pte oe RN GIT . eg a eT perenen A EERE GO FOE LAE . 7 = ae: v SO as detail RET lak ae a Al al aad PU gr eI oo a Ne TT NOD OMG GOL REA are re ate ed eee S = =~ - i. PEE OAINT F PO e omen iain ge NT NE A i i eee i . nee +h a gm " frre Qf eA ee ag PONT Ae ES dele uth Setagh ap rr ane 2 6 a ~ at ae ER TT gl Al Del PTE AY Se POO ately a ea, is og sedi le pag “ eB - eer Cee ee a teidiaiaeel . “1 - ed ade GR - Sn Fgh ED Me aD ER IN OT ‘ Tapia nce dine oc ace A eins dae - a - | hint ttigs - hall sts GT EGG 2S ee aT I ee al gt NPN AN ee ee pepe arnt? Oe aheie oe ei A ee Te an ta. ah eee TS iptinti tata eS eid fn en in EEE OER eS EG ELIT OO oti el ern eee eT ALP gaps soar Sey Te ee ean adit eat eg age GONE”, A paar ray Om > d Fe OE LE OR SOO pr IE tad, satelite ae pes neg gag Lo pe a A ae . = Fg TONE ig N GI A ecgerien att ‘a ! Deter cpg eh IN a MT EO ASE age DE Ni OS NE apres ie eT inte reas retard ae IIE a ae Rew eR > eS ee ow ™ aw 2 ime nate aaNet ee en eg SR rele erp ytetee Te ree OT pnp etad ee ae atu We ot eter - < yarn” x ne alain ~ . ‘ 2 Pe te eee PRO ie ST TR me IEE! GE AE — ah F an gett OO oa 2 . cial iti eies en * ee i ai - i Se ie is eins ae ae OT en ieee, Manel cag NE gE ne EF Seqgges® + “ capo Sean ete ay Io IGE LE A et EA AR as fete nt at mene " ia —_ - ee ated ath ean ta Ee neh AT Tage ot aie seal aie o-* Fae EC Oe ete -* oniene Set GE LOE EF = EO et acs abate, ttn, eee > tite i et Deter P Sage GL RR IE AE de ty de ae Adina aiedindit stab aie can vag eg IO NR a 2 ae ie etal OT I SOT ne - Sao = tor er ta eg en earner? eh Oe ae Be ili a. pte tet re prs ae ee ' 7 \ ; aA i! i Y i ‘ ij y ba. § 4g i ‘ } , j st x i U ' © = -~ MYCOLOGIA VOLUME XIV, 1922 PUBLISHED BY THE AID OF THE DaAvip LypiGc FUND BEQUEATHED BY CHARLES P. DALY nth Aer aR MYCOLOGIA IN CONTINUATION OF THE JOURNAL OF MYCOLOGY Founded by W. A. Kellerman, J. B. Ellis,and B. M. Everhart in 1885 EDITOR WILLIAM ALPHONSO MURRILL Volume XIV, 1922 WITH 31 PLATES AND 25 FIGURES ASSOCIATE EDITORS JOSEPH C. ARTHUR FRANKLIN S. EARLE LARS ROMELL HOWARD J. BANKER BRUCE FINK FRED J. SEAVER GIACOMO BRESADOLA ROBERT A. HARPER CORNELIUS L. SHEAR FREDERICE. CLEMENTS THOMAS H. MACBRIDE TYOZABURO TANAKA JOHN DEARNESS NARCISSE PATOUILLARD PUBLISHED BIMONTHLY FOR THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN By THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY LANCASTER, PA. PRESS-OF THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY LANCASTER. FA. (eo lay _ MAR 3 1 1954 Quran | 3397083 tape OM CONTENTS No. 1. JANUARY PAGE iaenoses sot. American Porias—I, by L. O. OVERHOLTS...........0000- I Uredinales collected by Fred J. Seaver in Trinidad, by J. C. ARTHUR.... 12 ih@steations, of Fungi—X XXIII, by W. A. MuRRILL.-.....0.0...05.%.. 25 The Ophiobolus causing Take-all of Wheat, by H. M. Fitzpatrick, H. E. Wier ummemn ati WR. >, KCTRBY 2850) 5 252 aie a cite 0 be olelt ec rtc asec see cases 30 A Preliminary List of the Myxomycetes of the Cayuga Lake Basin, by RN OANNG ANG,” ©. NIUENSCHER w.j.-k, corsocleis ehere's e010 fel eia se cile's weds 38 Heel paces TCE ES Teas ATSC TIC LES < soos te < “a Pileus convex to plane or slightly depressed, gregarious or sub- cespitose, 3-5 cm. broad; surface dry or moist, smooth, glabrous, not striate, melleous to ochraceous or luteous at the center ; margin entire, cream-colored; context yellowish, with mawkish, slightly bitter taste; lamellae adnate or sinuate with a decurrent tooth, rather crowded and narrow, pale-yellow to ferruginous; spores ovoid, minutely echinulate, ferruginous, 8-9 x 5-6 »; stipe subequal, solid to hollow, pale-yellow to yellowish-brown, pruinose at the apex, whitish-mycelioid at the base, 3-5 cm. long, 3-5 mm. thick; veil arachnoid, fugacious. Described and figured from specimens ‘collected on a chestnut stump in woods in the New York Botanical Garden, September 9, 1911. It occurs on dead wood of various deciduous and coniferous trees throughout most of temperate North America and has been — found also in Bermuda. Species of this genus have not been suf- ficiently tested for edibility and should be avoided for the present. Some of them are known to be poisonous. MyYcoLociA VOLUME 14, PLATE 2 CHANTEREL-FLOCCOSUS Scuw. ‘1996 (sa%q) WIIHAOTIAHd AGADOLIIO € givig ‘PI WATOA VIDOIOOA WW VOLUME 14, PLATE 4 MyYcoLociIA GLITOCYBE SUBHIRTA PEckK VOLUME 14, PLATE 5 MyYcoLoGia MELANOLEUCA THOMPSONIANA MorRILL TUWAINW SINAOAIWNGA VONYWIONVITAHN 9 Bivig ‘Vil ANNIOA VIDSOTOIANN Tusanyy (HOSIvg) INdAH VINUATVO ” £ aiviId ‘VI ANNONA VIDOTOIATL VOLUME 14, PLATE 8 MyYcoLociA = iS e% oy P 2 wn ~ 4 — ca 2 Ss < _ , ND ~ 4 = O Z a > O TUAW WOALNT VNO Tadd 6 ALvId ‘VI ANNION VIDOTOIAT\L MURRILL > ILEUSTRATIONS OF FUNGI 29 Hebeloma luteum Murrill EGG-YELLow HEBELOMA Plare oO.) let Pileus large, thick, fleshy, convex to plane, solitary, 5-10 cm. broad; surface smooth, glabrous, viscid, luteous; margin ochra- ceous, entire, not striate; lamellae sinuate, ventricose, crowded, melleous to ferruginous; spores ellipsoid, smooth, subfulvous in mass, melleous under the microscope, 7—-8.5 x 4-5 3; stipe equal or ‘tapering upward, smooth, dry, glabrous, pearly-white, 5—7 cm. long, 7-15 mm. thick; veil fibrillose, slight, evanescent. Described, figured, and known only from specimens collected on the ground in woods near Stockbridge, Massachusetts, early in September, 1911. This is another genus that is too difficult and too imperfectly known as yet to be recommended to amateur mycophagists. j New York BOTANICAL GARDEN. THE OPHIOBOLUS CAUSING TAKE-ALL OF WHEAT H. M. Fitzpatricx, H. E. THomMAs, anp R. S) Kirey (WitTH PLATE 10 AND 1 TEXT FIGURE) The discovery of perithecia of a species of Ophiobolus in July, — 1920, at East Rochester, New York, on wheat plants showing characteristic symptoms of the take-all disease was reported in an earlier paper.t. Subsequently additional collections of the fungus have been made in scattered localities in New York, and reports of its occurrence in other states have been received. The fungus has also been obtained in pure culture, and repeated inoculations . have demonstrated it to be the causal organism of the take-all dis- ease. Normal perithecia with mature asci and spores have devel- oped in culture, and a comparative study shows the organism used in the inoculations to be identical with that collected in the field. A paper dealing with the various aspects of the experimental work and embracing a discussion of the parasitism of the fungus has been submitted for publication. In the present paper only facts bearing on the identity of the organism are considered. In the historical and bibliographic discussion of the take-all dis- ease prepared by Stevens* a number of papers are cited in which the discovery of perithecia of Ophiobolus in connection with dis- eased plants is.reported. Two species, O. graminis Sacc. and O. herpotrichus (Fr.) Sacc., are mentioned repeatedly. It has seemed necessary to compare our fungus carefully with these and other species of Ophiobolus occurring on grasses, as well as with various 1 Kirby, R. S., and Thomas, H. E. The take-all disease of wheat in New York. Science, N. S: 52: 368-360. 1920. 2 Kirby, R. S. The take-all disease of cereals and grasses. Phytopathology for January, 1922. (Abstract of paper presented at annual meeting of Phyto- pathological Society at Toronto; December 28, 1921. Complete paper not yet published. ) 3 Stevens, F. L. Foot-rot disease of wheat—historical and bibliographic. Bull. Nat. Hist. Survey. Illinois Dept. Registration and Education 13: 259—- 2865.) 1919, 30 FITZPATRICK, THOMAS, KIRBY: OPHIOBOLUS ail y ) I foreign collections of Ophiobolus associated with the take-all dis- ease. Moreover, the economic importance of the disease has made desirable the publication of an illustrated description of the fungus for the use of those who are searching in various sections of the country for infected plants. This is particularly true since the published descriptions of grass-inhabiting species of Op/uobolus in most cases are brief and more or less inadequate. Through the codperation of several foreign correspondents the comparison of the American collections of the fungus with mate- rial from other countries has been accomplished. Specimens of Ophiobolus on wheat from three different localities in England were mailed for our examination by Doctor Cotton. Three collec- tions on wheat and barley from various parts of Japan were sub- mitted by Doctor Miyabe, one on barley from Italy was received from Professor Peglion and Mattirola, and a single collection from France was sent by Professor Foex. In all cases the fungus had been found associated with the typical symptoms of the take-all disease, and in every instance the material was labeled O. gramuinis Sace. A critical examination of the various collections, including a comparative study of perithecia, asci, and spores, shows the fungus to be identical in every case with the American material. Furthermore, specimens collected in New York have been sub- mitted to Professor McAlpine, and he writes: “I have carefully examined the specimens sent by you and on comparing the my- celium, perithecia, and spores have come to the conclusion that it is the same fungus as that occurring on Australian wheat.” ‘There can be no question, therefore, of the propriety of applying the name take-all to the disease of wheat in this country. The fungus agrees in general with the descriptions of O. graminis given by Saccardo,* * and with the description and fig- ures of this species published by Berlese.6 There are certain minor points of difference, and for this reason the examination of the original collection is desirable. However, the herbarium of Saccardo has been practically unavailable since his death, the col- 4Saccardo, P. A. Fungi veneti novi vel critici. ser. II. Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano 7: 307. 1875. (Rhaphidophora graminis Sacc.) a Saccardo, P: A. Sylloge fungorum 2: 349.. 1883. 6 Berlese, A. N. Icones Fungorum.2: 119-120. Pl. 146, fig. 2, 1899. ow MyCOLOGIA lections having been kept in his home pending the action of the administrator of the estate. Through the kindness of Professor _O. Mattirola it nevertheless has been possible to get in touch with the son, Professor D. Saccardo, and he has visited the herbarium and mailed us a fragment of material from a specimen labeled “Ophiobolus graminis exempl. Mad. Libert.” This is probably the type collection, as the species was based on material in the herbarium of Libert.* Unfortunately, however, the material sub- mitted is worthless, since it bears no perithecia of Ophiobolus. A second attempt to obtain material has been made, but has not yet proved successful. It is hoped that it will be possible to publish in a subsequent note information concerning the type specimen, but until the herbarium is made more readily available this may not be possible. Berlese states that he examined the original collection of O. graminis in the herbarium of Saccardo, and that the figures of perithecia, asci, and spores given by him were drawn from it. His drawings of the perithecium indicate that the organism studied is identical with our own, and although the spores as figured by him are more slender than those of the take-all fungus, it is prob- able that they were drawn inaccurately, since they do not corre- spond with his description. In fact, his measurements of peri- thecia, asci, and spores agree so closely with those obtained by us for the take-all organism that its identity with O. graminis can hardly be questioned. His failure to mention paraphyses, and his statement that the spores are only tri-septate, are probably due to his having seen only a small amount of relatively unfavorable herbarium material. Since his description agrees with that of Saccardo, there seems to be no reasonable justification for ques- tioning his statement that the figures were drawn. from the type collection. He asserts further that he compared this material with the type collections of Sphaeria eucrypta Berk. & Br. and S. cari- ceti Berk. & Br. and found the three species to be identical. More- over, he accepts the oldest specific name and designates the species as O, eucryptus (Berk. & Br.) Sacc. 7 Roumeguere, C., et Saccardo, P. A. Reliquiae mycologicae Libertianae, series altera. Revue Mycologique 3: No. 11. 39-59. Pl. 19, 20. 1881. FITZPATRICK, THOMAS, KIRBY: OPHIOBOLUS 33 In the endeavor to corroborate Berlese’s statements an attempt has been made to obtain from the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Fic. 1. a, Asci and spores of Ophiobolus eucryptus, from material col- lected by Broome on I/ris foetidissima. XX 625; b, Asci and spores of O. cariceti, from material collected in New York on wheat showing typical symptoms of the take-all disease. X 625. (Camera lucida) Gardens at Kew portions of the original collections of these two British specimens. Since both species antedate O. graminis, the demonstration of the correctness of Berlese’s assertion with refer- ence to either would force us to discard the specific name gramuinis. Miss Wakefield has very obligingly mailed to us from Kew material bearing on this nomenclatorial problem, and accompanying the material has written as follows: “Sphaeria eucrypia B. & Br. There seems to be no type of this (on Carex pendula) in existence. We have 5 specimens col- lected by Broome, but all are on Jris foetidissima. I send you a slide of one of these—collected at Batheaston, Jan., 1850. “Sphaeria caricett B. & Br. The type of this in Berkeley’s own herbarium (Batheaston, Dec., 1858) does not seem to have any mature perithecia left. I found some in another specimen from Cooke’s herbarium collected by Broome. This is labelled in Broome’s handwriting ‘on Aira caespitosa, Batheaston, Jan., 1850,’ but the name ‘ Sphaeria cariceti B. & Br.’ has been added at another time in rather different handwriting, which I doubt being that of 34 MycoLoGIa Broome. However, there are no specimens in Broome’s herbarium at the British Museum,—so I am sending you a slide of this one, as it seems probably authentic.” In addition to the slides showing asci and spores, fragments of leaf sheaths showing perithecia were also sent to us, and a careful comparison of these specimens with material of the take-all or- ganism was made. ; The perithecia of S. cariceti.as shown in the type specimen in Berkeley’s herbarium have been examined and found to agree closely in size, shape, and other characters with those of our own organism. Their position on the host is also the same. , More- over, the asci and spores in the specimen from Cooke’s herbarium are indistinguishable from those of the fungus of take-all. (Text Figure 1b.) There is, in fact, no point of evident difference be- tween our organism and S. cariceti as seen on Aira caespitosa in these two specimens at Kew. Since asci and spores can not be obtained from the type specimen, it is not possible by a comparison of specimens alone to demonstrate that the material in the her- barium of Cooke is unquestionably S. caricett. However, it agrees completely with the rather brief original description of the species given by Berkeley and Broome.’ Fortunately, moreover, accom- panying the description, drawings of an ascus and two spores are given which agree well in size and shape with the material in the herbarium of Cooke and with our own material of the take-all fungus. The spores as drawn are non-septate, but the arrange- ment of the guttulae indicates that at maturity a septation corre- sponding to that in the Cooke material would occur. Since the perithecium of S. cariceti as seen in the type specimen is characteristic and agrees completely with that of the take-all organism, there would be on this basis alone considerable justifica- tion for regarding the two as the same. When as corroborative evidence the available data concerning the asci and spores are con- sidered the identity of the two forms does not admit of a reason- able doubt. The perithecia of the fungus from Jris foetidissima labeled S. eucrypta B. & Br. differ in several essential respects from those 8 Berkeley, M. J., and Broome, C. E. Notices of British Fungi. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 7: ser, 3.2455. Pl 17. hie, es. Teo, FITZPATRICK, THOMAS, KIRBY: OPHIOBOLUS 30 of S. cariceti. Instead of lying beneath the outer leaf sheath as in the latter species they occur within the tissue of the sheath itself. They possess much shorter beaks, lacking any pronounced tendency toward curvature, and protrude less evidently. The spores, al- though of about the same length, are considerably narrower and more flexuous. The asci are also correspondingly narrower. (Text Figure ta.) In fact, the fungus differs strikingly from S. caricett in several respects, the spores, though different, consti- tuting the most evident point of resemblance. Since this material is not the type collection, and since it was found on another host plant, the possibility exists that it is not in reality S. eucrypta. It agrees, however, with the original description® of this species, ex- cept in the possession of somewhat longer spores, and is probably identical with it. In the original description the spores are said to be one five-hundredth of an inch (50m) in length. Saccardo states erroneously that they measure 125. Since his description is based on that of Berkeley and Broome, this is merely an evident error in conversion of inches to microns, and has already been noted by Berlese, who gives the dimensions as 70-74 x 3p. Even if it were assumed that the type collection of S. eucrypta was in fact a different organism from that on J/ris foetidissima there would be no justification for the assumption that it was identical with S. caricett. . The original descriptions of S. eucrypta and S. cariceti and the drawings which illustrate them are clearly based on two different species, and it is evident that Berlese was in error in regarding them as identical. Also it is evident that the name Ophiobolus graminis, widespread in the literature of the take-all disease, must be supplanted by the less familiar name, O. caricets fe: @& Br.).Sacc. If the examination .of the type specimen of O. graminis shows it to be identical, as we believe, with O. caricets the Saccardo name, being more recent, must be relegated to syn- onomy. If, on the other hand, it should prove to be specifically distinct, it will then have no significance in connection with the take-all disease. Several other species of Ophiobolus have been described as occurring on the culms of grasses, but none of them resemble 9 Berkeley, M. J., and Broome, C. E. Notices of British Fungi. Ann. and Biae. Nat. Hist. 9: ser. 2. 383. Pl. 12, fig. 40. 1852. 36 MycoLoGia closely the take-all organism. Since several authors have men- tioned O. herpotrichus in connection with the disease, it, however, must be considered. The perithecia as pictured by Berlese resem- ble somewhat those of O. cariceti, but the asci and spores are very different. The spores are twice as long as those of the take-all organism, and are flexuous, thread-like, multiseptate, and brown. Confusion of the two species, therefore, is impossible. | Since the published diagnoses of O. cariceti are very brief and incomplete, the following description has been prepared. It is based on the specimens of S. cariceti received from Kew and on several collections of American and foreign material of the fungus found associated with the take-all disease. Consideration of the appearance of the fungus in pure culture is omitted. OPHIOBOLUS CARICETI (Berk. & Br.) Sacc., Sylloge Fungorum 2: 240.) FOae: , | Sphaeria cariceti Berk. & Br., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 7: ser. 3. AGS. Pl. L7. [iG B55 1LOOk ? Rhaphidophora graminis Sacc., Nuovo. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 7: 307. 1875. ; ? Ophnobolus gramims Sacc., Revue Mycol. 3: No. 11. 45, 1881; and Syll. Pune. 2: 349." 1682. Mycelium permeating the roots of the host, causing them to become very brittle and easily broken away, developed profusely above the crown of the plant in and about the leaf sheaths, and forming a definite thick plate between the inner leaf sheath and the culm; the mycelial plate (Fig. 5) usually adhering to the culm when the leaf sheaths are stripped away, composed of coarse, dark brown hyphae, three to six microns in diameter, which frequently run rather definitely parallel to one another forming broad, flat, ribbon-like strands resembling somewhat compressed rhizomorphs ; perithecia membranaceo-carbonaceous, dark brown to_ black, smooth, rostrate, ostiolate, occurring on the roots of the host espe- cially within thick wefts of fine rootlets developed abnormally about the crown of the plant, but more frequently observed arising from the mycelium beneath the outer leaf sheath, standing singly or in groups, the individuals in a group occasionally fused laterally but no true stromatic tissue developed, firmly bound to the leaf sheaths by numerous strands of mycelium attached both to the neck and MyYCcOoLoGIA VOLUME 14, PLATE 10 a ns OPMIOBOEUS CARIGED (Berk. BR) Sacc. Tere \ : 5 ‘ i Ls A ‘i - * - ; : . f x a. z i — oe n ‘ » / at . - fe = ' . ; ‘ F 2 i - z 4 ; a % z ; 4 yf ~ \ / = : % ; , t ) : ‘Ge . yf : ! t \ FITZPATRICK, THOMAS, KIRBY: OPHIOBOLUS Ot ascigerous portion, often developed in. great numbers, more than one hundred individuals having been counted on a single culm, when young hidden from view but at maturity the beaks protruding and prominent, and by the shredding of the leaf sheath the upper hemisphere of the perithecium often exposed to view; perithecial beak developed obliquely and in the beginning lying more or less parallel to the surface of the culm, later, curving sharply outward, penetrating the leaf sheath and protruding, the obliquely attached curved beak so characteristic of the species as to be almost diag- nostic (Fig. 1); ascigerous portion of the perithecium globose or subglobose, though sometimes compressed between the leaf sheaths, 330-500 w (usually about 425.) in diameter, narrowing gradually into the truncate-conoid to cylindrical beak which frequently at- | tains a length as great as the diameter of the ascigerous cavity Whig. 2); asci (Fig. 4 and Text Fig. 1b) numerous, fascicled, -elongate-clavate, straight or curved, short stipitate to subsessile, QO-II5 xX 10-13, rounded at the apex, 8-spored, thin-walled ; paraphyses (Fig. 3) abundant, thread-like, flexuous, unbranched, hyaline; ascospores fascicled to sub-biseriate, hyaline, as viewed together in the ascus faintly yellowish, linear, curved, broader at the middle and tapering gradually toward the ends, the upper end rounded, the basal end more acute and sometimes more sharply curved, 60-90 (chiefly 70-80) x 3, when young continuous and multiguttulate, at maturity 5—7-septate, not reaching morphological maturity until late autumn or winter. Parasitic on wheat, barley, rye, and various wild grasses, causing the take-all disease, apparently cosmopolitan in its distribution. DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY, CORNELL UNIVERSITY, penac Ae Nes Ye EXPLANATION OF PLATE 10 Ophiobolus cariceti All the figures were made from American material collected on wheat plants showing the typical symptoms of the take-all disease. Fig. 1. Two perithecia developed below the outer leaf sheath. The oblique beaks illustrate one of the most characterjstic features of the species. X 35. Fig. 2. Three perithecia illustrating variation in shape. They are shown as they appear in a microscopic mount after removal from the plant, and no attempt was made to orient them in the erect position. XX 35. Fig. 3. sary. of the New York Botanical Garden a Siete A text figures, 1016. she eee ie “nical papers written by students or er if | the ninth volume. including Greenland, the West Indies, ‘and. Central “completed in 34 voliniba Roy. 8vo. 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X1V MARCH, 1922 No. 2 A NEW SEPTOBASIDIUM ON PINUS STROBUS * WaLTER H, SNELL (WiTH PLATES 11-13) The writer is indebted for the opportunity to present this article to the kindness of Dr. E. A. Burt. Two years ago specimens of a species which appeared to be a Septobasidium, commonly found upon the bark of the eastern white pine, were sent to Dr. Burt for identification. In reply he stated that this fungus had never been found sporulating and suggested that an effort be made to find it in a fertile condition. The writer immediately began col- lecting the fructifications from different localities in New England, and later extended the field of observations to Wisconsin. Collec- tions were made throughout that summer and fall into November and beginning again early the next spring. In the summer of 1920 at North Conway, N. H., August was ushered in with moist or rainy weather which lasted’ through the middle of the month. A collection made after about two weeks of this sort of weather showed that the probasidia had germinated and sporulation was taking place in abundance. The: material was sent to Dr. Burt and he very magrianimousl¥ returned it to the writer for study and description. The name given to. the fungus is Septobasidium penicola. . This species of Septobasidium is a northern form growing at least as far north as northern New Hampshire, whereas most of the species of the genus are tropical or;subtropical. Septobasidium * Office of Investigations in Forest Pathology, Bureau of Plant Industry, in cooperation with Department of Botany, Brown University. [Mycologia for January (14: 1-54) was issued March 6, 1922] 55 56 MycoLoGIa pseudopedicillatum is the only other species which appears in the temperate zone in the United States. The known geographical range of S. pinicola is thus far rather puzzling. The writer knows of its occurrence in all the New England states but Rhode Island and in New York, but no collections in Canada or the middle western white pine states are known. The writer is quite sure that he has collected it in Wisconsin, but the collection can not be found, nor can collections by others in Michigan, Wisconsin, or Minnesota be located. On the other hand, Dr. Weir, of this office, informs the writer that this same Septobasidium occurs also upon Pinus monticola in the western states and cites one of his collec- tions from Idaho. No further data are at hand, however, relative to its distribution west of the Mississippi or of the possibility of its occurrence upon Pinus lambertiana. It is very likely to be found abundantly in certain loci in pine woods in the east, and occasionally dozens of the fruit bodies may be seen upon a single tree. They have been found only very rarely on trees under 3 inches in diameter at the base, but have been collected, however, on very small twigs of larger trees. The fruit bodies of S. pinicola occur only upon the smooth bark of white pines. They are especially common in the angles made by the lower sides of the branches with the trunk (Plate 11). As far as the tree is concerned, the fungus is a pute epiphyte: | 1 lives entirely superficially, and not only does not injure any living tissue, but does not even penetrate the outer bark (Plate 13, fig. 1). It is not associated with wounds, pitch flow, blister rust cankers, or any other fungus, although it is often overgrown with a lichen, especially when old. The fruit bodies do not bear any decided relation to the points of the compass. In some spots in the woods it has appeared that there were more fructifications upon the north- east half of the trunk than upon the southwest half, but this is by no means universally true. The sporophores are found more com- monly on well-shaded portions of the trees, but they are occasion- ally found where they are exposed to the direct rays of the sun. Other species of the genus Septobasidium are known to be asso- ciated with scale insects (1, pp. 321-3223; 2; 3), and the status of — S. pinicola in this respect is at once brought in question. An é fees / SNELL: A NEw SEPTOBASIDIUM ON PINUS StTROBUS 57 entomogenous relation is suggested not only by this fact, but also by its manner of growth and the common occurrence of a scale insect upon the pine. Cursory observations show that such a rela- tion exists. If a fruit body is carefully separated from the pine bark, the remains of the scale insects can readily be seen on the lower surface or on the pine bark, either as brown skeletons or cases, or white-lined pockets in which the insects were inclosed (Plate 12, fig. 1). If small fruit bodies 2-3 mm. large are exam- ined, the white bodies of the insects are easily made out imbedded in the hyphae, and examination of these under the microscope leaves no doubt as to their identity or their relation of the fungus to them. The insects are overgrown and intergrown with my- celium of the fungus, which can be determined to be within their bodies (Plate 12, fig. 2). The hyphae in the youngest insects were hyaline (see fig. 2) and on the older ones were dark like that of the context. The fructifications are more or less ashy colored and are con- spicuous against the greenish bark of the pine. In structure S. pinicola differs from most of the species of Septobasidium de- scribed, inasmuch as the plainly 3-layered condition discernible in most of them is not present (Plate 13, fig. 1). There is more or less of a matting of the dark hyphae close to the substrate, but it is irregular and lacunar much as is the substance above it. The remainder of the context is made up of loosely intertwined hyphae running obliquely upward, leaving empty locules and giving the whole a spongy appearance. The hymenium is formed by branch- ing of these hyphae which form the hyaline probasidia, being thus lighter in color than the rest of the structure. The subglobose to pyriform probasidia, both at and below the surface, germinate to form straight, hyaline, three-celled spore-bearing organs. Stages in the germination of the probasidia are shown in plate 13, figure 2. The spores are born singly from each of the three cells, and, as far as could be determined, in succession and acropetally. Fig- ure 3 of plate 13 shows this very well. This is in line with Burt’s observations with the other species (1, pp. 319-20). 58 MyYCOLOGIA Septobasidium pinicola sp. nov. Fructification resupinate, effused, coriaceous, in general circular in shape, more or less concentrically sulcate, separable from sub- stratum, roughly tomentose to strigose, army brown to natal- brown when dry, the margin light-drab to cinnamon-drab, strigose ; in structure lacunar, spongy, 1-1.8 mm. thick, individual hyphae under the microscope clay-color to tawny-olive, thick-walled, even, 3-3.5 4 1n diameter, loosely interwoven so as to form a spongy structure with locules, branching to form a lighter colored hy- menium about 80-110 thick; probasidia terminal or lateral, hya- line, pyriform to subglobose, 10-15 x 15-17 p, throughout hyme- nium; spore-bearing organs straight, hyaline, 54-66 x 6-7 p, 3-sep- tate, growing from probasidia and projecting above hymenium; spores hyaline, simple, curved, 14-17.5 x 3-3.5 », borne singly from each of 3 cells of probasidium, acropetally as far as observed. Fructification 3-60 mm. but more commonly 10-35 mm. in diam- eter, I—-1.8 mm. thick. Type in herbarium of Walter H. Snell, No. 559; co-types in herbaria of Missouri Botanical Garden, No. 57093, and Forest Pathology, No. 36832. On bark of living Pinus strobus in New England and New York and probably co-extensive with the habitat of this host; also on Pinus monticola in Idaho. Found sporulating after prolonged moist and rainy period in August. Collections known: On Pinus strobus. Maine: ‘ 1 Standish: in F. P. No. 20639, coll. by W. H. Chadbourne; same in Mo. Bot. Gard. comm. by Dr. Perley Spaulding. Kennebunkport: in Mo. Bot. Gard. No. 5091 and in Farlow Herb., coll. by Mrs. A. M. Pier, March and April. 1 Mount Vernon: in Mo. Bot. Gard., coll. by Dr. W. J. Morse, comm. by Dr. Perley Spaulding, March. Kittery Point: in Farlow Herb., coll. by R. T. Baxter, spring. Brunswick: in Herb. WHS No. 499, June. New Hampshire: North Conway: in Herb. WHS No. 559 and No. 601; F. P. No. 36832, Aug. and Sept.; several coll. in Mo. Bot. Gard., comm. by the writer and one by Dr. A. S. Rhoads, Sept. Welch’s Island, Lake Winnipesaukee: WHS No. 502, June. Vermont: Townshend: in Mo. Bot. Gard. No. 55603 and in Farlow Herb., coll. by W. G. Hastings, comm. by Dr. Perley Spaulding. 1 Specimens not examined by the writer. SNELL: A NEw SEpPTOBASIDIUM ON PINUS StTROBUS 59 Massachusetts: Middleboro: WHS Wo. 597, August. Wareham: WHS No. 598, August. New York: | Lewis: WHS Wo. 604, coll. by Dr. L. H. Pennington, August. On Pinus monticola. Idaho: St. Joe National Forest: coll. by Dr. J. R. Weir. Brown UNIVERSITY, PROVIDENCE, R, I. LITERATURE CITED 1. Burt, E. A. The Thelephoraceae of North America. VII. Septobasidium. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 3: 319-43. fig. 14. 1916. 2. Petch, T. Note on the biology of the genus Septobasidium. Ann, Bot. 25: Ag. TOT. Fungi parasitic on scale insects. Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 1920, 7: 18-40. . 1921. EXPLANATION OF PLATES PLATE II Septobasidium pinicola on bark of living Pinus strobus. Two fructifica- tions are shown at the union of the branches with the trunk, where they often occur. Two-thirds natural size. Photograph by the author. PLATE 12 Fig. 1. Lower surface of a young fruetification of Septobasidium pinicola, showing remains of scale insects. The two groups of large bodies at the upper and lower right-hand corners of the fruit body are large ovoid or spheroid chitinous shells, dark-brown in color. The other crater-like depressions, mostly in the left half of the fruit-body, are white waxy cases enclosing scale insects such as is shown in fig. 2, which was removed from the hollow marked by the large dark spot in the center. X 10. Fig. 2. Scale insect removed from lower surface of fruit-body shown above, showing hyaline mycelium within the body of the insect. X 143. Photomicrographs by the author. PLATE 13 Fig. 1. Discontinuous cross-section of portion of fruit-body of Septo- basidium pinicola, showing relation to host tissue. Fig. 2. Paraphysis-like organs (young probasidia ?) in hymenium, Fig. 3. Probasidia, one of them dark-colored and thicker-walled. Fig. 4. Germinating probasidia showing stages in the formation of spore- bearing organs. 60 — MyYcoLociIa Fig. 5. Spore-bearing organs, arising from probasidia, one showing suc- cessive acropetal formation of spores. The spore on the lower sterigma is not yet quite ripe, the second sterigma has just formed, and the apical one is forming. Fig. 6. Spores. Fig. 7. Chlamydospore-like bodies found in the hymenium. Whether or not these belonged to this fungus or to some invading mold could not be determined. MyYCOLOGIA VOLUME 14, PLATE II SEPTOBASIDIUM PINICOLA SNELL MYCOLOGIA SEPTOBASIDIUM PINICOLA SNELL VOLUME 14, PLATE 12 VOLUME 14, PLATE I3 MYCOLOGIA = re ( SAN i, SSWA PAN AV 2 Ifa y Lh, \ ¢ LX rare) WA i ) Y \ SW = a yy 4 Na, Vy VLE ESS FA if y )| } ¥ Sox AS: \\ SS PF SEPTOBASIDIUM PINICOLA SNELL DARK-SPORED AGARICS—I DROSOPHILA, HYPHOLOMA, AND PILOSACE WILLIAM A. MuRRILL In Mycotocia for January and March, 1918, a series of eight articles on the gill-fungi of tropical North America was concluded with a treatment of species having brown, purplish-brown, or black spores. On page 15 in the January number of that year the four- teen genera of the subtribe Agaricanae were keyed out, beginning with the sessile Melanotus and ending with Coprinus and Clarke- inda, in which the characters are more complex. The present series of articles will deal with species occurring in temperate North America, except those confined to the Pacific Coast, which have already been considered for the most part in articles published in MycoLocia some years ago. The key to the genera need not be repeated here. I shall, for convenience, begin with the larger, more fleshy species and take up the small, slender- stemmed ones later, reversing the natural order. The three genera of the present article may be distinguished from others of the subtribe by a fleshy or fibrous stem, gills that do not deliquesce, and little or no veil, which does not form a definite ring on the stem. They may be separated from each other by the following key: Lamellae adnate or adnexed. Hymenophore solitary or subcespitose, rarely densely ,cespi- tose; hygrophanous, viscid, or squamulose. Drosophila. Hymenophore densely cespitose; surface firm, dry, glabrous. Hypholoma. Lamellae free. Pilosace. DrosopHILA Quel. Ench. Fung. 115. 1886 Pileus hygrophanous, glabrous or nearly so, at least at maturity ; spores pale, smooth. Pileus dark-colored; spores 5 x 3 -. 1. D. madeodisca. Pileus light-colored; spores larger. Spores 9-12 p long. 2. D. pecosense. Spores 7-9 mw long. 61 62 MyYcoLoctIa Pileus 1-2 cm. broad. 3. D. fragilis. Pileus 2-6 cm. broad. 4. D. appendiculata. Pileus floccose-scaly, grayish-white; spores small, dark, smooth. 5. D. Storea, Pileus innately-fibrillose, becoming glabrous at times, some shade of reddish-brown; spores large, dark, distinctly tuberculose, and apiculate. 6.1: lacrymabunda. Pileus glabrous, fibrillose, or squamulose; spores large, _ dark; smooth. Pileus glabrous, bay-brown; spores not apiculate. . D. delineata. Surface viscid. 8. D. Peckiana. Pileus large, reaching 1o cm. broad, densely and Surface moist, rugose. N conspicuously covered with persistent, pointed scales. 9. D. echiniceps. Pileus reaching 5 cm. broad, woolly or less con- spicuously fibrillose-scaly. Spores apiculate. 10. D. rigidipes. Spores not apiculate. 11. D. hololanigera. 1. Drosophila madeodisca (Peck) comb. nov. Agaricus madeodiscus Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 38: 88. 1885. | Hypholoma madeodiscum Sacc. Syll. Fung. 5: 1039. 1887. Hypholoma subaquilum Banning & Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mitts: 447: 270, oor. Pileus thin, convex to expanded, the margin often upturned, gregarious to densely cespitose, 2-6 cm. broad; surface hygropha- nous, smooth or rugose, slightly atomate at times, dull-fulvous or chestnut-colored when moist, becoming grayish or isabelline when dry; margin thin, even, silky-fibrillose at first ; context concolorous, hygrophanous, edible, with mild taste and no characteristic odor ; lamellae crowded, adnexed or slightly sinuate, pallid to purplish- brown; spores short-oblong or oblong-ellipsoid, blunt at both ends, smooth, guttulate, pale-purplish-brown under the microscope, usu- ally about 4.5 x 3 pw, rarely reaching 7 x 4 »; stipe equal or some- what thickened at the base, glabrous or slightly fibrillose, white or pallid, shining, usually hollow, 4-8 cm. long, 3-8 mm. thick; veil white, appendiculate, evanescent. : Type LocaLity: Adirondack Mountains, New York. HapitaT: On dead deciduous or coniferous wood, or in rich soil or leaf-mold in woods. DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Canada to North Carolina and west to Colorado. MurriItL: DARK-SPORED AGARICS 63 It.tustraTion: Mycologia 7: pl. 158, f. 7. This species 1s very abundant in the northeastern United States, varying considerably in size and habit, but easily distinguished from D. appendiculata by its darker color and smaller spores, which are very blunt at both ends. When I described and figured it in Mycoroeta in 1915 as H. Candolleanum, I had not examined authentic European material, which shows at once much larger spores. HH. subaquilum is represented at Albany by a dozen or more plants from Piseco and Lake Pleasant, New York, displayed on two herbarium sheets. Peck states that the spores are 4-5 p long, which is correct. H. madeodiscum is represented by only three plants, which do not appear different from the specimens of HA. subaquilum, and the spores measure 4-5 x 3 p, although Peck describes them as 8-10 x 5-6 ». A specimen at Albany deter- mined as H. madeodiscum by Burt, who collected it in Vermont, has been changed by Peck to H. appendiculaium. 2. Drosophila pecosense! (Cockerell) comb. nov. Hypholoma pecosense Cockerell, Jour. Myc. 10: 108. 1904. Pileus 2.5 to nearly 4 cm. in diameter, slightly convex, sometimes slightly umbonate, margin nearly even, bearing remains of a veil as light-yellow, irregular scales; surface smooth, slightly inclined to be viscid, not at all striate, scaly or silky, creamy-white, more ochraceous on the disk, but always pallid; context not changing color on bruising or breaking, taste mild, not bitter ; lamellae pale- purplish-gray, inclined to be white at the junction of the stipe, minutely white-furfuraceous on the edges; spores pale-purplish- brown under the microscope, broadly ellipsoid to slightly ovoid, Q-I2 x 5-8; stipe yellowish-white or very pale ochraceous, slightly striate from the very narrowly decurrent lamellae, white-furfura- ceous, otherwise smooth and shining, hollow near the apex, 5.5 to nearly 9 cm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Pecos, New Mexico. Hasitat: Unknown. DISTRIBUTION: Unknown. 1 Since the above was put into type I have located the original specimens sent by Cockerell to Earle and they prove to be a species of Stropharia. See my next article. 64 MycoLociIa The author describes the spores as purple-brown, quite dark, oval, 12 x 8 »; but the specimens show them to be as above noted. 3. Drosophila fragilis (Peck) comb. nov. Hypholoma fragile Peck, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 131: 22. 19009. Pileus thin, fragile, conic or subcampanulate, becoming convex, obtuse or subtimbonate, 1.2-2.4 cm. broad; margin thin, at first appendiculate with fragments of the white veil; surface floccose- squamulose when young, glabrous when mature, yellowish, grayish or subochraceous, sometimes more highly colored in the center; lamellae thin, narrow, crowded, adnate, whitish or pallid, becoming purplish-brown ; spores 8-10 x 4-5 p; stipe slender, fragile, stuffed or hollow, glabrous or minutely floccose, white or pallid, 2.5—5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick. | TYPE LOCALITY: Star Lake, St. Lawrence County, New York. Hapitat: On decayed wood and leaves in damp woods. DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the type locality. ILLUSTRATION: Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 131+. pl. V, f. 7-7. The description of this species reads very much like that of D. appendiculata, but the specimens appear different. I find the spores ovoid to ellipsoid, smooth, pale-yellowish-brown under the microscope, 8-9 x 3.5-5 w. The specimens from Painted Post are different, probably D. appendiculata. Fresh collections might en- able one to place the species definitely under D. appendiculata. 4. DROSOPHILA APPENDICULATA Quél. Ench. Fung. 116. 1886 Agaricus appendiculatus Bull. Herb. Fr. pl. 392. .1788. Hypholoma appendiculatum Quel. Champ. Jura Vosg. 115. 81672. Agaricus saccharinophilus Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 25: 79.) 173: Agaricus incertus Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 29: 40. 1878. Agaricus hymenocephalus Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 31: 34. 1879. Hypholoma cutifractum Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 22: 490. 1895. Hypholoma flocculentum McClatchie, Proc. S. Cal. Acad. Sci. 1: BSI. Ps 7- MurriILL: DARK-SPORED AGARICS 65 Stropharia irregularis Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 27: 16. 1900. Pileus thin, fragile, ovoid or subcampanulate, then expanded, gregarious or cespitose, 2-6 cm. broad; surface hygrophanous, varying in color from white or pale-yellowish to light-brown or dark-honey-yellow, fading when old and dry, usually cracking with age, often radiately-wrinkled, glabrous or whitish-pulverulent, rarely floccose-scaly; margin’ sometimes purplish in tint, often wavy, adorned with fragments of the white, flocculent, fugacious veil; context thin, white, edible, of excellent flavor; lamellae ad- nate, crowded, narrow, white to purplish-brown, with the edges often uneven; spores ellipsoid or ovoid, smooth, purplish-brown, 7-8 X 4-4.5 pw; Cystidia sac-shaped, 40 x 15 »; stipe slender, equal, straight, hollow, easily splitting, white, glabrous below, pruinose or slightly furfuraceous at the apex, 2.5-7 cm. long, 2-6 mm. thick; veil white, appendiculate, evanescent or rarely persisting as an annulus. MYPE LOCALITY: France. Hasitat: On and about stumps, roots, trunks, and leaves of deciduous trees. DISTRIBUTION: Temperate and tropical North America; also in Europe. ILLusTRATIONS: Atk. Stud. Am. Fungi f. 26, 27; Boud. Ic. Myc. fp) 37 Bull. Herb. Fr. pl. 392, f. A, B, D; Bull. Conn, Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. 15: pl..27; Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 5: pl. 58, f. 13- pee Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr: 175: pl. 27, f. 2; Cooke, Brit: Fung pl. 547 (587); Gill. Champ. Fr. pl. 130 (352); Hard, Mushr. foe. Mem. N.Y: State Mus. 3:. pl. 60, f. 1-9; Mcllv. Am. Fungi pl. 97a; Murrill, Ed. Pois. Mushr. f. 20; Mycologia 4: pl. me 7. 7, 2; N. Marsh, Mushr. Book, pl. 22; Pat..Tab. Fung. 1: f. 349; Ricken, Blatterp. Deutschl. pl. 64, f. 5; Sow. Engl. Fungi Bees, trans. Wise. Acad: Sci. 17: pl..83, fC; 18: pl. 22, 23. Two color forms of this common species have been figured in Mycotocia. It is much paler than D. madeodisca, although re- sembling it in some respects. Some American mycologists have been uncertain regarding its identity, but Bulliard’s figures 4, B, and D are very clear. His figure C might be misleading, which, according to him, represents a sodden condition after long rains. The spores, like the plant, vary considerably. They are usually ellipsoid, 7-8 x 4-4.5 p, but may be 5.5-9 x 4-5 w. Few mush- rooms are more delicate in flavor or more easily digested. 66 MycoLoGIa 5. Drosophila Storea (Fries) comb. nov. Agaricus Storea Fries, Epicr. Myc. 223. 1838. Hypholoma lacrymabundum Quel. Champ. Jura Vosg. 113. 1872. Stropharia cotonea Quel. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 23: 328. 1877. Agaricus hypoxanthus Phil. & Plowr. Grevillea 13: 48. 1884. ? Agaricus populinus Britz. Hymen. Sudb. 4: 157. 1885. Hypholoma aggregatum Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 46: 106; 1892: Hypholoma Pseudostorea W. G. Sm. Jour. Bot. 41: 286. 1903. Pileus convex or subcampanulate to subumbonate, densely cespi- tose, 3-5 cm. broad; surface dry, white or grayish, darker and sometimes rugulose on the disk, ornamented with a few appressed, pale-umbrinous or avellaneous, floccose-fibrillose scales; context white, soft, watery, thick, thin at the margin, odorless, mild; lamel- lae adnate or sinuate, rather crowded, whitish, becoming dark- brown, whitish and sometimes weeping on the edges; spores ob- long-ellipsoid, smooth, brown, 6-8 x 3-4 yp; stipe long, slender, equal, fibrillose, striate at the apex, white to discolored, often yel- lowish at the base when bruised, solid or hollow, 5-10 cm. long, 4-10 mm. thick; veil white, thick, often forming a fragmentary annulus. TYPE LOCALITY: Sweden. Hasitat: In rich soil in woods, usually about logs or stumps. It seems fond of beech. DistRIBUTION : New York, New Jersey, Michigan, and probably in other parts of the eastern United States; also in Europe. ILLUSTRATIONS: Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 54: pl. 79, f. 8-14; Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 23: pl. 2, f. 5; Cooke, Brit: Fungi-ply 543 \(seoyn | Fries, Ic. Hymen. 2: pl. 134, f. 1; Mycologia 6: pl. 113, f. 5. This species was first named by Fries from specimens collected by himself about beech trees in Sweden, the covering of matted hairs suggesting to him the specific name used. He saw it only twice, and it is rare in America, although several times collected about New York City. The plants first seen by Peck from Alcove were considerably smaller than the European form, but his variety sericeum, from North Bolton, is larger and smoother. Those interested in the rather complicated history of the species may refer — to Maire’s notes in Bull. Soc. Myc. France 27: 441-445. I9T11I, MurrILL: DARK-SPORED AGARICS 67 or to condensed statements of his views by Kauffman under A. lacrymabundum in “The Agaricaceae of Michigan” and E. T. Harper in Mycologia 10: 231-234. 1918. According to Kautf- man, cystidia are present in this species, being rather abundant, ventricose, 30-40 X 12-15 p. 6. DROSOPHILA LACRYMABUNDA (Bull.) Quel. Ench. Fung. 115. 1886 Agaricus lacrymabundus Bull. Herb. Fr. pl. 194. 1784. Agaricus velutinus Pers. Syn. Fung. 409. 1801. Hypholoma rugocephalum Atk. Stud. Am. Fungi 30. 1900. Hypholoma Boughtoni Peck, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 139: 23. IQIO. Pileus rather fleshy, ovoid to expanded, sometimes broadly umbonate, solitary or cespitose, 5-8 cm. broad; surface fulvous to isabelline with intermediate shades, darker on the umbo, covered when young with appressed, matted fibers, which may disappear with age or collect into small squamules, the cuticle cracking areo- lately at times; margin not striate; context very thin, concolorous, with a mild or slightly disagreeable taste, the odor not character- istic; lamellae rather crowded, sinuate-adnexed or adnate, some- what ventricose, yellowish, shading to umber and spotted with black and rusty-brown as the spores mature, whitish on the edges; spores nearly lemon-shaped, apiculate, opaque, distinctly tubercu- lose, very dark-brown under the microscope, black in mass, 8-10 x A-7 3; cystidia abundant, 40 x 9 »; stipe equal or slightly enlarged below, subconcolorous, nearly white at the apex, hollow, 5-10 cm. long, 8-12 mm. thick; veil of whitish, fibrous tufts adhering partly to the margin of the pileus and partly to the stipe. Dyer LOCALITY : France. HasitaT: In grass or weeds in the open or among leaves or about old stumps in thin woods. DISTRIBUTION: Eastern United States; also in Europe. IntustRATIons: Atk. Stud. Am. Fungi f. 28, 29; Bull. Herb. Fr. pl. 194, pl. 526 (better) ; Cooke, Brit. Fungi pl. 563 (582); mivcolocia 7: pl. 158, f. 2; Peck, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 139: pl. 2, f. 1-7; Sowerby, Engl. Fungi pl. 41; Trans. Wisc. Acad. Ser 17: ~l.-70; and others. This interesting species has received much attention from my- 68 MyYcoLocIa cologists, both in Europe and America (See Mycologia 7: 116. 1915). The spores are distinctive, being apiculate and plainly tuberculose. D. echiniceps, with which it has been confused by some, has smooth spores and larger, more persistent squamules. Types of Hypholoma rugocephalum and H. Boughtoni have been carefully compared and prove to be only forms of ‘Bulliard’s orig- inal plant, which ranges through Europe as far northward as Sweden and through the northern United States westward to Minnesota. This species, which certainly is very distinct, was used as the type of three different genera proposed between 1886 and 1889 by Patouillard, Schroeter, and Fayod. 7. Drosophila delineata (Peck) comb. nov. Hypholoma delineatum Peck, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 150: 83. LOG Pileus fleshy, thin, convex to subumbonate, or nearly plane, often slightly depressed in the center, 2.5-5 cm. broad; surface moist, glabrous, rugose or radiately wrinkled, commonly marked toward and on the margin even when dry with irregular radiating lines or ridges, occasionally wavy or irregular on the margin and not striate, brown, tawny-brown, or reddish-brown, often darker on the disk; context whitish; lamellae thin, crowded, adnate, flesh- colored to brown, becoming blackish-brown with age or when bruised; spores smooth, ellipsoid, not apiculate, 8-10 x 4-6 p; cystidia scarce, flask-shaped or broadly fusiform, 40-60 x 16-20 p; stipe equal, glabrous or subfibrillose, hollow, pallid or colored like the pileus, 3-7 cm. long, 3-8 mm. thick. Type Locaity: Port Jefferson, Suffolk County, New York. HasitaT: On the ground or on decayed wood. DisTRIBUTION : Massachusetts, New York, West Virginia, Indi- ana, and Missouri. ILLUSTRATION : Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. 187 pl 2a cpa 8. Drosophila Peckiana (Kauffm.) comb. nov. Hypholoma Peckianum Kauffm. Agar. Mich. 1: 258. 1918. Pileus 1-2 cm. broad, convex, obtuse, subexpanded, margin bor- dered by white, silky fibrils from the remains of the veil, even; surface viscid, glabrous, bay-brown, blackish on the disk, paler on MurriILL: DARK-SPORED AGARICS 69 the margin; context whitish, moderately thin, thicker at the center, odor and taste none; lamellae adnate, rounded behind, 2-3 mm. broad, abruptly narrower in front, close, at first flesh-colored, then dark-purplish-brown, white-fimbriate on the edges; spores ventri- cose-ellipsoid, pointed at each end, smooth, tinged with purple under the microscope, purplish-brown in mass, 10-12 x 5-6 p; cystidia none; sterile cells on the edge of the lamellae clustered, linear-cylindric, obtuse, about 20 x 4 w; stipe thick, equal, white- floccose above, innately-fibrillose elsewhere, pallid to brownish, brown within, except the white pith, at length hollow, flexuous, 3-4 cm. long, 2-2.5 mm. thick. Type LocaLity: New Richmond, Michigan. Hasitat: On debris of leaves and decayed wood in woods of hemlock, beech, maple, etc. DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the type localty. 9. Drosophila echiniceps (Atk.) comb. nov. Hypholoma echiniceps Atk. Ann. Myc. 7: 370. 1909. Pileus convex, firm, fleshy, cespitose, 3-10 cm. broad; surface ochraceous-brown, with dense, pointed, seal-brown scales; context white, then changing to pale-saffron-yellow, with very slight taste and odor; lamellae somewhat narrowed in front, slightly rounded behind, adnate, rich-purple-brown with Indian-purple tint, whitish on the edges, 6-8 mm. broad; spores subellipsoid, inequilateral, the outer end sometimes slightly narrower, smooth as seen under oil immersion, 7-9 x 3.5—-5 mw; cystidia cylindric, thin-walled, 10-12 p» thick, projecting 30-40 p; stipe white, covered up to the evanescent annulus with fibrous, seal-brown scales, even, fleshy, fibrous, hol- low, white to yellow within, 12-14 cm. long, 8-12 mm. thick; veil ample when young, becoming appendiculate and forming an evanescent, superior annulus. TYPE LOCALITY: Ithaca, New York. HapitaT: On the ground or about dead stumps or roots. DisTRIBUTION: Ontario, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Mich- igan, and Wisconsin. PELUSTRATIONS: Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. 17: pl. 77, f. B, and p1..78. This species is confused by Peck with D. lachrymabunda. He had a number of collections from New York and elsewhere. 70 MycoLoGia 10. Drosophila rigidipes (Peck) comb. nov. Hypholoma rigidipes Peck, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 139: 24. IgrIo. Pileus fleshy, thin, convex or broadly convex, gregarious, 2.5—5 cm. broad; surface dry, fibrillose-squamulose, tawny-brown, often reddish on the disk; context whitish, with a mild taste; lamellae close, narrow, slightly sinuate, adnexed, brownish-red, becoming dark-purplish-brown or black; spores ellipsoid, apiculate, 10-12 x 6-8 pw; stipe slender, rigid, equal, hollow, fibrillose-squamulose, concolorous or a little paler than the pileus, 5-10 cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick. TYPE LOCALITY: North River, Warren County, New York. Hasitat: Damp places among tall herbs. DistTRIBUTION: New York and Massachusetts. ILLUSTRATIONS: Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 139: pl. 3, f. 1-6. The spores of Peck’s type are slender, smooth, very dark, apicu- late, 8.5-10 x 6-7 ». Two collections made by me in the Adiron- dacks have spores that are narrower, more inequilateral, and some- what lighter in color, measuring 9Q-10.5 x 5 w. The plants are also much less fibrillose-squamulose, appearing almost glabrous in dried specimens. In spite of these differences, however, I hesitate to separate them as a distinct species. 11. Drosophila hololanigera (Atk.) comb. nov. Hypholoma hololanigerum Atk. Ann. Myc. 7: 371. Igog. Entire hymenophore covered with dense, long, delicate, whitish, fibrous scales. Pileus ovoid to convex, fragile, gregarious, 2—2.5 cm. broad; surface hygrophanous, watery-brown, becoming pale- ochraceous-buff to pinkish-buff on drying, not striate; lamellae elliptic, adnate, purplish-brown, whitish on the edges; spores sub- ellipsoid, slightly inequilateral, reddish-purple, smooth, 7-9 x 3.5- 4.5 pw; cystidia ellipsoid, stalked, 40-50 x 12-15 pw; stipe slender, hollow, fragile, even, white with a very pale pink tint, 6-7 cm. long, 4-5 mm. thick. TYPE LOCALITY: Ithaca, New York. HapiTaT: On very rotten wood in woods. DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the type locality. The type of this species has been destroyed by insects, leaving only the spores, a bit of stipe, and the description. MurritL: DARK-SPORED AGARICS Tl DouUBTFUL AND EXCLUDED SPECIES Drosophila atrofolia (Peck) Murrill, Mycologia 4: 303. Ig12. Specimens at Albany, so named by Peck, collected by Lloyd in Ohio, are specifically distinct from the types collected by Mc- Clatchie in California. Hypholoma Candolleanum (Fries) Quel. Champ. Jura Vosg. fr;. 1872. (Agaricus Candolleanus Fries, Obs. Myc. 2: 182. 1818.) Given the long name, Agaricus violaceolamellatus, by De- Candolle in Flora France 2: 153, which Fries changed as above. Some claim that it is not distinct from D. appendiculata, which often shows violet or purplish colors in its young gills at one stage and has similar spores. Specimens from Bresadola show smooth, broadly ellipsoid or ovoid spores measuring 7-9 x 4-5 p. At Kew the two species seem exactly the same. Peck says his H. made- odiscum differs in having white gills at eariy stages. He has a sheet with plants from North Greenbush, New York, marked “ H. Candolleanum. Spores 8-10 x 4-5 p. H. velutinum leiocephalum B. & Br.” Also a packet from Mt. McGregor. The characters usually ascribed to H. Candolleanum as distinct from H. appen- diculatum are the violet color of the young gills, the darker color of the pileus, and the striations at the apex of the stipe. Hypholoma comatum Atk. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 57: 355. 1918. Described from specimens collected at Ithaca, New York, in 1917. Type not seen. Hypholoma confertissimum Atk. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 57: 355-. 1918. Described from specimens collected near Oakland, Mary- land, in 1917. Type not seen. | Hypholoma coronatum (Fries) Sacc. Syll. Fung. 5: 1038. 1887. (Agaricus coronatus Fries, Hymen. Eur. 295. 1874.) Reported several times from North America. Authentic specimens show it to be very near D. appendiculata (if not that species), with denti- form-appendiculate veil making the margin look like the edge of a crown, as shown in Fries, Ic. Hymen. pl. 134, f. 3. Morgan says H. subaquilum is H. coronatum, but that can not be true, because the spores of the latter measure 7-9 x 3.5-5 pm and are ellipsoid with rounded ends. At Albany, several specimens called H. coro- natum by Peck are spread on a sheet marked ‘“ Menands, N. Y., The MycoLocia ”” Peck. Spores ellipsoid, 6-8 x 4-5 p.” These are considerably darker than typical specimens from Europe. Compare Kauff- man’s description, except that of the spores, with mine of D. madeodisca. | Drosophila hydrophila (Bull:) Quél. Ench. Fung. 116. 1886. °° Reported several times from America. Specimens so named by Peck, collected by Miss White in Maine, are Psilocybe conissans Peck. Kauffman retains the species in Hypholoma, rather than Pilosace, because the gills are “ adnate-seceding.” See his notes on page 266 of his book, where he refers to the disagreement regard- ing spores. I find them in specimens from Bresadola, who knows Bulliard’s plants exceptionally well, to be broadly ellipsoid, blunt at the ends, smooth, pale-purplish-brown under the eos 4-5 X 3.5 p-—very near those of D. madeodisca. Hypholoma populinum Britz. var., Kauffm. Agar. Mich. 1: 261. TOTS. . Maitre / finds) these ibtanenne spores in Drosophila Stored. HyPHoLoma (Fries) Quél. Champ. Jura Vosg. 112. 1872: Pileus brick-red. 1. H. lateritium. Pileus yellow, often red on the disk. Taste bitter. 2. H. fasciculare. Taste mild. 3. H. capnoides. 1. HyPHOLOMA LATERITIUM (Schaeff.) Quél. Champ. Jura Vosg. Tig. ho 72 Agaricus lateritius Schaeff. Fung. Bavar. Ind. 22. 1774. Agaricus sublateritius Fries, Epicr. Myc. 221.. 1838. Agaricus perplexus Peck, N. Y. State Cab. 23: 99. 1872. Pileus convex to nearly plane, slightly umbonate at times, gen- erally cespitose, 3-8 cm. broad; surface smooth, dry, glabrous, latericeous to bay; margin cream-colored to ochraceous; context mild or bitterish, white or nearly so, becoming yellow with age; lamellae adnate, somewhat rounded, sometimes slightly decurrent, thin, narrow, crowded, whitish or pale-yellow, becoming greenish, and finally purplish-brown from the ripening of the spores; spores ellipsoid, smooth, purplish-brown, 7-8 x 4 p; cystidia few, 36 x I2 mw; stipe thick, subequal, firm, stuffed or hollow, glabrous or slightly fibrillose, stramineous above, ochraceous or reddish below, MurRRILL: DARK-SPORED AGARICS to ornamented with an arachnoid ring when young, which becomes conspicuous by reason of the spores which collect upon it, 5-12 cm. long, 5-12 mm. thick. TYPE LOCALITY: Bavaria. HasitaT: On or about old trunks or stumps of deciduous trees in autumn. DISTRIBUTION: Eastern North America; also in Europe. ILLusTRATIONS: Atk. Stud. Am. Fungi f. 25; Bull. Conn. Geol. Meielist wsury. 3: pl. 25; Bull. U. S: Dept. Agr. 175: pl. 27; f. I; ooke, Brit. Fungi pl. 557 (472), pl. 558 (573); Gill. Champ. Fr. mena: ( 3957); Liard. Mushr. f. 265, 206; Peck, Ann. Rep..N. Y. State Mus. 49: pl. 47, f. 11-18; Peck, Mem. N. Y. State Mus. 4: pl. 60, f. ro-17; Murrill, Ed. Pois. Mushr. f. 19; Mycologia 1: pl. 1, f. 1; N. Marsh. Mushr. Book, pl. 21, 23; Richon & Roze, Atl. Champ. pl. 25, f. ro-13; Ricken, Blatterp. Deutschl. pl. 65, f. 2; Schaeff. Fung. Bavar. pl. 49, f. 6, 7; Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. neo pl. 72,73; 18: pl. 70. This common autumnal species, which is ordinarily known as Hypholoma sublateritium or H. perplexum, was first described by Schaeffer as Agaricus lateritius, but on his plate he unfortunately used plants of H. fasciculare for the younger stages of his species, and this has caused confusion. Hudson referred to this plate and to Schaeffer’s name when he described his A. fascicularis. 2. HYPHOLOMA FASCICULARE (Huds.) Quel. Champ. Jura Vosg. Pie. wore _ Agaricus fascicularis Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2. 615. 1778. Pileus fleshy, convex to expanded, often obtuse or umbonate, cespitose, about 5 cm. broad; surface dry, smooth, glabrous, sulfur- yellow or lemon-yellow, flavo-luteous to reddish-bay on the disk ; context yellow, bitter; lamellae adnate, crowded, linear, sulfur- yellow, becoming greenish and finally olive-brown; spores ovoid or ellipsoid, smooth, very pale yellowish under the microscope, 6-7 x 32-4 ww; stipe slender, flexuous, smooth, glabrous or fibrillose, usu- ally hollow, sulfur-colored to lemon-yellow; veil slight, fibrillose, -pale-yellow. TYPE LOCALITY: England. Hapitat: Dead wood of all kinds. DISTRIBUTION : Temperate regions. 74 MM YCOLOGIA ILLUSTRATIONS: Cooke, Brit. Fungi pl. 561 (576); Gill. Champ. Fr, pl. 131 (354); Hussey, Ill. Brit. Myc. 22°) jeg ea, Fung. 1: f. 716; and others. A common temperate species widely distributed on both conif- erous and deciduous wood, and found in the greatest profusion on the Pacific coast. Plants found by me in Europe and America, and by Earle in Alabama, are recorded as having yellow, very bitter flesh. Several other specific names have been assigned to the plant in Europe. An old French chart includes it among the dangerous mushrooms. | 3. HYPHOLOMA CAPNOIDES (Fries) Quel. Champ. Jura Vosg. 338. 1873 Agaricus capnoides Fries, Obs. Myc. 2: 27. 1818. Geophila capnoides Quél. Ench. Fung. 113. 1886. Pileus fleshy, convex or nearly plane, obtuse, solitary or cespi- tose, 2.5-8 cm. broad; surface glabrous, dry, yellowish, often red- dish or ochraceous on the disk; context white, with mild taste and odor; lamellae moderately close, adnate, dry, smoky-gray, becom- ing brown or purplish-brown; spores 7-8 x 4-5 pm; stipe equal or nearly so, silky, striate at the apex, sometimes curved or flexuous, hollow, pallid, 4-8 cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick. TYPE LOCALITY: Sweden. HasitaT: Stumps and logs of coniferous trees. DiIsTRIBUTION: Throughout the northern part of North Amer- ica; also in Europe. ILLUSTRATIONS: Cooke, Brit. Fungi pl. 559 (574); Fries, Ic. Hymen. pl. 133, f. 1; Gill. Champ. pl. 137 (353); Harper, Branas. Wisc. Acad. Sci. 17: pl. 74; Ricken, Blatterp. Deutschl. pl. 65, f. 5. I have discussed this species in my articles on the fungi of the Pacific coast. Peck had a number of specimens, finding it alone, to the exclusion of H. fasciculare. Kauffman found neither species; Harper found both. Bresadola and I collected it in the Tyrol and I made the following notes from fresh specimens: “Looks like specimens I got in the Adirondacks. Smooth or cracked, glabrous, ochraceous, paler on the margin; veil slight, pallid, evanescent; gills pallid when young, adnate or adnexed, —s I = | - | - I] MurritLt: DARK-SPORED AGARICS io rather distant, plane or arcuate; stipe smooth, shining, slightly fibrillose, pallid at the apex, darker and usually thicker below. Cespitose on dead pine wood. Flesh not noticeably bitter, lemon- yellow.” Spores from these specimens are ovoid or ellipsoid, smooth, very pale yellowish under the microscope, 7-9 x 4-5.5 pu. Specimens collected by Earle in New York also had yellowish flesh and a mawkish (not bitter) taste. DoUBTFUL AND EXCLUDED SPECIES Agaricus (Hypholoma) Artemisiae Pass. Nuovo Giorn. Bot. ital. 4: 82. 1872. Reported by Peck from Brewerton, New York, but the specimens were later found to belong in Hebeloma. Agaricus (Hypholoma) comaropsis Mont. Syll. Crypt. 122. 1856. Collected at Columbus, Ohio, by Sullivant. Types not seen. Agaricus hirtosquamulosus Peck, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Sci. 1: 53. 1873. Transferred to Hypholoma by Saccardo. Collected by Peck on maple logs in woods at Portville, Cattaraugas County, New York. Four specimens and a drawing are on the type sheet, where Peck has written “Not a good Hypholoma. Naucoria.” Specimens in a box at Albany from St. Louis, Missouri, collected by Glatfelter, have gills colored like the types, but the surface is darker and more hairy, as in Naucoria pennsylvanica. Agaricus (Hypholoma) nitidipes Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 35: 133. 1884. Collected by Peck at Albany, New York. The two poor specimens on the type sheet at Albany are marked by Peck “ Pholiota duroides.’ They certainly do not appear to be a species of Hypholoma. Agaricus (Hypholoma) ornellus Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mis: 34: 42. 1883. Pholiota ornella Peck, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 122: 151. 1908. See Gymnopilus polychrous (Berk.) Mur- oa N..Am.-El. 10: 204. 1917. PimosAce (Fries), Pat. Hymén. Eur. 122. 1887 In Mycotocia for March, 1918, I discussed this genus from the standpoint of the two tropical American species assigned to it by Fries. It differs from Agaricus in lacking a veil. In 1904 Peck 76 MycoLocia characterized it as agreeing with Pluteus, but having black or purplish-brown spores. He mentioned 2 species from Europe, 2 from the West Indies, I from Africa, and I -from the United States, this last being his Pilosace eximia, which is discussed else- where in the present number of Mycotocia. According to Harper, our Stropharia epimyces (Peck) Atk. is’ not distinct from Pilosace algeriensis, but he can not suggest to _ what group of fungi the species may belong. According to Kauff- man, who retains it in Stropharia, “our plant is not a Pilosace.” Fries based his subgenus Pilosace on Agaricus trtcholepis, defi- nitely characterized by free gills, and Patouillard subsequently raised it to generic rank. New York BOTANICAL GARDEN. A NEW SPECIES OF MYRIANGIUM ON PECAN _ L. E. Mites (WiTH PLATE 14) On the living bark of the pecan, Carya illinoensis, in southern Mississippi, as well as elsewhere, probably throughout the entire range of the host, one finds a black fungus growth, sometimes in considerable abundance. It is quite superficial in character, occur- ring in the form of wart-like or knob-like tubercles on the un- spotted and uninjured younger bark. But rarely, if ever, is it found on the rough, scaly portions, and never has it been observed growing on dead trees. It is found on all varieties of the host tree, more abundantly on those trees which have suffered some- what from neglect and lack of proper care, but occasionally is abundant in thrifty, well-cared-for orchards. It has never been observed on the hickory, though it has been seen on pecan limbs and twigs which had been top-worked onto that tree. Though quite superficial and apparently causing no injury to the host, the fungus is an object of considerable concern to growers in that it mars the appearance of their trees. It is the cause of numerous inquiries, and, therefore, it has been deemed worth while to devote some little attention to it. Although superficially de- scribed and pictured by McMurran and Demaree,' the causal or- ganism has never been determined. MorPHOLOGY The tubercles vary in size, ranging from 1 millimeter to 3 or 4 millimeters in diameter. The shape also varies, but isolated speci- mens usually approximate the hemispherical in form. Often a number of them are found crowded together, but rarely do they become confluent. The color varies from a very dark reddish- black to a coal-black. The surface is usually considerably con- 1 McMurran, S. M., and Demaree, J. B.: Diseases of Southern Pecans, U. S. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 1129 (1920), p. 20. CG 78 MyYcoLocia voluted or verrucose, sometimes almost papillate, almost never smooth. The tubercles are solidly attached to the bark by a nar- rower, stipe-like portion which appears to penetrate through the outer corky portion into the living phloem tissue. The inner portion of the tubercle is reddish-brown in color, and is densely and uniformly pseudoparenchymatic in structure, with a very thin, darker, crust-like layer on the outside. Occasionally streaks of slightly darker, thicker-walled cells will be found ex- tending through this uniform tissue. Such streaks are usually located a short distance beneath the beginning of the loculiferous region. This portion, in which the asci occur, lies near the pe- riphery of the tubercle, just beneath the crust-like layer, and on the outer side of each of the convolutions. The locules are closely crowded together, often being separated by only one or two rows of the pseudoparenchymatous stromatic cells. They are subglobose to broadly ovate or oval in form and occur in several layers, some of the outer convolutions being almost entirely loculiferous. In microtome section this portion of the tubercle-like stroma has a very open, porous appearance. Even when cut with a knife in the natural condition while still attached to the tree, this locule-bearing tissue has a gray, powdery appear- ance in contrast to the dark brick-red or brownish-black of the solid, homogenous, sterile portion beneath it. ° Each locule is lined with a thick, hyaline sheath, inside which occurs a single ascus. When the stroma is crushed and examined under the microscope, this sheath easily separates from the tissue of the stroma and remains about the ascus, giving the appearance of being merely a very thick ascus wall. If the sheath becomes ruptured, however, the ascus immediately expands, chiefly in a longitudinal direction, often to two or two and one half times its original length, becoming oblong, broadly spindleform, or ovate with blunt rounded ends, while the ruptured locule sheath collapses about its base. The ascus wall is quite thin as compared with this sheath, except at the apical end, where it is heavily thickened. There is no apical pore and the method of spore discharge has not been observed. Since the locules are indehiscent, and the pore at the apex of the ascus is absent, this probably is brought about by aoe ga Mites: A New MyriANGIUM ON PECAN 719 the irregular rupture of the ascus wall. Each ascus contains eight spores. There are no paraphyses. The locules average 50 x 50-50 x 60 p» while still in position in the stroma. When freed they become more oval in form, probably due to the expansion of the ascus on absorbing water, when they average 62-65 x 40. The ascus entirely fills the locule, but after the rupture of the sheath has occurred it becomes 90-95 p in length, contracting but little at its broadest part, the middle, but consider- ably toward each end. The spores are multiseptate-muriform, large, oblong, and straight or sometimes slightly curved. They are seven- to eight-septate, with the middle septum much more definite than either of the others. There may be a slight constriction at either of the cross septa, but it is always more pronounced at this middle septum. The longitudinal septations are irregular, as are the others, with the exception of the middle one, dividing the spore into irregular somewhat cubical portions. When observed from the end in optti- cal section the spore appears to be built about a very small, hollow central core, the segments being arranged about this very much in the manner of the grains on the cob of an ear of corn, when it, likewise, is observed from the end. The segments, however, are much fewer in number than in this latter case, the average number about the central core being 5 to 7. The spores average from 25-28 pw in length by 10-11 » in breadth. They are ordinarily observed to be hyaline, but in quite mature specimens they have a very faint yellowish tint. IDENTITY The morphology of the fungus, especially the character of the indehiscent, monoascicular loculi scattered throughout or rather grouped toward the periphery of a pseudoparenchymatous stroma point at once to the family Myriangiaceae. The resemblance of members of this family to the Tuberales has been pointed out by Saccardo and Engler and Prantl. They exclude them from that order on account of their aérial, parasitic or saprophytic habit, and their general appearance. Von Hohnel monographed this family in 1905 and places it in the Discomycetes close to the Tuberales. 80 MycoLocIa The fungus appears to fall in the genus Myriangium as revised by Von Hohnel, and since it does not agree with any species de- scribed under it, the following name is proposed: Myriangium tuberculans sp. nov. Stromatibus tuberculi-formibus, primo immersis, demum super- ficialibus, solitariis vel gregariis, firmiter affixis, I-3 vel 4 mm. diam., irregulariter hemisphaericis, ruguloso-verrucosis vel sub- papillatis, interdum mutua pressione angulosis, atris, vel rufo- bruneis, intus atrosanguineis, vel fusco-bruneis, contextu pseudo- parenchymaticis ; loculis numerosis, subpolystichis, subperiphericis, globosis vel ovatis, monoascis, indehiscentibus; ascis subglobosis vel ovatis, crasse tunicatis, 8-sporis, aparaphasatis, 62-65 x 40 p; sporidiis oblongis, rectis vel leniter curvulis, utrinque obtusis, tranverse 7-septatis, muriformiter divisis, ad septa leniter con- strictis, hyalinis, vel demum subflavidulis, 25-28 x I0 p. Hasirtat: In cortice vivo Caryae illinoensis, Mississippi, Amer- ica boreale. STATE PLANT BOARD, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MISSISSIPPI. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 14 Fig. 1. (a) An expanded ascus with the ruptured sheath collapsed about its base; (b) an ascus with its spores, surrounded by the enveloping sheath which resembles a thickened ascus wall; (c) spores. Fig. 2. Peripheral loculiferous portion of stroma as represented in figure 4, enlarged. | Fig. 3. Twigs of Carya illinoensis bearing the stromata of the fungus. Fig. 4. Section through a stroma showing pseudo-parenchymatic structure and loculiferous region located near periphery. MYCOLOGIA VOLUME 14, PLATE 14 MyRIANGIUM TUBERCULANS MILES PP - NEW JAPANESE FUNGI NOTES AND TRANSLATIONS—XI TYOZABURO TANAKA HELMINTHOSPORIUM OryZAE Miyabe & Hori sp. nov. ex S. Hori in N6oji ShikenjO Hokoku (Bulletin of the Agric. Exper. Sta- tion), Nishigahara, Tokyd, no. 18: 67-84. M. 34, xi, Nov., Igor. (Japanese) ; Saccardo, Sylloge fungorum 22: 1394. 1913 (nom. nud.); Oudemans, Enum. syst. fung. 1: 723. I9g19 (nom. nud.). Spots scattered or grouped, fuliginous or soot-color, velvety ; conidiophores fascicled, 2-5 in group meeting rather loosely at the base, dark-brown, more or less bending, 7—15-septate, lowermost cell largest, rather rounded and swollen, width of cells gradually reduced toward the apex, terminated by blunt, thin-walled, light- colored or almost colorless cell, 100-330 x 6-8 p; conidia lunate or obclavate bending to one side, obtuse at both ends, easily de- tached, pale-olivaceous of sooty shade, 6-11-septate, only slightly constricted at the septum, contents finely granular, 84-140 x 16- 22 mw, germinating at both ends. Parasitic on culms, leaves, and glumes of Oryza sativa. TYPE LOCALITIES: Experimental farm of the Imperial Agricul- tural Experiment Station, Nishigahara, Tokyo, Sept., 1900 (S. Hori) ; Tokyo-fu Minamitama-gun Motohachidji-mura, Sept. 26, 1900 (S. Hori) ; Okayama-ken, Sept., 1900 (T. Nishida). Japanese name of the disease: Ine Goma-hagarebyo (Sesame- spot leaf blight of rice plant) ex Hori in Dainippon Nokwaiho fjeurn. Agric: Soc., Japan), no. 380: 6. Feb., 1913. (Japanese.) Hori later revised the description as follows: Conidiophores 2—3- fascicled, brownish, 100-330 x 7.2 w; conidia 6—10-septate, fuscous. See Hori’s Nosakumotsu Byogaku (Discourse on diseases of agri- cultural crops), Toky6, Seibidé, June, 1911, pp. 106-107. (Japa- nese. ) : ILLUSTRATION : Hori’s original drawings of conidia and conidio- phores are seen in the book above mentioned (p. 107). Ideta’s 81 82 MYcoLociIA Handbook (see Mycologia 9: 167), p. 744, also gives fairly good illustrations of the fungus. Both paddy and upland rices are infected. The fungus usually appears as minute spots on the leaf blade, about the size of sesame seeds, often elongated or confluent, forming larger spots. In such infected leaves, especially when the plant is young, the discoloration and withering.soon follow, proceeding from the leaf-tip, often causing death of the entire plant. In an advanced stage of the disease characteristic brown velvety bodies are produced from the surface of the diseased spots. K. Hara (in Hara’s Ine no Byogai, Diseases of the rice plant, Gifu-ken, June, 1918, p. 61, in Japanese) states that the Japanese rice blight fungus might be identical with that which had been described by Breda de Haan as Helminthosporium Oryzae (in Bull. V’Instit. Bot. Buitenzorg., no. 6: 11. 1900), though the de- scription of the latter is rather imperfect. The present species, however, differs very strikingly from H. macrocarpum Grev. in the shape of the conidia which are obclavate or fusoid, whereas in the latter they are simply clavate (refer Fig. 249 CH of Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pilanzentam, 1+": Ayo) The disease was first known in Japan about 1895, but is now established everywhere as far as Formosa. Recently prevention through seed treatment and spraying with various kinds of fungi- cides has proved to be effective. See Nishikado, Y., in Byochu- gai Zasshi (Journ. Pl. Prot.), 5°: 693-712, Sept., 1918, and Suye- matsu, N., ditto, 71: 26-29, Jan., 1920 (both in Japanese). Ina series of inoculation tests, a number of rice-plant varieties as well _as wild grasses was examined by Suyematsu in connection with the susceptibility and resistance to the Helminthosporium rice blight. See Suyematsu, N., in Nogaku Kwaiho (Journ. Sci. Agric. Soc.), Tokyo, no. 212: 279-286, Apr., 1020; no. 214 442446, June, 1920; and no. 217: 655-657, Oct,, 1920. (Allama japaneses) GLOMERELLA CINNAMOMI Yoshino sp. nov. in Shokubutsugaku Zasshi (Bot. Mag.) Tokyo, 21778: 230-232, Pl. 5. i ieee Sept, 1007... Japanese) Mycelia first colorless, later fulvous, hyphae mostly colored in TanakA: NEw JAPANESE FUNGI 83 substratum, septate, 2-3.5 m across; acervuli of conidial stage (Gloeosporium) minutely tuberculate, subepidermal, later erum- pent, light pink in color; stromata disciform, brown ; conidiophores densely seated on the stroma; conidia oblong, frequently ovoid ellipsoid or cuneate, often slightly curved, without guttulae or 1—-2- guttulate, colorless, light pink in mass, variable in size but chiefly 10-18 x 4-6 p; perithecia subepidermal, black punctiform, solitary or two together, globose or depressed-globose, slightly raised at the apex with orbicular ostiola 17-20 p wide, brown or brownish-blue, 100-150 p» in diam.; asci numerous in one perithecium, fusoid, broad at the middle, narrowed near the apex, wall often thickened at the apex but not stained by iodine, 46-60 x 8-13 p, octosporous, aparaphysate; ascospores oblong, narrowed at both ends, usually curved, hyaline, non-guttulate or guttulate, 10-15 x 3.5-5 py. On Cinnamomum camphora, infesting leaves, petioles, leaf-buds, and young shoots in the nursery, causing considerable damage. Old plants are also infected. Diseased spots are usually orbicular, elliptical, or fusiform, 3-5 mm. in diam., first reddish-brown, later becoming fuliginous, finally fading into light-brown. The infected area is definitely marked from the healthy part, usually sunken, and when severely affected the infected areas become confluent, causing brown rot of the surrounding part, finally girdling the stem and killing the entire plant. TYPE LOCALITIES: Kumamoto-ken. Yatsushiro-gun, Dec. 29, 1905 (T. Tejimazaki) ; Kikuchi-gun Waifu-ché, Oct. 25, 1906 (K. Yoshino) ; Hotaku-gun Oe-mura, Nov., 1906 (K. Yoshino) ; Ashikita-gun Hinagu-cho, Dec., 1906 (K. Yoshino) ; Hotaku-gun Kawachi-mura, May 12, 1907 (T. Nishida) ; and Saga-ken Saga- shi, Nov., 1906. ILLUSTRATION: One copper plate giving ten figures, showing the diseased plant, conidial layer, germination of conidia, perithecia, asci, ascospores, and germination of ascospores. DISTRIBUTION: Formosa. See Sawada, K., in Taiwan Haku- butsu Gakkwai Kwaiho (Journ. Formosan Nat. Hist. Soc.), no. Zeist -143. 1.5, x; Oct., 1916. ‘(Japanese.) Sawada states that the outbreak of the disease in the nursery and young plantation of camphor trees near Taihoku caused much dam- age in the spring of 1913. The Formosan fungus generally agrees with that described from Kytsht by Yoshino, with the exception 84 MyYcoLoGIAa of the smaller size of the ascospores, which Sawada finds to meas- ure 12-13 X 5.5-7 w. Sawada also revises the description of the fungus as follows: “ Conidiophores straight or more or less curved, simple, hyaline, 16-27 x 3.5-4 m»; asci clavate-fusoid or fusoid, 53-07 x 8-8.5 wp.” Hara in Shokubutsugaku Zasshi (Bot. Mag.) Tokyo, 2717: 272 (Japanese) suggests to call the present species Guignardia Cinna- moms (erroneously spelled cinnamomii) on account of the lack of the stroma which should be present in Glomerella. PHYSODERMA Maypis Miyabe in A. Ideta, Nippon Shokubutsu Byorigaku (Handbook of plant diseases of Japan) ed. 4, Tokyo, Shokwabo, M. 42, 1909, part 1: 114, fig. 19. (Japanese.) Cladochytrium sp. nov. K. Sengoku, in Ehime-ken Nokwaiho Journ. Agr.'Soc., Ehime prefecture) no. 327°158;5igae ect: Dees i001.) \(lapanese: | Cladochytrium Maydis Miyabe in Ideta’s Nippon Shokubutsu Byorigaku (Handb. Pl. Dis., Japan) ed. 3, Tokyo, Sho- kwabo, M. 36, 1903, p. 75 (nomen nudum): Omori, J. & Yamada, G. Shokubutsu Byorigaku (Plant pathology) Tokyo, Hakubunkwan, M. 37, 1904, p. 202 (nomen nudum). Occurs on the parenchymatous cells of the culm, midrib of the leaves, and the lower part of the husk, producing numerous orbicu- lar, elliptical, or linear spots; spots mostly small-sized, often con- fluent, brown or fuliginous, light-colored near the margin, much deeper at the center; sporangia ellipsoid-ovate or globose, deep- brown, 24-26 x 22-24 p. _ Parasitic on Zea Mais. 1 Referring to Ideta’s Handbook of Plant Diseases here quoted, the first and second editions were published in 1901 and in 1902, respectively, under the title JitsuyO Shokubutsu Byorigaku (Practical discourse on plant diseases) ; the third edition, issued in 1903, was greatly enlarged and largely rewritten, and bears a new title, Nippon Shokubutsu Byorigaku; it is called the third edition in the German title page only. The fourth edition, which came out under the same title, was issued originally in two parts, the first in 1909 (pp. 1-344) and the second in 1911 (pp. 345-935, with appendices), and is really a new work written under the critical supervision of Prof. K. Miyabe, who con- tributed diagnoses of some of his new species published here for the first time. Unaltered reprints of the fourth edition were issued in 1912 and in 1914, sometimes called fifth and sixth editions. A TANAKA: NEW JAPANESE FUNGI | 85 The disease does not usually prevent fruiting, but sometimes does when it occurs abundantly in the early stage of the host plant. In 1901 the disease was first discovered by K. Sengoku in the pre- fecture of Ehime, Shikoku island, and the above description is probably based upon the material collected at this time. It has not been reported from any other locality in the Japanese territory. ILLUSTRATION: One black-and-white wood-cut figure showing sporangia. Notes: Physoderma zeae-maydis Shaw, first reported from India (Sydow, H., Sydow, P., & Butler, E. J., in Annales mycologici 10? : 245-247, fig. 2. 1912), and now known as the causal organism of one of the worst diseases of corn in the United States (see Tisdale, aver. im Journ. Agr. Res. 16°: 137-154, 10 pls., Feb., 1919), is, in many respects, identical with the present species, though no actual comparison of the organism has yet been carried out. Plant quarantine against this fungus was announced by the U. S. De- partment of Agriculture in 1916 (see Notice of Quarantine No. 24. -IQI6). MyYcosPpHAERELLA BAMBUSIFOLIA Miyake & Hara sp. nov. in Shokubutsugaku Zasshi (Bot. Mag.) Tokyo, 24°°°: 338-340, M. 43, xi, Nov., 1910. (Japanese.) Foliicolous; pycnidia punctiform, black to the naked eye, im- mersed, globose or depressed-globose, fuliginous, open at the apex, 70-100 x 60-90 »; pycnospores abundant, oozing from pycnidial opening when mature, ellipsoid ovoid or cylindrical, hyaline, 2-3.5 x I-I.5 pw; pedicels minute; perithecia mixed with the pycnidia, globose or depressed-globose, 70-100 p» broad, 90-100 pu high, rarely 60 » in diam.; wall thick, fungoid-parenchymatous, fuscous or black, ostiola as high as the epidermal plane or slightly raised; asci many, fasciculate, oblong-ovoid and more or less stipitate below or fusoid-lunate and obtuse at both ends, 37-50 x 9-10 p, octosporous, , aparaphysate ; ascospores distichous, ovoid or ellipsoid, uniseptate, usually not constricted, hyaline, at first granular, usually becoming homogeneous later, 13-16 x 4.5-5 p. Parasitic on Phyllostachys puberula and Phyllostachys bambu- soides. Infected leaves develop round, elliptical, or irregular fuscous 86 MyYcCOLOoGIA spots of black periphery, which often run together in increasing size, finally causing death of the surrounding area. This gives the leaves a brownish appearance, and when they are severely infested the entire bamboo grove appears badly discolored and seriously injured. Later fruiting bodies make their appearance on the dis- colored area as minute black spots. Type Loca.ities: Gifu-ken Ena-gun Toyama-mura and Ka- waulye-mura, Apr., 1908; Tokyo Komaba, May, 1909. Differs from Mycosphaerella Arundinariae Atk. (Bull. Corn. Univ. 31: 9. 1897) in the absence of brown hyphae around the perithecium, and in the shape and size of the asci and ascospores. PHAEOSPHAERIA BAMBUSAE Miyake & Hara sp. nov. in Shoku- butsugaku Zasshi (Bot. Mag.) Tokyo, 248°: 340-341, M. 43, xi, Nov., 1910. (Japanese. ) Foliicolous; spots appear along the vein, often with indefinite margin, brown or dark-colored, later becoming grayish or fuscous from the middle, finally covering the entire leaf; perithecia mi- nutely punctiform, scattered or along the veins, immersed, globose or depressed-globose, black, 120-170 x 140-210 yp; wall rather thin, dark-colored or fuscous, ostiolate at the apex; asci numerous, fascicled, clavate or cylindrical, 65-90 x 18-27 yp, octosporous, aparaphysate; ascospores distichous or irregular, fusoid or ellip- soid, straight or slightly curved, triseptate, constricted, hyaline and granular when young, dark-colored with age, 25-30 x 10-12 p. Phyllosticta stage usually makes its appearance with the asciger- ous stage on the same diseased spot as it does in the case of Phaeosphaeria Orygae Miyake. (See Journ. Coll. Agric., Imp. Univ. Tokyo 2*:°247.. 1910.) he description: of this’ farm follows: Pycnidia immersed, globose or depressed-globose, ostiolate at _the apex, 100-140 x 70-100 ; pycnospores ooze from the pycnidial opening when mature, ellipsoid or cylindrical, hyaline, 2-2.5 x I.1- 3 pb: i | On the living leaves of Arundinarta Simoni and Sasa paniculata. TYPE LOCALITIES: TOky6 Komaba, July, 1906 (D. Karashima), July, 1910 (I. Miyake & K. Hara); Tochigi-ken Nikko, Aug., 1910; Gifu-ken Ena-gun Kawauye-mura, Aug., 1910 (on the sec- ond host). TANAKA: NEW JAPANESE FUNGI 87 USTILAGINOIDEA SACCHARI-NARENGAE K. Sawada sp. nov. in Tai- wan Hakubutsu Gakkwai Kwaihd (Journ. of Formosan Nat. Hist. Soc.) 415: 4-5. T. 3, v, May, 1914. (Japanese. ) Ovary infesting, appearing in group on the ear of the host plant, dark olive in color, balloon- or top-shaped, rounded at the apex, 3 mm. long, first covered by a membrane, later rupturing at ma- turity, exposing the dark-olive spore mass inside, lower part of the mass being associated with glume and palea, hard, sclerotium-like, inside of the mass white or very light straw-color, composed of ' closely arranged angular cells; spores globose or ovoid, covered with comparatively large-sized warts, dark-olive, 4-5.5 usually 4.5—5 p- Parasitic on Saccharum narenga. Type Locatity: Akocho Hanshoryo Keishusho, Formosa, Dec. 10, 1907. (Y. Shimada.) The cross-section of the sclerotium-like body is entirely paren- chymatous, and no parallel hyphae are visible as in the case of Ustilaginoidea Oryzae Bref. PLASMOPARA WILDEMANIANA P. Henn. var. MACROSPORA K. Sawada var. nov. in Taiwan Hakubutsu Gakkwai Kwaiho (Journ. Formosan Nat. Hist. Soc.) no. 16: 2-4. T. 3, vii, July, 1914. (Japanese. ) Foliicolous ; spots irregular, often occupying the entire leaf, light yellowish-green, white mouldy on the lower surface; hyphae in mesophy] intercellular, invading the cell only by haustorium, color- less, continuous, branching, 7-13 p» thick; haustoria globose or ovoid-globose, 13-17 x 9-18 yw; conidiophores fascicled from the stoma, upright, 320-605 » long, main axis 8-12 wp thick, slightly swollen at the base, first branching at about one half or one third of the whole length from the base, usually branching 5 to 7 times, terminal branchlets (commonly 4-8 » long) and their underlying branchlets very short; conidia ovoid or elliptic-ovoid, rounded at the apex, papillate at the base, colorless, 14-18 x 11-13 p. Parasitic on the leaf of Justicia procumbens. TYPE LOCALITY: Formosa. Taihokuch6é Chonaihosho, Sept. 12, fees. (Y. Fujikuro), Apr. 5, 1913 (Y. Fujikuro). The present variety has noticeably larger-sized conidia than those of the type species described by P. Hennings and later by Sydow 88 MycoLoGIa and Butler. (See Wildeman, E., Etudes Flor. Bas- & Moyen- Congo, Sér. 5. II?: 85. 1907, and Ann. Mycol 1072 244-307 fig. 1. June, 1912.) Sawada suggests that more noticeable dif- ference may be revealed if they are closely compared as in the case of species of Brenna. (See Mycologia 117: 84-86. March, 1919.) COLLETOTRICHUM BOEHMERIAE K. Sawada sp. nov. in Taiwan Hakubutsu Gakkwai Kwaiho (Journ. Formosan Nat. Hist. Soc.) no. 17 25 (Us 2) 1 Sept. Oi. \ lenaiecem Foliicolous or caulicolous; spots scattered, cinereous with brown margin, orbicular and 1-2 mm. diam. on leaves, when on stem, forming orbicular, elliptical or fusiform spots, occasionally causing longitudinal rupture of the host epidermis, 1-6 x 0.8-2 mm. in size; hyphae colorless, 4 » thick; acervuli small, with setae ; conidi- ophores dense, short, terminated by conidia; conidia colorless, cylindrical or occasionally clavate, straight, obtuse at both ends, granular, 14-19 x 4-5 »; setae dark-brown, tapering toward the apex, I—2-septate, 45-85 x 4-5 p. Parasitic on Ramie (Boehmeria nivea). Type LocaLity: Taihokuchd Chonaihosho, Formosa. June 29, 1914 (A. Imachi). Stem infection causes bad staining of the bast fibers, which is hardly removable when the fibers are bleached. The infected plant, therefore, yields only lower grade fibers of less commercial value. CERCOSPORA PIRICOLA K. Sawada sp. nov. in Taiwan Hakubutsu Gakkwai Kwaihé (Journ. Formosan Nat. Hist. Soc.) no. 17: 3. T. 3, ix, Sept., 1914. (Japanese. ) | Hypophyllous; spots usually angular, occupying certain area en- closed by veinlets, later coalesce, often cover the entire surface, cinereous, later changing into brown, generally 1-3 mm. in diam. ; conidiophores fascicled, several or more than ten together, straight or curved, cinereous, O-2-septate, 15-27 x 3-4 m3; conidia linear, curved, 3—5-septate, grayish or almost colorless, 28-57 x 2.5-3.5 wp. On Pirus communis (pear) and Pirus sinensis (sand-pear). TYPE LOCALITIES: Formosa. Taihokucho Chonaihosho, Jan. 15. 1910 (Y. Fujikuro), Sept. 2, r911 (K. Sawada) ; Taichtchd Tai- TANAKA: NEW JAPANESE FUNGI 89 heisho, Aug. 6, 1911 (Y. Fujikuro) ; Kagicho Toroku, Apr. 30, 1913 (K. Sawada). Resembles Cercospora minima Tracy & Earle (Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. 23°: 206. May, 1896) on pear from America, but differs in being hypophyllous and in having longer conidiophores and shorter but thicker conidia of grayish color, while the American species is characterized by being epiphyllous and having shorter conidiophores and slender and hyaline conidia. The extent of injury due to this fungus is not known. UsTILAGO FORMOSANA K. Sawada sp. nov. in Taiwan Hakubutsu Gakkwai Kwaihd (Journ. Formosan Nat. Hist. Soc.) no. 34: 6-8. T. 7, v, May, 1918. (Japanese. ) Infesting inflorescence and the upper part of the culm; sori linear, fuliginous, 2.5-14 cm. long, at first enclosed by grayish- white membrane, later escaping from enclosing sheath, ruptures and emits black spore mass inside, leaving only fibrous tissue be- hind; spores globose or subangular-globose, light reddish-brown, containing granules, 5-7 mw generally 5.5-6 w in diam.; epispore apparently smooth, but finely echinulate under close observation ; promycelia very short and continuous, or somewhat longer and uniseptate, producing sporidia at the end or at the joint between two cells, 8-17 x I-3 »; sporidia fusoid to oblong-fusoid, often producing secondary sporidia thereupon, 3-6 x I-2 w; germinating tube sometimes formed on the promycelium. On Panicum proliferum. | When the disease occurs in the field, whole culms arising from common root are infested. TYPE LOCALITIES: Formosa. Taihokucho Chonaihosho, May, 1906 (S. Suzuki), Apr. 22, 1907 (Y. Fujikuro), Aug. 10, 1908 (¥- Fujikuro), Nov. 27, 1908 (K. Sawada), Dec..4, 1908. (K. Sawada) ; Toencho Nanseisho, June 2, 1917 (K. Sawada) ; Tai- tocho Daimabukutsu, Apr. 29, 1909 (K. Sawada) ; Taitocho Toran, May 21, 1911 (K. Sawada). _ Differs from Ustilago Panici-proliferti P. Henn., which occurs on Panicum proliferum acuminatum in America, in having dis- tinctly smaller spores. | BuREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY, WaSHIncToN, D. C. NOTES AND BRIEF ARTICLES [Unsigned notes are by the editor] Dr. Murrill visited the State Museum at Albany early in Feb- ruary to study types of certain species of dark-spored gill-fungi in collections made by the late Dr. Peck. Prof. H. M. Fitzpatrick, of Cornell University, spent several days at the Garden late in January examining specimens of an interesting group of Pyrenomycetes, which he is monographing. He also visited the mycological herbaria at Washington, Phila- delphia, and Boston. Mr. Harold E. Parks, whose articles on underground fungi have been read with so much interest, has been appointed technical assistant and collector in the Department of Botany at the Uni- versity of California. His address is no longer San Jose, but Berkeley. Supplementary lists of species of smuts and rusts occurring in Indiana, prepared by H. S. Jackson, were published in the Pro- ceedings of the Indiana Academy of Sciences for 1920. _ Cryptogamic diseases of cacao and of cocoanut, over 20 in num- ber, are discussed at length by R. Averna-Sacca in the Agricultural Bulletin of San Paulo for 1920. Forty-one figures accompany the 140 pages of text. An illustrated article by C. E. Chidsey in the Scientific American Monthly for November, 1920, attempts to explain the formation of knots and boles on forest trees. This article might be interest- ing in connection with some of the recent experiments on plant cankers. 90 NotTes AND BriEF ARTICLES 9] In a paper on two new Sclerotinia diseases found in Washing- ton, by B. F. Dana in Phytopathology for May, 1921, Sclerotinia gregaria and S. demissa are described as new. The former occurs on the leaves and fruits of Amelanchier Custcku and the latter on the leaves, twigs, and fruits of Prunus demissa. Kauffman’s paper on the species of Inocybe in Peck’s collections, published in the Report of the State Botanist for 1919, contains many interesting notes and comments which are especially valuable because the author has recently completed a study of this difficult genus for North American Flora, which is expected to appear dur- ing the present year. Another paper on new or little-known hosts for wood-destroying fungi, by Arthur S. Rhoads, appeared in Phytopathology for Au- gust, 1921. Quite an array of interesting hosts are noted for many of our common species; and additions both to hosts and descriptive characters are made in the case of Polyporus cuti- fractus Murrill and P. carbonarius Murrill. A circular leaf-spot of geranium plants, caused by Cercospora Brunku, is discussed by Garman in Bulletin 239 of the Maryland Experiment Station. Methods of watering, rather than mites and other insects, seem to spread the disease, which may be controlled by good ventilation, precautions against excessive humidity, and the use of Bordeaux mixture. For two years there has been an exhibit of the oriental diseases of the Para rubber-tree, Hevea brasiliensis, at the Imperial College of Science and Technology in London. The chief fungous dis- eases represented are those caused by Fomes lignosus, Fomes pseudoferreus, Usiulina zonata, Phytophthora Fabert, Corticium salmonicolor, Cyphella Heveae, and Botryodiplodia Theobromae. The specimens were shipped from Ceylon and Malaya under the direction of J. B. Farmer. 92 MyYcoLocIA The Tuckahoe, or Pachyma cocos, was illustrated and described at some length in the Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin for June, 1921. This fungous sclerotium was not used for food to any great extent, if at all, by the Indians, because it has little nutritive — value; the word tuckahoe was simply a general term applied to any edible root. Various medicinal properties have been ascribed to Pachyma cocos, but there seems to be no real foundation for the traditional belief in its curative virtues. The following note regarding Krieger’s remarks on Amanita pantherina, recently published in Mycotocia, has been sent me by Neuhoff. According to him, 4. pantherina DC. is undoubtedly poisonous, and is so considered by practically all mycologists every- where; but in Germany it has been confused by Michael with the © non-poisonous species, 4. spissa Fries, and this error has been widely disseminated. Several authors are quoted by Neuhoff to support his opinion, among them Ricken, Romell, and Kauffman. I have been endeavoring for some time to locate the original collector of Ganoderma oregonense, published in 1908 in North American Flora. The following extract from a letter received from Prof. Kirkwood seems to supply the missing information: “T think that the collection of fungi to which you refer was one that I made in the summer of 1905, along the Tillamook coast. I remember having packed a box which I sent to you along about August of that year, or maybe in September. I kept no record of them, but think there was a Ganoderma in the lot.” Philippine polypores were discussed by Graff in the Torrey Bulletin for last November. He uses Polyporus Mariannus Pers. for P. anebus Berk.; P. rhodophoeus Lév. for Fomes semilaccatus Berk.; Ganoderma leptopum (Pers.) Graff for G. umbraculum Pat.; Fomes lineatus (Pers.) Graff for P. fastuosus Lév.; and Fomes roseo-albus (Jungh.) Bres. for P. caliginosus Berk. The following species of Murrill are reduced to synonymy : Ganoderma Currani equals G. leptopum,; Pyropolyporus Williams equals NoTEs AND BriEF ARTICLES 93 Fomes lamaensis; and Coriolopsis Copelandu equals Fomes roseo- albus. The author reports a very extensive and rich fungous flora, -with much still to be learned. In an article by Schmitz and Zeller on the effect of creosote on wood-destroying fungi, published in the Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, it is stated that the results of experiments indicate no toxic effects of any single distilled fraction or combina- tion of fractions of the coal-tar creosote below a concentration of I per cent, calculated on the weight of air-dried sawdust. That is, there was no visible cessation of growth of either Lenzites saepiaria or Polyporus lucidus below a 1 per cent concentration. In a majority of cases the toxic point, which is defined as the minimum percentage of the creosote which will completely inhibit the growth of the organisms, lies between 2 and 4 per cent. A splendid illustrated paper on “ The Collybias of North Caro- lina,’ by Coker and Beardslee, appeared in the Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society for December, 1921. Twenty- two species are recognized for the state, one of them, Collybia lilacina, being described as new. This species seems fairly abun- dant about Chapel Hill, and Dr. Coker has illustrated it both in color and in black and white. Our American C. butyracea is shown to be for the most part simply a large form of C. dryophila; and C. subdryophila, described by Atkinson from specimens col- lected in North Carolina by Coker, is considered a synonym of C. dryophila. The authors make C. strictipes Peck equivalent to C. nummularia Fries and Mycena palustris (Peck) Sacc. a syn- onym. of C. clusilis. They also discuss the relationship of C. tuberosa and C. cirrata; and include C. conigena Fries, C. hari- olorum Fries, C. semitalis Fries, and C. distorta A. & S. as good American species. Dr. B. M. Duggar writes me that my report of his paper at the Toronto meeting, published on page 51 of the January number of Mycologia, is not in accordance with what he meant to convey. “I 94 MyYcoLocia did make a statement,” he says, “to this effect: ‘ The term agency rather than organism is employed because it is hoped to avoid any possible prejudice to the direction in which such research may lead. It is distinctly felt that any assumption tacitly ascribing such dis- eases, because infectious, to organisms of the known or usual types may serve in the end to restrict rather than broaden the investiga- tion.’ Moreover, because I was able to determine more or less definitely the dimensions of the infectious agency I did not state as quoted that ‘therefore,’ it ‘can not be a germ or similar organ- ism.’ Finally, I do not term it a ‘living fluid contagion,’ but did merely quote from Beijerinck his well-known expression, ‘con- tagium vivum fluidum. Fortunately, Dr. Duggar’s paper will shortly be:published in full and those interested in the subject will at once forget my inaccurate report of it. Tee Enzyme action in P. volvatus and F. igniarius is discussed by Schmitz in the Journal of General Physiology for July, 1921. From the standpoint of parasitism, Polyporus volvatus is one of the most interesting of the wood-destroying fungi. Although no inoculation experiments have been made, numerous observations tend to confirm the opinion of the writer that it is truly parasitic. Throughout Washington, Oregon, and Idaho it is not at all un- usual to find fruiting bodies appearing in great numbers over prac- tically the entire surface of the trunk of Douglas fir, white fir, and western hemlock. This condition may be observed on trees still having a green, healthy foliage as well as on trees which to all appearances have been killed by the fungus. Cultures of Polyporus volvatus and Fomes igniarius were ob- tained from the young sporophores by the tissue method. In D. volvatus the presence of the following enzymes was demon- strated: esterase, maltase, lactase, sucrase, raffinase, diastase, inu- lase, cellulase, hemicellulase, glucosidase, rennet, and catalase. In F. igniarius the presence of the following enzymes was demon- strated: esterase, maltase, lactase, sucrase, raffinase, diastase, inu- lase, cellulase, hemicellulase, glucosidase, urease, rennet, and cata- lase. NoTES AND BrIEF ARTICLES 95 A New LICHEN FROM AN UNUSUAL SUBSTRATUM Dung of various animals is examined frequently by mycologists for fungi not found elsewhere, and algae and mosses are seen on these substrata not infrequently. Among the fungi the lichenist sometimes sees Cladoniae and Bacidia inundata, but I had not until recently known of a lichen species found on no other substratum than dung. For many years I have made it a practice to examine any dung that was colored green by algae or by moss protonemata, in the hope that I might find some new or rare lichen. Finally, on the tenth of March, 1920, near Conway, Rockcastle County, in central Kentucky, I found what appeared to be the minute fruits of some lichen which had parasitized Protococcus growing over some cow dung. These minute fruits were Botrydium-like in appearance, and examination showed that they belonged to a lichen of the genus Thelocarpon. Growing with the Thelocarpon was another ascomycete with even more minute fruits, often giving the appearance of having parasitized the algae, forming a true lichen thallus. The Thelo- carpon, on the other hand, showed no superficial thallus and no relationship with the algae other than that the fruits were rendered yellow-green by a layer of the algae, which spread over their sur- faces. This condition made it appear that the lichen thallus was wholly within the substratum at the time when the fruits were mature, though algae were in all probability parasitized and a superficial thallus produced in early development, only to disappear later. Several species of Thelocarpon have been described as hav- ing no thalli, all of them probably having, in their early stages of development, superficial thalli of one of the types found among crustose lichens. In all of these instances it would be worth while to trace out the relationship between the lichen and the algae, which occur always in the thalloid veils of species of Thelocarpon, and usually in crustose thalli as well. The description below was prepared after a careful examination of the descriptions of the 30 known species of the genus. 96 MyYCOLOGIA Thelocarpon fimicola Fink sp. nov. Superficial thallus absent, or not readily distinguishable from the layer of algae growing over the surface of the substratum; apo- thecia minute and spheroidal, 0.05 to 0.15 mm. in diameter, pale within and surrounded by a thin thalloid veil; asci at first cylin- drical, but becoming variously ventricose as the spores mature, most commonly distended toward the center and tapering toward both ends; paraphyses inconspicuous and disappearing as the fruit matures; spores one-celled, minute, hyaline, spheroidal to oblong, 2 to 4 by 1.5 to 2 mic., very numerous in each ascus. Growing with algae on cow dung, in a damp wood, near Conway, Rockcastle County, Kentucky. The algae which were growing on the substratum gave it a coloration which could be detected from a standing position, but there is little evidence of the presence of algae in the dried specimens. Bruce FINK ANOTHER GREEN-SPORED GENUS OF GILL-FUNGI While working over specimens of Pilosace for the article on dark-spored agarics, published earlier in this number, I discovered some interesting things which did not properly belong under that title, so I have set them apart here. Chlorophyllum Mass., based on the plant known as Lepiota Morgani, was published in 1898 and discussed in N. Am. Flora 10: 64. 1914. It differs from Lepiota in having green spores. Chloroneuron Murrill, based on the tropical American species, Neurophyllum viride Pat., was published in Mycologia 3: 25. Tg1I and discussed in N. Am. Flora 9: 172. 1910. The spores are green and the lamellae fold-like, as in Chanterel, In the new genus here described the spores are green and the lamellae adnate or adnexed, as in Hypholoma or Psathyra. Schulzeria Bres. is a “ Lepiota without an annulus,” having free gills and hyaline spores. Massee’s S. Eyret, however, has green spores and an appendiculate veil, with free gills. Chlorosperma gen. nov. Hymenophore putrescent, solitary to subcespitose; pileus fleshy, NoTES AND BRIEF ARTICLES . 97 glabrous or finely floccose; lamellae adnate or adnexed, often seceding at an early stage so as to appear free; spores smooth, green; stipe central, cartilaginous; veil, if present, not forming an annulus. The type of this genus is Agaricus SUE NES Billig: Gackv.,. described below. Chlorosperma olivaespora (Ellis & Ev.) comb. nov. Agaricus eximius Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 24: 70. 1872; not A. eximius C. P. Laest. Lapp. Torn. 1860. Agaricus olivaesporus Ellis & Ev. Jour. Myc. 5: 27. 1889. Hypholoma vinosum Kauffm. Agar. Mich. 1: 261. 1918. Pilosace Peckti House, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 205-206: 39. 1919. Pileus thin, fleshy, fragile, convex or campanulate to expanded, subumbonate, solitary to subcespitose, 1-2 cm. broad; surface smooth or obscurely rugulose, pulverulent-floccose, becoming nearly glabrous, dark-brick-colored when moist, purplish-umber when dry, at length dark-sooty-brown; margin appendiculate at first with pale fragments of the veil; context thin, dingy-white, fragile, with very sweet odor and taste; lamellae adnate, seceding, crowded, rather broad, rounded behind, nearly plane to ventricose, entire on the edges, purplish-violet or purplish-brown to chestnut-brown, be- coming lighter when dry and more or less tinged with brick-red ; spores ellipsoid, smooth, olive-brown when fresh, umber-brown on drying, olivaceous under the microscope, about 5 x 3 p; cystidia none; stipe slender, equal, colored and clothed like the pileus, carti- laginous, fistulose, rather brittle, exuding a slight purplish juice when broken, 2—4 cm. long, 1-2 mm. thick. TYPE LocALity: Newfield, New Jersey. Hasirat: On much-decayed wood, stumps, or logs in mixed woods, or among moss in swamps. DisTRIBUTION: Rare in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Michigan. ILLUSTRATION: Hard, Mushr. f. 259. Exsiccatr: Ellis & Ev. N. Am. Fungi 2009. Peck’s type specimens were collected on old stumps in woods at Greig, New York, in August, 1870. The sheet containing these has others from Old Forge, Indian Lake, and Felt House, with a drawing in color. Peck describes the gills as reddish, and later 98 MycoLoGIa applies this term to the spores, which was probably an error on his part. Because of this some have claimed that the species should be transferred to Pluteus. Hard says that he found the plant on three different occasions in Haynes’ Hollow growing on old stumps and decayed logs. His figure is from a photograph of some of his plants taken by Kellerman and his description from Peck, no reference being made to the color of the spores. Ellis found his plants among moss in swamps at Newfield, New Jersey, in sufficient quantity for distribution. An original packet in his herbarium is marked “July 30, 1887. Spores ellipsoid, 3.5-4 X 2 p, olive-brown.” In his description, he says the green shade is very distinct. He agrees with Peck in calling the lamellae neutees Kauffman’s specimens, some of which I saw at Albany, came from Bay View, New Richmond, Michigan, on much-decayed wood or logs in mixed woods. According to him the lamellae are adnate at first, then seceding; and the spores purplish-brown in mass, pale under the microscope. I find them to be identical with those from specimens collected by Peck and Ellis. Mrs. Delafield got a cluster of three hymenophores at Buck Hill Falls, Pennsyl- vania, last July and made a colored sketch of it. She found the “lamellae free or slightly adnate, separating readily from the stipe; odor very sweet, taste sweet.” The differences in the color of the spores recorded above are doubtless due to observations made on fresh and dried spores in mass by reflected light and under a microscope by transmitted light varying in intensity. W. A. MwurRILu H edeeal of the. New York Botanical Gates f Me ie notes, mews, and non-technical articles of ‘general, (0% -members of the Garden, iTo others,” 10 cents a copy; 1.00,” AY ‘offered Gn exchange.) 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XIV mi PWEAY, 1022 No. 3 RELIQUIAE FARLOWIANAE DISTRIBUTED FROM THE FARLOW HERBARIUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY ROLAND THAXTER During a considerable period of years Dr. Farlow had been in the habit of setting aside from time to time, with a view to distri- bution for exchange, sets of New England Mosses, Hepatics, Lichens, and especially Fungi, of which. somewhat over six cen- turies had accumulated at the time of his death. These had been largely collected and determined by himself, although a consider- able number were contributed by other persons, especially by Mr. A. P. D. Piguet and Mr. A. B. Seymour. The Herbarium is now sending these sets to various botanical establishments in this coun- try and in Europe, for purposes of exchange, and it has seemed desirable to publish this note concerning them as a matter of record and for the reason that, in a few instances, the names employed are new combinations or need some brief comment. _ Each set comprises sixty decades, of which the first forty-five include only Fungi; while of those remaining, four decades are Lichens, five are Hepaticae, and six Musci. A certain number of additional specimens are also included in these sets, illustrating variations in hosts, imperfect conditions, etc., so that in all, each contains six hundred and ninety-three specimens. It may be men- tioned in this connection that it is the intention of the Herbarium to send out, as they become available, in decades or in fascicles, further specimens, especially of the rarer Fungi, and including exotic as well as American species. [Mycorocia for March (14: 55-98) was issued April 12, 1922] 99. 100 MycoLocia The task of sorting, preparing, and labeling approximately twenty-five thousand specimens for this distribution has been con- siderable, and the Herbarium is under great obligations to Mr. Seymour, Mr. Piguet, and Miss Nickerson, of the Herbarium Staff, for the great amount of careful and painstaking work which has been necessary. Mr. Seymour has himself printed and revised the labels, an: undertaking which of itself has been laborious, ex- acting, and time-consuming, and in his case to a large extent a labor of love for the purpose of forwarding the accomplishment of Dr. Farlow’s original intentions. The determinations of the species included in this set are almost wholly those made by Dr. Farlow, either personally or after sub- mission to other experts, and in only a few instances has it been thought desirable to make slight changes, since the extent to which they represent his expert opinion as to identities forms perhaps the most important element of its value. It should be remembered, nevertheless, that some of these determinations may have been pro- visional in his mind, and subject to further verification or modifi- cation, had he been able to go over them for final revision before their distribution; and it is very probable that errors, which he would himself have corrected, may be thus perpetuated. For the convenience of those who make a practice of binding their sets of exsiccati in preference to distributing them in the oubliette of a General Herbarium, title pages and lists of each of the six volumes have been printed and distributed with the sets. No. 15. Diatrypella ciliatula (Fr.) Farlow, nov. comb. The Sphaeria ciliatula of Fries,? placed in Calosphaeria by Kars- ten and represented in the Farlow Herbarium by various collec- tions from New England and Europe, appears to be rightly in- cluded in Diatrypella. No. 73. PLEOMASSARIA MAXIMA Ell. & Ev. The melanconeaceous condition, Sporidesmium Fusus B. & C., is: present in many of the specimens, some of which are over-mature. The material has been examined by Dr. Shear, who confirms the identity of this form with his P. Magnoliae. Syst: Miyc. 220d 06:, sro28: THAXTER: RELIQUIAE FARLOWIANAE 101] No. 102, a,b,c. CENANGIUM BALSAMEUM Peck The three specimens included comprise one ascigerous and two pycnidial stages, the latter Gelatinosporium abietinum Peck, for- merly described as an imperfect stage of Peck’s “var. abietinum” (Peck’s Report 43: 86 (40), 1890). There seems to be no pre- vious mention of its association with the type form. No. 106. CENANGIUM TURGIDUM (Schw.) Fries Mr. Seymour notes that, although this name is used in Dr. Far- low’s label, the species seems to be a synonym of Peziza quernea Schw.? This, being the older specific name, should therefore have priority, and the species should thus bear the name Cenangium querneum (Schw.) Seymour. No. 120. GLIOCLADIUM PENICILLIOIDES Corda This genus of Plectascineae, which was inadvertently included among the Discomycetes in assembling the sets, is familiar to any one who has dealt with laboratory cultures; often producing its perithecia on dung and other substances. In nature it may be pseudohypogaeous, occurring on buried decaying roots, and in the present instance was found growing away from the light in a pile of old seaweed used for fertilizer. JI am myself responsible for the conclusion that Penicillium insigne Bainier, Licipenicillium msigne Brefeld, and Lilliputia Gaillardu Boud. & Pat. are syno- nyms, and am under the impression that there are still others. No. 121. GoprontA NEMopantTuis (Peck) Sacc. ¢ An erratum in this label is “conidia” for “pycnidia.” There appears to be no previous reference to the association of this species with a Sphaeronema. No. 122. Godronia turbinata (Schw.) Farlow, nov. comb. This is transferred by Dr. Farlow from the genus Tympanis, in which it was originally placed by Schweinitz.* It is a conspicuous and characteristic form on Dierwvilla Lonicera Mill., and has been 2 Sehr. Nat. Ges. Leipsig 1: 124. 1822. seeieans, Am. Phil. Soc. II. 4: 237. .1832. 102 Mycotocia collected at Chocorua, N. H., by Dr. Farlow, and in quantity by myself at Kittery Point, Maine. No. 135, a and b. Pezicula pruinosa Farlow, nov. sp. Cupulis cinnamomeis vel dilute vinaceo-cinnamomeis (Ridgway) sparsis vel seriatim erumpentibus, primum urceolatis vel subtur- binatis, breve stipitatis, basi albopruinosis ; denique expansis disco plano pallidiore, .5-1 mn. lato: ascis 8-sporis, 95-110 x 18-21 p: sporidiis oblique monostichis vel subdistichis, hyalinis, continuis, subellipticis vel subcymbiformibus, inaequilateralibus, utrinque rotundatis, 22-25 x 8-Qp: paraphysibus filiformibus, copiosis, simplicibus vel apice subramosis, I » diam. Sharon and Cambridge, Mass.; Chocorua, N. H., on Ame- lanchier. This is the perfect stage of the well-known and striking Sphaero- nema pruinosum Pk.,* with which it is not uncommonly associated on Amelancluer in the vicinity of Cambridge, although this asso- ciation does not seem to have been previously recorded. No. 144. Scleroderris Cephalanthi (Schw.) Farlow, nov. comb. This species, placed in Peziza by Schweinitz,’ is here transferred for the first time by Dr. Farlow to Scleroderris. No. 159. Aposphaeria brunneotincta Farlow, nov. sp. Peritheciis majoribus, discretis vel subaggregatis, nigris vel nigrobrunneis, sphaericis vel irregularibus, siccatis saepe depressis vel collapsis, superficialibus vel basi insculptis, 250-500 diam., poro irregulari pertusis. Sporidiis minoribus 5-IO x 1.5-2.5p, cylindraceis, suballantoideis vel subfusiformibus, rectis vel cur- vulis, brunnescentibus ; sporophoris brevibus, fasciculatis, ramosis suffultis. | On the inner surface and along the sutures of chestnut burs, Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh., Sharon, Mass. April, 1908. ASE Diripwer: According to Dr. Farlow’s memorandum, this species occurs in the Curtis Herbarium, under Sphaeria, with this specific name. Although Dr. Farlow is responsible for this reference, it is with 4 Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 24: 85. .Jan. 1872. 5 Schr. Nat. Ges. Leipsig 1: 123. 1822. THAXTER: RELIQUIAE FARLOWIANAE 103 regret that I have felt obliged to be concerned in making an addi- tion to so vague and uninteresting a genus. _ No. 164, a and b. CoSTANTINELLA CRISTATA Matruchot As far as I am aware this is the first American record of this species. The Cambridge gathering (164 a) has been determined by myself and appears to correspond in all respects to the figures and description given by Matruchot of the type material, which he also found growing on dead leaves on the ground. Although he regards them as distinct, it seems not improbable that this species is not different from Bonorden’s Verticillium pyramidale, with which it corresponds very closely in appearance, even to the pecu- liar sterile terminations of the main sporophores. The peculiar character on which the genus is based, namely, the crest-like origin of the spores on a curved “basidium,” may well have escaped the notice of Bonorden, whose figures are manifestly diagrammatic. _ It seems to me somewhat doubtful whether No. 164 b, which was regarded by Dr. Farlow as the same, should rightly be referred to this species. It occurs very commonly on rotten logs and on the inner side of moist loose bark. It forms a much thinner growth, without the cottony character of the type, and is a smaller plant. Although it has the same crest-like type of sporulation, it seems to lack the conspicuous and well-differentiated sterile terminations of the main sporophores above alluded to. Though a Costantinella, I should therefore feel some hesitation in regarding the two as belonging to a single species. | No. 460. Calicium Rhois (B. & C.) Farlow, nov. comb. This is the Stsdlbum Rhois B. & C.® of the Curtis Herbarium. Whether the smaller Calicitum Curtisti of Tuckerman should be regarded as distinct, I do not feel competent to judge. No. 542. SPHAGNUM CUSPIDATUM Ehr. var. pr A. LeRoy Andrews informs me that the form distributed is regarded as a distinct species under the name S.. Torreyanum Sulliv. HARVARD UNIVERSITY, CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS. 6 Grevillea 3: 64. 1874. NEW OR NOTEWORTHY RUSTS ON CARDUACEAE* H. S. Jackson In connection with a study of the species of Puccinia occurring on Carduaceae, which the writer has been making while preparing the manuscript of this group for the rust portion (Vol. 7) of the North American Flora, a number of undescribed species have come to light and certain interesting situations encountered. The original plan to include such material in a series of papers dealing with the species on Carduaceae from all parts of the world? has not been abandoned, but owing to the difficulty of obtaining material of all the extra-limital species, and the prospect of early publication of the remaining numbers of the rust portion of the North American Flora, it has seemed best to record the following species and notes at this time. Puccinia clara nom. nov. Puccinia hyalina Jackson, Bot. Gaz. 55: 208. “1016. eNotes hyalina Dietel, 1905. In 1918 the writer used the name Puccinia hyalina for a species on Vernonia scartosa Arn. from Ceylon. The above name is now offered as a substitute, since it has been found that the earlier use of P. hyalina by Dietel (cf. Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 37: 99. 1905) for a Japanese Carex rust had been overlooked. Puccinta TONDUZIANA Speg. Bol. Acad. Nac. Ci. Cordoba 23: 184. = 101@ This species was described from material collected by A. Ton- duz, September, 1896, on an unknown arborescent composite, near San Francisco, Costa Rica. 1 Contribution from the Botanical Department of the Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station. 2Cf. H. S. Jackson, Carduaceous Species of Puccinia—I. Species occur- ring on the tribe Vernonieae. Bot. Gaz. 55: 289-312. 1918. 104 Jackson: NEw RustTs ON CARDUACEAE 105 A specimen of the original collection, received some time ago by Dr. Arthur from Spegazzini, has been carefully studied and it is evident that the species is identical with Puccimia praealta Jack- son & Holway (cf. Jackson, Bot. Gaz. 55: 306. 1918). The latter was described from several collections on Vernonia trifloscu- losa H.B.K. made by E. W. D. Holway in Guatemala and Costa Rica. A comparison of the host of P. Tonduziana with P. prae- alta leaves little doubt that they are the same. Spegazzini, presumably on account of the character of the sorus, mistook the colorless uredospores for aeciospores, and described aecia and telia only for the species. His specimens are consider- ably older than most of the Holway collections and show some sori on the under surface of the leaves, while many of the epiphyllous sori are empty and their deep-seated origin is not as evident. PUCCINIA SUBDECORA Sydow & Holway; Sydow, Ann. Myc. 1: 17. 1903 With this Puccinia, which occurs in the west on Coleosanthus grandiflorus (Hook.) Kuntze, an Aecidium is sometimes associ- ated, and for a time it was thought that it was a long-cycled aut- eu-Puccinia. When the final study of this species was made, how- ever, the writer became convinced that the aecia belonged to a heteroecious rust, on account of the fact that no uredinia developed in certain collections on which the aecia were well past maturity, and because of differences in distribution. Ten aecial collections are in the Arthur herbarium from Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico, while only five uredinial or telial collections have been made in Colorado and Utah. A careful search was therefore made for evidence as to the type of life history of this species. A. O. Garrett made a uredinial collection of this species June 22, 1905, at Mill Creek Canyon, Salt Lake County, Utah. The sori in this collection are confined to the stems of young shoots and occur just below the surface of the ground. A careful study of this collection has revealed the pres- ence of a few pycnia associated with these uredinia, indicating that this species is a brachy-form referable to the genus Bullaria of the Arthurian classification. With reference to this collection Mr. 106 MyYcCOLOGIA Garrett wrote (in litt. Jan. 21, 1919): “I pulled up some of the plants of the Coleosanthus for another purpose and noticed the sori on the stems next the roots and entirely invisible from the surface of the ground.” This observation, together with the find- ing of pycnia on the collection referred to, suggests that the life history of many more species of Puccinia could be determined if collections could be made early in the season as the plants are | coming through the ground. The aecia mentioned above have since been described as Aecid- sum arcularium Arth. (cf. Bull. Torrey Club 47: 478. 1920). ® PuccIniA KUHNIAE Schw. A careful study of the common rust on Kuhnia in comparison with the species on closely related hosts has resulted in the con- viction that Puccimia Brickelliae Pk. and P. Barroetiae Syd. should be considered synonymous with P. Kuhniac. The hosts of the three species are very closely related and there is no essential dif- ference between the rusts. The determination of the life history of this species as a brachy-Puccimia is based entirely on cultures made by Dr. Arthur (or Jour. Myc. 12: 23. 1906 and Mycologia I: 233. 1909), no field collections of pycnia associated with uredinia having been made. The type locality for. this species was recorded by Schweinitz . as Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Since this is a western rust, the most eastern locality of any recent collection being in Indiana, there is some doubt whether the type collection is from Pennsyl- vania as stated. It is possible that Schweinitz made this collection in Indiana, as it is known that at one time he traveled as far west as Hope, Indiana. The synonymy, etc., of the species, according to this interpreta- tion, is as follows: Puccinia KuHNIAE Schw. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. II 4: 296. 1832 Puccinia Brickelliae Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 12: 34. 1885. Dicaeoma Brickelliae Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 3°: 468. 18098. Dicaeoma Kuhniae Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 3°: 469. 1808. Puccinia Barroetiae Sydow, Monog. Ured. 1: 28. 1902. Bullaria Kuhniae Kern, Trans. Am. Microsp. Soc. 32: 65. 1913. Jackson: New Rusts oN CARDUACEAE 107 On CarDUACEAE [EUPATORIEAE] : Barroetia sp., Coleosanthus (Brickellia) sp., Kuhnia sp. TyPE LocaLity: “Bethlehem, Pennsylvania,’ on Kuhmia sp., probably error for Indiana. DIsTRIBUTION : Indiana to Montana and Arizona, south to Texas and southern Mexico. Puccinia redempta sp. nov. O: -Pycnia unknown. II. Uredinia hypophyllous, scattered or sometimes crowded and more or less confluent, roundish or elliptic, 0.5-1 mm. across, tardily naked, pulverulent, chestnut-brown, ruptured epidermis cinereous, conspicuous; urediniospores globoid or ellipsoid, some- what irregular, 23-27 by 26-32»; wall dark cinnamon-brown, I.5- 2 p thick, moderately echinulate, the pores 2, approximately equa- torial. III. Telia hypophyllous, scattered, roundish, 0.5—0.8 mm. across, tardily naked, pulverulent, chocolate-brown, ruptured epidermis cinereous, conspicuous; teliospores ellipsoid, somewhat irregular, 30-35 by 43-58, rounded at both ends, slightly constricted at septum; wall chestnut-brown, 3-4 thick, slightly thickened at apex, 5-7 », concolorous or slightly lighter in color at apex, smooth ; pedicel colorless, flexuous, short, deciduous or equalling the spore, often attached obliquely. On CARDUACEAE [EUPATORIEAE] : Eupatorium atriplicifolium Lam., on bank, Road from town to Highbush, Tortola, West Indies, Feb. 13-17, 1913, N. L. Britton and J. A. Shafer, phan. spec. no. 795 (type). The specimen on which this species is based is fairly ample and was obtained from a specimen in the phanerogamic herbarium at the New York Botanical Garden by the writer in 1917. It belongs to the smooth-spored group of Eupatorium Puccinias and is apparently most closely related to P. pachyspora Diet. and P. Eupatoru Diet., differing from them both in the slightly thick- ened apex and from P. Eupatori in the much broader spores. The urediniospores are not compressed laterally as in P. pachy- spora and P. Kuhniae Schw. | 108 MyYcoLocia PUCCINIA TOLIMENSIS Mayor, Mem. Soc. Neuch. Sci. Nat. 5: 516. 1913 This species of micro-Puccinia was described from a single col- lection made by E. Mayor on Eupatorium sp., near Soledad in the Central Andes, Department of Tolima, Colombia, Oct. 6, 1910 [No. 64]. Three collections were made by E. W. D. Holway in Guatemala, one on Eupatorium pansamalense Robinson (Holway 802) and two on Eupatorium sp. indet. (Holway 22,806). On July 22, 1917, a collection of a short-cycled Puccinia ‘was made by the writer, in company with H. H. Whetzel and E. F. Hopkins, on Eupatorium urticaefolium Reichard, in Bergen swamp, Genessee County, New York. After careful study it has been decided to assign this collection to the above-named species. The distribution, from central New York to Colombia, South America, in isolated localities, suggests that it should be found also in other places. Puccinia Parthenices sp. nov. II. Uredinia not seen; urediniospores in the telia obovate or ellipsoid, 16-23 by 24-26, slightly flattened laterally; wall light cinnamon-brown, 1.5-2.5 » thick, very finely and closely echinu- late, appearing smooth when wet, the pores 2, equatorial. III. Telia hypophyllous, rarely epiphyllous, round, o.4—0.8 mm. across, early naked, compact, pulvinate, blackish-brown, ruptured epidermis not conspicuous; teliospores obovate, oblong or ellipsoid, 20-26 by 32-45 », rounded or obtuse above, rounded below, slightly constricted at septum; wall light chestnut-brown, 1.5-2.5 w thick, apex thickened 7-9 by a broad semi-hyaline umbo, similarly thickened over pore or lower cell at septum, smooth; pedicel color- less, firm, once to thrice length of spore. On CARDUACEAE [HELIANTHEAE| : Parthenice mollis A. Gray, Ft. Lowell, Arizona, Oct. 2A, TOO3; J. J. Thornber 1029, comm. L. N. Goodding (type) ; Babo- quivari ‘Mts.,. Arizona, Oct. 24, 1910, L. N:; Gooddinawag. This species was separated from specimens in the Arthur her- barium tentatively assigned to P. Parthenu Arth. It differs from that species as now interpreted in both urediniospore and telio- spore characters. The urediniospores in P. Parthenit are globoid or ellipsoid, 20-23 by 23-32, with walls 3-3.5 thick, and the teliospores are ellipsoid, 28-32 by 38-48», with walls 4-5 pw thick. Jackson: New Rusts oN CARDUACEAE 109 iagecint’ PARTHENIZ Arth. Bull. Torrey Club 37: 570.1910 This name was based on Uredo Partheni Speg., which was described in 1899 from a uredo on Parthenium Hysterophorus L. Telia were found by Dr. Arthur on two collections on P. argen- tatum A. Gray made by F. E. Lloyd in Mexico. With these col- lections were included one uredinial collection cn P. Hysterophorus from Mexico State (Holway 3228) and one on P. incanum H.B.K. from Texas (Tracy & Earle 324a). A recent study made by the writer has led to the conclusion that two distinct species were probably included. The urediniospores of the collection on P. Hysterophorus are quite different from those on P. argentatum. On the former they are obovate or triangular, 20-24 by 24-28 p, with walls 1.5-2.5 » thick, minutely and sparsely echinulate, the pores 3, one in apex and two subequatorial, while on the latter they are globoid or ellipsoid, 20-23 by 23-32, the walls 3-3.5 » thick, finely and moderately echinulate, the pores 2 Or 3, approximately equatorial. Parthenium Hysterophorus, as noted above, is the type host for Uredo Parthenii Speg. Unfortunately this has not been seen, and it has not been possible to determine with certainty whether or not the uredinial collection made by Holway in Mexico is identical. It seems best, however, to exclude Uredo Parthenii Speg. from Puccinia Parthenii Arth. for the present and to tentatively assign to it the Mexican collection on P. Hysterophorus. The collection made by Lloyd at Mazapil, state of Zacatecas, Mexico, March 27, 1908, on P. argentatum should be taken as the type of Puccinia Parthent Arth. as emended. -PUCCINIA ADDITICIA Jackson & Holway This name was published by Dr. Arthur at our request as a sub- stitute for the name P. Coreopsidis Jackson & Holway, which was based on a Guatemalan collection determined as on Coreopsis mext- cana (DC.) Hemsl. It happened that the name P. Coreopsidis was used by Miss E. Wakefield for an entirely different rust (a muicro- Puccinia) on Coreopsis from Uganda, tropical Africa, four months previously (cf. Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew 1918: 209. Aug. 1918). Recently the writer had occasion to compare P. additicia with a al 4 ? \ SULLTATI BH afore 2 , OH Ih f 4 110 MycoLocia P. Electrae Dietel & Holway and found that the two species are identical. P. Electrae was based on a collection made by E. W. D. Holway in Oaxaca, Mexico, the host for which was determined as Electra Galeottu A. Gray. The genus Electra DC. 1836 (not Electra Noron., or Electra Panz.) is now considered identical with Coreopsis. Furthermore, S. F. Blake (Cont. Gray Herb. N. S. 52:55. 1917) has recently shown that C. mexicana and Electra Galeottis are both synonyms of Coreopsis mutica DC. The following is the correct synonymy, eic., of the species: PuccINIA ELEcTRAE Dietel & Holway ; Holway, Bot. Gaz. 31: 333. IQOI Puccima Coreopsidis Jackson & Holway; Arth. Am. Jour. Bot. 5: 536. Dec. 1918; not P. Coreopsidis Wakefield, Aug. 1918. Puccima additicia Jackson & Holway; Arth. Bull. Torrey Club ASe 332) Oot: On CarDUACEAE [HELIANTHEAE] : Coreopsis mutica DC. (C. mexicana Hemsl., Electra Galeottu A. Gray), Oaxaca and Guatemala. TYPE LOCALITY: Oaxaca, Mexico, on Electra Galeottu. DISTRIBUTION : Southern Mexico and Guatemala. Puccinia turgidipes sp. nov. II. Uredinia not seen; urediniospores in the telia, strongly com- pressed laterally, when viewed with pores in optical section, oblong, 16-18 by 26-29 », when in face view, subcircular, 24-27 by 26- 29; wall dark cinnamon-brown, 2.5-3 thick, moderately and prominently echinulate, the pores 2, opposite and. equatorial. III. Telia amphigenous, scattered, round, small, 0.2-0.5 mm. in diameter, early naked, becoming pulverulent, blackish-brown, rup- tured epidermis not noticeable; teliospores globoid or broadly ellipsoid, 30-32 by 32-38, rounded at both ends, not constricted at septum; wall chestnut-brown, 3-4 thick, thickened at apex to 6 p, as well as over pore of lower cell near septum, smooth; pedicel colorless, once to twice length of spore, with thick walls above, becoming abruptly inflated, 12-24 » from point of attachment. On CARDUACEAE [HELIANTHEAE : Viguiera deltoidea Parishti (Greene) Vasey & Rose, Estrella Mts. near Maricopa, Arizona, Oct. 30, 1919, L. N. Good- ding 438. Jacxson: NEw Rusts oN CARDUACEAE 111 This species is easily distinguished from all other Carduaceous rusts, which we have studied, by the strongly compressed character of the urediniospores and the inflation of the pedicels of the telio- spores when wet. The host was determined by Dr. S. F. Blake. Puccinia triannulata (Berk. & Curt.) comb. nov. Uromyces triannulatus Berk. & Curt.; Berkeley, Grevillea 3: 56. 1874. Puccima nurifica Dietel & Holway; Dietel, Erythea 3: 79. 1895. Cacomusus triannulatus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 3°: 451. 1808. Dicaeoma triannulatum Arth. Résult Sci. Cong. Bot. Vienne 346. 19006. Through the courtesy of Dr. R. Thaxter, I have had the oppor- tunity of examining a fragment of the type of Uromyces triannu-~ latus Berk. & Curt. from the Curtis Herbarium at Harvard Uni- versity. A second fragment was obtained irom the Kew Her- barium by Dr. J. C. Arthur. Both bear the same number, 2270. The specimen from the Curtis Herbarium is labeled as follows: “Uredo triannulata B. & C. on Borrichia frutescens Santee Canal (?) S.C, June 1848. Ravenel 758.” The specimen from Kew is labeled, “ Uromyces triannulatus B. & C. in Borrichia frutescens Car. Inf.” An examination of these specimens leaves no doubt that Uro- myces triannulatus was based on the uredinial stage of the species later described as Puccinia mirifica Dietel & Holway and now known to occur on B. frutescens from South Carolina, Florida, and Texas, and on B. arborescens from Florida, the Bahamas, and Bermuda. . Pycnia occur with the uredinia in several collections, leaving no doubt that this is a true brachy-Puccinia referable to the genus Bullaria in the classification proposed by Dr. Arthur. PUCCINIA BALSAMORRHIZAE Peck When preparing the manuscript of this species for the North American Flora, two points of interest were noted which seem worthy of record at this time. | A comparison of the type with that of P. Wyethiae Peck re- 112) MyYcoLoGIa sulted in the conclusion that there was no essential difference be- tween the two. Balsamorrhiza and Wyethia, the host genera of the two species, are very closely related, and the distribution of P. Balsamorrhizae includes that of P. Wyethiae. The life history of this species has been unknown; no collections of aecia have ever been made to our knowledge on either host. In May, 1919, the writer made a collection of uredinia on young leaves of Balsamorrhiza sp. at The Dalles, Oregon, which, when studied, showed a few pycnia associated with the uredinia, which occurred in elongated groups along the petioles and the midribs of the leaves. The pycnia are few, gregarious, inconspicuous, orange- yellow, flask shaped, 70-100 by 100-130yp, the ostiolar filaments projecting slightly. This indicates that the species is a brachy- Puccinia referable to the genus Bullaria of the classification pro- posed by Dr. Arthur. Following is the full synonymy of this species as interpreted above: ~ Puccrnta BALSAMORRHIZAE Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 11: 49. 1884 Trichobasis Balsamorrhizae Peck, Bot. Gaz. 6: 276. 1881. Uredo Balsamorrhizae DeToni; Saccardo, Syll. Fung. 7: 842. 1882. | Trichobasis Wyethiae Peck, Bot. Gaz. 7: 45. 1882. Puccinia Wyethiae Peck; Harkness, Bull. Cal. Acad. Sci. 2: 442. 1887. Dicaeoma Balsamorrhizae Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 3°: 468. - 1808. On CarDUACEAE [HELIANTHEAE] : | Balsamorrhiza sp., Wyethia sp. Type LocaLity: [Salt Lake City], Utah, on Balsamorrhiza macrophylla. | , DISTRIBUTION: Colorado, Utah, and Montana to British Colum- bia and California. Puccinia vaga sp. nov. II. Uredinia hypophyllous, becoming somewhat amphigenous, scattered, round, small, 0.2-0.4 mm. in diameter, early naked, pul- verulent, cinnamon-brown, ruptured epidermis conspicuous; ure- diniospores globoid or broadly obovoid, 21-24 by 23-26; wall Jackson: NEw Rusts ON CARDUACEAE 113 light cinnamon-brown, thin, I-1.5, moderately and prominently echinulate, the pores 2, opposite and equatorial. III. Telia amphigenous, scattered, round, small, 0.2-0.5 mm. in diameter, early naked, pulvinate, becoming somewhat pulverulent, blackish-brown, ruptured epidermis evident; teliospores broadly or narrowly ellipsoid, 23-26 by 27—48 », rounded at both ends, slightly constricted at septum; wall reddish chocolate-brown, concolorous, medium-thick, 3-4, slightly thicker above, 4-5 »; pedicel color- less, about twice length of spore. On CarDUACEAE [HELIANTHEAE]: Verbesina sp., Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico, Jan. 1908, E. W. D. Holway (type). This species appears to differ sufficiently from other Verbesina rusts to warrant specific rank. It is perhaps most closely related to Puccinia abrupta Dietel and P. Verbesinae Schw. It differs from the former in the less thickened apex of the teliospores and in urediniospore characters. From the latter it differs in the con- colorous teliospore wall and the thin-walled urediniospores. The Verbesina rusts have proven to be a difficult group and fur- ther study based on more ample material will probably result in a realignment of some of the species. The following key will serve to indicate how the North American species have been separated for the North American Flora: Telia only in the life history. Poferor 1. S.-H, Aecia or uredinia or both in life history. Teliospore-wall not over 7 mu thick at apex. Telia early naked. Teliospore-wall lighter at apex, uredinial wall 1.5—2 pw. P. Verbesinae Schw. Teliospore-wall concolorous, uredinial wall I-1.5 MW. P. vaga Jackson Telia long covered by epidermis. P. irregularis Dietel Teliospore-wall more than 7 mu thick above. Teliospores typically rounded below. P. abrupta Dietel Teliospores typically narrowed below. Teliospore-wall laminate. P. invelata Jackson Teliospore-wall not noticeably laminate. P. cognata Sydow CoLEOSPORIUM ARNICALE Arth. and Puccin1a NuDA FIlis & Ev. Coleosporium Arnicale Arth., described in 1907, was based on a single collection made by W. N. Suksdorf in Falcon Valley, Wash- 114 MycoLocia ington, Oct. 30, 1901. The host was originally identified as Arnica foliosa Nutt., but interpreted by Arthur as A. cana Greene. No other collections of a Coleosporium on Arnica have since been received in this laboratory and there has been some doubt as to the validity of the species. A year or two ago the writer, while work- ing in the mycological herbarium of the New York Botanical Gar- den, had occasion to examine the type specimen of Puccinia nuda Ellis & Ev. This was also described as occurring on Arnica foliosa and was collected by Suksdorf (No. 200) in the same locality July 30, 1885. On the herbarium sheet containing the specimen of P. nuda there is a second collection of rust on the same host made at the same place and date (Suksdorf, No. 199). Ellis at the time he studied these specimens evidently supposed that the latter collection bore the aecidium of P. nuda, since the manuscript sheet of the original description in Ellis’s handwriting (pasted on the herbarium sheet with the specimens) included a description of the rust on this collection as an Aectdium. When he published P. nuda, however, Ellis omitted the aecial description or any men- tion of the second collection. An examination of this made re- cently shows that it is unquestionably the uredinia of a Coleo- sporium identical with the type of C. Arnicale Arth. and on the same host. More recently the writer has had occasion to study in detail the type of Puccinia nuda. This species is also known only from the type locality and collection. A few days previously Puccinia Hemizoniae Ellis & Tracy had been studied and the close resem- blance between the two species was at once noted. As a result of this study the conclusion was reached that they are identical, and that the host of P. nuda is probably not Arnica, but a species of Madia, Hemizonia, Hemizonella, or some close relative of these. Puccinia Hemizoniae (including P. Madiae Sydow) occurs on the same group of hosts as Coleosporium Madiae Cooke, and on account of the conclusion just recorded with reference to the Puc- cinia, the possibility that Coleosportum Arnicale was identical with C. Madiae at once suggested itself. 4 A comparison of the two species has resulted in the conviction that the former should be considered a synonym of the latter, and Jackson: NEw Rusts oN CARDUACEAE 115 the host, which is identical with the host for Puccinia nuda, 1s probably also Madia, Hemizonia, Hemizonella, or some close relative. The synonymy, etc., of the two species, according to the inter- pretation above, is as follows: CoLEosporiIuM MaptaE Cooke, Grevillea 7: 107. 1870 Stichospora Madiae Sydow, Ann. Myc. 2: 30. 1904. Coleosporwum Arnicale Arth. N. Am. Flora 7:94. 1907. On CARDUACEAE [HELIANTHEAE| : Anisocarpua, Centromadia, Harpaecarpus, Hemizonia, Ma- daria, Madia, Zonanthemus. TYPE LOCALITY: Sierra Nevada, California, on Madia Nuttalli. DIsTRIBUTION: British Columbia to central California. BU@ECENIA. NUDA Hilis & Evi, Jour..Myc. 3:57. 1887 Puccinia Hemizoniae Ellis & Tracy, Jour. Myc. 7: 43. 1891. Puccinia Lagophyllae Dietel & Holway; Dietel, Erythea 1: 250. 1893. ; | Dicaecoma Hemizoniae Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 3°: 469. 1808. Dicaeoma nudum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 3°: 469. 1808. Puccinia Madiae Sydow, Monog. Ured. 1: 121. 1902. On CARDUACEAE [HELIANTHEAE] : Calycadenia, Hemizonia, Lagophylla, Madaria, Madia. TYPE LOCALITY: Falcon Valley, Washington, on “ Arnica foli- osa”’; error for Madia (?) sp. DisTRIBUTION: Washington to central California; also in South America. Puccinta MeELampoptit Dietel & Holway A group of short-cycled species of Puccimia occurring in sub- tropical regions of North America on a number of Carduaceous hosts of the tribe Heliantheae have proven to be very puzzling. These include especially the following : P. Melampodis Dietel & Holway, on Melampodium divaricatum, from Guatemala and Morelos. P. Synedrellae P. Henn., on Synedrella nodiflora, from the West Indies and Panama; also in South America. 116 MycoLoGIa P. Zinniae Sydow, on Zinnia tenuiflora, from Jalisco. P. Diaziana Arth., on Ximenesia encelioides, from Coahuila. P. Tridacis Arth., on Tridax procumbens, from Cuba. P. Eleutherantherae Diet., on Eleutheranthera ruderalis, from the West Indies and Panama; also in South America. P. Tetranthit Sydow, on Tetranthus hirsutus, from Haiti. It will be noted that each one is known in North America on a single host species, and all are on separate genera. To these should be added unnamed forms on Parthenium Hysterophorus from southern Texas and on Spilanthes oleracea from Martinique. The latter might possibly be properly referred to Puccima Spi- lanthtcola, Mayor. A careful comparison of these forms has failed to reveal any method by which they can be separated on a morphological basis and it has been decided to treat them as one species in the North American Flora. It is possible, indeed quite probable, that they are biologically distinct and may even have had, in part, an inde- pendent origin. It seems reasonable to suppose that collectively or independently they are correlated with one or more cyperaceous rusts occurring in the same region, which have aecia on these or related hosts, but the genetic connection of which has not yet been determined. It should be pointed out that this species is very much like P. Emiliae P. Henn. (see p. 119), which occurs on members of the tribe Senecioneae with a similar distribution. It is also related to Puccinia Silphii Schw., which occurs on Silp/ium sp. in temperate regions, but which has somewhat narrower spores. The synonymy, etc., is as follows: PucciniA MeEtampopit Dietel & Holway; Holway, Bot. Gaz. 24: . 32. 1807 Puccinia ‘solida Berk. & Curt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 10: 356. 1869. ' Not P. solida Schw. 1839. Puccinia Synedrellae Lagerh.; Sydow, Ured. 376, hyponym. 1890. Puccinia Synedrellae P. Henn. Hedwigia 37: 277. 18098. Dicaeoma cubense Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 3°: 466. 1808. Dicaeoma Synedrellae Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 3°: 470. 1898. ceil Jaoxson: NEw Rusts on CAaRDUACEAE bre Pucca Zinniae Sydow, Monog. Ured. 1: 188. 1902. Puccinia Diaziana Arth. Bot. Gaz. 40: 203. 1905. Puccima Tridacis Arth. Bull. Torrey Club 33: 516. 1906. Dasyspora Synedrellae Arth. Result Sci. Congr. Bot. Vienne 347. 19006. Puccima Eleutherantherae Dietel, Ann. Myc. 7: 354. Igog. Puccinia Tetrantht Sydow, Ann. Myc. 17: 33. 1919. Micropuccimia Synedrellae Arth. & Jackson; Arth. Bull. Torrey hibAs 41. 1921. On CARDUACEAE [HELIANTHEAE] : Hosts as above. TYPE LOCALITY: Cuernavaca, Mexico, on Melampodium [d1- varicatum | . DISTRIBUTION : Central Texas to Panama and the West Indies; also in South America. Puccinia solida B. & C. is based on a collection by Charles Wright, 1856-1857, in “ Cuba Orientale” on an unknown com- posite, now interpreted as Eleutheranthera ruderalis. Dicaeoma cubense is based on the same collection. It is very probable that there are other forms in South America and possibly in similar regions in other parts of the world which should be included here. It has, however, been impossible, up to the present time, to bring together all the material which would be needed in making such a comprehensive study, and it should be recognized that the treatment as outlined above is tentative only. Puccinia Flaveriae sp. nov. O. Pycnia unknown, probably not formed. III. Telia amphigenous or caulicolous, gregarious on discolored spots, or extending for considerable distances on stems, round, small, 0.2-0.5 mm. in diameter, tardily naked, chestnut-brown, pul- vinate, the caulicolous sori long covered by the cinereous epidermis. ruptured epidermis of foliicolous sori conspicuous; teliospores irregularly ellipsoid, clavate or cylindric, 15-19 by 32-50yn, often bent to one side, rounded, obtuse or more or less acute above. rounded or narrowed below, not constricted at septum; wall light cinnamon-brown, 1.5-2m thick, much thicker above, 5-10,, smooth; pedicel one half length of spore or shorter, firm, con- colorous with base of spore. 118 MyYcoLoGIa On CARDUACEAE [| HELENIEAE] : Flaveria campestris J. R. Johnston (F. angustifolia A. Gray), Manhattan, Kansas, Sept. 15, 1893, M. A. Carleton (type). The collection on which this species is based has been included with Puccinia Asteris Duby in the Arthur Herbarium, but it does not seem to be that species, and an attempt to assign it elsewhere with any degree of certainty has not been successful. It appears to be a Micropuccima and there are no species on related hosts with which this can be logically placed. It differs from P. Acti- nellae in the irregular lighter-colored spores borne in sori which arise just below the epidermis and remain long covered. It is most nearly. like a collection on Hymenopappus carolinensis (Lam.) Porter, which has been assigned to P. Grindeliae Pk. PucctniA MILLeEFoui Fuckel This species is known from a few collections on Achillea Mille- folium L. from California, Montana, and Oregon, and one on A. lanulosa Nutt. from New Mexico. A careful comparison of this species, using both American and European material, has failed to reveal any morphological basis for separating this from P. conferta Diet. & Holway, which occurs on various. species of Artemisia from North Dakota to northern Texas and westward to Washing- ton and northern California, also in Europe. The hosts are closely related and there seems no good reason for keeping them separate for purposes of the North American Flora. The synonymy is as follows: Puccinia MILveEFotir Fuckel, Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat. 23—24: 55. 1870 Puccinia conferta Dietel & Holway; Dietel, Erythea.1: 250. 1893. Puccinia recondita Dietel & Holway; Dietel, Erythea 2: 128. 1894. Not P. recondita Rob. 1857. Puccinia artemisiicola Sydow, Monog. Ured. 1: 14. 1902. Dasyspora conferta Arth. Résult Sci. Congr. Bot. Vienne 346. 1906. Dasyspora Millefolii Arth. Résult Sci. Congr. Bot. Vienne 347. 1906. Jaoxson: NEw Rusts oN CARDUACEAE 119 Micropuccinia conferta Arth. & Jackson; Arth. Bull. Torrey Club 48:>40.. 1920. Micropuccimia Millefolu Arth. & Jackson; Arth. Bull. Torrey Club AS= Al; 19021. Puccinia EmiiaE P. Henn. Hedwigia 37: 278. 1898 Puccima Emiliae, a typical micro-Puccinia, is based on a collec- tion made by Dr. J. Urban in Jamaica on Emilia sagittata (Vahl) DC. It is also known on E. sonchifolia (L.) DC. and Neurolaena lobata (L.) R. Br., having a distribution from southern Florida, Panama, and the West Indies. In 1907, Rev. J. M. Bates collected at Red Cloud, Nebraska, a short-cycled Puccinia on the cultivated Calendula officinalis L. and Dimor photheca cuneata DC. This rust has since been collected on the former host at Guanabaroa, Cuba, by J. R. Johnston; Urbana, Illinois, by H. W. Anderson, and at New Castle, Indiana, by H. F. Dietz. The last collection was found on plants grown in the green- house, the others being garden collections. The rust had been tentatively assigned to Puccinia recedens Syd. in the Arthur Her- barium and the collection on Dimorphotheca was issued under that _ name in Bartholomew’s North American Uredinales 1863. Recently, while studying the short-cycled Puccinias of this group, the writer found that, while there was some variation in the collections on different hosts, there was no sharp distinction be- tween P. Emiliae and P. recedens. The latter has slightly shorter spores with somewhat thicker walls than the former. Puccinia recedens, however, is a northern rust occurring on Senecio species and having a range extending from southern New York to West Virginia along the Atlantic coast and across the continent to the mountains of Oregon and Alberta. This species is interpreted, on account of the morphology of the teliospores and host relationships, as a correlated species with Puccinia (Dicaeoma) Eriophorii Thiim., which has aecia on Senecio and telia on Erio- phorum with a quite stmilar range in North America. Puccinia Emiliae, on the other hand, is apparently native of sub- tropical regions. For these reasons it has been decided to keep the two species separate and to assign to P. Emuliae the collections 120 MycoLoGiIa noted above on the cultivated hosts Calendula and Dimorphotheca. It is suggested that P. Emiliae is probably correlated with some species of subtropical cyperaceous Puccinia (several of which have been described), the aecial connection for which is as yet unknown. The collections on Dimorphotheca and Calendula add another rust to the increasing list of diseases of floricultural crops, which may, under certain conditions, become of considerable economic importance. Since these hosts are annuals, propagated by seed only, it is not anticipated that the rust will prove as destructive as those occurring on hosts propagated by cuttings. Uredo abdita sp. nov. II. Uredinia obscured by dense tomentum of host, apparently amphigenous, round or oval, large, 0.5-1.5 mm. in diameter, early naked, very pulverulent, chestnut-brown, ruptured epidermis not conspicuous; urediniospores usually considerably flattened laterally, with pores in face view globoid or broadly ellipsoid, 26-29 by 26-32 pw, with pores in optical section oblong or narrowly ellipsoid, 20-24 by 26-32; wall chestnut-brown, thick, 2.5—3 », moderately but very finely echinulate, appearing smooth when wet, the pores 2, superequatorial. On CARDUACEAE [SENECIONEAE : Senecio Cimeraria DC. (cultivated), Catalina Island, Cali- fornia, Aug. 1912, E. Bethel (type). - This species differs in pore characters and markings of the urediniospores from other Senecio rusts which we have been able to obtain for examination. PuRDUE UNIVERSITY, LAFAYETTE, INDIANA, DARK-SPORED AGARICS—II GOMPHIDIUS AND STROPHARIA WiLLt1aAM A. MurRILL The first article of this series, published in Mycotocra for March, 1922, dealt with the species of Drosophila, Hypholoma, and Pilosace occurring in the temperate regions of eastern North America. I shall take up now two genera having an annulus, in addition to a fleshy stipe; and these may easily be distinguished by the following key: Lamellae decurrent, waxy; veil glutinous; spores black. Gomphidius Lamellae adnate or adnexed; veil membranous; spores purplish-brown. Stropharia - Gompuivis Fries, Gen. Hymen. 8. 1836 This genus is distinguished by its glutinous veil; decurrent, waxy lamellae; and black, elongate spores. There are very few species and these occur mostly in temperate regions. The single tropical species, G. jamaicensis, is known only from Cinchona, Jamaica, at an altitude of 1,500 meters. G. vinicolor occurs in California; G. oregonensis is abundant on the Pacific coast; and G. tomentosus is rare; the last two species being known only from the coastal region. Pileus reddish-brown, not blackening; context yellow: stipe . yellowish-brown. 1. G. viscidus Pileus purplish-brown or yellowish-brown, often black- spotted, but not blackening entirely; context white; stipe whitish. 2. G. glutinosus Pileus pale-brownish-red, becoming entirely black on dry- ing; stipe white, becoming black. 3. G. nigricans Pileus dark-red, becoming blackish on drying; stipe vinous- red. 4. G vinicolor Pileus dull-brownish-pink, becoming black-spotted; stipe yellowish-brown. 5. G maculatus Pileus dingy-pink; stipe pale-yellow. 6. G. flavipes Pileus whitish, sometimes tinged with red, becoming black- ish at times; stipe whitish. 7. G. furcatus 121 1 Lays MYcoLoGIA I. GOMPHIDIUS viscibUsS (L.) Fries, Epicr. Myc. 319. 1838 Agaricus viscidus Wy. Sp. Pl: 1173) 8175 2. Paxillus pubescens Ellis, Bull. Torrey Club 6: 76. 1876. Pileus fleshy, convex, umbonate, 3-8 cm. broad; surface smooth, viscid, reddish-brown, not blackening; context compact, yellow; lamellae much branched, long decurrent, especially with age, rather broad, subcrowded, reddish-brown, sometimes slightly blackened in old specimens; spores subcylindric to subfusiform, smooth, trans- lucent, uniguttulate, brownish, 16-23 x 5-8 ; stipe cylindric or tapering below, pale-brown with abundant yellowish-brown to- mentum when young, rhubarb-colored within, solid, 4-5 cm. long, 4-10 mm. thick; veil not evident. ‘TYPE LOCALITY : Sweden. Hasitat: On the ground in pine woods. DIstTRIBUTION: Eastern United States, New York to Alabama; also in Europe. ILLUSTRATIONS: Hussey, Ill: Brit. Myce. 2; pla) ean ail, Fung. 2: f. 656; Richon & -Roze, Atl. Champ 9p) 2370) 7-10) Schaeff. Fung. Bavar. pl. 55; Sow. Engl. Fungi pl. 105. 2. GOMPHIDIUS GLUTINOSUS (Schaeff.) Fries, Gen. Hymen. 8. 1836 : Agaricus glutinosus Schaeff. Fung. Bavar. Ind. Lae gee Pileus fleshy, obtuse, 5-14 cm. broad; surface purplish-brown, often with black spots, sometimes yellowish-brown, never entirely blackening, glutinous; context white, soft, watery, with no dis- tinctive odor; lamellae decurrent, forking, entire, easily separating, short, white to cinereous, sometimes dark-brown but not blacken- ing, subcrowded, broad; spores dark-brown, smooth, fusiform, translucent, 17-23 x 4-6; cystidia cylindric; stipe cylindric or larger below, viscid, whitish, due to the dense coat of appressed fibrils, 4-9 cm. long, 8-15 mm. thick; veil heavy, glutinous, Meee an evident annulus. TYPE LOCALITY: Bavaria. Hasitat: On the ground in coniferous woods. | DisTRIBUTION: Northeastern North America; also in Europe. ILLUSTRATIONS: Richon & Roze, Atl. Champ. pl. 23, f. 11-14; Ricken, Blatterp. Deutschl. p/. 3, f. 1; Schaeff. Fung. Bavar. pl. 306; Sow. Engl. Fungi pl. 7. Murrie : Dee CeonED AGARICS 123 3. GOMPHIDIUS NIGRICANS Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 48: TTOn 1807 Pileus convex or nearly plane, 2.5-5 cm. broad; surface pale- brownish-red, covered with a tough gluten which becomes black in drying; context firm, whitish; lamellae distant, decurrent, some of them forked, white, becoming smoky-brown, black in the dried plant ; spores oblong-fusoid, 15-25 x 6-7.5 »; stipe subequal, longer than the diameter of the pileus, glutinous, solid, at first whitish, especially at the top, soon blackish by the drying of the gluten, whitish within, slightly tinged with red toward the base, 3.5-6 cm. long, 4-8 mm. thick. TYPE LOCALITY: Westport, New York. Hapitat: Under pine trees. DIsTRIBUTION : New England to Tennessee; also in Europe. InLustraTion : Atk. Stud. Am. Fungi f. 50, 51. Good specimens are at Albany, attached to a herbarium sheet. According to Peck, the entire plant is black when dry because of a blackening gluten which covers it. 4. GOMPHIDIUS VINICOLOR Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 51: . 201,,-. 1808 Pileus thick, fleshy, convex or nearly plane, 2.5-6 cm. broad; surface viscid, dark-red, becoming blackish on drying; lamellae distant, decurrent, olive-brown or blackish when mature; spores oblong-fusiform, smooth, smoky-brown to black, 12-14 x 3.5-4y; stipe subequal, glabrous, solid, vinous-red, paler within, 3-6 cm. long, 4-8 mm. thick. TypE LOCALITY : Lake Mohonk, New York. HapitaT: On the ground in coniferous or mixed woods. DisTRIBUTION: Eastern United States, New York to Alabama; also in California. Good type specimens are to be seen on a sheet at Albany. The California plants are larger and have spores measuring about 17.5 5m. Kauffman refers a small Michigan plant to this species as a variety and says that it may be necessary to separate it specifically because of its smaller size and smaller spores. 124 MycoLocia 5. GOMPHIDIUS MACULATUS (Scop.) Fries, Epicr. Myc. 319. 1838 Agaricus maculatus Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2, 2: 448. 1772. Pileus solitary to subcespitose, fleshy, convex, 4-8 cm. broad; surface viscid, dull-brownish-pink, becoming black-spotted; con- text thick, white; lamellae short-decurrent, thick, branched, of medium width, distant, at first whitish, then blackening; spores narrowly ellipsoid, smooth, pale-brown under the microscope, 18- 23 x 8p; stipe short, firm, equal, pale-brown, often blackening above, covered with a yellowish-brown tomentum, especially toward the base, yellowish-red within, 4-5 cm. long, 6-8 mm. thick; veil not evident. TYPE LOCALITY: Carniola. | Hasitat: Among moss or debris in moist woods, especially under larch trees. : DISTRIBUTION: New York and Michigan; also in Europe. ILLUSTRATION: Kauffm. Agar. Mich. pl. 23. Specimens collected by Bresadola and myself in the Tyrol were described by me while fresh as follows: “Pileus viscid, smooth, glabrous, rosy-isabelline, spotted with black and becoming darker ; lamellae rosy-isabelline when fresh, becoming smoky, distant, venose-connected, adnate or slightly decurrent; stipe lemon-yellow at the apex and pale-lemon-yellow at the base, smooth, glabrous, equal, concolorous, blackening like the pileus. A totally different plant from G. viscidus.” G. stillatus Strass., mentioned by Peck in Report 27 as occurring in the Adirondacks, should probably be referred to this species. According to Kauffman, G. gracilis Berk. & Br. is also probably not distinct. 6. GOMPHIDIUS FLAVIPES Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 54: , 153. -190r Pileus convex or nearly plane, 2-2.5 cm. broad; surface viscid, . minutely tomentose in the center, slightly fibrillose on the margin, dingy-pink; context white; lamellae arcuate-decurrent, distant, whitish; spores oblong-fusiform, 22-30 x 6-8,; stipe equal or somewhat narrowed below and pointed at the base, solid, slightly fibrillose, whitish at the apex, elsewhere pale-yellow both externally and internally, 4-6 cm. long, 6-8 mm. thick. MurriLL: DARK-SPORED AGARICS 125 TYPE LOCALITY: Westport, New York. HasitaT: In mixed woods. DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the type locality. MerusTRATION: Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 54: pl. 1, f. I-4. Specimens at Albany are small, black, and very unsatisfactory for comparison. According to Kauffman, this species may be a form of G. maculatus. 7, GOMPHIDIUS FURCATUS Peck, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 5: 649. 1899 Pileus fleshy, convex or nearly plane, rarely somewhat umbonate, 2.5-5 cm. broad; surface glabrous, viscid, whitish, sometimes tinged with red, occasionally with blackish stains when old or be- coming blackish when bruised; context white; lamellae thick, dis- tant, decurrent, many of them forked, whitish, becoming sooty- brown; spores oblong or subfusiform, 15-20 x 6-8; stipe longer than the diameter of the pileus, rather slender, curved or flexuous, firm, solid, whitish, 3.5—7.5 cm. long, 3-6 mm. thick. TYPE LOCALITY: Kasoag, New York. Hasitrat: Under or near tamarack trees in swamps. DisTRIBUTION: New York. Well represented at Albany by several good typical specimens on a sheet. STROPHARIA (Fries) Quel., Champ. Jura. Vosg. 110. 1872 Agaricus § Stropharia Fries, Monog. Hymen. Suec. 1: 409. 1857. Geophila Quel. Ench. Fung. 111. 1886. This rather large genus is distinguished by a fleshy stipe, adnate or adnexed lamellae, and the presence of an annulus, which last is somewhat uncertain at times because of its evanescent character. Several of the species grow on manure or manured ground and are . widely distributed. The tropical species of this genus were treated in Mycotoera for March, 1918, and the western species in Myco- Locia for November, 1912. Pileus viscid or subviscid, glabrous, or slightly squamulose in two species. Pileus ornamented with scattered, floccose scales. Surface of pileus yellowish. 1. S. distans Surface of ileus greenish. 2. S. acuminata 126 MyYcoLoGIA Pileus glabrous, usually some shade of yellow. Pileus 1-5 cm. broad. Pileus decidedly umbonate. 3. S. umbonatescens Pileus pallid, pale-tan on the disk. 4. S. anellariformis Pileus not as above. Stipe.rather short and thick. Stipe 6-7 mm. thick. 5. S. melanosperma Stipe 3-5 mm. thick. 6. S. coronilla Stipe rather long and slender. , Stipe dry. 7, S. Siccipes Stipe viscid. Pileus remaining hemi- spheric. 8. S. semiglobata Pileus more or less expand- ing. g. S. adnata Pileus 4-15 cm. broad. Stipe nearly glabrous. 10. S. caesiospora Stipe conspicuously revolute-scaly. 11. S. depilata Pileus not viscid, glabrous, never squamulose. Surface of pileus whitish or yellowish. Parasitic on Coprinus. 12. S. epimyces — Not parasitic in habit. Pileus 5-8 cm. broad. . 13. S. campestris Pileus 2-5 cm. broad. Lamellae bluish-brown. 14. S. caesifolia Lamellae purplish-brown. 15. S. bilamellata Surface of pileus some shade of brown. Pileus 1-4 cm. broad. Pileus brown, very thin. 16, S. tenuis Pileus subcinnamon-colored, fading to ochraceous. 17. S. merdaria Pileus rich-reddish-brown. _ 18. S. subbadia Pileus 5-15 cm. broad. | ; Lamellae whitish when young. 19. S. rugoso-annulata Lamellae violet when young. 20. S. elegans 1. STROPHARIA DISTANS (Pers.) Morgan, Jour. Myc. 14: 75. 1908 Agaricus distans Pers. Neues Mag. Bot. 1: 103. 1794. Agaricus squamosus Pers. Syn. Fung. 409. 1801; not A. squa- mosus Schaeff. 1774. en Agaricus subcernuus Schum. Enum. PI. Saell. 2: 255. 1803. Stropharia squamosa Quel. Champ. Jura Vosg. 337. 1872. Pileus fleshy, thin, convex to plane, 3-7 cm. broad; surface sub- viscid to dry, with concentric, superficial, floccose scales, avella- MurriILL: DARK-SPORED AGARICS 27 neous-isabelline, ochraceous on the umbo; lamellae adnate or sin- uate, crowded, fuliginous at maturity, white on the edges; spores oblong-ellipsoid, pale-umbrinous under the microscope, opaque, 10— 14 x 6-74; stipe slender, tough, stuffed or hollow, yellowish or ferruginous, squamose-villose below the annulus, 6-12 cm. long, 4—6 mm. thick; annulus ample, persistent, distant. TYPE LOCALITY: Europe. HasitaT: On the ground or humus in woods, fields, and gar- dens. . DisTRIBUTION: Northeastern United States, south to North Carolina, and west to Minnesota; also in Europe. ILLUSTRATIONS: Berk. Outl. Brit. Fungol. pl. ro, f. 6; Cooke, Brit. Fungi pl. 553 (560); Lucand, Champ. Fr. pl. 190; Ricken, ®latterp. Deutschl.: pl. 63, f. 1. I have specimens from Romell and Bresadola and made a col- lection in Kew Gardens of a number of plants growing on a mix- ture of humus and manure. Peck’s specimens at Albany collected by him in the Catskills agree with mine from Europe. In his 44th Report, Peck mentioned specimens collected near Salamanca that were colored a beautiful orange-red, which he con- sidered a variety of Stropharia squamosa and “apparently equiva- lent to Agaricus thraustus var. aurantiacus of Cook’s Illustra- tions.” There are also at Albany specimens collected in Indiana by J. M. Van Hook (No. 2558) with the following notes: “ Pileus 6 cm. broad, orange-rufous (Ridgway), dotted with few scattered, light-yellow scales, flesh white, slightly reddish immediately beneath. cuticle, not viscid (at least when dry), fleshy, flesh thin near margin, thick at center, slightly umbonate. Gills becoming dark-seal-brown. Spores purple-brown, 5-7 X 12-14m. Stipe equal, reaching 11 cm. long, somewhat tapering at base, above ring white and finely scaly upward, below ring darker colored with scales color of pileus. Ring complete. Stipe stuffed.” I have good specimens of the same variety collected at Kittan- ning, Pennsylvania, by Mr. Sumstine, and at Shingletown Gap, Pennsylvania, by Dr. Overholts (No. 3446). Accompanying the latter are the following notes: “Pileus 4-8 cm. broad, convex then plane, ‘zinc-orange’ or ‘ orange-cin- namon’ (Ridgway), sometimes radiate-rugose at the center and slightly um- bonate, with 2 or 3 concentric rows of white appressed separable scales near the margin, these later disappearing, dry; margin at first appendiculate with 128 MyYcoLoGIa veil fragments; flesh whitish or somewhat concolorous, taste mild; gills medium-close or slightly distant, spotted, at first gray-slate color, later gray- black, squarely adnate or with a slight decurrent tooth, 4-8 mm. broad; stem long and slender, light-brown, pruinose above the annulus, with conspicuous white scales below, equal or slightly enlarged below, hollow, 8-15 cm. long, 3-6 mm. thick; annulus well developed, supetior, becoming black above from the spores.” 2. Stropharia acuminata (Scop.) comb. nov. Agaricus acuminatus Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2, 2: 447. 1772. Agaricus viridulus Schaeff. Fung. Bavar. Ind. r. W774: Agaricus aeruginosus Curt. Fl. Lond. 70. 1788. Stropharia aeruginosa Quél. Champ. Jura Vosg. 110. 1872. Pileus gregarious or subcespitose, fleshy, convex to plane, sub- umbonate, 5-10 cm. broad; surface verdigris-green, then yellowish, covered with mucus, with separable viscid pellicle, sometimes ° dotted with scattered white scales, especially on the margin; con- text soft, whitish or tinged with blue; lamellae adnate or sinuate, rather broad, crowded, pallid to grayish, at length purplish-brown, whitish-flocculose on the edges; spores ovoid or ellipsoid, smooth, subhyaline with a faint yellowish-brown tint under the microscope, 7-10 X 4-5; stipe equal, hollow, viscid, scaly below the annulus, bluish, 5-8 cm. long, 5-12 mm. thick; annulus distant, rather evanescent. | TYPE LOCALITY: Carniola. Hasirat: On the ground among leaves or in woods; also in fields in moist regions of Europe. DistTRIBUTION: Rare from New England to South Carolina and west to California; abundant in Europe. ) ILLUSTRATIONS: Bull. Herb. Fr. fl. 530, 4. 27 @eoke mae Fungi pl. 557 (555); Curt. Fl. Lond. pl. 309; Gill Champs pl. 132.(650) ; Hussey, Ill.. Brit. Mye..1: fl. 35, Bat Tabs iene: f. 231; Schaeff. Fung. Bavar. p!. 1; Sow. Engl:Pungm pe 2o4; Trans) Wase. Acads. Scr) 17.: epi. 64: This very attractive species is rare in the United States, but I have found it abundant in Sweden, England, and other parts of Europe. 3. STROPHARIA UMBONATESCENS (Peck) Sacc. Syll. Fung. 5: TOZT.. 7 Agaricus umbonatescens Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 30: ALS LST Ou. MurRILL: DARK-SPORED AGARICS 129 Pileus at first conic, subacute, then expanded and umbonate, gregarious, I-2.5 cm. broad; surface smooth, glabrous, viscid, yel- low, the umbo inclining to reddish; context thin, pallid, with a fetid odor; lamellae adnate to slightly decurrent, crowded, plane, broad, at length ventricose, whitish or gray to blackish-brown, with a slight olivaceous tint; spores ellipsoid, smooth, purplish-brown under the microscope, 15-19 x 10p; stipe equal, slender, stuffed to hollow, pallid with a yellowish tint, 5-10 cm. long; annulus scanty, fugacious. TYPE LOCALITY: Schenevus, New York. HaBiTAT: On manure in pastures. DIsTRIBUTION: Massachusetts, New York, and Michigan ; prob- ably also in Europe. ILLUSTRATIONS: Kauffm. Agar. Mich. pl. 51, f. 1; Trans. Wisc. peerd. Sci, 17: pl. 65, 7..B. Compare Kalchb. Ic. Hymen. Hung. Wie tO, f. 2. The real type of this species was collected at Schenevus. Cer- tain other specimens so named at Albany are distinct. Sterling’s specimens are wrongly named; Morris’s, from Massachusetts, are correct. Kauffman says it is not infrequent in Michigan, having large spores and a rather fetid odor, and being near to S. paradoxa P. Henn. in shape. Harper suggests that it may be Stropharia mammellata Kalchb., a species published in 1874. I have speci- mens of this from Bresadola and they certainly look like our plant. Manure-inhabiting fungi have a way of getting about and turning up almost anywhere. 4. Stropharia anellariformis sp. nov. Pileus thick, convex, obtuse, 2 cm. broad; surface viscid, smooth, not striate, pallid, pale-tan on the disk; lamellae decurrent, sub- distant, broad, pale-tan to fuscous, with a purplish tint; spores broadly ellipsoid or ovoid, slightly apiculate, dark-purplish-brown under the microscope, 9-10 x 7-8»; stipe subcylindric, larger to- ward the apex, atomaceous above, fibrillose below, dry, solid, con- colorous, 4—5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick; annulus persistent, distant I cm. from the pileus. TYPE LOCALITY: New Orleans, Louisiana. HABITAT: On manure. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality. 130 7 MyYCOLOGIA Type collected by F. S. Earle (43) on September 4, 1908. The species suggests Anellaria fimiputris and the spores resemble those of Anellaria and Campanularius in form but are lighter in color, staining the lamellae purplish-brown rather than black. 5. STROPHARIA MELANOSPERMA (Bull.) P. Karst.-Bidr. Finl. Nat. Rolk 322/489. 1870 Agaricus melas permus Fries, Epicr. Myc..219. 1838. Pileus fleshy, soft, convex to plane, obtuse, 3.5-4.5 cm. broad; surface smooth, glabrous, slightly viscid, often areolate, white, — straw-colored on the disk; lamellae slightly adnexed, crowded, ventricose, pallid to cinereous, then violet-black ; spores ovoid, fus- cous, 10 x 6; stipe equal, glabrous, hollow, white, 4-6 cm. long, 6-7 mm. thick; annulus membranous, white. TYPE LOCALITY: Europe. HasitTaT: On manure or manured ground in the open or par- tially shaded. DIstTRiBUTION,: New England, New York, Texas, Costa Rica, etc.; also in Europe. . | ILLUSTRATIONS: Bres. Fungi Trid. pl. 61; Cooke, Brit. Fungi pl. 536 (559); Pat. Tab. Fung. f. 555; Schaeff. Fung. Bavar. pl. 51; Quél. Champ. Jura Vosg. pl. 24, f. 3; Bull Champa. 540) fe T, 7 Specimens so named are at Albany, collected by Burnham on lawns in Albany in August, 1905. Similar plants were found by me at Lake Placid, growing scattered under a white pine tree in the open, and I described them as follows: “ Pileus semiglobose, 5 cm. broad; surface smooth, glabrous, dry when found, pure- white, becoming slightly yellow in spots on drying; context white, firm, eaten by snails; lamellae sinuate-adnate, crowded, plane, 3-4 times inserted, pure-white at first, notched on the edges; stipe equal, dry, apparently solid, fibrillose-scaly, finely frosted above the tiny, apical ring-trace, 7 cm. long, 7 mm. thick; veil slight, white, eva- nescent.” Specimens from Bresadola resemble S. bilamellata in general shape and have dark-colored lamellae with spores that.are broadly ellipsoid, smooth, umbrinous under the microscope, reminding one of Panaeolus in shape, slightly apiculate, about 10-12 x 7-8u. MurrILtL: DARK-SPORED AGARICS 131 Bulliard’s figures show the gills of young plants to be nearly white, becoming practically black when colored by the matured spores. He did not describe the species and I do not find it in DeCandolle’s treatment of Bulliard’s plants. Fries, according to Bresadola, con- fused it with Bulliard’s A. coronilla. The original spelling was A. melanospermus, although practically every author using the name since Bulliard’s time has abbreviated it to A. melaspermus. A. bulbularis Batsch has been called a synonym, but his figure is quite different from Bulliard’s and shows no annulus at all. 6. STROPHARIA CORONILLA (DC.) Quel. Champ. Jura Vosg. 237. 1872 Agaricus coronilla DC. Fl. Fr. 2: 202. 1805. Pileus hemispheric to convex, at length expanded, 2—4 cm. broad ; surface glabrous, slightly viscid, smooth, whitish or ochraceous, even and whitish-floccose or appendiculate on the margin; context white, firm, with a slight, unpleasant odor; lamellae adnate or sin- uate, rather broad, crowded, pallid to dark-violet and at length purplish-black, the edges whitish-fimbriate; spores ellipsoid or ovoid, smooth, violet-purple under the microscope, 8-12 x 4-6; stipe equal or slightly tapering upward, dry, smooth, white or slightly yellowish, solid to hollow, flocculose above the annulus, fibrillose below, becoming shining, 3-4 cm. long, 3-5 mm. thick; -annulus distant, striate above, white, persistent. Wyre LOCALITY: France. HapitaT: On the ground in pastures, gardens, or woods. DisTRIBUTION: Infrequent in the northeastern United States westward to Wisconsin and Kansas; also in Europe. ILLUSTRATIONS: Bull. Herb. Fr. pl. 597, f. 1; Cooke, Brit. Fungi pl. 535 (558) ; Pat. Tab. Fung. f. 232; Ricken, Blatterp. Deutschl. eos,.7. 5, Llrans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. 17: pl. 65, f. A. ExsiccaTi: Ellis & Ev. N. Am. Fungi 3511. Peck thought his S. bilamellata might be this species. Accord- ing to Kauffman, S. melanosperma is not very different; and Saccardo and Ricken say that S. obdurata is the same. Specimens collected by Bartholomew in Kansas appear to agree with authentic material from Bresadola and with specimens collected by me in Europe. : 132 MyYcoLoGIa 7. STROPHARIA SICCIPES P. Karst. Medd. Soc. Faun. Fl. Fenn. 9: 46. 1882 Pileus subfleshy, hemispheric to expanded, cbtuse, orbicular, 2-3 cm. broad; surface glabrous, viscid, clay-white, yellowish on dry- ing, even or pellucid-striate on the margin; lamellae adnate-sub- decurrent, clay-colored to fuscous; spores ellipsoid, pellucid-brown, I2-I5 x 7-Qyp; stipe flexuous or strict, subfibrillose, flocculose above the annulus, dry, stuffed or hollow, pallid, 4-7 cm. long, 2 mm. thick; annulus incomplete, dry, distant, subfloccose or pruinose. TYPE LOCALITY: Finland. HABITAT: On manure or manured ground. DistrIBUTION : Northeastern United States westward to Minne- sota; also in Europe. | ILLUSTRATIONS: Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. 17: pl. 66, f. D, E, & Te UOMpl los ee Peck described a variety of this species as S. sicctpes radicata in Mus. Bull. 67: 37. 1903, based on long-radicate specimens col- lected by Earle in June in the New York Botanical Garden. Har- per described and figured both the species and the radicate variety. Karsten considered it a form of Stropharia semiglobata. 8. STROPHARIA SEMIGLOBATA (Batsch.) Quél. Champ. Jura Vosg. LIZ oz Agaricus semiglobatus Batsch, Elench. Fung. Contin. I: 141. 1786. Pileus fleshy, subglobose to hemispheric, not expanding, gre- garious to subcespitose, 1-4 cm. broad; surface light-yellow, smooth, glabrous, very viscid when moist; context pallid, soft; lamellae adnate, very broad, white or olive-gray, soon clouded with the ripening spores; spores ellipsoid, smooth, purplish-brown, 12- 18 x 7-10 p; cystidia on edges of lamellae 30-45 x 3-4; stipe slender, cylindric, light-yellow, smooth, viscid, 6-9 cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick; veil glutinous when moist, leaving an incomplete, supe- flor ring. TYPE LOCALITY: Germany. HasBiTaT: On manure or manured ground in fields or open woods. | DisTRIBUTION: Throughout temperate North America and Eu- rope, and at high elevations in the tropics. MurrILL: DARK-SPORED AGARICS 153 ILLustTRATIONS: Atk. Stud. Am. Fungi f. 30; Batsch, Elench. Bune: 770; Bull_U. S. Dept. Agr. 175: pl. 25, f. 2; Cooke; Brit. Fungi pl. 539 (567); Curt. Fl. Lond. pl. 194 (as A. glutinosus) ; Pleat. ivtushr. ~. 200; Hussey, Ill. Brit. Myc. 1: pl. 30, f. 2; Bigcologia 4: pl. 50, f. 3; Palmer, Mushr. Am. $l. 12, f: 3, 4; Pat. Tab. Fung. f. 234; Ricken, Blatterp. Deutschl. pl. 63, f. 2; Sow. Engl. Fungi pl. 248; Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. 18: pl. 18, f. A-H. A very common and easily recognized species. The spores vary considerably in size. Harper says there is a sterile form which differs only in having the gills white, unchanging, because there are no spores to blacken them. He gives an illustration of it. g. Stropharia adnata (Huds.) comb. nov. Agaricus adnatus Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, 619. 1778. Agaricus stercorarius Schum. Enum. Pl. Saell. 2: 286. 1803; not A. stercorarius Bull. 1781. Stropharia stercoraria Quél. Champ. Jura Vosg. 112. 1872. Hypholoma pecosense Cockerell, Jour. Myc. 10: 108. 1904. Pileus solitary or gregarious, hemispheric to expanded, 2-5 cm. broad; surface smooth, glabrous, viscid, often cracking on drying, whitish or some shade of light-yellow, margin even; context soft, white or yellowish, slightly bitter; lamellae adnate with decurrent tooth, very broad, crowded, white to brownish or greenish-black, whitish-flocculose on the edges; spores smooth, elongate-ellipsoid, violet-purple under the microscope, blackish-brown in mass, 16- 20 x 10-12; stipe elongate, equal or enlarged at the base, stuffed to hollow, subviscid, flocculose-scaly below the annulus, pruinose above, 8 cm. or more long; annulus distant, slight, evanescent. TYPE LOCALITY: England. HasiTaT: On manure. DISTRIBUTION : Temperate regions of North America; also in Europe. ILLUSTRATIONS: Cooke, Brit. Fungi pl. 538 (566); Trans. Wisc. mead, Sci. 17: pl. 67. Similar to S. semiglobata in habit and appearance, but gills be- coming brownish-black or greenish-black instead of cloudy-black, and spores usually lighter in color, appearing olivaceous under a microscope. The cap is also not so persistently hemispheric as in pes MyYcoLoGiIa S. semiglobata. The two species approach each other very closely at times. 3 10. STROPHARIA CAESIOSPORA Kauffm. Mycologia 9: 166. 1917 Pileus convex, obtuse, firm or slightly elastic, gregarious, 4-9 cm. broad; surface chamois to honey-yellow (Ridg.), subviscid, even; margin somewhat crenate-lobed ; context white, rather thick and compact, thin on the margin; lamellae crowded, narrow, ad- nexed-emarginate, at length rounded behind, heterophyllous, drab to hair-brown or ashy-gray; spores minute, ovoid, smooth, with a purplish-cinereous tint under the microscope, ashy in mass with a tint of purple, 5-6 x 3-4; stipe equal or slightly bulbous at the base, whitish, slightly lacerate above the annulus, stuffed to solid, fibrillose-glabrescent, 4-9 cm. long, 6-12 mm. thick; annulus per- sistent, membranous, flocculose below, striate-ridged above, becom- ing gray from the spores. ; TypE LocALity: Elkmont, Tennessee. HapitatT: On the ground among debris in chestnut and conifer mixed woods. DiIsTRIBUTION : Found several times in the vicinity of Elkmont. II. STROPHARIA DEPILATA (Pers.) Sacc. Syll. Fung. 5: 1012. 1887 Agaricus depilatus Pers. Syn. Fung. 408. 1801. ? Stropharia Hardu Atk. Jour. Myc. 12: 194.- 1906. Pileus solitary or gregarious, convex to plane, obtuse, 4-15 cm. broad; surface glabrous, viscid, livid-yellow to cinnamon; margin even, often appendiculate; context firm, whitish, with somewhat disagreeable taste and no odor; lamellae rather crowded, adnate- decurrent, broad, white to purplish-black ; spores ellipsoid, smooth, dark-gray with a purplish tint under the microscope, 9-14 x 5-8»; stipe equal, solid to hollow, revolute-scaly below the annulus, floc- cose-scaly above, white to pale-yellow, 6-20 cm. long, I-1.5 cm. thick ; annulus distant, ample, scaly, white, persistent. TYPE LOCALITY: Europe. HasiTaT: On much-decayed wood or humus in woods. DISTRIBUTION : Northeastern. United States westward to Michi- gan; also in Europe. ILLUSTRATION: Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. 17: pl. 62, 63. MurrILL: DARK-SPoRED AGARICS 135 Specimens from Bresadola and Romell are in the Garden her- barium. Plants collected by me late in August on humus under a pine log in Maine, where I obtained several collections, had a “pale, dull-yellow cap, which was viscid when fresh; white, ap- pendiculate margin; stipe and edges of gills pure-white.” I also found it twice in deep, rich woods in the Adirondacks. Peck’s specimens were at first referred to Agaricus Hornemanni, which was Fries’s name for this species before he adopted that of Persoon. Stropharia Hardu, according to Harper, is probably this species, although the spores are described as smaller. I have not seen the types. 12. STROPHARIA EPIMYCES (Peck) Atk. Plant World 10: 128. 1907 Panaeolus epimyces Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 35: 133. 1884. Stropharia coprinophila Atk. Jour. Myc. 8: 118. 1902. Pileus fleshy, at first subglobose, then convex to expanded, 2-6 cm. broad; surface white, then dingy, silky-fibrillose ; context soft, white or whitish, with mild odor and -taste; lamellae adnexed, rounded behind, somewhat crowded, dingy-white, becoming brown or blackish, with white edges; spores ellipsoid, smooth, dark-pur- plish-brown under the microscope, almost black in mass, 7-8.5 x 4—6 ».; cystidia clavate or subventricose, on a slender stalk, 40-60 x 10-14; stipe short, stout, tapering upward, strongly striatulate and minutely mealy or pruinose, solid in the young plant, hollow in the mature plant, but with the cavity small, white-annulate near the base from the white, floccose veil, 2.5-7 cm. long, 5-15 mm. thick. TYPE LocaLity: North Greenbush, New York. Hasirat: Parasitic in groups on Coprinus comatus, C. atramen- - tarwus, and perhaps other species of the genus. DISTRIBUTION: Northeastern North America, Canada to New York and west to Minnesota; perhaps also in Europe. ILLUSTRATIONS: Plant World 10: f. 22-24; Hard, Mushr. f. i227, Jour, Moyc.:2: pl. 50; Mycologia 8: pl, 178, f. C, D; pl, 179, eA, 2. Interesting studies have recently been made of this rather queer species by Harper, Atkinson, Kauffman, and McDougall. Harper 136 MyYcoLoGIa calls attention to Lanzi’s figures of Pilosace algeriensis as closely resembling our plant. Kauffman, as well as McDougall, says our plant is not a Pilosace, and he keeps it in Stropharia where Atkin- son placed it. Specimens growing on Coprinus comatus were sent me in 1915 by Mr. Boughton, of Pittsford, New York, but they were not in good shape for study. My notes on them read: ““Pileus cream-colored, 6 cm. broad; context white, taste mild; lamellae like those of Agaricus campestris in appearance; stipe white, 5 cm. long, 1.4 cm. thick. Not a Panaeolus, but like Agari- cus without a ring.” These would seem to agree with Harper’s latest conclusions, but not with McDougall’s. 13. Stropharia campestris Peck ms. Pileus convex to plane or nearly so, gregarious, 5-8 cm. broad; surface smooth, moist when fresh, yellowish-white or cream-col- ored, becoming darker on drying; context compact, yellowish- white, with farinaceous or slightly bitter taste; lamellae thin, ad- nate, slate-colored tinged with violaceous, becoming blackish- brown tinged with purple; spores ellipsoid, purplish-brown, I0- 12 x 6-8; stipe equal or slightly bulbous at the base, solid, annu- late, white, 2.5—5 cm. long, 4-10 mm. thick. Type Locatity: Morrisville Island, Pennsylvania. HABITAT: On grassy ground. DIsTRIBUTION: New York and Pennsylvania. According to Mr. Sterling, the bitter taste is destroyed by cook- ing and the mushroom is edible and better in flavor than Agaricus campester, for which it is sometimes mistaken and from which it may be separated by its adnate, not free, gills. The gills are at first concealed by the white veil, which finally ruptures and adheres partly to the margin of the pileus and partly to the stem. It is closely related to Stropharia caesifolia, from which it differs in the © color of the gills and possibly in flavor. The above description and notes made by Dr. Peck were kindly furnished me by Dr. House. The type of this species was col- lected in August, 1905, by E. B. Sterling. I also have plants col- lected by L. M. Underwood on the Columbia Campus in October, 1899. MurrRILL: DARK-SPORED AGARICS i Fee 14. STROPHARIA CAESIFOLIA Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 22: 48o. 1895 Pileus convex, 2.5-5 cm. broad; surface glabrous, white or whitish, sometimes brownish on the disk; lamellae close, rounded or emarginate behind, light-blue becoming dingy-bluish-brown ; spores subellipsoid, 10-12.5 x 6-7.5 w; stipe equal or slightly thick- ened at the base, solid, glabrous, white or whitish, 2.5—4 cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick; annulus white. TYPE LOCALITY: Rockport, Kansas. HasitaT: In low sandy pastures. DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the type locality. A portion of the type is in the Garden herbarium. Bartholomew remarks that this species 1s much like the common mushroom, except that its gills have a fine light-blue color instead of pink. In the dried specimens they are dingy-grayish-blue, inclining to brown. 15. STROPHARIA BILAMELLATA Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 22: 204. 1895 Pileus fleshy, convex, becoming nearly plane in large plants, obtuse, 2.5-5 cm. broad; surface even, whitish or yellowish, gla- brous; context pure-white; lamellae thin, close, adnate, purplish- brown in mature plants; spores ellipsoid, purplish-brown, Io x 5-6; stipe commonly short, solid, sometimes hollow in large plants, white, annulate, 2.5 cm. long, 6-8 mm. thick; annulus well- developed, pure-white, striately lamellate on the upper edge. TYPE LOCALITY: Pasadena, California. HasitaT: In grass in streets or in cultivated fields. DIsTRIBUTION : New York to Alabama; also in California. ILLustRATION: Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 122: pl. 112, f. 5-10. Described from California, but found also at a few places in the eastern United States. Mr. B. C. Williams collected it at Newark, New York; Braendle at Washington, D. C.; Coker at Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Earle at Auburn, Alabama. When Peck received Braendle’s specimens, he revised his description. The species resembles S. coronilla. 16. Stropharia tenuis sp. nov. Pileus convex, subumbonate, thin, 2.5 cm. broad; surface dry, with delicate, floccose patches, faintly striate, brown; lamellae ad- 138 Myco.ocia nexed, crowded, of medium width, subconcolorous; spores broadly . ellipsoid, obtuse at both ends, smooth, dark-purplish-brown under the microscope, 7 X 5; stipe slender, fragile, tapering upward, enlarged at the base, glabrous, silky, hollow, concolorous but slightly paler, 7 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick; annulus distant 2.5 cm. from the pileus, ample, persistent. TYPE LOCALITY: Chalmitte, New Orleans, Louisiana. HasitaT: On the ground in wet woods. | DISTRIBUTION: Vicinity of New Orleans, Louisiana. Collected by F. S. Earle, No. 116 (type), September 8, 1908; also on September 7, 1908, No. ror. A thin, fragile plant re- sembling certain species of Drosophila, but having an ample, per- sistent annulus. The color of the pileus in dried specimens varies from avellaneous to umbrinous or fuliginous; the stipe and annulus being nearly white. 17. STROPHARIA MERDARIA (Fries) Quél. Champ. Jura Vosg. LIM A672 Agaricus merdarius Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 291. 1821. Pileus gregarious, convex to plane, obtuse, 3-4 cm. broad; sur- face glabrous, ‘moist, hygrophanous, becoming striatulate, sub- cinnamon-colored when moist, ochraceous when dry; lamellae ad- nate, broad, yellowish to umbrinous; spores globose to ellipsoid, brownish-black, 12-17 x 6-9; stipe tough, short, stuffed or hol- low, dry, flocculose, pallid, 2.5 cm. or more long; annulus lacerate, fugacious; veil often appendiculate. TYPE LOCALITY: Sweden. HABITAT: On manure. Distr1BUTION: North central United States; also in Europe. ILLUSTRATIONS: Cooke, Brit. Fungi pl. 537 (565); Fries, Ic. Hymen. pl. 130, f. 3; Lucand, Champ. Fr. pl. 139; Ricken, Blat- terp. Deutschl. pl. 66, f. 1. I have excellent material collected by Romell and myself in Sweden, in which the spores are elongate-ellipsoid, smooth, opaque, yellowish under the microscope, reaching 17 x Qu. Harper de- scribes and figures what he considers S. submerdaria Britz., and says that Morgan refers it to S. merdaria as a variety. Kautiman finds this species in Michigan and follows Karsten in placing it in Psilocybe, since the stipe is described as tough. MurrRILL: DARK-SPORED AGARICS 139 18. Stropharia subbadia sp. nov. Pileus rather fleshy, convex to nearly plane, solitary or gregari- ous, I-2 cm. broad; surface smooth, dry, rich-reddish-brown, lighter on the margin, which is not striate, covered with an eva- nescent yellowish tomentum when young; lamellae sinuate, sub- ventricose, not crowded, rather broad for the size of the plant, whitish to dark-cinereous, at length purplish-brown, entire and whitish on the edges; spores ellipsoid, smooth, pale-purplish-brown under the microscope, about.7.5-8.5 x 5.5; stipe short, of medium thickness, equal, fibrillose-scaly, especially below, tawny-white, 2-3 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick; veil slight, white, mostly becoming dis- tributed along the stipe instead of forming a definite annulus. TYPE LOCALITY: Auburn, Alabama. HapitaT: On the ground in dry pastures. DISTRIBUTION: Vicinity of Auburn, Alabama. This may belong to Drosophila; a study of fresh plants is needed. Dried specimens suggest dried specimens of S. coronilla, but are differently colored and lack the ample, persistent annulus. The types were collected by F. S. Earle on October 16, 1900. Also collected by him on October 14, 1900, near the type locality in a close-cropped pasture of Bermuda grass. 1g. Stropharia rugoso-annulata Farlow ms. Pileus fleshy, hemispheric to convex, 5-15 cm. broad; surface glabrous or at times slightly and innately fibrillose on the margin, chestnut-colored, becoming paler on drying; context firm, thin, whitish, with mild taste; lamellae thin, crowded, wider than the thickness of the pileus, adnate, whitish when young, becoming dark-brown or almost black with age; spores ellipsoid, dark-brown, IO-I2 x 6-8y; stipe equal or slightly tapering upward, spongy within, sometimes becoming hollow with age, whitish, silky-fibril- lose, with mycelium at the base at times, 5-8 cm. long, 10-12 mm. thick ; annulus whitish, appearing double, the lower He ral yells radi- ately splitting on the margin. TYPE LOCALITY: Newton, Massachusetts. HasitatT: Rich, cultivated grounds. DIsTRIBUTION: Massachusetts. Two collections are at Albany, one from George E. Morris and the other from G. B. Fessenden. I have specimens collected by Morris'in a corn field at Waban, Massachusetts, September 13, 140 MyYcoLocIa 1905. The descriptive notes were kindly supplied in manuscript by Dr. House. 7 20. Stropharia elegans sp. nov. Pileus fleshy, convex to plane, upturned at the margin in dried specimens, solitary, 5-10 cm. broad; surface dry or slightly moist, nearly smooth, glabrous, subshining, umbrinous, tinged with light- brown in younger stages, becoming isabelline-ochraceous-melleous at maturity; context white, very thin, except at the center, without characteristic odor, taste mild and peculiar, like some bulbs; lamel- lae adnexed, arcuate, crowded, rather narrow, entire and con- colorous on the edges, dark-smoky to dark-violet, at length pur- plish-fuliginous ; spores ovoid, smooth, umbrinous under the micro- scope, about 10-12 x 7-8; stipe slender, tapering decidedly up- ward from a bulbous base, glabrous, solid, white, smooth, and shining above the annulus, cream-colored below and longitudinally striate just below and near the annulus, 10-12 cm. long, 2-3 cm. thick at the base, 5-10 mm. thick at the apex; annulus large, mem- branous, white or slightly yellowish, fixed, distant about 3 cm. from the pileus, lobed on the margin. TyPE LOCALITY: New York Botanical Garden, New York City. Hasirat: In rich, low, partly shaded soil. DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the type locality. Collected on September 12, 1912, by Miss Mary E. Eaton and drawn in color by her. She found larger specimens at the same spot on September 16, 1912. A very beautiful plant, with brown- ish-umber cap, dark-violet gills, and a yellow stipe which tapers upward decidedly from a bulbous base. DOUBTFUL AND EXCLUDED SPECIES Stropharia albocyanea (Desmaz.) Quél. Champ. Jura Vosg. 236. 1872. According to Harper, this species occurs with us, being smaller than S. aeruginosa and having a white, dry stipe. Morgan referred to it as S. pseudocyanea (Letell.). Peck’s speci- mens so named, from North River, New York, and those collected by Simon Davis at North Bethlehem, New Hampshire, differ from each other and from Bresadola’s specimens. Stropharia albonitens (Fries) Quel. Champ. Jura Vosg. 3: II. 1875. Reported from Michigan by Kauffman, who says that it MurrILL: DARK-SPORED AGARICS 141 may be known by the gray color of the gills and the yellowish tint on the stem in age. Agaricus (Stropharia) Feildeni Berk. Jour. Linn. Soc. 17: 14. 1880. Collected on Bellot Island, Greenland, by Captain Feilden. The description is inadequate and I have not seen the type. Miss Wakefield, however, has kindly examined it for me and writes as follows: “The type consists of one specimen about 6 cm. across in very bad condi- tion. There is practically no stalk, only a mass of soil beneath. It gives one the impression of having been a dwarf, abnormal form. The upper surface of the pileus is also much covered with soil, so that one can judge little about it. The gills, as much as one can see of them, are very short. If it were ever found again the spores might serve to identify it. They are almost globose, and rather large, 7-9 x 7-8 wu.” Stropharia Howeana (Peck) Sacc. Syll. Fung. 5: 1026. 1887. (Agaricus Howeanus Peck, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 1: 53. 1873.) See Phohiota Howeana Peck, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 122: WAGs. TOOS. Stropharia trregularis Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 27: 16. 1900. An annulate form of Drosophila appendiculata. Stropharia Johnsoniana Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 41: 84. 1888. (Agaricus Johnsonianus Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Cab. 23:98. 1872.) See Pholiota Johnsoniana Peck, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 122: 147. | 1908. Stropharia macropoda Morg. Jour. Myc. 14: 73. ‘1908. De- scribed from specimens growing on rotten wood at Preston, Ohio. Stover suggests that it may not be distinct from Gymnopilus | polychrous. Stropharia obturata (Fries) Quel. Champ. Jura Vosg. Ito. pio72. = (Agaricus obturatus Fries;“Syst. Myc. 1: 283. 1821.) Reported from Illinois on the basis of a photograph taken by W. S. Moffatt. According to some, the species is not distinct from S. coronilla. Peck’s specimens so named appear to belong in Pholiota. Stropharia Schradert Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 32: 80. 1Igo5. Described from specimens collected by F. F. Schrader in sandy, grassy soil about stumps at Washington, D. C. The types have been examined and the species appears to me to belong in Pholiota. 14972. MycoLocia Stropharia umbilicata Peck, Bull. N- Y. State Mus. 167: 49. 1913. Described from specimens collected among chips and saw- dust in Minnesota. The types at Albany resemble S. aeruginosa in some ways, but are probably Gymnopilus polychrous, since speci- mens from New York called S. umbilicata by Peck seem identical with the Minnesota types and also with G. polychrous. New YorkK BoTANICAL GARDEN. THE METHOD OF CLEAVAGE IN THE SPORANGIA OF CERTAIN FUNGI | Cart A. SCHWARZE [WitH PLATES 15 AND 16 AND TEXT-FIGURES A-F] The division of the multinucleated sporangia into spores and the delimitation of the sporangium from the sporangiophore by a dome-shaped cross partition present many features of special cyto- logical interest. Erroneous views on both processes are still cur- rent in the literature and as to the formation of the columella cer- tain textbooks, both old and recent, are still entirely out of harmony with the facts. The literature dealing with the common molds, Mucor and Rhizopus, constitutes some of the earliest con- tributions to mycological research. | Corda (11), the “ father of microscopic mycology,” gave us the first description and illustration of the method of the columella and spore formation in Ascophora mucedo, now known as Rhizopus nigricans. He writes: “ Nun rundet sich die kolbige Verdickung allmalig, und gleichzeitig erfullt die gelbe Masse ihren Hohlenraum vollig . . . aus dem unteren Theile mit dem Stiele verbunden beginnt allmalig die polsterartige Erhebung der Columella, und gleichzeitig beginnt die obere Masse undeutliche und noch isolirte Zellen zu bilden welche sich vermehren und endlich in enger Ver- bindung die ganze Sporangie erfullen.” His. figure 78 (5-9) de- picts the columella as at first slightly arched and gradually pushing up into the sporangium, while the spores are represented, at their very inception, as polyhedral masses. These figures of Corda are doubtless responsible for the persistent, erroneous accounts of the columella formation still to be found in certain textbooks, though Corda’s statements were soon contradicted by Fresenius. Fresenius (20), also studying Rhizopus nigricans, states he was unable to observe the phenomena described and figured by Corda. He writes: “Was ttber Bau und Entwickelung der Sporen bei Corda gesagt und abgebildet ist scheint mir vollig aus der Luft gegriffen zu sein.” Further, also as early as 1872, Brefeld (7), 143 144 Myco.octa studying Mucor mucedo, made the following statement: “ Die Scheidewand ist nicht etwa urspriinglich horizontal und erhallt ihre gewolbte Form durch Dehnung unter dem einfluss des Druckes der Flussigkeitssaule im Fruchttrager, wie mehrfach angegeben wird. sie hat in der ersten Anlage die gewdlbte Gestalt, die nachtraglich nur unwesentlich modificirt wird.” | Mucor mucedo and Rhizopus have been used as types not only in advanced and elementary textbooks of botany, but in many so- called textbooks of biology. Here especially the desire to elabo- rate in detail on the life processes beyond what is in the literature has led to many false statements, which should certainly be cor- rected in the interest of sound teaching. Illustrations of such in- correct statements are found in the following texts: Bessey (4) figures and describes the development of the spo- 6é ° rangium of Mucor mucedo as follows: “. . . the vertical hyphae which are filled with protoplasm become enlarged at the top and in each a transverse partition forms (A, a, fig. 159), the portion above the partition (0, fig. 159) becomes larger, and at the same time the transverse partition arches up (5B, a, fig. 159), finally appearing like an extension of the hypha, and is then called the columella (C, a, fig. 159).” Reynolds Green (21), referrme to Mucor mucedo, states: “A septum is formed close to the apex of the hypha, cutting off a small head, which grows and becomes globular. The lower cell grows also and projects into the swollen portion, forming a columella.” Parker (40), referring to Mucor, states: “. . . The sporangium continues to grow, and as it does so the septum becomes more and more convex upwards, finally taking the form of a short club-shaped projection, the columella, extend- ing into the interior of the sporangium.” Atkinson (1) writes: “. . at the same time that this end cell is enlarging the cross wall is arching up into the interior. This forms the columella.” Coul- ter, Barnes and Cowles (13), referring to the Mucorales, write: “ After the terminal sporangium cell is cut off, the separating wall bulges into the sporangium cavity, forming the so-called columella.” Bigelow (5) incorporates in his text Parker’s faulty figure of the method of the columella formation. Nathansohn (38) states: “. .. durch eine Querwand schnurt sich an deren Spitze eine SCHWARZE: CLEAVAGE IN SPORANGIA 145 Zelle ab, schwillt zur Kugel an, in deren Hohlraum sich die Quer- wand meist mehr oder weniger einstiilpt und die sog. Columella bildet.”” In so recent a textbook as Densmore’s General Botany (17) we find: “This sporangial cell now expands with great rapidity and with its expansion the wall separating it from its hyphal stalk grows in surface area and assumes a convex form, protruding into the growing sporangium until it comes to occupy fully one half or two thirds of the sporangial cavity, when it is called the columella.” Densmore also figures (fig. 141) the colu- mella as at first a plane wall, which is later arched up into the sporangium. The method of spore formation in sporangia was studied, with interesting results, as early as 1859, following the discovery of cell formation by division, as worked out by Von Mohl and others, and has been prosecuted up to the present day. While the pioneers were influenced and sometimes misled by theories relative to cell formation in general, the fact remains that as early as 1859 Prings- heim (44) observed and figured progressive cleavage from the sur- face inward, essentially as we know the process today, in the sporangia of Lagenidium entophytum (Pringsheim), Zopf (Pyth- sum entophytum Pringsheim). He writes as follows: “ Erst vor der Oeffnung des Sporangium beginnt nun in dem ausgetretenen, zur Kugel zusammen gebalten Inhalt, eine an der Peripherie be- ginnende und nach dem Centrum vorschreitende Sonderung durch welche die Protoplasmakugel schliesslich in eine grossere Anzahl von Schwarmsporen zerfallt [Pl. 8, fig. 1b].” General conclusions relative to spore formation in sporangia found in some recent papers are quite at variance with observations which seem well established by earlier students. One must infer that some of the recent writers must have overlooked Rothert’s (46) paper entitled, “Die Entwicklung der Sporangien bei den Saprolegnieen.” The general history of this literature has been treated by Swingle (50)\and recently by Moreau (37) and Harper (25). I. shall refer only to points bearing on matters that seem still unsettled, especially the question as to the occurrence of so-called simulta- neous cell-division. 146 Mycotocia Van Tieghem (55-56-57), in a series of papers dealing practi- cally with the entire group of Zygomycetes, undoubtedly laid the foundation for the later conception of simultaneous division. In reference to Sporodinia, he writes as follows: “Le protoplasma sporigene se separe d’abord en deux substances tres differente. La premiere toujours granuleuse, se condense en petites portions polyedriques qui deviendront bientot autant de spores.” Twenty years later Leger (34), in his very fully illustrated thesis, dealing with fourteen species of Zygomycetes, quotes Van Tieghem’s reference to the manner of spore formation in Sporo- dinia and adds: “En somme, ce passage montre d’une facon tres: exacte le developpement des spores dans ses traits principaux.” The discovery of cell-plates in the division of the cells of the higher plants undoubtedly influenced the conclusions of many stu- dents of spore formation. Strasburger (48-49) for Saprolegnia and Mucor mucedo, Bis- gen (8) for the Saprolegniales, Phytophthora, Cystopus and Mucor mucedo, Ward (59) for Phytophthora infestans, and Mau- rizio'for Olpidiopsis state that the cell-division in these forms is by cell-plates. Fischer (19), studying spore formation in the sporangia of W oronina, describes the process as follows: “ der Zerfall des Spo- rangiumplasma in eine der grosse desselben entsprechende Anzahl anfangs polyedrischen Portionen, die zuktunftigen Schwarme.” Van Tieghem, as noted, refers to a condensation into polyhedral portions. Fischer observes a breaking up into polyhedral masses. It is interesting to note that the same author (Fischer (19)) re- garded the spore plasm of Olpidiopsis and Rogella.as suddenly forming rounded spores. In the former case he writes: “ Mit einem male zerfallt das gesammte Inhalt in scharf umschriebene rundliche Theilchen. . . .” In the latter case he states: “ Plotz- lich zerfallt nun in einem gegebenen momente das Protoplasma in eine menge rund umschriebenen Portionen die zukunftigen Zoo- sporen.” Pringsheim (43-45) regards the spore formation as occurring “‘unmittelbar”’ (directly) in Achlya prolifera, Olpidi- opsis, Rogella, and W oronina. | | Strasburger (48) was perhaps the first to use the term, simul- SCHWARZE: CLEAVAGE IN SPORANGIA tA Yt taneous, as describing spore formation: “In den Zoosporangien der Saprolegnien wird, wie aus zahlreichen angaben bekannt, eine grosse Anzahl Schwarmsporen simultan aus dem gesammten Proto- plasmatischen Inhalte des sporangium gebildet.”’ Dangeard (14), studying spore formation in Synchytrium tarax- act, calls it simultaneous fragmentation. Popta (42), who was concerned with the question of periplasm and spore formation in the so-called Hemiasci, refers to spore production in Protomyces bellides as “ Simultan und sehr rasch.’”’ Barrett (3), investigating some species of Olpidiopsis, states that segmentation of the spo- rangial contents is apparently simultaneous throughout. Cornu (12), studying the Chytridiales, parasitic on Saprolegni- ales, refers to spore formation in Olpidiopsis as follows: “ Presque sans transition, le contenu s’organise en petites masses spheriques, futures zoospores.” He claims that a similar phenomenon occurs in the sporangia of Rogella and Woronina. Thus in the above- mentioned genera the spore plasm is said to organize, with practi- cally no transitional stages, into spherical masses. Busgen, who, as already mentioned, made a comparative study of a number of Saprolegniales, Peronosporales, and Mucorales, combines the conceptions of cell-plates and division, not always simultaneous. He says: “ Unter auftreten von Zellplatten theilt sich der gesammte Inhalt des Sporangiums—nicht immer simul- tan—in etwa gleich grosse, meist nicht regelmassig begrenzte Peguonen, .. .” Rothert (46), in a quite thorough piece of work on Saprolegnia, figured clefts from the central vacuole proceeding outward. Hum- phrey (29), studying the Saprolegniales of America, merely states his agreement with Rothert as to cleavage and spore formation. Thaxter (51) finds spore formation simultaneous in Syncepha- lastrum, but occurring by progressive constriction in Syncephalis pycnosperma, S. nodosa, S. Wynneae, S. cordata, and in a Syn- cephalis closely allied to the latter. Kusano (32) and Griggs (23) hold that spore formation in Synchytrium puerartae and Rhodochytrium, respectively, may be either simultaneous or progressive. Davis (15), studying spore formation in the sporangia of Saprolegnia, Wager (58) in Poly- 148 MyYcoLocGia phagus Euglenae, and Butler (9) in Pseudolpidium aphanomycis record spore formation as proceeding from the center to the pe- riphery by cleavage, but do not refer to it as progressive. Like- wise, Hartog (27), investigating Pseudospora Lindstedti, a mona- dine parasitic on Saprolegmia, figures cleavage by vacuoles extend- ing to the periphery of the protoplasmic mass, but does not refer to it as progressive. Davis (16) figures progressive cleavage in the sporangia of the alga, Derbesia, by means of furrows starting from the periphery and proceeding inward. Loewenthal (35) has studied spore formation in Olpidium dicksonu and Zygorhizidium willes and Griggs (22) has studied Monochytrium, but both au- thors leave the question unsettled whether the cleavage is progres- sive or simultaneous. In 1899, Harper (24), studying cell-division in sporangia and ascil, pointed out that in the sporangia of Synchytrium decipiens the cleavage is accomplished by furrows, which form on the surface of the initial cell, and by growing deeper in a more or less radial fashion divide the protoplasmic mass, successively, into smaller portions. Harper also investigated the spore and columella for- mation in Pilobolus crystallinus and Sporodima grandis. He finds, as Brefeld had stated, that the columella is not first a plane wall, which is eventually pushed up into the sporangium, but that it is from the first dome-shaped, a layer of vacuoles appears near the inner boundary of the dense spore plasma, which subsequently flatten and fuse and thus delimit the spore plasma from the colu- mella plasma. In the case of Pilobolus the columella formation is aided by cleavage furrows cutting in at the base of the sporangium. In Pilobolus, as in Synchytrium decipiens, the cleavage is pro- gressive and is initiated by the formation of surface furrows which deepen and finally cut the plasma into protospores. In Synchy- trium dectptens the uninucleated protospores become multinucleated and enlarge to form the spores which in germination again become sporangia. In Pilobolus the progressive cleavage leads to the for- mation of one or few nucleated protospores. These protospores become multinucleated, increase in size, and divide until finally oblong, binucleate sporangiospores are produced. In Sporodinia, Harper finds an abbreviated process of spore tormation in that the SCHWARZE: CLEAVAGE IN SPORANGIA 149 progressive cleavage, by surface furrows and clefts, divides the spore plasm into multinucleated, polygonal blocks of very variable size which round up at once and become the definitive spores. Swingle (50) finds cleavage in the sporangia of Rhizopus nigri- cans much like that in Sporodinia, except that the spores are more uniform in size and have thicker walls. In Phycomyces the spore plasm is divided by vacuoles, which become angular and fuse to form irregular clefts. Spore formation is aided by furrows which cut into the spore plasm from the columella cleft. Swingle agrees with Harper as to the method of columella formation. Timberlake (52) describes spore formation in the sporangia of the alga, Hydrodictyon, as a progressive cleavage by means of furrows. Percival (41) and Rytz (47), discussing spore forma- tion in Synchytrium endobioticum and Synchytrium succissae, re- spectively, both agree that spore formation is brought about by _ progressive cleavage. | In 1913, Moreau (37) described the spore formation in a num- ber of Zygomycetes. His study may be summarized as follows: In Circinella conica spore formation proceeds by means of vacu- oles, which separate fragments of protoplasm having the form of amoebae. ‘The protoplasm contracts around each nucleus, rarely around two nuclei, forming protospores which he compares to those described by Harper for Pilobolus. The nuclei then divide and lead to the formation of multinucleated spores. Moreau states that for Phycomyces nitens and Rhizopus nigricans his observa- tions agree in general with those of Swingle, but on page 32 he refers to the protoplasmic segments as being “ amiboide”’ and con- nected by trabeculae. In Mucor spinescens, Moreau finds that a confluence of vacuoles leads to the formation of elongated proto- plasmic threads. The threads become nodose, each nodosity con- taining one or two nuclei and finally forming a spore. Moreau states that a similar thread stage may be observed in the spore formation in Absidia glauca and Absidia septaia. In Syncepha- lastrum cinereum and Syncephalastrum racemosum the spores are said to be formed by a condensation of protoplasm into spherical or elliptical masses, each enclosing one or more spores; generally there is but one nucleus in each spore. Moreau’s description of 150 MyYcoLoGIa spore formation, in the above-mentioned zygomycetes, is extremely fragmentary and certain of his figures suggest that his material was poorly fixed. MeETHOpS The Saprolegnias were grown on small flies of the genus Droso- phila. They were frequently parasitized by Olpidiopsis and Ro- zella. Cultures on the flies were then transferred to slightly cooled agar plates. A drop of water was then placed on each fly so that the sporangiferous filaments might float out into their normal position. Slightly cooled agar was then gently dropped over each fly. The cultures were then exposed out-of-doors to quickly con- geal the agar. The halo of filaments was still easily discernible. Blocks of agar containing the entire host were now cut out and transferred to weak Flemming and Merkel fixatives. The wash- ing, dehydrating, and imbedding was done as usual. The sections were cut 5» thick, stained with the Flemming triple combination, cleared very quickly in clove oil, and mounted in Canada balsam. Cleavage in Saprolegnia was also studied in hanging-drop cul- tures, and Olpidiopsis was also studied in the same manner. The Zygomycetes were cultured upon sterilized bread in jelly glasses. In order to retain the loose, open structure of the bread, which facilitates the growth of the mycelia, only a small amount of water was poured into each jelly glass before sterilization. When the sporangia assumed a snow-white appearance, under the hand-lens, wefts of the fungus were cut out with sharp-pointed scissors and immediately transferred to the fixatives. The conglomerated mass of hyphae was then gently pushed down into the fixative and the vial was shaken. to dislodge the air-bubbles. The material was fixed for 24-48 hours in Merkel’s solution, or for one hour in one part of weak Flemming and two parts of water, and then trans- ferred to Merkel’s fixative. By these means blackening of the fungus was prevented and bleaching with hydrogen peroxide was unnecessary. The fixative was now poured off and the vial was carefully filled with water and tilted into a dish of water. The fungus was repeatedly floated into a vial and transferred into fresh water. The material, thus washed for two to two and one half hours, was SCHWARZE: CLEAVAGE IN SPORANGIA Lot then dehydrated, beginning with 15% alcohol, and imbedded in paraffin. The sections were cut 5 thick, stained by Flemming’s triple method, cleared quickly in clove oil, and mounted as usual. OLPIDIOPSIS | Pringsheim (45) gave us the first account of spore formation in the sporangia of Olpidiopsis, a parasite, which he mistook for the antheridia of Saprolegnia. He speaks of the spores as “ Samen- korper ”’ and says that they are formed directly (unmittelbar), and that similar phenomena may be observed in the structures which we now recognize as the sporangia of Rozella and W oronina. In 1872, Cornu (12) published a paper in which he supported A. Braun (6) in reference to the parasitic nature of Olpidiopsis. He noted the appearance of large centrally disposed vacuoles, their disappearance, and the formation of a foamy protoplasm. Both Cornu (12) and Fisher (19) agree that the spores are formed directly. Maurizio (36) states that cell-plates are formed in spore for- mation in Olpidiopsis major. As already mentioned, Loewenthal is not clear as to whether spore formation in Olpidium dicksonii and Zygorhizidium willei is simultaneous or by progressive cleavage. In Butler’s (9) account of spore formation in Pseudolpidium aphanomycis he states that the spore “Anlage” originate as a result of “heapings of protoplasm,” which are few in number as compared with the number of zodspores produced. Butler com- pares this stage with that Harper describes in Synchytrium, where the early stages of cleavage give rise to multinucleated masses of protoplasm. Cleavage fissures then extend from the vacuole to the sporangial wall, the vacuolar and protoplasmic membranes then rupture, and the “ Anlage” swell and fuse. The sporangium is now filled with a homogeneous mass. Butler states: ‘‘ Five or ten minutes later final fashioning of the zoospores is complete and movement commences in the sporangium.” Butler records cleav- age furrows extending from the vacuole to the sporangium wall, but he does not figure them. His figure 6C, plate 9, which he interprets as a “ condensation of protoplasm into heaped masses,” 152 MYcCOLOGIA appears to be a stage prior to the enlargement and fusion of the vacuoles into a large central vacuole. Barrett (3) studied both living and stained material of a num- ber of Olpidiopsis species. He reports that he could not detect any signs of the protoplasmic heapings described by Butler within the sporangium. If one studies the figures in plate 24, one is led to believe that Barrett did not find the crucial stages of spore for- mation. ‘This leads him to the erroneous conclusion that “ frag- mentation of the protoplasm is simultaneous.” Kusano (33) investigated the life history and cytology of Olpid- im viciae. He was unable to find evidence of progressive divi- sion, but states “that a clear space appeared in the cytoplasm all at once between each two nuclei, and that the protoplasm was cut _ up into as many polygonal parts as there were nuclei.” It seems obvious that this statement refers to the stage following what Strasburger and Busgen regarded as a stage of coalescence of the spore origins which is not real, but only apparent. The stages in the life history of Olpidiopsis saprolegniae, prior to the formation of spores, have been discussed and figured by a number of authors. From a study of the living material, in hang- ing-drop cultures, I am able to confirm the existence of large cen- trally disposed vacuoles in young sporangia, the increment in size, and subsequent coalescence of these vacuoles. The process of spore formation, as I have observed it, is entirely at variance with that described by the above-mentioned authors. The phenomena I observed were very similar to processes of spore formation in the sporangia of Saprolegnia and Achlya as I have found them and not as described by Strasburger, Busgen, and Hartog. I was able to note the following changes by observing living specimens in hanging-drop cultures. The history of one sporange is as follows: At 7:40 P.M. the sporange had a large central vacuole, and in the median plane a blunt cleavage furrow could be seen extending toward the periphery (text fig. A, 4). Three minutes later the vacuole became irregular and one sharp and two blunt cleavage furrows were visible (text fig. A, 5). Four minutes later the vacuole had increased in size so that the protoplasm formed a rather thin peripheral layer. Sharp cleavage furrows were now SCHWARZE: CLEAVAGE IN SPORANGIA 153 evident (text fig. A, 6, 7), and after the elapse of one minute they cut through the latter and the large vacuole disappeared. Cleavage is now complete and here and there the outlines of the spores can be made out (text fig. A, 8). After two minutes the protoplasm became very granular and the hazy outlines of polygonal spore masses were recognizable. I can only interpret this polygonal stage as due to rapid growth of the spore initials, which thus press against one another and become polyhedral. One minute after the appearance of the compact, polygonal spore initials a contrac- tion occurred, the inter-sporal substance appearing as hyaline lines. ODO OA& Agel Fig. A. Olpidiopsis saprolegniae: 1-2, median view of sporangia showing several rounded vacuoles; 3, sporangium showing coalescence of the vacuoles ; 4-8, different series than 1-3 in which the wall layer is thinner; 4-5, sporangia showing vacuoles of various shapes; 6-7, sporangia showing early cleavage stages; 8, sporangium showing apparent homogeneous stage following the rupture of the plasma membrane; 9-10, another individual, sporangia show radial furrows; 10, cleavage has occurred in the exit tube. 1-2 and 4-10 show exit tubes. One minute later the spores underwent a further contraction ; they rounded up and almost immediately began to move to and fro. Within two minutes the zodspores escaped through the exit tube. Thus within eighteen minutes of the first formation of a cleavage furrow the spores formed and escaped. If one considers the rapidity of these changes, one can readily infer why the cleavage furrows, extending outward from a central vacuole, are so seldom seen in fixed sections. I can not agree, therefore, with Barrett that the spore formation occurs simultaneously. I would interpret his figure 39 as a contraction stage following the so-called homo- geneous state, of Strasburger and Busgen, in which the spore initials are so closely pressed together that their boundaries are 154 Myco.octa almost obliterated. Nor can I agree with Butler, who describes the formation of “ protoplasmic heapings”’ and the delimitation of multinucleated, protoplasmic masses, which are later cut up by cleavage furrows, to form the spore origins. In no case did I observe any fusion of spore initials and the resulting production of a homogeneous state such as Butler describes for Pseudolpidium aphanomycts and as was held by Strasburger and Biisgen to occur in Saprolegnia: We can summarize, roughly, the following stages in the spore formation of Olpidiopsis saprolegniae Cornu: 1. Protoplasm with many small vacuoles, 2. The formation of large vacuoles more or less centrally disposed and the concomitant production of an exit-tube. 3. The coalescence of large vacuoles into a large central vacuole. 4. Progressive cleavage by furrows cutting outward from the central vacuole. (First contraction phase.) 5. Cleavage of plasma membrane, shrinkage of the sporangium and disappear- ance of the central vacuole. 6. Swelling of the spore initials to the polygonal closely pressed areas com- monly observed. 7. Second contraction phase—appearance of hyaline spaces between spore ini- _tials (often erroneously interpreted as cell plates). 8. Further contraction leading to the rounding up of the spore masses and their swarming movements. The above conclusions were reached after carefully. studying the cleavage phenomena in dozens of sporangia in hanging-drop cul- tures. SAPROLEGNIA AND ACHLYA Rothert (46) recognized three types of sporangia in the Sapro- legniaceae: “ geftillte Sporangien,’ those completely filled with protoplasm; “inhaltsarme,” those having a thin parietal layer of protoplasm; and “normale,” sporangia with a thick parietal layer, the predominant form. Rothert figured furrows cutting through the protoplasm from the central vacuole outward and notes that these furrows appear practically simultaneously throughout the whole length of the sporangium. Rothert’s observations on spore formation in Saprolegnia and Achlya are of great importance for understanding the cleavage phenomena in the other sporangia. Harper has reviewed and confirmed Rothert’s observations in sev- SCHWARZE: CLEAVAGE IN SPORANGIA 155 eral points, but recent students have in a number of cases failed to take account of the evidence he has presented as to the con- traction and expansion phases accompanying cleavage. I have studied Achlya and Saprolegnia in both living, sectioned, and stained material, and my observations confirm those of Rothert. The process of cleavage is similar to that I have already de- scribed for Olpidiopsis saprolegniae. The cleavage is progressive, the furrows appear first on the inner surface of the parietal proto- plasmic layer and give the latter an undulated appearance. Grad- ually these clefts become sharper and reach the plasma membrane. In optical view these protoplasmic masses resemble the old-fash- ioned sugar-loaves. Viewed from the surface the protoplasmic masses are roughly polygonal. The spore initials are generally described as being connected by fine protoplasmic strands. I am inclined to interpret these strands as gelatinous exudates of the spore initials. Rothert described the development of spores in very slender sporangia as a heaping of protoplasm on the proto- plasmic membrane. It is a question whether there is much, if any, increase in the radial diameter of the protoplasmic layer on the median axis of the spore initials. A better interpretation of the spore formation in these sporangia and in the oogonia is to regard it as a process of cleavage, the furrows being at first broad and shallow instead of sharp and deep. The spore initials now contract and the clefts become prominent. The protoplasmic masses now become densely granular, are highly refractive, and assume more definite outlines. This stage 1s quickly followed by a splitting of the protoplasmic membrane which is drawn in by the isolated spore initials as they round up. Division of the protoplasmic content is now complete, each defini- tive spore is uninucleated and is homologous with the uninucleated protospores Harper described in Synchytrium decipiens. As first noted by Rothert and confirmed by Harper, the splitting of the elastically stretched plasma membrane is attended with a marked shrinkage of the sporangium wall accompanied by the ex- pulsion of part of the cell-sap through the sporangial wall. The basal septum, which has heretofore been concave, is now pushed up by turgor into the sporangium and assumes a convex configura- 156 MYcoLoGIA tion. Rothert estimated the shrinkage at 13 per cent. Butler (9) finds that at a corresponding stage the diameter of the sporangium of Pythium intermedium decreased by about one tenth. The same author also noted a contraction of the sporangium of Pseudolpid- sum aphanomycis immediately after the disappearance of the large central vacuole. Harper called attention to the fact that in Syn- chytrium decipiens the cleavage was accompanied by pronounced shrinkage. He found that when cleavage was complete the total volume of the segments had been reduced to such an extent as not to occupy more than approximately one third of the volume of the primordial cell. Kusano also reports a shrinkage of the segments in the sporangia of Synchytrium puerariae during the cleavage process. Fig. B. Saprolegnia torulosa: 1, tip of hypha which will become a sporan- gium; 2-7, show varying appearances of the central vacuole; 7, first appear- ance of cleavage, furrows irregular and not corresponding to the definitive furrows; 8-9, spore masses outlined by rather shallow furrows, the two oval outlines in these figures, and also in figures 10, represent the end views of spore initials projecting up from below; 10, clefts have become deeper; 11, spores have become polygonal through mutual pressure; this stage soon follows the rupture of the plasma membrane and represents an expansion phase of the spores; the basal wall is now convex toward the sporangium showing that its plasma membrane is ruptured. SCHWARZE: CLEAVAGE IN SPORANGIA 157 Text figure B, 1-11, represents the lengths and breadths of a sporange at successive stages in spore formation. The micrometer measurements are as follows: (Sy Se E SIN ES TES NAA eA er A 86 w long—z26 w wide © 227. 12 SN aa ae a ea 88 uw long—z26 uw wide Dy S27), Lea Es ce a Rrra ee a 90 m long—z2s5 m wide DEI OMM Ee Viterc serene tage & orate el weenie l'e letn aioe. 92m long—z25 mw wide TA) SOS IEA Sg aes nen ec een mR eN 93 uw long—z25 mu wide TORSO MEY! NUE oe ae. tee te Marcas ane 2 eS. 8) ete 94 wm long—z28 w wide TG SCG) CAN IRs ER crete era ear a Ps aa 90 w long—z27 wm wide Eee AUN ON Mecleeeiials tis le {Wo ceraidea 4a 92 uw long—z26 mu wide HOD SOS. Ah LA Sage Ge mea a 86 uw long—z22 yu wide 10:34 P.M. Spores moved to and fro. At 10:10 P.M. the sporange had reached its maximum size; the basal wall was concave, due to the turgor within the sporange. At 10:17 P.M. the clefts apparently cut through the plasm membrane, the spore initials rounded up, and the sporange decreased four microns in length and one micron in diameter. The basal wall was now flattened. This stage of contraction was followed by the expansion stage. The spore initials became tightly pressed to- gether, the protoplasm assumed a homogeneous appearance, and the spore outlines were only visible as very faint lines. This is the stage that deceived Strasburger (48), for he writes as follows: “Wiederholt sind mir Fallé vorgekommen in welchen nach dem die Sporenanlage es schon bis zur Bildung der Kornergrenzen ja selbst Hautschictgrenzen gebracht hatte, plotzlich die ganze Ent- wickelung riickgangig wurde, alle Trenungsandeutungen schwan- den und das Sporangium alsbald wieder von gleichmassig kam- merigen Protoplasm geftllt erschien. Dann nach kurzer Zeit, wurde die Entwickelung, und zwar nun auffallend schnell wieder aufgenommen. Eine solche zweite fiel mir, im Verhaltniss zu der Ersten stets durch die grosse Regelmassigkeit der Theilstticke auf.” The great expansion following the delimitation of the spore initials, the temporary loss of the granular character of the spore protoplasm, the obscuring of the cell boundaries through close con- tact, and the subsequent contraction which reveals the polygonal spore masses have given rise to much confusion. Butler (9), in 1907, speaking of spore formation in Pythium proliferum, writes: “From this I have been led to suppose that even at this stage the 1 58 | MycoLoGIa spore origins are definitely formed, and that, though fused into a mass in which individual spores can not be made out, yet each nucleus has obtained a hold on a certain mass of cytoplasm. .. .” The sudden appearance of the polygonal spore masses at the beginning of the second contraction phase has given rise to such theories as the simultaneous cleavage of the sporangial protoplasm into polygonal masses and the cutting out of the spores by cell- plates. JI have already summarized these views and I need not repeat them here. The polygonal spores of Saprolegnia undergo a further contrac- tion and subsequently round up. The turgor in the sporangium 1s decreased to such an extent that the basal wall now becomes convex inward. At this stage the sporangium decreased still more in length. Thus during the period of greatest turgidity the sporan- gium measured 94 microns in length. When the spores were fully matured the sporangium had contracted eight microns in length and six microns in width. The observations of Rothert (46) relative to the escape of the cell-sap and the concomitant shrinking of the sporangium during spore formation in Saprolegnia, Harper’s evidence of similar phe- nomena in Synchytrium decipiens, Kusano’s observation of shrink- age in Synchytrium puerariae, Swingle’s account of progressive cleavage in Rhizopus nigricans and Phycomyces nitens, Harper’s studies of spore formation in the sporangia of Sporodinia grandis and Pilobolus, Butler’s observations relative to shrinkage in the sporangia of Pythium intermedium and Pseudolpidium aphano- mycis, Harper’s and Dodge’s observations of the extrusion of water into vacuoles during the early stages of the formation of sporangia in Trichia, as well as my own observations, lead me to corroborate the contention of Harper that the exudation of water is a factor in the process of segmentation of the protoplasm. Har- per compares the furrowing of the spore plasm with the cracking of a drying, colloidal mass. The fact that vacuoles or furrows never cut out protoplasmic segments devoid of nuclei is proof: that the latter are the centers which control the water loss and thus the cleavage process. This may be explained by assuming that the nucleic acids manifest an attraction or affinity for water greater SCHWARZE: CLEAVAGE IN SPORANGIA 159 than that displayed by the cytoplasm ; hence, as Harper has sug- gested, the loss of water may be least in the vicinity of the nuclei. SPORODINIA GRANDIS Spore formation in the sporangia of Sporodinia grandis was regarded by both Van Tieghem (55) and Leger (34) as a con- densation of the spore plasm into polyhedric masses, which later round up. Harper (24) has figured a number of stages in spore and columella formation. Swingle (50), a few years later, studied the same fungus and reports that his results are entirely in accord with those of Harper. As Sporodinia represents an extreme type as to the speed of spore formation, I have studied the process further in the light of the conceptions of contraction and expansion first developed by Rothert from his studies on the sporangia of Saprolegnia. I find the dome formed by series of large vacuoles, which flatten, fuse, end to end, and separate the spore plasm from the columella plasm as described by Harper. I have, however, a number of slides (PI. 15, figs. 1, 6) which show an interesting variation of the process in that the vacuoles are completely fused on one side of the sporan- gium, while on the other side they are either somewhat globose or flattened. Swingle’s fig. 8, plate 2, shows that in Rhizopus nigri- cans the columella formation may be more advanced on one side of the sporangium. A few times I observed surface furrows cutting in at the base of the sporangium, to meet the flattened vacuoles, which cut out the columella (Pl. 15, fig.6). Harper has described a similar phenomenon in Pilobolus and Swingle in Rhizopus nigricans. In Sporodimia spore formation may begin before the columella cleft is complete. Swingle notes that this often occurs in Rhizopus nigricans (see his fig. 8, plate 2). This shows, it seems to me, that the columella formation and cleavage are two, parts of one general contraction phase. The cleavage is progressive and may begin by the formation of furrows at the surface or at the colu- mella cleft (PI. 15, figs. 1, 2). It is to be noted that cleavage is more advanced in that region where the fusion of vacuoles has meodiced the columella cleit (Pl. 15, fig. 6).. Thé furrows cut 1 60 MyYcoLoGIA inwardly and as the spore plasm is giving off water the, clefts widen. The furrows from the surface appear to cut into the spore plasm in a centripetal fashion. They meet and fuse with those furrows which started from the columella cleft and cleavage is thus completed; the protoplasm has been cut up into a mass of irregular blocks which are variable in size and are multinucleate. These spore initials represent, as compared with swarm spores of Saprolegnia atid the protospores of Synchytrium decipiens, Pilo- bolus crystallinus, Circinella conica, etc., a premature completion of spore formation. They correspond to the multinucleate masses preceding the protospores. As in R/ugopus nigricans, the spores of Sporodinia grandis are multinucleate at their inception. When cleavage is complete the spore initials present a dense granular appearance. The protoplasmic mass is also somewhat shrunken. Soon, however, the spore initials take up water and grow, the protoplasm becomes less granular and takes on a lighter stain. The spores become so tightly pressed together that their proto- plasmic membranes assume polyhedral outlines, which are so thin that they are traced with difficulty under the oil-immersion objec- tive (Pl. 15, fig. 4). This stage is homologous with the so-called homogeneous stage, which Strasburger and Busgen described for Saprolegnia. This period of growth is followed by a second con- traction. The spores now develop a thin wall, contract slightly, and round up. I have illustrated the chief stages of the development of the columella and spores in Sporodinia grandis in a series of text figures (text fig. C, 1-5). Fig. C. Diagrams showing the method of the columella and spore forma- tion in Sporodinia grandis, the nuclei appearing as mere dots. 1, a young sporangium. 2, showing the dome-shaped layer of vacuoles outlining the columella. 3, showing early stage of progressive cleavage. 4, showing the polyhedral stage. 5, mature spores. SCHWARZE: CLEAVAGE IN SPORANGIA 161 Mucor RACEMOSUS Apparently no one since Leger (34) has studied spore formation in Mucor racemosus. Leger claims for it, as for all sporangia, that the spores are cut out simultaneously as polyhedric blocks. Moreau (37) has studied Mucor spinescens and he describes vacuolization of the protoplasm resulting in long strands, which become nodular and then break up into uninucleate or several nucleated spores. He gives no further account of the process. I have studied Mucor racemosus relative to the process of spore formation. I find that spore formation.is initiated by furrows, which start as the periphery of the spore plasm and cut out multi- nucleated blocks of irregular size (Pl. 16, fig. 16). Further fur- rowing cuts up these blocks into irregular protoplasmic masses containing a few nuclei. These protoplasmic masses then grow and become polyhedral. This expansion stage is followed by a second contraction, the spores round up and develop a cell-wall. The mature spores may contain seven to eight nuclei. I have not observed a protospore stage. The process of spore formation, as in Sporodinia grandis, is abbreviated, but the spores have thicker walls and are viable for a longer period. They are also more uniform in size than those of Sporodinia grandis. CIRCINELLA MINOR Moreau (37), studying spore formation in Circinella conica, states that the center of the sporangium is at times occupied by a large vacuole. The formation of spores is accomplished by irregu- lar vacuoles, which cut up the spore plasm into amoeba-like bodies bound together by protoplasmic strands. These strands become thinner and break, the protoplasm then contracts about each nu- cleus, rarely around two. Moreau compares these protoplasmic bodies to the protospores Harper described in Pilobolus crystal- linus. The nucleus then divides and each protoplasmic mass be- comes multinucleated, the spores become polygonal and press against one another. At maturity they become globular and smooth. 3 I have studied spore formation in Circinella minor, but my ob- servations do not agree entirely with those of Moreau. Cleavage, 162 MyYcoLoGIA as I have observed it, is similar to that Harper described in Puilo- bolus. Furrows appear at the surface of the spore plasm and cut inwardly to meet the clefts produced in the interior of the spore plasm by vacuoles, which become angular (PI. 16, fig. 8). The spore plasm is thus cut up into irregular protoplasmic blocks con- — taining a variable number of very small nuclei (Pl. 16, fig. 8). Moreau does not describe or figure cleavage turrows in Cuircinella conica. The trregular blocks are further divided by cleavage into more or less oblong to sausage-shaped protoplasmic masses con- | taining four to five nuclei (PI. 16, fig. 9). As in Pilobolus, these blocks are transversely divided into roughly polygonal, one- to two- nucleated protoplasmic masses. I agree with Moreau in calling these protoplasmic segments the protospores. During the cleavage process the protoplasmic mass undergoes shrinkage without ques- tion, but I did not observe such a loose and open structure of the dividing spore plasm as Moreau figures, and I am inclined to be- lieve that his figure 28, plate 3, represents poor fixation and con- siderable shrinkage. The protospores are, for’a time, connected by delicate, gelatinous strands, which are probably an exudate of the protoplasm (PI. 16, fig. 10). The nuclei now divide.and each protoplasmic mass (protospore) swells and grows. The young spores now become polyhedral and are closely pressed together (Pl. 16, fig. 13). This expansion period is followed by a con- traction; the multinucleated spores round up and form a cell-wall CRAs Omi oe Age The process of spore formation in Circinella minor may be sum- marized as follows: : 1. Differentiation of spore and columella plasm. 2. Formation of irregular multinucleate blocks of protoplasm by surface fur- rows and angular vacuoles. 3. Further division by cleavage producing oblong protoplasmic masses contain- ing four to five nuclei (2 and 3 are contraction phases). 4. Division of oblong to sausage-shaped blocks into one- to two-nucleated protospores. 5. Protospores grow and become multinucleated (expansion phase). 6. Spores round up (second contraction phase). 7. Further contraction and formation of cell-walls. Harper has pointed out that in Sporodinia grandis there is an abbreviation of the process of spore formation as compared with SCHWARZE: CLEAVAGE IN SPORANGIA 165 Pilobolus crystallinus and Synchytrium decipiens. It is evident that the process of spore formation in Circinella minor, like Rhizo- pus nigricans, occupies an intermediate position in such a series. In Circinella minor the formation of. protospores is followed by nuclear division and growth. But with the formation of the proto- spores cell-division is complete. In Pilobolus crystallinus the protospore grows and becomes multinucleated, but this multi- nucleated cell divides by constriction. The final cell-divisions pro- duce the oblong, binucleate spores. In Sporodinia grandis the process of spore formation is so abbreviated that the initial cleav- age cuts out comparatively large multinucleated segments which ultimately round up and become the definitive spores. I have illustrated the chief stages of the development of the columella and spores in Mucor mucedo in a series of text figures (text fig. D, 1-5). | Fig. D. Diagrams showing the method of the columella and spore forma- tion in Mucor mucedo. 1, a young sporangium. 2, showing the dome-shaped layer of vacuoles outlining the columella. 3, showing the spore plasm cut up into protoplasmic blocks by progressive cleavage. 4, spore-initials in the con- traction stage. 5, showing the polyhedral or expansion stage. Mucor MUCEDO Strasburger (49) has given us a fragmentary account of spore formation in Mucor mucedo. He considered the protoplasmic mass cut up by cell-plates in a manner similar to that in Sapro- legnia. Two years later Busgen (8), studying the same species, came to the conclusion that the spore plasm is cut up into large protoplasmic blocks by cell-plates, and that by subsequent sub- division protoplasmic masses are formed which have the size of the definitive spores. The sporangium then becomes homogeneous and a second division produces the definitive spores. Leger (34) studied spore formation in the sporangia of Mucor mucedo and 164 MYCOLOGIA agrees with Van Tieghem that the spore plasm is divided at once into polyhedric granular spores separated by a non-granular sub- — stance. Moreau,’ studying spore formation in Mucor mucedo, came to the conclusion that the spore plasm divides into irregular multinucleated fragments which subsequently become the spores. I have studied the method of the columella and spore formation in M. mucedo. I find that the columella does not originate as a plane wall, which is subsequently arched up into the sporangium, as 1s so often depicted in textbooks on botany, but that as in the Zygomycetes studied by Harper (24) and Swingle (50) the colu- mella is from the first dome-shaped as I show in PI. 16, fig. 19; a dome-shaped series of vacuoles appear, these flatten, fuse end to end, and thus delimit the spore plasm from the columella plasm. The spore plasm is first cut up into comparatively large proto- plasmic blocks. During this stage considerable contraction occurs for the blocks are not in close apposition (PI. 16, fig. 20). These blocks are now subdivided by cleavage into roughly polyhedral spore initials. This subdivision ts attended by still further con- ~ traction, followed by an expansion stage in which the spore initials become polygonal, as figured by Leger (.(34), plate 8, fig. 35; my figure, plate 16, fig. 21). These spore initials eventually contract and form the ovate definitive spores. I have not been able to determine with certainty the number of nuclei in the ripe spores. RHIZOPUS NIGRICANS AND PILOBOLUS CRYSTALLINUS The process of spore formation in Sporodinia grandis is much abbreviated, the spore plasm being cut up only into relatively large multinucleate blocks (text fig. C, 1-5), which quickly round up to form the definitive spores. In Rhizopus nigricans (text fig. E, I—5) the spore plasm is cut up, progressively, into numerous much smaller multinucleate, angular to ovate spores, but never reaches the uninucleate stage. The relative extent of the cleavage is well illustrated by comparing the size of the spores of Rhizopus mgri- cans with that of those of Sporodinia grandis. In Sporodinia grandis the spores measure, on an average, 20-30 X 17-24, Rhizopus nigricans 9-12 x 7.5-8p.° In Pilobolus crystallinus (text fig. F, 1-6) the process of spore formation is still further 1 Bull. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 31: 71-72. 1915. SCHWARZE: CLEAVAGE IN SPORANGIA 165 protracted. The spore plasm is cut up, by progressive cleavage, into uninucleate protospores. An embryonic stage now intervenes, the protospores grow and become multinucleate. By a series of divisions binucleate definitive spores are produced. For the sake of comparison I have also included diagrams of Rhizopus mgricans and Pilobolus crystallinus, showing stages of the development of the columella and spores. Fig. E. Diagrams showing the method of the columella and spore forma- tion in Rhizopus nigricans. 1, a young sporangium. 2, showing the dome- shaped layer of vacuoles outlining the columella. 3, showing early stage of cleavage. 4, showing the contraction stage. 5, expansion or polyhedral stage. Fig. F. Diagrams showing the method of the columella and spore forma- tion in Pilobolus crystallinus. 1, a young sporangium showing dense spore plasm. 2, showing the dome-shaped series of vacuoles and a circular furrow which cut out the columella. 4, stage of uninucleate protospores. 5, poly- hedral stage. 6, ripe spore stage. DISCUSSION Although a number of recent papers by Kusano (32), Barrett (3), and Griggs (23) report the occurrence of simultaneous cleav- age in the sporangia of certain algae and fungi, the evidence to 1 66 > IMycoLocera prove the existence of this method of spore formation is inade- quate. On the other hand, there is an accumulation of evidence which confirms the contention that cell-division in the sporangia of algae and fungi is essentially a process of furrowing either from the periphery of the sporangia or from the vacuoles in the interior of the spore plasm. ) As far as I am aware Rothert, studying spore formation in the sporangia of Achlya and Saprolegnia, was the first to note the contraction and expansion phases during the cleavage process. . His observations are, therefore, of paramount importance for understanding the mechanics of the cleavage phenomena in other sporangia. A complete parallelism with the phenomena described by Rothert is found in the process of oodsphere formation in Vaucheria, as described very carefully from living material by Oltmanns (39). Oltmanns confirms and amplifies the observations of Thuret, rela- tive to zoospore formation in Vaucheria, and Strasburger and Berthold, who studied the process of zoospore and odgonium for- mation. | ’ According to Oltmanns, just before the cell-division, which cuts off the odgonium from the parent filament, there is an extrusion of water from the protoplasmic mass within the oogonium; the extruded water forms a large vacuole at or below the base of the oogonium (figs. 8-10, pl. 6-7). This stage is comparable to the first contraction phase with its large central vacuole and the for- mation of radial furrows beginning the delimitation of the spores, as noted by Rothert in Saprolegnia. In the case of Vaucheria, cutting off of the odgonium is first initiated by what may be called the cleavage vacuole. The condition is similar to that found in columella formation in Pilobolus crystallinus, Rhizopus nigricans, Phycomyces nitens, Sporodinia grandis, Mucor mucedo, etc. Such basal vacuoles play the same réle as the cleavage vacuoles which appear in the spore plasm of Pilobolus, Phycomyces, Circmella, etc. The plasma membrane about the basal vacuole in Vaucheria is finally broken, the cell-sap escapes, and the odgonial. protoplasm now expands; the basal plasma membrane of the oogonium and the plasma membrane of the filament are brought into close prox- SCHWARZE: CLEAVAGE IN SPORANGIA 167 imity (fig. 9, pls. 6-7). This stage is to be compared also to the stage in the formation of the columella in sporangia of .the Zygo- mycetes where the vacuoles flatten and fuse edge to edge. Later, in Vaucheria, a wall is formed between the two membranes and is seen to be convex toward the odgonium (fig. 11, pls. 6-7). The oosphere 1s now rounded up in the second contraction phase. The protoplasmic mass, which has heretofore conformed to the general outline of the odgonial wall, undergoes contraction until the rather globular or ovoid odsphere is formed. The ripe odsphere contains relatively few chloroplasts, but numerous oil globules, suggesting . the chemical condensation processes which have accompanied the extrusion of cell-sap. Such illustrations show clearly that the process of spore formation, whether sexual or asexual, involves rather a marked series of contraction and expansion phases accom- panied by metabolic changes in the protoplasm which result, in general, in the formation of reserve food products, but whose fun- damental chemical nature is at present little known. The process of spore formation may be much abbreviated as in Sporodinia grandis, whose spores are short lived and contain little reserve material, or it may be protracted as in Pilobolus crystallinus and Synchytrium decipiens, by the interpolation of an embryonic stage, in which the protospores increase in size, become multi- nucleated, ripen, form a wall, and enter a period of rest before they germinate by a tube in Pilobolus or by zoospore formation in Synchytrium. ‘ Swingle (50) attributes spore formation in sporangia as due to localized contractions of the protoplasm He does not believe that the nuclei directly influence contraction, but states: “The nucle determine to some extent just what protoplasm shall constitute each individual spore.” Recently Harper (25) has suggested that the loss of water is probably least in the vicinity of the nuclei during the shrinking and condensation of the spore plasm, and that this might be a deter-- mining factor in the orientation of the cleavage furrows. The failure to note the various contraction and expansion phases accompanying the formation of spores in the sporangia of algae and fungi has doubtless led to the erroneous conception of simul- 168 MyYcoLoGIA taneous cleavage as it still persists in the literature of spore for- mation. } While the method of the columella formation has been studied in relatively few Zygomycetes, the researches by Harper (24), Swingle (50), and myself have shown that the columella is not from the first a plane wall, which is subsequently pushed up into the sporangium, as is so often figured and described in textbooks on botany, but that it originates as a dome-shaped mass of vacuoles at the inner boundary of the spore plasm. Brefeld (7) observed that the columella was from the first dome-shaped. The vacuoles flatten in their radial axes, fuse edge to edge, and thus delimit the spore plasm from the columella plasm. 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Zur Kenntniss der Phycomyceten. 1, Zur Morphologie und Biologie der Ancylisteen und Chytridiaceen. Nova Acta K. Leop. Carol. deutsch. Akad. der Naturf. 47: 143-236. 1884. EXPLANATION OF PLATES All figures were drawn with the aid of the camera lucida, and with the Zeiss 1.8 mm. objective, N. A. 1.25; magnification about 1300 diameters. PLATE Ts Sporodinia grandis Fig. 1. Median vertical section of a sporangium showing cleavage com- plete on one side and first appearance of superficial cleavage furrows. Fig. 2. Median vertical section of a sporangium showing columella-cleft completely formed and furrows passing upward through the spore plasm. Fig. 3. Tangential section of a sporangium showing an advanced stage of cleavage and a large central mucorin crystal. Fig. 4. Oblique section of a sporangium, spores have become polygonai by mutual pressure (expansion phase). Fig. 5. Tangential section of a sporangium representing an early stage of cleavage. Fig. 6. Median vertical section of a sporangium, columella-cleft and cleavage complete on one side of the sporangium and in an advanced stage on. the other side. | PLATE 16 Fig. 7. Sporodinia grandis. Tangential section of a sporangium showing advanced stage of cleavage. Circinella minor Fig. 8. Tangential section of a sporangium showing branching furrows. Fig. 9. Horizontal section of a sporangium; spore plasm cut into oblong to sausage-shaped protoplasmic masses which are somewhat concentrically ar- ranged and are undergoing transverse segmentation. Fig. 10. Section of a portion of a sporangium, protoplasmic masses are being cut up into 1-2 nucleated protospores. Fig. 11. Vertical median section of a sporangium, somewhat later stage of cleavage than shown in figure 1o. Fig. 12. Oblique section of a sporangium about same stage as the last. Fig. 13. Spores have become multinucleated and polygonal (expansion phase). Fig. 14. Mature multinucleated spores. Mucor racemosus Fig. 15. Tangential section of a sporangium showing the beginning -f two cleavage-furrows. Fig. 16. Tangential section of a somewhat larger sporangium, the pro- toplasm is being cut up into irregular blocks. EZ MyYcoLocGIa Fig. 17. Tangential section of a sporangium, the irregular blocks of pro- toplasm are being cut up into spores, the nuclei are not well shown. Fig. 18. Mature multinucleate spores. Mucor mucedo Fig. 19. Median vertical section of a sporangium, columella-cleft nearly. complete on one side but in the early stage on the other side. Fig. 20. Outline drawing of a section of a sporangium showing cleavage of spore-plasm into relatively large protoplasmic blocks. Fig. 21. Section of a sporangium showing spore-plasm cut up into uni- nucleate spore-initials. : Fig. 22. Outline drawing of a median vertical section. of a small sporan- gium showing polyhedral spore initials. -Myco.tocia SPORODINIA GRANDIS MycoLocia VoLUME 15, PLATE 16 Fic. 7. SPORODINIA GRANDIS Fic. 15-18. Mucor RACEMOSUS Fic. 8-14. CIiRCINELLA MINOR Fic. 19-22. Mucor MUCEDO & 3 “ ¥ e \ alee 12h eth Th Polyporacene ioe Polyporacene, t rth arolina, | : ¥ orth American Hypocresles—II. 2 Yet dB aie \ , New BS | on reproted from Mcoxoata, if if ordered with plooe * 3 Pe -MYCOLOGIA Vou. XIV PAE, 1922 No. 4. CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF OREGON FUNGI—I S. M. ZELLER (WITH 6 FIGURES IN THE TEXT) The literature dealing with the fungous flora of Oregon has been almost entirely limited to papers on parasitic fungi. Before it is possible to list accurately the fungi of such a relatively unex- plored region a great amount of labor is necessary in the preserva- tion of specimens with accurate notes and labels. It is the purpose of the writer to preserve specimens of Oregon fungi as opportunity is afforded and publish from time to time those lists and notes of species which have never been reported from the state or concerni- ing which notes of interest have been obtained. ‘This is the first installment of such lists. In certain groups of fungi many of the determinations were either made or verified by specialists. Many of the ascomycetous forms were sent to Dr. Fred J. Seaver for identification, or the Oregon specimens were compared with those sent to Dr. Seaver from Seattle, Washington, several years ago.. Dr. E. A. Burt has kindly identified most of the Thelephoraceae and many of the polypores. Dr. J. R. Weir and Dr. L. O. Overholts have aided in the.determination of some of the polypores, and Dr. C. H. Kauffman and Dr. W. A. Murrill in the determination of some of the Agaricaceae. Many fungi of all groups have ‘been sent to Dr. C. G. Lloyd for comparison. The aid of these men has been greatly appreciated. The list as given here is in the order of groups and families as given in Saccardo’s “Sylloge Fungorum,” and ‘colors are given [Mycotoceia.for May (14: 99-172) was issued June 6, 1922] 173 ATA MyYcoLocia according to the nomenclature established by Ridgway in “Color Standards and Color Nomenclature.” PHYCOMYCETES 1. Family CHYTRIDIACEAE 1. Urophlyctis pluriannulatus (B. & C.) Farlow. In leaves of Sanicula Menziesii, west of Corvallis. June. Not in- frequent. No. 1825. ASCOMYCETES 1. Family PERISPORIACEAE - 2. Meliola abietis (Cooke) Sacc. This black leaf spot of Abies grandis was collected south of Corvallis. August. Infrequent. No. 1850. 2. Family SPHAERIACEAE 3. Xylaria Longiana Rehm, On oak, Corvallis. April. Infrequent. No. 2001. 4. Daldinia vernicosa (Schw.) E. & E. On burned-out trunk of Quercus Garyana, Corvallis. April. Rare. No. 2003. 5. Hypoxylon atropunctatum (Schw.) E. & E. On bark of Quercus Garyana, Corvallis. April. Common. No. 2000. 6. Gnomonia Coryli (Batsch) E. & E. | On lower surface of leaves of Corylus Californica, Corvallis. June.. Frequent. No, 2013. 7. Lasiosphaeria strigosa (A. & 8.) E. & E. On decayed Alnus stub, west of Alsea. August. Infrequent. No. 1963. 3. Family HyPocrEACEAE 8. Nectria episphaeria (Tode) Fries. - On Diatrype on hazel, Corvallis. May. Frequent. Nos. 1953, 1954, 1956, 9. Nectria Coryli Fuckel. On Salix, Corvallis. Infrequent. No. 1939. Collected and determined by H. P. Barss. : 10. Nectria galligena Bres. Commonly found causing a canker on several varieties of apple and pear and one variety of quince. It has been identified on one native host, Acer macrophyllum. ‘This species has been collected in many lo- calities west of the Cascade Mountains. Nos. 1804, 1820, 1823, 1895, 2097, 2098, 20909, 2101, 2103, 2104, 2106—27%2, 23574, 2175, 2253. 4 1. Nectria coccinea (Pers.) Fries. This Nectria which resembles N. galligena in gross morphology is dis- I2. rs: 14. 15, 16. 17. 18. IQ. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. ZELLER: CONTRIBUTIONS TO OREGON FUNGI 175 tinguished by the character and size of the spores and structure of the perithecium. Nectria coccinea has been collected in the vicinity of Cor- vallis on Quercus Garyana, Acer circinnatum, Cornus Nuttallii and Salix sp. Nos. 1803, 1938, 2095, 2100. Pleonectria berolinensis Sacc. On old canes of Ribes, Corvallis. April. Rare. No. 1925. 4. Family BULGARIACEAE Stamnaria Persoonit (Moug.) Fuckel. On Equisetum, Roseburg. Collected by F. H. Lathrop. October. Rare. No: 2031. Although usually reported as saprophytic it seems to be parasitic in this case. Bulgaria inquinans (Pers.) Fries. d On decayed wood, Corvallis. November. Frequent. No. 1980, 5. Family HELoTIACEAE Phialea alniella (Nyl.) Sacc. This little white, stalked discomycete is very common in the spring and makes a striking appearance as it covers the old female cones of Alnus which have dropped to the ground. 6. Family PEzIzACEAE Otidea leporina (Batsch) Fuckel. In coniferous woods, Corvallis and Aurora. November. Frequent. Nos. 1874, 2192. Aleuria aurantia (Pers.) Fuckel. Common in lawns and on campus of Oregon Agricultural College, Corvallis. Spring and fall until a freeze. No. 2210. Geopyxis cupularis (L.) Sace. On ground where brush had been burned. South of Corvallis. April. Frequent. Discina ancilis (Pers.)- Sacc. On ground in peach orchards, Kiger Island. April. No. 1910. A very common spring form in the humid portions of the Northwest. Pseudoplectania melaena (Fries) Sacc. On decaying vegetation in mixed forests, on the hills northwest of Corvallis and on Mary’s Peak. March and June. Infrequent. No. 2090. Sarcoscypha coccinea (Scop.) Sacc. On decayed coniferous twig, Corvallis. February. Rare. No. 182. 7. Family HELVELLACEAE Morchella angusticeps Peck. In prune orchard, Kiger Island. April. Frequent. No. 1926, Morchella crassipes (Vent.) Pers. On ground in old orchard, Philomath. April. Infrequent. No. 1924. Morchella deliciosa Fries. On ground in prune orchard, Corvallis. April. Infrequent. No. TOI 3: 176 MyYcoLocia 25; 26. 27) 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33- 34. 35. 36. 37- Morchella semilibera DC. On ground in prune orchard, Corvallis. April. Infrequent. Nos. 1914, 1916. Helvella crispa Fries. In mixed woods, Corvallis. November. Infrequent. No. 2202. - Helvella elastica Bull. On ground in coniferous forest, Corvallis. April. Infrequent. No. 1998. ; Helvella lacunosa Afzel. On ground in coniferous forest, Corvallis and Mary’s Peak. April. No. 1764. This is the most common species of this order to be found in western Oregon. It appears most profusely in the autumn. Helvella infula Schaef. On old log of Pseudotsuga taxifolia, on the east side of Alsea Moun- tain. November. Not infrequent. Nos. 1798, 2196. Gyromitra esculenta (Pers.) Fries. Elgin, Union County. April to May. No. 2094. Spathularia clavata. (Schaeff.) Sacc. Very plentiful on ground in coniferous woods, Mary’s Peak. Novem- ber. No. 1876. é Trichoglossum hirsutum (Pers.) Boudier. In humus in open grassy woodlot north of Corvallis. April. Infre- quent. No. 2004. : This collection has uniformly 15-septate spores. The plants are black, 8—-1o cm. high and solitary or gregarious. 8. Family TUBERACEAE Hydnotrya ellipsospora Gilkey. Under leaves of Quercus and Pseudotsuga, Corvallis. March. Rare. No. -1901. Tuber candidum Harkness. On diggings of wood rat tinder oaks, on campus of McMinnville Col- lege, McMinnville. ‘December. This collection (No. 2164) was taken by the writer and identified by Dr. Helen M. Gilkey. This is the most common Tuber collected in California within the limited area of Alameda and Placer Counties: which hitherto has been its known limits of distribu- tion. This is the first report of the species from Oregon. BASIDIOMYCETES 1. Family UREDINACEAE Puccinia Burnettiu Griff. On Sidalcea,. Linn County, east. of Corvallis.. July. No. 224%. Puccinia gigantispora Bubak. On Anemone, Mary’s Peak. August. No. 2265. Puccinia Lapsanae Fuckel. On Lapsona communis, Corvallis. August. No. 2245. 38. 39- 40. At. 42. 43. 44. 45. ZELLER: CONTRIBUTIONS TO OREGON FUNGI 177 Polwvthelis thalictri (Cher.) Arthur. On Thalictrum occidentale, Corvallis. August. No. 2246. 2. Family USTILAGINACEAE Schizonella melanogrammia (DC.) Schroet. On Carex, Linn County, east of Corvallis. August. No. 2247: 3. Family TREMELLACEAE Gyrocephalus rufus Bref. On humus in coniferous woods, Corvallis. October. Common. No. 2038. | Tremella frondosa Fries. On oak stump, Corvallis. Infrequent. October to November. Nos. 2051, 2190. | Tremella lutescens Pers. On stumps and fallen dead wood, Corvallis. Frequent. October to November. Tremella mesenterica Retz. On oak stump, Corvallis. Infrequent. May. No. 1958. Naematelia encephala (Wilid.) Fries. On Pseudotsuga and Abies, Corvallis. February. Frequent. Nos. 1894, 1901. This western variety is much larger than typical N. encephala and the core is pure white. Exidia recisa Fries. On dead bark of apple and other deciduous trees, Corvallis. Novem- ber. Infrequent. No. 1968. This species has a translucent wine color 46. 47. 48. 40. and shades of brown. Exidia Zelleri Lioyd.1 On Sambucus glaucus, Corvallis. October. Infrequent. No. 1775. “ Plants applanate to gyrose, about 1 mm. thick, surface even; color when fresh pale purplish-gray, subtranslucent with faint violaceous cast, drying darker. Papillae very few, scattered, globose. Basidia globose, hyaline, 12-14 m, imbedded in a thin layer, close to surface. Spores 6x 20 4p, hyaline, curved or rarely straight.”—Lloyd. This plant is very close to Tremella violacea, according to Lloyd, but differs in size, size and shape of spores, and in the fact that the basidia are embedded in a very thin layer) ~ Dacryomyces aurantia Schw. ; On fir stumps, Corvallis. May. Infrequent. ‘No. 1057. ‘2. Family CLAVARIACEAE Sparassis radicata Weir. Parasitic on roots of Douglas fir, Philomath. November. Rather frequent. No. 2163. . an Ciavaria pistillaris Fries. On the ground in mixed woods, Mary’s Peak, Tidewater and Corvallis. December to June. Frequent. Nos. 1726, 1967. . 1 Lloyd, C. G. Mycological Notes 62: 931. 1920. 178 MycoLocia 50. Spas B2, 53. 54- 55+ 56. 57- 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. Clavaria corniculata Fries. On ground under Pseudotsuga taxifolia, near Corvallis. December. Frequent. No. 1972. Clavaria mucida Pers. On rotten oak log, Corvallis. December. Infrequent. No. 1971. Clavaria cristata Fries. On the ground in mixed woods. This is the most common white Clavaria in the woods about Corvallis. It appears after the rains start in the fall and can be found until the early spring. No. 1877. Clavaria abietina Fries. In fir woods on Mary’s Peak trail. October. No. 1731. This plant has a thickened base, the branches wrinkle longitudinally when dry. The flesh is white but turns greenish when bruised. It has a bitter taste. Common in fir woods in western Oregon. Clavaria botrytis Fries. : In coniferous woods, Blue River. November. Nos, 21g2) 2072 Clavaria vermicularis Fries. In mixed woods, Corvallis. October. Infrequent. No. 2037. Calocera cornea Weinm. ‘ On dead fir wood, Corvallis. September to October. Frequent. No. 2062. Typhula phacorrhiza Fries. On fallen alder leaves, Philomath-Alsea road on Alsea Mountain, about a month after the fall rains begin. Frequent. The hair-like clubs usually stand about 7-12 cm. tall from small disk- shaped, brownish sclerotia, 7-11 mm. in diameter by 1.5-3 mm. thick. This form is common in thick stands of alder in western Oregon and Washington. 3. Family THELEPHORACEAE Craterellus cornucopioides (L.) Pers. On ground among Gaultheria shallon in a clearing of coniferous woods, near Mary’s Peak, Benton County. December. Infrequent. No. 2167. Collected by C. C. Epling. This plant was not reported west of Missouri in Burt’s monograph. It is plentiful when found, and is larger than usual, reaching 12 cm. high and 7 cm. broad: Stereum fuscum (Schrader) Quél. On alder, Corvallis. May. Infrequent.. No. 1948. Stereum purpureum Pers. On pear trunk, Corvallis. December. Infrequent. No. 2214. No “silver leaf” has been observed in connection with infections of this fungus. Thelephora palmata (Scop.) Fries. On the ground in pathways in mixed woods. In the hills northwest of Corvallis and on Mary’s Peak. March. Infrequent. No. 2091. Corticium lactescens Berk. On oak, Baldy Peak and Corvallis. March and September. Frequent. Nos. 1771, 1905. 63. 64. ZELLER: CONTRIBUTIONS TO OREGON FUNGI 179 Coniophora cerebella Pers. This very active wood-destroying organism was found near Philomath, on the charred bark of Thuja plicata, Pseudotsuga taxifolia and Tsuga heterophylla. Although known from Washington and California Coni- ophora cerebella has not been previously reported from Oregon. Nos. 1795, 1790, 1797. Cyphella marginata McAlpine.2 On twigs of peach, apple and almond, Marion, Benton, and Douglas Counties. May to July. Frequent. Nos. 18408 eis it} 1922, 1940, 2102. Previously this fungus has been reported from Australia only. There is no record of the importation of nursery stock which would carry this fungus from Australia into Oregon. The fungus is inconspicuous and is perhaps of little, if any, economic importance. In Australia McAlpine observed this fungus on dead twigs of peach but in Oregon it is abundant on ‘die-back” twigs of peach and apple and has been found in one locality on almond. The cupules are minute, resembling fuzzy, gray or ochraceous goblets. They are peziza-like in appearance, about 0.5-1 mm. in diameter. 65. Peniophora glabra (B. & C.) Burt. On Douglas fir, Corvallis. September. Infrequent. No. 1860. 66. Peniophora glebulosa Bres. 67. 68. On decayed wood in mixed woods, Corvallis. August. Infrequent. No. 1813. Peniophora incarnata (Fries) Cooke. On oak, Corvallis. March. -Infrequent. No. 1906. Peniophora cinerea Fries. On alder, Philomath-Alsea road on Alsea Mountain. November. In- frequent. No. 2230. 69. Hymenochaete spreta Peck. On alder and Douglas fir, Corvallis. August and February. Infre- quent. Nos. 1852, 1896. ; 70. Aleurodiscus subcruentatus (B. & C.) Burt.3 W7T. 122. Mo On Pseudotsuga taxifolia and Abies grandis, Corvallis. August and September. Frequent. Nos. 1722, 1809, 1951. According to Dr. Burt this was “ described from a coliection made in Japan about 60 years ago by the U. S. Northern Pacific Exploring Ex- pedition.” Since the publication of his monograph of the genus Aleuro- discus he has “received Oregon collections and collections from Japan and California. This is not recorded as turning up before since the original collection.” Aleurodiscus amorphus (Pers.) Robh. On fir bark, Corvallis. November. Frequent. No. 1791. 2McAlpine, D. Fungous diseases of stone-fruit trees in Australia 120— 1902. 3 Burt, E. A. Thelephoraceae of North America. XII. Stereum. Ann. feeot, Gard. 73 237. 1920. 180 MYcOLOGIA Tse 74. 73° 76. 77: 78. 79. So. 81. 82, S3an 84. 4. Family HyDNACEAE Hydnum ochraceum Pers. On Douglas fir stump, Corvallis. August. Frequent. No. 1806, Hydnum erinaceus Bull. On Douglas fir log, Philomath. October. Frequent. No. 2135. Hydnum auriscalpium Linn. On cones and needles of Pseudotsuga eo alin Corvallis. November to January. Frequent. Nos. 2138, 2221. Hydnum repandum Linn. . In open woods, various localities in western Oregon. November. Frequent. Nos. 2136, 2193. The western plants are a deeper orange than the pale buff plants I have collected in the middle west. Hydnum subfuscum Peck. On coniferous bark, Mary’s Peak trail. October. Frequent. No. 1724. Echinodontium tinctorum Ellis. A resupinate specimen found on Abies grandis, Corvallis. April. Frequent. No. 1912. Irpex lacteus Fries. On cherry stumps or causing heart rot of living trees from large pruning cuts. Fall and spring. Frequent. No. 1824. This is the most common heart rot of sweet cherry in western Oregon. Odontia fragilis Karst. On oak, Corvallis. August. Infrequent. No. 1848. Radulum Owensii Lloyd. On oak, Corvallis. March and April. Frequent. Nos. 1907, 1932. 5. Family BoLETACEAE Boletus chrysenteron With. In mixed woods, Corvallis. Comes with the early fall rains and per- sists until November. Common. | Boletus luridus Schaeff. Under conifers, Oregon Agricultural College campus, Corvallis. . Sep- tember. Infrequent. No. 2058. Although this plant has been reported aasin Washington and Gartornia, it had not previously been reported from Oregon, Boletus luteus Fries. Under conifers, Oregon ‘Agricultural College campus, ‘Conlin No- vember. Common. No. 2035. This is a very common plant from early fall until the first freeze. It is always to be found under conifers in season. Boletus scaber Fries. Under various frees, Oregon Agricultural’ College campus, Corvallis. September. Infrequent. No. 2059. If this were to be referred to one of Peck’s varieties it perhaps would come nearest to fuligineus. Variety testaceus has also been observed in this locality. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. ZELLER: CONTRIBUTIONS TO OREGON FUNGI 181 Boletus Zelleri Murrill. In coniferous woods, Corvallis. October to November. Frequent. Boletinus cavipes Opat. Under birch trees, Oregon Agricultural College campus, Corvallis. October. Infrequent. No. 2052. This plant has not previously been reported west of the Rocky Mts. 6. Family PoLyPORACEAE Cryptoporus volvatus (Peck) Shear. On Tsuga, Pseudotsuga and Abies in the Coast Range Mountains. September to November and spring. Frequent. Fomes annosus (Fries) Cooke. On Pseudotsuga taxifolia (log), Philomath-Alsea road. November. Infrequent. Nos. 1759, 2140. Fomes applanatus (Pers.) Wallroth. On wood of various deciduous trees, usually saprophytic but wun- doubtedly parasitic on the collar and roots of Italian prune trees. Fre- quent. Fall and spring. No. 1959. The form of this fungus having a white context (Fomes leucophaeus Mont.) is very commonly found in western Oregon. This form has. been observed upon thoroughly water-soaked, decayed wood of Populus and Acer. Specimens which were brought into the laboratory to dry became the usual brown color which progressed upwards from the tubes as the fungus dried out. Perhaps this white color is associated with a thor- oughly saturated condition which does not allow of the usual oxidation. For two years the progress of root rot in prune trees caused by F. applanatus has been watched with interest. In November, 1919, an orchard of about 20 acres in Douglas County was visited and many trees - had blown over in a recent wind storm. The trees had blown over while gO. 91. in full leaf and some in full fruit. An examination of the fallen trees to ascertain the cause of root weakness revealed a decayed condition of the roots. Many roots exhibited. resupinate fruiting bodies of F. ap- planatus and all of the fallen trees (about 20) had the white butt-rot characteristic of F. applanatus decay. In the spring of 1921 the samé orchard was visited and many more trees were observed with fruiting Bodies on the lower portion of the trunk and on the roots. Such trees had very loose footing. Usually the infection could be traced from wounds near the base of the trunk or on shallow roots probably caused by cultivation machinery. The trees were in good soil and apparently otherwise in good vigor except. that the upper trunk and larger. branches showed heart rot due to Trametes carnea. In this case Fomes applanatus is at least a destructive facultative parasite. ‘ Fomes igniarius (L.) Gillet. On apple trees, Canyonville, Douglas County, and Corvallis. May and February. Infrequent. Nos. 1900, 1921. Fomes pinicola (Swend.) Cooke. ; On peach and prune trees, western Oregon. Frequent. Nos. 1786, 1815. 182 ~ Mycotocta 92. 93. 94. 95- Fomes roseus (A. & S.) Cooke. : On Abies grandis,. Corvallis. March. Rare. No. 1908. I have seen but one specimen which I can refer to this species. This was definitely perennial, and ungulate with a black surface. Polyporus arcularius (Batsch) Fries. On oak wood, Corvallis. August. Infrequent. Nos. 1987, 1989. Not previously reported from the Pacific coast. Polyporus chioneus Fries. On oak and maple, Corvallis. October. Infrequent. Nos. 1753, 1974. One of these numbers was referred to P. trabeus Fries by Mr. Lloyd, but it surely differs but little from P. chioneus. Polyporus dryadeus (Pers.) Fries. On Acer macrophyllum and Abies grandis, Mary’s Peak and Cascadia, respectively. September. Not infrequent. Nos. 1765, 2061. The dozen - Or more applanate fructifications on maple were on a dead stub but the 96. 97- 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. one obtuse specimen on Abies was on a living tree. Although usually re- ported as found on living oak this species of late has been reported on a variety of hosts. Polyporus floriforms Quel. On decayed maple, Corvallis. October. Infrequent. No. 2019. Al- though this species usually has an attenuate or lateral stem-like base my specimens were sessile. To my knowledge this form has not been re- ported from west of Wisconsin. Polyparus fragilis Fries. On Abies grandis, Corvallis. October. Infrequent. No. 2016. This plant is white at,first as usual in this species but when touched it changes to livid pink or flesh-colored when dried or brick-red when a bruised portion is dried. The spores are alantoid, I-1.5 x5 wu. Polyporus galactinus Berk. On prune, Riddle, Douglas County. November, Infrequent. No. 1792. . Polyporus hirsutulus Schw. On sweet cherry, Corvallis. April and May. Frequent. Nos. 1933, 1934, 1937. This form has not been reported from west of Missouri but it perhaps occurs wherever P. versicolor (L.) Fries is found, for it is probably a segregate of that species. Polyporus hirtus Quél. . On ground, Powers. October. Infrequent. No. 2040. Polyporus Macounii Lloyd. On maple, Corvallis. October. Frequent. No. 2054. Perhaps an- other segregate of P. versicolor. Polyporus picipes Fries var. castaneus Lloyd. On maple log, Mary’s Peak. October. Infrequent. No, 1742), 1 His is a very clean, neat form of the species. It has a uniform tawny-olive color. Polyporus pubescens (Schumacher) Fries. ; ' On cherry, Corvallis. April. Frequent. No. 1834. ft 104. 105. 106, 107, ZELLER: CONTRIBUTIONS TO OREGON FUNGI 1838 Polyporus rufescens Pers. On oak stump, Corvallis. November. Infrequent. No. 1793. Polyporus sensibilis Murrill. On Abies grandis, Corvallis and Mary’s Peak. October. Not infre- quent. Nos. 1754, 2018. ; This plant has been reported once from Oregon by Dr. Murrill, the collection taken at Glenbrook. Polyporus Spraguei B. & C. On dead Quercus Garyana, Corvallis. October No. 2114. I have in my herbarium (No. 546) a collection of this species taken in Seattle, Washington. . This is a considerable extension of range for the species from the Mississippi Valley. Polyporus zgonatus Fries. On cherry and pear, Corvallis and Medford. Frequent. Nos. 1893, ' 1899. 108, 109. LLG, IIl. P. gonatus has very little to distinguish it from P. versicolor, of which it is perhaps a segregate. Hexagonia carbonaria B. & C. On charred wood, Corvallis. February. Infrequent. No. 1887. Poria contigua (Pers.) Karst. On decayed wood of Quercus Garyana, Corylus californicus and some- times Acer macrophyllum, western Oregon. Very frequent. Nos. 1723, 1808, 1888, 1891, 1920, 2220. This is a most common brown Poria in western Oregon. It is some- times found reflexed where moss fronds have been followed but infre- quently it has been found reflexed without apparent provocation. Dr. L. O. Overhoits says concerning this fungus, “I have European material from Romell with which it agrees exactly. Romell has written me that he considers P. contigua identical with Trametes tenuis Karst., and I am inclined to the same opinion.” The writer has reflexed speci- mens among those cited above and perhaps the plant sbould be listed under Trametes. Poria sanguinolenta (A. & S.) Fries. On oak fence post, Corvallis. March. Infrequent. No. 1902. Trametes carnea (Nees) Cooke. On peach, prune and conifers, western Oregon. Late fall, winter and spring. Extremely common. Nos. 1760, 1783, 1826, 1827, 1862, 188s, 1909, 1930, 2146. Trametes carnea causes more than 90% of all the heart-rot of prune and peach trees in the orchards of western Oregon. It is extremely de- structive, producing a rot which cannot be distinguished from that pro- duced by this fungus in coniferous woods. I believe this fungus to be a true Trametes. It does not become perennial. I have watched the same stumps for several seasons and the fruiting bodies die each season and new ones appear in their stead the following season. There seems to be layered growth marked by horizontal lines in vertical cuts through the context but this evidently represents periodicity of growth during a season rather than perennial growth. I believe this is distinct from the perennial Fomes roseus. 184 | MycoLoGIa I1I2, P13. ei Trametes hetermorpha Fries. On Pseudotsuga taxifolia, Corvallis. March. Infrequent. No. 2092. Trametes hispida Bag]. On Populus, Freewater. May.- Rare. No. 2017 (O. A. C. Herb. 223i. This large fruiting body, 18x 10x 7 cm., is more or less of a mon- strosity for this species. The tubes are extremely variable and large, reaching 25 mm. in length. The variation seems mainly to be one of size for in microscopic characters it is not very different from T. hispida. Merulius brassicaefolius Schw. In November, 1919, Mr. C. E. Waterman of Newberg sent me a speci- men of this fungus which he collected from a sill of Douglas fir wood. The sills are about 20 inches from the ground and resting on oak blocks. The specimen of decayed wood sent with the fungus is a brown, dry rot which runs very rapidly during humid weather. The hyphae in the lumen ‘of the tracheids are hyaline, 3-4 in diameter and septate with occa- sional clamp-connections. This collection extends the range of this fungus west from Louisiana. No. 1780. Fig. 1. Fructifications of Merulius pilosus Burt. Nat.. size. EUS< ’ Merulius pilosus Burt, sp. nov. Fructification resupinate, orbicular, fleshy, separable, drying capu- cine-buff, the margin entire, rather thick; hymenium at first with some- what radial folds which become venosely connected and form shallow, angular, irregular pores about 1 to 2 to a mm.; in structure about 1-14 mm. thick, composed’ of densely atranged, hyaline hyphae, 3-4 mw in diameter, not incrusted; clavate gloeocystidia up to 60x 10-12 mw are abundant in the subhymenial region; cylindric hair-like cystidia, 3-4 u in diameter, emerge up to 40 w in the hymenium; spores hyaline, even, 3x2 mu. Fructification 6-7 cm. in diameter. 116.‘ LIZ. 118. I19Q. 120. I2I. 122. ZELLER: CONTRIBUTIONS TO OREGON FUNGI 135 On very: rotten, decorticated, frondose wood, Corvallis, Oregon, Sep- tember 28, coll. S. M. Zeller 1772, type (in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb. 56849). M. pilosus is distinguished by its capucine-buff color, fleshy structure, presence of gloeocystidia and cystidia, and the minute spores; gloeocys- tidia have not been found in any other North American species with the exception of M. rugulosus of the West Indies. ° All of the above notes and diagnosis of M. pilosus was kindly sent to the writer by Dr. E. A. Burt. The accompanying photograph (Fig. 1) of the type was taken when the collection was made. Merulins tremulosus Schrader. Although Dr, Burt did not: examine any specimens of this species from Oregon, it is very common on decaying, hard woods during the fall months. 6. Family AGARICACEAE Amanita muscaria Fries. In the sandy tide flats along Willamette River, Corvallis. September. Frequent. No. 2153. This poisonous Amanita is very common in the early fall on the sandy bottom land along the Willamette river. The plants are very large ahd striking in color, the disk usually English red and the margin orange-chrome. A specimen reaching 28 cm. high and with a pileus 21 cm. broad weighed 3 lbs., 6 ozs. Amanita calyptrata Peck. In coniferous woods, Mary’s Peak and Corvallis. October. - Frequent. ‘Nos. 1766, 2126. Amanita pantherinoides Murrill. In coniferous woods and open oak thickets, Corvallis. November. Frequent. No. 2150. “Amanita solitaria Fries. Solitary on ground in oak woods, Corvallis. October and November. ‘Rare. No. 2063. This plant has not previously been reported from Oregon although it is known to grow on the Pacific slope in California. According to Dr. Gilkey it has’ been collected in past years in several counties in this vicinity. Our plants have practically no odor. nor taste unless slightly farinaceous. Amanita chlorinosma Peck. . Solitary on ground in sérubby oak thicket, Corvallis. October and November. Rare. Collected by Mr. Carl C. Epling (333). This species is strikingly like A. solitaria in morphological characters differing, however, in size of spores and in odor. A. chlorinosma has a strong, marked odor. In the specimen cited above the odor was desig- nated as ‘ ‘of potash or of strong alkaline urine.” Amanitopsis vaginata Fries. In coniferous woods mostly, Mary’s Peak. October. Common. No. 1778. The common variety of this species to be found in western Oregon 186 MycoLocia is livida, The white form, alba, is rarely to be seen. The grayish- mouse-colored variety attains a very large size in the mountains of the coast range. My collection has the pileus hair-brown in color, 10-18 ‘em. broad, and the plants reach 28 cm. high. Scales on the stipe are 1235 124. 125. 126, mouse-gray. Lepiota clypeolaria Fries. In mixed or coniferous woods Corvallis. November. Commonly found west of the Cascade Mountains. No. 2183. Lebiota granulosa Fries. In mixed’ woods, Corvallis. October. No. 2033. This species is common throughout western Oregon. Lepiota pulcherrima sp. nov. Pileus 6-12 cm. broad, subhemispheric at first, then convex to quite plane, moderately fleshy, young buttons quite solid, acajon-red to Vandyke red at the center, venetian- or alizarine-pink on the margin, often fading to a silvery livid-pink in age; cuticle on margins of older specimens split ; surface appearing velvety because of the innate-pubescence towards the center, nearly glabrous or silky on the margin or squamulose when closely covered by another pileus, becoming slightly appressed-scaly in age due to growth. Margin sterile. Flesh white, rather thin except disk. Gills free, white, close, broad, rounded behind, edges even. Stem 5-10 cm. long, 8-12 mm. thick, equal or tapering upward, slightly bulbose, peronate by a thin membrane colored like this pileus about one half to two thirds of the way up to the rather large, flaring, rather fleshy, per- sistent annulus, white within, white to pinkish above the annulus. Spores smooth, white, oblong, 3-4.5x5-8 wm, usually uniguttulate. Pleasant flavor. Odor mildly farinaceous. Gregarious to caespitose. Growing from a distinct, heavy spawn in needle mould under Pseudotsuga taxifolia. (November to December.) This is the most beautiful species of Lepiota with concolorous pileus and booted stem which the writer has ever seen. It is distinctly char- acterized by the rich color and surface of the pileus and the color and peronate character of the stem. It has been found at two stations in this locality and in one of these evidently growing from the same spawn for two seasons in succession. Specimens examined: Oregon, Corvallis, J. W. Severy and S. M. Zeller 2123, type (in Zeller Herb. 2123, N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb. and O. A.:-C. Herb. 3390); S. M. Zeller 2171, 2172 and C, C. Epling 72 (all in Zeller Herb.). Lepiota rubrotinctoides Murrill. In coniferous woods, Corvallis. This species is very common from October to December and lasts for about four weeks after the rains begin. This often would be mistaken for L. rubrotincta Pk. by eastern collectors but it differs in the darker almost black disk and the spores average con- siderably smaller. The stipe often has rosy tints especially below the annulus. Armillaria albolanaripes Atkinson. On ground in coniferous woods, Corvallis. October and November. Common. No. 2131. This species has been reported from Oregon and California, but the writer has collected it as far north as Seattle, Wash- ington. 128. F220: 130. ran. 132. ZELLER: CONTRIBUTIONS TO OREGON FUNGI 187 Armillaria corticata (Fries) Pat. On maple, Corvallis. November. Nos. 2053, 2154. This species has the appearance of a Pleurotus except for the presence of a veil which leaves an evanescent annulus or remnants on the margin of the pileus. This is the first report of the species from Oregon. Tricholoma bicolor Murrill. In mixed woods, Corvallis. October to December. Frequent. Nos. 2137, 2124. This beautiful buff Tricholoma has commonly been found in either deciduous or coniferous woods in and about Seattle, Washington, and near Corvallis, Oregon. It is not among the first Agarics to appear after the rains start in the fall, but comes on in about three weeks and may be found until the first freezing weather. This species usually appears to some extent again in the spring but not so abundantly as in the fall. The dry, pruinose, buff cap and the extremely bitter taste are the char- acters which distinguish this from other Pacific coast species of the genus. Tricholoma personatum Fries. In mixed or coniferous woods, September to December. Common. This species is one of the most widely distributed of the Agarics in western Oregon. It is mentioned here because of the enormous size attained, pilei over 18 cm. broad having been measured. It has been col- lected as late in the winter as January 4. At McMinnville several perfect “fairy rings”’ were observed on December 2. One of these measured 15 feet in diameter. Tricholoma subannulata (Peck) comb. nov. In lawns under deciduous trees, Corvallis. October to November. Infrequent. Nos. 2195, 2222. Unfortunately Peck described this species from dried specimens and included it in Armillaria. In North American Flora (10: 30, 1914), Murrill recombined the species as Melanoleuca subannulata (Peck) Murr. Since the species was described from dried specimens some of the dis- tinguishing characteristics were overlooked. The plants are cinnamon to Mars-brown when fresh and although viscid in damp weather the surface is often somewhat scabrous. The gills are white with pinkish tints be- coming tan when bruised, and they distil moisture during humid weather. They are not broad, anastomose or fork in the middle or behind, broader and rounded behind, marked by distinct transverse ridges or striations which persist in the dried specimens. The stipe is usually short, stout, 4—10 cm. long and 1.5-5.5 cm. thick. The odor is strongly but pleasantly farinaceous. Clitocybe odora Fries. -In open wood lots, usually in mixed woods, Corvallis and Philomath. October to November. Nos. 2116, 2176. This species which has not been reported west of Michigan is a rather common species in the Willamette Valley. The pileus is usually 5-8 cm. broad but plants have been found 10 ecm. broad. 4 Peck, Bull, Tor. Bot. Club 36: 330. 1909. 188 MYCOLOGIA 133. Pleurotus sapidus Schulzer. On maple, Corvallis. November. Rare. No. 2147. The spores in ours. are 8-11 x 3-4mu, becoming a very distinct pale lilac in mass. The pileus is tan to ochraceous-yellow or gray. In North American Flora, the range of distribution is given as far west as the Rocky Mountains. 134. Pleurotus serotinus Fries. | tae On apple wood, Corvallis. December. No. 2069. This species has been observed on various hard woods very late in the fall, but it seems to be very frequent on winter-injured apple wood. 135. Hygrophorus eburneus Fries. In oak thickets and woods, Corvallis. September to November. No. 2044. This is one of our most common early mushrooms. 136. Hygrophorus miniatus Fries. In dense Douglas fir woods, on moss, about four miles west of Alsea. August. Observed but once and under conditions such that no collec- tions were made. The plants were a deep vermillion with a white foot of the stem as in var. sphagnophilus Pk. but were growing in heavy mats of Hylocomium triquetrum instead of a Sphagnum bog. 137. Lactarius pyrogalus Fries. : In coniferous woods, Powers. October. No. 2041, collected by F. E. Price. One lone specimen of this poisonous species was sent in for identification. It is quite typical of those reported farther east. 138. Russula ochrophylla Peck. One plant of this species was collected near Corvallis and brought it to our Mushroom Show in November. . It was exceptionally large, meas- uring 14 cm., but agreeing in all other characters with the usual descrip- tions. Several specimens were observed in an oak grove at McMinnville in December. | 139. Cantherellus aurantiacus Fries. A typical specimen of this species was sent in from Elgin. 140. Cantherellus floccosus Schw. In damp, thick coniferous woods, Corvallis and Mary’s Peak. October to November. Not infrequent. 141. Cantherellus infundibuliformis Fries. On damp soil in coniferous woods. Philomath. November. No. 2156. Although this fungus has never been reported from the Pacific states it is not a rare plant in western Oregon and Washington. 142. Marasmius plicatulus Peck. Under pine on Oregon Agricultural College campus. December. No. 2173. This is a beautiful velvety species. 143. Trogia crispa Fries. On prune bark, Corvallis. March. No. 2088. This is the first report of this species west of the Rockies. Collection was made by C. E. Owens. 144. Lenzites saepiaria Fries, ~ : This species is mentioned here because of its occurrence as a. wound parasite on peach and prune. It becomes quite a serious pest on peach trees when the orchards are adjoining coniferous woods. Nos. 1779, 1784, 1765, 1031, ZELLER: CONTRIBUTIONS TO OREGON FUNGI 189 145. Lenzites vialis Peck. On pruning wounds of apple trees, Roseburg, Douglas County. May. Infrequent. No. 1994. 146. Pholiota spectabilis Fries. At the base of Douglas fir stumps, Corvallis. October to December. “Frequent. No. 2122. This plant grows to extremely large sizes in Oregon. The writer has collected specimens with pilei 8 in. broad and Professor Lake reports one over 12 in. broad, his photograph of which I could not resist publishing herewith Gio. 2). Fig. 2. Plant of Pholiota spectabilis having a pileus over 12 inches in diameter. Photo by Professor E. R. Lake. 147. Inocybe fastigiata Bres. In mixed woods, Corvallis. October and November. Frequent. No. 2201. 148. Naucoria semiorbicularis Fries. In lawns, Corvallis. October. Frequent. No. 2042. 149. Agaricus diminutiva Fries. In mixed woods, Corvallis. October. Rare. No. 2029. 150. Agaricus subrufescens Peck. In mixed woods, Corvallis. October. Rare. No. 2155. 190 MYcoLoGIA Doar L523 This plant is mentioned here because to my knowledge it has not been previously reported from Oregon and because of:its enormous size. The pileus of the plant collected measures 26 cm. broad and the stipe 24 cm. long with a diameter of 3.5 cm. above and 5.5 cm. below.’ Stropharia aeruginosa Fries. Under oaks on hills near Corvallis, November. Rather frequent. No. 2133. : Stropharia ambigua (Pk.) Zeller. This is one of the most conspicuous of the Agarics to be found in co- niferous and mixed woods of western Oregon during October and Novem- ber. Nos. £875, 2127. Stropharia rugomarginata Zeller & Epling, sp. nov. Pileus 6-12 cm. broad, fleshy, convex or broadly conic, becoming ex- panded to plane, glabrous, disk even; margin reticulate-rugose (pitted), pinkish-buff or cinnamon on the disk, drying cinnamon-buff to tawny- olive; flesh thin, whitish; lamellae crowded, thin, watery, broadly-adnate or slightly decurrent, edge undulate, minutely-serrate, concolorous be- coming cinnamon, then tawny-olive in age, drying cinnamon-brown; spores ovoid-ellipsoid, appearing truncate at the apex because of a distinct germ- pore through the heavy exospore, usually obliquely-apiculate at the broad- er end, 8—-9.5 x 4.5m, cinnamon-brown in mass when moist, mummy- brown when wet and Saccardo’s umber when dry; basidia clavate-cyl- indric, 8.5 x 30-35 u; stipe fleshy, solid or stuffed, glabrous, concolorous or whitish and shining above, subequal, tapering slightly either way, 6-12 cm. long, 12-15 mm. in diameter; annulus ample, persistent but sometimes disappearing at maturity, whitish. Odor and taste mild and not distinctive. In lawns under conifers. Solitary or subgregarious. December, Stropharia rugomarginata is distinguished by the characters of the pileus and spores. The reticulate ridges on the pileus cause a pitting of a band of the surface near the margin about 1-2 cm. broad. The disk is even. In the younger plants the reticulate-rugose character disappears with drying but in the older plants it is retained as a faint, smooth, reticu- lation. The spores are distinctive 'in shape and color. The egg-shaped spore has a distinct germ-pore at the apex causing a truncate appearance and is usually attached obliquely at the broad end. When the spores were placed in enzyme solutions they threw out the germ tubes through the germ pores. When first shed in mass they appear more or less ochraceous but as they dry they become purplish-brown. Specimens examined: Oregon, Corvallis, S. M. Zeller 2180, type (in Zeller Herb.) and C. C. Epling 314 (in Epling.Herb.). Hypholoma fasiculare Fries. On dead wood, both coniferous and deciduous, Corvallis. October until “frost; “Nos. 1860. 2185. This is undoubtedly the most common Hypholoma in the northwest. It is usually reported as saprophytic on coniferous wood but it is often found on deciduous trees and shrubs. It grows from the dead portions of the crowns of cane fruits (Rubus) but it has not been determined whether this infection was originally parasitic or merely following death of portions of the host due to other causes. In the Medford district, Jackson County, fruiting bodies were found at the base of apple trees _ ——— 126, 155. 187: TGS. 159. 160. 129, ZELLER: CONTRIBUTIONS TO OREGON FUNGI 191 dying from root troubles, the cause of which is unknown to the writer who would hesitate to lay the cause definitely to this fungus. The symp- toms of the diseased condition in these trees began by a slight yellowing of the foliage and reddening of the bark. The last year before the fruit- ing bodies of Hypholoma fasiculare appeared at the crown of the trees. they bore a bumper crop but when tested they could be easily pushed. over, for the roots were almost entirely decayed next to the crown. Mc- Alpined5 has reported Hypholoma fasiculare to be parasitic on the roots. 1902, of raspberry and cherry in Victoria. Hypholoma capnoides Fries. On fence posts of Abies wood. Not commonly found; but abundant where found, Corvallis. November. Nos. 1868, 2204. Hypholoma hydrophilum Fries. Caespitose in large clusters on moss-covered, decayed logs, Philomath.. November. No. 2197. Our plant is not H. hydrophilum Fries (sense of Saccardo). These spores are 5-6 x 2.5-3 uw and there are no cystidia. The gills’ distil con- siderable moisture during damp weather. Hypholoma lachrymabundum (Fries) Quel. In coniferous woods, Corvallis. November. Rare. Epling No... 73. This collection follows the description of H. lachrymabundum given by Kauffmané with the exception that it may be slightly darker. The spores are smooth, elliptical, not curved but flattish on one side. Hypholoma velutinum (Fries) Quél. On low ground under maples, Corvallis. October. Rare. No. 2055. ‘This collection agrees very well with my collection (506) of the same species taken in Tower Grove Park, St. Louis, Missouri. The spores are ovoid to subcitriform with a hyaline apiculum, tuberculate, dark purplish- umber when mature, 10x6-7mu. The edges of the gills distil droplets darkened by suspended spores. Gomphidius oregonensis Peck. In damp coniferous or mixed woods, Corvallis. November. No, 2194. This is one of the very common Agarics which comes shortly after the rains begin in the fall and may be found quite generally distributed in the wooded portions of western Oregon and -Washington and is abundant. This was reported by Professor Lake as being a very pal- atable mushroom. 7, Family LycoPERDACEAE Geaster delicatus Morgan. In humus soil under coniferous trees, Corvallis. October. Rare. No. 2047. This small species is mentioned here because it has not been re- ported from Oregon. 5 McAlpine, D. Fungous diseases of stone-fruit trees in Australia, 125, 1902. 6 Kauffman, C. H. Agaricaceae of Michigan, 2509. 192 MYCOLOGIA Hal 162. 163. 164, TOSe 166. LOZ. 168. 169. 17.0; U7 Ts 172: Geaster hygrometricus Pers. : In oak thickets and coniferous woods, Corvallis and Portland. Oc- tober and November. Not common. Nos. 1975, 2115. This is the large variety which Lloyd’? has designated as gigantea. Our largest specimen measures 11.5 cm. when expanded. Geaster lagenaeformis Vitt. On ground under oaks on hills to northwest of Corvallis. October. No. 2049. This plant is very characteristically flask-shaped in the button stages. It is not commonly found in western Oregon. Geaster Morganti Lloyd. In oak woods, near Corvallis. October to November. Rare. No. 2048. ‘This collection of G. Morganii is perhaps the first reported from the ‘ Pacific coast. This collection contains four opened “stars”? and one button. The plants do not differ from the eastern plants and are easily distinguished from other local species by their reddish-brown color and the cone-shaped, suleate mouth of the endoperidium. Geaster saccatus Fries. On-ground under Acer macrophyllum, near Corvallis. October. Rare. No. 2046. This plant agrees with the description as given by Fries and is the same as that distributed by Ellis and Everhart (Fung. Col. Exs. No. 1217) but as far as the writer can learn it has not been reported from the west before. Lycoperdon cruciatum Rostk. On the ground, campus of Oregon Agricultural College, Corvallis. September. Not infrequent. No. 2022. Lycoperdon elegans Morgan. On ground under mixed trees, Corvallis. September. Infrequent. No. 1883. Lycoperdon fuscum Bonar. On ground in dense coniferous woods near Corvallis. November to December. Frequent. No. 1880. This apparently grows year after year from the same spawn which can be turned up at any season of the year. Lycoperdon gemmatum Batsch. Pastures and open woods, Corvallis. October to December. Frequent. No. 1881. ; Lycoperdon pyriforme Schaeff. On decayed wood of various species, Corvallis. November to De cember. Frequent. No. 1884. Lycoperdon pratense Pers. In lawns, Corvallis. August to October. Frequent. Nos. 1720, 1854. Lycoperdon pusillum Batsch. In lawns, Corvallis. August to October. Frequent. No. 2024. Lycoperdon rimulatum Peck. | In lawns of Oregon Agricultural College campus, Corvallis. August to September. Frequent. No. 2025. 7 Lloyd, CG. The Geastrae.” Bull 22.107) 1902, £73: 174. a75. 177. 178. 179. 180. 18. ZELLER: CONTRIBUTIONS TO OREGON FUNGI 193 Lycoperdon Wrightii Berk. In spots where the grass is sparse, on Oregon Agricultural College campus, Corvallis. November. Infrequent. No. 2229. Bovista montana Morgan. On ground at the edges of coniferous woods, in lawns and cultivated gardens, Corvallis. May to September. Frequent. Nos. 1751, 1935, 2006. Bovista plumbea Pers. In cultivated gardens, Corvallis. August to September. Frequent. Nos. 2007, 2060. Catastoma circumscissum (Berk.) Morgan. In lawns, Oregon Agricultural College campus, Corvallis. August. Rare. No. 2208. Hard says this species “ seems to be confined to the middle west.” Calvatia gigantea Batsch. This species is found infrequently in pastures in various parts of western Oregon. A specimen from Multnomah County, collected in Sep- tember, weighed 6 lbs. 7 oz. and measured 28 x 23 x 18 cm. Calvatia lilacina Berk. In open fields, lawns and cultivated gardens, Corvallis. August to November. Frequent. Nos. 1964, 2010, 2026. Lloyd has called our western form var. occidentalis. It differs in being smaller and having less development of the sterile base. Calvatia rubro-flava Cragin. In mixed woods, north of Corvallis. September. Rare. No. 1995. I believe this is the first report of this species from the northwest. 8. Family ScLERODERMATACEAE Scleroderma cepa (Vaill.) Pers. Gregarious or caespitose, along sidewalks, High School ground, Cor- vallis. September and October. No. 2014. The peridium in our plants is glabrous, sometimes cracked, warm buff or darker, sometimes buckthorn-brown, becoming light ochraceous-salmon to russet where bruised, reaching 12 cm. broad and 5 cm. high, about 14 emergent. Odor at first farinaceous, then disagreeable. Gleba a dark livid-brown just under the peridium and a warm blackish-brown or black near the center and base. Spores livid-brown to deep livid-brown under scope, spherical, sharply echinulate, 8-13 mw, according to maturity. Scleroderma hypogaeum sp. nov. Fructifications subglobose to irregular, firm but pithy when young, deliquescent with age, 1-7 cm. in diameter, color light buff to pale ochra- ceous-buff or even avellaneous, becoming bay to almost black when be- ginning to deliquesce. Surface glabrous or of innate-appressed fibrils. Mycelium of white rhizomorphs attached to the somewhat downward pro- jecting sterile base. Peridium reaching 3 mm. thick, compact, hyaline; gleba at first white, then yellowish, turning purplish-umber at maturity (drying black where cut); tramal septa white, variable in thickness, of parallel, hyaline hyphae, gelatinizing and deliquescing at maturity; fer- tile cells at first filled with a hyaline, basidia-bearing capillitium, later filled with spores and remnants of capillitium; basidia hyaline, pyriform 194 MycoLocia to subglobose, 10-13 x 8-10 p, usually 4-spored; sterigmata short, 3-4 mu long; spores subglobose, dark purplish-umber, alveolate-reticulate, 11-25 m (average 14m). Odor pleasant farinaceous when young but becoming strongly alkaline when deliquescing. Taste farinaceous when young. In clay soil under lawn sod. October to November and sometimes in spring. S. hypogaeum is like S. cepa in that the peridium is glabrous but is entirely different from other species in the alveolate-reticulate character of the spores and its entirely hypogaeous habit. The spores are larger than reported for most species of Scleroderma. They average about 14 mu but in extreme cases they have been found to measure 30 wm when fresh. The measurements reported above are based on the dry specimens. The photograph (Fig.. 3) presented herewith illustrates the hypogaeous habit of the fungus. It very rarely comes even with the surface of the soil. Very early stages of this species have been killed and embedded for a histological study of the development of the sporophores. Specimens ex- amined, Oregon: Corvallis. S. M. Zeller 1567, 1725, type (in Zeller Herb. and O. A. C. Herb. 3391); Philomath. S. M. Zeller 2ago sim Zeller Herb.). Fig. 3. Scleroderma hypogaeum, showing the hypogaeous habit of the plant. Nat. size. 182, 183. Scleroderma aurantiacum Bull. In path in open field, Corvallis. November. Rare. No. 2211. Marked by the brassy-yellow peridium which is reticulate-rimose producing a more or less warty surface. Polysaccum turgidum Fries. In cultivated garden, Corvallis. September. Rare. No. 2050. Col- lected by Dr. Helen M. Gilkey, who says there have been as many as sixty fruiting bodies of this fungus in their garden during one autumn (Fig. 4). The description of P. turgidwm is the nearest to that of this collection that we could find available. The description of the Corvallis collection is given below for reference: al, ; ZELLER: CONTRIBUTIONS TO OREGON FUNGI 195 Fructifications clavate, 6-15 cm. broad above, 12-25 cm. long, firm; surface shiny amber to blackish-brown at maturity, areolate where the peridioles show through; peridium more or less gelatinous, up to 2 mm. thick below, very thin to deliquescent or entirely dehiscent above; gleba at first gelatinous then powdery, at first yellow-ochre, then purplish- black when still gelatinous, becoming mummy-brown when powdery ; septa persistent, forming cavities containing the peridioles which are _ sub- spherical to gyrose, reaching 3 mm. broad and 7 mm. long, Natal-brown; stipe 6-8 cm. broad, 7-14 cm. long, surface more or less lacunose with large longitudinal cords or rhizomorphs, interior at first yellow-ochre then bister at maturity, solid. Spores 7.5-11 uw, spheric, echinulate with close, fine, sharp spines, brownish-purple under scope, Natal-brown in mass, 1-3 guttulate, exospore about 1-1.5 mw thick. Fig. 4. Polysaccum turgidum, showing the general habit of a mature sporo- phore. % nat. size. Photo by Professor E, R. Lake. 184. Arachnion album Schw. On lawns, Oregon Agricultural College campus, Corvallis. August. Infrequent. No. 1999. 9. Family HyMENOGASTRACEAE 185. Rhizopogon diplophloeus Zeller & Dodge. In damp humus soil under Quercus Garyana, Corvallis: December. Rare. No. 21609. 186. Rhizopogon induratus Cooke. In clay soil, Corvallis. December. Rare. No. 2168. 196 LO 188. 189. 190. LOT, 192. 8 Bot. MycoLoGcIa Rhizopogon maculatus Zeller & Dodge. In humus or clay soil, under Pseudotsuga taxifolia, Corvallis. Oc- tober to January. Rare. Nos. 2015, 2228. This is the first report of this species outside of the type locality in California. It differs from the type in its thicker peridium (200 w in places). The white outer layer of the duplex peridium is about 1604 thick where the two layers total 2004. The outer layer varies in thick- ness while the inner layer is quite consistently 404. The outer peridium is easily separable. The fibrils are almost white when fresh. The my- celium in the soil is in very fine fibrils hardly large enough to designate as rhizomorphs and gives to the soil a grayish-olive color. The fresh fructifications are almost odorless. Rhizopogon roseolus (Corda) Zeller & Dodge. In humus soil, under Pseudotsuga taxifolia, Corvallis. November. Not infrequent. Nos. 2132, 2141. The fructifications have a farinaceous odor when young but when ageing they possess an extremely foul odor. Rhizopogon rubescens Tul. In wood rat diggings in leaf mould, under conifers, McMinnville and Alsea. August and December. Not infrequent. Nos. 1962, 2170. Arcangeliella caudata Zeller & Dodge. | On ground in leaf mould under Quercus Garyana, Corvallis. April. Rare. No. 2005. There are no apparent differences between this col- lection and the type collection from California. Gautieria morchelliformis Vitt. In humus under hazel, seven miles west of Alsea. August. Rare. No. 1969. This collection differs from those previously examined in that the columella is branched and reaches half way to the summit of the fructification. The odor when fresh is strongly foetid. Gautieria Parksiana Zeller & Dodge, sp. nov. Fructifications gregarious, subglobose to irregular, 1-5 cm. in diam., some specimens drying light ochraceous-buff to ochraceous-tawny, others drying buckthorn-brown to mummy-brown; rhizomorphs white, 1-2 mm. in diam., usually branching from a distinct radicle; columella branched ; peridium persistent, 240-420 u thick, stupose, of very fine hyphae; gleba drying ochraceous-tawny to Dresden-brown; cavities 3-4 per mm., empty, globose to irregular; septa 65-100 uw thick, hyaline, of interwoven hyphae generally extending longitudinally; basidia clavate, arising from the trama obliquely, usually 2-spored, 28-38 x 7-10 w hyaline (Fig. 5); sterig- mata 5-14m long; spores ovate to citriform, buckthorn-brown in mass, pale-olivaceous under microscope, with 9-11 (usually 10) rounded, longi- tudinal ribs giving the appearance of striations, 7-11 x 14-19 mw, nucleus equitorially placed (Figs. 5, 6), In soil under Heteromeles and Pseudotsuga. Oregon to California. March to June. In a previous publication’ we tentatively included Chamonixia Rolland in the genus Gautieria because in the early stages of the latter a peridium is evident. At that time we had not had the opportunity to collect and Zeller, S. M., & Dodge, C. W. Gautieria in North America. Ann, Mo. Gard. 5: 133-142. 1918. 193. ZELLER: CONTRIBUTIONS TO OREGON FUNGI 197 examine fresh specimens of species. having a more or less persistent, thick peridium nor those having a thin peridium evanescent at an early stage of development. Since then the observations of one of us and the valuable data, which H. E. Parks of the University of California is continuously procuring, have proven to us yet more conclusively that Chamonixia should be reduced to synonymy or at least subgeneric rank. We have in Gautieria Parksiana possibly as true a Chamonixia-type as presented in Chamonixia caespitosa Rolland. The peridium is thick and persistent. Parks says that in plants (his collection Nos. 356, 812) which had dried in the soil during June the peridium still persisted al- though ruptured in many places. The Oregon collection cited below was taken in June and these plants exhibit a thick peridium. Parks’ collec- tions in June were taken from the same area of ten square feet of soil where the type collection of 47 fructifications had been collected during the previous March. We take great pleasure in dedicating this species to Mr. Parks. Fig. 5. Basidia and paraphyses of Gautieria Parksiana. XX 600. Fig. 6. Spores of Gautieria Parksiana. X 900. Gautieria Parksiana is distinct from Chamonixia caespitosa in several characters. The bruised outer surface and cut surfaces of the peridium do not turn blue; the distinct, radicate rhizomorph leads to a branched columella which is not so distinct nor does it divide the fructification into such distinct portions as described for the columella of Chamonixia caes- pitosa. The spores of G. Parksiana are not guttulate and average smaller than those of C. caespitosa. We will defer recombining C. caespitosa until authentic material of this species is examined. Specimens examined, Oregon: Benton County, Corvallis. S. M. Zel- ler (in Zeller Herb. 1970 and O. A. C. Herb. 3392). California: Sara- toga. Part 4, 305.) The aecia of P. subnitens on Glaux were long and slender and differed in this respect from the aecia of P. Distichlidis on the 250 » uMYycococtia. same host, which developed under exactly the same conditions in the greenhouse. The latter were. short and cupulate and much paler in color. The field collections also showed the same differ- ences. . - Observations in 1920 and 1921 in the same region also indicated the connection of aecia on Plantago eriopoda Torr. with Puccinia subnitens on Distichlis stricta (Torr.) Rydb. Inoculations were made on three pots of Plantago eriopoda on May 27. Heavy pycnial infections appeared on all the plants, followed by aecia. The aecia showed the characters of Puccinia subnitens, the outer wall of the peridial cells being much thickened. The aecia were not so long as those of P. subnitens on Glaux maritima grown in the greenhouse at the same time and under the same conditions, nor was the production of aecia so abundant. — Many cultures by Arthur and by Bethel (Phytopath. 7: 92. 1917; 9: 193. 1919) have shown that P. subnitens is a species with a large number of aecial hosts in many families. Arthur, in the North American Flora, lists twenty-one families (including Glaux maritima). These experiments have added two new fami- lies to the list of aecial -hosts.. Arthur (Mycol. 9: 306. 1017; Bot. Gaz. 25: 17. 1903) has shown that Uromyces seditiosus on Aristida has aecia on several species of Plantago. ‘These experi- ments show P. subnitens also has aecia on Plantago eriopoda. SUMMARY OF NEw RESULTS Puccinia Distichlidis Ellis & Ev.. Inoculations with teliospores from Spartina pectinata Bosc. produced pycnia and aecia on Glaux maritima L. Puccinia subnitens Diet. Inoculations with teliospores from Distichlis stricta (Torr.) Rydb. produced pycnia and aecia on Glaux maritima L. and Plantago eriopoda Torr., but failed to in- fect Dodecatheon pauciflorum (Durand) Greene. SUMMARY OF RESULTS CONFIRMING PREVIOUS WoRK Uromyces Alopecuri Seym. Inoculations with teliospores from Ranunculus apetalus Farr infected Alopecurus aristulatus Michx. DoMINION LABORATORY OF PLANT PATHOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN, SASKATOON, SASK. NOTES AND BRIEF ARTICLES [Unsigned notes are by the editor] Dr. A. H. W. Povah, recently connected with the Alabama Polytechnic Institute, has been appointed assistant professor of botany at Northwestern University. ~ Dr. Arthur S: Rhoads, formerly Assistant in Forest Pathology of the U. S. Bureau of Plant Industry, and more recently of the Office of Cereal Investigations and the Office of Fruit Disease Investigations of the same bureau, has resigned to accept the posi- tion of pathologist at the Missouri State Fruit Experiment Station at Mountain Grove, Missouri. A list of smuts and rusts prepared by Mrs. Flora W. Patterson and her assistants has been issued as Department Circular 195 of the U.S. Department.of Agriculture. ——3 Septocladia dichotoma, a new genus and species of water-molds, was described and figured by Coker and Grant in the Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society for March, 1922. Two fine specimens of Clavaria subcaespitosa Peck, representing different stages of the plant, have been sent to the mycological herbarium by Miss Ann Hibbard, who collected them at Ellis, Massachusetts, the type locality, on August 23, 1921. In a letter accompanying the plants Miss Hibbard remarks: “The spores in these specimens are rough, but Dr. Burt, to whom I have also sent specimens, writes me that spores of the type specimen at Albany are rough, although Mr. Peck made no mention of that fact in his published description of the species.” 231 Wi yd MycoLocia The Imperial Bureau of Mycology has undertaken the publica- tion of a monthly abstracting journal, the Review of Applied Mycology, for the purpose of supplying, month by month, a sum- mary of the work published in all countries on the diseases of plants and various other aspects of economic mycology. The first number was issued in January, 1922, and a volume of between four and five hundred pages annually is expected. All communi- cations respecting the publication should be sent to the Editor, Imperial Bureau of Mycology, Kew, Surrey. In a recent article by Professor Bruce Fink under the heading of “An Addition to the Distribution of a Rare Fungus” (Myco- LociA, Vol. XIV, p. 49) it is noted that a collection of Tylostoma verrucosum made at Oxford, Ohio, in 1921 seemed to be a fourth locality for this fungus. Some twenty of these fine plants were found growing gregariously on very rich leaf-mold on the Indiana University campus, Monroe County, Indiana, October 2, IQII. This was published in the Indiana Academy of: Science, 1911, p. 351.—J. M. Van Hook. The spores of Schizophyllum commune are shown by J. F. Adams in Torreya for November—December, 1921, to be slightly pinkish in mass, and the suggestion is made that it belongs, there- fore, in the Rhodosporae rather than in the Leucosporae. Several species belonging to Pleurotus, a white-spored genus, also have rosy-tinted spores. Nature does not always draw her lines as definitely as man would like. Mr. Adams’s suggestion that Schizo- phyllum might be used by students for spore prints during the winter is an excellent one. The Report of the New York State Botanist for 1919, distrib- uted in February, 1922, contains a list of about 20 fungi new to the state; a description of the new species Microdiplodia populi Dearness from Colorado; an index to the New York species of Mycosphaerella, 47 in number; an article on new or noteworthy species of fungi, by Dearness and House; and studies in the genus Inocybe, by Kauffman, briefly noticed in the March number of Notes AND BRIEF ARTICLES 230 Mycologia. New species described by Dearness and House are: Diaporthe menispermi, Diaporthe triostei, Didymella agrostidis, Gloeosporium acutiloba, Gnomoniopsis acerophila, Leptosphaeria collinsoniae, Leptothyrium conspicuum, Phomopsis impatientis, Ramularia eamesii, Saccardinula alni, Scptoria acctosella, Septoria hieracicola, Stagonospora meliloti, and Venturia fimbriata. Volume 6, part 1, of North American Flora consists of a mono- graph of the genus Phyllosticta by Fred J. Seaver. The work 1s largely a compilation of the species described and reported for North America—i.e., no attenipt has been made to culture out the species in order to determine their life histories, although the gross morphology has been studied as carefully as the available material will permit. Wherever the perfect stage is known, it has been indicated in a note supplementary to the descriptions. In order to comply with the form, a.key has been arranged. On account of the difficulty, however, of constructing a satisfactory key for such a large genus in which the specific differences are so slight, the general rule for North American Flora has been modi- fied and a host index supplied for the genus. An attempt has been made to correct host determinations where material is adequate, but unfortunately many of the specimens are so fragmentary that it has been necessary to accept the host determinations made by the collector. The entire work consists of 84 pages of text and was issued early in April, 1922. Macsrip—e’s NortH AMERICAN SLIME-Mou tps! Both student and nature lover will welcome the appearance of Professor Macbride’s long-looked-for revision of the North Amer- ican Slime-Moulds, for in spite of its obscurity this group of organisms is of like interest to both the professional botanist and the amateur. Standing as they do on the border line between animals and plants, or, as suggested by the author of the book, perhaps outside the pale of either, they furnish a most fertile field for the speculation of the student. Consisting, as they do in their 1 Macbride, T. H. North American Slime-Moulds, pp. i-xvii, 1-299. The MacMillan Co., New York, 1922. 234 MycoLoGIa vegetative stage, of a naked mass of liquid protoplasm which, un- like all other liquids, defies the laws of gravity and persistently flows uphill instead of down, these organisms never cease to arouse the interest of the nature student, provided their eyes are keen enough to detect them at all or some one has directed their atten- tion to them. Add to this the varied and fantastic shapes which are assumed by the fruiting stage of the slime-moulds and which adorn the ugly surface of rotting logs with minute feathers and cushions of the most delicate structures and beautiful colors, and it is difficult to select any group of either animals or plants which can furnish a more fascinating subject for observation and study. Only one other thing is necessary to make this work a great success, and that is the personality of the man behind the book, which, while it may shine out through the printed page, can never be fully appreci- ated unless one, like the writer, has come into personal contact with its author in the classroom. . In matters of nomenclature the author has not followed hard and fast rules, but has apparently attempted to use the oldest rec- ognizable specific names without regard to rule or date. He has attempted to correlate the work of America and Europe so that the species common to the two continents will appear under the same names in the standard American and European works, where the identity can be agreed upon. One other very commendable. feature of the book is the extensive notes and observations which supplement the technical descriptions. The illustrations consist of twenty-three plates as compared with eighteen in the old edition. The plates are made in half-tone from photographs and drawings showing habitat sketches and micro- scopic details. The drawings are very well done, the sculpturing of the spores and capillitium being so well shown that they can not fail to arouse in the reader a desire to see actually and know more of these wonderful organisms. No colored illustrations are used. A copy of this book should be in the hands of not only every botanist, but also of every nature student who loves to ramble in the woods and fields in.search of natural objects of interest. F. J. SEAVER ran 56, 60, 6, 6, re eet ™ ‘The Polyporaceee _ five ‘Nectria Posi, | -f has ts Get De Visits of o ae of Grae in the United States, oy, ay a ment,; by D. T. MacDougal, xvi-+- 320 pp., with 176 figures.’ 1903, Ate a ‘The New York Bota 1 cal uy oiruel of bis New York Botanical Garden, cantly ing notes, news, and non-technical articles of general interest, » members of the Garden. To. others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a | offered in exchange.] Now in its twenty-third’ volume. Pe Mycologia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and otherwise including lichens; containing technical articles and news and no‘ interest, and an index to current American mycological liter years. single copies not for sale. [Not offered in yemehager | fourteenth volume. ast Addisonia, quarterly, devoted exclusjvely to calpeal Slaten dceoubjantel ay: “popular: descriptions of flowering plants ; eight plates in each number, thirty-two eau in each volume. Subscription price, $10.00 @ year. ENot offered i in exchany Now in: its seventh volume. pene ' Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden, Contant ‘die ahnudk deport ‘of the Director-in-Chief and’ other. official documents, and technical articles embodying the results of investigations carried out in the Garden. members of the Garden ; to others, $3.00 per volume. Now in its tenth vo. North American Flora, Descriptions of the wild plants of North Amer including Greenland, the West Indies, and Central America. Planned: to completed in 34 votines. Roy. 8vo.. Each volume to consist ‘of four or more ‘parts. Subscription price, $1.50 per. part; a limited ‘umber Of separate nace will be sold for $2. oo each: [Not offered in exchange.] ' Mol g, part.1; 1910, Nectriaceac—Fimetariaceae. ava Vol. 6, part:1,1922. .Phyllostictaceae (pars).: : Vol. 7, part 1, 1906; part 2, 1907; part 3, 1912; parts 4 as a 1920; vere Pe. 1921, Ustilaginaceae—Aecidiaceae (pars)... Parts 1 and 2 no longer. sold separately.) Vol. 9 (now complete), parts 1—7, 1907-1016, Polyporaceae-—Agaricacent (pars). -(Parts 1-3 no longer sold separately.) Vol. 10, part 1, 1914; parts 2 and 3, 1917. “Aparivacese: (pars). Vol..15; parts and 2, 1913. Sphagnaceae—Leucobryaceae. % oe Vol. 16, part 1, 1909. _ Ophioglossaceae—Cyatheacéae (pars). - aegis . Vol. 17, part 1, 1909; part 2, 19123 part 3, 1915. Typhaveae—Posceae (pars). - Vol. 21, patt 1, 1916; part 2, 1917; part 3, 1918. " Chenopodiaceae—Allio- “ placeae.’ Vol. 22, parts 1 and. 2, 1905; parts 3 and A: 1908; part 5 1913; art 6, 8. - Podostemonaceae—Rosaceae. Vol. 24, part 1, 1919} part 2, 1920, Fahateae: tparey: ae Mol. 25, part 1, 1907; part 2, 1910; part 3,.1918. ‘Geraniacene—Burserncene -Nol.:z9, part1, 1914. Clethraceae—Ericaceae. = Pe eis “Vol,°32, parts, 1918; part 2, 1921. Rubiaceae (parva ; ; Vol. 34, part 1,1914; part 2; 1ors; part 3, 1916, cardaiine Mepetiea i Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden. ° Price to members of the ; : Garden $1.50 per volume. To others, $3.00. [Not offered in exchange.) - Vely lL. An. Annotated Catalogue of the Flora.of Montana and the VYellow- ; -stone) Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp. with detailed map. 1900. “Vol. If. The ‘Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Develop-. 98 _. Mol TIL, Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from Kreischerville, a New York, by’ A. Hollick and E. MG: Jeffrey... i + 138 PP. i rith. ay piatet 9909. © Mpc: eee ; "Mol, IV. Effeets of the ‘Baya of Radium on ‘Plante, bby Chattea Stuart Gager, viii + 278 pp., with 73. figures and 14 plates. SQOB Re eae as Vol. V. Flora of the Vicinity of New York: A> Contribution. to. Plas Geography, by Norman Taylor. ° vi+ 683 pp., with 9 plates. 1915. = _ 2 Mel. VI. “Papers presented at the Celebration of the Twentieth ; | gary of the New York Botanical Garden. Vili - 592 PP.» with. 43 ‘plat . many text figures. 1916. ». - ~ , { = ae = i “4 ~ . = “4 5 : re Y “ “ : : ¥ 2 £ t s ~ : A y few . “7 . . pases =; 4 m A aes “ « : 2 : E: : se bp. . Pe. . - “ - = mes ee % = 5 ‘4 7 % 3 > ; rae ne - ss s L- x ~ - } ran = s areas: : = . ee 8 | ) 2 2 : S S 3 ? % ; RE SHE. ELIUS L. BUR TAN eb 2 AVE’ ¥COLOGY RO URNAL OF M ‘Jo verhart in No. iat, D AL GAR TYOZA > R if ‘ PF ei ‘ha ASSOCIATE EDITORG K Ha M LAR FRE CO hy i } " nd B. M. E . MURRI (| EDITOR TEMBE ? G COMPANY PA. x B, 1922 is,an NTIN ANIC > i 1 m ER, y) [ACBRIDE OT I ing: dpe 8 B. EN SRA P ‘© THE Ee eo YORK B W ER j — T ne NCAS 46 D BIMONTHLY FO FINK lerman 7 Hi OMA HE rhe : 3) ‘ + IN OF { hy * 10 T 5 n. - “NEW - PUBLISH (TINUA re : arta reprinted from Myconocra, if ordered with oa ‘ sansonian stip NS aes MycoLocia ‘ & SPORES OF VOLUME 14, PLATE 19 NEOPECKIA AND HERPOTRICHIA ee MYCOLOGIA Vou. XIV SEPTEMBER, 1922 ING STUDIES IN TROPICAL ASCOMYCETES—I NEOPECKIA DIFFUSA AND HERPOTRICHIA ALBIDOSTOMA FRED J. SEAVER (WitTH PLATE 19) Through our own collections and the contributions or exchanges of others, an increasing amount of tropical material is continually coming to hand and it is the intention of the writer to publish from time to time notes on the more interesting species under the above general title. It is not the intention to restrict these notes to those species which are found in the tropics only but to include any forms which are of especial interest even though they may be cosmopolitan in their distribution as are the two which make up the subtitle of the present paper. These although frequently col- lected in the tropics were not originally described from tropical material, neither are they confined thereto, but have a very wide range of distribution. On several occasions the attention of the writer has been called to the confusion which has resulted from the external similarity of the two above-named species while internally they are so dif- ferent that they have been placed in different genera. As to the merits of the generic separation, the reader may judge for himself, the present paper being an attempt to emphasize the specific differ- ences of the two species and to note some of the apparent syn- onyms and the wide range of distribution of the plants. Several years ago the writer took the time to make microscopic examination of the spores of all of the specimens in the collection [Mycotoaia for July (14: 173-234) was issued July 29, 1922] 235 236 MYCcCOLOGIA of the New York Botanical Garden under these names in order to separate the two species and found no difficulty in making the separation on microscopic characters. Chardon,’ however, in his recent paper on the Pyrenomycetes of Porto Rico calls attention to the fact that Stevenson in his list of Porto Rican Fungi refers one of his numbers to Herpotrichia albidostoma and the other three to H. diffusa, while all of them agree in spore characters with the former. This is a fair illustration of the confusion which has always existed where determinations are made on superficial exam- ination rather than on a detailed study of the spore characters, © although the importance of this kind of work will scarcely be appreciated until one has taken the trouble to make cofnparative studies of a large number of specimens. Another fact which has been emphasized is the constancy of spore characters in specimens collected over a wide range of distribution including both temperate and tropical species. Some of the gross characters common to the two species which are responsible for the existing confusion are: the subiculum of brown mycelium which is usually present but may be entirely want- ing in older or weathered specimens, the light-colored usually red- dish ostiola which are conspicuous but which may become dis- colored with age, and the gregarious or often rather congested habit of growth. The differences in spore characters are: size, form, color and septation. Since these characters, except color, can be shown better by illustration than by description, the reader is referred to the accompanying plate for illustrations of the spores of the two species made from specimens collected over a wide range. Both species have been referred to the genus Herpotrichia and a word ought to be added regarding the generic position of Neo- peckia diffusa. In 1912 while working over these specimens in our collections the writer had a rather extended correspondence with Peck regarding the generic position of Herpotrichia rhodospiloides Peck, maintaining that this species belonged to the genus Neo- peckia rather than Herpotrichia. Later study showed this species to be identical with Herpotrichia diffusa which had already been 1 Mycologia 13: 279-300. 1921. “I SEAVER: STUDIES IN TROPICAL ASCOMYCETES 23 placed in the genus Neopeckia by Starback,? thus confirming the contention of the writer. Nceopeckia differs from Herpotrichia in that the spores are never more than 1-septate while in the latter they show a tendency to become more than I-septate, although in the species under discussion they are only occasionally so. We give below a description of the two species with a list of the apparent synonyms of each and some idea of the wide range of distribution. Attention is especially called to the close simi- larity in size and form of the spores from specimens collected in widely separated localities. While the specimens often vary in the amount of tomentum present, color, etc., the spores remain con- stant in size and form and without the spore characters it would be very difficult, if not impossible, to decide in many cases on the identity of the species. | NEOPECKIA DIFFUSA (Schw.) Starb. Bih, Sv. Vet.-Akad. Hand. EQN C3) 7230: 1804 Sphaeria diffusa Schw. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. II 4: 210. 1832. Sphaeria rhodomphala Berk. Hooker’s Jour. Bot. 4: 313. 1845. Herpotrichia rhodomphala Sacc, Syll. Fung. 2: 212. 1883. Amphisphaeria subiculosa Ellis & Ev. Jour. Myc. 2: 103. 1886. Byssosphaerta diffusa Cooke, Grevillea 15: 81. 1887. Amplhisphaerta diffusa Sacc. Syll. Fung. 9: 747. 1891. Hlerpotrichia rhodospiloides Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 36: 154, 1909. Perithecia gregarious, globose, seated on. or involved in an effused, thin, black tomentum, subglabrous and dull reddish-brown or grayish at the apex, sometimes entirely black; ostiola obscurely lacerated; asci clavate or subcylindric, 60-100 long, 10-12," broad; spores crowded or subdistichous, oblong or fusoid, straight or slightly curved, I-septate, usually with one or two oil-drops in each cell, hyaline, becoming pale-brown, 6-8 x 16-20 p. On dead wood and twigs. Type LocaLity: Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. DISTRIBUTION: North America; Guadeloupe; Trinidad. PeRUSERALION > lb} & P.-Nat. Pil. 1: 396, f. 255, HJ. Exsiccati: N. Am. Fungi 2130 (as Amphisphaeria subiculosa), 2540 (as Herpotrichia diffusa) ; Fungi Columb. 2835 (as Her po- 2 engler-Prantl, Nat. Pfl. 11: 306. 238 MycoLoctia trichia rhodospiloides), 3632 (as Herpotrichia diffusa); Baker Fungi Malayana 60; Rab.-Wint.-Paz. Fungi Eu. ahi (as Herpo- trichsa diffusa). HERPOTRICHIA ALBIDOSTOMA (Peck) Sacc. Syll. Fung. 9: 857. 1891 Sphaeria albidostoma Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 32: 51. 1879. Herpotrichta wncisa Ellis & Ev, Proc. Acad. Sci. Phila. eee 130. Perithecia numerous, subcrowded, subglobose, seated upon or involved in a black or blackish-brown tomentum, the ostiolum naked, not prominent, whitish when moist, darker when dry; asci cylindric or subcylindric; spores biseriate, oblong-fusoid, at first I-septate, constricted at the septum, later often becoming indis- tinctly 3-5-septate, colorless, becoming pale-yellowish or brownish, 8-10 X 35-45 p. On dead wood or branches (type on Acer spicatum). TYPE LOCALITY: Catskill Mountains, New York. DIsTRIBUTION : North America; Porto Rico; Trinidad. ExsiccaTi: C, L. Smith, Central American Fungi I (as Herpo- trichia diffusa). Nearly all of the specimens examined of this species have been distributed under one of the names applied to the preceding species, especially Herpotrichia diffusa. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 19 NEOPECKIA DIFFUSA (Schw.) Starb. (spores) Fig. 1. Specimen from the Schweinitz collection, no locality given. Fig. 2. Arkansas, ‘‘ Fungi Columbiani” 2835 (as Herpotrichia rhodospi- loides Peck). Fig. 3. Baker, “ Fungi Malayana”’ 6o. Fig. 4. Trinidad 2985, collected by the writer. Fig. 5. Trinidad 3084, collected by the writer. Fig. 6. Guadeloupe 260, collected by P. Duss. HERPOTRICHIA ALBIDOSTOMA (Peck) Sacc. (spores) Fig. 7. Specimen from the Peck collection, apparently cotype, New York. Fig. 8. Porto Rico 5586, collected by J, A. Stevenson. Fig. 9. Trinidad 3128, collected by the writer. Fig. 10. “ Central American Fungi” 7, distributed by C. L. Smith. Fig. 11. Louisiana, Langlois 2463 (as Herpotrichia duffusa var. rhodom- hala Berk.). Fig. 12. Canada r8ro, collected by John Dearness (as Herpotrichia incisa Ellis & Ev.). LIFE HISTORY OF AN UNDESCRIBED ASCO— MYCETE ISOLATED FROM A GRANULAR MYCETOMA OF MAN’ C. L. ‘SHEAR (Witt Text Ficures 1-3) In March 1921 we received from Dr. Mark F. Boyd of the Medical Department of the University of Texas, Galveston, Texas, cultures of a fungus showing perithecia and conidia for identifica- tion. This fungus was isolated from a lesion in a diseased ankle of a negro in Texas. The clinical history of this case with a general description of the organism has recently been published by Doctors Boyd and Crutchfield.t. In brief the history of the case and of the organism is as follows: Some twelve years ago the patient while barefooted ran a thorn into the sole of his foot. The thorn was removed and the wound apparently healed. About three months later the ankle began to 9 Vrd Of’ Fic. 1. Allescheria boydii. a, Cephalosporium stage, conidiophores and conidia) X 277 5b, conidia,” x 530: pain and became swollen. The swelling became soft and finally ruptured, discharging bloody pus. The lesions healed over tem- porarily, but continued to break at intervals. Soon after the pa- 1 Boyd, Mark F., & Cutchfield, Earl D. Contribution to the Study of My- cetoma in North America. Am. Jour. of Trop. Med., 1, no. 4, 215-289, July, 1921, 239 240 MycoLocia tient was admitted to the hospital, which was 12 years subsequent to the thorn wound, the diseased tissues were washed out and found to contain granules. These granules when crushed and ex- amined with a microscope and also when sectioned showed the presence of fungous hyphae. Portions of these granules when transferred to culture media produced an abundant growth of an apparently pure culture of the organism under discussion. The history of the case and the nature of the fungus appear to indicate that this organism was probably introduced into the foot with the thorn, and that it had remained there and was perhaps the chief contributing cause of the pathological condition which de- veloped later. Inoculation experiments conducted by Dr. Boyd with guinea pigs were not successful in producing pathological effects of the mycetoma type, the reactions observed in such cases being only such as would be expected from the introduction of a foreign body into the tissues. As the fungus does not appear to be an anaerobic organism, it is difficult to understand how it could have continued to live and develop for so long a period Within the tissues of the foot and ankle before any lesion occurred. Upon receiving the cultures of the fungus, sub-cultures in poured plates were made to isolate ascospores and conidia and to determine the life history of the organism and the genetic relations of the three forms of fructification found. This was soon done as the fungus develops readily on ordinary culture media, such as cornmeal agar or glycerine agar, and in a few weeks produces all the spore forms, beginning with conidia, which are regularly fol- lowed by perithecia. The coremia (fig. 3) are not so uniform and regular in appearance as the other spore forms and sometimes do not develop until after perithecia have appeared. In culture on cornmeal agar, colonies developed from spores are white at first, soon becoming gray and with a radiate, fimbriate margin. As conidia begin to form at the center the color becomes pale greenish- ochraceous and the surface has much the same appearance as a culture of Cladisporium herbarum. As the cultures become older the growth becomes darker colored and more or less smoky-brown. In a couple of weeks at ordinary laboratory temperatures an abun- dance of small, globose, cleistogamous perithecia are produced just SHEAR: AN UNDESCRIBED ASCOMYCETE 241 beneath or on the surface of the agar. The fungus evidently is related to the same general group of ascomycetes to which Euro- tsum belongs. ‘The first conidia are borne on loose-branched, spreading hyphae on lateral as well as terminal, short branches or sporophores, as shown in fig. 1 a. The spores are nearly hyaline, non-septate, rather variable in form and size, and are held together in groups or small masses at the apex of the sporophore by their mucous envelope. The perithecia have a thin, membranaceous wall with- out an ostiole. The manner in which the asci arise has not been determined. The perithecia appear to be filled at first with a granular protoplasm which becomes vacuolate as shown in fig. 2 a, and the young asci begin to develop toward the center. No signs Fic. 2. Allescheria boydit. a, Median section of a perithecium showing young asci; b, submedian section showing a nearly mature ascus with asco- spores X 530; c, single ascus; d, ascospores, X 750. of hyphae have been observed in the perithecia. The asci become free and the ascus wall disappears as soon as the spores are mature. The coremium form is of the type which has been described by v. Hoehnel as Dendrostilbella. The synnema consist of smoky- brown, parallel hyphae which expand at the top to form the conif- erous head. ‘The fertile hyphae of the head branch in more or less dendroid sporophores, producing the conidia at the apex of the ultimate branches. These conidia are all so similar in form, size and color that they cannot easily be distinguished from the earlier conidia produced on effuse hyphae, The fungus is evidently most closely related to the organism described by Costantin in 1896? as Eurotiopsis gayont, which was found growing on meal and other organic substances at Paris. As 2 Costantin, J. Eurotiopsis, Nouveau genre d’Ascomycetes. Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 40: 2d Ser. 15: 236-238, M. 1893. 242 MyYcoLoGIA the name Eurotiopsis had already been used for an entirely differ- ent fungus, Saccardo substituted the generic name Allescheria. The fungus described here differs from Costantin’s species in pro- ducing coremia, in having larger peritheci«, asci, ascospores and conidia and the latter noncatenulate. We regard it as an unde- scribed species and have named it Allescheria boydii in honor of Dr. Boyd, the discoverer. Its characters are as follows: Allescheria. boydii sp. nov. I. Perithecia numerous, crowded, covering the surface of the medium, usually erumpent or subsuperficial, globose, thin, mem- branous, dark-brown astomate, 100-200 » in diam.; asci globose or subglobose, thin walled, evanescent at maturity, 10-20 in diam. ; paraphyses none; ascospores 8, globose to subglobose or somewhat ovoid, continuous, smooth, pale yellowish-brown when mature, globose form about 7 w in diam., other mostly 5.5-7 x 4-4.5 pu. II. Pycnidia unknown or wanting. III?. Byssoid conidial form, Cephalosporium bovdu, thin, floc- cose, white at first, soon gray, margin radiate-fimbriate, later changing to pale greenish-ochraceous as sporulation begins, fertile hyphae much branched, spreading, conidiophores lateral or terminal mostly short; conidia adhering in small or large subglobose masses, continuous, subglobose to oblong elliptical, very variable in size and shape, hyaline at first becoming pale, yellowish-brown when old, smooth, 8-15 x 4—7.5 », mostly 10-12 x 5-6. III’. Coremia (Dendrostilbella boydu) with dark brown syn- nema very variable in height and thickness, 200-300 or more high, head subglobose ; sporophores alternately branching, ultimate branches once or twice the length of the conidia; conidia practically same size, shape and color as in the byssoid condition and adhering in a globular mass after abstriction. | Isolated from a lesion in a human ankle, by Dr. Mark F. Boyd, Galveston, Tex., 1921. Type: Slides no. 32921a, Cephalosporium form; 32921), Dendrostilbella form; 32921c, Perithecia. For greater convenience in referring to the various spore stages of the pleomorphic ascomycetes, we have adopted the Roman numerals used by uredinologists with some modifications to meet the different conditions. I indicates an ascogenous fructification, as a perithecium or apothecium; II indicates a pycnidial fructifica- SHEAR: AN UNDESCRIBED ASCOMYCETE Dele tion; and III a conidial stage. Where more than one conidial form occurs in the life cycle of a species, as in the present case, this may be indicated by the use of an alphabetical exponent, as III* and III*, and the same may be used where more than one pycnidial form occurs, thus in macro- and micro-pycnidia the former would be II? and the latter II’. We have used I for the ascogenous: stage, because of the rather uniform, present practice in pleo- morphic species of describing this stage first. It should go without saying that no idea of homology with the rusts is to be inferred from the use of similar symbols. Fic. 3. Allescheria boydii. a, Dendrostilbella stage, X 277; b, conidiophore of same with young conidia, xX 530; c, conidia of same, X.530. Binomial names are suggested for the conidial forms of this fungus, because in the present state of our knowledge of the genetic relationships of the various form-genera, it seems necessary to use separate binomials in referring to conidial and pycnidial forms when found separate and there is doubt as to their ascog- enous stage. When our knowledge of life cycles is as complete as it is in the rusts, we should be able to discard form-genera and use only the one binomial name and the symbols to indicate the differ- ent spore forms. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY, WASHINGTON, D. C. NOTES ON SOME SPECIES OF COLEOSPORIUM—I | GrorGE G. Hepccock AND N. Rex Hunt (WiTH PLATES 20 AND 21) In a series of two papers it is proposed to give in brief detail hitherto unpublished data including the results of many sets of inoculations with the aecial, uredinial, and telial stages of a number of species of Coleosporium. Many negative results are given be- cause of a theory that has been advanced, at least privately by some investigators, that in the eastern United States we probably have only two or three species of Coleosporium.. That there are species of pine which act as natural bridging hosts which, if in- fected by a given species of Coleosportum from a certain host plant, may bear aecia whose aeciospores are capable of infecting other host plants and producing a second species of Coleosporwmm. This theory would ascribe to a species of pine the power to change the nature of a rust to such an extent that it is able to infect host plants which the urediniospores of the rust may not be able to infect. Negative results have at least some value in proving or disproving a theory, that value being determined largely by the number of cases given, and the care with which the results are obtained. None of the species of pine reported in this paper appear to be bridging hosts, in the light of the results obtained from our experiments. COLEOSPORIUM HELIANTHI AND COLEOSPORIUM INCONSPICUUM The forms of Coleosporium occurring on species of Coreopsts, Helianthus, Verbesina and Vtguiera in North America were origi- nally assigned by Prof. J. C. Arthur to Coleosporium helianthh (Schw.) Arthur in 1907.1. Peridermium snconspicuum Long was discovered and named by Dr. W. H. Long in 1912.2, The proof 1 Arthur, J. C. North American Flora, Uredinales, Coleosporiaceae. 7: 03.) “1907. 2Long, W. H. Two New Species of Rusts. Mycologia 4: 283, 284. 1912. 244 HeEpGcocK AND Hunt: NOTES ON COLEOSPORIUM 245 of the connection of this aecial form with the Coleosporium on species of Coreopsis in 1913° led to the separation of Coleosporium snconspicuum (Long) Hedge. & Long from Coleosporium hels- anthi. The discovery of the aecial form of Coleosporium helianthi by the senior writer in 1914, and the publication of the proof of its relation to the Coleosporium on species of Helianthus in 1917,” ° leaves in the eastern United States the forms of Coleosporium on V erbesina and Viguiera without proven aecial forms. INOCULATIONS WITH COLEOSPORIUM HELIANTHI The superficial resemblance of the aecia of Coleosporium heli- anths (PI. 20, fig. 2) to those of Coleosporium inconspicuum (PI. 20, fig. 1) has necessitated extensive inoculations with the aecio- spores from both forms, the results of which will now be given.® Fortunately several of the earlier collections of the aecia of Coleo- sporium heliantht were from localities either where species of Coreopsis were not present, or were not infected with Coleospo- rsum if present, and several collections of Coleosporium incon- spicuum were obtained from localities either where species of Helsanthus were not present, or if present were not infected. This afforded an opportunity to experiment with reasonably pure natural stocks of each rust. Later these results were verified by the use of aeciospores from pedigreed aecia obtained by inoculating in separate experiments trees of Pinus virginiana with the telia of each species of Coleosporium. From 1914 to 1921, twelve sets of inoculations were made with the aeciospores of Coleosporium helianthi and from 1915 to 1921, fourteen sets with those of C. inconspitcuum in the greenhouses at Washington, D. C. As in all our inoculation experiments with aeciospores and urediniospores of species of Coleosporium, the 3 Hedgecock, G. G., & Long, W. H. Notes on Cultures of Three Species of Peridermium. Phytopathology 3: 250, 251. August, 1913. 4 Hedgcock, G. G., & Hunt, N. R. An Alternate Form for Coleosporium heliantht, Phytopathology 7: 67, 68. February, 1917. 5 Hedgcock, G. G., & Hunt, N. R. New Species of Peridermium. Mycolo- ia Q@:.240, 241. July, 1917. . 6 Dr. Wm. H. Long assisted the senior writer during 1913 and 1914, and Mr, N. Rex Hunt from 1915 to 1918. 246 MycoLocia spores were either placed or allowed to fall on the moistened sur- faces, especially the under one, of the leaves; the plants were then kept in moist chambers or iceless refrigerators’ 2 to 4 days, then placed in rooms or compartments of the greenhouse separate from plants inoculated with other species of Coleosporium. In inocu- lations with sporidia, whole infected plants or the leaves of in- fected plants were either suspended over the pine trees or laid on a wire netting over them in a large moist chamber or an iceless refrigerator for 2 to 4 days. The iceless refrigerator is the best form of inoculating chamber that we have used, more especially in warm weather. An equal number of control plants were placed uninoculated under similar conditions, apart from the inoculated sets of plants. Plants grown from healthy cuttings or from seed in the greenhouses were used. In each experiment given in this series of papers the control plants remained healthy. In the aecial inoculations with Coleosportsum helianthi, aecio- spores from aecia collected® on Pinus virginiana from the follow- ing localities were used separately in the experiments: Greenwood Furnace, Pa.; Washington, D. C.; Chain Bridge, Va.; Black Mountain and Marion, N. C.; Greenville, S. C.; and Rome, Ga. Plants as follows were inoculated: 1 Aster cordifolius® 1 A. laevis, 1 A. undulatus, 9 Coreopsis major, 10 C. verticillata, 1 C. tripteris, 1 Chrysopsts mariana, 16 Heltanthus decapetalus, 6 H. divaricatus, 2 H. dowellianus, 1 H. giganteus, 2 H. glaucus, 16 H. hirsutus, 3 H. microcephalus, 2 H. radula, 1 Lacimaria elegans, 3 Parthenium integrifolium, 1 Rudbeckia lacimata, 2 Silphium ASLCTISGUS) (275i. integrif olium, 1 S. perfolsatum, 1 S. trifoliatum, 7 Hunt, N. Rex. The “Iceless Refrigerator’ as an Inoculation Chamber. Phytopathology 9: 211-212. May, 1919. 8 Unless otherwise credited all collections used in inoculations and noted in this series of papers were made by the senior writer. 9 Unless the authority is designated, the names used for species of plants from the southeastern United States are those used by Small, J. H., Flora of the Southeastern United States, 1913. For those from the northeastern United States, Britton, N. L., & Brown, A., Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern United States, etc., 1898. For those from the Rocky Mountain region, Ryd- berg, P. A., Flora of Colorado. For those from the northwestern United States, Piper, C. V., Flora of Washington, Contributions from the National Herbarium, Vol. XI, 1906. HeEpGcocK AND Hunt: NoTES ON COLEOSPORIUM DAT a 1 Solidago canadensis, 2 Verbesina virginica and 1 Vernonia nove- boracensis. Of these plants, only those of species of Helianthus became infected, bearing mature uredinia in 12 to 15 days and mature telia in 6 weeks to 2 months. The number of plants in- fected of each species was as follows: 5 H. decapetalus, 3 H. divaricatus, 1 H. giganteus, 2 H. glaucus, 13 H. hirsutus, 1 H. microcephalus and 2 H. radula. On the last-named species the rust is now reported for the first time. Of the 20 plants of species of Coreopsis inoculated, none were infected. Inoculations were made with the urediniospores of Coleosportum helianthi from Helianthus hirsutus obtained from previous inocu- lations June 10, 1919, on the following plants: 2 H. hirsutus, 2 FH. radula, 2 Coreopsis major and 4 C. verticillata. All the plants of Helianthus became infected, bearing mature uredinia June 26 and telia July 20. All plants of Coreopsis remained free from infection. Pine trees were inoculated September 29, 1920, with the sporidia from the telia of Coleosporium helianths on H elianthus decapetalus collected the previous day near Chain Bridge, Va. The following mees were inoculated: 1 P. caribaea, 1 P. edulis Engelm., 1 P. glabra, 2 P. radiata Don. and 8 P. virginiana. Seven trees of the last-named species were infected, many mature pycnia appearing on the needles by March 21, 1921, and abundant mature aecia by April 20. The other trees remained uninfected. Aeciospores of Coleosporium heliantht from the preceding ex- periment were inoculated April 20, 1921, on the following plants: I Coreopsis major, 2 C. verticillata, 1 Helianthus divaricatus and 2 H. hirsutus. Only the three plants of Helianthus were infected with the Coleosporium, producing both the uredinial and telial stages. INOCULATIONS WITH COLEOSPORIUM INCONSPICUUM In the aecial inoculations with Coleosporium inconspicuum, aeciospores from aecia collected on Pinus virginiana from the fol- lowing localities were used separately in the experiments: Takoma Park, Md.; Washington, D. C.; Roanoke, Va.; Asheville, Black Mountain and Hot Springs, N. C. Plants as follows were inocu- 248 MycoLocia lated: 1 Chrysopsis mariana, 1 Coreopsis lanceolata, 16 C. major, I C. trepteris, 26 C. verticillata, 1 Elephantopus carolinianus, 10 Helianthus decapetalus, 1 H. divaricatus, 2 H. dowellianus, 1 H. glaucus, 10 H, hirsutus, 4 H. microcephalus, 1 H. occidentalis, 1 1. tuberosus, 1 Laciniaria elegans, 2 Silphium integrifolium, 4 Verbesina virginica, 2 Vernonia blodgetti, 3 V. flaccidifolia, 1 V. glauca, 2.V. oligantha and 2 V. noveboracensis. Of these plants, only those of species of Coreopsis became infected, many of them abundantly, bearing mature uredinia in 13 to 16 days, and mature telia in about 2 months. The number of plants of each species infected was as follows: 1 C. lanceolata, 7 C. major, 20 C. verticillata and 1 C. tripterts. Aeciospores of Coleosporium énconspicuum from aecia on Pinus echinata collected near Mt. Airy, N. C., were used March 22, 19109, to inoculate plants as follows: 2 Coreopsis major, 1 C. verticillata and 1 Helianthus hirsutus, and on the same date a duplicate set of plants was inoculated with aeciospores from a collection of aecia on Pinus palustris made near Styx, S. C:, May 11-4 inwesed@ ot these two experiments, only the plants of C. verttcillata became infected with the Coleosporium, proving it to be C. imconspicuum in each case. | Pine trees were inoculated September 29, 1920, with the sporidia from the telia of Coleosporium inconspicuum on Coreopsts verticil- lata, collected the preceding day in Virginia, near Washington, D. C. The following trees were inoculated: 1 Pinus glabra, 4 P. virginiana. All the trees of the latter species were infected, bearing mature pycnia on the needles by March 2, 1921, and mature aecia by April 20. Aeciospores of Coleosporium inconspicuum from the preceding experiment were inoculated April 20, 1921, on the following plants: 1 Coreopsis major, 6 C. verticillata and 2 Helianthus hir- sutus. The one plant of C. major and 4 of C. verticillata were infected with the Coleosporium, producing both the uredinial and telial stages. All our inoculations fail to furnish the slightest proof that Coleosporium helianthi and C. inconspicuum are identical physio- logically, but on the contrary indicate that they are distinct species. HEDGcocK AND Hunt: NoTES ON COLEOSPORIUM 249 The aecial forms of the two species do not differ widely in mor- phology, as is shown by the following table: TABLE OF COMPARISON Coleosporium helianthi Pycnia solitary or few, clustered, When by 0.5 mm. deep chrome 10 to raw umber. fresh, long.11 0.38 mm. wide Aecia solitary or few, aggregated, linguaform to flattened rhomboidal. 0.9 mm, high by 1 mm. long (plate 20, fig. 2). Peridial cells 17 by 36 mw, walls 5 uw thick. Aeciospores 16 by 27 pm, walls 2.6 u thick. Coleosporium inconspicuum Pycnia few to many, in extended rows, yellow ochre to Dresden brown when fresh, 0.28 mm. wide by 0.64 mm. long. Aecia few to many, aggregated or in short rows, tubular to linguaform, 0.9 mm. high by 0.6 mm. long (plate 20) figs ot). Peridial cells 20 by 38 uw, walls 4 mw thick. Aeciospores 15 by 25 mw, walls 2.4 u thick. The pycnia of Coleosportum tnconspicuum are slightly darker in color, and the aecia are more nearly tubular (Plate 20, fig. 1) than those of Coleosporium helianthi, which are more commonly flattened (Plate 20, fig. 2). THE COLEOSPORIUM ON VERBESINA The Coleosporium occurring on Verbesina has been assigned by Prof, Arthur to Coleosporium helianthe. In the experiments al- ready mentioned with aeciospores of both C. helianthi and C. inconspicuum all plants of Verbesina failed of infection. The following inoculations were made with the Coleosporium from V erbesina obtained in Florida: March 12, 1914, urediniospores from a collection made by Dr. Long at New Smyrna, March 9, were used to inoculate the follow- ing plants without infection: 1 Elephantopus carolimanus, 2 E. tomentosus, 1 Solidago bicolor, 2 S. juncea and 1 Vernonia glauca. March 11, 1915, urediniospores from a collection by the senior writer in the same locality, March 4, were used to inoculate suc- cessfully 3 plants of Verbesina virginica, which bore uredinia 10 Colors used are those of Ridgway, R. Color standards and nomenclature. Washington, D. C. 11 Measurements are based on an average of 60, 10 each for six different collections.. 1912. 250 Myco.ocia March 30 and telia May 25. April 28, 18 plants of Verbesina were successfully inoculated with urediniospores from the previous culture, bearing mature uredinia in 14 to 18 days and telia in about 2 months. In 1919, urediniospores were again obtained from a collection by Dr. Long at East Palm Beach, and the following plants were inoculated: 2 Coreopsis verticilata, 4 C. major, 2 Elephantopus carolinianus, 4 H. decapetalus, 6 H. hirsutus, 3 H. radula, 2 Suphium asteriscum, 2 S. integrifolium, 13 Verbesina virginica and 2 Vernonia flaccidtfolta. Only the plants of Verbesina were infected, bearing mature uredinia in 14 to 17 days and telia in about 2 months. Since the urediniospores of this Coleosporium from Verbesina do not infect plants of species of Coreopsts, Elephantopus, Heli- anthus, Silphium, Solidago and Vernoma, it appears it does not belong to any of the species of Coleosporium attacking these plants, viz., C. inconspicuum, C. helianths, C. terebinthinaceae, C. sols- daginis and C. carneum, and it is predicted that it has a distinct aecial form not yet collected or known. DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES Coleosporium helianthi, according to our records, has been collected in the United States as follows: O and I on Pinus: P banksiana: Michigan. P. echinata: Georgia. P. virginiana: Maryland, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia and West Virginia. II and III on Helianthus: H. australis: North Carolina. H, decapetalus: Indiana, Maryland, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Tennessee and Virginia. H. divaricatus: District of Columbia, Georgia, North Carolina, Pennsyl- vania, Tennessee and Virginia. H. doroconoides: Ohio and Minnesota. H. eggertui: Tennessee. H. giganteus: Alabama, Mississippi, New York, Pennsylvania and West Virginia. H. glaucus: Georgia and Tennessee, H. grosseserratus: North Carolina and West Virginia. H. microcephalus: Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Ten- messee and Virginia. H. occidentalis: Louisiana. HEpDGcocK AND Hunt: NOTES ON COLEOSPORIUM 251 H. saxicola Small: Georgia. H. strumosus: Alabama, H. tuberosus: Alabama, South Carolina and Virginia. Coleosporium helianthi has been successfully inoculated upon the following species: Pinus virginiana, Helianthus decapetalus, H. divaricatus, H. glaucus, H. microcephalus and H. radula. Coleosporium inconspicuum, according to our records, has been collected in the United States as follows: O and I on Pinus: P. echinata: Georgia and North Carolina. P, palustris: South Carolina. P. virginiana: District of Columbia, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina and Virginia. II and III on Coreopsis: . delphinifolia: Tennessee. . lanceolata: North Carolina and Tennessee. . major: Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee. . major oemleri: Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia. . major rigida: Georgia, North Carolina and Tennessee. Qe CGY FOS) . tripteris: Georgia and Tennessee. C. verticillata: District of Columbia, Maryland, North Carolina and Virginia, Coleosporium inconspicuum has been successfully inoculated upon the following species: Pinus virgimana, Coreopsis lanceolata, C. major, C. verticillata and C. tripteris. From the foregoing data, it will readily be seen that Coleospo- rium helianthi has a much wider known distribution in the United States than Coleosporium inconspicuum, as it ranges from Min- nesota and New York on the north to Louisiana and Georgia on the south, as compared with a range for C. inconspicuum from Maryland and Michigan south to Georgia and west to Tennessee. COLEOSPORIUM TEREBINTHINACEAE Coleosporium terebinthinaceae (Schw.) Arthur was first de- scribed in the uredinial stage as Uredo terebinthinaceae by Schwel-. nitz?? in 1822. It was transferred to the genus Coleosporium by Professor Arthur’* in 1907. The aecial form was discovered by the senior writer in 1916, and described in 1917.14 12 Schweinitz, L. D. Synopsis Fungorum Carolinae Superoris. Schrift. Naturf. Ges. Leipzig 1: 70. 1822. 13 Arthur, J. C. North American Flora, Uredinales, Coleosporium. 7: 93. 1907. 14 Hedgcock, Geo. G., & Hunt, N. Rex. New Species of Peridermium. Mycologia 9g: 240. 1917. 252 MycoLoGIa In the study of Coleosporium terebsnthinaceae the following inoculations have been made: During May, 1916, and April, 1918, 7 sets of separate inocula- tions were made with aeciospores from collections made on Pinus echinata at Auburn, Ala.; Gainesville, Ga.; Clearwater, S. C.; and Marion, N. C. Plants of the following species were inoculated: 3 Amsonia ciliata, 2 Coreopsis verticillata, 2 Lacimiaria gram- folia, 10 Parthenium integrifolium, 1 Silphium asteriscus, 13 S. integrifolium and 3 S. trifoliatum. The following plants were infected, some of them heavily, bearing mature uredinia in 11 to 13 days and telia in about 2 months: 1 Silphium asteriscus, 4 S. sntegrtfolsum, 3 S. trifoliatum and 1 Parthenium integrifolium. Urediniospores obtained from Silphium integrifolium in one of the preceding inoculations were used June 27, 1916, to inoculate plants as follows: 2 Silphium integrtfolium, 1 S. trifoliatum and 2 Parthenium integrifolium. One plant each of S. integrifolium and S’. trifoliatum were infected heavily, bearing mature uredinia in 13 days and mature telia in about 2 months. A number of inoculations were made with telia on several species of pine during 1915 and 1916 without infection. Although plants of but few species have been tested by stoeutas tion with the aeciospores of C. terebinthinaceae, a large number of plants of species of S#lphium and Parthenium susceptible to this species of Coleosporium have been tested, without infection, by inoculation with the aeciospores of the following species of Coleo- sporium: C. carneum (Bosc.) Jackson, C. elephantopodis (Schw.) Thim., C. helianthi (Schw.) Arthur, C. inconspicuum (Long) Hedge. & Long, C. ipomoeae (Schw.) Burrill, C. minutum Hedge. & Hunt, and C. solidaginis (Schw.) Thum. Coleosporium terebinthinaceae according to our records has been collected in the United States as follows: O and I on Pinus: P. echinata: Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina. P. palustris: South Carolina. P. rigida: North Carolina, P. serotina: South Carolina. P. taeda: Alabama and South Carolina. II and III on Parthenium and Silphium: P. integrifolium: Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia. HEDGCOCK AND Hunt: NOTES ON COLEOSPORIUM 253 . asperrimum: Texas, . gracile: Texas, AHHHHHYHY Mississippi and Missouri. . laciniatum: Iowa and Kansas. . laevigatum: Alabama. . pinnatifidum: Georgia. . scaberrimum: Texas, HDHHHHY . angustatum: Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina. . asteriscus: Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina and South Carolina. . compositum: Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia. . dentatum: Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina, . glabrum Eggert: Georgia and Tennessee. integrifolium: Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Louisiana, terebinthinaceum: Illinois, Indiana and North Carolina. . trifoliatum: Alabama, North Carolina and Virginia. Coleosporium terebinthinaceae has been successfully inoculated upon Parthenium integrifolium, Silphium asteriscus, S. integri- folium, and S. trifoliatum. The aecial stage of this Coleosporium is a smail species, re- sembling somewhat C. laciniariae Arthur, C. helianthi® and C. sncons picuum. A comparison of the morphology of Coleosporium terebinthi- naceae with that of C. lacimiariae follows: TABLE OF COMPARISON Coleosporium terebinthinaceae Pycnia solitary or few, usually in short rows, orange-rufous to mummy- brown when fresh, on olive-yellow spots, 0.2 mm. wide by 0.4 mm. long. Aecia solitary to few, usually in short rows, linguaform to flattened rhomboidal, 1.4 mm. high by 1.1 mm, long. Aeciospores 20 by 30 mw with walls Bw thick. Peridial cells 26 by 53 w with walls 4 m thick. Coleosporium laciniariae. Pycnia solitary or few, usually ag- gregated, salmon-orange to olivaceous- black when fresh, on light-green spots, 0.4 mm. wide by 0.6 mm. long, Aecia solitary to few, usually ag- eregated, flattened rhomboidal, 0.4 mm, high by 1.5 mm, long. Aeciospores 20 by 31 mw with walls 2 m thick. Peridial cells 25 by 40 mw with walls 5 w thick. The pycnia of Coleosporium terebinthinaceae are brown and those of C. laciniariae are black at the time when the aecia are beginning to appear. It is possible at this stage to determine most 15 For a comparison with the aecial stages of C. helianthi and C. incon- Spicuum, see the “ Table of Comparison” on another page of this article. 254 MycoLociIa of the species of Coleosporium in the eastern United States from pycnial characters, where freshly collected specimens are available. COLEOSPORIUM DELICATULUM Coleosporium delicatulum (Arthur & Kern) Hedge. & Long was first described in the aecial stage by Arthur and Kern?® in 1906 as Pertdermium delicatulum. Proof of the connection of the aecial stage on Pinus rigida with the uredinial stage on Euthamia graminifolia was obtained by Dr. Long and the senior writer’ and published ‘in 1913. Inoculations with Coleosporsum delicatulum have since been made as follows: During April and May, 1913, nine sets of inocu- lations were made with aeciospores from collections of aecia made on Pinus rigida near Takona Park, D. C. The following plants were inoculated: 1 Aster conspicuus, 2 A. cordsfoltus, 3 A. ers- —coides, 1 A. hesperius, 1 A. laevis geyers, 3 A. lenta, 1 A. panicu- latus, 3 A. undulatus, 14 Euthamia graminifolha, 2 Helianthus divaricatus, 1 Ribes nigrum, 4 Senecio aureus, 4 Solsdago bicolor, 2 S. canadensis, 2 S. erecta, 5 S. juncea, 2 S. multiradiata Ait., 32 S. rugosa and 1 S. speciosa. Of these plants only those of Eu- thamia graminifolia were infected, having mature uredinia in 14 to 16 days and telia in about 2 months. During May and June, 1914, three sets of inoculations were made with aeciospores from the same source as in TOL 3. 4b latte of the following species were inoculated: 1 A. laevis, 3 A. laevis geyert, 1 A. undulatus, 1 Elephantopus tomentosus, 18 Euthamia gramintfolia, 1 Helianthus occidentalis, 2 Solidago canadensis, 2 S. multiradiata, 3 S. rugosa and 2 Vernonia noveboracensis. Of these plants only those of Euthamia were infected and bore ure- dinia and telia as in the preceding experiments. Aeciospores from aecia collected on Pinus palustris by Dr. Long at Brooksville, Fla.. March 27, were used April 3, 1914, to inocu- late plants of the following species: 3 Euthamia granunsfolia, 1 Eupatorium maculatum and 1 Solidago rugosa. The plants of Euthamia were infected and bore uredinia and telia as before. 16 Arthur, J. C., & Kern, F, D. North American Species of Peridermium. Bul. Torrey Bot. Club 33: 404. 1906. 17 Hedgcock, Geo. G., & Long, W. H. Notes on Cultures of Three Species of Peridermium, Phytopathology 3: 250. 1913. * HeEpGcocK AND Hunt: NOTES ON COLEOSPORIUM 205 April 3, 1914, aeciospores from aecia collected on Pinus serotina ‘by Dr. Long at St. Augustine, Fla., March 30, were used to inocu- late plants of the following species: 2 Euthamia graminifolia and 2 Solidago rugosa, Only the plants of Euthamia were infected and bore uredinia and telia as before. During March and April, 1914, aeciospores from aecia collected on Pinus taeda by Dr. Long at Brooksville and St. Augustine, Fla., and Henry, S. C., were used to inoculate plants of the following species: 9 Euthamia graminefolsa, 1 Helianthus annuus, 1 Solidago rugosa and 3 S. speciosa. Only the plants of Euthamia became infected and bore uredinia and telia as before. During April, 1915, aeciospores from aecia collected on Pinus echinata at Florence, S. C., were used to inoculate and infect 1 plant of Euthamia caroliniana and 2 of E. graminifolia, which as a result bore uredinia and telia. Also aeciospores from aecia col- lected on Pinus caribaea at Jacksonville, Fla., were used to infect 3 plants of Euthamia graminifolia which bore uredinia and telia as before. During June, 1916, aeciospores from aecia on Pinus resinosa collected by. Dr. P. Spaulding at’ Sharon, Vt.,-were “used to infect Euthamia graminifolia, which as a result bore uredinia and telia. Plants of Euthamia infected during 1914, 1915, and 1916, bore mature uredinia in 11 to 18 days and mature telia in 5 to 8 weeks. . Inoculations with the sporidia from the telia of Coleosporium delicatulum have been made on pine trees as follows: September 11, 1916, the following were inoculated with sporidia from telia collected September 10 near. Takoma Park, D. C.: 1 Pinus caribaea,'® 2 P. clausa, 1 P. contorta,1 P.coulteri, 1 P. densi- flora Thunb., 2 P. echinata, 2 P. edulis, 3 P. glabra, 2 P. mayriana Sudw., 1 P. monophylla, 1 P. montana Mill., 1 P. palusinis, 2: P. regida, 1 P. scopulorum, 2 P. serotina, 2 P. taeda and 1 P. thun- bergu Parl. Of these trees the following were infected, bearing mature pycnia in January and mature aecia in March, 1917: 1 P. contorta, 2 P. echinata, 2 P. glabra, 1 P. mayriana, 1 P. palustris, 2 P. rigida, 2 P. serotina and 1 P. taeda. 18In these two papers, P. heterophylla is considered synonymous with P. caribaea, and P. murrayana with P. contorta. 256 Myco.Locia October 13, 1920, sporidia from telia on Euthamia graminifolia, collected the same day near Chain Bridge, D. C., were used to inoculate trees of the following species in pots sunk in beds outside of the greenhouses: 1 Pinus canariensis C. Smith, 3 P. caribaea, 7 P. contorta, 3 P. coulteri, 2 P. echinata, 1 P. edulis, 1 P. glabra, t P. mayriana and 2 P, scopulorum. Of these the following were infected, bearing mature pycnia in March and mature aecia late in April, 1921: 1 P. cartbaea, 1 P. coulters and 2 P. scopulorum. The pycnial stage of Coleosporium delicatulum resembles closely that of C. solidaginis but the pycnial areas of the former are much brighter colored. The aecia differ quite widely in appearance. The difference in gross morphology between C. delicatulum and C. solidaginis is shown by the following table: TABLE OF COMPARISON Coleosporium delicatulum Coleosporium solidaginis Pycnia solitary or few, in one or two more or extended rows, orange-chrome to English-red when fresh, brightly-red- dened spots. less on conspicuous, Aecia inconspicuous, solitary or few, in one or two more or less ex- tended rows. Peridia rupturing on the sides with recurved lacerate edges. Pycmia solitary or few, aggregated in one or two short rows, grenadine- red to mahogany-red when fresh, on inconspicuous, slightly-reddened spots. Aecia conspicuous, solitary or few, aggregated in one to ihree short rows. Peridia rupturing at the apex with irregular edges. Coleosporium delicatulum, according to our records, has been collected in the United States as follows: O and I on Pinus: . mayriana: District of Columbia. . resinosa: Vermont. 20 Ut wu . caribaea: Florida and Louisiana. . echinata: Maryland, Pennsylvania and South Carolina. . nigra poiretiana Schneid: Pennsylvania. . palustris: Florida, Georgia, Mississippi and South Carolina. . rigida: Connecticut, District of Columbia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina and Pennsylvania. P. serotina: Florida, Georgia, New Jersey and South Carolina. P. taeda: Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia and Texas. II and III on Euthamia: E. caroliniana: Florida and New Jersey. PLATE 20 14, VOLUME MycoLoGiaA S OF COLEOSPORIUM ECIE Sp cc RR mae ETI DT Paee . ai ye ea, Au VOLUME a eas % ORAL “CA Gear > a P i [a4] jo) Ay un o) [éa} 4 o) O fy ro) Ww [ea — oO as) Ay WY MyYcoLoGia Hepccock AND Hunt: Notes oN COLEOSPORIUM 257 E. graminifolia: Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Maine, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Carolina, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vir- ginia and Vermont. E, leptophylla: Louisiana and Texas. Coleosporium delicatulum has been successfully inoculated on the following species: Pinus caribaea, P. contorta, P. coulteri, P. echinata, P. glabra, P., mayriana, P. palustris, P. rigida, P. scopu- lorum, P. serotina, P. taeda, Euthamia caroliniana and E. gramins- folsa. BuREAU OF PLanT INDUSTRY, WaSsHInctTon, D, C. EXPLANATION OF PLATES PLATE 20 Fig. 1. The aecia of Coleosporium inconspicuum on the needles of Pinus virginiana. (X 2.) . Fig. 2. The aecia of Coleosporium helianthi on the needles of Pinus vir- giniana. (X 2.) PLATE 21 Fig. 1. The aecia of Coleosporium delicatulum on the needles of Pinus resinosa. (X 2.) Fig. 2. The aecia of Coleosporium terebinthinaceae on the needles of Pinus echinata. (X 2.) Fig. 3. The aecia of Coleosporium laciniariae on the needles of Pinus palustris. (X 2.) Fig. 4. The aecia of Coleosporium solidaginis on the needles of Pinus echinata. (X 2.) DARK SPORED AGARICS—IV DECONICA, ATYLOSPORA, AND PSATHYRELLA WILLIAM A. MurRRILL In previous articles of this series, the large, fleshy-stemmed species have been discussed. The present article deals with species having a slender, tubular stipe with cartilaginous cortex, and not furnished with an annulus. The three genera here treated may be distinguished as follows: Lamellae decurrent. Deconica, Lamellae adnate or adnexed. Spores purplish-brown or dark-fuscous. Atylospora. Spores black. Psathyrella. Deconica (W. G. Sm.) Sacc. Syll. Fung. 5: 1058. 1887 Delitescor Earle, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 5: 434. 1909. This is a very small genus, separated from Psilocybe as a sub- genus by W. G. Smith in 1870, because of its decurrent lamellae, and raised to generic rank by Saccardo in 1887. The attachment of the lamellae often varies to adnate or to adnate with a decurrent tooth. Two species, D. bullacea and D. scatigena, were discussed in my article on tropical agarics published in Mycologia for Jan- uary, 1918. Stipe 5-8 cm. long. 1. D. coprophila. Stipe 1-5 cm. long, Pileus floccose or tomentose, not striate. Pileus floccose near and on the margin. 2. D.rhomboidospora. Pileus tomentose over the entire surface. 3. D. tomentosa. Pileus glabrous, usually striate. Pileus dry or hygrophanous, not viscid, Stipe 1-2.5 cm. long. Pileus not umbonate. 4. D. bulbosa. Pileus umbonate, 5. D. semistriata, Stipe 2.5—5 cm. long. ; Pileus not decidedly umbonate. 6. D. polytrichophila. Pileus decidedly umbonate. 9. D. pyrispora. Pileus viscid, Spores 7 X 5 p. 8. D. subviscida. Spores, 12 >< Oud. 9. D. bullacea, 258 MurRILL: DARK-SPORED AGARICS 259 I. DECONICA COPROPHILA (Bull.) Sacc. Syll. Fung. 5: 1058. 1887 Agaricus coprophilus Bull. Herb. Fr. pl. 566, f. 3;*+hyponym, 17091 ; Pers. syn. Fung. 412. - 1801. Pileus hemispheric to expanded, umbonate, 2-4 cm. broad; sur- face smooth, fulvous-isabelline; lamellae arcuate-subdecurrent, broad, livid-blackish; spores 13-14 x 8y; stipe attenuate upward, smooth, pallid, pruinose to glabrous above, glabrous and shining below, subfistulose, 5-8 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick. TYPE LOCALITY: France. HABITAT: On manure or manured ground, DisTRIBUTION: New York and Michigan; also in Europe. MewistRATIONS: Bull, Herb: Fr. p1.-566, f. 3; Cooke, Brit.. Fungi. pl. 60SA (608A). There are several specimens bearing this name at Albany col- lected by Peck in New York, and also one collection sent by Kauffman from Michigan. The spores of Peck’s plants are elon- gate-ellipsoid, smooth, isabelline under the microscope, about 12 x 6-7 p. 2. DECONICA RHOMBOIDOSPORA Atk. Ann. Myc. 7: 368. 1909 Pileus ovoid to convex, gregarious to subcespitose, 0.5-1 cm. broad; surface dry, smooth, not striate, ochraceous to clay-colored, adorned on and near the margin with whitish flocci; context ochra- ceous, with slightly mealy taste and no characteristic odor ; lamellae adnate and decurrent, about 2 mm. broad, becoming chestnut- colored with whitish, dentate edges; spores ovoid to subrhomboid, smooth, purplish-brown, 5-7 x 4-5 »; stipe flexuous, hollow, chest- nut-colored within, clay-colored and whitish-fibrillose without, 2-3 cm. long, 2 mm. thick; veil evident when young, white, soon appendiculate. TYPE LOCALITY: Ithaca, New York. Hasitat: On leaves and decayed wood on the ground. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality. The type specimens, which I have not seen, were found by Jack- sonron June 5, 1904. According to Atkinson, it is near D. nuci- seda Fries. : | 3. Deconica tomentosa sp. nov. Pileus convex to nearly plane, not umbonate, solitary, about 1.5 cm. broad; surface dry, not at all striate, uniformly ochraceous- 260 MyYCoLoGIa ferruginous, clothed with a tufted, yellowish-brown tomentum that has a tendency to crack in areoles, reminding one of some species of Inocybe, margin incurved, entire, slightly paler; lamellae dis- tinctly decurrent, distant, narrow, nearly white, becoming pale- purplish-brown, entire and scarcely paler on the edges, beautifully undulate in dried specimens; spores ellipsoid, rounded at both ends, smooth, pale-smoky-isabelline under’ the microscope, pale-purplish- brown in mass, 7-9 x 4-0; stipe short, tapering downward, yel- lowish-white, clothed above with whitish tomentum and fibrils, about 1.5 cm. long, and 2 mm. thick. TYPE LOCALITY: Auburn, Alabama. HasitaT: On the ground. DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the type locality. Type collected by F. S. Earle on November 11, 1899. 4. DECONICA BULBOSA Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 46 > 107. 1893 Pileus submembranaceous, convex becoming nearly plane, 6-12 mm. broad; surface glabrous, slightly striate on the margin, whitish tinged with brown; lamellae broad, distant, adnate, purplish- brown; spores ellipsoid, purplish-brown, 7.5 x 5; stipe slender, firm, hollow, bulbous, densely grayish-fibrillose, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, scarcely I mm. thick. Type LocALITty: Delmar, New York. HasitTaT: On dead stems of herbs. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality. The small type specimens are at Albany, collected by Peck in September. 5. DECONICA SEMISTRIATA Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 51: 291. 1898 Pileus thin except on the prominent broadly-umbonate disk, 8-10 mm. broad; surface glabrous, somewhat wavy on the margin and striate to the umbo, grayish-brown, paler when dry and less dis- tinctly striate, the broad umbo yellowish; lamellae broad, distant or subdistant, adnate or slightly decurrent, purplish-brown, whitish on the edges; spores compressed, suborbicular, 6.5-7.5 x 6.5 »; stipe equal, firm, short, slightly floccose-fibrillose, stuffed with a whitish pith, colored like the pileus, 16-20 mm. long, 1 mm, thick. TYPE LOCALITY: Gansevoort, New York. HasitaT: On.damp ground in woods. MurRRILL: DARK-SPORED AGARICS 261 DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the type locality. Known only from two little plants collected by Peck in July and now attached to a sheet at Albany. 6. Deconica polytrichophila (Peck) comb. nov. Agaricus polytrichophilus Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 30: AZ 1878. Psathyra polytrichophila Sacc, Syll. Fung. 5: 1068. 1887. Deconica bryophila Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 46: 106. 1893. Pileus thin, convex or subcampanulate, gregarious, 4-10 mm. broad; surface glabrous, sometimes with a slight umbo, hygropha- nous, striatulate and brown when moist, dull-ochraceous or buff when dry, somewhat shining; context rather fragile, odorous; lamellae plane and adnate or slightly arcuate and decurrent, broad, subdistant, colored almost like the pileus; spores subellipsoid, pur- plish-brown, 8 x 5 ; stipe slender, equal, subflexuous, slightly whitish-fibrillose, especially toward the base, mealy at the apex, concolorous, containing a whitish pith, 2.5-5 cm. long. Type LocaLity: West Albany, New York. HapitaT: On the ground among Polytrichum or other mosses. DISTRIBUTION: New York and Massachusetts. Peck found this species twice in May. The type specimens are at Albany. I got specimens at Lake Placid (756) in July, 1912, growing on a sandy, mossy bank in woods, and described them as follows: “Hemispheric, slightly striate-sulcate on the margin, 4-5 mm. broad, smooth. glabrous, isabelline at the center, umbrinous-isabelline otherwise, margin straight ; lamellae plane, distant, adnate with a decurrent tooth, pale-ferruginous or about umbrinous; stipe pruinose at the apex, latericious, glabrous, filiform, tough, 3 cm. long, 0.5 mm. thick.” Deconica bryophila was described from specimens collected by Peck in May at Delmar and Karner. There are several collections at Albany from New York, and two from Massachusetts, collected by Mackintosh and Davis in April and June respectively. 7. Deconica pyrispora sp. nov. Pileus convex to subexpanded, abruptly umbonate, solitary, about I cm. broad; surface glabrous, dry or slightly hygrophanous, avellaneous, striate to the umbo, which is smooth and isabelline, 262 Mycotoc1a margin straight, appressed in young stages; lamellae slightly de- current, or adnate with a decurrent tooth, inserted, somewhat ven- tricose, of medium distance, rather uneven on the edges, becoming purplish-brown, not variegated ; spores pear-shaped, tapering grad- ually at one end and abruptly at the other, smooth, pale-smoky- purplish-brown under the microscope, about 7 x 3.5-4.5; stipe curved, equal, decidedly cartilaginous, glabrous, fibrillose toward the base, chestnut-colored, about 3.5 cm. long and 1.5 mm. thick. Type LocALity: New York Botanical Garden, New York City. HasitaT: In an old chestnut stump, growing on rotten wood and humus. DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the type locality. This interesting little species was found by me on August 29, to1r. It is characterized by a prominent nipple-like umbo and pear-shaped spores, which are purplish-black in mass. The affini- ties of the species are with Atylospora; but the lamellae are quite decurrent, and this character is seen to good advantage even in dried specimens. 8. DECONICA SUBVISCIDA Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 41: 70. 1888 Pileus thin, at first subconic, then convex or nearly plane, often slightly umbonate, gregarious, 6-12 mm. broad; surface glabrous, hygrophanous, pale-chestnut or reddish-tan-colored, subviscid and striatulate on the margin when moist, pallid or dull-buff when dry; lamellae broad, subdistant, adnate or slightly decurrent, at first whitish or dingy, then brownish-ferruginous; spores ellipsoid or ovoid, smooth, pale-ochraceous under the microscope, 7 X 5 4; stipe equal or tapering downward, fibrillose, hollow, brownish to- ward the base, paler above, the fibrils whitish or grayish, 2.5 cm. long, 2 mm. thick; veil slight, white, evanescent. Type LocaLity: Menands, New York. HasitaT: On horse manure and manured ground. DistripuTION: New York and Michigan. Peck collected the type specimens in August. He says it appears in wet weather in great abundance and in successive crops. Kauff- man reports it from Michigan, growing in the open on manure and in the woods on moss. Both Peck and Kauffman consider it very nearly related to D. bullacea, which is true if the general appear- MurRILL: DARK-SPORED AGARICS 263 ance alone is considered, but the lamellae and spores are totally distinct. ; ©, DECONICA BULLACEA (Bull.) Sacc. Syll. Fung. §: 1058.. 1887 Agaricus bullaceus Bull. Herb. Fr. pJ. 566, f. 2; hyponym. 1791; Pers. Syn. Fung. 412. 1801. Pileus convex-hemispheric, sometimes umbonate, gregarious, 0.5-2 cm. broad; surface glabrous, viscid, smooth, slightly striate at times, bay-brown when fresh and moist, paler with age or on drying; context brownish-pallid, mild; lamellae adnate-decurrent, plane, very broad, triangular, subdistant, dark-purplish-brown at maturity with whitish edges; spores broadly-ellipsoid to ovoid, usually tapering at both ends, apiculate, smooth, varying from ochraceous to dull-ferruginous or darker under the microscope, purplish-brown in mass, 10-12 x 8-9; stipe cylindric, equal, pale- brownish, subfibrillose, solid or stuffed, 3-5 cm. long, I-2 mm. thick ; veil slight, evanescent. TYPE LOCALITY: France. Hasitat: Usually on horse manure in pastures and along roads. DISTRIBUTION: Eastern United States, south to Mississippi, and west to Michigan; also in Europe; abundant in tropical America. ILLUSTRATIONS: Bull. Herb. Fr. pl. 566, f. 2; Cooke, Brit. Fungi pimoes 25 (000 5B); Pat. Tab. Fung. f. 235. This species was first figured by Bulliard from specimens col- lected in France. While probably widely distributed, it has not often been reported from this country. The spores of excellent specimens collected in Jamaica are ovoid, smooth, opaque, um- brinous by transmitted light under the microscope, T1-12 x 6-8 p. They are darker than spores from specimens found in New York Cite. DouBTFUL SPECIES Deconica atrorufa (Fries) Sacc. Syll. Fung. 5: 1059. 1887. (Agaricus atrorufus Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 293. 1821.) Dr. Kauffman reports this species (as Psilocybe) from more than one locality in Michigan, growing gregariously on the ground in woods. His spore measurements agree with those made by Karsten, being 5-8 x 4-5.5p. Fries got his name from Schaeffer, but some think he wrongly interpreted Schaeffer’s plant. 2645 MycCOoLoGIA ATYLospora Fayod, Ann. Sci. Nat. VII,.9: 376) “1886 Psathyra Quél. Champ. Jura Vosg. 118. 1872; not Psathyra Spreng. 1818; not Psathura Commers. 1789, This rather difficult genus, well represented both in temperate and tropical regions, is characterized by a cartilaginous stipe, a straight margin appressed when young, and the absence of a veil. It is difficult to distinguish in the herbarium from Psilocybe and Drosophila. Psathyrella differs in having black spores, but even here it is at times hard to draw the line. The species are mostly overlooked or given scant attention by collectors because generally inconspicuous and rather poorly known. In Mycologia for Jan- uary, 1918, I discussed the 21 tropical American species, 11 of which were there described as new. None of our northern forms appear to grow under tropical conditions. Stipe 2-4 cm. long. Densely cespitose. 1. A. microsperma. Not densely cespitose, 2. A. vesiita, Stipe 5-10 cm. long. Densely cespitose. 3. A. multipedata. Not densely cespitose. Stipe 1 mm, thick. 4. A. prunuliformis. Stipe 2-3 mm. thick. Pileus pale-fawn-colored. 5. A. australis. Pileus purplish-brown, 6. A. umbonata. Stipe 3-5 mm. thick. 7, A. striatula. 1. Atylospora microsperma (Peck) comb. nov. Psathyra microsperma Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 26: 68. 1899. Pileus ovoid or subhemispheric, becoming deeply convex or sub- campanulate, obtuse, densely cespitose, 1-2.5 cm. broad; surface even, hygrophanous, brown when moist, paler when dry, slightly floccose when young; context brownish; lamellae thin, crowded, adnate-seceding, white to purplish-brown, whitish on the edges; spores smooth, ellipsoid, purplish-brown, about 7 x 4; stipe equal, rigid-fragile, hollow, pure-white, fibrillose, 2.5—4 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick. TYPE LOCALITY: Ohio. Hapitat: About old stumps. DISTRIBUTION : Ohio and Michigan. MurRRILL: DARK-SPORED AGARICS 265 The type specimens collected by Lloyd (3480) in April are fairly well preserved at Albany. Kauffman says it occurs rarely in Michigan, having been found by him (365) growing in turf at Ann Arbor, in October, 1905. Some of his specimens determined by Peck are at Albany. They are thinner and more slender than the types. 2. Atylospora vestita (Peck) comb. nov. Psathyra vestita Peck, Bull, N. Y. State Mus. 105: 28. 1906. Pileus thin, submembranaceous, ovoid, conic or subcampanulate, obtuse, 8-16 mm. broad; surface at first covered with white, floc- cose fibrils, usually with a rufescent tint, soon paler or white and silky-fibrillose, sometimes slightly striate on the margin; lamellae thin, narrow, close, adnate, white when young, becoming blackish- brown; spores ellipsoid, purplish-brown, 7.5-10 x 5-6»; stipe equal, hollow, flexuous, white, floccose-fibrillose, becoming silky- fibrillose, mealy and often striate at the apex, 2.5-4 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick. Type LocaLity: North Elba, New York. HasitaT: On fallen leaves and grass. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality. Type specimens collected by Peck in September, 1905, are well preserved at Albany, appearing much like a small form of Droso- phila appendiculata. Kauffman recognized P. semtvesttta as oc- (¢ curring in Michigan and remarks that P. vestita is “very similar, if not the same, but the spore-sizes are given somewhat smaller.” 3. Atylospora multipedata (Peck) comb. nov. Psathyra multipedata Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 32: 80. 1905. Pileus submembranaceous, conic or hemispheric, densely cespi- tose, forming tufts of many individuals, 12-16 mm. broad; sur- face glabrous, hygrophanous, light-bay or tawny when moist, cine- reous when the moisture has escaped, the center retaining its moisture longer than the margin; lamellae thin, close, adnate, pallid or gray becoming brown, whitish on the edges; spores brown, ellipsoid, 6-8 x 4-5 »; stipe slender, equal, hollow, brittle, furfura- ceous, becoming smooth or sometimes remaining fibrillose near the base, pure-white, 5-10 cm. long, 2 mm. thick. TYPE LOCALITY: St. Louis, Missouri. HasitaT: In grassy ground. 266 _ MycoLocia DISTRIBUTION: Vicinity of St. Louis, Missouri. Excellent type specimens are at Albany, collected at one spot by N. M. Glatfelter (757) in September and October, 1900, 1902, and 1903. He made good notes on the fresh specimens and sent them to Peck. I have a fine cluster sent me by Dr. Lewis Sherman (35), who collected it at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in October, 1914. 4. Atylospora prunuliformis sp. nov. Pileus thin, subfleshy, convex, obtuse, gregarious to subcespitose, 1 cm. broad; surface dry, glabrous, rugose, pale-fawn-colored or light-tan-colored, margin concolorous, substriate; context thin, © pale-tawny, the taste mild; lamellae adnate, broad, subdistant, sub- ventricose, white; spores ellipsoid, sometimes ovoid, smooth, dark- bay under the microscope, about 12 x 6y; stipe cylindric, very slender, glabrous, concolorous, paler and brownish at the apex, hollow, whitish-mycelioid at the base, 5 cm. long, 1 mm. thick. TYPE LOCALITY: New York Botanical Garden, New York City. Hasitat: In sandy soil in mixed woods. | DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the type locality. Type collected by F. S. Earle (89) on June 22, 1902. This species much resembles Prunulus, both in a fresh and dried con- dition. 5. Atylospora australis sp. nov. Pileus fragile, expanded, subumbonate, gregarious to cespitose, 1-3 cm. broad; surface glabrous, hygrophanous, slightly striate, _pale-fawn-colored, slightly darker on the disk; lamellae adnexed, crowded, rather narrow, concolorous, then brownish; spores ellip- soid, smooth, opaque, purplish-brown under the microscope, about 8-9 x 5; stipe rigid-fragile, cylindric or slightly tapering above, glabrous or somewhat atomaceous, hollow, pure-white, 4-6 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick; veil slight, soon vanishing, white. TYPE LocaLity: City Park, New Orleans, Louisiana. HasitaT: On rotten wood or humus. DISTRIBUTION: Vicinity of New Orleans. Type collected by F. S. Earle (27) on September 3, 1908. Said to be common at the time. Also by Earle (177, 118) at Chalmitte, New Orleans, September 8, 1908. MurRILL: DARK-SPORED AGARICS 267 6. Atylospora umbonata (Peck) comb. nov. Psathyra umbonata Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 50: 106. 1897. Pileus submembranaceous, campanulate, umbonate, gregarious to cespitose, 2-5 cm. broad; surface hygrophanous, purplish-brown and striatulate when moist, grayish-white when dry, smooth or slightly rugulose, atomate, the umbo commonly paler ; context con- colorous; lamellae rather broad, moderately crowded, ventricose, — subadnate, brownish-red, becoming purplish-brown and finally al- most black, whitish on the edges; spores ellipsoid, smooth, pur- plish-brown under the microscope, blackish-brown to almost black in mass, 12-15 x 7-8; stipe slender, flexuous, rigid-fragile, equal, hollow, white to pallid, slightly mealy at the apex, 5-10 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick. TYPE LOCALITY: Lake Pleasant, New York. HapitaT: On chip dirt. DISTRIBUTION: New York, Michigan, Missouri, and Washing- ton. ILLUSTRATION: Kauffm. Agar. Mich. pl. 56. The type specimens, collected by Peck in July, are well pre- served at Albany; and specimens sent to Peck from Missouri by Glatfelter appear to match the types. Kauffman reports it as rather frequent in Michigan and gives interesting notes as well as figures of it. I found it at Seattle, Washington, in the autumn of I9II (628), growing in decaying trash in moist woods. This species is probably too near Atylospora corrugis. See doubtful species. 7. Atylospora striatula sp. nov. Pileus thin, fragile, conic-campanulate to expanded, subumbo- nate, sometimes with a small umbilicus, scattered, 2-4 cm. broad; surface dry, glabrous, conspicuously long-striate, dull-bay to isabel- line; context thin, brownish, with mild taste; lamellae adnexed, crowded, plane or ventricose, rather narrow, white or isabelline to purplish-brown; spores ellipsoid, smooth, pale-purplish-brown under the microscope, purplish-brown in mass, about 7 x 4; stipe rigid-fragile, equal, smooth, shining-white, hollow, 5-7 cm. long, 3-5 mm. thick. | Type LocaLity: New York Botanical Garden, New York City. HapitTaT: On humus in shaded places. 268 MycoLocia DISTRIBUTION : Connecticut and New York. Type collected by W. A. Murrill, July 3, 1915, on leaf-mold in rhododendron beds. Miss Eaton made a colored sketch at that time. Also collected by F. S. Earle at Redding, Connecticut, July 22, 1902 (614); at West Park, New York, August 7 and 8, 1903 (1776, 1811); and in the New York Botanical Garden, June 16, 1902 (108). , DouBTFUL AND EXCLUDED SPECIES Agaricus (Psathyra) pholidotus Mont. Syll. Crypt. 126. 1856. Collected in grassy ground at Columbus, Ohio, by Sullivant. De- scribed as fugacious with scaly disk, reminding one of some species of Coprinus, but the gills are blackish-purple. I have not seen the types. | Atylospora corrugts (Pers.) Fayod, Ann. Sci. Nat. VII. 9: 376. 1889. Specimens from Bresadola greatly resemble the types of A. umbonata, but Peck says his species is much darker, striatulate, and atomate, with a less glabrous and more slender stipe and broader spores; also the umbo is very prominent and becomes white on drying. Psathyra obtusata Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 293. 1821. Reported by Kauffman from Michigan, occurring infrequently on very rot- ten wood. I have not seen his specimens. Psathyra perstmplex Britz. Bot. Centralb. 77: 436. 1899. Re- ported by Kauffman as rare on dead wood in hemlock woods in Michigan. He says it differs from P. obtusata in the size of its spores and the characteristic spreading of the margin of the pileus. Psathyra polytrichophila (Peck) Sacc. See Deconica. Psathyra roseolus (Clements) Sacc. Syll. Fung. 14: 154. 1899. (Gymnochilus roseolus Clements, Bot. Surv. Neb. 4: 23. 1896.) Collected on the ground on bluffs of the Missouri River, at Belle- vue, Nebraska. Pileus hemispheric or convex, I-2.5 cm. broad, glabrous or nearly so, wrinkled, vinous when wet, incarnate when dry; lamellae slightly remote, purplish-cinnamon-colored; spores ellipsoid, dark-purple, 12-13 x 7-8y; stipe tall, fragile, fistulose, shining, glabrous, farinaceous-granular at the apex, 4-8 cm. long, 2mm. thick. I have not seen'the types. ~ MurRILL: DARK-SPORED AGARICS 269 Psathyra semsveststa (Berk. & Br.) Sacc. Syll. Fung, 5: 1071. 1887. (Agaricus semiveststus Berk. & Br. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. III. 7: 376. 1861.) Described from England and reported by Kauffman from Michigan, growing gregariously on horse manure. He says Peck’s P. vestita is very similar, and Peck says his species differs in color and in being wholly clothed when young with white, - floccose fibrils. Psathyra silvatica Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 42: 116. 1889. The types from North Elba are attached to a sheet at Albany and marked in Peck’s handwriting “ equal Tubaria silvatica Peck.” The species is omitted from Peck’s later account of the New York species of Psathyra. PSATHYRELLA (Fries) Quel. Champ. Jura Vosg. 122. 1872 Agaricus § Psathyrella Fries, Epicr. Myc. 237. 1838. Characterized by black spores and a straight, appressed margin when young. It is best known, perhaps, through its interesting little representative, Psathyrella minutula, which is widely distrib- uted. In Mycologia for January, 1918, the six species known from tropical North America were discussed, five of them being there described as new. Stipe 1-5 cm. long. Pileus white or gray, furfuraceous; hymenophores densely gregarious or cespitose. 1. P. minutula, Pileus bluish-white, changing to sepia-brown on drying except at the apex. 2. P, leucostigma. Pileus reddish-cinereous, becoming paler on dry- ing; stipe scarcely 1 mm, thick. 3. P. tenera. Pileus some shade of brown. Pileus 2-4 mm. broad, 4. P. minima, Pileus 8-12 mm. broad; decorated with erect hairs. 5. PL. hirta. Pileus 1-3 cm. broad. Stipe 3-4 mm. thick. 6. P. castaneicolor. Stipe 1-2 mm. thick. Stipe white, glabrous. 7. P. betulina, Stipe pale-brown, fibrillose, 8. P. Bartholomaei. Stipe 5-15 cm. long. Pileus bluish-white, with yellow disk. 9. P. gracillima. Pileus whitish, becoming grayish. 10. P, debilis, 270 MyYcoLoclia ° Pileus grayish-black. \ Surface deeply radiate-sulcate. 11. P. Clementsii. Surface smooth, not sulcate. 12, P. angusticeps. Pileus some shade of brown, yellowish-brown, or reddish-brown, Stipe 1-2 mm. thick. Stipe white, 13. P. atomata, Stipe reddish-fulvous. 14. P. petasiformis. Stipe 2-4 mm. thick. ; . Stipe 5-8 cm. long. Lamellae crowded. 15. P. odorata. Lamellae distant. 16. P. distantifolia. Stipe 10-13 cm, long. 17. P. graciloides, I. PSATHYRELLA MINUTULA (Schaeff.) Murrill, Mycologia to: 26.. 1918 Agaricus minutulus Schaeff. Fung. Bavar. Ind. 72. 1774. Agaricus disseminatus Pers. Syn. Fung, 403. 1801. Psathyrella dissenunata Quel. Champ. Jura Vosg. 123. 1872. Pileus membranaceous, ovoid-campanulate, densely gregarious or cespitose, 6-10 mm. broad; surface minutely scaly, becoming smooth, whitish, gray, or grayish-brown, often buff on the umbo, margin sulcate-plicate; context very thin, with mild taste and no odor; lamellae adnate, broad, subdistant, ventricose, white to gray, then black; spores ellipsoid, tapering at both ends, smooth, dark- purplish-brown in mass, chestnut-bay under the microscope, 8-9 x 4p; stipe furfuraceous to glabrous, white or yellowish to cinereous, very slender, becoming hollow, often curved, about 2.5 cm. long and rt mm. thick. TYPE LOCALITY: Bavaria. HasitatT: On decayed wood and moist earth containing organic matter. DISTRIBUTION : Cosmopolitan. ILLUSTRATIONS: Atk, Stud. Am. Fungi, f. 49;:Boud. Ic. Myc. pl. r40; Gill, Champ. Fr. pl. 142° (586) ; Hard Mushr ay eco, Mycologia 6: pl. 132, f. 1; Pat. Tab. Fung. f. 351; Schaeff. Fung. Bavar. pl. 308; Bull»U. S. Dept. Agr.175 2 pl2e ae: This very attractive little species was first described from Ba- varia and accurately figured in color by Schaeffer. The synonymy is considerably complicated but it seems quite certain that the specific name under which the plant is best known has been in use MuRRILL: DARK-SPORED AGARICS 2 it since 1801, when Persoon extended his former use of this name to include the juvenile form as figured by Schaeffer in his plate 308. The plant is widely distributed and very abundant, often occurring in one spot in such large numbers that it is practically impossible to count the dainty little caps. It may be looked for throughout the season from early summer until late autumn and often appears on the soil in greenhouses during the winter. The species strongly suggests Coprinus, both in its mode of expanding and in blackening with age, when the black spores are mature. The microscopic structure of the hymenium is also similar to that of Coprinus; and Lange has transferred it to that genus. Buller, however} criticizes him for so doing and advances several good reasons why it should remain in Psathyrella. 2. PSATHYRELLA LEUCOSTIGMA Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 22: 4go. 1895 Pileus submembranaceous, campanulate, 8-12 mm. broad; sur- face striate, bluish-white when fresh, changing to sepia-brown when dried, the apex remaining whitish; lamellae crowded, lead- colored when young, becoming black with age, whitish on the edges; spores ellipsoid, black, 12.5-15 x 7.5 4; stipe slender, flexu- ous, hollow, white, 2.5--4 cm. long, about 2 mm, thick. TYPE LOCALITY: Kansas. HapitatT: On wet ground under trees. DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the type locality. The type specimens, collected by Bartholomew in July, do not appear to be either at Albany or in the Ellis Collection. 3. PSATHYRELLA TENERA Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 47: 144. 1894 Pileus thin, campanulate, obtuse, 6-10 mm. broad; surface moist or subhygrophanous, reddish-cinereous when moist, paler when dry, slightly rugulose and atomate; lamellae broad, adnate, plane or but slightly ascending, subdistant, at first pallid or subcinereous, then umber and finally blackish, white on the edges; spores nar- rowly ellipsoid, 12-16 x 8-10; stipe slender, glabrous, stuffed or hollow, white, with a white, floccose mycelium at the base, 2.5—-4 cm, long, scarcely 1 mm. thick. Type LocaLity: Pierrepont Manor, Jefferson County, New York. 272 MyYcoLocia Hasitat: On damp mucky ground in open woods. DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the type locality. The type specimens, collected by Peck in June, are well pre- served at Albany, and seem very near plants called P. atomata © Fries by Bresadola. Specimens from Westport so named appear io be distinct. 4. PSATHYRELLA MINIMA Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 41: 70. 1888 Pileus membranaceous, hemispheric, obtuse, 2-4 mm. broad; surface obscurely striatulate when moist, even and pruinose-ato- mate when dry, dingy-yellow or reddish-brown, becoming paler on drying; lamellae broad, adnate, white, becoming yellowish-cinna- mon; spores narrowly ellipsoid, black, 6-8 x 3-4; stipe capillary, minutely mealy or furfuraceous under the lens, pellucid, white, 8-12 mm. long. Type LocALITY: Adirondack Mountains, New York. HaBITAT: On manure in woods. DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the type locality. This tiny species is represented only by a few specimens col- lected by Peck in July and now attached to a sheet at Albany. 5. PSATHYRELLA HIRTA Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 50: 107. (1807 Pileus thin, hemispheric, subcespitose, 8-12 mm. broad; surface hygrophanous, at first covered with erect, fascicled hairs, reddish- brown when moist, grayish-brown or whitish when dry; lamellae adnate or subdecurrent, subcrowded, broad, pallid to black; spores 12-14 x 6-7; stipe flexuous, shining, white, hollow, squamose, 2.5-5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick. TYPE LOCALITY: Minerva, New York. HasitatT: On manured, shaded ground. DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the type locality. The type specimens collected by Peck are attached to a sheet at Albany. Others so named collected by Kellerman in October, 1906, in a greenhouse at Columbus, Ohio, appear to agree with the type of P. Bartholomaet. 6. Psathyrella castaneicolor sp. nov. Pileus fleshy, hemispheric to expanded, 3 cm. broad; surface MurRILL: DARK-SPORED AGARICS 273 hygrophanous, glabrous, sometimes having fragments of the white veil when very young, chestnut to tan, margin even, splitting ; con- text thin, brownish, with mild but mawkish taste; lamellae sinuate- adnate, subcrowded, broad, plane, white to purplish, then black; spores ellipsoid or ovoid, smooth, opaque, sometimes apiculate, very dark-bay under the microscope, about 12 x 7; stipe sub- cylindric, subglabrous, floccose above, hollow, white, 4 cm. long, 3-4 mm. thick. TYPE LocALity: Redding, Connecticut. HasitaT: On a pile of decaying leaves. DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the type locality. Type collected by F. S. Earle (387) on July 17, 1902. 7. PSATHYRELLA BETULINA Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 34: rot. 1907 Pileus thin, submembranaceous, fragile, conic or convex, some- times broadly umbonate, I-2.5 cm. broad; surface glabrous, ato- mate, hygrophanous, fuscous or dark-brown when moist, paler when dry; lamellae broad, adnate, subdistant, cinereous, becoming black, white on the edges; spores ellipsoid, black, 8-10 x 5-6y; stipe fragile, equal, hollow, glabrous, shining, white, 2.5-5 cm. long, 1-2 mm. thick. TYPE LOCALITY: Stow, Massachusetts. HasitaT: On decaying branches of white birch. DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the type locality. The type specimens are at Albany, collected by Simon Davis on September 26, 1906. They resemble species of Atylospora, but the spores are black. 8. PSATHYRELLA BARTHOLOMAEI Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 22: 490. 1895 - Pileus thin, subconic or convex, 1.5-3 cm. broad; surface gla- brous, striate on the margin, pale-brown; lamellae crowded, nearly plane, adnate, brownish, becoming black; spores ellipsoid, 10-13 x 5-6.5 3 stipe slender, flexuous, hollow, adorned with a few grayish fibrils, pale-brown, 2.5—4 cm. long, scarcely 2 mm. thick. TYPE LocaLity: Rockport, Kansas. HapitaT: On wet ground in woods; also in greenhouses, DISTRIBUTION: Ohio and Kansas. ILLUSTRATION: Hard, Mushr. f. 287. D7 A- MycoLoctia The type specimens were collected by Bartholomew (1838) on July 28, 1895,.and are in the Ellis Collection here. The Ohio plants were collected by Kellerman in October in a greenhouse at Columbus. g. PSATHYRELLA. GRACILLIMA Peck, Bull. Torrey Glab zg. 417), 1896 Pileus membranaceous, convex or nearly plane, 1.5—4 cm. broad; surface finely striate nearly. to the disk, subhyaline, bluish-white with a pinkish tint, the disk yellow and commonly depressed; lamellae thin, crowded, rounded behind and adnexed or nearly free, light-slate-colored when young, becoming black or variegated with black; spores oblong-ellipsoid, pointed at one end, 13.5-15 x 6-7.5 4; stipe slender, elongate, erect, hollow, whitish or cream- colored, 7.5-12.5 cm. long, about 2 mm. thick. TYPE LOCALITY: Rooks County, Kansas. Hapitat: On damp ground among weeds. DISTRIBUTION : Pennsylvania and Kansas. The type specimens sent to Peck by Bartholomew (2201) were collected on July 20, 1896. They resemble Coprinus Spraguet, but are larger. I found the species at Ohio Pyle, Pennsylvania, in July, 1905. 10. PSATHYRELLA DEBILIS Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 23: 418. 1896 Pileus membranaceous, campanulate, umbonate, 1.5-3.5 .cm. broad; surface striate nearly to the umbo, subhyaline, whitish, be- coming grayish; lamellae adnate, thin, narrow, crowded, whitish when young, becoming black; spores broadly ellipsoid, 13 x 8p; stipe slender, weak, flexuous, white, hollow, never erect, 5-8 cm. long, 2—3.5 mm. thick. TYPE LOCALITY: Rooks County, Kansas. Hasrrat: On damp ground, attached to decaying stems. DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the type locality. Collected by Bartholomew (2199) on July 20, 1896. A part of the type collection is at Albany and a part in the Ellis Collection here. According to Peck, the species suggests Psathyra gyroflexa, but differs in the umbonate pileus, the larger spores, and in having no purplish tint to the lamellae. 11. PSATHYRELLA CLEMENTSII Sacc. Syll. Fung. 14: 163. 1899 Psathyrella sulcata Clements, Bot. Surv. Neb. 3: 13. 1894. Not P. sulcata ( Dunal) Sacc. 1887. MurRILL: DARK-SPORED AGARICS 275 . Pileus campanulate to expanded, I-2.5 cm. broad; surface deeply radiate-sulcate, grayish-black, light-yellow on the umbo, pellucid; lamellae adnexed,. subventricose, cinereous, black on the edges; spores ovoid-apiculate, purplish-brown, 8-10 x 5-0; stipe slender, hollow, shining, white above, red below, 4-6 cm. long, I-2 mm. thick. Dyer LocALity: Lincoln; Nebraska: HapitaT: On the ground. DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the type locality. The type specimens were collected by Clements. I have not seen them. 12. PSATHYRELLA ANGUSTICEPS Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 33: 217. 1906 Pileus very thin, membranaceous, conic or subcampanulate, sub- acute, often with a small but prominent umbo, gregarious, 1-2 cm. broad; surface hygrophanous, fragile, minutely flocculose, appen- diculate with minute fragments of the whitish veil, sometimes striate on the margin, grayish-brown, whitish or grayish on the margin; lamellae ascending, thin, brittle, moderately crowded, ad- nate, pale-olive-green becoming darker and finally black; spores broadly-ellipsoid, black, abruptly-narrowed at the ends, 15-20 x 10-12; stipe very long, slender, fibrous, rather tough, hollow, _ straight or nearly so, ashy-gray above, chestnut-colored below, sometimes slightly thicker toward the base, 5-9 cm. long, about 1 mm, thick. TYPE LOCALITY: Falmouth, Massachusetts. HasiTaT: On grassy ground. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality. The type specimens, which are well preserved at Albany, were collected by Simon: Davis on June 22, 1905. They resemble a narrow, unexpanded form of Panaeolus campanulatus. 13. PSATHYRELLA ATOMATA (Fries) Quel. Champ. Jura Vosg. 1236 ove Agarscus atomatus Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 298. 1821. Pileus bell-shaped, obtuse, solitary or gregarious, I-2.5 cm. broad; surface atomaceous, hygrophanous, livid, tan or pale-flesh- colored when dry; margin slightly striate, dry, even or wrinkled; lamellae adnate, subdistant, broad, ventricose, whitish to blackish; spores ovoid to ellipsoid, 13-15 x 6-8; stipe equal, lax, slightly 276 Myco.Locia bent, not rooting, pulverulent at the apex, tubular, white, 5 cm. long, 2 mm. thick. TYPE LOCALITY: Europe. Hasgitat: On grassy ground along paths. DIsTRIBUTION : Northeastern United States; also in Europe. ILLusTRATIONS: G. Bernard, Champ. Rochelle pl, 25, f. 5; Cooke, Brit. Fungi pl. 642 (638); Pat. Tab. Fung. f. 236; Saun- ders, Smith & Bennett, Myc. Illust. l. 37, fee Described from Sweden, and reported from several parts of the United States by Ellis, Kellerman, Johnson, Bundy, and others. I have specimens from Paris and London, collected by myself, which agree with New York specimens collected by O. F. Cook. Peck’s plants from West Albany so named are mounted and fig- ured on a sheet with P. graciloides, which they much resemble. 14. Psathyrella petasiformis sp. nov. Pileus conic to campanulate with conic umbo, becoming subex- panded with upturned edges, gregarious, reaching 2 cm. broad and about 1 cm. high; surface glabrous, hygrophanous, striatulate to the disk, fulvous with a reddish tint, fading to yellow except on the disk, margin thin, yellowish, slightly projecting; context very thin; lamellae adnate, crowded, inserted, grayish-olive to nearly black, whitish on the edges; spores oblong-ellipsoid, tapering at both ends, smooth, smoky-purplish-brown under the microscope, 8-1o x 4.5-5.5; stipe cartilaginous, slightly fibrillose-scaly, ful- vous with a reddish tint, hollow, about 5 cm. long and 1-2 mm. thick. Type LocaLity: Buck Hill Falls, Pennsylvania, HasitTaT: On much-decayed wood in woods. DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the type locality. Collected on August 28, 1921, by Mrs. John R. Delafield, who made good notes and a colored sketch from the fresh specimens. The specific name selected was suggested by the hat-shaped pileus. 15. PSATHYRELLA .ODORATA (Peck) Sacc. Syll. Fung. 95 suisse: 1887 Agaricus odoratus Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y, State Mast 24g7e: 1872. | Pileus thin, fragile, ovoid-convex, at length expanded, gregari- ous or subcespitose, 2.5—5 cm. broad; surface smooth, hygropha- nous, dark-reddish-brown and striatulate on the margin when MurRRILL: DARK-SPORED AGARICS ae * moist, dirty-white or clay-colored with a pinkish tint, subatoma- ceous and radiately-rugose when dry; context having a strong odor resembling that of Sambucus pubens; lamellae crowded, broad, attached, with a slight spurious decurrent tooth, dingy-flesh-colored, then rosy-brown, finally black with whitish edges; spores ellipsoid- cymbiform, 9 long; stipe pallid, equal, hollow, slightly enlarged at the base, slightly mealy and striate at the apex, subfibrillose when young, 5-8 cm. long, 2-4 mm, thick. TYPE LocaLity: West Albany, New York. Hasitat: About manure heaps. _ DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality. The type specimens at Albany, collected by Peck in May, are attached to a sheet and fairly well preserved. He seems to have found it in quantity. Psilocybe atomatoides seems very close. 16. Psathyrella distantifolia sp. nov. Pileus convex to expanded, becoming slightly depressed at the center at times, solitary, about 3 cm. broad; surface dry or slightly hygrophanous, glabrous, conspicuously striate, dark-isabelline to fuliginous; lamellae adnate or sinuate, broad, distant, becoming dark-fumosus to almost ater, whitish on the edges; spores nar- rowly-ellipsoid, sometimes apiculate, smooth, opaque, dark-bay un- der the microscope, about 10 x 5; stipe slender, equal, smooth, white, glabrous, hollow, about 7 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick. aver LOCALITY » Bronx’ Park, New York City. Hasitat: On loam in woods. DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the type locality. The type specimens were collected by myself on September Io, IgtI, and a photograph taken of them. This species is rather near Psilocybe atomatoides but the gills are more distant and the spores larger and darker. 17. PSATHYRELLA GRACILOIDES (Peck) Sacc. Syll. Fung. 5: 1127. 1887 Agaricus graciloides Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 30: 42. 1878. Pileus thin, conic or campanulate, gregarious, 2.5 cm. broad; surface glabrous, hygrophanous, brown and striatulate when moist, whitish and subrugulose when dry; lamellae ascending, rather broad, subdistant, brown, becoming blackish-brown, whitish on the edges; spores ellipsoid, blackish, 12-16 x 8-10,p; stipe long, 278 MyYCOLOGIA straight, fragile, hollow, smooth, white, 10-13 cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick. | Type LocaLity: Maryland, New York. Hapirat: On the ground in an old dooryard. DISTRIBUTION: New York. ILLUSTRATION: Ann. Rep. N.-Y. State Mus? 30:°7)) ai Type specimens were collected by Peck in September. Figured specimens attached to a sheet are from Knowersville and were called “ P. gracilis Fr.” Half a dozen other collections from New York appear to match the type. P. debilis does not seem very distinct. DouBTFUL SPECIES Psathyrella crenata (Lasch) Fries; Hymen, Eur. 315. 1874. Kauffman refers a Michigan plant to this species, citing differ- ences, and adding that it agrees well with Cooke’s figure. } Psathyrella falcifolia (Mont.) Sacc. Syll. Fung. 5: 1134. 1887. (Agaricus falctfolus Mont. Syll. Crypt. 127. 1856.) Described from specimens collected by Sullivant at Columbus, Ohio, growing in clusters on logs and dead leaves. Type not seen. Psathyrella hiascens (Fries) Quél. Champ, Jura Vosg. 123. 1872. (Agaricus htascens Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 302.) 0pe21) Peck reported this species from New York on the basis of speci- mens collected by him in June under willows at West Albany, and drawn in color. They are thin, campanulate, and multistriate, with very long, slender stipes ;—quite different in appearance from the drawings made by Oersted in Costa Rica. The spores of Peck’s specimens are said to measure 12-16 x 8-10. Psathyrella rupincola (Mont.) Sacc. Syll. Fung. 5: 1129. 1887. (Agaricus rupincola Mont, Syll. Crypt. 127. 1856.) Described from specimens collected at Columbus, Ohio, by Sullivant, in May, growing from fissures in rocks. ‘Type not seen. NEw ComBINATIONS For the convenience of those who prefer to use the older nomen- clature, the following species described as new in Atylospora are transferred to Psathyra: ATYLOSPORA AUSTRALIS — Psathyra australis ATYLOSPORA PRUNULIFORMIS = Psathyra prunuliformis ATYLOSPORA STRIATULA = Psathyra striatula New YorKk BOTANICAL GARDEN. Ot eee -UROCYSTIS AGROPYRI ON REDTOP Woe DAVIS (WitH’ Text FiGURE-1) On June 6, 1921, smutted plants of redtop, Agrostis palustris Huds. (A. alba L.), were collected at Madison, Wisconsin, and microscopic examination showed the smut to be Urocystis agropyrs (Pruss.) Schroet. The hosts and host ranges reported by Clinton in North Ameri- can Flora 7: 58. 1906 are as follows: Agropyron divergens Nees (Agropyron spicatum (Pursh) Scribn. & Smith), Washington ; A: occidentale Scribn. (A. smith Rydb.), New Mexico; A. repens eS) Beauv., Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont; Bromus ciiatus L., lowa; Bromus sp., Minnesota; Calamagrostis cana- ~ densts (Michx.) Beauv., Oregon; Elymus arenarius L., Green- land; E. canadensis L., Illinois, lowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska and Wisconsin; E. robustus Scribn. & Smith; FE. virginicus L., Illinois and Wisconsin; FE. sp., Colorado and Minnesota. On redtop, the general appearance of the sori on the parts of the plant is the same as described for other hosts. The pustules form on the exposed culm, leaf sheath and blade, rhachis and rhachilla and are especially numerous on the leaves near the top of the culm. Striae, varying from 0.5 mm. in length to that of the whole leaf, form between the leaf veins. When young, these striae are raised and covered with light-colored, epidermal tissue of the host which later ruptures forming a trough-like slit filled with the spore balls. After the dispersal of the spore balls, the tissues beneath the striae become transparent and finally the leaves are shredded longitudinally. The culm above the sheath of the last leaf is usually twisted and the black pustules either remain distinct or coalesce on small areas of the culm. Although the plants when observed were only partially in blossom, many of the highly in- 279 980. ~ MvycoLoGIa fected panicles and some of the infected, lower leaves of the younger stools were dead. Fig. 1. Urocystis agropyri (Pruss.) Schroet. on redtop. A. Smutted red- top plant (X 0.5), showing (1) shredding of leaf between the veins where the spore balls are deposited; (2) twisting of rachis. B. Photomicrograph of spore balls from the redtop plant shown in A (X 400); (3) spore ball contain- ing one fertile spore; (4) two fertile spores; (5) four fertile spores. The spore balls are oblong-spheric to spheric, from 21 to 33h in length, occasionally 40. The sterile cells vary from a very Davis: UROCYSTIS AGROPYRI ON REDTOP 281 light amber to a Brussels-brown, are oblong-spheric to sub-spheric, covering the fertile cell or cells. The spores vary from 1 to 4 in a spore ball, usually 1 or 2. The fertile spores are Brussels- brown, oblong-spheric to spheric or angular-spheric. The sides of the spores are often flattened where two or more are crowded to- gether in a spore ball. The spores are 12 to 19 in length; the average length of 20 measured was 16m. Thus the spores and spore balls compare very favorably with those of U. agropyri as described by Clinton (1. c.). Specimens were deposited in the Herbarium at the University of Wisconsin. ‘The identification of the smut was verified by Dr. J. J. Davis, Curator of the Herbarium at the University of Wis- consin. DEPARTMENT OF Botany, Mass. AGR. COLLEGE, AMHERST, MASss. NEW JAPANESE FUNGI NOTES AND TRANSLATIONS—XII A AW TyYOZABURO TANAKA GYMNOSPORANGIUM ASIATICUM Miyabe in Shokubutsugaku Zasshi (Bot. Mag.) Tokyo, 17'°?: 34. M.-36, 11, Feb.) age¢-momen nudum) ; in Ideta’s Nippon Shokubutsu Byorigaku (Handb. PI. Diseases in Japan) ed. 3, Tokyo, Shokwabo, M. 36, iv, Apr., 1903, 6. 214-217, fig. 50, 51 (nomen subnudum) ; Yamada in Omori, J. & Yamada, G. Shokubutsu Byérigaku (Plant Pathol- ogy) Tokyo, Hakubunkwan, M. 37, ix, Sept., 1904, p. 303-306. ( Japanese. ) Description by G. Yamada: ©. Pycnia epiphyllous on spots, first small, punctiform and orange-yellow, gregarious, few in number; pycnospores small, fusoid. I. Aecia hypophyllous, on thickened, well-developed, brown spots having a beautiful, flavo-rubescent margin, very. slender, 3-6 mm, high, cinereous; peridium tubular, not recurved in dehiscence, irregularly torn at the end, liberating reddish-brown aeciospores ; aeciospores globose or sub-angular, minutely-verrucose, the pores several. On Pyrus sinensis (Japanese sand-pear) and Cydonia vulgaris. III. Telia foliicolous, forming reddish-brown, gelatinous masses, deep-fuscous when desiccated, pulvinate with sticky, orange-yellow teliospores; teliospores long-pediceled, orange-yellow, those pro- duced on the outer part of the telium broad and short, thick-walled and deep colored, those formed in the inner part of the telium slender, thin-walled and light colored, readily germinating from the places near the septum; promycelia 1-2, rarely produced from the apex of the teliospore; sporidia 2-3 on a promycelium. On Juniperus chinensis and J. chinensis var. procumbens. The sporidia of III readily produce Roestelia (R. koreaensis P. Henn.) on Japanese pear leaves, according to the inoculation test conducted by Miyabe. | 282 TANAKA: NEW JAPANESE FUNGI 283 Ideta (under supervision of Miyabe) gives the spore characters as follows: ‘‘ Teliospores 2-celled, fusoid, 45-70 x 20-25 p, long- pediceled.” (Jn Nippon Shokubutsu Byorigaku ed. 4, pt. 2: 470. M. 44, 1911. Japanese.) Notes: Sydow first described Gymnosporangium japonicum from the specimens on the branch of Juniperus chinensis collected by Shirai at Komaba, Tokyo (in Hedwigia, Beibl. 38°: (141) May— June, 1899), and later, Shirai succeeded in producing Roestelia (R. koreaensts) on Japanese pear leaves by inoculating with some mixed forms of Gymnosporangium found on the leaves and stems of Juniperus chinensis, and which he called G. japonicum (in Zeitsch. f. Pflkr. 101: 1-4, pls. 1-2. Apr., 1900). These results apparently induced many Japanese pathologists to believe that G. japonicum is the causal organism of the devastating Japanese pear- rust, though Miyabe clearly defines that G. astatecum occurs only on the leaves. The first comprehensive description of G. asiaticum given by Yamada also limits the occurrence of the telia to the juniper leaf only, and Yoshino later showed that the pear-rust is caused only by the leaf-inhabiting form of Gymnosporangium (G. astatscum) in the Kytsht island, and not by the stem-inhabiting form which he never found existing in the island (in Shokubutsu- gaku Zasshi, Bot. Mag., Tokyo, 19???: 167-168. M. 38, vii, July, 1905. Japanese). Ideta also describes the telial stage from the leaf-inhabiting form only, though he was liberal in bringing the name G. astaticum into the synonymy with G. japonicum in his latest description (1. c. ed. 4, pt. 2: 467, 469-470. IQIT). Despite the existence of the valid name Gymnosporangium asi- aticum applied to the form on the juniper leaves, Sydow renamed the leaf-inhabiting form as Gymnosporangium haraeanum, based upon the material collected by K. Hara from Mino province (in Ann. Mycol. 104: 405. Aug., 1912). Using the fresh material taken from the juniper plant upon which Sydow’s type was col- lected, Hara succeeded in producing pear-rust by inoculation (in Shokubutsugaku Zasshi 279°: 348. T. 2, vii, July, 1913. Japa- nese). At the same time, Ito succeeded in producing rust on Photinia villosa by inoculating the stem-inhabiting form which he determined to be G. japonicum Syd. (in Shok. Zass. 27°78: 221- 984 | MyYcoLociIa 222. Nov., 1913). Ito concludes, therefore, that the leaf-inhabit- ing Gymnosporangum (G. haracanum=G. asiaticum) is the cause of the Japanese pear-rust (Roestelia koreaensis), while the stem-inhabiting form (G. japonicum) is connected with the Pho- tenia rust (Roestelia photiniae P. Henn.). (See 1. c. p. 221, and also in Bydchu-gai Zasshi, Journ. Pl. Prot. 4%: 178-182. -T. 6, iu, Mar., 1917. Japanese.) Jackson also succeeded in infecting sand-pear and quince with the teliospores from Gymnosporangium koreaensts Jacks. (—=G. asiaticum—=G. haraeanum) and recom- mended G. photiniae Kern (in Bull. N. Y. Bot: Gard. 7: 443. Oct., 1911) to supersede G. japonicum, following Itd’s successful inoculation. (See Journ. Agr. Res. 5: 1006, 1007. Feb., 1916.) Dietel, on the other hand, made examination of aecia found on the leaves of Cydonia vulgaris, Pirus sinensis and Pourthaea villosa (Photinia villosa) collected by Kusano at the Botanic Garden, Tokyo, and brought altogether under one species G. confusum Plowr. (in Engler’s Bot. Jahrb. 28°: 286, May, 1900), but Ito states that G. confusum never occurs in Japan, though Shirai lists it in his Nippon Kinrui Mokuroku (A list of Japanese fungi hith- erto known, Tokyo, Nippon Engei Kenkytkwai, M. 38, 1905, p. 39) and he also maintains that the first two must be identical with G. asiaticum and the third must be G. japontcum (in Byocht-gai Zasshi 4°°180.. Mar, 1017). In Korea, pear-rust was known quite early and its connection with juniper was suspected by the Korean agriculturist Soh You- Koh in his work Haing po cht written as early as about 1845. (Shirai, sn Ann. Phytopath. Soc., Japan I’: 2. Jan 10nd.) Japan, Hori first noticed the connection of the pear-rust with juniper Gymnosporangium in 1892, and he studied the actual dam- age of the pear plantation in Okayama first in 1900. (See Hori’s Shokubutsu Byogai Kowa [Lectures on plant diseases] v. 2. Tokyo, Seibido, t. 5, xi, Nov., 1916, p. 301-302 [Japanese].) The infection of quince (Cydonia vulgaris) by the pear-rust fungus was reported by Miyabe and all later investigators, but Sydow made it a new species giving the name Gymnosporangium spiniferum to the aecial stage. (See Ann. Mycol. 10: 78. Feb., 1912.) Ito conceives this to be identical with G. asiaticum (1. c. p. 181), but TANAKA: NEW JAPANESE FUNGI 285 Kern brings this into the synonymy with G. photiniae (in Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 246. Aug., 1916). Successful inoculation of Cydonia japonica by the pear Gymnosporangium was also re- ported by Yoshino (1. c. p. 168), Hori (1. c. p. 309) and Ito (1. ¢. mere2). According to Yoshino (in Shok. Zass. 207*:.91. M..39, May, 1906. Japanese),Ideta (1. c. ed. 4, p. 467) and Ito (1. c. 4°: 327), natural infection of European pear (Pyrus communis) is found but of slight extent, and Hori adds Pyrus Toringo and Cydonia sinensis as incidental hosts (in Hori’s Nosakumotsu Byo- gaku, [Discourse on plant diseases], 7 impr. I9Q1I. p.292. Japa- nese). Ideta first reported that G. asiaticum occurs also on the leaves and stems of Juniperus rigida (in Shok. Zass. 187!4: 157- 158. M. 37, viii, Aug., 1904. Japanese), but later he corrected the statement in accordance with Miyabe’s inoculation tests, that the leaf-inhabiting form only can produce aecia on pear leaves (I. c. ie °:.222. ‘Oct., 1904.. Japanese)..__Later investigators all agreed with Ideta’s final statement (see Hara, in Engei no Tomo isiends ot Mort:| 13°: 811-812. T.,6, ix, Sept., 1917. . Japa- nese), except Ito who doubts these statements because only excep- tional species can infect both the Sabina and Oxycedrus groups of juniper (tn Bydcht-gai Zasshi 4°: 182-183). R. Nodzu even suggested that the pear-rust infects several species of Chamaecy- parts (in Shimane Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo T. 4 Nendo Gyomu Kotei, [Ann Rept. Simane Agr. Exp. Stat. for 1915]. p.. 93. Japanese), but his suggestion received little credit by succeeding authors. Yoshino, on the other hand, succeeded in obtaining rust on Cydonia vulgaris, C. japonica and the Japanese pear by infect- ing with a Gymnosporangium found on the small stems of Jumi- perus chinensis in the Saga prefecture (in Shok. Zass. 207%: gI. May, 1906). He describes this stem-inhabiting telium as being “only swollen or expanded or globular, appearing quite different from the ordinary stem-inhabiting form which expands greatly with moisture into a tongue-like petal.” This shows, according to Yoshino, that the telium of G. astaticum occurs also on the small twigs of juniper ina form quite distinct from that of G. japonicum. GYMNOSPORANGIUM YAMADAE Miyabe in Shokubutsugaku Zasshi (Bot. Mag.) Tokyo, 171°”: 34-35. M. 36, ii, Feb., 1903 (nomen 286 | MycCoLoGIa nudum) ; Yamada in Omori, J. & Yamada, G. Shokubutsu Byo- rigaku (Plant Pathology) Tokyo, Hakubunkwan, M. 37, 1904, p. 306-308, fig. 38 (Japanese). | Gymnosporangium Yamadat Miyabe ex Ideta in Nippon Shoku- butsu Byorigaku (Handb. Pl. Diseases in Japan) ed. 3, Tokyo, Shokwabo, M. 36, iv, Apr., 1903 (nomen subnudum) ; Miyabe in Ideta ditto ed. 4, pt..2: 471-474, ‘fig. 174.) Mia Ter (Japanese). Description by G. Yamada and K. Miyabe combined: I. Aecia hypophyllous, on more or less thickened, reddish-brown spots, cylindrical, thick, 0.4-0.5 mm, in diam., 5-8 mm. high; peridium fulvous, splitting into a fine lace-like network ; peridial cells narrow and elongated, 60-So x 20-24, inner wall smooth, outer wall slightly verrucose, side wall tuberculate with short papillae and never making elongated ridges; aeciospores subglo- bose or polygonal, 16-24 » in diam., wall thick, brown, finely ver- rucose, the pores 8. scattered. On Pyrus Malus (Apple), Pyrus spectabilis, and P. Toringo. III. Telia caulicolous, from a perennial mycelium, appearing on reddish-brown, spheric swellings of the host stem, of somewhat shining appearance, disclosed by the rupturing of the cork in irregular fissures, flavo-rubescent, flat, petal- or tongue-shaped, irregular, deep-fuscous when desiccated ; teliospores 2-celled, ob- long, broad-ellipsoid, obovoid or clavate, upper cell always larger, frequently with thick-walled, obtuse papilla at the apex. 40-50 x 15-22 p. On Juniperus chinensis and J. chinensis var. procumbens. Apple culture of the northeastern territories has been menaced by the disease. In Sapporo, Hokkaido, it made its first appear- ance in 1902 with the introduction of J. chinensis, carrying the fungus from the south. According to Ideta (1. c. ed. 4 p. 472), Miyabe first found in 1904 the connection of apple rust with this particular Gymnosporangium inhabiting on the juniper stems. The aecial stage develops in July and August causing discolora- tion of apple leaves, which frequent!y results in defoliation. The telial stage appears on the juniper in April or May in the main island, and in May or June at Sapporo, Hokkaido. TANAKA: NEW JAPANESE FUNGI 287 Illustrations: 4 text-figures by Yamada (I. c. p. 307) are given, showing telia on juniper branch, cross section on the swollen stem, teliospores and germination of teliospores. | Notes: The finding of aecia on Pyrus spectabilts by Shirai in Tokyo was reported by Dietel as ? Gymnosporangium claviaeforme Jacq. (in Hedwigia 37: 216. July, 1898) and by P. Sydow as Gymnosporangium ?clavartiforme (Jacq.) Rees (do. Beibl. 37°: (207) Nov.—Dec., 1898). P. Hennings listed an aecium on Pyrus Toringo collected by Shirai at Nikko as ?G. clavartiforme ( Jacq.) Rees (in Engler’s Bot. Jahrb. 28: 262. Mar., 1900), and he later reported G. clavaritforme from Tokyo, found by Hori on P. spec- sponse (dos 21°°: 732, Aug., 1902). These are-all likely ‘to represent G. Yamadae. Under G. Yamadae Miyabe sp. nov., Kern presented a description of the aecial stage found on Pyrus spectabilis by Nambu at Tokyd (m Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 77°: 466. Oct., 1911), and Sydow later described the telial stage under the same name from material presented by M. Miura (im Ann. Mycol. 12: 159-160. Apr., 1914). It6d (in Bydcht-gai Zasshi, Wouen, Pi, Prot. 4*: 244-245. Apr., 1917) ventured, however, to bring this name into the synonymy with G. chinensis Long (in Journ. Agr. Res. 1: 345. Jan., 1914) but all later investigators have considered the latter to be identical to G. asiaticum (—G. haraeanum =G. koreaensis). See Clinton, # Ann. Rept. Conn. Pet Exp. Stat. for 1914 p. 15,16. 1914); Jackson, m Journ, Agr. Res. 5: 1006. Feb., 1916 and Kern in Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 247-249. Aug., IQI6. GYMNOSPORANGIUM IDETAE Yamada ex K. Hara in Hara’s Kwaju Byogairon (Discourse on fruit diseases) Irie-cho, Shidzuoka- ken, T. 5, xi, Nov., 1916. p. 95 (Japanese) : in Shidzuoka-ken Nokwaiho (Journ. Agr. Soc., Shidzuoka prefecture) no. 287: ii-52.) 1. 10, ix, Sept., 1921 ( Japanese). Description from Hara’s second article: O. Pycnia epiphyllous, immersed, on orbicular or irregularly- orbicular orange-yellow spots of 5-15 mm. broad, which later turn into beautiful reddish-brown color, globose, with pointed apex; pycnospores fusoid, exude with mucilaginous substance, 8-10 x 373-5 b- 288 | MycoLoGIa I. Aecia gregarious, protruding from the host tissue, often with common base, cylindrical, grayish-yellow, with apex first rounded, later lacerating, I-3 x 0.3-0.6 mm.; aeciospores broad-ellipsoid, globose or subangular, grayish-brown, verrucose, 18-28» in diam. On Amelanchier asiatsca, collected by Hara in Kawauye-mura, prov. Mino (Gifu-ken). Description from Hara’s first article: III. Telia caulicolous, formed on fusoid swellings, roughened at first, later lacerate, exposed as purplish-brown masses; teliospores cylindric-clavate or rarely subfusoid, 1-septate, upper cell being broader and shorter, 45-75 x 15-20, wall 1.5 » thick, the pores 2 in both upper and lower cells near the septum, or I apically in the upper and 2 in the lower cell, germinating mostly from the apical pore; sporidia ellipsoid, ovoid or globose, 12-15 x 7-10 p. On Juniperus rigida. Revised description of III in the second article of Hara: “Telial masses chestnut-brown or purplish-brown, at first hemi- spheric, later becoming flat by union, or liquify, varying in size, smallest about 5 mm. in diam., largest several inches broad, occa- sionally surrounding the twig; teliospores 2-celled, rarely 1I- or 3-celled ; 2-celled spores with thick, colored wall, ellipsoid, broad- ellipsoid, subfusoid or ovoid, the cells equal in shape but lower cell being a little longer and narrower than the upper, upper cell occa- sionally papillate, not constricted or slightly constricted, both ends rounded or narrowed, 35-50 x 20-25 p, those round ones measuring 28-33 x 18-28 p, wall 1.5 » thick, the pores 2 or 1, mostly one apical in the upper cell, two lateral near the septum in the lower cell; colorless spores ellipsoid, cylindrical or fusoid, the celis unequal, upper cell larger and flatter, lower cell cylindrical or tapering to- ward the pedicel, 50-55 x 16-23, wall 1p thick, the pores one apical in the upper cell, or two near the septum as in the lower cell; 3-celled spores elongated, contents brown or yellow-rust color, 1- nucleate, 65-75 x 18-20; pedicels cylindrical, very long, hyaline, 3-5 p thick; promycelia clavate or cylindrical, 3-septate; sterigmata 3-4; sporidia ellipsoid ovoid or reniform, 10-15 x 7-10 p.” Related to G. Miyabei Yamada & Miyake much closer than to G. japonicum Syd. Inoculations by Yamada and by Hara, con- ducted independently, resulted in the formation of aecia on Amelanchier asiatica. Notes: The telial stage found on Juniperus rigida was first identified as G. tremelloides Hart. (Hara in Shok. Zass. 2757: TANAKA: NEW JAPANESE FUNGI 289 67. T.2,i, Jan.,1913. Japanese). This identification was made by Sydow according to Hara’s second report (I. c. 27919: 348. T. 2, vii, July, 1913. Japanese), but as he had formerly succeeded in inoculating Amelanchier he considered this to be identical, at least partly, to G. juniperinum mentioned by Shirai in his “ List” p. 39. Hara later obtained materials from Yamada who proposed the present scientific name according to the results of his inocu- inniom. =.s¢e Engei no Tomo (Friend of Hort.) 13°: 812. T. 6, I<; Sept., 1017 (Japanese): The present species was later acknowledged by Ito as a distinct species, differing from G. clavariforme by having much flatter telia; from G. amelanchieris in the elongated shape of the telio- spores; and from G. clavipes in the different shape of the pedicel of the teliospores. See Byocht-gai Zasshi (Journ. PI. Prot. aye 325-326. T. 6, v, May, 1917 (Japanese). Hara’s descriptions are based upon the specimens collected at Kawauye-mura, Mino province (Gifu-ken) (O. I. III.) ; various localities in Totomi proyince (Shidzuoka-ken) as Sakabe, Makino- hara, Kasuisai, and Mikatagahara (III.). Illustrations: Fig. 11, no, 6 in Hara’s Kwaju Byodgairon shows 2 germinating teliospores and 2 sporidia. GYMNOSPORANGIUM HEMISPHAERICUM K. Hara sp. nov. in Engei mo lomo (Friend of Hort.)-13°: 813. T. 6, ix, Sept., 1917 (nomen nudum) ; in Dainippon Sanrin Kwaiho (Journ. Forest. =oce,, Japan) no. 419: 16-18. T. 6, x,-Oct., 1917. (Japanese. ) O. Pycnia epiphyllous, on orbicular orange-yellow spots, gre- garious, first immersed, later piercing the epidermis with ostiola erumpent, globose or depressed-globose, 125-170» in diam., osti- olar filaments hyaline, resembling pedicels of pycnospores; pycno- spores fusoid or ellipsoid, hyaline, 10-13 x 2.5-3); pedicels fili- form, 50-80 x I-I.5 p. I. Aecia hypophyllous, cespitose or simply aggregate, conical or subcylindrical, delicate, brown, later cinereous or flavescent, 1-1.5 mm. high; peridium dehiscent only at the end; aeciospores globose or sub-angular, fulvous, verrucose, 20-28 x 18-25 p. On Pyrus Zumi. Spots at first orange-yellow or yellowish-pink, orbicular, 1.5 mm. in diam., later enlarging attaining to 6 mm., becoming viscid and 290 | MycoLocia then black-spotted on the upper surface, and producing hair-like aecia on the lower surface. At this stage, there develops a dis- colored area of pale-yellow or occasionally ee pinkish color around the spot. III. Telia folicolous or caulicolous, arising between scale-like leaves, oblate or hemispherical, fuscous or purplish-brown, later pulvinate, 1-5 mm, when desiccated, attaining to soy-bean size with moisture; teliospores subglobose, broad-ellipsoid or fusoid, rounded at both ends, sometimes papillate at the apex, occasionally with narrowed base, 2-celled, the cells almost equal-sized, constricted, 30-35 X 25-30, wall thin, I-1.5 yu thick, the pores 2 in each cell near the septum, or 1 apically in the upper, 2 in the lower cell; colorless spores fusoid or ellipsoid, commonly narrowed at both ends, 2-celled, each cell unequal, upper cell being 2-4, shorter than the lower, slightly or not constricted, 30-37 x 17-25 p, wall thin, Iy thick, the pores I apical or 1-2 lateral in the upper, and 1-2 lateral in the lower cell, lateral pores being located near the septum; I-celled teliospores ellipsoid or ovoid, rounded at both ends, or papillate at the apex, wall colored, 1-2 thick, the pores apical or lateral; pedicels cylindrical, long, 3-4.5 » thick; promy- celia cylindrical or elongated like hyphae, curved, 3-septate, 10-12 p in diam.; sterigmata 3-4 on a promycelium, cylindrical, 5-6 » long; sporidia ellipsoid or ovoid, 10-13 x 9-10 p. On Juniperus chinensis. Type locality: Mino province (Gifu-ken) Kawauye-mura, Mar., 1917 (KC) Mara). | The telia received a preliminary identification as G. haraeanum by T. Hemmi and S. Ito, but after examining well-developed telio- spores Hara became aware of its great difference from common pear-rust Gymnosporangium and thought it to be a new form. The inoculation was then carried out and he obtained positive results on P. Zums#, and negative on P. Malus, P. Tortngo and P. sinensis. Hara also collected aecia from naturally pees. Pe Zum in August, 1916. Hara observed, on the other hand, a type of sorus arising from the space between the scaly leaves of juniper, in this respect similar toatelium. This form, becoming globose or hemispheric in shape, is much lighter in color than the telium, being brown or rust- colored, pulvinate, composed of numerous spores arranged in TANAKA: NEW JAPANESE FUNGI . 291 chains on the pedicel 3-4.5 thick (sometimes attaining to 9p thick in absorbing moisture). The spores are globose or broad- ellipsoid, 20-26 » in diam., wall is thick, dark brown, 1.5—2 p thick, contents being granular, rust-colored. In cutting the sori longi- -tudinally, well-developed hyphae were observed, which were either apparently filling the enlarged host cells or running between them. The hyphae were colorless or fulvous, branching, 2—2.5 » in diam. The spores did not germinate after several attempts, and that led Hara to consider these to be rudimentary urediniospores which had probably lost their function. He states that these peculiar spores occur also in the telia without forming independent sori of their own. He also ventures to add an account of this form to the generic character of Gymnosporangium. See Byocht-gai Zasshi (our. Pl. Prot.) 6°: 754-755. T. 8, ix, Sept., 1919. (Japa- nese. ) GYMNOSPORANGIUM SHIRAIANUM K. Hara sp. nov. in Byocht-gai Zasshi (Journ. Pl. Prot.) 6°: 681-687, 6°: 751-756. 1 pl. T. 8, vili-ix, Aug.Sept., 1919. (Japanese. ) O. Pycnia epiphyllous, on orange-red or reddish spots of 5-10 mm. broad, immersed, globose or depressed-globose, 150-200 » in diam., ostiolar filaments needle-shaped, narrowed at the apex, straight, containing orange-colored granules, 80-120 x 3-4p; pycnospores cylindric or ellipsoid, narrowed at both ends, hyaline, 8-12 x 3-4; pedicels linear, narrowed at the apex, hyaline, 15— 30 X 2.53 pm. I. Aecia hypophyllous, on 7—10-times thickened spots, the sur- face of which undulate, orange-yellow with margin of orange or » reddish color, cespitose in small group or irregularly scattered, at first cinereous with purplish-yellow, simply projecting, later elon- gating into cylinder or tube, 0.25-0.5 mm. in diam., I-5 mm. high; peridium straight or curved, at first with rounded end, later de- hiscent; peridial cells sub-hexagonal, elongated, or fusoid, rarely subglobose, lower ones much shorter and light-brown in color, 33-90 x 20-40 p, outer wall parallel-striated, 4-7 thick; aecio- spores globose, ovoid or polygonal, fulvous, 18-23 x 16-18 p, wall verrucose, I-2y thick, the pores 6-14, pedicel linear, variable in length, 4-5 » in diam. On Pyrus sinensts. Type locality : Totomi province (Shidzuoka-ken) Mikatagahara, iene 6 1919 (K: Hara). 299 MycoLoGIA ; III. Telia foliicolous, epiphyllous, solitary or rarely 2-3 to- gether, first subepidermal, later erumpent, minute, depressed-glo- bose or oblate-ellipsoid, upper surface convex, purplish-brown or castaneous, lower surface more or less flat, light-brown or light- colored, looking as though attached to the substratum with pedicel- like body, 1-3 mm. in diam., 0.5—1 mm. high, becoming honey-color with moisture; teliospores broad-ellipscid, fusoid or ovoid, rounded or narrowed at both ends, sometimes pointed at the apex, 2-celled (rarely 3- or 1-celled), usually equal-sized, sometimes upper cell being broader and shorter, lower just opposite, or rarely vice versa, constricted or not constricted, 30-50 x 15-25, wall castaneous, 1.5-2.5 », the pores 2 in each cell near the septum, or 1 apically in the upper, 2 laterally in the lower cell; colorless spores oblong short-cylindrical or fusoid, rounded or narrowed at both ends, 2- celled, the cells equal or unequal, upper being larger or just oppo- site, mostly not constricted but rarely much constricted, wall ful- vous, I » thick, the pores mostly 1 apically in the upper, 2 laterally in the lower cell, or 2 in each cell near the septum; 3-celled spores clavate or oblong, not constricted at the septum or slightly con- stricted, 64-66 x 15-18; I-celled spores globose, ovoid or ellip- soid, 22-25 x 20-22 p, round ones 22 uw in diam., wall 2—-2.5 » thick; pedicels cylindrical, very long, 4-9» thick, hyaline; promycelia at first cylindrical, later occasionally elongate into hyphal form of 5-7 p thick, or simply curved, 3-celled and 5-8) thick; sterigmata filiform, 15-20 x 2-4, terminated by sporidia; sporidia reniform or ellipsoid, orange-colored, 10-16 x 5-9 p. On Juniperus Isttoralis. Type locality : Totomi province (Shidzuoka-ken) Mikatagahara, Mar. 20, 1919 (K. Hara), Mar. 21, 1919 (K.) Yoshida) en pra, 1919 (Y. Watanabe). Illustrations: 1 black-and-white plate giving 15 figures to show aecial form on Japanese pear leaf: section of a pycnium, its ostiolar filaments, pedicels of pycnospore, pycnospores, section of an aecium, peridial cells, formation of aeciospores, mature aeciospores, telia on leaves of J. littoralis, a swollen telium, colored teliospores, colorless teliospores, germination of teliospores and sporidia. The appearance of the aecial stage is quite similar to that of G. asiaticum, except the aecia look more or less purplish in color. Notes: Sand-pear culture in the Mikatagahara region was — given up some time ago on account of the virulence of rust, though TANAKA: NEW JAPANESE FUNGI 293 no Juniperus chinensis was found in the vicinity. After careful examination, Hara found J. littoralis growing wild in the region, which carried telia looking quite different from those of J. chi- nensis. Inoculation, using type material collected by Watanabe, proved that this telial form infects P. sinensis very easily, but P. aucuparia (Sorbus aucuparia, S. japonica) remained free (1. c. Gee751-752), Hara also suggested that the case reported by Ideta, regarding the leaf-inhabiting form of Gymnosporangium on J. rigida as the pear-rust organism, is one of misidentification of the host, because J. littoralis is often mistaken for J. rigida (1. Cape 7 53) SYNOPSIS: OF JAPANESE GYMNOSPORANGIUM SPECIES * I. TErtTa on STEM, CAUSING HYPERTROPHY 1. Telia on spheric swelling of the stem of Juniperus chinensis, and J. chinen- sis var. procumbens ; aecia on Pyrus Malus, P. spectabilis and P. Toringo ; aeciospores chestnut-brown, GYMNOSPORANGIUM YAMADAE Miyabe, ex Yamada 1904, and Ideta 1911 (G. Yamadai Miyabe). Syn. G. claviaeforme Dietel, non Jacq. G. clavariiforme Syd., P, Henn., non Rees. G. chinensis Ito, non Long. 2. Telia on fusoid swelling of the stem of Juniperus chinensis, and J. chinensis var. procumbens; aecia on Photinia villosa (P. laevis) ; aeciospores yel- lowish-brown. GYMNOSPORANGIUM JAPONICUM Syd. 1899. Syn. Roestelia photiniae P. Henn, in Hedwigia 33: 231, Aug., 1894. CEx: Ito, tor.) Roestelia pourthiaeae Miyabe in Shok. Zass. (Bot. Mag.) Tokyd, T7022 35, IV. 736, a1. Keb,, 1903 (~lapanese).— (Ex Ito, 1917.) Aecidium pourthiaeae Syd. in Bull. Herb. Bois. 1900, no. 4: 3. CHxuito! 1907.) Gymnosporangium confusum Diet., non Plowr. in Engl, Bot. Jahrb. 28: 286. May, 1900 pro parte. (Ex Ité, 1917, p, 180.) G. photiniae Kern. tort. *In looking over this synopsis, Prof. Miyabe kindly made the following ‘comments: (1) The plant here called Juniperus chinensis var. procumbens should be J. chinensis var. Sargenti, since J. procumbens, according to E, H. Wilson, represents an entirely different plant. (2) The plant here called Juniperus littoralis is better called J. conferta, in accordance with modern classification. (3) The apple rust fungus probably had been existing in the prefecture of Aomori for centuries, where the wild crab apple is found common. 294. . MycoLocia ; 3. Telia on fusoid swelling of the stem of Juniperus rigida; aecia on Amelan- chier asiatica; aeciospores chestnut-brown. GYMNOSPORANGIUM IDETAE Yamada ex K. Hara, 1916, 1921, Syn. Gymnosporangium tremelloides Syd., non Hartig. (Ex Hara.) G. juniperinum Shirai pro parte, non Fries. (Ex Hara.) 4. Telia on fusoid swelling of the stem of Chamaecyparis pisifera, Ch. pisifera var. plumosa, and Ch. pisifera var. squarrosa; aecia on Pyrus Miyabet and P. Aria var. kamaoensis; aeciospores yellowish-brown, GYMNOSPORANGIUM MiyaAper Yamada & Miyake in Shok. Zass. (Bot. Mag.) Toky6, 22253: 21-28. Feb., 1908. Syn. Roestelia solitaria Miyabe in Shok. Zass. 17192: 35 M. 36, ii, Feb., 1903. (Ex Yamada & Miyake.) R. solenoides Diet. in Engl, Bot. Jahrb. 32: 631. June, 1903. (Ex Yamada &, Miyake.) Gymnosporangium solenoides Kern in Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. Fe AS On, 3) Ctra MOM le II. TELIA ON LEAF OR ON GREEN STEM, NOT CAUSING HYPERTROPHY 5. Telia conic or spheric, on Juniperus chinensis, J. chinensis var. procumbens, and J. rigida; aecia on Pyrus sinensis, Cydonia vulgaris, C. japonica, and Pyrus communis; aeciospores yellowish-brown, 18-22 X 18-21 yp (P. Henn.), GYMNOSPORANGIUM ASIATICUM Miyabe, ex Yamada, 1904. Syn. Roestelia koreaensis P. Henn. in Monsunia 1: 5. 1900. (Ex Yamada.) Gymnosporangium japonicum Shirai, non Syd. pro parte. . confusum Diet., non Plowr. pro parte. (Ex Itd, 1917.) . spiniferum Syd. (Ex Ito, 1917.) . haraeanum Syd. 1912. . chinensis Long. (Ex Kern, Jackson). AMAA YDN . koreaense Jacks. 1916. 6. Telia oblate or hemispheric, on Juniperus chinensis; aecia on Pyrus Zum; aeciospores yellowish-brown, 20-28 X 18-25 w (K. Hara). GYMNOSPORANGIUM HEMISPHAERICUM K, Hara. 1917. 7. Telia depressed-globose or oblate-ellipsoid, on Juniperus littoralis; aecia on Pyrus sinensis ; aeciospores yellowish-brown, 18-23 X 16-18 uw (K. Hara). GYMNOSPORANGIUM SHIRAIANUM K. Hara. 1919 UNDESCRIBED OR QUESTIONABLE SPECIES REPORTED FROM JAPAN 1. Telia on Juniperus nipponica; aecia on Sorbus japonica (Pyrus aucuparia var. japonica) and S. sambucifolia var. pseudogracilis (P. aucuparia). GYMNOSPORANGIUM ALPINUM Yamada ex Hara in Byécht-gai Zasshi (Journ. Pl. Prot.) 69: 754. T. 8, ix, Sept., ro19 (nomen nudum: Syn. Gymnosporangium juniperi Ito, non Link, based upon Miyabe (1903) and Ideta (1911). In Byodcht-gai Zasshi 44: 246. T. 6, iv, Apr., 1917 (Japanese): (Ex Hara; ljrc)) G. juniperinum Miyabe, Shok. Zass. 17: (35), non Fries (Aecia only; on Pyrus aucuparia. 1903). Ideta; aecia on Sorbus japonica, telia on Juniperus nana (?) 1911. Also Yamada, L904, p. 308 >; Shirai List ed. 1, p. 39 pro parte: TANAKA: NEW JAPANESE FUNGI 295 2. Telia on unknown host, collected by Miyabe in Karafuto (Saghalien). GYMNOSPORANGIUM CLAVARIAEFORME (Jacq.) Rees. Ex Ideta, i911, p. 474-475. (Collected by Miyabe in Karafuto on Juniperus nana, ex Hara, |. c.) (Shirai, List ed. I, p. 39, pro parte. Aecia on Sorbus sp.: List ed. 2, ps 205,,aecia on Pyrus.) 3. Telia on unknown host; aecia on Photinia villosa. GYMNOSPORANGIUM BLASDALEANUM Kern, 1911 p. 438; 1916, p. 250. Syn. Aecidium pourthiaeae Syd. (Ex Kern.) 4. Host entirely unknown. ROESTELIA CANCELLATA Reb. ex Matsumura, Shokubutsu Meikwan, Index Biewepon vol. t2o171. M. 37, 11, Feb., 1904; Shirai List ed. 1, p. 88 (Gymnosporangium Sabinae for the synonym). BurREAU OF PLant INDUSTRY, WasuincTon, D. C. 25 cents each, a ~ See next page ee : a 7 sin North American Peronospor les—IT. | Phytophthorese and a, by W. A. 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Papers presented at the Celebration of the Twentieth A: sary of the New York Botanical Garden. _ viii tr 592 PP-, ae! 43 plate many text figures. 1916 t ¥ Contributions from the New York Botanical Garden. A seri 0 . mical papers written by students or members of the staff, an . Journals other than the above. Price, 25) cents each, $5.00 : me jae bh iuiensy MB aliy Goas i pea at ane Some Dopo Ba eleainy Heung PARE ‘New = ae Jee Sma att io Be rs tior ons 0 3 1¢ s Mita 0. to I ‘Index Index | _ MYCOLOGIA NOTES ON SOME SPECIES OF COLEO-— me SPORIUM_II GEORGE G. HeEpGcock AaAnp N. Rex Hunt (WiTH PLATES 22 AND 23) COLEOSPORIUM IPOMOEAE Coleosporium tpomoeae (Schw.) Burrill was first described in the uredinial stage by Schweinitz’ in 1822, as Uredo ipomoeae; Burrill? in 1885 described the telial stage and placed the fungus in the genus Coleosporium. ‘The aecial stage was discovered by the senior writer near Luray, Va., on Pinus echinata in 1914, and it was described*® and the proof of its connection with the ure- dinial and telial stages was published in a brief note in 1917.4 Inoculations with Coleosporium ipomoeae have been made dur- ing 1915 to 1919 as follows: Sixteen sets of inoculations were made with aeciospores from aecia on Pinus echinata collected from the following localities: Mont Alto, Pa; Luray and Petersburg, Va.; Asheville, N. C.; Etowah, Tenn.; Clearwater and Columbia, S. C.; Atlanta, Co- lumbus, and Macon, Ga.; Auburn and Selma, Ala.; and Tex- arkana, Ark. Plants as follows were inoculated: 1 Amsonia ciliata, 2 Aster conspicuus, 1 A. longifolius, 3 Calonyction acu- ie. Schweinitz, L. D. Synopsis fungorum Carolinae superioris. Schr. Nat. Ges. Leipzig 1: 70. 1822. | 2 Burrill, T. J. Parasitic fungi of Illinois. Bulletin Illinois State Lab- oratory 2: 217; 218.. 1885. a 3 Hedgcock, Geo. G., & Hunt, N. Rex. New species of Peridermium. My- - cologia 9: 239, 240. Tony = _# Hedgcock; Geo. G., & Hunt, N. Rex. The Peridermium belonging to Coleasporium ipomoeae. Phytopathology 7: 67. 1917. [Mycotocia for Sepr. (14: 235-295) was issued Sept. 1, 1922] Bon 298 - MyYcoLoGIa leatum, 6 C. grandiflorum, 1 Chrysopsis mariana, 2 Convolvulus arvensis, 13 C. repens, 11 C. sepium, 1 Coreopsis verticillata, 1 Elephantopus carolinianus, 2 E. tomentosus, 1 E. nudatus, 1 Helianthus angustifolus, 2 H. decapetalus, 3 H. divaricatus, 1 H. radula, 12 Ipomoea batatas, 2 I. caroliniana, 18 I. lacunosa, 16 I. pandurata, 5 I. triloba, 2 Laciniaria elegans, 3 L. gramini- folia, 4 Pharbitis barbigera, 7 P. hederacea, 14 P. purpurea, 11 Quamoclit coccinea, 6 Q. quamoclit, 1 Silphium simpsonii, 1 S. terebinthinaceum, 1 Solidago canadensis, 1 S. fistulosa, 1 S. rugosa, I S. multiradiata, 1 Vernonia glauca, and 1 Verbesina virginica. Of these the following were infected, bearing mature uredinia in 14 to 18 days and mature telia in about 2 months: 14 Ipomoea lacunosa, 8 I. pandurata, 3 Pharbitis barbigera, and 4 Quamoclit coccinea. . Seven sets of inoculations were made from aeciospores from aecia on Pinus palustris collected in the following localities: Clearwater, S. C.; Brooksville, Gainesville, New Smyrna, and Ocala, Fla. Plants as follows were inoculated: 4 Calonyction aculeatum, 1 Chrysopsis mariana, 2 Convolvulus arvensis, 1 C. sepium, 3 Ipomoea caroliniana, 3 I. lacunosa, 5 I. pandurata, 10 Lacimaria elegans, 2 L. elegantula, 15 L. gracilis, 3 L. pycno- stachya, 2 L. tenuifolia, 4 L. graminifolia, 6 Pharbitis purpurea, 4 Quamoclit coccinea, and 1 Verbesina virginica. The following plants were infected, bearing mature uredinia in 15 to 20 days and mature telia in about 2 months: 2 Ipomoea lacunosa and 5 I. pandurata. Six sets of inoculations were made with aeciospores from aecia on: Pinus taeda collected from the following localities: Atlanta and Macon, Ga.; Clearwater and Columbia, S. C.; and Peters- burg, Va. Plants as follows were inoculated: 3 Calonyction acu- leatum, 4 C. grandiflorum, 1 Convolvulus arvensis, 3 C. repens, 7 C. sepium, 1 Coreopsis major, 2 Elephantopus tomentosus, 1 Helianthus angustifolius, 2 H. divaricatus, 3 Ipomoea batatas, 6 I. caroliniana, 8 I. lacunosa, 3 I. pandurata, 5 I. triloba, 2 Pharbitis barbigera, 3 P. hederacea, 9 P. purpurea, 5 Quamoclit coccinea, 3 Q. quamoclit, 1 Solidago fistulosa, 1 S. juncea, 2 Ver- besina virginica, and 1 Vernonia glauca. The following plants Hepccock & HuNT: COLEOSPORIUM 299 a were infected bearing mature uredinia in 14 to 18 days, and mature telia in about 2 months: 2 Ipomoea caroliniana, 1 I, lacu- nosa, 3 I. pandurata, 1 I. triloba, 1 Pharbitis barbigera, 2 P. hederacea, and 3 Quamoclit coccinea. 3 In the foregoing experiments all plants of species of Calonyc- tion and Convolvulus failed of infection, although the majority were in prime growing condition. The plants of Calonyction aculeatum were grown from seed from a plant’ heavily infected with the rust in nature. Coleosporium tpomoeae is known to occur in its aecial stage in nature on six species of pine. In this stage its range is from Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas. It is now reported for the first time on Pinus caribaea from Florida. In its uredinial and telial stages it occurs over a much wider territory,. ranging from New Jersey and Kansas on the north to Florida and Texas on the south. In these stages it is found on species of Calonyction, Convolvulus, Ipomoea, Pharbitis, and Thyella. It has been suc- cessfully inoculated by the writers on Ipomoea caroliniana, I. lacunosa, I. pandurata, Pharbitis barbigera, P. hederacea, and Quamoclit coccinea. The two most common and susceptible host species for the uredinial and telial stages of Coleosporium ipomoeae are Ipo- moea pandurata and Pharbitis barbigera, of which the former has a much greater range. The most common and susceptible host species for the aecial stage is Pinus echinata. COLEOSPORIUM RIBICOLA Coleosporium ribicola (Cooke and Ellis) Arthur was first de- _ scribed in the uredinial stage by Cooke and Ellis® in 1878, as - Uredo ribicola. The telial stage was described by Prof. Arthur® in 1907, and the fungus assigned to the genus Coleosporium. Dr. Long’ discovered and described the aecial stage and proved its connection with the Coleosporium in 1916. 5 Cooke, M. C., & Ellis, J. B. New Jersey Fungi. Grevillea 63; 86. 1878. 6 Arthur, J. C. North American Uredinales 7: 86. 1907. 7Long, W. H. The aecial stage of Coleosporium ribicola, Mycologia 8: 3090-311. 1916. 300 | '- MyYcoLoGIaA The following inoculations have been made with'C oleosporium ribicola: During 1917, three sets of inoculations were made with aecio- spores from aecia collected on Pinus edulis at Poncha by E. Bethel and the writer, and at Stonewall, and Trinidad, Colo., by E.' L. Johnston and the senior writer. The following plants: were inoculated: 1 Grossularia inermis (Rydb.) Cov. & Britt., 5 Ribes aureum Pursh., 1 R. malvaceum Sm., 2 R. nigrum Ly, "and 2k: odoratum Wendl. Of these plants, 2 R. aureum were infected with the rust, bearing uredinia in 14 to 16 days. June 22, 1918, aeciospores from aecia collected by E. Bethel and the junior writer, June 15, on Pimus edulis near Del Norte, Colo., were used to inoculate the following plants: 1 Grossularia jurtella (Michx.) Sprach., 1 G. inermis, 1 G. innominata Jancz., I G. leptantha (A. Gray) Cov. & Britt., 2 G. missouriensis Nutt., 1G. reclinata (L.) Mill., 3 Ribes alpinum L., 2 R. americanum Mill., 2 R. aureum, 4 R. mebrians Lindl., 4 R. nigrum, Io R. odoratum, and 4 R. vulgare Lam. Of these plants, the following became infected, bearing mature uredinia in 14 to 16 days and telia by August 1: 1 Grossularia hirtella, 1 G. inermis, 1 G. in- nominata, 1 G. leptantha, 1 G. missouriensis, 1 G. reclinata, 4 Ribes inebrians, 1 R. nigrum, 3 R. odoratum, and 3 R. vulgare. ‘The following additional species have been infected by inocula- tion with urediniospores: 1 Grossularia divaricata (Dougl.) Cov. & Britt., and 1 Ribes fasciculatum S. & Z. October 13, 1916, sporidia from telia collected by the senior writer on Ribes aureum at Denver, Colo., were used to inoculate the needles of the following species of pine: 1 Pius caribaea, 7 P. edulis Engelm., 1 .P. bungeana Zucc., 1 P. girardiana Wall., 1 P. mayriana Sudw., 1 P. monophylla Torr. & Frem., 1 P. pinea le 2a rigida, 1 P. serotina, 3 P. strobiformis Sudw., 3 P. strobus, 3 P. taeda, and 6 P. virginiana. Of these trees, 4 P. edulis and 1 P. pinea were infected, bearing numerous pycnia December 16, 1917, and very sparse aecia February 28, 1918. 1¢ oleosporium ribicola in its aecial stage resembles very closely in gross morphology Coleosporium tpomoeae, and since the twe Hepccock & HuNT: CoLEosPoRIUM 301 species may have a common host in the north central United States, a comparison of the two species is now given: Coleosporium ipomoeae Pycnia conspicuous In single ex- tended rows on chlorotic spots in leaves, olivaceous-black to brownish- black when old, 0.4 mm. wide by 0.7 mm.® long (Pl. 22,-fig. 1). Aecia in single extended rows, flat- tened rhomboidal, rupturing apically, o.7 mm. high by 1.6 mm. long (PI. 22, fig. 1). Aeciospores 19 by 26 mw with walls HS. yu thick, Peridial cells 22 by 42 w with walls 5 » thick. Coleosporium ribicola Pycnia conspicuous in single short rows on chlorotic spots in leaves, hazel to chestnut-brown when old, 0.4 mm. wide by 0.7 mm.9 long (PI. 22 hie 2)., Aecia in single ‘short rows, flat- tened rhomboidal, rupturing apically, 1.3 mm. high by 2 mm. long (PI. 22, igi.) Aeciospores 18 by 30 mw with walls 3.5 pi thick. Peridial cells 23 by 26 w with walls 4 pw thick, Coleosporium ribicola, according to our records, has been col- lected as follows in the United States: O and I on-Pinus: P. edulis: Colorado and New Mexico. II and III on Grossularia and Ribes: Grossularia cynosbati (L.) Mill: Minnesota and Wisconsin. G. inermis: Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming. G. leptantha: Colorado and New Mexico. G. reclinata: Colorado, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. G. setosa (Lindl.) Cov. & Britt: Wyoming. -- Ribes americanum: Colorado and Wisconsin. R. aureum: Colorado, New Mexico, Minnesota, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming. R. coloradense: 19 Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. - RR. mebrians (includes R. pumilum Nutt.): Arizona, Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming. . mescalerium Cov: New Mexico. - montigenum McCl: Colorado. . sanguineum: Minnesota. R R R. odoratum: Colorado, Minnesota, New Mexico, and Utah. R R . wolf: Colorado and New Mexico. 8 For C. ipomoeae in each case '100 measurements are given from 10 col- lections, 4 on Pinus echinata, 2 on P. rigida, and 2 on P. taeda. 9 For C. ribicola in each case 10 measurements from one collection on Pinus edulis are given. 10 Credit should be given to Professors E. Bethel and A. O. Garrett for many collections of this rust from the Rocky Mountain region. 302 MYcCOoLoGIA - Coleosporium ribicola has been successfully inoculated on Pinus edulis, P. pinea, Grossularia divaricata, G. hirtella, G. reclinata, G..inernus, G. innominata, G. missouriensis, Ribes americanum, R. aureum, R. fasciculatum, Rk. nebrians, R. ngrum, R. odoratum, and R. vulgare. The specimens of Coleosporium ribicola from Minnesota and Wisconsin were collected in 1917 to 1919. The rust, although sparse, was widely disseminated in Wisconsin in 1918. No aecial host for the rust in these two states has been found, nor is the reason known for its sudden appearance in 1917, and apparent disappearance since 1919. COLEOSPORIUM SOLIDAGINIS Coleosporium solidaginis (Schw.) Thum. was first described in the uredinial stage by Schweinitz* in 1822. The telial stage was described by von Thtimen’? in 1878 and the fungus assigned to the genus Coleosporium. The aecial stage was described by Underwood and Earle** in 1896 and called Peridermium acicolum. Proof that this Peridermium is the aecial stage of Coleosporium solidaginis was published by Dr. Clinton** in 1907. In 1906,1° Arthur and Kern described Peridermium montanum as a new species on Pinus contorta from the northwestern United States and Canada. The senior writer in 19141° infected Aster with this species, and We'r and Hubert in 1915” infected species of Aster and Solidago with it, and this species was assigned to Coleosporium solidaginis.1® 11 Schweinitz, L. D. Synopsis fungorum Carolinae superioris. Schr. Nat. Ges. Leipzig 1: 70. 1822. 12von Thiimen, F. New Species of American Uredineae. Bul. Torrey Club: 65 216. 4.1878. 13 Underwood, L. M., & Earle, F. S. Notes on the Pine Inhabiting Species of Peridermium. Bul. Torrey Club 23: 400. 1896. 14 Clinton, G. P. Peridermium acicolum the aecial stage of Coleosporium solidaginis. Science, N. S. 25: 289. 1907. 15 Arthur, J. C., & Kern, F. D. North American Species of Dead Bul. Torrey Clab/33¢ "a3. 9 o06: 16 Hedgcock, G. G. Identity of Peridermium montanum with Peridermium acicolum. Phytopathology 7: 64, 67. 1916. 17 Weir, J. R., & Hubert, E. E. Inoculation Experiments with Peridermium montanum. Phytopathology 6: 68, 70. 1916. ~ st [inant Hepccock & HuNT: COLEOSPORIUM 303 Inoculations as follows have been made with the aeciospores of Coleosporium solidaginis from 1913 to 1921: Fourteen sets of inoculations were made with aeciospores from aecia collected on the needles of Pinus echinata from Mont Alto, Pa.; Petersburg, Va.; Biltmore, Black Mountain, and Marion, N. C.; Etowah, Tenn.; Columbia, Greenville, and Florence, S. C.; Gainesville and Macon, Ga.; Opelika, Ala.; and Meridian, Miss. Plants as follows were inoculated: 2 Aster cordifolius, 2 A. con- spicuus, 2 A. geyert, 2 A. laevis, 8 A. macrophyllus, 6 A. panicu- latus, 1 A. undulatus, 5 Chrysopsis mariana, 6 Elephantopus tomentosus, 1 Helianthus occidentalis, 2 Ipomoea fistulosa, 1 I. pandurata, 1 Laciniaria acidota, 3 Parthenium integrifolium, 4 Pharbitis purpurea, 5 Solidago bicolor, 1 S. chapmanu, 5 S. fistulosa, 1 S. hispida, 2 S. juncea, 16 S. multiradiata, 2 S. rid- dellu, 5 S. rugosa, 4S. serotina, 1 S. speciosa, 1 S. squarrosa, 4 Vernonia flaccidifolia, 5 V. glauca, 2 V. noveboracensis, and 4 Verbesina virginica. Of these plants, only those of Solidago were infected as follows: 1 Solidago bicolor, 1 S. fistulosa, 2 S. juncea, 16 S. multiradiata, 3 S. rugosa, 3 S. serotina, 1 S. speciosa, and 1 S. squarrosa. Mature uredinia were formed in 14 to 20 days, and mature telia in 2 to 3 months. Seventeen sets of inoculations were made with aeciospores col- lected on the needles of Pinus rigida from Pleasantville, N. J.; Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y.; Caledonia, Greenwood Furnace, and Mont Alto, Pa.; Sugar Grove, O.; Harpers Ferry. W. Va.; Blue- mont and Roanoke, Va.; Takoma Park and Washington, D. C.; and: ymlack Mountain, Hot Springs, ‘and Fayetteville, N. C. Plants as follows were inoculated: 2 Aster acumunatus, 10 A. conspicuus, 10 A. cordifolius, 3 A. divaricatus, 2 A, dumosus, 5 A. ericoides, 9 A. geyeri, 1 A. hesperius, 1 A. laevigatus, 2 A. lentus, 2 A. lowrieanus, 4 A. macrophyllus, 4 A. paniculatus, 2 A. patens, 1 A. puniceus, 1 A, salicifolius, 1 A. undulatus, 1 A. vimineus, I Coreopsis tinctoria, 1 C. verticilata, 4 Elephantopus carolinianus, 8 E. tomentosus, 1 Helianthus occidentalis, 3 Par- thenium integrifoliuum, 1 Senecio aureus, 1 S. obovatus, 6 Soli- dago bicolor, 1 S. caesia, 27 S. canadensis, 1 S. chapmanii, 1 S. erecta, 4 S. fistulosa, 18 S. juncea, 19 S. multiradiata, 1 S. 2040" MyYcoLocIa neglecta, 4 S. nemoralis, 6 S. riddellu, 1 S. rigida, 7 S. rugosa, 3 S. sempervirens, 4 S. serotina, 3 S. speciosa, 11 S, squarrosa, 1 S. tortifolia, 1 Vernoma blodgettu, 7 V. flaccidifolia, 2 V. glauca, and 6 V. noveboracensis. Of these plants, only those of Solidago were infected as follows: 2 S. bicolor, 18 S. canadensis, 1S. fistulosa, 7 S. juncea, 17 S. multiradiata, 1 S. neglecta, 2 S: riddell, 4 S. rugosa, 3 S. serotina, and 8 S. squarrosa. Mature uredinia were formed in 15 to 17 days, and mature telia in about 2 months. Ten sets of inoculations were made with aeciospores from aecia collected on the needles of Pinus taeda from Petersburg, Va.; Fayetteville and Lumberton, N. C.; Andrews, Clearwater, Columbia, Henry, and Sumter,-S. C:; Macon, Ga., and Selma, Ala. Plants as follows were inoculated: 2 Aster conspicuus, I A. chapman, 2 A. cordifolius, 1 A. dumosus, 2 A. geyert, 1 A. laevis, 3 A. macrophyllus, 3 A. paniculatus, 1 A. novi-belgit, 2.A. undulatus, 1 A. vimineus, 2 Chrysopsis mariana, 2 Coreopsis major, 5 Elephantopus carolinianus, 7 E. tomentosus, 1 Helianthus angustifolius, 2 H. annuus, 3 H. divaricatus, 1 H. tuberosus, 3 Parthenium integrifolium, 5 Pharbitis purpurea, 1 Solidago bi- color, 3 S. canadensis, 2 S. chapmanu, 4 S. fistulosa, 8 S. juncea, 8 S. multiradiata, 2 S. riddeliu, 3 S..rugosa, 3S. serotma, 2.S. speciosa, 3 Vernonia angustifolia, 5 V. glauca, and 6 Verbesina virginica. Of these plants, only those of Solidago were infected as follows: 3 S. canadensis, 7 S. guncea, 7 S. multiradiata, 2 S. rugosa, 2 S. serotina, and 2 S. speciosa. Mature uredinia were formed in 15 to 17 days and mature telia in about 2 months. Six sets of inoculations were made with aeciospores from aecia collected on the needles of Pinus pungens from Sandy Hook, Md.; Bellville, Greenwood Furnace, and Mont Alto, Pa. Plants as follows were inoculated: 3 Aster cordifohus, 1 A. geyeri, 2 A. lentus, 1 A. paniculatus, 2 A. undulatus, 1 Coreopsis verticillata, 1 Chrysopsis mariana, 1 Elephantopus tomentosus, 2 Helianthus occidentalis, 7 Solidago bicolor, 3 S. caesia, 2 S. canadensis, 6 S. multiradiata, 1 S. nemoralis, 1 S. riddeliu, 1 S. speciosa, 1 S. squarrosa, 2 Vernonia glauca, 3 V. flaccidifolia, and 2 V. nove- boracensis. Of these plants, only those of species of Solidago - Hepccock & HUNT: CoLEoSPOoRIUM 305 were infected as follows: 3 S. bicolor, 2 S. canadensis, 3 S. multiradiata, 1 S. riddellu, and 1 S. squarrosa. Uredinia and telia were produced in the usual time. _ Four sets of inoculations were made with aeciospores from aecia collected on the needles of \Pinus resinosa from Itasca Park, Minn. (collected by Mr. R. G. Pierce) ; Sharon, Vt. (collected by Dr. P. Spaulding) ; and Caledonia, Pa. Plants as follows were inoculated: 1 Aster conspicuus, 1 A. cordtfolius, 1 A. macrophyl- lus, 1 A. undulatus, 3 Campanula rapunculoides, 1 Convolvulus sepium, 1 Coreopsis verticillata, 1 Helianthus decapetalus, 1 Senecio aureus, 1 S. obovatus, 2 Solidago canadensis, 6 S. mul- tivadiata, 3 S. riddelli, and 1 S. squarrosa. Of these plants, only those of species of Solidago as follows were infected: 2 S. canadensis, 5 S. multiradiata, 1 S. riddell, and 1 S. squarrosa. Uredinia and telia were produced in the usual time. | Two sets of inoculations were made February 26 and March I5, 1921, with aeciospores from aecia on Pinus radiata infected artificially October 7, 1920, with sporidia from teliospores from Solidago bicolor. The following plants were inoculated: 3 Aster laevis, 6 Chrysopsis mariana, 2 Solidago bicolor, 1 S. monticola, and 6 S. multiradiata. Only the plants of S olidago bicolor and S. multiradiata were infected, bearing mature uredinia in about 20 days, and mature telia in about 3 months. These inoculations were made at lower temperatures than those with aeciospores from species of pine, which were made chiefly in May and June. This explains the longer time required for the production of mature uredinia and telia. One set of inoculations was made July 7, 1914,1* with aecio- spores from aecia collected by H. E. West of the Forest Service, on Pinus contorta, near Bozeman, Mont., June 25. The follow- ing plants were inoculated: 2 Aster conspicuus, 1 A. cordifolius, 2 A. geyeri, 2 Coreopsis verticillata, 2 Elephantopus tomentosus, 2 Hehanthus divaricatus, 2 Solidago canadensis, 2.S. juncea, 2 S. multiradiata, and 2 Vernonia glauca. Of these plants, only those of Aster conspicuus and A. cordifolius were infected. During 1914 to 1920, fifteen sets of inoculations were made, using urediniospores grown in pedigreed cultures from aecio- 18 Hedgcock, G. G L.c. 306 Myco.ocia spore inoculations and taken from infected plants of Solidago bicolor, S. canadensis, S. chapmanu, S. juncea, S. multiradiata, S. rugosa, S. sempervirens, and S. speciosa. The following plants were inoculated: 3 Aster conspicuus, 2 A. cordifolius, 3 A, geyert, 2 A. laevis, 5 A. macrophyllus, 1 A. paniculatus, 2 A. pringlet, 1 A, undulatus, 1 Callistephus chinensis, 6 Chrysopsis mariana, 2 Euthamia graminifolia, 3 Elephantopus tomentosus, 5 Solidago bicolor, 4 S. canadensis, 1 S. chapmanii,.1 S. erecta, I S. fistulosa, 1 S. hispida, 10 S. juncea, 23 S. multiradiata, 1 S. neglecta, 8 S. riddellii, 8 S. rugosa, 4 S. serotina, 3 S. speciosa, 7 S. squarrosa, 1 Vernonia glauca, and 2 V. noveboracensis. Of these plants, the following were infected, all bearing uredinia and some telia: 4 Solidago canadensis, 1 S. hispida, 7 S. juncea, 18 S. multiradiata, 2 S. riddellu, 3 S. serotina, and 2 S. speciosa. No plants of species of Aster were infected. During 1915 to 1918, three sets of inoculations were made with urediniospores collected on Aster paniculatus near Harpers Ferry, W. Va., and on A. longifolius near Takoma Park) D.C, The following plants were inoculated: 1 Aster divaricatus, 1 A. geyert, 4 A. laevis, 1 A. longifolus,-4 A. macrophyllus, 1 A. vimineus, 2 Solidago juncea, 1 S. rugosa, and 1 S. serotina. Only species of Aster became infected as follows: 2 A. laevis and 2 A. macrophyllus. Two sets of inoculations were made on pine trees with sporidia from the telia of Coleospormm solidaginis. The first was made September 13, 1916, from telia collected by the writer on Soh- dago rugosa (no infected plants of Aster present) near Takoma Park, D. C., September 10. The following trees were inocu- lated: 2 Pinus caribaea, 3\P. contorta, 1 P. coulteri, 2 P. echinata, 1 P. edulis, 2 P. mayriana, 1 P. montana, 1 P. palustris, 1 P. pungens, 2 P. rigida, 2 P. scopulorum, 2 P. serotina, and 2 P. taeda. Of these trees the following were infected, bearing pycnia on or about December 21, 1916, and aecia about March Zak 1917: 1 P. echinata, 2 P. rigida, 2 P. scopulorum, and I P. taeda. ‘The second set of inoculations was made in part from telia collected by the writer on Solidago canadensis near Chain Bridge, Va., September 28, 1920, and in part from telia col- Hepccock & HUNT: COLEOSPORIUM 307 lected on Solidago bicolor, near Takoma Park, D. C., October 7 (no infected Asters present in either locality). Each collection was used in inoculations the day after collection. The follow- ing pines were inoculated: 2 Pinus caribaea, 3 P. contorta, “Ale ea coulteri, 1 P. edulis, 1 P. palustris, 4 P. radiata, and 7 P. rigida. Of these, the following were infected, bearing pycnia on or about December aq, 1920, and aecia about March 15, 1921: 2 P- caribaea, 2 P. coultert, 2 P. radiata, and 2 P. rigida. No cultures could be made with pedigreed urediniospores from plants of species of Aster as none were infected in our inocula- tions with aeciospores. Urediniospores from infections on spe- cies of Aster in nature are apt to be mixed with those from infected species of Solidago which are nearly always present. In fact, the writer has usually found species of Solidago com- monly infected in nature, and those of Aster rarely. Most of the species of Aster used in the inoculations were used because they were found infected in nature, and because of their known susceptibility. The results from the inoculations are somewhat surprising. 132 plants of species of Aster and 241 of species of Solidago were inoculated with aeciospores from six species of pine from the eastern United States, viz., [Pinus echinata, P. nigra, P. pungens, P. resinosa, P. rigida, and P. taeda. Of these, 142 plants of Solidago (59 per cent.) were infected and none of Aster. From inoculations with pedigreed urediniospores grown in the greenhouse on plants of species of Solidago, 19 plants of Solidago (25 per-cent.) out of 77 inoculated were infected, but none of 19 plants of Aster inoculated were infected. These re- sults may be interpreted in more than one way. It might be | assumed that all the plants of Aster used were either from re- sistant species, or were not in proper condition for infection, neither of which is borne out by the facts, since many susceptible species were selected both of Aster and Solidago, and more than half of the plants were in splendid growing condition when in- oculated. A more plausible explanation is that in the eastern United States we either have two races of Coleosporium soli- daginis, the one on species of Solidago, the other on species of 308 Mycorocia Aster, or we have a second species of Coleosporium attacking species of Aster. The problem requires a further investigation before a definite solution is obtained. Again, it must be noted that in the one experiment with aecio- spores from aecia on Pinus contorta collected in. Montana, 5 plants of Aster were inoculated, of which 3 were infected, and 6 plants of Solidago, all from the most susceptible species, were inoculated without infection. This indicates that this collection of aecia belonged to an Aster rust. The writer has collected the aecia of this rust on Pinus contorta in two regions in the west, one near Bozeman, Montana, the other in Estes Park, Colorado. The aecia in both cases were beyond maturity and immediately adjacent to the infected pine trees were infected plants of species of Aster which bore the uredinia of the Coleosporium. No in- fected plants of Solidago were found in either locality. .In our inoculation experiments just given, 6 trees of Pinus contorta failed of infection when inoculated with the sporidia from the telia of the eastern form of the rust, although trees of Primus rigida and P. scopulorum were abundantly infected from the same exposure under the same conditions. These results indicate that the western Aster rust may be distinct from the western Solidago rust which is probably identical with the eastern Solidago rust. The aecia of Coleosporium solidaginis like those of Coleo- sporium carneum vary greatly in size, depending on the size of the needles of the species of pine infected. Those of -C. soli- daginis on pines with small needles, such are Pinus echinata and P. pungens (PI. 23, fig. 1), are smaller than those on P. rigida, P. scopulorum, and P. taeda (Pl. 23, fig. 2). The pycnia and aecia of Coleosporium solidaginis are aggregated or clustered. Those of C. carneum (PI. 23, fig. 3) on a given host are larger than those of C. solidaginis (PI. 23, fig. 2), and are borne in more or less extended rows. The pycnia of C. solidagumis in color are grenadine-red to mahogany-red, those of C. carneum, orange- rufous to auburn or chestnut. _Coleosporium solidaginis has been reported as occurring nat- urally in its aecial stage upon 14 species of pine, chiefly in the Hepccock & Hunt: CoLEOSPORIUM 309 eastern United States.1° It has been reported in the western United States only on Pinus contorta from Montana and Colo- rado. | Coleosporium solidaginis, in its form on Solidago, has been found occurring naturally in its uredinial and telial forms upon about sixty species of Solidago, in all regions of the United States, except in some of the southwestern states. It is now reported for the first time on the following species: Solidago amplexicaulis, S. austrina, S. bootu, S. brachyphylla, S. celtidi- folia, S. chandonnetti Steele, S. chapmanu, S. concimna, S. curtis- sit, S. decumbens, S. drummondu, S. erecta, S. fistulosa, S. glomerata, S. hispida, S. lanctfolia, S. odora, S. petiolaris, S. pinensis (Porter) Small, S. pinetorum, S. pulverentula, S. purshii, S. rigida, S. rigidiuscula, S. speciosa, S. stricta, S. torti- folia, S. unigulata, and S. vaseyu. The form occurring on species of Aster is known to occur on at least sixty species. In the eastern United States, it is now reported for the first time on the follow- ing species: Aster acuminatus, A. concinnus, A. corrigiatus, A. hirsuticaulis, A. junceus, A. lowricanus, A. oblongifolius, A. patulus, A. pringlei, A. schistosus Steele, A. spectabilis, A. tenuicaulis. In the western United States it is now reported for the first time on Aster fremontu, A. frondosus, and A. viscosum. The form on the Aster has a range similar to that on Solidago. Coleosporium solidaginis of the Solidago form in the eastern United States has been successfully inoculated by the writers from its telial stage on Pinus caribaea (P. heterophylla), P. coultert, P. echinata, P. nigra austriaca, P. radiata, P. rigida, P. scopulorum, and P. taeda, and in its aecial stage upon Solidago bicolor, S. canadensis, S. chapmanu, S. fistulosa, S. hispida, S. juncea, S. monticola, S. multiradiata, S. neglecta, S. pulverula, S. riddellu, S. rugosa, S. rupestris, S. serotina, S. speciosa, and S. squarrosa. The results of our inoculations indicate that in the eastern United States Coleosporium solidaginis is a rust attacking species of Solidago but not those of Aster. The Coleosporium on spe- 19 Rhoads, A. S., Hedgcock, G. G., Bethel, E., & Hartley, C. Host Re- lationships of the North American Rusts, other than Gymnosporangiums which attack Conifers. Phytopathology 8: 324. 1918. B10 MyYcoLocIa cies of Aster is apparently distinct from C oleosporium solidagints. Peridermium montanum Arthur & Kern apparently belongs to a rust on Aster and if so is distinct from Peridermium acicolum Underw. & Earle, the aecial form of Coleosporium solidagims. INVESTIGATIONS IN ForEsT PATHOLOGY, BuREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, WaSHINGTON, D. C. EXPLANATION OF PLATES PLATE 22 Fig. 1. The pycnia and aecia of Coleosporium ribicola on the needles of Pinus edulis (X 2). , , Fig. 2. -The pycnia and aecia of Coleosporium ipomoeae on the needles of Pinus palustris (X 2). PLATE 23 Fig. 1. Aecia of Coleosporium solidaginis on the needles of Pinus pungens {X.2). Fig. 2. Aecia of Coleosporium solidaginis on the needles of Pinus taeda (Xx 2). Fig. 3. Aecia of Coleosporium carneum on the needles of Pinus taeda (X 2). | PLAT! ee 4 VoLuUMI eet P= >) = a4 o Ay Nn oe) & S| ae O oe ° WU (ea) A Oo ea} Ry WN oe VOLUME 14, PLATE 23 MycCOoLoGIA 2 S) = a4 ) Ay nn ° es J ° O ea ° 2p] fx) = 1S) XQ Ay YN) A SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF MYCO-. LOGICAL ILLUSTRATION (HIGHER FUNGI)! Louis C. C. KRIEGER (Wit'H PLATES 24-31) Every taxonomist will admit that illustrations are essential for the identification of many plants, and especially in the case of the fleshy, perishable fungi. To be really serviceable, how- ever, a picture must be truthful. This seems self-evident, yet, if we make a survey of the available mycological illustrations from the earliest times to the present, we find that this quality of truthfulness was slow to develop. One of the causes of this is to be found in the freedom of the illustrator in following his imagination and another in the technical difficulties. Like children, the old herbalists felt free to add fanciful em- bellishments to their pictures of plants. Porta’s cuts are a good example. But the palm for nature-faking illustrating belongs to one Dr. Seger, who published (1671) under the name, Anthro- pomorphus, a cut of a “‘ geaster,” the open exoperidium of which discloses some miniature men and women, all apparently glad to glimpse the world after their imprisonment within the tissues of the plant (Pl. 24). In order to outdo the advocates of priority in nomenclature, our friend C. G. Lloyd of Cincinnati (19060), has proposed (jocularly, of course, and under the nom de plume, “ McGinty”) to adopt Seger’s name, Anthropomorphus, for the much later Geaster of Micheli (1729). (In parenthesis I may say that a super-conscientious systematist, in Europe, is said to have complained of his inability to find the name of this authority, “ McGinty,” in the literature of botany.) Another figure of Seger’s, a Xylaria-like plant, would make a good il- lustration in a gynecological book. 1An illustrated paper read before the Botanical Society of Washington (D. C.), December 6, 1921. oll BD Mycoxocia Technical difficulties were no less obstructive. The only means at the disposal of the early herbalists was wood-engraving, and_ that art had only just reached the stage where a black line instead of a white one was produced in printing. Colored repro- ductions were entirely out of the question, as only some crude Italian prints from wood-blocks—initial letters, and the like— were known. There were no scientific artists in those days. The authors employed ordinary artists; and artists, as you may have learned from contact with them, are constitutionally opposed to being held down by plain, unadorned facts. Even Leonardo da Vinci, certainly a scientific man, as well as one of the greatest artists, could not resist-giving an ornamental twist to his draw- ings of plants, drawings which, doubtless, were done for their botanic interest alone. Let us outline chronologically the development .of the principal technical means as employed by the mycologists in illustrating their works, from Clusius (1601) to Boudier (19050). The first period, that in which wood-engraving was the chief means of illustrating, embraces the fifteenth and sixteenth cen- turies. The wood-engraving practised by the artists of the herbalists was, as already indicated, a crude, black-line engraving. An outline-drawing was transferred to the smooth wood-block. With sharp instruments the surface was cut away everywhere except under the lines of the drawing. When completed, the block was held for printing as if it were type. In a more com- plex, shade-rendering form, in which white- and black-line en- graving are intermingled, this ancient and most serviceable art persisted until displaced by the modern half-tone, some time - in the early nineties of the last century. The second period, in which steel- and copper-engravine played the principal role in mycological book-illustration, began late in the seventeenth century and lasted until well into the nineteenth.? In method of procedure it resembled the white-line engraving of the wood-engravers. The highly polished metal plate was cut into with suitable instruments to raise what is technically known “’ 2'As a means of artistic expression, it was used as early as the fifteenth century. a KRIEGER: History OF MYCOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATION ee as a burr. This burr retained the ink for printing after the surface of the plate had been wiped clean. It is of interest that, as early as the year 1514, we find the great engraver, Albrecht Durer, seeking a means of lightening the labors of engravers on metal. He had noticed that the armorers of his time produced the depressed, ornamental lines on cuirasses by employing acid mordants. It occurred to this wonderful man that the lines of a drawing might, similarly, be bitten into the metal, and a print made from ink left in the depressions. Durer thus became the inventor of the art of pictorial etching, the process which, cen- . turies later, made possible the half-tone and the tri-color print. His celebrated etching on iron, entitled “The Cannon,” is here produced (PI. 25). Unless colored by hand—as was the practice from Paulet (1793b) to the time of the invention of lithography by the Bavarian actor, Alois Senefelder, between 1820 and 1830—en- gravings were issued without colors. But, contemporaneously with Paulet, Bulliard (1780) contrived a process by which the colors were printed on the engravings. Just how this was done, I cannot say. Very likely it was a revival of the early Italian wood-block color-printing.* Color-printing, as we commonly know it, before the advent of the tri-color process, was not intro- duced until Senefelder invented lithography. The third period, the lithographic period, began at first with black-and-white printing, the color being added by hand as had previously been done with engravings. Fitch’s figures, in Berke- ley’s “Outlines” (1860) and in Sarah Price’s “Illustrations ”’ (1864), are fine examples of hand-colored lithography ; while the Scotchman, Greville, has left us a splendid set of hand-colored copper-engravings in his “‘ Scottish Cryptogamic Flora” (1823). It was not long before lithographers printed in colors. This accomplished, the way was clear for a satisfactory, as well as a more rapid, printing of fungus-pictures in their natural colors, the degree of excellence depending upon the artist who made the original paintings, and upon the lithographer who transferred the 3 Weinmann had used a similar process in his “ Phytanthoza icono- graphia’” (1737b), the first work in which color was printed on engraved plates by “a new method.” See Burch, Colour Printing (1910), p. 66. B14) + MycoLocia pictures to the stone. When tri-color printing came, these two possible sources of error were reduced to one, namely to the artist’s original painting. Yet, it must be stated, though we gained in the objective rendering of a colored original through the use of the tri-color process, we also lost very materially, and this for two reasons. First, tri-color printing, in order to counteract a certain dulling of colorst inherent in the process, sometimes employs highly fugitive coal-tar dyes. Secondly, in order to obtain the best re- sults in printing, the surface of the paper must be extremely white and smooth, qualities that are secured by applying a coat of chalk. When one considers these two serious handicaps, it becomes a question whether this otherwise commendable process should be employed in reproductions that are to adorn works of high scientific value. We use and enjoy today the illustrated books of our predecessors who printed with comparatively safe colors on most enduring paper: our successors, centuries hence, will, I fear, have no such permanent, pictorial records of the work done by ourselves. The other processes commonly used today in the reproduction of drawings and photographs, the zinc and copper line-engraving, the half-tone, and the heliogravure, need not detain us as all are familiar with the results. Of the two processes, however, the half-tone and the heliogravure, the former is much the less dur- able, for the reason that, as in the tri-color process, chalk-coated paper is usually the surface for the print. The mesh, present in all half-tone reproductions, may also be urged as an objectionable feature when a hand-lens examination for morphological details becomes desirable (Pl. 26). As examples of most satisfactory reproductions of photographs of fungi, the heliogravures issued a few years ago by the late Prof. E. T. Harper may be cited (1913, 1ON4a) 1b .. TOne)P Let us now take a glance at the principal fungus-works of the past three hundred years. The very early herbalists paid little attention to the fungi, merely repeating what we find in the 4 The blue and yellow colors, being complementaries, make a gray-green rather than a pure green. KRIEGER: History oF MycoLoGIcAL ILLUSTRATION 315 ancient Greek and Roman writers, Theophrastus, Nikander, Pliny, Galen, and the rest. When there are figures, they are almost without exception extremely poor and almost useless. The earliest published illustrations of fungi that serve us today with any degree of satisfaction in the matter of generic and, in many cases, of specific determination are unquestionably those of Charles de l’Ecluse (Carolus Clusius) published by him in 1601 in his work on Hungarian fungi (1601). They are un- colored wood-cuts, rather clumsily done, but, for all that, suf- ficiently well characterized where common well-known species are shown. Much better and more serviceable in taxonomic work are the original water-color paintings from which the wood- cuts were made. These water-color pictures, done by an un- known artist working under the direction of Clusius’ Hungarian friend and patron, Boldizsar de Batthyany, were published. for the first time in colored, lithographic reproduction by Batthyany’s countryman, Dr. Gyula de Istvanfi (1900b), just 320 years after they were painted, a circumstance which encourages me to be- lieve that my own plates, now reposing in the Farlow collection, may yet see the light of day. . The Istvanfii volume embraces 89 plates—not 91, as the title- page declares. One of Dr. H. A. Kelly’s® book-dealers in Europe wrote to Istvanffi to have him explain the discrepancy. Istvanff replied that it was due to a typographical error which he could not correct. The colored plates are so good that Istvanffi recognizes 112 of the 117 figures represented; and Reichardt (1876c) distin- guished 47 genera and 102 species. Especially noteworthy are the figures of Morchella esculenta (Pl. 1), Russula foetens (PI. 8), Russula nigricans (Pl. 13), Russula virescens (Pl. 40), Amanita muscaria (Pl. 28), Amanitopsis plumbea (Pl. 31), Lepi- ota procera (Pl. 58. Reproduced here, in black-and-white, in Pl. 27), and Polyporus squamosus (Pl.:19). One figure, that of Russula foetens, is so well done that the upper surface of the pileus distinctly shows where a slug ate through the substance 5 Editor’s Note.—Mr. Krieger is associated with Dr. Howard A. Kelly, of Baltimore, in mycological and scientific artistic work. 316 | | MycoLocia down to the level of the gill-attachments. Altogether, the figures are painted with a freshness of observation that indicates no mean ability on the part of the artist who painted them. With the exception of Dr. Seger’s aforementioned, copper- engraved figures of the anthropomorphic Geaster and the queer Xylaria, nothing of consequence appeared until Franciscus van Sterbeeck published his “ Theatrum Fungorum” (1675). For the most part this book is a mere curiosity. Its coppei- engraved, uncolored figures are copies after Clusius, Seger, and others; indeed, both the Anthropomorphus and the Xylaria of Seger appear in re-engraved plates. A few are based on water- color drawings of his own finds. I wish to call attention to one of these, his figure of “Locéllus,’ on Pl. 15, at the letter «e) (Pl. 28, A in this paper). Much has been written on this figure by Kickx (1842b), and by Van Bambeke (1905a, 1908). The latter is inclined to regard it as a representation of the lower part of the stem of Morchella crassitpes. A rather long, lacu- nosely-furrowed object of ovoid shape is shown. To me it suggests Peck’s genus Underwoodia, a most remarkable discomy- cete of which E, T. Harper gave some good photographs in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club (1918b. See my PI. 28, B). In order to establish whether the two are identical or not, one would have to examine Sterbeeck’s specimen for the presence of the hymenial layer, but, as the specimen has been long since lost, a further discussion is futile and unprofitable. Léveillé (1855), in his re-issue of Paulet, figures the plant in color, and calls it Clathrus locellus, a name that seems to have escaped the indexers. Antedating Van Bambeke, he, too, refers it to Morchella, but to Morchella esculenta. Other attempts to identify Sterbeeck’s figures are those of Istvanffi (1894), c, 18950, c) and Britzelmayr (18942). The poor quality of these engravings is to be wondered at as good workmen on copper were becoming plentiful about this time, the latter part of the seventeenth century. The reproduc- tion of Rubens’ pictures had called forth a swarm of them; Rem- brandt, the master-etcher, must have exerted some influence on those about him; and Swammerdam was at work upon his marvel- lous drawings of the internal anatomy of the may-fly, published later by Boerhaave (1737a). KRIEGER: History oF MyYcoLoGIcAL ILLUSTRATION Bale In the eighteenth century things began to brighten. The evil effects of the Thirty-Years War of the previous century were disappearing ; the coffers of the kings and of the merchants were again filling with gold; the men of science thrived. Vaillant certainly looks prosperous enough in the portrait-engraving that forms the frontispiece of his “‘ Botanicon Parisiense” (1727). But few fungi are figured in this work. Peziza acetabulum is well done, and so, perhaps, is Cantharellus cibarius. The figure of Amanita phalloides, on Pl. 14, recalls the fact that Vaillant is the author of the first fairly clear description of this deadliest of allagarics. The engravings, which were done by Claude Aub- riet, are uncolored and very fine in execution; yes, too fine, for they show a finish that manicures and bedizens nature into a kind of studied artificiality which must have pleased the artificial people of his time. Two years later (1729) appeared the work of the great Italian, Pier’ Antonio Micheli, who was the first to point out definitely that fungi have reproductive bodies or spores. With the excep- tion of Robert Hooke’s drawing of the teleutospore of a Phrag- midium (1665) and Marsigli’s demonstration (1714) of the origin of fungi from mycelia, there is little in the literature before Micheli to indicate that fungi were anything more than freaks of nature produced by spontaneous generation or by thunderbolts, spooks, and the like. Micheli’s epoch-making “ Nova Plantarum Genera” (1729) changed the views of mycologists forever. Prof. A. H. R. Buller, of the University of Manitoba, pays a glowing tribute to this investigator in a paper entitled, “ Micheli and the Dis- covery of Reproduction in Fungi” (1915). In some plates, carefully copied by Prof. Buller from the originals, are shown gills, tubes, cystidia, basidia, and spores, of agarics and boleti. The gill-fungi, described and illustrated by Micheli, have been critically reviewed by his countryman, Martelli (18840), in the Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano. Before proceeding, I would also call your attention to a curious drawing in Marsigli’s work, the “Generatione Fungorum” (1714). One of the plates represents some agarics—apparently a species of Coprinus—growing from water in a flask, the neck 318 | MycoLocia of which is corked up, in truly modern, pure-culture style, with a plug of some fibrous material (Pl. 29). It was not until 167 years later that a similar observation was made, by Dr. Farlow. In 1881, this eminent mycologist published an interesting account of the growth of a Coprinus on the surface of water contained in a glass jar that had stood for two months in his laboratory (1881c). To my knowledge, these two cases are the only ones on record where Basidiomycetes were found growing in or on water. : ; } But, to continue. Micheli’s “ Nova Plantarum Genera” was followed by Battarra’s “ Fungorum Agri Ariminensis Historia” (1755), a work that fell short of the standard set by Michelli. To quote Persoon (1818), ‘In Battarra’s time, the science of mycology had not yet acquired the impetus it exhibited later,” that is, during his own time, at the end of the eighteenth and the early part of the nineteenth centuries. In Germany, during the years 1762 to 1774, Jacob Christian Schaeffer was issuing that milestone of illustrative mycology, his “Fungi of Bavaria and the Palatinate” (1762). The plates (hand-colored copper-engrav- ings) are not particularly good, but important as one of the orig- inal sources for the figures of many well-known species. Per- soon, in 1800 (1. c.), re-issued the work without change. 1761 saw the beginning of the extensive “Flora Danica” (1761) in which Vahl, Muller, and others described and figured new species. This work, and the “Flora of the: Netherlands” (the “‘ Flora Batava,” 1800a), are performances, by small coun- tries, which few larger ones have imitated. In 1788 appeared James Bolton’s “An History of Fungusses growing about Halifax” (1788), a work with wretched, hand- colored engravings, but with much historical significance, as is proven by the appearance, only last year, of Sartory and Maire’s interesting and learned paper on the “Interpretation of Bolton’s Plates ” (19200). A veritable flood of illustrated mycological works was let loose from then on. In France, from 1786 to 1798, we have Pierre Bulliard’s colossal “Herbier de la France” (1780), with 602 admirably executed, color-printed (!) engravings; and Paulet’s KRIEGER: History oF MycoLocicaL ILLUSTRATION 319 “Traité des Champignons” (17930), with very inferior plates. Sowerby, in England, was publishing, from 1795 to 1815, the “Couloured Figures of English Fungi” (1795), which, with Greville’s later “ Scottish Cryptogamic Flora” (1823), represents the best that Britain has produced in the line of fungous illustra- tions—Cooke’s “ Illustrations”’ (1881b) notwithstanding.® It must be noted here that Bulliard’s set often lacks plates 6or1 and 602. These were re-issued by Raspail (1840); and Letellier (1829b) began a continuation of the “Herbier” by publishing, without text, a series of plates numbered from 603 to 710. Letellier’s series is extremely rare, and the illustrations are inferior to those of Bulliard. Still worse is a series of 425 plates by Captain Lucand, 1881 to 1896, also intended as a con- tinuation of Bulliard (1881d). . Paulet’s “ Traité” (1793b) is almost never to be had with its plates. Léveillé, in 1855, therefore, re-issued the 207 numbers, with no improvement in quality (1855). With the dawn of the nineteenth century—in 1801—systematic mycology had its real beginning. All mycologists will recall that, in 1900, certain gentlemen of a conservative turn of mind as- sembled in the city of Brussels to fix a starting-point for the nomenclature of the fungi. After hearing the report of a com- mittee (1910a, c, d), it was decided to take as a starting-point Elias Fries’ Systema Mycologicum (1821). Two years before, at the 1908 meeting of the Botanical Society of America held in Baltimore, one voice, that of Prof. Elias J. Durand (1909a, b), was raised in favor of Christian Heinrich Persoon’s “ Synopsis Methodica Fungorum”’ (1801). Working in an attic in a poor quarter of Paris, this genius with infinite labor sifted the litera- ture of the ages and, for the first time, brought order out of chaos. One hundred and nine years later, a Botanical Congress refused to recognize his great work. It is to be hoped that there will yet be a real International Botanical Congress which will deal with this subject with more reason and justice. 6 Mr. Carlton. Rea’s “ Monograph of the British Basidiomyceteae,” the . publication of which has just been announced, will undoubtedly add further luster to British illustrative mycology. 320 | MyYcoLocia Persoon’s “Synopsis” does not ‘contain any colored illustra- tions, nor are there many plates in his two “Icones” (1708, 1803), but such as we find display fine taste and careful work- manship. Of about the same quality are the illustrations which ornament the work of the Rev. Lewis David de Schweinitz, the first Amer- ican mycologist. Born in Bethlehem, Pa., this minister in the Moravian church issued, in 1822, his “Synopsis” of North Carolina fungi (1822), with two hand-colored copper plates. Previously, while studying in Germany, he had published, to- gether with his master, de Albertini, a work on the fungi of a district in Germany called “the Lausitz” (1805). Twelve cot ored plates, done by himself, accompany this publication. Before the time of de Schweinitz, little had been printed on the fungi of our country. The Rev. Muhlenberg’s catalogues of Lancaster (Pa.) plants (1793a, 1799) contain mere lists, and Gronovius’ - “Flora Virginica,” published in 1739 and 1743 (1739), notes a few collections by Dr. John Clayton, among them, Lycoperdon solidum, the “ Tuckahoe” of the American Indians. De Schweinitz’s life and scientific labors have been recently treated with loving care and painstaking thoroughness by Drs. Shear & Stevens (1917). But, whereas de Schweinitz’s auspi- cious beginnings in the mycology of this country bore no immediate fruits comparable with his own work, Europe, by contrast, was putting forth some important publications, many of them classics. Italy gives us Giovanni Larber, whose work of 21 hand-colored plates (18292) I have not seen; Domenico Viviani’s “ Fungi d'Italia”? (1834), with 60 hand-colored lithographs of passable quality; and (1835) Carlo Vittadini’s masterpiece, the “ Descri- zione dei Funghi Mangerecci.” This work of 44 colored, en- graved plates shows, by its incisive seriousness, kinship with the performance of Micheli, Vittadini’s great predecessor. Across the line, in Austria, things were stirring, too. About this time, Krombholz’s 76 hand-colored “ Naturgetreue Abbild- -ungen der Schwamme” (1831) appeared in parts from 1831 to 1847. The figures in this rather comprehensive book are toler- ably well drawn, but much too crowded on the page, and the colors KRIEGER: History oF MycoLocicAL ILLUSTRATION Zoi are merely dashed on. It is a bad practice to crowd figures on the page. Reference becomes difficult, and the individuality of the plants represented is lost in the general jumble. The fourth decade of the new century offers, first, a work which I have not seen, Harzer’s 80 plates, issued during the years 1842 to 1845 (1842a). Then, from England, in 1847, we get Badham’s exceedingly well written, but poorly illustrated, “Treatise on the Esculent Funguses” (1847a@), a later edition of which appeared in 1864, edited by Frederick Currey (l.c.). The first edition of the ‘‘ Treatise” has 21 colored plates; the second, only 12. England, during this period, had also a woman mycol- ogist, Mrs. T. J. Hussey, who presented to the world one of the most charming mushroom books known, her “ JIlustrations of British Mycology” (1847b), published in two series of hand- colored lithographs, 140 plates in all. The second series, com- prising the last fifty plates, is very scarce. A's we approach the second half of the nineteenth century, the representation of the mere outward appearance of the fungi no longer satisfied—the internal, microscopic structures, the life histories, the phylogenetic, parasitic, and symbiotic relationships, were engaging the attention of mycologists. Such men as the Tulasne brothers, de Bary, Brefeld, de Seynes, and a host of others, arose. In great detail, and with surpassing skill, the Tulasnes studied and illustrated the external and the internal structures of the Hypogaei (1851), the lichens (1852), the Tre- mellineae (1853), and the gastromycetous groups and genera, Nidulariaceae (1844), Lycoperdon, Bovista, Scleroderma, Poly- saccum, and Geaster (1842c, d, 1843a, b), and the Ascomycetes (18610). I think it is safe to say that never again will such hand-work appear as we find reproduced in the stupendous mono- graphs issued by these two unassuming brothers. Commercial- ism has killed the possibility; men are no longer training their minds, eyes, and hands for such work—the art is dead! Along with these important investigational works, atlases of the greatest moment kept on appearing. For want of time, I can do little more than enumerate the best. First, and foremost, Elias Fries’ “Icones” with 200 colored plates (1867), preceded 322 | MycoLociIa by his more popular “ Sveriges Atliga och Giftiga Svampar ” with 93 colored plates (1861a); Gillet’s ‘‘Champignons de France” (1874) with nearly goo hand-colored lithographic drawings, which, because of the three systems of numbering, are difficult to consult (1876a, 1898) ; Kalchbrenner’s 4o plates of Hungarian species (1873), 1876b, 18842); the Rev. Bresadola’s “Fungi Tridentini” of 217 colored lithos. (1881a); the same author’s “Funghi Mangerecci e Velenosi dell’ Europa Media” (1899) ; Cooke’s ‘“ Mycographia” (1875), his 1199 “Tilustrations of British Fungi” (1881b), and his “Australian Fungi’. (1892), all of which have become more useful through commentaries (1899c, 1907) ; Quélet’s “Champignons du Jura et des Vosges” (1872) with its many supplements and 66 (?) plates; Barla’s “ Champignons de Nice” (1859), followed by his “Flore Myco- logique des Alpes Maritimes” (1888), together holding 112 col- ored plates; finally Lanzi’s “Edible and Poisonous Fungi of Rome” (1894d), 131 hand-colored lithographs of only fair quality ; and, Saunders and Smith’s 48 colored plates (1871), part second of which was critically reviewed by the illustrious Fries (1873a). Also there was an interminable number of lesser works: Berke- ley’s ‘“‘ Outlines” (1860), which has been called “a publisher’s book ”’; Valenti-Serini’s caricatures (he figures stems of Amanitas that look like designs for some new style of architectural column (1868)) ) ; Leuba’s figures on black backgrounds (1887) ; Richon and Roze’s moderately good “Atlas” (1885); and Maximilian Britzelmayr’s “ Hymenomyceten aus Siid-Bayern” (1879, 18952), a work that Lloyd has justly pronounced, “ the poorest excuse for an illustrated work on fungi” (1914c). The drawings are mere bedaubed, mimeographed, or zinc-plate figures, on plates of un- equal size, and in absolute disorder. Fortunately, Dr. von Hoh- nel has furnished the suffering systematist with an index to this . chaotic mass (1906a). | Hollos’ “ Gastromyceten Ungarns” (1904) opens our century. If you wish to see what a sorry show the tri-color product—at its worst—presents when compared with really excellent litho- graphic reproductions, look at Hollos’ book, and then turn to Boudier! The 600 magnificent, colored plates of Boudier’s KRIEGER: History oF MyYcoLoGIcAL ILLUSTRATION 323 “Teones” (19050) run a close second to the Tulasne chefs- d’oeuvre. It is a positive delight to use them; indeed, were all published plates like these, there would be little question as to the identity of species. In nearly every case he gives the plant in different stages of development; the sectional views are always included, as are also the microscopic details (Pl. 30). Only 125 copies were printed, of which 115 were sold to the original sub- scribers. Eight copies were subscribed for in the United States. The subscription price for the entire work of three atlas volumes and one of text was $210.00. Today, the price is rapidly ap- proaching $500.00. | | Since the appearance of Boudier’s masterpiece one other color- illustrated work of scientific importance has been published, namely, Rev. Adalbert Ricken’s “ Die Blatterpilze Deutschlands” (1910e). ‘Boudier and Ricken are illustrations of the statement I made earlier, that the lithographic process, though producing the most durable results, has to contend with two variable factors, the artist and the lithographer. Given a good artist and a good lithographer, you get such work as Boudier’s; with poor work- men, both on the paper and on the stone, you get Ricken’s well- meant, but puerile, illustrations. In conclusion, I would like to point out how little has been done in this country in the matter of publishing colored illustrations of our rich fungous flora. First, we have de Schweinitz’s early work (1822), already mentioned, with exactly two plates. Following him came the Rev. M. A. Curtis, who was urged by Asa Gray (1868a) to _ prepare a manual of the fungi of the United States. Nothing came of this. But, that Curtis seriously entertained the idea of publishing some comprehensive, illustrated manual of these plants, appears from statements made by E. R. Memminger (1905c) to the effect that Curtis actually left a fragmentary manuscript with illustrations. This is still in the possession of his children. Indeed, the only atlas of colored illustrations of the commoner species of our fleshy fungi is the one published by the late Prof. Charles Horton Peck (1895d), who, for upwards of forty years, was the State Botanist of New York. Professor Peck’s illustra- 324 | MycoLocIa tions, botanically accurate though they be, are not much more than colored diagrams, with little of the appearance of nature about them. Other illustrations by this most eminent student of our species are scattered through the reports of the New York State Museum. A few plates have also been published by Pro- fessor Murrill, of the New York Botanical Garden (1909c), and by Miss Burlingham (1921), all in the journal Mycotocta. MclIlvaine’s sketches in his “ One Thousand American Fungi” (1900c) fall far short of even a half-respectable standard; and the few colored plates in Professor Atkinson’s book (1g00a) are so bad that they were omitted from the later editions. Dr, Harkness’ four colored plates in his paper on the Cali- fornian hypogaeous fungi (1899b) must not be omitted, as well as my own plates, published last year in the National Geographic Magazine (1920a, and Pl. 31 in this paper). This short enumeration about completes the list of American colored figures of fungi to be found in our publications. Com- pared with the output of Europe,’ it is negligible. But there is a ray of hope; Dr. Kelly has asked me to revise, and supply with colored illustrations, Prof. Peck’s monograph of the genus Boletus (1889), the revision to stand as a memorial of this great American botanist. I trust that it may be printed. BALTIMORE, Mp. EXPLANATION OF PLATES Pl. 24. Dr. Seger’s “ Anthropomorphus,” described in 1671. Pl. 25. “The Cannon.” Etching on iron by Albrecht’ Duser, Pl. 26. (A) Photographic enlargement (about 7 diameters) of the helio- gravure reproduction shown in the upper left corner (a). A hand-lens exam- ination of a heliographic reproduction of a photograph is thus instructive to the systematic mycologist, it being possible to determine whether the dimidiate — gills are attached to their longer neighbors, or not. The opposite is true of the reproduction (B) of the half-tone figure (bd). Pl. 27. Lepiota procera (Scop.) Pers. Photographic reproduction from the colored lithographic figure in Istvanffi’s Etudes et commentaires sur le code de l’Escluse, pl. 58. The original of this figure was painted during the latter part of the sixteenth century, about 1580. See plate 31. Pl. 28. (A) “Locellus,” in Sterbeeck’s “ Theatrum Fungorum,” pl. 15. at “C.” (B) Underwoodia columnaris Peck. After E. T. Harper. 7 See Laplanche (1894e) and Traverso (1910f) for two indexes of the available, published illustrations of fungi. Sn KRIEGER: History OF MYCOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATION 325 Pl. 29. Agarics (Coprinus species?) growing in a flask. After Marsigli’s “ Generatione fungorum.” Pl. 30. Lepiota rhacodes (Vittad.) Fr. Photographic reproduction of plate in Boudier’s “ Icones.” Pl. 31. Lepiota procera (Scop.) Pers. Photographic reproduction of a water-color painting by the author. The original in the possession of Dr. Howard A. Kelly. Reproduced in colors in the National Geographic Maga- zine, May, 1920. See plate 27. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1601. Clusius, Carolus. Fungorum in Pannoniis observatorum historia. In his Rariorum plantarum historia. Antwerpiae. f°. p. cclxi—ccxcv. 1665. Hooke, Robert. Micrographia. London. f°. 38 pl. For the teleuto- spore of the Phragmidium, see fig. 2, Schema xii. 1671 Seger, Georgius. Fungus anthropomorphus. Misc. Acad. Nat. Cur. sive Ephemer. Dec. I, an. 2: 112-113. Plate. 1675 Sterbeeck, Franciscus van. Theatrum fungorum, oft Het Tooneel der Campernoelien. Antwerpen. 36 pl. 1714 Marsigli, L. F. Dissertatio de generatione fungorum. Romae. f°. 31 pi. 1727 Vaillant, Sébastien. Botanicon Parisiense. Leide & Amsterdam. f°. 33 pl. 1729 Micheli, P. A. Nova plantarum genera. Florentiae. f°. 108 pl. 1737. a Swammerdam, Jan. Bybel der Natuure... Biblia maturae... Accedit praefatio in qua vitam auctoris descripsit H. Boerhaave... Latinam versionem adscripsit H. D. Gaubius. Leydae, 1737-38. 2 Vv. Gc-atias. £°. 53 pl. Bibel der Natur... Aus dem Hollandischen tbersetzt. 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Critical observations on mycological illustrations (W. G. Smith), part 2. Grevillea 1: 127-128. b Kalchbrenner, Karoly, & Schulzer, Stephan. Icones selectae Hy- menomycetum Hungariae. Pestini, 1873-77. f°. 40 col. pl. Gillet, C. C. Les champignons qui croissent en France. Alengon & Paris, 1874-98. 4 v. Hyménomycétes, 714 pl.; Discomycétes, 138 pl.; Gasteromycétes, 36 pl. (Dr. Howard A. Kelly’s copy.) Cooke, M. C. Mycographia, seu Icones fungorum. Vol. I, Discomy- cetes, pt. I. London, 1879 (i.e. 1875-79). s13 col. pl. a Fries, E. M. Note on Gillet’s “ Champignons.” Grevillea 45) LO b Kalchbrenner, Karoly. Notulae ad Icones meas Hymenomycetum Hungariae. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 23: 318-319. 1876. c Reichardt, H. W. Carl Clusius Naturgeschichte der Schwamme Pan- noniens. Festschr. Zool. Bot. Wien. Leipzig, 1876. P. 145-186. Britzelmayr, Max. Hymenomyceten aus Siid-Bayern. Augsburg, 1879- 94. 621 col. pl. a Bresadola, Giacomo. Fungi Tridentini. Tridenti, 1881-1900. 2 v. 217s ple b Cooke, M. C. Illustrations of British fungi (Hymenomycetes). Lon- don, 1881-91. 8v. 1199 col. pl. c Farlow, W. G. Unusual habitat of a Coprinus. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 8: 67. d Lucand, J. L. Figures peintes des champignons supérieurs de la France. Suite a l’Iconographie de Bulliard. Fase. I-XVII. Autun, 1881-96. 425 col. pl. a Hazslinsky, F. A. Commentarius in Icones selectae Hymenomycetum Hungariae, Pestini 1873 editas. Eperies. b Martelli, Ugolino. Gli Agaricini del Micheli. Nuovo Giorn, Bot. Ital. 16: 193-261. Richon, Charles, & Roze, Ernest. Atlas des champignons comestibles et veneneux de la France et des pays circonvoisins. Paris, 1885-89. few u7.2 Cols Leuba, F. Les champignons comestibles et les espéces vénéneuses. Neuchatel. £°. 54 pl. (mostly col.). 2éd. Paris, 1906. 54 col. pl. Die essbaren Schwamme und die giftigen Arten, mit welchen dieselben verwechselt werden konnen. Basel, 1888-91. Plates. | 1888 1889 1892 1894 1895 1898 1899 1900 1904 KRIEGER: History oF MycoLoGIcAL ILLUSTRATION 329 Barla, J. B. Flore mycologique illustrée. Les champignons des Alpes Maritimes. Nice, 1888-92. f°. 64 col. pl. Peck, C. H. Boleti of the United States. Bull. New York State Mus. 2 (no. 8): 73-166. Cooke, M.C. Handbook of Australian fungi. London. 36 i. (20 col.) a Britzelmayr, Max. Die Hymenomyceten in Sterbeeck’s Theatrum fungorum. Bot. Centralbl. 58: 42-57. 1894; 61: 209-211. 1895; 62! 75.. 1895. -b Istvanffi, Gyula. Franciscus van Sterbeeck’s Theatrum fungorum. Természetrajzi Fiizetek 17: 137-161, 192-204. (Main text Hungarian ; p. 192-204, German summary.) Sterbeeck’s Theatrum fungorum im Lichte der neueren Unter- suchungen. Bot. Centralbl. 59: 385-404. 3 d Lanzi, Matteo. Funghi mangerecci e nocivi di Roma. Roma, 1894- POO2A- 132 Col.. pl. e Laplanche, M. C. de. Dictionnaire iconographique des champignons supérieuts. Paris. Britzelmayr, Max. Zur Hymenomycetenkunde. I-III Reihe. Berlin, 1805—07.,. 145 col. pl. Text in Bot. Centralbl. v. 62, 68, ‘71. b Istvanffi, Gyula. De rebus Sterbeeckii. Bot. Centralbl. 61: 426-427. c Istvanffi, Gyula. Das Theatrum fungorum von Clusius und Sterbeeck im Lichte der modernen Forschung. Bot. Centralbl. 64: 153-154. (Abstract from Sitzungsb. Bot. Sect. Koénigl. Ungar. Naturw. Ges. Budapest, 9. Jan. 1895.) d Peck, C. H. Edible and poisonous fungi of New York. Ann. Rept. New York State Mus. 48 (pt. 1): 203-334b. Pl. 1-36. === Ann. Rept; State Bot. New York \1804: tos—24r.. Pl. A, rae (all but As col.),. 1896: 2d ed. 1897. Cc Peltereau, Ernest. Notes bibliographiques sur l’oeuvre de M. Gillet “Champignons de France.” Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 14: 156-160. a Bresadola, Giacomo. I funghi mangerecci e velenosi dell’Europa media. Milano. 173 col- pl. —— 2d edizione. Trento, 1906. 112 pl. b Harkness, H. W. Californian hypogaeous fungi. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. III. Bot. 1: 241-292. Pl, 42-45. c Plowright, C. B. Notes and comments on the Agaricini of Great Britain. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. (1897-1898) 1: 37-46. a Atkinson, G. F. Studies of American fungi. Ithaca. 76 l., 222 figs. b Istvanffi, Gyula. Etudes et commentaires sur le Code de 1’Escluse. Budapest. f°. 89 col. pl. c McIlvaine, Charles, & Macadam, R. K. Toadstools, mushrooms, fungi, edible and poisonous. One thousand American fungi. In- dianapolis. Fuigs., plates (partly col.). Hollos, Laszl6. Gasteromycetes Hungariae. Die Gasteromyceten Un- earns, etpzic. . £%. 37 pl. (pari col.),. 330 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 IQIO 1913 MYCOLOGIA a Bambeke, Charles van. Sur un champignon non encore déterminé, figuré et décrit par Fr. van Sterbeeck. Bull. Soc. Mycol. France ‘21: 205-208. Fig. | b Boudier, Emile. Icones mycologicae, ou Iconographie des champig- nons de France, principalement Discomycétes, avec texte descriptif. Paris, 1905-10. f°. 600 col. pl. c Memminger, E. R. Agaricus amydalinus M. A. C. Journ. Mycol. II: 12-17, a Héhnel, F; X. von. Index zu M. Britzelmayr’s Hymenomyceten-Ar- beiten. Ber. Naturw. Ver. Schwaben u. Neuburg 37: 3-178. b Lloyd, C. G. The species of the genus Anthropomorphus, Seger. By N. J. McGinty. In his Mycological Notes no. 21: 260. Illus. —— —— In his Letter no. 48: 11-12. 1913. Illus. Boudier, Emile. Quelques rectifications et observations sur les Illustra- tions of British fungi de Cooke. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. (1906) 2: 150-157. | Bambeke, Charles van. Le recueil de figures coloriées de champignons délaissé par Fr. van Sterbeeck. Bull. Soc, Roy. Bot. Belgique 44: 297-338. 4 Pl. a Durand, E. J. The interpretation of pre-Persoonian names, and their bearing on the selection of a starting-point for mycological nomen- clature. Science n. s., 29: 271. Feb. 12. (Abstract of the following paper.) A discussion of some of the principles governing the inter- pretation of pre-Persoonian names, and their bearing on the selection of a starting-point for mycological nomenclature. Science n. s., 29: 670-676. Apr. 23. c Murrill, W. A. Illustrations of fungi, I-XXXII. Mycologia v. 1-12. 1909-20. Col, plates. a Briquet, John. Recueil des documents destinées a débats de la section de nomenclature systematique du Congrés inter- servir de base aux nationale de botanique de Bruxelles 1910. Berlin. b Burch, R. M. Colour printing and colour printers. London. Plates (mostly col.). c Farlow, W. G., & Atkinson, G. F. The botanical congress at ee sels. Science n. s., 32: 104-107. Jl. 22. Bot. Gaz. 50: 220-225. Sep. 21. d Lloyd, C. G. Our latest laws “‘by authority.” In his Mycological Notes no. 36: 478-479. e Ricken, Adalbert. Die Blatterpilze (Agaricaceae) Deutschlands und der angrenzenden Lander. Leipzig, 1910-15. 2 v. fI12 col. pl. f Traverso, G. B. Index iconum fungorum. In Saccardo, P. A., Syl- loge fungorum hucusque cognitorum v. 19-20. Patavii, 1910-11. Harper, E. T. Species of Pholiota of the region of the Great Lakes. Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. 17 (pt. 1): 470-502. Pl. xxiv—Iv. 1914 @ Harper, E. T. Species of Pholiota and Stropharia in the region of the Great Lakes. Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. 17 (pt. 2): 1011-1026. Pl. lix-lxvii. MyYcoLociA VoLUME 14, PLATE 24 ADOBS. Lv. : ; fee fg ae SOSH WH Dr. SEGER’S “ ANTHROPOMORPHUS ” xs Ages gt 8 a5 7 wawa Ad ‘NONNV’% 4H qd oe a” Hi Cok Sz ALVTgG ‘VI AWNIOA VIDOTIOOATW SNOILOIAGONdAY AXNAVASOITAYF, AO SLNAUWADYVINY OILHdVaAIOLOH G VIDOIOOAW Qz ALVIg ‘VI ANNTIOA MycoLocia VOLUME 14, PLATE 27 LEPIOTA PROCERA (Scop.) Pers. From IstvAnFFi’s ‘“ ETUDEs ” MycoLoctIa ae ae tone, Sapte Roe ee Ae See oF, Lee VOLUME 14, PLATE eon A. “Locrertus,” FROM STERREECK’s “ THEATRUM ” 3 B. UNDERWOODIA COLUMNARIS PECK. AFTER E. T. Harper Sista Gaiaatbaienaa PR eis 8 ci VOLUME 14, PLATE 29 MycoLocia * * Stegees RI oy ewe ipiriabaiel cttnan co chotancnaten memmiartamemee a em ee a : Sher ote avon = < SRN ARE EO ONE oe PY red Hee ex PRS ae ae Si + eRe oe apa eT BRS one SRR Ree Ce ae ee a CORES Ran emyece ee AN HaHa og at Re gas RAE EO ao ee » Sarees EN ANSE Soe on AFTER MARSIGLI AGARICS (COPRINUS?). MycoLoGia ? £ LEPIOTA RHACODES (ViTTAD.) FR. VOLUME 14, PLATE From BoupieEr’s ‘ IcongEs ”’ 30 ITE 25, a ; —s 2 prs ¥ ae Sb) s SSDS ier recent Mac. GEOGR. VoLUME 14, PLaTE 3t From Nat. i E : seuygaupenuannamencenessetenmcaremce cen LEPIOTA PROCERA (Scop.) Pers. MYCOLOGIA ‘IQT5 1916 IQI7 1918 1920 1921 KRIEGER: History OF MyYcoLoGIcAL ILLUSTRATION 331 Species of Hypholoma in the region of the Great Lakes. Trans. Wisc. Acad, Sci. 17 (pt. 2): 1142-1164. Pl. lxxii-lrxxiv. c Lloyd, C. G. [Britzelmayr, Hymenomyceten aus Siidbayern.] Bibl. Contr. Lloyd Library 2: 248. Buller, A. H. R. Micheli and the discovery of reproduction in fungi. M@eanss Roy. Soc.Canada T1i.9 (pt. 4)* 1-25... Pl. 14, Harper, E. T. Additional species of Pholiota, Stropharia, and Hy- pholoma in the region of the Great Lakes. Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. b 18 (pt. 2): 392-421... Pl. xi-xxiv. Shear, C. L., & Stevens, N. E. Studies of the Schweinitz collections of fungi. I-II. Mycologia 9: 191-204, 333-344. a Bensaude, Mathilde. Recherches sur le cycle evolutif et la sexualité chez les Basidiomycétes. Nemours. 30 figs., 13 pl. b Harper, E. T. Two remarkable Discomycetes. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 45: 77-86. Pl. 1-3. a Krieger, L. C. C. Common mushrooms of the United States. Nat. Geogr. Mag. 37: 387-439. 16 col. pl. and many photos. b Sartory, Auguste, & Maire, Louis. Interpretation des planches de J. Bolton on History of fungusses. Vol. I et II (1788). Saint-Nic- olas-du-Port. Burlingham, G. S. Some new species of Russula. Mycologia 13: 129- 134. Pl.-7. INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS OF FUNGI, XXITI-XXXITT WILLIAM A. MuRRILL In Mycotocta for January, 1916, an index was published to species illustrated in the first 22 articles of my series on the higher fungi, which was begun in the first volume of MycoLocia in 1909. Since that time, If more articles have appeared, which are indexed below. The total number of species described and illustrated to date is 249, the number represented in their natural colors being 213 on 29 plates. Unfortunately, it has been necessary to crowd the figures on the plates, but most of them have been kept natural size and repre- sent fairly well the species illustrated. The idea of a great illustrated work on American fungi has been in my mind for many years and I have frequently spoken and written about it. Several hundred colored drawings have been prepared with such a work in view. When the raising of funds for this purpose became increasingly difficult, I decided to publish in a comparatively inexpensive way as many species as possible as quickly as possible; so that collectors might be stimu- lated to increase our knowledge of the fungous flora and thus prepare for a more comprehensive work when its publication should become possible. From the large number of letters and Specimens received during recent years, I am convinced that it was wise to publish when I did. As one writer expressed it: “T’d much rather have a small colored figure now than a hand- some folio plate after I am dead.” I still have faith, however, in the patriotism and generosity of American men of wealth, who will make it possible to supply nature-lovers in this country with ample, correct, and beautiful colored illustrations of our extremely varied and interesting fungous flora. 332 MurrILL: ILLUSTRATIONS OF FUNGI Amanita phalloides 8: 233. pl. CXC, f. 5 Solitaria 8° 231. pl. CXC, £. 1 Amanitopsis albocreata 8: 232. pl. CXC, f. 3 Armillaria nardosmia 12:\61. pl. 2, f: 3 Bjerkandera adusta 10: 109. pl. 6, f. 4 Boletus luteus 12: 59. pl. 2, f. 1 morellus 112: 60. pl. 2, f. 2 Cantharellus cibarius 9: 257. pl. 11, f. 1 Cerrena unicolor 10: 110, pl. 6, f. 6 Chanterel Chantarellus 9: 257. pl. 11, f. 1 Moccosus 14: 25. pl. 2 Clitocybe farinacea 10: 180. pl. 8, f. 7 odorag: 258. pl. 11, ff. 2 phyllophila 14: 26. pl. 3 subhirta 14: 26. pl. 4 Virens 9; 258. pl. x1, f. 2 Collybia dryophila 9: 259. pl. 11, f. 4 strictipes 9: 260. pl. 11, f. 6 Cortinarius alboviolaceus 11: 289. pl. 13, f. 1 Cortinellus rutilans 9: 259. pl. 11, f. 5 Daedalea unicolor 10: 110. pl. 6, f. 6 Heenia Housel 9: 188; pl. 7, f. 6 pungens 9: 1809. pl. 7, f. 9 Entoloma albidum g: 190. pl. 7, f. 10 commune @: 185. pl. 7, f. 1 inocybiforme 9: 187. p. 7, f. 5 salmoneum g: 186. pl. 7, f. 3 subjubatum Qs) foo. pl. “77 t...8 tOGtipes: Qc) 167. pl.-7, f. 4 Galerula Hypni 14: 27. pl. 7 Ganoderma sessile 11: 102. pl. 6, f. 3 disugae Tr: tor. pl. 6, f: 1 Gymnopilus flavidellus 14: 28. pl. 8 Gymnopus dryophilus 9: 259. pl. 11, f. 4 strictipes 9: 260. pl..11, f. 6 Hebeloma luteum 14: 29. pl. 9 Inonotus dryophilus 11: 102. pl. 6, f. 2 Laccaria amethystea 10: 178. pl. 8, f. 2 Striatula 10: 179. pl. 8, f. 4 Lactaria atrovitidis 8: 191. pl.,.CLXXXVII, f: 1 Gdistans 83192. pl. -CLXXXVII,\\f..'2 hygrophoroides 8: 192. pl. CLXXXVII, f. 2 maculosa 8: 193. pl. CLXXXVII, f. 4 testacea 8: 192. pl. CLXXXVII, f. 3 torminosa 8: 193. pl. CLXXXVII, f. 5 Wepiota aspera &: 233. pl. CXC, f. 4 Leptonia conica 10: 178. pl. 8, f. 3 O39 O04 _MYcoLociIa Leptoniella conica 10: 178. pl. 8, f. 3 grisea 9: 186, pl."7, f. 2 subserrulata 9: 188. pl. 7, f. 7 Marasmius dichrous 10: 180. pl. 8, f. 8, 11 insititius 10: 181. pl. 8, f: 9 Melanoleuca eduriformis 14: 27, pl. 6 Russulasri: 2or..pl tat. Thompsoniana 14: 26. pl. 5 Mycena galericulata 10: 179. pl. 8, f. 5 Puta OL s25e ply tise s viscidipes 10: 177. pl. 8, f. 1 Omphalia fibula 10: 179. pl. 8, f. 6 Omphalopsis fibula 10: 179. pl. 8, f. 6 Pholiota squarrosoides 11: 290. pl. 13, f. 2 Polyporus adustus 10: 1o9. pl. 6, f. 4 amorphus Io: 109. pl. 6, f. 5 brumalis'to? 108, plo; 123 Polyporus 10: 108. pl. 6, f. 3 Polystictus conchifer 10: 108. pl. 6, f. 2 Poronidulus conchifer 10: 108. pl. 6, f. 2 Prunulus galericulatus 10: 179. pl. 8, f. 5 PULUS O° 25S. plasmas viscidipes 10: 177. pl. 8, f. 1 Pycnoporus cinnabarinus 10: 107. pl. 6, f. 1 Russula compacta 8: 123. pl. CLXXXV, f. 5 delica 8: r21. pl. GRIGG, toa flava Gs 122, pl. Clin Ve ts 2 obscura 8: 123. pl, CLXXXV, £.4 virescens 8: 122. pl. CLXXXV, f. 3 Trametes cinnabarina 10: 107. pl. 6, f. 1 Tricholoma Russula 11: 291. pl. 13, f. 3 rutilans 9: 259. pl. 11, f. 5 Tylopilus alboater 12: 60, pl. 2, f. 2 Tyromyces amorphus 10: 109. pl. 6, f. 5 Spraguei 11: Dog. pl. 6) £7 4 Vaginata albocreata 8: 232. pl. CXC, £93 Venenarius glabriceps 8: 232. pl. CXC, f. 2 phalloides 8: 233. pl. CXC, f. 5 solitarius 8: 231. pl. CXC, f. 1 New York BoTANIcaL GARDEN. NOTES AND BRIEF ARTICLES [Unsigned notes are by the editor] The familiar stem-end rot of pineapples can be largely con- trolled, according to J. Matz, of the Porto Rico Department of Agriculture, by leaving longer stems on the fruit and fumigating with formaldehyde gas. Sphaeropsis ulmicola is thought to be the cause of a serious canker of the branches of the American elm in Wisconsin. Most of the trees affected are fifteen years or more old. Sez Wisconsin Dept gnc. Bull. 33: 158-163, by E. EH. Hubert & C. J. Hum- phrey. Mr. H. E. Parks has sent to the herbarium a number of inter- esting, original photographs of California fungi, including good views of Rhigopogon maculatus, Hydnangium carneum, and Secotium tenuipes, Plant diseases, especially in greenhouses, have been traced in many instances to the water supply. W.F. Bewley and W. Buddin have cited a number of cases in a recent article in the Annals of Applied Biology. A wither-tip of limes, caused by Gloeosporium limetticola, is said to be common on lime trees in British Guiana during July and August, when frequent applications of strong Bordeaux mixture are required to hold the disease in check. Fortunately, the fruits are usually immune after they are half grown. Leaf-spot of orchids is not a single, specific disease, but a complication of various troubles needing careful and intensive investigation. This is the conclusion of a number of plant pathologists, including W. B. Brierley, of the new Rothamsted Experiment Station in England. 335 236 M-YCOLOGIA The needle-blight of white pine is said by J. H. Faull, who has observed and investigated it for several years, to be physio- logical in its nature. Warm, bright days in winter, when the ground is frozen and the roots inactive, cause excessive loss of water from the tips of the leaves and they dry out and become brown. ; A paper by E. B. Mains on unusual rusts of Nyssa and Urti-- castrum, published in the American Journal of Botany for November, 1921, includes a description of the new genus Aplo- spora, based on Uredo Nyssae, and two new combinations, Aplospora Nyssae (Ellis & Tracy) Mains and Cerotetium Dicen- trae (Trel.) Mains & Anderson. Greenhouse diseases observed at Macdonald College, Quebec, were briefly noted by B. T. Dickson in a recent annual report of the Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants. The chief diseases discussed are: carnation rust; cineraria dwarfing, mosaic, and distortion; snapdragon rust; sweet pea powdery mildew; tomato mosaic and a leaf-mold; and violet leaf-spot. A bud-rot of peonies, which has been observed by various per- sons during the past few years, was described by H. W. Thurston, Jr. & C. R. Orton in Science for 1921. Just as the flower buds are swelling, they turn black and decay, the disease often extend- ing to the upper leaves and several inches of the stalk. Infected material yielded a species of Phytophthora closely related-to P. infestans. A bacterial disease of gladiolus, caused by Bacterium mar- | ginatum, was described by L. McCulloch in Science for 1921. It is abundant in and about Washington, D. C., and probably occurs also in Illinois and California. The affected leaves show elliptic spots that are at first rusty-red, then dull-brown or purplish. Moist, warm weather is very favorable to the growth of the pathogen, often resulting in the decay of the entire plant above ground. | . Notes AND BriEF ARTICLES SOL The following new parasitic fungi were described and il- lustrated by J. J. Davis in the Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences 20: 399-431. 1922: Synchytrwm pul- vereum, Septoria coreopsidis, Gloeosporium balsameae, Ramu- laria minax, R. cilinodis, Sphaerulina pallens, Phacidium planum, P. expansum, P. balsameae, Lophodermium thuyae, Stagonospora tetramera, Piggotia vaccini, Gloeosporium bicolor, Cladosporium astericola, Cercospora tuberculella, and C. tortipes. In an article by Miss Wakefield in the West Indian Bulletin for 1921, the general subject of mosaic diseases of plants and their origin is discussed at some length. Infection by a living organism seems to be the only way to cause mosaic, according to Miss Wakefield; while “discovery of a possible symplastic stage in bacteria, and of the formation of filterable gonidia which may produce new bacteria directly or after having entered the symplastic stage, appears to increase the possibility that eventu- ally many of the infectious filterable viruses may prove to contain living organims.” The treatment of seeds before planting has usually been based on the supposition that the pathogen to be controlled was ex- ternal; but C. C. Chen, of the Maryland Experiment Station, has discovered a number of internal fungous parasites of agricul- tural seeds. For example, Cylindrophora in asparagus seed; Alternaria in cabbage seed; Fusarium, Macrosporium, and Alter- naria in common beans; Fusarium in lima beans; Macrosporium in cowpeas; Macrosporium and Fusarium in soy beans; Oospora in sweet corn seedlings; and Rhizopus in seeds taken from a rotten tomato. He recommends seed selection, the germination test, and the most approved hot water and hot air treatments. Forty-two numbers of fungi were brought back from South America by Dr. H. H. Rusby, collected by himself and other mem- bers of the Mulford biological exploring party in Bolivia. When- ever possible, sufficient material was obtained to make four sets, three of them to be deposited at the New York Botanical Garden, 308. MycoLoGia the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and Harvard University, and the re- maining one to be sent to Bolivia. These specimens are mostly woody polypores or tough gill-fungi. Attention may be called to the very rare Camillea Leprieurti Mont. and to the following species of less interest: Armillaria alphitophylla (Berk. & Curt.) Murrill, Lentodiellum concavum (Berk.) Murrill, Lentinula de- tonsa (Fries) Murrill, Cookeina Tricho’oma (Mont.) O. Kuntze, and Cladoderris dendritica Pers. INDEX TO: VOLUME XIV * New names and the final members of new combinations are in bold face type yibies, 177, 161; 182; grandis, 174, 179, 180, 182, 183; pectinata, 8, 10 Absidia glauca, 149; septata, 149 weer, § 6, 9, 181; Cifcinnatum, 175, 198; macrophyllum, 174, 182, 183, 192; spicatum, 238 Achillea lanulosa, 118; Mi£llefolium, 118 Achlya, 152, 154, 155, 166; prolifera, 146 Addition to the distribution of a rare fungus, 49 Aecidium, 105, 114; arcularium, 106; Pourthiaeae, 293, 295 Agarics, Dark-spored —I, 61; —II, 121;—TIII, 200;—IV, 258 Wearieus, 27,175, 125, 136; 200, 220, 269; abruptibulbus, 209; abruptus, 209; Achimenes, 220; acuminatus, 128; adnatus, 133; aeruginosus, 128; alabamensis, 202; amygdali- nus, 220, 221; appendiculatus, 64; approximans, 215; argenteus, 211; Artemisiae, 75; arvensis, 208, 210; atomatus, 275; atrorufus, 263; brun- nescens, 211; bulbosus, 209; bulbu- laris, 131; bullaceus, 263; camaro- phyllus atramentosus, 48; camaro- phyllus fuligineus, 48; campester, 136, 203, 205, 212; campester hor- tensis, 212; campestris, 136; cam- pestris sylvicola, 209; Candolleanus, 71; capnoides, 74; chlamydopus, 205; Comaropsis, 75; comtulifor- mis, 203; comtulus, 202, 203; co- prophilus, 259; cornilla, 131 ; corona- tus, 71; cothurnatus, 205; cretacel- lus, 208, 221; cretaceus, 220; depila- tus, 134; diminutivus, 189, 214; disseminatus, '270; distans, 126; echinatus, 213; elixus, 48; eludens, 2173; eximius, 97; fabaceus, 220, 221; falcifolius, 278; fascicularis, 73; Peildéni, 141; flavescens, +27, 221; floridanus, 207; foederatus, 221; glutinosus, 122, 133; graciloides, 277; haemorrhoidarius, 215, 216, 219; halophilus, 212; hiascens, 278; hirtosquamulosus, 75; Hornemanni, 135; Howeanus, 141; hymenocepha- lus, 64; hypoxanthus, 66; incertus, 64; Johnsonianus, 141; lacrymabun- dus, 67; lateritius, 72, 73; macula- tus, 124; madeodiscus, 62; magni- eps, 213; \magnificus, 213; ° mafi- timus, 212; melanospermus, 131; melaspermus, 130, 131; merdarius, 138; micromegethus, 210; minutulus, 270; nitidipes, 75; obturatus, 141 ; odoratus, 276; olivaesporus, 97; ornellus, 75; oxyosmus, 214; per- plexus, 72; pholidotus, 268; pilo- sporus, 204; placomyces, 217, 218; polytrichophilus, 261; populinus, 66; praerimosus, 204; pratensis, 208; pusillus, 210; Rodmani, 207; rubri- brunnescens, 216; rupincola, 278; rutilescens, 211; saccharinophilus, 64; semiglobatus, 132; semivestitus, 269; solidipes, 203; sphaerosporus, 204; squamosus, 126; stercorarius, 133, Sterling, 217; Storea, 66: subcernuus, 126; sublateritius, 72; subrufescens, 189, 206, 210, 210, 221; sylvaticus, 218; sylvicola, 209, 221; tabularis, 204; thraustus auran- tiacus, 127; tricholepis, 76; um- bonatescens, 128; variabilis, 206; velutinus, 67; violaceolamellatus, 71; viridulus, 128; viscidus, 122; xylogenus, 221 Agropyron divergens, 279; occiden- tale, 279; repens, 279; Smithii, 279; spicatum, 279 *TIt has been considered unnecessary to include here the species listed in the three following articles, since they are already indexed or specially listed. Arthur: Uredinales collected by Fred J. Seaver in Trinidad. Murrill: Index to illustrations of fungi, XXIII-~XXXIII. See p.-23, 24. See p. 332. ‘Wann and Muenscher: A preliminary list of the myxomycetes of the Ca- yuga Lake Basin. See p. 309. 339 340 Agrostis alba, 279; palustris, 279 Aira caespitosa, 33, 34 Aleuria aurantia, 175 Aleurodiscus, 179; amorphus, subcruentatus, 179 Allescheria, 242; Boydii, 242 Alnus, 2)95,°274% 175 Alopecurus aristulatus, 229, 230 Alternaria, 337 Amanita, 185; calyptrata, 185; chlori- nosma,” 1855 smuscatia.. 165.0305. pantherina, 92; #pantherinoides, 185; phalloides, »317; solitaria, 185; spissa, 92 Amanitopsis plumbea, 315; vaginata, 185; vaginata alba, 186; vaginata livida, 186 Amauroderma, 42; Gusmanianum, 43; Mosselmanii, 43; picipes, 43 Amelanchier, 2, 102, 289; asiatica, 288, 294; Cusickii, 91 American porias —I, Diagnoses of, 1 Amphisphaeria diffusa, 237; subicu- losa, 237 Amsonia ciliata, 252, 297 Anellaria, 130; fimiputris, 130 Anemone, 176 Anisocarpua, II5 Another green-spored genus of gill- fungi, 96 Aplospora, 336; Nyssae, 336 Aposphaeria brunneotincta, 102 Arachnion album, 195 Arcangeliella caudata, 196 Aristida, 230 Armillaria, 187; albolanaripes, 186; alphitophylla, 338; corticata, 187; nardosmia, 25 Arnica, “1143; cana, 114)toliosa, 104, 15 Artemisia, 118; tridentata, 45 Arthur, J. C., Uredinales collected by Fred J. Seaver in ‘trinidad, 12 Articles, Notes and brief, 42, 90, 231, 335 Arundinaria. Simoni, 86 Ascomycete isolated from a granular mycetoma of man, Life history of an undescribed, 239 Ascomycetes —I, Studies in tropical, 235 Ascophora mucedo, 143 Aster, 302, 306—310; acuminatus, 303, 309; Chapmanii, 304; concinnus, 309; CONspicuus, 254, 297, 303-306; cordifolius, 246, 254, 303-306; cor- rigiatus, 309; divaricatus, 303, 306; 179; dumosus, 303, 304; ericoides, 254, 303; Fremontii, 309; ° fron- dosus, 309; Geyeri, 303-306; MycoLocIa hesperius, 254, 303; hirsuti- caulis, 309; junceus, 309; laevigatus, 303; laevis, 246, 254, 303-306; lae- vis Geyeri, 254; lentus, 254, 303, 304; longifolius, 297, 306; Lowrie- anus, 303, 309; macrophyllus, 303— 306; novi-belgii, 304; oblongifolius, 309; paniculatus, 254, 303, 304, 306; patens, 303; patulus, 309; Pringlei, 306, 309; puniceus, 303; Salicifolius, 303; schistosus, 309; spectabilis, 309; tenuicaulis, 309; undulatus, 246, 254, 303-306; vimineus, 303, 304, 306; viscosum, 309 Atylospora, 258, 262, 264, 273, 278; australis, 266, 278; corrugis, 267, 268; microsperma, 264; multipe- data, 265; prunuliformis, 266, 278; striatula, 267, 278; umbonata, 267, 268; vestita, 265 Auricularia nigrescens, 44 Bacidia inundata, 95 Bacterium marginatum, 336 Balsamorrhiza, 112; macrophylla, 112 Barroetia, 107 Battarrea, 45; laciniata, 45 Betula, 5 Boehmeria nivea, 88 Boletinus cavipes, 181 Boletus, 45; chrysenteron, 180; luri- dus, 180; luteus, 25, 45, 180, 198; scaber, 180; scaber fuligineus, 180; scaber testaceus, 180; Zelleri, 181 Borrichia arborescens, 111; frutes- cens, III Botrydium, 95 Botryodiplodia Theobromae, 91 Bovista, 321; montana, 193; plumbea, 193 Bremia, 88 Brickellia, 107 Bromus, 279; ciliatus, 279 Broteria, 42 Bulgaria inquinans, 175 Bullaria, 105, 111, 112; Kuhniae, 106 Byssosphaeria diffusa, 237 Caeomusus triannulatus, 111 Calamagrostis canadensis, 279 Calendula, 120; officinalis, 119 Calicium Curtisii, 103; Rhois, 103 Callistephus chinensis, 306 Calocera cornea, 178 Calonyction, 299; aculeatum, 299; grandiflorum, 298 Calosphaeria, 100 Calvatia gigantea, 193; lilacina, 193; lilacina occidentalis, 193; rubro- flava, 193 2907- INDEX TO VOLUME XIV Calycadenia, 115 Camarophyllus, 48 Camillea Leprieurii, 338 Campanula rapunculoides, 305 Campanularius, 130 Cantharellus aurantiacus, 188; ciba- rius, 317; floccosus, 188; infundi- buliformis, 188 Carduaceae, New or noteworthy rusts on, 104 @Carex,.104, 177; pendula; 33 Carpinus, 1 Carya illinoensis, 77 Castanea dentata, 102 Catastoma circumscissum, 193 Cayuga Lake Basin, Myxomycetes of the, 38 Cenangium balsameum, I01; neum, 101; turgidum, 101 Centromadia, 115 Cephalosporium, 242; Boydii, 242 Cercospora Brunkii, 91; fusimaculans, 198; minima, 89; piricola, 88; tor- tipes, 337; tuberculella, 337 Cerotetium Dicentrae, 336 Chamaecyparis, 285; pisifera, pisifera plumosa, 294; squarrosa, 294 Chamonixia, 196, 197; caespitosa, 197 Chanterel, 96; floccosus, 25, 43 Characters of the southern tuckahoe, 222 Chloroneuron, 96 Chlorophyllum, 96 Chlorosperma, 96; olivaespora, 97 Chrysopsis Mariana, 246, 248, 208, 303-306 Cinnamomum camphora, 83 Circinella, 166; conica, 149, 160-162; minor, 161-163 Cladochytrium, 84; Maydis, 84 Cladoderris dendritica, 338 Cladoniae, 95 Cladosporium astericola, 337; herba- rum, 240 Clarkeinda, 61 Clathrus locellus, 316 Clavaria, 178; abietina, 178; botrytis, 178; corniculata, 178; cristata, 178; mucida, 178; subcaespitosa, 231; vermicularis, 178 ; Cleavage in the sporangia of certain fungi, Method of, 143 Clitocybe illudens, 43; odora, phyllophila, 26; subhirta, 26 Coleosanthus, 106, 107; grandiflorus, 105 Coleosporium, 114, 244-254, 297, 299, 302, 308; arnicale, 113-115; carne- um, 250, 252, 308; delicatulum, 254— quer- 204; pisifera 187; O41 257; elephantopodis, 252; Helianthi, 244-253; inconspicuum, 244, 245, 247-253; Ipomoeae, 252, 297, 299- 301; Laciniariae, 253; Madiae, 114, 115; minutum, 252; ribicola, 299- 302.3; Solidaginis, 250, 252, 256, 302, 303, 306-310; Terebinthinaceae, 250-253 Coleosporium—I, Notes on species of, 244;—II, 297 Colletotrichum Boehmeriae, 88 Collybia butyracea, 93; cirrata, 93; clusilis, 93; conigena, 93; distorta, 93; dryophila, 93; Hariolorum, 93; lilacina, 93; nummularia, 93; semi- talis, 93; strictipes, 93; subdryo- phila, 93; tuberosa, 93; velutipes, 44 Coniophora cerebella, 179 Contributions to our knowledge of Oregon fungi —TI, 173 Convolvulus, 299; arvensis, 298; re- pens, 298; sepium, 298, 305 Cookeina Tricholoma, 338 Goprinus; 697, 220,,268 271, 317, 318; atramentarius, 135; comatus;, 135, 136; micaceus, 44; Spraguei, 274 some Coreopsis, 109, I10, 244, 245, 247, 2487-250, 251.; delphinifolia, 257 ; lanceolata, 248, 251; major, 246— 248, 250, 251, 298, 304; major Oem- leri, 251; major rigida, 251; mex- icana .-100,-110 mutica, 1165 tinc- tofia,- 303): tripteris, 246, 248.2251 ; verticillata, 246-248, 250-252, 298, 303-305 Coriolopsis Copelandii, 93 Coriolus sericeohirsutus, 44 Cornus Nuttallii, 175 Corticium lactescens, color, 91 Cortinarius, 44; semisanguineus, 45 Corylus californica, 174, 183 Costantinella, 103; cristata, 103 Craterellus cornucopioides, 178 Crucibulum vulgare, 198 Cryptoporus volvatus, 181 Cryptosporella anomala, 46 Cultures of heteroecious rusts, 1920—- TOZ1,: 228 Cyathus stercoreus, 198 Cydonia japonica, 285, 294; sinensis, 205)- vulgaris, 2525 2844 285, 204 Cylindrophora, 337 Cylindrosporium acerinum, 198 Cyphella Heveae, 91; marginata, 179 Cystopus, 146 178; salmoni- 198; vernicosus, Dacryomyces aurantia, 177 042 Daldinia vernicosa, 174 Dark-spored agarics—I, 61;—lII, 121;—III, 200;—IV, 258 Dasyspora conferta, 118; Millefolii, 118; Synedrellae, 117 Davis, W. H., Urocystis Agropyri on redtop, 279 Deconica, 258, 268; atrorufa, 263; bryophila, 261; bulbosa, 260; bulla- cea, 258, 262, 263; coprophila, 259; nuciseda, 259; polytrichophila, 261 ; pytispora, 261;, rhomboidospora, 259; scatigena, 258; semistriata, 260; subviscida, 262; tomentosa, 259 Delitescor, 258 Dendrostilbella, 241, 242; Boydii, 242 Derbesia, 148 Diagnoses of American porias —I, 1 Diaporthe Menispermi, 233; Triostei, 233 Diatrype, 174 Diatrypella, 100; ciliatula, 100 Dicaeoma Balsamorrhizae, 112; Brick- elliae, 106; cubense, 116, 117; Eriophorii, 119; Hemizoniae, 115; Kuhniae, 106; nudum, 115; Sar- cobati, 229; Synedrellae, 116; trian- nulatum, I1I Didymella Agrostidis, 233 Diervilla Lonicera, 1o1 Dimorphotheca, 1109, 119 Discina ancilis, 175 Distichlis stricta, 229, 230 Distribution of a rare fungus, An addition to the, 49 Dodecatheon pauciflorum, 229, 230 Drosophila, 63) r2t,) 448. 139,150) 264 ;.appendiculata,.63,°64, 71, 1417, 265; atrofolia, 71; delineata, 68; echiniceps, 68, 69; fragilis, 64; hololanigera, 70; hydrophila, 72; lacrymabunda, 67, 69; madeodisca, 62, 65, 72; Peckiana, 68; pecosense, 63; rigidipes, 70; Storea, 66, 72 120; ‘Cuneata, Echinodontium tinctorum, 180 Electra, 110; Galeottii, 110 Elephantopus, 250; carolinianus, 248— 250, 298, 303, 304; nudatus, 298; tomentosus, 249, 254, 298, 303-306 Eleutheranthera ruderalis, 116, 117 Elliott, J. A., Some characters of the southern tuckahoe, 222 Elymus, 279; arenarius, 279; canaden- sis, 279; robustus, 279; virginicus, 279 Emilia sagittata, 119; sonchifolia, 119 Equisetum, 175 MYCOoLoGIA Eriophorum, 119 Eupatorium, 107, 108; atriplicifolium, 107; maculatum, 254; pansamalense, 108; urticaefolium, 108 Eurotiopsis, 242; Gayoni, 241 Eurotium, 241 Euthamia, 254-256; caroliniana, 255— 257; graminifolia, 254-257, 306; leptophylla, 257 Excidia recisa, 177; Zelleri, 177 Hagus, 1, 2,45 Farlowianae, Reliquiae, 99 Fink, B., An addition to the distribu- tion of a rare fungus, 49; A new lichen from an unusual substratum, 95 : Fitzpatrick, H. M.. Thomas) Ei E:. and Kirby, R. S., The Ophiobolus causing take-all of wheat, 30 Flaveria angustifolia, 118; campes- tris, 118 Fomes annosus, 181; applanatus, 181; connatus, 9; igniarius, 94, 181; lamaensis, 93; leucophaeus, 181; lignosus, 91; lineatus, 92; pinicola, 181; populinus, 9; pseudoferreus, 91; roseo-albus, 92, 93; roseus, 182, 183; semilaccatus, 92 Fragrant polypore, A, 46 Fraser, W. P., Cultures of heteroe- cious rusts, 1920-1921, 228 Fungi—JI, Contributions to our knowledge of Oregon, 173 Fungi, Illustrations of, 25 Fungi, Index to illustrations of, 332 Fungi, New Japanese, 81, 282 Fungus, An addition to the distribu- tion of a rare, 49 Fusarium, 337; oxysporum, 51 Galerula Hypni, 27 Ganoderma, 92; Curranii, 92; lepto- pum, 92; oregonense, 43, 92; um- braculum, 92 ; Gaultheria Shallon, 178 Gautieria, 196; morchelliformis, 196; Parksiana, 196, 197 Geaster, 311, 316, 321; delicatus, 191; hygrometricus, 192; hygrometricus giganteus, 192; lagenaeformis, 192; Morganii, 192; saccatus, 192 Gelatinosporium abietinum, ror Genus of gill-fungi, Another green- spored, 96 Geophila, 125; capnoides, 74 Geopyxis cupularis, 175 Gill-fungi, Another green-spored ge- nus of, 96 INDEX -TO VOLUME XIV Glaux, 229; maritima, 228-230; Mich— auxiana, 228 Gleditsia, 2 Gliocladium penicillioides, 101 Gloeosporium acutilobum, 233; Bal- sameae, 337; bicolor, 337; limetti- cola, 335 Glomerella, 84; Cinnamomi, 82 Gnomonia Coryli, 174 Gnomoniopsis acerophila, 233 Godronia Nemopanthis, 101; nata, 101 Gomphidius, 121, 200; flavipes, 124; furcatus, 125; glutinosus, 44, 122; jamaicensis, 121; maculatus, 124, 125; nigricans, 123; oregonensis, I2I, I91; tomentosus, 121; vini- color, 121, 123; viScidus, 44, 122, 124 Green-spored genus of gill-fungi, An- other, 96 . Grossularia, 301; Cynosbati, 301; di- Varitata, 300, 302; hirtella, 300, 302; inermis, 300-302; innominata, 300, 302; leptantha, 300, 301; mis- Seutiensis,’ 300, 302; feclinata, 300-302; setosa, 301 Guignardia Cinnamomi, 84 Gymnochilus roseolus, 268 Gymnomyces Gardneri, 198; pallidus, 197, 198 Gymnopilus flavidellus, 28; chrous, 75, 141, 142 Gymnopus velutipes, 45 Gymnosporangium, 283-286, 290, 291, 293; alpinum, 294; amelanchieris, 289; asiaticum, 282-285, 287, 292, 294; blasdaleanum, 295; chinensis, 287, 293, 294; clavariaeforme, 295; clavariiforme, 287, 289, 293; clavi- aeforme, 287, 293; clavipes, 289; confusum, 284, 293, 294; Haraea- num, 283, 284, 287, 290, 294; hem1- sphaericum, 289, 294; Idetae, 287, 294; japonicum, 283-285, 288, 293, 294; Juniperi, 294; juniperinum, 289, 294; koreaense, 294; koreaen- sis, 284, 287; Miyabei, 288, 294; Photiniae, 284, 285, 293; Sabinae, 295; Shiraianum, 291, 294; spini- ferum, 284, 294; tremelloides, 288, 204°; Yamadaé, 285, 287, 293; .Ya- madail, 286, 293 Gyrocephalus rufus, 177 Gyromitra esculenta, 176 turbi- poly- Harpaecarpus, 115 Hebeloma, 75; luteum, 29 Hedgcock, G. G., and Hunt, N. R., 343 Notes on some species of Coleo- sporium —I, 244;—TII, 297 Helianthus, 244, 245, 247, 250; angus- tifolius, 298, 304; annuus, 255, 304; australis, 250; decapetalus, -246— 248, 250, 251, 298, 305; divaricatus, 246-248, 250, 251, 254, 298, 304, 305; doroconoides, 250; Dowellia- nus, 246, 248; Eggertii, 250; gigan- teus, 246, 247, 250; glaucus, 246- 248, 250, 251; grosseserratus, 250; hirsutus, 246-248, 250; microcepha- lus, 246-248, 250, 251; occidentalis, 248.250, 254; .303, 3043) Radula, 246, 247, 251, 298; saxicola, 251; strumosus, 251; tuberosus, 248, 251, 304 Helminthosporium macrocarpum, 82; Oryzae, Si, 82 Helvella crispa, 176, 198; elastica, 176; infula, 176; lacunosa, 176 Hemizonella, 114, 115 Hemizonia, 114, 115 Herpotrichia, 236, 237; albidostoma, 235, 236, 238; diffusa, 236—238; incisa, 238; rhodomphala, 237; rhodospiloides, 236, 237 Heteroecious rusts, Cultures of, 228 Heteromeles, 196 Hevea brasiliensis, 91 Hexagonia carbonaria, 183 History of mycological illustration, A sketch of the, 311 Hunt, N. R., and Hedgecock, G. G,, Notes on some species of Coleo- sporium —I, 244;—II, 297 Hydnangium carneum, 335 Hydnotrya ellipsospora, 176 Hydnum auriscalpium, 180; erina- ceus, 180; ochraceum, 180; repan- dum, 180; subfuscum, 180 Hydrocybe ceracea, 44; Earlei, 44 Hydrodictyon, 149 Hygrophorus, 48; caprinus, 48; ebur- neus, 188; fuligineus, 48; miniatus, 188; miniatus sphagnophilus, 188 Hylocomium ttiquetrum, 188 Hymenochaete spreta, 179 Hymenopappus carolinensis, 118 Hypholotma, 61, 72, 75, 96, 121, 190; aggregatum’,, 66; aggregatum serice- um, 66; appendiculatum, 63, 64, 71; Artemisiae, 75; Boughtoni, 67, 68; Candolleanum, 63, 71; capnoides, 72, 74, 191; Comaropsis, 75; coma- tum, 71; confertissimum, 71; coro- natum, 71; cutifractum, 64; deline- atum, 68; echiniceps, 69; fascicu- lare, 72-74, 190, 191; flocculentum, 64; fragile, 64; hololanigerum, 70; 344 hydrophilum, 191; lacrymabundum, 66, 67, 191; lateritium, 72; madeo- discum, 62, 63, 71; nitidipes, 75; ornellum, 75; Peckianum, 68; pe- cosense, 63, 133; perplexum, 73; populinum, 72; Pseudostorea, 66; rigidipes, 70; rugocephalum, 67, 68; subaquilum, 62, 63, 71; sublateri- tium, 73; velutinum, 191; veluti- num leiocephalum, 71; vinosum, 97 Hypoxylon atropunctatum, 174; prui- natum, 51 Illustration, A sketch of the history of mycological, 311 Illustrations of fungi,j—XXXIII, 25 Illustrations of fungi, Index to, 332 Index to American mycological lit- erature, 53 Index to illustrations of XXIITI-XXXIII, 332 Inocybe, 91, 214, 232, 260; fastigiata, 189 Inonotus dryophilus, 44; 43 Ipomoea, 299; Batatas, 298; carolini- ana, 298, 299; fistulosa, 303; lacu- nosa, 298, 299; pandurata, 298, 299, 303; triloba, 298, 299 Iris foetidissima, 33-35 Irpex, 1; lacteus, 180 fungi, perplexus, Jackson, H. S., New or noteworthy rusts on Carduaceae, 104 Japanese fungi, New, 81, 282 Juniperus chinensis, 282, 283, 285, 286, 290, 293, 294; chinensis pro- cumbens, 282, 286, 293, 294; littor- alis, 292-294; nana, 294, 295; nip- ponica, 294; rigida, 285, 288, 293, 294 Justicia procumbens, 87 Kirby, R. S., Fitzpatrick, H. M., and Thomas, H. E., The Ophiobolus causing take-all of wheat, 30 Knowledge of Oregon fungi —I, Con- tributions to our, 173 Krieger, L. C. C., A sketch ofthe history of mycological illustration (higher fungi), 311; Schizophyllum commune with a stipe, 47 Kuhnia, 107 Laccaria laccata, 44 Laciniaria acidota, 303; elegans, 246, 248, 298; elegantula, 298; gracilis, 298; graminifolia, 252, 298; pyc- nostachya, 298; tenuifolia, 298 MyYcCOLoGIA Lactarius pyrogalus, 188 Laetiporus sulphureus, 44 Lagenidium entophytum, 145 Lagophylla, 115 Lapsona communis, 176 Lasiosphaeria strigosa, 174 Lentinula detonsa, 338 Lentinus, 223 Lentodiellum concavum, 338 Lenzites saepiaria, 93, 1883 vialis, 189 Lepiota, -96, 186, 214, “2153 sannan- thina, 214; clypeolaria, 186; cre- tacea, 44; granulosa, 186; Mor- gani, 96; aucina, (221; “peoeera, 43, 315; pulcherrima, 186; rubro- tincta, 186; rubrotinctoides, 186 Leptosphaeria Collinsoniae, 233 Leptothyrium conspicuum, 233 Lichen from an unusual substratum, A new, 95 Licipenicillium insigne, 101 Life history of an undescribed asco- mycete isolated from a granular mycetoma of man, 239 Lilliputia Gaillardii, ror List of the myxomycetes of the Ca- yuga Lake Basin, 38 Lophodermium Thuyae, 337 Lycoperdort, 321; cruciatum, 192; ele- gans, 192; fuscum, 192; gemmatum, 192; pratense, 192; pusillum, 192; pyriforme, 192; rimulatum, 192; solidum, 320; Wrightii, 193 Macbride’s North American slime- moulds, 233 Macrosporium, 44, 337 Madaria, 115 Madia, 114,115) Nuttalliesa es Marasmius plicatulus, 188 Meeting, The Toronto, 50 Melampodium divaricatum, 115, 117 Melanconium oblongum, 46 Melanoleuca eduriformis, 27; suban- nulata, 187; Thompsoniana, 26 ‘Melanotus, 61 Meliola Abietis, 174 Merulius brassicaefolius,. 184; pilo- sus, 184, 185; rugulosus, 185; tremulosus, 185 Method of cleavage in the sporangia of certain fungi, 143 Microdiplodia Populi, 232 Micropuccinia, 108, 109, 118, conferta, 119; Millefolii, Synedrellae, 117 Miles, L. E., A new species of Myri- angium on pecan, 77 Monascus purpureus, 42 T1935 I19;5 INDEX TO VOLUME XIV Monochytrium, 148 Morchella, 316; angusticeps, 175; crassipes, 175, 316; deliciosa, 175; esculenta, 315, 316; semilibera, 176 Mucor, 143, 144; mucedo, 144, 146, Poss) 164, 166; tacemosus, 161; spinescens, 149, 161 Muenscher, W. C., and Wann, F. B., A preliminary list of the myxomy- cetes of the Cayuga Lake Basin, 38 Murrill, Ws A., A fragrant polypore, 46; Another green-spored genus of gill-fungi, 96; Dark-spored agarics —I, 61;—TII, 121;—III, 200; — IV, 258; Hygrophorus caprinus, 48; Illustrations of fungi — XXXIII, 25; Index to illustrations of fungi, XXITI-XXXIII, 332; The Toronto meeting, 50 Mycena palustris, 93; pura, 44 Mycetoma of man, Ascomycete iso- lated from a granular, 239 Mycogone puccinioides, 198; roseola, 198 Mycological illustration, A sketch of the history of, 311 Mycosphaerella, 232; 86; bambusifolia, 85 Myriangium, 80; tuberculans, 80 Myriangium on pecan, New species of, Lae. ; Myxomycetes of the Basin, 38 Arundinariae, Cayuga Lake Naematelia encephala, 177 Naucoria, 75; pennsylvanica, 75; semiorbicularis, 189 WNectria, 174; ‘coccinea, 174, -175; Coryli, 174; episphaeria, 174; galli- gena, 174 Neopeckia, 236, 237; diffusa, 235-237 | Neurolaena lobata, 119 Neurophyllum viride, 96 New Japanese fungi, Notes and trans- lations — XI, 81;—XII, 282 New lichen from an unusual substrat- um, 95 New or noteworthy rusts on Cardu- aceae, 104 New Septobasidium on Pinus Strobus, 55 New species of Myriangium on pe- can, 77 North American slime-moulds, Mac- bride’s, 233 Notes and brief articles, 42, 90, 231, 335 Notes on some species of Coleospo- rium —I, 244;—II, 207 345 Noteworthy rusts on Carduaceae, 104 Nyssa, 336 Odontia fragilis, 180 Olpidiopsis, 146, 147, 150-152; ma- jor, .1513 Saprolegniae, 152, 154, 155 Olpidium Dicksonii, 148, 151; Viciae, 152 Oospora. 337 Ophiobolus, 30-32, 35; cariceti, 35, 36; eucryptus, 32; graminis, 30—- 33, 35,. 365 berpotrichus, 30,36 Ophiobolus causing take-all of wheat, 30 Oregon fungi—JI, Contributions to our knowledge of, 173 Oryza sativa, 81 Ostrya, 5 Otidea leporina, 175 Overholts, L. O., Diagnoses of Amer- ican porias—I, 1 Oxalis oregana, 198 Pachyma Cocos, 92, 222,223 Panaeolus, 130, 136; campanulatus, 2753; epimyces, 135 Panicum, 198; proliferum, 89; pro- liferum acuminatum, 89 Parthenice mollis, 108 Parthenium, 252; argentatum, 109; Hysterophorus, 109, 116; incanum, 109); “integritolium, 246; 252, 253; 303, 304 Paxillus pubescens, 122 Pecan, A new species of Myriangium On 477 Penicillium insigne, 101 Peniophora cinerea, 179; glabra, 179; glebulosa, 179; incarnata, 179 Peridermium, 302; acicolum, 302, 310; delicatulum, 254; inconspicu- um, 244; montanum, 302, 310 Pezicula pruinosa, 102 Peziza, 102; Acetabulum, 317; quer- nea, IO! Phacidium Balsameae, 337; expansum, 337; planum, 337 -Phaeosphaeria Bambusae, 86; Oryzae, 86 Pharbitis, 299; barbigera, 298, 2090; hederacea, 298, 299; purpurea, 208, 303, 304 Phialea alniella, 175 Pholiota, 42, 141, 214, 220; duroides, 75; Howeana, 141; Johnsoniana, 141; ornella, 75; spectabilis, 189 Phomopsis Impatientis, 233 Photinia, 284; laevis, 293; villosa, 283, 284, 293, 295 . 346 Phragmidium, 317 Phycomyces, 149, 166; nitens, 149, 150.0166 Phyllostachys bambusoides, 85; pu- berula, 85 Phyllosticta, 86, 233 Physoderma Maydis, 84; Zeae-May- dis, 85 Phytophthora, 146, 336; Faberi, 91; infestans, 148, 336 Piggotia Vaccinii, 337 Pilobolus, 148, “149, 158; 159, -162, T06,.) 167; erystallinus, 148, 160, 161, 163-168 Pilosace”, 62,472, 17.5760) 90,1 2me ot Ge algeriensis, 76, 136; eximia, 76; Peckii, 97 Pinus, 250-252, 256, 301; Banksiana, 250; Bungeana, 300; canariensis, 256; caribaea, 247; 255-257, 299, 200, 306, 307, 300); .clausa, 255" contorta, 255-257, 302, 305, 306— 309; Coulteri, 255-257, 306, 307, 309; densiflora, 255; edulis, 247, 255, 256, 300-302, 306; echinata, 248, 250-252, 255-257, 297, 299, 303, 306-309; Girardiana, 300; glabra, 247, 248, 255-257; hetero- phylla, 309; Lambertiana, 56; May- riana, 255-257, 300, 306; mono- phylla, 255, 300; montana, 255, 306; monticola, 56, 58, 59; nigra, 307; nigra austriaca, 309; nigra poireti- ana, 256; palustris, 248, 251, 252, 254-257, 298, 306, 307; Pinea, 300, 302; pungens, 304, 306-308; radiata, 247, 305, 307, 309; resinosa, 255, 256, 305, 307; rigida, 252, 254-257, 300, 303, 306-309; scopulorum, 255~- 257,306, 308, 309; serotina, 252, 255-257, 300, 306; strobiformis, 300; Strobus, 58, 300; taeda, 252, 255-257, 298, 300, 304, 306-309; Thunbergii, 255; virginiana, 245— 248, 4250, -251,, 300 Pirus, 295; Aria kamaoensis, 294; Aucuparia, 293, 294; Aucuparia japonica, 294; communis, 1, 88, 285, 2904; Malus, 286, 290, 293; Miyabei, 294; spectabilis, 286, 287, 293; simensis, 88, 282, 284, 290, 291, 293,. 2943 ‘loringo; 285=287, 290, 293; Zumi, 289, 290, 294 Plantago, 230; eriopoda, 230 Plasmopara Wildemaniana macrospo- ra, 87 Pleomassaria Magnoliae, 100; maxi- ma, 100 Pleonectria berolinensis, 175 MyYCOLOGIA Pleurotus, 187, 232; ostreatus, 44; sapidus, 188; serotinus, 188 Pluteus, 76, 98 Polyphagus Euglenae, 147 Polypore, A fragrant, 46 Polyporus anebus, 92; arcularius, 182; basilapiloides, 43; Bracei, 44; Broomei, 10; caliginosus, 92; car- bonarius, 91; chioneus, 1:82; cuti- fractus, 91; dryadeus, 182; fastu- osus, 92; floriformis, 182; fragilis, 182; galactinus, 182; hirsutulus, 182; hirtus, 182; lucidus, 93; Ma- counii, 182; Mariannus, 92; minor- Mylittae, 43; Mylittae, 43; pargame- nus, 3, 4}; picipes castaneus, 182; pubescens, 182; rhodophoeus, 92; rigidus, 9, 11; rufescens, 183; sen- sibilis, 183; Spraguei, 183; squamo- sus 315; trabeus, 182; tulipiferus, 4; tumulosus, 43; versicolor, 182; volvatus, 94; zonatus, 183 Polysaccum, 321; turgidum, 194 Polythelis Thalictri, 177 Polytrichum, 261. Populus, 5, 181, 184; grandidentata, 43, 47 Poria, 1, 183 ; ambigua, 1, 2, 4; Broom- ei, II; contigua, 183; ferruginosa, 5-7; Macouni, 6; marginella, 7; ni- grescens, 7, I11;.od0ra, 10, 21; san- guinolenta, 183; tenuis, 6; undata, LO >) Viticola,\6,07, Porias, Diagnoses of American, —I, 1 Poronidulus conchifer, 51 Pourthiaea villosa, 284 Pratella, 200 Preliminary list of the myxomycetes of the Cayuga Lake Basin, 38 Protococcus, 95 Saha Protomyces bellides, 147 Prunulus, 266 Prunus, 5; demissa, 91 Psalliota, 200 Psathura, 264 Psathyra, 96, 264, 269, 278; australis, 278; gyroflexa, 274; microsperma, 264; multipedata, 265; obtusata, 268; persimplex, 268; pholidota, 268; polytrichophila, 261, 268; prunuliformis, 278; roseola, 268; semivestita, 265, 269; silvatica, 269; striatula, 278; umbonata, 267; ves- tita, 265, 260 Psathyrella, 258, 264, 269, 271; an- gusticeps, 275; atomata, 272, 275; Bartholomaei, 272, 273; betulina, 273; castaneicolor, 272; Clementsii, 274; crenata, 278; debilis, 274, 278; disseminata, 270; distantifolia, INDEX TO VOLUME XIV agge faleitolia, 278; gracilis, 278; eractilima; 274;. graciloides, 276, 277; hiascens, 278; hirta, 272; leu- costigma, 271; minima, 272; minu- tula, 269, 270; odorata, 276; peta- siformis, 276; rupincola, 278; sul- cata, 274; tenera, 271 Pseudolpidium Aphanomycis, 151, 154, 156, 158 Pseudoplectania melaena, 175 Pseudospora Lindstedii, 148 Pseudotsuga, 176, 177, 181, 196; tax- ifolia, 43, 176, 178-181, 184, 186, 196 Psilocybe, 138, 258, 263, 264; atoma- toides, 277; conissans, 72 Puecinia, 104-106, 108, 114, 115, 120; abrupta, 113; Actinellae, 118; additicia, 109, 110; artemisiicola. 148, 118; Asteris, 118; aut-eu-Puccinia,. Balsamorrhizae, 111, 112; Barroetiae, 106; brachy-Puccinia, LOO, «tr. .j112;. Brickelliae; 106; Burnettii, 176; clara, 104; cognata, 113; conferta, 118; Coreopsidis, 109, 110;\ Diaziana, 116, 117; Dis- tichlidis, 228-230; Electrae, 110; Eleutherantherae, 116, 117; Emili- pe, 116, 119, 120; Eriophorii, 119; Eupatorii, 107; ferox, 113; Fla- vetiae, 117; gigantispora, 176; Grindeliae, 118; Hemizoniae, 114, I05; ris) hyalina, 2094; inyelata, 113; irregularis, 113; Kuhniae, 106, 107; Lagophyllae, 115; Lapsanae, 176; Madiae, 114, 115; Melampo- dii, 115, 116; Millefolii, 118; mi- rifica, 111; nuda, 113-115; pachy- spora, 107; Parthenices, 108; Par- thenii, 109; praealta, 105; rece- dens, 119; recondita, 118; redempta, 107; Silphii, 116; solida, 116, 117; spilanthicola, 116; subdecora, 105; subnitens, 228-230; Synedrellae, bP5,116;\Tetranthi, 116, 117: toli- mensis, 108; Tonduziana, 104, 105; triannulata, 111; Tridacis, 116, 117; turgidipes, 110; vaga, 112, 113; Verbesinae, 113; Wyethiae, Lune. Zinniae, 116. .117 Pucciniastrum, 46; americanum, 46; arcticum, 46 Pyropolyporus Williamsii, 92 Pythium entophytum, 145; interme dium, 156, 158; proliferum, 157 Quamoclit coccinea, 298, 299; Qua- moclit, 298 Quercus, 2, 5, WAG, 4tO3, 195, 176; Garryana, 196, 198, 199 174, 347 Radulum Owensii, 180 Ramularia cilinodis, 337; Eamesii, 2335 )Minax,) «337, Oxalidis, 198 Ranunculus apetalus, 229, 230 Redtop, Urocystis Agropyri on, 279 Reliquiae Farlowianae, 99 Rhaphidophora graminis, 36 Rhizopogon diplophloeus, 195; in- duratus, 195; maculatus, 196, 335; roseolus, 196; rubescens, 196 Rhizopus, 143, 144, 3373; nigricans, 143, 149, 158-160, 163-166, 168 Rhodochytrium, 147 Ribes, 175, 301; alpinum, 300; amer- icanum, 300-302; aureum, 300-302; coloradense, 301; °#fasciculatum, 300, 302; inebrians, 300-302; mal- vaceum, 300; mescalerium, 301; montigenum, 301; nigrum, 254, 300, 302; odoratum, 300-302; pu- milum’, 301; sanguineum, 301; vul- gare, 300, 302; Wolfii, 301 Robinia Pseudacacia, 1 Roestelia, 282, 283; cancellata, 295; koreaensis, 282-284, 294; Photi- niae, 284, 293; Pourthiaeae, 293; solenoides, 294; solitaria, 294 Roskovites granulatus, 45 Rozella, 146, 147, 150, 151 Rubus, 190; idaeus aculeatissimus, 46; occidentalis, 46; pubescens, 46; strigosus, 46; triflorus, 46 Rudbeckia laciniata, 246 Russula, 45; emetica, 45; foetens, 315; nigricans, 315; ochrophylla, 188; virescens, 315 Rusts, Cultures of heteroecious, 228 Rusts on Carduaceae, New or note- worthy, 104 Saccardinula. Alni, 233 Saccharum Narenga, 87 Salix. 5, 174; 2175's alba, 47 Sambucus glaucus, 177; pubens, 277 Sanicula Menziesii, 174 : Saprolegnia, 146-148, 150-152, 155, 158-160, 163, 166 Sarcoscypha coccinea, 175 Sasa paniculata, 86 Schizonella melanogrammia, 177 Schizophyllum, 47, 232; alneum, 48; commune, 47, 232; commune stipi- tatum, 48 Schizophyllum commune with a stipe, 154, 47 Schulzeria, 96 Schwarze, C. A., The method of cleavage in the sporangia of cer- tain fungi, 143 Scirpus. maritimus, 229 348 Scleroderma, 194, 321; aurantiacum, 194; cepa, 193, 194; hypogaeum, 193, 194 Scleroderris, 102; Cephalanthi, 102 Sclerotinia, 91; demissa, 91; grega- fia, oa Seaver, F. J., Macbride’s North American slime-moulds, 236° Studies in tropical ascomycetes — I, 235 Seaver, Fred J., Uredinales collected by 12 he Secotium tenuipes, 335 Senecio, 119, 120; aureus, 254, “303; 305; (Cineraria, 7-120; Sobovatus, 303, 305 Sepedonium chrysospermum, 198 Septobasidium, 55-57 ; pinicola, 55-58; pseudopedicillatum, 56 Septobasidium on Pinus Strobus, A new, 55 Septocladia dichotoma, 231 Septoria Acetosella, 233; Coreopsidis, 337; ,hieracicola. 233 Shear, * Cr. Lite. history’ of an undescribed ascomycete isolated from a granular mycetoma of man, 239 Sidalcea, 176 Silphium, 116, 250, 252; angustatum, 253; asperrimum, 253; asteriscum, 246, 250, 252, 253; compositum, 253; dentatum, 253. ‘¢labrum, 253° gracile, 253; integrifolium, 246, 248,° 250, 252, .253e-dacimiatum, 253; laevigatum, 253; perfoliatum, 246; pinnatifidum, 253; scaberri- mum, 253; Simpsonii, 298; terebin- thinaceum, 253, 298; trifoliatum, 246, 252, 253 Sketch of the history of mycological illustration (higher fungi), 311 Slime-moulds, Macbride’s North American, 233 Snell, W. H., A new Septobasidium on Pinus Strobus, 55 Solidago, 250, 302-305, 307-309; am— plexicaulis, 309; austrina, 309; bi- color, 249, 254, 303-307, 309; Bootii, 309; brachyphylla, 309; cae- Sia, 303, 304; canadensis, 247, 254, 298, 303-306, 309; celtidifolia. 309; Chandonnetii, 309 ; Chapmannii, 303, 304, 306, 309; concinna, 309; Cur- tissii, 309; decumbens, 309; Drum- mondii, 309; erecta, 254, 303, 306, 309; fistulosa, 298, 303, 304, 306, 309; glomerata, 309; hispida, 303, 306, 309; juncea, 249, 254, 208, 303-306, 309; lancifolia, 309; mon- MycoLoGciIA ticola, 305, 309; multiradiata, 254, 298, 303-306, 309; neglecta, 304, 306, 309; nemoralis, 304; odora, 309; petiolaris, 309; pinensis, 309; Pinetorum, 309; pulverentula, 309; pulverula, 309; Purshii, 309; Rid- dellii, 303-306, 309; rigida, 304, 309; rigidiuscula, 309; rugosa, 254, 255, 298, 303, 304, 306, 309; rupes- tris, 309; sempervirens, 304, 306; serotina, 303, 304, 306, 309; speci- osa, 254, 255, 303, 304, 306, 309; squarrosa, 303-306, 309; stricta, 309; tortifolia, 304, 309; unigulata, 309; Vaseyli, 309 Some characters of the tuckahoe, 222 Sorbus, 295; Aucuparia, 293; japoni- ca, 293, 294; sambucifolia pseudo- gracilis, 294 Sparassis radicata, 177 Spartina Michauxiana, 228; pectinata, 228. 1230 Spathularia clavata, 176 Species of Coleosporium—JI, Notes on some, 244;—AII, 297 Species of Myriangium on _ pecan, A new, 77 Sphaeria, 102; albidostoma, 238; ca- riceti, 32-36; ciliatula, 100; diffusa, 237; eucrypta, 32-35; rhodomphala, 237 Sphaerobolus stellatus, 198 Sphaeronema pruinosum, 102 Sphaeropsis ulmicola, 335 Sphaerulina pallens, 337 Sphagnum cuspidatum, 103; Torrey- anum, 103 Spilanthes oleracea, 116 Sporangia of certain fungi, Method of cleavage in the, 143 Sporidesmium Fusus, 100 Sporidinia, 146, 148, 149, 159; gran- dis, 148, 158-164, 166-168 Stagonospora Meliloti, 233; tetrame- ha, 337 Stamnaria Persoonii, 175 Stemphylium, 44 Stereum fuscum, 178 ; Stichospora Madiae, 115 Stieronema ciliatum, 228 Stilbum Rhois, 103 Stropharia, 76,121, 125/"134@seeor acuminata, 128; adnata, 133; ae- ruginosa, 128, 140, 142, 190; albo- cyanea, 140; albonitens, 140; am- bigua, 190; annellariformis, 129; bilamellata, 130, 131, ) 137. 92a caesifolia, 136, 137; caesiospora, southern 178; purpureum, INDEX TO VOLUME XIV 134; campestris, 136; coprinophila, tag ecoronilla, 131, 137, -%39; 141; cotonea, 66; depilata, 134; distans, 126; elegans, 140; epimyces, 76, 135; ‘Feildeni, 141; Hardii, 134, 135; Howeana, 141; irregularis, 65, 141; Johnsoniana, 141; mammillata, 129; melanosperma, 130, 131}; mer- daria, 138; micropoda, 141; obdu- rata, 131; obturata, 141; paradoxa, 129; pseudocyanea, 140; rugomar- ginata, 190; rugoso-annulata, 139; Schraderi, 141; semiglobata, 132-134; siccipes, 132; siccipes Fadicata, 132; squamosa, 126, 127; stercoraria, 133; subbadia, 139; submerdaria, 138; tenuis, 137; um- bilicata, 142; umbonatescens, 128 Strumella coryneoidea, 199 Studies in tropical ascomycetes — I, 235 Substratum, A new lichen from an unusual, 95 Syncephalastrum, 147; 149; racemosum, 149 Syncephalis, 147; cordata, 147; no- dosa, 147; pycnosperma, 147; Wyn- neae, 147 Synchytrium, 151, 167; decipiens, LAG. 155,250, 158, 160, 163, 167; endobioticum, 149; Puerariae, 147, 156, 158; pulvereum, 337; Succi- sae, 149; Taraxaci, 147 Synedrella nodiflora, 115 cinereum, t ! Take-alt of wheat, The Ophiobolus causing, 30 Tanaka, T., New Japanese fungi. Notes and translations — XI, 81; —KXII, 282 Tetranthus hirsutus, 116 Thalictrum occidentale, 177 Thaxter, R., Reliquiae Farlowianae, 99 Thelephora palmata, 178 Thelocarpon, 95; fimicola, 96 Ahontas,; H. E., Fitzpatrick, H. M.., and Kirby, R. S., The Ophiobolus causing take-all of wheat, 30 Thuja plicata, 179 Thyella, 299 Toronto Meeting, 50 Prametes, 183;-carnea, 181, 183; het- eromorpha, 184; hispida, 184; sua- veolens, 46, 47; tenuis, 6, 183 Tremella frondosa, 177; lutescens, 177); mesenterica, 177; violacea, 177 Trichia, 158 Trichobasis Balsamorrhizae, 112; 349 Wyethiae, 112 Trichoglossum hirsutum, 176 Fricholoma, 187; bicolor, 187; per- sonatum, 187; subannulata, 187 Tridax procumbens, 116 Trinidad, Uredinales collected by Fredy J. Seaver inj 12 Trogia crispa, 188 Tropical ascomycetes —I, Studies in, 235 Tsuga, 181; heterophylla, 179 Tubaria silvatica, 269 Tuber, 176; candidum, 176 Tuckahoe, Some characters of the southern, 222 Tulostoma, 50 Tylopilus alboater, 25 Tylostoma, 50; campestre, 50; rucosum, 50, 232 Tympanis, I01 Typhula phacorrhiza, 178 ver- Wiimiirsses Underwoodia, 316 Uredinales collected by Fred J. Sea- ver in Trinidad, 12 Uredo abdita, 120; Balsamorrhizae, 112; Ipomoeae, 297; Nyssae, 336; Parthenii, 109; ribicola, 299; Tere- binthinaceae, 251; triannulata, 111 Urocystis Agropyri, 279, 281 Urocystis Agropyri on redtop, 279 Uromyces Alopecuri, 229, 230; Scir- pi, 229; seditiosus, 230; triannula- CUS.) Lier Urophlyctis pluriannulatus, 174 Urticastrum, 336 Ustilaginoidea Oryzae, 87; Sacchari- Narengae, 87 Ustilago formosana, 89; liferi, 89 Ustulina zonata, 91 Panici-pro- Vaucheria, 166, 167 Venturia fimbriata, 233 Vietbesina,- 1i3.-.244, 245. 249))*25 01: virginica, 247-250, 298, 303, 304 Vernonia, 250; angustifolia, 304; Blodgettii, 248, 304; flaccidifolia, 248,250, "303 2304, glauca, 248) 249, 298, 303-306; noveboracensis, 247, 248, 254, 303, 304, 306; oli- gantha, 248; scariosa, 104; triflos- culosa, 105 Verticillium pyramidale, 103 Viguiera, 244, 245; deltoidea Parishii, 110 Wann, F. B., and Muenscher, W. C., A preliminary list of the myxomy- 21) UI MyYcoLocia hts Ln cetes of the Cayuga Lake Basin, 38 Wheat, The Ophiobolus causing, take- all of, 30 Woronina, 146, 147, 151 Wyethia, 112 Ximenesia encelioides, 116 Xylaria, 311, 316; Longiana, 174 Zea Mais, 84 Zeller, S. M., Contributions to our knowledge of Oregon fungi—I, 173 Zinnia tenuiflora, 116 Zonanthemus, 115 Zygorhizidium Willei, 148, 151 4 Uh; he t phate Dh he Fs 46) beetifey nt =i & oe Ustilaginaceac-—Accidiaceat (pars). Randal z oS many: text abil ; & interest, his ail ae to urrent Ame ican he ca te yearp ‘single copies not for, ales: ? din nge.] Now fourteenth volume. | | M3 Utes ol Addisonia, quarterly, ae: activa to einer c Mhapatad: des scriptions: of flowering: plants :! ‘eight plates “dn each, volume. Subscription’ DRiEe, ‘Sie. Oe year an Now in its seventh volumes!) ates Bulletin of the New. York Botanical Garden, con of the Director-in-Chief and other official docum embodying the results of investigations carried ou members of the Garden} to others, $3.00 per volume,’ } - North Amezican Flora. Descriptions of the wild pla | including. Greenland, the’ ‘West. Indies, and Central Ame eompleted: in 34° volumes, Roy. 8yo. Each volume to consist | ‘parts. 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