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PRR for entry as second-class matter at the Post Office at Albany, N.Y., pending
_ Published. Fortnightly _
No.7538!« cane an
ALBANY, N. ¥.
MARCH I
» 1913
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Museum Bulletin 164.
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‘al he State Ilaseeliy idea Ae | EE CR eet art i and its place in the pol: ed Seth “Public mtérest i: .': Srphebe _ ity of the State. . 7 |.- IX Publieatieasn cates. vas oe ee Staff of the Science Divi- II The educational Gunton rite eign atid: State Giecouen of the State Museum. | XI Necasslonk GE. SIGNCET fa so as 38 9 The, Mount Morris Meteorite. III Condition of the scientific Eee OW BITEDOR Oy fot! collections ..... Shiels & » I5, |~Early, Paleozoic Physiography of IV Report on the geological” . | the Southern ~ Adirondacks. _ survey.. n'y aiy oon, hae signe OP OCS Vi PIR IME RG, cle ode atom oe Areal geology. Finke age 16 | The Garnet Deposits of Warren Surficial geology..?...... .2F |} County, : New: York. W..’ J: Industrial geology...... RTT ae Ss BST PR aS a rer a asain 8 Seismologic station. '.28:| The Use of the Stereogram in Paleo- \ Paleontology. . Poet 3280 biology... G.“H.« HupDSON. : ,*7.. V_ Report of the State Botan- yh, Due Origin of the Gulf of St Law. | se SOON A Noth ‘Watente aan VI Report of ie Seite Ento-- eh ake Bid Rock. ais ie from ti Mologist.. 0... - +’ 35: | Tlustrations of the Devonie Fos- VII Report of the Zoologist... 43 + ~ sils of Southern Brazil and the w Yor h of ee New Falkland Islands. J. M. CLARKE ollusca:...-:° 44 pees fn wah seid atl os del heen eae ALBANY .- ar UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE. OF NEW YORK "if ge: . Lah
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UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Regents of the University (uly 15, 1913) With years when terms expire t9t7 St Crain McKetway M.A. LL.D. D.C.L, L.H.D. Chancellor Brooklyn 1914 Puy T. Sexton LL.B. LL.D. Vice Chancellor Palmyra 1915 ALBERT VANDER VEER M.D. M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. Albany
1922 CHESTER 8. Lorp M.A. LL.D. - - - = -— New York 1918 WittiAM NotrincHaM M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. - -— Syracuse 1921 Francis M. CARPENTER - - - -— — — -— Mount Kisco 1923 ABRAM I. Erxus LL.B. D.C.L. - - -— -— -New York 1916 Lucius N. Litraver B.A. - = - - ~- * Gloversville 1924 ADELBERT Moot —- — _ : — - Buffalo 1925 CHARLES B. ALEXANDER M. a LL. B. LL. D. Lit.D. Tuxedo
1919 JOHN MoorE- —- —- —- — — — Elmira
1920 ANDREW J. SHIPMAN M z LL. 8. LL. D.- - — New York
President of the Hdieuiie and Commissioner of Education
JouHn Huston FInteEy M.A. LL.D. Assistant Commissioners
Avucustus S. Downinc M.A. L.H.D. LL.D. For Higher Education Cuartes F, WHEELocK B.S. LL.D. For Secondary Education Tuomas E. Finecan M.A. Pd.D. LL.D. For Elementary Education Director of State Library James I. Wver, Jr, M.LS. Director of Science and State Museum Joun M. Crarxe Ph.D. D.Sc. LL.D. Chiefs of Divisions Administration, Gzorce M. Witey M.A. Attendance, James D. SuLLiIvan Educational Extension, Witt1am R. Watson B.S. Examinations, Hartan H. Horner B.A. History, James A, HoLpEn B.A. Inspections, FranK H. Woop M.A. Law, FRANK B. GILBERT B.A. _ Library School, Frank K. Water M.A. M.LS. Public Records, THomas C. QUINN School Libraries, SHERMAN WILLIAMS Pd.D: | Statistics, H1rram C. CAsE i Visual Instruction, ALFRED W. Asrams Ph.B. Vocational Schools, ARTHUR D.. DEAN D.Sc.
New York State Education Department Science Division, February 13, 1913
Hon. Andrew S. Draper LL.D. Commissioner of Education
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript and accompanying illustrations of the annual report of the Director of the Science Division, for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1912, and J recommend the same for publication as a bulletin of the State Museum.
Very respectfully Joun M. CLARKE Director
STATE OF NEW YORK EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
COMMISSIONER'S ROOM
Approved for publication this 19th day of February 1913
Commissioner of Education
yee mite faut)
Education Department Bulletin
Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York
Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under the act of July 16, 1894
No. 538 ALBANY, N. Y. March I, 1913
e: Joun M. CLARKE, Directgr ©, ae he
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Museum Bulletin 164% ' a:
NINTH REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR SCIENCE DIVISION
INCLUDING THE
66th REPORT OF THE STATE MUSEUM, THE 32d REPORT OF THE STATE. GEOLOGIST, AND THE ‘REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST FOR 1912
INTRODUCTION
This report covers all divisions of the scientific work under the charge of the Education Department and concerns the progress made therein during the fiscal year I911-12. It constitutes the 66th annual report of the State Museum and is introductory to all the scientific memoirs, bulletins and other publications issued from this office during the year mentioned. ©
Under the action of the Regents of the University (April 26, 1904) the work of the Science Division is “under the immediate supervision of the Commissioner of Education,’ and the advisory committee of the Board of Regents of the University having the affairs of this division in charge are the Honorables: Daniel Beach LL.D., Watkins; Lucius N. Littauer B.A., Gloversville; Adelbert Moot, Buffalo.
The subjects to be presented in this report are considered under the following chapters:
I State Museum Law II The Educational Function of the State Museum of Science III Condition of the Scientific Collections IV Report on the Geological Survey V_ Report of the State Botanist
6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
VI Report of the State Entomologist VII Report on the Zoology Section VIII Report on the Archeology Section IX Publications of the year X Staff of the Science Division and State Museum XI <Accessions to the Collections XII Appendixes (to be continued in subsequent volumes).. All the scientific publications of the year.
I THE STATE MUSEUM LAW
The present attitude of the State of New York toward its museum is defined in the statute enacted in 1889 and incorporated without change in the codified Education Law of Igto:
All scientific specimens and collections, works of art, objects of historic interest and similar property appropriate to a general museum, if owned by the State and not placed in other custody by a special law, shall constitute the State Museum.
This provision for the existence of a State Museum is brief and precise, but the conception which lies behind it is broad, enlightened and efficient. Provision is made, not alone for a museum of science, even though to the present day the science museum only has received recognition and support by actual allotments from the Legislature. The law is broader than the present exercise of that law and the genius of the brief enactment cited rises above the actual condition attained by virtue of it.
THE STATUTORY CONCEPTION OF A “STATE MUSEUM”
The letter and evident spirit of the law provide not only for the museum that now exists, but for any public museum which the people of the State may choose to bring into existence, whether it be a museum of history, of art, of industry, or of education; and all such museums and their materials shall constitute the State Museum. The statute clearly opens the way for the institution, at the will of the people, of a series of museums or departments of a State Museum, as many in number and nature as the reason- able demands of a populous, wealthy and intellectual state may regard essential to the instruction of its people. No law for the establishment of public museums could be broader in import or susceptible of a more generous interpretation in strict accord with the expressed wishes of the people. It is the deliberate expression
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 "
of the Legislature of the State that a place be provided in its polity, not alone for the museum of science, which has been in existence for sixty years, but for additional museums, as their need may become appreciated, all under the control of the Education Depart- ment. This is clearly the meaning of a law which, in state legis- lation on this subject, is not surpassed for conciseness and breadth.
etas DALE, MUSEUM HDEAVANDeriS .PLACH IN. THE POLITY OR TEE Sir
This State has thus far developed its magnanimous conception of the Museum only along the line of science. So far as it has gone it has doubtless done well in this single direction, for its museum of science has brought credit to it and to those who have shared in its development. The State Museum of Natural History has achieved a distinctive and worthy repute among such scientific museums whose interests are of necessity somewhat restricted by political boundary lines. It is very doubtful if any state museum of science should attempt to enter the wider field of the world and thus compete with the great privately endowed museums of the larger municipalities. Its function is well and adequately defined in portraying in fulness the natural resources of its state. The good repute of the New York State Museum of science has come, however, more from the work of original research which it has fostered, than from the educational service thus far rendered through its collections. These collections have been assembled very largely for the service of the investigations, rather than with the purpose of elucidating to the people the significance of these re- searches. So far is this the case that the science museum, now entering a new building with capacious and well-equipped halls, finds itself deficient, not in the quantity but in the quality of scientific materials suitable to display to the public or competent lucidly to explain the facts they represent and the researches which the Museum has prosecuted. This is a condition which must be reme- died if this Museum is to become a vigorous arm of the educational service. In a very real sense the science museum, notwithstanding its long history and its large collections, is beginning anew, for never within its history has it possessed a satisfactory locus. Its collections have long been scattered through many different build- ings. But out of the assembled material now brought together in the Museum halls of the Education Building, is to develop a series of scientific collections in the various departments of natural history
8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
here pursued, that will be of effective instructional value entirely creditable to the State.
That a knowledge of a state’s natural resources is of paramount moment to the people, needs no argument. That the people should have an insight into the larger scientific problems based upon and arising from these natural resources, will not admit of debate. In the natural and orderly development of practical and intellectual interest among the people, these are demands which have a superior force because they develop first.
But this great Commonwealth has ceriainly reached a stage of intellectual attainment where it may demand now, or should demand soon, the development of the fuller conception of the additional museums to which the statute has pointed the way. The State of New York has no museum of its own history. Whether it should have is not a matter for debate. The director's project for such a museum has been approved by the Commissioner of Education, by a special committee of the Board of Regents, by unanimous vote of the Board itself, by the finance committee of the Senate and by a thousand expressed opinions of competent citizens. Yet it does not exist. The substantial means fail largely because a Jocus for such a museum still fails. The hope that the Education Building might accommodate such a museum probably must be abandoned for want of room, and until there is a definite answer to the question ‘“ Where are you going to put it?” the appropriations necessary for its crea- tion will be withheld. For such an historical museum public senti- ment is ripe, and the time is ripe. In the impending amplification of the State’s buildings provision should be made for it.
Have the people of the State of New York reached a stage of such intelligent concern in their past as to desire a portrayal of the development of the industries on which their wealth and happiness so largely depend? Has not the time arrived when a museum which would teach the people how the raw material in every line of in- dustry is evolved into the finished product, would have a very dis- tinctive usefulness to all the people? How many among the ten million citizens of New York know that their morning newspaper requires in its manufacture the use of sulfur and lime, and talc or clay as well as wood? One who is concerned with modern methods of any manufacture will be as much concerned in the historical development of that industry. Here lies an immense field of deepest concern and very high instructional value. To such an inspiring institution as a museum of industry, all paths would lead; the direct
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 8)
appeal to the people would be of tremendous force and the response from the people would not fail to be substantial. It is well worth while to consider if the development of this conception in the - museum series can wisely be left to a coming generation.
The public art museum is naturally the last to take its place in the development of the public museum idea. Time will bring it to every state as intellectual appreciation and the love of the beauti- ful advance. Experience has taught this, and the abundance of art museums maintained in the older countries by state grants is evi- dence that, even though the time may still be unripe in New York, at least its seed has taken root.
A law in which the people have intimated a desire, if not an inten- tion, to develop the museum idea for the State on the broad lines indicated, remains but partially enforced. An intelligent people opened the door for the development of this idea; the conception has been rather too long left unheeded. This State has inti- mated its willingness to stand for the progressive habilitation of this conception and with the Regents of the University, charged with the enforcement of this law and the right to execute its intentions, lies here an opportunity for additional public service.
II
PEE eDUCSLION AL. -FUNGLION £OF Sto h.STALE MUSEUM, Or, Seine!
In rendering the annual account of the procedure in this division during the fiscal year, it seems well to ask special attention from those who may read this report to the require- ments of the real educational functions of this organization. Year after year record has been made of the advance of work along the several lines of scientific inquiry and conversation legitimately pursued by it. Data of scientific worth and moment have annually heaped up on the vast accumulation of like facts which the many years of previous work have brought forth; publications have issued in unbroken streams, in which some part of this accumulation of knowledge has been digested and set forth so as to take its proper place in the fabric of science. All the work done and the work begun, whatever its outcome, is to have its final bearing on the progress of the knowledge of this State and its natural resources, howsoever remote its immediate relation thereto may seem.
IO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Not for an instant has the attitude of the chief educational officer, judicially reflecting the underlying sentiment of the State, intimated a purpose to restrain or curtail investigations in those lines of pure and applied science here carried on; on the contrary this influence has substantially favored and apprecia- tively encouraged all this work, in geology, paleontology, miner- alogy, botany, entomology, zoology and archeology; the proper fields of science which this division covers. Such indeed has been the historic attitude of the State toward this work and such without question it is likely to be.
This Division of Science, during its long existence of seventy- five years, has rolled up a monumental record of the varied scientific resources of the State, embodying facts and factors which have modified and added to the total body of science in ways that it would now be difficult to estimate. The State of New York has become classic ground of these scientific branches and its fund of records is in keeping with the vastness of its natural wealth. There could be no justification for any cessa- tion in these activities, whether they pertain to pure or to applied science. The mining production of this State has increased by 3000 per cent since the inception of the Geological Survey. The control of insect depredations upon the agricultural and forest crops of the State becomes annually of greater moment to the people with the yearly enlargement of the crops themselves. The conservation of all our native fauna and flora is a problem of growing concern.
These are but items in the progress of results, but it may be said with security that never in its history has this division been of more immediate usefulness to the progress of the people nor its contributions in pure science of more moment to the philos- ophy of life. The solution of every problem of science brings with it new and larger problems. The bell never rings on scientific progress and research — if it does, in a State like this, it is a knell that tolls for death and decay. There lie before us today in these various fields of research larger problems, more deeply fraught with the welfare of the Commonwealth, more intimately concerned with the inspiration and uplift of the citizen, than there have ever been.
But in an evident and pregnant sense we have now come to a turn in the road. This division is, and has long and properly been, a part in the University of the State and the Department
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1912 ti
of Education; and as such its ideals of research have never faltered or been contravened. Now, by virtue of the equipment for it of extensive museum halls, it enters by force and by preference into more immediate and direct touch with the citi- zens. The burden is laid upon it to bring home to the people, by visual appeal, the meaning of all that has been said and done im istience during the years past. The “State Museum.” has long been a statutory designation, intimating scientific collec- tions brought together for the exposition of our natural resources but in reality implying and covering the investigations of these resources themselves. At no time in the history of the organization has there been an adequate museum; not once in all its career have the people been able to come into actual touch with the materials on which the published scientific works have been founded or to learn through their own eyes the real meaning of the resources and of the operations of nature which have been por- trayed on the thousands of pages and plates of our public reports.
The fact that this time has now arrived, that capacious quarters are about to be fully equipped for the reception of the material objects of science, brings, in effect, a new function to this division —that of making an efficacious and impressive contribution to the education of the people into these sources of knowledge, in a build- ing devoted throughout to the official diffusion of knowledge.
There are certain aspects of this new function that are proper in this public report at a time when the equipment of this museum ais) science: lies qust); a. stepppanead. - +) she wiirst, «of: these, first in significance to those on whom this large duty de- volves, is the fact that thus far the Museum has been the repository of the materials brought together by men engaged in the solution of scientific problems; these materials are not in any large sense conspicuous objects, carefully selected for special purposes of display, or to tell their own story. The collections of the Museum are very large, as state museums go, but if this large amount of material now contained in thousands of boxes, drawers and cases, were to be so divided that one part should comprise all that would arouse the interests of the inexpert, the latter would be but a slender fraction of the whole.
In the science of paleontology, a science of which the State of New York has for years been the especial patron, this fact is preeminently true. The Museum resources herein are large, but of this large accumulation there is only a small part that can be
I2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
made to tell its fascinating story to the uninitiated. To consider for a moment the demands of this science alone, and its place in a museum: the people of the State have a right to know what it is all about and why such extraordinary encouragement has been given to its prosecution; how it is that the State of New York has acquired its repute as the exponent of this science, and, if it is true that more is known of the paleontology of this State than of any equal area of the world (as has been said by a dis- tinguished French geologist), where is the proof of this outside of published documents. There are no mysteries in science and the fruits of this knowledge are the property of the people who have paid forit. There is thus laid upon this division the acqui- sition of materials in this field of science, that will tell the story of the life in the seas and on the lands of ancient New York, its beginning, its development and its outcome, and tell it in a way so lucid and intelligible that the visitor to the Museum can read it and learn it. No good thing, therefore, that can make clearer the wonderful histcry of life in this part of our ancient earth, and so help to enforce the broader lessons of the life from which we have derived our own existence, can be sacrificed or neglected, for so simply gross a reason as that appropriations for this work are inadequate. A scientific specimen in a labratory and such a specimen in a museum are of two vastly unlike qualities. The one tells its story to the expert, the other must be made to tell its simple and clear story to the larger world.
What has thus been intimated with reference to this science of paleontology may be said with equal appropriateness of all cognate sciences. Fach has its meaning as a factor in the edu- cation of all the people.
It is to this factor that the State Museum must now address itself. In so doing, to effect the real educational purpose of this Museum, to bring into sympathetic play with the scientific pur- pose oi the organization the natural interests of the people in the works of nature, to meet this enlarged opportunity for ser- vice, substantial aid must be afforded.
A half million citizens of this State visit the seat of govern- ment every year, some on business and some on pleasure, and the capital, among its other attractions, is now to present to them a public museum -— the museum of the people themselves. It is needless to speculate as to what percentage of visitors will direct their footsteps to this place. It is not the purpose of the
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 13
administration of the State Museum to offer to the visiting pub- lic a show of “ curios,’ or a series of discrete and incongruous objects without rationale or consecuity. It is its purpose to bring through the public eye into the public heart the concerns oioihe natural fesources of the’ State; the stories they tell, the business they record, the possibilities of commercial develop- ment they carry, the welfare and protection of the life that con- stitutes our native fauna and flora; to portray the development of the State from the beginning of its geography and with it to depict the course of its life through prehistoric stages up to the day of our aborigines with their multifold activities and culture; and so into the border lands of actual history. : Enough has been intimated in the foregoing in regard to the educational purpose of the State Museum of Science to make way for the conclusion that such functions can not be realized without a liberal support from an intelligent community. The State ol New York can make what it will of its Museum—a storehouse of scientifically important but educationally arid facts, or a conservatory of inspiring and uplifting knowledge of its aaeoraleresources. la) elect the latter as a deliberate policy of the Education Department is of necessity to supply the Educa- tion Department with the requisite funds to do it. It is in all respects a question of funds, for neither competent and enthusi- astic men nor adequate materials are wanting for such an end. It is therefore most proper at this juncture in the history of the organization to direct public attention to these requirements if the real purpose of the State Museum is to be assured. Thoughert was been the prackiceror the: State meretotore to encourage these several lines of scientific research, it has not heen its practice to give hearty support to the development of its Museum. The State Museum as a depository of natural resources has been rather tolerated than espoused. Its collec- tions have come to it incidental to other activities rather than purposely and for definite educational ends. The State Museum does not compete with the great civic but privately supported museums of this country and this day. Its field is not the world, but the State of New York. It should not attempt to exploit the world for its materials or for its educational purposes, but it should exploit the State of New York to its utmost, in order to set before the citizens of the State a conception of its natural ‘resources and of the large scientific problems arising with them.
t4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Conceding that its field is wisely restricted to the boundaries of ihe State. the State Museum should certainly have just as gen- erous and substantial aid as is so freely given today to the private museum by the private patron. It is not enough for New York merely to recognize the fact that the State Museum exists simply because other states have created and recognize their museums. Nothing is enough for the proper pride of the State and its citizens except that this Museum shall be of the best and an effective arm of the educational service. It is not enough that the State Museum shall attempt to exercise its proper function with only the materials which may properly be designated as the accessories of its scientific researches. Nothing less than the best the State has is good enough for its people, and to permit this Museum to impart its instruction with less than the best, is to affront the people. The Museum of the people of this State should be of such quality as will bring credit to a State which has established a pioneer record for effective Scientific research.
An illustration here is in point and immediate. The repor- trayal of the life and culture of our aborigines, the Iroquois Confederacy, is one of the living functions of the Museum. In the Capitol fire a large part of the historic Indian collections were destroyed, some ten thousand specimens. The loss must be made good, so far as it is possible to do it. Time quickly Wipes out records of the past. ‘he Indian relics which were so common and perhaps so little valued in our boyhood are becom- ing scarce. The Iroquois Confederacy belonged to the State ot New York and is a momentous factor in its history; it stood between the French and English cultures on this continent and kept the United States and Canada from becoming colonies of France. Every relic of this ancient culture now left among the citizens or in the soil should become the property of the State and that too as quickly as possible. These relics are records as valuable as books, and the generations to follow us will justly pass con- demnation if we allow them to pass into obscurity and forgetfulness.
Moreover the State Museum should be recognized as the State’s single and proper depository of scientific natural objects. The people should understand that here is where they may come for all information upon the natural products of the State. It is bootless and confusing for the State to maintain a collec- tion of scientific objects in Letchworth Park on the Genesee
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 15
river, a few casefuls of birds and fishes in connection with one administrative department, and perchance of seeds and soils with another. Museums require today a high grade of technical service for the proper conservation of these materials. Such minor side efforts soon degenerate from lack of proper and intelligent care and involve an expenditure of public money for no good purpose.
Notwithstanding the support which has long been given to the work olf the State Museum, its light has been too much under a bushel, it has had too much of the closet, has been too esoteric perhaps in its indifference to public appreciation. Its influence should reach to all the people. Yet it is well to. record here the fact that a long and distinguished body of citizens have person- ally given their indorsement and support to its work; as witness the five hundred members of the New York State Museum Association, men of influence and distinction in all sections of the’ State:
III CONDITION OF CTE SGLENEIPIC COLLECTIONS
During the fiscal year some part of the usual field operations of the staff of the Science Division has been curtailed in order to meet the additional expense thrust upon the division by the operations preliminary to removal of the scientific materials to their new quarters. At the date of this report actual removal has not commenced but lies in the immediate future and the actual condition of the collections is now such that their trans- portation can be effected without delay or damage. Further than this, it has seemed wise to utilize the opportunity and some part of the available financial resources of the Museum to pre- pare and complete special objects and groups of objects of con- spicuous worth and interest for prompt and ready display. These preliminary preparations have not been inexpensive. They have involved the dismembering and packing of large skeletons such as the whale, the mastodon, the elephant, the Irish elk and the entire series of lesser skeletons which could not be transported in their mounted condition. They have further involved the prep- aration of series of large models in plaster of especially note- worthy objects; and very particular packing of the State’s ex- tensive collection of birds and so on through the more delicate materials pertaining to the Museum. Provision has been made by
16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
the Legislature for the construction of cases for all the Museum collections on specifications which will make them of most modern type. This fine equipment will permit the Museum to leave behind it the antiquated and uninviting cases which pertain to its past career. The planning for this equipment has involved close and arduous study and has called for the continued attention of the members of the staff.
Notwithstanding these immediate internal duties of the divi- sion the lines of scientific research which properly pertain to it have been forwarded along their usual channels. The subjects which have engrossed the attention of the members of the staff have been somewhat diverse in character. The mineral springs at Saratoga have been the subject of close investigation as to their origin and an elaborate report thereupon has been issued. The study of the geographical development of the State has reached a point at which it has been possible to issue during the year a series of maps indicating the condition of New York at various stages during the period of retreat of the great ice sheet. The mineral industry of the State has received special attention and lines of possible future development of this industry have been indicated in the annual report on the mining and quarry indus- try. It is a part of the business of the State Geologist to execute a geological map of the State and this work has been in progress for a number of years, the base of the map being on a scale of one mile to the inch. This work has made a decided advance during the last year and the area of the State covered in this very great detail now approaches 20,000 square miles. Probably in no state has the plotting of its geology been carried on so minutely over so large an area. Of special interest also has been the work of the State entomologist in his efforts to control the depredation of the many insect pests that are damaging the agricultural and native forest crops of the State. In this line this official has been very diligently occupied and with advan: tageous results. |
IV REPORT ON TEE GEO LOGICARPSUB VEY, AREAL GEOLOGY In recent reports, statements have been made in regard to the progress of the areal mapping of the State on the topographic
base map. During the past year, the additional quadrangles com- pleted in western New York are those of Brockport, Hamlin,
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 7
Albion and Oak Orchard. Preliminary control has also been made in the Medina and Ridgeway quadrangles. Reports with maps have been rendered in final form on the following quadrangles: Attica, Depew, Caledonia, Batavia, Eden, Silver Creek; the Phelps quad- rangle is also essentially complete.
For this entire western New York region the present condition of the areal survey for the geologic map may be thus summarized:
Quadrangles published:
Auburn Honeoye Penn Yan Buffalo Naples Portage Canandaigua Nunda Tully Elmira Olean Watkins Genoa Ontario Beach Wayland Hammondsport Ovid
Quadrangles reported: | Albion Caledonia Oak Orchard
Attica Depew Phelps Batavia Eden Silver Creek Brockport Hamlin
Quadrangles mapped: Cherry Creek Dunkirk Westfield
Quadrangles begun: Bath Medina Ridgeway
In northern New York a completed report on the North Creek quadrangle awaits publication. In the last field season, the Lake Pleasant quadrangle was surveyed by W. J. Muller, who reports that the prevailing rocks belong to the syenite- granite series and comprise syenite (augitic to hornblendic), granitic syenite, granite and porphyry. ‘These rocks show all sorts of gradations from one type to another. Grenville gneisses, in areas sufficiently free from igneous rocks to permit separate mapping, are present in very subordinate amount. Grenville limestone is unusually scarce, only a few small outcrops having been noted.
Still other areas, often of considerable size, are made up of very closely involved syenite or granite and Grenville. Many
18 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
times the evidence seems conclusive that Grenville gneisses have been melted and actually assimilated by the molten intru- sions so that various rocks of intermediate character have resulted.
Only a few diabase and gabbro dikes have been found. Several of the diabase dikes are distinctly porphyritic with large plagio- clase crystals, but the exact nature of these rocks has not yet been determined.
The chief geologic interest of the quadrangle centers about the valley at Wells because of the location there of the important outler of Paleozoic rocks comprising Potsdam sandstone, Theresa passage beds, Little Fails dolomite, Black River (Low- ville) limestone, Trenton limestone, and Canajoharie (Trenton) black shale. Altogether the thickness of these strata is about five hundred feet and their areal extent about three square miles. The valley is of the nature of a fault basin with distinct faults along the eastern and western sides and a minor one between. Along the western side of the outlier the displacement of the fault is no less than 2000 feet, the Canajoharie shales showing a decided updrag effect near the fault. A very careful survey of the vicinity of Wells has been made resulting in the first detailed areal map (with structure sections) of this the most interesting Paleozoic rock outlier in the Adirondacks.
Another feature of special interest is the discovery of an out- lier of Paleozoic rock in the Sacandaga valley from one to two miles above Hope post office. ‘The only strata visible are con- siderable ledges of Little Falls dolomite and a little of the’ Theresa passage beds and Black River limestone. These strata are sharply downfaulted at least 1200 feet against the steep mountain on the western side of the valley. A minor fault appears to bound this outlier on the east so that this too seems to be a fault basin.
The major topographic features of the quadrangle are largely determined by normal faults, most of which strike northeast- southwest, though certain important cross faults also occur. There are many good examples of fault blocks, ridges and basins.
Glacial striae show the movement of the great ice sheet to have been southward to southwestward. There are several fine examples of extinct glacial lakes, especially those in the valley at Wells; along the Sacandaga river between the mouth of the
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 19
West Branch and Northville; and in the valley of the West Branch in the vicinity of Whitehouse.
During the year we have issued a bulletin on the Mineral Springs of Saratoga, prepared by James ‘F. Kemp, in con- nection with the series of investigations of the Saratoga district which have been in progress for several years. The region here concerned is covered by the Saratoga and Schuylerville quad- rangles and the rock geology, especially intricate in the latter quadrangle, has now been finally mapped by Doctors Cushing and Ruedemann. Features of special importance in the Schuy- lerville region are the great overthrusts and overturned folds in the Bald mountain district and the problem presented by the Schuylerville volcanic’ plug penetrating the Paleozoic slates. The latter has been much debated. The shales about the volcanic mass have been distinctly overthrust and it seems very evident that the eruptive has been involved in this movement. There are reasons for regarding the plug as of Postpaleozoic age and as thrust by lateral shove many miles westward of its original position.
The investigation of the structure of the shale belt of the Schuylerville and Saratoga sheets has led to the inference that the mineral waters of Saratoga fill a wide basin below the shale formed by the Potsdam sandstone and overlying Cambric and Ordovicic limestones and that the water of the Saratoga springs is derived by filtration through mountain folds about the Hud- son river and carried westward under the thick cover of the Canajoharie shales to the Saratoga-Mount McGregor fault and its branches, where it finds the thinnest cover: of shale and thus escapes. The Canajoharie shale rapidly thickens southward on account of its dip, and the projecting fault blocks of Precambric rocks close the basin to the northward.
Outside of this immediate region, the work in the shale belt has further brought out the fact that the thick formation of the Normanskill shale comprises two divisions, a lower one corre- sponding to the Chazy, and an upper, corresponding to the Low- ville-Black river interval. Normanskill shale graptolites were found in shale intercalated in the grit beds extending many miles along the Hudson about Hyde Park, N. Y., indicating that the shale belt there may be largely of Normanskill age. The broad belt of rocks extending from Schodack Landing to Stockport has hitherto been entered as Georgian on the State map, but the larger middle part of this is now known to consist of Deepkill
20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
shales, such characteristic graptolites as Didymograptus nitidus and Goniograptus thureaui having been found in railroad cuts below Stuyvesant.
In southeastern New York the complex problems involved in the Tarrytown quadrangle have received attention from Dr Charles P. Berkey who has been aided in his interpretations by his extensive knowledge of the underground rock structure in the course of the Catskill aqueduct.
The Clove quadrangle involving an area of Precambric and highly altered Paleozoic rocks east of Poughkeepsie has been studied by Prof. C. E. Gordon and for the most part mapped. The gneisses of the Highlands extend northward as a huge spur in the southeastern part of the quadrangle,-and on the west and northwest are overlain by and faulted with the lower Cambric quartzite which in turn is faulted with the Fishkill limestone. Both quartzite and limestone continue northeastward from the Poughkeepsie quadrangle and all three associated formations present essentially the same relations in both areas.
At Poughquag, in the town of Beekman, is the type locality of the basal quartzite of southeastern New York and while fos- sils have not yet been found in it, the structural relations clearly demonstrate its identity with the rock yielding Olenellus at Johnsville in the town of East Fishkill. The basal quartzite ends against the schist of West Pawling mountain about two miles northeast of Poughquag. Between Poughquag and this point, what appears to be the northern margin of the quartzite forms “Garden Hollow.” The drift is very heavy along the northern margin of the Highland spur, forming an exceptionally fine drumlin topography near Stormville, Green Haven and Poughquag. Northeast of the last village, it greatly obscures the relationships of quartzite, limestone and schist.
The northern boundary of the Fishkill limestone followed east from the Poughkeepsie area for a short distance presents the same serrated character, a short toothlike spur appearing just north of Sylvan lake. It then continues as a long narrow tongue- like spur eight or ten miles north of Poughquag in the valley of Fishkill creek and forms what is known as the “Clove.” In tracing the eastern boundary of the limestone with the schist, a fine example of coarse fault brecciation was noted a mile and a half north of the hamlet of Clove indicating the character of the contact.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 2t
On the east the gneissic spur is overlain by schist which west of Pawling forms what is known as “ West Pawling mountain ” and farther north between the “Clove” and the Dover valley forms “Chestnut ridge.” This garnetiferous mica sehist;. at places showing well-developed crystals of cyanite, is regarded as the metamorphosed derivative of the “ Hudson river” slates. West of the “ Clove” it grades into grits, phyllites and slates.
At Whaley pond is a patch of limestone known as the “ white ledge’ which is quite isolated from any other limestone out- crops. It is overlain by a quartzite, very similar to the basal quartzite and while clearly lying against the gneiss at places, ap- parently grades upward into the schist and appears to be a mem- ber of that formation. ‘The relations of gneiss and schist along the eastern margin of the spur are still obscure.
Extending from the southern to the northern boundary of the quadrangle through the townships of Patterson, Pawling and Dover is the Dover-Pawling limestone valley. This has been mapped as far north as Wingdale. The eastern and western margins of the valley are irregular and in many places show a confusion of schist and limestone patches of varying sizes in jux- taposition and in such further relation as to suggest that they are dismembered portions caused by disturbances from beneath. Two miles north of Pawling at “ Corbin hill” is a large patch of gneiss which is believed to be an inlier of the Precambric rocks; a broken piece of the Precambric floor thrust up among the younger rocks. It is bounded on the east, south and west by limestone and on the north by schist, and the field relations, as thus far studied, favor the view that all the contracts are faulted. The northwestern slope of the hill is heavily drift-covered.
East of the Dover-Pawling valley, as far north as Wingdale, the schist rises as a high mass of passes eastward into Connec- ticut.
SURFICIAL GEOLOGY
In continuation of his previous observations, work was carried on by Prof. H. L. Fairchild in the Hudson-Champlain valley.
In the report for 1911 (Museum Bulletin 158, pages 32-35), the hypothetical glacial Lake Vermont of Woodworth (Museum Bulletin 84) was provisionally accepted, and some high level shore features about Covey hill and in the St Lawrence valley were correlated with it. Some yet higher beach phenomena
22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
were attributed to glacial waters held up to the level of the Al- tona spillways, and these waters were called Lake Emmons.
Further study of the problem led to serious doubt of the cor- rectness of these views concerning the ancient waters of the Champlain valley, and specially of the nature of the so-called Vermont waters, and it became necessary to reexamine the phenomena.
Under the theory holding the Vermont waters as glacial the summit plane of the marine waters was thought to be repre- sented by the top of the series of heavy cobble bars about Covey ‘hill, with an altitude of 525 feet. The shore features above this level were attributed to glacial lake waters. This view was ac- cepted by Professor Goldthwait, who was studying the marine plane in the lower St Lawrence valley for the Canadian Survey.
Several considerations, specially the amount of land uplift in the district indicated by the Iroquois outlets, induced the belief that the Covey hill cobble ridges did not represent the highest stand of the oceanic waters, and that the ‘‘ Lake Vermont ”’ fea- tures (about 650 feet at Covey hill) were also produced by sea- level waters. At the beginning of the summer’s work in IgI2 a field conference was held with Professor Goldthwait and the features on a part of the: Mooers quadrangle were reviewed. The beach phenomena between the Covey hill bars and the Vermont plane are very weak in that district. The lack of definite shore features above the summit plane of the Covey hill bars, 525 feet, is in strong contrast with the heavy development below that plane. The results of the conference were unfavorable to the view that the land surface above the Covey hill plane had been slowly raised out of the sea-level waters, like the slopes below that plane.
Immediately following the conference an examination was made of the phenomena on the territory south of the Mooers quadrangle, the newly surveyed Dannemora quadrangle, taking advantage of an advance copy of the unpublished Dannemora sheet. A very unexpected and surprising display of shore features was discovered. It was found that south of the Mooers quad- rangle the Covey hill shore features are almost wanting, being replaced in the vertical position by a deluge of sand. But rang- ing above the Covey hill plane is a remarkable development of beach and delta features, reaching up to 700 feet. The strongest display of the cobble bars represents the “ Vermont ” plane, here
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I912 23
from 500 to 600 feet, and they extend practically throughout the whole length of the Dannemora quadrangle. It is evident that these beaches correlate with the Cobblestone hill bars and other detached features on the Mooers quadrangle that formerly were puzzling.
Being specially developed in the town of Peru these bars in the “Vermont” plane will be called in this report the Peru beaches. This shore exhibits all the characters which argue for the marine origin of the Covey hill beaches. Taken in connec- tion with the features on the adjacent Mooers quadrangle they afford an excellent illustration of the lack of value of negative evidence in study of shore lines, and the error in judging confi- dently from a single district or a limited area.
The Peru (“ Vermont’’) shore phenomena are found to be well developed southward throughout the Champlain valley, on both sides of the valley, and to lie far above the Fort Edward divide. They have been mapped on the Vermont side at Burlington, . Middlebury and Brandon. ‘The plane declines from 700 feet on the international boundary to 660 feet at Cobblestone hill, 520 feet near Ticonderoga, 440 feet near Glens Falls, and 390 feet near Mechanicville. The slope of the plane is a little over two feet a mile. These beaches are not the highest or summit bars of the region but were formed after some uplifting of the land had taken place. Their strength suggests that they represent a rela- tive pause or a slower rate in the land uplifting.
The highest well-developed bars found on the Dannemora quadrangle are 706 feet in height, and lie west of Peru vil- lage. Behind the highest shore features throughout the quad- rangle lie glacial drainage channels, terminating in deltas. These channels and deltas definitely determine the height of the stand- ing waters during the recession of the ice front. This altitude on the Dannemora quadrangle was over 700 feet.
Northward the summit plane of the Champlain waters during the time when the ice sheet was waning is represented by beaches at Shea’s Lines, on the Canadian boundary, south of Covey Hill post office, at about 750 feet; and also by the series of good bars at Cannon Corners, with an altitude of 750 feet. Southward the summit of the standing water is shown in various localities and specially at Port Henry. In the Hudson valley it is well shown. It is found that many cities and villages on both sides of the valley.are located on broad summit plains of deltas
24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
that were built in the marine waters that occupied the valley as the ice gave way. ‘This water plane rises from zero in the vicin- ity of New York to at least 350 feet at Schenectady, or at the fate of 2.2 teeta auale.
The practical continuity and correspondence in level of the highest water plane on both sides of the Hudson-Champlain val- ley proves that the waters filled the entire breadth of the valley and that the shore phenomena are not the product of ice-border lakes. It also appears that the waters were not held up by any moraine dam or any barrier of land uplift.
Over the Fort Edward divide the waters were more than 300 feet deep, and all the phenomena in the Fort Edward-Schuyler- ville district are those of static waters, slowly lowering and ter- racing the copious detrital deposits on both sides of the valley. There is found no evidence of any glacial stream flow below the summit water plane.
As the ice front melted back the ocean followed it and flooded the valley. The waters were at first the Hudson inlet; later the Hudson-Champlain inlet; and finally the Hudson-Champlain strait.
The minimum amount of continental uplift on the Canadian boundary is approximately determined by the deformation of the Iroquois plane. In the former report (page 32) it was shown that if we assume the Covey gulf outlet of Lake Iroquois to have been no lower than the original Rome outlet, then the dis- trict must have been lifted at least 665 feet. This makes the Covey hill bars 140 feet below the marine summit. ‘The total uplift must have been as much more than 665 feet as the gulf outlet was beneath the plane of the Rome outlet. The study of the high-level shore phenomena leads to the confident belief that the Covey hill district has been uplifted at least 750 feet since the ocean waters displaced the ice sheet. This would carry the gulf channel only 85 feet beneath the Rome outlet.
Summary. Heavy and conspicuous static water phenomena occur with practical continuity on both sides of the Hudson- Champlain valley from New York City to Canada, rising steadily from zero at New York to 750 feet at the north edge of the State. Above this plane the land is cut by glacial drainage. All the facts now known and the relationship of the beaches to the to- pography of the valley walls indicate that the waters were con- fluent with the ocean. The absence of marine fossils in the
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 a
higher deposits is probably chiefly due to the freshening of the water in the narrow inlet and strait by the very copious glacial waters.
INDUSTRIAL GEOLOGY
General review. The work in industrial geology which is directed chiefly to the investigation and description of the State’s mineral resources has been carried forward actively during the past year. The annual summary of the local mining field, prepared in the form of a report for the general guidance of those engaged in the industry or otherwise interested in its current progress, has been continued, and the latest issue brings the information down to the close of 1911. Besides complete production statistics, the report contains notes and short articles dealing with the present sources of supply of the valuable minerals and the more interesting features involved in their exploitations. In the year 1911, conditions on the whole were rather unfavorable to mining and quarry operations ; very few branches were able to report progress in terms of in- creased output. The aggregate valuation of $31,573,111 for the crude products was less by about 10 per cent than the total returned in the preceding year. The iron mining industry showed the full effects of the depression, as it is always very responsive to economic changes. The clay-working and quarry industries, especially the departments engaged in the production of building materials, were likewise much depressed. The setback had no serious consequences so far as concerns the permanent welfare of the industries, and it is expected that the record for 1912 will show some improvement, if not material gains, in many branches.
Talc. A sketch of the tale deposits of St Lawrence county and the present status of their industrial development has been pre- pared to meet the public inquiry for information on the subject. Some interesting developments have taken place during the last year or two, and it is hoped that with the preparation of large-scale topographic maps, a work now in progress, the opportunity will soon be forthcoming for a comprehensive account of the geology and economic features of the district. Since commercial operations were started, a little over thirty years ago, the mines have con- tributed nearly a million and a half tons, all of which required mechanical preparation before shipment to market. There is no other district in this country where the mining and milling of talc is carried on on so large a scale. The occurrence of metallic ores, including zinc blende, pyrite and hematite, in close proximity with
26 NEW VORK STATE MUSEUM
the talc and in the same geological surroundings, is a noteworthy feature which has only recently attracted attention. The ores form pockets and bands in limestones and schist with the characteristics of replacement deposits. In any case, they have undoubtedly been introduced in solution and precipitated in their present place after the upraising of the sediments represented by the wall rocks. It would appear probable from these and from other. considerations which need not be entered upon here that there is a close genetic relation between the talc and the metallic minerals. This point is of some significance in regard to the probable extent of the talc deposits and renders a more detailed investigation of the field highly desirable. .
Zinc. A brief visit to the zinc ore localities of St Lawrence county was made during the summer for the purpose of studying the occurrences and securing material for the collections. There has been much activity in prospecting within the district, but the recent developments have been restricted, as in the previous year, to the locality near Edwards. As the result of recent discoveries, it is known that zinc blende has a rather wide distribution in the section from Edwards to Sylvia lake, which is practically coextensive with the talc district. The economic importance of the deposits is scarcely to be estimated as yet, but the work on the single property that is under exploration, lends encouragement to the hope that a substantial industry may be developed. Some difficulty has been encountered in the mill treatment of the ore which contains more or less pyrite in intimate association with the blende, the two min- erals occurring usually in finely divided intergrown particles.
Field observations show that the blende is found in crystalline limestones of the same belt that includes the tale and tremolite beds. The limestone belt is interrupted here and there by bands of rusty, quartzose schists, and by dark basic hornblende and biotite gneisses. The rusty schists are very certainly a part of the same sedimentary series representing probably old sandstones, while the hornblende and biotite gneisses also are believed to be derived from sediments of the nature of shales, though in places they may repre- sent altered igneous intrusions of gabbroic nature. The gneisses and schists have been invaded by a red granitic rock, with pegmatitic phases, that is developed in dikes, bands and occasionally as bosses of some size. The granite is perhaps related to the great batholiths of that rock which are found in the interior of the Adirondacks. The gneisses have been so injected and soaked by the granite that in places they partake quite as much of igneous as of gneissic
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9I12 27
character, in fact, all gradations from the one rock to the other may be found.
The limestones and schists have a northeasterly strike and are upturned at a high angle. The limestones of this section carry abundant impurities, though elsewhere the same series may be nearly free from admixture. The principal foreign minerals are silicates, most commonly tremolite, serpentine and talc. They are either scattered in small aggregates, or they form nodules, bands and veinlike bodies of practically solid silicates. The limestones are magnesian and in the vicinity of the ore bodies show the effects of solution and decomposition by ground waters. The circulation of water has been facilitated apparently by the broken, shattered nature of the rock which has undergone severe compression and more or less differential movement. The process of dolomitization and silication has preceded for the most part the introduction of the ores, but it may have resulted from the same agency, that is by the transporting of silica and magnesia held in solution in meteoric or deep-seated waters.
The zinc blende occurs in lenses and bands and also as scattered particles within the limestone. The deposits have the appearance of replacement bodies rather than the fillings of open fissures or cavities. In most places, the borders of the richer bands are not sharply defined, but are in the nature of transition zones which shade off gradually into the limestone. The internal structures are not those characteristic of open-fissure fillings as there is no appear- ance of crustification or of drusy cavities lined with crystallized ° minerals. The compact granular nature of the ore furthermore suggests deposition at considerable depth and under pressure.
The recent development work at Edwards has disclosed some interesting features in regard to the deposition of the ores which are the subject of current study. The problem as to the derivation of the ores seems to be interrelated with the partial silication of . the limestones which has led to the formation, in the first place, of tremolite. This mineral has changed over to talc, more or less completely, through normal weathering or, which appears more likely, as the result of decomposition brought about by the later stages of the underground circulations that deposited the ores. The serpentine in larger part, however, seems to have formed directly, that is deposited as such from solution and not originating as an alteration product of an anhydrous mineral. Some of the serpentine is certainly later than the metallic minerals, as shown by the veins and stripes of the colloidal yariety which intersect the ore,
28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
There are rounded aggregates which may represent an earlier gen- eration, perhaps derived from a silicate mineral of the pyroxene or hornblende family. The talc nodules are frequently bordered by veins of massive serpentine that appear to have resulted as a reaction from contact of the talc with iron-bearing solutions. The limestones at this place have undergone considerable disturbances from regional compression since the deposition of the ores, mani- fested by the brecciated and faulted condition of the deposits in certain places and the flowage of the limestones into the fractures so as to cement the broken and disjointed parts. The whole min- eral association seems referable to the work of underground waters which in a period of long-continued circulation have introduced and deposited various ingredients. There is insufficient evidence, as yet, to connect the mineralization with igneous agencies, and if these have been a factor, they were no doubt connected with the granite invasion, the only intrusive that has any prominence in the district.
SEISMOLOGIC STATION
The year’s-records for the local seismologic station are given in the accompanying table in conformity with the plan previously ased in 1eporting the data. The list, it may be noted, includes only such disturbances as set up prolonged and well-marked vibrational move- ments, usually differentiated into phases— such as are referable without much doubt to true tectonic shocks transmitted to the sta- tion from more or less remote origins. Of almost daily occurrence are brief or indistinct motions arising from various causes not wholly explained, but these have not been taken into account in the table.
The number of individual tracings of earthquakes obtained within the year ending September 30, 1912 was twelve, as compared with nine in the preceding period, and nineteen in the year IgQoOQ-10. This record seems to indicate a general falling off of late in seismic frequency, at least with respect to the heavier shocks which are. recorded mainly at the Albany station. There have been at the same time few destructive disturbances; within the past year, none has transmitted vibrations that exceeded the capacity of the instru- ment for registration.
Since the station was established in March 1906, it has supplied data in regard to ninety-eight individual shocks. In view of the fact that the installation represents an early type, comparatively, the results may be considered quite satisfactory. They sufficiently demonstrate that the somewhat peculiar conditions existing in this
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 20
vicinity, particularly with respect to the heavy mantle of glacial sands and clays which cover the bedrock, are not incompatible with such service. The instruments belong to the lighter pattern of the horizontal pendulums and are not capable of a magnifying ratio of more than ten to one in the average run. They possess, how- ever, the requisite sensitiveness for recording legibly the tremors of all heavy or damaging quakes throughout the seismic zones of this and other countries. There are in the local files tracings from such widely separated origins as California, Valparaiso, Kingston, the Himalayan region, Turkestan, Messina, Mexico, Costa Rica, Ice- land, northern Alaska and Turkey in Europe. The smaller distant quakes, as well as the very slight jars from nearby sources, appear to be beyond the capacity of the instruments to register.
The general care of the instruments during the year has been assumed by Mr R. W. Jones. With their increasing age, they have required more attention to maintain them in working order, espe- cially on account of their liability to rust. The station is very damp during the summer months and then they have to be frequently dismantled and thoroughly cleaned. As yet, no provision has been made for their removal to new quarters, and their maintenance in their present place will entail added labor for the future. In case a new station should be equipped near the present location of the Museum, it would appear advisable to instal one of the newer types of seismographs for registration of the smaller quakes, along with the present instruments which are well adapted to the registra- tion of macroseisms.
RECORD OF EARTHQUAKES AT ALBANY STATION, OCTOBER I, TOM TO SEPTEM BER 30, IQI2 Standard time
a Maxi-
ee Beginning B eae M Ps End mum
preliminaries ane aximum n ampli-
oS tude IQII H M H M Tal ll H M mm December I6..... 2 203 P.M 2 301. Pa 25°35. -P M 3 30P.M 15
IQI2
Jantary) 3b. -. 320) Pi Mi 3 354 P.M. 3 30. PM: Al 25 PaMe 10 Marc TET Re etal (A Aye <a EN 5 383 A.M. 5). 30. -AcMM: 6 0O A.M. 3 May Oe ce 2 06% P. M. 2 LOW Pa Me 2 204 P.M. Bice rA0) 125 WE 7 May ee tale 9 504 P. M. Io 18 P.M. TOP R22 Ps avis II OO P. M. 4 June Fie MELO oh a! Gal etre hc ene —ik em | os kame 4 ai OF S077 Ae Ne bo June THOR eae 7) eS VSN ORM Ret IA > sg 8h gee ee, © Re Brea eA Mc 4 June 7 ne Te eAO US PENIS |. oe Seca Se Sees ee 2 30 P.M. I June Sere ee 2 46 A.M. 3 OL} )A]M 3 O5¢ A. M. 3 40-A. M, 10 June TGs, i Il 15} A. M. II 33} A.M Il 381 A.M. i230) P.M. 8 June Eee os TAG ne An oMay |! n> cheese wean e 7 SOs Avent 8 30 A.M. 4 July ee pe 4 571 P.M. 5 -172 P 5 181 P.M. 6 oo P.M. 8
30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
December 16th. A clearly marked record of the earthquakes that shook the city of Mexico on this date. The phases are well differentiated and give a very close approximation of the distance to the source, about 3000 miles. The larger vibrations are exhibited on the north-south component. Although the record would indicate it to be one of the heaviest shocks of the year, it appears to have done little damage.
January 31st. A good tracing of the earthquake that was central near Valdez, Alaska, when it occurred at about 10.12 o’clock in the morning. The east-west component is the larger. The indicated distance to the source is about 3000 miles.
March rith. The preliminary tremors are not shown on the record. The origin appears to have been relatively near, perhaps in the West Indies. The Harvard station estimated the distance at about 1000 miles.
May 6th. A second Mexican quake, felt in the city of Guada- lajara. The record is fairly clear,.but less strong than that of December 16th. The tremors traveled as far as Germany.
May 22d. The record of a long-distance microseism with a period of from 20 to 30 seconds. It is not clearly separated into phases. An earthquake was reported from the Hawaiian islands on this date.
June 7th. A series of probably related disturbances from a source between 3000 and 4000 miles away, but not definitely located. A volcanic outburst occurred in the Alaskan peninsula about this time.
June 8th. This probably marks the culmination of the series of shocks which began the preceding day. Besides the heavy disturb- ance, there were light tremors at intervals which were so broken up by interference as to permit no satisfactory readings. The more notable of these minor movements occurred between 4.10 and 4.30 a.m.,. 5.22. and 5.23 a.m, and 7.55.and, 8.45 aya:
June roth. An untraced disturbance about 3500 miles away.
June 12th. Very faint record, apparently not connected with the tremors, felt in South Carolina and Georgia the same morning.
July Sth. A rather strong disturbance with the east-west wave motion more pronounced than the north-south. The estimated dis- tance of the source is about 4000 miles. A heavy shock occurred at . Fairbanks, Alaska, about this time.
PALEONTOLOGY In the reports of several years past, reference has been made to the progress of a memoir on the fossil arachnids or Eurypterida
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9i2 al
of New York. The work has now been completed and issued. It is the summation of many years of labor in the acquisition and study of this interesting extinct group of animals, which, by vir- tue of their abundance and variety in the rocks of New York, form one of the very striking features of its paleontology. This memoir is presented in two volumes, one of text and one of plates, the pages numbering 628 and the plates 88. A conception of the contents of the memoir is conveyed by its table of con- tents:
Volume I
PAGE PAGE
LEP fe eh Ae ape ES ae ee 5 Eurypterida III C Geological
Introduction: distribution in other History of investigations... 13 EGUMLTIES 25 ~ onsen « aes 2 94
Eurypterida I Morphology, an- D Bionomy of the eurypterid atomy, and terminology 23 AMAL en ee ees «ahh ale 96 HW lode ats Wher io c2%;..086 os 71 PY MOntOmethys (a bi5 seats ws cae rate} IIL Geological distribution and Ve Phylogeny’ os goa snd oes 124 bionomic relations .... 85 VI Taxonomic relations..... 135
A Conspectus of American VII Synoptic table of North species arranged ac- American Eurypterida. 149
cording to their geo- VIII Systemic account of the logical occurrence..... 85 Burypteriday si. ies. 152 B Biologic facies of the Bury pteridae aor. . sae 152 eurypterid faunas .... 90 PLETYBOUMdaG yh, dates /anes cies 329 PAO CMCC he on trar RA ONE Ste heat ostee-6 385 ipdegea Mhivee . Lite ere ye eens 432
Volume 2
PAGE PAGE Explanations of plates..... Pe OAT TGCS te eG tteny oo, ved ane tt 617
In last year’s report a brief notice was given of an extraordi- nary section of the Siluric rocks on the Bay of Chaleur, at Black Cape. Previous to this account, only very brief notice had been ‘taken of this place in the geological reconnaissance of that re- gion, but as this section proves to be one of the extraordinary developments of the Siluric system, attaining a thickness of de- position perhaps not elsewhere equaled, it seemed very desirable to have a more exact examination of it made. With the consent and substantial support of the director of the Geological Survey of Canada, C. A. Hartnagel of this staff was detailed to this work.
Black Cape lies on the north shore of the Bay of Chaleur, seventy miles east of Matapedia and directly east of the valleys of the Grand
32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
and Little Cascapedia rivers. In the Siluric section the strata are nearly all calcareous with intercalations of red shale near the top. They stand at high angles to the horizon, usually dipping 60—-80° s. e., but these dips vary somewhat, though without unconformities. The eroded edges of the strata are overlain elsewhere in the region by the red sands and conglomerates of the Bonaventure formation, and there are several considerable fissures in the Siluric limestones which are filled in with red sand derived from the overlying beds. All these occurrences indicate land exposure of the Siluric during all the early and middle Devonic time.
The base of the section at the west begins with greenish, highly nodular lime-shales, very compact and heavy bedded, weathering out into irregular and gnarled shapes. These alter- nate with more highly calcareous shales and compact limestones of red and ochreous tints. These compact limestones contain Stricklandinias of great size (S. gaspensis Billings) and in great number and with these are Spirifers of the S.radiatus- niagarensis type and occasional Whitfieldellas. Through- out the lower beds the rest of the fauna is largely of Stromato- poroids and corals which occur in enormous quantity and great diversity. There are Halysites of several species, having hori- zon values, Favosites aud Alveolites of great size, Heliolites, Syringopora, Eridophyllum in extensive colonies, Zaphrentis and other cyathophylloids in considerable variety. Additional spe- cies in these lower beds are Calymmene, Chonetes, Atrypa reticularis (Siluric type), Tentaculites, cyclostomatous gas- tropods, etc.
At an elevation in the series of about 1500 feet, where the scraggy limestones continue, there is some indication of change in the fauna by the addition of brachiopods of the genus Camaro- toechia, Rafinesquina, the cephalopods Orthoceras, Trochoceras, etc. From Howatson’s (elevation on section, 1500 feet) on east- ward the scraggy limestones continue as far as the breakwater. Then follows a heavy mass of sandy shale. This sedimentation continues sandy to near the end of the section which terminates at the voicanic mass forming Black cape, but toward the top the sands become interlaminated with thin beds of volcanic ash, with red and purplish shale and eventually calcareous and variegated béds succeed to these, becoming in places compact lime banks entirely constituted of the debris of fossils.
These sandstones and sandy shales are remarkably profuse in
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 33
corals, some of the species being palpably unlike those of the lower beds. Beyond the volcanic mass known as Black cape, there are several noteworthy inclusions of the fossil-bearing lime- stones within the lava.
So far as at present indicated by the fossils, this section from base to top is of the age of the Niagara (exclusive of Clinton) or Rochester shale of the interior Siluric, though the assemblage will doubtless show a preponderance of Atlantic or European types which will bring it into more proper comparison with the Gulf sections at Arisaig and on Anticosti island. Its thickness is not less than 7000 feet and in this respect the section over- passes any Siluric section known in America.
V hee OR Om Lie StATER, BOTANIST
ities plants.collecred \dirims,. the, season of 1911 have, been mounted on herbarium sheets and arranged in their proper places in the herbarium or placed 1n boxes and distributed as far as pos- sible in their proper places. Lack of room has prevented the completion of this work, but it is expected that removal to the Education Building will soon obviate this difficulty.
Specimens of plants, indigenous and naturalized, for represen- tation of the species in the State herbarium have been collected in the counties of Albany, Essex, Lewis, Livingston, Monroe, Steuben and Sullivan.
Specimens have been contributed that were collected in the counties of Albany, Chautauqua, Cattaraugus, Clinton, Columbia, Fulton, Hamilton, Herkimer, Monroe, New York, Oneida, On- tario, Onondaga, Orleans, Oswego, Rensselaer, Richmond, Scho- harie, Suffolk, Tompkins, Ulster, Warren and Washington.
Specimens of extralimital species have been contributed that were collected in Canada, California, Connecticut, Cuba, District of Columbia, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Utah and Vermont.
The number of species of which specimens have been added to the herbarium is 278 of which 72 were not before represented: therein. Of these, 11 are considered new or hitherto undescribed species.
34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
The number of those who have contributed specimens of plants is 70. This list includes the names of those who sent specimens for identification only, if the specimens were of such character and condition as to make them desirable additions to the herbarium. The number of identifications made is 1859; the number of those for whom they were made, 136.
Two species of mushrooms have been tried for their edible qualities, and though neither can be considered first class in all respects, both have been found to be harmless and palatable and have been approved as edible. Colored figures of them have been prepared and descriptions have been written. These make the whole number of New York species and varieties of mush- rooms now known to be edible 215.
A small but attractive looking mushroom was discovered growing among decaying pine leaves in Richmond county by W. H. Ballou. He found it to be very poisonous. It is therefore figured and described as a poisonous fungus.
Specimens of seven species of Crataegus or thorn bushes have been added to the herbarium. Of this genus of trees and shrubs, 218 New York species are now recognized. Prof. C. S. Sargent, the eminent crataegologist, has kindly prepared a synoptical key to our New York species. This was a most difficult and intricate piece of work which none but an expert in this peculiar branch of botany could well do. In this work he has laid an excellent foundation for the study of these interesting though often con- sidered nearly worthless and annoying shrubs and trees. He has added to this descriptions of 25 new species of this genus.
PLANTS ADDED TO THE HERBARIUM
New to the herbarium
Achillea ptarmica L. Calosphaeria myricae (C. & E.) Amanita ovoidea Bull. BauG He.
Anellaria separata (L. ) Karst. Calvatia rubroflava (Cragin) Morg. Aposphaeria fibriseda (C. & E.) Chrysothamnus pinifolius Greene Artemisia carruthii Wood Clavaria grandis Pk.
A. dracunculoides Pursh Ge vermicularis Scop.
A. glauca Poll. Cladochytrium alismatis Biisgen Arthonia quintaria Ny. Collema crispum Borr.
je radiata Pers.) 10:7: Collybia murina Batsch
Betula. alba L. Coronopus procumbens Gulibert Bolbitius vitellinus (Pers.) Fr. Crataegus gracilis S.
Boletus retipes B. & C. Cc: harryi S.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 35
Crataegus leptopoda S.
Pi. livingstoniana S. c macera S. i. procera. S.
_ Creonectria ochroleuca (Shes. Seav.
Diaporthe castaneti Nits.
Diatrypella favacea (Fr.) Ces. & DeNot.
Didymella asterinoides Rehm
Dothidea baccharidis Cke.
Escholtzia californica Cham.
Flammula graveolens Pk.
Helicopsis punctata Pk.
Heliomyces pruinosipes Pk.
Helminthosporium fuscum Fckl.
Hydnum laevigatum Sw.
Hi. ' gsubcrinale PR.
Hygrophorus ruber Pk.
Inocybe radiata PR.
Lenzites trabea (Pers.) Fr.
Leptonia euchlora (Lasch.) Fr.
Macrophoma juniperina Pk.
Malus glaucescens S.
Mycena flavifolia Pk.
M. splendidipes Pk.
(E. & EL)
Opegrapha herpetica Ach. Penicillium hypomycetes Sacc. Pestalozzia truncata Lev. Phialea anomala PR.
Phoma asclepiadea FE. & E.
YP. semlmmersa Sacc. Phyllosticta mahoniaecola Pass. ee rhoicola FE. & E.
Placodium camptidium Tuck. Pleurotus tessulatus (Bull.) Fr. Polyporus dryadeus (Pers.) Fr. Puccinia urticae (Schum.) Lagerh. Riccardia sinuata (Dicks.) Limpr. Russula ballouii PR.
Septoria margaritaceae Pk. Silene dichotoma Ehrh. Tricholoma latum Pk.
fhe piperatum PR.
be subpulverulentum( Pers.) Urophlyctis major Schroet. Vermicularia hysteriiformis Pk. Verrucaria muralis Ach.
V. papularis Fr.
Vicia hirsuta (L.) S. F.-Gray. Zygodesmus avellanus Sacc.
VI REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST
The State Entomologist reports that the past season was note- worthy because of the superabundance of the common apple tent caterpillar in the Hudson and Mohawk valleys and on the borders of the Adirondacks. The pests were so numerous that most of the wild cherries on the roadside were defoliated and many orchards severely injured. There were records of local damage here and there by the allied forest tent caterpillar; in several sections extended tracts were stripped of foliage. There is at least a fair probability of this insect being more abundant another season and possibly causing serious injury locally. The green maple worm, so numerous last year, attracted no attention the past season.
Petroleum compounds as insecticides. Dead and dying trees in several Greene county orchards which had been sprayed the preceding autumn with a commercial preparation of petroleum,
2
36 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
led the Entomologist to study carefully the cases and the behavior of the trees through the season. A comparison was also made between the condition of these trees and injury of earlier years following applications of petroleum. He was unable to note any material difference between the two and, furthermore, observed a marked restriction of the damage to trees or even portions of trees which had received the application. After a careful study of the various phases of the matter he was forced to conclude that a certain measure of risk attaches to the application of min- eral oils or preparations of the same to trees in a dormant con- dition. This matter is discussed in detail in the Entomologist’s report.
Fruit tree pests. The experiments conducted by the Entomol- ogist during the last three years against the codling moth were continued in the orchard of Mr Thomas Albright, of New Bal- timore, and very satisfactory returns obtained. The check or unsprayed tree produced only 38.95 per cent of sound fruit, while sprayed trees of the same variety, less than 100 feet away, yielded over 97 and in some instances more than 98 per cent of worm- free apples. The results of this experiment and those of earlier years were checked by a careful study of representative trees in the orchards of Messrs W. H. Hart, of Poughkeepsie, and Ed- ward Van Alstyne, of Kinderhook. These latter were sprayed under strictly commercial conditions with no expectation at that time of their being subjected to a test later. The results in these commercial orchards were very gratifying. The northern spies belonging to Mr Hart produced an average of over 98 per cent of sound fruit, while the greenings and Baldwins on the Van Alstyne place gave an average of over 96 per cent of worm-free apples. The past four years’ experiments go far to show that under normal crop conditions one thorough and timely spraying for the codling moth should result in producing from 95 to 98 per cent of sound fruit. These tests are of great practical value to the fruit grower, since they afford a reliable basis for correctly estimating the value of spray applications.
The pear thrips, a minute insect which blasted or nearly de-- stroyed the pear crop in a few orchards in the Hudson valley, was studied with special reference to conditions favoring injury, and the efficacy of spraying with a tobacco preparation demon- strated. The insect, potentially a very dangerous form, is discussed
KEPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 37
in the Entomologist’s report. The work of the pear midge was investigated and a number of desirable photographs of the larva and its work secured.
Gipsy moth. The danger of injury by this notorious pest was emphasized by the discovery of a small colony, practically re- stricted to a city block, at Geneva. An examination of the lo- _cality showed that the infestation was probably of three or four wears Standing. The chances are at least. fair that the insect was introduced in that section with nursery stock, though no un- doubted evidence as to the source of the infestation has been ad- duced. ‘The discovery of similar colonies may be expected from time to time. For a period at least, no effort should be spared to exterminate such outlying infestations, since this policy is much cheaper and decidedly more advantageous to the general welfare than the adoption of repressive measures with the inev- itable slow spread of the insect and the greatly increased cost of controlling the pest incident to its being distributed over an ex- tended area. Such measures are also advisable, since checking the normal spread is most advantageous for the development of introduced parasites, a number of which have already been estab- lished in this country.
The recent enactment by Congress of a national plant quaran- tine act, recommended by the Entomologist and his associates in other states, is an important step in advance and should prove of great service in restricting the spread of this and other injurious insects as well as preventing the introduction of dangerous pests.
Brown-tail moth. This species has attracted comparatively little attention the past season, though owing to its having be- come established in the northwestern corner of Massachusetts, it is only a question of time before it will make its way into this State. The danger of this pest being introduced on nursery stock grown in infested sections still exists and should not be overlooked simply because a portion of the State is contiguous to infested territory. The winter nests are so characteristic that there should be little difficulty in identifying the insect and at the outset prevent its becoming excessively abundant.
Grass and grain pests. White grubs have been extremely num- erous in portions of Albany, Columbia and Rensselaer counties, at least. They were so abundant in many places as practically to
38 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
kill the grass over areas half an acre or more in extent. The roots were almost entirely destroyed and in many fields much of the sod was, as a consequence, torn loose where a horse rake was used. ‘The outbreak was taken advantage of by the Entomol- ogist to study in representative spots, the work of the grubs, their habits and natural enemies, with special reference to meth- ods of control. A detailed account of his investigations is given elsewhere.
The Hessian fly caused serious losses in the wheat-growing sec- tion of western New York, destroying entire fields and, in many cases, reducing the yield by 50 per cent. An investigation of the injury was made for the purpose of ascertaining any peculiarities in its inception and determining the probabilities of serious dam- age another year. .A number of parasites were reared from in- fested wheat stems collected in representative areas. An ex- tended discussion of this insect is given in the Entomologist’s report.
The fall army worm, another grass and grain pest, was exces- sively abundant in the vicinity of New York City, seriously in- juring lawns, destroying millet and corn and feeding upon a vari- ety of grasses. This outbreak was also investigated and a de- tailed account of the insect has been prepared.
Shade tree pests. The widespread and severe injuries of earlier years by the elm leaf beetle in the Hudson valley in partic- ular, amply justified extended observations the past season. It ~was found that the exceptional damage in 1911 resulted in a feeble growth and weakened trees the past season. The early portion of the spring was unusually cool and moist and largely, as a result of these conditions, it is believed that injury by this pest was not so severe as last year. There was a marked irreg- ularity in the work olf the beetle, some trees in a locality and in certain cases some localities being almost exempt from injury, while in others the damage was relatively severe. A portion of this may be explained, possibly by more thorough spraying. Ex- periments were conducted with sweetened and unmodified ar- senate of lead for the purpose of ascertaining if any material advantage was to be gained by the addition of a cheap sugar or molasses. There was no marked difference between the two series of tests and the earlier work with poisons was confirmed
in large measure.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 39
The false maple scale continues abundant in the vicinity of New York City and was a subject of considerable correspondence during the summer. The cottony maple scale was also responsible for a number of complaints.
Forest pests. The hickory bark beetle has continued its de- structive operations in the vicinity of New York City. The abundance of this pest and the hearty cooperation of Mr J. James de Vyver, of Mount Vernon, made possible a series of tests for the purpose of finding some method which could be relied upon to destroy the insect after the beetles had entered the trees. Studies in the field showed that in some localities many of the grubs died within a few weeks after hatching and before they were able to cause material injury. A detailed discussion of this work, together with the Entomologist’s investigations upon the biology of the pest and its natural checks, is given in his annual report.
Many of the white pines in the vicinity of Albany have been killed in recent years by bark borers. The Entomologist’s study of the conditions showed that in all probability this attack was the outcome of extreme droughts and very low winter tempera- tures. Parties suffering from the activities of these pests have been advised to cut and burn all infested trees prior to the open- ing of another season.
Hosts of Ambrosia beetles belonging to the genus Platypus at- tacked freshly sawn, sappy mahogany in the yard of a veneer cut- ting company near New York City and inflicted severe loss be- sides causing grave apprehensions. An investigation showed that the insects originated from a shipload of mahogany from Panama. Upon the advice of the Entomologist, the infested material was removed and the few insects remaining soon disap- peared.
The destructive work of the locust leaf miner, noticed in the Entomologist’s report, was studied the past season and additional information secured in relation to its habits and methods of con- trol. The most severe injury, as in 1911, resulted from the feed- ing of the beetles.
The woolly bark louse of the white pines has been the occasion of several complaints during the past summer, and an investiga- tion showed that in some instances at least, large trees were seri- ously weakened if not destroyed by this insect.
40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
A previously unknown though sparse colony of the periodical Cicada was located at Geneseo as an outcome of the interest aroused - by the appearance of the enormous brood last year.
Flies and mosquitos. There has.been a general interest in controlling the house fly and preventing the superabundance of mosquitos. Both of these insects have been the subject of corre- spondence, and a number of bulletins giving directions for rem- edying undesirable conditions have been distributed.
An unusual departure was the working out of the life history of a common blowfly, Phormia regina Meign. and a flesh fly, Sarcophaga georgina Wied., under controlled condi- tions. These two insects, though exceedingly common, were comparatively unknown except in a very general way. The de- tails of this investigation, undertaken for the purpose of solving a specific problem, are given in the Entomologist’s report.
Gall midges. This large group of small flies has continued to receive attention from the Entomologist. He has succeeded in identifying the wheat midge of Fitch, which proved to be an un- described species, discovered and described a second form re- corded as living in heads of American wheat, and reared another. The last was identified through the cooperation of European en- tomologists “as Thecodiplosis mosellana Gehin sia addition, a number of new gall midges have been reared from various food plants and described. The outbreak by the Hessian fly, noted above, and an abundance of the pear midge in the vicin- ity of Albany afforded opportunity for additional studies of two economic forms.
Lectures. The Entomologist, as in past years, has delivered a number of lectures upon insects, mostly economic forms, before various agricultural and horticultural gatherings. This work enables him to become personally acquainted with the problems of various localities and has been greatly facilitated by a chart showing the results secured in the codling moth experiments of re- cent years. |
Publications. A number of brief, popular accounts of the more injurious species of the year were widely circulated through the agricultural and local press. The more extensive publica- tions, aside from the report for last year, are: The Elm Leaf Beetle and the White Marked Tussock Moth (Museum Bulletin 156),
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 AI
Control of Insect Pests im Institutions, The Identity of the Better Known Midge Galls, The Fundamentals of Spraying and several papers describing new species of gall midges. A list of the Entomologist’s more important publications is given in his annual report. '
Collections. There have been material additions to the collec- tions through the efforts of the members of the office staff, and also by exchange and donation. Through the courtesy of Dr Otto Nusslin of Karlsruhe, Germany, the Museum received an excellent series of European bark beetles. Mr Henry Bird, of Rye, generously donated an admirable lot of reared stem borers belonging to Hydroecia or closely allied genera, a number of these forms being almost unrepresented outside Mr Bird’s excep- tionally fine collection. The work of arranging and classifying the Museum collections has continued whenever opportunity of- fered. Considerable miscellaneous work has been done upon the beetles or Coleoptera, giving special attention to the flea beetles, Haiticini of the Chrysomelidae and to the June beetles, Lachno- sterna and its immediate allies of the Scarabaeidae. An excellent series of genitalic mounts was made in this latter group.
The value of the collections has been greatly increased by mi- croscopic preparations. Specimens of the Scolytidae received from Doctor Niisslin and noted above were put in balsam mounts. There were, in addition, two hundred such preparations of gall midges, mostly from reared material, and a number of scale in- sects, some previously unrepresented in the collections, which were similarly treated. The value of this material is much en- hanced when placed in such preparations, since the latter are per- manent in character and, in most of the species mounted, neces- sary for the identification of the insect. 3
The series of plant groups designed to serve as an embellishing and instructive feature of the enlarged exhibit now in preparation are practically completed. There has been special collecting for this exhibit.
The more ample facilities of the new quarters bring added re- sponsibilities in the opportunity they offer of making the State collection of insects, both for exhibit and reference, thoroughly representative. The magnitude of such a task is appreciated by very few. The Entomologist recently assembled, with the coopera- tion of recognized authorities in various groups, the best obtainable
42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
figures as to the number of American insects. The data are tabu- lated below:
Hymenoptera 10000 )~=3=—-—s Or thoptera 950 Coleoptera 11255 Neuroptera and } Diptera g100_ Pseudoneuroptera { 7 Siphonotera 115. Thysanoptera 118 Lepidoptera 6622 Other small orders 500 Hemiptera 3328
43988
A recent catalog of the insects of New Jersey, a state with a considerably smaller area and lacking the climatic and other diversities of New York, lists over 10,000 species. It seems con- servative to place the probable number of insect species existing in this State at twice that figure. A thoroughly representative collection of New York forms should therefore contain well toward 20,000 native species, and since each has at least four well-marked stages, some 80,000 different forms. Many species and a great number of the stages are unknown. There is ample work to occupy a well-equipped corps of entomologists in the State Museum for many years, not to mention the much addi- tional labor involved in assembling and maintaining greatly en- larged entomological exhibits.
Nursery inspection. The nursery inspection work conducted by the State Department of Agriculture has resulted in the Entomolo- gist being requested to make numerous identifications and also recommendations in regard to the policy which should be pursued by the State. Many of the specimens submitted for name were in poor condition, and as they may represent any stage in insect de- velopment and frequently originate in a foreign country, such deter- minations are laborious and time-consuming. The correct identifica- tion of such material is, however, very important, since the dis- position of large shipments of nursery stock must depend, in con- siderable measure, upon our findings.
Miscellaneous. In cooperation with the Division of Visual In- struction, the Entomologist secured an excellent and somewhat ex- tended series of photographs, mostly of injurious or common insects. This material was all taken in connection with other collecting, it only being necessary to pose the specimen for the photographer.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 43
Vil REPORT Of tae, ZOOtOGrS &
The time of the Zoologist and Taxidermist has been occupied chiefly in cleaning, repairing and packing the zoological collec- tions for removal, especially those that were on exhibition in Geological Hall. As it was desired to keep the Museum open to the public as long as practicable, but few of these exhibits had been disturbed during the previous fiscal year, although the du- plicate and study collections, with the exception of many of the shells, had been mostly packed. ‘The shell collection was the most difficult to handle on account of the great number of speci- mens both on exhibition and in storage. As most of the shells were in uncovered paper trays, with loose labels laid upon them, it was important to pack them so that all chance of confusion would be avoided. This work occupied much of the time of the Zoologist and Taxidermist during the entire winter and part of the spring. | |
The bird and animal groups could not be packed, and it was decided to leave them as they were and have them carefully transported without packing. The single mounted birds and animals were, when not of too great size, packed in boxes by se- curing the stands to the bottom or sides of the box. When it seemed necessary, the specimen was given additional support to prevent shaking. Those too large to be dealt with in this way were wrapped in several thicknessés of tissue paper which was carefully tied on. In many cases, the specimens were cleaned and repaired previous to packing, but this was not always pos- sible, on account of the large amount of material to be handled. This work had been largely completed by the end of the fiscal year.
The services of Mr C. E. Mirguet, formerly of Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, and now in the employ of the United States National Museum at Washington, were obtained for tak- ing apart and cleaning the skeletons of mammals and other verte- brates. The smaller ones were prepared for transportation with- out entirely disarticulating them, the skull, or the skull and limbs, being removed and packed so as to diminish the danger of breakage. The skeleton of the finback whale, which was hung
44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
by chains from the beams of the roof in the back wing of Geolog- ical Hall, was taken down, entirely taken apart and thoroughly cleaned by Mr Mirguet, and the skeletons of the other large mammals were similarly treated after disarticulating them as much as necessary.
Although the Museum has not been officially open to the pub- lic, people desiring to see the collections were not excluded from the exhibition rooms until the dismantling of the exhibits had progressed so far that too little remained to attract visitors, and the spaces in the exhibition rooms were required for the storage of the packed material.
MONOGRAPH OF THE NEW YORK MOLLUSCA
Dr H. A. Pilsbry’s work upon the monograph of the New York Mollusca during the year has been directed chiefly to determin- ing the generic characters of numerous forms hitherto inade- quately known. ‘To this end, considerable collecting has been done in the Hudson valley, Onondaga county and elsewhere to procure fresh, living material for description. Some forty-five figures of living mollusks have been drawn by the author, includ- ing, among others, representatives of the following genera:
Lyogyras Planorbis Zonitoides Amnicola Segmentina Gastrodonta Pomatiopsis Physa Helicodiscus Valvata Pupilla Vallonia Goniobasis ‘Bifidaria Arion Lioplax Vitrea SCE eke: Lymnaea
The external anatomy of part of these genera has hitherto been known in American works by figures of foreign species copied from European works, or by very crude figures and descriptions. The external soft parts of part of them have not before been fig- ured or described. It is believed that the new facts brought out in the course of this work on American species are ample com- pensation for the time and labor spent thereon. Further work has been done on the descriptive part, and a large number of illustrations made, figuring all of the species which have been worked up. The completion of the monograph is expected next
year (1012):
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 45
VIII REPORT OD THE ARCH E ORO Gia:
The work of the archeology section, as of all other sections of the Museum, has this year been modified to a considerable extent by the necessity of preparing to move its collections and office quarters into the Education Building.
With the close of the fiscal year 1911 the Archeologist had about completed the preliminary work necessary for the exhibi- tion of the Seneca Hunter group, in the ethnological series. A photograph of this group was reproduced in this report last year. With the assured success of the plan for this series of groups depicting Iroquois culture, steps were taken to complete all the preliminary work necessary for the plan.
The field painting of the Nichol’s pond site was enlarged by Mr D. C. Lithgow, whose artistic ability and skill have been use- ful. This painting now complete is nearly fifty feet long and eighteen feet high and, like all others, is designed as a back- ground for one of the groups. Further mention of this work will be made in the succeeding pages.
All the collections in the Archeologist’s quarters in the Uni- versalist Church building were packed and prepared for moving. It has therefore been impossible to make any further study of this material.
ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY
In cooperation with the United States Bureau of Ethnology, this section of the State Museum during the year has sent out several thousand requests for information concerning the sites and remains of former aboriginal occupancy. Reply envelops and blank forms for filling out were sent and about 75 per cent were returned with data filled in. In the majority of cases, these request forms had been sent to the presidents of local boards of education, to library presidents, to county clerks and to collect- ors, and thus to citizens who were familiar with the localities in which they lived. Several hundred new sites were added to the long list already in the possession of the Museum and will be properly tabulated. ‘This information will not only be of the highest importance to the State Museum, but will form the body of the material used by the Bureau of Ethnology in its “ Hand- book of Aboriginal Sites and Remains.”
Zs
Ephaiee tgif bietsy fae aeons
NEW YORK
a
! Gans uN ‘ ee é Ne He AGEs!
SS
Seon bor ~—
LSA fa 53 S85: j5say:
Eetada3tiy
STATE MUSEUM
3
ae
St ef
gouge from Canton, St Lawrence county
Three views of a copper
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 47
An attempt was also made to make a “census” of all the collections of aboriginal artifacts in the State and a new index has resulted, giving the lists of several hundred collections. In this manner, more than any other, an idea can be obtained of the localities most thickly populated in aboriginal times, but there is seemingly no correspondence between the abundance of earth works and the abundance of specimens, Large numbers of objects from all the various types and successions of occupancy are in the possession of individual collectors. The correspond- ence and indexing necessary to collect and file these statistics consumed a greater portion of the time up to May, but the knowledge gained is of practical as well as of high scientific importance.
In passing, it should be mentioned that many collections held by private individuals are neither numbered nor adequately cataloged. The collectors almost without exception remember where their objects were found, but without a permanent record the collection is robbed of its highest usefulness, and with the death of the owner, the otherwise valuable and instructive series becomes a mere aggregation of curiosities known as “ Indian relics.’ In these days when the collection of such artifacts has a scientific object, every care should be taken to give each its precise locality. Topographical maps are of much use in this connection.
THE O. W. AURINGER COLLECTION
Supplementing in an important way the Dr A. W. Holden collection, donated last year by State Historian James A. Holden, is the Rev. O. W. Auringer collection, generously donated to the Museum by Dr Albert Vander Veer, of the Board of Regents. This collection is from about the same district as the Holden collec- tion, that is Queensbury township and the region about Troy, north to Lake George.
An examination of the collection donated by Doctor Vander Veer reveals some important archeological facts which, supple- mented by Mr Auringer’s notes, give the collection a valuable place in our archives. The region from which the collection comes is characterized by several different occupations.
There have been unearthed on several Queensbury sites, flint knives and lance heads so old that the original flint — itself about the hardest of stones—had so far changed in substance as to
48 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
have become chalky white in color, and in some cases so soit as to permit whittling with a sharp knife. Other objects have suf- fered surface changes from the original dull black of the stone to a lustrous yellow, or buff, or mottled color, according to the dif- ference in soils in which they were imbedded. Such changes in the appearance and structure of flint can come only through ex- ceedingly long and slow processes, and are occasioned by the percolation through soil of water charged with certain chemical elements, the effect upon the stone being the disintegration or final breaking down of one of the two kinds of silica of which it is composed.
The older artifacts occur mainly on a few extensive sites about the southern end of Lake George; at East Lake George; at Glen lake, and on a large site on the eastern town line about half way between Dunham’s bay and the Hudson river at Sandy Hill. These sites, which Doctor Beauchamp calls “ Early sites,” are easily recognized by the initiated, on account of the remains they yield. Massive spear or lance heads, thick and heavy, yet in many cases almost as symmetrical and orderly in construction as if they had been wrought by machinery instead of by hand and eye; knives of flint and fine sandstone, thin and carefully wrought, leaf-shaped in form and edged all around, flaked by unground axes of sandstone and quartzite; acutely edged, finely shaped adzes and gouges of fine sandstone, of hollow and round- backed types; on the waterside sites large flaked disks of coarse sandstone, worked to an edge all around. |
Following these traces of earlier men in Warren county, are the rather more broadly-sown of the two succeeding populations of different habits and instincts from their predecessors, and in these same respects also differing quite as much from each other. Our present knowledge in the matter does not definitely justify us in saying which was the earlier of the two, but their large and often curiously decorated pestles and mortars of stone show that they had a knowledge of agriculture. The Eskimo relics discovered point this people as once inhabiting our lands. For the sake of convenience only, we will turn our attention first to the traces of the first-mentioned people, in an endeavor to outline their habitat and realize something of their character and employments. They were agriculturists, huntsmen and fishermen, drawing from soil and forest and lake and river, their means of living. This signifies that they were a people of
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 4Q
active energy; ambitious, resourceful, with an eye to the main chance — in short, in industrial affairs what the Mohawk was in war. They were inventive; with a decided: instinct for art, shown in the decorative effects produced in the manufacture of their weapons and utensils. In their manipulation of stone, they were not satisfied with mere utility. They made an arrow or spear head an object of beauty to the eye, and manifested an accurate taste in the smoothness and symmetry of their pestles when any roughly-dressed stone would have served as well in a practical way. They were makers of pottery, small and large vessels of mingled clay and finely pounded stone, fire-baked and elaborately decorated, though in common with those preceding and following them, they were wholly ignorant of metallurgy. Beginning at the oft-occupied settlement on the north bank of the Hudson river at the Big bend, we will endeavor to trace the lines of their residence to the northward to Glen lake, thence eastward into Washington county. Here at the rifts of the Hudson are found in the lower layers of soil, quantities of their pottery, celts, knives etc., while all to the north and northwest along Clendon brook and Meadow run, are yearly ploughed up their cylindrical pestles with an occasional mortar. Axes, knives, arrowheads and pottery are found in remarkable quan- tities. At the southern end of Glen lake, on the plateau where the Glen Lake hotel now stands, was a considerable village stretching thence to the elevated lands on the opposite bank of Meadow run, where that stream enters the lake. Following the western shore of the lake in our survey, we find few traces till we reach the outlet at Butternut flats. Here, on both banks o1 the creek, which at this point are much elevated, seems to have been an established town, with offshoots in various directions, first to the westward on the small brook near the Halfway house on the highway to Lake George. Then another northwestward, tucked for comfort up under the protection of French mountain, where a cold stream comes down from between the two spurs. Here the writer picked up, among various other objects, an arrowhead of pure transparent quartz crystal. These sites are identified by the fragments of early pottery which they yield. From Glen lake eastward the line of these old habitations follows the stream at intervals through to the Washington county line. Tradition refers to a stone-fortined village at Sanford’s bridge, near Halfway brook, which, if tradition is correct, was evidently
50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
occupied by this people, since the frequent remains found in this neighborhood bear the stamp of their workmanship. A half mile to the eastward of this point, and under the high banks to the right of the Kingsbury road to Sanford’s bridge, is a small site yielding large quantities of unworked flints. It would appear that these agriculturists worked the sand plains about the falls of the Hudson, as these two points are within the limits of the city of Glens Falls, which was inhabited; one on the site of the present French Catholic church, which has yielded large pestles, and another back of the city cemetery, and between it and Upper Glen street, producing various flints. That these early inhabi- tants were frequent visitors at Lake George in quest of game, is evidenced by the location of several of their camps, notably one at the head of the lake and another at Dunham’s bay. We could not rationally expect to find here samples of their farming activi- ties, from the nature of the soil, nor do we. But the pottery is in evidence here, showing that, like their white successors, they appreciated the advantages of life and health, which lie in fre- quent more or less protracted. fishing and hunting trips. These small sites — there must be many more of them along the shores and among the islands — were their camps.
Returning to our base as Glen lake, we find traces along the eastern shore; and branching near the head of the lake a line of population followed very nearly by the present line as far south as the neighborhood of De Long’s brickyard. Spreading to the east and west, this takes in the famous Blind rock and Hunter’s brook tracts with the immediately adjoining territory.
One of the very interesting local problems is the relation of the Eskimos to the region east of Canada and to the former inhabitants of the upper half of New York State — about the Great Lakes, the St Lawrence river and the adjacent smaller streams and lakes. The Eskimos of Point Barrow retain in present use a certain kind of blade or knife of slate, ground and finely polished, in length of three to eight inches, stemmed and usually barbed, sometimes thin and flat, with a narrow bevel to form the cutting edges, often more thick, beveled off from a central longitudinal ridge running the length of the blade. These tools are singular in that no other existing peoples use them, nor from what follows does it seem that any other people ever did use them. In the portion of Canada bor- dering the Great Lakes, and about the streams and lakes in the
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 51
upper half of the Empire State, many tools of identical character are found in the soil, associated with other objects such as flint arrow points, chipped quartzite blades, and the peculiar form of chipped flint scraper in archeology known as the Eskimo scraper, from its identity with like tools in use by the Eskimo of the north at the present time. Dr William M. Beauchamp, whom we esteem the best authority in archeological matters relating to our State, has furnished an excellent study of these remains; aud he seems unhesitating in his belief that at some period quite remote, the regions about and to the northward of us were the established homes of the tribes now inhabiting the far north, known as the Eskimos. The truth would appear to be, that this was their home at a remote period, when the climate retained - considerably more of arctic severity than is known at present; and that, following the receding cold upon the gradual encroach- ment of warmer conditions, and the migration of the cold-loving animals upon which they subsisted, they tended gradually north- ward till they at length found in the utmost north the favorite conditions of their well-being. Their chief habitat in the town of Queensbury was about Glen lake. There, at the northern end, or outlet, was a large, permanently established town covering many acres, from which ran lines of habitation in various direc- tions: first northward under the base of French mountain for a distance, then striking off to East Lake George, where, as we might expect, there was a large village; second, a shorter line, comprising three small sites, with its terminus at Lake Sunny- side. Here, on the abrupt hill on the west shore of the lake was one of their lake dwellings. In the collection from Queensbury just donated by Dr Albert Vander Veer, is a card of several specimens of the “ polished slate knife,’ among which is one obtained from the Washburn farm at French mountain, about a mile from Glen lake. It is made from Kingsbury banded red and gray slate, the red predominating, is of lance-head form, seven inches in length, by about one inch in mean breadth, has a central longitudinal ridge on each surface, is acutely pointed, with sharp edges. The stem is notched and there are well-de- fined barbs. With one exception this is the finest object of its kind among the one hundred and odd specimens so far reported. Saratoga lake has furnished a few of these knives, and two speci- mens have been discovered at Marcy, in Oneida county. They are
52 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
rather more common about Lake Ontario and the neighborhood of Oneida lake than on the two sites just named. Prof. D. F. Thomp- son of Troy obtained one from the Bolton shore of Lake George; and from Lake Champlain, as we might expect, come a few others. A single specimen, the largest, but also the rudest in point of finish yet reported, comes from the Maine lakes.
Exactly what took place here at the close of the period we have been considering we do not know. But, by means of the alphabet of relics, supplied by the superficial soil, we are able to spell out a.period of great confusion. The country here seems to have been overrun from about every quarter, judging from the pattern and material, foreign to the locality, of relics scat- tered so profusely about our fields. Flint from Ohio and farther west; copper from Michigan; grooved axes and soapstone pot- tery from the Atlantic tract; opaque quartz, and even obsidian, from the south — all these meet and dispute for the notice of the archeologist on Queensbury ground. At Assembly point, on Lake George, is a site yielding beaten copper spear and arrow- heads. In Mr Auringer’s explorations, he found a large grooved and polished limestone axe from the often-occupied site in Har- _visena; and in line of association, fragments of large steatite, or
soapstone pottery, have been taken from a site southwest of Glens Falls by a local collector. This signifies the presence in the intermediate period of the New England Algonquins. On Harrisena site again are found broad, thin and symmetrical pol- ished limestone celts of quite other origin than the axes. How long the season of confusion lasted, it is impossible to know.
The territory including Queensbury was in the Algonquins’ hands when the Europeans appeared on the scene. Having driven out the Iroquois, they ruled once more undisturbed in their ancient habitat. The Iroquois had gone down by two principal routes to the Mohawk valley, where they had already, prior to the advent of the whites, formed their powerful Con- federacy. One of these routes was by the St Lawrence and Lake Ontario. The other was by the Champlain and Lake George trail to the Hudson river, and. thence to the mouths of the Mohawk. It is possible to trace their line of migration from Dunham’s bay southeastward to the county line and on to the Hudson at Hudson Falls. The first stage of this overland exodus is well marked by the remains of a considerable town situated on the flats bordering the inlet at Dunham’s bay. From this point
Slate knives, probably of Eskimo origin from Glen lake, Saratoga county. Auringer-Vander Veer collection.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 53
_ the trail ran southeasterly for some miles (a day’s journey for an {ndian) to a station on the county line road lying about the sources of Cold brook. Here the remains of occupancy are spread over many acres, and encroach upon and partly cover a permanent village site of the earliest inhabitants, whose remains have already been described. The relics of these two sites are exactly of the same character as those from Iroquoian stopping places on their westernmost route by way of the St Lawrence. They consist of fragments of the well-known clay pottery of the Mohawk tribes; pipes of red pottery; small triangular flint arrowheads; acutely edged celts and a few small flint knives.
A few years ago there was found on the site of the big bend a fine specimen of the steel “ trade axe” with which the traders first armed their red neighbors. This is included in this collec- tion and is in a fine state of preservation. ‘There is also a fine and keen steel arrow and shait, obtained from a site at the western base of Sugar Loaf mountain. Objects of copper have been found at the same place. A broken stone pipe drilled with steel tools of the white man comes from Glen lake. On the Bay road, on the farm owned by Elber Titus, was a Mohawk camp of late date. In addition to the small flint implements supplied by such stations, this field yielded one of the choicest objects of Mohawk manufacture which it has been my good fortune to geeara@, It is’ a flat limestone pebble’ three inches im mean diameter, carved into the form of a young buck’s antlers, and perforated at one side near the base for the purpose of suspen- sion. Both surfaces are delicately carved into ridges, giving a corrugated appearance. It belongs to a class of objects termed personal ornaments. About Lake George and on many of its islands are frequent finds of Mohawk relics made. But the Mohawk never returned to occupy the country as a permanent residence. What we find of him here are but the remains of these temporary hunting or war camps, for he was often attracted this way from his home on the “ Beautiful river,” by the scent of game or scalps; but it was only as an intruder that he came.
In their manufacture of stone implements, the aborigines used such material as was found in their neighborhood. Where sup- plies of flint were lacking, they made use of native quartzite and even sandstone for their smaller weapons, as arrowheads, knives, and spear points, as well as for heavier tools. These native supplies
54 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
they supplemented with flint in the block obtained by way of trade with neighbors occupying a flint-producing region. In Queensbury, we find the occupants of all periods using the local quartzite pebbles freely for long axes, celts, or hand axes, the larger class of spears and knives, and scrapers; while the local sandstones supplied the place of harder material for certain gouges and adzes. Laminae of fine sandstone served for the manufacture of finely wrought knives and lanceheads. The Eskimo worked the silex, or white flint deposit, on French mountain for material in the manu- facture of large knives and spears, and even small arrowheads, while the neighboring slate quarries of Washington county served him in the matter of material for slate knives, ground i and unground. And certain ceremonial stones, == as the perforated gorget, bird and bar amulet, go and often a banner stone, used by his predeces- ==) sors, were of the same material. Many chisels ie =o and axes were made of the black limestone =3 of the region, which was a favorite on account
of the high polish it takes. Greenstone and conglomerate pebbles were utilized for celts and banner stones. At the foot of Glen lake was found a thick celt, or hand axe, of brown hematite, or ironstone. Hornstone and various flints often occur in limestone deposits; and doubtless the native miner understood the lo- cation of material of such value to him, in these eastern tracts. Nevertheless much flint amc eeree SOO ea cftie rough must have been brought in from
Warren county the western sources.!
ARCHEOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS
Among other interesting objects are a series of flints from Green Island and a semilunar or woman’s knife from the mouth of the Hoosic river. This latter object was donated to the Museum by Mr Albert Hurd, of Troy, and represents one of the largest semilunars found in this region. It is a rare and valu- able specimen and its donor is entitled to special thanks. A representation of this knife is shown in the accompanying figure.
1See N. Y. State Hist. Rept. by Auringer, 8: 102-12.
LE)
panyy ‘S Woqry Aq psyeuod “JOATI SISOOFT FO Yjnous wWosz oF IEUNIWIS
ecerercerner isener
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9QI2
56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
An important mound was excavated during the year by Mr I. R. Burmaster, and a fine type of a mound skull obtained. This mound is in Chautauqua county and is one of the largest of its kind in the State.
A unique acquisition and addition to our collection of early religious objects is a crucifix obtained by Miss Pearl Hoppel in an old farmhouse at Fallsburg. It was evidently made by some Delaware or L i ; Minsi Indian in the early days and in- ‘nl | deed has two totem animals of the Minsi carved upon it. The accompanying fig- ure shows a representation of this object.
=| oe : Sa,
FOLKLORE
The study of the Iroquois rites and folklore was continued with much suc- cess. Valuable additions were made to the notes on the wampum codes and con- dolence ceremony. Mr Albert Cusick, long the helper of and coworker with Dr William M. Beauchamp, and pre- viously the interpreter for Horatio Hall, was of much assistance in this connec- tion. Mr Cusick is an Onondaga by birth and has long been regarded by the Onondagas, and indeed by all the Six Nations in New York, as their greatest authority on the council rites of the Leasue ‘of the Iroquois, win @ctoben: a few weeks after the Archeologist had completed his notes on tree symbols and myths, Mr Cusick died. This serves as. a reminder of the fact that speedy work must be done if any amount of informa- tion is to be recorded. With the death of Chief John Gibson, of the Six Na- Crucifix probably carved by tions of Ontario, in October, another Minsi Indians. From native annalist passed beyond reach. Fallsburg, N. Y. Mr Gibson had also been of considerable assistance to this section of the Museum.
With the corrections made by Chief Edward Cornplanter on the Code of Handsome Lake, the Seneca prophet, a manuscript
os i
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQ12 57
version of the teachings of the celebrated Seneca chief, the manuscript was revised and with explanatory notes and appen- dixes, was submitted as a bulletin in the Museum archeological series. This work, now in press, will be a free translation of the religious belief of the modern nonchristian Iroquois of New York and Ontario, and should prove a work of some psychologi- cal as well as sociological and ethnological interest. It was Handsome Lake who revolutionized in sixteen years the disin- tegrating Seneca and Onondaga tribes and recrystalized their native beliefs. This was accomplished at a critical moment in the history of the lroquois immediately after the Revolution- ary War, when the Iroquois League was broken and disheart- ened. Handsome Lake’s teachings gave a new life and a new hope. The bulletin will be no. 16 in the archeological series.
BPWBEIC INTEREST
Public interest in the work of the archeological section is attested by the large number of letters of inquiry which have come to this office and the many requests for information.
To museum authorities, especially, the plan for the ethnologi- cal groups has made an appeal, and a considerable number have _ visited the workshops for information as to methods.
IX PUBLICATIONS
A list of the scientific publications issued during the year 1911- 12, with those now in press and treatises ready for printing, is attached hereto. The publications issued cover the whole range of our scientific activities. They embrace 926 pages of text, 122 plates and I9 maps.
The labor of preparing this matter, verifying, editing and correct- ing is onerous and exacting. Taken altogether, it excellently indi- cates the activity and diligence of the staff of this division.
ANNUAL REPORT
1 Eighth Report of the Director, State Geologist and Paleontolo- gist for the fiscal year ending September 30, I9g1I. 218p. 42 pl.
58 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Contents: Introduction VII Publications I Condition of the scientific ViL> Stat collections IX Accessions II Report on the _ geological Notes on the Geology of the survey Gulf of St Lawrence. J. M.
Some practical features of New York geology
Areal geology
Surficial geology
Industrial geology
Seismologic station
Mineralogy
Paleontology
Report of the State Botanist
Report of the State . Ento- mologist
Report of the Zoologist
Report on the archeology sec- tion
List of archeological specimens destroyed in the Capitol fire, March 29, IQII
CLARKE
Notes on Devonic Fishes from Scaumenac. L. HUSSAKOF
Notes on a Specimen of Plectoceras jason (Billings). RUDOLF RUEDEMANN
On the Genesis of the Pyrite Deposits of St Lawrence County. C. H. SMyTH, jr
Recent Mineral Occurrences in New York City and Vicinity. H. P. WHITLOCK
The Micmac’ Tercentenary. JoHN M. CLARKE
The Manhattan Indians. ALAN- SON SKINNER
Index
BULLETINS Geology 2 No. 153. Geology of the Broadalbin Quadrangle. By W. J. Maller 7o1i>. GOp;, spk “i map: Contents: Introduction Physiography
General geography and geology Precambric rocks
Paleozoic rocks
Faults
Summary of geologic history Economic products Index
2° No; 154, Glacial Geology of the Schenectady Quadrangle. By
James H. Stoller, 191: 44p.° :opl. 1 map. Contents: Introduction Economic values of the Lake AI-
bany deposits Modified till Recent deposits Review and summary Index
Topography due to rock surfaces Modifications of rock topography - during Pleistocene period Surface deposits
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 59
4 No. 159 The Mineral Springs of Saratoga. By James F. Kemp. ..Sop.. 3pl.+ P92,
Contents:
Introduction
Historical sketch
Brief statement of the local geology
The fault at Saratoga Springs
Generalities regarding the normal ground waters
Composition and character of the Saratoga waters
Carbon dioxid
Water seal
Temperature of the waters Specific gravity of the waters Classification
Variations in the waters Origin of the mineral waters Tables of analyses
Index
5 No. 160 Glacial Waters in the Black and Mohawk Valleys.
By H. L. Fairchild. 48p. 8pl.
Contents: Introduction: outline of glacial history Black valley glacial waters Physiography
Outline of lake history
First stage: Mohawk waters; Herkimer lake
Second stage: Forestport lake; Remsen outlet
Third stage: Port Leyden lake; Boonville outlet
Fourth stage: Glenfield lake; Copenhagen-Champion outlet
Fifth stage: Lake Iroquois
Pre-Wisconsin topography
17 maps.
Mohawk valley glacial waters First stage: early Adirondack drainage Second stage; Herkimer lake Third stage: Schoharie lake Fourth stage: Amsterdam lake Fifth stage: Lake Albany Tributary lakes Rock barrier at Little Falls Divide at Rome Summary of Mohawk drainage history Correlation of Ontarian and Hud- sonian Ice Lobes Bibliography Index
6 No. 161 Mining and Quarry Industry of New York. By
D. H. Newland. 114p.
Contents: Introduction
Mineral production of New York
Cement
Clay Production of clay materials Manufacture of building brick Other clay materials Pottery Crude clay
Emery
Feldspar Notes on the occurrence of feld- spar in New York
Garnet
Graphite
Gypsum
Iron ore
Mineral paint
Mineral waters
Natural gas
60 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Contents —(Continued) :
Petroleum Limestone Pyrite Marble Salt Sandstone Sand and gravel Trap Sand-lime brick shale Stone The Gouverneur talc district Production of stone Zinc Granite Index Entomology
7 No. 155 Report of the State Entomologist for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1911. 182p. 35pl.
Contents: Introduction Experiments with heat as an in- Injurious insects | secticide Codling moth Notes for the year Gipsy moth Fruit tree insects Green mapie worm Small fruit insects Iris borer Shade tree pests Notch wing Forest pests Maple leaf cutter Miscellaneous Locust leaf miner Publications of the Entomologist Rosy Hispa Additions to collections Rose leaf hopper Explanation of plates Periodical Cicada Index
A report upon the condition of the shade trees of the city of Mount Vernon, N. Y.
8 No. 156 Elm Leaf Beetle and White-Marked Tussock Moth. By Eee 235p. Spl.
Contents:
Introduction White-marked tussock moth
Elm leaf beetle Description Results of attack Life history and habits Food plants Food plants Distribution Natural enemies Description Remedies Life history Explanation of plates Natural enemies Index
Preventive measures Remedial measures
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 61
Botany
g No. 157 Report of the State Botanist for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1911. 1139p: gpl:
Contents:
Introduction Edible fungi
Plants added to the herbarium New York species of Clitocybe
Contributors and their contribu- New York species of Laccaria tions New York species of Psilocybe
Species not before reported Latin descriptions of new species
Remarks and observations and varieties
New species and varieties of ex- Explanation of plates
- tralimital fungi Index
GEOLOGIC MAPS
10 Broadalbin quadrangle II Schenectady quadrangle
In press
MEMOIRS
12 Birds of New York, volume 2 13 Eurypterida of New York
BULLETINS Geology 14 The Geological History of New York State
=
Paleontology 15 The Lower Siluric Shales of the Mohawk Valley
Entomology
16 Report of the State Entomologist for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1912
Botany
17 Report of the State Botanist for the fiscal year ending Sep- tember 30, 1912
Archeology 18 The Code of Handsome Lake, the Seneca Prophet
62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Xx
STAPF OF THE SCIENCE DIVISION - AND SiAre MUSEUM
The members of the staff, permanent and temporary, of this division as at present constituted are:
ADMINISTRATION
John M. Clarke, Director Jacob Van Deloo, Director’s clerk Paul E. Reynolds, Stenographer
GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY
John M. Clarke, State Geologist and Paleontologist
David H. Newland, Assistant State Geologist
Rudolf Ruedemann, Assistant State Paleontologist - C. A. Hartnagel, Assistant in geology
Robert W. Jones, Assistant in economic geology
D. Dana Luther, Field geologist
Herbert P. Whitlock, Mineralogist
George S. Barkentin, Draftsman
H. C. Wardell, Preparator
Michael Sammon, Stenographer
Charles P.. Heidenrich, Machinist
Joseph Bylancik, Page
Temporary experts
Areal geology Prot. El. P. Cushing, Adelbert College Prof. J. F. Kemp, Columbia University Dr C. P. Berkey, Columbia University G. H. Hudson, Plattsburg State Normal College Prof. W. J. Miller, Hamilton College Dr W. O. Crosby, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Dri Boikummel Trenton, Nae
Geographic geology Prof. Herman L. Fairchild, Rochester University
Paleontology Edwin Kirk, Washington, D. C.
' REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9I2 63
BOTANY
Charles H. Peck, State Botanist Stewart H. Burnham, Assistant
ENTOMOLOGY
Ephraim P. Felt, State Entomologist
D. B. Young, Assistant State Entomologist Fanny T. Hartman, Assistant
Anna M. Tolhurst, Stenographer
We: Shafer Bartlett,: Clerk
ZOOLOGY
Willard G. Van Name, Zoologist Arthur Paladin, Taxidermist
Temporary experts
Prof. E. Howard Eaton, Canandaigua Dr H. A. Pilsbry, Philadelphia
ARCHEOLOGY Arthur C. Parker, Archeologist
Temporary assistant
Howard A. Lansing, Albany
Gil ACCESSIONS ECONOMIC AND GENERAL GEOLOGY
Collection Newland, D. H. Albany Building stones, rough and polisied samples..........0... 25 Zine and pyre Ores, St Lawrence county... 0... 46 cece 20 Diabase dikes cutting, eranite, Dannemora, N. Y.....-.:2. 3
Donation
Uniform Fibrous Talc Co. Talcville Pexibin ot ctumetancoroumd: tale eid: 4 /caceudiere vagdeleie oes 1f0)
64 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
PALEONTOLOGY Donation Eastman, Dr Charles R. Washington, D. C. Plaster restorations of Bunodes, Pterichthys and Clado- selache. sates centering pene a or ate o CA ees eer ne >
Mammoth tooth found while excavating for lock 26, on the baree canal, mean sGlyde, Nu cYo. 6) 2. eee ees I Van Horne; (C.F. eGien Concretions from Schoharie creek, at Glen (Montgomery co.) ‘contamina .U tica. slate 1ossils: oa ee 22
Exchange Mathes, K. B. Batavia
Devonic fossils from various localities in Genesee county.. 125 Purchase Plourde, Anthony. Migouasha West, P. Q. Devonictishes trom Misoudsha whee Oe 2-22 ie eee 120 Collection
Hartnacel, C24: Siluric tossils.tron'BlackeCape sr, Oe fe een ete ee 1200 Ruedemann, R. Fossils from Schuylerville sheet, Aries lake, Hyde Park, Scodack Wanding 3. ., ok tence oo ee eee oe eee 125
ENTOMOLOGY Donation Hymenoptera
Wewis, Gwe. a Lockport.. ILhalhessaiatrada: Habry oblack long sting, adult, June 17
Dummett, Arthur. Mount Vernon. Apanteles congre- gatus Say, cocoons and adults, July 29
DeLong, E. W. Crown Point. Same as preceding, on Ampe- lo-:pth.aic'a mytiom Cram.) AWeuse 7
Mc Atee, W. L. Pickens, Miss. Cynips strobilana O. S., lobed oak gall, October 12. Also Neuroterus umbil- Véatus: \Bass., cak 4 button) call Con One eu saad chauxai)) October22
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 65
Baney,.vc.-C.'» Rochester) Andricus.‘séminator-, Harr., wool sower, gall on white oak, June 21
Sherman, Miss Ruth H. Glens Falls. Same as preceding, June 24 :
feavior,/R.. Mi.» AnnsArbor,, Mich. Neuroterms, salt a; torius Hy. Edw., galls on white oak, July 24
Biont., Miss Ey S.: New Russia. ‘Cintbex anverieana Leach, elm sawfly, larva on elm, September 20
Woodward, A. G. Through State Conservation Commission. irene column’ ba Linn, pigeon, treniex adult): Septem-= ber 11
Brooks, Ce Athens: Caliroaceras? Ling.) pear slits. larvae on pear, August I2
- Robson, A. N. Lake George. Kaliofenusa ulmi Sund., elm leaf miner, larva on elm, June 13
Rutledge, Neil. Greenwich. Same as preceding, June 15
Devereaux, W. L. Syracuse. Same as preceding, June 19
Ward, J. G. Cambridge. Same as preceding, larvae and work on elm, June 24
Vail, Harry. New Mulford. Trichiocampus viminalis Fall., larvae, August 29
Coleoptera
Matheson, W. J. Huntington. Eccoptogaster quad- rispinosa Say, hickory bark beetle, work on hickory, Feb- ruary 9 |
Merkel, H. W. New York City. Same as preceding, larvae and work, March 12 and June 17
Anderson, E. H. Scarsdale. Same as preceding, work, June 22
de Vyver, J. J. Mount Vernon. Same as preceding, adults and work, July 1
Dwyer, F. P. Yonkers. Same as preceding, work, July 30
Chapman, J. W. Dorchester, Boston, Mass. Eccoptogas- her MmMuileest piata) Marsh imported elm bark borer: adults and larvae, October 5
Vitale, Ferruccio: | New York City.” Pissodes .strob1., Peck, white pine weevil, work on pine, July 11
Cunningham, Thomas. Vancouver, B. C. Thricolepis simulator Horn, gray, bark-eating weevil, adult on apple, May 2 ‘
66 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Herrick, C. J. Elsmere. Pomphopota say ec, Says blister beetle, adults on wild cherry, May 31
Hawley, G. H. Castleton. Coptocycla ? clavata Fabr., larva on morning glory, July 9
Gardner, M. H. Brewster. Galerucella luteola Mill, elm leaf beetle, adults, April 18
Crittenden, Mrs W. H. Cornwall. Same as preceding, May 10
Young, J. T. Watervliet. Same as preceding, eggs on elm, June 14 ;
Gaskell, A. Ellenville. Same as preceding, adults, larvae and pupae on elm, july 11 |
Tate, L. A. Gloversville. Same as preceding, larvae and work on elm, July 16 :
Cook, W. M. Oyster Bay. Same as preceding, work on elm, August 5
Cunningham, Thomas. Vancouver, B. C. Glyptoscelis alternata Cr., leaf beetle, adult on apple, May 2
Rooney, J. O. Scarsdale. Elaphidion villosum Fabr., oak and maple pruner, larva and work on oak, July 24
Chatham Courier. Chatham. Monohammus confusor Kirby, sawyer, adult, July 10
Wend, Mrs George. Albany. Same as preceding, adult on pine, July 17 |
Bender, Matthew, jr. Niverville. Lachnosterna, June beetle, larva in grass sod, August II |
Woodward, W. M. North Chatham. Same as preceding, August II
Moore, R. M. Rochester. Psephenus lecontei Lec. larva, September 25
Van Name, W.G. Aibany. Dermestes vulpinus Fabr.,, leather beetle, all stages, March 26
Bernstein, Charles. Rome. Megilla maculata DeG, spotted lady-beetle, adults, December 13
Diptera
McAtee, W. L. Marksville, Las Thecodiplosis ana- nassi Riley, galls on Cypress, September 12
Dale, G. L. Mount Kisco. Caryomyia caryae O.S.,, gall on hickory, July 22
Rooney, Mrs J. O. Scarsdale. Same as preceding, July 24. Also Caryomyia persicoides Beutm.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 67
Albright, Thomas. New Baltimore. Contarinia pyri- vora Riley, pear midge, larvae ‘on pear, May 27
Bonet. 2. Claremont, Cak: Asphondylaa betheli Ckll., male, female, larva and pupa on Opuntia, April
Bethel E. Denver, Col. Same as preceding, gall, male.and female on Cactus, May 22
Rhines, W. D. Linlithgow. Simulium sp., blackfly, larvae, June 19
Bernstein, Charles. Rome. Eristalis tenax Linn., bee fly, larvae, August 27
Gillett, J. R. Kingston. Musca domestica Linn., house- fly, larvae from cases of Myiasis interna, September 9
Panundses, 3. O. San Diego,.Cal. r-Agromyza sp., adult on Wisteria buds, March 23
Lepidoptera
Principal, Schoharie High School. Schoharie. Through State De- partment of Agriculture. Polygonia? comma Harr., hop merchant, eggs on hop, June 5
Delafield, Mrs I. D. F. Greenport. Euvanessa antiopa Linu. spiny elm caterpillar, larva: om elm; June 25
Sweigert, J. A. Comstock. Same as preceding, July 1
BPadee ), EH. -Rechester. Sphecodina abbotii Swain, larva on woodbine, July 10
Dummett, Arthur. Mount Vernon. Same as preceding, July 29
De Long)’E. W.. Crown Point: Ampelophaga myron Cram., grapevine hog caterpillar, larva on grape, August 7
eet, i) Glen Cove) /Samiaa sce cre pia_.Linn:, \Cecropia moth, cocoon, December 28
Jackson, Mrs A. M. A. Warner. Telea polyphemus Cran.., American silk worm, eggs, June 6
Wilbor, Miss M. R. Old Chatham. Callosamia prome- thea Dru., Promethea moth, cocoons, May 10
Martin, Mrs Martha W. Albany. Same as preceding, larvae on lilac, August 5
Worman, A. E. Fillmore. Through State Conservation Com- mission. Diacrisia virginica Fabr., Virginia ermine moth, adult, June 20
Strickland, L. F. Lockport. Through State Department of Ag- riculture. Arctia caja Linn., garden tiger moth or woolly bear of Europe, larva, October 26
3
68 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Woolworth, C. C. Castleton. Alypia octomaculata Fabr., eight-spotted forester, larva on woodbine, July 10
Mostow, Robert. New York City. Laphygma frugi- perda Sm. & Abb., fall army worm, larvae and pupae on lawn, September 11
Latham, Roy. Orient Point. Same as preceding, September 11
Parsons, Samuel. New York City. Same as preceding, Sep- tember II and 21
Niles, T. F. Chatham. Agrotis ypsilon Rott., black cut- worm, larva, June 10
Rogers, F. E. Oswego. Mamestra picta ae zebra caterpillar, larvae on pear, July 16
Bird, Henry. Rye. Papaipema appassionata Har- vey, P. nmecopina Gri, P.irigtdasm. Pise da panaen P, 1nd Wa esa tan iG? (ee ORG Po meine ee rigida. Gris. mare rnidens (Gu; (2; moesew Bird, -P.. duplicatai wind?) cers sata Gree duovata Bird and- Apameactéerepta var. ¢1Ta nm mea Bird, August 14
Bailey, G. W. Geneseo. Alabama argillacea Hibn,, cotton moth, adults, October 9
Mosher, H. J. New Berlin. Same as preceding, October 11
Bishop, I. P. Buffalo. Same as preceding, October 13 |
Green, A. H:Shushan. “Cato cala-sp., caterpillar, jamevne
Richardson, M. T. New York City. Datana integerrima Grt. & Rob., black walnut worm, larvae on English walnut, August 5
smith, C. H. Mohegan Lake. Same as preceding, caterpillars, August 22
Wiltse, J. W.. North-Chatham. Sichizura conetane wom & Abb., red-humped apple caterpillar, larvae on apple, July 9
Dodge, J." Rochester. ‘Tolype laricis Fstch, larch tape pet moth, larva, August 8
Coventry; D3) Wticas Malacosioma amenieana aa apple tent caterpillar, larvae, June 12
Matthews, P. B. Bridgehampton. Through State Department of Agriculture. Same as preceding, larvae on oak, June 19
Whitcomb of The Commonweal. Greenwich. Same as preced- ine gdtit, Jilly 7
_Chahoon, George. Ausable Forks. Same as preceding, cocoons, July 13
Hicks, Isaac & Son. Westbury. Malacosoma disstria liubn., forest tent caterpillar, larvae, June Io
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 69
Worman, A. E. Fillmore. Through State Conservation Commis- sion. Same as preceding, larvae, June 20
Wospureh, G. C. Moravia.© Eranis tiliartra’ Harr., bass- wood inch worm, larvae on elm and basswood, June 8
Brown, Miss Helen A. Brooklyn. Thyridopteryx ephem- eraeformis Haw., bagworm, larvae on purple _ beech, August 2 _
Felten,G. R. Cementon. Sibine stimulea Clem., saddle- back caterpillar, September 3
Mulholland, J. B. Kingston. Same as preceding, larvae on blackberry, September 24
Hicks, Isaac & Son. Westbury. Zeuzera pyrina Linn, leopard moth, work on hickory, October 26
Mulligan, E. T. New York City. Through State Department of Agriculture. Same as preceding, larva, December 24 and 27
Lobdell, Miss Mary L. Woodhaven. Same as preceding, larva, March 17
aroun, CC. £. - Canagjoharie- Mineola indigenella Zell., leaf crumpler, larval cases, February 24
stevens, Ogden. Albany. Ephestia cautella ? Walk., larvae and adults on English walnuts, November 20
Mimi WV. Vata “SE yetrra 7! frustrana-. Comst; caterpillar on pine, August 30
Pernaiad, H. T.. Amherst, Mass. Eevetria ? comstock- iana Fernald, pitch twig moth on pine, June 12
econeld, K- Cocymans. Tmetocera ocellana Schiff., bud moth, larvae in pear buds, May 8
Pounous, G, EL -Schenectady. “Torttrix fumiferana Clem., spruce bud moth, larvae on spruce, June 3
Weld, F. M. New York City. Coleophora caryaefol- 1ella Clem., larvae and work on hickory, July 13
Evans, Cadwallader. Stellarton, Nova Scotia. Bucculatrix canadensisella Cham., birch leaf skeletonizer, molting cocoons, August 29. Also larvae, cocoons and work on birch, September 1&
Harrison, David. Staatsburgh. Phyllonoryter hama- dryella Clem., oak blotch leaf miner, mines on oak, July 29
Wier. Miss Anne R. Garrison. Same as preceding, work on oak August 5
Clark’s Sons, D. Fordam Heights, New York City. Through State Department of Agriculture. Gracilaria near vio- lacella Busck, larvae on azalea, March 7
70 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Neuroptera
Nixon, I. L. Rochester. Corydalis cornuta Linn, horned Corydalis, adult, July 1
Thysanoptera
Ward, G. E. Ravena. Euthrips pyri Dru., pear thrips, adults on apple, May 1
Hemiptera
Bailey, G. A. Geneseo. Tibicen septendecim Linn, seventeen-year Cicada, adult and pupal case, June 14
Dodge, J. H. Rochester. Cicada ? linnei Grossb., harvest fly, adult, August 26
Buchholz, A. B. Geneva. Through State Department of Agri- culture Phylloxera caryaecaulis Fitch, hickory gall aphid, old galls on hickory, October 26
Armer, H. N. Ballston Spa. Through State Conservation Com- mission. Chermes pinicorticis Fitch, pine bark aphid, adults on pine, July 5
Judson, W. P. Broadalbin. Same as preceding, July 12
Duhamel, M. F. Poughkeepsie. Same as preceding, August 8
Baker, A. M. Oneonta. Hormaphis hamamelidis Fitch, witch-hazel cone gall, galls on witch-hazel, August 5
Banks, Mrs R.S. Albany. Pemphigus populi-trans- versus Riley, gall and young on poplar, June 18
Olsen, C. E. Maspeth, L. I. Schizoneura americana Riley, woolly elm leaf aphis, young on elm, June 18
Hareford, Miss Alice C. Watertown. Same as preceding, adults and young on elm, June 21
Fuller, A. R. Malone. Same as preceding, adults and work on | elm, July 18
Niles, Mrs S. H. Coeymans. Schizoneura lanigera Hausm., woolly apple aphis, young on apple, November 8
Delehanty, J. A. Albany. Same as preceding, nymph on apple, August 26
Marshall, D. T. Hollis. Chaitophorus aceris Linn, work and young on Norway maple, July 6
Gibson, W. W. Watervliet. Same as preceding, nymphs on Norway maple, July 11
Waterman, R. S. Ogdensburg. Callipterus ulmifolii Mon., elm leaf aphis, adults on elm, July I
REPORT OF THE) DIRECTOR I9QI2 71
Barrus, G. L. Paul Smiths. Mindarus abietinus Koch.,, work on balsam, July 1
fathamRoy.|.Orient Point.) Aphis) nasturfii) Kalt., adults and nymphs on nasturtium, October 3
Erocke 2G o Binghamton, Gossy par ia..sip a tia “Mod. elm bark louse, males and females on elm, May 29
Peececrel, £.. A.) Boulder, Col Eriocoacews boreal) ys Chi yadulis, October. 7
iesssers.yoamuel Albany. Phenacoccus. acerreota King, false maple scale, males on maple, June I1
mockerel, t. O. A. Glenwood Springs; Col. Trionymus mielasce me Ck (part of type), adult on Agropyron, October 2
ised, er be | Macpeths Pseudococcus citri-~ Risso, mealy bug, adult, July 20
Masi Dt. Holliss Pulvinaria vitis Linn. cottony maple scale, adults and young on soft maple, July 6
Tioga county. Through State Department of Agriculture. Le- canium sp., Lecanium scale, adult and young on Tecoma radicans, November I
Carpenter, E. E. Morris. Same as preceding, adults on oak and chestnut, June 8
Woodlawn Cemetery. New York City. Through State Conser- vation Commission. Asterolecanium variolosum Ratz., golden oak scale, adult, June 14 |
Pigeon |. Heine bounveyehla dirrodendr1 Gmel., tulip tree scale, young on tulip tree, February 12
Harris, A. G. North Pelham. Same as preceding, adults on tulip, July 20
Thomson, Miss Annis E. Yonkers. Same as preceding, July 29
Clark, oN: Warrensbure,, Eulecanium ? canadense Ckll., adults on elm, May 27
Van Aken, Silvanus. Port Ewen. Eulecanium ? persi- cae Fabr., peach scale, adults and eggs on crimson rambler rose, June 17
Lown, Mrs Robert. Idlewild. Same as preceding, July 2
Peavey.) buna Otmronaspis furfura, Pitch, semry scale, eggs, March 5
Bevison |. J) Brooklyn) Chionaspis) americama Johns., elm scurfy scale, egg on elm, February 6. Also Cwtretaspas pantahol dae Fitch, pme deat scale, eee on Austrian pine, February 6
72 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Duff, Mrs Harriet A. Kinderhook. Chionaspis pinifoliae Fitch, adults on pine, September 16
Through State Department of Agriculture. Rochester. Dias- pis carueli Targ.-Tozz., juniper scale on juniper, May 16
Heavey, J. Buffalo. Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst., San José scale, young, March 5
Williams, C. L. Glens Falls. Same as preceding, May 24
Stone, D. D. Oswego. Aspidiotus ancylus Putn,, Put- nam’s scale, half grown, April 19
Latham, Roy. Orient Point. Chrysomphalus aonidum Linn., rubber scale insect, adults on rubber plant, April 22
Gaut, H. Glen Cove. Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn., oyster Shell scale, egg on willow, December 28
Heavey, J. Buffalo. Same as preceding, eggs, March 5
Henkes, Fred. Watervliet. Through State Department of Ag- riculture. Same as preceding, old scales on apple, May 11
Hasbrouck, Levi. Ogdensburg. Same as preceding, June 22
Olsen, C. E. Maspeth. Same as preceding, adults on white birch, July 20
Through State Department of Agriculture. Schenectady. Par- latoria theae CklIl., adult on Japanese maple, April 25
Overton, Miss Lillian C. Albany. Haematopinus pilif- erus Burm., sucking dog louse, adults on dog, April 8
st John, C. Ly. Canajoharie. .B 1'sisits Vetmcop teria sss chinch bug, adults and young, September 26
Buchman, Edwin. Valley Falls. Acholla multispinosa DeG., spined assassin bug, nymph, August 13.
Briggs, G. J. Macedon. Cimex lectularius Linn., bed- bug, adult, May 12
Williams, C. L. Glens Falls. Lygus pratensis Linn., tarnished plant bug, work on dahlia, July 17
Strickland, L. F. Lockport. Poecilocapsus lineatus Fabr., four-lined leaf bug, adults on currant, June 19
Latham, Roys:-Orient.Point.. Benacus- @¢fiseus] Sag giant water bug, adult, June Io
Orthoptera
Dummett, Arthur. Mount Vernon. Diapheromera fe- | morata Say, walking-stick, adult, August 20
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 ; 73
Thysanura
Stagg, J. E. Buffalo. Through State Department of Agricul- ture. Leéepisma,domeéstic¢ca< Packard, silver fish, adult, October 25
Acarina
Osterhout, G. E. Windsor, Col. Eriophyes pruni Schoene, plum mite, galls on plum, July 22
Picuick, G.- W.7 Ithaca. ~Phyllocoptes quadripes Shimer, bladder maple gall, galls on soft maple, June 11
Babcock, H. N. Elmira. Same as preceding, June 24 |
ZOOLOGY Donation Mammals Paine, Silas H. Silver Bay Reacquirce, socrures hudsonicus, (Erxleben) .2 7... 3 - Birds
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy Domitchker, Macrorhampius griseus (Gmelin) ~ 1 fiudsonian. sodwit, lbimosa hacemastica’* (Lin-
GEE UTS ne A op! 8 le coe ce’ Ae hen LA a eR ae oe RN I Slarp-siimned Nawk. A cerprter velox (Wilson)./52 3 Piscom dawk, valeo veo lua bariius (Linnaeus)... Un Ivory-billed woodpecker, Campephilus princi-
iam sen Tian st Pret iaie cis whee Jrks Mee de Wig tareee I Priticuied (ey tirade iis americanus. (Reich.). 9g
Sanford, Dr Leonard S. New Haven, Conn. Cit atin. teat chide y emmakis.. G20 nc. fe. es I
Birds’ nests Delavan, Dr C. H. Round Lake
Bulimorcnunee Woeteras ealbula, (Linnaeus): 267. I her-eyeds virco. ¥ Imeosylva olivacea. (Linnaeusj2g 4 Fishes
Bean, Dr Tarleton H. Albany Lice, Semorina s/ bullaris.*(Ratinesque), .) 322. I
TA NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Invertebrates
Casselman, E. S. Lake Delaware
Copepods, C wehopsis tre murs (iseherses eae ee HUGE Peck, H. S. Menands
Spider, LLycosa carolinensis, Walckenaer, te
male and: 680s e ye Acie ee lye cette ste re a ee a I Cass, Allan. Albany Slugs Ji dma xo0 aoc pitas. innately ea ee eee ee I Bean, Dr Tarleton H. Albany Breshewater clams, Wintontdaciey eee ean ee 2 Nokes Exchange
Fresh-water and land shells
Baker, H. B. Ann Arbor, Mich. Gontobasis divesce nis i Menke) Campeloma decis amai(say) Veadvattia sie eran (Sax) Anrnic' ola Timo sasaye) Vitwea te rr ea i(Miorse) Cochlicopatlubrrea sWiniter) Strobilbe ps) virco (Pilsbey)} Sie Cimea mets a veea) iy am avela seta aie ia a Say Lymnacavemareginata anew la tas (Sowerby) Ly mmuacea ist acmalas cape | essa Micsay,) iE wen-nia ea st.aen ala sepre raaiupe aa (Valken) Roba sa amcillarta.macn a barcusd ois- (Wales) Pitysiaiancallatia park eri CCurter) Dep iemaa tay 1.0% na) (Ain iaeins) Planiowbas Jhirsu tas: (Gould) Piamothass bie at ina tus pion pac em sus (baker) Pile tacoma pS onc aime p a nl isliawtieins! Ss emaist hyd | (alice Pian orbits ehwcatri na tis y (say) Sieg me nittimage na ssid ris (VWalker) Sphaeraum) ite a t tia) (Lamarck) Spiliae rium gacumane tm (Prime) Pisidium abditum (Haldeman) Pisidium abditim- sip otun dum, (ster) Pisa dium cee ulawes( Emme) Lia mpi lis atero faeeamarct) Lampsilis nasuta say)
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2
Wa od anta,o ran dii'sa id otha ay «(ien)
75
Amodontordes 'werassaciana. sia peyd od t i-
faces, 1(Lea) | Purchase Mammals Barker, Fred. Parker’s Prairie, Minn. Weasel. Mirstela.cico¢ na ni (Bonapatte. cs... 45. Mole, +S ¢a-Lopusag waticus (Linnaetis) }..hse0h. ae Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, Rochester Common dolphin, Delphinu'’s delphis Linnaeus, eae eriotha t oie on oe Weaverane Wauirlen ad ale ehacalls £6: Sth au sates Spginiby eoeal eel ayes
Birds
Barker, Fred. Parker’s Prairie, Minn. Holboell grebe, Colymbu's holboelli (Reimbhardt).. Rme-pilled cull harus delawarensis, Ord.) cu...
Bongpaste sully ands philadelphtra: (Ord) usa Camnanr ten Sterna hirumdo.Linnaetis..:...ssn. black, “ier, iayaerochelidon.. nigra ‘surana- 1h RL ee Se enMeNIAT SCRA SS Lee se we ack Rk eee White pelican, Pelecanus- erythrorhynchos (Siege) ah Aue: Bee NP Ps eee a rR ec
Raneidia tat hea hse Teint anus “hannaews: 502.0. Stilt sandpiper, Micropalma himantopus (Bon- pie ie aa he See ame 2s aad Mtoe weihionst. Semipalmated sandpiper, Ereunetes pusillus (Lin- TP SUSLGIS) ik ate tak ilert Lake Ear ck oe PV ea ieesser yeuowiess,, Dotranws tlavapes (Gmelin) ..%.. Black-breasted plover, Squatarola squatarola EIT ISE ORE etek ty Ls ee ni nn Kilideer ‘plover, Oxyechus*vociferus. (Linnaeus). ine necked ployer, Avegialitis. semipalmata MED BTA ES 00 oe Dial Ns oid 0 ren PP Brown, Wilbur. Albany. Pear inepley a bar toe eVsarinl a) BA GUOR oi iiics os. ss ws ER ee Danygriz, Mathew. Albany
ithe eee oedeedrolima: (Linnaeus)... is<s4) 4. Mellow. tal; “Catsrnicops novebotacensts ETS PS Da! 0) et ga int ti Lretidas
Wilson phalarope, Steganopus tricolor (Vieillot).
We NHN
Wo
Ny WwW
76 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Avocet, Recurvirostra americana Gmeim-.s- Stilt sandpiper, Micropalma himantopus (Bon-
aparte) fy esi a iie Wie eens eapanesene Senet ere eee Least sandpiper,,Pisobia minmtilla “(Viellot).... Marbled godwit, “L1m’ois2) fed oay<(Linagens)e-e ee Willet, Catoptrophorus semipalmatus
(Gamelin )vciga sg ceded ees, ss peo eee eee ee ee ee Upland plover, Bartramia longicauda (Bechstein) Buff-breasted sandpiper, Tryngites subruficol-
Li-sueCVaelllot): 8 tinin areas cee ne ee Spotted sandpiper, Actitis macularius (Linnaeus) Long-billed curlew, Numenius americanus Bech-
SHCUA EPG. ike eases Susie ab os so eve sete. eer ee eee Golden plover, Ciwaradrinus don inves. Mailer Hurnstone; Arenaria wnterpres- (innaensjie. oe
Rough-legged hawk, Ar chia bia tieio lagopus
Sancti 4 Ola nmas (Gmelin). snk aie eee Great horned owl, Bubo virginianus (Gmelin).. Pileated woodpecker, Phloeotomus' pileatus
CLinnaetis J tie ba Se as cue © Eevee renee eee Redpoll linnet, Acanthis Janay ia, (iuinaens) yo. jee White-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leuco-
phir yis .@Porster) ei. aio ai oe oie eee
Sanderson, W. Rensselaer American scoter, Oidemia americana (Swainson
and’ Richardson) ye. c ton ta telae ieee atin oe eee
Birds’ nests and eggs Hart, C. G.- East Berlin, Conn. Red-shouldered hawk, Buteo lineatus (Gmelin), nest and three eggs. Cooper hawk, Accipiter cooperi (Bonaparte), nest and four eggs.
Reptiles Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, Rochester Harp turtle, Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli) CASE: VS ooo ene CR eee eelie > %s Ns attest oa atte is o's Ge aeons Pout Amphibia Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, Rochester Common tree toad, Hyla versicolor Le Conte, casts.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 a7
ARCHEOLOGY Donation Auringer Collection, donated by Dr Albert Vander Veer i GaieeSPeat. . . .s veratk’s PPE ae tm LS A Be Mh tl ce tami ts I Bm MMM TA UUE SS CSTOTIG So. 05 \y ya a 0i'e oath te chek xl teen ata «eee 180 a aeer acme eS a Lek wavs bs, 4 lav aaa emer ea 6 ee eg ees aig 0 aceta oa IN, gee 28 DEERE OL EVS S003 AS laa a Ores iP ard enka 30 Thy BRE AC NG Sa I CA ek 40 JP PEE DSL UGG, eh Sue ee Oe AINE ea nee ie ar, ea eRe et 6 EERE 9 aly (Sy has gc Pe ATP ZY 4 Pree WES r UE SEMEINICA IIIS A loin. 6 es ee a oe wee ee 4 EES VST SE) TST, Sah sce a a Ra an er I Rites tee SIRO a te 2 he we koa wa Gare ia ab a's ewe ep ould Wise I WE MS VSS oe, a et eg a Sa a eee 20 Re ees eeteet ete ee ere PS Ga ah tas ba als se voce o bp Aa ala 102 UNDE 2ST Se GS ea eg OO 184 EG ES DLS aE Ss i 0s Ae ap 12 EU Seen oda Oe Beal A a re 54 re ana ere NO te tne ype Sas 6 alk wa 3 alee oe eee 52 PeeSLOMem BVO ned tTAC MEMES cree. sek ss ee esi ele lbs ai Bird, Daniel. Troy Sei attra CTEM SHOR SKEICTOIU 25 00s. oc ne eke ee wes I Burmaster, E. R. Irving SENG SatA Eee et eC eg a oY oi wud gods we ke I Ls Bere aitiee Cone rege obese ot Lt A 4 SHULS Wyee Ae iia ea Gad) ot eka ae I (DEG yegere NE SG SI Ah 8 Pe da I LETT eis eG VSS ee RN le I Holden, Hon. J. A. Glens Falls Pela ee MU het ee eee Ns a 'o Sn x wo one poles oe.0 2 I Hurd, A. S. Troy . Speeimen MMe BeMIIiAr KHIIGs 1, ..)'s cee soc ee 5 he eos es I SIL GPE Era eT elie pellet 0 en ae I eee ee Ue ae Pe ia n)n sa fs 2 on oe a ole one the 10) Purchase Tann, Mrs Charles. Troy CLO) See PU PORE, ah 5 a a conn HG Ae 16 RUE MOMS eee LAM Nelo cl cs cs o'gie hla eeinlalej et 7% SULEAGS shud Mo dys) Bol | cheba) Mh ine eee PrP Leer 16
78 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Kopple, Pauline. New York
Carved wooden €ruciix ep. Seer 6) ee eee eee I Schmits
Baskets\-25 2) on oe gs lied othe CoS a rel ol wl STO ELC ee a 3 Nicholson, A. S. Neopit, Wis
Bark houses fed. . La Rete. os eee eee I Bradly, E. R. Cazenovia
Grooved ‘shart Stone .nncr).e aces Sob age ete et anes Smee I
Collection im the field Parker, A. C. Atgonquin “bark hamper .2 2:..54:.02)% eae gee eee eee Brass, medals. 2.3 vaca. nas oh ok eee VWiooden Spoons... 0.655 04.4 te ik oe eee Seneea MASK so. since eoos Ga whee cae eh eee
KH HH NHN A He
THE MOUNT MORRIS MiP ?t PORTE BY H. P. WHITLOCK
The State Museum has recently acquired by purchase a meteoric fragment which represents a hitherto unrecorded fall, and adds another occurrence to the small number of authenti- cated meteorites from New York State.
The specimen was found in December 1897 by Mr Frederick H. Crofoot, on the Landers farm about one and one-half miles south of Mount Morris, Livingston county, N. Y. It measures 30 mm x 20 mm x 13 mm and weighs 12.48 grams. The shape roughly suggests a rhomboidal solid similar to a distorted thombic-dodecahedron, although this rough shape has in all probability no significance and is purely accidental. One side has been roughly polished, showing the structure.
The structure classification which was determined as nearly as possible macroscopically, places this meteorite in the group Chondrites, the ground mass being composed of spherulitic chon- drules of enstatite and olivine of irregular sizes. The ground mass is broken by irregular shotlike grains of iron.
Notwithstanding the small size of the specimen, all the evi- dence appears to confirm the statement of Mr Crofoot that the present fragment represents the entire bulk of this fall.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2
79
Figure 1 gives a full-size view of the meteorite, showing the general shape and character of the surface. polished surface of one side; the brilliantly reflecting portions of the surface are the iron particles included in the ground mass.
Full-size
Pie T view showing general shape and character of the surface
Figure 2 shows the
Fig. 2 Full-size
vie
w showing pol-
ished surface of one side
The following list gives the authenticated meteorites which
have been found in New
REPRE- SENTED INN. ¥ LOCALITY OF FALL SRS MUS. COLL Bethlehem, Albany co.... << Burlington, Otsego co..... x Long Creek, Jefferson co..|........ Kackport. Niagara COm.~ .fcloee..-- Mount Morris, Livingston COP Saat tee Sie Ree ee x Scriba, Oswego cO........ « Seneca Falls, Seneca co....]........ Seneca River, Cayuga co..|...:.... Tomhannock, Rensselaer COV eran cded x Yorktown, Westchester co.
York State.
DATE OF DISCOVERY
aAug. 11, 1859 |Am. Jour Previous to 1819 |Am. Jour
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PUBLISHED ACCOUNT
In British Museum Coll
AUTHOR
- Sci. (2). 28:300./C. V. Shepard . Sci. (1). 46:401|/James Pierce
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. 40:336.|C. V. Shepard 2:39../C. V. Shepard . 14:439.|E. W. Root
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a Observed fall.
EARLY PALEOZOIC PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE ~ SOUTHERN ADIRONDACKS
BY WILLIAM J. MILLER
" INTRODUCTION
For many years the problem of the early Paleozoic physi- ography of the Adirondack region has been an important one to all interested in the geological history of northern New York. Observations made during the past ten or fifteen years have thrown much light upon this problem, especially significant being the work of Cushing, Kemp, Ruedemann, and Ulrich. For some years the writer also has been studying the geology of the southern Adirondacks, the five quadrangles which he has map- ped in detail all having important bearings upon the subject. It is the purpose of this paper to bring together old and new ob- servations in an attempt to reconstruct the major physiographic features of the southern Adirondack region during the Cambric and Ordovicic periods. The Black river, Mohawk and Cham- plain valleys will be discussed only in so far as facts from those regions have a direct bearing upon the problem. Since the Paleozoic rock outliers in the southeastern Adirondacks are particularly significant in this connection, they will be duly emphasized.
Some of the principal questions discussed are the following:
1 What was the character of the surface of the Precambric rock upon which the early Paleozoic sea encroached?
2 Were the early Paleozoic sediments deposited in embay- ments of the sea extending into the Precambric rock area or did they form a more general mantle over the Precambric rocks?
3 Was the southern Adirondack region ever completely sub- merged during the Paleozoic era and, if so, when?
4 Where were the principal land areas located during the Cambric and Ordovicic periods?
5 Does the present northeast-southwest main axis of eleva- tion through the Adirondacks also have an early Paleozoic significance?
80
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 Sel!
CAMBRIC PHYSIOGRAPHY
The Cambric peneplain. As is well known, the whole Adiron- dack region was above water and undergoing erosion during the early and middle Cambric. This is proved by the total absence of the early and middle Cambric strata and also because there is not the slightest evidence that any such strata ever were deposited over the region. Furthermore there is every reason to believe that this important erosion interval was inaugurated long before the opening of the Paleozoic era. As a result of this vast erosion the whole Adirondack region had, by the open- ing of Potsdam (late Cambric) time, become worn down to the condition of a more or less well-developed peneplain. |
As will be shown below, the distribution of the strata proves that the northeastern and eastern borders of the Adirondacks sank below sea level first in early Potsdam time; then the south- eastern and southern portions in late Potsdam, Theresa and Little Falls times; and last the southwestern border well along in Ordovicic (Pamelia) time.
The peneplain surface of the Precambric rock under the Paleo- zoic strata has been carefully studied on all sides of the Adiron- -dacks and it has been fully demonstrated that it is roughest along the northeastern and eastern sides; less rough along the southeastern and southern sides; and very smooth along the southwestern side. Even where roughest the differences of elevation never amount to more than a few hundred feet, while on the southern side Cushing? and the writer’ have each found knobs or ridges of hard Precambric rock projecting upward from fifty to eighty feet into the Cambric strata, though these appear to be extreme cases of ruggedness of the surface of the pene- plain. Along the southwestern border of the Adirondacks the writer has shown by his mapping of the Port Leyden quad- rangle® that the surface of the peneplain is there remarkably smooth. This increasing smoothness of the peneplain from northeast to southwest is precisely what would be expected because the southwestern side of the Adirondacks remained dry land much the longest time. In the eastern Adirondacks Kemp‘
2Page 57-58. The footnote numbers refer to the numbered references given in the list at the end of this paper.
10 Page 51.
9 Pages 40-41. 6 Pages 408-12.
82 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
has argued that the major relief features immediately prior to the advent of the Potsdam sea were valleys carved out along the belts of weaker Grenville strata, especially the limestones.
Positive evidence regarding the physiographic condition of the interior Adirondack region during Cambric time is of course lacking, but there is no reason whatever for thinking that it was essentially different from the immediately surrounding regions except probably that the general altitude was somewhat greater.
Encroachment of the late Cambric sea. Cushing® has proved that the Potsdam sea encroachd upon the Adirondack region from the northeast toward the southwest because the sandstone formation of that age progressively thins from a thickness of over one thousand feet to disappearance in the southwest. Dur- ing the encroachment of this late Cambric sea, did the waters enter distinct embayments or estuaries as Kemp® has suggested or did they form a more regular shore line? Along the eastern side, where the topography was moderately rugged, such embay- ments were quite likely physiographic features of some impor- tance due to a drowning of the valleys which had been cut out along the belts of weaker Grenville strata. In the southern Adirondacks, however, the evidence is decidedly against the en- croachment of the late Cambric sea by setting up anything like well-defined embayments or estuaries extending into the area of Precambric rock.
The outliers of Palezoic rock in the southeastern Adirondacks are of first importance in this connection. All the definitely known outliers well within the Precambric rock area of this region are given in the following list:
1 A small exposure of Potsdam sandstone near the south- western corner of the Elizabethtown quadrangle and near the village of North Hudson.
2, 3, 4 Three outliers of Potsdam sandstone along the eastern side of the Paradox Lake quadrangle.
5 The Little Falls dolomite outlier (probably with underlying Potsdam) at Schroon Lake village, Schroon Lake quadrangle.
6 A small outlier of Potsdam sandstone one and one-half miles west of the village of North River in the northeastern corner of the Thirteenth Lake quadrangle.
3 Pages 279-80. 6 Pages 408-12.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 83
7 A small outcrop of Theresa sandstone and dolomite (prob- ably with underlying Potsdam) near the northern border of the Luzerne quadrangle and one mile due west of High Street village.
8 The outlier in the Sacandaga valley at Wells, Lake Pleasant quadrangle. This, the largest and most interesting of all the outliers, shows Potsdam sandstone, Theresa transition beds, Little Falls dolomite, Black River (Lowville) limestone, Trenton limestone, and Canaioharie (Trenton) shale.
g An outlier showing Theresa beds, Little Falls dolomite, and Black River limestone in the Sacandaga river valley of the Lake Pleasant quadrangle and between one and three miles northwest of Hope postoffice.
Of these, numbers 7 and 9g have been discovered by the writer within the past three years.
Besides the above there are a number of other outliers close to the main body of Paleozoic strata as: In the valley one and one-half miles west of Northville (Broadalbin quadrangle) and including Potsdam, Theresa and Little Falls strata; several Potsdam sandstone outliers within the tongue of Precambric rock lying just east of Lake George; and several others in the northwestern portion of the Ticonderoga quadrangle.
Wherever detailed geologic maps have been recently made in the southeastern Adirondacks the region is shown to be literally cut to pieces by numerous normal faults, as many as fifteen to thirty being clearly recognizable within single quadrangles. Most of the prominent faults strike northeast-southwest with throws usually ranging from a few hundred to two thousand or more feet. It is important to note that all the outliers above mentioned as occurring well within the Precambric rock area, except possibly those of the Paradox Lake quadrangle, lie on the downthrow sides of such faults. In the case of the Wells outlier (No. 8) the valley is of the nature of a “ graben” or fault- trough with a prominent fault on each side so that the block of Paleozoic rock has been dropped down no less than sixteen hundred feet to its present position. Thus there appears to be no escape from the conclusion that the valleys containing these outliers have been largely produced by faulting and that the Paleozoic strata formerly lay at a much higher level, that is, the general level of the Precambric rock surface.
84 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
It should be pointed out that the possible exceptions in the cases of the outhers along the eastern side of the Paradox Lake anadrangle, as well as those of the Ticonderoga quadrangle and to the east of Lake George, all lie close to the general Paleozoic rock area and in that portion of the southern Adirondacks upon which the late Cambric sea first encroached and where the topog- raphy was most rugged so that it is quite possible that local embaymients receiving Cambric sediments did there exist.
In the cases of all the other and important outliers there does not appear to be any direct evidence favoring the existence of embaynients nor any need for such an explanatior to account for the phenomena of the outliers. Simple downfaulting of the Paleozoic strata has often carried masses of these so far down that remnants have been protected from complete removal by subsequent erosion. As already shown the southern Adiron- dack region was, by the beginning of the Potsdam, worn down to a peneplain upon whose surface only a few very minor itregu- larities existed. This being the case, anything like prominent embayments or estuaries could not possibly have existed. Another argument decidedly against the embayment idea comes out of the character of the sediments within the outliers. Thus the dolomite in the Schroon Lake and Wells outliers is a dis- tinctly marine formation of exactly the same character as that of the general Paleozoic rock area. Or again, the Canajoharie black shale at Wells is both faunally and lithologically distinctly marine and precisely like that of the Mohawk valley. Estuarine deposits would show certain distinct local variations and hence the very uniformity of sediments in the outliers precludes the possibility of deposition in estuaries. Thus we are forced to conclude that when the early Paleozoic sea encroached upon the southern Adirondacks, the shore line was fairly regular, with possibly some very small local embayments along the eastern side, and that a general mantle of sediments was deposited over the whole southeastern Adirondack region.
Extent of the Cambric seas. Nearly all the Paleozoic outliers show the presence of Potsdam sandstone, and in the few cases where it does not actually outcrop it is most likely present though concealed from view. In the southern Adirondacks no Potsdam sandstone outcrops west of a nearly straight northeast- southwest line passing through the outliers at or near North Hudson (No. 1), North River (No. 6), Wells (No. 8), and
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 85
through the village of St Johnsville in the Mohawk valley. Thus we are certain that the shallow Potsdam sea overspread prac- tically the whole southern Adirondack region east of this line ex- cept for a few local knobs or ridges of hard Precambric rock which remained above the sea level. A fine example of such a local projection above the Potsdam sea level has been described by the writer! in his report on the Broadalbin quadrangle. That the Potsdam shore line extended a short but unknown distance farther west than Wells and North River is certain because a considerable thickness of sandstone is still represented at those places. This conclusion regarding the position of the Potsdam shore line is in harmony with the statement of Ulrich and Cushing!® when they say: “It is thought that along the Mo- hawk line the Potsdam shore had a southwesterly trend more to the south than the present Precambric margin, the two meeting at an angle; east of the meeting point the Potsdam ap- pears under the Little Falls, while west of it the Potsdam is either absent or erosion has not yet cut down to it.”
That the southwestern Adirondacks were not submerged un- der the Potsdam sea is proved by the complete absence of the sandstone from the southwestern border; the very character of the sediments (sands and pebbles) which demands nearness to a mass of Precambric rock; and the negative evidence from the fact that no outhers of Potsdam have ever been found in this re- gion. The Potsdam sea did extend up the St Lawrence valley as shown by the presence of the sandstone there.
Thus we conclude that a long, low, land area of Precambric rock extended in a northeast-southwest direction through the Adirondack region, and that this height of land in Potsdam time had almost exactly the same position as the present main axis of elevation of the mountains. |
Since the Potsdam sandstone grades into the succeeding, alter- nating sandstone and dolomite beds of the Theresa and the two formations have almost precisely the same distribution, we are safe in asserting that the physical geography conditions of The- resa time were essentially like those of Potsdam time except that the southeastern Adirondacks were then even a little more sub- merged.
- The distribution of the Little Falls dolomite which succeeds the Theresa beds without unconformity along the southern and
10 Pages 51-52. 16 Page 139.
86 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
southeastern border of the Adirondacks and in the outliers at Schroon Lake and Wells shows that the Little Falls sea extended over at least as much of the southern Adirondacks as did the Potsdam-Theresa seas. In the Mohawk valley region it ex- tended considerably farther westward overlapping upon the Pre- cambric rock to the southwest corner of the Wilmurt quadrangle where the dolomite thins out to disappearance. From this point northwestward the Precambric rock margin shows no dolomite, thus proving the absence of the Little Falls sea there. The very rapid decrease in thickness oi the dolomite from four hundred feet at Little Falls to complete disappearance just beyond the northern boundary of the Little Falls quadrangle also shows the limit of the sea in that district. Accordingly there must. have been a large land mass in the southwestern Adirondack region. The very presence of so many sand grains in the dolomite (giv- ing rise to the old name Calciferous sandrock) requires that it was deposited comparatively near a land mass. Thus during late Little Falls time the eastern portion of the southern Adiron- dacks was submerged while the western portion remained dry land, the shore line extending from the southwest corner of the Wilmurt quadrangle most probably in a northeasterly direction through the southern Adirondacks. That its shore line was, in general, a little farther westward than that of the Potsdam sea is strongly suggested by the fact that all the Cambric sediments were gradually accumulated in a downsinking trough occupying the southeastern Adirondack area. This idea of a gradual west- erly encroachment oi the Cambric sea is borne out by the follow- ing facts: The thickness of the Cambric section within the Sara- toga quadrangle is from four hundred to five hundred feet; within the Broadalbin quadrangle near Northville four hundred to four hundred and fifty feet; and at Wells about two hundred feet. This rapid decrease in thickness of two hundred feet from Northville to Wells within a distance of fourteen miles shows a westward to northwestward encroachment of the Cambric sea and that the downward slope of the surface here receiving Cam- bric sediments was fourteen feet a mile toward the southeast.
According to Ulrich and Cushing” there is a distinct stratt- graphic break represented by a notable erosion unconformity at the top of the Little Falls dolomite. Thus all available evidence supports the idea that, by the close of the Cambric period, subsidence
16 Page 129.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 87
ceased and the whole southern Adirondack region was raised above sea level and underwent erosion. The western portion of this land area was of Precambric rock while the surface rock in the eastern portion was Little Falls dolomite.
To summarize for the Cambric period: All evidence is decid- edly against a complete submergence of the southern Adirondack region during the late Cambric period, the land mass of the time having occupied at least all of Hamilton county except its south- eastern portion; all the northern half of Herkimer county; and most of the eastern portion of Lewis county. This axis of ele- vation most likely continued northeastwardly through the Adi- rondack region to its northeastern portion and occupied about the same area as the present main axis of elevation of the mountains. The close of the Cambric witnessed an uplift sufficient to convert the whole southern Adirondack region into dry land.
ORDOVICIC PHYSIOGRAPHY
Early Ordovicic. According to Ulrich and Cushing!® the Tribes Hill limestone is the earliest Ordovicic formation. Its distribution demonstrates that the Mohawk valley to a little northwest of Little Falls and the lower Black river valley were submerged. Its total absence from the southwestern Precambric boundary, from the outlier at Wells, and from the vicinity of Northville and Saratoga Springs strongly suggests that little if any of the southern Adirondack region was submerged under the Tribes Hill sea. This limestone is probably not present in the Champlain valiey but, if it is, a little of the eastern border of the Adirondacks may have been submerged. It would seem, there- fore, that this Tribes Hill submergence was not as extensive as that of Little Falls time. After the deposition of the Tribes Hill limestone, however, there was a long erosion interval continuing to Black River time and hence because of removal of Tribes Hill limestone by this erosion it is more than likely that the present outcrops do not indicate the full extent of the Tribes Hill sea. At any rate there is not the slightest direct evidence for any con- siderable submergence of the southern Adirondack area at this time.
During the long interval between Tribes Hill and Black River times the whole southern Adirondack region was above sea level except locally along the western border for a short time when
16 Pages 128-30.
88 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
the Pamelia (Chazy) limestone was being deposited in the Black river valley and also locally along the eastern border when cer- tain other limestones of the Chazy group were being laid down in the Champlain trough. .
For most part the various Black River limestone members are thin and patchy in their distribution except in the Black river valley, and no attempt is here made to enter into the details of physiography and oscillations of level in Black River time. Suf- fice it to say that early Black River (Lowville) limestone is pres- ent on all sides of the southern Adirondacks and in the outlier at Wells, it being but a few feet thick in the eastern and southern portions and fifty to sixty feet thick along the western border. Therefore, judging by the areal distribution and thinness of the Lowville we are practically certain that the central western por- tion of the Adirondack area was not submerged during early Black River time. ‘Thin limestone deposits of late Black River age are confined to the vicinity of Watertown (Watertown limestone) and along the eastern and southeastern borders of the Adirondacks (Amsterdam limestone) with deposition in these two regions not occurring simultaneously. Thus there could not have been anything like extensive submergence of the southern Adirondacks in late Black River time.
The widespread unconformity at the summit of the Black River group of limestones shows that a general upward oscillation occurred and that the whole southern Adirondack region became dry land before the succeeding Trenton submergence.
Late Ordovicic. During Trenton time there was a widespread submergence of much of the southern Adirondack region as shown by the existence of Trenton limestone or shale hundreds of feet thick on all sides of the region and even in the outlier at Wells. The limestone is almost wholly confined to the western side, there being but a few feet of limestone at the base of the Trenton on the eastern side where thick shales (Canajoharie and Schenectady) comprise nearly the whole section.
Considering the thickness (about four hundred feet) of the Trenton limestone in the upper Black River valley and the slope of the surface? on which deposition occurred, the Trenton sea could not have extended more than forty miles eastward into the Adirondack area. If we consider deposition to have taken place in a distinctly downwarped trough, then the Trenton sea must have extended in
9 Page 43.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 89
considerably less than forty miles, and this is the most likely view. By a similar line of reasoning Cushing” has shown that the Trenton sea could not have reached more than ten miles north of the north boundary of the Little Falls quadrangle. The thickness of about three hundred feet of Trenton (mostly shale) in the outlier at Wells shows that the Trenton sea must have reached at least a few miles north and west of that locality. Pebbles of Precambric rock and grains of sand in the Trenton limestone at Wells, however, make the existence of near-by land (Precambric rock) practically a cer- tainty as argued by Kemp.‘
From the above statements we conclude that dry land existed in the region of southwestern Hamilton county and also most pro- bably over all of northern Hamilton county. It is worthy of note that this Trenton land mass, with northeast-southwest trend, oc- cupied the same region as the present belt of highest land in the southern Adirondacks, and also that this land mass, though now smaller, occupied the same position as that of late Cambric and early Ordovicic times. The absence of Paleozoic rock outliers west of a northeast-southwest line through Wells and North River at least affords interesting negative evidence in harmony with this view.
Regarding Utica and Postutica times the results of recent work are decidedly against submergence of the whole Adirondack region. Considering the great thickness of Paleozoic strata; the slope of the surface of the Precambric rock; and the existing altitudes within the Adirondacks, Walcott, Cushing and the writer have all been led to conclude that the late Ordovicic sea must have extended almost, if not quite, across the whole Adirondack area. Many years ago Walcott! said: “There was a practically conformable deposit of sediments against and over the area of the Adirondack mountains from early Cambric times to the close of the deposition of the Utica shales, except in the case of the unconformity by non- deposition between the Potsdam and the Chazy.”
Later Cushing,! as a result of his studies along the northeastern border of the Adirondacks, said: ‘“‘ The basal Potsdam is found running up to an elevation of seventeen hundred fifty feet in the northern Adirondacks. With the relief of the region as it is now the deposition of the minimum thickness (four thousand feet) of
1 Page 77.
2 Page 61.
7 Page 152.
17 Pages 24-25.
gO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
the Paleozoic rocks assigned above on this Potsdam would leave none of the present peaks projecting above the general level.” Again he stated:? “This submergence (Utica) apparently com- pletely overswept the old Adirondack island, and that for the first time in its paleozoic history, with the possible exception of the latter part of the: Trenton.
Still later the writer,®? speaking of the Paleozoic sediments along the southwestern border of the Adirondacks, said: ‘“ This thick- ness (fourteen hundred feet) is great enough so that even after allowing for decreased thickness due to overlap and a possibly in- creased slope (receiving sediments) as the heart of the Adirondacks was approached, we seem to have here a strong argument in favor of the submergence of the region for many miles to the east and north- east of Port Leyden, so that by the close of the Lower Siluric (Ordovicic) the submergence extended to, or close to, the heart of the Adirondacks.”
This line of reasoning, however, does not regard the possible importance of downwarping troughs of deposition. As already shown in this paper, such troughs of deposition clearly did exist from Potsdam through Trenton time and we have no good reason to doubt their existence during Utica and late Ordovicic time as well. In a recent paper Cushing* says: “As the evidence accumu- lates it points more and more strongly to deposit in downwarping troughs, in which large depth of deposit by no means implies ex- tensive overlap on the shores. . . . Even when submerged at the same time, as in the Trenton, the deposits on the two sides (east and west) are so different both lithologically and faunally, as to indicate that the two basins had no very direct connection.”
Some years ago Ruedemann, by noting the parallel positions of the graptolites in the black shales at Wells, Dolgeville (Herkimer county), along Nine Mile creek near Trenton Falls (Oneida county), etc., proved the existence of a late Ordovicic ocean current across the southern side of the Adirondack region. The proof for the existence of such an ocean current by no means implies that it swept entirely across the whole Adirondack region, and hence we have here no argument for a complete submergence of the region at that time. In fact Ruedemann gives good reason for the belief
3 Page 285.
JP awe Ade
9 Page 43.
14 Pages 367-91 and 1 Pages 75-81.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 QJ
that this current which was a southerly to southwesterly one along the eastern side of the Adirondack region changed to a more westerly current along the southern side, and this is precisely what would be expected in the case of a current sweeping partly around a land mass occupying the central Adirondack area.
Further, the very recent work of Ruedemann shows that the shales of the lower Mohawk valley and Champlain valley which have always been regarded as of Utica age are, in reality, of Trenton (Canajoharie and Schenectady) age; that the Utica shale is wholly absent from those regions; and that there is no evidence of their ever having been deposited there. Hence any argument for the complete submergence of the Adirondacks during Utica time receives a serious setback.
In the Black River valley the Utica is followed without inter- ruption by the Frankfort and Pulaski shales and sandstones. The combined thickness (about nine hundred feet) there of the Utica, Frankfort, and Pulaski clearly implies, even considering deposition in a downwarping trough, that the sea spread well over the western side of the southern Adirondack region. However, the very char- acter of the Frankfort and Pulaski rocks, which contain so much sandstone, implies comparative nearness to land undergoing pretty rapid wear and more than likely this land mass, in part at least, lay in the same general region as that of earlier time. In the vicinity of Utica the Pulaski beds are missing, signifying dry land there during that time, while on the southern and eastern sides the only strata of Posttrenton age are the Indian Ladder beds of Albany county which are thought to correlate with the Frankfort beds and which signify local subsidence at that time for that region. The outlier at Wells furnishes no data for Posttrenton time because of the absence of any strata younger than Canajoharie age.
South of Utica there is an important stratigraphic break between the Oneida (Siluric) conglomerate and the underlying Frankfort (Ordovicic) shales. This unconformity is very distinct so that prior to the deposition of the Oneida the region around Utica was well above sea level and undergoing erosion. The only possible source of the pebbles in the Oneida formation would seem to have been an area of Precambric rock, more than likely situated in that same portion of the Adirondacks which never became submerged during the Cambro-Ordovicic periods. That this uplift, which began in the late Ordovicic, affected the region as far eastward as the Hudson valley, and that the land remained above sea level for a long time
Q2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
is shown by the complete absence of the Oneida conglomerate and the nearly complete absence of the Clinton and Niagara formations from southern Herkimer county eastward. Such a widespread and important elevation of the land in the Mohawk valley region almost certainly upraised the whole southern Adirondacks except possibly the very western border. Cushing® has given evidence to show that the northeastern Adirondack area was distinctly elevated even earlier in the late Ordovicic than the southern area. It is more than probable that this period of elevation in northern New York culminated with the great Taconic revolution.
To summarize for Ordovicic Posttrenton time we find that a con- siderable portion of the western side of the Adirondacks was sub- merged, while the whole middle and eastern portion was dry land except possibly locally along the southeastern border during the deposition of the Indian Ladder beds. After the deposition of the Frankfort shales there was an important uplift (inaugurating the Taconic revolution) which brought the whole southern Adirondack area, except probably the very western border, well above sea level, and we have no good reason to think that any considerable portion of the Adirondack region was ever again submerged.
Some of the more important conclusions, regarding the early Paleozoic physiography of the southern Adirondacks, reached in this paper are the following:
1 The early Paleozoic sea encroached upon a more or less well- developed peneplain in the Adirondack region, this peneplain being moderately rugged in the northeastern and eastern portions; less so in the southern portion; and very smooth in the southwestern portion, such a difference in character of the peneplain no doubt being due to the fact that the southwestern portion longest re- mained above sea level.
2 When the early Paleozoic sea encroached upon the region it did not set up embayments or estuaries in the Precambric rock area, except possibly to some extent on the eastern side, as shown by the peneplain character of the Precambric rock surface; the typical marine character of the deposits in the Paleozoic rock out- liers; and the downfaulted structure of the outliers.
3 The region was never completely submerged during the Paleo- zoic era though, at the time of maximum submergence during the Trenton, only a comparatively small land mass remained.
3 Page 285.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I912 93
4 The land areas varied considerably in extent from time to time, but the principal area of unsubmerged Precambric rock ran in a northeast-southwest direction through the southern Adirondack re- gion and most likely continued through the northern region.
5 This prominent northeast-southwest structural belt or axis of elevation, occupying practically the same position as the present main axis of elevation of the mountains, has played an important part in the geological history of northern New York.
REFERENCE LIST Cushing, H. P. Die i See Geol toirein «Rep. Geology of. Franklm County. Especially pages 76-77. 2 NOY: State Mics’ Bbul77.’ Geology of the Vicinity of Little Falls. Especially pages S-1o and 51-62. 2 NY. State’ Mus. Bul: 95... Geology of the Northern Adi- rondack Region. Especially pages 279-85 and 418-21. 4 Am. Jour. Sci. Feb. 1911. Nomenclature of the Lower Paleo- zoic Rocks of New York. Pages 135-45, especially page 144. Cushing, H. P. and Ruedemann, R. 5 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. Geology of the Saratoga Quadrangle. In press. Kemp, J. F. 6 Geol. Soc. Am. Bul. 8, pages 408-12. Physiography of the East- ern Adirondacks in the Cambrian and Ordovician Periods. Kemp, J. F., Newland D. H., and Hill, B. F. 7 N. Y. State Geol. 18th An. Rep. Preliminary Report on the Geology of Hamilton, Warren and Washington Counties. Pages 134-62, especially pages 145-52. Miller, W. J. 8 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 126. Geology of the Remsen Quad- rangle. Especially pages 33-37. i Ben oestate: Mis. bub ess Geology of the Port, Leyden Quadrangle. Especially pages 37-44. 10) Na Vs otate- Mus. Bul) 153. Geology of the’ Broadalbin Quadrangle. Especially pages 50-54. 11 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. Geology of the North Creek Quad- rangle. In press. i2 N.Y. State) Mus. “Bul; Geology. of the -Lake Pleasant Quadrangle. In preparation.
94 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
- Ogilvie, I. H. 13 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 96. Geology of the Paradox Lake Quadrangle. Especially pages 465-67. Ruedemann, R.
14.Am. Geol. June 1897, pages 367-91. Evidence of Current Action in the Ordovician of New York.
15 Am. Geol. Feb. 1898, pages 75-81. Additional Note on the Ocean Current in the Utica Epoch.
Ulrich; EO, and ‘Cushing, H. P:
16 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 140, pages 97-140. Age and Relations of the Little Falls Dolomite of the Mohawk Valley. Especially pages 137-40.
Walcott, C. D.
17 U. S. Geol. Survey Bul. 86. Cambrian Faunas of North
America. Especially pages 24-25.
fee GARNET DEPOSITS OF WARKEM COUNTY, NEW YORK BY WILLIAM J. MILLER
INTRODUCTION The principal garnet mines of the United States are located in Warren and Essex counties of the eastern Adirondacks, those of Warren county — especially the Hooper and Rogers mines below described — being the greatest producers. All the Warren county mines are in its northwestern portion and within six or eight miles of North Creek village which is at the terminus of the Adirondack branch of the Delaware and Hudson Railroad.
GENERAL GEOLOGIC FEATURES
The garnet mines of Warren county lie wholly within the pre- cambrian rock area of the Adirondacks. The oldest rocks in the garnet region are the highly metamorphosed sediments of the Grenville series. Detailed mapping by the writer has shown ex- tensive areas of Grenville which are unusually rich in limestone and closely associated hornblende gneiss.
Next in age come plutonic igneous rocks such as syenite, gran- ite, and granite porphyry which are clearly intrusions into the Grenville and all of which are differentiation products from the same great cooling magma. Of these rocks the syenite is, per- haps, the most abundant. It is a medium to fairly coarse grained, generally quartzose and hornblendic rock with some- times a more basic variety carrying a green pyroxene. The gran- ite is highly quartzose and always contains hornblende or biotite or both. The granite porphyry is biotitic to sometimes horn- blendic with large, pink, feldspar crystals imbedded in a fine to medium grained matrix. All these rocks are distinctly gneissoid.
As a result of the great intrusion, the Grenville in some cases appears to have been pushed upward and to have been largely removed by erosion since; in other cases the Grenville was more or less engulfed by, or involved with, the molten flood as shown by the numerous inclusions and the areas of mixed gneisses; while in still other cases the Grenville rocks were left practically intact as shown by the large areas of pure Grenville.
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96 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Minor intrusives, cutting all the above masses, occur as bosses or dikes of gabbro, pegmatite, or diabase.
An important structural feature is the presence of numerous normal faults which have greatly dissected the region.
DESCRIPTION OF THE GARNET DEPOSITS
There are at least seven localities in Warren county where gar- net mining has been carried on as follows: (1) Rogers (Bar- ton) mine* near the top of Gore mountain and three and one-half miles west-southwest of North Creek; (2) near the top of Oven mountain and four miles south of North Creek; (3) the Rexford mine, one and one-third miles a little east of south of North Creek; (4) the Parker mine just southwest of Daggett pond and four and one-half miles northwest of Warrensburg; (5) the San- ders Brothers mine near the mouth of Mill Creek and two miles east of Wevertown; (6) two and three-fourths miles north of North Creek; and (7) the Hooper mine just east of the northern portion of Thirteenth lake. Of these, only the Rogers, Sanders Brothers, and Hooper mines are now in operation. The Rogers and Hooper mines le within the Thirteenth Lake quadrangle and the others within the North Creek quadrangle. All the above mines have been visited by the writer.
1 In the Rogers mine the mode of occurrence and the size oF the garnets are of unusual interest. The matrix or rock carrying the garnets is a gray, medium grained gneiss which, in thin sec- tion, shows: 20 per cent orthoclase; 20 per cent labradorite; 40 per cent hornblende; 15 per cent hypersthene; 3 per cent biotite; together with a little magnetite and zoisite. Imbedded in this gray matrix are numerous, well-scattered, translucent, reddish- brown garnets, those with diameters up to five or six inches being very common, while the largest ones taken out are said to have been about the size of a bushel basket. These garnets, which are of the almandite variety, are always pretty badly crushed or coarsely granulated and they never show crystal outlines.
A remarkable feature is the never failing occurrence of a rim or envelop of pure, black, medium grained hornblende crystals which completely inclose each garnet. Occasionally a half inch
1 This is called Moore’s mine on the topographic map.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 97
irregular mass of acid plagioclase or a crystal of biotite may lie between the garnet arid the hornblende rim. Asa rule the horn- blende rims increase in width with the size of the garnets, some rims being as much as two or three inches wide. These reddish- brown garnets, completely surrounded by the black hornblende rims which are, in turn, imbedded in the gray gneiss matrix, pre- sent a striking appearance in the walls of the great mine pits.
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Geologic and topographic sketch map of portions of the North Creek and Thirteenth Lake (U. S. G. S.) sheets, showing the mode of occurrence of those garnet deposits which are lenslike inclusions in the syenite or granite.
This garnet-bearing rock clearly occurs as a long, narrow, lens- like inclusion of Grenville gneiss in the great mass of Gore moun- tain syenite. The inclusion is fully three-fourths of a mile long, with nearly east-west strike. Several large openings have been made in it and, in the very large more easterly pit, the width of the inclusion is more than one hundred feet. The garnet rock 1s removed by blasting and reduced by sledge hammers after which the garnets are picked out by hand.
2 In the Oven mountain mine the mode of occurrence is pre- cisely like that in the Rogers mine. In thin section the matrix
98 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
shows: 20 per cent orthoclase; 25 per cent oligoclase to labrado- rite; 50 per cent hornblende; 2 per cent bidtite; 2 per cent mag- netite ; together with a little pyrite, zoisite, and apatite. As com- pared with the similar rock from the Rogers mine the lack of hypersthene is noteworthy. Imbedded in the gray matrix are numerous shattered, reddish-brown garnets (almandite) which range in size up to several inches in diameter. Black hornblende rims are invariably present around thé garnets.
This garnet rock is a long, narrow, well-defined inclusion of Grenville gneiss in a granitic facies of the great syenite-granite intrusive body.
This mine has not been worked for about twenty years. After blasting out the garnet-bearing rock and reducing it by sledge hammers, the garnets were picked out by hand.
3 At the Rexford mine the type of occurrence is much like that of Oven mountain, only here there appear to be several smaller inclusions of the garnet-bearing gneiss instead of one, and the country rock is a very gneissoid quartz-syenite. Garnets up to five inches across, always with hornblende rims, were noted. There are several mine openings but none have been worked for about fifteen years. :
4 The old mine on the Parker farm occurs in a mixed gneiss area with granitic syenite and Grenville interbedded parallel to the foliation strike. These bands of rock are often twenty to forty feet wide, one of them being made up of a nearly pure, gra ular, medium grained mass of irregular crystals of reddish- brown garnet and bright green pyroxene (coccolite?). About twenty years ago this band of garnet rock was mined, crushed and put into barrels, there being no attempt to separate the py- roxene from the garnet.
5 At the Sanders Brothers mine the mode of occurence is very similar to that of the Parker mine, the bands of Grenville being, however, somewhat less pronounced and numerous. The rock which is mined is pretty badly granulated and consists mostly of intimately associated reddish-brown garnet and green pyroxene (coccolite?) in small grains, with sometimes a little quartz and feldspar. There are some streaks or patches of nearly pure garnet. Work began in 1907 on the south side of the creek, but now all the mining is confined to the north side. The garnet- pyroxene rock is crushed, put into bags, and shipped to all parts of the worid.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 99
6 Years ago an attempt was made to mine the garnets which occur in the coarse, feldspar, biotite, garnet, Grenville gneiss two and three-fourths miles north of North Creek, but this locality is of no special interest.
7 At the Hooper mine the garnets occur as crystals (dodeca- hedral) often with good crystal boundaries, up to an inch or a little more in diameter. They are thickly scattered through a medium to moderately coarse grained, dark to light gray, very gneissoid, hornblendic rock which has the composition of a basic syenite or an acidic diorite. It is important to note that these garnets never show the rims of hornblende. In fact the garnets may sometimes be almost surrounded by feldspar. This type of occurrence has not been observed on a large scale at any of the other localities within the county, though a rock almost exactly like it occurs at the Rogers mine as a distinct zone (wall rock) intermediate between the typical garnet-bearing gneiss and the country rock of syenite, where the garnet rock grades perfectly into the syenite. The significance of this fact will be explained below.
The deposit is an extensive one and a very large mine pit has been opened up. After blasting out the rock, it is somewhat re- duced by sledge hammers, then taken on cars to the mill where it is crushed. By the use of an ingenious method, involving the use of jigs, the garnet (almandite) is almost perfectly separated from the rest of the crushed rock which is of lower specific grav- ity than the garnet.
ORIGIN OF THE GARNETS
All modes of occurrence of garnets observed by the writer on the North Creek and Thirteenth Lake sheets are summarized as follows:
1 As crystals or grains in various Grenville rocks, for example, the garnet-pyroxene gneiss; the hornblende-garnet gneiss; bio- tite-garnet gneisses, etc.
2 As distinct crystals frequently occurring in all types of in- trusive rocks — syenite, granite, granite porphyry, and gabbro — except the diabase.
3 As large more or less rounded masses with distinct horn- blende rims in the long, lenslike inclusions of Grenville horn- blende gneiss in syenite or granite.
4
100 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
4 As more or less distinct crystals (dodecahedral), without hornblende rims, in a certain special basic syenitelike or acidic dioritelike rock.
In case number 1 (for example, Parker and Sanders Brothers mines) the garnets have, in the usual manner, crystallized out of masses of sediments under conditions of thermal and dynamic metamorphism. These garnets are rarely as much as an inch across and their origin presents no problem of special interest.
In case number 2 the garnets appear mostly to have crystal- lized out of the original magmas, their formation possibly having been due to some assimilation of granville sediment by the syen- ite or granite. The facts that these garnets occur so sporadi- cally and that actual examples of local assimilation have been ob- served in the region strongly favor this view. Since these gar- nets seldom attain a diameter of an inch and are so scattered, no attempt has ever been made to mine them. Sometimes, as in the gabbros, the garnets have often been produced secondarily, or after the cooling of the magma, because they commonly form re- action rims around other minerals.
Case number 3 (for example, Rogers, Oven mountain, and Rexford mines) is of particular interest because of the very large garnets surrounded by the reaction rims of hornblende.
Kemp and Newland? have briefly described a garnet deposit (formerly worked by the Messrs Hooper) just across the line in Essex county less than a mile west of the village of North River and four and one-half miles north of the Rogers mine. As judged by their description the type of occurrence appears to be similar to that in the Rogers, Oven mountain, and Rexford mines, though no mention of the hornblende rims is made. In conclusion they say:
The origin of this peculiar bed presents an interesting theme. The country rock is probably igneous. - Its mineralogy and structure favor this derivation. The garnet rock must be either an altered form of a very impure limestone, or else a very basic igneous rock that was an original sheet or dike. The former supposition appeals more strongly to us.
Later Newland? says of the garnet deposits in general that:
The garnet is usually associated with a basic hornblende rock or amphibolite which forms bands and lenses in the more acid gneiss that
constitutes the country rock. In his brief description of the more recently worked garnet
deposit of northern Essex county he speaks of the “ amphibolite bands, which have been caught up during the intrusion of the
137th An. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1897, pages 548-49. 2N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 102, page 71.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 IOI
anorthosite, or have been folded into the latter and metamor- phosed.” :
From these statements we see that three possible modes of origin of these garnet-bearing beds have been suggested, namely that they are: lenses of sedimentary rock actually included in the igneous rock; or sediments folded into the igneous rock and metamor- phosed; or sheets or dikes of very basic igneous rock. Now the work of the writer shows that, without question, these garnets occur in lenses of Grenville sediments which were caught up or included in the great igneous masses at the time of their intrusion, the tremendous heat and pressure being especially favorable for a very complete rearrangement and crystallization of the masses (in- clusions) of sediment which were pretty low in silica. These in- clusions are portions of a great thickness of hornblende-garnet gneiss, frequently interbedded with limestone, of the Grenville series. This gneiss is a basic rock generally carrying several per cent of magnetite ; sometimes considerable hypersthene; and little or no quartz. It is quite likely that some of the closely involved lime- stone was mixed with the inclusions of sediment during the process of metamorphism. It will at once be seen that such an iron-rich, silica-poor sediment was very favorable for the development of large garnets under the conditions of great heat and pressure which were brought to bear upon the lenslike inclusions in the molten syenite or granite.
The hornblende rims or envelops are quite certainly great reaction rims around the garnets, but just at what stage of the metamorphism they were produced is not at all clear to the writer. The rounded character of the garnets shows pretty clearly that the rims of horn- blende are of secondary origin and that they were formed some- time after the crystallization of the garnets and possibly at the: time when the pressure producing the foliation of the rocks of the region was brought to bear.
In case number 4 (Hooper mine) a clew to the origin of the garnets is furnished by a study of the wall rock in the Rogers mine on Gore mountain. In this latter case the typical garnet- bearing rock (No. 1 of the accompanying table) of the mine passes by perfect gradation, through an eight or ten foot zone, into a basic syenite or acidic diorite (No. 2 ofthetable) which contains distinct dodecahedral garnet crystals up to over an inch across but always without hornblende rims. This rock, in turn, grades into a hornblende (quartzless) syenite (No. 3 of the table) which merges into the typical country rock of quartz, hornblende syenite, these
L102 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
two latter rocks being at times somewhat garnetiferous. The writer is fully convinced that this transition zone (wall rock) has been formed by assimilation or actual melting or fusing together of the syenite and the border of the great inclusion at the time of the intrusion.
TABLE SHOWING THE MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION OF THE MATRIX OF THE GARNET-BEARING ROCK IN THE ROGERS AND HOOPER MINES !
1 nig tre n ‘ a ® a3 : fe| 2 /S8\e2/3)/ 5 1/218 FH | Plagioclase |.2o} © SS | a5 r= a >, rs O° 5 5 ne Ss N < Py N Rogers mine....... I 20 Lab. 20 40 3 15 I I 2 30 | Ol.-an. 30 36 I 2 | little I 3 50 And. 25 24 I | little Hooper mine....... 4 42 | Ol.-and. 20 30 5 2 3 53 5 30 | Ol.-and. 35 33 3 3 I little 6 4o | Ol.-and. 20 35 4 I
1A close approximation to percentage by volume only is intended.
As shown in the field, in hand specimens, and in thin-sections the garnet rock (Nos. 4, 5, and 6 of the table) at the Hooper mine is almost exactly like the wall or transition rock of the Rogers mine, and it also appears to grade into the country rock. In each case the garnets never show reaction rims of hornblende and the garnets often show good crystal outlines. In the Hooper mine this tran- sition or intermediate rock makes up practically the whole mass which is mined and is thus much more extensive than at the Rogers mine. All evidence points to the origin of the Hooper ‘mine rock as due to rather thorough melting of an admixture of syenite and Grenville sediment where the Grenville inclusion ‘was perhaps deeper down in the magma and hence subjected to much greater heat, or possibly a number of smaller hornblende gneiss inclusions, perhaps with some limestone, were assimilated by the molten syenite.
. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Merrill, F. J. H. Mineral Resources of New York. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 15. 1895
Kemp, J. F. and Newland, D. H. 17th An. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., pages 548-49. 1897.
Hooper, F. C. The American Garnet Industry. Mineral Industry, v. 6. 1807
Magnus, H. C. Abrasives of New York State. N. Y. State Geol., 23d An. Rep. 1904
Newland, D. H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York State. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 102, pages 70-73, and later annual reports on the mines and quarries of the State. 1906
THE USE OF THE STEREOGRAM IN PALEOBIOLOGY
BY GEORGE BH. HUDSON
The earliest form of the stereoscope was devised by Sir Charles Wheatstone to illustrate the phemomena of binocular vision. This instrument was made known in 1838 and very simple line stereo- grams were drawn to accompany it. By a curious coincidence Daguerre succeeded in perfecting his photographic process dur- ing the same year and thus opened the way to the production of stereograms which would possess something more than a purely theoretical interest. Thus the stereoscope and the rather bulky and clumsy form of mounted stereogram developed together and the former became specialized or adapted for use with the latter only.
In these days of cheap and excellent methods of reproducing photographs there is no valid reason why stereograms should not be printed and bound together with descriptive text in book form. This would only be a step in the direction of “ scientific management.” It would save time now lost in keeping the-loose stereograms in order, in finding the one desired and in replacing it after use. It would insure against loss and damage. It would open avenues for use now unfortunately closed. Stereograms could be made to illustrate books of travel, textbooks, scientific papers and popular magazine articles dealing with the world and its workers in all spheres of human activity from the mine to the stage. To open this new field we need only a stereoscope that shall rest on the page while being focused or adjusted.
This article has beer prepared to demonstrate the desirability of using stereograms to illustrate scientific papers. The field chosen lies both in biology and paleontology. The illustrations are confined to a few species of sea stars but both recent and fos- sil forms are represented.
103
104 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
As a temporary makeshift to enable us to see our plates as solids we will use the ordinary Holmes stereoscope in one of the following ways.
Let the observer seat himself before a table arranged to let a good light reach the page from the left side. In front and about ten inches back from the edge of the table place two or three moderateiy heavy books. © Slide the transverse card carrier off the end of the rail of the stereoscope and place this end against the lower edge of the bottom volume. By now placing the forehead against the hood and using a gentle pressure it is easy to hold the instru- ment at an angle of about forty-five degrees and at the same time look through the lenses. Both hands are free to bring any stere- ogram into proper position and focus. The line separating the two views must be kept near the center of the rail and the lower edge of the stereogram kept parallel with the horizontal edges of the lenses. |
This end may also be attained by placing the stereogram with its lower edge close to the edge of the table and holding it as nearly flat as possible with proper weights. Then hold the rail of the stereoscope vertically against the edge of the table and move up or down to focus.
For a quickly made but more permanent device, procure two pieces of board, one Io inches x 12 inches x { inch and the other 2 inches x I inch x { inch. Fasten the smaller piece under the middle of one of the 10 inch edges, keeping the two = inch faces flush with each other. A simple clamp will hold the rail of the stereoscope against this 12 inch face. Two or more elastic bands around the board will hold the volume to the stage and both hands may be left free for other work.
Still more desirable would be a large inclined stage with spring -clips and a_stereoscope body that could be focused by means of a rack and pinion as in a binocular microscope. A cheap and convenient form could be modified after Brewsters “box ”’ stereo- scope in which the loaded base of the instrument should rest d1- rectly on the printed page.
If the reader will seek through one or another of the means here suggested to view these stereograms serially and in
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REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 105
relief he will realize that the advantages secured are of sufficient importance to warrant the use of this means of illustrating sci- entific papers.
In order to avoid unnecessary turning of leaves and consequent readjustments, the matter especially referring to each of the fol- lowing plates has been printed on the page facing it.
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
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THE ORIGIN, OF THE GULF OF STi EAwee NCH BY JOHN M. CLARKE
Present-day geography contemplates not only the surface of the earth and its forms of land and water, but considers also the physical and human causes that are modifying it. The geographer sees these things and looks forward; the geologist sees present con- ditions and looks backward for their inception— and then again forward in the perspective of cause and effect. It is hard to draw the line between these two fields of scientific interest. Some have tried to circumscribe each but it is a bootless effort. Each trenches on the other. At all events every geographer is something of a geologist. And this may be my justification in endeavoring here to find a clue to the origin of a geographic feature of so deep interest to us all as the Gulf of St Lawrence. We are very apt to take such a geographic fact for granted as it is and to let our geography end with a knowledge of its outlines, the contours of its shores and its bottoms. To unravel its history and to find the causes which have brought it into being is a task that will be fruitless on the face of the facts as they present themselves to the maker of charts. The key lies in the geological birth and growth of the whole land mass by which such a body of water is embraced.
So to find the real factors in the making of this classical and romantic body of water, we shall have to go well back to the early events in the making of the land.
Fundamental among these facts is the existence of the great mass of crystalline rocks that sweeps from Labrador to the Lauren- tides and northwestward to Alaska— the Canadian shield —as a continental land mass rising above the waters of the primitive ocean. Its shores were washed by the first sea whose life records have been kept for us in the sediments which, now changed to shale, sandstone and limestone, bound all its ancient shores. On the south coast of this Canadian continent, in the ages of its independent existence, lay, in the longitude of Montreal, a great tongue or peninsula which. forms the Adirondack mountains of New York; and still farther south, perhaps, were long and narrow land masses that kept their uncertain heads above water for no great time. About these con-
1 Reprinted from Bulletin de la Société de Géographie de Québec, v. 7. January 1913.
132
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 135
tinental and insular shores and on the bottom of these shallow intervening seas were laid down, to hundreds and even thousands of feet, the sediments of the ocean filled with the remains of living beings that played out their days in succession as unknown time rolled by. Thus the shallow sea became overloaded with its burden of deposits —a load.of soft and plastic material made still more yielding by being carried constantly farther downward into regions of higher heat as the later deposits continued to pile on top of the earlier. Against this soft and weakened mass of deposits stood, on one side, the great weight of the waters in the vast Atlantic ocean basin, pressing upon them landward, and on the other, the irresistible crystalline continent — the Canadian shield.
The outcome was inevitable; the whole mass of sea deposits was slowly turned up into great mountain folds and troughs — not all at once but slowly, fold after fold, to unmeasured heights, and often the folds at the south were thrust upon and over folds at the north. Thus, broadly and rapidly speaking, the Appalachian system of mountains was built up through the ages, not at any one time in geological history, but beginning Slowly and early at the north and ending late at the south. In the early development of this structure the shove of the soft rocks against the crystalline shield was so valiantly withstood at the north, that there, along the south- ern outline of that shield, from Lake Ontario to Natashkwan, the softer rocks broke down, making, where the two lay in contact, a deep and broad fracture extending from southwest to northeast. The existence of this break or fault in the rocks was long ago signalized by Sir William Logan! and it is known today as “ Logan’s
1Qne who has followed closely in the footsteps of Sir William Logan in his geological work in eastern Quebec may perhaps be permitted, without impropriety, to revert to the extraordinary achievements of this great Canadian, and his distinguished services to geological science.
The year after Sir William organized the Geological Survey of Canada, he began his official career by explorations in the Gaspé peninsula. Laboring in the early 40's among the picturesque sea cliffs of that inviting country, traversing its wildernesses, he determined its geological systems with their wealth of unrecorded facts and made of the Gaspé country ground that will always be of classic worth to geological science. Had he done no more, he would have served well; but he did do vastly more in the development of the mineral resources of the Dominion. A country that is rich and strong and great will not forget its obligation to such a distinguished servant. France, it is said commemorates by public memorials the services of its eminent civilians more often than it does those of its military and naval heroes. Such a memorial to Logan is wanting. There stands a rock cliff in the heart of the
134 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
fault.” It is beyond doubt the determinant factor in the existence and course of the St Lawrence river. “ Logan’s fault” gave birth to the river by setting down a line of weakness along whose crushed and broken rock masses the continental waters draining to the sea could find their least obstructed passage; and thus began the oldest of all great rivers of the earth and the oldest of all rivers on the earth of which we have any definite record.
The Appalachians of the Eastern Townships follow the normal northeast-southwest course, but in Gaspé, as every one knows, they swing about into a curve like a swan’s neck or the upper line of the letter S. There the northern mountains end at Cape Gaspé on the land but their. vanishing point can be followéd some fifteen miles off to sea southeast, to the rocky shoal known on the charts as the “American bank.” This mountain ridge or orogenic axis at the north is unlike that of the Appalachian ranges at the south. The ridges of these ancient mountains cross Nova Scotia in the normal trend; their southwesterly extension off New England is largely buried beneath the sea, and to the northeast they continue on their course across Newfoundland. Looking at the sketch map adjoining, one sees the different curves of these mountain axes at north and south and between them an area which we must believe was less involved in the profounder or axial movement-of these dis- turbances — the region of central and northern New Brunswick. We are speaking of times and conditions when there was no Gulf of St Lawrence, when the elevation of the mountains had brought, if not quite all, at least most of the land now at the bottom of the gulf, above the water line and the continent extended without break from the present eastern shores out to the islands and across to Newfoundland. For long this ancient coast line was a series of mountain folds between which the ocean waters entered in broad channels southwestward, laying down the deposits of their own time in their due succession. But from the time the most ancient of these mountain folds were made, when the ridges at the north took on their singular curvature, the whole area between their end and the mountain axes to the south became an area of weakness and instability. This sigmoid curve at the north is a factor of profound meaning in the making of the gulf. It seems to be due to
village of Percé, overlooked on one side by towering sea cliffs and on the other by consecrated mountains over which Logan labored in his early work, and here might well be placed a tablet commemorative of the lasting achieve- ments of his great career.
oe ee
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1912 135
the recoil, as one might say, of the softer rocks in their pressure against the irresistible Canadian shield, so that the line of fracture or fault was deflected at its outer end southward in such a way as
ek BRUNSW. Eas
Chart of the Gulf of St Lawrence and adjoining lands
(The areas of the bottom down to 30 and 100 fathoms are indicated by close and coarse stippling. The broken curved line through the gulf is the line of greatest depth. The heavy black lines are the orogenic or mountain axes at north and south.)
130 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
to break through the mass of sedimentary deposits. Thus the St Lawrence river has almost of necessity an outer curve that follows the course of the fault and of the folded slate and limestone mount- ains of Gaspé, while to the north of the fault line and the buried river channel lies the island of Anticosti whose rock strata, full of fossils, lie almost horizontal and were beyond the influence of the mountain making.
This revulsion from the north projected the axial line of resist- ance southward against the normal course of the other folds and protruded into them a disturbing antagonistic force. The Nova Scotia anticlines were beyond the reach of this projected influence but the folds between were disordered and crosscut and weakened. The picturesquely ragged coast at Percé is due to a complete collapse of a tremendous mountain fold which has vastly deranged the original succession of the rock strata.
The gulf lands had sunk low soon after the mountain-making period was over, and during the succeeding times of the Coal and probably even before, it was chiefly a vast drainage basin receiving fresh land waters with their heavy loads of sediment, then again elevated into a sand desert or great stretches of bars and dunes, and still at times depressed again so that the salt waters came in bringing their characteristic life forms. Then again, in later geological days, after the day of the Coal and the sand bars was over, the region was again elevated into land and the rocks of that land still fringe the gulf shores and make the islands of Prince Edward and the Magdalens.
The submarine course of the St Lawrence river across the gulf is still clearly indicated on the Admiralty charts; from its present mouth southeast it extends, far to the east of Gaspé, east of the Magdalen islands and thence outward to the Atlantic by the passage between Cape Breton island on the west and Newfoundland on the east (Cabot strait). This valley was made when the gulf bottom was land.
The chart accompanying shows the curves of 30 fathoms and too fathoms. It is very clear that the deep channel outside the 100 fathom line could not be made by the scouring of the present stream over the rocky bottom of the gulf. A more detailed chart of the gulf would show these depths dropping off from the shore in a succession of stages, or one might say terraces indicative of the gradual and periodical rise of the land bounding the ancient river while the river itself was cutting downward and narrowing its
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2 537
channel as the gulf lands rose. It is not to be conceived that this channel through the gulf is as ancient as the channel between the shores of Gaspé and the Quebec Labrador. The lands which the lower channel cuts are of later birth than those at the north and in its earlier stages we may believe that the river debouched into a shallow sea much as it does today into the gulf. The student of the chart will observe that there is a branch channel leading off in the direction of the Strait of Belle Isle but it is a shallower trough than that to the southeast. The line of deepest water is in the southeast channel and there is a difference in maximums of depth between the two of 155 fathoms, the greatest depth in the northwest trough being 145 fathoms and in the southwest 300 fathoms.
The southeast channel drops quite steeply 1700 feet below the broad 100 fathom plateau and this is twice the depth of the north- east course.
It would seem that the northeast course was a river valley of earlier date than the southern part of the southeast channel, that the river abandoned it for sufficient cause, possibly change in submarine level or blockage by a heavy ice sheet, and then continued to erode its present buried channel to still greater depths.
The courses of existing submarine currents over this region are not yet sufficiently determined to permit us to speak definitely re- garding the outpush of the waters through the southeast channel and yet it is practically certain that this is the predominant trend of the major deep water movements of the gulf.
The Gulf of St Lawrence thus owes its existence chiefly to two determinant factors of very ancient date: the breakdown of the rocks which produced “ Logan’s fault”; and the curvature of the northern orogenic axis which effected a syntaxis or a protrusion of the northern against the southern Appalachian folds. The broken down basin between is a natural and resultant area of rock weakness which has had its short periods of low elevation above the sea, but longer periods of depression.
A NOTABLE TRILOBITE FROM THE PERCE ROCK BY JOHN M. CLARKE
The list of Lower Devonic species occurring in that spectac- ular cliff L’isle percée or Percé rock, has been given by the writer with some degree of fulness in his volume on the geology of Gaspé (N. Y. State Mus. Memoir 9, part 1, 1908). Among these species several trilobites of interest have been described. These accounts were based upon the collections made during several seasons of diligent work, and subsequent search has not mate- rially added to the census of the fauna. The past summer, how- ever, brought to light two specimens of a commanding Homalo- notus, a genus not hitherto recorded from any of the Devonic outcrops in Gaspé county, and not only its presence but the char- acter of the species itself is worthy of note.
The Homalonoti of the boreal Paleozoic regions in America are distinctively characterized by their freedom from dermal overgrowths. They carry no spines or tubercles on any part of the test. This is a statement subject of course to the limitations of our pretty considerable knowledge of the Paleozoic faunas on this continent and while applicable here, it can not be so broadly stated for the boreal Palezoic, particularly Devonic, Homalonoti of the eastern hemisphere. There are European species of which the Silurie H. knights sand the: Devome: Peive © ua iais eoee leading and almost sole examples, whose test is spiniferous or tubercied, while the predominant species are devoid of these growths as in America.
The armate Homalonoti are on the whole quite distinctively austral, especially in their Devonic distribution. Witness of this is the great abundance of H. herscheli Murchison in the South African Lower Devonict and at the same horizon in the Falkland islands.
There is an abundant and often beautifully preserved species in the Lower Devonic shales of Sao Paulo, Brazil, termed by the writer H. noticus, which is free of spines save for one con- spicuously developed on the epistoma, a structure which is pres- ent in H. herscheli, but absent in all boreal species.
1The large number of species of this genus described by the writers on the South African Devonic has seemed to me not justified by evidence, except for provisional purposes. 138
DEVONIC FOSSILS Plate A
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR Iy12 139
The species under present consideration conforms in these structures to other American Homalonoti and is to be directly compared with H: vanuxemi of the New York Helderberg and H. major of the New York Oriskany, accounts of which are to be found in Palaeontology of New York, volume 7. This resembiance is not unexpected in view of the many other affili- ations of the Percé and Grande Gréve Lower Devonic faunas with those of New York. The Percé Homalonotus is represented by specimens which indicate its large size. The largest known example of H. vanuxemi is a broken individual from Ron- dout, N. Y., and indicates an animal 280 mm in length, which is almost exactly the proportions of the Percé species. But even so large, these specimens fall far. below the dimensions of H. major, the largest of all members of the genus. Yet there are, between these two species, few differences except dimen- sions, habitat and geologic horizon. In structure they are eldsely; valike, the: smaller Ho vanuxeéemi | occurring’ im ithe Helderberg limestones and lime shales and H. major in the Oriskany silicious limestones. The Percé species is rather bet- ter preserved and now better known in its details than either of the New York species mentioned, but its designation must show its affinity to them even at the cost of a multiplex name. I there- fore venture so far as to express this relationship by the desig- nation Homalonotus (v.-m.) perceensis.
The structure of the parts is indicated in the drawings which show the pygidium in normal convexity and entire, six of the eleven thoracic segments (all are preserved on a second but somewhat worn example), the head, partly worn away and the hypostoma. The obscurity of segmentation of the pygidium is characteristic and differential from other Devonic species, especially the common middle DevonicH. dekayi. The cephalon or H: vanux¢emi-teaq ers has not. -been well made out and the hypostoma of this type is now seen for the first time, both of the Percé specimens showing this organ.
The author has shown the presence of H. vanuxemi in the Lower Devonic Moose River formation of Maine at Mata- gamon and Moosehead lakes.* Until now no representative of the genus has been known from points farther north.
1N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 9, v. 2, p. 67.
ILLUSTRATIONS: OF ARE DEY ONG sees storie SOUTHERN, BRAZIL AND THE PALKEAN DASA ls
BY JOHN M. CLARKE
Three years ago the writer completed a protracted series of studies on the Devonic faunas of South America, especially those of southern Brazil in the state of Sao Paulo, and of the Falkland islands, incidentally also of the Cordilleras of western Argentina. These studies were authorized by the director of the Geological Service of Brazil, and the full discussion of these austral faunas is in course of printing as a memoir of that or- ganization. Meanwhile, because of the delays attendant on pub- lication in Brazil, and by permission of the director of the Brazil- ian Survey, occasion is here taken to present illustrations of the leading species of the Brazilian and Falkland faunas which are with propriety incorporated in this report on account of their intimate but contrasting relations to the Devonic faunas of New York. |
While no other purpose is here sought than to set forth, as well as may be by illustration, the distinctive fossil characters of this southern Devonic and the whole estimate of the real significance of the fauna must be reserved for its more complete presentation and discussion, it is well to intimate that these Devonic faunas of the south and of the north, though united by general characters, are keenly and widely separated in the analy- sis of their specific and superspecific structures. This fact makes itself so clear-that it is evident the northern and southern faunas developed in separated. basins with but restricted intercommuni- cation during the Devonic. These illustrations also indicate the continuity of the strand line and of the Devonic continents from southern South America to the Falkland islands and thence to South Africa.
140
EXPLANATIONS OF PLATES
Plate 1
141
Homalonotus noticus Clarke
(See plate 2)
Fig. 1, 2 Dorsal and profile views of an extended complete indi- vidual of mature dimensions. This is essentially an in- ternal cast, showing approximate normal convexity. The epistoma is exposed and the place of the anterior apiculus seen.
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Sao Paulo. Brazil
142
a
DEVONIC FOSSILS N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164 Plate 1
7 a, ° % 4 . Pd a . bE- m F 3 - ’ ‘ aoe ; | ; races ca . pee ; = = £ r ; Fs ac 2 < Uy : a ; t : : a - : o ; | : : « stan m $ af 7 : ss : ‘ ‘ I oes, | : > ay we = * *:
Homalonctus noticus Clarke
(See plate 1)
Fig. 1, 2 Nearly entire small individuals 3 A large cephalon 4 Ihe anterior doublure, epistomal plate and apiculus. 5 A head with part of the anterior removed to expose the doublure and epistomal plate 6 An entire cephalon with apiculus Locality: Ponta Grossa, Sao Paulo, Brazil
144
DEVONIC FOSSILS N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164 Plate 2
ras. y 8 pa Wy
* & * i ‘ ; A. , { a ey 7 oer a3 iT 1d le ;
Homalonotus (Schizopyge) parana Clarke
Fig. 1 Pygidium and a few thoracic segments 2 A pygidium apparently lacking one segment Locahty: Tybagy, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Homalonotus herscheli Murchison
Fig. 3 A small head with apiculus and scattered tubercles 4 A series of strongly pustulose thoracic segments 5 A pygidium with a few tubercles 6 A large cephalon, nearly entire, of characteristic form, with spinous tubercles at the genal angles and traces of others on the glabella Locality: the calc-nodules of Pebble island, West Falkland
146
DEVONIC FOSSILS N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164 Plate 3
ideas 0 } my - oft F ’ ' - . ‘ - ri en * . ’ , r ‘ > i « 7 ‘ les — 4 . -
Dalmanites acacia Schwarz
Fig: 1, 2 Cephala showing the finely granulate surface, small eyes, nuchal spine and slight anterior projection
3, 4 Lateral and dorsal views of thorax and _ pygidium, showing the length of the erect thoracic spines
Locality: calc-nodules of Pebble island, West Falkland
Dalmanites falklandicus Clarke
Fig. 5 A normal cephalon with large eyes, short cheek spines and coarsely pustulose pygidium 6 Thorax and pygidium of this species Locality: Fox bay, West Falkland
148
DEVONIC FOSSILS
Plate 4
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164
ae a, « OO an a
- « , - * ‘ . ‘ . - — ‘
ae fT "y . Hy b . t ‘ ‘ a Fas " ' i / 4 ‘ i : h 4 ~— .
Dalmanites accola Clarke
Fig.1 A nearly complete cephalon 2 A small entire cephalon with long genal spines |
3,4 Pygidia showing the uniform distribution of the pustules 5 An incomplete but undistorted individual with the miss-— ing parts restored in outline and showing their mutual proportions, arrangement of the scattered pustules,
length of genal spines, size of eyes, etc.
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Cryphaeus ? allardyceae Clarke
Fig.6 A somewhat weathered head and a thorax with pygidium from a calc-nodule. The association of these parts, though found disconnected, seems highly probable in view of their being the only fossils in the nodule and of their agreement in size
Locality: Pebble island, West Falkland |
150
DEVONIC FOSSILS
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164
Plate 5
we
RU fiii WS
x ba
-
fe
.
; % Ef
, l
—
/
K
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\\"
AN
- i] “6 al ¥ — - tm,
Plate 6
IST
. ‘ ' 4
.
Py m au “ » ‘
. 4
Cryphaeus sp. nov.?
Fig.1 A pygidium with very blunt semicircular lappets, indi- cating a species distinct from the others here noticed. Locality: Ponta Grossa, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Cryphaeus australis Clarke
Fig.2 A pygidium 3 A specimen displaying most of the parts except the pygidial fringe and showing the phacopid hypostoma 4 A nearly entire specimen 5,6 Larger individuals partly crushed but restored in outline Locahty: Ponta Grossa, Sao Paulo, Brazil
152
DEVONIC FOSSILS
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164
Plate 6
lui 4 : BH iit Si
; Ml HWS
tify
"Ce.
«,
a, a 3 Ss ae
Ali n WW) i
cn
<a >
( (uae
li =<
c ‘N
i’ ik to at, i
a
Dalmanites sp.
Fig. 1, 2 Dorsal and profile views of a cephalon allied to D. acacia and D. ocellus but departing in some structural details. The upturned genal angles are indicated in figure 2
Locality: from a calc-nodule sent to me by Prof. J. B. Woodworth with the note that it was found by Dr Thomas A. Barbour on the old beach of Lake Titacaca at Viacha, Bolivia, elevation 13,500’ A. T.
Calmonia ocellus (Lake)
Fig. 3, 4 Dorsal and profile views of a partly enrolled specimen 5, 6, 7 Three views of a coiled individual showing the char- acteristic head, small eyes, sharply pointed thoracic segments and a part of the pygidial fringe Locality: Pebble island, West Falkland 8 An extended specimen incomplete at the pygidium Locality: Mt Robinson range, Chartres river, West Falkland
154
DEVONIC FOSSILS N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164 | Plate 7
Pennaia pauliana Clarke
Pie, 1,72 Cephala
Esse,
3 A pygidium with two thoracic segments attached. x 3
4 The thorax and pygidium, showing the rounded ends of the anterior thoracic segments and 3 lappets of the pygidium
A nearly entire individual restored
Thorax and pygidium of an incomplete specimen
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Or U1
Calmonia signifer Clarke
(See plate 9)
7 Cephalon restored, showing style and position of th eyes and the small cheek spine
8 Anterior structure of the head showing the short apica projection which is often obscured .
9g Internal cast of thorax and pygidium
10,11 Pygidia with terminal spines
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Sao Paulo, Brazil
156
DEVONIC FOSSILS
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164
Plate 8
fos |
11
MM, ‘bbe
PAULA AA AWW
10
Le
Calmonia signifer Clarke
(See plate 8)
Fig.1 A large entire individual in which all the essential char- acters are well displayed. Attention may be directed to the short head, obscurely lobate glabella, small anterior eyes, angled extremities of the segments becoming sharper backward, the six pairs of pygidiae lappets and the relatively short caudal spine
2 A smaller entire individual with exsert genal spines and a longer caudal spine. The thoracic segments are only ten and one seems to be buried at the junction with the pygidium
3 Head and thorax
4 An entire but somewhat distorted specimen
Calmonia signifer var. micrischia Clarke
Fig.5 A small entire individual 6 A larger entire example Locality: Ponta Grossa, S40 Paulo, Brazil
158
DEVONIC FOSSILS
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164
Plate 9
"is nae ites
fA EPP P Rye . % ¥ +44
gil Hi (ill! ia A DARA
NT i,
Mitte.
Plate | 10
159 C
.
.
.
‘ . , . ‘ Ad
Ww, ny Read | =
hes
Calmonia subseciva Clarke
Fig.1 An extended specimen from which the cephalon has been broken 2 A squeeze taken from the foregoing, showing the cephalic doublure and phacopid hypostoma. x 2 Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil 3 An entire specimen, slightly crushed about the head, showing the minute pygidial lappets 4 A nearly entire individual of large size Locality: Jaguariahyva, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Proboloides cuspidatus Clarke
Fig.5 A small cephalon
6 A laterally crushed specimen displaying a part of the proboscis, the sutural and genal spines and the acute spinules of the first thoracic segments
7 A cheek with sutural and genal spines, am
8 A cephalon with its long proboscis, showing also the genal spine and base of the sutural spine
g Large cephalon with proboscis broken
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
Proboloides pessulus Clarke
Fig. 10 A specimen with all parts conjoined; showing the aspect of the head, its proboscis and sutural spines, the sharply terminated thoracic segments and apparently smooth margined pygidium
Locality: Jaguariahyva, Sao Paulo, Brazil
160
DEVONIC FOSSILS
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164
Plate 10
Pliiddadaaya
AN
NY \ \ |
i aS
(ie WY
ly
HAll Whee
—
: me + » = : < a q ” be . r & Se : : Y be : ' a 1 Yr . 7 +5 : ; ia : % * . afd . 5 4 ne = .. i « #-
161
Plate rr
Conularia ulrichana Clarke
Fig.1 Enlarged fragment showing nature of ornament
2 Asmall example. x 2 3 A characteristic example Locality: Tybagy, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Conularia africana Salter
Fig. 4 An undistorted fragment 5 A well-developed, nearly entire specimen Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
Hyolithus subaequalis (Salter)
Fig.6, 7 The two sides, with operculum in place Locality: Tybagy, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Orthoceras sp. (cf. gamkaensis Reed)
Fig. 8 Part of a shell retaining fine concentric surface ornament Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
Kionoceras zoilus Clarke
Fig. 9 The only example observed Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
162
DEVONIC FOSSILS
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164
Plate 11
sey VANS
7 en WR A YS ANY Wis we WA
4
AW ASV YS
eo bate i te \ “ ; is k AALS i ae att ee . ) : ’ : , 5 ‘ 1 ‘ var ns Weert en a _ «, : Y ' y ) ' ‘ ‘ i ¥ »’ | ‘ ' . hy ‘4 i ’ “ 1 ‘ aj ’ . 3 ’ i * j d - oe ts t rf : - “ ' f * my ae 4% 4 ‘ Plate 1 say oe ce ES : ave . Ay TOS), ‘ : an . ; 3 : 2 h A « z! ye “4 ‘ ’ 5 E \ i ' : , ‘ F 5 “ies : * ~ fw 4 Fe ¢ ¥ ve + 5 ’ . + ae oy , : ¥ i . t ¥ : .
Tentaculites jaculus Clarke
Fig.1 A cluster of tubes with characteristic irregularity of an- nulation. Natural size Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
Tentaculites crotalinus Salter
Fig. 2 A cluster of tubes: x 2 Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
Tropidocyclus antarcticus Clarke
Fig. 3 Two accidently conjoined individuals 4 Dorsal view showing the character of the striae. x 14 Locality: Pebble island, West Falkland
Plectonotus (Bucaniella) hapsideus Clarke
Fig.5 A laterally compressed individual showing the dorsal seam 6, 7 Two other similarly compressed shells
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil Bellerophon quadrilobatus Salter?
Fig.8 An internal cast of a trilobed shell which may pertain to this species Locality: Pebble island, West Falkland
Diaphorostema allardycei Clarke
Fig.9, 10, 11 Three views of this species, indicating its form and style of ornament Locality: Pebble island, West Falkland
Plectonotus (Bucaniella) dereimsi Knod
Fig. 12, 13, 14 Views of more or less complete examples of these shells Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
164
DEVONIC FOSSILS N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164 Plate 12
Plate 13 ‘
; Os ’ P 5 ” ’ : F \g : god ; fp i ‘ j . d “i ’ : a t 5 * ol A ee We i : j oth / 8 ‘Ts ) uA a i.’ > uw ee ire r a S 7 Wek! “dep rf v ¢ Rie) acer ,
Ptomatis moreirai Clarke
Fig. 1, 2 Exteriors of two examples Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
Nacuiices ceeds eleree
Fig. 3, 4, 5 Sculpture casts showing the sinuous posterior slopes Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
Nuculites parai Clarke
Fig. 6, 7 Sculpture casts from the Upper Devonic black shale, near Ereré, State of Para, Brazil
Nuculites sharpei Reed
Fig. 8 Sculpture casts of both valves g, 10 Other examples of the species Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil 11, 12 A large specimen of this type with rather heavy clavicles but with the sinuous posterior slopes Locality: Pebble island, West Falkland
166
DEVONIC FOSSILS
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164
Plate 13
Plate 14
ney
Nuculana inornata (Sharpe)
Fig. 1,2 Opposite sides of the same specimen
3 Another characteristic example Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
Palaeoneilo rhysa Clarke
Fig. 4,5 Left and right valves
Fig.
Fig.
6 Enlargement of surface ornament of figure 4 Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
Nuculites pacatus Reed
7 Interior cast of conjoined valves with strong clavicular ridges Locality: Jaguariahyva, Sao Paulo, Brazil 8 Sculpture cast of right valve Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
Palaeoneilo magnifica Clarke
(See plate 15)
9 Internal cast of right valve, showing part of hinge. The borings are those of the sponge Clionolithus priscus (McCoy)
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
168
DEVONIC FOSSILS
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164
Plate 14
Palaeoneilo magnifica Clarke
(See* plate 14)
Fig. r Exterior of leit valve - 2 Sculpture cast of conjoined valves Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
Palaeoneilo sculptilis Clarke
Fig.3 A weathered right valve showing the radial ornament. From the Upper Devonic shale of Ereré, Para, assocti- ated with Schizobolus truncatw@s (gage eulates:p aman
Palaeoneilo sancticrucis Clarke
Fig. 4,5 Right valves of this species Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
170
N. Y. State Mus. Bul.
DEVONIC FOSSILS 164
F, “ ‘ . . . j ‘ « i ’ - iT 1 . ‘ -
Plate 16 |
49I
et
bet pews, |
Prothyris (Paraprothyris) knodi Clarke
Pigs 1,2 Conjoined valves, showing the anterior byssal notch and posterior cardinal ridge 3,4, 5,6 Other valves showing in more detail the cardinal
characters Enlargement of posterior part of specimen figure 4
7 Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil Cardiomorpha ? colossea Clarke Fig. 8 Sculpture cast of a right valve of medium size
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
172
DEVONIC FOSSILS
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164
Plate 16
vis
4 ®
‘
'
h Hoek i i ti
os |
Pleurodapis multicincta Clarke
Fig. 1,2 Right and left valves
3 Sculpture casts of conjoined valves with suppression of some of the posterior ridges. The abscission of the umbones by pressure on the hinge-plates is noticeable here, as on the succeeding figures
4 The hinge, showing anterior muscle scars and a broad- ened platform behind. x 2
5,6 Right valves, showing considerable divergence in the de- velopment of the ridges Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
174
DEVONIC FOSSILS N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164 Plate 17
out > . OMS i On : ‘ ai , : ; , i . Plate 18 175 f ; . . ] . . 4 > J eH
Janeia bokkeveldensis Reed
Fig. 1 Conjoined valves showing the overlapping left 2 The two valves with overlapping right a) tance Nett arclge 4 Sculpture of posterior part of valve. x 3 Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
Janeia braziliensis Clarke
Fig.5 Right side of conjoined valves, showing the overlapping left 6 A small specimen 7 Large shell with valves slightly spread 8 Left view of conjoined valves Locality: Tybagy, Sao Paulo, Brazil
176
DEVONIC FOSSILS N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164 Plate 18
uy s' ’ yh i]
Goniophora abbreviata Clarke
Fig. 1,2 Sculpture casts of right valves Locality: Jaguariahyva, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Palaeanatina erebus Clarke
Fig. 3, 4,5 Conjoined expanded valves Locahty: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
Cypricardella? olivieria Clarke
Fig.6 Conjoined valves, natural size 7. Vine lett valves see Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
Sphenotus lagoensis Clarke
Fig. 8 Expanded conjoined valves with the crescence Tidge some- what intensified by compression 9g A right valve Locality: Lago, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil
Leptodomus capricornus Clarke
Fig. 10-A right valve A left valve 12 [nlargement of posterior slope Localiy: Ponta *Grassa, .Brazil
178
DEVONIC FOSSILS N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164
9
ETE ITT
Plate
19
by ‘ .* ’ ‘ * / \ * - = .- - » : ee aT :
Modiomorpha austronotica Clarke
Fig. 1,2 Sculpture casts of right and left valves 3 A right valve 4 Expanded valves in juxtaposition Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
Modiomorpha ? scaphula Clarke
Fig.5,6 Right and left sculpture valves Localities: Ponta Grossa and Tybagy, Brazil
Phthonia ? epops Clarke
Fig.7 Right valve showing surface characters 8 Enlargement of surface on posterior slope Locahty: Jaguariahyva, Brazil
Pholadella cf radiata Hall
Fig.g Fragment of a large specimen provisionally referred to this species Locahty: Tybagy, Brazil
Leptodomus ulrichi Clarke
Fig. 10,11 Left valves of this species Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
180
DEVONIC FOSSILS N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164 Plate
20
a aual id data
‘Plate 21
181 fe
PIs wey aL
Jie) ey a ae *
RT hh oA yO At
Aut |! oO ks Af i a ‘
&
¥ ha Veer
Ve, io y’ a- i
#i £14);
Derbyina smithi (Derby)
Fig. 1,2 Copies of Derby’s figures of the brachial apparatus 2. Ventral’side of an internal cast-aaea 2 4,5,6 Ventral profile and dorsal views of an internal cast. xe Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
Paranaia margarida (Derby)
Fig. 7,8 Derby’s figures of the brachial apparatus Locahty: Sant’Ana de Chapada, Mato Grosso, Brazil
Cryptonella ? baini (Sharpe)
Fig. 9 Cast of ventral valve 16, 11 Dorsal views of internal casts 12 Dorsal valve with hinge plate 13 Enlargement of the surface of an inside cast, showing the filling of the shell punctures Locahty: Vybagy, Sao Paulo; Brazil
Rensselaeria falklandica Clarke
Fig. 14 Internal cast of. ventral valve 15 Dorsal view of an internal cast Locality: Port Howard, Fast Falkland
182
DEVONIC FOSSILS N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164 Plate 21
iw
5. LEA it We
¥ A! a ee ae es Dee ae Wane ens
pv? 7 oh ae
ot sa) ri, 9 : Ng aw
ey y a y at
\ ; ’ * "s + ~ f . » | C 4 L) . iy i Eis hwo Pak As : : ; fi re . ' i rt uw : vt hat . 9 : Pa q | 4 jm 4
7 Sa hat pt '
a ! r
“ \ Ty ay an tl
2 Cage
‘ Wien iy of
Spirifer antarcticus Morris and Sharpe
Fig. 1 Ventral cardinal view of a shell without deltidium, but with apical callus
2 Similar view of an old shell with deltidium Locahty: Port Louis, East Falkland
3 Enlargement of surface Locality: Jaguariahyva, Brazil
4 Enlargement of surface
6,7 Dorsal valves
S Exterior of a large individual
9 Internal cast of the same valve Locality: Port Louis, East Falkland
Spirifer hawkinsi Morris and Sharpe
Fig. 10 Dorsal valve It Dorsal side of an internal cast Locality: Port Louis, East Falkland
184
DEVONIC FOSSILS N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164 Plate 22
oh ar
' iy Rrarhtes
Uae ane Rt “i ; ty i ato
Plate 23
185
Spirifer kayserianus Clarke
Fig. «1 A well-preserved dorsal valve, with the characteristic mature sculpture 2 Sculpture cast of the ventral valve 3-4 Dorsal valves of adult shells Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
186
DEVONIC FOSSILS N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164
Plate
23
Spirifer iheringi Kayser (See plate 25)
Fig. 1,2 Dorsal aspects of internal casts of young shells 3 Front view of conjoined valves of a mature individual 4 Enlargement of surface in a mature valve 5 A mature dorsal valve 6 Dorsal view of a characteristic internal cast 7,8 The cardinal process in different stages of development Locality: Tybagy, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil
188
DEVONIC FOSSILS
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164
Plate 24
Spirifer lauro-sodreanus Katzer
lig. 1,2 Two views of the:type specimen Locality: Maecurt sandstone, Rio Maecuru, Para Spirifer iheringi Kayser (See plate 24)
Fig. 3 Ventral view of large internal cast 4 View of large ventral cast Locality: Tybagy, Brazil
, 190
DEVONIC FOSSILS N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164 Plate 25
Spirifer katzeri Clarke
Fig 1,2 View of a dorsal valve, showing the elevation of the fold. and the number of ribs Locality: Maecurt sandstone, Rio Maecurt, Para
Spirifer contrarius Clarke
_ Fig. 3,4 Casts of dorsal valves showing sharp, distinct ribs and broadly concave interspaces Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
Spirifer parana Clarke
Fig.5 A dorsal valve with few broadly rounded ribs 6 A crushed specimen with similar characters Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
192
DEVONIC FOSSILS N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164 Plate 26
we
A + .. <
Z \ &. 3
* * : 4
3
. #
— APE pe se "; 4 shag - £
Plate 27
193
Derbyina whitiorum Clarke
Fig. 1,2 Exterior and internal cast of ventral and dorsal valves 3 Enlargement of ventral hinge 4 A dorsal valve Locahty: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
Leptocoelia flabellites (Conrad)
Fig. 5 Exterior of an average adult specimen
6 A dorsal valve
7 Internal cast of large ventral valve Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
8 Internal cast of dorsal valve Locality: Jaguariahyva, Brazil
9 Dorsal cast Locality: Cold Bokkeveld, Cape Colony
Coeiospira ? colona Clarke
Fig. 10,11 Ventral valves. x 2 12,13 Ventral and dorsal views. x 2 Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
Leptostrophia ?? mesembria Clarke
Fig. 14 Exterior of ventral with internal cast of dorsal valve I5 Sculpture cast showing dorsal aspect Locality: Fox bay, West Falkland 16 Enlargement of hinge structure showing incipient denti- cles or spinules on cardinal line 17 Internal cast of ventral valve Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil 18 Internal ventral cast Locality: Jaguariahyva, Brazil
194
DEVONIC FOSSILS N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164 Platew27
Acai SSS
arts
a SORIA PP HHA SS
Plate 28
195
Leptostrophia concinna (Morris & Sharpe)
Fig. 1 Internal cast of ventral valve 2 Interior of dorsal valve 3 Internal cast of ventral valve Localities: Port Howard, West Falkland, and Port Louis, East Falkland
Schuchertella agassizi (Hartt & Rathbun)
Fig. 4 Two characteristic examples showing dorsal aspect only 5 Interior of ventral valve 6 A large and rather short hinged example 7 Internal cast of ventral valve 8 Interior of dorsal valve Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
Schuchertella sulivani (Morris & Sharpe)
Fig. g Internal cast of a ventral valve Locality: Fox bay, West Falkland 10 Internal cast of dorsal valve 11 Interior of dorsal valve 12 Exterior of ventral valve 13 Dorsal aspect of conjoined valves Locahty: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
196
Plate 28
DEVONIC FOSSILS
State Mus. Bul. 164
IN. YY.
WES
| j : : - y .
YO. igs 7
\
\
Wy, | YS 4 5; 0, Dp “ ii) Wy ae (7 -€ my y HAW
Z
Plate 29
197
Chonetes falklandicus Morris & Sharpe
Fig. 1-8 A series of views of this species showing its somewhat variable characters. Figures 1, 2, 3 are from Port Louis, East Faikland; figures 5, 7 from Ponta Grossa ; figure 6 is the variety rugosa from Ponta Grossa; figures 4, 8 from Jaguariahyva
Chonetes skottsbergi Clarke
Fig. 9g Dorsal aspect of internal cast 10, 11 Internal casts of ventral valve 12 Interior of dorsal valve Locality: Port Salvador, West Falkland
Schuchertella sancticrucis Clarke
Fig. 13,14 Internal casts of dorsal and ventral valves Locality: Santa Cruz, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil
198
DEVONIC FOSSILS N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164 Plate 29
: oe Ae ; ‘ j i n: \ oy ae Cn ¢ Say
oni P la ‘ | ome eee ae % ae ra . o-7 mes |
nite
Chonetes hallei Clarke
Fig. 1 Internal cast of conjoined valves _ Locality: Spring Point, Falkland islands
Schizobolus truncatus Hall
Fig: 2, 3° Brachial and pedtclemalves; 5 <2 Locality: . Upper Devonic black shale of Ereré, Para
Orbiculoidea baini (Sharpe)
Fig. 4,5 Pedicle valves, exterior and interior suriaces 6,7 Pedicle and brachial yalwess., = 2 8 Enlargement of surface of pedicle valve Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
Orbiculoidea bodenbenderi Clarke
Fig.9,10 Brachial valves
II Pedicle valve 12 [Enlargement of surface of pedicle valve
Locahty: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
200
DEVONIC FOSSILS
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164
Plate 30
(
(tc
ee ‘Wp
Orbiculoidea collis Clarke
Pic, 1 Exterior of pedicle wabwe 2,3 A brachial valve and its profile Localitv: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
202
DEVONIC FOSSILS N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164
a rte ener ct
CT a
yee ere i *
XS a AK \ we ‘ , TN RY S
_.
‘eo to
Plate
31
au
oe hs
Lingula scalprum Clarke
Fig. 1,2 Dorsal and ventral valves Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
Lingula lepta Clarke
Fig. 3,4 Valves showing outline and muscular scars Locahty: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
Lingula keideli Clarke
Fig. 5,6 Ventral and dorsal valves Locahty: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
Lingula lamella Clarke Fig. 7 Conjoined valves 8 Dorsal valve with trace of median septum Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil Lingula subpunctata Knod Fig.9 Cast of ventral umbo showing pedicle slit Problematicum Fig. 10 Figure of a round cystoid body with a submarginal per- foration or puncture from which radiates a pustular ornament. x 2 Locality: Jaguariahyva, Brazil Clionolithus priscus McCoy Fig. 11 A series of clavate tubes of this boring sponge in a shell
of “P tomiat ts) nol me daar enas Locahty: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
204
DEVONIC FOSSILS N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164 Plate.32
Plate 33
205
Serpulites sica Salter
Fig. 1 Portions of flattened chitinous tubes with thickened edge Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
Plant (or branched annelid ?)
Fig.2 A frond or colony on which the branches are flattened clavate tubes taking origin from a clavate stipe. x 1.5 Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
206
DEVONIC FOSSILS
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164
Plate 33
Plate 34
Echinasterella? darwini Clarke
Fig. 1 Oral surface of an essentially entire specimen 2 Enlargement of part of arm Ba Wladrepore platen) Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
208
DEVONIC FOSSILS
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164
Plate 34
Qa a
%
“Sh
Plate 35
209
Aspidosoma ? pontis Clarke
Fig. 1,2 Clusters of individuals in the soft shale, all exposing the
ambulacral face 3 The entire oral apparatus. x a 4 Part of oral frames and teeth. x 5
Locality: Ponta Grossa, Brazil
210
DEVONIC FOSSILS N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 164 Plate 35
bh. v3,
INDEX
Accessions to collections,
Adirondacks, southern, physiography, 80-93
Ambrosia beetles, 39
Apple tent caterpillar, 35
Archeologist, report of, 45-57
Archeology, bulletin, 61; collection, accessions to, 77-78
Areal geology, 16-21
Art museum, 9
Aspidosoma pontis, 210
Auringer collection, 47-54
63-7
Bark borers, 39
Bellerophon quadrilobatus, 164
Berkey, Charles P., cited, 20
Black and Mohawk valleys, bulletin on glacial waters, 59
Black Cape, section of Siluric Ranles on Bay of Chaleur, 31
Botanist, report, 33-35; bulletin, 61
Brazil, illustrations of Devonic fos- sils, 140
Broadalbin quadrangle, geology of, 58
Brown-tail moth, 37
Bulletins, in press, 61
bulletin on
Calmonia ocellus, 154 signifer, 156, 158 var. micrischia, 158 subseciva, 160
Cardiomorpha colossea,
Chaleur, Bay of,
rocks, 3I
Champlain valley, ancient waters, 22
Chonetes falklandicus, 198 hallei, 200 skottsbergi, 1098
Cicada, periodical, 40
Clarke, John M., Origin of the Gulf
of St Lawrence, 132-37; A No- table Trilobite from the Percé Rock, 138-39; Illustrations of the Devonic Fossils of Southern Brazil and the Falkland Islands, 140
172 section of Siluric
Paleozoic
2II
Clionolithus priscus, 204 Clove quadrangle, 20 Code of Handsome Lake, bulletin, 61 Codling moth, 36 Coelospira colona, 194 Conularia africana, 162 ulrichana, 162 Cryphaeus, 152 allardyceae, 150 Cryptonella baini, 182 Cushing, H. P., cited, 80, 81, 82, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94 Cypricardella olivieria, 178 Cyrphaeus australis, 152
Dalmanites sp. I5 acacia, 148 accola, 150 falklandicus, 148 Dannemora quadrangle, 22 Derbyina smithi, 182 whitiorum, 194 Devonic fossils of southern Brazil and the Falkland Islands, 140 Diaphorostoma allardycei, 164
Earthquakes, record, 28 Echinasterella darwini, 208 Economic and general geology, ac- cessions to collection, 63 Elm leaf beetle, 38, 40, 60 Entomologist, report, 35-42 Entomology, bulletins 60, 61; sions to collection, 64-73 Eurypterida, memoir on, 30-31 Explanation of plates, 141-210
acces-
Fairchild, H. L., bulletin on glacial waters in the Black and Mohawk valleys, 59; cited, 21
Falkland Islands, illustrations of De- vonic fossils, 140
Fall army worm, 38
212
Felt, E. P., bulietin on elm leaf beetle and white-marked tussock moth, 60
Flies, 40
Forest pests, 39-40 Forest tent caterpillar, 35 Fruit tree pests, 36
Gall midges, 40
Garnet deposits of Warren county, 95-102 .
Geologic map, condition of survey in’ | western. New “Mork e170 71m northern New York, 17; in south- eastern New York, 20; Hudson- Champlain valley, 22; new bulle- tins, 58, 61
Geological survey, report on, 16-33
Geology bulletins, 58-60; in press, 61
Gipsy moth, 37
Glacial waters in the Black and Mo- hawk valleys, bulletin on, 59
Goldthwait, cited, 22
Goniophora abbreviata, 178
Gordon, C. E., cited, 20
Grain pests, 37
Grass pests, 37-38
Green maple worm, 35
Hessian fly, 38 Hickory bark beetle, 39 Hill, B. F., cited, 93 Historical museum, provision should be made for, 8 Homalonotus, two specimens from the Percé Rock, 138-39 herscheli, 146 noticus, 142, 144 (Schizopyge) parana, 146 Hooper, F. C., cited, 102 House fly, 40 Hudson, George H., Use of the Stereogram in Paleobiology, 103-5; plates, 106-30 Hyolithus subaequalis, 162
Industrial geology, 25-28 Industry, museum of, proposed, 8 Insect pests in institutions, control,
4I
(SS SN a a
INDEX TO REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQI2
Iroquois rites and folklore, study of, 56-57
Janeia bokkeveldensis, 176 braziliensis, 176
Kemp, James F., cited, 19, 80, 82, 89, 93, 100, 102; bulletin on the mineral springs of Saratoga, 59
Kionoceras zoilus, 162
Lake Pleasant quadrangle, 17 Lake Vermont, glacial, 21 Law, State Museum, 6 Leptocoelia flabellites, 194 Leptodomus capricornus, 178 ulrichi, 180 Leptostrophia concinna, 196 mesembria, 104 Lingula keideli, 204 lamella, 204 lepta, 204 scalprum, 204 subpunctata, 204 Locust leaf miner, 39 Logan, Sir William, cited, 133
Magnus, H. C., cited, 102 Maple scale, cottony, 39 false, 30
Map, geologic, see Geologic map
Memoirs, in press, 61
Merrillf Fiji, cited, 102
Meteorites, 78-79
Midge galls, 41
Miller, W. J., bulletin on geology of the Broadalbin quadrangle, 58; Early Paleozoic Physiography of the Southern Adirondacks, 80-93; Garnet Deposits of Warren County, 95-102; cited, 17, 93
Mineral resources, investigation and description, 25
Mineral Springs of Saratoga, bulletin on, 59
Mining and quarry industry of New York, bulletin on, 59
Modiomorpha? scaphula, 180
Mohawk valley, bulletin on glacial waters in, 59
‘10;
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Mollusca, New York, monograph, 44 Mooers quadrangle, 22
Mosquitos, 40
Mount Morris meteorite, 78-79
National plant quarantine act, 37 Hewlarid, 1, H., cited) 93, Teo; ree: bulletin on mining and quarry in- dustry, 59 Nuculana inornata, 168. Nuculites pacatus, 168 parai, 166 reedi, 166 sharpei, 166 Nursery inspection, 42
Ogilvie, I. H., cited, 94
Orbiculoidea baini, 200 bodenbenderi, 200 collis, 202
Orthoceras sp., 162
Palaeanatina erebus, 178 Palaeoneilo magnifica, 168, 170 rhysa, 168 sancticrucis, 170 sculptilis, 170 Paleobiology, use of the stereogram, 103-5; plates, 106-30 Paleontology, report on, 30-33; bul- letin, 61; accessions to collection, 64 Paranaia margarida, 182 Pear midge, 37 Pear thrips, 36 Pennaia pauliana, 156 Percé rock, a notable trilobite from, 138-39 Petroleum compounds as insecticides, 35-36 Pholadella cf. radiata, 180 Phthonia epops, 180 Pilsbry, A. H., Monograph of the New York Mollusca, 44 Plant quarantine act, 37 Plates, explanation of, I4I-2I10 Plectonotus (Bucaniella) dereimsi, 164 (Bucaniella) hapsideus, 164
213
Pleurodapis multicincta, 174 Proboloides cuspidatus, 160 pessulus, 160 Prothyris (Paraprothyris) iRepe
Ptomatis moreirai, 166 Public art museum, 9 Publications, 57-61
knodi,
Rensselaeria falklandica, 182 Ruedemann, Rudolf, cited, 80, go, 91, 93, 94
St Lawrence, Gulf, origin of, 132-37 St Lawrence county, talc deposits, 25; zinc, 26-28 Saratoga, mineral springs, 19; bul- letin on, 59 Schenectady quadrangle, bulletin on glacial geology, 58 Schizobolus truncatus, 200 Schuchertella agassizi, 196. sancticrucis, 198 sulivani, 196 Scientific collections, condition, I5- 16 Scientific publications, 57-61 Seismologic station, 28-30
| Serpulites sica, 206
Shade tree pests, 38-39 Sphenotus lagoensis, 178 Spirifer antarcticus, 184 contrarius, 192 hawkinsi, 184 iheringi, 188, 190 katzeri, 192 kayserianus, 186 lauro-sodreanus, I90 parana, 192 Spraying, fundamentals of, 41 Staff of the Science division and State Museum, 62-63 State Museum, law, 6; statutory conception, 6-7; idea and place in polity of the State, 7-9; educa- tional function, 9-15 Stereogram, use in 103-5; plates, 106-30
paleobiology,
214
Stoller, James H., bulletin on glacial geology of the Schenectady quad- rangle, 58
Surficial geology, 21-25
Talc deposits, St Lawrence county, 25 Tarrytown quadrangle, 20 Tentaculites crotalinus, 164 jaculus, 164 Tropidocyclus antarcticus, 164 Tussock moth, white marked, 40, 60
Ulrich, E. O., cited, 80, 85, 86, 87, 04
INDEX TO REPORT OF
THE DIRECTOR IQI2
Vermont waters, 22
Walcott, C. D., cited, 80, 94
Warren county, garnet deposits, 95- 102
White grubs, 37
Whitlock, H. P., Mount Meteorite, 78-79
Woolly bark louse, 39
Morris
Zinc, St Lawrence county, 26-28 Zoologist, report, 43-44 Zoology collection, accessions to, 73-
76
New York State Education Department New York State Museum
JOHN M. CiarkeE, Director PUBLICATIONS
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Museum annual reports 1847-date. Allin print to 1894, 50c a volume, 75c in cloth; 1894-date, sold in sets only; 75c each for octavo volumes; price of quarto volumes on application.
These reports are made up of the reports of the Director, Geologist, Paleontologist, Botanist and Entomologist, and museum bulletins and memoirs, issued as advance sections of the reports.
Director’s annual reports 1904—date.
EQO4.. 13.5)P;) 20Gs 1909. 230p. 4rpl. 2 maps, 4 charts. Out of print. 1905. 102p. 23pl. 30¢. I9gto. 280p. il. g2pl. 502.
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These reports cover the reports of the State Geologist and of the State Paleontologist. Bound also with the museum reports of which they form a part.] I
Geologist’s annual reports 1881-date. Rep’ts 1, 3-13, 17-date, 8vo; 2, 14-16, 4to.
In 1898 the paleontologic work of the State was made distinct from the geologic and was Teported separately from 1899-1903. The two departments were reunited in 1904, and are now reported in the Director’s report. :
The annual reports of the original Natural History Survey, 1837-41, are out of print.
Reports 1-4, 1881-84, were published only in separate form. Of the sth report 4 pages were reprinted in the 39th museum report,and a supplement to the 6th report was included in the 40th museum report. The 7th and subsequent reports are included in the 41st and following museum reports, except that certain lithographic plates in the r1th report (1891) and 13th (1893) are omitted from the 45th and 47th museum reports.
Separate volumes of the following only are available.
Report Price Report Price Report Price 12 (1892) S.:50 4 17 $.75 21 $.40 14 sii 18 aris 22 -40 ER 2 19 .40 23 aie 16 I 20 .50 [See Director’s annual reports]
Paleontologist’s annual reports 1899—date.
See first note under Geologist’s annual reports.
Bo.iad also with museum reports of which they form a part. Reports for 1899 and 1900 may be had for 20c each. Those for r901-3 were issued as bulletins. In 1904 combined with the Director’s report.
Entomologist’s annual reports on the injurious and other insects of the - State of New York 1882-date.
_Reports 3-20 bound also with museum reports 40-46, 48-58 of which they forma part” Since 1898 these reports have been issued as bulletins. Reports 3-4, 17 are out of print other reports with prices are:
NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
Report Price Report Price Report Price 1 Satie II $.25 21 (Bul. 104) $.25 2 30 12 .25 221 Ce EO) mei 5 -25 13 Out of print 2aih( Fas rialAy lee mie 6 Sau 14 (Bul. 23) .20 DUNC erTaA') Va aie 7 20 BS Gre Sages Es 2! TET RS 8 25 16¢%. 36)-.25 20 CP JtA7) . . 35 9 225 Toi 4 64) .20 27 eee LEE, AO Io ssi EG. OF). 15 28 In press
ZO sO), ao
_ Reports 2, 8-12 may also be obtained bound in cloth at 25c each in addition to the price given above.
Botanist’s annual reports 1867-—date.
Bound also with museum reports 21-date of which they form a part; the first Botanist’s report appeared in the 21st museum report and is numbered 21. Reports 21-24, 29, 31-41 were not published separately.
Separate reports for 1871-74, 1876, 1888-98 are out of print. Report for 1899 may be had fer 2ec: 1900 for soc. .Since 1gor these reports have been issued as bulletins.
Descriptions and illustrations of edible, poisonous and unwholesome fungi of New York have also been published in volumes 1 and 3 of the 48th (1894) museum report and in volume 1 of the 49th (1895), s1st (1897), 52d (1898), 54th (1900), 55th (1901), in volume 4 of the 56th (1902), in volume 2 of the 57th (1903), in volume 4 of the 58th (1904), in volume 2 of the s9th (1905), in volume 1 of the 6oth (1906), in volume 2 of the 61st (1907), 62d (1908), 63d (1909), 64th (1910), 65th (1911) reports. The descriptions and illustrations of edible and unwholesome species contained in the 49th, 51st and 52d reports have been re- aed and rearranged, and, combined with others more recently prepared, constitute Museum
emoir 4.
Museum bulletins 1887—date. 8vo. To advance subscribers, $2 a year, or $1 a year jor division (1) geology, economic geology, paleontology, mineralogy; 50c each for division (2) general zoology, archeology, miscellaneous, (3) botany, (4) entomology.
Bulletins are grouped in the list on the following pages according to divisions. The divisions to which bulletins belong are as follows:
t Zool gy 55 Archeology 110 Entomology
2 Botany 56 Geology t11 Geolog’
3 Economic Geology 57 Entomology 112 Economic Geology 4 Mineralogy 58 Mineralogy 113 Archeology
5 Entomology 59 Entomology 114 Geology
6 ss 60 Zoology I15 c
7 Economic Geology 61 Economic Geoiogy 116 Botany
8 Botany 62 Miscellaneous 117 Archeology
9 Zoology 63 Geology 118 Geology
1o Economic Geology 64 Entomology 119 Econornic Geology II * 65 Paleontology 120 z
12 cs 66 Miscellaneous t2t Director’s report for 1907 13 Entomology 67 Botany 122 Botany
14 Geology 68 Entomology 123 Economic Geology 15 Economic Geology 69 Paleontology 124 Entomology
16 Archeology 70 Mineralogy 125 Archeology
17 Economic Geology 71 Zoology 126 Geology
18 Archeology 72 Entomology 127 re
19 Geology 73 Archeology 128 <
20 Entomology 74 Entomology 129 Entomology
21 Geology 75 Botan, 130 Zoology
22 Archeology 76 Entomology 131 Botany
23 Entomology 77 Geology 132 Economic Geology 24 i 78 Archeology 133 Director’s report for 1908 25 Botany 79 Entomology 134 Entomology
26 Entomology 80 Paleontology 135 Geology
27 s 81 Geology 136 Entomology
28 Botany 82 “ 137 Geology
29 Zoology 83 ad 138 cf
30 Economic Geology 84 & 139 Botany
31 Entomology 85 Economic Geology 140 Director’s report for 1909 32 Archeology 86 Entomology I4I Enbonelaey.
33 Zoology 87 Archeology 142 Economic Geology 34 Geology 88 Zoology 143 s
35 Economic Geology 89 Archeology 144 Archeology
36 Entomology go Paleon'ology 145 Geology
37 - 91 Zoology 146 t
38 Zoology 92 Paleontology 147 Entomology
39 Paleontology 93 Economic Geology 148 Geology
40 Zoology 94 Botany 149 Director’s report for r910 41 Archeology 95 Geology 150 Botany
42 Geology 96 e 151 Economic Geology 43 Zoology 97 Entomology 152 Geology
44 Economic Geology 98 Mineralogy 153 a
45 Paleontology 99 Paleontology I-4 s
46 Entomology too Economic Geology 155 Entomology
47 ¢ to1 Paleontology 156 Ee
43 Geology 102 Economic Geology 157 Botan”
9 Paleontology 103 Entomology 158 Director’s report for 1911 so Archeology 104 “ 159 Geology
51 Zoology 105 Botany 160 ae
52 Paleontology 106 Geology 161 Economic Geology 5: Entomology 107 Geolcgy and Paleontology 162 Geology
54 Botany 108 Archeology 163 Archeology
Entomology
164 Director’s report for 1912
MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS
Bulletins are also found with the annual reports of the museum as follows:
Bulletin Report Bulletin Report Bulletin Report Bulletin Report 12-15 48 Ver 78 57, Ve 2 116 603,V2 2 I50 64, Vv. 2 16,17 RO ver 79 Se Wee labour, = Eebiy 60. Vv. 3 I5I O45. Va 2 18,19 Berwin d 80 Coane (oi rs Rees) 60, Vv. I 152 64, Vv. 2 20-25 S2,Vv.1 81,82 Sy. veg PrO-2% O61, vit 153 64; Vii 2 26-31 eave AL 83,84 EO Var 122 Gr Ve 2 154 64, Vv. 2 32-34 54,Vv.1 85 5c, V2 123 Or, Veer 155 OSs vase 35,36 54, V. 2 80 Reena 124 OLAV 156 (Oh ee 37-44 ° 54, V.3 87-89, * RS vo4 125 62, V.3 157 G5) vere 45-48 54, V.4 go Srv 126-28 62,Vv.1 158 Ghaveer 49-54 555 Veal gI 58, Vv. 4 129 62, Vv. 2 159 OSs vant 55 56, Vv. 4 92 58, v. 3 130 625 ve 3 160 OSt vat 56 56, v..1 93 te ee WZ C32) O2,0Vv..02 161 65, v. 2 57 BO. Ves 94 58,Vv.4 133 62,.V. 1 162 O5,/vie L 58 50. V. I 95,96 BO. Ved 134 62 Vie 2 59,60 56) Vag 97 58. Vv. 5 135 G3u Vieek Memoir
I 56, v.1 98,99 59,Vv.2 136 63, V.2 2 49, V. 3 62 56, Vv. 4 I0o 59, Vv. 1 E37 63,V.1 Bia 5a Van2 63 56, v. 2 IOI 59, Vv. 2 138 Ozenvelr 50 Fis Ao 64 56,.v53 102 59, Vv. I 139 63k Viz 7 Reefer 65 BOS vi 2 103-5 BO: Vi 2 140 OS a Yierk 8, ptr 59, Vv. 3 66,67 56, Vv. 4 106 5O, Vat 141 OZa0 Ve 2 8, pt 2 59, V. 4 68 56, Va3 107 60, V. 2 142 635 Va 2 9) Dt = 60, Vv. 4 69 56, Vv. 2 108 60, Ving 143 Osea 2 9, Dt 2 62,V.4 (Osn 575 Ved, Dt Te TOO, 110) (60, Vs I 144 O4,.Nia02 Io 60, Vv. 5 72 Big Vel ty Db ae: 51 60, Vv. 2 145 O4e Ve iat Ole vans 72 Ree 2 It2 60, Vv. 1 146 GAP Dvn Et 12 Oanvans 74 S77 ave Db. 2) eS 60, Vv. 3 147 64, Vv. 2 13 63. Vv. 4 75 57, Vv. 2 II4 60) Vv. 148 64, Vv. 2 EA Monk 65, Vv. 3 76 Bee Dat 2). teks 60, V. 2 I49 64, V. 1 TA, Wow 65, v. 4 77 57s Wa Ly Dic
The figures at the beginning of each entry in the following list indicate its number as a museum bulletin.
Geology and Paleontology. 14 Kemp, J. F. Geology of Moriah and West- port Townships, Essex Co. N. Y., with notes on the tron mines. 38p. meavpl. 2 maps: Sept. 1895. Free.
19 Merrill, F. J. H. Guide to the Study of the Geological Collections of the New York State Museum. 164p. t19pl. map. Nov. 1898. Out of print.
21 Kemp, J. F. Geology of the Lake Placid Region. 24p. 1p!. map. Sept. 1898. Free.
34 Cumings, E. R. Lower Silurian System of Eastern Montgomery County; Prosser, C. S. Notes on the Stratigraphy of Mohawk Valley and Sara- toga County, N. Y. 74p. 14pl. map. May 1goo. 15c.
39 Clarke, J. M.; Simpson, G. B. & Loomis, F. B. Paleontologic Papers 1. 22, theurople AIC. 1900... E5C:
Contents: Clarke, J. M. A Remarkable Occurrence of Orthoceras in the Oneonta Beds of the Chenango Valley, N
—— Paropsonema cryptophya; a Peculiar Echinoderm from the Intumescens-zone (Portage Beds) of Western New York.
—— Dictyonine Hexactinellid Sponges from the Upper Devonic of New York.
— The Water Biscuit of Squaw Island, Canandaigua Lake, N.
Simpson, G. B. Preliminary Descriptions of New Genera of Paleozoic Rugose Corals.
Loomis, F. B. Siluric Fungi from Western New York.
42 Ruedemann, Rudolf. Hudson River Beds near Albany and their Taxo- nomic Equivalents. 1116p. 2pl. map. Apr. 1901. 25¢c.
45 Grabau, A. W. Geology and Paleontology of Niagara Falls and Vicinity. 286p. il. 18pl. map. Apr. 1901. 65c; cloth, goc.
48 Woodworth, J. B. Pleistocene Geology of Nassau County and Borough of Queens, ''58p, 11. Spliimap. .. Dec. 1903.) 25¢.
49 Ruedemann, Rudolf; Clarke, J. M. & Wood. Elvira. Paleontologic Papers 2. 240p. 13pl. Dec. r901. Out of print.
Contents: Ruedemann, Rudolf. Trenton Conglomerate of Rysedorph Hill.
Clarke, J. M. Limestones of Central and Western New York interbedded with Bitumi- nous Shales of the Marcellus Stage.
Wood, Street Marcellus Limestones of Lancaster, Erie Co., N. Y.
Clarke, J. M. New Agelacrinites.
Value of Amnigenia as an Indicator of Fresh-water Deposits during the Devonic of
New York, Ireland and the Rhineland.
52 Clarke, J. M. Report of the State Paleontologist 1901. 28o0p. il. ropl- map, 1 tab. July 1902. 4oc.
56 Merrill, F. J. H. Description of the State Geologic Map of 1901. 4a2p. 2 maps, tab. Nov. 1902. Free.
NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
63 Clarke, J. M. & ee D. D. Stratigraphy of Canandaigua and Naples Quadrangles. 78p. map. June 1904. 25¢c.
65 Clarke, J. M. Catalogue of Type Specimens of Paleozoic Fossils in the New York State Museum. 848p. May 1903. $1.20, cloth.
69 —— Report of the State Paleontologist 1902. 464p. s2pl. 7maps. Nov. 1903. $1, cloth.
77 Cushing, H. P. Geology of the fossa of Little Falls, Herkimer Co. 9$p. il. r5pl. 2 maps.. Jam. 1905. 30
80 Clarke, J. M. Report of the State Palcomeaonic: 1903. 396p. 2gpl. 2 maps Feb. 1905. 85¢, cloth.
81 Clarke, J. M. & Luther, D. D. Watkins and Elmira Quadrangles. 32p.
‘map. Mar. 1905.- 25¢c.
82 Geologic Map of the Tully Quadrangle. 4gop.map. Apr. 1905. 20C¢.
83 Woodworth, J. B. Pleistocene Geology of the Mooers Quadrangle. 62p. a5pl. map. June 1905. 25¢.
Ancient Water Levels of the Champlain and Hudson Valleys. 206p. il. rrpl. 18 maps. July 1905. 45¢.
g0°:;Ruedemann, Rudolf. Cephalopoda of Beekmantown and Chazy For- mations of Champlain Basin. 224p. il. 38pl. May 1906. 75¢, cloth.
82\Grabau, A. W. Guide to the Geology and Paleontology of the Schoharie Region. 314p.il. 26pl. map. Apr. 1906. 75¢, cloth.
95 Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Northern Adirondack Region. 188p. 5p I 3 maps. Sept. L905. Zoe
96 Ogilvie, I. H. Geology of fhe Paradox Lake Quadrangle. sap. il. 17pl. map: ) Deemigas.e sce.
99 Luther, D. D. Geology of the Buffalo Quadrangle. 32p. map. May LQO6. ~20C.
IOI Geology of the Penn Yan- Hammondsport Quadrangles. 28p. map. July 1906. Out of print.
106 Fairchild, H. L. Glacial Waters in the Erie Basin. 88p. 14pl. 9 maps. Feb. 1907. Out of print.
107 Woodworth, J. B.; Hartnagel, C. A.; Whitlock, H. P.; Hudson, G. H.; Clarke, J. M.; White, David & Berkey, C. P. Geological Papers. 388p. 54pl. map. May 1907. goc, cloth.
Contents: Woodworth, J. B. Postglacial Faults of Eastern New York. Hartnagel, C. A. Stratigraphic Relations of the Oneida Conglomerate.
Upper Siluric and Lower Devonic Formations of the Skunnemunk Mountair Region.
Whitlock, H. P. Minerals from Lyon Mountain, Clinton Co.
Hudson, G. H. On Some Pelmatozoa from the Chazy Limestone of New York.
Clarke, ‘if M. Some New Devonic Fossils.
An Interesting Style of Sand-filled Vein.
Eurypterus Shales of-the Shawangunk Mountains in Eastern New York.
White, David. A Remarkable Fossil Tree Trunk from the Middle Devonic of New York. Berkey, C. P. Structural and Stratigraphic Features of the Basal Gneisses of the High-
111 Fairchild, H. L. Drumlins of New York. 6o0p. 28pl. 19 maps. July 1907. Out of print.
114 Hartnagel, C. A. Geologic Map of the Rochester and Ontario Beach Quadrangles. 36p. map. Aug. 1907. 20C.
115 Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Long Lake Quadrangle. 88p. 2opl. map. Sept. 1907. Out of print.
118 Clarke, J. M. & Luther, D: D. Geologic Maps and Descriptions of the Portage and Nunda Quadrangles including a map of Letchworth Park. sop. 16pl..4 maps. Jane 1908): 35c-
126 Miller, W. J. Geology of the Remsen Quadrangle. 54p. il. rrpl. map. Jan. 1909. 25¢.
127 Fairchild, H. L. Glacial Waters in Central New York. 64p. 27pl. 15 maps. Mar. 1909. 40c
128 Luther, D. D. Geology of the Geneva-Ovid Quadrangles. 44p. map. Apr. 1909. 20C. ;
135 Miller, W. J. Geology of the Port Leyden Quadrangle, Lewis County, N.Y..: 62p. il. cupl. map.) jan. sore. 25e:
137 Luther, D. D. Geology of the Auburn- ess Quadrangles. 36p. map. Mar. roto. . 20¢. ;
138 Kemp, J. F. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. Geology of the Elizabethtown and Port Henry Quadrangles. 176p. il. 2opl. 3 maps. Apr. Igto. 40C.
MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS
145 Cushing, H. P.; Fairchild, H. L.; Ruedemann, Rudolf & Smyth, C. H. Geology of the Thousand Islands Region. 1g4p. il. 62pl.6 maps. Dec. EQHO.) PSC.
146 Berkey, C. P. Geologic Features and Problems of the New York City * (Catskill) Aqueduct. 286p. il. 38pl. maps. Feb. rg1tt. 75¢; cloth, $1.
148 Gordon, C. E. Geology of the Poughkeepsie Quadrangle. 122p. il. 26pl.map. Apr.1g11. joc.
152 Luther, D. D. Geology of the Honeoye-Wayland Quadrangles. 3op. map. Oct. 1911. 20¢c.
153 Miller, William J. Geology of the Broadalbin Quadrangle, Fulton- Saratoga Counties, New York. 66p.. 4k. Spl. mage" JDée. 198.” 256.
154 Stoller, James H. Glacial Geology of the eines 2 Quadrangle. 44p. gpl. map. .Déeriorr..)2cc:
159 Kemp, James F. The Mineral Springs of Saratoga. 8o0p. il. 3pl Apr. I9I2. I15¢.
160 Fairchild, H. L. Glacial Waters in the Black and Mohawk Valleys. 48p. il. 8pl. 14 maps. May 1912. 5oc.
162 Ruedemann, Rudolf. The Lower Siluric Shales of the Mohawk Valley. T52p. iL rspl. Aus. 19i2. ~s5c:
Miller, William J. Geological History of New York State. In press.
Luther, D. D. Geology of the Attica and Depew Quadrangles. In press.
Miller, William J. Geology of the North Creek Quadrangle. In press.
Luther, D.D. Geology of the Phelps Quadrangle. Iu preparation.
Whitnall, H. O. Geology of the Morrisville Quadrangle. Prepared.
Hopkins, T. C. Geology of the Syracuse Quadrangle. Prepared.
Hudson, G. H. Geology of Valcour Island. In preparation.
Economic Geology. 3 Smock, J. C. Building Stone in the State of New York. 154p. Mar. 1888. Out of print.
First Report on the Iron Mines and iran Ore Districts in the State of New York. 78p. map. June 1889. Out of print.
to ——— Building Stone in New York. 210p. map, tab. Sept. 1890. 4oc.
1m Merrill, F. J. H. Salt and Gypsum Industries of New York. g4p. r2pl. 2mHaps, 11 tab.. cepr 1s93., (sacl
12 Ries, Heinrich. Clay Industriesof New York. 174p.il. 1pl.map. Mar. FaQS: zee.
15 Merrill, F. J. H. Mineral Resources of New York. z40p. 2 maps. Sept. 1895. [soc]
17 Road Materials and Road Building in New York. 52p. r4pl. 2-maps. Ort. 1397) Tse.
30 Orton, Edward. Petroleum and Natural Gas in New York. 136p. il. 3 maps. Nov. 1899. 15c.
35 Ries, Heinrich. Clays of New York; their Properties and Uses. 456p. r4opl. map. June 1900. Out of print.
44 Lime and Cement Industries of New York; Eckel, E. C. Chapters on the Cement Industry. 332p. 1o1pl. 2 maps. Dec. 1901. 85c, cloth.
61 Dickinson, H. T. Quarries of Bluestone and Other Sandstones in New York. 1r14p. 18pl. 2 maps. Mar. 1903. 35¢c.
85 Rafter, G. W. Hydrology of New York State. ogoa2p. il. 44pl. 5 maps. May 1905. $1.50, cloth.
93 Newland, D. H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York. 78p. July 1905. Out of print.
too McCourt, W. E. Fire Tests of Some New York Building Stones. 4op. 26pl. Feb. 1g06. 15¢.
102 Newland, D. H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1905. 162p. June 1906. 25¢e.
112 Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1906. 82p. July 1907. Ont of print.
& Kemp, J. F. Geology of the Adirondack Magnetic Iron Ores with a Report on the Mineville-Port Henry Mine Group. 184p. r4pl. Smaps. Apr. 1908. © ‘5c.
120 Newland, D.H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1907. 82p. July 1908. Out of print.
123 & Hartnagel, C. A. Iron Ores of the Clinton Formation in New York State. 76p. il. r4pl. 3 maps. Nov. 1908. 25¢.
132 Newland, D.H. Mining and Quarry Industry of Ree York 1908. 8p.
July t909. 15¢e:
NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
142 Mining and Quarry Industry of New York forr1gog. 9o8p. Aug. 7QtG,:. (P5e:
143 Gypsum Deposits of New York. 94p. 2opl. 4 maps. Oct. rgro. 35¢.
I5I Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1g1o. 82p. June 1911. 15
161 Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 191i. 114p. July 1912. 202.
Mineralogy. 4 Nason, F.L. Some New York Minerals and their Localities. 22p. ipl. Aug. 1888. Free.
58 Whitlock, H. P. Guide to the Mineralogic Collections of the New York State Museum. r5op. il. 39pl. 11 models. Sept. r902. 0c.
New York Mineral Localities. trrop. Oct. 1903. 20¢.
Contributions from the Mineralogic Laboratory. 38p. 7pl. Dec. 1905. Out of print.
Zoology. 1 Marshall, W. B. Preliminary List of New York Unionidae. 2op. Mar. 1892. Free.
9 Beaks of Unionidae Inhabiting the Vicinity of Albany, N. Y. j3op.
afipl. Aug. 189°. Free.
29 Miller, G. S., jr. Preliminary List of New York Mammals. 1124p. Oct. 1899. _I5c
33 Farr, M. °S. Check List of New York Birds. 224p. Apr. 1go0o. 25
38 Miller, G. S., jr. Key to the Land Mammals of Northeastern Noreh America. 106p. Oct. 1900. Out of print.
40 Simpson, G. B. Anatomy and Physiology of ‘Polygyra albolabris and Limax maximus and Embryology of Limax maximus. 82p. 28pl. Oct. Igor. 256)
43 Kellogg, J. L. Clam and Seatop Industries of New York. 36p. apl. map. “Apr. Igor. Free.
51 Eckel, E. C. & Paulmier, F. e Catalogue of Reptiles and Batrachians of New York. 64p. il. rpl. Apr. 1902. “Out of print.
Eckel, E. C. Serpents of Northeastern United States. Paulmier, F.C. Lizards, Tortoises and Batrachians of New York.
60 Bean, T. H. Catalogue of the Fishes of New York. 784p. Feb. 1903. $1, cloth.
71 Kellogg, i Ps ie Habits and Growth of Venus mercenaria. 30p. 4pl. Sept. 1903.
88 pe Elizabeth a Pha List of the Mollusca of New York. r16p.
sa May 1905. 20C¢. : 2
91 iPaulmier, F. C. Higher Crustacea of New York City. 78p. il. June Ig05. 20C.
130 Shufeldt, R. W. Osteology of Birds. 382p. il. 26pl. May 1909. 500.
Entomology. 5 Lintner, J. A. White Grub of the May Beetle. 34p. il. Nov. 1888. Free.
6 Cut-worms. 38p. il. Nov. 1888. Free.
13 San José Scale and Some Destructive Insects of New York State. s4p.:7pl. Apr. 1895-..- 5e. ;
20 Felt, E. P. Elm Leaf Beetle in New York State. 46p. il. spl. June 1898. Free. See 57.
70 98
r4th Report of the State Entomologist 1898. r5o0p. il. gpl. Dec. 1898. 295¢.
Memorial of the Life and Entomologic Work of J. A. Lintner Ph.D. State Entomologist 1874-98; Index to Entomologist’ s Reports 1-13. 316p. tpl. Oct. 1899. 35¢c.
Supplement to 14th report of the State Entomologist.
26 Collection, Preservation and Distribution of New York Insects. 36p. il. Apr. 1899. Free. E
27 Shade Tree Pests in New York State. 26p. il. 5pl. May 1899. Free.
31 15th Report of the State Entomologist 1899. 128p. June rgoo. T5C.
36 16th Report of the State Entomologist 1900. 3118p. r6pl. Mar.
IQgOI. 25€C. Catalogue of Some of the More Important Injurious and Beneficial Insects of New York State. 54p. il. Sept. 1900. Free.
37
MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS
46 Scale Insects of Importance and a List of the Species in New York State, ogpcib rgpl..’ June noer. 25.
47 Needham, J. G. & Betten, Cornelius. Aquatic Insects in the Adiron- dacks. 234p. il. 36pl. Sept. rgor. 45c.
53 Felt, E. P. 17th Report of the State Entomologist 1901. 232p. il. 6pl. Aug. 1902. Out of print
Elm Leaf Beetle in New York State. 46p. il. 8pl. Aug. 1902. Out of print. This is a revision of Bulletin 20 containing the more essential facts observed since that
was prepared.
59 Grapevine Root Worm. gop. 6pl. Dec. 1902. 15¢c. See 72 64 18th Report of the State Entomologist 1902. t11iop. 6pl. May
903. | 20.
68 Ricodtaae J. G. & others. Aquatic Insects in New York. 322p. 52pl. Aug. 1903. 8oc, cloth.
72 Felt, E. P. Grapevine Root Worm. 58p. 13pl. Nov. 1903. 20C¢. This is a revision of Bulletia 59 containing the more essential facts observed since that
was prepared.
74 & Joutel, L. H. Monograph of the Genus Saperda. 88p.’r4pl. June 1904. 25¢c.
76 Felt, E. P. roth Report of the State Entomologist 1903. 15op. 4pl. AOG4 4 | “ESC:
79 Mosquitos or Culicidae of New York. 164p. il. 57pl. tab. Oct. 1904. 40C.
86 Needham, J. G. & others. May Flies and Midges of New York. 352p. il. 37pl. June 1905. 8o0c, cloth.
97 Felt, E. P. 20th Report of the State Entomologist 1904. 246p. il. rgpl. Nov. 1905. 4o0c.
103 —— Gipsy and Brown Tail Moths. 44p. 1ropl. July 1906. 15c.
104 —— 21st Report of the State Entomologist 1905. 3144p. 10opl. Aug. MYO)... 25C. .
109 Tussock Moth and Elm Leaf Beetle. 34p. 8pl. Mar. 1907. 20¢.
IIo 22d Report of the State Entomologist 1906. 3152p. 3pl. June EGO7. ~25c:
124 23d Report of the State Entomologist 1907. 542p. il. 44p. Oct. 1908. -75¢:
129 Control of Household Insects. 48p.il. May 1909. Out of print.
134 24th Report of the State Entomologist 1908. 208p. il. 17pl.
Sept. 1909. 35c. 136 Control of Flies and Other Household Insects. 56p. il. Feb. LO10. . ESE.
This is a revision of Bulletin r29 containing the more essential facts observed since that was prepared.
141 Felt, E. P. 25th Report of the State Entomologist 1909. 178p. il. 2apl. july-r9feus 356:
147 26th Report of the State Entomologist rg10o. 182p. il 35pl. Mar. IOII.) “a5e
155 —— 27th Report of the State Entomologist 1911. 1198p. il. 27pl. Jan. I9I2. 40c.
156 —— Elm Leaf Bzetle and White-Marked Tussock Moth. 35p. 8pl. Jan. 1912; 208:
28th Report of the State Entomologist 1912. In press.
Needham, J. G.. Monograph on Stone Flies. In preparation.
Botany. 2 Peck, C. H. Contributions to the Botany of the State of New York. 72p. 2pl. May 1887. Out of print.
8 Boleti of the United States. 98p. Sept. 1889. Out of print.
25 —— Report of the State Botanist 1898. 76p. spl. Oct. 1899. Out of print.
23 Plants of North Elba. 206p. map. June 1899. 20¢c.
54 —— Report of the State Botanist r901. 58p. 7pl. Nov. 1902. 4oc.
67 —— Report of the-State Botanist 1902. 196p. spl. May 1903. soc..
75 —— Report of the State Botanist 1903. 7op. 4pl. 1g04. 4oc.
4
Report of the State Botanist 1904. 6op. ropl. July r905. 4oc.
NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
105 —— Report of the State Botanist 1905. 108p.12pl. Aug.1906. soc. 116 —— Report of the State Botanist 1906. 1120p. 6pl. July 1907. 35¢. 122 —— Report of the State Botanist 1907. 178p. spl. Aug. 1908. ‘4oc. 131 —— Report of the State Botanist 1908. 202p. 4pl. July 1909. 4o0c. 139 —— Report of the State Botanist 1909. 1116p. 1opl. May sro1o. 45¢. 150 —— Report of the State Botanist 1910. roop. spl. May 1911. 300. 157 —— Report of the State Botamist 1911. 139p. gpl. Mar. 1912. 35c.
Report of the State Botanist 1912. In press. Archeology. 16 Beauchamp, W. M. Aboriginal Chipped Stone Implements
of New York. “S86pi 23 ply @et. 189720 25e.
18 —— Polished Stone Anices Used by the New York Aborigines. ro4p. g5pl.. ONewsrdo07s) 25 ¢:
22 —— Earthenware of the New York Aborigines. 78p. 33pl. Oct. 1898. Zi5C:
32 —— Aboriginal Occupation of New York. 1190p. 16pl. 2 maps. Mar.
LOGC. | 30C.
41 Wampum and Shell Articles Used by New York Indians. 166p. 28pl. Mar. 1901. 3oc.
50 —— Horn and Bone Implements of the New York Indians. 112p. 43pl. Marsige2., 26c:
55 —— Metallic Implements of the New York Indians. g4p. 38pl. June
L902 25: Metallic Ornaments of the New York Indians. t122p. 37pl. Dec. LQO3s ego
History of the New York Iroquois. 340p. 17pl. map. Feb. 1905. 75c. cloth.
73
87 Perch Lake Mounds. 84p. r2pl. Apr.1g905. Out of print.
89 Aboriginal Use of Wood in New York. t1gop. 35pl. June 1905. 35¢.
108 —— Aboriginal Place Names of New York. 336p. May 1907. 4oc.
113 Civil, Religious and Mourning Councils and Ceremonies of Adop-
tion. Bae 7pl. “Tune T9O7. 25C.
ri7 Parker, “Ag7C.% Am ‘tie fade Village and Burial Site. 1o2p. 38pl. Bec. 1907. 3oc:
125 Converse, ip M. & Parker, A.C. Iroquois Myths and Legends. r1g96p. Uresoils Dec. LQOS- 50C-
144 Parker, A. C. Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants. 12o0p. iiaupl> INovwe Toros eZoc:
163 Parker, A.C. The Code of Handsome Lake. 144p. 23p!. Nov. 1912. 25c.
Miscellaneous. 62 Merrill, F. J. H. Directory of Natural History Museums in United States and Canada. 236p. Apr. 1903. 300.
66 Ellis, Mary. Index to Publications of the New York State Natural History Survey and New York State Museum 1837-1902. 418p. June 1903. 75C¢, cloth.
Museum memoirs 1889—date. 4to. ;
1 Beecher, C. E. & Clarke, J. M. Development of Some Silurian Brachi- opoda. - 96p; spk Oct! 288q. $r- es
2 Hall, James & Clarke, J. M. Paleozoic Reticulate Sponges. 35op. il. 7opl 1898. $2, cloth.
3 Clarke, J. M. The Oriskany Fauna of Becraft Mountain, Columbia Co., N.Y. * a28p.sopl— Oct 19007. See
4 Peck, C.H. N.Y. Edible Fungi, 1895-99. 106p.2spl. Nov. 1900. [$1.25]
This includes revised descriptions and illustrations of fungi reported in the 49th, 51st and
52d reports of the State Botanist.
5 Clarke, J. M. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. Guelph Formation and Fauna of New York State. ro96p. 21rpl. July 1903. $1.50, cloth.
6 Clarke, J. M. Naples Fauna in Western New York. 268p. 26pl. map. 1904. $2, cloth.
7 Ruedemann, Rudolf. Graptolites of New York. Pt 1 Graptolites of the Lower Beds. 350p. 17pl. Feb. 1905. $1-50, cloth.
8 Felt, E. P. Insects Affecting Park and Woodland Trees. v.1. 46o0p. il. 48pl. Feb. 1906. $2.50, cloth: v.2. 548p. il. 22pl. Feb. 1907. $2, cloth.
9 Clarke, J. M. Early Devonic of New York and Eastern North. America. Pt 1. 366p. il. yopl. 5 maps. Mar. 1908. $2.50, cloth; Pt 2. 25op. il. 36pl. 4 maps. Sept.-1909. $2, cloth.
MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS
1o Eastman, C. R. The Devoniec Fishes of the New York Formations. 236p. r5pl. 1907. $1.25, cloth.
Iz Ruedemann, Rudolf. Graptolites of New York. Pt 2 Graptolites of the Higher Beds. 584p. il. 31pl. 2 tab. Apr. 1908. $2.50, cloth.
fayeaton, EP. H. Birds of New York. vs ». sorp. ili qepl Apr. 1910. $3, cloth; v. 2, 1m press.
13 Whitlock, H.P. Calcitesof New York. 1gop. il.27pl. Oct. 1910. $1, cloth.
14 Clarke, J. M. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. The Eurypterida of New York. v. 1. Text. 440p. il. v.2 Plates. 188p. 88pl. Dec. 1912. $4, cloth.
Natural History of New York. 3ov. il. pl.maps. 4to. Albany 1842-94.
DIVISION 1 ZOOLOGY. De Kay, James E. Zoology of New York; or, The New York Fauna; comprising detailed descriptions of all the animals hitherto observed within the State of New York with brief notices of those occasionally found near its borders, and accompanied by appropri- ate illustrations. 5v.il.pl.maps. sq. 4to. Albany 1842-44. Out of print. Historical introduction to the series by Gov. W. H. Seward. 178p.
v. 1 ptr Mammalia. 131 + 46p. 33pl. 1842.
300 copies with hand-colored plates.
v. 2 pt2 Birds. 12+ 380p. r4aipl. 1844. Colored plates.
v. 3 pt3 Reptilesand Amphibia. 7+ 98p. pt4 Fishes. 15 + 415p. 1842. pt 3-4 bound together.
v. 4 Plates to accompany v. 3. Reptiles and Amphibia. 23pl. Fishes. 7opl. 1842.
300 cOpies with hand-colored plates. v. 5 pts Mollusca: 4+ 27rp. gopl. pt6 Crustacea. jop.13pl. 1843-44. ‘Hand-colored plates; pts—6 bound together.
DIVISION 2 BOTANY. Torrey, John. Flora of the State of New York; com- prising full descriptions of all the indigenous and naturalized plants hith- erto discovered in the State, with remarks on their economical and medical properties. 2v. il. pl. sq. gto. Albany 1843. Out of print.
v. 1 Flora of the State of New York. 12+ 484p. 72pl. 1843.
300 copies with hand-colored plates.
v. 2 Flora of the State of New York. 572p. 89pl. 1843.
300 copies with hand-colored plates.
DIVISION 3 MINERALOGY. Beck, Lewis C. Mineralogy of New York; com- prising detailed descriptions of the minerals hitherto found in the State of New York, and notices of their uses in the arts and agriculture. il. pl. sq. 4to. Albany 1842. Out of print.
v. 1 ptr Economical Mineralogy. ptz Descriptive Mineralogy. 24 + 536p. 1842. 8 plates additional to those printed as part of the text.
DIVISION 4 GEOLOGY. Mather, W. W.; Emmons, Ebenezer; Vanuxem, Lard- ner & Hall, James. Geology of New. York. 4v. il. pl. sq. 4to. Albany 1842-43. Out of print.
1 ptt Mather, W. W. First Geological District. 37 + 653p.46pl. 1843. 2 pte Emmons, Ebenezer. Second Geological District. 10 + 437p. u7pl. 1842.
. 3 pt3 Vanuxem, Lardner. Third Geological District. 306p. 1842.
. 4 pt4 Hall, James. Fourth Geological District. 22 + 683p. ropl. map. 1843.
DIVISION 5 AGRICULTURE. Emmons, Ebenezer. Agriculture of New York; comprising an account of the classification, composition and distribution of the soils and rocks and the natural waters of the different geological formations, together with a condensed view of the meteorology and agri- cultural productions of the State. 5v. il. pl. sq. 4to. Albany 1846-54. Out of print.
a
<<
NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
v. 1 Soils of the State, Their Composition and Distribution. 11 + 371p. 2rpl. 1846.
v. 2 Analysis of Soils, Plants, Cereals, etc. 8 + 3434+ 45p. 42pl. 1849. V/ith hand-colored plates.
V. SU Pruits .eten) 76 1340p: »aha5 te v. 4 Plates to accompany v. 3. g5pl. 1851.
Hand<+colored.
v. 5 Insects Injurious to Agriculture. 8+ 272p. 5opl. 1854. With hand-colored plates.
DIVISION 6 PALEONTOLOGY. Hall, James. Palaeontology of New York. 8v. il. pl. sq. 4to. Albany 1847-94. Bound 1n cloth.
v. 1 Organic Remains of the Lower Division of the New York System. 23 + 338p. oopl. 1847. Out of print.
v. 2 Organic Remains of Lower Middle Division of the New York System. 8 + 362p. ro4pl. 1852. Out of print.
3 Organic Remains of the Lower Helderberg Group and the Oriskany " detgnet ptr, text, 12-5532.) ar O5Os= [parse
—— pt 2. r42pl. 186. [$2.50]
4 Fossil Brachiopoda of the Upper Helderberg, Hamilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. 11 + 1+ 428p. 69pl. 1867. $2.50.
v. 5 pt 1 J.amellibranchiata 1. Monomyaria of the Upper Helderbergs, Hamilton and Chemung Groups. 18 + 268p. 45pl. 1884. $2.50.
Lamellibranchiata 2. Dimyaria of the Upper Helderberg, Ham-
ilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. 62 + 293p. 51pl. 1885. $2.50.
pt 2 Gasteropoda, Pteropoda and Cephalopoda of the Upper Helder- berg, Hamilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. 2v. 1879. v. 1, text.
15 + 492p.; v.2. t20pl. , $2.50 for 2 v.
& Simpson, George B. v. 6 Corals and Bryozoa of the Lower and Up-
per Helderberg and Hamilton Groups. 24 + 298p. 67pl. 1887. $2.50.
& Clarke, John M. v. 7 Trilobites and Other Crustacea of the Oris-
kany, Upper Helderberg, Hamilton, Portage, Chemung and Catskill
Groups. 64 + 2360p. 46pl. 1888. Cont. supplement to v.5,pt2. Ptero-
poda, Cephalopoda and Annelida. 4z2p. 18pl. 1888. $2.50.
& Clarke, John M. v.8pt1 Introduction to the Study of the Genera
of the Paleozoic Brachiopoda. 16 + 367p. 44pl. 1892. $2.50.
& Clarke, John M. v. 8 pt 2 Paleozoic Brachiopoda. 16 + 394p. 64pi. 1894. $2.50.
Catalogue of the Cabinet of Natural History of the State of New York and of the Historical and Antiquarian Collection annexed thereto. 242p. 8vo. TOG se
Handbooks 1893-date.
New York State Museum. s52p. il. 1902. Free.
Outlines, history and work of the museum with list of staff 1902.
Paleontology. 12p. 1899. Out of print.
Brief outline of State Museum work in paleontology under heads: Definition; Relation to biology; Relation to stratigraphy; History | of paleontology in New York.
Guide to Excursions in the Fossiliferous Rocks of New York. 124p. 189¢. Out of print. Itineraries of 32 trips covering nearly the entire series of Paleozoic rocks, prepared specially
for the use of teachers and students desiring to acquaint themselves more intimately with the classic rocks of this State.
Entomology. 16p. 1899. Out of print.
Economic Geology. 44p. 1904. Free.
Insecticides and Fungicides. 20p. 1909. Free.
Classification of New York Series of Geologic Formations. 32p. 1903. Out of print. Revised edition. 96p. 1912. Free.
MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS
Geologic maps. Merrill, F. J. H. Economic and Geologic Map of the State of New York; issued as part of Museum Bulletin 15 and 48th Museum Report, v. 1. 59 x 67 cm. 1894. Scale 14 miles to 1 inch. 15¢.
—— Map of the State of New York Showing the Location of Quarries of Stone Used for Building and Road Metal. 1897. Out of print.
Map of the State of New York Showing the Distribution of the Rocks
Most Useful for Road Metal. 1897. Out of print.
Geologic Map of New York. rgor. Scale 5 miles to r inch. Jn atlas
jorm $3. Lower Hudson sheet 6oc.
The lower Hudson sheet, geologically colored, comprises Rockland, Orange, Dutchess, Putnam, Westchester, New York, Richmond, Kings, Queens and Nassau counties, and parts
of Sullivan, Ulster and Suffolk counties; also northeastern New Jersey and part of western |
Connecticut.
Map of New York Showing the Surface Configuration and Water Sheds
1901. Scale 12 miles to 1 inch. rse.
Map of the State of New York Showing the Location of Its Economic Deposits. 1904. Scale 12 miles to 1 inch. I5¢.
Geologic maps on the United States Geological Survey topographic base. Scale 1 in. == 1 m. Those marked with an asterisk have also been pub- lished separately.
*Albany county. 1898. Out of print.
Area around Lake Placid. 1898.
Vicinity of Frankfort Hill [parts of Herkimer and Oneida counties]. 1899.
Rockland county. 1899.
Amsterdam quadrangle. goo.
*Parts of Albany and Rensselaer counties. 1got. Out of print.
*Niagara river. 1901. 25¢,
Part of Clinton county. Igor.
Oyster Bay and Hempstead quadrangles on Long Island. IQOI.
Portions of Clinton and Essex counties. 1902.
Part of town of Northumberland, Saratoga co. 1903.
Union Springs Cayuga county and vicinity. 1903.
*Olean quadrangle. 1903. Free.
*Becraft Mt with 2 sheets of sections. (Scale rin. = 4m.) 1903. 200.
*Canandaigua-Naples quadrangles. 1904. 20C.
*Little Falls quadrangle. 1905. Free.
*Watkins-Elmira quadrangles. 1905. “20€.
*Tully quadrangle. 1905. Free.
*Salamanca quadrangle. r1o0s. Free.
*Mooers quadrangle. 1905. Free.
Paradox Lake quadrangle. ‘1905
*Buffalo quadrangle. 1906. Free.
*Penn Yan-Hammondsport quadrangles. 1906. 200.
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*Remsen quadrangle. 1908. Free.
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*Schenectady quadrangle. Free.
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