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YY fe co he m SAN ph m 2 7 m ep) as w = ep) RARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IuVvudl” N is 4 : NVINOSHLIWS ~ = 72 NVINOSHLIWS S3'YVYEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIA , tf t 4 NVINOSHLIW Lgg MX NVINOSHLI WS S SMITHSONIAN AALILSNI SMITHSONIAN ~{NSTITUTION om n ue ae < a of ie 7 aa a 4 . = 2 = ,= no ‘SN NS =f | ; »’X oO = m. ~ O SS _ 12) a O a ae 4 onl Zz RARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NWINOSHLINS S31uvudl z a rod ‘De z o — © am O rae on - = EG MY > z a F - Wy ae - os i 3 ee o zZ ANLILSNI NVINOSHLIWS |S a1uvud PT tl BRARI ES SMITHSONIAN _ INSTITUTIO eae : is —wgts we =. XS. aye ey _— e %, WJ MYCOLOGIA VOLUME I, 1909 PUBLISHED BY THE AID OF THE Davip Lypic FuNpb BEQUEATHED BY CHARLES P. DALY oad Saar . i \ iy i 1 . | h B Ms , 4 | \ ; 5 # 7 ‘ > ‘ a) , * a hy ‘ i \ f: \ MYCOLOGIA IN CONTINUATION OF THE JOURNAL OF MYCOLOGY Founded by W. A. Kellerman, J. B. Ellis and B. M. Everhart in 1885 EDITOR WILLIAM ALPHONSO MURRILL Volume I, 1909 WITH 16 PLATES AND 5 FIGURES ASSOCIATE EDITORS JOSEPH C. ARTHUR JOHN DEARNESS NARCISSE PATOUILLARD HOWARD J.BANKER —_—s*FRANKLIN S. EARLE LARS ROMELL GIACOMO BRESADOLA BRUCE FINK FRED J. SEAVER FREDERIC E.CLEMENTS THOMAS H. MACBRIDE CORNELIUS L. SHEAR PAUL MAGNUS 3 V PUBLISHED BIMONTHLY FOR 2 i AG we THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN By THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY LANCASTER, PA. Paar ma _ ¥ TABLE OF CONTENTS © No. 1. JANUARY PAGE Illustrations of Fungi—I, by WiILLIAM A. MURRILL... i. 6c... e ee cee eee I The Boletaceae of North America—I, by WiILLIAM A. MuRRILL.......... 4 Notes on North American Hypocreales—I, by Frep J. SEAVER............ Bae) A Bacterial Disease of the Peach, by JAMES B. RORER.............0 500. 23, The Problems of North American Lichenology, by Brucr FINK.......... 28 News and Notes ..... BPR ree oe ia, rma ican cTntads: <4 ishelaigiite, ape eiateeaiere 33 No. 2. Marcu iiiustrations of Fungi—IlI, by Wict1am A, MURRILL............cccceee 37 The Hypocreales of North America—I, by Frep J. SEAVER.............- 41 Patience avities. by J. J. LEVISON..5....0.. 005 bi ce we eee cence ces 77 Be eattat MEO eet dw ee s..0' helo. Wine ela su! Sabai piss ws avers ia) scale oe 8% 80 No. 3. May Illustrations of Fungi—III, by WiLiiaM A. INBUURIR TIGR a8. cetiveales cre ctetece 0: she 83 The Composition of a Desert Lichen Flora, by Bruce FINK......... arty Od, Discomycetes of North Dakota, by Frep J. SEAVER........002220 cece . 104 The Perfect Stage of the Cotton Anthracnose, by C. W. EpGEeRTON.... 115 Ascomycetes and Lower Fungi—Fascicle II, by Guy W. Witson and Hie AEM EDSON ELIS) A OY. tecee MLD oases eho a) ered gisie oiete> 66 lel dae 0.0’ e! sie wierss'el eles els 121 Mere MR MEO VES eorareo oy Ve cee es Chee, af gata) E wie. east aie area Glave et sie .e'e e985 bb e-e'e 126 Nod 42. JuUEY Studies in Pyrophilous Fungi—I. The Occurrence and Cultivation of Setar bhy ERED) SEAVER’. 6 bca's co ou vic nities ete aselore o-ocs ec veine'e 131 The Boletaceae of North America—II, by Witit1am A. MurRILL........ 140 Sphaerodothis, a New Genus of Dothidiaceous Fungi, by C. L. SuHear.... 161 aiyperacese trom Japan, by WILLIAM A. MURRIDLL..o.2%...........00- 164 Boar mm ara OGES) 1a sr cin yas Kaiki aie ese le ayo Saisie Mies ee ee sie bebe belo e's 171 No. 5. SEPTEMBER The Hypocreales of North America—II, by Frep J. SEAVER............ 177, A Notable Species of Gymnosporangium from Colorado, by FRANK D. KERN. 208 A New Poisonous Mushroom, by WILLIAM A. MURRILL..........000008 211 A Species of Discosia on Living Bull Pine Seedlings, by F. D. HEatp.... 215 Noteworthy Additions to the Mycological Herbarium: Four Interesting Species of Moulds, by D. R. SUMSTINE............ 218 A New Boletus from Tropical America, by W. A. MurRILL........ 219 Rao mT IMIS es Soe) ort aS RY REMASTER, fe fg. cya o.'8 ood Cig hee aia nw eich 'ene ter ayie 220 5 peer CONTENTS No. 6. NovEMBER PAGE Cultures of Uredineae in 1908, by J. C. ARTHUR:.....). (9245 7oe eee 225 Illustrations of Fungi—IV, by Writutam A. MourriLe.............0000: on Leptolegnia from North Carolina, by W.'C, Coker... .. Js) 232.7) 262 Some Fungi Growing both on Coniferous and Deciduous Trees, by Lars — ROMELL): oo o.6s 0 06.0 5.0 ln se eis Geel aub ace Denaieoy ss aia 5 9 ese ar 265 Ascomycetes and Lower Fungi—Fascicle III, by Guy W. Witson and FRED J. “SEAVER so. 006 016 ob cbun eo lb isi aie tenet or ok i oes ae cre 268 Noteworthy Additions to the Mycological Herbarium: A Mushroom Cultivated in Formosa, by W. A. MurRILL.......... 271 Boletaceae from Kentucky, by W. A. MURRILL.........cececccccce 275 Index to Volume I: 26255 ees) oe ee ee i ee ee 281 ’ i oe « 7! ‘ > ‘ , t i < eee Pa a a 2 2 « X : } s ] Cc , x on } hy ; LARS ROMELL Bel Goy OMOBRESADOLA = BRU |. PRED J. SEAVER x S Z =) Gy Gy O N Z e) = iS . 4 5 a > Sa Fink: ProspLeEMS OF NortH AMERICAN LICHENOLOGY 31 type species for Verrucaria, Lichen ericetorum L. Sp. Pl. 2: M§t,' 1753, which is, according to. Wainio (Soc. Faun. Fl. Fenn. 14: 20. 1888), identical with our Icmadophila (Beomyces ) eruginosa, which is in turn the type of [chmadophila Ehrh. Beitr. Naturk. 4: 147. 1789. Among foliose and fruticose genera we Havewenysica fastigiata (Pers.) Ach. Lich. Suec. Prod. 175, 255. 1798. == Ramalina calicaris (L.) Fr.; Physcia thus taking precedence over Ramalina, being the older name, though final disposition must as in all other similar instances await typifica- tion of all lichen genera. Again, the type of the well established genus Rinodina is Rinodina atra (Huds.) S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 1: 448. 1821 (= Lecanoraatra). Lecanora, being older, would replace Rinodina in strict application of the rules of priority, but examination of the writings of Acharius shows that he has placed Gyalecta, Lecanora, and Parmelia in a tangle by citing for types of all three genera lichens belonging to Leca- nora, according to the modern conception of that genus, based upon the author’s type. Lack of space forbids a discussion of the status of the three genera; and further instances of difficul- ties met in typifying lichen genera without full knowledge of all the genera would be out of place here. The work of typifying lichen species is quite as important. We can not arrive at anything like finality regarding our species until the types, largely in European herbaria, have been examined. We have more or less of synonymy, largely handed on from author to author, but synonymy given by any author may be re- garded as unreliable, unless based upon the examination of type specimens by him. Indeed, the sooner the practice of copying citations and long lists of synonyms from other authors is abandoned the better. An author may be pardoned for citing the first name of a species, since this seems necessary, but he had better stop there unless he has seen the type specimens upon which his synonymy rests. In conclusion, some problems not distinctively American may be discussed briefly. First among these we shall consider lichen Ecology. | Dr. Hl. ©. Cowles* has well said: ~ The speaker has * Cowles, H. C. The Work of the Year 1907 in Ecology. Science 19 CNGES:) > 879-025. 1904. 32 FINK: PROBLEMS OF NorTH AMERICAN LICHENOLOGs long felt that lichens are among the most interesting of plants ecologically, because they are so closely related to the unmodified physical environment.” A few papers on lichen ecology have appeared in our country, and the writer has noted European papers bearing ecological titles, not to include many others which have an indirect bearing, but which may none the less prove more valuable to the ecologist in the long run. The American work is but a beginning, and much of it surely will not en- dure the testing of ecology now in progress, but the field is a most fruitful and inviting one and should attract some competent workers. We can only mention some other problems not strictly Amer- ican. A proper classification of lichens must rest upon a better knowledge of general morphology of these plants than we now possess, a sufficient understanding of the symbionts and their phylogeny, a more thorough study of the physiological relation- ship of the symbionts and a more widely extended and more minute study of the sexual reproductive tracts in these plants. OxForD, OHIO, January 24, 1909. NEWS AND NOTES A recently published list of registered investigators at the New York Botanical Garden during the first ten years of its history shows that nearly 25 per cent. of these investigators devoted all or most of their time while in residence to the study of fungi. A summary of botanical work at the New York Agricultural Experiment Station from 1882 to 10075 Dy. Ha C2 stewart, imdi- cates the great advances made in plant pathology since the dis- covery of bordeaux mixture in France and the establishment of agricultural experiment stations throughout the United States. Dr. and Mrs. W. A. Murrill returned from Jamaica, January 27, with a large collection of fleshy fungi. Collections were made at fourteen different points on the island, from sea level to elevations of over six thousand feet. Copious notes and colored illustrations were obtained from specimens in a fresh condition. The Journal of the New York Botanical Garden for December contains an article of several pages on the edible fungi of Bronx Park, illustrated by two plates containing twelve figures, five of which are colored. | Nine parts of North American Flora have been issued to date, four of which are mycological in character. Vol. 7, part 1, con- tains descriptions of the families Ustilaginaceae and Tilletiaceae, by G. P. Clinton; vol. 7, part 2, the Coleosporiaceae, Uredinaceae ana 7vecidiaceae (pars), by J. C. Arthur ; and vol. 9, parts 1 and 2, the Polyporaceae, by W. A. Murrill. An important addition to the literature of the fleshy fungi has recently been made by Miss Gertrude Burlingham, now of the Eastern High School, Brooklyn, who was a student at the Garden and Columbia University from 1905 to 1908, during 30 34 NEws AND NOTES which time she made an exhaustive study of the Lactariae, or gill-fungi having a milky juice. The results of her studies ap- peared May 26 as a memoir of the Torrey Botanical Club (14: I-109. f. I-15. 1908). The descriptions and notes are very complete, and the illustrations, from photographs by the author, are excellent. A feature of great value to collectors is a con- densed description of each species when fresh with distinguishing characters to be used in the field. Seventy-one species are rec- ognized in the United States, six of these being described as new. The Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin, issued in August, 1908, contains the results of a series of infection experiments with Erysiphe Chicoracearum D.C. which were obtained by Dr. G. M. Reed. It has been previously shown that among the mil- dews a single morphological species may consist of several phys- iologically distinct forms limited in their occurrence to a single host or several closely related hosts. As a result of the experti- ments on the above named powdery mildew, seventeen species and varieties of cucurbits are added to the list of the host plants of this fungus. It is also shown that the biologic form of E. Chicoracearum D.C. occurring on so many. cucurbits is not confined to the species of this family. The results of the many inoculation experiments are carefully tabulated in this paper, furnishing a reliable basis for the conclusions drawn by the author. The conclusions of various writers in regard to physio- logical forms of parasitic fungi are reviewed. It is supposed that these physiological forms represent the first stages in the evolution of species morphologically distinct. The October number of Annales Mycologici contains a mono- graph of the North American Geoglossaceae by Dr. E. J. Durand, of Cornell University. The author recognizes for this family of discomycetous fungi in North America eleven genera, forty-two species and two varieties. In addition to this number, eleven species have been reported from North America which are not well known. One new genus and nine new species are described. News AnD NOTES 35) The paper is accompanied by eighteen plates, containing, in all, two hundred and twenty-two figures, consisting of camera lucida drawings, photographs and microphotographs illustrating charac- ters which are of importance in the diagnosis of the various genera and species. This monograph represents a very thorough piece of work, since practically all of the existing types of the species described have been examined, and it therefore furnishes a reliable basis for future work on this attractive group of plants in which the flora of North America is said to be especially rich. At a meeting of plant pathologists called at Baltimore, Decem- ber 30, 1908, in connection with the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Prof. A. D.. Selby, of the Ohio Experiment Station, was elected temporary chair- man, and Mr. Donald Reddick, temporary secretary. The tem- porary committee, appointed at Washington, December 15, con- sisemne ot ©. L. Shear, Donald Reddick and W. A. Orton, pre- sented its report recommending that an organization of American plant pathologists be perfected. The report of the committee was accepted and temporary organization was effected by the unanimous election of the fol- lowing officers: President—Professor L. R. Jones, Vermont Agricultural Ex- periment Station. Vice-President—Professor A. D. Selby, Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station. Secretary-Treasurer—Dr. C. L. Shear, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Councilmen—Professor J. B. S. Norton, Maryland Agricul- tural Experiment Station; Professor B. M. Duggar, Cornell Uni- versity Agricultural Experiment Station. The five officers elected form a council which is to consider and make recommendations in regard to all questions relating to the permanent organization, policy and affiliation of the society. The next meeting will be called at such time and place as may be decided by the council. 36 NEWS AND NOTES It is well known that practically all of the chestnut trees in and about New York City have been killed within the past few years by the chestnut canker, Diaporthe parasitica; but the number of trees destroyed has been only very roughly estimated. Through the efforts, however, of Mr. J. J. Levison, arboriculturist of the parks of Brooklyn, who has made a careful survey of Forest Park, it is now known that 16,695 chestnut trees were killed in the 350 acres of woodland in this park alone. Of this number, about 9,000 were between eight and twelve inches in diameter, and the remaining 7,000 or more were of larger size. el foe ae news and non-teclint cal art a a lin lichens 5. tr pte than the a ove. Gonenad of the New York ac L EMocotorla. bimonthly, ce - interest: $3.00. a year; ‘single Rach ae iat ie: | Now i in its first volume, Hip a ON, 4 Bulletin of the New York Be _ of the Director-in-Chief and other offi results of i investigations | carriéd ou rid dens, to. others, $3.00 per: volume. Tea ‘North American Flora. tof ee including Greenland, the West Indies. pleted in thirty volumes, Roy. 8yo. 3 Subscription price, $1.50 per parts a for $2. oo each. . [Not offered in exchang Nols 22, part ‘I, issued May 2: ceae,. Peithotacedes Parnassiaceae. ie 4 Vol. 22, part 2, issued. December 18, go! “ Cunoniaceae, Iteacene, Setar ese : ‘nomaceae. ets Ee iran Vol 7; part a5 aesued Oct. ne 1906. ti aginaceze » Vol. 3: part 2, issued March . ee 1907. Colesporia Rs ceae (pars). ake : Vol: 25, ee ty ‘sued a Angus 2 24, acokapninn ae _ peraceae. fi ste Non tae pat & ae ee. 12, 1 rOSsu. ‘i Prataceds, ennai i an Ot adeteed r 1 } Ro acear | Caen a 00 uae ee me. oat Mig 5 AA ae ated ! Park, by Dr. Per Bie Vol, cee snes volume. . tee, eee ne el a eam “Studies ’i in | “West Wilson. ba Rats } ‘ ‘ ae ; eed . - F Lo iy i ‘ ? ; 2 7 ~ 1 7 | ; : iy - > r = te a4 zy ve WV aags MYCOLOGIA PratE) [i eh EE ILLUSTRATIONS (OP EUNG MYCOLOGIA }, Coron § MarkcH, 1909 No. 2 ILLUSTRATIONS OF FUNGI—II Wititiam A. MurriLu The species shown on the accompanying plate are all edible and abundant, most of them occurring on lawns or in pastures throughout this country and Europe. Agaricus campestris L. Common MusHROOM Plate 3: Figure 1. >< $ Pileus 5-9 cm. broad, convex to expanded, dry, silky and whitish or floccose-squamulose and light reddish-brown, the color being chiefly in the scales; flesh white, thick, solid, of mild flavor, sometimes becoming reddish when broken; gills free, rounded behind, ventricose, crowded, white when young, be- coming salmon-pink, and finally purplish-brown or blackish; spores ellipsoid, smooth, dark-brown, 10-12 p» long; ring delicate, inconspicuous, formed from a thin, white veil, which covers the gills in their younger stages; stem smooth, white, cylindrical, nearly equal, stuffed within, 3-6 cm. long, 1.5—2 cm. thick. The common mushroom occurs in low grass on meadows or on rich, moist upland pastures, being common after rains from August to October in this latitude. The “spawn,” or vegetative portion, is hidden in the soil and feeds upon the dead organic matter found therein. In the cultivation of this species, bricks of spawn are planted in suitable soil and the conditions of growth attended to with great care. This is the mushroom usually found in market, either in the fresh stage or in cans. Most persons [Mycotoaia for January, 1909 (1: 1-36), was issued 27 F 1909.] 37 38 MycoLocia who collect fungi for food in the fields limit themselves to this one species. Pluteus cervinus (Schaeff.) Fries FAWN-COLORED PLUTEUS Plate’ 3: ) igure 255s Pileus 6-10 cm. broad, rather thin and fragile, bell-shaped to expanded, smooth or slightly radiate-fibrillose, avellaneous to subfuliginous, rarely white, sometimes streaked; flesh white, almost tasteless; gills free, broad, white when young, becoming salmon-pink; spores broadly ellipsoid, smooth, flesh-colored, 6-8 X 5-6»; cystidia ellipsoid, stout, thick-walled, hyaline, forked at the tip; stem equal or enlarged at the base, white above, more like the cap below, usually glabrous, nearly solid, brittle, 8-15 cm. long. This edible species occurs quite commonly in open woods about stumps and on decaying wood of various kinds from June to November. The illustrations were made from specimens collected on an old sawdust pile in October, and they show the effect of the cold. Coprinus comatus (Muell.) Fries SHAGGY-MANE Plate 3. Figure 3. Xx 4 Pileus at first oblong, subcylindrical, 4-6 cm. in diameter, ex- panding and deliquescing with age; surface shaggy, white, with yellowish or brownish scales, tinged with lilac in places, grayish- black on the margin, blackening with age; flesh white, tender, of nutty flavor; gills crowded, white when young, soon charging to pink, then to black, and finally melting away into an inky fluid; spores ellipsoid, black, 13-16 »; ring white, small, movable or slightly adhering, often falling away at an early stage; stem slender, smooth, white, hollow, 7-12 cm. long. The shaggy-mane is a very conspicuous object on lawns in autumn, although it is not so abundant as might be desired. On account of its peculiar shape and decided colors, a single speci- men rarely fails to attract attention. It is considered one of the very best of the edible fungi, and is often eaten raw by foreigners. MurRRILL: ILLUSTRATIONS OF FUNGI 39 Coprinus atramentarius (Bull.) Fries Common INK-caAP Plate 3. Figure 4. xX 2 Pileus 3-6 cm. broad, ovoid to campanulate, finally expanding and deliquescing, glabrous or slightly scaly, especially on the disk, grayish or brownish, often with a yellowish tint, blackening with age; flesh white, quickly deliquescing; gills crowded, white when young, soon becoming black and dissolving; spores ellip- soid, black, 7-10 u; ring sometimes apparent near the base of the stem as an indistinct line; stem slender, smooth, white, hollow, 5-10 cm. long. This species is quite common in rich soil on lawns and else- where during late summer and autumn. As it appears in close clusters, it may be obtained in greater abundance than the shaggy- mane. Owing to its deliquescent character, it must be cooked very soon after it is collected. Coprinus micaceus (Bull.) Fries GLISTENING INK-CAP Blate 3... Figuress5. ~< 4 Pileus thin, ovoid to campanulate, 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter, soon expanding and becoming discolored; surface striate, tawny- yellow or tan, yellowish-orange on the umbo, usually covered with minute, glistening scales when young; flesh thin, white, of nutty flavor, quickly deliquescing in wet weather; gills white when young, soon becoming purplish-brown and finally black; spores ellipsoid, brown, 6-7 »; stem white, slender, fragile, hol- low, 3-10 cm. long. The glistening ink-cap grows abundantly in dense clusters about stumps and dead trunks, especially of elm, and appears very early in the season, developing after rains from April to November. It is of small size, but delicate in flavor and easily prepared in a variety of ways. The plants should be gathered young and cooked within a few hours. Collybia velutipes (Curt.) Fries VELVET-STEMMED COLLYBIA Plate 3. Figure 6. xX 2 Pileus 2-4 cm. broad, thin, convex to nearly plane; surface glabrous, viscid, tawny or reddish-yellow; flesh white, not fragile, 40 MycoLocia agreeable in flavor; gills broad, slightly adnexed, rounded behind, white or faintly yellowish; spores narrowly ellipsoid, white, 7-9 X 4 p; stem slender, 2-8 cm. long, cartilaginous, hollow or nearly so; light-colored above, brown below, with a conspicuous coat of velvety hairs. This species is remarkable for its late appearance, being often collected during the winter. It grows in clusters on stumps and dead trunks near the ground, and is easily recognized by its viscid, yellowish cap and velvety stem. | THE HYPOCREALES OF NORTH AMERICA—I FreD J. SEAVER (WitTH PLATES 4 AND 5, CONTAINING 33 FIGURES) The Hypocreales might be briefly defined as the bright-colored sphaeriaceous fungi, the bright color being the most conspicuous character of this order, the early described members of which were included in the genus Sphaeria. In addition to color, the plants of the order are characterized by membranaceous peri- thecia and fleshy stromata, when the latter are present, as opposed to the carbonaceous perithecia and stromata and, usually, the black color of the true pyrenomycetes. While no one of these characters is sufficient in itself, taken together they are quite definitive of the order, which appears to be a well-marked natural group. The plants of this order exhibit in their life-histories two phases, the conidial and ascigerous, the so-called imperfect fungi representing the conidial phase of many of the species. In no group of fungi is there more need of a close and critical study of the life-histories of its individual members than in the one now under consideration. In a few cases this has been done, with the result that some of the species have been found to be of extreme economic importance in their relation to plant diseases, and doubt- less the same fact will be discovered with reference to other species when critical work of this kind is extended to those forms. While the conidial phase in a part of the order is obscure, in others it is often profuse, forming a distinct fleshy or cottony stroma, on which are produced first conidiophores and conidia, and later perithecia, the latter containing the asci and spores. The characters of the conidiophores and conidia are very variable and will furnish much valuable information as to the natural rela- tionship of the various members when the life-histories of the species are better known. In one group, which is here treated as a tribe, the stromata develop from a sclerotium, the latter term 4] 42 MycCoLoGIA being used in its broader sense to include any fungous growth which produces its ascigerous stage only after a period of rest. The order contains approximately two hundred species in the | region covered in the present work, which are distributed through- out temperate and tropical America. While many species occur throughout North America, others are found only in the tropics. The classification of the order is a question concerning which there are many different views. A single family is usually rec- ognized, and this is divided by Lindau* into six subfamilies. The system adopted in the present monograph corresponds in many respects with that proposed by Lindau, but differs in that peri- thecial and stromatic characters are considered of primary impor- tance in the separation of the order into families and tribes, while spore characters (color, form, septation, etc.) are retained as of generic or specific importance only. The genus Nectria as commonly considered includes both stro- matic and non-stromatic species. This difference was recognized by Fries, and has continued to be recognized as a sectional or subgeneric character up to the present time. Dr@iie@) @acke went a step further and raised Saccardo’s subgenus Dialonectria to generic rank, although this is not commonly so recognized. The separation of this genus on the presence or absence of a stroma is here maintained, but since the type of the genus Nectria falls among the non-stromatic species, the name Necitria is retained for those forms, while a new name is proposed for the stromatic species. In recent times, other genera, such as OpMionectria with filiform spores and Calonectria with many-septate spores, have been segregated from the old genus and a separation of Nectria on the presence or absence of a stroma necessitates a similar sepa- ration of other genera in which stromatic and non-stromatic species have been associated. The free (non-stromatic) forms of nectriaceous plants are here brought together in the tribe Nec- trieae. With the stromatic and perithecial characters as a basis, the order consists of two well-defined groups, which are here treated as families, each of which is in turn divided into two tribes. The details of this classification are contained in the synopsis given below. ul ecm. Nat.) ihe ds ea Aloem amo Ora SEAVER: HYPOCREALES OF NortTH AMERICA 43 Order HYPOCREALES Perithecia globose, ovate, conical, cylindrical, fusoid, or flask- shaped, free on the substratum (occasionally subepidermal) or united by a common matrix, varying from a cottony subiculum to a distinct fleshy stroma, bright-colored, white, yellow, red, brown, violet, but never entirely black, except in extreme age, opening by an ostiolum; perithecial wall membranaceous or submembra- naceous, never carbonaceous ; stroma when present bright-colored and soft, fleshy or cottony, and varying in size from I-2 mm. to several cm. in diameter, patellate or effused, with the perithecia entirely superficial or partially to entirely immersed; asci cylin- drical, clavate, or subovoid, mostly 4-8-spored but often becom- ing 16-spored by the separation of each original spore into 2 globose or subglobose cells; spores simple or compound, hyaline or colored, globose to filiform. Conidiophores and conidia very variable. Stroma wanting, or when present, with the perithecia entirely superficial, usually in cespitose clusters. 1. NECTRIACEAE. Stroma or stromatic base always present and forming a con- spicuous matrix in which the perithecia are partially to entirely immersed, rarely subsuperficial especially in aged specimens. 2. HYPOCREACEAE, Hamil 1. INECTRIACBAE Perithecia entirely free on the substratum (occasionally sub- epidermal), or seated on a fleshy or tubercular stroma, but when the latter is present, perithecia always superficial, usually in cespi- tose clusters ; stroma often obscured at maturity by the perithecia and occasionally becoming obsolete in aged specimens, but in such cases its presence is indicated by the densely cespitose clusters of perithecia. Stroma and stromatic base entirely wanting; perithecia free on the substratum, scattered or crowded, occasionally subepidermal. 1. NECTRIEAE, Stroma or stromatic base always present; but often obscured at maturity by the perithecia and occasionally disappearing in weathered specimens but its presence indicated by the densely cespitose clusters of perithecia. 2. CREONECTRIEAE, 44 MycoLoGiA Tribe 1. NECTRIEAE - Perithecia free (without stroma) and occurring singly but often gregarious and occasionally more or less crowded on the surface of the substratum, or formed beneath the epidermis and becoming erumpent-superficial, smooth, verrucose, or clothed with deciduous mycelial threads or well-developed hairs; asci cylin- drical to clavate or subovoid, 4-8-spored; spores simple or com- pound, globose to filiform, hyaline or colored; conidial phase never forming a stroma. Spores hyaline. Perithecia subepidermal, becoming erumpent-super- ficial. Spores simple. 1. HYPONECTRIA. Spores septate. 2. NECTRIELLA. Perithecia superficial on the substratum. Spores simple. Spores appendiculate; perithecia beaked. 3. ELEUTHROMYCES. Spores without appendages; perithecia not beaked. 4. PSEUDONECTRIA. Spores compound, 1—many-septate. Spores 1-septate. 5. NECTRIA. Spores more than _ 1-septate. Perithecia light-colored, yellow or red. Spores elliptical to fusiform. 6. CALONECTRIA. Spores filiform or subfiliform. 7. OPHIONECTRIA. Perithecia dark-colored, blue. 8. GIBBERELLA.* Spores dark-colored, brown or blackish. Spores simple. Spores subglobose, rough; perithecia subglobose. 9. NEOCOSMOSPORA. Spores elliptical, smooth; perithecia flask-shaped. 10. MELANOSPORA. Spores compound, 1-septate. 11, LETENDRAEA. 1. HyPoNectTrIA Sacc. Michelia 1: 250. 1878 Perithecia globose or subglobose, subepidermal, often becoming erumpent ; asci 8-spored ; spores elliptical or subelliptical, hyaline, simple. Distinguished from Nectriella by the simple spores. Type species: Sphaeria Buxt DC. Spores 5-6 X 1.5-2 mic., on stems of Opuntia sp. 1. H.Cacm Spores 10 X 2-2.5 mic., on herbaceous stems. 2. H. dakotensis. * See Creonectrieae. SEAVER: HYPOCREALES OF NortH AMERICA 45 Dy MYPONECTRIA CAcTI (Ellis & Everh.) Seaver, Mycologia 1: 20. 1909 Nectriella Cacti Ellis & Everh. Jour. Myc. 8: 66. 1902. Perithecia minute, scattered, subepidermal, globose or subglo- bose, expanded above the epidermis into a disc-like ostiolum ; peri- thecia red, with the ostiolum lighter, whitish (in preserved speci- mens), about 200 mic. in diameter; asci cylindrical or clavate, 8-spored, 40-50 X 3-4 mic.; spores 2-seriate, simple, hyaline, straight or curved, 5-6 X I.5—2 mic. On stems of Opuntia sp. Type LocaLity: Alabama. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type locality. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Alabama, Carver 584 (type). 2. HYPONECTRIA DAKOTENSIS Seaver, Mycologia 1: 20. 1909 Perithecia scattered or occasionally 2 or more in close contact, subepidermal, becoming more or less erumpent, long covered by the thin, whitish epidermis of the host, scattered over whitish patches on the substratum but with no apparent superficial my- celial growth; ostiolum forming a disc-like expansion above the surface of the epidermis with a distinct perforation in the center, slightly hairy, especially near the margin of the disc where the hairs appear as a delicate fringe; perithecia 200 mic. in diameter ; asci clavate, 8-spored, 30-45 5 mic.; spores mostly 2-seriate above, often I-seriate below, fusoid, with usually 2 large oil-drops, and 1-2 smaller ones toward either end, 10 X 2-2.5 mic.; paraphyses present, delicate (pl. 4. f. 5). On herbaceous stems (Ambrosia trifida?). Type LocaLity: Fargo, N. Dakota. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type locality. ILLUSTRATIONS: Mycologia 1: pl. 2. f. 1-4. 2. NEcCTRIELLA Fuckel, Symb. Myc. 175. 1869 Charonectria Sacc. Michelia 2: 72. 1880. Perithecia globose or subglobose, entirely subepidermal or erumpent-superficial; asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, I-septate. Type species: Nectriella Fuckeli Nitsch. Distinguished from Hyponectria by the compound spores. Perithecia large, 400 mic, in diameter, pale red. 1. N. Pedicularis. Perithecia small, 175-200 mic. in diameter, scarlet. 2. N. peponum. 46 MycoLoGia 1. Nectriella Pedicularis (Tracy & Earle) Charonectria Pedicularis Tracy & Earle, Plantae Bakeriannae 1: 26; TOOK. Scattered or gregarious, perithecia prominent but long covered by the thin epidermis, orbicular, at length subdepressed, bright- coral-red, smooth, soft, perforated by an obscure ostiolum, 400 mic. in diameter; asci numerous, cylindrical, with a stem-like base, 100 X 8 mic.; spores obliquely I-seriate, hyaline, minutely — granular within, 1-septate, subelliptical, ends acutish, 17 & 4 mic. On dead stems of Pedicularis crenulata. TYPE LOCALITY: Colorado. DISTRIBUTION : Known only from type locality. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Colorado, Baker & Earle 230 (type). The species is distinct in the large perithecia and spores. 2. Nectriella peponum (Berk. & Curt.) Nectria peponum Berk. & Curt. Grevillea 4: 16. 1875. Necinia perpusilla Berk. & Curt.; Ravenel, Fungi Car. Exsicc. 5I. < Pa Perithecia scattered or gregarious, at first covered te the thin epidermis, becoming subsuperficial, but nestling in minute cavi- ties in the substratum; ovoid, with a prominent, obtuse ostiolum, 175 X 200 mic., bright red, nearly scarlet, component cells of the perithecial wall distinct, 5 mic. in diameter; asci clavate, 35-40 x 5-6 mic., 8-spored; spores I-septate, fusoid, hyaline, Io & 4 mic. On dead gourds. TYPE LOCALITY: South Carolina. DistTRIBUTION : North Carolina, South Carolina. ExsiccaTiI: Ravenel, Fungi Am. Exsicc. 338 and Fungi Car. EXSiec. 578 ; The species very closely resembles Nectria sanguinea (Bolton) Fries, but differs in its habitat and subhypodermal character, as well as in the color of the perithecia. DOUBTFUL SPECIES Nectria Galu Plow. -& Hark. Bull. Cal. Acad. Sci. 1:26" jieer “Perithecia scattered, immersed then erumpent, obtuse, pale red; asci cylindrical, very delicate, mic. 60 X 5-8, sporidia eight, uniseriate, pale straw-colored, oblong-oval, with bluntly-pointed ends, mic. 10 X 5 on Galium trifolium.” SEAVER: HYPOCREALES OF NortTH AMERICA A] “Mr. Phillips figures the sporidia as being uniseptate. I was unable to make out any septum, but the specimens examined may re th) have been less mature than Mr. Phillips’. The erumpent character of the perithecia of the above species and the 1-septate spores would place it in the genus Nectriella. No specimen of this species has been examined by the writer. 3. ELEUTHROMYCES Fuckel, Symb. Myc. 183. 1869 Perithecia free on the substratum, globose or subglobose, con- tinued into a long neck, brownish or amber; substance soft; asci cylindrical, 4-8-spored; spores simple, fusiform, continued into a more or less bristle-like apex at either end. Type species: Eleuthromyces subulatus Fuckel. Distinguished from Pseudonectria by the flask-shaped peri- thecia and the appendiculate spores. . Perithecia large, 500 mic._1 mm. high. 1. E. subulatus. Perithecia small, 150-180 mic. high. 2. E. Geoglossi. I. ELEUTHROMYCES SUBULATUS Fuckel, Symb. Myc.182- 1869 ?Clavaria brachiata Batsch, Elench. Fung. Cont. 1: 234. 1786. Sphaeria subulata Tode, Fungi Meckl. 2: 44. 1791. wisarta brachiata Schum. Pl. Saell. 2: 443. 1803. Sphaeronema subulatum Fries, Syst. Myc. 2: 536. 1822. Perithecia scattered or gregarious, subglobose below, tapering into a long neck, smooth or nearly so, yellowish or amber, 200— 300 mic. in diameter at the base and 500 mic.—1I mm. high; asci cylindrical, fusoid, 8-spored, about 50 & 2-3 mic.; spores simple, elongated, averaging 4 X 2 mic., tapering into a bristle-like ap- pendage of variable length at either end (fl. 4. f. 12, 73). On partially decayed fungi. TYPE LOCALITY: Europe. DISTRIBUTION : Ontario. imusrRATIONS: Batsch, Elench. Pung. Cont. 1: pl. 26. f. 163; Modemmunctivieckh 2) pf 15. 7. 117; Eo & P. Nat. Pal. 11: £238, DSi Nees, Syst.-pl. 49: f. 345, B; Winter; Rab: Krypt. Fl. 17: 84. f. I-4. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Ontario (no name). Recognized by the very large perithecia. 48 MycoLociIa 2. Eleuthromyces Geoglossi (Ellis & Everh.) Hypomyces Geoglossi Ellis & Everh. Jour. Myc. 2: 73. 1886. Peckiella Geoglosst Sacc. Syll. Fung. 9: 944. 1891. Perithecia superficial, closely gregarious, when fresh of a dirty greenish-yellow, when dry yellowish to amber, more or less fur- furaceous, nearly globose, tapering into a rather long neck, 150 mic. in diameter at the base and 180 mic. high; asci slender, 50-75 X 4-5 mic., 8-spored; spores mostly I-seriate, with the ends overlapping, hyaline, simple, tapering into an appendage-like extremity at either end, 10-12 & 3-4 mic. (fl. 4. f. Io, IT). On Geoglossum sp. TYPE LOCALITY: New Jersey. DISTRIBUTION: New Jersey and New York. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: New Jersey, Ellis (type); New York, Seaver. Distinguished from the preceding by the much smaller peri- thecia as well as by the habitat. The material collected by the writer in New York corresponds exactly with the type in spore characters but there is some differ- ence in the color of the perithecia, those of the type being nearly black while those of our own collection are, with transmitted light, amber. As there are no notes on the color of the type specimen that difference might be due to drying. This species was placed in the genus Hypomyces by Mr. Ellis but differs from the plants of this genus in the entire absence of stroma. Both the perithecial and spore characters strongly sug- gest the above genus. 4. Pseudonectria nom. nov. Nectriella Sacc. Michelia 1: 51. 1877. Perithecia free on the substratum, globose to ovoid, bright colored, yellow, red, etc., smooth or minutely rough, soft, mem- branaceous; asci cylindrical, 8-spored; spores elliptical or sub- elliptical, simple, hyaline. Type species: Nectria Roussehana Montag. Distinguished from Nectria by the simple spores. 1. Pseudonectria sulphurata (Ellis & Everh.) Nectnia sulphurata Ellis & Everh. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1890: 248. 1891. SEAVER: HyYPoCREALES OF NORTH AMERICA 49 Perithecia small, about 200 mic. in diameter, at first globose finally collapsing, sulphur-yellow-pruinose, becoming green with age; asci cylindrical, 50-60 x 5-6 mic., 8-spored; spores more or less crowded in the ascus, becoming partially 2-seriate, hyaline, allantoid, elongated, with ends obtuse, 7-12 & 2-2.5 mic. On dead wood of Populus tremuloides. TYPE LOCALITY: Sand Coulee, Montana. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type locality. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Sand Coulee, Montana, Anderson (type). Ellis states in the description of this species: “ Perithecia .. . covered with a sulphur-yellow granulose-pruinose coat. which finally disappears and leaves the perithecia black.” The type specimens from which our description is drawn shows the peri- thecia to be of a beautiful aeruginous-green color. This fact not being mentioned in the original description, it is probable that this change of color comes about with age. The specimen in the herbarium of Mr. Ellis was first referred to the genus Nectriella Sacc. and afterwards described as a Nectria. While in very small spores it is often difficult to deter- mine the presence or absence of the septum this seems to be a non-septate form and is therefore placed in the genus to which it would properly belong. This species is entirely different from Nectria sulphurea Ellis & Calk., which occurs on old fungi. DOUBTFUL SPECIES Neevda mycetopiia Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. 26: 85. 1874. Nectriella mycetophtla (Peck) Sacc. Syll. Fung. 2: 449. 1883. 3 “ Perithecia crowded or scattered, minute, smooth, subglobose, pale yellow when young, then pinkish-ochre. Ostiola minute, papillate, distinct, darker colored. Asci subclavate. Sporidia oblong, simple, 12-13 X 4 mic.” On decaying fungi. TYPE LocaLity: New York. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type locality. The above description is quoted from Mr. Peck as no material is available for examination. 50 MycoLoctIa Hypocrea perpusilla Montag. Hist. Phys. Polit. et Nat. Vile de Cuba. Pl. Cell. 335. 1838. Nectriella perpusilla (Montag. ) Sacc., Wichelia tie) 1877 5. Nectria Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. 287 (in part). 1840 Nectria Fries, Syst. Orbs. Veg. 105 (as possible genus). 1825. Dialonectria Sacc. (as subgenus) Syll. Fung. 2: 490. 1883. Dialonectria (Sacc.) Cooke, Grevillea 12:77. 1884. Plants parasitic or saprophytic; perithecia superficial, entirely free, scattered or occasionally crowded, without stroma or com- mon subiculum but individual perithecia often surrounded near the base by a scant mycelial growth, globose, ovate or conical in form; perithecial wall composed of distinct coarse cells or cell structure obscure, smooth, pruinose, furfuraceous, clothed with deciduous or well-developed, flexuose or bristly hairs; ostiola papilliform, obtuse, or obscure; color from whitish to yel- low, orange or blood-red to reddish-purple, varying much in a given species according to age and conditions; asci cylindrical or clavate, mostly 8-spored; spores hyaline, 1-septate, elliptical, fusoid or fusiform, constricted or non-constricted at the septum; paraphyses often present but delicate and indistinct. Type species: Sphaeria Peziza Tode. The genus as treated here is used in its restricted sense to include only those forms in which stroma and a common subicu- lum are entirely wanting. Perithecia pale, ranging in color from orange to sulphur-yellow or whitish. Perithecia large, 250-300 mic. in diameter (mostly 300). Naked or nearly so (occasionally clothed with deciduous mycelial threads). Saprophytic on various substrata. Perithecia smooth or nearly so; spores elliptical. 1. We Pezizes Perithecia covered with coarse . granules; spores fusoid. . N. tremelloides. iN) Parasitic on foliaceous lichens. 3. N. diplocarpa. Clothed with a dense covering of sulphur- yellow hairs. 4. N. flavociliata. Perithecia small, too-150 mic. in diameter (mostly less than 200). Densely clothed with hyaline hairs (white to the naked eye). SEAVER: HYPOCREALES OF NorRTH AMERICA Spores broad-elliptical. Spores very slender, allantoid (1-2 mic. broad). Spores 5 X 2 mic. Spores 6-7 X 1.5-2 ‘mic. Naked and smooth or only minutely rough. Spores large, 15-22 mic. long. Spores allantoid; plants parasitic on lichens. Spores fusoid or fusiform, nearly straight; plants saprophytic Spores broad-fusoid, 7 or more mic. broad. On foliage of dead cedar ; spores I5 X 7 mic. On _ bark; xX 7-10 mic. spores 18-22 Spores narrow-fusoid (4 mic. broad) or fusiform. Spores narrow-fusoid, 18- 22 X 4-5 mic. Spores fusiform, 18-22 xX 5-6 mic. Spores small, less than 14 mic. long (mostly 7-10). Perithecia sulphur-yellow-pruinose ;. substratum yellow. Perithecia not sulphur-yellow-prui- nose, -Perithecia pale, almost white, becoming subtruncate. Perithecia orange, fading to pale yellow, not truncate. Perithecia deep red, ranging in color from scarlet or blood-red to reddish-purple. Perithecia with a few bristly hairs; plants on herbaceous stems. Perithecia naked (with no well-developed hairs). Perithecia conical or subconical in form. 15-17 X 5-6 mic. IO-II X 3-4 mic. Spores large, Spores small, Perithecia ovate; ostiolum very obtuse. Spores narrow-fusoid; on wood. Spores broad-fusoid; on sphaeriaceous fungi. 51 Borie lacted. GN N. squamulosa. Io. Il. 12s LZ. I4. TS 16. 205, Ni Rexiana. . rubefaciens. . thujana. . dispersa. . Eucalypti. . Apocyni. . sulphurea. . truncata. . conigena. » CONSOLrS. . Papilionacearum. . Brassicae. . sanguinea. episphaeria. ayy MycoLocia 1. Necrria Peziza (Tode) Fries, Summa - Veg. Scand. 288. 1849 Sphaeria Peziga Tode, Fungi Meckl. 2: 46. 1791. ? Peziza hydrophora Bull. Hist. Champ. 243. 1809. Peziza (Dasyscypha) vulpina Cooke, Hedwigia 14: 82. 1875. Dialonectria vulpina Cooke, Grevillea 12: 83. 1883. Nectria rimincola Cooke, Grevillea 11: 108. 1883. ? Nectria lasioderma Ellis, Am. Nat. 17: 194. 1883. Nectria Umbellulariae Plow. & Hark. Bull. Cal. Acad. Sci. 1: 26. 1884. | Nectria vulpina Ellis & Everh. N. Am. Pyrenom. 103. 1887. Nectria betulina Rehm. Ann. Myc. 3: 519. 1905. Perithecia superficial, scattered, gregarious or occasionally crowded, globose or subglobose, usually collapsing from the top becoming pezizoid, at first clothed with a scant covering of deli- cate, white mycelial threads (no true hairs) which disappear with age leaving the perithecia smooth or in very old specimens slightly rough and furfuraceous, 250-500 mic. in diameter (mostly 300), varying in color from deep-orange to pale-yellow, color darker in dried specimens but fading in weathered specimens; ostiolum minute in young specimens, just visible and in older forms de- pressed and inconspicuous; asci cylindrical or clavate, 8-spored, 50-75 X 5-6 mic.; spores broadly elliptical, obliquely 1-seriate or crowded, becoming partially 2-seriate, thick-walled, 1-septate, not constricted, with 1 large, conspicuous oil-drop in each cell, 10-14 X 4-6 mic. (mostly I0 X5 mic.); paraphyses_ short, branched, not conspicuous (pl. 4. f. 3; pl. 5.f. 7). On decaying, decorticated wood; more rarely on bark, fungi and old hemp cloth. Type LocaLity: Mecklenburg, Germany. DISTRIBUTION: New York to Ontario, North Dakota and Louisiana. | ILtustRatTions: Tode, Fungi Meckl. 2: pl. 15. f. 122; Bulliard, Herb. France, pi. 40. f. 2; Currey, Trans. Linn "Soc: 225g) 57 f. 44; Berkeley,-Outl. Brit. Fung. pl. 24. f. 6; Grevillea, Crypt: Bl A ypl. SO: 3 ExsiccaTi: Ravenel, Fungi Am. Exsicc. 644; Ellis, N. Am. Fungi 774; Wilson & Seaver, Ascom. & Lower Fungi, 16. Other specimens examined: California, Harkness; Iowa, Arthur, Seaver; Louisiana, Langlois; Maine, Harvey; New York, Atkin- ; : SEAVER: HYPOCREALES OF NorTH AMERICA Ne son, Brown, Seaver; North Dakota, Seaver (various collec- tions) ; New Jersey, Ellis (various collections) ; Ohio, Hawkins, Morgan; Ontario, Canada, Dearness, Macoun. Distinguished by the large, pale, globose-pezizoid perithecia and the broad-elliptical, non-constricted spores. A more complete account of this species is being published in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 2. NECTRIA TREMELLOIDES Ellis & Everh. Jour. Mic. 2 125, (1686 Perithecia gregarious, subglobose, coarsely furfuraceous, orange, fading to pale yellow, about 300 mic. in diameter, with a scant, dirty whitish mycelial growth near the base; asci clavate, 50 X 7 mic.; spores I-seriate or partially 2-seriate above, hyaline, I-septate, fusoid, very slightly constricted, 9-13 & 3-4 mic. (pl. 5. f. 3). On bark of dead willow. TYPE LOCALITY: Louisiana. DISTRIBUTION : Known only from type locality. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Louisiana, Langlois 592 (type). Distinguished by the large coarsely furfuraceous perithecia. This species has been reported but once and the type speci- men seems to be quite distinct in the presence of the bran-like granules with which the perithecia are covered but whether this character is constant must be decided from a study of fresh material. 2. NECTRIA DIPLOCARPA Ellis & Everh. Proc. Phil. mcady Sch, 1890: ' 244." 1891 Perithecia gregarious or scattered, occasionally several closely crowded, superficial, subglobose, 250 mic. in diameter, nearly smooth, collapsing when dry and becoming pezizoid, flesh-colored ; asci clavate, 40-50 X 8-12 mic.; spores elliptical, 8-12 & 4-5 mic., I-septate, hyaline; in addition to the ordinary ascospores there are other large, hyaline, 1-septate, spore-like bodies 30-45 S-25 mic. present in the perithecia (pl.-5. f. 2). On thallus of foliaceous lichens (Parmelia?). Type LocaLity: New York. DistRIBUTION: New York to Missouri. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: New York, Brown (type). 54 MYcCOLOGIA As to the nature of the large bodies present in the perithecia, which are truly spore-like, it is difficult to determine. Mr. Ellis was of the opinion that they represent mature ascospores while the smaller spores present in the ascus are immature. This seems | doubtful to us since the large bodies could not be found within an ascus. The species very closely resembles Nectria Peziga (Tode) Fries, both in perithecial and spore characters, but is distinguished by its parasitic habitat as well as by the presence of the large spore-like bodies which accompany the asci within the perithecia. 4. Nectria flavociliata nom. nov. Nectria bicolor Ellis & Everh. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1893: 443. 1893. Not Nectria bicolor Berk. & Br. Perithecia thickly gregarious, large, 250-300 mic. in diameter, subglobose with a papilliform ostiolum, clothed, except a space around the ostiolum, with obtuse, septate, clavate hairs which are hyaline near the base but golden-sulphur-yellow near the apices; asci clavate, 35-40 X 7-8 mic., 8-spored; spores 2-seriate, crowded, fusoid, I-septate, hyaline, 8-12 & 2.5-3 mic. (fl. 5. fh) On dead twigs of Carya. TYPE LOCALITY: Wilmington, Delaware. DISTRIBUTION : Known only from type locality. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Delaware, Commons (type). Distinguished by the large, golden-yellow-ciliate perithecia. “The yellow color of the hairy coat is the same as in Neciria — sulphurea Ellis & Calk., but there is no subiculum, and in that species the perithecia are not hairy but simply pruinose. Fusarium episphaericum Cooke & Ellis* appears to be the coni- dial stage.” The hairs in this species are well developed and prominent. The name suggested by Ellis & Everh. is a homonym.y+ 5. NEcTRIA LACTEA Fllis & Morgan; Ellis & Everh. N.Am...Pyrenom: 170). 1892 Perithecia minute, 125-200 mic. in diameter, nearly globose, gregarious or crowded, yellowish, at first clothed with a dense * Grevillea 5: 50. 1876. { Jour. Linn--Soc. 14: 116, 11875; SEAVER: HYPOCREALES OF NorTH AMERICA 55 covering of delicate, white hairs so that the whole cluster of plants has a whitish appearance, except the ostiolum which is bare, becoming yellowish with age; hairs about 2 mic. in diameter, usually roughened externally with minute granules but occasionally smooth; asci cylindrical, 8-spored, 40-50 X 5 mic.; spores I-seriate, broad-elliptical, hyaline, I-septate, with 1 oil-drop in each cell, 5-8 & 3-4 mic. (pl. 5. f. 5). On old fungi, Polyporus, Stereum, and also on rotten wood. TYPE LOCALITY: Ohio. DISTRIBUTION: New York to Ohio, Florida and Louisiana. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Florida, Calkins; New York, Seaver; Louisiana, Langlois 1213; Ohio, Morgan (type). Distinguished by the broadly elliptical spores. Two collections of fresh material of this species were made by the writer in the vicinity of New York City, during the autumn of 1906. The specimens collected were on old wood and corre- spond well with the type material of this species. In external appearance the species closely resembles Nectria Reviana Ellis or Nectria squamulosa Ellis but spore characters are very differ- ent. The spores are similar in form and arrangement to those of Nectria Peziza (Tode) Fries but are much smaller. 6. NecTRIA REXIANA Ellis, Am. Nat. 17: 194. 1883 Perithecia nearly globose, yellowish, clothed with a dense covering of long, flexuose, hyaline (white to the naked eye), septate, rough hairs, perithecia 150-200 mic. in diameter; asci cylindrical, 30-40 X 4-5 mic., 8-spored; spores mostly I-seriate or partially 2-seriate above, minute, cylindrical or allantoid, hya- lime, taintly-r-septate, 5 < 2-mic. (fl. 5. f. 6). Parasitic on Chondrioderma. Type LocaLity: New York. DISTRIBUTION: Maine to New York. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: New York, Rex (type); Maine, Harvey. Distinguished by the comparatively large perithecia and small size of the spores. 7. NECTRIA SQUAMULOSA Ellis, Bull. Torrey CltibcG.' 26: 71as2 Perithecia gregarious, minute, 100-125 mic. in diameter, light colored (when dry nearly white) with a prominent ostiolum which 56 MycoLocia is darker, clothed externally, except the ostiolum, with a dense covering of delicate, hyaline hairs which are 2 mic. in diameter and 10-20 mic. long; asci narrowed above and below, 20-25 5-6 mic., 8-spored; spores mostly 2-seriate, minute, 6-7 & 1.5-2 mic., I-septate, sometimes very slightly constricted (fl. 5. f. 7). On rotten wood. Tyee Locatity = New. Jersey. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type locality. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: New Jersey, Ellis (type). Distinguished from the preceding by the smaller perithecia and slightly larger spores. This and the preceding species very closely resemble each other both in external and internal characters, however there seems to be a slight difference so the two are here allowed to remain as distinct. 8. NECTRIA RUBEFACIENS Ellis & Everh. Jour. Myc. 3: 116. 1887 Perithecia scattered or gregarious, superficial, subglobose, 80 mic. in diameter, smooth or with a few poorly developed hair- like outgrowths, at first pale, becoming orange; asci broad- clavate, 35-40 X 12 mic., 8-spored; spores irregularly crowded, cylindrical-allantoid, hyaline or subhyaline, I-septate, scarcely constricted at the septum, 14-18 & 2-3 mic (fl. 5. f. &). Parasitic on the thallus of some lichen, on dead limbs. TyPE LOCALITY: Newfield, New Jersey. : DISTRIBUTION: New Jersey. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: New Jersey, Ellis (type). Distinguished by the allantoid spores. In the original description of this species Mr. Ellis states: “The species has been observed now for the past eight years and seems to be quite distinct from any of the other lichenicolous species.” He also stated that the thallus of the lichen Parmela tiliacea (?) turns dull red (bright red within). The spores in the specimens examined by the writer are pale reddish but Mr. Ellis describes them in the fresh material as being hyaline. 9. NECTRIA THUJANA Rehm; Sacc. Michelia 1: 295. 1878 Perithecia scattered, or gregarious, pale orange, nearly globose, becoming depressed and more or less pezizoid; asci clavate, Le Se Se SEAVER: HYPOCREALES OF NortTH AMERICA awe 60-80 X 13 mic., 8-spored; spores partially 2-seriate, broad- fusoid, I-septate, very slightly constricted, 17-18 & 7 mic., hya me (pi. 57. 9). On dead foliage of Cupressus. Type LocaALity: Newfield, New Jersey. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type locality. ExsiccatTi: Ellis, North Am. Fungi, 730. Other specimens — examined: New Jersey, Ellis (cotype). Distinguished by the size of the broad-fusoid spores as well _ as by the habitat. | Our own examination shows the spores to be larger than indi- cated by Mr. Ellis in previous descriptions. The perithecia except for the smaller size somewhat resemble those of Nectria Peziza (Tode) Fries but the species is readily distinguished by the difference in the form and size of the spores. 10. NECTRIA DISPERSA Cooke & Ellis, Grevillea 5: 33. 1876 ? Nectria poliosa Ellis & Everh. Jour. Myc. 2: 39. 1886. ? Lasionectria poliosa Ellis & Everh. Jour. Myc. 3: 1. 1887. Perithecia scattered, globose, with a minute ostiolum, orange, neatly smooth, collapsing; asci cylindrical, 70-80 «10-12 mic. 8-spored; spores I-seriate with the ends overlapping, subfusoid, a little constricted at the septum, often slightly unsymmetrical, with several oil-drops, hyaline, 18-22 & 7-10 mic. On bark and old fungi. Distinguished by the size of the spores. TYPE LOCALITY: Maine. DISTRIBUTION: Maine to (Florida ?). iiusTRATIONS: (Grevillea 5: p1. 75. f. 14. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Maine, Blake (cotype): Florida, Cal- kins 138. A note is enclosed with the type of this species in the Ellis collection stating that the last mature perithecium had been used in writing the description for the Journal of Mycology so that the writer has little to draw from in the present work except the description by Mr. Ellis. Accepting the spore measurements given by Mr. Ellis this character is sufficient to distinguish the species from any of the others listed in this paper. Nectria poliosa Ellis & Everh. corresponds with the above in 58 MycoLoGIA spore measurements, but from the description apparently differs in possessing perithecia which are clothed with hairs; the type here again is too meager to permit of a fair examination. This latter character is one which is very uncertain in the present genus, the perithecia of many of the species which are usually considered smooth being clothed when young with mycelial threads which often fall off later. This character seems to be very variable depending upon age and other conditions. In only a few cases in the present genus are the perithecia found to be clothed with well-developed hairs. 11. Necrria Eucatypri (Cooke & Hark.) Sace. Syll. Fung.9: 960: re01 Dialonectria Eucalypti Cooke & Hark.; Cooke, Grevillea 12: 82. 1884. Dialonectria depallens Cooke & Hark. Grevillea 12: 82. 1884. Nectria depallens (Cooke & Hark.) Sacc. Syll. ae 9: 962. 1891. Perithecia scattered, superficial, nearly globose, with a papilli- form ostiolum, smooth, pale red to yellowish, entire or often col- lapsing, 200-250 mic. in diameter; asci clavate, 8-spored, 50— 55 < 7-8 mic.; spores crowded, 18-22 & 4-5 mic., I-septate, 2- Setiate (fi. f. TOOL). On Eucalyptus and stems of Lupinus. Type LocaLity: California. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type locality. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: California, Harkness (probably co- SOS) | Distinguished by the pale perithecia and large fusoid spores. Dr. Cooke in Grevillea (1. c.) distinguishes Neciria depallens (Cooke & Hark.) Sacc. from the above by a difference in the color of the perithecia the one being ochraceous and the other testaceous-red and by the larger size of the spores, those of Nectria Eucalyptt being 16-18 X 4 mic. and Nectria depallens (Cooke & Hark.) Sacc. 22-24 *& 4-4.5 mic. In the specimen ex- amined by the writer of each of these species, both of which were collected in California by Harkness and are evidently cotype al- though not marked, the difference in the color of the perithecia is too slight and the character too variable to be considered. While SEAVER: HYPOCREALES OF NortH AMERICA 59 the difference in the size of the spores seems from the descrip- tion to be quite marked, camera lucida drawings of the spores of the two specimens mentioned above which drawings accom- pany this paper show no marked difference either in form or size. JI am unable to discover any character by which the two supposed species can be separated notwithstanding the fact that Saccardo (1. c.) has placed the two species in different subgenera. 72 Nrectrid Apocyni. Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. St: Mus? 26: 84. 1874 Perithecia scattered or crowded in small clusters, subglobose, more or less collapsed when dry, slightly rough, dull red; osti- olum minute; asci clavate, 8-spored, 60-65 & 12 mic.; spores 2-seriate and often irregularly crowded, oblique, fusiform with ends acute, almost sharp, I-septate, a little constricted at the septum, granular within, 18-22 5-6 mic. (f/. 5. f. 12). On the lower part of the stems of Indian hemp, Apocynum - cannabinum. Type tocatiry: North Greenbush, New York. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type locality. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: New York, Peck (cotype). The species is distinct in the large size and fusiform character of its spores. | The above description of the microscopic characters are taken from a part of the type collection which was received by the kindness of Mr. Peck. Other characters are recorded from his notes as the specimens are discolored with age and too small to draw conclusions as to the general appearance of the perithecia except that of the size. The species is easily distinguished from any of the other forms listed here by its fusiform spores which approach those of the genus Hypomyces. Mr. Peck states (in letter) that he has seen this species but once. He has described the conidia as “subhemispherical or irregular, small, pale red; spores fusiform, straight, .oo05-.0006 in. long.” This description would seem to indicate the presence of a stroma although I have been unable to detect one. Until the species has been collected and studied from fresh material, it is difficult to decide this point. ; 60 MycoLocia 13. NECTRIA SULPHUREA (Ellis & Calk.) Sace. ; Syll. Fung. 9: 966. 1801 Dialonectria sulphurea Ellis & Calk.; Ellis & Everh. Jour. Myc. a7 eos: Perithecia scattered, sulphur-yellow-pruinose and seated on a sulphur-yellow-pruinose base I or more cm. in diameter, often becoming reddish-brown with age, 200 mic. in diameter; asci evanescent; spores small, fusoid with the ends obtusely pointed, I-septate and constricted at the septum, often with an oil-drop in each cell, 7-12. 3-4 mic. (pl. 5. f. 73). Parasitic on old fungi, Stereum. TYPE LOCALITY: Jacksonville, Florida. DistRIBUTION : Ohio to Florida. ExsiccaTi: Ellis & Everhaft, N. Am. Fungi,-a@477 @rner specimens examined: Florida, Calkins (type); Ohio, Morgan. Distinguished by the sulphur-yellow-pruinose perithecia and the sulphur-yellow-pruinose base, as well as by the habitat. While the perithecia are seated on the yellow base this does not resemble a stroma but the substratum seems to be stained being of the same color as the perithecia themselves. In both specimens examined it has been impossible to make out an ascus but the arrangement of the spores seems to indicate its presence. 14. NECTRIA TRUNCATA Ellis, Am. Nat. 17: 194. 1883 Perithecia minute, 125-150 mic. in diameter, gregarious, yel- lowish (dried specimens almost white), slightly collapsing, be- coming subtruncate, or with the ostiolum still more depressed so as to appear umbilicate; asci when young tapering into a rather pointed apex, finally clavate, 8-spored, 35-40 X 5 mic.; spores crowded, fusoid, I-septate, slightly constricted, 12 X 2-3 mic. (pl. 5. f. 14). On the inside of white cedar bark which has been stripped from the tree. TYPE LOCALITY: Newfield, New Jersey. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type locality. ExsiccaTi: Ellis, N: Am. Fungi, 1332. Other speciniems ex. amined: Newfield, New Jersey, Ellis (type). Distinguished by the small, pale perithecia and minute spores. : 4 SEAVER: HYPOCREALES OF NortTH AMERICA 61 15. NECTRIA CONIGENA Ellis & Everh. Bull Torrey Chab 20:2777: 1883 Dialonectria filicina Cooke & Hark. Grevillea 12: 101. 1884. Nectria filicina Sacc. Syll. Fung. 9: 963. 1891. Perithecia scattered or gregarious, often subcespitose, nearly globose with a minute ostiolum, smooth, orange, becoming pale yellow with age, entire or collapsing with age; asci clavate, 8- spored; spores partially 2-seriate or irregularly crowded, fusoid, I-septate, slightly constricted, granular within, 8-10 X 3-4 mic. (Hea goo; pl. 5. f. 15, 16). On hard materials, stipe of tree fern, cone of Magnolia, shell of buckeye. TyPE LOcALITY: Newfield, New Jersey. DisTRIBUTION : New Jersey to Ohio and California. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: New Jersey, Ellis (type) ; Ohio, Mor- gan; California Harkness propane cotype of Nectria filicina Cooke & Hark.) Sacc. Distinguished by the pale perithecia and small spores. Aside from some comparatively slight variations in perithecia I can discover no character by which to distinguish Necina fili- cina (Cooke & Hark.) Sacc. from Nectria conigena Ellis & Everh., although there seems to be a wide difference in the habitat of the two species. In the former the perithecia are mostly entire while in the latter they are partly collapsed. This differ- ence however might be due to age since in both cases they show some tendency to collapse. The spores of the two forms are identical, as is shown from the accompanying drawing which was made with the aid of the camera lucida. 16. Nectria consors (Ellis & Everh.) Dialonectria consors Ellis & Everh. Jour. Myc. 4: 122. 1888. Nectriella consors Sacc. Syll. Fung. 9: 941. 1801. Perithecia subconical, tapering above into an acute ostiolum, scarlet, minute, 125-150 mic. in diameter, clothed with bristle- like, obtusely pointed, septate, reddish tee except the ostiolum ; asci Clavate, 8-spored, 50 X 6-7 mic.; spores 2-seriate, fusoid, hyaline, 1-septate, 7-10 X 2-3 mic. On dead stems of Polygonum. TYPE LOCALITY: St. Martinsville, La. 62 MycoLociIa DISTRIBUTION : Known only from type locality. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Louisiana, Langlois (type). Distinguished by the conical form of the perithecia and the bristle-like hairs. The spores of this species were originally described as simple but our examination shows them distinctly 1-septate- Nothing is known of this species except from the type collection. In color the perithecia resemble those of Nectria Brassicae Ellis & Sacc. but differ from that species in the hairy perithecia. The species would seem to be very distinct in the presence of well-developed, bristle-like hairs which are colored slightly reddish. It is to be regretted that the type material of this species is so scant that it is impossible to make as careful study of the species as would otherwise. 17. Nectria Papilionacearum sp. nov. Plants hypophyllous, scattered or gregarious, accompanying other sphaeriaceous fungi (Pardiella), surrounded at the base by a few white mycelial threads; perithecia subconical, bright red, nearly scarlet, 150-175 X 175-200 mic., walls coarsely cellular; cells very variable but averaging 8-10 mic. in diameter; asci clavate, 8-spored, 75 X IO mic.; spores 2-seriate above, often I-seriate below, fusoid, I-septate, constricted at the septum, with I or more oil-drops in each cell, 15-17 x 5-6 mic. (pl. 4. f. 7; pl. 5. FO): On leaves of papilionaceous plants, Lespedeza and Rhynchosia, accompanying other sphaeriaceous fungi (Parodiella). TYPE LOCALITY > Missouri. 417° DiIstTRIBUTION: Missouri to S. Carolina. ExsiccaTi: Ravenel, Fungi Am. Ex. 647. Other specimens examined: Missouri, Kellermann, 1002, 1003. The specimens in Ravenel’s exsiccati were distributed as Nectria Peziga Fries from which they are very different both in gross and microscopic characters. The specimens collected by W. A. Kellermann in Missouri, from which this description is drawn, were first referred to Nectria erubescens Desm., from which they also differ in both external and spore characters. Whey were later nerenreaans Nectria episphaeria (Tode) Fries; which they quite closely SEAVER: HyPOCREALES OF NortH AMERICA 63 resemble. The form of the perithecia, size of the spores and phyllogenous habitat are sufficient to set it apart as distinct from that species. As to whether these plants occur on the living leaves no state- ment is made by the collectors, but the leaves appear to have been collected in the living condition and since the fungi which they accompany are reported to be parasitic it is likely that the Nectria also occurs on the leaves while living. Although accom- panying Parodiella the plants do not seem to be parasitic on the fungus, but since in the three specimens examined the Nectria accompanies the Parodiella there may be a close relationship be- tween the two fungi as well as between the fungi and the leguminose host on which they occur. 18. Nectria BrassicaAE Ellis & Sacc. Michelia 2: 374. 1881 Perithecia scattered or gregarious, subconical, entire or bilater- ally-collapsing, blood-red, 120-150 mic. in diameter; perithecial wall composed of coarse cells, variable in form and size, 5-8 mic. in diameter ; asci clavate, 60 X 7-8 mic., 8-spored; spores mostly 2-seriate, fusoid or subclavate, I-septate, hyaline, 10-11 X 3-4 mic: (p1..5: 7. 20). On herbaceous stems of various kinds, Brassica, Solanum, Ipomoea, etc. Type LocaLtity: New Jersey. DIstRIBUTION: New Jersey to Louisiana. Exerecati: Ells, N.:Am. Fungi 572, 5720; Ellis & Ever- hart’s Fungi Columb. 1747. Other specimens examined: New Jersey, Ellis (cotype); Louisiana, Langlois 1208, 1775, 1804. Closely related to Nectria sanguinea (Bolton) Fries, but dis- tinguished by a difference in the form and size of the perithecia as well as by a slight difference in the size and arrangement of the spores. The perithecia resemble in form, Nectria Papiliona- cearum Seaver, but the spores are very different. ‘19. NECTRIA SANGUINEA Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. 388. 1845 Sphaeria sanguinea Bolton, Fungi Halifax 3: 121. 1789. ’Hypoxylon phoeniceum Bull. Herb. France, pl. 487. f. 3. 1790. 64 MycoLoGciIa Nectria athroa Ellis & Everh. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1890: 247. 1891. Nectria viticola Berk. & Curt. Grevillea 4: 45. 1875. Perithecia gregarious or scattered, superficial, ovoid, mostly entire, but often collapsing when prematurely dried, smooth, blood-red, shining, about 200-275 & 250-300 mic. when mature; ostiolum obtuse but very prominent; asci cylindrical, 60-75 6-7 mic., 8-spored; spores obliquely arranged in the ascus, I-seriate below, partially 2-seriate, above, narrow fusoid or subelliptical, slightly constricted, 10-12 & 4-5 mic., granular within (i. 4. f. 6; Plo SefOrT TYPE LocaLiry: Nova Scotia. DiIsTRIBUTION: Nova Scotia to New Jersey, Ohio and Kansas. ILLUSTRATIONS: Bolton, Funei-Halitiax, 3: plo tone Bul- hard, Herb rances) 4575 7. 3: SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Alabama, Peters 5225 (cotype of N. witicola Berk. & Curt.); New Jersey, Eilts; New Yotkiascavg: Ohio, Morgan; Kansas, Kellerman & Swingle 1325. Distinguished by the blood-red, ovoid, mostly entire perithecia and their habitat on rotten wood. This species is usually attributed to Sibthorp,* although Bol- ton’s description quoted above antedates that of Sibthorp by five years. No type specimen of this species has been seen and it is doubtful if such exists but the species is so well defined that Bolton’s description and accompanying illustrations leave little chance for doubt as to its identity. The species is fairly well marked by the ovoid, blood-red perithecia which occur on rotten wood entirely destitute of stroma. The following is the note accompanying the original description. “This Sphaeria grows on putrid wood; great numbers grow in close neighborhood but do not in any wise adhere to one another. ‘They are oval or egg-shaped; the base broader than the top. Each has a perforation in the top, and is about the size of a poppy seed, as in the lower figure; the other figures shew them as they appear when magnified and cut both perpendicu- larly and horizontally. The colour on the outside is deep, bright bloody hue; the surface shining with a gloss like polished coral; the inside and seeds are white.” * Sibth. Fl. Oxoniensis 404. 1794. ioe ale ike Si eae SEAVER: HYPOCREALES OF NorRTH AMERICA 65 The perithecia and spores of Nectria athroa Ellis & Everh. are a little smaller than the average of this species but this may be due to immature specimens. In other respects this is a typical specimen of the above species. 20. NECTRIA EPISPHAERIA (Tode) Fries, Summa Vee: Scand. 388. 1845 Sphaeria episphaeria ‘Tode, Fungi Meckl. 2: 21. 17091. Perithecia gregarious or scattered, superficial, subovoid, for the most part bilaterally collapsing when dry, smooth, blood-red, perithecial wall composed of rather coarse cells, perithecia vari- able but ranging from 150-250 mic. in diameter; asci cylindrical, 60 X 5 mic., 8-spored; spores obliquely I-seriate, broad-fusoid, 4-6 X 9-12 mic. (mostly 5 X 10), I-septate, hyaline (pl. 4. f. 1, PP df. £8). On old fungi of various kinds, especially sphaeriaceous fungi. TyPE LocALity: Mecklenburg, Germany. DistriBuTIOoN: New York to California and Canada to Nica- ragua. IELWSTRATION.: Lode, Fungi Meckl. 2: pl. rr. f. So. ExsiccaTi: Ellis, N. Am. Fungi 469, 469 (6); Ravenel, Fungi Am. Exsicc. 340; Smith, Central Am. Fungi 4. Other specimens examined: Alabama, Carver 305, Earle; California, Harkness; Connecticut, Thaxter; Kansas, Kellerman & Swingle; Louisiana, Langlois; Maine, White; New Hampshire, Farlow; New Jersey, Ellis, Brown, Small; New York, Peck; North Dakota, Seaver (various collections); Nicaragua, C. Am., Smith; S. Carolina Ravenel 551. Distinguished by the broad-fusoid spores as well as by the habitat and manner of collapsing. This species very closely resembles the preceding and is con- sidered by most writers as scarcely distinct. The habitat and manner of collapsing are usually given as the distinguishing char- acters. From our own studies the species would seem to differ in the spore characters as well. In the present species the spores are broad-fusoid and approximately twice as long as broad, while in the preceding, Nectria sanguinea (Bolton) Fries, they are narrow-fusoid or approximately three times as long as broad. This difference is shown in the camera lucida drawing of the two 66 MycoLocia species which accompanies this paper, which drawings are made from material which is typical of the two species. A careful study of material from widely different localities is necessary in order to determine whether or not this character is constant. DousTFUL SPECIES Dialonectria gibberelloides Ellis & Everh. Jour. Myc. 4: 122 1888. Nectria gibberelloides (Ellis & ee Sacc. Syl Pius: 9: 0603: 180T. Perithecia scattered, nearly black (quite black in dried mate- rial), 150-200 mic. in diameter, contracted into a stem-like base below, finally collapsing; asci clavate, 8-spored, 35 X 5-6 mic.; spores partially 2-seriate, fusoid, I-septate, straight or slightly curved, hyaline, 12-15 & 2.5-3 mic. On dead stalks of Zea Mays. TYPE LOCALITY: Louisiana. . DISTRIBUTION : Known only from type locality. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Louisiana, Langlois 1457 (type). As would be inferred by the specific name, this species resem- bles a Gibberella but differs in the absence of blue color from the perithecia, the I-septate spores and a difference in the form of the perithecia. The spores resemble those of the genus Nectria but it is doubtful from the general appearance of the plants if they should be included with this genus. If color be regarded strictly as a characteristic of the order Hypocreales this species could scarcely be included with the order. Nectria (Lasionectria) setosa Ferd. & Winge, Bot. Tidsskrift 202-11. rope: Perithecia superficial, scattered or slightly gregarious, at first globose, then plane when dry pezizoid-collapsing, 250-500 mic. in diameter, flesh-colored or orange, hairs scattered, of the same color, rigid, thickened below, above slightly attenuate and finely divided (conidiophorous) as long as 100 mic., principally near the base; asci when young, lanceolate-subfusoid, when mature cylin- drical-clavate, 50-70 mic. (p. sporif.) X 8-10.5 mic., narrowed into stem as long as 20 mic.; 8-spored; spores above 2 seriate, below 1-seriate oblong-elliptical, ends rotundate, not at all or scarcely constricted at the septum, 12-14.5 5-6 mic., hyaline. On decayed dried sheaths of Musa sp. TYPE LOCALITY St. “Phomas, VW. lndies: SEAVER: HypocrEALES OF NortH AMERICA 67 ‘DIsTRIBUTION: St. Thomas to St. John. MEPUSTRATIONS: Bot. Tidsskrift 29: pl. 7. f. 4. No type specimen of this species has been seen, but’ a specimen collected on decaying leaves of Musa in Jamaica by Dr. W. A. Murrill corresponds well with the above description. The speci- mens examined differ from Nectria Peziga (Tode) Fries, which they quite closely resemble in general appearance, in the nature of the fairly well developed hairs which clothe the perithecia, and also in the spores, which are longer and proportionately narrower than in that species. Also, the perithecia are of a deeper red color. GeenonectRIA de Not. Comm. Critt. Ital. 2: 477; 1867 Perithecia free, often closely gregarious, or scattered, with no true stroma but perithecia often surrounded with radiating white mycelia which give to some of the species a stromate appear- ance; perithecia globose to ovate, red or yellow; asci elongated, 8-spored ; spores elongated, more than I-septate. Type species: Calonectria Daldimana de Not. Distinguished from Nectria by the many-septate spores. The genus as treated here is used in its restricted sense including only the non-stromatic species. The three species described here occur on the remains of other fungi so that the substratum with the white mycelium which surrounds each perithecium gives the - stromatic appearance but close examination will show the peri- thecia to be entirely free, not connected by a stroma or stromatic base. Spores small, not exceeding 15 mic. in length. 1. C. erubescens. Spores large, 25-35 mic. in length. Spores subelliptical; plants occurring on fungi on dead branches. 2. C. diminuta. Spores fusiform; plants on leaves. 3. C. melioliodes. I. CALONECTRIA ERUBESCENS (Rob.) Sacc. Michelia 1: 309. 1878. Sphaeria erubescens Rob.; Desm. Ann. Sci. Nat. IIT. 6: 72. 1846. Perithecia minute, gregarious in clusters or scattered, sur- rounded by a scant growth of radiating mycelial threads, at first pale red, fading to pale yellow, subglobose, with a minute ostio- lum, often collapsing when dry, becoming pezizoid; asci clavate, 68 MycoLoGIA 35-40 X 6 mic., 8-spored; spores crowded, small, elliptical to fusoid, I-3-septate, 10-12 X 2-3 mic. On living leaves of various kinds, usually on the remains of Melhola. TYPE LOCALITY: France. DISTRIBUTION: Florida. ExsiccaT1: Desm. Pl. Crypt. de France 1766 (cotype). Other specimens examined: Florida, Nash 1955, Calkins 66, and Martin. In the original description of this species no mention is made of its occurrence on Meliola but aside from this fact the American material examined conforms well with that from Europe. 2. CALONECTRIA DIMINUTA (Berk.) Berl. & Vogl.; Sace. Syll. Fung."9: 985. 1891 Nectria diploa diminuta Berk. Grevillea 4: 46. 1875. Dialonectria diminuta Cooke, Grevillea 12: 83. 1884. ? Calonectria Dearnessi Ellis & Everh. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1890: 245. 1891. Perithecia minute, 150-175 mic. in diameter, scattered or more or less crowded on the substratum surrounded by radiating mycelium giving somewhat the appearance of a stroma while no true stroma is present, orange, partially collapsing ; asci cylindrical or clavate, 8-spored; spores irregularly crowded, variable in size and form, elliptical, clavate or subfusoid, usually 3-septate, hya- line, 25-35 X 6-7 mic. On sphaeriaceous fungi, Massaria, etc. DISTRIBUTION: S. Carolina to Canada (?). ExsiccaTi: Ellis & Everh. N. Am. Fungi 2548. Other speci- mens examined: London, Ontario, Dearness 1346 (type of C. Dearnessu Ellis & Everh.). 3. CALONECTRIA MELIOLOIDES Speg. Anal. Soc. Ci. Argent. 19: 41. 1886 Calonectria guarapiensis Speg. Anal. Soc. Ci. Argent. 19: 41. 1886. Plants gregarious and surrounded by an evanescent, white mycelial growth consisting of delicate radiating hyphae; peri- thecia subglobose to ovate, 200-250 mic. in diameter with the wall composed of irregular cells 5-8 mm. in diameter, clothed with a SEAVER: HyYPOCREALES OF NoRTH AMERICA 69 few rigid, hyaline, many-septate hairs with a bulbose base; hairs 7-8 mic. in diameter and 200-400 mic. long ; asci clavate, 8-spored, 80-100 X 12-15 mic.; spores 2-seriate or irregularly crowded, fusiform, 3-septate, hyaline, 30-35 7-8 mic. _ On the mycelium of Meliola on living leaves. * TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil. DIsTRIBUTION: Louisiana. ExsIccaT1I: Roumeguere, Fungi Sel. Exsicc. 4141 (cotype) ; Roumebuere, Fungi Gall. Exsicc. 4047 (cotype of C. guarapiensis Speg.) ; Louisiana, Langlois 2224. This species resembles in external appearance as well as in habitat the various specimens of Calonectria erubescens (Rob.) Sacc., but are easily distinguished by the difference in form and much larger spores. Also in some of the specimens examined the two species seem to occur together, some of the perithecia containing the large spores and others the small spores which are characteristic of the two species respectively. DouBTFUL SPECIES Calonectria Curtisu (Berk.) Sacc. Michelia 1: 316. 1878. 7. OPHIONECTRIA Sacc.. Michelia, 1: 323. 1878 Perithecia scattered or gregarious, globose or pyriform, super- ficial, light-colored, yellow or brownish; asci cylindrical to cla- vate, 8-spored; spores very much elongated, approaching filiform, at least 10 times as long as broad, many-septate. Type species: Nectria trichospora Berk. & Br. The genus is distinguished from Calonectria by the spores, which are much longer, approaching or entirely filiform. Only the non-stromatic forms are treated here. Perithecia globose or subglobose, spores 35-50 mic. long, on fungi. T.O.- €e7ed. Perithecia elongated, substipitate, spores 60—75 mic. 2. O. cylindrothecia. I. OPHIONECTRIA CEREA (Berk. & Curt.) Ellis & Everh. Nj Agu. -Pytenom- 118. , 1892 Sphaeria cerea Berk & Curt. Grevillea 4: 108. 1876. Calonectria cerea Sacc. Syll. Fung. 2: 551. 1883. 70 MycoLocia Nectria (Calonectria) fulvida Ellis & Everh. Jour. Myc. 1: 140. 1885. Dialonectria fulvida Ellis & Everh. Jour. Myc. 2: 136. 1886. Ophionectria Everhartu Ellis & Galw. Jour. Myc. 6: 32. 1890. Perithecia gregarious, nearly globose, dull yellow becoming darker with age, more or less rough and furfuraceous externally, or with a few hair-like outgrowths, with a papilliform ostiolum, I50-175 mic. in diameter; asci cylindrical, 8-spored, 65-80 8-12 mic. ; spores varying from fusiform to cylindrical or clavate, straight or curved, with the ends usually acute, hyaline or very pale yellow, 7—10-septate, 35-50 X 3-3.5 mic.; paraphyses short, indistinct. On old fungi, especially Diatrype. TYPE LOCALITY: S. Carolina. , DISTRIBUTION: Newfoundland and Ontario to S. Carolina. ‘Ittustration: Ellis & Everh. N. Am. Pyrenom. pi. 15. f. 1-3. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Newfoundland, Waghorne 755; Ontario, Dearness 2292; New Jersey, Ellis (type of D: fulvida and O. Everhartit). Distinguished by the globose, slightly furfuraceous perithecia and by the habitat. 2. Ophionectria cylindrothecia sp. nov. Perithecia gregarious or scattered, cylindrical to clavate or fusoid, tapering below into a stem-like base, also tapering above, yellowish, translucent, nearly smooth, rather hard when dry, often with a few septate, hair-like mycelial strands near the base. naked above, 125-150 X 275-300 mic.; asci cylindrical or clavate, 8-spored, 100-125 I2-I5 mic.; spores apparently enclosed in a separate membrane within the ascus, so that the outer wall of the ascus stretches 10-20 mic. beyond the apex of the spore cluster ; individual spores tapering toward either end, hyaline or very slightly yellowish, 7—12-septate, 60-75 X 5 mic.; paraphyses present, indistinct (//. 4. f. 4). On old corn stalks, Zea Mays. TYPE LOCALITY: Ohio. DISTRIBUTION : Known only from type locality. Ohio, Morgan 1007 (type). Distinguished by the elongated perithecia and the large size of the asci and spores as well as by the habitat. 4 y ° aa { = i . See Se , SEAVER: HYPOCREALES OF NorRTH AMERICA ali This specimen in the Ellis collection and also in the material received from Mr. Morgan, which is a part of the type collection, is labeled Ophionectria cerea (Berk. & Curtis) Ellis & Everh., but examination of this material shows it to be entirely different from other specimens of Ophionectria cerea (Berk. & Curtis) Ellis & Everh. in external as well as in microscopic details. Its habitat is also entirely different from that species. 9. NEocosmosporaA Smith, U. S. Dept. Agric. Div. Veg. Phys. Path. Bull. 17: 7-59. pl. 1-10. 1899 Perithecia as in Nectria (bright red in the known species) ; asci numerous; ascospores in one row, brown, globose or short-ellip- tical, continuous, with a distinct, wrinkled exospore (the latter sometimes wanting in smaller spores) ; paraphyses present, in- conspicuous, broad, loosely jointed, unbranched, consisting of about 5 cells. Three conidial stages, Cephalosporium, Fusarium and O1dium. 1. Microconidia (Cephalosporium stage). Spores . colorless, oval to narrow-elliptical, straight or slightly curved, simple, 4-25 xX 2-6 mic., borne singly on the ends of short branches of a mycelium which fills the water ducts and interior parts of the living stems of melon and cowpea, conidia often 1I—2-septate in cultures. : ) 2. Macroconidia (Fusarium stage). Spores lunulate, 3—-5-sep- tate, 30-40 & 4-6 mic., borne on the surface of dead siems in immense numbers on innumerable, small, oval or hemispherical conidial beds ; conidiophores compact, irregularly branched, single spores colorless, in mass pink to deep salmon-color. 3. On the surface of the dead stems of watermelon and in old cultures of the melon fungus on horse dung, globose, thin-walled, smooth, terminal or intercalary bodies are formed, in mass brick- red, individuals 10-12 mic. in diameter, extreme limits, 7-15 mic. Type species: Fusarium vasinfectum Atk. The position of this genus is uncertain. I. NEOCOSMOSPORA VASINFECTA (Atk.) Smith, U. S. Dept. Agric. Div. Veg. Phys. Path. Bull. 17: 7-50. pl. r-10. 1899 Pusarium vasinfectum Atk. Ala. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 41: 28. 1892. Perithecia gregarious, often closely crowded, bright red, smooth, with a very prominent, obtuse ostiolum, becoming per- (2 MycoLociIaA forate; perithecial wall composed of large cells, 12-15 mic. in diameter; perithecia 200-225 & 250-275 mic.; asci nearly cylin- drical, 8-spored, 85-90 X 12-15 mic.; spores I-seriate or often irregularly crowded, globose or subglobose, at first hyaline and surrounded with a transparent exospore, becoming brown, with several large oil-drops within, at maturity outer surface becoming wrinkled and rough, mostly 10 X Io mic. in diameter; paraphyses present, inconspicuous, simple, septate. Parasitic on cotton and okra, Gossypium herbaceum, G. Bar- badense and Hibiscus esculentus. Type LocALiry : Alabama: DiIsTRIBUTION: S. Carolina to Virginia and Arkansas. Exsticcati: Ellis & Everhart’s Fungi Columbiana 1434. Other specimens examined: Alabama, Farle (for perithecial characters). Neocosmospora vasinfecta tracheiphila Smith, 1. c. Nectriella trachetpiila Smith, Proc. A. A. “As See age ree: 1895 (hyponym). : Perithecia as above, spores mostly 12 X 12 mie, Parasitic on cowpea, Vigna sinensis. Neocosmospora vasinfecta nivea Smith, 1. c. Fusarium miveum Smith, Proc. Am. Ass. Adv. Sci. 43: 280. 1894 (hyponym). Perithecia as above; spores globose or elliptical, wrinkled or smooth generally smaller than in the preceding and more often elliptical. Parasitic on watermelon. 10. MELANosporA Corda, Ic. Fung. 1: 24. 1837. Perithecia superficial, without stroma, globose-pyriform, with a long neck, usually clothed at the tip with a fringe of hairs and perithecia often hairy; asci broad-clavate, 4-8-spored; spores simple, colored, brown or brownish-black. Type species: Melanospora Zamiae Corda. The genus Melanospora is distinguished from Ceratostoma mainly by the lighter color and less decidedly carbonaceous peri- thecia. The two genera grade so closely into each other that it becomes difficult to draw a fast line between them although some of the species show undoubted relationship with the Hypocreales. Of the three species recorded for North America one un- doubtedly belongs to this genus while the other two are here included doubtfully. SEAVER: HyPpocREALES oF NortTH AMERICA ie 1. MELANOSPORA CHIONEA (Fries) Corda, Ic. Pung. T9242 1837 Ceratostoma chioneum Fries, Obs. Myc. 2: 340. 1818. Sphaeria chionea Fries, Syst. Myc. 2: 446. 1822. Perithecia gregarious or scattered, globose, clothed with a dense covering of white hairs, with a light colored beak up to I mm. long and 100 mic. in diameter, clothed with a few hairs at the apex; hairs which clothe the perithecia, 3 mic. in diameter, septate, long and flexuose; asci evanescent, obovate-clavate, stipi- tate, 8-spored, 35-40 X 13-16 mic.; spores 2-seriate or irregu- larly crowded, globose-elliptical, brown, 10-12 X 9-10 mic. (i. 4. f. 9). On decaying pine leaves and more rarely on leaves of deciduous tLEeS. TYPE LOCALITY: Europe. DISTRIBUTION : Ontario. ILLUSTRATIONS: Fries, Obs. Myc. 2: pl. 7. f. 2; Corda, Ic. Fung. Pee 207 5, Ellis & Everh. N. Am. Pyrenom. pl: 14. f. 1-5. Winter, Rabenh. Krypt. Fl. 17: 85. f. 7-3. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Ontario, Dearness 1370. The American material of this species corresponds very closely with European specimens examined except in the matter of habi- tat. A specimen of the species from the herbarium of Fries is contained in the collection of the New York Botanical Garden but unfortunately it shows no perithecia, these having doubtless been removed by those who have previously studied the speci- men. Other European specimens have been studied with which our material is identical. DOUBTFUL SPECIES Melanospora parasitica Tul. & Tul. Sel. Fung. Carp. 3: Io. 1865. Sphaeronema parasitica Tul. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 8: 4o. (Note 2). Ceratostoma biparasiticum Ellis & Everh. Bull. Tor- fey Club 24: 127. 1807. Perithecia scattered, enveloped in a growth of white, septate, mycelial threads about 3 mic. thick, black, at least when mature, ovate, 100-175 mic. in diameter, with a long, slender, naked beak, about 1 mm. in length and 30-40 mic. in diameter; asci clavate, 8-spored, 20 X 6 mic.; spores elongated, cylindrical, with the ends rounded, pale brownish, 6-7 & 2 mic. 74 MycoLocia Parasitic on stems of /saria farinosa. TYPE LOCALITY: Europe: DISTRIBUTION: Ohio to New York. ILLusTRATIONS: Tul. & Tul. Sel. Fung. Carp. 3: pi. 3. f. 11-14; Grevilleasrr: pl--i56. 7-13: SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Ohio, Lioyd; New York, Wilson, — Seaver. Sphaeria lagenaria Pers. Syn. Fung. 58. 1801. Ceratostoma lagenarium Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. 396. 1849. Auwuers- waldia lagenaria Rabenh. Hedwigia 1: 116. 1856. Melano- spora lagenaria (Pers.) Fuckel, Symb. Myc. 1: 126. 1869. Perithecia scattered or gregarious, nearly globose, sparingly clothed with pale brown hairs, 400-500 mic. in diameter, with a beak, 1-2 mm. long and 100 mic. in diameter, tip of beak clothed with hyaline hairs, entire perithecium at maturity black; asci broad-clavate, 35-40 X 12-15 mic.; spores elliptical or fusoid, at first hyaline, becoming dark brown, 12-16 X IO-11 mic. On old fungi (Polyporus). TYPE LOCALITY: Europe. DisTRiBUTION: New York. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: New York, Clinton. In this and the preceding species the perithecia are entirely black (at least in mature specimens). From general appearance it would seem doubtful to the writer if they should be included with this genus. It. LETENDRAEA Sacc. Michelia 22° 72° susse@ Perithecia superficial, gregarious, globose or ovate, with a papilliform ostiolum ; asci 8-spored, cylindrical or clavate; spores elliptical or fusoid, I-septate, brown. Type species: Letendraea eurotioides Sacc. Distinguished from subgenus Phaeonectria Sacc. by the absence of stroma. 1. LETENDRAEA LUTEOLA Fllis & Everh. Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci. 1895: 415. 1895 Perithecia gregarious, 250-300 mic. in diameter, brown, becom- ing black with extreme age, with a prominent ostiolum, entire or occasionally collapsing; asci cylindrical, 75 X 5 mic.; spores mostly I-seriate or partially 2-seriate above, elliptical, straight ' a . eee; - id SS MYCOLOGIA PLATE IV VARIATIONS IN THE FORM OF PERITHECIA SEAVER: HYPOCREALES OF NortTH AMERICA Tas) or slightly curved, becoming brown, 1-septate, scarcely ead at the septum, with an oil-drop in each cell, 10-12 Os mic. paraphyses present, delicate. On rotten wood. TYPE LOCALITY: Ohio. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type locality. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Ohio, Morgan I109 (type). In the specimens examined the perithecia are gregarious but with no apparent stroma. The large brown perithecia and the brown septate spores are sufficient characters by which the species may be recognized. CON Aun EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV. . Nectria episphaeria (Tode) Fries. The perithecia as they appear when moist, X 85. . Nectria episphaeria (Tode) Fries. One of the bilaterally collapsing peri- thecia as they appear when dry, X 85. Nectria Peziza (Tode) Fries. Perithecia subglobose, pezizoid-collapsing, X 30. . Ophionectria cylindrothecia Seaver. Perithecia subcylindrical, x 85. . Hyponectria dakotensis Seaver. Perithecia subepidermal, X 100. . Nectria sanguinea (Bolton) Fries. ~-Perithecia ovate, entire, xX 85. . Nectria Papilionacearum Seaver. Perithecia subconical, x 85. . Nectria comgena Ellis & Everh. Perithecia entire or pezizoid-colapsing, Css. . Melanospora chionea (Fries) Corda. Perithecia flask-shaped, hairy, x 85. . Eleuthromyces Geoglossi (Ellis & Everh.) Seaver. Perithecia subflask- shaped, X 85. 11. Eleuthromyces Geoglossi (Ellis & Everh.) Seaver. Subappendiculate spores, X I,000. 12. Eleuthromyces subulatus Fuckel. Perithecia subflask-shaped, ESSe 13. Eleuthromyces subulatus Fuckel. Appendiculate spores, XX 1,000. 76 MycoLoGIA EXPLANATION OF PLATE V, The spores on this plate were drawn with the camera lucida, the object being to show the comparative size and form of the spores in the different species of the genus Neciria. The drawings are from type material where such is available. In a few cases the type specimens were too scant to permit of such drawings. I. 10. ii. 2s 13. I4. Ts. 16. I7. 18. 19. 20. Nectria Peziza (Tode) Fries. Drawn from material collected by the writer. . Nectria diplocarpa Ellis & Everh. Drawn from type material. . Nectria tremelloides Ellis & Everh. Drawn from type material. . Nectria flavociliata Seaver. Drawn from type material. Nectria bicolor Ellis & Everhart. Drawn from type material. Nectria lactea Ellis & Morgan. Drawn from type material. . Nectria Rexiana Ellis. Drawn from type material. . Nectria squamulosa Ellis. Drawn from type material. . Nectria rubefaciens Ellis & Everh. Drawn from type material. . Nectria thujana Rehm. Drawn from Ellis, N. Am. Fungi 160. This material was collected in the type locality and identified by Mr. Ellis, who collected the type material. Cotype material has been examined, but the perithecia are so scarce that it was impossible to find any in good condition. Nectria Eucalypti Cooke & Harkness. Drawn from material collected by Harkness in the type locality. Probably cotype. Neciria depallens Cooke & Harkness. Drawn from material collected by Harkness. Probably cotype. Nectria Apocynt Peck. Drawn from cotype material. Nectria sulphurea Ellis & Calkins. Drawn from type material. Nectria truncata Ellis. Drawn from type material, in which it was diffi- cult to find mature spores. Nectria conigena Ellis & Everh. Drawn from type material. Nectria filicina Cooke & Harkness. Drawn from material collected by Harkness. Probably cotype. Nectria sanguinea (Bolton) Fries. Drawn from Rehm’s Ascomyceten 1771. Nectria episphaeria (Tode) Fries. Drawn from material collected in Ohio on Diatrype sp. Neciria Papilionacearum Seaver. Drawn from type material. Nectria Brassicae Ellis & Sacc. Drawn from N. Am. Fungi 572. Prob- ably cotype. PLATE V MycoLoGia 13 \ A 14 es 15 ees 16 & 3 I CID SPORES OF SPECIES OF NECTRIA We 5 FILLING TREE CAVITIES he ja LEvyison (WitH Pate 6, ConTAINING Four FIGurREs) Everyone recognizes the necessity of filling a decayed cavity in a tooth. Everyone knows that the decayed material in the cavity must be removed in order to prevent the destruction of the whole tooth and that the opening must then be filled in order to keep out the further accumulation of injurious substances. Still, there are some who might be surprised to hear of scientific tree - dentistry,” or tree filling, although the underlying principles and necessity for such treatment are alike in both human beings and trees. Cavities in trees are common even in some of the best kept gardens and will always follow the unskilled pruner or the neglected wound. The cavity in itself is not important unless it be a large one, but it is the breeding place which it affords for enemies such as insects and fungi that is highly important and worthy of the most serious consideration in the care of trees. The accumulation of moisture and the exclusion of light and cold which are characteristic of every cavity are the ideal conditions which the spore of a fungus disease seeks. The spores are pro- duced by the millions on all trees attacked by fungi and it is therefore not the least surprising to find that every tree cavity is dangerously exposed to the attacks of fungi and that when a fungus spore does settle in one of these cavities it germinates rapidly under the favorable conditions of food, water, air and warmth, and soon produces a mass of fibers which penetrate the body of the tree. The weakened vitality of the tree, together with the open cavities, will then invite the entrance of many injurious insect pests, so that within a comparatively short time the death of the tree will become inevitable. A timely cleaning and filling of the cavity, however, would exclude the conditions necessary to the development of disease cf iS MycoLoGIA and would prevent the entrance of new insects and fungi and stop the disease already started from spreading. The filling of a cavity in most cases involves as many problems as the filling of a tooth and does not mean mere stuffing of the cavity with some solid substance. The one about to fill a cavity must know whether the disease has permeated the whole tree or is still in its first stages. He must know whether the disease prefers dead wood or live wood, or both; whether it is apt to attack the neighboring trees of another species, and whether it is preferable to sacrifice the whole limb or tree instead of filling it. He must be able to recognize the presence of the fungus fibers in order to know when to stop cutting into the cavity, and he must know how to destroy the various insect enemies found within the cavity. He must know whether the wood is naturally strong and pliable or soft and brash, in order to determine the extent to which he can dig into the cavity with safety. He must judge whether an ordinary filling will hold or whether there is a call for mechanical devices such as tin plates to hold the filling in a swaying. young tree, or iron bars to hold it between two split limbs. Finally, a knowledge of the nature of the species and general condition of the tree in question will be serviceable in deciding the future possibilities of the tree after treatment. Before filling the cavity, all diseased wood is removed from it with the free use of the knife, chisel or gouge. It is far better to enlarge the cavity by cutting out. every bit of diseased wood than it is to leave a smaller hole in an unhealthy state, for any trace of disease left within the cavity will continue its destructive work behind the filling and later on destroy the tree just the same as if there had been no filling at all. Where there are boring larvae or beetles within the cavity, their destruction must be assured before filling is commenced. It frequently happens with large cavities and hollow trunks that the borers are so situated that they cannot be reached individually; in such cases a method of fumigating the cavity has been resorted to by the writer which consists in closing all orifices leading to the cavity with tar paper and then filling it with vapor of hydrocyanic acid gas or that of carbon bisulfid. Either of these gases will kill all animal life and will penetrate the extreme burrows which the operator’s syringe PLATE VI MYCOLOGIA ASE EROPERLY -CLEANED OUT AND: FILEED IEA Vis OAV ED Ae Eel 03 x I TRUNK PAR N K HE. SAME TRU ANOTHER PARTIALLY DECAYED OAK TRUNK IMPROPERLY FILLED. AN ELM WITH LARGE CAVITIES CLEANED AND FILLED. AN OA ab =e amt LEVISON: FILLING TREE CAVITIES 79 could never reach or which would otherwise escape his eye. When the cavity is absolutely freed from disease and insects its interior is covered with a coat of white lead paint, which acts as a disinfectant and also helps to hold the filling. The cavity is then solidly filled with bricks, stone and cement, or with charcoal, bricks and cement. The filling is allowed to set and harden and after a day or two covered with coal tar to prevent the weather from cracking the cement. The work can best be done in warm weather. The cement is used mixed with two thirds fine sand, and not only serves as a bed for the bricks and stone but also forms the outer wall of the filling. The exposed face of the filling must not be brought out to the same plane with the outer bark of the tree, but should rather recede a quarter of an inch, so that the living layer or cambium, which is situated immediately below the outer bark, can grow over the cement and cover the whole cavity, if it be a small one, or else grow out sufficiently to overlap the filling and hold it as a frame holds a picture. The growth of this living layer can be much accelerated by cutting around the border of the orifice immediately before the season of growth commences. The substitution of charcoal for a portion of the bricks or stone is advisable in many instances because the coal acts as an antidote against fungi and as an absorbent of moisture. Where a cavity runs down a limb or trunk perpen- dicularly, a mixture of pitch and sand can be poured down with advantage in place of cement and bricks. The handling of cavities in this manner is not practiced very extensively in this country, chiefly because the work is not usually done properly and the resulting failures discourage the operators. The cavity is generally not sufficiently cleaned and the disease is allowed to continue its disastrous work behind the filling. The cement is flushed out to the surface of the bark so that within a year or two it either falls out altogether or else is pushed out by the growing cambium forming crevices between the cement and the wall of the cavity. The outer surface of the filling is seldom tarred and is therefore directly exposed to the injurious effects of the weather. The correct method of filling tree cavities has been practiced extensively in Brooklyn for the past two years with excellent results. BROOKLYN ParRK DEPARTMENT. NEWS AND NOTES Twenty species of the order Hypocreales are reported by Mr. F. J. Seaver (Bull. Torrey Club 35: 527. 1908)" fon tie sseaee of North Dakota. Of these, one is probably recorded for North America for the first time. Contribution number 35 of the botanical department of Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts (reprint from Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 14: I-34. 1908) contains a monograph of the Iowa Erysiphaceae by Mr. J. B. Anderson. Twenty-four species and four varieties are recorded for the state. Mr. F. D. Kern, of the Indiana Experiment (Statiemagama synopsis of the work done on the genus Gymnosporangium (Bull. Torrey Club 35: 499. 1908) records eighteen species for North America, three of which, G. Davisu Kern, G. exiguum Kern, and G. floriforme Thaxter, are described as new. In this paper three new combinations are also made. Dr. N. Patouillard, in an article on new or little-known fungi (Bull. Soc. Myc. de Fr. 24: 1-12. 1908), describes eighteen new species from various localities, among them Heterochaete sublivida, Exidia olivacea, Hypochnus Langloisu, Pseudofavolus auriculatus, Xantochrous Ludovicianus and Xantochrous fusco- velutinus from Langlois’ collections in Louisiana, and Tomentella aurantiaca, Leucoporus dictyoporus, Rosellina Pepo, Leptothy- rium glomeratum and Septoria Riviniae from specimens collected by Duss in Guadeloupe. M. Peltereau gives some valuable notes on various species of Russula in a recent article entitled “ Etudes et observations sur les Russules” (Bull. Soc. Myc. de Fr. 24: 95-120. 1908), reserving a more complete treatment of this difficult group until some future time. 80 NEws AND NOTES 81 An article by M. Biers (Bull. Soc. Myc. de Fr. 24: 189-106. pl. I1-I4. 1908), on the cultivation of the ordinary mushroom in underground galleries in Paris and other French cities, deals» with the subject in a popular way, the illustrations adding much to the interest and value of the article. The standing committee on education of the Botanical Society of America, in its fourth report on the college entrance course in botany, recommends the following types for the study of fungi: Bacteria, Rhizopus or Mucor, yeast, Puccima (or powdery mil- dew), corn smut, mushroom, Physcia (or Parmelia, or Usnea). The destruction of the stinkhorn, Phallus impudicus, in a small grove where the odor of the mature sporophores became objec- tionable, was successfully attempted in France by G. de Coutouly, who briefly describes his method in a recent article eetlsooc, Nyc. de Hr.-24: 181, 182. 1908). At the first appearance of a young sporophore, the soil was removed for a foot or more about the spot where it appeared and the space filled with quick-lime, which killed the mycelium. By following up this treatment, the grove was entirely freed of the fungus in question. Credit for the idea is given to a Bavarian forest ranger, who used lime to exterminate as many as possible of the poisonous species of Amanita. An important paper by F. S. Earle, on the Genera of the North America Gill Fungi, appeared as an advance separate from Bulletin No. 18 of the New York Botanical Garden in January, 1909. It contains a list of generic names used in the group, with their types, and a key to the tribes and genera, with a technical description of each. Of the 147 genera included, 38 are proposed by the author as new, and many others are adopted from previous authors under the law of priority. Cantharellus is shown to be antedated by Alectorolophoides, Schizophyllum by Hyponevris, Pleurotus by Crepidotus, Clitopilus by Orcella, Panaeolus by Campanularius, Tricholoma by Monomyces, Anellaria by Panaeolus, Armillaria by Spaerocephalus, V olvaria by Pseudofarinaceus, and Amanitopsis by Vaginata. -82 MycoLocta A few of the new genera proposed are: Gloeocybe, based on Lactarius insulsus; Lactarelis, on Russula migricans; Dixophyl- elum, on Russula furcata; Scorteus, on Marasmius oreades; Omphalopsis, on Omphalia Campanella; Basidopus, on Mycena epipterygia; Collybidium, on Collybia velutipes; Monodelphus, on Chtocybe tlludens; Amanitella, on Amanita farinosa; and | Venenarius, on Amanita muscaria. A disease of New Hampshire apples, which has been studied by Professor Charles Brooks, of New Hampshire College, is fully described and illustrated in a recent number of the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club (35: 423-456. pl. 290-35. 1908). This disease, known as “ Fruit Spot of Apples,’ is caused by a - fungus described by Professor Brooks as Cylindrosporium Pomi. The fungus gains entrance to the intercellular spaces of the tissue of the apple through the stomata and causes reddish spots, which later become brown or blackish and slightly depressed. Chlamydospores and sclerotial masses of the fungus are the, probable agencies for carrying the disease through the winter. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture is a preventative, the applica- tion to be made as late as June or July. ihe ete 2 Sven x Lea 1 f > 4 j ‘ ns mL = =) ss r ed ¢ At 1 f * - ; . i 4 ~ ‘ \ f f ‘ coh 4 j i “ \ f . \ :. aT 5 4 = “ ! f 2 $ 1 . \ . % . : j Woes ¢ ey i c é * : " a \ ‘A wa F ‘ \ ; * + ‘ ; F ; aeerid c ee the Director-in-Chief and other offic den; to others, $3.00 per voluine. | Boe Vol. 22, toe ist ‘Issied Derember, ms et of the. Ceca ee Now in its tent ‘Mycologia, bimonthly, illustr ted in c lor an folios lichens ; containing technical artic nd ni interest... $3.00 4 year; ele ‘eopies. not for sale, Now i in its first volume. UGA ete ae Bulletin of the New. York Be results of investigations carried out _ North American ie ae price, He 50 per cag a . limite 3 for. $2. 09 each. [Not offered in exchange, ay Vol. 22, part 1, issued May 22, 1905.0 RB ‘ceae, Penthoraceae, Parnassiaceae. nomaceae. eNO Mol 7, part. L, is Ae Vol. 7, part 2, issued Marc 6, ceae (pars). . ol; 25, part. ay ‘issued August a tao. | Exythrosylacene, sia hah Vol, 9, eka T and 2, _petaceae, eo ey De D. cs Nolo EL: ‘Vol. Ww. & eal papers written ant than the abc ee. rr. Wen! Wilson. : uh bai 118. "Studies of We Indian Pla 4 NARCISSE PATOUILLARD | BRED J. SEAVER Ee =f a: : 4 CORNELIUS. SuEAR \\ PLATE Vil oO Za 5 fe fy O op) Z o 2 < a = op) 5 = = MYCOLOGIA Vou. | WEAY 7 1909 IN Oma? ILLUSTRATIONS OF FUNGI-—III WILLIAM A. MurrRILL Most of the species here figured belong to the large and im- portant class of wood-destroying fungi, which are of special interest to the forester. While none of them are poisonous, most of them are too tough to be used for food. Amanitopsis vaginata, the only species described here that is not generally found on wood, must be carefully distinguished from the deadly species of Amanita when collecting it for the table. Pholiota adiposa (Fr.) Quél. Fat PHOLIOTA Plate 7. Figures 1 and 2. xX 4, 4 _Pileus firm, fleshy, convex to expanded, incurved at the margin, 4-7 cm. broad; surface very viscid when moist, shining when dry, lemon-yellow to egg-yellow, with conspicuous bay or tes- taceous scales, which often become darker, especially near the tip; flesh white or yellowish, almost tasteless, not poisonous; gills adnate, close, pale yellow or isabelline, becoming ferrugi- nous; spores ellipsoid, smooth, ferruginous, 7-8 * 5); stem subequal, white or yellowish above, slightly darker below, squa- mose below the delicate, floccose annulus, 5-10 cm. long, 5-8 mm. thick. This species is conspicuous and quite common in autumn in dense clusters on dead trunks and stumps of deciduous trees, in Europe and North America. It is rarely eaten, because of its [Mycotocta for March, 1909 (1: 37-82), was issued 15 Ap 1909.] 83 84 MycoLociIa slimy cap and almost tasteless flesh, but the caps can be easily peeled, and they are readily digested when young and fresh. The illustrations are made from specimens grown between sections of poplar trunks placed for several months in the basement of the museum building of the Garden. By separating the sections, an excellent view, as seen in figure 2, was obtained of the early stages of the young sporophores, as they grew outward toward the light from the fruiting mycelium near the center of the trunk. Inonotus dryophilus (Berk.) Murrill OAK-LOVING INONOTUS Plate 7. Figure 3. xX 4 Pileus thick, unequal, unguliform, subimbricate, rigid, 7-8 x 10-14 & 2-3 cm.; surface hoary-flavous to ferruginous-fulvous, becoming scabrous and bay with age; margin thick, usually ob- tuse, sterile, pallid, entire or undulate; context ferruginous to fulvous, zonate, shining, 3-10 mm. thick; tubes slender, con- colorous with the context, about I cm. long, mouths regular, angular, 2-3 to a mm., glistening, whitish-isabelline to dark ful- vous, edges thin, entire to toothed; spores subglobose, smooth, deep ferruginous, 6-7»; cystidia scanty and short; hyphae deep ferruginous. This rare species occurs only upon oak trunks, and has been previously reported from Virginia, Wisconsin and three inter- mediate states. The accompanying figure was made from a rather abnormal specimen found last autumn in Bronx Park on a living white oak. The trunk of this tree was evidently attacked by the fungus from the base up to a height of fifteen or twenty feet, or more, as indicated by the appearance of the sporophores at points where dead limbs had been removed. The white oak is an exceedingly valuable tree, and any fungus that attacks it, even though rare, is of importance to the forester. Pholiota lutea Peck YELLOW PHOLIOTA Plate 7. Figure 4. XX #4 Pileus thick, fleshy, firm, convex to nearly plane, 5-10 cm. broad; surface silky, squamulose near the center, flavous to MuvuRRILL: ILLUSTRATIONS OF FUNGI 85 luteous, margin sterile and slightly incurved; flesh yellowish, of pleasant odor but bitter taste; gills adnexed to somewhat decurrent, yellowish to deep ferruginous; spores ellipsoid, fer- ruginous, 9 X 5p; stem 5-7 X 0.6-1 cm., solid, firm, ventricose, fibrillose, concolorous below, nearly white above; ring rather large and conspicuous, soon colored by the copious spores. This species is very handsome, occurring in conspicuous clus- ters on dead trunks in woods from August to October. Although separated from the European species Pholiota spectabilis by Professor Peck in 1808, it is very closely related to that species and might be considered only a variety of it by some authorities. Both species are considered very rare in this country. The illus- tration was made from specimens collected near Bronx Park by Mr. E. C. Volkert, September 24, 1908, and determined by Pro- fessor Peck. Another specimen was brought in last fall from Forked River, New Jersey, by Mr. W. H. Ballou. Amanitopsis vaginata (Bull.) Roze SHEATHED AMANITOPSIS Plate 7, Figure 5. xX 4 Pileus thin, fragile, companulate to expanded, 3-8 cm. broad; surface dry, glabrous, deeply striate on the margin, exceedingly variable in color, ranging from nearly white to reddish-brown; gills free, fragile, white; spores globose, smooth, hyaline, 8-10 p; stem nearly equal, scarcely enlarged below, glabrous or adorned with minute scales, variable in color, hollow or stuffed within, 6-12 cm. long, 4-8 mm. thick, entirely devoid of a ring, but con- spicuously sheathed at the base with a long, loose, white volva, portions of which are sometimes carried up as patches on the cap. This attractive and very variable species is abundant in woods throughout Europe and North America during summer and autumn, and possesses excellent edible qualities. It may be dis- tinguished from species of Amanita, some of which are deadly poisonous, by the total absence of a ring on the stem, although the conspicuous volva at the base suggests its close relationship to that genus. The variations in color presented by this species are often very bewildering to the beginner. 86 MyYcoLocia > Ischnoderma fuliginosum (Scop.) Murrill Sooty IscHNODERMA Plate 7. Figure 6. xX yy - Pileus very large, subimbricate, laterally connate, effused- reflexed, often covering the entire under surface of logs, the reflexed portion applanate, 5-15 cm. long, 10 to many cm. broad, I-2.5 cm. thick; surface pelliculose, floccose, rugose, zonate, fuliginous, ivory-black and dark fulvous, with a conspicuous resinous appearance; margin acute, concolorous, inflexed on drying, entire or undulate; context fleshy, becoming corky with age, very firm and rather fragile when dry, light brown, 5-10 mm. thick; tubes pallid to umbrinous, 5-8 mm. long, mouths minute, white, angular, equal, becoming umbrinous and some- what irregular with age, edges thin, fimbriate to lacerate; spores » smooth, cylindrical, subcurved, hyaline, 4-6 X 1.5-2 p. This species is rather common throughout the United States and Europe, occurring on stumps and fallen trunks of basswood, maple, fir, spruce, and’ certain other trees. When youms itis rather fleshy, but soon becomes corky, and is always too tough for food. ‘There is no evidence that it attacks living trees, but it runs rapidly over the under side of large logs, destroying the wood. The accompanying illustration was made from specimens growing on an old stump near the Lorillard mansion. Unfor- tunately, it was necessary to reduce them very much in size. © THE COMPOSITION OF A DESERT LICHEN FLORA* Bruce FINK The plants upon which the considerations to follow are based were collected in the vicinity of the Carnegie Botanical Labora- tory. The collections and field notes were made by Messrs. J. C. Blumer and V. M. Spalding. The collecting was quite care- fully done, and a considerably larger amount of material was examined than the rather short list of species given below would indicate. That the list falls considerably short of the entire lichen flora of the area is indicated by the fact that each collection, after the first, brought to light one or more new forms, though col- lected at random and including a small number of species. How- ever, lichens collected by persons not well acquainted with lichen species are likely to be the more common, conspicuous and char- acteristic ones. Therefore, some valuable conclusions can be drawn from the study of these specimens, together with a state- ment of problems which could be solved only through an ex- haustive study on the ground, by one well acquained with lichens and the problems and methods of work in ecology. The list of species is as follows: 1. Endocarpiscum placodizgans (A. Zahlbr.) Fink. 2. Heppia deserticola A. Zahlbr. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 35: 300. 1908. 3. Heppia virescens (Despr.) Nyl. Syn. Lich. 2: 45. 1860. 4. Pyrenopsis Schaerert (Mass.) Tuck. Syn. North Am. Lich. iL Teens ere . Collema sp., sterile. . Synechoblastus coccophorus (Tuck.) Fink. 7. Leptogium arizonicum A. Zahlbr. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 35: 299. 1908. OV un * Contributions from the Botanical Laboratory of Miami University—lII. 87 88 Mike MycoLocia . Acarospora xanthophana (Nyl.) Fink, Bot. Gaz. 38: 271. 1904. . Acarospora xanthophana dealbata (Tuck.) Fink. . Acarospora Carnegie A.:Zahlbr. Bull: Torr. BotaClabeas: 297. 1908. Acarospora cervina cinereoalba Fink, Minn. Bot. Stud. 2: 210.” 1806. . Acarospora cineracea (Nyl.) Hedlund in Litt. ; . Lecanora murals (Schreb.) Tuck. Gen, Lich 1733s . Lecanora cinerea (L.) Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. 99. 1826. . Lecanora calcerea contorta (Hoffm.) Tuck. Syn. North Am. Mich: 2 eFOO.siSe2: . Placodium elegans (Link.) Ach: Lich. Suec. Prod. 102. 17098. . Placodium elegans brachylobum (A. Zahlbr.) Fink. . Placodium murorum (Hoftm.) Ach. Lich. Suec. Prod. trot. 1708. . Placodium cimnabarinum (Ach.) Anzi, Lich. Sondr. 1: 43. 1860. . Placodium amabile (A. Zahlbr.) Fink. . Placodium lobulatum (Sommerf.) Fink. . Teloschistes modestus (A. Zahlbr.) Fink. . Parmelha conspersa (Ehrh.) Ach. Meth. Lich. 205. 1803. . Physcia sp. . Buellia lepidastra Tuck. Syn. North Am. Lich. 2: 90. 1888. . Buellia sp., near B. concinna Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. 232. 1860. (fide Theodor Hedlund). . Dermatocarpon mimatum (L.) Fr. Syst. Orb. Veg. 2509. 1825. . Dermatocarpon peltatum (Tayl.) Fink. . Dermatocarpon sp., near D. compactum ( Mass.) Fink. . Dermatocarpon rufescens (Ach.) A. Zahlbr. in Eng. and Pr, Pilanzentamy 1°: (60.5 a607. . Endocarpon Schaerert (Koerb.) Fink. . Verrucaria fuscella (Turn.) Ach. Lich. Univ. 289. 1810. SHOP Verrucaria nigrescens Pers. Ust. Ann. Bot. 14: 36. 1795. These lichens form a remarkable assemblage of plants. The collectors were asked to find any loosely foliose or fruticose FINK: COMPOSITION OF A DESERT LICHEN FLORA 89 lichens, but only a single loosely foliose species was sent and not a single fruticose one. Moreover, the loosely foliose lichen sent is especially adapted structurally, as will be noted below. Num- bers 3, 5, 6, 7, 28, 30 and 31 were found on the ground and number 24 was collected on the base of a tree trunk in a moist place. These numbers may be omitted from the considerations to follow immediately. COMPARISONS WITH LICHEN FORMATIONS OF OTHER REGIONS The other twenty-five lichens of the list were found on rocks and bear a striking resemblance to those of a “ Lecanora for- mation of exposed granite.”* The lichens of this formation of exposed granite in Minnesota, and those of several other similar formations studied by the writer in the same state, show barely a larger proportion of foliose species than do the lichens of the rocks at Tumamoc Hill. Not only is there this general struc- tural likeness; but when we take into account the difference in latitude and in moisture conditions, it is remarkable that the genera of the list for Tumamoc Hill are largely represented in the formations of the exposed rocks in Minnesota, while there is also a very considerable likeness in the species. Coville and Mac- Dougal give 11.74 inches as the average annual precipitation of moisture at Tucson, during fifteen years of observation; while the writer found the record for Granite Falls, Minnesota, where the Minnesota lichen formation used in the comparison above occurs, to be 21.83 inches. This difference is doubtless the main one of the factors which give the Arizona region a lichen flora as a whole very different from that of the Minnesota area, but which are not sufficient to produce striking differences between the lichen floras of rocks in the former region and those of the exposed rocks in the latter place. H. Zukal says: “ Auch zeigen die an der Stidseite an nackten Felsen wachsenden Flechten und * Fink, Bruce. Contributions to a Knowledge of the Lichens of Min- nesota.—V. Lichens of the Minnesota Valley and Southwestern Minnesota. Minn. Bot. Stud. 2: 286-288. D 1899. } Coville, F. V., and MacDougal, D. T. Desert Botanical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution. Pub. Carnegie Institution of Washington 26. N 1903. = Fink, Bruce. Op. c. 27097 90 MycoLociIa jene heisser, regenarmer Gegenden und Wuisten den gemeinsamen Charakter der ausserordentlich verdickten Aussenrinde.”§ The studies of the present writer in agreement with those of Zukal show that lichen formations of horizontally exposed rocks in regions of average rainfall, as well as those of perpendicular or inclined, southward-facing rocks, may show the same structure as the lichens of the desert rocks. | : In connection with the observations of Zukal and related to other statements above and to problems to be considered below, statements of the writer in a paper recently published are of special interest. In the study of the lichen formations of.sand- stone ripraps,|| it was found that the northward-sloping rip- rap supported a lichen formation containing quite a proportion of fruticose and foliose species, while the formation of a south- ward-facing riprap a few feet away was composed almost ex- clusively of closely crustose and strongly corticate species. The latter formation, like the lichen aggregations of the rocks in the vicinity of the Carnegie Desert Laboratory, shows Acaro- spora commonly present, while the members of this genus were extremely rare on the northward-facing riprap. This northward- facing riprap supported an abundance of Biatora myriocarpoides, which was replaced on the southward-facing riprap by Buelhia myriocarpa, a lichen whose structure protects it better against the drier habitat through the greater tendency toward disappear- ance of thallus and the better development of such structures as exciple, hypothecium and paraphyses. It is significant that Biatora, with its poorly developed exciples, hypothecia and para- physes, is entirely wanting in the lichens sent from the area about the Desert Laboratory. GENERAL CONSIDERATION OF STRUCTURE It is well known that the more a thallus is branched or lobed, the more young, tender, growing points are exposed and the greater the amount of transpiration of moisture, other things § Zukal, H. Morphologische und biologische Untersuchungen uber die Flechten. Sitzungsbericht. kaiserl. Akad. Wien. 14: 1308. O 1895. || Fink, Bruce. A Lichen Society of a Sandstone Riprap. Bot. Gaz. 38: 269-279. O 1904. FINK: COMPOSITION OF A DESERT LICHEN FLORA 91 being equal. One may look through the whole list of twenty- five lichens of the rocks without finding more than four species with conspicuously lobed thalli. These four are Placodium ele- gans, Placodium murorum, Lecanora muralis and Parmelia con- spersa; and these plants, when compared with lichens of the same species from more moist climates, show, as a whole, a perceptible shortening of the lobes of the thalli. Many lichens having the fruticose habit,.as certain species of Evermia, can scarcely main- tain themselves in open places, where subjected to strong gales, but seek protected habitats, as in dense forests, where they will not be torn from their substrata. Also, these fruticose species are usually conspicuously branched and present much surface and many tender, growing areas to the drying effects of winds and dry atmosphere. It is, therefore, not quite certain after all, until further investigation can be made, whether the restriction of lichens about the Desert Laboratory to closely adnate and poorly lobed or branched forms is wholly due to demand for decrease of surface in contact with a drying environment, or whether it is in part a mechanical response against destruction by being torn from their substrata by desert gales. In general, the twenty-five lichens collected on the rocks of Tumamoc Hill are protected above by some sort of mechanical device, usually a definite pseudoparenchymatous cortex (and en- closed, dead algal cells), which protects the living algal cells and the fungal hyphae of the medullary layer against the drying Emects oO: hich winds and the direct rays of sunlight. Zukal has observed that the cortex is thicker in certain lichens growing in places where exposed more than usual to intense light and dry conditions than in the same species in less exposed positions.* One of the most helpful studies in connection with the present problem would be the comparison of some of the species with lichens of the same species from regions having average con- ditions of light, moisture, temperature, wind, etc., with respect to development of cortex. This, with a more exhaustive study of the functions of coloring matter in the cortex, would help to determine whether the development of cortex in lichens is, as Zukal thinks, mainly a light relation. o Akal, EH.) I... null) Hie Op, c. 200... Mr. 1806. 92 Mycotocia } PROTECTIVE COLORATION A remarkable thing about these rock-inhabiting lichens from Tumamoc Hill is the more or less evident development of black lines or spots on the upper surface of every species having a light-colored thallus. These lichens or spots are so numerous on older portions of some of the thalli as to darken, more or less, the otherwise light-colored surface. The lines are most con- spicuously developed on some of the thalli of Acarospora xan- thophana and Parmela conspersa, and it was at first thought that they represented parasitic fungi, but sectioning showed that they do not. Zukal, in his excellent discussion of the protective sig- nificance of colors in lichens, speaks of such lines of black as occurring on younger or injured portions of thalli to protect the algal cells from the intense rays of sunlight in hot regions ;* but the writer found the lines and spots better developed over older portions of thalli and noted that they were frequently developed in connection with cracks in the thalli; nor were the algal cells any more numerous, so far as could be determined, under these black areas than elsewhere in the same thalli. Parmela con- spersa, Acarospora xanthophana and Lecanora muralis all showed more or less of black margins, which doubtless protect the younger and more tender algal cells of these margins where the cortex is still thin. It was-thought that in some of the areolate forms as Buelhia lepidastra and Acarospora xanthophana, in which the thallus is compound, each areole really representing an indepen- dent development, the black lines might have been developed at first along the margins and become dorsal by subsequent growth of the areole; but, were this the case, the lines would be as numerous on younger as on older portions of thalli. Besides the species mentioned above, these lines and spots were readily noted in Acarospora xanthophana dealbata, Acarospora cineracea, Le- canora cinerea and Lecanora calcarea contoria. In section, under the microscope, the upper surface of older portions of some thalli showed the coloring matter often quite generally distributed ; whereas under the hand lens it was only apparent where best. developed as the black lines or spots, the protective coloration. * Zukali H.. Op. ce: (218-227. vin peoe, FINK: COMPOSITION OF A DESERT LICHEN FLORA 93 apparently developing gradually from these centers with con- tinued exposure and thus being more abundant in older portions of the thalli. The isidioid branches were unusually well developed in Par- melia conspersa from the desert; and while these branches, of course younger than the horizontal thalli on which they developed, showed only slight and occasional development of the dark lines, they usually showed a brownish coloration at their exposed and tender, growing tips, after the manner of coloration of the tips of branches in many fruticose thalli, which is doubtless protective. Placodium elegans showed more or less of the development of darker areas in lighter thalli of the species; but it was not noted in any other thalli of general dark color, these thalli having suf- ficient coloration of the general surface for protection against intense rays of light in the desert. Nor was it noted that the thalli of any of the twenty-five species were otherwise more deeply colored than lichens of the same species from other regions, except through the development of the black areas and spots, which we must conclude are a protective device. A very instructive study would be the observation of the rela- tion of development of the black areas to the position of the particular plant on the rocks with reference to the sun’s rays. Another problem of interest would be the study of the relation of development of coloration at the tips of the branchlets in Par- melia conspersa to the orientation of these branchlets with refer- ence to the sun’s rays. SERIATIM CONSIDERATION OF STRUCTURE We may now consider seriatim the structure of the thalli in the genera most frequently seen in the collections sent for study. Endocarpiscum is pseudoparenchymatous throughout, and the algal cells within are thus’ well protected against too intense light or too much transpiration of moisture, or both. Acaro- spora is also cellular throughout, so that the algal cells are un- usually well protected for such small thalli. Like most other lichens whose thalli contain blue-green algal cells, Endocarpis- cum seems to be confined to the most moist situations in the 94 MycCoLoGIA area, in spite of its special protective devices. Species of Aca- rospora, on the other hand, form a large proportion of the list of twenty-five lichens of the rocks and are more often seen on rocks closely examined than those of any other genus. Per- haps Acarospora xanthophana is the most common lichen in the area studied, though the less conspicuously colored Acarospora Carnegiei may prove more common on close examination in the region. Lecanora has either an upper cellular cortex or a pseu- docortex of entangled hyphae, and Placodiuwm shows a similar structure. The one Parmelia is a very closely adnate species, which the writer has observed to possess a stronger cortex than the closely related Parmelia caperata, which usually grows in less xerophytic conditions. Bwuellia shows the special responses to need of protection in the well-developed exciples, hypothecia and paraphyses, which make its existence possible in the dry environment, while Biatora, closely related but less favored in these three respects, is entirely absent or so rare as to be entirely overlooked in collecting. Buellia has no cellular cortex above, and the algal cells and the surrounding fungal hyphae are pro- tected above only by a thin pseudocortex of entangled hyphae. Dermatocarpon is well protected by strong cortices; and Der-— matocarpon miniatum, the only species not closely adnate, is attached to the rocks by a very strong umbilicus, while the lower cortex is so strongly developed that no ordinary wind can tear the plants from the rocks. This plant is also able to maintain itself more effectively because tough and elastic like rubber when wet, so that, though pliable before the wind in this condition, it is scarcely more likely to be torn loose when wet than when dry. Pyrenopsis, Endocarpon, and the two species of Verru- caria were rarely seen in the collections and need not be con- sidered important floral elements. THE STATIONS The lichens sent for study were collected from seven stations. Station I is the bottom of the gulch a short distance west of the Desert Laboratory, altitude 762 m. The gulch runs north- west, and the lichens of the rocks were collected from rocks facing northward on the west side of the gulch. The lichens of FINK: COMPOSITION OF A DESERT LICHEN FLORA 95 the rocks of the gulch are nearly all on the west side or near the bottom. This peculiar distribution is doubtless largely due to the fact that the rock faces of the east side of the gulch receive the direct rays of the afternoon sun. The lichens sent from the meexs of this station are numbers 8, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, m2. 20, 27, 32 and 33 of the list of species given above. The lichens found on the soil of the bottom of the gulch are numbers 6, 7 and 31. The rocks forming the walls of the gulch are basaltic. Station II is a mass of basaltic boulders, forming a cliff fac- ing southward on the south side of Tumamoc Hill, altitude 792 m. The collection was made from all sides of the boulders; and Mr. Blumer reported the south faces of the boulders to be very poor in lichen species and individuals, while the lichen flora is best developed and most highly colored on the north faces of the boulders. The lichens determined from this station are numbers meee moe nT. 12, 13, 16, 17,-10; 20, 21, 23, 26, 27 and 32. The similarity between the lichen species of the basaltic rocks of the first two stations will be apparent enough upon noting the simi- larity in numbering, and especially when one takes into account the genera represented by these numbers as well as the species. Mr. Blumer’s notes regarding station II state that a number of moisture-requiring seed-plants, such as Celtis pallida, Abutilon imcanum, Encelhia farinosa and a Eupatorium grow about the rocks; and doubtless there are moist places on the rocks where numbers I and 2 grow. At least, the writer has found members of the genus Endocarpiscum growing in moist places elsewhere. The structural responses of the other lichens found in the first two sections were sufficiently considered in the general and in the seriatim statements of adaptations and need not be repeated. Station III is a very steep slope facing directly south on the south side of Tumamoc Hill, altitude 823 m. The lichen habitat consists of loose blocks of tuff and basalt, especially the former, which have worked down from a quarry above. The habitat is a very dry one, and nothing exists on the ash-dry soil except a few bushes of Larrea tridentata. » The lichens determined from this station are numbers 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 16. The meager- ness of lichen species here is very apparent, but it is not certain 96 MycoLociIa whether this meagerness is due to the presence of the tuff or to the southern exposure. Mr. Blumer stated in a letter that the lichens seem to grow better on the basalt, but only one of the stations reported is composed entirely of tuff, so the question of relative suitableness of the two kinds of rocks for lichen sub- strata cannot be certainly solved from data at hand. Mr. Spal- ding and Mr. Blumer both stated in letters that lichens are very scarce on southward-facing rocks, the latter gentleman writing: “Their place of best development is on the northerly faces of basaltic rocks, where they are often beautifully conspicuous. On sunny aspects of rock faces they must be looked for to be found.” However, the most remarkable thing about the short list of seven lichens found in this station is that five of them belong to the genus Acarospora, and that every species and subspecies of the genus known to occur on Tumamoc Hill is found in this one station. The writer must again refer to his work in Minnesota,* where he has found the genus represented in every one of the six lichen formations of exposed horizontal rocks studied, whether on granite, quartzite or pipestone, and in all but one by the species Acarospora xanthophana. Also, he must recur to his statement, in ‘the paper on “A lichen, Society of a Sandstone) Wiprapees regarding the frequent occurrence of Acarospora on the south- ward-facing riprap and its very rare occurrence on the north- ward-facing riprap a few feet away. These data, with those of station III, establish beyond doubt that species of Acarospora, with their strong protective cortices and their cellular. structure throughout are the most characteristic xerophytes of all our American lichens thus far studied from the ecologic point of view. They occur in xerophytic associations as a small propor- tion of the plants of lichen formations in exposed environments in regions for the most part mesophytic, and are found at station III making a very large proportion of a lichen aggregation on the southward-facing, dry and often hot rocks of a desert region. Station IV is in the same locality as station II, but differs in that it is an outcrop of tuff facing eastward at the bottom of the exposure. The plants determined from this station are numbers * Fink, Bruce. Op. c. and other papers of the same series. + Fink, « Bruce!) Op. 1e.)278,00, FINK: COMPOSITION OF A DESERT LICHEN FLORA 97 1 and 2 of the list. The eastward-facing tuff at the bottom of the exposure is doubtless often moist, so that Endocarpiscum finds a‘ favorable habitat. It is not a little remarkable that the tuff, even at the base of the exposure, gave only two lichens; and, while it can hardly be possible that the absence of other lichens from the formation is more than a singular accident in distribu- tion, if indeed the collecting was in this instance carefully done, the data at hand tend strongly to prove that tuff is a very poor substratum for lichens. Station V is a northward-facing basalt cliff on the north side of Tumamoc Hill, just west of its summit, altitude 914 m. Mr. Blumer thinks that this is perhaps as moist and cool a place as can be found about the Desert Laboratory, but he writes that even here lichens are absent from certain rock crevices and faces that are perennially dry, and are for the most part limited to such sur- faces as are frequently wet or moist. The lichens found in this emiMon abe nutibers 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, 15, 16, 19, 23, 26, 27, 30 and 33. The general similarity of this list of lichens and that of station I is apparent enough from the numbers, and it need only be stated that the gelatinous lichens which commonly grow in moist and shaded habitats are represented on the rocks here by numbers 6 and 7. This comparatively moist and cool station is the only one at which these species were found upon the rocks. The failure to get Endocarpiscum from this station is doubtless due to an over- sight in the collecting. Station VI is at the bottom of the gulch west of the Desert Laboratory, on the north slope, about an old tuff quarry, altitude 747m. The rocks are tuff, with a few basaltic boulders, and the station is drier than station V. The lichens found in this station faesumibers 3, 4, 8, 9,:10, 11,13, 15; 16, 17, 18, 19, 23, 26 and 33. ‘The general similarity of this lichen assemblage to that in station I is readily seen. The present station shows a larger number of species of Acarospora than did station I, and the individuals of this genus predominate more plainly in the present station, if one may judge by the material sent. The tuff is doubtless a drier rock than the basalt, not holding water so well, and it would seem that is supports a fairly well developed lichen flora on the north- ward-facing exposures, but not on the southward-facing. How- 98 MycoLociIa ever, station VI contains basalt as well as tuff, and this conclu- sion can not be regarded as secure until several stations composed entirely of tuff are examined. The prevalence of tase ime tae present station doubtless accounts for the drier conditions which have given species of Acarospora in greater numbers. Station VII is the north face of a basalt block near the Desert Laboratory. The lichens determined from this station are very similar to those from stations I and VI, and a consideration of them would add nothing of value. : LICHENS OF SOIL AND TREES At all of the stations an effort was made to find lichens on the soil. At stations II, III, IV, VI and VII nothing was found on the earth, while from stations I and V were found numbers 5, 6, 7, 28, 30 and 31. Mr. Blumer stated that the lichens col- lected at station V were found on wet soil, nothing appearing to the eye on dry soil. Inconspicuous lichens are much more easily visible when moist, and this fact may account for the difference in appearance, but Mr. B. E. Livingston has found that the soil becomes air-dry for a considerable depth during dry seasons,* and it is more probable that the lichens of the soil, whose short rhizoids penetrate but a small portion of the distance down to soil moisture in drier situations, are for the most part confined to shaded places where the moisture is retained longer and where it is doubtless drawn upward along the faces and crevices of the rocks extending into the soil, so that the lichens can get more moisture from below than they could get by evaporation through the air-dry layer of soil above the caliche in drier places. A thorough study of the earth-inhabiting lichens of the region should be made, however few may be the number of species found, for the sake of the light that would be thrown upon general ecologic problems. The lichen flora of the woody plants of the area must be very limited, for repeated requests for such material brought nothing but a few sterile and poorly developed specimens of a Physcia and a Placodium. These were collected on Parkinsoma micro- phylla, very close to the ground, among rocks on a north slope. * Livingston, B. E. The Relation of Desert Plants to Soil Moisture and to Evaporation. Pub. Carnegie Institution of Washington, 8. Au 1906. FINK: COMPOSITION OF A DESERT LICHEN FLORA 99 RELATIONS TO MOISTURE AND AIR MOVEMENTS It still remains to discuss several factors which influence lichen distribution in the area under consideration and at the same time to state several further problems that may well receive attention at some future time. Regarding the atmospheric conditions likely to influence lichen distribution, relative humidity and air movements are doubtless the most important factors. The rela- tive humidity is known to be as low as eight per cent. of satu- ration about the Desert Laboratory, at times of special dryness in summer, and it varies from this to a high relative humidity during the rainy seasons. The ordinary winds blow from the east in the morning, later from the south, and by the middle of the afternoon from the west, while the gales may come from any direction. The drying winds from the east, south and west, day after day, doubtless interfere somewhat with the devel- opment of lichens on these three sides of outcrops of rocks, accentuating the effect of direct sunlight, thus leaving the north- ward-facing ledges by far the best habitats for lichens. Mr. V. M. Spalding has shown certain desert seed-plants to absorb more or less water through their leaves and young shoots, some of them as much as nineteen per cent. of their weight,* and has also found that certain species of desert seed-plants absorb a very small amount of water vapor from a nearly satu- rated atmosphere, through their leaves and twigs.+ He thinks that this absorption of water and water vapor through the leaves and twigs may be of some slight advantage. H. Jumelle has experimented with lichens in somewhat similar fashion, in order to ascertain the amount of dryness of lichens in their habitats. He collected several widely different species from trees and rocks, weighed them, placed them in a desiccator and weighed them again after drying. Jumelle’s first experi- ments were performed upon lichens taken at a time when quite dry and supposed to be in a latent condition, and he found the * Spalding, V. M. Biological Relations of Desert Shrubs.—II. Absorption of Water by Leaves. Bot. Gaz. 41: 262-282. Ap 1906. { Spalding, V. M. Absorption of Atmospheric Moisture by Desert Shrubs. Bull, Torr. Club 33: 367-375. Jl 1906. ¢Jumelle, H. Recherches Physiologiques sur les Lichens. Rev. Gen. Bot. 42 115. Mr 1892. 100 MycoLocIa relation of fresh weight to dry weight to vary from 1.14 to I in Parmelia acetabulum to 1.21 to 1 in Teloschistes parietinus. He thinks that respiration and assimilation in lichens are reduced to almost mil in dry times. He found that Cladoma rangiferina and some other higher lichens can endure the dry condition for three months, and, upon the return of moist conditions, the life energies gradually return to their normal condition. Jumelle also experimented with lichens collected at times when they should be near their maximum regarding water content in their natural habitats, and got no very striking increase in the amount of water present in their thalli, the figures for Parmelha aceta- bulum at two different times being 2.07 to 1 and 1.38 to 1. He also dipped lichens into water several times, wiped them care- fully and weighed them at once and also after drying. He found that the relation between the saturated weight and the dry weight is for Parmelia acetabulum 3.36 to I, a proportion above the average for nineteen lichens experimented upon by him. Jumelle has also experimented in similar fashion with seed- plants and has found that the proportion between fresh and dry weight varies from 10 to 1 up to 20 to 1. This shows that lichens, compared with seed-plants, contain very little water at any time, though the former are much more able to absorb water or water vapor in the proportions needed than are the latter, according to the experiments of Spalding. It must be further stated that Jumelle found a Collema dipped in water to show the surprising proportion of 35 to 1. He therefore con- cludes that the gelatinous lichens have a very high absorbing power. But these aside, lichens need very little water and are able to obtain all that is needed through the general surface, instead of through specialized organs as roots; the power of lichens to absorb water and water vapor through the general surface being high as compared with the results obtained by Spalding for the leaves and twigs of certain desert seed-plants. All considered, it may be assumed until otherwise proven, that lichens absorb at least a large proportion of the moisture needed, directly from water vapor of the atmosphere and from water falling upon them. However, so far as the writer can ascertain, the statements made by Jumelle do not rest upon experiments FINK: COMPOSITION OF A DESERT LICHEN FLORA 101 made upon any desert lichens, and similar experiments with some of the lichens about the Desert Laboratory would certainly give some very instructive results. Zukal, in summing up regarding the hygroscopicity of lichens, says: “ Die Hygroskopicitat ist fir die Flechten eine hochst wich- tige Eigenschaft, und nicht wenigen Arten ermoglicht sie geradezu die Existenz. Dies gilt besonders ftir die Bewohner jener Gegen- den, wo es nur wenige Tage im Jahre regnet, wie dies z. B. in manschen Landschaften Chiles, Australiens und Nordafrikas der Fall ist.”* It is doubtless true that hygroscopicity is of very considerable use to the crustose lichens of the deserts; though the most hygroscopic lichens are not the crustose ones, which seem to constitute almost the whole lichen flora of the desert area under consideration, nor yet the closely foliose ones that form a very small proportion of the lichen flora of Tumamoc Hill, but the loosely foliose and the fruticose species, especially those covered with hairs, cilia and free rhizoids. Experiments similar to those of Spalding and Jumelle, performed upon the crustose lichens of the desert in the driest condition in nature and giving the relation between fresh and dry weight, would give data regarding the amount of moisture retained in lichen thalli during the driest times in the desert. Accompanying this should go observations regarding the length of time that these lichens may be kept dry and then resume active respiration and assimi- lation on the return of favorable conditions. Lichens can get water from the surface of the ground or rocks for a short time during and after each rain or wet season; but they have no special adaptation for storing water like cacti, nor have they organs extending any considerable distance into the soil or into rock crevices by which, like many seed-plants, they could extract soil moisture from any considerable depth. The retreat of the evaporating surface into the soil therefore leaves any lichens growing upon exposed soil entirely in an air-dry environ- ment; consequently, the ability of these lichens, if lichens exist in such habitat, to absorb both water and water vapor from the atmosphere would be of special use to them in withstanding the effects of prolonged drought. This brings us to the ques- uke tien Op: 6.1346, © 1895. 102 MycoLocIA tion of how much moisture the lichens of the rocks in the desert may be able to obtain from upward passage through the rocks. It is well known that rocks are more or less porous and that the pores are larger toward the surface, porosity ranging from less than,one per cent. to thirty per cent. or more, Wy Re Van Hise states that water may rise 166 meters by capillarity, that, after it has ascended as high as it can by capillarity, it will still, through molecular attraction, creep along the walls of the pores “ from areas of greater to areas of less humidity,” and that there is no limit to such movement.* No reliable data are at hand regarding the porosity of the tuffs and basalts of Tumamoc Hill and the amount of water that reaches the surface through them. The basalt is more dense and less porous than the tuff, and the latter may, like the soil, give off moisture so rapidly as to become too dry to support lichens very successfully through periods of prolonged drought. The less porous basalt doubtless gives off water vapor coming up from great depths very slowly, but perhaps in sufficient quantity to keep the lichens growing on these rocks alive in the driest times known in the desert; at least on surfaces often wet during the rainy season, and especially on northward-facing exposures where the effect of prolonged drought is felt least. Mr. Spald- ing stated, in answer to inquiry, that the lichens seem to be quite as numerous on large boulders as on the rock exposures im situ. The boulders do not extend to great depth; but if they extend below the lower limit of evaporating surface in the soil in driest times, the problem of distribution of lichens on them might not differ materially from that of their distribution on other rocks. This question of water supply for the lichens from the rocks below them is well worth investigation at the Desert Laboratory. It is certain that the supply obtained in this way is not alone sufficient to sustain lichens, for observation proves that these plants do not grow on desert rocks perennially dry. But the moisture thus obtained may be sufficient to keep the lichens alive during periods of extreme dryness, in situations where they may obtain moisture otherwise during rains and wet seasons. * Van Hise; -C. R.:: Treatise on -Metamorphism. No. 753. Geoly Surv Mon. 47: 151. 1904. (House Documents, vol. 83.) FINK: COMPOSITION OF A DESERT LICHEN FLORA 103 CONCLUSION This brief study of the ecologic relations of some desert lichens should be of special interest, since it is the first one to appear. The workers in ecology have very largely confined their atten- tion to seed-plants, but there is certainly a problem of great interest in the study of ecologic distribution of lichens in the desert as well as elsewhere. The writer has been at the dis- advantage of not being able to see the field, and had it not been for the painstaking manner in which Mr. Spalding answered all inquiries and the careful collecting and note-taking of Mr. Blumer, the results herein presented would not have been possible. The writer realizes very fully that there are other problems con- cerning the distribution of lichens in the area herein considered, doubtless of as great importance as the ones discussed or sug- gested herein, that would present themselves during the progress of a study of the problem in the field. While the writer was studying the ecologic problems, a number of the lichens collected were sent by him to Mr. Theodor Hed- lund and to Mr. A. Zahlbruckner in Europe for aid in the taxo- nomic study. Thanks are due to both of these gentlemen for their aid in the work. Six new species and one new subspecies Geoule trom the work of Zahlbruckner (see Bull. Torr. Club 35: 297-300. Je 1908). MiaMI UNIVERSITY, OxForD, OHIO. DISCOMYCETES OF NORTH DAKOTA Frep. J. SEAVER The following is a list of the discomycetes (cup-fungi) collected and studied in North Dakota during the seasons of 1907-8. When not otherwise indicated the collections were made by the writer. Hymenium exposed from the first, plants not usually cup- shaped, disc-shaped, boat-shaped or linear. 1. HELVELLINEAE. Hymenium at first closed, plants cup-shaped, disc-shaped, boat-shaped or linear, opening by a circular, star- like or slit-like aperture. Hymenium exposed at an early stage, plants cup-shaped or disc-shaped. 2. PEZIZINEAE. Hymenium long, enclosed in a firm covering, opening with a star-like or slit-like aperture. Opening for the most part with a star-like aper- ture. 3. PHACIDIINEAE. Opening with a slit-like aperture. Plants boat- shaped or linear. 4. HYSTERIINEAE. 1. HELVELLINEAE Plant large, consisting of a stem and globose pitted head. 1. MorcHELLA. 2. PEZIZINEAE Plants small, 1-2 mm. in diameter, forming orange or salmon-colored masses I-3 cm. in diameter on burnt soil. 2. PYRONEMA. Plants not forming confluent masses and not usually occurring exclusively on burnt soil (except a few species not here recorded). Externally clothed with dark-colored bristly hairs. 3. LACHNEA. Externally naked or hairs when present light- colored, usually white. Plants large, 1-8 cm. in diameter, cup-shaped, urn-shaped or saucer-shaped. Plants stipitate, often attached to sticks in woods. Within scarlet, without whitish, slightly hairy. 4. SARCOSCYPHA. Within and without dark brownish-black. 5. URNULA.* Plants sessile, on wood, soil, etc. * Often included with the Phacidiineae. 104 SEAVER: DISCOMYCETES OF NORTH Juice turning* yellow when flesh is broken. Juice remaining colorless. Plants medium or small, 1 cm. or less:.in diameter. Occurring on dung of animals (except one species which occurs on old paper, cloth, etc., and a few others not here recorded). Spores entirely colorless. Asci 8-spored, plants yellowish, ciner- eous or flesh-colored. Plants with conspicuous, colorless. spines. Plants without spines. Asci 32-spored, plants white. Spores colored, at first bright purple, later brown. Spores free in the ascus. Spores united in a ball in the ascus, Occurring on wood, herbaceous stems, living leaves, etc. Plants superficial on the substratum. Clothed with a dense covering of soft, light-colored hairs. Plants sessile. Plants stipitate, stem often slender. Not clothed with hairs. Plants stipitate, stem stout, or slender. Stem short, stout, plants occur- ring on wood. - Hymenium bright yellow, disc nearly plane. Hymenium smoky-brown, beaker-shaped. Stem comparatively long and slender, on herbaceous stems, etc. Plants small, 1 mm. or less. in diameter. Plants medium, 3-5 mm. in diameter, Plants sessile. Substance soft and plants not black in color. Medium, 3-5 mm. in di- ameter. Dark purple, rubbery, spores colorless. DAKOTA 6. 7 8. GALACTINIA, PEZIZA, LASIOBOLUS. 9. ASCOPHANUS. 10. THECOTHEUS. 11. ASCOBOLUS. I2. Lee 15. 16. 17. 18. SACCOBOLUS. TRICHOPEZIZA. . DASYSCYPHA, HELOTIUM, GEOPYXIS. PHIALEA, CIBORIA, . CORYNE, 105 106 MycoLociA Greenish, spores colored, greenish-brown. Small, not exceeding 2 mm. in diameter. Plants disc-like, on leaves, wood, etc. Plants forming spots on leaves, alfalfa, etc. Substance hard, forming black discs on wood, etc. Spores with transverse septa only. Spores 1-septate, brown- ish. Spores more than 1- septate, colorless. Spores filiform, break- ing into joints. Spores not filiform. Spores muriform. Plants formed below the epidermis and bursting through usually in clusters. Plants medium, 3 or more mm., usually cup-shaped. Plants small, 1-2 mm. mostly disc- shaped. 3. PHACIDIINEAE Plants forming light-colored linear patches on old wood, etc. 4. HYSTERIINEAE Plants almost entirely superficial. Lips spreading so that the plants become sub- patellate. Lips tightly closed or only slightly spreading. Spores muriform, with transverse and longi- tudinal septa. Spores colored brown. Spores colorless. Spores 1-septate, colorless. Plants submerged, surface even with surface of sub- stratum. 1. HELVELLINEAE Tt; MorRcHELLA 20. 21. 22. 27. 28. 29. 30. B1t Be 33: 34- PHAEOPEZIA. MOoLttLIsIA. PSEUDOPEZIZA. ) KARSGHEAe . BACTROSPORA, . PATELLARIA. . BLITRYDIUM. CENANGIUM. DERMATEA, PROPOLIS. HYSTEROPATELLA, HYSTEROGRAPHIUM.. GLONIOPSIS. GLONIUM. HyYPoDERMA. MoRCHELLA ESCULENTA (L.) Pers. > (Mi yCOLOGER ~The Tenth Report of the Michigan Academy of Science con- tains a paper by C. H. Kauffman (10: 63-84. 1908) on unre- ported Michigan fungi for 1907, with an outline of the gastero- mycetes of the state. This outline of the puff-balls and their relatives should be exceedingly helpful to students of this group anywhere in the northern United States. Mycorhiza-producing basidiomycetes are discussed in a short paper by L. H. Pennington in the Tenth Report of the Michigan Academy of Science (10: 47-49. 1908). After a brief review of the work of others, the author describes the observations which led him to add Boletus speciosus, Russula emetica, Tricho- loma transmutans, and an additional species of Cortinarius to the list of higher fungi that may produce myeones upon the roots of certain species of oak. Bulletin 144 of the Bureau of Plant Industry of the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture contains an article by W. M. Scott and J. B. Rorer devoted to the cause and treatment of the Apple Blotch, a disease which is very destructive to apples and is widely dis- tributed over the eastern part of the United States. The disease is caused by Phyllosticta solitaria Ellis & Everh., and attacks the leaves, branches and fruit, but is most conspicuous on the branches and fruit. The first appearance of the disease on the fruit is a very small light brown blotch. The blotch spreads until it attains often a diameter of one half an inch. The fungus destroys only the outer layers of cells and the continued growth of the tissues beneath causes a cracking of the diseased areas, the cracks often being one half an inch long. The disease mars the ane ‘ of the fruit and'unfits it for the market. The experiments of the authors of the article have shown that the disease may be controlled by spraying with Bordeaux mix- ture. Full details as to the application of the remedy are con- tained in the bulletin named above. ¥ Es z ¥ rs zt eet E Lei bers of the Gaiden. "To aes, 10 cents. o ey eee Nowi in its ee volume, : EO ey oe Waberest, ea 00 a. ie * ae copies not “for sal Now i in its first volume.” Hiei ig omanibn | ORE et ‘of the Director-in-Chief and other official document ( ‘results of investigations carried. out in the Garden. - . Free toa den; to others, 63.00 per volume. — _ Now in its ‘sixth’ volu é ‘North American Plora. “Descriptions of the wi Lingua Greenland, the West Indies and Central Ai pleted in thirty. volumes. Roy. 8yo. Each volume to _ Subscription price, $1.50 per part; a limited. number for $2.00 each. [Not offered in exchange.] _ here _- Vol. 22, part 1, issued May 22, ie Rosales, ceae, Penthoraceae, Parnassiaceae, 1G Vol. 22, part 2, issued December . Cunoniaceae, Iteaceae, Mae emisTet ot ta nomaceae. | “Nol 7, part 1, aie. Oct. i 19 Mol Bo pa 2, Jaaed March Ree ceae (pars). aU eat hap Ns 25, part . issued August 24, ; ‘ rey, Erythroxylaceae, sha Vol..9, Sacla I and o ‘issued December a _poraceae, Near ; eo Vink 22. part. 3 eked ne aS inc es eae kes ame ithace et ae An ) Park, by Dr. Per xel pas Vol. Il, ‘The influence of - Dr. D. T. MacDougal. Nol. Be In brane # aieal papers written ae Bey other than the above. . Price, 25 ERR) a | vt 19. : | a 120,77 Paved _ Sicha, iA ms he | RCE rAroom AnD. SHGOIVHdNO VNAHNOWAd AO SHANLTNO TIOS XI FLVId VIDOTOOAN MYCOLOGIA Vou,’ b JULY, 1909 INO. 54) STUDIES IN PYROPHILOUS FUNGI—I. THE OCCURRENCE AND CULTIVATION OF PYRONEMA Frep J. SEAVER (WiTH PLATES 9-12, CONTAINING TWENTY-ONE FIGURES) To the collector it is a well-known fact that there are numerous species of fungi which are known only on burnt places. While some of these forms may occur under other conditions, such occurrence is so rare as to have attracted comparatively little atten- tion. Many popular reasons have been offered by individuals in explanation of these facts, such as the elimination of competition in the destruction of the higher plants, the presence of carbon in the soil, and that these forms really occur in other habitats and escape detection, but none of these reasons is sufficient to explain the occurrence of at least one of the plants in question. That these fungi do not occur on burnt places simply because the competition of the higher plants has been eliminated is shown by the fact that they do not, as a rule, occur on bare soil which has not been burned over. My own observation has also shown that carbo- naceous materials are not necessary to the life of some of the pyrophilous fungi, and we must look for other explanations of these interesting phenomena. The genus Pyronema includes several species, which, as the name implies, commonly inhabit burnt places. The occurrence of the plants of this genus on burnt ground is sufficiently common [Mycotocta for May, 1909 (1: 83-130), was issued 4 June 1909.] 131 132 MycoLocia to have suggested the name of the genus, but no one has appar- ently considered the matter of sufficient importance to warrant investigation.* Since the most common species of the genus, Pyronema omphalodes (Bull.) Fuckel, is one of the few dis- comycetous fungi in which sexual reproduction has been demon- strated, numerous papers have been written on this phase of the subject, but in each case the matter of the occurrence of the species is dismissed with a simple statement of the fact. Nor, so far as known, has anyone taken the trouble to cultivate the species under artificial conditions either for the study of repro- ductive processes or in the attempt to gain information as to the reasons for its common occurrence on burnt ground. The plants of this genus were first encountered by the writer in 1904, when the above-named species was found to be very common on burnt places near lowa City, Iowa. Scarcely a burnt place could be visited in and about woods in wet weather on which this species was not found to be present and often in abun- dance, the plants appearing on charcoal and ashes and the burnt- over soil. While the individual plants are small, ranging from one to two millimeters in diameter, they commonly occur in dense confluent masses often covering a space of several inches, and by reason of their bright color they might, in spite of their small size, be counted among the more attractive forms of fungi. The second occurrence of this species to attract the attention of the writer was during the fall of 1906 in the propagating houses of the New York Botanical Garden, where it was found to appear on soil sterilized with steam under a pressure of ten to fifteen pounds. Here the plants occurred as usual, forming rose-colored or salmon-colored sheets over the surface of the soil, the groups of plants being surrounded by a cobweb of mycelium. Under these conditions the plants seem to thrive for a time, but * Since this paper went to press a synopsis of the article below has come to the attention of the writer showing that some of the conclusions drawn in the present paper have been previously arrived at. Although the present work was conducted without knowledge of this previous work and the line of experimentation is different, the conclusions, so far as the work has gone, are almost identical. Kosaroff, P. Beitrag zur Biologie von Pyronema confluens Tul., gleich- zeitig ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss der durch Sterilisation herbeigefiihrten Ver- anderungen des Bodens. Bot. Zeit. 66: 23. 1908. SHGOTVHdWO VWAHNOUAd AO SHAMNLTNO TOS X ALVIg VIDOTOOAW }- =f 4 a 1 SEAVER: STUDIES IN PyYROPHILOUS FUNGI io finally mature their fruit and disappear. The species was said to occur on soil sterilized in this manner almost without exception and had been noted for several years past by those carrying on experimental work here requiring the sterilization of soils; but as the fungus usually appeared before seeds had germinated and apparently did no harm, it did little more than to arouse a passing interest. The attention of the writer was at length called to this fungus and it was identified as Pyronema omphalodes ( Bull.) | Fuckel. The occurrence of a fungus commonly associated with burnt places on soil sterilized with steam was a fact of unusual interest, since it indicated that: charcoal and carbonaceous mate- rials are not necessary to the life of this fungus as was previously supposed. In trying to explain these facts it at once became apparent that the high temperatures to which the substrata had been subjected had something to do with the appearance of these plants under the above conditions, but whether the high temperatures had some relation to the spores of the fungus itself in stimulating them to germination or to the substrata only in preparing it for the growth of the fungus was at that time a question. During the summer of 1907 the species was again observed in North Dakota, where it occurred on bare soil by roadsides where there was no trace of charcoal, but in places which it is easy to suspect had been fire-swept or subjected to considerable tempera- tures by the heat of the sun and natural conditions of sterilization. The last appearance of these plants and the one which has prompted the study of the problem which has been made the basis of the present paper was in agar which had been inoculated with the spores of other fungi in the laboratories of the New York Botanical Garden. The appearance of this fungus, uninvited, in three different cultures at the same time in a laboratory where to my knowledge none of the plants of the genus had been studied, even from dried material, for more than two years was sufficiently mysterious to arouse interest. _ There were two possible explanations of the appearance of this fungus at this time; one that the cultures had become inoculated with the spores from the air and the other that the spores were present in the cultures and had withstood the process of steriliza- 134 MycoLocia tion. That the spores might not only be able to withstand the process of sterilization, but might even be stimulated to germina- tion by high temperatures was suggested, since it is claimed that the spores of some of the coprophilous fungi must be subjected to the body temperature and other influences of the alimentary canal of animals in order to induce their germination. In order to test the matter of the effect of heat on the spores of the fungus, mature ascospores were heated to various tempera- tures and later planted in hanging drop cultures. The heating was accomplished both with dry heat and by heating in a drop of water. In no case could the spores which had been heated to any considerable temperature be made to germinate. On the other hand, mature ascospores which had not been heated germi- nated readily in drop cultures, proving that if high temperatures have anything to do with the appearance of this fungus the effect is on the substratum only, the spores themselves being as sensitive to heat as are those of other species of fungi. This species is not sufficiently common to expect that the air of the laboratory is saturated with the spores at all times, but from later experiments it is evident that these cultures were inoculated from the air. The fact that the fungus occurred in cultures in which the agar had been poured over filter paper previously heated to 110° C. for purposes of sterilization again raised the question of the relation existing between this fungus and the heating of the substratum. Cultures of agar were later tried, leaving out the filter paper, and the fungus was found to grow fully as well as in the preceding case. The luxuriant growth of this species on agar is evidence that high temperatures are not necessary in all cases to its growth. Soils sterilized with dry heat require a higher temperature to bring about favorable conditions for the growth of this fungus than are necessary for the sterilization of agar. From our own observations and experiments there is little doubt that this fungus occurs on burnt places as a result of steril- ization of such places by fire. However, it is probable that steril- ization means much more than the simple elimination of compe- tition by the destruction of bacteria and other fungi present in the soil. The nature of the changes brought about in soil by heating SHAOTIVHdNO VNHNOWAd AO SHANLIND TIOS IX dLVId VIDO'TIOOAW ’ * i A f ; ) ay ' 3 at , xe x ie 1 ‘ ys & . ye . “ 4 . i , J ~ i 5 Vos . Poa? es ‘ r ‘ “ SEAVER: STUDIES IN PyROPHILOUS FUNGI 13) to high temperatures is a question concerning which little is known and one which is of vital importance to the problem under con- sideration. While the heating of the soil destroys the fungi already present, there is every reason to believe that it prepares the way for the growth of those species which may be introduced subsequent to sterilization. The experimental work of the pres- ent paper has been based mainly on the one species, Pyronema omphalodes (Bull.) Fuckel, but the question of the effect of the heating of soils on the production of fungi is doubtless a large one and it is the intention of the writer to extend these investi- gations to other forms when fresh material can be secured for experimental work. Some of the observations in support of the above conclusion are: in its occurrence on sterilized soil the fungus usually appears at a very early date and is mature before other forms of vegeta- tion have had time to make any considerable growth; after matur- ing one crop of ascocarps the fungus gradually disappears, indi- cating that the most favorable time for its growth is immediately after sterilization; soil sterilized, moistened and allowed to stand for a week appears to be as unfavorable for the growth of Pyronema as soils which have never been sterilized, notwithstand- ing the fact that the soil is entirely free from other forms of vege- tation so far as the eye can detect. _ In its occurrence in nature on burnt ground, no notes have been made as to the relative time between the burning of the substratum and the appearance of the fungus. This would doubtless depend upon conditions of moisture. A place having been thoroughly sterilized would remain so until the return of moisture, when the Pyronema avails itself of the favorable conditions of sterilization aua@hamoisture and matures its crop of spores. So far as can be recalled, this species has been found on burnt places only when bare and apparently devoid of other forms of vegetation, indi- cating that it appears soon after burning or soon after the return of moisture to the burnt places. In its occurrence on agar, the Pyronema grows rapidly, cover- ing the surface of the agar in a three-inch petri dish in about four days. All of the cultures have been slightly contaminated with other fungi in the center of the dish, but fruit has not been 136 MycoLociaA produced when the Pyronema has been planted in cultures already thoroughly contaminated with other fungi. A fresh culture on agar in which the mycelium was radiating equally in all directions was contaminated by placing a drop of water rich in bacteria directly in front of the advancing mycelium. In a short time the water had evaporated, leaving only the con- taminated spot. The mycelium continued to grow on both sides of the spot but refused to cross the infected area. Later, it grad- ually surrounded this area, which was apparently unfavorable to its growth. In no case have I failed to produce an abundant crop of fruit in three to six days on soil sterilized under high steam pressure or with dry heat at a high temperature when such soils have been inoculated with the spores of the fungus. Indeed, such condi- tions are so favorable that it is difficult to prevent the fungus from invading such places even when not inoculated. On the other hand, in no case have I been able to produce more than a begin- ning of growth on unsterilized soil. Soils sterilized at low tem- peratures often produce a scant growth of ascocarps, which are, for the most part, devoid of the normal color. The observation is made by Dr. R. A. Harper* that this plant also occurs on damp, well-rotted leaves where there has been no fire. J can account for this only on the ground that the leaves have been previously sun dried and subjected to natural condi- tions of sterilization, for in my experiments here every attempt to grow this fungus on unsterilized materials has failed. It is quite probable that other conditions of sterilization might give the same results as those produced by fire, but this point has not yet been demonstrated. METHODS OF CULTIVATION FOR STUDY The cultivation of fungi under artificial conditions is compara- tively easy when we are able to meet the conditions in the labo- ratory under which they normally occur in nature. The appar- ent preference of this species for conditions of sterilization render it unusually favorable for cultivation under artificial conditions. * Sexual Reproduction in Pyronema confluens and the Morphology of the Ascocarp. Ann. Bot. tas 321.) 71900, SEAVER: STUDIES IN PyropHILous FUNGI ON, The rapidity of growth, together with the fact that the sex organs in Pyronema are the largest known among the ascomy- cetes, should render the species of this genus of unusual interest to instructors who desire such material for study in the class- room, when the ease with which they may be artificially cultivated becomes known. The length of time during which the spores and mycelium will keep their vitality in the laboratory is a question which time alone will answer. When once the plant is started it can be cultivated generation after generation with perfect suc- cess, enabling the student to trace every step in the life-history of the plant from the germination of the spores to the production of the sex organs and, a few days later, the mature ascocarps. The existence of sex organs in this plant has been known for many years, but it is only recently that Dr. R. A. Harper has demonstrated that these are actually functional. His study, how- ever, was based on material collected under natural conditions, he having made no attempt to cultivate the species on nutrient media. The fact that this can be done would render the species as available for regular laboratory study as are the reproductive organs of some of the common algae. If it is desired to study the reproductive organs from gross material, and agar is available, this is one of the best media to use, since the development of the plant can be studied in culture from day to day by placing it under the low power of a compound microscope. The surface of the agar is smooth and transparent, so that we may detect the earliest appearance of the forming fruit and these may be mounted on a slide in a drop of agar, thus elimi- nating grit and sand which might be present in material grown on soil. Much care must be taken to get the plants at a very early stage, for immediately after fertilization each cluster of sex organs is surrounded by the tissues of the developing ascocarp, which obscure the details of the reproductive organs. Soil which has been heated to a high temperature is apparently more favorable for the production of the sex organs and asco- carps in large numbers than agar. Ina pot of sterilized soil the fruit is produced on the pot as well as on the soil and can quite easily be removed for study. Since soil is always available and most nearly approaches the natural conditions for the growth of 138 MycoLoGIA the species, it is probably the most practical medium to be employed. If plants are desired for sectioning, soft materials, such as broken leaves, may be placed on the soil and sterilized. In this case the fruit is formed in clusters on the leaves and soil. The pieces of leaves may then be removed, imbedded, and sectioned in the ordinary way, or the plants may be scraped off from the leaves and mounted and studied from the gross material. SUMMARY 1. Pyronema omphalodes, which normally occurs on burnt places, can be successfully cultivated on nutrient media, produc- ing sex organs on the fifth or sixth day and mature ascocarps in about ten days from the time of the planting of the spores. 2. This fungus will produce an abundance of fruit on soil or leaf-mold which has been sterilized by heating to high tempera- tures (110° C. or over), but refuses to produce fruit or any con- siderable mycelium on unsterilized soil or soil heated to low temperatures (less than 95° C.). 3. Sterilization by steam serves the same purpose as steriliza- tion with dry heat, provided the soil is sterilized under sufficient pressure (5 lbs. or over). Soil sterilized under low pressure (2 Ibs. or less) produces fruit only sparingly. 4. The time required to produce fruit on soil, as well as the abundance of the fruit itself, varies with the temperature to which the substratum has been subjected. Soil sterilized at 95° C. has produced no fruit; soil sterilized at 110° C. produces a fair quan- tity of fruit; while soil sterilized at 135°-145° C. produces fruit in abundance. The length of time of the application of the heat also has some influence. 5. Sterilization of soil by heat apparently brings about some change in the soil other than the simple elimination of competition in the destruction of bacteria and other fungi, which changes appear to be of vital importance in the cultivation of fungi which normally grow on burnt soil. MYCOLOGIA PrATE xa PYRONEMA OMPHALODES SEAVER: STUDIES IN PyROPHILOUS FUNGI 139 EXPLANATION OF PLATES PRATER Two pots of soil, the left unsterilized, the right sterilized with dry heat at 140° C. for 15 hrs. Both were planted with seeds of pea, the sterilized pot soon becoming thoroughly infected with Pyronema omphalodes (Bull.) Fuckel, the unsterilized pot remaining uninfected. xX 2. PRATED OS Soil cultures, the left unsterilized, the right sterilized with steam under a pressure of 5 lbs. for 1-2 hrs. Both were innoculated with the spores of Pyronema omphalodes at a point near the center of the culture. The unsterilized culture produced no fruit and a very scant growth of mycelium surrounding the point of inoculation. The sterilized culture produced an abundant growth of mycelium and abundant fruit. x 4. PLATE XI Soil cultures, the left sterilized with dry heat at 110° C. for 1 hr., the right sterilized at 145° C. for 1 hr., the latter producing mycelium and fruit in much greater abundance than the former. X#. eden OC UL 1-2. Germination of spores of Pyronema omphalodes in hanging culture after 20 hrs. Portion of mycelium drawn from culture grown on agar. Portion of a cluster of oogonia at an early stage. Cluster of oogonia drawn from material grown on agar. Cluster of oogonia partially teased out. Be eee 7-13. Figures of oogonia and antherida drawn from material grown on agar. 14-15. End views of oogonia and antheridia drawn from ‘culture material. All the figures on this plate were sketched with the aid of a camera lucida, and are magnified 500 diameters. New York BoTanicaL GARDEN. THE BOLETACEAE OF NORTH AMERICA—II Wituiam A. MurrRILuL Most of the genera of the Boletaceae were treated in the first part of this article, which appeared in the January number of Mycotocia. The remaining genus includes a comparatively large number of species, many of which are rather difficult to distinguish. Owing to the perishable nature of these plants, there are also many doubtful species. For other recent papers on this group, the student is referred to Torreya 8: 50-55, 197-200, 209-217. 1908, and to the Bulletin of the Torrey Club 35: 517-526. pl. 36-40. 1908. The last two articles, on “ Boleti from Western North Carolina” and ‘‘ The Boleti of the Frost Herbarium,” were reprinted as Garden Contributions 111 and 114. 11. CERIOMYcES Battar. Fung. Hist. 62. pl. 29. 1755. Not Ceriomyces Corda. 1837 Leccinum S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 1: 646. 182049 Uaioe species, Boletus aurantiacus Bull.) Tubiporus Karst. Rev. Myc. 3°: 16. 1881. (Type species, Tubi- porus edulis (Bull.) Karst.) Krombholzia Karst. Rev. Myc. 3°: 17. 1881. Not Krombholzia Rupr. 1842. (Type species, Krombholzia .versipells (Fr.) Karst. ) Versipellis Quél. Ench. Fung. 157. 1886. (Type species, Ver- sipellis variegata (Sw.) Quel.) : Ixocomus Quél. Myc. Fl. Fr. 411. 1888. (Type species, [vo- comus badius (Fr.) Quél.) Xerocomus Quél. Myc. Fl. Fr.417. 1888. (Type species, Xero- comus impolitus (Fr.) Quél.) ; Hymenophore annual, terrestrial, centrally stipitate; surface dry, rarely viscid, glabrous or variously ornamented: context usually white or yellow, sometimes tinged with certain other colors, very rarely poisonous; tubes free or adnate, small, cylin- drical, sometimes large and angular near the stipe: spores oblong- 140 MurrILL: BOLETACEAE OF NortTH AMERICA 141 ellipsoid, smooth, ochraceous to yellowish-brown: stipe solid, ex- cept in one or two species, even or reticulated, exannulate. Type species, Certomyces crassus Battar. Stem shaggy and lacerated, with reticulated furrows. Pileus dry, tomentose or reddish-pilose. Pileus viscid, glabrous. Stem smooth or reticulated with veins. Tubes white, not stuffed when young and not turning blue when wounded, colored at maturity with the yellowish-brown spores ; pileus A few subtomentose species have whitish tubes when young. glabrous. Stem smooth, pileus white, smooth. Stem reticulated. Pileus white, with deep chinks forming areolae. Pileus gray, smooth. Stem scabrous, pileus smooth, rarely white. Stem conspicuously bright yellow near I. 2. C. Russellit. C. Betula. . C. albellus. . C. frustulosus. . C. griseus. the base. 6. C. chromapes. Stem entirely white or grayish-white. TiC aScauene Tubes flesh-colored; cap small, floccose or squamulose. Pileus adorned with appressed yellowish flocci; spores 14-16 X 5-6 pm. 8. C. conicus. Pileus adorned with conspicuous dark purple scales; spores 9-12 X.2-3 M. Tubes bright yellow, sometimes tinged with scarlet, unchanging at maturity or in dried specimens. Stem smooth, pileus glabrous. Stem 2 cm. thick; spores 15 X 6m. Stem less than 1 thick; spores 10 X 4B. Stem reticulated, pileus and stem covered cm. with a bright yellow or scarlet tomentum or pulverulence. Tubes some shade of yellow or brown, usually becoming darker with age. In:'C. fumo- sipes, C. sordidus, and C. Roxanae, the tubes are whitish when young. Parasitic on species of Scleroderma. Found in clusters on roots and stumps of pine; pileus bright golden-yellow. Found on the ground, rarely on wood much decayed and then not in clusters. Tubes stuffed when young, their mouths usually white; pileus usually gla- brous. Io. II. I2. mae 14. C. Vanderbiltianus. C. flaviporus. C. auriporus. C. auriflammeus. C. parasiticus. C. hemichrysus. 142 MycoLociA Stem furfuraceous, lilac-gray; pileus and tubes chocolate-brown. Stem smooth or reticulated; pileus and tubes of lighter color than above. Spores brownish-ochraceous, 13- I5 X 4-5mM; stem more or less reticulated. Spores ferruginous-ochraceous, Q-I2 X 4-5m; stem rarely reticulated at the top; pileus often olivaceous and spotted. Tubes not stuffed when young. Pileus viscid, glabrous, small, yel- low, sometimes more or less reddish-brown; stem not re- ticulated. Tubes brick-colored, flesh pep- pery, stem solid, yellow at the base. Tubes yellow, flesh mild. Stem hollow, glabrous. Stem solid, dotted with yel- low or red glandules. Pileus glabrous or subtomentose, not viscid. Stem reticulated, usually very distinctly so. Pileus, tubes, and stem tawny-brown. Pileus yellow or brown, tubes yellow. Pileus red. Stem bright lemon-yel- low throughout; pi- leus without a bloom. Stem red below, yel- low above; pileus with a bloom, Stem not reticulated, except in forms of C, subtomen- tosus. Pileus glabrous. Pileus red. Stem yellow, some- times with red stains ; entire plant quickly changing to blue at any point 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 . C. eximius. . C. crassus. . C. affinis. . C. piperatus. . C. Curtisu. . C. inflexus. . C. tabacinus. . C. retipes. . C. speciosus. Cl Peekas MurRRILL: BOLETACEAE OF NortH AMERICA 143 where touched. 25. C. miniato-olivaceus. Stem red, yellow at the top; flesh and tubes slowly turning blue when wounded. 26. C. bicolor. Pileus yellow or brown. Tubes changing to blue when wounded; stem glabrous. 27. C. pallidus. Tubes not changing to blue when wounded. Stem furfur- aceous, pale yellow; tubes. pale yellow to greenish- yellow. 28. C. subglabripes. Stem rough with minute, stiff, black hairs ; tubes brown to black. 29. C. scabripes. Pileus subtomentose; flesh usually spongy and drying readily. Tubes not changing to blue when wounded. Tubes whitish, be- coming yellow; mouths smal], circular. 30. C. Roxanae. Tubes yellow; mouths large and angular, es- pecially near the stem. 31. C. subtomentosus. Tubes small, yel- lowish, becom- ing brick-red on drying or when bruised; pileus large, 9-13 cm. in diameter and acme thick: 32. C.tomentipes. 144 MycoLocIa Tubes changingto blue when wounded. Tubes -at first grayish- white, dis- colored later by “tele spores; stem blu- ish-green at at top. Pileus con- spicuously reticulate- rimose. 33. C. fumosipes. Pileus not re- ticulate-ri- mose. 34. C. sordidus. Tubes yellow and large; stem and pileus usually red, the ~latter often cracked. 35. C. communis. 1. Ceriomyces Russellii (Frost) Boletus Russella Frost, Bull. Buifalo Soc. Nat. Mist) 2: 7e7: 1874. : Described from specimens collected in New England by Rus- sell. This is a very handsome and well characterized species, closely allied to C. Betula but extending farther north in its range, being found in open deciduous woods from New England to Mis- sissippi and west to Wisconsin. 2. Ceriomyces Betula (Schw.) Boletus Betula Schw. Schr. Nat. Ges. Leipzig 1: 90. 1822. Boletus Morgam Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 10: 73. pl. 35. 1883. (Type from Kentucky. ) | Described originally from North Carolina and afterwards found several times in that state, as well as in Georgia, Alabama, Ten- nessee, Ohio and Kentucky. When Schweinitz moved to Penn- sylvania, he doubtless confused C. Russellii with the plants he had collected in North Carolina. The two species are, however, quite MurrILL: BOLETACEAE OF NortTH AMERICA 145 distinct, C. Betula having a smooth, perfectly glabrous, viscid, shining testaceous cap, while that of C. Russell is dry and tomentose. 3. Ceriomyces albellus (Peck) Boletus albellus Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 41: 77. 1888. Described from Sandlake, New York, and also found in decid- uous woods in Pennsylvania, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia and Tennessee. ‘The color of the cap, which is white or whitish, should at once distinguish it from nearly all other species of boleti. , 4. Ceriomyces frustulosus (Peck) Boletus frustulosus Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 24: 146. 1897 Described from specimens collected in open ground and on clay banks at Ocean Springs, Mississippi, and at Akron, Alabama, by L. M. Underwood. The deep chinks in the cap are very con- spicuous in the type specimens. Young specimens recently col- lected in Mississippi by Mrs. Earle and in the District of Colum- bia by myself are doubtfully referred to this species, but they show the frustulose character very slightly. 5. Ceriomyces griseus (Frost) Boletus griseus Frost; Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 29: 45. 1878. Ppoleus feruosipes Peck, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 2: 130. 1889. (Type from North Carolina. ) Described from specimens collected by Peck at Sandlake, New York. It occurs in open woods from New England to North Carolina, and is distinguished from C. retipes, to which it is very closely related, by its pure white tubes, those of C. retipes being decidedly yellow. The cap is gray and the stem usually whitish. 6. Ceriomyces chromapes (Frost) Boletus chromapes Frost, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 105. 1874. A very attractive species, and one easily recognized by its stem, which is bright yellow near the base and finely scabrous over its entire surface. The cap is pale red and the tubes and most of 146 MycoLocIa the stem white. Described from Vermont, and found comnionly in open woods throughout eastern continental North America from Nova Scotia to Mississippi. I find also in the herbarium a handsome specimen of this plant mixed with certain of Baker’s collections from Stanford University, California. S. Kawamura, in a recent number of the Botanical Magazine of Tokyo (22: (329). 1908), mentions this species as occurring in Japan, but I have not seen his specimens. 7. Ceriomyces scaber ( Bull.) Boletus scaber Bull. Elerb; Fr. pl. 132) fa “ees Boletus aurantiacus Bull. Herb. Fr. pl. 236. 1784. Boletus niveus Fr. Obs. Myc. 1: 114. 1815. Leccinum aurantiacum S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl.1:646. 1821. Leccinum scabrum S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 1: 647. 1821. ? Boletus versipellis Fries, Boleti 13. 1835. | Krombholzia scabra Karst. Rev. Myc. 3°: 17. 1885. Gyroporus scaber Quél. Ench. Fung. 162. 1886. Described from France and common in various habitats, espe- cially in and near woods, throughout Europe and North America. It is one of the best known and most abundant of all the boleti. The scabrous stem and the unchanging white flesh and tubes should distinguish it, in spite of the variable colors of the cap. Boletus versipellis of Fries (Boleti 13. 1835) seems only a va- riety with reddish cap and appendiculate margin. | 8. Ceriomyces conicus (Rav. ) Boletus comcus Rav. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. II. 12: 430. 1853. Known only from specimens collected by Ravenel in damp pine woods in South Carolina. The sporophore is small, having a conical cap adorned with appressed yellowish flocci, and the tubes are flesh-colored. JI have examined the types at Harvard, and Dr. Farlow has kindly made for me an examination of their spores, which measure 14-16 X 5-6. g. Ceriomyces Vanderbiltianus (Murrill) Boletus Vanderbiltianus Murrill, Torreya 8: 215. 1908. Described from specimens collected by the writer on the road- side in thin oak woods in Pink Bed Valley, North Carolina. The MurrILL: BOLETACEAE OF NortTH AMERICA TAZ cap is small, subconical, ornamented with conspicuous dark purple scales; the tubes are salmon-colored near the margin, becoming incarnate as the spores mature. On seeing the types of C. com- cus, I realized at once that it was closely related to the present species, but Dr. Farlow has assured me, after a careful micro- scopic examination, that the difference in the size of the spores is alone sufficient to distinguish the species, those of C. conicus being considerably longer and about twice as broad. 10. Ceriomyces flaviporus (Earle) Boletus fiaviporus Earle, Bull. N. Y: Bot. Gard. 3: 297. 1905. Described from specimens collected by C. F. Baker at Stanford University, California. It differs from C. auriporus in being much larger, and in having larger spores. The general appear- ance of the two species is very similar. 11. Ceriomyces auriporus (Peck) Boletus auriporus Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 23: 133. 1872. Boletus mmexus Frost, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 103. 1874. (Type from Vermont. ) Boletus caespitosus Peck, Bull. Torrey Club27:17. 1900. (Type from Virginia. ) This very attractive species, the tubes of which retain their golden-yellow color on drying, was originally described from North Elba, New York. It occurs in thin dry woods and on shaded roadsides throughout the eastern United States, from New England to Alabama. The cap is usually reddish-brown and the stem is viscid if the weather is not too dry. 12. Ceriomyces auriflammeus (Berk. & Curt.) Boletus auriflammeus Berk. & Curt. Grevillea 1: 36. 1872. This species is of great interest, being very rare and very beau- tiful. It was originally collected in North Carolina by Rev. M. A. Curtis and sent by him to Berkeley, who described it. Peck found one plant at Sandlake, New York, and it was also reported by Beardslee from Brookside, West Virginia. A number of fine 148 MycoLocIa specimens have recently been collected in North Carolina by Dr. House, Miss Burlingham and myself. The description given by Berkeley is both incomplete and inaccurate, but the bright golden- yellow color of the pileus and stem should easily distinguish it. The mouths of a few of the tubes sometimes appear scarlet, espe- cially on drying, but this character is not at all conspicuous. The stem is beautifully reticulated. 13. Ceriomyces parasiticus (Bull.) Boletus parasiticus Bull. Herb. Fr. pl. 451. f. 7. 1780. Versipellis parasitica Quél. Ench. Fung. 159. 1886. Xerocomus parasiticus Quél. Fl. Myc. 418. 1888. : Distinct from all other boleti in being parasitic. If separated from the Scleroderma on which it grows, it might be confused with C. subtomentosus. It has been found in several places in New York and New England, as well as in Europe and Asia. 14. Ceriomyces hemichrysus (Berk. & Curt.) Boletus hemichrysus Berk. & Curt. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. II. 12: 420: 1853. {Grevilleayi: 35.972: This very rare species was described from specimens collected by Ravenel in South Carolina on roots of Pinus palustris. It has since been collected in North Carolina, Alabama, New Jersey and New York, and always on roots or stumps of some species of pine. It is just possible that this is the plant found by McIlvaine in clusters on old stumps near Philadelphia and described by Peck as Boletus fulvus. 15. Ceriomyces eximius (Peck) Boletus robustus Frost, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 104. 1874. Not Boletus robustus Fries. 1851. | Boletus eximius Peck, Jour. Mycol. 3:54. 1887. Described from Brattleboro, Vermont, and found in thin woods and along roadsides from Nova Scotia to North Carolina and west to Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Its stem is very char- acteristic, being lilac-gray and furfuraceous, while the cap and tubes are chocolate-brown. MurritL: BoLetTAcEAE oF NortH AMERICA 149 16. CERIOMYCES CRASSUS Battar. Fung. Hist. 62. Di 2OM al 775. Agaricus bulbosus Schaeff. Fungi Bavar. 2: pl. 134. 1763. Boletus edulis Bull. Herb. Fr. pl. 60. 1781. Boletus esculentus Pers. Obs. Myc. 1: 23. 1794. Miecamium edule S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 1: 647. 1821. Boletus separans Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 25: 81. 1873. (Type from Greenbush, New York.) Boletus decorus Frost, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 103. 1874. (Type from Brattleboro, Vermont. ) Boletus limatulus Frost, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 104. 1874. (Type from Brattleboro, Vermont.) Boletus varuipes Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 41: 76. 1888. (Type from Menands, New York.) Suillus bulbosus O. Kuntze, Revis. Gen. 3: 535. 18093. Epos auripes eck, Ann. Rep: N. Y. State. Mus. 50: 107. 1898. (Type from Port Jefferson, New York.) Bows catemsont Peck, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 94: 20. 10905. (Type from New York.) poms woos Peck, Bull. IN. Y. State Mus. 94: 48. 1905. (Type from New York.) This species is abundant, well known, and widely distributed in temperate regions, and, like most species of this character, it has many varieties and has received many names. ‘The sporo- phore is large, with glabrous, brownish cap, white or yellowish flesh, stuffed tubes that soon change from white to yellowish or brownish, and a stout stem that is usually more or less reticulated, especially above. In Peck’s variety clavipes, the stem is reticu- lated to the base, and in B. separans of Peck the stem, as well-as the cap, is brownish-lilac in color. Most of the other American forms included in the above synonymy may be referred either to the type form or to one of the two varieties just mentioned. 17. Ceriomyces affinis (Peck) Bois ajimis Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 25: 81. . 1873. Parcs leprosus Peck, Bull. N.Y. State Mus.-2: 135. 1880. (Type from North Carolina.) ? Boletus crassipes Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 27: 19. 1900. (Type from Mt. Gretna, Pennsylvania. ) 150 MycoLoGIA Described from. Greenbush, New York, and found rather com- monly in thin woods from Vermont to North Carolina and west to Indiana. This species is not generally well known, but it is easily recognized after having been once carefully observed. The types of B. leprosus are destroyed and B. crassipes was described from notes and drawings only, so I have doubtfully referred them to the present species, although I have little doubt that they be- long here. 18. Ceriomyces piperatus (Bull. ) Boletus piperaius-Bull. Herb. Fr. pl. 459. f. 2. = tee: Boletus ferruginatus Batsch. Elench. Fung. f. 28. 1783. Leccinum piperatum 3S. F. Gray, Nat., Arr. Brit. Pl a23yGa7- 1820. Boletus Sistotrema Peck, Ann. Rep. N: Y.-State Missi 23s 1872. Viscipellis piperata Quél. Ench. Fung. 157. 1886. Ixocomus piperatus Quel. Fl. Myc. 414. 1888. This species occurs throughout the northern United States and Europe in woods and open places near woods. It may be recog- nized by its rather small, yellow cap, acrid and peppery flesh, and brick-colored tubes. 19. Ceriomyces Curtisii ( Berk. ) Boletus Curtisu Berk. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. I. 12s a2oesiaea Grevillea r-935,)) 1872. Boletus fistulosus Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 24:144. 1897. (Type from Auburn, Alabama. ) Described by Berkeley from specimens collected in pine woods in South Carolina by Curtis. Known to occur from North Caro- lina to Alabama and Mississippi. The yellow, viscid cap and slender, hollow stem should readily distinguish the species. 20. Ceriomyces inflexus ( Peck) Boletus mflexus Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 22:°207. 18095: ? Boletus rubropunctus Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 50: 109. 1898. (Type irom Port Jefferson; New York) Described from specimens collected in open woods near Trex- lertown, Pennsylvania, by Herbst. Difficult to distinguish from small forms of C. scaber, except by its yellow and smaller-tubes. MurrILL: BoOLETACEAE OF NortH AMERICA Ney 21. Ceriomyces tabacinus ( Peck) Boeicius tabacinus Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 23: 418. 1806. Known only from specimens collected in clay along roadsides in Alabama. Its tawny-brown cap and stem, the latter reticu- lated, and its peculiar habitat should distinguish the species. 22. Ceriomyces retipes ( Berk. & Curt.) Boletus retipes Berk. & Curt. Grevillea 1: 36. 1872. Belews ornatipes Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 29: 67. tego. ( lype from North Elba, New York.) An attractive and well-marked species occurring commonly in thin woods from Nova Scotia to Alabama and west to Wisconsin. The cap varies in color from yellow to brown, the flesh and tubes are yellow, and the yellow stem is beautifully reticulated to the base. It was first described by Berkeley from plants collected by Curis in’ North Carolina: “Peck referred his first collections in New York to this species in 1872, but afterwards separated them under the name B. ornatipes. } 23. Ceriomyces speciosus (Frost) Boletus speciosus Frost, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: ror. 1874. Described from Brattleboro, Vermont, and found in thin decid- uous woods from New England to North Carolina and Tennessee. It is a beautiful species, known by its apple-red cap, without bloom, and its brilliant yellow tubes and stem, the latter reticu- lated. C. bicolor and C. Pecku are closely related species. 24. Ceriomyces Peckii (Frost) Boletus Pecku Frost, Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 29: 45. 1878. Boies roseotimctus Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 27: 612: 1900. (Type from North Carolina.) This species occurs in rather open deciduous woods, especially along roads, and has been found from New England to North Carolina and west to Indiana. It was first described from speci- mens collected by Peck at Sandlake, New York. It is easily rec- 2 MycoLoGIa ognized by its red cap with a bloom like that of a peach. The tubes and upper part of the stem are yellow, the remainder of the stem red, and the whole stem, usually, reticulated. The stem of C. spectosus is entirely yellow and that of C, b1¢ojo7yisimor reticulated. 25. Ceriomyces miniato-olivaceus (Frost) Boletus nimato-olivaceus Frost, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 1Ole NO Za. Boletus sensibiis Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State-IMusmaoeua2 1879. (Type from Gansevoort, New York.) Boletus glabellus Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 41: 76. 1888. (Type from Menands, New York.) Described from Brattleboro, Vermont, from specimens collected by Frost in the borders of woods. Cap vermilion, soon fading, tubes bright yellow, stem yellow with pink markings. This species is easily distinguished among the red boleti by its quick change to blue at any point, either outside or inside, where bruised or even touched with the fingers. It occurs from Maine to North Carolina, and is said to be poisonous. 26. Ceriomyces bicolor (Peck) Boletus bicolor Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 24: 78. 1872. Boletus rubeus Frost, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 102. 1874. (Type from Brattleboro, Vermont.) Boletus squamulosus Ellis, Bull. Torrey Club6:77. 1876. (Type from New Jersey.) Not Boletus squamulosus Rostk. Boletus *. dichrous Ellis, Bull. Torrey Club 6: 109. 1876. A beautiful species with smooth, purplish-red cap, bright yellow tubes, and smooth, red or yellow stem. When broken, both flesh and tubes change to blue. It occurs in open woods from New England to North Carolina and west to Ohio. It was originally described from Sandlake, New York, from specimens collected by Peck. ; 27. Ceriomyces pallidus (Frost) Boletus pallidus Frost, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 105. 1874. Described from Brattleboro,Vermont, and occurring in woods in the eastern United States from New England to Alabama. The cap and tubes are of a pallid color, the latter changing to blue when wounded. MurriLL: BOLETACEAE OF NorRTH AMERICA tds 28. Ceriomyces subglabripes (Peck) Boletus flavipes Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 39: 42. 1887. Not Boletus flavipes Berk. Boletus subglabripes Peck, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 2: 112. 1889. Boletus rugosiceps Peck, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 94: 20. pl. 20. f. 6-10. 1905. (Type from Port Jefferson, New York.) Described from Caroga, New York, but found also in woods in Nova Scotia, Maine, Connecticut and Missouri. It is rather difficult to recognize because of the variable color of its cap, which is usually some shade of red or brown. 29. Ceriomyces scabripes ( Peck) Baleius scabripes Peck; White, Bull. Torrey Club 29: 555. 1902. Known only from specimens collected by Miss V. S. White at Bar Harbor, Maine, in 1901. The types and field notes are at the New York Botanical Garden. A large species with reddish- brown cap, brown, adnate tubes, and the stem ornamented with numerous small black points. On drying, it is said to exude a black juice with strong odor. 30. Ceriomyces Roxanae (Frost) Boletus Roxanae Frost, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist.2: 104. 1874. ? Boletus multipunctus Peck, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 54: 952. 1902. (Type from Bolton, New York.) Described from Brattleboro, Vermont, and known also from Maine, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania and North Caro- lina, growing in the edges of woods. The cap is yellowish-brown, with minute, floccose tufts, which partially disappear with age; while the margin is rather unusual in often curving or rolling upward on drying. 31. Ceriomyces subtomentosus (L.) Boletus subtomentosus L., Sp. Pl. 1178. 1753. Ceriomyces jujubinus procerus Battar. Fung. Hist. 64. 1755. ? Boletus commumts Bull. Herb. Fr. pl. 393B. 1788. Boletus crassipes Schaeff. Fungi Bavar. pl. 112. 1763. Leccinum subtomentosum S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 1: 647. 1821. 154 MycoLociIa Rostkovites subtomentosus Karst. Rev. Myc. 3°: 16. I88t. Versipelis subtomentosus Quel. Ench. Fung. 158. 1886. Xerocomus subtomentosus Quel. Fl. Myc. 418. 1888. ? Boletus alutaceus Morgan; Peck, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 2: 10g. 1889. (Type from Kentucky.) Boletus tlludens Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 50: 108. 1898. (Type from Port Jefferson, New York.) This widespread species, of general distribution in deciduous woods throughout Europe and temperate North America, has many varieties and has been assigned many names, a number of which do not appear in the above synonymy. As in certain other species of boleti, the stem may be either entirely even or more or less reticulated, which has led to confusion. Boletus illudens, for example, is a variety with coarse reticulations which has received several names in Europe. ‘This species is of a spongy texture and may be dried in the sun. The cap is usually yellowish-brown or olive-tinted, with a distinct tomentum, and the large tubes and stem are yellow. C. communis, a closely related species, usually has more red both in cap and stem. 32. Ceriomyces tomentipes (Earle) Boletus tomentipes Earle, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 298. 1905. _ This species suggests a gigantic C. commums. ‘The tomentum on the cap and stem are peculiar, as is also the change in color of the tubes from yellow to brick-red. Described from specimens. collected by C. F. Baker at Stanford University, California. 33. Ceriomyces fumosipes ( Peck) Boletus fumosipes Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 50: 108. 1808. Described from Port Jefferson, New York, from specimens col- lected by Peck in woods during July. It has since been found abundantly in the mountains of North Carolina both by Atkinson: and myself, and I have also collected it at Falls Church, Virginia. The species is peculiar in having a pale bluish-green band at the top of the stipe. The cap is very reticulate-rimose, and the tubes. are grayish-white, afterwards discolored by the deep ochraceous- brown spores. MurRILL: BOLETACEAE OF NortTH AMERICA 155 34. Ceriomyces sordidus (Frost) Boletus sordidus Frost, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 105. 1874. aah Described from specimens collected by Frost on recent excava- tions in woods near Brattleboro, Vermont. Represented by four plants in the Frost herbarium, but rather difficult to connect with any specimens collected since. It has many characters in common with C. fumosipes, but is not reticulate-rimose. The cap is sor- did, flesh white, tubes white, changing to bluish-green, and stem brownish, tinged with green above. 35. Ceriomyces communis ( Bull.) Boletus commumis Bull. Herb. Fr. pl. 303A, C. 1788. Boletus chrysenteron Bull. Herb. Fr. 328. 17091. Versipellis chrysenteron Quél. Ench. Fung. 157. 1886. Xerocomus chrysenteron Quel. Fl. Myc. 418. 1888. Boletus fraternus Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 24: 145. 1897. (Type from Auburn, Alabama. ) Boletus umbrosus Atk. Jour. Mycol. 8: 112. 1902. (Type from Cayuga Lake, New York.) This species is widely distributed and very common in woods and on mossy banks throughout the temperate regions of Europe and North America, and it has even been collected in certain parts of the Bahamas. As is the case with C. subtomentosus, a near relative, the sporophore is spongy-tomentose in texture and dries easily, although it is fleshy enough for food. The cap and stem are usually red, and the tubes yellow and large; the surface of the cap is soft, finely floccose, and often cracked. There are a number of varieties which are rather confusing at times. DOUBTFUL SPECIES Most of these might doubtless be referred to well-known species if we knew more about them. Boletus badiceps Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 27: 18. 1900. De- scribed from notes and drawings made by Mcllvaine from speci- mens collected in oak woods near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Types destroyed. 156 MycoLociIa Boletus Bakert Tracy & Earle, Pl. Baker. 1: 23. 1901. De- scribed from specimens collected in moist aspen thickets in Colo- rado, at an elevation of gooo ft. Too near C. crassus to be recognized as distinct without the discovery of better characters. Boletus cubensis Berk. & Curt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 10: 304. 1868, Known only from plants collected on the ground in Cuba by Wright. The types at Kew are pressed flat and show little except the squamulose, spotted character of the surface and the copious spores, which are oblong-ellipsoid, smooth, yellowish- brown, 17-21 X 7p. Although probably distinct, it is highly desirable to get additional information from fresh specimens be- fore incorporating it into the genus. A Ceriomyces cubensis has already been published by Patouillard for a plant in a different group of fungi. : | Boletus dictyocephalus Peck, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 2: 111. 1889. Described from notes and a single specimen collected by C. J. Curtis in North Carolina. Type not found. Boletus eccentricus Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 277778) 1900 Described from notes and drawings made by Mcllvaine from specimens collected in grassy places in woods at Mt. Gretna, Pennsylvania. Types destroyed. Boletus fuluus Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 27: 19. 1900. Not Boletus fuluus Scop. Described from notes and drawings made by Mcllvaine from twenty or thirty specimens collected on and about an old stump near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Types de- stroyed. | ~ Boletus guadalupensis Pat. Bull. Soc. Fr. 16: 177. 1900. De- scribed from specimens collected by Duss in Guadeloupe. Types not seen. | Boletus ignoratus Banning; Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 44: 73. 1891. Described from specimens collected near Balti- more,Maryland, by Miss M. E. Banning, who prepared a large manuscript volume, handsomely illustrated, on the fleshy fungi of Maryland, which she donated to the New York State Museum. Types not found.. - Boletus leptocephalus Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 371. 1898. Not Boletus leptocephalus Jacquin. Described from specimens collected by Earle in dry pine woods in Alabama. Too near C. MurriILL: BOLETACEAE OF NortTH AMERICA 157 crassus to be recognized as distinct without the discovery of better characters. Boletus lignatilis Berk. & Curt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 10: 303. 1868. Known only from Berkeley’s very brief description drawn from specimens collected on rotten wood in dense woods in Cuba. The types at Kew add nothing to the description. ~ Boletus Morrisiu Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 36: 154. 1909. De- scribed from specimens collected in sandy soil under scrub oaks at Ellis, Massachusetts. It is closely allied to C. crassus, but is said to be well marked by its dotted stem. I have not seen the types. Boletus mutabilis Morg. Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. 7: 6. pl. r. 1884. Not_Boletus mutabilis of Batsch and others. De- scribed from Ohio. Types not seen. Peck’s New York plants of this name are either C. sordidus or Tylopilus felleus. Boletus nebulosus Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 51: 292. 1898. Described from mature specimens collected on shaded roadside banks near Raybrook, New York. It has points in com- mon with C. sordidus and Tylopilus felleus. Boletus Pocono Schw. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 4: 154. 1832. Described from specimens collected in beech woods in the Pocono Mountains, Pennsylvania. Types destroyed and description in- adequate. Boletus radicosus Bundy, Geol. Wisconsin 1: 398. 1883. Bundy’s specimens are not in existence. Boletus rimosellus Peck, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 2: 127. 1880. Described from notes and one dried specimen collected by C. J. Curtis in North Carolina. Type not found. Boletus robusitus Fries, Nov. Symb. 1: 46. 1851. Described from specimens collected by Oersted in volcanic soil on the Irasi volcano, Costa Rica. The drawing made by Oersted represents an undeveloped specimen, which might be almost any. species. The specimens preserved in spirit could not be found at Copen- hagen. Boletus rubinellus Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 32: 33. 1879. Described from Gansevoort, New York. The description and the type plants indicate points in common with C. communis and C. piperatus, and it is desirable to study fresh specimens before deciding whether it should be kept distinct or referred to one of these species. 158 MycoLociIa Boletus subpunctipes Peck, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 116. Bot. 10: 19. 1907. Described from specimens collected in shaded, sandy soil near Menands, New York. Said to resemble C. scaber and C. chromapes. Boletus subsanguineus Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 27: 17. Igoo. Described from notes and drawings made by Mcllvaine from specimens collected under beech trees near Philadelphia, Pennsy]l- vania. Types destroyed. Specimens at Albany sent by Willcox from Washington, D. C., are C. bicolor. Boletus tenuiculus Frost, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 103. 1874. Described from Brattleboro, Vermont. The types are poor and the description brief. Boletus unicolor Frost; Peck, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 2: 100. 1889. Published by Peck from manuscript only. Frost’s collec- tion contains a single sheet with five poor specimens collected in pine woods and open sedgy places near Brattleboro, Vermont. INDEX TO SPECIES acidus (Boletus) 11 affnis (Ceriomyces) 149 albellus (Ceriomyces) 145 alboater (Tylopilus) 16 albus (Boletus) 13 ? alutaceus (Boletus) 154 alveolatus (Boletus) 17 amabilis (Boletus) 11 Americanus (Boletus) 13 ampliporus (Boletus) 5 Ananas (Boletellus) 10 annulatus (Boletus) 11 appendiculatus (Boletinus) 6 Atkinsoni (Boletus) 149 aurantiacus (Boletus) 146 auriflammeus (Ceriomyces) 147 ? auripes (Boletus) 149 auriporus (Ceriomyces) 147 ? badiceps (Boletus) 155 ? Bakeri (Boletus) 156 Berkeleyi (Boletinus) 6 Betula (Ceriomyces) 144 bicolor (Ceriomyces) 152 ? borealis (Boletinus) 7 brevipes (Boletus) 13 bulbosus (Agaricus) 149 caespitosus (Boletus) 147 castanellus (Boletinellus) 8 castaneus (Gyroporus) 14 cavipes (Boletinus) 5 chamaeleontinus (Boletus) 17 chromapes (Ceriomyces) 145 chrysenteron (Boletus) 155 circinans (Boletus) %2 Clintonianus (Boletus) 12 ? coccineus (Boletus) 9 collinitus (Boletus) 13 ? communis (Boletus) 153 communis (Ceriomyces) 155 conicus (Ceriomyces) 146 coniferus (Boletus) 9 constrictus (Boletus) 14 crassipes (Boletus) 153 ? crassipes (Boletus) 149 crassus (Ceriomyces) 149 ? cubensis (Boletus) 156 Curtisii (Ceriomyces) 150 cyanescens (Gyroporus) 14 decipiens (Boletinus) 6 decorus (Boletus) 149 dichrous (Boletus) 152 ? dictyocephalus (Boletus) 156 MurRRILL: BOLETACEAE OF NortTH AMERICA 159 P eccentricus (Boletus) 156 edulis (Boletus) 149 Elbensis (Boletus) 11 esculentus (Boletus) 149 eximius (Ceriomyces) 148 felleus (Tylopilus) 15 ferruginatus (Boletus) 150 ferrugineus (Boletus) 15 firmus (Boletus) 17 fistulosus (Boletus) 150 flavidus (Boletus) 13 flavipes (Boletus) 153 flaviporus (Ceriomyces) 146 ? flexuosipes (Boletus) 145 fraternus (Boletus) 155 Frostii (Suillellus) 17 frustulosus (Ceriomyces) 145 ? fulvus (Boletus) 156 fumosipes (Ceriomyces) 154 glabellus (Boletus) 152 gracilis (Tylopilus) 16 granulatus (Rostkovites) 12 grisellus (Boletinus) 6 griseus (Ceriomyces) 145 ? guadalupensis (Boletus) 156 hemichrysus (Ceriomyces) 148 hirtellus (Rostkovites) 14 indecisus (Tylopilus) 15 inflexus (Ceriomyces) 150 ? ignoratus (Boletus) 156 illudens (Boletus) 154 innixus (Boletus) 147 isabellinus (Boletus) 10 jujubinus (Ceriomyces) 153 lacteus (Boletus) 14 lactifluus (Boletus) 12 lateralis (Boletus) 7 ? leprosus (Boletus) 149 ? leptocephalus (Boletus) 156 ? lignatilis (Boletus) 157 limatulus (Boletus) 149 luridus (Suillellus) 17 luteus (Boletus) 11 magnisporus (Boletus) 17 merulioides (Boletinellus) 7 miniato-olivaceus (Ceriomyces) 152 ? modestus (Boletus) 15 Morgani (Boletus) 144 ? Morrisii (Boletus) 157 ? multipunctus (Boletus) 153 ? mutabilis (Boletus) 157 ? nebulosus (Boletus) 157 nigrellus (Boletus) 16 niveus (Boletus) 146 nobilis (Boletus) 149 ornatipes (Boletus) 151 pallidus (Ceriomyces) 152 paluster (Boletinellus) 8 parasiticus (Ceriomyces) 148 ? parvus (Boletus) 18 Peckii (Ceriomyces) 151 pictus (Boletinus) 6 piperatus (Ceriomyces) 150 ? Pocono (Boletus) 157 porosus (Paxillus) 7 punctipes (Boletus) 13 ? radicosus (Boletus) 157 Ravenelii (Pulveroboletus) 9 retipes (Ceriomyces) I51 ? rimosellus (Boletus) 157 ? robustus (Boletus) 157 robustus (Boletus) 148 roseotinctus (Boletus) 151 Roxanae (Ceriomyces) 153 rubeolarius (Boletus) 17 rubeus (Boletus) 152 ? rubinellus (Boletus) 157 ? rubropunctus (Boletus) 150 rugosiceps (Boletus) 153 Russellii (Ceriomyces) 144 salmonicolor (Boletus) 11 Satanas (Boletus) 17 scaber (Ceriomyces) 146 scabripes (Ceriomyces) 153 sensibilis (Boletus) 152 separans (Boletus) 149 serotinus (Boletus) 12 Sistotrema (Boletus) 150 sordidus (Ceriomyces) 155 speciosus (Ceriomyces) 151 spectabilis (Boletinus) 6 sphaerosporus (Boletus) 11 Spraguei (Boletus) 7 Spraguet (Boletus) 17 squamulosus (Boletus) 152 squarrosus (Boletus) 9 subaureus (Rostkovites) 13 subglabripes (Ceriomyces) 153 160 MycoLoGiIA subluteus (Boletus) 11 tomentipes (Ceriomyces) 154 ? subpunctipes (Boletus) 158 tuberosus (Boletus) 17 ? subsanguineus (Boletus) 158 umbrosus (Boletus) 155 subtomentosus (Ceriomyces) 153 Underwoodi (Boletus) 17 subvelutipes (Boletus) 17 ? unicolor (Boletus) 158 Sullivantii (Boletus) 17 Vanderbiltianus (Ceriomyces) 146 strobilaceus (Strobilomyces) 8 . variipes (Boletus) 149 strobiliformis (Boletus) 9 vermiculosus (Boletus) 17 stygius (Boletus) 9 ? versipellis (Boletus) 146 tabacinus (Ceriomyces) 151 viridarius (Boletus) 12 ? tenuiculus (Boletus) 158 viscosus (Boletus) 13 New York BoTANIcAL GARDEN. SPHAERODOTHIS, A NEW GENUS OF DOTHIDIACEOUS FUNGI Cas SrBAr Sphaerodothis is the name proposed by Saccardo and Sydow in Sylloge Fungorum 16: 625. 1902, for a subgenus of Auerswaldia to include the single species Auerswaldia arengae Rac. Par. Alg. and Pilze Java 3: 27. 1900. ‘The principal character used in sepa- rating this subgenus from the genus Auerswaldia of Saccardo was the shape of the spores which are spherical or subspherical. The genus Auerswaldia Sacc. is, however, untenable, being a homonym Ot Auerswaidia Rabenh., Hedwigia 1: 116. #. 15. f. 2..1857. Rabenhorst’s genus was monotypic, being based on S phaeria lage- naria Pers., which belongs to the earlier genus M elanospora Corda, Ic. Fung. 1: 24. t. 7. f. 297. 1837. Auerswaldia Rabenh. and Mela- nospora Corda are, therefore, to be regarded as synonyms. Or if it should be maintained that Sphaeria lagenaria, the type of Auers- waldia Rabenh., is sufficiently different from the type of Melano- spora to justify a separate genus, such a genus could hardly be made to include the species which Saccardo has referred to his Auerswaldia, as they have little in common with Sphaeria lage- naria except the continuous brown spores. Auerswaldialagenaria (Pers.) Rabenh. is a hypocreaceous fungus, whereas A. arengae Rac. and most of the species included by Saccardo in his Auers- waldia are dothideaceous fungi. None of the species congeneric with A. arengae Rac. has a tenable generic name at present so far as we have been able to discover, unless some of the older names of pycnidial forms should prove to belong here. ‘There is a possi- bility that Lasmenia of Spegazzini, published in Anal. Soc. Ci. Argent. 22: 199. 1886, may have been based in part on an old specimen of one of these fungi in which the fugacious asci had disappeared and only the free ascospores remained. The recent discovery of an apparently undescribed species, evi- dently congeneric with Auerswaldia arengae Rac., the type of the subgenus Sphaerodothis has led the writer, for want of a tenable 161 162 MycoLoGIA generic name for the new species, to raise Sphaerodothts to generic rank and to transfer to it some of the closely related species which seem to have, at present, no valid generic appellation. Sphaerodothis gen. nov. Sphaerodothis sub. gen. Sacc. & Syd., Syll. Fung. 16: 625. 1902. The type of the genus is Auerswaldia Arengae Rac., which was the monotype of the subgenus of Saccardo and Sydow /. c. Sphaerodothis Neowashingtoniae sp. nov. — — Stromata amphigenous, numerous, scattered, subelliptical in outline, irregularly depressed or somewhat collapsed, black, shin- ing, minutely punctate under a lens, 3-8 mm. long, frequently seated on yellowish-brown spots; locules (ascogenous cells) nu- merous, small, ovate or oblong; ostioles few or wanting, umbili- cate; asci fugacious, globose or subglobose, sessile or subsessile, 8-spored, 100-120 » diam. ; paraphyses apparently wanting ; spores oblong-elliptic, smooth, somewhat flattened on one side and with a narrow oblong longitudinal depression in the middle, suggesting in appearance a date seed, hyaline at first and enveloped in a thick mucous layer which disappears at maturity when the spores become a deep chestnut brown, 56-68 K 30-36. Free, mature spores frequently collapse, becoming saddle-shaped. On leaves of Neowashingtonia filamentosa, National City, Cal., Jan. 7, 1907, C. O. Smith Coll. Type, No: 1572, C2 le Stteameaam Herb. Dept. Agriculture. This species appears to be readily distinguished froth all others described by the large size and peculiar shape of its spores. The following species belong to the same genus and should be transferred to it: Sphaerodothis Chamaeropis (Cke.) comb. nov. Auerswaldia Chamaeropis (Cke.) Sacc. Syll. Fung. 2: 626. 1883. Dothidea Champaeropsidis Cke. Grevillea 7: 96. 1879. Sphaerodothis palmicola (Speg.) comb. nov. | Auerswaldia palmicola Speg. Anal. Soc. Ci. Argent. 19: 247. 1885. Sphaerodothis rimosa (Speg.) comb. nov. Auerswaldia rimosa Speg. Anal. Soc. Ci. Argent. 26: 43. 1888. SHEAR: SPHAERODOTHIS 163 Sphaerodothis densa (Bomm. & Rouss.) comb. nov. Auerswaldia densa Bomm. & Rouss. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 35: 162. 1896. Sphaerodothis Guilielmae (Henn.) comb. nov. | Auerswaldia Guilelmae Henn.. Hedwigia Beibl. 39: (78). 19OO. WasHIncTon, D. C. POLYPORACEAE FROM JAPAN WILLIAM A, MurRRILL The following interesting collection of Japanese polypores, seventy-one packets in all, was recently received for determina- tion from Professors S. Kusano and S. Nohara, of the Agricul- tural College, Tokyo Imperial University. The Garden her- barium has formerly contained very little material in this group from Japan, and little has been known of the distribution of the species there, except through the published papers of Professor Hennings, of the Berlin Botanic Garden, who has reported the majority of the fifty or more species known to occur in Japan. These specimens were collected in Tokyo (including Komaba), Iwaki, Shinano, Shimoosa, K6nodai, Mt. Takao, Yoyogi, Nikko, Yumoto in Nikko, Oki Province, Formosa and Karafuto. The chief collectors were S. Kusano and S. Nohara, but the following names also appear: K. Miyake, Ch. Tanaka, K. Tanaka, T. Tanaka, Onuma, Yagi and Nakahara. The collector last mentioned ob- tained most of the specimens sent from Formosa and Karafuto. Professors Kusano and Nohara are now planning to collect fungi in various parts of Japan on a larger scale, which seems highly desirable, as the mycological flora of Japan is apparently largely unknown at the present time. Atibe POLY POREAE BJERKANDERA ADUSTA (Willd.) Karst. Medd. Soc. Faun. FI. Fenn. 5:38. 1870. Yoyogi, on dead trunk of Celtis sinensis, Nohara, 48. Tokyo, on some dead tree, Kusano & Nohara, 70. BJERKANDERA FUMOSA (Pers.) Karst. Medd. Soc. Faun. Fl. Fenn. 5 to. alo 70) Tokyo, on dead trunk of Populus mgra pyramidalis, Kusano & Nohara, 20; on Populus migra pyramidalis, Onuma, 65. COLTRICIA CINNAMOMEA (Jacq.) Murrill, Bull. Torrey Club 31: 343. 1904. Tokyo, on the ground, Nohara, 57. 164 MuRRILL: POLYPORACEAE FROM JAPAN 165 Coriolellus Kusanoi sp. nov. Pileus small, dimidiate, sessile, laterally connate, broadly at- tached, slightly decurrent, 1.3-2 K 3-5 X 0.2-0.5 cm.; surface pale isabelline, sometimes brownish-discolored in places, glabrous, faintly zonate-sulcate; margin thin, acute, entire, concolorous, rigid, not inflexed on drying: context white, very thin, flexible; tubes concolorous within, about 3 mm. long behind, mouths slightly darker, angular, large, radially elongated, about 2 X 1 mm., edges somewhat thick, rigid, entire: spores hyaline; hyphae hyaline, 3-4 mw; cystidia none. Type collected on dead Cryptomeria japonica at Soma by S. Kusano, 5r. Also collected on the same host at Tokyo by S. Nohara, 540. (exieLorsis BADIA (Berk.) Murrill, Bull. Torrey Club 34: 466. 1907. Karafuto, Nakahara, 53. Caionus “Agietinus (Wicks.) Quel. Ench. Fung. 175. 1886. This species has been confused by some with Polystictus pellu- cidus Berk. (Challenger No. 263), described from specimens collected in Japan on slender stems of herbaceous plants. The description of this latter species much resembles that of C. abietinus, but the habitat as given is entirely impossible for it. Mt. Takao, T. Tanaka, 43. Tokyo, on dead Cryptomeria, Nohara, 45. CORIOLUS NIGROMARGINATUS (Schw.) Murrill, Bull. Torrey Club 32: 640. 1900. Tokyo, Nohara, 69; on Prunus sp., Kusano & Nohara, 41; on dead cherry tree, Kusano, 41a. CORIOLUS PROLIFICANS (Fries) Murrill, N. Am. Florag: 27. 1907. Settsu, on a species of Pinus, Ch. Tanaka, 62. CORIOLUS VERSICOLOR (L.) Quél. Ench. Fung. 175. 1886. Iwaki, Kusano, 24. Tokyo, Ch. Tanaka, 63a, 630. FE/ARLIELLA CORRUGATA (Pers.) Murrill, Bull. Torrey Club 34: 468. 1907. | Formosa, on some tree, Miyake, 22. PevOLUS TENUIS- (Tiook.\)) Murrill, Bull. Torrey Club 32: 100. 1905. Formosa, Nakahara, 21. 166 MycoLoGIA HIAPALOPILUS GILvuS (Schw.) Murrill, Bull. Torrey Club 31: 418. 1904. No. 10 is probably what Hennings has described as Polyporus tlcicola’ (Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 32: 36,4) 99a4) er differs from the ordinary forms of H. gilvus chiefly in its tomentose-asperate surface. : No. 15a is an old resupinate speci- men, with spores and cystidia corresponding to those of H. gilvus. Tokyo, on dead Cornus macrophyllus, Kusano & Nohara, 10; on Quercus sp., Kusano & Nohara, 50. Nikko, on dead Betula, Kusano & Nohara, 15a. INONOTUS RADIATUS (Sow.) Karst. Rev. Myc. 3°: 19. 1881. Tokyo, on living Prunus, Ch. Tanaka, 60. Irpiciporus consors (Berk.) Murrill. Irpex consors Berk. Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 16: 51. 1878. Described from specimens col- lected at Kobi, Japan, on the Challenger expedition. Tokyo, on dead stump of Quercus, Nohara, 47. Irpiciporus japonicus sp. nov. Pilei sessile, dimidiate, conchate, imbricate, united behind by mostly sterile tissue, 0.3-0.7 X 0.7-I X 0.1-0.3 cm.; surface slightly zonate, glabrous, with silky luster, pale feeble in dried speci- mens; margin thin, undulate, slightly inflexed on drying, ochra- ceous under a lens: context white, membranous; tubes large, irregular, angular, irpiciform at a very early stage, concolorous with the surface of the pileus, I-3 to a mm., 3 mm. long behind, shorter in front, edges sharp, toothed: spores hyaline; hyphae hyaline, 3-4 »; cystidia none. Type collected on dead Quercus at Tokyo in October, 1908, by S: Kusano and S. Nohara,(2s: IRPICIPORUS LACTEUS (Fries) Murrill, N. Am. Florag: 15. 1907. Nikko, on a log of Prunus (?), Kusano & Nohara, 2. Irpiciporus Noharae sp. nov. Pileus semiresupinate, the resupinate portion nearly circular in outline, the reflexed portion dimidiate, thin, conchate, imbricate, I-1.5 X 1.5-4 X 0.I-0.2 cm.; surface zonate-sulcate, hirsute-to- mentose, avellanous-isabelline with pale fulvous markings ; margin undulate, thin, concolorous, tomentose, inflexed on drying: con- text white, thin, flexible; tubes large and irregular, shallow, irpi- ciform at an early stage, white to slightly isabelline, 1-2 mm. long, I-2 to a mm., edges sharp, irregular, crested and toothed: spores hyaline ; hyphae hyaline; cystidia none. MuRRILL: POLYPORACEAE FROM JAPAN 167 ‘Type collected on dead Hibiscus syriacus at Konodai, October, 1908, by S. Nohara, 49. Irpiciporus Tanakae sp. nov. Pileus sessile, conchate, imbricate, decurrent behind, 1 * 1-2 xX I-0.3 cm.; surface pure white, glabrous, nearly smooth, azo- nate, opaque; margin thin, entire, concolorous, slightly striate, strongly inflexed on drying: context white, membranous; tubes large, irregular, more or less radially confluent, pale isabelline, I-2 mm. in diameter, about 2 mm. long behind, the decurrent edges longer, the dissepiments irregularly toothed, acute: spores elongated, smooth, hyaline; hyphae hyaline, 2-3 »; cystidia none. Type collected on dead Cryptomeria on Mt. Takao by Ch. Tanaka, 54a. JLAETIPORUS SPECIOSUS (Battar.) Murrill, Bull. Torrey Club 31: GO7. |_TO9O4. Nikko, on Tsuga sp., Kusano & Nohara, 6. PIPTOPORUS SUBEROSUS (L.) Murrill, Jour. Myc. 9: 94. 1903. Nikko, Yumoto, on Betula sp., Kusano, 27. POLYPORUS ARCULARIUS (Batsch.) Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 342. 1821. Tokyo, on Prunus sp., Kusano & Nohara, 46. POLYPORUS CELEBICUS P. Henn. Monsunia 1: 12. pl. r. f. 5. 1899. Tokyo, on stump of Quercus glandulifera, Kusano & Nohara, f. Feuvrerws PERULA, ( Beauv.) Fr. Epicr. 437. 1838. Formosa, on a root of some dead tree, Nakahara, 7. PYCNOPORUS SANGUINEUS (L.) Murrill, Bull. Torrey Club 31: Ate “LOQOA, Tokyo, on dead stem of Prunus sp., Kusano & Nohara, 13. Formosa, on Pandanus sp., Nakahara, 19. TRAMETES Dicxinsi1 Berk. Sacc. Sylloge Fung. 9: 196. 1801. Collected by Dickins in Japan and named by Berkeley, but not published until the diagnosis was sent to Saccardo by Cooke. It must not be confused with Polyporus Dickinsii Berk. (Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 16: 50. 1878), also from Japan, which is very different, being very thin and having large, shallow tubes. Tra- metes nitida Pat. (Jour. de Bot. 4:17. 1890), described from Tonkin, is a resupinate form very much resembling Tr. Dickinsii. Nikko, on dead Quercus aliena, Kusano & Nohara, Bee Oki Province, Kusano & Nohara, 26. 168 MycoLociIa TRAMETES MULLER? Berk. Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 10: 320. TSS. Formosa?, Nakahara?, 30. Whitfordia musashiensis (P. Henn.). Fomes musashiensis P. Henn. Engl Bot Jahtbest7e7- 1ee7 Shibuya, near Tokyo, Ch. Tanaka, 50. Tribe HOMITEAE ELFVINGIA FOMENTARIA (L.) Murrill, Bull. Torrey Club 30: 208. 1903. Most of the specimens represent the form common in southern Europe. Nikko, on dead Betula sp., Kusano & Nohara, 5, 18, 38; on some dead tree, Kusano & Nohara, 15. Karafuto, Nakahara, ST, 34. ELFVINGIA LIPSIENSIS (Batsch) Murrill, Bull. Torrey Club 30: 297. 1903. No. 29 is an indurated, almost resupinate form, having the young hymenium covered with a yellow layer, as sometimes occurs in E. megaloma and E. tornata. Nikko, on dead Betula sp.?, Kusano & Nohara, 14. Shimoosa, Onuma, 32. Tokyo, Kusano, 52; on Ailanthus glandulosa, Onuma, 30. Shinano, on Prunus sp., Yagi, 20. ELFVINGIA TORNATA (Pers.) Murrill, Bull. Torrey Club 30: 301. 1903. Formosa, Miyake, 39. FOMES FRAXINEUS (Bull.) Cooke, Grevillea 14: 21. 1885. ‘This species is usually found on ash in Europe and America. Tokyo, on a cherry tree, Nohara, 55. Shinano, on Prunus, K. Tanaka, 11. Locality not stated, Kusano & Nohara, 35. FOMES UNGULATUS (Schaeff.) Sacc. Syll. Fung. 6: 167. 1888. Locality not stated, Nakahara, 25. Karafuto, Nakahara, 33. GANODERMA AMBOINENSE (Lam.) Pat. Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 5: 7o. 188G. Nikko, on some dead tree, Kusano & Nohara, 8. GANODERMA FLABELLIFORME (Scop.) Murrill, Torreya 4: 165. 1904. The specimen is old and the host is not given, thus leav- ing the determination somewhat in doubt. Nikko, Yumoto, Kusano, 37. MurriILL: POLYPORACEAE FROM JAPAN 169 PyROPOLYPORUS FASTUOSUS (Lév.) Murrill, Bull. Torrey Club 34: 479. 1907. Formosa, on dead tree, Nakahara, 9. Tribe DAEDALE AE CERRENA UNICOLOR (Bull.) Murrill, Jour. Myc. 9: 91. 1903. Tokyo, on dead limbs of Styrax Obassia, Kusano & Nohara, 4. CYveLomMYCcES FUSCUS Fr: Linnaea 5: 512. pl.1z.f.3. 1830. Japan is rather far north for this species. Tokyo, on Pasama cuspidata, Nohara, 67. Daedalea Kusanoi sp. nov. Pileus sessile, dimidiate, applanate or slightly convex above, plane or convex below, somewhat imbricate, slightly decurrent, 3-4 X 5-6 X 1.5-2 cm.; surface very slightly sulcate, nearly gla- brous, very pale isabelline ; margin entire or undulate, acute, rigid, not inflexed on drying, concolorous: context white or nearly white, corky, homogeneous, 3-5 mm. thick; tubes labyrinthiform, pale isabelline, nearly 1 cm. long behind, the furrows 0.5—2 cm. long and 1-2 mm. broad, edges thick, obtuse, entire, somewhat uneven; spores subglobose to ovoid, smooth, hyaline ; hyphae hyaline, 4-6 p thick ; cystidia none. Type collected on a dead trunk in the Botanical Garden at Tokyo in 1901 by S. Kusano, 40, 64 (duplicate). GLOEOPHYLLUM TRABEUM (Pers.) Murrill, N. Am. Flora 9: 129. 1908. Tokyo, on dead Cryptomeria japomca, Kusano & Nohara, 17; on Cryptomeria japonica, half-burned log, Nohara, 44. LENZITES BETULINA (L.) Fries, Epicr. Myc. 405. 1838. Shinano, on stump of a dead willow, K. Tanaka, 12. Iwaki, Kusano, 23. Tokyo, on old rail, Kusano & Nohara, 68. ADDITIONAL SPECIES REPORTED FROM J APAN The following list contains the principal pileate species of Poly- poraceae reported from Japan, which are not included above. Since the determinations have not been verified except in a few cases, no attempt is here made to group the species in accordance with my own classification. Irpex decurrens Berk., Irpex Kusanoi P. Henn. & Shir.; Hyd- 170 ; MycoLocia nofomes tsugicola P. Henn.; Polyporus membranaceus (Sw.) Fr., Polyporus cinnabarinus (Jacq.) Fr., Polyporus pellucidus Berk., Polyporus ochrotinctus Berk., Polyporus vernicipes Berk., Poly- porus Dickinsu Berk., Polyporus Pocas Berk., Polyporus Pocula (Schw.) B. & C., Polyporus officinalis (Vill.) Fr., Polyporus Schweimiten Fr., Polyporus glaucotus Cooke, Polyporus illicicola P. Henn., Polyporus Shiraianus P. Henn. (== Pycnoporellus fibril- Josus (Karst.) Murrill), Polyporus Shenot P. Henn.; Poly- stictus Cryptomeriae P. Henn., Polystictus Ikenot P. Henn.; Trametes styracicola P. Henn. Fomes fulvus (Fr.) Gill., Fomes rimosus ( Berk.) Cooke, Fomes igniarius (L.) Gill., Fomes Ribis (Schum.) Gill., Fomes volvatus (Peck) Cooke, Fomes concentricus Cooke, Fomes japonicus (Fr.) Cooke; Daedalea quercina Pers., Daedalea styracina P. Henn. & Shir.; Lenzites japonica Berk., Lenzites alutacea Cooke, Lengites saepiaria (Wulf.) Fr., Lenzites variegata Fr. New York BotTanicaL GARDEN. NEWS AND NOTES Frequent requests are made for sample copies of the first num- bers of Mycotocta. We should be glad to receive duplicate copies of these numbers that are not in use. The importance of the subject of pyrophilous fungi leads us to request those interested to make careful notes on all forms ob- served during the summer and autumn and to send them with the dried specimens to Mr. Seaver for critical examination. We learn from Science that the Tennessee legislature has passed a bill giving twenty-five per cent. of the state’s revenue for edu- cation, seven per cent. being for the university and experiment station. Mr. Elam Bartholomew, editor and publisher of Fungi Colum- biant, left his home in Stockton, Kansas, in June for a collecting trip of ten weeks on the Pacific Coast. _ The mycological papers presented at the recent Baltimore meet- ing of the A. A. A. S. are reviewed in the number of Science issued June 4, 1909. | A valuable paper by F. A. Stockdale on the fungus diseases of cocoanuts in the West Indies appeared in the West Indian Bul- letin 9: 361-381. 1909. The Garden has recently received from Pére Duss 113 packets 171 2 MycoLoGiIA of fungi collected by him in Guadeloupe. Most of the fungi col- lected by Duss have been worked over by Dr. N. Patouillard, OL Wats: Professor’ F. L. Stevens, of the North Carolina Eaxperimicm Station, expects to visit the agricultural colleges and experiment stations of Europe during the summer. Mr. J. R. Johnston, of the Bureau of Plant Industry at Wash- ington, has recently been studying the bud-rot of the cocoanut in Cuba. A paper by Freda M. Bachman on the Discomycetes in the Vicinity of Oxford, Ohio, is published in the proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 5: 19-70. 1909. The paper contains a description of more than sixty species occurring in that region, and is accompanied by four plates with sixty-two figures. The Transactions of the Nova Scotia Institute of Science 12: 165-205, 1909, contains a descriptive list of the Myxomycetes of Pictou County, by C. L. Moore. Four plates, illustrating the principal genera, accompany the text. Part two of the Xylariaceae of Southern Brasil, by F. Thiessen, appeared in the April number of Annales Mycologici (7: 141-167. 1909). The paper is devoted mainly to the genus Hypo-rylon, twenty-nine species and several varieties being listed, inclucing one new species, Hypoxylon verrucosum Thiess. The subject of classification is discussed at some length. Notes AND NEws eis The leaf-blight of the plane-tree (Gloeosporium nervisequum) became very noticeable on the Garden grounds during the first week in June, but the attacks of the fungus did not appear to be particularly injurious this season. According to Mr. Perley Spaulding, of the U. S. Dept. of Agri- culture, the white pine blight includes several distinct diseases: a leaf blight accompanied by Septoria parasitica, two leaf diseases caused by Lophodermium brachysporum and Hypoderma lineare, a leaf and twig blight caused by winter freezing, and a twig blight, probably caused by insects. Mr. W. M. Scott, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C., has been conducting experiments for the past two years in various states with lime-sulphur mixtures for the summer spraying of orchards. Circular 27, of that bureau, isa report of the second season’s experiments on peach, apple and cherry orchards. The experiments resulted in certain modifications of the mixtures for the peach and the Japanese plum, but were very encouraging for further experiments and for widespread use in the orchard where Bordeaux mixture is found objectionable. The Classification of the Basidiomycetes is discussed in a recent article by M. Léon Dufour (Rev. Gén. Bot. 20: 417-429. 1908), in which he proposes for the higher Autobasidiomycetes three principal divisions: the Cantharellineae, including Clavaria, Thele- phora, Hydnum, Craterellus and Cantharellus; the Polyporineae, ranging from Polyporus to Fistulina, and related to the preceding group by such genera as Cyphella and Dictyolus; and the Agari- cineae, comprising Boletus, Paxillus, and a series of genera cul- minating in Amanita. The Polyporineae are characterized as a heterogeneous group which will probably have to be divided. In closing, the author states that the difficult problem of classifying the Basidiomycetes is just on the point of being solved. 174 MycoLoGIa The Boletaceae of North America will be published in mono- graph form at the close of the year. Specimens of these plants are desired from as many stations as possible. Species may be determined more or less accurately in the fresh condition by the use of the keys published in this number and in No. 1 of Myco- LociA. All specimens should be thoroughly dried by artificial heat, using a piece of wire netting suspended over a lamp or stove, or some other contrivance, and afterwards packed in boxes with naphthalene or moth balls. The present season was somewhat earlier than usual for the larger fleshy fungi. Coprinus micaceus appeared April 15, and has been abundant since that time, after rains. A few plants of Coprinus comatus appeared about May 15 on a lawn where they grew late last fall, but these were probably exceptional, having passed the mild winter in the button stage. Pleurotus sapidus was fully grown and abundant on May 1. Pluteus cervinus occurred in great quantity on an old sawdust pile on May 15. Before the end of May Clitocybe multiceps appeared on a lawn where it grew last autumn, and has been abundant since. Poly- porus caudicinus always matures early, so it was not surprising to find it in May; and the same is true of Morchella. A number of small fleshy forms appeared in fields and on roadsides during May and early June, but this is not unusual. A few plants of Coprinus atramentarius and Hypholoma appendiculatum, how- ever, came as a surprise about May 15. On June 4, eighteen specimens of Agaricus campestris were collected in a field not far irom Bronx Fark, “The Association internationale des Botanistes founded, some years ago, an office where pure cultures of fungi can be obtained, either in exchange or on payment. The above-mentioned office proposes to compose a living register of the described fungi. Large numbers of species are mentioned in the handbooks which are said to be insufficiently described and which cannot possibly Notes AND NEws 75 be identified. The number of identical species, described under different names, is immense. This evil may be avoided in future if every mycologist, when describing a new fungus, sends a cul- ture to the office of the Association. The author not only is relieved of the cultivation, but every one who is studying kindred species may procure material for comparison. “Rather often applications are made to the office, but the col- lection does not grow in proportion to the description of new species. It has often occurred to us that on our requesting a person to send us a culture of a certain recently described fungus, the author was obliged to reply that as the work was passing through the press the cultures were lost. We beg you not to send the new species only but also those of which you have pure cultures and which are not mentioned on our list, published regu- larly in the ‘ Botanisches Centralblatt,’ because many species are asked for which we do not possess. You are requested to tell us whether the species left to our care want frequent renewing. The greater part of our cultures are transferred but once every three months, but many of them want particular care. “We beg to state again our terms, which are 3 florins (Dutch money) for non-members and 1.50 florins for the members of the Association.” (Signed) Dr. JOHANNA WESTERDIGH, Roemer Visscherstraat 1, Amsterdam, Holland. " i ; i a i 3 oe IL) (OS pa eae . bape ibaa een sia Ss 2 4 % by / { 4 a us , * } sf t | / i - i ¢ 4 bo iis ‘ ‘ ‘ R wy Mie 1 * x” ye y yas, } . h . . ty, 0 4 1 * ) ‘ a ik iT + Teqa! é fatty iat ae * MYCOLOGIA PLATE CREONECTRIEAE MYCOLOGIA Vor. I SEPTEMBER, I909 Now 5 THE HYPOCREALES OF NORTH AMERICA—II ~ Frep J. SEAVER (WiTH PLATE 13, CONTAINING 15 FIGURES) Tribe II. CREONECTRIEAE Conidial phase profuse, giving rise to a stroma producing at first conidiophores and conidia, later perithecia; stroma fleshy, depressed, tubercular or stalked, conidia variable; perithecia seated on or surrounding the stroma; usually in dense cespitose clusters or occasionally scattered but always entirely superficial ; perithecia and spores as in Nectrieae. Stroma upright, stalked, surrounded at the base by the cespitose perithecia. Spores 1-septate. 12. SPHAEROSTILBE. Spores muriform. 13. MEGALONECTRIA, Stroma depressed or tubercular, often concealed at maturity by the perithecia. Spores simple. Spores hyaline. 14. ALLANTONECTRIA. Spores brown. 15. SPHAERODERMATELLA. Spores compound. Spores 1-septate. Spores hyaline. 16. CREONECTRIA. Spores brown. 17. MACBRIDELLA. Spores more than 1-septate. Perithecia dark blue (black to naked eye). 18. GIBBERELLA. Perithecia bright colored, red, yellow, etc. Perithecia cespitose on a depressed stroma. 19. SCOLECONECTRIA. [Mycotocta for July, 1909 (1: 131-176), was issued 22 July 1909.] 177 178 MycoLoGIa Perithecia echinulately arranged on a subglobose stroma. 20. ECHINODOTHIS. Spores muriform. Spores hyaline. 21. THYRONECTRIA. Spores brown. 22. THYRONECTROIDEA. 12, SPHAEROSTILBE Tul. Fung. Carp. 1: 130 (in note). 1861 Stroma (Stilbum, \weuadalupensis, 156,242 50); hemichrysus, 148; hirtellus, 14; ig- noratus, 156; illudens, 154; inde- cisus, 15; inflexus, 150; innixus, 147; isabellinus, 10; lacteus, - 14’; lactifluus, 12; lateralis, 9; leprosus, 149, 150; leptocephalus, 156; lig- natilis, 157, 210: 2limatulus,. T2490): luridus, 16, 17; luteus, 10, 11; mag- nisporus, 17; mineato-olivaceus, 152; modestus, 15; Morgani, 144; Morrisii, 157; multipunctus, 153; mutabilis, 157; nebulosus, 157; ni- grellus, 16; niveus, 146; nobilis, 149; ornatipes, 151; pallidus, 152; paluster, 8; parasiticus, 148; par- vus, 18; Peckii, 151; pictus, 6; pi- INDEX peratus, 150; Pocono, 157; punc- tipes, 13; radicosus, 157; Ravenellii, 9; retipes, 151; rimosellus, 157; ro- bustus, 148, 157, 219; roseotinctus, 151; Roxanae, 1535 fubeolaricun7 - rubeus, 152; rubinellus, 157; ru- bropunctus, I50; rugosiceps, 153} Russellii, 144; salmonicolor, 11; Satanas, 17; scaber, 3, 146; scabri- pes, 153; sensibilis, 152; separans, 149; serotinus, 12; Sistotrema, 150; sordidus, 1553 . ‘speciosus,> e151, sphaerosporus, 10, I1; Spraguei, 7, 17; squammulosus, 152; squarrosus, 9; strobilaceus, 8; strobiliformis, 9 ; stygius, 9; subaureus, 13; subglab- ripes, 153; subluteus, 11; subpunc- tipes, 158; subsanguineus, 158; sub- tomentosus, 5, 153; subvelutipes, 17; Sullivantii, 17; tabaeiaus, 50> tenuiculus, 158; tomentipes, 154; tuberosus, 17; umbrosus, 155; Un- derwoodii, 17; unicolor, 158; Van- derbiltianus, 146; variipes, 149; vermiculosus, 17; versipellis, 146; viridarius, 12 Boletus from tropical America, A new, 218 Boltonia asteroides, 230 Botryosphaeria pulicaris, 196; Quer- cuum, 268 Botrytis parasitica, 27 > yiticolaw2 78 Bouteloua racemosa, 231 Brassica, 63 Bromus, 248; Porteri, 248, 249, 256; Pumpellianus, 248, 249; purgans, 236, 255; Richardsoni, 249 Buellia, 94; concinna, 88; lepidostra, 88, 92; myriocarpa, 90; sp., 88 Bull pine seedlings, A species of Discosia on living, 215 270; pygmaea, Cacalia reniformis, 229, 230, 232 Callirhoe, 251 ; -involucrata, 229) )232) 252.4256 Callistephus hortensis, 232 Calonectria; 42, 44, “67, 60) (23tino- sonil, 201; balsamea, 200; canaden- sis, 199; cerea, 69; chlorinella, 201 ; Cucurbitula, 200; Curtisii, 69; Dal- diniana, 67; Dearnessii, 68; dimi- nuta, 67, 68; erubescens, 67, 69; guarapiensis, 68, 69; melioloides, 67, 68; muscivora, 193 Calycanthus, 185 Capparidaceae, 235 Cardamine bulbosa, 235 Carex, 244; comosa, 228, 243, 245, 256; gravida, 230; lurida, 233, 255; pennsylvanica, 229; pratensis, 245, 246, 256; sp., 230; sparganioides, | INDEX 233, 255; stenophylla, 243; stipitata, 233, 254; vulpinoidea, 229 Carpinus, 191 Cay, 07S, 185, 191, 205 Castanea dentata, 122 Caulophyllum thalictroides, 231 Ceanothus americanus, 251 Celastrus, 185 Celtis pallida, 95; sinensis, 164 Cenangium, 106, 113; furfuraceum, 113, 268 Cephalanthus occidentalis, 236, 255 Cephalosporium, 71 Cerasus, 266, 267 Ceratostoma, 72; biparasiticum, 73; chioneum, 73; lagenarium, 74 Cercospora, 23; Davisii, 268 @eriomyces, 5, 140; affinis, 149, 275; albeilus, 145; auriflammeus, 147, 275; auriporus, 147, 275; Betula, 144, 145, 275; bicolor, 152, 158, 275; chromapes, 145, Poe; COmImuUnNIS, 154, 155, 157, 219; COMLCUS, 146, 147; crassus, Af, 056, 157, 275-} cubensis, 156; Curtisii, 150, 275; eximius, 148, 275; flaviporus, 147; frustulo- sus, 145; fumosipes, 154, 155, 275; griseus, 145; hemichrysus, 148; inflexus, 150, 275; jujubinus procerus, 153; Maxoni, 219; mi- niato-olivaceus, 152, 275; pal- lidus, 152, 275; parasiticus, 148; Peckii, 151; piperatus, 150, 157; retipes, 145, 275; Roxanae, 153; Russellii, 141, 144, 275; scaber, ioeNEGO,. 15a; SCabripes, 153; sordidus, 155, 157; speciosus, 151; subglabripes, 153; subto- mentosus, 148, 275; tabacinus, 151; tomentipes, 154; Vander- biltianus, 146 Cerrena unicolor, 169 Chamaecyparis thyoides, 240, 256 Charonectria, 20, 21, 45; Pedicularis, 46 Chelone glabra, 229 Chenopodiaceae, 235 Chenopodium album, 123, 235, 255; hybridum, 235 Chilonectria Coryli, 186; crinigera, 206; Cucurbitula, 198; Rosellinii, 201 Chionanthus, 200 Chondrioderma, 55 Ciboria, 105, 111; sulphurella, 111 Cicuta maculata, 237, 255 Circinella umbellata, 218 Citnus;.178, ror Cladonia rangiferina, 100 Clavaria brachiata, 47; 273; phalloides, 123 Hypoxylon, 283 Clematis, 248; virginiana, 236, 255 Clethra, 191 Clitocybe multiceps, 3 Coker, W. C., Leptolegnia from North Carolina, 262 Collema, 87, 100 Colletotrichum, 119 Collybia velutipes, 39, pl. 3 Colorado, A notable species of Gym- nosporangium from, 208 Coltricia cinnamomea, 164 Comandra umbellata, 232 Composition of a desert lichen flora, The? 87 Conferva ferax, 125 Coniferous and deciduous trees, Some fungi growing both on, 265 Coprinus atramentarius, 39; comatus, 30; micaceus, 39 Coriolellus Kusanoi, 165 Coriolopsis badia, 165 Coriolus abietinus, 165; nigromar- ginatus, 165; prolificans, 165; ver- sicolor, 122, 165 Cornus, 185; macrophyllas, 166 Corticium, 268; cinereum, 266; con- fluens, 266; evolvens, 266; velu- tinum, 266 115; gossypii, 115, ‘Gotylus, 113, 187,'266; sp., 268 Coryme~ 105, Tia > Sarcoides: 112 Cotton anthracnose, The perfect stage of the, 115 Crataccuss 170,006 S7.)) 20Le 1208. 240. 252 eb ringlere220)> 252,62559 250% punctata, 238, 239, 253, 2553 SDP. 239, 252, 255, 256 Creonectria,’ 177, 181, 183,197 atrofusca, 183, 186; coccinea, 183, 188; Coryli, 183, 186; Cu- curbitula, 184, 189; diploa, 184, 190; gramnicospora, 184, 192; mammoidea, 183, 188; nipigon- ensis, 184, 189; ochroleuca, 184, 190; pithoides, 183, 187, 207; purpurea, 183, 184, 186; rubi- carpa, 183, 187, 207; seminicola, 184, 191, 207; tuberculariformis, 184, 193; verrucosa, 183, 185 Creonectrieae, 43, 177 Cricunopus, 10; luteus, 10, 11 Cruciferae, 235 Cryptomeria, 165,167 5, japonica, 105, 169 Cucurbitaria cinnabarina, 184 Cultures of Uredineae in 1908, 225 Cupressus, 57 Cyclomyces fuscus, 169 Cytispora Castanea, 122 Daedalea Kusanoi, 169; merulioides, 7 qQuercina, | 170+) Styracitiayy 170); unicolor, 265 284 Daedaleae, 169 Dalea laxiflora, 291, 25% Dasyscypha, 105, 110; nivea, IIo Dasystoma flava, 232 Deciduous trees, Some fungi growing both on coniferous and, 265 Decodon verticillatus, 230, 232, 235 Delphinium tricorne, 231 Dermatea, 106, 113; furfuracea, 267; Sp. 123 Dermatocarpon, 94; compactum, 88; miniatum, 88, 94; peltatum, 88; ru- fescens, 88; sp., 88 Dialonectria, 42, 50, 198; consors, 61; depallens, 58; diminuta, 68; Eu- calypti, 58; filicina, 61; fulvida, 70; gibberelloides, 66; sulphurea, 60; vulpina, 52 Diatrype, 70 Diatrypella, 189 Dictyophora duplicata, 260 Dictyopus, 15; felleus, 15 Disca palustris, 231 Discomycetes of North Dakota, 104 Discosia on living bull pine seed- lings, A species of, 215 Discosia, 215; Pini, 216; strobilina, 295° virginiana, 205 Distichlis spicata, 234, 255 Dothidea Chamaeropsidis, 162 Dothidiaceous fungi, Sphaerodothis, a new species of, 161 Dulichium arundinaceum, 230 Earliella corrugata, 165 Echinodothis, 178, 202; tuberiformis, 202,207 Edgerton, C. W., The perfect stage of the cotton anthracnose, 115 Eleocharis palustris, 233, 255 Eleuthromyces, 44, 47; Geoglossi, 47, 48, 75; subulatus, 47, 75 Elfvingia fomentaria, 168; lipsiensis, 168; megaloma, 168; tornata, 168 Elymus, 248; canadensis, 124 Encelia farinosa, 95 Encoelia furfuracea, 268 Endocarpiscum, 93, 95, 97; placodi- zans, 87 Endocarpon, 94; Schaereri, 88 Epichloe, 203 Eriocorys, 8; strobilacea, 8, 9 Eucalyptus, 58 Euonymus, 185 Eupatorium, 95; perfoliatum, 233, 255 Euryporus, 5; cavipes, 5 Evernia, 91 Fagus, 188 Falcata comosa, 272 Favolus tenuis, 165 Fenestella Xanthoxyli, 204 INDEX Ficus cariea, 116, 1r7z Filling tree cavities, 77 Fink, B., The composition of a desert lichen flora, 87; The problems of North American lichenology, 28 Fistulina hepatica, 275; pallida, 275 Fomes concentricus, 170; fraxineus, 168; fulvus, 170; Hartwigii, 265; igniarius, 170; japonicus, 170; mu- sashiensis, 168; ramosus, 170; Ribis, 170; robustus, 265; ungula- tus, 168; volvatus, 170 Fomiteae, 167 Formosa, A mushroom cultivated in, 274 Four interesting species of moulds, 218 Fragaria virginiana, 272 Fraxinus, 123, “188)5 200, 720455 Zoo, 236; americana, “215: > lanceolata, 236, 255 Fungi growing both on coniferous and deciduous trees, Some, 265 Fungi, Illustrations of, J, 155m, 37; TIT, 834 VY 287 Fusarium, 20,.° 71; ricuim,. 54°: tum, 7I Fusicoccum castaneum, 122 194; episphea- niveum, 72>" yasintec- Galactinia, 105, 108; succosa, 108 Galium, 270; boreale, 270; trifolium, 46 Ganoderma amboinense, 168; flabelli- forme, 168 Gelsemium, 188 Geoglossum, 48 Geopyxis nebulosa, 105, III Gibbera pulicaris, 196 Gibberella, 44, 66, 177, 106; ficint, 197; pulicaris, 122, 196; Saubinetii, 197 Gillenia stipulacea, 226, 253, 254 Gleditschia, 206; triacanthos, 204 Glieophyllum trabeum, 169 Gloeosporium, 115 Glometella, 115; > 116; 9 orga fructigena, 117; Gossypii, 117, 120 Gloniopsis, 106, 114; Gerardiana, 114 Glonium, 106, 114; lineare, 114; par- vulum, 114; stellatum, 114 Gossypium barbadense, 72; ceum, 72, I19 Grindelia squarrosa, 231 Guignardia Bidwellii, 269 Gyalecta, 31 Gymnosporangium, 208, 209, 225, 226, 241, 252, 253; Betheli, 240, 256; bi- septatum, 240; Botryapites, 240, 256; clavariaeforme, * 236; 2555 clavipes, 239, 255; cornutum, 240, herba- INDEX Dayisil, ° 227, 24%, 242, 256; exterum, 254, 256; glo- bosum, 239, 256; inconspicuum, 208; juniperinum, 241; Juniperi- Virginianae, 238, 256; Libocedri, 252, 256; multiporum, 210; Nel- soni, 239, 256; sp. nov., 253; speci- osum, 210; tremelloides, 241 Gymnosporangium from Colorado, A notable species of, 208 Gyroporus, 4, 14; castaneus, 14, 275; cyanescens, 14, 15; scaber, 146 256; Hapalopilus gilvus, 166 Heald, F. D., A species of Discosia on living bull pine seedlings, 215 Helminthosporium gramineum, 269 Helotium, 105, 110; citrinum, 110 Helvellineae, 104, 106 Heppia deserticola, 87; virescens, 87 Hibiscus, 178; esculentus, 72; mili- taris, 232; Moscheutos, 251; syri- acus, 167 Hordeum vulgare, 269 Houstonia caerulea, 237, 238, 255 Hydnofomes tsugicola, 170 Hydrophyllum virginicum, 230, 231 Hymenomycetes, 266 Hypholoma perplexum, 1; sublateri- tium, I Hypocrea, 203; citrina, 269; perpu- silla, 50; Richardsoni, 268 ; tubercu- lariformis, 193; tuberiformis, 202 Hypocreaceae, 43 Hypocreales, 41, 43, 177 Hypocreales, Notes on North Ameri- can—I, 19; of North America, The —I, 41; Il, 177 Hypocrella, 203; tuberiformis, 202 Hypocreopsis tuberculariformis, 193 Hypoderma, 106, 114; aquilina, 122; scirpinum, I14 Hypomyces, 48, 59; Geoglossi, 48; Lactifluorum, 122; polyporinus, 122 Hyponectria, 19, 20, 44, 45; Buxi, 20; Cacti, 21, 44, 45; dakotensis, 20, 22, 44, 45, 75; Gossypii, 19 Hypoxylon phoeniceum, 63 Hysteriineae, 104, I13 Hysterium, 113; fagineum, Fraxini, 123 Hysterographium, 106, 114; Fraxini, 114, 123; kansense, 269; Mori, 3114 Hysteropatella, 106, 113; Prostii, 113 R2A0; Icmadophila, 31; (Baeomyces) aeru- ginosa, 31 Tlex, 188 Illustrations of fungi, I, 1; II, 37; III, 83; IV, 257 Iimoeyhbe infida, 211, 213 Ionotus dryophilus, 84 285 Ipomoea, 63; pandurata, 231 Iris, 230; versicolor, 230 Irpex consors, 166; decurrens, 169; Kusanoi, 169 Irpiciporus consors, 166; japonicus, 166; Noharae, 166; Tanakae, 167 Isaria brachiata, 47; farinosa, 74 Ischnoderma fuliginosum, 86 Isopyrum biternatum, 231 Iva frutescens, 231, 235, 243; xanthii- FollayeLal Ixocomus, 140; badius, 140; granu- latus, 13; luteus, 11; piperatus, 150 Japan, Polyporaceae from, 164 Juniperus, 253; californica utahensis, 210; communis, 242; occidentalis monosperma, 210; scopulorum,. 239, 240, 255, 256; sibirica, 239, 240, 241, 255250 Avireiliand..2us 236.6230. 253, 254, 255 Kalmia, 9 Karschia, 106, taveliana, 112 Kentucky, Boletaceae from, 275 Kern, F. D., A notable species of Gymnosporangium from Colorado, 208 Koeleria, 246; cristata, 246, 248, 256 Krombholzia, 140; scabra, 146 Ti25 lignyotaw Ii; Kuhnia eupatorioides, 233, 254; Hitchcockii, 233, 254 Lachnea, 104, 107; hemispherica, 107; scutellata, 107; setosa, 107 Lacinaria, punctata, 2290; spicata, 230 Mactanian 122) 218 Laetiporus speciosus, 167 Larix 190,-242; laricina, 242) 256 Larrea tridentata, 95 Lasiobolus, 105, 109; equinus, 109 Lasionectria poliosa, 57 Lasmenia, 161 Laurus, 191 Lecanora, 31, 94; atra, 31; calearea contorta, 88, 92; cinera, 92; mu- ralis, 88, 91, 92 Leccinum, 4, 140; aurantiacum, 146; constrictum, 14; edule, 149; lacti- fluum, 13; piperatum, 150; scabrum, 146; subtomentosum, 153 Lenzites alutacea, 170; betulina, 169; japonica, 170; saepiaria, 170, 267; variegata, 170 Leptogium arizonicum, 87 Leptolegnia, 262; caudata, 262 Leptolegnia from North Carolina, 262 Lespedeza, 62 Letendraea, 44, 74; eurotioides, 74; luteola, 74 Levison, J. J., Filling tree cavities, 77 286 Libocedrus, 252; decurrens, 252, 256 Lichen ericetorum, 31 Lichen flora, The composition of a desert, 87 Lichenology, The problems of North American, 28 Ligustrum vulgare, 236 Liquidambar, 200 Lonicera, 187 Lupinus, 58 Lycoperdon cyathiforme, 257; gemma- tum, 259; Wrightii, 260 Lycopsis, 237; arvensis, 237, 255 Lycopus americanus, 234, 255; com- munis, 234, 255 ; Lysimachia quadrifolia, 230 Macbridella, 177, 195; chaeto- stroma, 195; striispora, 195, 196 Macrocalyx Nyctelea, 230 Magnolia, 61, 188, 191 Mahonia, 232, 246, 247; Aquifolium, 232, 247, 256 Malaceae, 253 Malus, 2385 icoronariays 298)-09255.5 Malus, 238, 239, 240, 255 Massaria, 68; inquinans, 123 Mattirolia chrysogramma, 206 Medicago, 270 Megalonectria, 177, 180; caespitosa, 181; pseudotrichia, 180, 207 Melanospora, 44, 72, 161; albertensis, 242: chioned, 73.175 scr), ellen, 182; lagenaria, 74; Medusae, 242, 256; parasitica, 73; Zamiae, 72 Melia, 185, 186, 188 Melilotus alba, 26% Meliola, 69 Menispermum canadensis, 125 Microcera coccophila, 180 Microsphaera Alni, 269 Mitrulla phalloides, 123 Mollisia, 106, 1123; cinerea, 112, 123; Dehnii, 112 Monolepis Nuttalliana, 235 Morchella, 104, 106; esculenta, 106 Morus, 185, 186 Moulds, Four interesting species of, 218 Mucor circinelloides, 219; rufescens, 218 Muhlenbergia, 251, 252; 251,-256; mexicana, 251 Murrill, W. A., A mushroom culti- vated in Formosa, 274; A new bo- letus from tropical America, 218; A new poisonous mushroom, 211; Boletaceae from Kentucky, 275; II- lustrations of fungi, J.) 1 117 37) TH, 835). IV, «2575 .Polyporaceze from Japan, 164; The Boletaceae of North Americal, 4e dir Ao glomerata, INDEX Musa, 66, 67, 191 Mushroom, A new poisonous, 211; cultivated in Formosa, A, 274 Mycological herbarium, Noteworthy additions to, 218, 274 Myrica cerifera, 243 Napaea dioica, 230, 231, 232 Nectria, 20, 42, 44, 48, 49, 50, 63, 66, 67, 71, 183; aglaeothele, 180; Apo- cyni, 51, 59, 76; athroa, 64, 65; atrofusca, 186; aurantiicola, 180; aureofulva, 190, I91; auriger, 200; Bainii, 194; balsamea, 200; betulina, 52; bicolor, 54, 76> Brassicac5n, 62, 63, 76; canadensis, 199; chae- tostroma, 195; cinnabarina, 184; citisporina, 194; coccicola, 198; coccinea, 188, 194; conigena, 51, 61, 75, 76; consors, 51, 61; Coryli, 186, 201; cylindrospora, 198: de- pallens, 58, 76; depauperata, 1090, 191; diploa, 190; diploa diminuta, 68; diplocarpa, 50, 53, 76; dispersa, 51, 57; ditissima, 189, 194; epi- sphaeria, 51, 62, 64, 75, 76; 190, 270; erubescens, 62; Eucalypti, 51, 58, 76; filicina, 61, 76; flavocili- ata, 50, 54, 76; (Calonectria) ful- vida, 70; gibberelloides, 66; gram- nicospora, 192; infusaria, 194; Ipo- moeae, 194; lacteay \5i,sssaeungol: lasioderma, 52; mammoidea, 188; Meliae, 184, 185; microspora, 194; - missouriensis, 205; muscivora, 193; mycetophila, 48; nigrescens, 184, 185; nipigonensis, 189; ochroleuca, 190; olfuscata, 184, 1185; > patida, 190, tor; Papilionacearum, 51, 62, 63, 75, 76; peponum, 46; per- pusilla, 46, 50; Reziza. so,ynemGa, 55, 57, 62, 67, 75, 76; pilneides, 187; poliosa, 57; polythalama, 200; pseudotrichia, 180; purpurea, 184; pyrrhochlora, 203; Rexiana, 51, 55, 76; rhizogena, 190; Ribis, 205, 271; riminicola, 52; Rousseliana, 48; rubefaciens, 51, 56, 76; rubicarpa, 187; Russellii, 184, 185; Sambuci, 184, 185; sanguinea, 46, 51, 63, 65, 75, 76; seminicdla, 21, 22, ror, 270; (Lasionettria) Jsetosas soe 5 sphaerospora, 206; squamulosa, 51, 55, 76; striispora, 196; subcoccinea, 180; sulphurata, 48; sulphurea, 49, 51, 54, 60, 76; thujana, 51, 56, 76; tremelloides, 50, 53, 76; trichospora, 69; truncata, 60, 76; tuberculari- formis, 193; Umbellulariae, 52; ver- rucosa, 185; viticola, 64; vulgaris, 190, 191; vulpina, 52 Nectriaceae, 43 INDEX Nectrieae, 42, 43, 44, 177 Nectriella, 19, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 181; Cacti, 19, 45; Fuckelii, 45; miltina, 182; mycetophila, 49; Pedicularis, 45, 46; peponum, 45, 46; tra- cheiphila, 72 Neocosmospora, 44, 71 ; vasinfecta, 71 ; vasinfecta nivea, 72; vasinfecta tra- cheiphila, 72 Neowashingtonia filamentosa, 162 New boletus from tropical America, Py 2LS New genus of dothideaceous fungi, Sphaerodothis, a, 161 New poisonous mushroom, A, 211 North America, The Boletaceae of, I, 4-11; 140; The Hypocreales of, lI, Anse Pl 677 North American Hypocreales, Notes on, I, 19; Lichenology, The prob- lems of, 28 North Carolina, Leptolegnia from, 262: North Dakota, Discomycetes of, 104 Notes on North American Hypo- creales—I, 19 Noteworthy additions to the myco- logical herbarium, 218, 274 Ochroporus fulvus, 265 Oidium, 71 Onagra biennis, 233, 254 Onoclea sensibilis, 122 Ophionectria, 42, 44, 60, 197; cerea, 69, 71; coccicola, 198; cylindro- thecia, 609, 70, 75; Everhartii, 70; scolecospora, 197, 198 Opuntia, 20, 45 Oxygraphis, 246; 256 Panaeolus papilionaceus, 211, 212 Pandanus, 167 Panicum capillare, 232 Parkinsonia microphylla, 98 Parmelia, 31, 53, 94; acetabulum, 100; caperata, 94; conspersa, 88, OI, 92, 93; tiliacea, 56 Parodiella, 62, 63 Paronectria missouriensis, 205 Pasama cuspidata, 169 Patellaria, 106, 112, 113; atrata, 112; clavispora, 113; fenestrata, 121 Paxillus porosus, 7 Peach, A bacterial disease of the, 23 Peckiella Geoglossi, 48 Pedicularis crenata, 46 Pentstemon hirsutus, 231, 232 Perfect stage of the cotton anthrac- nose, The, 115 Peronospora calotheca, 270; Den- tariae, 270; effusa, 123; Halstedii, 124; Kellermanii, 121; parasitica, Cymbalaria, 246, 230; virgatum, 287 270; pygmaea, 271; trifolium, 270; viticola, 271 Peziza, 105, 108; badia, 108; cinerea, 1235 etaterium, 273%. -1uriuracea, 268 ; hydrophora, 52; repanda, 108 ; Tiliae, 108; vesiculosa, 108; vul- pina, 52 Pezizineae, 104, 107 Phacelia bipinnatifida, 231 Phacidiineae, 104, 113° Phaeonectria, 74, 195 Phaeopezia, 106, I11; III Phialea, 105, 111; Urticae, 111 Phleum pratense, 231 Pholiota adiposa, 83; lutea, 84; spec- tabilis, 85; squarrosa, 266 Phoma uvicula, 269 Phragmidium, 209, 253 Phylitaena arcuata, 124 Phyllachora graminis, 124 Phyllosticta Labruscae, 269; Smilacis, 124; viticola, 269 Physalospora, 118; aurantia, 271 Physcia, 98; fastigiata, 31; sp., 88 Picea excelsa, 265 Pilobolus longipes, 218 Pine seedlings, A species of Discosia on living, 215 Pinus, 190, 198, 266; abies, 265, 266; palustris, 148; ponderosa, 215, 216, 217; silvestris, 265 Pinuzza, 4, 10 Piptoporus suberosus, 167 Placodium, 94, 98; .amabile, 88; brachylobum, 88; cinnabarinum, 88; elegans, 30, 88, 91, 93; lobula- tum, 88; murorum, 88, 91 fuscocarpa, Plasmopora, 271; Kellermanii, 121 ; viticola, 271 Platanus, 178, 191 Pleonectria, 203; berolinensis, 205, 271; denigrata, 204; missouriensis, 205; pyrrhochlora, 204; Ribis, 205, 271 Pleurotus sapidus, 257 Pluteus cervinus, 38 Poa, 248 Poisonous mushroom, A new, 211 Polemonium reptans, 231 Polygonum, 248 , Polyporaceae, 4, 169, 265 Polyporaceae from Japan, 164 Polyporeae, 164 Polyporus, 55, 74; adustus, 265; arcu- larius, 167; benzoinus, 266; cele- bicus, 167; cinnabarinus, 170; Dick- insii, 167, 170; fumosus, 265; gi- ganteus, 265; glaucotus, 170; hel- veolus, 266; illicicola, 166, 170; marginatus, 266; membranaceus, 170; ochrotinctus, 170; officinalis, 288 170; pellucidus, 170; Perula, 167; pinicola, 266; Pocas, 170; Pocula, 170; resinosus, 266; rotundatus, 266; salignus, 265; scanicus, 265; Schweinitzii, 170;. Shenoi, 170; Shiraianus, 170; vernicipes, 170; versicolor, 122; zonatus, 265 Polystictus Cryptomeriae, 170; Ikenoi, 170; pellucidus, 165 Populus, 185, 187; nigra pyramidalis, 164; tremuloides, 49, 113, 122, 242, 250; 268; 272 Porteranthus, 226, 253; 226, 229, 253, 254, 256 Portulaca oleracea, 121 Problems of North American lichen- ology, The, 28 Propolis, 106, 113; faginea, 113, 124 Prunus, 166, 167, 168, 185; sp., 165 Pseudonectria, 44, 47, 48; sul- phurata, 48 Pseudopeziza, 106, 112; Medicaginis, 112 Pseudovalia Xanthoxyli, 204 Psoralea Onobrychis, 231 Puccinellia airoides, 246, 256 stipulatus, Puccinia, 209, 229, 230; Absinthii, 243, 256; Agrostidis, 250; alter- nans, 248, 256; angustata, 234, 255; asperifolia, 236, 255; Asteris, 232; Caricis-Asteris, 230; Caricis- Solidaginis, 233, 255; cinerea, 246, 256; dochmia, 252; Dolichii, 230; Eleocharidis, 233, 255; Ellisiana, 231. semaculata;:” 230 >+traxinata, 236, 255; Koeleriae, 247, 256; Kuhniae, 233, 254; macrospora, 244, 256; Muhlenbergiae, 251, 252, 256; obliterata, 250, 256; on Agropyron, 249; on Bromus, 248: on Carex ‘comosa, 2437 on Carex gravida, 230; on Carex penn- sylvanica, 229; on Carex pratensis, 245; on Carex sp., 246; on Koleria cristata, 246; patruelis, 245, 256; Peckii, 233, 254; poculiformis, 231, 232, 246; Pruni-spinosae, 248; quadriporula, 230; rubigo-vera, 225, 237 > Sambuci, 233, 255; schedon= nardi, 231; Seymouriana, 236, 255; subnitens, 228, 234, 255; tomipara, 226,: 246,.-255 -) Proximontis, 245 ; vexans, 231; vulpinoidis, 229 Pulveroboletus, 4, 9; Ravenelii, 9 Pycnoporellus fibrillosus, 170 Pycnoporus sanguineus, 167 Pyrenopsis, 94; Schaereri, 87 Pyrenula, 30; verrucosa, 30 Pyronema, 104, 107, 131, 137; confluens, 132, lodes, 107; 132; 133, 135, 138, 139 Pyronema, Studies in pyrophilous 135, 136, 136; ompha- ° INDEX fungi, I, The occurrence and cul- tivation of, 131 Pyropolyporus fastuosus, 169 Pyrus, 185; communis, 240 Quercus, 185; aliena, 167; cuspidata, 2743; Sp., 166, 269 Radulum orbiculare, 266 Ramalina calicaris, 31 Ramularia Fragariae, 272; Tuslasnei, 272 Ranunculus Cymbalaria, 246 Rhododendron, 9 Rhodoporus, 15; felleus, 15 Rhus, 185, 187 Rhynchosia, 62 Rhysotheca Halstedii, 271 Rhytisma salicinum, 272 Ribes, 185, 205; Cynosbati, 242; rub- rum, 242 Rinodina, 31 atna; es Robinia, 185 Roestelia, 226, 252, 253; cornuta, 227; lacerata, 226; penicillata, 227, 241 Romell, L., Some fungi growing both on coniferous and deciduous trees, 265 Rorer, J. B., A bacterial disease of the peach; 23 Rostkovites, 4, 12; americanus, 12; granulatus, Ii; 12, 03,0 2non eas. hirtellus, 12, 14; subaureus, 13, 14; subtomentosus, 154 Rubus, 185 Rudbeckia laciniata, 229, 230, 251 Russula, 218 124; viticola, Sabina monosperma, 208, 210; utah- ensis, 208, 210 Saccobolus, 105, 110; Kerverni, 110; violascens, I10 Salix, 179, 187, 191, 266; sp., 272 Sambucus, 185; canadensis, 233, 255 Saprolegnia, 262; ferax, 125 Sarcobatus, 235, 236; vermiculatus, 235, 255 Sarcoscypha, 104, 107; coccinea, 107; occidentalis, 108 Sassafras, 186 Schedonnardus paniculatus, 231 Scirpus, 114; atrovirens, 234; cyperi- nus, 234, 255; fluviatilis, 237, 255; Scleroderma, 148 Scoleconectria, 177, 197; Atkin- sonii, 201; balsamea, 198, 200; canadensis, 197, 199, 207; cocci- cola, 197, 198; polythalama, 197, 200; scolecospora, 197, 198, 201 Scrophularia marylandica, 272 Seaver, F. J., Discomycetes of North ¢ INDEX Dakota, 104; Notes on North American Hypocreales, I, 19; Stud- ies in pyrophilous fungi, I, The occurrence and cultivation of Py- ronema, 131; The Hypocreales of North America, I, 41; II, 177; Wil- son, G. W., &, Ascomycetes and lower fungi, Fascicle II, 121; III, 268 Secale cereale, 236, 255 Senecio obovatus, 229, 230 Septoria Scrophulariae, 272 Shear, C. L., Sphaerodothis, a new genus of dothidiaceous fungi, 161 Sisyrinchium, 237, 238; gramineum, 237, 238, 255; graminoides, 237 Sintlax, 226, 243, 244; hispida, 230, 2ai, 230,243, 244, 256; rotundi- Holla, I24, 325, 243, 244 Solanum, 63 Solidago canadensis, 233, 255 Some fungi growing both on con- iferous and deciduous trees, 265 Sorbus, 241, 242, 266; americana, 239, AG, 0245. 255, 256; Aria, 242; Au- cuparia, 242; hybrida, 242; termi- nalis, 242 Spartina cynosuroides, 236, 255: polystachya, 236, 255; stricta, 236, 255 Spathyema foetida, 20, 22, 192, 270 Species of Discosia on living bull pine seedlings, A, 215 Sphaerella Fragariae, 272 Sphaeria, 40, 64; aquilina, 122; atro- fusca, 186; Buxi, 44; Celastri, 184, 185; cerea, 69; chionea, 73; cinna- barina, 184; coccinea, 188; decidua, tse, dematiosa, 184, 185; epi- sphaeria, 65, 270; erubescens, 67; graminis, 124; Hypoxylon, 273; in- @uinans,| 123 ;. Lactifluorum, 122; lagenaria, 74, 161; muscivora, 193; ochroleuca, 190, 191; Peziza, 50, 52; pseudotrichia, 180; pulicaris, 122, 196; Quercuum, 268; san- guinea, 63; Saubinetii, 197; subu- lata, 47; tremelloides, 184; verru- cosa, 185 Sphaeroderma, 182; Helleri, 182 Sphaerodermatella, 182; Helleri, 182 Sphaerodothis, 161, 162; Chamae- ropsis, 162; densa, 163; Gui- lielmae, 163; Neowashing- toniae, 162; palmicola, 162; rimosa, 162 Sphaerodothis, a new genus of dothi- diaceous Fungi, 161 Sphaeronema parasitica, 73; subula- tum, 47 Sphaeropsis Linderae, 125; Meni- spermi, 125; Smilacis, 125 289 Sphaerostilbe, 177, 178, 180; cinna- barina, 179; coccophila, 180, 194; flammea, 178, 179; gracilipes, 178; pseudotrichia, 181 Spiraea stipulata, 254 Staphylea trifolia, 186 Stereum, 55, 60; ferrugineum, 266; rubiginosum, 266; tabacinum, 266 Stigmatea Fragariae, 272 Stilbum aurantiacum, 178; (Atrac- tium) cinnabarinum, 179; cory- noides, 178; flammeum, 179; gra- cilipes, 178 St[rJilbum gracilipes, 178, 179 Strobilomyces, 4, 8, 9; strobilaceus, 8, 275 Studies in pyrophilous fungi, I, The occurrence and cultivation of Py- ronema, 131 Styrax Obassia, 169 Suillellus, 5, 16; Frostii, 17, 275; luridus, 16, 17, 275 Suillus, 4, 10, 14; annulatus, 10; bul- bosus, 149; castaneus, 14; cyanes- cens, 14 Sumstine, D. R., Four interesting species of moulds, 218 Symphoricarpus' occidentalis, 112; racemosa, 231 Symphoricarpus, 187 Synchitrium aecidioides, 272; deci- piens, 272; fulgens decipiens, 272 Synechoblastus coccophorus, 81 Syringa vulgaris, 269 _ Taphrina Johansonii, 272 Teloschistes modestus, 88; parietinus, 100 Phahetrum, 248, 249; dioicum, 231, 236, 248, 249, 256; occidentale, 249 ; polygamum, 231; sparsiflorum, 248, 249; venulosum, 249 Thamnidium elegans, 218 Thecotheus, 105, 109; Pelletieri, 109 Thelephoreae, 266 Thyronectria, 178, 203, 206; bero- linensis, 203, 205; chrysogramma, 206; denigrata, 203, 204; mis- souriensis, 203, 205; Patavina, 203; pyrrhochlora, 203; sphaero- spora, 203, 206; virens, 204; Xan- thoxyli, 204 Thyronectroidea, 178, 206; chry- sogramma, 206 iia aes .020 i) americana 110s 125, 269 Tiliae, r10, 125 Trametes Dickinsii, 167; Miuilleri, 168; nitida, 167; styracicola, 170 Tranzschelia punctata, 248 Tremella juniperina, 241; purpurea, 183, 184 Tricholoma equestre, 2 290 INDEX Trichopeziza, 105, 110; sulphurea, Versipellis, 140; chrysenteron, 155; 110 parasitica, Trifolium, 270 Triticum, 248 Tropical America, A new _ boletus from, 218 Troximon glaucum, 245 Tsuga, 167 Tubercularia, 183; vulgaris, 184 Tubiporus, 10, 140; annulatus, Io, 11; edulis, 140 Tylopilus, 5, 15; alboater, 15, 16; felleus,, 15, 16; 157, 275)3 veracilis, 15, 16; indecisus, 15, 275 Ulmus, 185, 188, 199; americana, 207 Uredineae, 225 Uredineae in 1908, Culture of, 225 Uredo accidioides, 272); °, bliti, nan; Peckii, 272; Portulacae, 121 Urnula, 104, 108; craterium, 108, 273 Uromyces, 209; Andropogonis, 232; graminicola, 232; houstoniatus, 237, 255; Murrillii, 237; Scispi, 237, 255 Urtica gracilis, 243 > sp... 103 Valsa Xanthoxyli, 203 Verbena urticifolia, 231 Vernonia arkansana, 230 Verrucaria, 30, 31, 94; fuscella, 88; nigrescens, 88 148 ; 154}; variegata, 140 Verticillium, 183; tubercularioide, 190, IQI Viburnum dentatum, 123 Vigna sinensis, 72 © Viola, 232; cucullata, 229, 232 Viscipellis, 10; granulata, 13; luteus, II; piperata, 150; sphaerocephala, 10 Vitis vulpina, 269, 271 subtomentosus, Whitfordia musashiensis, 168 Wilson, G.. W., & Seaver, F. J., As- comycetes and lower fungi—Fas- cicle II, 121 ; Til, 2638 Xanthoxylum, 114, 204; americanum, 251 Xerocomus, 140; chrysenteron, 155; impolitus, 140; parasiticus, 148; subtomentosus, 154 Xylaria Hypoxylon, 273 Xyloma salicinum, 272 Yueca, 28a,-191 Zea Mays, 66, 70, 122 ane) Weak ub Hees Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, onth! taining notes, news and non-technical articles of general interest. bers of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a copy ; $1.00 a. year exchange.] Now in itstenth volume. Seine ia Mycologia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and otherwise; d including lichens; containing technical articles and news an interest. . $3.00 a year; single copies not’ for sale, [Not Now in its first volume. ee OU Mes Bulletin of the New York Botanical g nual report: of the Director-in-Chief and other official docu articles embodying Oo ‘ Paw y results of investigations carried out in the Ga den; to others, $3.00 per volume. gace Vol.9, parts poraceaé: 8. prea Sige Binet. Sit ean se Pinte Vol. 22, part 3, issued June 12, 1908. - Grossulariaceae, Plate mataceae, Connaraceae, Calycantha | Garden, $1.00 per volume. To others, $2.00. [ red in Vol. I: An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana ar Park, by Dr. Per Axel Rydb Vol. HI. Creischerville York, by Dr. Arthur’ Hollick , Vi—138 py 29 plates. I909. ben Vole IV.) 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