely submerged during the Paleo-
zoic era though, at the time of maximum submergence during the
Trenton, only a comparatively small land mass remained.

3 Page 285.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I912 93

4 The land areas varied considerably in extent from time to time,
but the principal area of unsubmerged Precambric rock ran in a
northeast-southwest direction through the southern Adirondack re-
gion and most likely continued through the northern region.

5 This prominent northeast-southwest structural belt or axis of
elevation, occupying practically the same position as the present
main axis of elevation of the mountains, has played an important
part in the geological history of northern New York.

REFERENCE LIST
Cushing, H. P.
Die i See Geol toirein «Rep. Geology of. Franklm
County. Especially pages 76-77.
2 NOY: State Mics’ Bbul77.’ Geology of the Vicinity of Little
Falls. Especially pages S-1o and 51-62.
2 NY. State’ Mus. Bul: 95... Geology of the Northern Adi-
rondack Region. Especially pages 279-85 and 418-21.
4 Am. Jour. Sci. Feb. 1911. Nomenclature of the Lower Paleo-
zoic Rocks of New York. Pages 135-45, especially page
144.
Cushing, H. P. and Ruedemann, R.
5 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. Geology of the Saratoga Quadrangle.
In press.
Kemp, J. F.
6 Geol. Soc. Am. Bul. 8, pages 408-12. Physiography of the East-
ern Adirondacks in the Cambrian and Ordovician Periods.
Kemp, J. F., Newland D. H., and Hill, B. F.
7 N. Y. State Geol. 18th An. Rep. Preliminary Report on the
Geology of Hamilton, Warren and Washington Counties.
Pages 134-62, especially pages 145-52.
Miller, W. J.
8 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 126. Geology of the Remsen Quad-
rangle. Especially pages 33-37. i
Ben oestate: Mis. bub ess Geology of the Port, Leyden
Quadrangle. Especially pages 37-44.
10) Na Vs otate- Mus. Bul) 153. Geology of the’ Broadalbin
Quadrangle. Especially pages 50-54.
11 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. Geology of the North Creek Quad-
rangle. In press.
i2 N.Y. State) Mus. “Bul; Geology. of the -Lake Pleasant
Quadrangle. In preparation.

94 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

- Ogilvie, I. H.
13 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 96. Geology of the Paradox Lake
Quadrangle. Especially pages 465-67.
Ruedemann, R.

14.Am. Geol. June 1897, pages 367-91. Evidence of Current
Action in the Ordovician of New York.

15 Am. Geol. Feb. 1898, pages 75-81. Additional Note on the
Ocean Current in the Utica Epoch.

Ulrich; EO, and ‘Cushing, H. P:

16 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 140, pages 97-140. Age and Relations
of the Little Falls Dolomite of the Mohawk Valley.
Especially pages 137-40.

Walcott, C. D.

17 U. S. Geol. Survey Bul. 86. Cambrian Faunas of North

America. Especially pages 24-25.

fee GARNET DEPOSITS OF WARKEM COUNTY,
NEW YORK
BY WILLIAM J. MILLER

INTRODUCTION
The principal garnet mines of the United States are located in
Warren and Essex counties of the eastern Adirondacks, those of
Warren county — especially the Hooper and Rogers mines below
described — being the greatest producers. All the Warren
county mines are in its northwestern portion and within six or
eight miles of North Creek village which is at the terminus of
the Adirondack branch of the Delaware and Hudson Railroad.

GENERAL GEOLOGIC FEATURES

The garnet mines of Warren county lie wholly within the pre-
cambrian rock area of the Adirondacks. The oldest rocks in the
garnet region are the highly metamorphosed sediments of the
Grenville series. Detailed mapping by the writer has shown ex-
tensive areas of Grenville which are unusually rich in limestone
and closely associated hornblende gneiss.

Next in age come plutonic igneous rocks such as syenite, gran-
ite, and granite porphyry which are clearly intrusions into the
Grenville and all of which are differentiation products from the
same great cooling magma. Of these rocks the syenite is, per-
haps, the most abundant. It is a medium to fairly coarse
grained, generally quartzose and hornblendic rock with some-
times a more basic variety carrying a green pyroxene. The gran-
ite is highly quartzose and always contains hornblende or biotite
or both. The granite porphyry is biotitic to sometimes horn-
blendic with large, pink, feldspar crystals imbedded in a fine to
medium grained matrix. All these rocks are distinctly gneissoid.

As a result of the great intrusion, the Grenville in some cases
appears to have been pushed upward and to have been largely
removed by erosion since; in other cases the Grenville was more
or less engulfed by, or involved with, the molten flood as shown
by the numerous inclusions and the areas of mixed gneisses;
while in still other cases the Grenville rocks were left practically
intact as shown by the large areas of pure Grenville.

95

96 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Minor intrusives, cutting all the above masses, occur as bosses
or dikes of gabbro, pegmatite, or diabase.

An important structural feature is the presence of numerous
normal faults which have greatly dissected the region.

DESCRIPTION OF THE GARNET DEPOSITS

There are at least seven localities in Warren county where gar-
net mining has been carried on as follows: (1) Rogers (Bar-
ton) mine* near the top of Gore mountain and three and one-half
miles west-southwest of North Creek; (2) near the top of Oven
mountain and four miles south of North Creek; (3) the Rexford
mine, one and one-third miles a little east of south of North
Creek; (4) the Parker mine just southwest of Daggett pond and
four and one-half miles northwest of Warrensburg; (5) the San-
ders Brothers mine near the mouth of Mill Creek and two miles
east of Wevertown; (6) two and three-fourths miles north of
North Creek; and (7) the Hooper mine just east of the northern
portion of Thirteenth lake. Of these, only the Rogers, Sanders
Brothers, and Hooper mines are now in operation. The Rogers
and Hooper mines le within the Thirteenth Lake quadrangle and
the others within the North Creek quadrangle. All the above mines
have been visited by the writer.

1 In the Rogers mine the mode of occurrence and the size oF
the garnets are of unusual interest. The matrix or rock carrying
the garnets is a gray, medium grained gneiss which, in thin sec-
tion, shows: 20 per cent orthoclase; 20 per cent labradorite; 40
per cent hornblende; 15 per cent hypersthene; 3 per cent biotite;
together with a little magnetite and zoisite. Imbedded in this
gray matrix are numerous, well-scattered, translucent, reddish-
brown garnets, those with diameters up to five or six inches being
very common, while the largest ones taken out are said to have
been about the size of a bushel basket. These garnets, which
are of the almandite variety, are always pretty badly crushed or
coarsely granulated and they never show crystal outlines.

A remarkable feature is the never failing occurrence of a rim
or envelop of pure, black, medium grained hornblende crystals
which completely inclose each garnet. Occasionally a half inch

1 This is called Moore’s mine on the topographic map.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 97

irregular mass of acid plagioclase or a crystal of biotite may lie
between the garnet arid the hornblende rim. Asa rule the horn-
blende rims increase in width with the size of the garnets, some
rims being as much as two or three inches wide. These reddish-
brown garnets, completely surrounded by the black hornblende
rims which are, in turn, imbedded in the gray gneiss matrix, pre-
sent a striking appearance in the walls of the great mine pits.

Se

(

it
i
H

Re Ea 72 DAD een
2S on US ERE a I

GSS

TIT Les

b
Ex
aN
SS GLEE
PIS TASES

[[[[]Syenite- Granite Series
[<==] Garnet Deposits

——e—w—-—-— Faults

6 | 4 ‘ ae
Scale of Miles C2 CSE SS 6 a ONS Nea)

ZL
Ay
Of

Geologic and topographic sketch map of portions of the North Creek
and Thirteenth Lake (U. S. G. S.) sheets, showing the mode of occurrence
of those garnet deposits which are lenslike inclusions in the syenite or
granite.

This garnet-bearing rock clearly occurs as a long, narrow, lens-
like inclusion of Grenville gneiss in the great mass of Gore moun-
tain syenite. The inclusion is fully three-fourths of a mile long,
with nearly east-west strike. Several large openings have been
made in it and, in the very large more easterly pit, the width of
the inclusion is more than one hundred feet. The garnet rock 1s
removed by blasting and reduced by sledge hammers after which
the garnets are picked out by hand.

2 In the Oven mountain mine the mode of occurrence is pre-
cisely like that in the Rogers mine. In thin section the matrix

98 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

shows: 20 per cent orthoclase; 25 per cent oligoclase to labrado-
rite; 50 per cent hornblende; 2 per cent bidtite; 2 per cent mag-
netite ; together with a little pyrite, zoisite, and apatite. As com-
pared with the similar rock from the Rogers mine the lack of
hypersthene is noteworthy. Imbedded in the gray matrix are
numerous shattered, reddish-brown garnets (almandite) which
range in size up to several inches in diameter. Black hornblende
rims are invariably present around thé garnets.

This garnet rock is a long, narrow, well-defined inclusion of
Grenville gneiss in a granitic facies of the great syenite-granite
intrusive body.

This mine has not been worked for about twenty years. After
blasting out the garnet-bearing rock and reducing it by sledge
hammers, the garnets were picked out by hand.

3 At the Rexford mine the type of occurrence is much like that
of Oven mountain, only here there appear to be several smaller
inclusions of the garnet-bearing gneiss instead of one, and the
country rock is a very gneissoid quartz-syenite. Garnets up to
five inches across, always with hornblende rims, were noted.
There are several mine openings but none have been worked for
about fifteen years. :

4 The old mine on the Parker farm occurs in a mixed gneiss
area with granitic syenite and Grenville interbedded parallel to
the foliation strike. These bands of rock are often twenty to
forty feet wide, one of them being made up of a nearly pure,
gra ular, medium grained mass of irregular crystals of reddish-
brown garnet and bright green pyroxene (coccolite?). About
twenty years ago this band of garnet rock was mined, crushed
and put into barrels, there being no attempt to separate the py-
roxene from the garnet.

5 At the Sanders Brothers mine the mode of occurence is
very similar to that of the Parker mine, the bands of Grenville
being, however, somewhat less pronounced and numerous. The
rock which is mined is pretty badly granulated and consists
mostly of intimately associated reddish-brown garnet and green
pyroxene (coccolite?) in small grains, with sometimes a little
quartz and feldspar. There are some streaks or patches of nearly
pure garnet. Work began in 1907 on the south side of the creek,
but now all the mining is confined to the north side. The garnet-
pyroxene rock is crushed, put into bags, and shipped to all parts
of the worid.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 99

6 Years ago an attempt was made to mine the garnets which
occur in the coarse, feldspar, biotite, garnet, Grenville gneiss two
and three-fourths miles north of North Creek, but this locality is
of no special interest.

7 At the Hooper mine the garnets occur as crystals (dodeca-
hedral) often with good crystal boundaries, up to an inch or a
little more in diameter. They are thickly scattered through a
medium to moderately coarse grained, dark to light gray, very
gneissoid, hornblendic rock which has the composition of a basic
syenite or an acidic diorite. It is important to note that these
garnets never show the rims of hornblende. In fact the garnets
may sometimes be almost surrounded by feldspar. This type of
occurrence has not been observed on a large scale at any of the
other localities within the county, though a rock almost exactly
like it occurs at the Rogers mine as a distinct zone (wall rock)
intermediate between the typical garnet-bearing gneiss and the
country rock of syenite, where the garnet rock grades perfectly
into the syenite. The significance of this fact will be explained
below.

The deposit is an extensive one and a very large mine pit has
been opened up. After blasting out the rock, it is somewhat re-
duced by sledge hammers, then taken on cars to the mill where
it is crushed. By the use of an ingenious method, involving the
use of jigs, the garnet (almandite) is almost perfectly separated
from the rest of the crushed rock which is of lower specific grav-
ity than the garnet.

ORIGIN OF THE GARNETS

All modes of occurrence of garnets observed by the writer on
the North Creek and Thirteenth Lake sheets are summarized as
follows:

1 As crystals or grains in various Grenville rocks, for example,
the garnet-pyroxene gneiss; the hornblende-garnet gneiss; bio-
tite-garnet gneisses, etc.

2 As distinct crystals frequently occurring in all types of in-
trusive rocks — syenite, granite, granite porphyry, and gabbro —
except the diabase.

3 As large more or less rounded masses with distinct horn-
blende rims in the long, lenslike inclusions of Grenville horn-
blende gneiss in syenite or granite.

4

100 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

4 As more or less distinct crystals (dodecahedral), without
hornblende rims, in a certain special basic syenitelike or acidic
dioritelike rock.

In case number 1 (for example, Parker and Sanders Brothers
mines) the garnets have, in the usual manner, crystallized out of
masses of sediments under conditions of thermal and dynamic
metamorphism. These garnets are rarely as much as an inch
across and their origin presents no problem of special interest.

In case number 2 the garnets appear mostly to have crystal-
lized out of the original magmas, their formation possibly having
been due to some assimilation of granville sediment by the syen-
ite or granite. The facts that these garnets occur so sporadi-
cally and that actual examples of local assimilation have been ob-
served in the region strongly favor this view. Since these gar-
nets seldom attain a diameter of an inch and are so scattered,
no attempt has ever been made to mine them. Sometimes, as in
the gabbros, the garnets have often been produced secondarily, or
after the cooling of the magma, because they commonly form re-
action rims around other minerals.

Case number 3 (for example, Rogers, Oven mountain, and
Rexford mines) is of particular interest because of the very large
garnets surrounded by the reaction rims of hornblende.

Kemp and Newland? have briefly described a garnet deposit
(formerly worked by the Messrs Hooper) just across the line in
Essex county less than a mile west of the village of North River
and four and one-half miles north of the Rogers mine. As judged
by their description the type of occurrence appears to be similar
to that in the Rogers, Oven mountain, and Rexford mines, though
no mention of the hornblende rims is made. In conclusion they say:

The origin of this peculiar bed presents an interesting theme. The
country rock is probably igneous. - Its mineralogy and structure favor this
derivation. The garnet rock must be either an altered form of a very impure
limestone, or else a very basic igneous rock that was an original sheet or
dike. The former supposition appeals more strongly to us.

Later Newland? says of the garnet deposits in general that:

The garnet is usually associated with a basic hornblende rock or
amphibolite which forms bands and lenses in the more acid gneiss that

constitutes the country rock.
In his brief description of the more recently worked garnet

deposit of northern Essex county he speaks of the “ amphibolite
bands, which have been caught up during the intrusion of the

137th An. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1897, pages 548-49.
2N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 102, page 71.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 IOI

anorthosite, or have been folded into the latter and metamor-
phosed.” :

From these statements we see that three possible modes of origin
of these garnet-bearing beds have been suggested, namely that they
are: lenses of sedimentary rock actually included in the igneous
rock; or sediments folded into the igneous rock and metamor-
phosed; or sheets or dikes of very basic igneous rock. Now the
work of the writer shows that, without question, these garnets
occur in lenses of Grenville sediments which were caught up or
included in the great igneous masses at the time of their intrusion,
the tremendous heat and pressure being especially favorable for a
very complete rearrangement and crystallization of the masses (in-
clusions) of sediment which were pretty low in silica. These in-
clusions are portions of a great thickness of hornblende-garnet
gneiss, frequently interbedded with limestone, of the Grenville
series. This gneiss is a basic rock generally carrying several per
cent of magnetite ; sometimes considerable hypersthene; and little or
no quartz. It is quite likely that some of the closely involved lime-
stone was mixed with the inclusions of sediment during the process
of metamorphism. It will at once be seen that such an iron-rich,
silica-poor sediment was very favorable for the development of
large garnets under the conditions of great heat and pressure which
were brought to bear upon the lenslike inclusions in the molten
syenite or granite.

The hornblende rims or envelops are quite certainly great reaction
rims around the garnets, but just at what stage of the metamorphism
they were produced is not at all clear to the writer. The rounded
character of the garnets shows pretty clearly that the rims of horn-
blende are of secondary origin and that they were formed some-
time after the crystallization of the garnets and possibly at the:
time when the pressure producing the foliation of the rocks of the
region was brought to bear.

In case number 4 (Hooper mine) a clew to the origin of the
garnets is furnished by a study of the wall rock in the Rogers
mine on Gore mountain. In this latter case the typical garnet-
bearing rock (No. 1 of the accompanying table) of the mine passes
by perfect gradation, through an eight or ten foot zone, into
a basic syenite or acidic diorite (No. 2 ofthetable) which contains
distinct dodecahedral garnet crystals up to over an inch across but
always without hornblende rims. This rock, in turn, grades into
a hornblende (quartzless) syenite (No. 3 of the table) which merges
into the typical country rock of quartz, hornblende syenite, these

L102 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

two latter rocks being at times somewhat garnetiferous. The writer
is fully convinced that this transition zone (wall rock) has been
formed by assimilation or actual melting or fusing together of
the syenite and the border of the great inclusion at the time of
the intrusion.

TABLE SHOWING THE MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION OF THE MATRIX OF THE GARNET-BEARING ROCK
IN THE ROGERS AND HOOPER MINES !

1 nig tre n ‘ a ®
a3 : fe| 2 /S8\e2/3)/ 5 1/218
FH | Plagioclase |.2o} © SS | a5 r= a >, rs
O° 5 5 ne Ss N < Py N
Rogers mine....... I 20 Lab. 20 40 3 15 I I
2 30 | Ol.-an. 30 36 I 2 | little I
3 50 And. 25 24 I | little
Hooper mine....... 4 42 | Ol.-and. 20 30 5 2 3 53
5 30 | Ol.-and. 35 33 3 3 I little
6 4o | Ol.-and. 20 35 4 I

1A close approximation to percentage by volume only is intended.

As shown in the field, in hand specimens, and in thin-sections the
garnet rock (Nos. 4, 5, and 6 of the table) at the Hooper mine is
almost exactly like the wall or transition rock of the Rogers mine,
and it also appears to grade into the country rock. In each case the
garnets never show reaction rims of hornblende and the garnets
often show good crystal outlines. In the Hooper mine this tran-
sition or intermediate rock makes up practically the whole mass
which is mined and is thus much more extensive than at the
Rogers mine. All evidence points to the origin of the Hooper
‘mine rock as due to rather thorough melting of an admixture
of syenite and Grenville sediment where the Grenville inclusion
‘was perhaps deeper down in the magma and hence subjected to
much greater heat, or possibly a number of smaller hornblende
gneiss inclusions, perhaps with some limestone, were assimilated
by the molten syenite.

. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Merrill, F. J. H. Mineral Resources of New York. N. Y. State Mus. Bul.
15. 1895

Kemp, J. F. and Newland, D. H. 17th An. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., pages
548-49. 1897.

Hooper, F. C. The American Garnet Industry. Mineral Industry, v. 6.
1807

Magnus, H. C. Abrasives of New York State. N. Y. State Geol., 23d An.
Rep. 1904

Newland, D. H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York State. N. Y.
State Mus. Bul. 102, pages 70-73, and later annual reports on the
mines and quarries of the State. 1906

THE USE OF THE STEREOGRAM IN PALEOBIOLOGY

BY GEORGE BH. HUDSON

The earliest form of the stereoscope was devised by Sir Charles
Wheatstone to illustrate the phemomena of binocular vision. This
instrument was made known in 1838 and very simple line stereo-
grams were drawn to accompany it. By a curious coincidence
Daguerre succeeded in perfecting his photographic process dur-
ing the same year and thus opened the way to the production of
stereograms which would possess something more than a purely
theoretical interest. Thus the stereoscope and the rather bulky
and clumsy form of mounted stereogram developed together and
the former became specialized or adapted for use with the latter
only.

In these days of cheap and excellent methods of reproducing
photographs there is no valid reason why stereograms should
not be printed and bound together with descriptive text in book
form. This would only be a step in the direction of “ scientific
management.” It would save time now lost in keeping the-loose
stereograms in order, in finding the one desired and in replacing
it after use. It would insure against loss and damage. It would
open avenues for use now unfortunately closed. Stereograms
could be made to illustrate books of travel, textbooks, scientific
papers and popular magazine articles dealing with the world and
its workers in all spheres of human activity from the mine to the
stage. To open this new field we need only a stereoscope that
shall rest on the page while being focused or adjusted.

This article has beer prepared to demonstrate the desirability
of using stereograms to illustrate scientific papers. The field
chosen lies both in biology and paleontology. The illustrations
are confined to a few species of sea stars but both recent and fos-
sil forms are represented.

103

104 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

As a temporary makeshift to enable us to see our plates as
solids we will use the ordinary Holmes stereoscope in one of the
following ways.

Let the observer seat himself before a table arranged to let a good
light reach the page from the left side. In front and about ten inches
back from the edge of the table place two or three moderateiy
heavy books. © Slide the transverse card carrier off the end of the
rail of the stereoscope and place this end against the lower edge of
the bottom volume. By now placing the forehead against the hood
and using a gentle pressure it is easy to hold the instru-
ment at an angle of about forty-five degrees and at the same time
look through the lenses. Both hands are free to bring any stere-
ogram into proper position and focus. The line separating the
two views must be kept near the center of the rail and the lower
edge of the stereogram kept parallel with the horizontal edges of
the lenses. |

This end may also be attained by placing the stereogram with its
lower edge close to the edge of the table and holding it as nearly
flat as possible with proper weights. Then hold the rail of the
stereoscope vertically against the edge of the table and move up
or down to focus.

For a quickly made but more permanent device, procure two
pieces of board, one Io inches x 12 inches x { inch and the other
2 inches x I inch x { inch. Fasten the smaller piece under the
middle of one of the 10 inch edges, keeping the two = inch faces
flush with each other. A simple clamp will hold the rail of the
stereoscope against this 12 inch face. Two or more elastic bands
around the board will hold the volume to the stage and both
hands may be left free for other work.

Still more desirable would be a large inclined stage with spring
-clips and a_stereoscope body that could be focused by means of
a rack and pinion as in a binocular microscope. A cheap and
convenient form could be modified after Brewsters “box ”’ stereo-
scope in which the loaded base of the instrument should rest d1-
rectly on the printed page.

If the reader will seek through one or another of the
means here suggested to view these stereograms serially and in

b)

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 105

relief he will realize that the advantages secured are of sufficient
importance to warrant the use of this means of illustrating sci-
entific papers.

In order to avoid unnecessary turning of leaves and consequent
readjustments, the matter especially referring to each of the fol-
lowing plates has been printed on the page facing it.

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

106

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n an 4 :

THE ORIGIN, OF THE GULF OF STi EAwee NCH
BY JOHN M. CLARKE

Present-day geography contemplates not only the surface of the
earth and its forms of land and water, but considers also the
physical and human causes that are modifying it. The geographer
sees these things and looks forward; the geologist sees present con-
ditions and looks backward for their inception— and then again
forward in the perspective of cause and effect. It is hard to draw
the line between these two fields of scientific interest. Some have
tried to circumscribe each but it is a bootless effort. Each trenches
on the other. At all events every geographer is something of a
geologist. And this may be my justification in endeavoring here to
find a clue to the origin of a geographic feature of so deep interest
to us all as the Gulf of St Lawrence. We are very apt to take such
a geographic fact for granted as it is and to let our geography end
with a knowledge of its outlines, the contours of its shores and its
bottoms. To unravel its history and to find the causes which have
brought it into being is a task that will be fruitless on the face of the
facts as they present themselves to the maker of charts. The key
lies in the geological birth and growth of the whole land mass by
which such a body of water is embraced.

So to find the real factors in the making of this classical and
romantic body of water, we shall have to go well back to the early
events in the making of the land.

Fundamental among these facts is the existence of the great
mass of crystalline rocks that sweeps from Labrador to the Lauren-
tides and northwestward to Alaska— the Canadian shield —as a
continental land mass rising above the waters of the primitive ocean.
Its shores were washed by the first sea whose life records have been
kept for us in the sediments which, now changed to shale, sandstone
and limestone, bound all its ancient shores. On the south coast
of this Canadian continent, in the ages of its independent existence,
lay, in the longitude of Montreal, a great tongue or peninsula which.
forms the Adirondack mountains of New York; and still farther
south, perhaps, were long and narrow land masses that kept their
uncertain heads above water for no great time. About these con-

1 Reprinted from Bulletin de la Société de Géographie de Québec, v. 7.
January 1913.

132

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 135

tinental and insular shores and on the bottom of these shallow
intervening seas were laid down, to hundreds and even thousands of
feet, the sediments of the ocean filled with the remains of living
beings that played out their days in succession as unknown time
rolled by. Thus the shallow sea became overloaded with its burden
of deposits —a load.of soft and plastic material made still more
yielding by being carried constantly farther downward into regions
of higher heat as the later deposits continued to pile on top of the
earlier. Against this soft and weakened mass of deposits stood,
on one side, the great weight of the waters in the vast Atlantic
ocean basin, pressing upon them landward, and on the other, the
irresistible crystalline continent — the Canadian shield.

The outcome was inevitable; the whole mass of sea deposits
was slowly turned up into great mountain folds and troughs —
not all at once but slowly, fold after fold, to unmeasured heights,
and often the folds at the south were thrust upon and over folds at
the north. Thus, broadly and rapidly speaking, the Appalachian
system of mountains was built up through the ages, not at any
one time in geological history, but beginning Slowly and early at the
north and ending late at the south. In the early development of this
structure the shove of the soft rocks against the crystalline shield
was so valiantly withstood at the north, that there, along the south-
ern outline of that shield, from Lake Ontario to Natashkwan, the
softer rocks broke down, making, where the two lay in contact, a
deep and broad fracture extending from southwest to northeast.
The existence of this break or fault in the rocks was long ago
signalized by Sir William Logan! and it is known today as “ Logan’s

1Qne who has followed closely in the footsteps of Sir William Logan in
his geological work in eastern Quebec may perhaps be permitted, without
impropriety, to revert to the extraordinary achievements of this great
Canadian, and his distinguished services to geological science.

The year after Sir William organized the Geological Survey of Canada,
he began his official career by explorations in the Gaspé peninsula. Laboring
in the early 40's among the picturesque sea cliffs of that inviting country,
traversing its wildernesses, he determined its geological systems with their
wealth of unrecorded facts and made of the Gaspé country ground that will
always be of classic worth to geological science. Had he done no more, he
would have served well; but he did do vastly more in the development of the
mineral resources of the Dominion. A country that is rich and strong and
great will not forget its obligation to such a distinguished servant. France, it
is said commemorates by public memorials the services of its eminent
civilians more often than it does those of its military and naval heroes. Such
a memorial to Logan is wanting. There stands a rock cliff in the heart of the

134 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

fault.” It is beyond doubt the determinant factor in the existence
and course of the St Lawrence river. “ Logan’s fault” gave birth
to the river by setting down a line of weakness along whose crushed
and broken rock masses the continental waters draining to the
sea could find their least obstructed passage; and thus began the
oldest of all great rivers of the earth and the oldest of all rivers on
the earth of which we have any definite record.

The Appalachians of the Eastern Townships follow the normal
northeast-southwest course, but in Gaspé, as every one knows, they
swing about into a curve like a swan’s neck or the upper line of the
letter S. There the northern mountains end at Cape Gaspé on the
land but their. vanishing point can be followéd some fifteen miles
off to sea southeast, to the rocky shoal known on the charts as the
“American bank.” This mountain ridge or orogenic axis at the
north is unlike that of the Appalachian ranges at the south. The
ridges of these ancient mountains cross Nova Scotia in the normal
trend; their southwesterly extension off New England is largely
buried beneath the sea, and to the northeast they continue on
their course across Newfoundland. Looking at the sketch map
adjoining, one sees the different curves of these mountain axes at
north and south and between them an area which we must believe
was less involved in the profounder or axial movement-of these dis-
turbances — the region of central and northern New Brunswick.
We are speaking of times and conditions when there was no Gulf
of St Lawrence, when the elevation of the mountains had brought,
if not quite all, at least most of the land now at the bottom of the
gulf, above the water line and the continent extended without break
from the present eastern shores out to the islands and across to
Newfoundland. For long this ancient coast line was a series of
mountain folds between which the ocean waters entered in broad
channels southwestward, laying down the deposits of their own
time in their due succession. But from the time the most ancient
of these mountain folds were made, when the ridges at the north
took on their singular curvature, the whole area between their end
and the mountain axes to the south became an area of weakness
and instability. This sigmoid curve at the north is a factor of
profound meaning in the making of the gulf. It seems to be due to

village of Percé, overlooked on one side by towering sea cliffs and on the
other by consecrated mountains over which Logan labored in his early work,
and here might well be placed a tablet commemorative of the lasting achieve-
ments of his great career.

oe ee

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1912 135

the recoil, as one might say, of the softer rocks in their pressure
against the irresistible Canadian shield, so that the line of fracture
or fault was deflected at its outer end southward in such a way as

ek BRUNSW. Eas

Chart of the Gulf of St Lawrence and adjoining lands

(The areas of the bottom down to 30 and 100 fathoms are indicated by
close and coarse stippling. The broken curved line through the gulf is the
line of greatest depth. The heavy black lines are the orogenic or mountain
axes at north and south.)

130 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

to break through the mass of sedimentary deposits. Thus the St
Lawrence river has almost of necessity an outer curve that follows
the course of the fault and of the folded slate and limestone mount-
ains of Gaspé, while to the north of the fault line and the buried
river channel lies the island of Anticosti whose rock strata, full of
fossils, lie almost horizontal and were beyond the influence of the
mountain making.

This revulsion from the north projected the axial line of resist-
ance southward against the normal course of the other folds and
protruded into them a disturbing antagonistic force. The Nova
Scotia anticlines were beyond the reach of this projected influence
but the folds between were disordered and crosscut and weakened.
The picturesquely ragged coast at Percé is due to a complete collapse
of a tremendous mountain fold which has vastly deranged the
original succession of the rock strata.

The gulf lands had sunk low soon after the mountain-making
period was over, and during the succeeding times of the Coal and
probably even before, it was chiefly a vast drainage basin receiving
fresh land waters with their heavy loads of sediment, then again
elevated into a sand desert or great stretches of bars and dunes,
and still at times depressed again so that the salt waters came in
bringing their characteristic life forms. Then again, in later
geological days, after the day of the Coal and the sand bars was
over, the region was again elevated into land and the rocks of that
land still fringe the gulf shores and make the islands of Prince
Edward and the Magdalens.

The submarine course of the St Lawrence river across the gulf
is still clearly indicated on the Admiralty charts; from its present
mouth southeast it extends, far to the east of Gaspé, east of the
Magdalen islands and thence outward to the Atlantic by the passage
between Cape Breton island on the west and Newfoundland on the
east (Cabot strait). This valley was made when the gulf bottom
was land.

The chart accompanying shows the curves of 30 fathoms and
too fathoms. It is very clear that the deep channel outside
the 100 fathom line could not be made by the scouring of the present
stream over the rocky bottom of the gulf. A more detailed chart of
the gulf would show these depths dropping off from the shore in a
succession of stages, or one might say terraces indicative of the
gradual and periodical rise of the land bounding the ancient river
while the river itself was cutting downward and narrowing its

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 537

channel as the gulf lands rose. It is not to be conceived that this
channel through the gulf is as ancient as the channel between the
shores of Gaspé and the Quebec Labrador. The lands which the
lower channel cuts are of later birth than those at the north and in
its earlier stages we may believe that the river debouched into a
shallow sea much as it does today into the gulf. The student of the
chart will observe that there is a branch channel leading off in the
direction of the Strait of Belle Isle but it is a shallower trough than
that to the southeast. The line of deepest water is in the southeast
channel and there is a difference in maximums of depth between
the two of 155 fathoms, the greatest depth in the northwest trough
being 145 fathoms and in the southwest 300 fathoms.

The southeast channel drops quite steeply 1700 feet below the
broad 100 fathom plateau and this is twice the depth of the north-
east course.

It would seem that the northeast course was a river valley of
earlier date than the southern part of the southeast channel, that the
river abandoned it for sufficient cause, possibly change in submarine
level or blockage by a heavy ice sheet, and then continued to erode
its present buried channel to still greater depths.

The courses of existing submarine currents over this region are
not yet sufficiently determined to permit us to speak definitely re-
garding the outpush of the waters through the southeast channel
and yet it is practically certain that this is the predominant trend of
the major deep water movements of the gulf.

The Gulf of St Lawrence thus owes its existence chiefly to two
determinant factors of very ancient date: the breakdown of the
rocks which produced “ Logan’s fault”; and the curvature of the
northern orogenic axis which effected a syntaxis or a protrusion of
the northern against the southern Appalachian folds. The broken
down basin between is a natural and resultant area of rock weakness
which has had its short periods of low elevation above the sea, but
longer periods of depression.

A NOTABLE TRILOBITE FROM THE PERCE ROCK
BY JOHN M. CLARKE

The list of Lower Devonic species occurring in that spectac-
ular cliff L’isle percée or Percé rock, has been given by the writer
with some degree of fulness in his volume on the geology of
Gaspé (N. Y. State Mus. Memoir 9, part 1, 1908). Among these
species several trilobites of interest have been described. These
accounts were based upon the collections made during several
seasons of diligent work, and subsequent search has not mate-
rially added to the census of the fauna. The past summer, how-
ever, brought to light two specimens of a commanding Homalo-
notus, a genus not hitherto recorded from any of the Devonic
outcrops in Gaspé county, and not only its presence but the char-
acter of the species itself is worthy of note.

The Homalonoti of the boreal Paleozoic regions in America
are distinctively characterized by their freedom from dermal
overgrowths. They carry no spines or tubercles on any part of
the test. This is a statement subject of course to the limitations
of our pretty considerable knowledge of the Paleozoic faunas on
this continent and while applicable here, it can not be so broadly
stated for the boreal Palezoic, particularly Devonic, Homalonoti
of the eastern hemisphere. There are European species of which
the Silurie H. knights sand the: Devome: Peive © ua iais eoee
leading and almost sole examples, whose test is spiniferous or
tubercied, while the predominant species are devoid of these
growths as in America.

The armate Homalonoti are on the whole quite distinctively
austral, especially in their Devonic distribution. Witness of this
is the great abundance of H. herscheli Murchison in the
South African Lower Devonict and at the same horizon in the
Falkland islands.

There is an abundant and often beautifully preserved species
in the Lower Devonic shales of Sao Paulo, Brazil, termed by the
writer H. noticus, which is free of spines save for one con-
spicuously developed on the epistoma, a structure which is pres-
ent in H. herscheli, but absent in all boreal species.

1The large number of species of this genus described by the writers on
the South African Devonic has seemed to me not justified by evidence, except
for provisional purposes.
138

DEVONIC FOSSILS Plate A

N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR Iy12 139

The species under present consideration conforms in these
structures to other American Homalonoti and is to be directly
compared with H: vanuxemi of the New York Helderberg
and H. major of the New York Oriskany, accounts of which
are to be found in Palaeontology of New York, volume 7. This
resembiance is not unexpected in view of the many other affili-
ations of the Percé and Grande Gréve Lower Devonic faunas
with those of New York. The Percé Homalonotus is represented
by specimens which indicate its large size. The largest known
example of H. vanuxemi is a broken individual from Ron-
dout, N. Y., and indicates an animal 280 mm in length, which is
almost exactly the proportions of the Percé species. But even
so large, these specimens fall far. below the dimensions of
H. major, the largest of all members of the genus. Yet there
are, between these two species, few differences except dimen-
sions, habitat and geologic horizon. In structure they are
eldsely; valike, the: smaller Ho vanuxeéemi | occurring’ im ithe
Helderberg limestones and lime shales and H. major in the
Oriskany silicious limestones. The Percé species is rather bet-
ter preserved and now better known in its details than either of
the New York species mentioned, but its designation must show
its affinity to them even at the cost of a multiplex name. I there-
fore venture so far as to express this relationship by the desig-
nation Homalonotus (v.-m.) perceensis.

The structure of the parts is indicated in the drawings which
show the pygidium in normal convexity and entire, six of the
eleven thoracic segments (all are preserved on a second but
somewhat worn example), the head, partly worn away and
the hypostoma. The obscurity of segmentation of the pygidium
is characteristic and differential from other Devonic species,
especially the common middle DevonicH. dekayi. The cephalon
or H: vanux¢emi-teaq ers has not. -been well made out and
the hypostoma of this type is now seen for the first time,
both of the Percé specimens showing this organ.

The author has shown the presence of H. vanuxemi in
the Lower Devonic Moose River formation of Maine at Mata-
gamon and Moosehead lakes.* Until now no representative of the
genus has been known from points farther north.

1N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 9, v. 2, p. 67.

ILLUSTRATIONS: OF ARE DEY ONG sees storie
SOUTHERN, BRAZIL AND THE PALKEAN DASA ls

BY JOHN M. CLARKE

Three years ago the writer completed a protracted series of
studies on the Devonic faunas of South America, especially
those of southern Brazil in the state of Sao Paulo, and of the
Falkland islands, incidentally also of the Cordilleras of western
Argentina. These studies were authorized by the director of
the Geological Service of Brazil, and the full discussion of these
austral faunas is in course of printing as a memoir of that or-
ganization. Meanwhile, because of the delays attendant on pub-
lication in Brazil, and by permission of the director of the Brazil-
ian Survey, occasion is here taken to present illustrations of the
leading species of the Brazilian and Falkland faunas which are
with propriety incorporated in this report on account of their
intimate but contrasting relations to the Devonic faunas of New
York. |

While no other purpose is here sought than to set forth, as
well as may be by illustration, the distinctive fossil characters
of this southern Devonic and the whole estimate of the real
significance of the fauna must be reserved for its more complete
presentation and discussion, it is well to intimate that these
Devonic faunas of the south and of the north, though united by
general characters, are keenly and widely separated in the analy-
sis of their specific and superspecific structures. This fact makes
itself so clear-that it is evident the northern and southern faunas
developed in separated. basins with but restricted intercommuni-
cation during the Devonic. These illustrations also indicate the
continuity of the strand line and of the Devonic continents from
southern South America to the Falkland islands and thence to
South Africa.

140

EXPLANATIONS OF PLATES

Plate 1

141

Homalonotus noticus Clarke

(See plate 2)

Fig. 1, 2 Dorsal and profile views of an extended complete indi-
vidual of mature dimensions. This is essentially an in-
ternal cast, showing approximate normal convexity.
The epistoma is exposed and the place of the anterior
apiculus seen.

Locality: Ponta Grossa, Sao Paulo. Brazil

142

a

DEVONIC FOSSILS
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164 Plate 1

7 a,
° % 4
.
Pd a .
bE-
m F 3 -
’
‘ aoe ; |
; races
ca
. pee ;
= = £ r
; Fs ac 2 <
Uy : a ; t : :
a - : o ; | : :
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: ss : ‘ ‘
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ay we =
* *:

Homalonctus noticus Clarke

(See plate 1)

Fig. 1, 2 Nearly entire small individuals
3 A large cephalon
4 Ihe anterior doublure, epistomal plate and apiculus.
5 A head with part of the anterior removed to expose
the doublure and epistomal plate
6 An entire cephalon with apiculus
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Sao Paulo, Brazil

144

DEVONIC FOSSILS
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164 Plate 2

ras. y 8 pa Wy

*
&
*
i
‘
;
A.
,
{
a
ey 7
oer
a3 iT 1d le
;

Homalonotus (Schizopyge) parana Clarke

Fig. 1 Pygidium and a few thoracic segments
2 A pygidium apparently lacking one segment
Locahty: Tybagy, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Homalonotus herscheli Murchison

Fig. 3 A small head with apiculus and scattered tubercles
4 A series of strongly pustulose thoracic segments
5 A pygidium with a few tubercles
6 A large cephalon, nearly entire, of characteristic form,
with spinous tubercles at the genal angles and traces of
others on the glabella
Locality: the calc-nodules of Pebble island, West Falkland

146

DEVONIC FOSSILS
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164 Plate 3

ideas
0 }
my -
oft F
’
'
-
.
‘
-
ri
en
*
.
’
,
r ‘
> i
«
7
‘
les
— 4
.
-

Dalmanites acacia Schwarz

Fig: 1, 2 Cephala showing the finely granulate surface, small
eyes, nuchal spine and slight anterior projection

3, 4 Lateral and dorsal views of thorax and _ pygidium,
showing the length of the erect thoracic spines

Locality: calc-nodules of Pebble island, West Falkland

Dalmanites falklandicus Clarke

Fig. 5 A normal cephalon with large eyes, short cheek spines and
coarsely pustulose pygidium
6 Thorax and pygidium of this species
Locality: Fox bay, West Falkland

148

DEVONIC FOSSILS

Plate 4

N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164

ae a, « OO an a

-
«
,
-
*
‘
.
‘
.
-
—
‘

ae fT
"y .
Hy
b .
t
‘
‘
a
Fas
"
' i
/
4
‘
i
:
h
4
~—
.

Dalmanites accola Clarke

Fig.1 A nearly complete cephalon
2 A small entire cephalon with long genal spines |

3,4 Pygidia showing the uniform distribution of the pustules
5 An incomplete but undistorted individual with the miss-—
ing parts restored in outline and showing their mutual
proportions, arrangement of the scattered pustules,

length of genal spines, size of eyes, etc.

Locality: Ponta Grossa, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Cryphaeus ? allardyceae Clarke

Fig.6 A somewhat weathered head and a thorax with pygidium
from a calc-nodule. The association of these parts,
though found disconnected, seems highly probable in
view of their being the only fossils in the nodule and of
their agreement in size

Locality: Pebble island, West Falkland |

150

DEVONIC FOSSILS

N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164

Plate 5

we

RU fiii
WS

x
ba

-

fe

.

;
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, l

—

/

K

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\\"

AN

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al ¥
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tm,

Plate 6

IST

. ‘
'
4

.

Py m
au
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.
4

Cryphaeus sp. nov.?

Fig.1 A pygidium with very blunt semicircular lappets, indi-
cating a species distinct from the others here noticed.
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Cryphaeus australis Clarke

Fig.2 A pygidium
3 A specimen displaying most of the parts except the
pygidial fringe and showing the phacopid hypostoma
4 A nearly entire specimen
5,6 Larger individuals partly crushed but restored in outline
Locahty: Ponta Grossa, Sao Paulo, Brazil

152

DEVONIC FOSSILS

N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164

Plate 6

lui 4 :
BH iit
Si

; Ml
HWS

tify

"Ce.

«,

a,
a 3 Ss
ae

Ali n
WW) i

cn

<a
>

( (uae

li =<

c
‘N

i’ ik to
at, i

a

Dalmanites sp.

Fig. 1, 2 Dorsal and profile views of a cephalon allied to D.
acacia and D. ocellus but departing in some
structural details. The upturned genal angles are
indicated in figure 2

Locality: from a calc-nodule sent to me by Prof. J. B.
Woodworth with the note that it was found by Dr
Thomas A. Barbour on the old beach of Lake
Titacaca at Viacha, Bolivia, elevation 13,500’ A. T.

Calmonia ocellus (Lake)

Fig. 3, 4 Dorsal and profile views of a partly enrolled specimen
5, 6, 7 Three views of a coiled individual showing the char-
acteristic head, small eyes, sharply pointed thoracic
segments and a part of the pygidial fringe
Locality: Pebble island, West Falkland
8 An extended specimen incomplete at the pygidium
Locality: Mt Robinson range, Chartres river, West
Falkland

154

DEVONIC FOSSILS
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164 | Plate 7

Pennaia pauliana Clarke

Pie, 1,72 Cephala

Esse,

3 A pygidium with two thoracic segments attached. x 3

4 The thorax and pygidium, showing the rounded ends
of the anterior thoracic segments and 3 lappets of
the pygidium

A nearly entire individual restored

Thorax and pygidium of an incomplete specimen

Locality: Ponta Grossa, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Or U1

Calmonia signifer Clarke

(See plate 9)

7 Cephalon restored, showing style and position of th
eyes and the small cheek spine

8 Anterior structure of the head showing the short apica
projection which is often obscured .

9g Internal cast of thorax and pygidium

10,11 Pygidia with terminal spines

Locality: Ponta Grossa, Sao Paulo, Brazil

156

DEVONIC FOSSILS

N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164

Plate 8

fos |

11

MM, ‘bbe

PAULA AA
AWW

10

Le

Calmonia signifer Clarke

(See plate 8)

Fig.1 A large entire individual in which all the essential char-
acters are well displayed. Attention may be directed to
the short head, obscurely lobate glabella, small anterior
eyes, angled extremities of the segments becoming
sharper backward, the six pairs of pygidiae lappets and
the relatively short caudal spine

2 A smaller entire individual with exsert genal spines and
a longer caudal spine. The thoracic segments are only
ten and one seems to be buried at the junction with the
pygidium

3 Head and thorax

4 An entire but somewhat distorted specimen

Calmonia signifer var. micrischia Clarke

Fig.5 A small entire individual
6 A larger entire example
Locality: Ponta Grossa, S40 Paulo, Brazil

158

DEVONIC FOSSILS

N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164

Plate 9

"is nae ites

fA EPP P Rye
. % ¥ +44

gil Hi (ill! ia
A DARA

NT i,

Mitte.

Plate | 10

159 C

.

.

.

‘
.
,
.
‘
Ad

Ww, ny
Read | =

hes

Calmonia subseciva Clarke

Fig.1 An extended specimen from which the cephalon has been
broken
2 A squeeze taken from the foregoing, showing the cephalic
doublure and phacopid hypostoma. x 2
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
3 An entire specimen, slightly crushed about the head,
showing the minute pygidial lappets
4 A nearly entire individual of large size
Locality: Jaguariahyva, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Proboloides cuspidatus Clarke

Fig.5 A small cephalon

6 A laterally crushed specimen displaying a part of the
proboscis, the sutural and genal spines and the acute
spinules of the first thoracic segments

7 A cheek with sutural and genal spines, am

8 A cephalon with its long proboscis, showing also the
genal spine and base of the sutural spine

g Large cephalon with proboscis broken

Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

Proboloides pessulus Clarke

Fig. 10 A specimen with all parts conjoined; showing the aspect
of the head, its proboscis and sutural spines, the
sharply terminated thoracic segments and apparently
smooth margined pygidium

Locality: Jaguariahyva, Sao Paulo, Brazil

160

DEVONIC FOSSILS

N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164

Plate 10

Pliiddadaaya

AN

NY \ \ |

i
aS

(ie
WY

ly

HAll Whee

—

:
me + » =
:
< a q
” be
. r &
Se
:
: Y
be :
' a 1 Yr . 7
+5 : ; ia :
% * . afd
. 5 4 ne
= ..
i « #-

161

Plate rr

Conularia ulrichana Clarke

Fig.1 Enlarged fragment showing nature of ornament

2 Asmall example. x 2
3 A characteristic example
Locality: Tybagy, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Conularia africana Salter

Fig. 4 An undistorted fragment
5 A well-developed, nearly entire specimen
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

Hyolithus subaequalis (Salter)

Fig.6, 7 The two sides, with operculum in place
Locality: Tybagy, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Orthoceras sp. (cf. gamkaensis Reed)

Fig. 8 Part of a shell retaining fine concentric surface ornament
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

Kionoceras zoilus Clarke

Fig. 9 The only example observed
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

162

DEVONIC FOSSILS

N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164

Plate 11

sey VANS

7 en WR A YS ANY
Wis we WA

4

AW ASV
YS

eo bate i
te \ “ ; is
k AALS i ae
att ee .
) : ’
: , 5 ‘ 1
‘ var ns
Weert en a
_ «,
: Y '
y ) ' ‘
‘ i ¥
»’ | ‘
' . hy ‘4 i
’
“ 1 ‘
aj ’
. 3 ’
i
*
j
d
-
oe ts t rf
:
-
“
'
f
* my
ae
4% 4 ‘
Plate 1 say oe
ce ES : ave
. Ay
TOS), ‘ : an . ; 3 :
2 h A « z! ye “4 ‘
’
5 E
\
i
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:
,
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F 5 “ies
: *
~
fw 4
Fe ¢
¥
ve
+
5 ’
.
+ ae
oy ,
: ¥
i
.
t ¥ :
.

Tentaculites jaculus Clarke

Fig.1 A cluster of tubes with characteristic irregularity of an-
nulation. Natural size
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

Tentaculites crotalinus Salter

Fig. 2 A cluster of tubes: x 2
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

Tropidocyclus antarcticus Clarke

Fig. 3 Two accidently conjoined individuals
4 Dorsal view showing the character of the striae. x 14
Locality: Pebble island, West Falkland

Plectonotus (Bucaniella) hapsideus Clarke

Fig.5 A laterally compressed individual showing the dorsal seam
6, 7 Two other similarly compressed shells

Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
Bellerophon quadrilobatus Salter?

Fig.8 An internal cast of a trilobed shell which may pertain to
this species
Locality: Pebble island, West Falkland

Diaphorostema allardycei Clarke

Fig.9, 10, 11 Three views of this species, indicating its form and
style of ornament
Locality: Pebble island, West Falkland

Plectonotus (Bucaniella) dereimsi Knod

Fig. 12, 13, 14 Views of more or less complete examples of these
shells
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

164

DEVONIC FOSSILS
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164 Plate 12

Plate 13 ‘

;
Os
’
P
5
” ’
: F
\g
:
god
;
fp i
‘
j
.
d
“i
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a
t
5 *
ol A
ee We i :
j oth /
8 ‘Ts )
uA
a i.’ >
uw ee ire r a S
7 Wek! “dep rf v ¢
Rie) acer ,

Ptomatis moreirai Clarke

Fig. 1, 2 Exteriors of two examples
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

Nacuiices ceeds eleree

Fig. 3, 4, 5 Sculpture casts showing the sinuous posterior
slopes
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

Nuculites parai Clarke

Fig. 6, 7 Sculpture casts from the Upper Devonic black shale,
near Ereré, State of Para, Brazil

Nuculites sharpei Reed

Fig. 8 Sculpture casts of both valves
g, 10 Other examples of the species
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
11, 12 A large specimen of this type with rather heavy clavicles
but with the sinuous posterior slopes
Locality: Pebble island, West Falkland

166

DEVONIC FOSSILS

N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164

Plate 13

Plate 14

ney

Nuculana inornata (Sharpe)

Fig. 1,2 Opposite sides of the same specimen

3 Another characteristic example
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

Palaeoneilo rhysa Clarke

Fig. 4,5 Left and right valves

Fig.

Fig.

6 Enlargement of surface ornament of figure 4
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

Nuculites pacatus Reed

7 Interior cast of conjoined valves with strong clavicular
ridges
Locality: Jaguariahyva, Sao Paulo, Brazil
8 Sculpture cast of right valve
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

Palaeoneilo magnifica Clarke

(See plate 15)

9 Internal cast of right valve, showing part of hinge. The
borings are those of the sponge Clionolithus
priscus (McCoy)

Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

168

DEVONIC FOSSILS

N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164

Plate 14

Palaeoneilo magnifica Clarke

(See* plate 14)

Fig. r Exterior of leit valve -
2 Sculpture cast of conjoined valves
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

Palaeoneilo sculptilis Clarke

Fig.3 A weathered right valve showing the radial ornament.
From the Upper Devonic shale of Ereré, Para, assocti-
ated with Schizobolus truncatw@s (gage
eulates:p aman

Palaeoneilo sancticrucis Clarke

Fig. 4,5 Right valves of this species
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

170

N. Y. State Mus. Bul.

DEVONIC FOSSILS
164

F, “
‘
.
.
.
j
‘
«
i
’
-
iT
1
.
‘ -

Plate 16 |

49I

et

bet
pews, |

Prothyris (Paraprothyris) knodi Clarke

Pigs 1,2 Conjoined valves, showing the anterior byssal
notch and posterior cardinal ridge
3,4, 5,6 Other valves showing in more detail the cardinal

characters
Enlargement of posterior part of specimen figure 4

7
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
Cardiomorpha ? colossea Clarke
Fig. 8 Sculpture cast of a right valve of medium size

Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

172

DEVONIC FOSSILS

N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164

Plate 16

vis

4
®

‘

'

h
Hoek
i
i
ti

os |

Pleurodapis multicincta Clarke

Fig. 1,2 Right and left valves

3 Sculpture casts of conjoined valves with suppression of
some of the posterior ridges. The abscission of the
umbones by pressure on the hinge-plates is noticeable
here, as on the succeeding figures

4 The hinge, showing anterior muscle scars and a broad-
ened platform behind. x 2

5,6 Right valves, showing considerable divergence in the de-
velopment of the ridges
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

174

DEVONIC FOSSILS
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164 Plate 17

out > .
OMS i On : ‘ ai
,
: ; , i
.
Plate 18
175
f ; . . ] .
. 4
> J eH

Janeia bokkeveldensis Reed

Fig. 1 Conjoined valves showing the overlapping left
2 The two valves with overlapping right
a) tance Nett arclge
4 Sculpture of posterior part of valve. x 3
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

Janeia braziliensis Clarke

Fig.5 Right side of conjoined valves, showing the overlapping
left
6 A small specimen
7 Large shell with valves slightly spread
8 Left view of conjoined valves
Locality: Tybagy, Sao Paulo, Brazil

176

DEVONIC FOSSILS
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164 Plate 18

uy s'
’ yh
i]

Goniophora abbreviata Clarke

Fig. 1,2 Sculpture casts of right valves
Locality: Jaguariahyva, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Palaeanatina erebus Clarke

Fig. 3, 4,5 Conjoined expanded valves
Locahty: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

Cypricardella? olivieria Clarke

Fig.6 Conjoined valves, natural size
7. Vine lett valves see
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

Sphenotus lagoensis Clarke

Fig. 8 Expanded conjoined valves with the crescence Tidge some-
what intensified by compression
9g A right valve
Locality: Lago, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil

Leptodomus capricornus Clarke

Fig. 10-A right valve
A left valve
12 [nlargement of posterior slope
Localiy: Ponta *Grassa, .Brazil

178

DEVONIC FOSSILS
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164

9

ETE ITT

Plate

19

by ‘
.*
’
‘
*
/
\
* -
= .-
-
»
: ee
aT :

Modiomorpha austronotica Clarke

Fig. 1,2 Sculpture casts of right and left valves
3 A right valve
4 Expanded valves in juxtaposition
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

Modiomorpha ? scaphula Clarke

Fig.5,6 Right and left sculpture valves
Localities: Ponta Grossa and Tybagy, Brazil

Phthonia ? epops Clarke

Fig.7 Right valve showing surface characters
8 Enlargement of surface on posterior slope
Locahty: Jaguariahyva, Brazil

Pholadella cf radiata Hall

Fig.g Fragment of a large specimen provisionally referred to
this species
Locahty: Tybagy, Brazil

Leptodomus ulrichi Clarke

Fig. 10,11 Left valves of this species
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

180

DEVONIC FOSSILS
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164 Plate

20

a aual
id data

‘Plate 21

181 fe

PIs wey aL

Jie) ey a ae *

RT hh oA
yO At

Aut |! oO
ks Af
i a ‘

&

¥
ha
Veer

Ve,
io y’ a-
i

#i
£14);

Derbyina smithi (Derby)

Fig. 1,2 Copies of Derby’s figures of the brachial apparatus
2. Ventral’side of an internal cast-aaea 2
4,5,6 Ventral profile and dorsal views of an internal cast.
xe
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

Paranaia margarida (Derby)

Fig. 7,8 Derby’s figures of the brachial apparatus
Locahty: Sant’Ana de Chapada, Mato Grosso, Brazil

Cryptonella ? baini (Sharpe)

Fig. 9 Cast of ventral valve
16, 11 Dorsal views of internal casts
12 Dorsal valve with hinge plate
13 Enlargement of the surface of an inside cast, showing
the filling of the shell punctures
Locahty: Vybagy, Sao Paulo; Brazil

Rensselaeria falklandica Clarke

Fig. 14 Internal cast of. ventral valve
15 Dorsal view of an internal cast
Locality: Port Howard, Fast Falkland

182

DEVONIC FOSSILS
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164 Plate 21

iw

5. LEA it We

¥ A! a ee ae es
Dee ae Wane ens

pv? 7 oh ae

ot sa) ri, 9 : Ng aw

ey
y a
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.
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iy i
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hwo Pak
As
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; fi
re .
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: vt hat
. 9 : Pa
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jm
4

7 Sa
hat
pt '

a ! r

“ \
Ty ay an
tl

2 Cage

‘
Wien iy of

Spirifer antarcticus Morris and Sharpe

Fig. 1 Ventral cardinal view of a shell without deltidium, but
with apical callus

2 Similar view of an old shell with deltidium
Locahty: Port Louis, East Falkland

3 Enlargement of surface
Locality: Jaguariahyva, Brazil

4 Enlargement of surface

6,7 Dorsal valves

S Exterior of a large individual

9 Internal cast of the same valve
Locality: Port Louis, East Falkland

Spirifer hawkinsi Morris and Sharpe

Fig. 10 Dorsal valve
It Dorsal side of an internal cast
Locality: Port Louis, East Falkland

184

DEVONIC FOSSILS
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164 Plate 22

oh ar

' iy
Rrarhtes

Uae ane
Rt “i ; ty i
ato

Plate 23

185

Spirifer kayserianus Clarke

Fig. «1 A well-preserved dorsal valve, with the characteristic
mature sculpture
2 Sculpture cast of the ventral valve
3-4 Dorsal valves of adult shells
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

186

DEVONIC FOSSILS
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164

Plate

23

Spirifer iheringi Kayser
(See plate 25)

Fig. 1,2 Dorsal aspects of internal casts of young shells
3 Front view of conjoined valves of a mature individual
4 Enlargement of surface in a mature valve
5 A mature dorsal valve
6 Dorsal view of a characteristic internal cast
7,8 The cardinal process in different stages of development
Locality: Tybagy, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil

188

DEVONIC FOSSILS

N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164

Plate 24

Spirifer lauro-sodreanus Katzer

lig. 1,2 Two views of the:type specimen
Locality: Maecurt sandstone, Rio Maecuru, Para
Spirifer iheringi Kayser
(See plate 24)

Fig. 3 Ventral view of large internal cast
4 View of large ventral cast
Locality: Tybagy, Brazil

, 190

DEVONIC FOSSILS
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164 Plate 25

Spirifer katzeri Clarke

Fig 1,2 View of a dorsal valve, showing the elevation of the fold.
and the number of ribs
Locality: Maecurt sandstone, Rio Maecurt, Para

Spirifer contrarius Clarke

_ Fig. 3,4 Casts of dorsal valves showing sharp, distinct ribs and
broadly concave interspaces
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

Spirifer parana Clarke

Fig.5 A dorsal valve with few broadly rounded ribs
6 A crushed specimen with similar characters
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

192

DEVONIC FOSSILS
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164 Plate 26

we

A + .. <

Z
\ &.
3

* *
:
4

3

. #

— APE pe se "; 4
shag
- £

Plate 27

193

Derbyina whitiorum Clarke

Fig. 1,2 Exterior and internal cast of ventral and dorsal valves
3 Enlargement of ventral hinge
4 A dorsal valve
Locahty: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

Leptocoelia flabellites (Conrad)

Fig. 5 Exterior of an average adult specimen

6 A dorsal valve

7 Internal cast of large ventral valve
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

8 Internal cast of dorsal valve
Locality: Jaguariahyva, Brazil

9 Dorsal cast
Locality: Cold Bokkeveld, Cape Colony

Coeiospira ? colona Clarke

Fig. 10,11 Ventral valves. x 2
12,13 Ventral and dorsal views. x 2
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

Leptostrophia ?? mesembria Clarke

Fig. 14 Exterior of ventral with internal cast of dorsal valve
I5 Sculpture cast showing dorsal aspect
Locality: Fox bay, West Falkland
16 Enlargement of hinge structure showing incipient denti-
cles or spinules on cardinal line
17 Internal cast of ventral valve
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
18 Internal ventral cast
Locality: Jaguariahyva, Brazil

194

DEVONIC FOSSILS
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164 Platew27

Acai
SSS

arts

a SORIA
PP HHA SS

Plate 28

195

Leptostrophia concinna (Morris & Sharpe)

Fig. 1 Internal cast of ventral valve
2 Interior of dorsal valve
3 Internal cast of ventral valve
Localities: Port Howard, West Falkland, and Port Louis,
East Falkland

Schuchertella agassizi (Hartt & Rathbun)

Fig. 4 Two characteristic examples showing dorsal aspect only
5 Interior of ventral valve
6 A large and rather short hinged example
7 Internal cast of ventral valve
8 Interior of dorsal valve
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

Schuchertella sulivani (Morris & Sharpe)

Fig. g Internal cast of a ventral valve
Locality: Fox bay, West Falkland
10 Internal cast of dorsal valve
11 Interior of dorsal valve
12 Exterior of ventral valve
13 Dorsal aspect of conjoined valves
Locahty: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

196

Plate 28

DEVONIC FOSSILS

State Mus. Bul. 164

IN. YY.

WES

| j : : - y .

YO.
igs 7

\

\

Wy, | YS 4 5; 0, Dp “
ii) Wy ae (7 -€ my y HAW

Z

Plate 29

197

Chonetes falklandicus Morris & Sharpe

Fig. 1-8 A series of views of this species showing its somewhat
variable characters. Figures 1, 2, 3 are from Port
Louis, East Faikland; figures 5, 7 from Ponta Grossa ;
figure 6 is the variety rugosa from Ponta Grossa;
figures 4, 8 from Jaguariahyva

Chonetes skottsbergi Clarke

Fig. 9g Dorsal aspect of internal cast
10, 11 Internal casts of ventral valve
12 Interior of dorsal valve
Locality: Port Salvador, West Falkland

Schuchertella sancticrucis Clarke

Fig. 13,14 Internal casts of dorsal and ventral valves
Locality: Santa Cruz, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil

198

DEVONIC FOSSILS
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164 Plate 29

: oe Ae ;
‘ j i n: \
oy ae Cn ¢ Say

oni P la ‘
| ome eee ae
% ae ra . o-7 mes |

nite

Chonetes hallei Clarke

Fig. 1 Internal cast of conjoined valves
_ Locality: Spring Point, Falkland islands

Schizobolus truncatus Hall

Fig: 2, 3° Brachial and pedtclemalves; 5 <2
Locality: . Upper Devonic black shale of Ereré, Para

Orbiculoidea baini (Sharpe)

Fig. 4,5 Pedicle valves, exterior and interior suriaces
6,7 Pedicle and brachial yalwess., = 2
8 Enlargement of surface of pedicle valve
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

Orbiculoidea bodenbenderi Clarke

Fig.9,10 Brachial valves

II Pedicle valve
12 [Enlargement of surface of pedicle valve

Locahty: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

200

DEVONIC FOSSILS

N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164

Plate 30

(

(tc

ee ‘Wp

Orbiculoidea collis Clarke

Pic, 1 Exterior of pedicle wabwe
2,3 A brachial valve and its profile
Localitv: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

202

DEVONIC FOSSILS
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164

a rte ener ct

CT a

yee ere i *

XS a AK \
we ‘ ,
TN RY S

_.

‘eo
to

Plate

31

au

oe
hs

Lingula scalprum Clarke

Fig. 1,2 Dorsal and ventral valves
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

Lingula lepta Clarke

Fig. 3,4 Valves showing outline and muscular scars
Locahty: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

Lingula keideli Clarke

Fig. 5,6 Ventral and dorsal valves
Locahty: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

Lingula lamella Clarke
Fig. 7 Conjoined valves
8 Dorsal valve with trace of median septum
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
Lingula subpunctata Knod
Fig.9 Cast of ventral umbo showing pedicle slit
Problematicum
Fig. 10 Figure of a round cystoid body with a submarginal per-
foration or puncture from which radiates a pustular
ornament. x 2
Locality: Jaguariahyva, Brazil
Clionolithus priscus McCoy
Fig. 11 A series of clavate tubes of this boring sponge in a shell

of “P tomiat ts) nol me daar enas
Locahty: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

204

DEVONIC FOSSILS
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164 Plate.32

Plate 33

205

Serpulites sica Salter

Fig. 1 Portions of flattened chitinous tubes with thickened edge
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

Plant (or branched annelid ?)

Fig.2 A frond or colony on which the branches are flattened
clavate tubes taking origin from a clavate stipe. x 1.5
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

206

DEVONIC FOSSILS

N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164

Plate 33

Plate 34

Echinasterella? darwini Clarke

Fig. 1 Oral surface of an essentially entire specimen
2 Enlargement of part of arm
Ba Wladrepore platen)
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

208

DEVONIC FOSSILS

N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164

Plate 34

Qa
a

%

“Sh

Plate 35

209

Aspidosoma ? pontis Clarke

Fig. 1,2 Clusters of individuals in the soft shale, all exposing the

ambulacral face
3 The entire oral apparatus. x a
4 Part of oral frames and teeth. x 5

Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil

210

DEVONIC FOSSILS
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164 Plate 35

bh. v3,

INDEX

Accessions to collections,

Adirondacks, southern,
physiography, 80-93

Ambrosia beetles, 39

Apple tent caterpillar, 35

Archeologist, report of, 45-57

Archeology, bulletin, 61; collection,
accessions to, 77-78

Areal geology, 16-21

Art museum, 9

Aspidosoma pontis, 210

Auringer collection, 47-54

63-7

Bark borers, 39

Bellerophon quadrilobatus, 164

Berkey, Charles P., cited, 20

Black and Mohawk valleys, bulletin
on glacial waters, 59

Black Cape, section of Siluric Ranles
on Bay of Chaleur, 31

Botanist, report, 33-35; bulletin, 61

Brazil, illustrations of Devonic fos-
sils, 140

Broadalbin quadrangle,
geology of, 58

Brown-tail moth, 37

Bulletins, in press, 61

bulletin on

Calmonia ocellus, 154
signifer, 156, 158
var. micrischia, 158
subseciva, 160

Cardiomorpha colossea,

Chaleur, Bay of,

rocks, 3I

Champlain valley, ancient waters, 22

Chonetes falklandicus, 198
hallei, 200
skottsbergi, 1098

Cicada, periodical, 40

Clarke, John M., Origin of the Gulf

of St Lawrence, 132-37; A No-
table Trilobite from the Percé
Rock, 138-39; Illustrations of the
Devonic Fossils of Southern Brazil
and the Falkland Islands, 140

172
section of Siluric

Paleozoic

2II

Clionolithus priscus, 204
Clove quadrangle, 20
Code of Handsome Lake, bulletin,
61
Codling moth, 36
Coelospira colona, 194
Conularia africana, 162
ulrichana, 162
Cryphaeus, 152
allardyceae, 150
Cryptonella baini, 182
Cushing, H. P., cited, 80, 81, 82, 85,
86, 87, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94
Cypricardella olivieria, 178
Cyrphaeus australis, 152

Dalmanites sp. I5
acacia, 148
accola, 150
falklandicus, 148
Dannemora quadrangle, 22
Derbyina smithi, 182
whitiorum, 194
Devonic fossils of southern Brazil
and the Falkland Islands, 140
Diaphorostoma allardycei, 164

Earthquakes, record, 28
Echinasterella darwini, 208
Economic and general geology, ac-
cessions to collection, 63
Elm leaf beetle, 38, 40, 60
Entomologist, report, 35-42
Entomology, bulletins 60, 61;
sions to collection, 64-73
Eurypterida, memoir on, 30-31
Explanation of plates, 141-210

acces-

Fairchild, H. L., bulletin on glacial
waters in the Black and Mohawk
valleys, 59; cited, 21

Falkland Islands, illustrations of De-
vonic fossils, 140

Fall army worm, 38

212

Felt, E. P., bulietin on elm leaf
beetle and white-marked tussock
moth, 60

Flies, 40

Forest pests, 39-40
Forest tent caterpillar, 35
Fruit tree pests, 36

Gall midges, 40

Garnet deposits of Warren county,
95-102 .

Geologic map, condition of survey
in’ | western. New “Mork e170 71m
northern New York, 17; in south-
eastern New York, 20; Hudson-
Champlain valley, 22; new bulle-
tins, 58, 61

Geological survey, report on, 16-33

Geology bulletins, 58-60; in press, 61

Gipsy moth, 37

Glacial waters in the Black and Mo-
hawk valleys, bulletin on, 59

Goldthwait, cited, 22

Goniophora abbreviata, 178

Gordon, C. E., cited, 20

Grain pests, 37

Grass pests, 37-38

Green maple worm, 35

Hessian fly, 38
Hickory bark beetle, 39
Hill, B. F., cited, 93
Historical museum, provision should
be made for, 8
Homalonotus, two specimens from
the Percé Rock, 138-39
herscheli, 146
noticus, 142, 144
(Schizopyge) parana, 146
Hooper, F. C., cited, 102
House fly, 40
Hudson, George H., Use of the
Stereogram in Paleobiology, 103-5;
plates, 106-30
Hyolithus subaequalis, 162

Industrial geology, 25-28
Industry, museum of, proposed, 8
Insect pests in institutions, control,

4I

(SS SN a a

INDEX TO REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2

Iroquois rites and folklore, study of,
56-57

Janeia bokkeveldensis, 176
braziliensis, 176

Kemp, James F., cited, 19, 80, 82,
89, 93, 100, 102; bulletin on the
mineral springs of Saratoga, 59

Kionoceras zoilus, 162

Lake Pleasant quadrangle, 17
Lake Vermont, glacial, 21
Law, State Museum, 6
Leptocoelia flabellites, 194
Leptodomus capricornus, 178
ulrichi, 180
Leptostrophia concinna, 196
mesembria, 104
Lingula keideli, 204
lamella, 204
lepta, 204
scalprum, 204
subpunctata, 204
Locust leaf miner, 39
Logan, Sir William, cited, 133

Magnus, H. C., cited, 102
Maple scale, cottony, 39
false, 30

Map, geologic, see Geologic map

Memoirs, in press, 61

Merrillf Fiji, cited, 102

Meteorites, 78-79

Midge galls, 41

Miller, W. J., bulletin on geology of
the Broadalbin quadrangle, 58;
Early Paleozoic Physiography of
the Southern Adirondacks, 80-93;
Garnet Deposits of Warren
County, 95-102; cited, 17, 93

Mineral resources, investigation and
description, 25

Mineral Springs of Saratoga,
bulletin on, 59

Mining and quarry industry of New
York, bulletin on, 59

Modiomorpha? scaphula, 180

Mohawk valley, bulletin on glacial
waters in, 59

‘10;

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Mollusca, New York, monograph, 44
Mooers quadrangle, 22

Mosquitos, 40

Mount Morris meteorite, 78-79

National plant quarantine act, 37
Hewlarid, 1, H., cited) 93, Teo; ree:
bulletin on mining and quarry in-
dustry, 59
Nuculana inornata, 168.
Nuculites pacatus, 168
parai, 166
reedi, 166
sharpei, 166
Nursery inspection, 42

Ogilvie, I. H., cited, 94

Orbiculoidea baini, 200
bodenbenderi, 200
collis, 202

Orthoceras sp., 162

Palaeanatina erebus, 178
Palaeoneilo magnifica, 168, 170
rhysa, 168
sancticrucis, 170
sculptilis, 170
Paleobiology, use of the stereogram,
103-5; plates, 106-30
Paleontology, report on, 30-33; bul-
letin, 61; accessions to collection,
64
Paranaia margarida, 182
Pear midge, 37
Pear thrips, 36
Pennaia pauliana, 156
Percé rock, a notable trilobite from,
138-39
Petroleum compounds as insecticides,
35-36
Pholadella cf. radiata, 180
Phthonia epops, 180
Pilsbry, A. H., Monograph of the
New York Mollusca, 44
Plant quarantine act, 37
Plates, explanation of, I4I-2I10
Plectonotus (Bucaniella) dereimsi,
164
(Bucaniella) hapsideus, 164

213

Pleurodapis multicincta, 174
Proboloides cuspidatus, 160
pessulus, 160
Prothyris (Paraprothyris)
iRepe

Ptomatis moreirai, 166
Public art museum, 9
Publications, 57-61

knodi,

Rensselaeria falklandica, 182
Ruedemann, Rudolf, cited, 80, go, 91,
93, 94

St Lawrence, Gulf, origin of, 132-37
St Lawrence county, talc deposits,
25; zinc, 26-28
Saratoga, mineral springs, 19; bul-
letin on, 59
Schenectady quadrangle, bulletin on
glacial geology, 58
Schizobolus truncatus, 200
Schuchertella agassizi, 196.
sancticrucis, 198
sulivani, 196
Scientific collections, condition, I5-
16
Scientific publications, 57-61
Seismologic station, 28-30

| Serpulites sica, 206

Shade tree pests, 38-39
Sphenotus lagoensis, 178
Spirifer antarcticus, 184
contrarius, 192
hawkinsi, 184
iheringi, 188, 190
katzeri, 192
kayserianus, 186
lauro-sodreanus, I90
parana, 192
Spraying, fundamentals of, 41
Staff of the Science division and
State Museum, 62-63
State Museum, law, 6; statutory
conception, 6-7; idea and place in
polity of the State, 7-9; educa-
tional function, 9-15
Stereogram, use in
103-5; plates, 106-30

paleobiology,

214

Stoller, James H., bulletin on glacial
geology of the Schenectady quad-
rangle, 58

Surficial geology, 21-25

Talc deposits, St Lawrence county,
25
Tarrytown quadrangle, 20
Tentaculites crotalinus, 164
jaculus, 164
Tropidocyclus antarcticus, 164
Tussock moth, white marked, 40, 60

Ulrich, E. O., cited, 80, 85, 86, 87, 04

INDEX TO REPORT OF

THE DIRECTOR IQI2

Vermont waters, 22

Walcott, C. D., cited, 80, 94

Warren county, garnet deposits, 95-
102

White grubs, 37

Whitlock, H. P., Mount
Meteorite, 78-79

Woolly bark louse, 39

Morris

Zinc, St Lawrence county, 26-28
Zoologist, report, 43-44
Zoology collection, accessions to, 73-

76

New York State Education Department
New York State Museum

JOHN M. CiarkeE, Director
PUBLICATIONS

Packages will be sent prepaid except when distance or weight renders the
same impracticable. On ro or more copies of any one publication 20%
discount will be given. Editions printed are only large enough to meet
special claims and probable sales. When the sale copies are exhausted,
the price for the few reserve copies is advanced to that charged by second-
hand booksellers, in order to limit their distribution to cases of special
need. Such prices are inclosed in[ ]. All publications are in paper covers,
unless binding is specified. Checks or money orders should be addressed
and payable to New York State Education Department.

Museum annual reports 1847-date. Allin print to 1894, 50c a volume, 75c in
cloth; 1894-date, sold in sets only; 75c each for octavo volumes; price of
quarto volumes on application.

These reports are made up of the reports of the Director, Geologist, Paleontologist,
Botanist and Entomologist, and museum bulletins and memoirs, issued as advance sections
of the reports.

Director’s annual reports 1904—date.

EQO4.. 13.5)P;) 20Gs 1909. 230p. 4rpl. 2 maps, 4 charts. Out of print.
1905. 102p. 23pl. 30¢. I9gto. 280p. il. g2pl. 502.

1906. 1186p. 4rpl. 25c. IQII. 218p. 4opl. 5o0c.

Igo7. 212p. 63pl. soc. I9I2. 21I4p. 5opl. soc.

1908. 234p. 39pl. map. 4oc.

These reports cover the reports of the State Geologist and of the State Paleontologist.
Bound also with the museum reports of which they form a part.] I

Geologist’s annual reports 1881-date. Rep’ts 1, 3-13, 17-date, 8vo; 2,
14-16, 4to.

In 1898 the paleontologic work of the State was made distinct from the geologic and was
Teported separately from 1899-1903. The two departments were reunited in 1904, and are
now reported in the Director’s report. :

The annual reports of the original Natural History Survey, 1837-41, are out of print.

Reports 1-4, 1881-84, were published only in separate form. Of the sth report 4 pages
were reprinted in the 39th museum report,and a supplement to the 6th report was included
in the 40th museum report. The 7th and subsequent reports are included in the 41st and
following museum reports, except that certain lithographic plates in the r1th report (1891)
and 13th (1893) are omitted from the 45th and 47th museum reports.

Separate volumes of the following only are available.

Report Price Report Price Report Price
12 (1892) S.:50 4 17 $.75 21 $.40
14 sii 18 aris 22 -40
ER 2 19 .40 23 aie
16 I 20 .50 [See Director’s annual reports]

Paleontologist’s annual reports 1899—date.

See first note under Geologist’s annual reports.

Bo.iad also with museum reports of which they form a part. Reports for 1899 and 1900
may be had for 20c each. Those for r901-3 were issued as bulletins. In 1904 combined
with the Director’s report.

Entomologist’s annual reports on the injurious and other insects of the -
State of New York 1882-date.

_Reports 3-20 bound also with museum reports 40-46, 48-58 of which they forma part”
Since 1898 these reports have been issued as bulletins. Reports 3-4, 17 are out of print
other reports with prices are:

NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

Report Price Report Price Report Price
1 Satie II $.25 21 (Bul. 104) $.25
2 30 12 .25 221 Ce EO) mei
5 -25 13 Out of print 2aih( Fas rialAy lee mie
6 Sau 14 (Bul. 23) .20 DUNC erTaA') Va aie
7 20 BS Gre Sages Es 2! TET RS
8 25 16¢%. 36)-.25 20 CP JtA7) . . 35
9 225 Toi 4 64) .20 27 eee LEE, AO
Io ssi EG. OF). 15 28 In press

ZO sO), ao

_ Reports 2, 8-12 may also be obtained bound in cloth at 25c each in addition to the price
given above.

Botanist’s annual reports 1867-—date.

Bound also with museum reports 21-date of which they form a part; the first Botanist’s
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were not published separately.

Separate reports for 1871-74, 1876, 1888-98 are out of print. Report for 1899 may be had
fer 2ec: 1900 for soc. .Since 1gor these reports have been issued as bulletins.

Descriptions and illustrations of edible, poisonous and unwholesome fungi of New York
have also been published in volumes 1 and 3 of the 48th (1894) museum report and in volume
1 of the 49th (1895), s1st (1897), 52d (1898), 54th (1900), 55th (1901), in volume 4 of the
56th (1902), in volume 2 of the 57th (1903), in volume 4 of the 58th (1904), in volume 2
of the s9th (1905), in volume 1 of the 6oth (1906), in volume 2 of the 61st (1907), 62d
(1908), 63d (1909), 64th (1910), 65th (1911) reports. The descriptions and illustrations of
edible and unwholesome species contained in the 49th, 51st and 52d reports have been re-
aed and rearranged, and, combined with others more recently prepared, constitute Museum

emoir 4.

Museum bulletins 1887—date. 8vo. To advance subscribers, $2 a year, or $1
a year jor division (1) geology, economic geology, paleontology, mineralogy;
50c each for division (2) general zoology, archeology, miscellaneous, (3) botany,
(4) entomology.

Bulletins are grouped in the list on the following pages according to divisions.
The divisions to which bulletins belong are as follows:

t Zool gy 55 Archeology 110 Entomology

2 Botany 56 Geology t11 Geolog’

3 Economic Geology 57 Entomology 112 Economic Geology
4 Mineralogy 58 Mineralogy 113 Archeology

5 Entomology 59 Entomology 114 Geology

6 ss 60 Zoology I15 c

7 Economic Geology 61 Economic Geoiogy 116 Botany

8 Botany 62 Miscellaneous 117 Archeology

9 Zoology 63 Geology 118 Geology

1o Economic Geology 64 Entomology 119 Econornic Geology
II * 65 Paleontology 120 z

12 cs 66 Miscellaneous t2t Director’s report for 1907
13 Entomology 67 Botany 122 Botany

14 Geology 68 Entomology 123 Economic Geology
15 Economic Geology 69 Paleontology 124 Entomology

16 Archeology 70 Mineralogy 125 Archeology

17 Economic Geology 71 Zoology 126 Geology

18 Archeology 72 Entomology 127 re

19 Geology 73 Archeology 128 <

20 Entomology 74 Entomology 129 Entomology

21 Geology 75 Botan, 130 Zoology

22 Archeology 76 Entomology 131 Botany

23 Entomology 77 Geology 132 Economic Geology
24 i 78 Archeology 133 Director’s report for 1908
25 Botany 79 Entomology 134 Entomology

26 Entomology 80 Paleontology 135 Geology

27 s 81 Geology 136 Entomology

28 Botany 82 “ 137 Geology

29 Zoology 83 ad 138 cf

30 Economic Geology 84 & 139 Botany

31 Entomology 85 Economic Geology 140 Director’s report for 1909
32 Archeology 86 Entomology I4I Enbonelaey.

33 Zoology 87 Archeology 142 Economic Geology
34 Geology 88 Zoology 143 s

35 Economic Geology 89 Archeology 144 Archeology

36 Entomology go Paleon'ology 145 Geology

37 - 91 Zoology 146 t

38 Zoology 92 Paleontology 147 Entomology

39 Paleontology 93 Economic Geology 148 Geology

40 Zoology 94 Botany 149 Director’s report for r910
41 Archeology 95 Geology 150 Botany

42 Geology 96 e 151 Economic Geology
43 Zoology 97 Entomology 152 Geology

44 Economic Geology 98 Mineralogy 153 a

45 Paleontology 99 Paleontology I-4 s

46 Entomology too Economic Geology 155 Entomology

47 ¢ to1 Paleontology 156 Ee

43 Geology 102 Economic Geology 157 Botan”

9 Paleontology 103 Entomology 158 Director’s report for 1911
so Archeology 104 “ 159 Geology

51 Zoology 105 Botany 160 ae

52 Paleontology 106 Geology 161 Economic Geology
5: Entomology 107 Geolcgy and Paleontology 162 Geology

54 Botany 108 Archeology 163 Archeology

Entomology

164 Director’s report for 1912

MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS

Bulletins are also found with the annual reports of the museum as follows:

Bulletin Report Bulletin Report Bulletin Report Bulletin Report
12-15 48 Ver 78 57, Ve 2 116 603,V2 2 I50 64, Vv. 2
16,17 RO ver 79 Se Wee labour, = Eebiy 60. Vv. 3 I5I O45. Va 2
18,19 Berwin d 80 Coane (oi rs Rees) 60, Vv. I 152 64, Vv. 2
20-25 S2,Vv.1 81,82 Sy. veg PrO-2% O61, vit 153 64; Vii 2
26-31 eave AL 83,84 EO Var 122 Gr Ve 2 154 64, Vv. 2
32-34 54,Vv.1 85 5c, V2 123 Or, Veer 155 OSs vase
35,36 54, V. 2 80 Reena 124 OLAV 156 (Oh ee
37-44 ° 54, V.3 87-89, * RS vo4 125 62, V.3 157 G5) vere
45-48 54, V.4 go Srv 126-28 62,Vv.1 158 Ghaveer
49-54 555 Veal gI 58, Vv. 4 129 62, Vv. 2 159 OSs vant
55 56, Vv. 4 92 58, v. 3 130 625 ve 3 160 OSt vat
56 56, v..1 93 te ee WZ C32) O2,0Vv..02 161 65, v. 2
57 BO. Ves 94 58,Vv.4 133 62,.V. 1 162 O5,/vie L
58 50. V. I 95,96 BO. Ved 134 62 Vie 2
59,60 56) Vag 97 58. Vv. 5 135 G3u Vieek Memoir

I 56, v.1 98,99 59,Vv.2 136 63, V.2 2 49, V. 3
62 56, Vv. 4 I0o 59, Vv. 1 E37 63,V.1 Bia 5a Van2
63 56, v. 2 IOI 59, Vv. 2 138 Ozenvelr 50 Fis Ao
64 56,.v53 102 59, Vv. I 139 63k Viz 7 Reefer
65 BOS vi 2 103-5 BO: Vi 2 140 OS a Yierk 8, ptr 59, Vv. 3
66,67 56, Vv. 4 106 5O, Vat 141 OZa0 Ve 2 8, pt 2 59, V. 4
68 56, Va3 107 60, V. 2 142 635 Va 2 9) Dt = 60, Vv. 4
69 56, Vv. 2 108 60, Ving 143 Osea 2 9, Dt 2 62,V.4
(Osn 575 Ved, Dt Te TOO, 110) (60, Vs I 144 O4,.Nia02 Io 60, Vv. 5
72 Big Vel ty Db ae: 51 60, Vv. 2 145 O4e Ve iat Ole vans
72 Ree 2 It2 60, Vv. 1 146 GAP Dvn Et 12 Oanvans
74 S77 ave Db. 2) eS 60, Vv. 3 147 64, Vv. 2 13 63. Vv. 4
75 57, Vv. 2 II4 60) Vv. 148 64, Vv. 2 EA Monk 65, Vv. 3
76 Bee Dat 2). teks 60, V. 2 I49 64, V. 1 TA, Wow 65, v. 4
77 57s Wa Ly Dic

The figures at the beginning of each entry in the following list indicate its number as a
museum bulletin.

Geology and Paleontology. 14 Kemp, J. F. Geology of Moriah and West-
port Townships, Essex Co. N. Y., with notes on the tron mines. 38p.
meavpl. 2 maps: Sept. 1895. Free.

19 Merrill, F. J. H. Guide to the Study of the Geological Collections of
the New York State Museum. 164p. t19pl. map. Nov. 1898. Out of print.

21 Kemp, J. F. Geology of the Lake Placid Region. 24p. 1p!. map. Sept.
1898. Free.

34 Cumings, E. R. Lower Silurian System of Eastern Montgomery County;
Prosser, C. S. Notes on the Stratigraphy of Mohawk Valley and Sara-
toga County, N. Y. 74p. 14pl. map. May 1goo. 15c.

39 Clarke, J. M.; Simpson, G. B. & Loomis, F. B. Paleontologic Papers 1.
22, theurople AIC. 1900... E5C:

Contents: Clarke, J. M. A Remarkable Occurrence of Orthoceras in the Oneonta Beds of
the Chenango Valley, N

—— Paropsonema cryptophya; a Peculiar Echinoderm from the Intumescens-zone
(Portage Beds) of Western New York.

—— Dictyonine Hexactinellid Sponges from the Upper Devonic of New York.

— The Water Biscuit of Squaw Island, Canandaigua Lake, N.

Simpson, G. B. Preliminary Descriptions of New Genera of Paleozoic Rugose Corals.

Loomis, F. B. Siluric Fungi from Western New York.

42 Ruedemann, Rudolf. Hudson River Beds near Albany and their Taxo-
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45 Grabau, A. W. Geology and Paleontology of Niagara Falls and Vicinity.
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48 Woodworth, J. B. Pleistocene Geology of Nassau County and Borough
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49 Ruedemann, Rudolf; Clarke, J. M. & Wood. Elvira. Paleontologic
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Contents: Ruedemann, Rudolf. Trenton Conglomerate of Rysedorph Hill.

Clarke, J. M. Limestones of Central and Western New York interbedded with Bitumi-
nous Shales of the Marcellus Stage.

Wood, Street Marcellus Limestones of Lancaster, Erie Co., N. Y.

Clarke, J. M. New Agelacrinites.

Value of Amnigenia as an Indicator of Fresh-water Deposits during the Devonic of

New York, Ireland and the Rhineland.

52 Clarke, J. M. Report of the State Paleontologist 1901. 28o0p. il. ropl-
map, 1 tab. July 1902. 4oc.

56 Merrill, F. J. H. Description of the State Geologic Map of 1901. 4a2p.
2 maps, tab. Nov. 1902. Free.

NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

63 Clarke, J. M. & ee D. D. Stratigraphy of Canandaigua and Naples
Quadrangles. 78p. map. June 1904. 25¢c.

65 Clarke, J. M. Catalogue of Type Specimens of Paleozoic Fossils in the
New York State Museum. 848p. May 1903. $1.20, cloth.

69 —— Report of the State Paleontologist 1902. 464p. s2pl. 7maps. Nov.
1903. $1, cloth.

77 Cushing, H. P. Geology of the fossa of Little Falls, Herkimer Co.
9$p. il. r5pl. 2 maps.. Jam. 1905. 30

80 Clarke, J. M. Report of the State Palcomeaonic: 1903. 396p. 2gpl.
2 maps Feb. 1905. 85¢, cloth.

81 Clarke, J. M. & Luther, D. D. Watkins and Elmira Quadrangles. 32p.

‘map. Mar. 1905.- 25¢c.

82 Geologic Map of the Tully Quadrangle. 4gop.map. Apr. 1905. 20C¢.

83 Woodworth, J. B. Pleistocene Geology of the Mooers Quadrangle. 62p.
a5pl. map. June 1905. 25¢.

Ancient Water Levels of the Champlain and Hudson Valleys. 206p.
il. rrpl. 18 maps. July 1905. 45¢.

g0°:;Ruedemann, Rudolf. Cephalopoda of Beekmantown and Chazy For-
mations of Champlain Basin. 224p. il. 38pl. May 1906. 75¢, cloth.

82\Grabau, A. W. Guide to the Geology and Paleontology of the Schoharie
Region. 314p.il. 26pl. map. Apr. 1906. 75¢, cloth.

95 Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Northern Adirondack Region. 188p.
5p I 3 maps. Sept. L905. Zoe

96 Ogilvie, I. H. Geology of fhe Paradox Lake Quadrangle. sap. il. 17pl.
map: ) Deemigas.e sce.

99 Luther, D. D. Geology of the Buffalo Quadrangle. 32p. map. May
LQO6. ~20C.

IOI Geology of the Penn Yan- Hammondsport Quadrangles. 28p.
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106 Fairchild, H. L. Glacial Waters in the Erie Basin. 88p. 14pl. 9 maps.
Feb. 1907. Out of print.

107 Woodworth, J. B.; Hartnagel, C. A.; Whitlock, H. P.; Hudson, G. H.;
Clarke, J. M.; White, David & Berkey, C. P. Geological Papers. 388p.
54pl. map. May 1907. goc, cloth.

Contents: Woodworth, J. B. Postglacial Faults of Eastern New York.
Hartnagel, C. A. Stratigraphic Relations of the Oneida Conglomerate.

Upper Siluric and Lower Devonic Formations of the Skunnemunk Mountair Region.

Whitlock, H. P. Minerals from Lyon Mountain, Clinton Co.

Hudson, G. H. On Some Pelmatozoa from the Chazy Limestone of New York.

Clarke, ‘if M. Some New Devonic Fossils.

An Interesting Style of Sand-filled Vein.

Eurypterus Shales of-the Shawangunk Mountains in Eastern New York.

White, David. A Remarkable Fossil Tree Trunk from the Middle Devonic of New York.
Berkey, C. P. Structural and Stratigraphic Features of the Basal Gneisses of the High-

111 Fairchild, H. L. Drumlins of New York. 6o0p. 28pl. 19 maps. July
1907. Out of print.

114 Hartnagel, C. A. Geologic Map of the Rochester and Ontario Beach
Quadrangles. 36p. map. Aug. 1907. 20C.

115 Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Long Lake Quadrangle. 88p. 2opl.
map. Sept. 1907. Out of print.

118 Clarke, J. M. & Luther, D: D. Geologic Maps and Descriptions of the
Portage and Nunda Quadrangles including a map of Letchworth Park.
sop. 16pl..4 maps. Jane 1908): 35c-

126 Miller, W. J. Geology of the Remsen Quadrangle. 54p. il. rrpl. map.
Jan. 1909. 25¢.

127 Fairchild, H. L. Glacial Waters in Central New York. 64p. 27pl. 15
maps. Mar. 1909. 40c

128 Luther, D. D. Geology of the Geneva-Ovid Quadrangles. 44p. map.
Apr. 1909. 20C. ;

135 Miller, W. J. Geology of the Port Leyden Quadrangle, Lewis County,
N.Y..: 62p. il. cupl. map.) jan. sore. 25e:

137 Luther, D. D. Geology of the Auburn- ess Quadrangles. 36p. map.
Mar. roto. . 20¢. ;

138 Kemp, J. F. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. Geology of the Elizabethtown
and Port Henry Quadrangles. 176p. il. 2opl. 3 maps. Apr. Igto. 40C.

MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS

145 Cushing, H. P.; Fairchild, H. L.; Ruedemann, Rudolf & Smyth, C. H.
Geology of the Thousand Islands Region. 1g4p. il. 62pl.6 maps. Dec.
EQHO.) PSC.

146 Berkey, C. P. Geologic Features and Problems of the New York City
* (Catskill) Aqueduct. 286p. il. 38pl. maps. Feb. rg1tt. 75¢; cloth, $1.

148 Gordon, C. E. Geology of the Poughkeepsie Quadrangle. 122p. il.
26pl.map. Apr.1g11. joc.

152 Luther, D. D. Geology of the Honeoye-Wayland Quadrangles. 3op.
map. Oct. 1911. 20¢c.

153 Miller, William J. Geology of the Broadalbin Quadrangle, Fulton-
Saratoga Counties, New York. 66p.. 4k. Spl. mage" JDée. 198.” 256.

154 Stoller, James H. Glacial Geology of the eines 2 Quadrangle. 44p.
gpl. map. .Déeriorr..)2cc:

159 Kemp, James F. The Mineral Springs of Saratoga. 8o0p. il. 3pl Apr.
I9I2. I15¢.

160 Fairchild, H. L. Glacial Waters in the Black and Mohawk Valleys. 48p.
il. 8pl. 14 maps. May 1912. 5oc.

162 Ruedemann, Rudolf. The Lower Siluric Shales of the Mohawk Valley.
T52p. iL rspl. Aus. 19i2. ~s5c:

Miller, William J. Geological History of New York State. In press.

Luther, D. D. Geology of the Attica and Depew Quadrangles. In press.

Miller, William J. Geology of the North Creek Quadrangle. In press.

Luther, D.D. Geology of the Phelps Quadrangle. Iu preparation.

Whitnall, H. O. Geology of the Morrisville Quadrangle. Prepared.

Hopkins, T. C. Geology of the Syracuse Quadrangle. Prepared.

Hudson, G. H. Geology of Valcour Island. In preparation.

Economic Geology. 3 Smock, J. C. Building Stone in the State of New
York. 154p. Mar. 1888. Out of print.

First Report on the Iron Mines and iran Ore Districts in the State
of New York. 78p. map. June 1889. Out of print.

to ——— Building Stone in New York. 210p. map, tab. Sept. 1890. 4oc.

1m Merrill, F. J. H. Salt and Gypsum Industries of New York. g4p. r2pl.
2mHaps, 11 tab.. cepr 1s93., (sacl

12 Ries, Heinrich. Clay Industriesof New York. 174p.il. 1pl.map. Mar.
FaQS: zee.

15 Merrill, F. J. H. Mineral Resources of New York. z40p. 2 maps.
Sept. 1895. [soc]

17 Road Materials and Road Building in New York. 52p. r4pl.
2-maps. Ort. 1397) Tse.

30 Orton, Edward. Petroleum and Natural Gas in New York. 136p. il.
3 maps. Nov. 1899. 15c.

35 Ries, Heinrich. Clays of New York; their Properties and Uses. 456p.
r4opl. map. June 1900. Out of print.

44 Lime and Cement Industries of New York; Eckel, E. C. Chapters
on the Cement Industry. 332p. 1o1pl. 2 maps. Dec. 1901. 85c, cloth.

61 Dickinson, H. T. Quarries of Bluestone and Other Sandstones in New
York. 1r14p. 18pl. 2 maps. Mar. 1903. 35¢c.

85 Rafter, G. W. Hydrology of New York State. ogoa2p. il. 44pl. 5 maps.
May 1905. $1.50, cloth.

93 Newland, D. H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York. 78p.
July 1905. Out of print.

too McCourt, W. E. Fire Tests of Some New York Building Stones. 4op.
26pl. Feb. 1g06. 15¢.

102 Newland, D. H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1905.
162p. June 1906. 25¢e.

112 Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1906. 82p. July
1907. Ont of print.

& Kemp, J. F. Geology of the Adirondack Magnetic Iron Ores
with a Report on the Mineville-Port Henry Mine Group. 184p. r4pl.
Smaps. Apr. 1908. © ‘5c.

120 Newland, D.H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1907. 82p.
July 1908. Out of print.

123 & Hartnagel, C. A. Iron Ores of the Clinton Formation in New
York State. 76p. il. r4pl. 3 maps. Nov. 1908. 25¢.

132 Newland, D.H. Mining and Quarry Industry of Ree York 1908. 8p.

July t909. 15¢e:

NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

142 Mining and Quarry Industry of New York forr1gog. 9o8p. Aug.
7QtG,:. (P5e:

143 Gypsum Deposits of New York. 94p. 2opl. 4 maps. Oct. rgro.
35¢.

I5I Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1g1o. 82p. June 1911. 15

161 Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 191i. 114p. July 1912. 202.

Mineralogy. 4 Nason, F.L. Some New York Minerals and their Localities.
22p. ipl. Aug. 1888. Free.

58 Whitlock, H. P. Guide to the Mineralogic Collections of the New York
State Museum. r5op. il. 39pl. 11 models. Sept. r902. 0c.

New York Mineral Localities. trrop. Oct. 1903. 20¢.

Contributions from the Mineralogic Laboratory. 38p. 7pl. Dec.
1905. Out of print.

Zoology. 1 Marshall, W. B. Preliminary List of New York Unionidae.
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9 Beaks of Unionidae Inhabiting the Vicinity of Albany, N. Y. j3op.

afipl. Aug. 189°. Free.

29 Miller, G. S., jr. Preliminary List of New York Mammals. 1124p. Oct.
1899. _I5c

33 Farr, M. °S. Check List of New York Birds. 224p. Apr. 1go0o. 25

38 Miller, G. S., jr. Key to the Land Mammals of Northeastern Noreh
America. 106p. Oct. 1900. Out of print.

40 Simpson, G. B. Anatomy and Physiology of ‘Polygyra albolabris and
Limax maximus and Embryology of Limax maximus. 82p. 28pl. Oct.
Igor. 256)

43 Kellogg, J. L. Clam and Seatop Industries of New York. 36p. apl.
map. “Apr. Igor. Free.

51 Eckel, E. C. & Paulmier, F. e Catalogue of Reptiles and Batrachians
of New York. 64p. il. rpl. Apr. 1902. “Out of print.

Eckel, E. C. Serpents of Northeastern United States.
Paulmier, F.C. Lizards, Tortoises and Batrachians of New York.

60 Bean, T. H. Catalogue of the Fishes of New York. 784p. Feb. 1903.
$1, cloth.

71 Kellogg, i Ps ie Habits and Growth of Venus mercenaria. 30p.
4pl. Sept. 1903.

88 pe Elizabeth a Pha List of the Mollusca of New York. r16p.

sa May 1905. 20C¢. : 2

91 iPaulmier, F. C. Higher Crustacea of New York City. 78p. il. June
Ig05. 20C.

130 Shufeldt, R. W. Osteology of Birds. 382p. il. 26pl. May 1909. 500.

Entomology. 5 Lintner, J. A. White Grub of the May Beetle. 34p. il.
Nov. 1888. Free.

6 Cut-worms. 38p. il. Nov. 1888. Free.

13 San José Scale and Some Destructive Insects of New York State.
s4p.:7pl. Apr. 1895-..- 5e. ;

20 Felt, E. P. Elm Leaf Beetle in New York State. 46p. il. spl. June
1898. Free.
See 57.

70
98

r4th Report of the State Entomologist 1898. r5o0p. il. gpl. Dec.
1898. 295¢.

Memorial of the Life and Entomologic Work of J. A. Lintner Ph.D.
State Entomologist 1874-98; Index to Entomologist’ s Reports 1-13. 316p.
tpl. Oct. 1899. 35¢c.

Supplement to 14th report of the State Entomologist.

26 Collection, Preservation and Distribution of New York Insects.
36p. il. Apr. 1899. Free. E

27 Shade Tree Pests in New York State. 26p. il. 5pl. May 1899.
Free.

31 15th Report of the State Entomologist 1899. 128p. June rgoo.
T5C.

36 16th Report of the State Entomologist 1900. 3118p. r6pl. Mar.

IQgOI. 25€C.
Catalogue of Some of the More Important Injurious and Beneficial
Insects of New York State. 54p. il. Sept. 1900. Free.

37

MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS

46 Scale Insects of Importance and a List of the Species in New York
State, ogpcib rgpl..’ June noer. 25.

47 Needham, J. G. & Betten, Cornelius. Aquatic Insects in the Adiron-
dacks. 234p. il. 36pl. Sept. rgor. 45c.

53 Felt, E. P. 17th Report of the State Entomologist 1901. 232p. il. 6pl.
Aug. 1902. Out of print

Elm Leaf Beetle in New York State. 46p. il. 8pl. Aug. 1902.
Out of print.
This is a revision of Bulletin 20 containing the more essential facts observed since that

was prepared.

59 Grapevine Root Worm. gop. 6pl. Dec. 1902. 15¢c.
See 72
64 18th Report of the State Entomologist 1902. t11iop. 6pl. May

903. | 20.

68 Ricodtaae J. G. & others. Aquatic Insects in New York. 322p. 52pl.
Aug. 1903. 8oc, cloth.

72 Felt, E. P. Grapevine Root Worm. 58p. 13pl. Nov. 1903. 20C¢.
This is a revision of Bulletia 59 containing the more essential facts observed since that

was prepared.

74 & Joutel, L. H. Monograph of the Genus Saperda. 88p.’r4pl.
June 1904. 25¢c.

76 Felt, E. P. roth Report of the State Entomologist 1903. 15op. 4pl.
AOG4 4 | “ESC:

79 Mosquitos or Culicidae of New York. 164p. il. 57pl. tab. Oct.
1904. 40C.

86 Needham, J. G. & others. May Flies and Midges of New York. 352p.
il. 37pl. June 1905. 8o0c, cloth.

97 Felt, E. P. 20th Report of the State Entomologist 1904. 246p. il. rgpl.
Nov. 1905. 4o0c.

103 —— Gipsy and Brown Tail Moths. 44p. 1ropl. July 1906. 15c.

104 —— 21st Report of the State Entomologist 1905. 3144p. 10opl. Aug.
MYO)... 25C. .

109 Tussock Moth and Elm Leaf Beetle. 34p. 8pl. Mar. 1907. 20¢.

IIo 22d Report of the State Entomologist 1906. 3152p. 3pl. June
EGO7. ~25c:

124 23d Report of the State Entomologist 1907. 542p. il. 44p. Oct.
1908. -75¢:

129 Control of Household Insects. 48p.il. May 1909. Out of print.

134 24th Report of the State Entomologist 1908. 208p. il. 17pl.

Sept. 1909. 35c.
136 Control of Flies and Other Household Insects. 56p. il. Feb.
LO10. . ESE.

This is a revision of Bulletin r29 containing the more essential facts observed since
that was prepared.

141 Felt, E. P. 25th Report of the State Entomologist 1909. 178p. il. 2apl.
july-r9feus 356:

147 26th Report of the State Entomologist rg10o. 182p. il 35pl. Mar.
IOII.) “a5e

155 —— 27th Report of the State Entomologist 1911. 1198p. il. 27pl. Jan.
I9I2. 40c.

156 —— Elm Leaf Bzetle and White-Marked Tussock Moth. 35p. 8pl. Jan.
1912; 208:

28th Report of the State Entomologist 1912. In press.

Needham, J. G.. Monograph on Stone Flies. In preparation.

Botany. 2 Peck, C. H. Contributions to the Botany of the State of New
York. 72p. 2pl. May 1887. Out of print.

8 Boleti of the United States. 98p. Sept. 1889. Out of print.

25 —— Report of the State Botanist 1898. 76p. spl. Oct. 1899. Out of
print.

23 Plants of North Elba. 206p. map. June 1899. 20¢c.

54 —— Report of the State Botanist r901. 58p. 7pl. Nov. 1902. 4oc.

67 —— Report of the-State Botanist 1902. 196p. spl. May 1903. soc..

75 —— Report of the State Botanist 1903. 7op. 4pl. 1g04. 4oc.

4

Report of the State Botanist 1904. 6op. ropl. July r905. 4oc.

NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

105 —— Report of the State Botanist 1905. 108p.12pl. Aug.1906. soc.
116 —— Report of the State Botanist 1906. 1120p. 6pl. July 1907. 35¢.
122 —— Report of the State Botanist 1907. 178p. spl. Aug. 1908. ‘4oc.
131 —— Report of the State Botanist 1908. 202p. 4pl. July 1909. 4o0c.
139 —— Report of the State Botanist 1909. 1116p. 1opl. May sro1o. 45¢.
150 —— Report of the State Botanist 1910. roop. spl. May 1911. 300.
157 —— Report of the State Botamist 1911. 139p. gpl. Mar. 1912. 35c.

Report of the State Botanist 1912. In press.
Archeology. 16 Beauchamp, W. M. Aboriginal Chipped Stone Implements

of New York. “S86pi 23 ply @et. 189720 25e.

18 —— Polished Stone Anices Used by the New York Aborigines. ro4p.
g5pl.. ONewsrdo07s) 25 ¢:

22 —— Earthenware of the New York Aborigines. 78p. 33pl. Oct. 1898.
Zi5C:

32 —— Aboriginal Occupation of New York. 1190p. 16pl. 2 maps. Mar.

LOGC. | 30C.

41 Wampum and Shell Articles Used by New York Indians. 166p.
28pl. Mar. 1901. 3oc.

50 —— Horn and Bone Implements of the New York Indians. 112p. 43pl.
Marsige2., 26c:

55 —— Metallic Implements of the New York Indians. g4p. 38pl. June

L902 25:
Metallic Ornaments of the New York Indians. t122p. 37pl. Dec.
LQO3s ego

History of the New York Iroquois. 340p. 17pl. map. Feb. 1905.
75c. cloth.

73

87 Perch Lake Mounds. 84p. r2pl. Apr.1g905. Out of print.

89 Aboriginal Use of Wood in New York. t1gop. 35pl. June 1905.
35¢.

108 —— Aboriginal Place Names of New York. 336p. May 1907. 4oc.

113 Civil, Religious and Mourning Councils and Ceremonies of Adop-

tion. Bae 7pl. “Tune T9O7. 25C.

ri7 Parker, “Ag7C.% Am ‘tie fade Village and Burial Site. 1o2p. 38pl.
Bec. 1907. 3oc:

125 Converse, ip M. & Parker, A.C. Iroquois Myths and Legends. r1g96p.
Uresoils Dec. LQOS- 50C-

144 Parker, A. C. Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants. 12o0p.
iiaupl> INovwe Toros eZoc:

163 Parker, A.C. The Code of Handsome Lake. 144p. 23p!. Nov. 1912. 25c.

Miscellaneous. 62 Merrill, F. J. H. Directory of Natural History Museums
in United States and Canada. 236p. Apr. 1903. 300.

66 Ellis, Mary. Index to Publications of the New York State Natural
History Survey and New York State Museum 1837-1902. 418p. June
1903. 75C¢, cloth.

Museum memoirs 1889—date. 4to. ;

1 Beecher, C. E. & Clarke, J. M. Development of Some Silurian Brachi-
opoda. - 96p; spk Oct! 288q. $r- es

2 Hall, James & Clarke, J. M. Paleozoic Reticulate Sponges. 35op. il. 7opl
1898. $2, cloth.

3 Clarke, J. M. The Oriskany Fauna of Becraft Mountain, Columbia Co.,
N.Y. * a28p.sopl— Oct 19007. See

4 Peck, C.H. N.Y. Edible Fungi, 1895-99. 106p.2spl. Nov. 1900. [$1.25]

This includes revised descriptions and illustrations of fungi reported in the 49th, 51st and

52d reports of the State Botanist.

5 Clarke, J. M. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. Guelph Formation and Fauna of
New York State. ro96p. 21rpl. July 1903. $1.50, cloth.

6 Clarke, J. M. Naples Fauna in Western New York. 268p. 26pl. map.
1904. $2, cloth.

7 Ruedemann, Rudolf. Graptolites of New York. Pt 1 Graptolites of the
Lower Beds. 350p. 17pl. Feb. 1905. $1-50, cloth.

8 Felt, E. P. Insects Affecting Park and Woodland Trees. v.1. 46o0p.
il. 48pl. Feb. 1906. $2.50, cloth: v.2. 548p. il. 22pl. Feb. 1907. $2, cloth.

9 Clarke, J. M. Early Devonic of New York and Eastern North. America.
Pt 1. 366p. il. yopl. 5 maps. Mar. 1908. $2.50, cloth; Pt 2. 25op. il. 36pl.
4 maps. Sept.-1909. $2, cloth.

MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS

1o Eastman, C. R. The Devoniec Fishes of the New York Formations.
236p. r5pl. 1907. $1.25, cloth.

Iz Ruedemann, Rudolf. Graptolites of New York. Pt 2 Graptolites of
the Higher Beds. 584p. il. 31pl. 2 tab. Apr. 1908. $2.50, cloth.

fayeaton, EP. H. Birds of New York. vs ». sorp. ili qepl Apr. 1910.
$3, cloth; v. 2, 1m press.

13 Whitlock, H.P. Calcitesof New York. 1gop. il.27pl. Oct. 1910. $1, cloth.

14 Clarke, J. M. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. The Eurypterida of New York. v. 1.
Text. 440p. il. v.2 Plates. 188p. 88pl. Dec. 1912. $4, cloth.

Natural History of New York. 3ov. il. pl.maps. 4to. Albany 1842-94.

DIVISION 1 ZOOLOGY. De Kay, James E. Zoology of New York; or, The
New York Fauna; comprising detailed descriptions of all the animals
hitherto observed within the State of New York with brief notices of
those occasionally found near its borders, and accompanied by appropri-
ate illustrations. 5v.il.pl.maps. sq. 4to. Albany 1842-44. Out of print.
Historical introduction to the series by Gov. W. H. Seward. 178p.

v. 1 ptr Mammalia. 131 + 46p. 33pl. 1842.

300 copies with hand-colored plates.

v. 2 pt2 Birds. 12+ 380p. r4aipl. 1844.
Colored plates.

v. 3 pt3 Reptilesand Amphibia. 7+ 98p. pt4 Fishes. 15 + 415p. 1842.
pt 3-4 bound together.

v. 4 Plates to accompany v. 3. Reptiles and Amphibia. 23pl. Fishes.
7opl. 1842.

300 cOpies with hand-colored plates.
v. 5 pts Mollusca: 4+ 27rp. gopl. pt6 Crustacea. jop.13pl. 1843-44.
‘Hand-colored plates; pts—6 bound together.

DIVISION 2 BOTANY. Torrey, John. Flora of the State of New York; com-
prising full descriptions of all the indigenous and naturalized plants hith-
erto discovered in the State, with remarks on their economical and medical
properties. 2v. il. pl. sq. gto. Albany 1843. Out of print.

v. 1 Flora of the State of New York. 12+ 484p. 72pl. 1843.

300 copies with hand-colored plates.

v. 2 Flora of the State of New York. 572p. 89pl. 1843.

300 copies with hand-colored plates.

DIVISION 3 MINERALOGY. Beck, Lewis C. Mineralogy of New York; com-
prising detailed descriptions of the minerals hitherto found in the State
of New York, and notices of their uses in the arts and agriculture. il. pl.
sq. 4to. Albany 1842. Out of print.

v. 1 ptr Economical Mineralogy. ptz Descriptive Mineralogy. 24 + 536p.
1842.
8 plates additional to those printed as part of the text.

DIVISION 4 GEOLOGY. Mather, W. W.; Emmons, Ebenezer; Vanuxem, Lard-
ner & Hall, James. Geology of New. York. 4v. il. pl. sq. 4to. Albany
1842-43. Out of print.

1 ptt Mather, W. W. First Geological District. 37 + 653p.46pl. 1843.
2 pte Emmons, Ebenezer. Second Geological District. 10 + 437p.
u7pl. 1842.

. 3 pt3 Vanuxem, Lardner. Third Geological District. 306p. 1842.

. 4 pt4 Hall, James. Fourth Geological District. 22 + 683p. ropl.
map. 1843.

DIVISION 5 AGRICULTURE. Emmons, Ebenezer. Agriculture of New York;
comprising an account of the classification, composition and distribution
of the soils and rocks and the natural waters of the different geological
formations, together with a condensed view of the meteorology and agri-
cultural productions of the State. 5v. il. pl. sq. 4to. Albany 1846-54.
Out of print.

a

<<

NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

v. 1 Soils of the State, Their Composition and Distribution. 11 + 371p. 2rpl.
1846.

v. 2 Analysis of Soils, Plants, Cereals, etc. 8 + 3434+ 45p. 42pl. 1849.
V/ith hand-colored plates.

V. SU Pruits .eten) 76 1340p: »aha5 te
v. 4 Plates to accompany v. 3. g5pl. 1851.

Hand<+colored.

v. 5 Insects Injurious to Agriculture. 8+ 272p. 5opl. 1854.
With hand-colored plates.

DIVISION 6 PALEONTOLOGY. Hall, James. Palaeontology of New York. 8v.
il. pl. sq. 4to. Albany 1847-94. Bound 1n cloth.

v. 1 Organic Remains of the Lower Division of the New York System.
23 + 338p. oopl. 1847. Out of print.

v. 2 Organic Remains of Lower Middle Division of the New York System.
8 + 362p. ro4pl. 1852. Out of print.

3 Organic Remains of the Lower Helderberg Group and the Oriskany
" detgnet ptr, text, 12-5532.) ar O5Os= [parse

—— pt 2. r42pl. 186. [$2.50]

4 Fossil Brachiopoda of the Upper Helderberg, Hamilton, Portage and
Chemung Groups. 11 + 1+ 428p. 69pl. 1867. $2.50.

v. 5 pt 1 J.amellibranchiata 1. Monomyaria of the Upper Helderbergs,
Hamilton and Chemung Groups. 18 + 268p. 45pl. 1884. $2.50.

Lamellibranchiata 2. Dimyaria of the Upper Helderberg, Ham-

ilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. 62 + 293p. 51pl. 1885. $2.50.

pt 2 Gasteropoda, Pteropoda and Cephalopoda of the Upper Helder-
berg, Hamilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. 2v. 1879. v. 1, text.

15 + 492p.; v.2. t20pl. , $2.50 for 2 v.

& Simpson, George B. v. 6 Corals and Bryozoa of the Lower and Up-

per Helderberg and Hamilton Groups. 24 + 298p. 67pl. 1887. $2.50.

& Clarke, John M. v. 7 Trilobites and Other Crustacea of the Oris-

kany, Upper Helderberg, Hamilton, Portage, Chemung and Catskill

Groups. 64 + 2360p. 46pl. 1888. Cont. supplement to v.5,pt2. Ptero-

poda, Cephalopoda and Annelida. 4z2p. 18pl. 1888. $2.50.

& Clarke, John M. v.8pt1 Introduction to the Study of the Genera

of the Paleozoic Brachiopoda. 16 + 367p. 44pl. 1892. $2.50.

& Clarke, John M. v. 8 pt 2 Paleozoic Brachiopoda. 16 + 394p. 64pi.
1894. $2.50.

Catalogue of the Cabinet of Natural History of the State of New York and
of the Historical and Antiquarian Collection annexed thereto. 242p. 8vo.
TOG se

Handbooks 1893-date.

New York State Museum. s52p. il. 1902. Free.

Outlines, history and work of the museum with list of staff 1902.

Paleontology. 12p. 1899. Out of print.

Brief outline of State Museum work in paleontology under heads: Definition; Relation to
biology; Relation to stratigraphy; History | of paleontology in New York.

Guide to Excursions in the Fossiliferous Rocks of New York. 124p. 189¢.
Out of print.
Itineraries of 32 trips covering nearly the entire series of Paleozoic rocks, prepared specially

for the use of teachers and students desiring to acquaint themselves more intimately with the
classic rocks of this State.

Entomology. 16p. 1899. Out of print.

Economic Geology. 44p. 1904. Free.

Insecticides and Fungicides. 20p. 1909. Free.

Classification of New York Series of Geologic Formations. 32p. 1903. Out
of print. Revised edition. 96p. 1912. Free.

MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS

Geologic maps. Merrill, F. J. H. Economic and Geologic Map of the
State of New York; issued as part of Museum Bulletin 15 and 48th Museum
Report, v. 1. 59 x 67 cm. 1894. Scale 14 miles to 1 inch. 15¢.

—— Map of the State of New York Showing the Location of Quarries of
Stone Used for Building and Road Metal. 1897. Out of print.

Map of the State of New York Showing the Distribution of the Rocks

Most Useful for Road Metal. 1897. Out of print.

Geologic Map of New York. rgor. Scale 5 miles to r inch. Jn atlas

jorm $3. Lower Hudson sheet 6oc.

The lower Hudson sheet, geologically colored, comprises Rockland, Orange, Dutchess,
Putnam, Westchester, New York, Richmond, Kings, Queens and Nassau counties, and parts

of Sullivan, Ulster and Suffolk counties; also northeastern New Jersey and part of western |

Connecticut.

Map of New York Showing the Surface Configuration and Water Sheds

1901. Scale 12 miles to 1 inch. rse.

Map of the State of New York Showing the Location of Its Economic
Deposits. 1904. Scale 12 miles to 1 inch. I5¢.

Geologic maps on the United States Geological Survey topographic base.
Scale 1 in. == 1 m. Those marked with an asterisk have also been pub-
lished separately.

*Albany county. 1898. Out of print.

Area around Lake Placid. 1898.

Vicinity of Frankfort Hill [parts of Herkimer and Oneida counties]. 1899.

Rockland county. 1899.

Amsterdam quadrangle. goo.

*Parts of Albany and Rensselaer counties. 1got. Out of print.

*Niagara river. 1901. 25¢,

Part of Clinton county. Igor.

Oyster Bay and Hempstead quadrangles on Long Island. IQOI.

Portions of Clinton and Essex counties. 1902.

Part of town of Northumberland, Saratoga co. 1903.

Union Springs Cayuga county and vicinity. 1903.

*Olean quadrangle. 1903. Free.

*Becraft Mt with 2 sheets of sections. (Scale rin. = 4m.) 1903. 200.

*Canandaigua-Naples quadrangles. 1904. 20C.

*Little Falls quadrangle. 1905. Free.

*Watkins-Elmira quadrangles. 1905. “20€.

*Tully quadrangle. 1905. Free.

*Salamanca quadrangle. r1o0s. Free.

*Mooers quadrangle. 1905. Free.

Paradox Lake quadrangle. ‘1905

*Buffalo quadrangle. 1906. Free.

*Penn Yan-Hammondsport quadrangles. 1906. 200.

*Rochester and Ontario Beach quadrangles. 2o0c.

*Long Lake quadrangle. Free.

*Nunda-Portaye quadrangles. 0c.

*Remsen quadrangle. 1908. Free.

*Geneva-Ovid quadrangles. 1909. 20¢.

*Port Leyden quadrangle. 1910. Free.

*Auburn-Genoa quadrangles. - IQIo. 20C.

*Elizabethtown and Port Henry quadrangles. gro. 15¢.

*Alexandria Bay quadrangle. Free.

*Cape Vincent quadrangle. Free.

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*Grindstone quadrangle. Free.

*Theresa quadrangle. Free.

*Poughkeensie quadrangle. Free,

*Honeoye-Wayland quadrangle. 200.

*Broadalbin quadrangle. Free.

*Schenectady quadrangle. Free.

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